Phenome.net Phenome_net http://Phenome.net/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.31.3 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Phenome.net Phenome.net talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk Campaign Campaign talk Gadget Gadget talk Gadget definition Gadget definition talk 8 1175 1175 2007-10-11T07:11:22Z MediaWiki default 0 wikitext text/x-wiki * navigation ** mainpage|mainpage ** portal-url|portal ** currentevents-url|currentevents ** recentchanges-url|recentchanges ** randompage-url|randompage ** helppage|help ** sitesupport-url|sitesupport af994abf1e4155349addb7f6e4b390a529f7606d 1498 2007-10-11T07:13:17Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki * navigation ** recentchanges-url|recentchanges ** randompage-url|randompage aef2a293ac7e7e70dd92642dec71495d16ba9321 1499 2007-10-11T07:14:39Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki * Biosites ** http://omics.org|Omics.org ** http://biopedia.org|Biopedia.org ** http://biosites.org|Biosites.org ** http://biocompany.net|Biocompany.net * navigation ** recentchanges-url|recentchanges ** randompage-url|randompage 081ce061e09c0782d21329e4be65018f99c60388 1539 2007-10-31T05:11:28Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki * Biosites ** http://omics.org|Omics.org ** http://interactomics.org|Interactomics.org ** http://glycome.org|Glycome.org ** http://textome.org|Textome.org ** http://biopedia.org|Biopedia.org ** http://biosites.org|Biosites.org ** http://biocompany.net|Biocompany.net * navigation ** recentchanges-url|recentchanges ** randompage-url|randompage d0fce877aa84327d7090519d780c272cfc735dac 1550 2007-11-05T08:42:11Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki * Biosites ** http://omics.org|Omics.org ** http://interactomics.org|Interactomics.org ** http://glycome.net|Glycome.net ** http://textome.org|Textome.org ** http://biopedia.org|Biopedia.org ** http://biosites.org|Biosites.org ** http://biocompany.net|Biocompany.net * navigation ** recentchanges-url|recentchanges ** randompage-url|randompage a196cca0f4f343c332dc16bd51ee80b38cf5669e 0 1497 1500 2007-10-11T07:38:08Z 210.218.222.225 0 wikitext text/x-wiki http://www.genomics.nl/ 6e64db0dc4bfcb7e2e1b39be7703f47b1d7691b8 0 1498 1501 2007-10-11T07:38:48Z 210.218.222.225 0 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><strong>Genomics</strong> is the study of an organism's entire <a title="Genome" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome">genome</a>. In contrast, the investigation of single genes, their functions and roles, something very common in today's medical and biological research, and a primary focus of <a title="Molecular biology" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_biology">molecular biology</a>, does not fall into the definition of genomics, unless the aim of this genetic, pathway, and functional information analysis is to elucidate its effect on, place in, and response to the entire genome's networks.</p> <table summary="Contents" class="toc" id="toc"> <tbody> <tr> <td><br /> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "show"; var tocHideText = "hide"; showTocToggle(); } //]]> </script> <p><a id="History_of_the_field" name="History_of_the_field"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">History of the field</span></h2> <p>Genomics can be said to have appeared in the <a title="1980s" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980s">1980s</a>, and took off in the <a title="1990s" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990s">1990s</a> with the initiation of <a title="Genome projects" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome_projects">genome projects</a> for several <a title="Biological species" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_species">biological species</a>. A major branch of genomics is still concerned with <a title="Sequencing" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequencing">sequencing</a> the genomes of various organisms, but the knowledge of full genomes has created the possibility for the field of <a title="Functional genomics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_genomics">functional genomics</a>, mainly concerned with patterns of <a title="Gene expression" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_expression">gene expression</a> during various conditions. The most important tools here are <a title="Microarray" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microarray">microarrays</a> and <a title="Bioinformatics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformatics">bioinformatics</a>. Study of the full set of proteins in a cell type or tissue, and the changes during various conditions, is called <a title="Proteomics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteomics">proteomics</a>.</p> <p>In <a title="1972" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972">1972</a>, <a title="Walter Fiers" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Fiers">Walter Fiers</a> and his team at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology of the <a title="University of Ghent" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Ghent">University of Ghent</a> (<a title="Ghent" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghent">Ghent</a>, <a title="Belgium" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium">Belgium</a>) were the first to determine the sequence of a gene: the gene for <a title="Bacteriophage MS2" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriophage_MS2">Bacteriophage MS2</a> coat protein.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-0"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_note-0">[1]</a></sup> In <a title="1976" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976">1976</a>, the team determined the complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-1"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_note-1">[2]</a></sup> The first DNA-based genome to be sequenced in its entirety was that of <a title="Bacteriophage" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriophage">bacteriophage</a> <a title="Phi-X174 phage" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi-X174_phage">&Phi;-X174;</a> (5,368 <a title="Base pair" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_pair">bp</a>), sequenced by <a title="Frederick Sanger" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Sanger">Frederick Sanger</a> in <a title="1977" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977">1977</a><sup class="reference" id="_ref-2"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_note-2">[3]</a></sup>. The first free-living organism to be sequenced was that of <em><a title="Haemophilus influenzae" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemophilus_influenzae">Haemophilus influenzae</a></em> (1.8 <a title="Base pair" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_pair">Mb</a>) in <a title="1995" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995">1995</a>, and since then genomes are being sequenced at a rapid pace. A rough draft of the human genome was completed by the <a title="Human Genome Project" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Genome_Project">Human Genome Project</a> in early <a title="2001" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001">2001</a>, creating much fanfare.</p> <p>As of September 2007, the complete sequence was known of about 1879 <a title="Virus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus">viruses</a> <sup class="reference" id="_ref-3"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_note-3">[4]</a></sup>, 577 <a title="Bacteria" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria">bacterial</a> species and roughly 23 <a title="Eukaryote" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote">eukaryote</a> organisms, of which about half are <a title="Fungi" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi">fungi</a>. <sup class="reference" id="_ref-4"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_note-4">[5]</a></sup> Most of the bacteria whose genomes have been completely sequenced are problematic disease-causing agents, such as <em><a title="Haemophilus influenzae" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemophilus_influenzae">Haemophilus influenzae</a></em>. Of the other sequenced species, most were chosen because they were well-studied model organisms or promised to become good models. Yeast (<em><a title="Saccharomyces cerevisiae" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharomyces_cerevisiae">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</a></em>) has long been an important <a title="Model organism" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_organism">model organism</a> for the <a title="Eukaryotic cell" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotic_cell">eukaryotic cell</a>, while the fruit fly <em><a title="Drosophila melanogaster" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drosophila_melanogaster">Drosophila melanogaster</a></em> has been a very important tool (notably in early pre-molecular <a title="Genetics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics">genetics</a>). The worm <em><a title="Caenorhabditis elegans" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans">Caenorhabditis elegans</a></em> is an often used simple model for <a title="Multicellular organism" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicellular_organism">multicellular organisms</a>. The zebrafish <em><a title="Brachydanio rerio" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachydanio_rerio">Brachydanio rerio</a></em> is used for many developmental studies on the molecular level and the flower <em><a title="Arabidopsis thaliana" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabidopsis_thaliana">Arabidopsis thaliana</a></em> is a model organism for flowering plants. The <a title="Japanese pufferfish" class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japanese_pufferfish&amp;action=edit">Japanese pufferfish</a> (<em><a title="Takifugu rubripes" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takifugu_rubripes">Takifugu rubripes</a></em>) and the <a title="Spotted green pufferfish" class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spotted_green_pufferfish&amp;action=edit">spotted green pufferfish</a> (<em><a title="Tetraodon nigroviridis" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetraodon_nigroviridis">Tetraodon nigroviridis</a></em>) are interesting because of their small and compact genomes, containing very little non-coding DNA compared to most species. <sup class="reference" id="_ref-5"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_note-5">[6]</a></sup> <sup class="reference" id="_ref-6"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_note-6">[7]</a></sup> The mammals dog (<em><a title="Canis familiaris" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canis_familiaris">Canis familiaris</a></em>), <sup class="reference" id="_ref-7"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_note-7">[8]</a></sup> brown rat (<em><a title="Rattus norvegicus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rattus_norvegicus">Rattus norvegicus</a></em>), mouse (<em><a title="Mus musculus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus_musculus">Mus musculus</a></em>), and chimpanzee (<em><a title="Pan troglodytes" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_troglodytes">Pan troglodytes</a></em>) are all important model animals in medical research.</p> <p><a id="Bacteriophage_Genomics" name="Bacteriophage_Genomics"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">Bacteriophage Genomics</span></h2> <p><a title="Bacteriophage" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriophage">Bacteriophages</a> have played and continue to play a key role in bacterial <a title="Genetics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics">genetics</a> and <a title="Molecular biology" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_biology">molecular biology</a>. Historically, they were used to define <a title="Gene" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene">gene</a> structure and gene regulation. Also the first <a title="Genome" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome">genome</a> to be sequenced was a <a title="Bacteriophage" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriophage">bacteriophage</a>. However, bacteriophage research did not lead the genomics revolution, which is clearly dominated by bacterial genomics. Only very recently has the study of bacteriophage genomes become prominent, thereby enabling researchers to understand the mechanisms underlying <a title="Phage" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phage">phage</a> evolution. Bacteriophage genome sequences can be obtained through direct sequencing of isolated bacteriophages, but can also be derived as part of microbial genomes. Analysis of bacterial genomes has shown that a substantial amount of microbial DNA consists of <a title="Prophage" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophage">prophage</a> sequences and prophage-like elements. A detailed database mining of these sequences offers insights into the role of prophages in shaping the bacterial genome.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-McGrath_0"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_note-McGrath">[9]</a></sup></p> <p><a id="Cyanobacteria_Genomics" name="Cyanobacteria_Genomics"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">Cyanobacteria Genomics</span></h2> <p>At present there are 24 <a title="Cyanobacteria" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanobacteria">cyanobacteria</a> for which a total genome sequence is available. 15 of these cyanobacteria come from the marine environment. These are six <em><a title="Prochlorococcus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prochlorococcus">Prochlorococcus</a></em> strains, seven marine <em><a title="Synechococcus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synechococcus">Synechococcus</a></em> strains, <em><a title="Trichodesmium erythraeum" class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trichodesmium_erythraeum&amp;action=edit">Trichodesmium erythraeum</a></em> IMS101 and <em><a title="Crocosphaera watsonii" class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crocosphaera_watsonii&amp;action=edit">Crocosphaera watsonii</a></em> [[WH8501. Several studies have demonstrated how these sequences could be used very successfully to infer important ecological and physiological characteristics of marine cyanobacteria. However, there are many more genome projects currently in progress, amongst those there are further <em><a title="Prochlorococcus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prochlorococcus">Prochlorococcus</a></em> and marine <em><a title="Synechococcus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synechococcus">Synechococcus</a></em> isolates, <em><a title="Acaryochloris" class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acaryochloris&amp;action=edit">Acaryochloris</a></em> and <em><a title="Prochloron" class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prochloron&amp;action=edit">Prochloron</a></em>, the N₂-fixing filamentous cyanobacteria <em><a title="Nodularia spumigena" class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nodularia_spumigena&amp;action=edit">Nodularia spumigena</a></em>, <em><a title="Lyngbya aestuarii" class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyngbya_aestuarii&amp;action=edit">Lyngbya aestuarii</a></em> and <em><a title="Lyngbya majuscula" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyngbya_majuscula">Lyngbya majuscula</a></em>, as well as <a title="Bacteriophage" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriophage">bacteriophages</a> infecting marine cyanobaceria. Thus, the growing body of genome information can also be tapped in a more general way to address global problems by applying a comparative approach. Some new and exciting examples of progress in this field are the identification of genes for regulatory RNAs, insights into the evolutionary origin of <a title="Photosynthesis" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a>, or estimation of the contribution of horizontal gene transfer to the genomes that have been analyzed.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-Herrero_0"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_note-Herrero">[10]</a></sup></p> <p><a id="See_also" name="See_also"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">See also</span></h2> <ul> <li><a title="Computational genomics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_genomics">Computational genomics</a></li> <li><a title="Nitrogenomics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogenomics">Nitrogenomics</a></li> </ul> <p><a id="References" name="References"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <ol class="references"> <li id="_note-0"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-0">^</a></strong> Min Jou W, Haegeman G, Ysebaert M, Fiers W., Nucleotide sequence of the gene coding for the bacteriophage MS2 coat protein, Nature. 1972 May 12;237(5350):82-8</li> <li id="_note-1"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-1">^</a></strong> Fiers W et al., Complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA - primary and secondary structure of replicase gene, Nature, 260, 500-507, 1976</li> <li id="_note-2"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-2">^</a></strong> Sanger F, Air GM, Barrell BG, Brown NL, Coulson AR, Fiddes CA, Hutchison CA, Slocombe PM, Smith M., Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA, Nature. 1977 Feb 24;265(5596):687-95</li> <li id="_note-3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-3">^</a></strong> <a rel="nofollow" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/VIRUSES/virostat.html" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/VIRUSES/virostat.html"><em>The Viral Genomes Resource</em>, NCBI Friday, 14 September, 2007</a></li> <li id="_note-4"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-4">^</a></strong> <a rel="nofollow" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/static/gpstat.html" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/static/gpstat.html"><em>Genome Project Statistic</em>, NCBI Friday, 14 September, 2007</a></li> <li id="_note-5"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-5">^</a></strong> <a rel="nofollow" title="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3760766.stm" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3760766.stm">BBC article <em>Human gene number slashed</em> from Wednesday, 20 October, 2004</a></li> <li id="_note-6"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-6">^</a></strong> <a rel="nofollow" title="http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2003/10/16/pufferfish_fruitfly/index.shtml" class="external text" href="http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2003/10/16/pufferfish_fruitfly/index.shtml">CBSE News, Thursday October 16, 2003</a></li> <li id="_note-7"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-7">^</a></strong> <a rel="nofollow" title="http://www.genome.gov/12511476" class="external text" href="http://www.genome.gov/12511476">NHGRI, pressrelease of the publishing of the dog genome</a></li> <li id="_note-McGrath"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-McGrath_0">^</a></strong> <cite style="font-style: normal;" class="book">Mc Grath S and van Sinderen D (editors). (2007). <em><a rel="nofollow" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage" class="external text" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage">Bacteriophage: Genetics and Molecular Biology</a></em>, 1st ed., Caister Academic Press. <a rel="nofollow" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage" class="external text" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage">ISBN 978-1-904455-14-1</a> .</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Bacteriophage%3A+Genetics+and+Molecular+Biology&amp;rft.au=Mc+Grath+S+and+van+Sinderen+D+%28editors%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fphage" class="Z3988">&nbsp;</span></li> <li id="_note-Herrero"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-Herrero_0">^</a></strong> <cite style="font-style: normal;" class="book">Herrero A and Flores E (editor). (2008). <em><a rel="nofollow" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan" class="external text" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan">The Cyanobacteria: Molecular Biology, Genomics and Evolution</a></em>, 1st ed., Caister Academic Press. <a rel="nofollow" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan" class="external text" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan">ISBN 978-1-904455-15-8</a> .</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cyanobacteria%3A+Molecular+Biology%2C+Genomics+and+Evolution&amp;rft.au=Herrero+A+and+Flores+E+%28editor%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fcyan" class="Z3988"> <br /> </span></li> </ol> 74754d9aa1b0d81f9400ab0b69c7daf2e2eadceb 1502 2007-10-11T07:39:00Z 210.218.222.225 0 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><strong>Genomics</strong> is the study of an organism's entire <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genome</a>. In contrast, the investigation of single genes, their functions and roles, something very common in today's medical and biological research, and a primary focus of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">molecular biology</a>, does not fall into the definition of genomics, unless the aim of this genetic, pathway, and functional information analysis is to elucidate its effect on, place in, and response to the entire genome's networks.</p> <p><a name="History_of_the_field" id="History_of_the_field"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">History of the field</span></h2> <p>Genomics can be said to have appeared in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980s" title="1980s">1980s</a>, and took off in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990s" title="1990s">1990s</a> with the initiation of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome_projects" title="Genome projects">genome projects</a> for several <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_species" title="Biological species">biological species</a>. A major branch of genomics is still concerned with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequencing" title="Sequencing">sequencing</a> the genomes of various organisms, but the knowledge of full genomes has created the possibility for the field of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_genomics" title="Functional genomics">functional genomics</a>, mainly concerned with patterns of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">gene expression</a> during various conditions. The most important tools here are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microarray" title="Microarray">microarrays</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformatics" title="Bioinformatics">bioinformatics</a>. Study of the full set of proteins in a cell type or tissue, and the changes during various conditions, is called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteomics" title="Proteomics">proteomics</a>.</p> <p>In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972" title="1972">1972</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Fiers" title="Walter Fiers">Walter Fiers</a> and his team at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Ghent" title="University of Ghent">University of Ghent</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>) were the first to determine the sequence of a gene: the gene for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriophage_MS2" title="Bacteriophage MS2">Bacteriophage MS2</a> coat protein.<sup id="_ref-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_note-0" title="">[1]</a></sup> In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976" title="1976">1976</a>, the team determined the complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA.<sup id="_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_note-1" title="">[2]</a></sup> The first DNA-based genome to be sequenced in its entirety was that of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriophage" title="Bacteriophage">bacteriophage</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi-X174_phage" title="Phi-X174 phage">&Phi;-X174;</a> (5,368 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">bp</a>), sequenced by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger">Frederick Sanger</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977" title="1977">1977</a><sup id="_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_note-2" title="">[3]</a></sup>. The first free-living organism to be sequenced was that of <em><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemophilus_influenzae" title="Haemophilus influenzae">Haemophilus influenzae</a></em> (1.8 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">Mb</a>) in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995" title="1995">1995</a>, and since then genomes are being sequenced at a rapid pace. A rough draft of the human genome was completed by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Genome_Project" title="Human Genome Project">Human Genome Project</a> in early <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001">2001</a>, creating much fanfare.</p> <p>As of September 2007, the complete sequence was known of about 1879 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">viruses</a> <sup id="_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_note-3" title="">[4]</a></sup>, 577 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacterial</a> species and roughly 23 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">eukaryote</a> organisms, of which about half are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi">fungi</a>. <sup id="_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_note-4" title="">[5]</a></sup> Most of the bacteria whose genomes have been completely sequenced are problematic disease-causing agents, such as <em><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemophilus_influenzae" title="Haemophilus influenzae">Haemophilus influenzae</a></em>. Of the other sequenced species, most were chosen because they were well-studied model organisms or promised to become good models. Yeast (<em><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharomyces_cerevisiae" title="Saccharomyces cerevisiae">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</a></em>) has long been an important <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_organism" title="Model organism">model organism</a> for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotic_cell" title="Eukaryotic cell">eukaryotic cell</a>, while the fruit fly <em><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drosophila_melanogaster" title="Drosophila melanogaster">Drosophila melanogaster</a></em> has been a very important tool (notably in early pre-molecular <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a>). The worm <em><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans" title="Caenorhabditis elegans">Caenorhabditis elegans</a></em> is an often used simple model for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicellular_organism" title="Multicellular organism">multicellular organisms</a>. The zebrafish <em><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachydanio_rerio" title="Brachydanio rerio">Brachydanio rerio</a></em> is used for many developmental studies on the molecular level and the flower <em><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabidopsis_thaliana" title="Arabidopsis thaliana">Arabidopsis thaliana</a></em> is a model organism for flowering plants. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japanese_pufferfish&amp;action=edit" class="new" title="Japanese pufferfish">Japanese pufferfish</a> (<em><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takifugu_rubripes" title="Takifugu rubripes">Takifugu rubripes</a></em>) and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spotted_green_pufferfish&amp;action=edit" class="new" title="Spotted green pufferfish">spotted green pufferfish</a> (<em><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetraodon_nigroviridis" title="Tetraodon nigroviridis">Tetraodon nigroviridis</a></em>) are interesting because of their small and compact genomes, containing very little non-coding DNA compared to most species. <sup id="_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_note-5" title="">[6]</a></sup> <sup id="_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_note-6" title="">[7]</a></sup> The mammals dog (<em><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canis_familiaris" title="Canis familiaris">Canis familiaris</a></em>), <sup id="_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_note-7" title="">[8]</a></sup> brown rat (<em><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rattus_norvegicus" title="Rattus norvegicus">Rattus norvegicus</a></em>), mouse (<em><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus_musculus" title="Mus musculus">Mus musculus</a></em>), and chimpanzee (<em><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_troglodytes" title="Pan troglodytes">Pan troglodytes</a></em>) are all important model animals in medical research.</p> <p><a name="Bacteriophage_Genomics" id="Bacteriophage_Genomics"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">Bacteriophage Genomics</span></h2> <p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriophage" title="Bacteriophage">Bacteriophages</a> have played and continue to play a key role in bacterial <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">molecular biology</a>. Historically, they were used to define <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">gene</a> structure and gene regulation. Also the first <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genome</a> to be sequenced was a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriophage" title="Bacteriophage">bacteriophage</a>. However, bacteriophage research did not lead the genomics revolution, which is clearly dominated by bacterial genomics. Only very recently has the study of bacteriophage genomes become prominent, thereby enabling researchers to understand the mechanisms underlying <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phage" title="Phage">phage</a> evolution. Bacteriophage genome sequences can be obtained through direct sequencing of isolated bacteriophages, but can also be derived as part of microbial genomes. Analysis of bacterial genomes has shown that a substantial amount of microbial DNA consists of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophage" title="Prophage">prophage</a> sequences and prophage-like elements. A detailed database mining of these sequences offers insights into the role of prophages in shaping the bacterial genome.<sup id="_ref-McGrath_0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_note-McGrath" title="">[9]</a></sup></p> <p><a name="Cyanobacteria_Genomics" id="Cyanobacteria_Genomics"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">Cyanobacteria Genomics</span></h2> <p>At present there are 24 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">cyanobacteria</a> for which a total genome sequence is available. 15 of these cyanobacteria come from the marine environment. These are six <em><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prochlorococcus" title="Prochlorococcus">Prochlorococcus</a></em> strains, seven marine <em><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synechococcus" title="Synechococcus">Synechococcus</a></em> strains, <em><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trichodesmium_erythraeum&amp;action=edit" class="new" title="Trichodesmium erythraeum">Trichodesmium erythraeum</a></em> IMS101 and <em><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crocosphaera_watsonii&amp;action=edit" class="new" title="Crocosphaera watsonii">Crocosphaera watsonii</a></em> [[WH8501. Several studies have demonstrated how these sequences could be used very successfully to infer important ecological and physiological characteristics of marine cyanobacteria. However, there are many more genome projects currently in progress, amongst those there are further <em><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prochlorococcus" title="Prochlorococcus">Prochlorococcus</a></em> and marine <em><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synechococcus" title="Synechococcus">Synechococcus</a></em> isolates, <em><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acaryochloris&amp;action=edit" class="new" title="Acaryochloris">Acaryochloris</a></em> and <em><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prochloron&amp;action=edit" class="new" title="Prochloron">Prochloron</a></em>, the N₂-fixing filamentous cyanobacteria <em><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nodularia_spumigena&amp;action=edit" class="new" title="Nodularia spumigena">Nodularia spumigena</a></em>, <em><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyngbya_aestuarii&amp;action=edit" class="new" title="Lyngbya aestuarii">Lyngbya aestuarii</a></em> and <em><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyngbya_majuscula" title="Lyngbya majuscula">Lyngbya majuscula</a></em>, as well as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriophage" title="Bacteriophage">bacteriophages</a> infecting marine cyanobaceria. Thus, the growing body of genome information can also be tapped in a more general way to address global problems by applying a comparative approach. Some new and exciting examples of progress in this field are the identification of genes for regulatory RNAs, insights into the evolutionary origin of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a>, or estimation of the contribution of horizontal gene transfer to the genomes that have been analyzed.<sup id="_ref-Herrero_0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_note-Herrero" title="">[10]</a></sup></p> <p><a name="See_also" id="See_also"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">See also</span></h2> <ul> <li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_genomics" title="Computational genomics">Computational genomics</a></li> <li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogenomics" title="Nitrogenomics">Nitrogenomics</a></li> </ul> <p><a name="References" id="References"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <ol class="references"> <li id="_note-0"><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-0" title="">^</a></strong> Min Jou W, Haegeman G, Ysebaert M, Fiers W., Nucleotide sequence of the gene coding for the bacteriophage MS2 coat protein, Nature. 1972 May 12;237(5350):82-8</li> <li id="_note-1"><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-1" title="">^</a></strong> Fiers W et al., Complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA - primary and secondary structure of replicase gene, Nature, 260, 500-507, 1976</li> <li id="_note-2"><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-2" title="">^</a></strong> Sanger F, Air GM, Barrell BG, Brown NL, Coulson AR, Fiddes CA, Hutchison CA, Slocombe PM, Smith M., Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA, Nature. 1977 Feb 24;265(5596):687-95</li> <li id="_note-3"><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-3" title="">^</a></strong> <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/VIRUSES/virostat.html" class="external text" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/VIRUSES/virostat.html" rel="nofollow"><em>The Viral Genomes Resource</em>, NCBI Friday, 14 September, 2007</a></li> <li id="_note-4"><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-4" title="">^</a></strong> <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/static/gpstat.html" class="external text" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/static/gpstat.html" rel="nofollow"><em>Genome Project Statistic</em>, NCBI Friday, 14 September, 2007</a></li> <li id="_note-5"><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-5" title="">^</a></strong> <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3760766.stm" class="external text" title="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3760766.stm" rel="nofollow">BBC article <em>Human gene number slashed</em> from Wednesday, 20 October, 2004</a></li> <li id="_note-6"><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-6" title="">^</a></strong> <a href="http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2003/10/16/pufferfish_fruitfly/index.shtml" class="external text" title="http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2003/10/16/pufferfish_fruitfly/index.shtml" rel="nofollow">CBSE News, Thursday October 16, 2003</a></li> <li id="_note-7"><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-7" title="">^</a></strong> <a href="http://www.genome.gov/12511476" class="external text" title="http://www.genome.gov/12511476" rel="nofollow">NHGRI, pressrelease of the publishing of the dog genome</a></li> <li id="_note-McGrath"><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-McGrath_0" title="">^</a></strong> <cite class="book" style="font-style: normal;">Mc Grath S and van Sinderen D (editors). (2007). <em><a href="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage" class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage" rel="nofollow">Bacteriophage: Genetics and Molecular Biology</a></em>, 1st ed., Caister Academic Press. <a href="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage" class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage" rel="nofollow">ISBN 978-1-904455-14-1</a> .</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Bacteriophage%3A+Genetics+and+Molecular+Biology&amp;rft.au=Mc+Grath+S+and+van+Sinderen+D+%28editors%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fphage">&nbsp;</span></li> <li id="_note-Herrero"><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-Herrero_0" title="">^</a></strong> <cite class="book" style="font-style: normal;">Herrero A and Flores E (editor). (2008). <em><a href="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan" class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan" rel="nofollow">The Cyanobacteria: Molecular Biology, Genomics and Evolution</a></em>, 1st ed., Caister Academic Press. <a href="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan" class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan" rel="nofollow">ISBN 978-1-904455-15-8</a> .</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cyanobacteria%3A+Molecular+Biology%2C+Genomics+and+Evolution&amp;rft.au=Herrero+A+and+Flores+E+%28editor%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fcyan"> <br /> </span></li> </ol> e39a1a26cc3c925ed9fce8c63561ff547ddffc2f 1503 2007-10-11T07:40:01Z 210.218.222.225 0 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><strong>Genomics</strong> is the study of an organism's entire genome. In contrast, the investigation of single genes, their functions and roles, something very common in today's medical and biological research, and a primary focus of molecular biology, does not fall into the definition of genomics, unless the aim of this genetic, pathway, and functional information analysis is to elucidate its effect on, place in, and response to the entire genome's networks.</p> <p><a id="History_of_the_field" name="History_of_the_field"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">History of the field</span></h2> <p>Genomics can be said to have appeared in the 1980s, and took off in the 1990s with the initiation of genome projects for several biological species. A major branch of genomics is still concerned with sequencing the genomes of various organisms, but the knowledge of full genomes has created the possibility for the field of functional genomics, mainly concerned with patterns of gene expression during various conditions. The most important tools here are microarrays and bioinformatics. Study of the full set of proteins in a cell type or tissue, and the changes during various conditions, is called proteomics.</p> <p>In 1972, Walter Fiers and his team at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology of the University of Ghent (Ghent, Belgium) were the first to determine the sequence of a gene: the gene for Bacteriophage MS2 coat protein.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-0">[1]</sup> In 1976, the team determined the complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-1">[2]</sup> The first DNA-based genome to be sequenced in its entirety was that of bacteriophage &Phi;-X174; (5,368 bp), sequenced by Frederick Sanger in 1977<sup class="reference" id="_ref-2">[3]</sup>. The first free-living organism to be sequenced was that of <em>Haemophilus influenzae</em> (1.8 Mb) in 1995, and since then genomes are being sequenced at a rapid pace. A rough draft of the human genome was completed by the Human Genome Project in early 2001, creating much fanfare.</p> <p>As of September 2007, the complete sequence was known of about 1879 viruses <sup class="reference" id="_ref-3">[4]</sup>, 577 bacterial species and roughly 23 eukaryote organisms, of which about half are fungi. <sup class="reference" id="_ref-4">[5]</sup> Most of the bacteria whose genomes have been completely sequenced are problematic disease-causing agents, such as <em>Haemophilus influenzae</em>. Of the other sequenced species, most were chosen because they were well-studied model organisms or promised to become good models. Yeast (<em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em>) has long been an important model organism for the eukaryotic cell, while the fruit fly <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> has been a very important tool (notably in early pre-molecular genetics). The worm <em>Caenorhabditis elegans</em> is an often used simple model for multicellular organisms. The zebrafish <em>Brachydanio rerio</em> is used for many developmental studies on the molecular level and the flower <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em> is a model organism for flowering plants. The Japanese pufferfish (<em>Takifugu rubripes</em>) and the spotted green pufferfish (<em>Tetraodon nigroviridis</em>) are interesting because of their small and compact genomes, containing very little non-coding DNA compared to most species. <sup class="reference" id="_ref-5">[6]</sup> <sup class="reference" id="_ref-6">[7]</sup> The mammals dog (<em>Canis familiaris</em>), <sup class="reference" id="_ref-7">[8]</sup> brown rat (<em>Rattus norvegicus</em>), mouse (<em>Mus musculus</em>), and chimpanzee (<em>Pan troglodytes</em>) are all important model animals in medical research.</p> <p><a id="Bacteriophage_Genomics" name="Bacteriophage_Genomics"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">Bacteriophage Genomics</span></h2> <p>Bacteriophages have played and continue to play a key role in bacterial genetics and molecular biology. Historically, they were used to define gene structure and gene regulation. Also the first genome to be sequenced was a bacteriophage. However, bacteriophage research did not lead the genomics revolution, which is clearly dominated by bacterial genomics. Only very recently has the study of bacteriophage genomes become prominent, thereby enabling researchers to understand the mechanisms underlying phage evolution. Bacteriophage genome sequences can be obtained through direct sequencing of isolated bacteriophages, but can also be derived as part of microbial genomes. Analysis of bacterial genomes has shown that a substantial amount of microbial DNA consists of prophage sequences and prophage-like elements. A detailed database mining of these sequences offers insights into the role of prophages in shaping the bacterial genome.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-McGrath_0">[9]</sup></p> <p><a id="Cyanobacteria_Genomics" name="Cyanobacteria_Genomics"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">Cyanobacteria Genomics</span></h2> <p>At present there are 24 cyanobacteria for which a total genome sequence is available. 15 of these cyanobacteria come from the marine environment. These are six <em>Prochlorococcus</em> strains, seven marine <em>Synechococcus</em> strains, <em>Trichodesmium erythraeum</em> IMS101 and <em>Crocosphaera watsonii</em> [[WH8501. Several studies have demonstrated how these sequences could be used very successfully to infer important ecological and physiological characteristics of marine cyanobacteria. However, there are many more genome projects currently in progress, amongst those there are further <em>Prochlorococcus</em> and marine <em>Synechococcus</em> isolates, <em>Acaryochloris</em> and <em>Prochloron</em>, the N₂-fixing filamentous cyanobacteria <em>Nodularia spumigena</em>, <em>Lyngbya aestuarii</em> and <em>Lyngbya majuscula</em>, as well as bacteriophages infecting marine cyanobaceria. Thus, the growing body of genome information can also be tapped in a more general way to address global problems by applying a comparative approach. Some new and exciting examples of progress in this field are the identification of genes for regulatory RNAs, insights into the evolutionary origin of photosynthesis, or estimation of the contribution of horizontal gene transfer to the genomes that have been analyzed.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-Herrero_0">[10]</sup></p> <p><a id="See_also" name="See_also"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">See also</span></h2> <ul> <li>[[Omics]]</li> <li>[[Functional genomics]]</li> <li>[[Computational genomics]] </li> <li>[[Nitrogenomics]] </li> </ul> <p><a id="References" name="References"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <ol class="references"> <li id="_note-0"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-0">^</a></strong> Min Jou W, Haegeman G, Ysebaert M, Fiers W., Nucleotide sequence of the gene coding for the bacteriophage MS2 coat protein, Nature. 1972 May 12;237(5350):82-8 </li> <li id="_note-1"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-1">^</a></strong> Fiers W et al., Complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA - primary and secondary structure of replicase gene, Nature, 260, 500-507, 1976 </li> <li id="_note-2"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-2">^</a></strong> Sanger F, Air GM, Barrell BG, Brown NL, Coulson AR, Fiddes CA, Hutchison CA, Slocombe PM, Smith M., Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA, Nature. 1977 Feb 24;265(5596):687-95 </li> <li id="_note-3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-3">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/VIRUSES/virostat.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/VIRUSES/virostat.html"><em>The Viral Genomes Resource</em>, NCBI Friday, 14 September, 2007</a> </li> <li id="_note-4"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-4">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/static/gpstat.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/static/gpstat.html"><em>Genome Project Statistic</em>, NCBI Friday, 14 September, 2007</a> </li> <li id="_note-5"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-5">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3760766.stm" rel="nofollow" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3760766.stm">BBC article <em>Human gene number slashed</em> from Wednesday, 20 October, 2004</a> </li> <li id="_note-6"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-6">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2003/10/16/pufferfish_fruitfly/index.shtml" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2003/10/16/pufferfish_fruitfly/index.shtml">CBSE News, Thursday October 16, 2003</a> </li> <li id="_note-7"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-7">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.genome.gov/12511476" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.gov/12511476">NHGRI, pressrelease of the publishing of the dog genome</a> </li> <li id="_note-McGrath"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-McGrath_0">^</a></strong> <cite class="book" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Mc Grath S and van Sinderen D (editors). (2007). <em><a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage">Bacteriophage: Genetics and Molecular Biology</a></em>, 1st ed., Caister Academic Press. <a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage">ISBN 978-1-904455-14-1</a> .</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Bacteriophage%3A+Genetics+and+Molecular+Biology&amp;rft.au=Mc+Grath+S+and+van+Sinderen+D+%28editors%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fphage">&nbsp;</span> </li> <li id="_note-Herrero"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-Herrero_0">^</a></strong> <cite class="book" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Herrero A and Flores E (editor). (2008). <em><a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan">The Cyanobacteria: Molecular Biology, Genomics and Evolution</a></em>, 1st ed., Caister Academic Press. <a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan">ISBN 978-1-904455-15-8</a> .</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cyanobacteria%3A+Molecular+Biology%2C+Genomics+and+Evolution&amp;rft.au=Herrero+A+and+Flores+E+%28editor%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fcyan"> <br /> </span></li> </ol> 395ad1623ffdea3d96a6cb6c80b660649ecc9457 1540 2007-10-31T05:30:57Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><strong>Genomics</strong> is the study of an organism's entire genome. In contrast, the investigation of single genes, their functions and roles, something very common in today's medical and biological research, and a primary focus of molecular biology, does not fall into the definition of genomics, unless the aim of this genetic, pathway, and functional information analysis is to elucidate its effect on, place in, and response to the entire genome's networks.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">History of the field</span></h2> <p>Genomics can be said to have appeared in the 1980s, and took off in the 1990s with the initiation of genome projects for several biological species. A major branch of genomics is still concerned with sequencing the genomes of various organisms, but the knowledge of full genomes has created the possibility for the field of functional genomics, mainly concerned with patterns of gene expression during various conditions. The most important tools here are microarrays and bioinformatics. Study of the full set of proteins in a cell type or tissue, and the changes during various conditions, is called proteomics.</p> <p>In 1972, Walter Fiers and his team at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology of the University of Ghent (Ghent, Belgium) were the first to determine the sequence of a gene: the gene for Bacteriophage MS2 coat protein.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-0">[1]</sup> In 1976, the team determined the complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-1">[2]</sup> The first DNA-based genome to be sequenced in its entirety was that of bacteriophage &Phi;-X174; (5,368 bp), sequenced by Frederick Sanger in 1977<sup class="reference" id="_ref-2">[3]</sup>. The first free-living organism to be sequenced was that of <em>Haemophilus influenzae</em> (1.8 Mb) in 1995, and since then genomes are being sequenced at a rapid pace. A rough draft of the human genome was completed by the Human Genome Project in early 2001, creating much fanfare.</p> <p>As of September 2007, the complete sequence was known of about 1879 viruses <sup class="reference" id="_ref-3">[4]</sup>, 577 bacterial species and roughly 23 eukaryote organisms, of which about half are fungi. <sup class="reference" id="_ref-4">[5]</sup> Most of the bacteria whose genomes have been completely sequenced are problematic disease-causing agents, such as <em>Haemophilus influenzae</em>. Of the other sequenced species, most were chosen because they were well-studied model organisms or promised to become good models. Yeast (<em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em>) has long been an important model organism for the eukaryotic cell, while the fruit fly <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> has been a very important tool (notably in early pre-molecular genetics). The worm <em>Caenorhabditis elegans</em> is an often used simple model for multicellular organisms. The zebrafish <em>Brachydanio rerio</em> is used for many developmental studies on the molecular level and the flower <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em> is a model organism for flowering plants. The Japanese pufferfish (<em>Takifugu rubripes</em>) and the spotted green pufferfish (<em>Tetraodon nigroviridis</em>) are interesting because of their small and compact genomes, containing very little non-coding DNA compared to most species. <sup class="reference" id="_ref-5">[6]</sup> <sup class="reference" id="_ref-6">[7]</sup> The mammals dog (<em>Canis familiaris</em>), <sup class="reference" id="_ref-7">[8]</sup> brown rat (<em>Rattus norvegicus</em>), mouse (<em>Mus musculus</em>), and chimpanzee (<em>Pan troglodytes</em>) are all important model animals in medical research.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">Bacteriophage Genomics</span></h2> <p>Bacteriophages have played and continue to play a key role in bacterial genetics and molecular biology. Historically, they were used to define gene structure and gene regulation. Also the first genome to be sequenced was a bacteriophage. However, bacteriophage research did not lead the genomics revolution, which is clearly dominated by bacterial genomics. Only very recently has the study of bacteriophage genomes become prominent, thereby enabling researchers to understand the mechanisms underlying phage evolution. Bacteriophage genome sequences can be obtained through direct sequencing of isolated bacteriophages, but can also be derived as part of microbial genomes. Analysis of bacterial genomes has shown that a substantial amount of microbial DNA consists of prophage sequences and prophage-like elements. A detailed database mining of these sequences offers insights into the role of prophages in shaping the bacterial genome.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-McGrath_0">[9]</sup></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">Cyanobacteria Genomics</span></h2> <p>At present there are 24 cyanobacteria for which a total genome sequence is available. 15 of these cyanobacteria come from the marine environment. These are six <em>Prochlorococcus</em> strains, seven marine <em>Synechococcus</em> strains, <em>Trichodesmium erythraeum</em> IMS101 and <em>Crocosphaera watsonii</em> [[WH8501. Several studies have demonstrated how these sequences could be used very successfully to infer important ecological and physiological characteristics of marine cyanobacteria. However, there are many more genome projects currently in progress, amongst those there are further <em>Prochlorococcus</em> and marine <em>Synechococcus</em> isolates, <em>Acaryochloris</em> and <em>Prochloron</em>, the N₂-fixing filamentous cyanobacteria <em>Nodularia spumigena</em>, <em>Lyngbya aestuarii</em> and <em>Lyngbya majuscula</em>, as well as bacteriophages infecting marine cyanobaceria. Thus, the growing body of genome information can also be tapped in a more general way to address global problems by applying a comparative approach. Some new and exciting examples of progress in this field are the identification of genes for regulatory RNAs, insights into the evolutionary origin of photosynthesis, or estimation of the contribution of horizontal gene transfer to the genomes that have been analyzed.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-Herrero_0">[10]</sup></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">See also</span></h2> <ul> <li>[[Omics]] </li> <li>[[Functional genomics]] </li> <li>[[Computational genomics]] </li> <li>[[Nitrogenomics]] </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <ol class="references"> <li id="_note-0"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-0">^</a></strong> Min Jou W, Haegeman G, Ysebaert M, Fiers W., Nucleotide sequence of the gene coding for the bacteriophage MS2 coat protein, Nature. 1972 May 12;237(5350):82-8 </li> <li id="_note-1"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-1">^</a></strong> Fiers W et al., Complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA - primary and secondary structure of replicase gene, Nature, 260, 500-507, 1976 </li> <li id="_note-2"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-2">^</a></strong> Sanger F, Air GM, Barrell BG, Brown NL, Coulson AR, Fiddes CA, Hutchison CA, Slocombe PM, Smith M., Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA, Nature. 1977 Feb 24;265(5596):687-95 </li> <li id="_note-3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-3">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/VIRUSES/virostat.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/VIRUSES/virostat.html"><em>The Viral Genomes Resource</em>, NCBI Friday, 14 September, 2007</a> </li> <li id="_note-4"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-4">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/static/gpstat.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/static/gpstat.html"><em>Genome Project Statistic</em>, NCBI Friday, 14 September, 2007</a> </li> <li id="_note-5"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-5">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3760766.stm" rel="nofollow" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3760766.stm">BBC article <em>Human gene number slashed</em> from Wednesday, 20 October, 2004</a> </li> <li id="_note-6"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-6">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2003/10/16/pufferfish_fruitfly/index.shtml" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2003/10/16/pufferfish_fruitfly/index.shtml">CBSE News, Thursday October 16, 2003</a> </li> <li id="_note-7"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-7">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.genome.gov/12511476" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.gov/12511476">NHGRI, pressrelease of the publishing of the dog genome</a> </li> <li id="_note-McGrath"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-McGrath_0">^</a></strong> <cite class="book" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Mc Grath S and van Sinderen D (editors). (2007). <em><a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage">Bacteriophage: Genetics and Molecular Biology</a></em>, 1st ed., Caister Academic Press. <a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage">ISBN 978-1-904455-14-1</a> .</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Bacteriophage%3A+Genetics+and+Molecular+Biology&amp;rft.au=Mc+Grath+S+and+van+Sinderen+D+%28editors%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fphage">&nbsp;</span> </li> <li id="_note-Herrero"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-Herrero_0">^</a></strong> <cite class="book" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Herrero A and Flores E (editor). (2008). <em><a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan">The Cyanobacteria: Molecular Biology, Genomics and Evolution</a></em>, 1st ed., Caister Academic Press. <a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan">ISBN 978-1-904455-15-8</a> .</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cyanobacteria%3A+Molecular+Biology%2C+Genomics+and+Evolution&amp;rft.au=Herrero+A+and+Flores+E+%28editor%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fcyan"> <br /> </span></li> </ol> 5b37315529403cd36402e59b2c9fc5fc0b985cec 1541 2007-10-31T05:34:28Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><strong>Genomics</strong> is the omics study of genes of individual organisms,&nbsp;populations, and species. It is also a paradigm of performing science that deviates from&nbsp;investigating single genes, their functions and roles. The main reason of an independent biological discipline is that it deals with very large set of genetic information to automatically analyze information using interaction and network concepts. Genomics inevitably employs computing and bioinformatics.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">History of the field</span></h2> <p>Genomics can be said to have appeared in the 1980s, and took off in the 1990s with the initiation of genome projects for several biological species. A major branch of genomics is still concerned with sequencing the genomes of various organisms, but the knowledge of full genomes has created the possibility for the field of functional genomics, mainly concerned with patterns of gene expression during various conditions. The most important tools here are microarrays and bioinformatics. Study of the full set of proteins in a cell type or tissue, and the changes during various conditions, is called proteomics.</p> <p>In 1972, Walter Fiers and his team at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology of the University of Ghent (Ghent, Belgium) were the first to determine the sequence of a gene: the gene for Bacteriophage MS2 coat protein.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-0">[1]</sup> In 1976, the team determined the complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-1">[2]</sup> The first DNA-based genome to be sequenced in its entirety was that of bacteriophage &Phi;-X174; (5,368 bp), sequenced by Frederick Sanger in 1977<sup class="reference" id="_ref-2">[3]</sup>. The first free-living organism to be sequenced was that of <em>Haemophilus influenzae</em> (1.8 Mb) in 1995, and since then genomes are being sequenced at a rapid pace. A rough draft of the human genome was completed by the Human Genome Project in early 2001, creating much fanfare.</p> <p>As of September 2007, the complete sequence was known of about 1879 viruses <sup class="reference" id="_ref-3">[4]</sup>, 577 bacterial species and roughly 23 eukaryote organisms, of which about half are fungi. <sup class="reference" id="_ref-4">[5]</sup> Most of the bacteria whose genomes have been completely sequenced are problematic disease-causing agents, such as <em>Haemophilus influenzae</em>. Of the other sequenced species, most were chosen because they were well-studied model organisms or promised to become good models. Yeast (<em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em>) has long been an important model organism for the eukaryotic cell, while the fruit fly <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> has been a very important tool (notably in early pre-molecular genetics). The worm <em>Caenorhabditis elegans</em> is an often used simple model for multicellular organisms. The zebrafish <em>Brachydanio rerio</em> is used for many developmental studies on the molecular level and the flower <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em> is a model organism for flowering plants. The Japanese pufferfish (<em>Takifugu rubripes</em>) and the spotted green pufferfish (<em>Tetraodon nigroviridis</em>) are interesting because of their small and compact genomes, containing very little non-coding DNA compared to most species. <sup class="reference" id="_ref-5">[6]</sup> <sup class="reference" id="_ref-6">[7]</sup> The mammals dog (<em>Canis familiaris</em>), <sup class="reference" id="_ref-7">[8]</sup> brown rat (<em>Rattus norvegicus</em>), mouse (<em>Mus musculus</em>), and chimpanzee (<em>Pan troglodytes</em>) are all important model animals in medical research.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">Bacteriophage Genomics</span></h2> <p>Bacteriophages have played and continue to play a key role in bacterial genetics and molecular biology. Historically, they were used to define gene structure and gene regulation. Also the first genome to be sequenced was a bacteriophage. However, bacteriophage research did not lead the genomics revolution, which is clearly dominated by bacterial genomics. Only very recently has the study of bacteriophage genomes become prominent, thereby enabling researchers to understand the mechanisms underlying phage evolution. Bacteriophage genome sequences can be obtained through direct sequencing of isolated bacteriophages, but can also be derived as part of microbial genomes. Analysis of bacterial genomes has shown that a substantial amount of microbial DNA consists of prophage sequences and prophage-like elements. A detailed database mining of these sequences offers insights into the role of prophages in shaping the bacterial genome.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-McGrath_0">[9]</sup></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">Cyanobacteria Genomics</span></h2> <p>At present there are 24 cyanobacteria for which a total genome sequence is available. 15 of these cyanobacteria come from the marine environment. These are six <em>Prochlorococcus</em> strains, seven marine <em>Synechococcus</em> strains, <em>Trichodesmium erythraeum</em> IMS101 and <em>Crocosphaera watsonii</em> [[WH8501. Several studies have demonstrated how these sequences could be used very successfully to infer important ecological and physiological characteristics of marine cyanobacteria. However, there are many more genome projects currently in progress, amongst those there are further <em>Prochlorococcus</em> and marine <em>Synechococcus</em> isolates, <em>Acaryochloris</em> and <em>Prochloron</em>, the N₂-fixing filamentous cyanobacteria <em>Nodularia spumigena</em>, <em>Lyngbya aestuarii</em> and <em>Lyngbya majuscula</em>, as well as bacteriophages infecting marine cyanobaceria. Thus, the growing body of genome information can also be tapped in a more general way to address global problems by applying a comparative approach. Some new and exciting examples of progress in this field are the identification of genes for regulatory RNAs, insights into the evolutionary origin of photosynthesis, or estimation of the contribution of horizontal gene transfer to the genomes that have been analyzed.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-Herrero_0">[10]</sup></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">See also</span></h2> <ul> <li>[[Omics]] </li> <li>[[Functional genomics]] </li> <li>[[Computational genomics]] </li> <li>[[Nitrogenomics]] </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <ol class="references"> <li id="_note-0"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-0">^</a></strong> Min Jou W, Haegeman G, Ysebaert M, Fiers W., Nucleotide sequence of the gene coding for the bacteriophage MS2 coat protein, Nature. 1972 May 12;237(5350):82-8 </li> <li id="_note-1"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-1">^</a></strong> Fiers W et al., Complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA - primary and secondary structure of replicase gene, Nature, 260, 500-507, 1976 </li> <li id="_note-2"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-2">^</a></strong> Sanger F, Air GM, Barrell BG, Brown NL, Coulson AR, Fiddes CA, Hutchison CA, Slocombe PM, Smith M., Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA, Nature. 1977 Feb 24;265(5596):687-95 </li> <li id="_note-3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-3">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/VIRUSES/virostat.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/VIRUSES/virostat.html"><em>The Viral Genomes Resource</em>, NCBI Friday, 14 September, 2007</a> </li> <li id="_note-4"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-4">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/static/gpstat.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/static/gpstat.html"><em>Genome Project Statistic</em>, NCBI Friday, 14 September, 2007</a> </li> <li id="_note-5"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-5">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3760766.stm" rel="nofollow" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3760766.stm">BBC article <em>Human gene number slashed</em> from Wednesday, 20 October, 2004</a> </li> <li id="_note-6"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-6">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2003/10/16/pufferfish_fruitfly/index.shtml" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2003/10/16/pufferfish_fruitfly/index.shtml">CBSE News, Thursday October 16, 2003</a> </li> <li id="_note-7"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-7">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.genome.gov/12511476" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.gov/12511476">NHGRI, pressrelease of the publishing of the dog genome</a> </li> <li id="_note-McGrath"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-McGrath_0">^</a></strong> <cite class="book" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Mc Grath S and van Sinderen D (editors). (2007). <em><a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage">Bacteriophage: Genetics and Molecular Biology</a></em>, 1st ed., Caister Academic Press. <a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage">ISBN 978-1-904455-14-1</a> .</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Bacteriophage%3A+Genetics+and+Molecular+Biology&amp;rft.au=Mc+Grath+S+and+van+Sinderen+D+%28editors%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fphage">&nbsp;</span> </li> <li id="_note-Herrero"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-Herrero_0">^</a></strong> <cite class="book" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Herrero A and Flores E (editor). (2008). <em><a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan">The Cyanobacteria: Molecular Biology, Genomics and Evolution</a></em>, 1st ed., Caister Academic Press. <a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan">ISBN 978-1-904455-15-8</a> .</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cyanobacteria%3A+Molecular+Biology%2C+Genomics+and+Evolution&amp;rft.au=Herrero+A+and+Flores+E+%28editor%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fcyan"> <br /> </span></li> </ol> 2e7a574ddd27bd7c1317315a850c629cfe42ef78 1542 2007-10-31T05:34:52Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><strong>Genomics</strong> is the omics study of genes of individual organisms,&nbsp;populations, and species. It is also a paradigm of performing science that deviates from&nbsp;investigating single genes, their functions and roles. The main reason of an independent biological discipline is that it deals with very large set of genetic information to automatically analyze information using interaction and network concepts. Genomics inevitably employs computing and bioinformatics.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">History of the field</span></h2> <p>Genomics can be said to have appeared in the 1980s, and took off in the 1990s with the initiation of genome projects for several biological species. A major branch of genomics is still concerned with sequencing the genomes of various organisms, but the knowledge of full genomes has created the possibility for the field of functional genomics, mainly concerned with patterns of gene expression during various conditions. The most important tools here are microarrays and bioinformatics. Study of the full set of proteins in a cell type or tissue, and the changes during various conditions, is called proteomics.</p> <p>In 1972, Walter Fiers and his team at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology of the University of Ghent (Ghent, Belgium) were the first to determine the sequence of a gene: the gene for Bacteriophage MS2 coat protein.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-0">[1]</sup> In 1976, the team determined the complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-1">[2]</sup> The first DNA-based genome to be sequenced in its entirety was that of bacteriophage &Phi;-X174; (5,368 bp), sequenced by Frederick Sanger in 1977<sup class="reference" id="_ref-2">[3]</sup>. The first free-living organism to be sequenced was that of <em>Haemophilus influenzae</em> (1.8 Mb) in 1995, and since then genomes are being sequenced at a rapid pace. A rough draft of the human genome was completed by the Human Genome Project in early 2001, creating much fanfare.</p> <p>As of September 2007, the complete sequence was known of about 1879 viruses <sup class="reference" id="_ref-3">[4]</sup>, 577 bacterial species and roughly 23 eukaryote organisms, of which about half are fungi. <sup class="reference" id="_ref-4">[5]</sup> Most of the bacteria whose genomes have been completely sequenced are problematic disease-causing agents, such as <em>Haemophilus influenzae</em>. Of the other sequenced species, most were chosen because they were well-studied model organisms or promised to become good models. Yeast (<em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em>) has long been an important model organism for the eukaryotic cell, while the fruit fly <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> has been a very important tool (notably in early pre-molecular genetics). The worm <em>Caenorhabditis elegans</em> is an often used simple model for multicellular organisms. The zebrafish <em>Brachydanio rerio</em> is used for many developmental studies on the molecular level and the flower <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em> is a model organism for flowering plants. The Japanese pufferfish (<em>Takifugu rubripes</em>) and the spotted green pufferfish (<em>Tetraodon nigroviridis</em>) are interesting because of their small and compact genomes, containing very little non-coding DNA compared to most species. <sup class="reference" id="_ref-5">[6]</sup> <sup class="reference" id="_ref-6">[7]</sup> The mammals dog (<em>Canis familiaris</em>), <sup class="reference" id="_ref-7">[8]</sup> brown rat (<em>Rattus norvegicus</em>), mouse (<em>Mus musculus</em>), and chimpanzee (<em>Pan troglodytes</em>) are all important model animals in medical research.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">Bacteriophage Genomics</span></h2> <p>Bacteriophages have played and continue to play a key role in bacterial genetics and molecular biology. Historically, they were used to define gene structure and gene regulation. Also the first genome to be sequenced was a bacteriophage. However, bacteriophage research did not lead the genomics revolution, which is clearly dominated by bacterial genomics. Only very recently has the study of bacteriophage genomes become prominent, thereby enabling researchers to understand the mechanisms underlying phage evolution. Bacteriophage genome sequences can be obtained through direct sequencing of isolated bacteriophages, but can also be derived as part of microbial genomes. Analysis of bacterial genomes has shown that a substantial amount of microbial DNA consists of prophage sequences and prophage-like elements. A detailed database mining of these sequences offers insights into the role of prophages in shaping the bacterial genome.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-McGrath_0">[9]</sup></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">Cyanobacteria Genomics</span></h2> <p>At present there are 24 cyanobacteria for which a total genome sequence is available. 15 of these cyanobacteria come from the marine environment. These are six <em>Prochlorococcus</em> strains, seven marine <em>Synechococcus</em> strains, <em>Trichodesmium erythraeum</em> IMS101 and <em>Crocosphaera watsonii</em> [[WH8501. Several studies have demonstrated how these sequences could be used very successfully to infer important ecological and physiological characteristics of marine cyanobacteria. However, there are many more genome projects currently in progress, amongst those there are further <em>Prochlorococcus</em> and marine <em>Synechococcus</em> isolates, <em>Acaryochloris</em> and <em>Prochloron</em>, the N₂-fixing filamentous cyanobacteria <em>Nodularia spumigena</em>, <em>Lyngbya aestuarii</em> and <em>Lyngbya majuscula</em>, as well as bacteriophages infecting marine cyanobaceria. Thus, the growing body of genome information can also be tapped in a more general way to address global problems by applying a comparative approach. Some new and exciting examples of progress in this field are the identification of genes for regulatory RNAs, insights into the evolutionary origin of photosynthesis, or estimation of the contribution of horizontal gene transfer to the genomes that have been analyzed.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-Herrero_0">[10]</sup></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">See also</span></h2> <ul> <li>[[Omics]] </li> <li>[[Proteomics]]</li> <li>[[Interactomics]]</li> <li>[[Functional genomics]] </li> <li>[[Computational genomics]] </li> <li>[[Nitrogenomics]] </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <ol class="references"> <li id="_note-0"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-0">^</a></strong> Min Jou W, Haegeman G, Ysebaert M, Fiers W., Nucleotide sequence of the gene coding for the bacteriophage MS2 coat protein, Nature. 1972 May 12;237(5350):82-8 </li> <li id="_note-1"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-1">^</a></strong> Fiers W et al., Complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA - primary and secondary structure of replicase gene, Nature, 260, 500-507, 1976 </li> <li id="_note-2"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-2">^</a></strong> Sanger F, Air GM, Barrell BG, Brown NL, Coulson AR, Fiddes CA, Hutchison CA, Slocombe PM, Smith M., Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA, Nature. 1977 Feb 24;265(5596):687-95 </li> <li id="_note-3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-3">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/VIRUSES/virostat.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/VIRUSES/virostat.html"><em>The Viral Genomes Resource</em>, NCBI Friday, 14 September, 2007</a> </li> <li id="_note-4"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-4">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/static/gpstat.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/static/gpstat.html"><em>Genome Project Statistic</em>, NCBI Friday, 14 September, 2007</a> </li> <li id="_note-5"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-5">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3760766.stm" rel="nofollow" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3760766.stm">BBC article <em>Human gene number slashed</em> from Wednesday, 20 October, 2004</a> </li> <li id="_note-6"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-6">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2003/10/16/pufferfish_fruitfly/index.shtml" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2003/10/16/pufferfish_fruitfly/index.shtml">CBSE News, Thursday October 16, 2003</a> </li> <li id="_note-7"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-7">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.genome.gov/12511476" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.gov/12511476">NHGRI, pressrelease of the publishing of the dog genome</a> </li> <li id="_note-McGrath"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-McGrath_0">^</a></strong> <cite class="book" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Mc Grath S and van Sinderen D (editors). (2007). <em><a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage">Bacteriophage: Genetics and Molecular Biology</a></em>, 1st ed., Caister Academic Press. <a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage">ISBN 978-1-904455-14-1</a> .</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Bacteriophage%3A+Genetics+and+Molecular+Biology&amp;rft.au=Mc+Grath+S+and+van+Sinderen+D+%28editors%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fphage">&nbsp;</span> </li> <li id="_note-Herrero"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-Herrero_0">^</a></strong> <cite class="book" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Herrero A and Flores E (editor). (2008). <em><a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan">The Cyanobacteria: Molecular Biology, Genomics and Evolution</a></em>, 1st ed., Caister Academic Press. <a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan">ISBN 978-1-904455-15-8</a> .</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cyanobacteria%3A+Molecular+Biology%2C+Genomics+and+Evolution&amp;rft.au=Herrero+A+and+Flores+E+%28editor%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fcyan"> <br /> </span></li> </ol> 06dabb49f2c87ebd8ceb750e34f3b182e72ec9b5 1543 2007-10-31T05:37:56Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><strong>Genomics</strong> is the omics study of genes of individual organisms,&nbsp;populations, and species. It is also a paradigm of performing science that deviates from&nbsp;investigating single genes, their functions and roles. The main reason of an independent biological discipline is that it deals with very large set of genetic information to automatically analyze information using interaction and network concepts. Genomics inevitably employs computing and bioinformatics.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"><font size="5">History of the field</font></span></p> <p>Genomics can be said to have appeared in the 1980s, and took off in the 1990s with the initiation of genome projects for several biological species. A major branch of genomics is still concerned with sequencing the genomes of various organisms, but the knowledge of full genomes has created the possibility for the field of functional genomics, mainly concerned with patterns of gene expression during various conditions. The most important tools here are microarrays and bioinformatics. Study of the full set of proteins in a cell type or tissue, and the changes during various conditions, is called proteomics.</p> <p>In 1972, Walter Fiers and his team at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology of the University of Ghent (Ghent, Belgium) were the first to determine the sequence of a gene: the gene for Bacteriophage MS2 coat protein.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-0">[1]</sup> In 1976, the team determined the complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-1">[2]</sup> The first DNA-based genome to be sequenced in its entirety was that of bacteriophage &Phi;-X174; (5,368 bp), sequenced by Frederick Sanger in 1977<sup class="reference" id="_ref-2">[3]</sup>. The first free-living organism to be sequenced was that of <em>Haemophilus influenzae</em> (1.8 Mb) in 1995, and since then genomes are being sequenced at a rapid pace. A rough draft of the human genome was completed by the Human Genome Project in early 2001, creating much fanfare.</p> <p>As of September 2007, the complete sequence was known of about 1879 viruses <sup class="reference" id="_ref-3">[4]</sup>, 577 bacterial species and roughly 23 eukaryote organisms, of which about half are fungi. <sup class="reference" id="_ref-4">[5]</sup> Most of the bacteria whose genomes have been completely sequenced are problematic disease-causing agents, such as <em>Haemophilus influenzae</em>. Of the other sequenced species, most were chosen because they were well-studied model organisms or promised to become good models. Yeast (<em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em>) has long been an important model organism for the eukaryotic cell, while the fruit fly <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> has been a very important tool (notably in early pre-molecular genetics). The worm <em>Caenorhabditis elegans</em> is an often used simple model for multicellular organisms. The zebrafish <em>Brachydanio rerio</em> is used for many developmental studies on the molecular level and the flower <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em> is a model organism for flowering plants. The Japanese pufferfish (<em>Takifugu rubripes</em>) and the spotted green pufferfish (<em>Tetraodon nigroviridis</em>) are interesting because of their small and compact genomes, containing very little non-coding DNA compared to most species. <sup class="reference" id="_ref-5">[6]</sup> <sup class="reference" id="_ref-6">[7]</sup> The mammals dog (<em>Canis familiaris</em>), <sup class="reference" id="_ref-7">[8]</sup> brown rat (<em>Rattus norvegicus</em>), mouse (<em>Mus musculus</em>), and chimpanzee (<em>Pan troglodytes</em>) are all important model animals in medical research.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"><font size="5">Bacteriophage Genomics</font></span></p> <p>Bacteriophages have played and continue to play a key role in bacterial genetics and molecular biology. Historically, they were used to define gene structure and gene regulation. Also the first genome to be sequenced was a bacteriophage. However, bacteriophage research did not lead the genomics revolution, which is clearly dominated by bacterial genomics. Only very recently has the study of bacteriophage genomes become prominent, thereby enabling researchers to understand the mechanisms underlying phage evolution. Bacteriophage genome sequences can be obtained through direct sequencing of isolated bacteriophages, but can also be derived as part of microbial genomes. Analysis of bacterial genomes has shown that a substantial amount of microbial DNA consists of prophage sequences and prophage-like elements. A detailed database mining of these sequences offers insights into the role of prophages in shaping the bacterial genome.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-McGrath_0">[9]</sup></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"><font size="5">Cyanobacteria Genomics</font></span></p> <p>At present there are 24 cyanobacteria for which a total genome sequence is available. 15 of these cyanobacteria come from the marine environment. These are six <em>Prochlorococcus</em> strains, seven marine <em>Synechococcus</em> strains, <em>Trichodesmium erythraeum</em> IMS101 and <em>Crocosphaera watsonii</em> [[WH8501. Several studies have demonstrated how these sequences could be used very successfully to infer important ecological and physiological characteristics of marine cyanobacteria. However, there are many more genome projects currently in progress, amongst those there are further <em>Prochlorococcus</em> and marine <em>Synechococcus</em> isolates, <em>Acaryochloris</em> and <em>Prochloron</em>, the N₂-fixing filamentous cyanobacteria <em>Nodularia spumigena</em>, <em>Lyngbya aestuarii</em> and <em>Lyngbya majuscula</em>, as well as bacteriophages infecting marine cyanobaceria. Thus, the growing body of genome information can also be tapped in a more general way to address global problems by applying a comparative approach. Some new and exciting examples of progress in this field are the identification of genes for regulatory RNAs, insights into the evolutionary origin of photosynthesis, or estimation of the contribution of horizontal gene transfer to the genomes that have been analyzed.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-Herrero_0">[10]</sup></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"><font size="5">See also</font></span></p> <ul> <li>[[Omics]] </li> <li>[[Proteomics]] </li> <li>[[Interactomics]] </li> <li>[[Functional genomics]] </li> <li>[[Computational genomics]] </li> <li>[[Nitrogenomics]] </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"><font size="5">References</font></span></p> <ol class="references"> <li id="_note-0"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-0">^</a></strong> Min Jou W, Haegeman G, Ysebaert M, Fiers W., Nucleotide sequence of the gene coding for the bacteriophage MS2 coat protein, Nature. 1972 May 12;237(5350):82-8 </li> <li id="_note-1"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-1">^</a></strong> Fiers W et al., Complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA - primary and secondary structure of replicase gene, Nature, 260, 500-507, 1976 </li> <li id="_note-2"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-2">^</a></strong> Sanger F, Air GM, Barrell BG, Brown NL, Coulson AR, Fiddes CA, Hutchison CA, Slocombe PM, Smith M., Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA, Nature. 1977 Feb 24;265(5596):687-95 </li> <li id="_note-3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-3">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/VIRUSES/virostat.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/VIRUSES/virostat.html"><em>The Viral Genomes Resource</em>, NCBI Friday, 14 September, 2007</a> </li> <li id="_note-4"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-4">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/static/gpstat.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/static/gpstat.html"><em>Genome Project Statistic</em>, NCBI Friday, 14 September, 2007</a> </li> <li id="_note-5"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-5">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3760766.stm" rel="nofollow" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3760766.stm">BBC article <em>Human gene number slashed</em> from Wednesday, 20 October, 2004</a> </li> <li id="_note-6"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-6">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2003/10/16/pufferfish_fruitfly/index.shtml" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2003/10/16/pufferfish_fruitfly/index.shtml">CBSE News, Thursday October 16, 2003</a> </li> <li id="_note-7"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-7">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.genome.gov/12511476" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.gov/12511476">NHGRI, pressrelease of the publishing of the dog genome</a> </li> <li id="_note-McGrath"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-McGrath_0">^</a></strong> <cite class="book" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Mc Grath S and van Sinderen D (editors). (2007). <em><a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage">Bacteriophage: Genetics and Molecular Biology</a></em>, 1st ed., Caister Academic Press. <a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage">ISBN 978-1-904455-14-1</a> .</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Bacteriophage%3A+Genetics+and+Molecular+Biology&amp;rft.au=Mc+Grath+S+and+van+Sinderen+D+%28editors%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fphage">&nbsp;</span> </li> <li id="_note-Herrero"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-Herrero_0">^</a></strong> <cite class="book" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Herrero A and Flores E (editor). (2008). <em><a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan">The Cyanobacteria: Molecular Biology, Genomics and Evolution</a></em>, 1st ed., Caister Academic Press. <a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan">ISBN 978-1-904455-15-8</a> .</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cyanobacteria%3A+Molecular+Biology%2C+Genomics+and+Evolution&amp;rft.au=Herrero+A+and+Flores+E+%28editor%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fcyan"> <br /> </span></li> </ol> 0862d56fdd2abca9b5a80d6e521faa41dd02e214 1544 2007-10-31T05:40:06Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><strong>Genomics</strong> is the omics study of genes of individual organisms,&nbsp;populations, and species. It is also a paradigm of performing science that deviates from&nbsp;investigating single genes, their functions and roles. The main reason of an independent biological discipline is that it deals with very large set of genetic information to automatically analyze information using interaction and network concepts. Genomics inevitably employs computing and bioinformatics.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">History of the field</font></span></p> <p>Genomics can be said to have appeared in the 1980s, and took off in the 1990s with the initiation of genome projects for several biological species. A major branch of genomics is still concerned with sequencing the genomes of various organisms, but the knowledge of full genomes has created the possibility for the field of functional genomics, mainly concerned with patterns of gene expression during various conditions. The most important tools here are microarrays and bioinformatics. Study of the full set of proteins in a cell type or tissue, and the changes during various conditions, is called proteomics.</p> <p>In 1972, Walter Fiers and his team at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology of the University of Ghent (Ghent, Belgium) were the first to determine the sequence of a gene: the gene for Bacteriophage MS2 coat protein.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-0">[1]</sup> In 1976, the team determined the complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-1">[2]</sup> The first DNA-based genome to be sequenced in its entirety was that of bacteriophage &Phi;-X174; (5,368 bp), sequenced by Frederick Sanger in 1977<sup class="reference" id="_ref-2">[3]</sup>. The first free-living organism to be sequenced was that of <em>Haemophilus influenzae</em> (1.8 Mb) in 1995, and since then genomes are being sequenced at a rapid pace. A rough draft of the human genome was completed by the Human Genome Project in early 2001, creating much fanfare.</p> <p>As of September 2007, the complete sequence was known of about 1879 viruses <sup class="reference" id="_ref-3">[4]</sup>, 577 bacterial species and roughly 23 eukaryote organisms, of which about half are fungi. <sup class="reference" id="_ref-4">[5]</sup> Most of the bacteria whose genomes have been completely sequenced are problematic disease-causing agents, such as <em>Haemophilus influenzae</em>. Of the other sequenced species, most were chosen because they were well-studied model organisms or promised to become good models. Yeast (<em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em>) has long been an important model organism for the eukaryotic cell, while the fruit fly <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> has been a very important tool (notably in early pre-molecular genetics). The worm <em>Caenorhabditis elegans</em> is an often used simple model for multicellular organisms. The zebrafish <em>Brachydanio rerio</em> is used for many developmental studies on the molecular level and the flower <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em> is a model organism for flowering plants. The Japanese pufferfish (<em>Takifugu rubripes</em>) and the spotted green pufferfish (<em>Tetraodon nigroviridis</em>) are interesting because of their small and compact genomes, containing very little non-coding DNA compared to most species. <sup class="reference" id="_ref-5">[6]</sup> <sup class="reference" id="_ref-6">[7]</sup> The mammals dog (<em>Canis familiaris</em>), <sup class="reference" id="_ref-7">[8]</sup> brown rat (<em>Rattus norvegicus</em>), mouse (<em>Mus musculus</em>), and chimpanzee (<em>Pan troglodytes</em>) are all important model animals in medical research.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">Bacteriophage Genomics</font></span></p> <p>Bacteriophages have played and continue to play a key role in bacterial genetics and molecular biology. Historically, they were used to define gene structure and gene regulation. Also the first genome to be sequenced was a bacteriophage. However, bacteriophage research did not lead the genomics revolution, which is clearly dominated by bacterial genomics. Only very recently has the study of bacteriophage genomes become prominent, thereby enabling researchers to understand the mechanisms underlying phage evolution. Bacteriophage genome sequences can be obtained through direct sequencing of isolated bacteriophages, but can also be derived as part of microbial genomes. Analysis of bacterial genomes has shown that a substantial amount of microbial DNA consists of prophage sequences and prophage-like elements. A detailed database mining of these sequences offers insights into the role of prophages in shaping the bacterial genome.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-McGrath_0">[9]</sup></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">Cyanobacteria Genomics</font></span></p> <p>At present there are 24 cyanobacteria for which a total genome sequence is available. 15 of these cyanobacteria come from the marine environment. These are six <em>Prochlorococcus</em> strains, seven marine <em>Synechococcus</em> strains, <em>Trichodesmium erythraeum</em> IMS101 and <em>Crocosphaera watsonii</em> [[WH8501. Several studies have demonstrated how these sequences could be used very successfully to infer important ecological and physiological characteristics of marine cyanobacteria. However, there are many more genome projects currently in progress, amongst those there are further <em>Prochlorococcus</em> and marine <em>Synechococcus</em> isolates, <em>Acaryochloris</em> and <em>Prochloron</em>, the N₂-fixing filamentous cyanobacteria <em>Nodularia spumigena</em>, <em>Lyngbya aestuarii</em> and <em>Lyngbya majuscula</em>, as well as bacteriophages infecting marine cyanobaceria. Thus, the growing body of genome information can also be tapped in a more general way to address global problems by applying a comparative approach. Some new and exciting examples of progress in this field are the identification of genes for regulatory RNAs, insights into the evolutionary origin of photosynthesis, or estimation of the contribution of horizontal gene transfer to the genomes that have been analyzed.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-Herrero_0">[10]</sup></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">See also</font></span></p> <ul> <li>[[Omics]] </li> <li>[[Proteomics]] </li> <li>[[Interactomics]] </li> <li>[[Functional genomics]] </li> <li>[[Computational genomics]] </li> <li>[[Nitrogenomics]] </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">References</font></span></p> <ol class="references"> <li id="_note-0"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-0">^</a></strong> Min Jou W, Haegeman G, Ysebaert M, Fiers W., Nucleotide sequence of the gene coding for the bacteriophage MS2 coat protein, Nature. 1972 May 12;237(5350):82-8 </li> <li id="_note-1"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-1">^</a></strong> Fiers W et al., Complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA - primary and secondary structure of replicase gene, Nature, 260, 500-507, 1976 </li> <li id="_note-2"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-2">^</a></strong> Sanger F, Air GM, Barrell BG, Brown NL, Coulson AR, Fiddes CA, Hutchison CA, Slocombe PM, Smith M., Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA, Nature. 1977 Feb 24;265(5596):687-95 </li> <li id="_note-3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-3">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/VIRUSES/virostat.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/VIRUSES/virostat.html"><em>The Viral Genomes Resource</em>, NCBI Friday, 14 September, 2007</a> </li> <li id="_note-4"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-4">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/static/gpstat.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/static/gpstat.html"><em>Genome Project Statistic</em>, NCBI Friday, 14 September, 2007</a> </li> <li id="_note-5"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-5">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3760766.stm" rel="nofollow" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3760766.stm">BBC article <em>Human gene number slashed</em> from Wednesday, 20 October, 2004</a> </li> <li id="_note-6"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-6">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2003/10/16/pufferfish_fruitfly/index.shtml" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2003/10/16/pufferfish_fruitfly/index.shtml">CBSE News, Thursday October 16, 2003</a> </li> <li id="_note-7"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-7">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.genome.gov/12511476" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.gov/12511476">NHGRI, pressrelease of the publishing of the dog genome</a> </li> <li id="_note-McGrath"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-McGrath_0">^</a></strong> <cite class="book" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Mc Grath S and van Sinderen D (editors). (2007). <em><a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage">Bacteriophage: Genetics and Molecular Biology</a></em>, 1st ed., Caister Academic Press. <a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage">ISBN 978-1-904455-14-1</a> .</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Bacteriophage%3A+Genetics+and+Molecular+Biology&amp;rft.au=Mc+Grath+S+and+van+Sinderen+D+%28editors%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fphage">&nbsp;</span> </li> <li id="_note-Herrero"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-Herrero_0">^</a></strong> <cite class="book" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Herrero A and Flores E (editor). (2008). <em><a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan">The Cyanobacteria: Molecular Biology, Genomics and Evolution</a></em>, 1st ed., Caister Academic Press. <a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan">ISBN 978-1-904455-15-8</a> .</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cyanobacteria%3A+Molecular+Biology%2C+Genomics+and+Evolution&amp;rft.au=Herrero+A+and+Flores+E+%28editor%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fcyan"> <br /> </span></li> </ol> a6e295c7c358a833de94a84b64c811afcf1034ec 1545 2007-10-31T05:42:26Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><strong>Genomics</strong> is the omics study of genes of individual organisms,&nbsp;populations, and species. It is also a paradigm of performing science that deviates from&nbsp;investigating single genes, their functions and roles. The main reason of an independent biological discipline is that it deals with very large set of genetic information to automatically analyze information using interaction and network concepts. Genomics inevitably employs computing and bioinformatics.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">History of the field</font></span></p> <p>Genomics was founded by Fred Sanger group in 1970s when they developed an automatic gene sequencing technique and completed the first genomes namely bacteriophage &Phi;-X174; (5,368 bp) and bovine mitochondrial genome.</p> <p>In 1972, Walter Fiers and his team at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology of the University of Ghent (Ghent, Belgium) were the first to determine the sequence of a gene: the gene for Bacteriophage MS2 coat protein.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-0">[1]</sup> In 1976, the team determined the complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-1">[2]</sup> The first DNA-based genome to be sequenced in its entirety was that of bacteriophage &Phi;-X174; (5,368 bp), sequenced by Frederick Sanger in 1977<sup class="reference" id="_ref-2">[3]</sup>. The first free-living organism to be sequenced was that of <em>Haemophilus influenzae</em> (1.8 Mb) in 1995, and since then genomes are being sequenced at a rapid pace. A rough draft of the human genome was completed by the Human Genome Project in early 2001, creating much fanfare.</p> <p>As of September 2007, the complete sequence was known of about 1879 viruses <sup class="reference" id="_ref-3">[4]</sup>, 577 bacterial species and roughly 23 eukaryote organisms, of which about half are fungi. <sup class="reference" id="_ref-4">[5]</sup> Most of the bacteria whose genomes have been completely sequenced are problematic disease-causing agents, such as <em>Haemophilus influenzae</em>. Of the other sequenced species, most were chosen because they were well-studied model organisms or promised to become good models. Yeast (<em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em>) has long been an important model organism for the eukaryotic cell, while the fruit fly <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> has been a very important tool (notably in early pre-molecular genetics). The worm <em>Caenorhabditis elegans</em> is an often used simple model for multicellular organisms. The zebrafish <em>Brachydanio rerio</em> is used for many developmental studies on the molecular level and the flower <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em> is a model organism for flowering plants. The Japanese pufferfish (<em>Takifugu rubripes</em>) and the spotted green pufferfish (<em>Tetraodon nigroviridis</em>) are interesting because of their small and compact genomes, containing very little non-coding DNA compared to most species. <sup class="reference" id="_ref-5">[6]</sup> <sup class="reference" id="_ref-6">[7]</sup> The mammals dog (<em>Canis familiaris</em>), <sup class="reference" id="_ref-7">[8]</sup> brown rat (<em>Rattus norvegicus</em>), mouse (<em>Mus musculus</em>), and chimpanzee (<em>Pan troglodytes</em>) are all important model animals in medical research.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">Bacteriophage Genomics</font></span></p> <p>Bacteriophages have played and continue to play a key role in bacterial genetics and molecular biology. Historically, they were used to define gene structure and gene regulation. Also the first genome to be sequenced was a bacteriophage. However, bacteriophage research did not lead the genomics revolution, which is clearly dominated by bacterial genomics. Only very recently has the study of bacteriophage genomes become prominent, thereby enabling researchers to understand the mechanisms underlying phage evolution. Bacteriophage genome sequences can be obtained through direct sequencing of isolated bacteriophages, but can also be derived as part of microbial genomes. Analysis of bacterial genomes has shown that a substantial amount of microbial DNA consists of prophage sequences and prophage-like elements. A detailed database mining of these sequences offers insights into the role of prophages in shaping the bacterial genome.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-McGrath_0">[9]</sup></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">Cyanobacteria Genomics</font></span></p> <p>At present there are 24 cyanobacteria for which a total genome sequence is available. 15 of these cyanobacteria come from the marine environment. These are six <em>Prochlorococcus</em> strains, seven marine <em>Synechococcus</em> strains, <em>Trichodesmium erythraeum</em> IMS101 and <em>Crocosphaera watsonii</em> [[WH8501. Several studies have demonstrated how these sequences could be used very successfully to infer important ecological and physiological characteristics of marine cyanobacteria. However, there are many more genome projects currently in progress, amongst those there are further <em>Prochlorococcus</em> and marine <em>Synechococcus</em> isolates, <em>Acaryochloris</em> and <em>Prochloron</em>, the N₂-fixing filamentous cyanobacteria <em>Nodularia spumigena</em>, <em>Lyngbya aestuarii</em> and <em>Lyngbya majuscula</em>, as well as bacteriophages infecting marine cyanobaceria. Thus, the growing body of genome information can also be tapped in a more general way to address global problems by applying a comparative approach. Some new and exciting examples of progress in this field are the identification of genes for regulatory RNAs, insights into the evolutionary origin of photosynthesis, or estimation of the contribution of horizontal gene transfer to the genomes that have been analyzed.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-Herrero_0">[10]</sup></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">See also</font></span></p> <ul> <li>[[Omics]] </li> <li>[[Proteomics]] </li> <li>[[Interactomics]] </li> <li>[[Functional genomics]] </li> <li>[[Computational genomics]] </li> <li>[[Nitrogenomics]] </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">References</font></span></p> <ol class="references"> <li id="_note-0"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-0">^</a></strong> Min Jou W, Haegeman G, Ysebaert M, Fiers W., Nucleotide sequence of the gene coding for the bacteriophage MS2 coat protein, Nature. 1972 May 12;237(5350):82-8 </li> <li id="_note-1"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-1">^</a></strong> Fiers W et al., Complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA - primary and secondary structure of replicase gene, Nature, 260, 500-507, 1976 </li> <li id="_note-2"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-2">^</a></strong> Sanger F, Air GM, Barrell BG, Brown NL, Coulson AR, Fiddes CA, Hutchison CA, Slocombe PM, Smith M., Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA, Nature. 1977 Feb 24;265(5596):687-95 </li> <li id="_note-3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-3">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/VIRUSES/virostat.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/VIRUSES/virostat.html"><em>The Viral Genomes Resource</em>, NCBI Friday, 14 September, 2007</a> </li> <li id="_note-4"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-4">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/static/gpstat.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/static/gpstat.html"><em>Genome Project Statistic</em>, NCBI Friday, 14 September, 2007</a> </li> <li id="_note-5"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-5">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3760766.stm" rel="nofollow" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3760766.stm">BBC article <em>Human gene number slashed</em> from Wednesday, 20 October, 2004</a> </li> <li id="_note-6"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-6">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2003/10/16/pufferfish_fruitfly/index.shtml" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2003/10/16/pufferfish_fruitfly/index.shtml">CBSE News, Thursday October 16, 2003</a> </li> <li id="_note-7"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-7">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.genome.gov/12511476" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.gov/12511476">NHGRI, pressrelease of the publishing of the dog genome</a> </li> <li id="_note-McGrath"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-McGrath_0">^</a></strong> <cite class="book" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Mc Grath S and van Sinderen D (editors). (2007). <em><a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage">Bacteriophage: Genetics and Molecular Biology</a></em>, 1st ed., Caister Academic Press. <a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage">ISBN 978-1-904455-14-1</a> .</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Bacteriophage%3A+Genetics+and+Molecular+Biology&amp;rft.au=Mc+Grath+S+and+van+Sinderen+D+%28editors%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fphage">&nbsp;</span> </li> <li id="_note-Herrero"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-Herrero_0">^</a></strong> <cite class="book" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Herrero A and Flores E (editor). (2008). <em><a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan">The Cyanobacteria: Molecular Biology, Genomics and Evolution</a></em>, 1st ed., Caister Academic Press. <a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan">ISBN 978-1-904455-15-8</a> .</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cyanobacteria%3A+Molecular+Biology%2C+Genomics+and+Evolution&amp;rft.au=Herrero+A+and+Flores+E+%28editor%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fcyan"> <br /> </span></li> </ol> 0350d399bb7cef5e3f78958aff27dbe935d06547 1546 2007-10-31T05:43:24Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><strong>Genomics</strong> is the omics study of genes of individual organisms,&nbsp;populations, and species. It is also a paradigm of performing science that deviates from&nbsp;investigating single genes, their functions and roles. The main reason of an independent biological discipline is that it deals with very large set of genetic information to automatically analyze information using interaction and network concepts. Genomics inevitably employs computing and bioinformatics.</p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">History of the field</font></span></p> <p>Genomics was founded by Fred Sanger group in 1970s when they developed an automatic gene sequencing technique and completed the first genomes namely bacteriophage &Phi;-X174; (5,368 bp) and bovine mitochondrial genome.</p> <p>In 1972, Walter Fiers and his team at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology of the University of Ghent (Ghent, Belgium) were the first to determine the sequence of a gene: the gene for Bacteriophage MS2 coat protein.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-0">[1]</sup> In 1976, the team determined the complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-1">[2]</sup> The first DNA-based genome to be sequenced in its entirety was that of bacteriophage &Phi;-X174; (5,368 bp), sequenced by Frederick Sanger in 1977<sup class="reference" id="_ref-2">[3]</sup>. The first free-living organism to be sequenced was that of <em>Haemophilus influenzae</em> (1.8 Mb) in 1995, and since then genomes are being sequenced at a rapid pace. A rough draft of the human genome was completed by Sanger centre and the Human Genome Project in early 2001.</p> <p>As of September 2007, the complete sequence was known of about 1879 viruses <sup class="reference" id="_ref-3">[4]</sup>, 577 bacterial species and roughly 23 eukaryote organisms, of which about half are fungi. <sup class="reference" id="_ref-4">[5]</sup> Most of the bacteria whose genomes have been completely sequenced are problematic disease-causing agents, such as <em>Haemophilus influenzae</em>. Of the other sequenced species, most were chosen because they were well-studied model organisms or promised to become good models. Yeast (<em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em>) has long been an important model organism for the eukaryotic cell, while the fruit fly <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> has been a very important tool (notably in early pre-molecular genetics). The worm <em>Caenorhabditis elegans</em> is an often used simple model for multicellular organisms. The zebrafish <em>Brachydanio rerio</em> is used for many developmental studies on the molecular level and the flower <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em> is a model organism for flowering plants. The Japanese pufferfish (<em>Takifugu rubripes</em>) and the spotted green pufferfish (<em>Tetraodon nigroviridis</em>) are interesting because of their small and compact genomes, containing very little non-coding DNA compared to most species. <sup class="reference" id="_ref-5">[6]</sup> <sup class="reference" id="_ref-6">[7]</sup> The mammals dog (<em>Canis familiaris</em>), <sup class="reference" id="_ref-7">[8]</sup> brown rat (<em>Rattus norvegicus</em>), mouse (<em>Mus musculus</em>), and chimpanzee (<em>Pan troglodytes</em>) are all important model animals in medical research.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">Bacteriophage Genomics</font></span></p> <p>Bacteriophages have played and continue to play a key role in bacterial genetics and molecular biology. Historically, they were used to define gene structure and gene regulation. Also the first genome to be sequenced was a bacteriophage. However, bacteriophage research did not lead the genomics revolution, which is clearly dominated by bacterial genomics. Only very recently has the study of bacteriophage genomes become prominent, thereby enabling researchers to understand the mechanisms underlying phage evolution. Bacteriophage genome sequences can be obtained through direct sequencing of isolated bacteriophages, but can also be derived as part of microbial genomes. Analysis of bacterial genomes has shown that a substantial amount of microbial DNA consists of prophage sequences and prophage-like elements. A detailed database mining of these sequences offers insights into the role of prophages in shaping the bacterial genome.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-McGrath_0">[9]</sup></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">Cyanobacteria Genomics</font></span></p> <p>At present there are 24 cyanobacteria for which a total genome sequence is available. 15 of these cyanobacteria come from the marine environment. These are six <em>Prochlorococcus</em> strains, seven marine <em>Synechococcus</em> strains, <em>Trichodesmium erythraeum</em> IMS101 and <em>Crocosphaera watsonii</em> [[WH8501. Several studies have demonstrated how these sequences could be used very successfully to infer important ecological and physiological characteristics of marine cyanobacteria. However, there are many more genome projects currently in progress, amongst those there are further <em>Prochlorococcus</em> and marine <em>Synechococcus</em> isolates, <em>Acaryochloris</em> and <em>Prochloron</em>, the N₂-fixing filamentous cyanobacteria <em>Nodularia spumigena</em>, <em>Lyngbya aestuarii</em> and <em>Lyngbya majuscula</em>, as well as bacteriophages infecting marine cyanobaceria. Thus, the growing body of genome information can also be tapped in a more general way to address global problems by applying a comparative approach. Some new and exciting examples of progress in this field are the identification of genes for regulatory RNAs, insights into the evolutionary origin of photosynthesis, or estimation of the contribution of horizontal gene transfer to the genomes that have been analyzed.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-Herrero_0">[10]</sup></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">See also</font></span></p> <ul> <li>[[Omics]] </li> <li>[[Proteomics]] </li> <li>[[Interactomics]] </li> <li>[[Functional genomics]] </li> <li>[[Computational genomics]] </li> <li>[[Nitrogenomics]] </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">References</font></span></p> <ol class="references"> <li id="_note-0"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-0">^</a></strong> Min Jou W, Haegeman G, Ysebaert M, Fiers W., Nucleotide sequence of the gene coding for the bacteriophage MS2 coat protein, Nature. 1972 May 12;237(5350):82-8 </li> <li id="_note-1"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-1">^</a></strong> Fiers W et al., Complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA - primary and secondary structure of replicase gene, Nature, 260, 500-507, 1976 </li> <li id="_note-2"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-2">^</a></strong> Sanger F, Air GM, Barrell BG, Brown NL, Coulson AR, Fiddes CA, Hutchison CA, Slocombe PM, Smith M., Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA, Nature. 1977 Feb 24;265(5596):687-95 </li> <li id="_note-3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-3">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/VIRUSES/virostat.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/VIRUSES/virostat.html"><em>The Viral Genomes Resource</em>, NCBI Friday, 14 September, 2007</a> </li> <li id="_note-4"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-4">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/static/gpstat.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/static/gpstat.html"><em>Genome Project Statistic</em>, NCBI Friday, 14 September, 2007</a> </li> <li id="_note-5"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-5">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3760766.stm" rel="nofollow" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3760766.stm">BBC article <em>Human gene number slashed</em> from Wednesday, 20 October, 2004</a> </li> <li id="_note-6"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-6">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2003/10/16/pufferfish_fruitfly/index.shtml" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2003/10/16/pufferfish_fruitfly/index.shtml">CBSE News, Thursday October 16, 2003</a> </li> <li id="_note-7"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-7">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.genome.gov/12511476" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.gov/12511476">NHGRI, pressrelease of the publishing of the dog genome</a> </li> <li id="_note-McGrath"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-McGrath_0">^</a></strong> <cite class="book" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Mc Grath S and van Sinderen D (editors). (2007). <em><a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage">Bacteriophage: Genetics and Molecular Biology</a></em>, 1st ed., Caister Academic Press. <a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage">ISBN 978-1-904455-14-1</a> .</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Bacteriophage%3A+Genetics+and+Molecular+Biology&amp;rft.au=Mc+Grath+S+and+van+Sinderen+D+%28editors%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fphage">&nbsp;</span> </li> <li id="_note-Herrero"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-Herrero_0">^</a></strong> <cite class="book" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Herrero A and Flores E (editor). (2008). <em><a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan">The Cyanobacteria: Molecular Biology, Genomics and Evolution</a></em>, 1st ed., Caister Academic Press. <a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan">ISBN 978-1-904455-15-8</a> .</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cyanobacteria%3A+Molecular+Biology%2C+Genomics+and+Evolution&amp;rft.au=Herrero+A+and+Flores+E+%28editor%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fcyan"> <br /> </span></li> </ol> 97235b58b4d4daeb7120208601016f3c9cc0e2e4 1547 2007-10-31T05:43:35Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><strong>Genomics</strong> is the omics study of genes of individual organisms,&nbsp;populations, and species. It is also a paradigm of performing science that deviates from&nbsp;investigating single genes, their functions and roles. The main reason of an independent biological discipline is that it deals with very large set of genetic information to automatically analyze information using interaction and network concepts. Genomics inevitably employs computing and bioinformatics.<br /> </p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">History of the field</font></span></p> <p>Genomics was founded by Fred Sanger group in 1970s when they developed an automatic gene sequencing technique and completed the first genomes namely bacteriophage &Phi;-X174; (5,368 bp) and bovine mitochondrial genome.</p> <p>In 1972, Walter Fiers and his team at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology of the University of Ghent (Ghent, Belgium) were the first to determine the sequence of a gene: the gene for Bacteriophage MS2 coat protein.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-0">[1]</sup> In 1976, the team determined the complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-1">[2]</sup> The first DNA-based genome to be sequenced in its entirety was that of bacteriophage &Phi;-X174; (5,368 bp), sequenced by Frederick Sanger in 1977<sup class="reference" id="_ref-2">[3]</sup>. The first free-living organism to be sequenced was that of <em>Haemophilus influenzae</em> (1.8 Mb) in 1995, and since then genomes are being sequenced at a rapid pace. A rough draft of the human genome was completed by Sanger centre and the Human Genome Project in early 2001.</p> <p>As of September 2007, the complete sequence was known of about 1879 viruses <sup class="reference" id="_ref-3">[4]</sup>, 577 bacterial species and roughly 23 eukaryote organisms, of which about half are fungi. <sup class="reference" id="_ref-4">[5]</sup> Most of the bacteria whose genomes have been completely sequenced are problematic disease-causing agents, such as <em>Haemophilus influenzae</em>. Of the other sequenced species, most were chosen because they were well-studied model organisms or promised to become good models. Yeast (<em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em>) has long been an important model organism for the eukaryotic cell, while the fruit fly <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> has been a very important tool (notably in early pre-molecular genetics). The worm <em>Caenorhabditis elegans</em> is an often used simple model for multicellular organisms. The zebrafish <em>Brachydanio rerio</em> is used for many developmental studies on the molecular level and the flower <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em> is a model organism for flowering plants. The Japanese pufferfish (<em>Takifugu rubripes</em>) and the spotted green pufferfish (<em>Tetraodon nigroviridis</em>) are interesting because of their small and compact genomes, containing very little non-coding DNA compared to most species. <sup class="reference" id="_ref-5">[6]</sup> <sup class="reference" id="_ref-6">[7]</sup> The mammals dog (<em>Canis familiaris</em>), <sup class="reference" id="_ref-7">[8]</sup> brown rat (<em>Rattus norvegicus</em>), mouse (<em>Mus musculus</em>), and chimpanzee (<em>Pan troglodytes</em>) are all important model animals in medical research.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">Bacteriophage Genomics</font></span></p> <p>Bacteriophages have played and continue to play a key role in bacterial genetics and molecular biology. Historically, they were used to define gene structure and gene regulation. Also the first genome to be sequenced was a bacteriophage. However, bacteriophage research did not lead the genomics revolution, which is clearly dominated by bacterial genomics. Only very recently has the study of bacteriophage genomes become prominent, thereby enabling researchers to understand the mechanisms underlying phage evolution. Bacteriophage genome sequences can be obtained through direct sequencing of isolated bacteriophages, but can also be derived as part of microbial genomes. Analysis of bacterial genomes has shown that a substantial amount of microbial DNA consists of prophage sequences and prophage-like elements. A detailed database mining of these sequences offers insights into the role of prophages in shaping the bacterial genome.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-McGrath_0">[9]</sup></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">Cyanobacteria Genomics</font></span></p> <p>At present there are 24 cyanobacteria for which a total genome sequence is available. 15 of these cyanobacteria come from the marine environment. These are six <em>Prochlorococcus</em> strains, seven marine <em>Synechococcus</em> strains, <em>Trichodesmium erythraeum</em> IMS101 and <em>Crocosphaera watsonii</em> [[WH8501. Several studies have demonstrated how these sequences could be used very successfully to infer important ecological and physiological characteristics of marine cyanobacteria. However, there are many more genome projects currently in progress, amongst those there are further <em>Prochlorococcus</em> and marine <em>Synechococcus</em> isolates, <em>Acaryochloris</em> and <em>Prochloron</em>, the N₂-fixing filamentous cyanobacteria <em>Nodularia spumigena</em>, <em>Lyngbya aestuarii</em> and <em>Lyngbya majuscula</em>, as well as bacteriophages infecting marine cyanobaceria. Thus, the growing body of genome information can also be tapped in a more general way to address global problems by applying a comparative approach. Some new and exciting examples of progress in this field are the identification of genes for regulatory RNAs, insights into the evolutionary origin of photosynthesis, or estimation of the contribution of horizontal gene transfer to the genomes that have been analyzed.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-Herrero_0">[10]</sup></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">See also</font></span></p> <ul> <li>[[Omics]] </li> <li>[[Proteomics]] </li> <li>[[Interactomics]] </li> <li>[[Functional genomics]] </li> <li>[[Computational genomics]] </li> <li>[[Nitrogenomics]] </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">References</font></span></p> <ol class="references"> <li id="_note-0"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-0">^</a></strong> Min Jou W, Haegeman G, Ysebaert M, Fiers W., Nucleotide sequence of the gene coding for the bacteriophage MS2 coat protein, Nature. 1972 May 12;237(5350):82-8 </li> <li id="_note-1"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-1">^</a></strong> Fiers W et al., Complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA - primary and secondary structure of replicase gene, Nature, 260, 500-507, 1976 </li> <li id="_note-2"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-2">^</a></strong> Sanger F, Air GM, Barrell BG, Brown NL, Coulson AR, Fiddes CA, Hutchison CA, Slocombe PM, Smith M., Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA, Nature. 1977 Feb 24;265(5596):687-95 </li> <li id="_note-3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-3">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/VIRUSES/virostat.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/VIRUSES/virostat.html"><em>The Viral Genomes Resource</em>, NCBI Friday, 14 September, 2007</a> </li> <li id="_note-4"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-4">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/static/gpstat.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/static/gpstat.html"><em>Genome Project Statistic</em>, NCBI Friday, 14 September, 2007</a> </li> <li id="_note-5"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-5">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3760766.stm" rel="nofollow" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3760766.stm">BBC article <em>Human gene number slashed</em> from Wednesday, 20 October, 2004</a> </li> <li id="_note-6"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-6">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2003/10/16/pufferfish_fruitfly/index.shtml" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2003/10/16/pufferfish_fruitfly/index.shtml">CBSE News, Thursday October 16, 2003</a> </li> <li id="_note-7"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-7">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.genome.gov/12511476" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.gov/12511476">NHGRI, pressrelease of the publishing of the dog genome</a> </li> <li id="_note-McGrath"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-McGrath_0">^</a></strong> <cite class="book" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Mc Grath S and van Sinderen D (editors). (2007). <em><a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage">Bacteriophage: Genetics and Molecular Biology</a></em>, 1st ed., Caister Academic Press. <a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage">ISBN 978-1-904455-14-1</a> .</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Bacteriophage%3A+Genetics+and+Molecular+Biology&amp;rft.au=Mc+Grath+S+and+van+Sinderen+D+%28editors%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fphage">&nbsp;</span> </li> <li id="_note-Herrero"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-Herrero_0">^</a></strong> <cite class="book" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Herrero A and Flores E (editor). (2008). <em><a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan">The Cyanobacteria: Molecular Biology, Genomics and Evolution</a></em>, 1st ed., Caister Academic Press. <a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan">ISBN 978-1-904455-15-8</a> .</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cyanobacteria%3A+Molecular+Biology%2C+Genomics+and+Evolution&amp;rft.au=Herrero+A+and+Flores+E+%28editor%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fcyan"> <br /> </span></li> </ol> c42d419dd5c5cd29a6c6ee6310cb087cba0d14d5 0 1499 1505 2007-10-11T08:29:16Z 210.218.222.225 0 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong><font size="4" color="#0000ff">Open to everyone, free for all.</font></strong><br /> <br /> &quot;<strong>Openfree</strong>&quot; is a term used to indicate that any information content is copyright free and any computer programs or prototypes' source codes are available to anyone without any restriction. The original author does not retain his/her copyrights. Everything is free and open to everyone.<br /> <br /> Databases and raw program sources are&nbsp;open to anyone and the DB services and compiled programs are free to use.<br /> <br /> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Go to openfree bio-encyclopedia: <a rel="nofollow" title="http://biopedia.org" class="external text" href="http://biopedia.org/">Biopedia.org</a><br /> <br /> The 'free' in openfree means not only the freedom in sharing knowledge, but also the cost of knowledge is free as in free meal.<br /> <br /> It also includes other intellectual properties such as book contents and diverse media that can contain knowledge, data and information created by any kind of <a title="Biological information objects" class="new" href="http://biolicense.org/index.php?title=Biological_information_objects&amp;action=edit">biological information objects</a> in the universe.<br /> <br /> Openfree is supported by <a rel="nofollow" title="http://biofoundation.net" class="external text" href="http://biofoundation.net/">BioFoundation</a> as a <a rel="nofollow" title="http://biolicense.org" class="external text" href="http://biolicense.org/">BioLicense</a>.<br /> <br /> An article on <a title="What is biolicense?" href="http://biolicense.org/index.php/What_is_biolicense%3F">What is biolicense?</a><br /> <br /> <a title="History of Openfree" href="http://biolicense.org/index.php/History_of_Openfree">History of Openfree</a>: openfree is from Bioinformatics field.<br /> <br /> <strong><font size="3"><a rel="nofollow" title="http://biosite.org" class="external text" href="http://biosite.org/">Openfree sites</a>:</font><hr /> </strong><a rel="nofollow" title="http://bio.cc" class="external text" href="http://bio.cc/">Bio.CC</a> | <a rel="nofollow" title="http://biopedia.org" class="external text" href="http://biopedia.org/">Biopedia</a> | <a rel="nofollow" title="http://biocourse.org" class="external text" href="http://biocourse.org/">Biocourse</a> 6fcdc30f710145c563ec24aef2c1e737befbac43 1532 2007-10-26T00:40:45Z 121.152.186.129 0 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong><font size="5"><font color="#ff0000">Open</font><font color="#339966"> </font><font color="#ff6600">to</font><font color="#339966"> Everyone, </font><font color="#3366ff">Free</font><font color="#339966"> </font><font color="#0000ff">for</font><font color="#339966"> </font><font color="#000080">All</font><font color="#339966">.<br /> <br /> </font></font></strong>&quot;<strong>Openfree</strong>&quot; is a term used to indicate that any information content is <strong>copyright free</strong> and any computer programs or prototypes' source codes are available to anyone without any restriction.&nbsp;<br /> The original author does not retain his/her copyrights. <strong>Everything is free and open to everyone</strong>.<br /> <br /> Databases and raw program sources are&nbsp;open to anyone and the DB services and compiled programs are free to use.<br /> <br /> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Go to openfree bio-encyclopedia: <a class="external text" title="http://biopedia.org" rel="nofollow" href="http://biopedia.org/"><font color="#810081">Biopedia.org</font></a><br /> <br /> The 'free' in openfree means not only the freedom in sharing knowledge, but also the cost of knowledge is free as in free meal.<br /> <br /> It also includes other intellectual properties such as book contents and diverse media that can contain knowledge, data and information created by any kind of <a class="new" title="Biological information objects" href="http://biolicense.org/index.php?title=Biological_information_objects&amp;action=edit"><font color="#cc2200">biological information objects</font></a> in the universe.<br /> <br /> <font size="3" color="#000000">Openfree is supported by </font><a class="external text" title="http://biofoundation.net" rel="nofollow" href="http://biofoundation.net/"><font size="3" color="#000000">BioFoundation</font></a><font size="3" color="#000000"> as a </font><a class="external text" title="http://biolicense.org" rel="nofollow" href="http://biolicense.org/"><font size="3" color="#000000">BioLicense</font></a><font size="3" color="#000000">. BioFoundation&nbsp;</font><font size="3" color="#810081"><font color="#000000">is a loose consortium to maintain various bio- and -omics sites. Biomatics.org is associated with it at present.</font><br /> <br /> <br /> </font><font color="#810081"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><strong>Who owns this site? <br /> </strong>It is <strong>you</strong> and future generations in our societies. <br /> See [[BioOriginality]] rule.<br /> </font></font></font><br /> <br /> <font size="3"><a class="external text" title="http://biosite.org" rel="nofollow" href="http://biosite.org/"><font color="#810081"><strong>Openfree sites</strong></font></a><strong>&nbsp;list (biosite.org)</strong></font><strong><br /> <br /> </strong><a title="History of Openfree" href="http://biolicense.org/index.php/History_of_Openfree">History of Openfree</a>: openfree is from <a title="Bioinformatics" href="http://biolicense.org/index.php/Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a> field.&nbsp;<br /> <strong><br /> <hr /> </strong><a class="external text" title="http://biojustice.org" rel="nofollow" href="http://biojustice.org/">Biojustice.org</a> | <a class="external text" title="http://bio.cc" rel="nofollow" href="http://bio.cc/">Bio.CC</a> | <a class="external text" title="http://biopedia.org" rel="nofollow" href="http://biopedia.org/"><font color="#810081">Biopedia</font></a> | <a class="external text" title="http://biocourse.org" rel="nofollow" href="http://biocourse.org/">Biocourse</a>&nbsp;| <a class="external text" title="http://biofoundation.net" rel="nofollow" href="http://biofoundation.net/"><font color="#810081">BioFoundation.net</font></a><a class="external free" title="http://biofoundation.net" rel="nofollow" href="http://biofoundation.net/"><font color="#810081">http://biofoundation.net</font></a> <a title="What is biolicense?" href="http://biolicense.org/index.php/What_is_biolicense%3F">What is biolicense?</a><br /> <br /> <font size="3"><font size="3">(</font></font><font size="3"><font color="#339966">♡<font color="#000000">)</font></font><strong><font color="#339966"> B</font><font color="#ff0000">i</font><font color="#0000ff">o</font><font color="#339966">License. All rights openfreely shared.</font></strong></font> 42b07de848f2e0dac747bc048217af069c717e92 1551 2007-11-05T08:43:03Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong><font size="3"><font color="#ff0000">Open</font><font color="#339966"> </font><font color="#ff6600">to</font><font color="#339966"> Everyone, </font><font color="#3366ff">Free</font><font color="#339966"> </font><font color="#0000ff">for</font><font color="#339966"> </font><font color="#000080">All</font></font><font color="#339966" size="3">.<br /> <br /> </font></strong><font size="3">&quot;<strong>Openfree</strong>&quot; is a term used to indicate that any information content is <strong>copyright free</strong> and any computer programs or prototypes' source codes are available to anyone without any restriction.&nbsp;<br /> The original author does not retain his/her copyrights. <strong>Everything is free and open to everyone</strong>.<br /> <br /> Databases and raw program sources are&nbsp;open to anyone and the DB services and compiled programs are free to use.<br /> <br /> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Go to openfree bio-encyclopedia: </font><a class="external text" title="http://biopedia.org" rel="nofollow" href="http://biopedia.org/"><font color="#810081" size="3">Biopedia.org</font></a><br /> <br /> <font size="3">The 'free' in openfree means not only the freedom in sharing knowledge, but also the cost of knowledge is free as in free meal.<br /> <br /> It also includes other intellectual properties such as book contents and diverse media that can contain knowledge, data and information created by any kind of </font><a class="new" title="Biological information objects" href="http://biolicense.org/index.php?title=Biological_information_objects&amp;action=edit"><font color="#cc2200" size="3">biological information objects</font></a><font size="3"> in the universe.<br /> <br /> <font color="#000000">Openfree is supported by </font></font><a class="external text" title="http://biofoundation.net" rel="nofollow" href="http://biofoundation.net/"><font color="#000000" size="3">BioFoundation</font></a><font color="#000000" size="3"> as a </font><a class="external text" title="http://biolicense.org" rel="nofollow" href="http://biolicense.org/"><font color="#000000" size="3">BioLicense</font></a><font color="#000000" size="3">. BioFoundation&nbsp;</font><font color="#810081"><font size="3"><font color="#000000">is a loose consortium to maintain various bio- and -omics sites. Biomatics.org is associated with it at present.</font><br /> <br /> <br /> </font></font><font size="3"><font color="#810081"><font color="#000000"><strong>Who owns this site? <br /> </strong>It is <strong>you</strong> and future generations in our societies. <br /> See [[BioOriginality]] rule.<br /> </font></font><br /> <br /> </font><a class="external text" title="http://biosite.org" rel="nofollow" href="http://biosite.org/"><font color="#810081" size="3"><strong>Openfree sites</strong></font></a><strong><font size="3">&nbsp;list (biosite.org)</font></strong><strong><br /> <br /> </strong><a title="History of Openfree" href="http://biolicense.org/index.php/History_of_Openfree"><font size="3">History of Openfree</font></a><font size="3">: openfree is from </font><a title="Bioinformatics" href="http://biolicense.org/index.php/Bioinformatics"><font size="3">Bioinformatics</font></a><font size="3"> field.&nbsp;<br /> </font><strong><br /> <font size="3"><hr /> </font></strong><a class="external text" title="http://biojustice.org" rel="nofollow" href="http://biojustice.org/"><font size="3">Biojustice.org</font></a><font size="3"> | </font><a class="external text" title="http://bio.cc" rel="nofollow" href="http://bio.cc/"><font size="3">Bio.CC</font></a><font size="3"> | </font><a class="external text" title="http://biopedia.org" rel="nofollow" href="http://biopedia.org/"><font color="#810081" size="3">Biopedia</font></a><font size="3"> | </font><a class="external text" title="http://biocourse.org" rel="nofollow" href="http://biocourse.org/"><font size="3">Biocourse</font></a><font size="3">&nbsp;| </font><a class="external text" title="http://biofoundation.net" rel="nofollow" href="http://biofoundation.net/"><font color="#810081" size="3">BioFoundation.net</font></a><a class="external free" title="http://biofoundation.net" rel="nofollow" href="http://biofoundation.net/"><font color="#810081" size="3">http://biofoundation.net</font></a><font size="3"> </font><a title="What is biolicense?" href="http://biolicense.org/index.php/What_is_biolicense%3F"><font size="3">What is biolicense?</font></a><br /> <br /> <font size="3">(<font color="#339966">♡<font color="#000000">)</font></font><strong><font color="#339966"> B</font><font color="#ff0000">i</font><font color="#0000ff">o</font><font color="#339966">License. All rights openfreely shared.</font></strong></font> b62752a3cb192c99f1075fa62b4c9daf940c7150 1552 2007-11-05T08:43:24Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong><font size="5"><font color="#ff0000">Open</font><font color="#339966"> </font><font color="#ff6600">to</font><font color="#339966"> Everyone, </font><font color="#3366ff">Free</font><font color="#339966"> </font><font color="#0000ff">for</font><font color="#339966"> </font><font color="#000080">All</font></font><font color="#339966" size="3"><font size="5">.</font><br /> <br /> </font></strong><font size="3">&quot;<strong>Openfree</strong>&quot; is a term used to indicate that any information content is <strong>copyright free</strong> and any computer programs or prototypes' source codes are available to anyone without any restriction.&nbsp;<br /> The original author does not retain his/her copyrights. <strong>Everything is free and open to everyone</strong>.<br /> <br /> Databases and raw program sources are&nbsp;open to anyone and the DB services and compiled programs are free to use.<br /> <br /> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Go to openfree bio-encyclopedia: </font><a class="external text" title="http://biopedia.org" rel="nofollow" href="http://biopedia.org/"><font color="#810081" size="3">Biopedia.org</font></a><br /> <br /> <font size="3">The 'free' in openfree means not only the freedom in sharing knowledge, but also the cost of knowledge is free as in free meal.<br /> <br /> It also includes other intellectual properties such as book contents and diverse media that can contain knowledge, data and information created by any kind of </font><a class="new" title="Biological information objects" href="http://biolicense.org/index.php?title=Biological_information_objects&amp;action=edit"><font color="#cc2200" size="3">biological information objects</font></a><font size="3"> in the universe.<br /> <br /> <font color="#000000">Openfree is supported by </font></font><a class="external text" title="http://biofoundation.net" rel="nofollow" href="http://biofoundation.net/"><font color="#000000" size="3">BioFoundation</font></a><font color="#000000" size="3"> as a </font><a class="external text" title="http://biolicense.org" rel="nofollow" href="http://biolicense.org/"><font color="#000000" size="3">BioLicense</font></a><font color="#000000" size="3">. BioFoundation&nbsp;</font><font color="#810081"><font size="3"><font color="#000000">is a loose consortium to maintain various bio- and -omics sites. Biomatics.org is associated with it at present.</font><br /> <br /> <br /> </font></font><font size="3"><font color="#810081"><font color="#000000"><strong>Who owns this site? <br /> </strong>It is <strong>you</strong> and future generations in our societies. <br /> See [[BioOriginality]] rule.<br /> </font></font><br /> <br /> </font><a class="external text" title="http://biosite.org" rel="nofollow" href="http://biosite.org/"><font color="#810081" size="3"><strong>Openfree sites</strong></font></a><strong><font size="3">&nbsp;list (biosite.org)</font></strong><strong><br /> <br /> </strong><a title="History of Openfree" href="http://biolicense.org/index.php/History_of_Openfree"><font size="3">History of Openfree</font></a><font size="3">: openfree is from </font><a title="Bioinformatics" href="http://biolicense.org/index.php/Bioinformatics"><font size="3">Bioinformatics</font></a><font size="3"> field.&nbsp;<br /> </font><strong><br /> <font size="3"><hr /> </font></strong><a class="external text" title="http://biojustice.org" rel="nofollow" href="http://biojustice.org/"><font size="3">Biojustice.org</font></a><font size="3"> | </font><a class="external text" title="http://bio.cc" rel="nofollow" href="http://bio.cc/"><font size="3">Bio.CC</font></a><font size="3"> | </font><a class="external text" title="http://biopedia.org" rel="nofollow" href="http://biopedia.org/"><font color="#810081" size="3">Biopedia</font></a><font size="3"> | </font><a class="external text" title="http://biocourse.org" rel="nofollow" href="http://biocourse.org/"><font size="3">Biocourse</font></a><font size="3">&nbsp;| </font><a class="external text" title="http://biofoundation.net" rel="nofollow" href="http://biofoundation.net/"><font color="#810081" size="3">BioFoundation.net</font></a><a class="external free" title="http://biofoundation.net" rel="nofollow" href="http://biofoundation.net/"><font color="#810081" size="3">http://biofoundation.net</font></a><font size="3"> </font><a title="What is biolicense?" href="http://biolicense.org/index.php/What_is_biolicense%3F"><font size="3">What is biolicense?</font></a><br /> <br /> <font size="3">(<font color="#339966"><font size="4"><strong>♡</strong></font><font color="#000000">)</font></font><strong><font color="#339966"> B</font><font color="#ff0000">i</font><font color="#0000ff">o</font><font color="#339966">License. All rights openfreely shared.</font></strong></font> 32ea5d300e943abf77601ad4d0c3887aac89c21c 4 1500 1506 2007-10-11T08:30:23Z 210.218.222.225 0 wikitext text/x-wiki Genomics.org is a portal site for enhancing the popularization of genomics application in societies.<br /> <br /> Genomics is particularly interested in common people understand and user genomics information in their everyday lives.<br /> 6c276dabc9f22379c875e479c1a16986ea3f8397 1521 2007-10-16T05:39:15Z 210.218.222.82 0 wikitext text/x-wiki Genomics.org is a portal site for enhancing the popularization of genomics application in societies.<br /> <br /> Genomics is particularly interested in common people understand and user genomics information in their everyday lives.<br /> <br /> The contents of Genomics.org is under BioLicense scheme. To know more about BioLicense, please visit: http://biolicense.org<br /> <br /> Thank you for visiting us.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 18ac518fa2a8749a4ec5c136f65f5507e9291b77 1527 2007-10-25T23:50:07Z 121.152.186.129 0 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="3">Genomics.org is a portal site for enhancing the popularization of genomics application in societies.</font><br /> <br /> Genomics is particularly interested in common people understand and user genomics information in their everyday lives.<br /> <br /> The contents of Genomics.org is under BioLicense scheme. To know more about BioLicense, please visit: http://biolicense.org<br /> <br /> <font size="4">Genomics.org is dedicated to all the organisms on Earth.</font><br /> <br /> We aim to provide an [[openfree]] cyberspace to people who want to know more about their biological identity.<br /> <br /> All the data, information, knowledge and multimedia on this sits is openfree under BioLicense.<br /> <br /> Everyone is welcome to share his/her information with others without any mental obstacles.<br /> <br /> <strong>How to contribute to Genomics.org project?</strong><br /> You can contribute your own genetic and genome information to any way you like. The only restriction is that any such material should not have any restriction in sharing with others.<br /> <br /> <strong>Who owns Genomics.org?<br /> </strong>You!<br /> <br /> <strong>Who are the founders of Genomics.org?<br /> </strong>You!&nbsp; <br /> Genomics.org is under [[BioOriginality]] principle. It means there is no one person or group who can claim the originality of the project.<br /> <br /> <hr width="100%" size="2" /> [http://biolicense.org/index.php/BioOriginality BioOriginality at BioLicense.org] <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 11e2b088c94acc76f8245309d584fa859e8aa285 0 1501 1517 2007-10-16T01:41:35Z 121.152.186.99 0 wikitext text/x-wiki You can get the whole genetic map and sequences of you. It means that you can store nearly everything about your genetic information in a PC.<br /> <br /> However, the price for now it too high.<br /> <br /> The steps are:<br /> <br /> 1) Take small amount of blood from your body<br /> 2) Do sequencing after amplifying the amount of genetic material (i.e., your genome parts)<br /> 3) Assemble all the genetic parts of your genome b74fb6db84cdaa3b8fda6fae1fb7470cbbc0757d 1518 2007-10-16T01:46:47Z 121.152.186.99 0 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong><font size="4">You can get the whole genetic map and sequences of you. It means that you can store nearly everything about your genetic information in a PC.</font></strong><br /> <br /> <font color="#ff0000" size="3"><strong>However, the price for now it too high. By 2012, the price will go down to around $1,000 USD.</strong></font><br /> <br /> <strong>The steps are:</strong><br /> <br /> 1) Take small amount of blood from your body<br /> 2) Do sequencing after amplifying the amount of genetic material (i.e., your genome parts)<br /> 3) Assemble all the genetic parts of your genome&nbsp;<br /> 4) Store the information in such a way that bioinformaists can analyze hundreds of aspects of your genome.<br /> 5) Applying bioinformatics software to find interesting things such as relatedness, geneology, disease susceptability, and visualizing the whole genome.<br /> 6) Finding critical information on<br /> <br /> 8f5a0e2e244929eb225774f849d19f10cc75d0a5 1519 2007-10-16T01:49:00Z 121.152.186.99 0 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong><font size="4">You can get the whole genetic map and sequences of you. It means that you can store nearly everything about your genetic information in a PC.</font></strong><br /> <br /> <font color="#ff0000" size="3"><strong>However, the price for now it too high. By 2012, the price will go down to around $1,000 USD.</strong></font><br /> <br /> <strong>The Genomics recipe for having your own set of Genetic material&nbsp;:</strong><br /> <br /> 1) Take small amount of blood from your body<br /> 2) Do sequencing after amplifying the amount of genetic material (i.e., your genome parts)<br /> 3) Assemble all the genetic parts of your genome&nbsp;<br /> 4) Store the information in such a way that bioinformaists can analyze hundreds of aspects of your genome.<br /> 5) Applying bioinformatics software to find interesting things such as relatedness, geneology, disease susceptability, and visualizing the whole genome.<br /> 6) Finding critical information on<br /> <br /> ed9c795fb17597a77343133b733bda691189f72b 1520 2007-10-16T01:50:12Z 121.152.186.99 0 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong><font size="4">You can get the whole genetic map and sequences of you.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> It means that you can store nearly everything about your genetic information in a PC.</font></strong><br /> <br /> <font color="#ff0000" size="3"><strong>However, the price for now it too high. By 2012, the price will go down to around $1,000 USD.</strong></font><br /> <br /> <strong>The Genomics recipe for having your own set of Genetic material&nbsp;:</strong><br /> <br /> 1) Take small amount of blood from your body<br /> 2) Do sequencing after amplifying the amount of genetic material (i.e., your genome parts)<br /> 3) Assemble all the genetic parts of your genome&nbsp;<br /> 4) Store the information in such a way that bioinformaists can analyze hundreds of aspects of your genome.<br /> 5) Applying bioinformatics software to find interesting things such as relatedness, geneology, disease susceptability, and visualizing the whole genome.<br /> 6) Finding critical information on yourself as a biological being.<br /> <br /> There will be thousands of companies by 2010 that try to help you get and see your own genomes.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 2688a4743508cdda823507df27925f32e65e3985 0 1502 1524 2007-10-25T23:45:23Z 121.152.186.129 0 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">Genomics.org is dedicated to all the organisms on Earth.</font><br /> <br /> We aim to provide an [[openfree]] cyberspace to people who want to know more about their biological identity.<br /> <br /> All the data, information, knowledge and multimedia on this sits is openfree under BioLicense.<br /> <br /> Everyone is welcome to share his/her information with others without any mental obstacles.<br /> <br /> <strong>How to contribute to Genomics.org project?</strong><br /> You can contribute your own genetic and genome information to any way you like. The only restriction is that any such material should not have any restriction in sharing with others.<br /> 8cc4ded5028a22bd256ce44ef00a0e534623a63a 1525 2007-10-25T23:47:55Z 121.152.186.129 0 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">Genomics.org is dedicated to all the organisms on Earth.</font><br /> <br /> We aim to provide an [[openfree]] cyberspace to people who want to know more about their biological identity.<br /> <br /> All the data, information, knowledge and multimedia on this sits is openfree under BioLicense.<br /> <br /> Everyone is welcome to share his/her information with others without any mental obstacles.<br /> <br /> <strong>How to contribute to Genomics.org project?</strong><br /> You can contribute your own genetic and genome information to any way you like. The only restriction is that any such material should not have any restriction in sharing with others.<br /> <br /> <strong>Who owns Genomics.org?<br /> </strong>You!<br /> <br /> <strong>Who are the founders of Genomics.org?<br /> </strong>You! Genomics.org is under [[BioOriginality]] principle. It means there is no one person or group who can claim the originality of the project.<br /> <br /> <hr width="100%" size="2" /> [http://biolicense.org/index.php/BioOriginality BioOriginality at BioLicense.org] 84842b5c84e17cc7c74803f24e5a2b4a9d97883a 0 1503 1526 2007-10-25T23:48:20Z 121.152.186.129 0 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong><font size="5">BioOriginality Principle.</font></strong><br /> <br /> <font size="3">BioOriginality states that any original information materials are in fact the product of previous data, information and knowledge.&nbsp;<br /> Therefore, the origin of any kind of mental work can not be claimed and dedicated solely to one person.<br /> <br /> This in practical terms means that there is<strong> no &quot;founding father&quot;</strong> for knowledge.&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> The term BioOriginality is tightly associated with <a title="BioLicense" href="http://biolicense.org/index.php/BioLicense">BioLicense</a>.<br /> <br /> In practice, if any web site, media,&nbsp;or an intellectual project on Earth&nbsp;is under BioLicense (hence under BioOriginality Principle), there is no <strong>'original'</strong> founder.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> Any present and future person/people is the &quot;<a title="Perpetual founder" href="http://biolicense.org/index.php/Perpetual_founder">perpetual founder</a>&quot; of the project. For example, the original BioPerl project license said that anyone who edited a single character of the BioPerl module becomes the owner and main participant of the BioPerl. Any active person in such a project is effectively the founder (as intellectual properties keep changing and even evolving).<br /> <br /> <strong>BioLicense is under BioLicense</strong>.&nbsp;<br /> Therefore, the founder of BioLicense is YOU who is reading and contributing in anyway and affects the world in an indirect and direct way in the future.</font> cb7d6fee80c6a7472058d3970e587e8a669c88fb 0 1504 1529 2007-10-26T00:11:53Z 121.152.186.129 0 wikitext text/x-wiki Your individual or personal genome is the core of your existence in the universe.<br /> <br /> Genomics.org is trying to help your information existence being open and free to the world.<br /> <br /> As an individual you have the right to know all about your information self. As a species, you also have the freedom to explore every aspect of your own species. Having a whole genome information empowers you philosophically and socially.<br /> <br /> Genomics.org is an openfree place to produce, store, explore and network your genome in the biological universe.<br /> <br /> [[How to contribute to Genomics.org?]] 7524001e9d1d5774168246e19a8293182c71d1f9 1549 2007-11-05T08:41:07Z 210.218.222.82 0 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="3">Your individual or personal genome is the core of your existence in the universe.</font><br /> <br /> <font size="3">Genomics.org is trying to help your information existence being open and free to the world.<br /> <br /> As an individual you have the right to know all about your information self. As a species, you also have the freedom to explore every aspect of your own species. Having a whole genome information empowers you philosophically and socially.<br /> <br /> Genomics.org is an [[openfree]] place to produce, store, explore and network your genome in the biological universe.<br /> <br /> [[How to contribute to Genomics.org?]]</font> 62b31518e139f78e7973c9745a71296d97f22f01 0 1505 1530 2007-10-26T00:15:32Z 121.152.186.129 0 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="3">You can contribute to Genomics.org through:</font><br /> <br /> 1. Add pages, media materials, photos, and so on so that other people can share them without any restriction.<br /> <br /> 2. List or provide software and database that are openfree.<br /> <br /> 3. Contribute your genetic and genomic information <br /> <br /> 4. Participate in various bio- and -omics projects that support openfree sharing of bioknowledge.<br /> c31734be30f31b73b456849e3598b2b908908083 0 1506 1533 2007-10-26T06:31:46Z 210.218.222.82 0 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong>Omics</strong> is a general term for a broad discipline of science and engineering for analyzing the interactions of biological information objects in various&nbsp;<a title="Omes" href="http://omics.org/index.php/Omes">omes</a>. These include genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, expressomics&nbsp;and interactomics. The main focus is on 1) mapping information objects such as genes and proteins, 2) finding interaction relationships among the objects and 3) engineering the networks and objects to understand and manipulate the regulatory mechanisms. 4cf1a1e1413a4d8a705eb84f91e80c3ad38378e0 0 1507 1534 2007-10-28T04:26:36Z 59.27.17.166 0 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">Possible genomic diseases or disorders for humans<br /> </font><br /> <br /> <br /> References<br /> <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;list_uids=10861293&amp;dopt=Abstract" target="second">Kurahashi, H. <em>et al</em>. Regions of genomic instability on 22q11 and 11q23 as the etiology for the recurrent constitutional t(11;22). <em>Hum Mol Genet</em> <strong>9</strong>, 1665-1670 (July 2000).</a> 83e28436a8ddb03aec7c49d2debbb0435df8ed7e 0 1508 1535 2007-10-29T02:07:54Z 210.218.222.82 0 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="3">Bioinformatics is a discipline of science that analyses, seeks understanding, and models the whole life as an evolving information processing phenomenon&nbsp;for maximizing energy&nbsp;utilization. <br /> It is a multidisciplinary science that uses methods and principles from philosophy, mathematics, and computer science for analyzing biological experimental data.<br /> <br /> Bioinformatics is the core analysis tool of genomics. <br /> <br /> Bioinformatic pipelines are automated analysis tools for all aspects of the genome.<br /> <br /> </font> 9a44966c1a6e3c1b785b6fe25c7dddd9aa1ba9af 1536 2007-10-29T02:08:44Z 210.218.222.82 0 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="3">Bioinformatics is a discipline of science that analyses, seeks understanding, and models the whole life as an evolving information processing phenomenon&nbsp;for maximizing energy&nbsp;utilization. <br /> It is a multidisciplinary science that uses methods and principles from philosophy, mathematics, and computer science for analyzing biological experimental data.<br /> <br /> Bioinformatics is the core analysis tool of genomics. <br /> <br /> Bioinformatic pipelines are automated analysis tools for all aspects of the genome.<br /> <br /> [[Bioinformatics Company List]]: (See also: http://biocompany.net)<br /> <br /> </font> 64afb85610bd2c5f897fbb4425af79d15ece40b3 1538 2007-10-29T02:10:16Z 210.218.222.82 0 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="3">Bioinformatics is a discipline of science that analyses, seeks understanding, and models the whole life as an evolving information processing phenomenon&nbsp;for maximizing energy&nbsp;utilization. <br /> It is a multidisciplinary science that uses methods and principles from philosophy, mathematics, and computer science for analyzing biological experimental data.<br /> <br /> Bioinformatics is the core analysis tool of genomics. <br /> <br /> Bioinformatic pipelines are automated analysis tools for all aspects of the genome.<br /> <br /> </font> <ul> <li><font size="3"> [[Bioinformatics Company List]]: (See also: http://biocompany.net)</font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Bioinformatics portal sites]]</font></li> </ul> <br /> <hr width="100%" size="2" /> [http://bioinformatics.ws Bioinformatics Wiki Site]<font size="3"> <br /> </font> 3d360a78babd231074cc0af89519b8fca03ef017 0 1509 1537 2007-10-29T02:08:51Z 210.218.222.82 0 wikitext text/x-wiki <table width="90%" cols="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="1" background="fancygreen.gif" summary=""> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font size="3" color="#000000">[http://bioinformatics.ws Bioinformatics] Companies</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><br /> <strong>[[Big Bioinformatics Companies]]</strong><br /> <br /> [[3rd Millennium]]</font> : Waltham, MA 02451. USA: provider of custom informatics systems, management consulting services, and packaged software products for the life sciences. <br /> <font color="#000000">[[Aber Genomic Computing]]: Aberystwyth, UK</font><br /> [[Acero]]<br /> <font color="#000000">[[AgileBio]]: NY, USA. and Paris France</font><br /> <a href="http://www.allometra.com/">Allometra</a>: [[Allometra]] [[PyMood]]<br /> <a href="http://www.amartus.com/">Amartus</a>: Enterprise Software Solutions<br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.anedabio.com/" target="new">Aneda</a></font> : Gond down?<br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.apocom.com/" target="new">ApoCom Genomics</a></font> : [[ApoCom Genomics]]<br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.arraygenetics.com/about_array_genetics.html" target="new">Array Genetics</a></font> : [[Array Genetics]] DNA microarray data analysis tools.<br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.artificial-life.com/" target="new">Artificial Life</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://avesthagen.com/" target="new">Avesthagen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://base4.com/" target="new">Base4</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.bioalma.com/">Bioalma</a><br /> <font color="#000000">[[BioDiscovery.com]]</font> : BioDiscovery develops and sells&nbsp;software and services&nbsp;for drug discovery and diagnostics by efficiently managing, integrating, and analyzing data generated using high-throughput microarray technology<br /> <font color="#000000">[http://www.japanorama.com/dd/index.html Darwin Domains] from Japanorama.com<br /> <a href="http://www.bioinformaticsservices.com/" target="new">Bioinformatics Services</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioinformaticssolutions.com/" target="new">Bioinformatics Solutions</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biolateral.com.au/" target="new">BioLateral</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biomax.de/" target="new">BioMax Informatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biomedcomp.com/" target="new">Biomedical Computing</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bmi-heidelberg.com/" target="new">Biomedical Informatics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://biomind.com/">BioMind</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biosoft.com/" target="new">BioSoft</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biosolve.de/" target="new">BioSolve</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biotiquesystems.com/" target="new">Biotique Systems</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biotools.com/" target="new">BioTools</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biowisdom.com/" target="new">BioWisdom</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://caesarsoftware.com/" target="new">Caesar Software</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.changbioscience.com/" target="new">Chang Bioscience</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.chemcomp.com/" target="new">Chemical Computing Group</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.cimsoft.com/" target="new">Cimarron Software</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.clcbio.com/">CLC Bio</a>: [[CLC Bio]]: Bioinformatics Workbench<br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://cognia.com/" target="new">Cognia</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://compassbioinfo.com/" target="new">Compass Bioinformatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.compassgenomics.com/" target="new">Compass Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.compudrug.com/" target="new">CompuDrug</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.cgen.com/" target="new">Compugen</a></font> :&nbsp;&nbsp;discovery and licensing of product candidates to the drug and diagnostic industry<br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.concurrentpharma.com/" target="new">Concurrent Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://dnr.cc/">Correla</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.correlogic.com/" target="new">Correlogic Systems</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://corimbia.com/" target="new">Corimbia</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.cresset-bmd.com/">Cresset BioMolecular Discovery</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.cybergene.se/" target="new">CyberGene</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.duii.com/" target="new">Data Unlimited</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.decodon.com/" target="new">Decodon</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.d-trends.com/" target="new">D'Trends</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.eidogen.com/">Eidogen</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.egenetics.com/" target="new">Electric Genetics</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.eragen.com/">Eragen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.fractalgenomics.com/">Fractal Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gemini-genomics.com/">Gemini Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000">[http://www.genecodes.com Gene Codes Corperation]: MI, USA. : Sequencher package.<br /> <a href="http://www.genedata.com/">GeneData</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gene-it.com/">Gene-IT</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.geneticxchange.com/Home.html">GeneticXchange</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.genetix.com/">Genetix</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genebio.com/">Geneva Bioinformatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genmatrix.com/">GenMatrix</a></font><br /> [http://www.genologics.com/ Genologics] Bioinformatics software company<br /> <a href="http://www.genolyze.com/">Genolyze </a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomica.com/" target="new">Genomica</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomicdiscoverytools.com/">Genomic Discovery Tools</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://genomix.com/" target="new">Genomix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genops.com/indexnet.html" target="new">Genops Bioinformatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genstruct.com/" target="new">GenStruct</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gentech.fr/English-site/Gentech/Home.html" target="new">GenTech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.geospiza.com/" target="new">Geospiza</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.helixinfosystems.com/">HelixInfoSystems</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ibiomatics.com/" target="new">iBiomatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/" target="new">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.idrtech.com/" target="new">IDRTech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.incellico.com/" target="new">Incellico</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.incogen.com/" target="new">INCOGEN</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.incyte.com/" target="new">InCyte</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://informagen.com/" target="new">Informagen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.inforsense.com/" target="new">InforSense</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ingenovis.com/" target="new">Ingenovis</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.interactiva.de/" target="new">Interactiva</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.inpharmatica.com/main.html" target="new">Inpharmatica</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.insightful.com/default_class5.asp" target="new">Insightful Corporation</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.insilico-biotechnology.com/" target="new">Insilico Biotechnology</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.insilicolabs.com/" target="new">In Silico Labs</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.insilico.com/" target="new">Insilico Software</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.inveniobio.com/" target="new">InvenioBioSolutions</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.io-informatics.com/">IO Informatics</a><br /> <a href="http://www.iuvita.com/">IuVita</a><br /> <a href="http://janssen-genomics.com/">Janssen Genomics</a><br /> <a href="http://www.kennatechnologies.com/">Kenna Technologies</a><br /> <a href="http://www.kinematik.com/">KineMatik</a><br /> <font color="#000000">[http://www.labcollector.com/ Labcollector from AgileBio]<br /> <a href="../../C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/skpray/My%20Documents/My%20Webs/_private/www.lablogic.com" target="new">LabLogic</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.lionbioscience.com/" target="new">LION BioScience</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.ludesi.com/">Ludesi</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mantik.de/" target="new">Mantik Bioinformatik</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.matrixscience.com/cgi/index.pl?page=../home.html" target="new">Matrix Science</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mdli.com/cgi/dynamic/welcome.html" target="new">MDL Information Systems</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.metabolic-explorer.com/" target="new">METabolic EXplorer</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://metaworksinc.com/">MetaWorks</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.microdiscovery.de/" target="new">MicroDiscovery</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.miraibio.com/" target="new">MiraiBio</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mag.com/" target="new">Molecular Application Group</a></font> <br /> <a href="https://www.molecularconnections.com/">Molecular Connections</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mol-net.de/" target="new">Molecular Networks</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.molecularware.com/" target="new">MolecularWare</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://morpho-inc.com/">Morpho</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mpi-softtech.com/" target="new">MPI Software Technology</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.neomorphic.com/" target="new">Neomorphic</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.netgenics.com/" target="new">NetGenics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.netid.com/index.html" target="new">Net-ID</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://nexusgenomics.com/"><font color="#000000">Nexus Genomics</font></a><br /> <a href="http://www.ocimumbio.com/" target="new"><font color="#000000">Ocimum Biosolutions</font></a>&nbsp;<br /> OITEK, Korea http://oitek.com<br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.omnigon.com/" target="new">Omnigon Technologies</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.eyesopen.com/">OpenEye</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.origenel.com/" target="new">OriGenel</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.packardbiochip.com/index2.htm" target="new">Packard BioChip Technologies</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.partek.com/" target="new">Partek</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pharmadm.com/" target="new">PharmaDM</a></font>&nbsp;<br /> [http://www.physiomics-plc.com Physiomics-plc]: Oxford Science park, <a href="mailto:info@physiomics-plc.com">info@physiomics-plc.com</a>&nbsp;UK. [[Physiomics-PLC]]<br /> <a href="http://www.premierbiosoft.com/">Premier Biosoft</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://proinformatix.com/" target="new">Proinformatix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.proteinmechanics.com/" target="new">Protein Mechanics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.prosanos.com/" target="new">ProSanos</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.proteom.com/" target="new">Proteom</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.qgene.com/" target="new">QGene</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.q-pharm.com/home">Quantum Pharmaceuticals</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.rabbithutch.com/" target="new">RabbitHutch</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.receptorscience.com/" target="new">Receptor Science</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://redstormscientific.com/" target="new">Redstorm Scientific</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://rescentris.com/"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" color="#808080">Rescentris</font></a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.rosettabio.com/home.html" target="new">Rosetta Biosoftware</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.science-factory.com/">Science Factory</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.scinovaindia.com/" target="new">Scinova</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.sgi.com/chembio/" target="new">Silicon Graphics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.silicoinsights.com/" target="new">Silico Insights</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.simulations-plus.com/" target="new">Simulations Plus</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.softberry.com/" target="new">SoftBerry</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.softgenetics.com/">SoftGenetics</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.spsoft.com/" target="new">Southwest Parallel Software</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.starbridgesystems.com/">StarBridge Systems</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.strandgenomics.com/" target="new">Strand Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.synamatix.com/"><font color="#000000">Synamatix</font></a><br /> <a href="http://sysarris.com/">SysArris</a><br /> <a href="http://teranode.com/">Teranode</a><br /> <a href="http://www.textco.com/">Textco</a><a href="http://www.textco.com/"> BioSoftware</a><br /> <a href="http://www.transgenic-software.com/">Transgenic Software</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.tripos.com/" target="new">Tripos</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.turbogenomics.com/" target="new">Turbo Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.ubi.ca/">United Bioinformatica</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.vglab.com/" target="new">Virtual Genetics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.visipoint.fi/" target="new">Visipoint</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.vizxlabs.com/" target="new">VizXlabs</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.wabansoftware.com/" target="new">Waban Software</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://webgenetics.com/" target="new">WebGenetics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.wireworkswest.com/" target="new">WireWorks West</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.x-mine.com/" target="new">X-MINE</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.xpogen.com/" target="new">Xpogen</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Sequence Database Providers</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.celera.com/home.asp" target="new">Celera Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.curagen.com/" target="new">CuraGen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genelogic.com/" target="new">GeneLogic</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.incyte.com/" target="new">IncyteGenomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.nuvelo.com/">Nuvelo</a> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Sequence Analysis Softwares</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.aborygen.com/">AbOrygen</a><br /> <a href="http://www.accelrys.com/" target="new">Accelrys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biowire.com/bw_jsp/j_welcome_top.jsp" target="new">Biowire.com</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.dnastar.com/" target="new">DNAStar</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.doubletwist.com/" target="new">DoubleTwist</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.egenetics.com/" target="new">Electric Genetics</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bionavigator.com/" target="new">Entigen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genamics.com/">Genamics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genecodes.com/">GeneCodes</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gentech.fr/English-site/Btx_pages/Biotechnix_3d_home.html" target="new">GenTech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/" target="new">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.informaxinc.com/" target="new">InforMax</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.miraibio.com/">MiraiBio</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mbinsights.com/" target="new">Molecular Biology Insights</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.premierbiosoft.com/" target="new">Premier Biosoft</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.redasoft.com/" target="new">Redasoft</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.scied.com/" target="new">Sci-Ed Software</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.textco.com/" target="new">Textco</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Transcription Factor Binding Prediction</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://www.genomicdiscoverytools.com/">Genomic Discovery Tools</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><br /> </font> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Pharmaco &amp; Toxico Informatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.accelrys.com/" target="new">Accelrys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.camitro.com/">Camitro</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.goldenhelix.com/">Golden Helix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.leadscope.com/">LeadScope</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.chem.leeds.ac.uk/luk/">Lhasa</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mdli.com/">MDL Information Systems</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.multicase.com/">MultiCASE</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.scivision.com/">SciVision</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.simulations-plus.com/">Simulations Plus</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.tripos.com/" target="new">Tripos</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">ChemInformatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.aureus-pharma.com/" target="new">Aureus-Pharma</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.cambridgesoft.com/" target="new">CambridgeSoft</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://chemaxon.com/">ChemAxon</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://cheminnovation.com/" target="new">ChemInnovation Software</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.chemistry-software.com/" target="new">Chemistry-Software.com</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://chemsw.com/">ChemSW</a><br /> <a href="http://www.darpharma.com/">DarPharma</a><br /> <a href="http://www.daylight.com/">Daylight</a><br /> <a href="http://globalchemicaldata.com/">Global Chemical Data</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.hyper.com/">Hypercube</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.idbs.co.uk/index_a.asp?nav_version=flas">IDBS</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.jubilantbiosys.com/">Jubilant Biosys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.libraria.com/">Libraria</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.locusdiscovery.com/">Locus Discovery</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.mol-net.de/">Molecular Networks</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.molinspiration.com/">Molinspiration</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://optive.com/">Optive Research</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.predixpharm.com/">Predix</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://quorex.com/">Quorex</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.scitegic.com/main.html">SciTegic</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.sertanty.com/">Sertanty</a><br /> <a href="http://www.surfacelogix.com/">Surface Logix</a><br /> <a href="http://www.synthematix.com/">Synthematix</a><br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Clinical Informatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ardais.com/">Ardais</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.biobyte.com/">BioByte</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.chemnavigator.com/" target="new">ChemNavigator</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.goldenhelix.com/" target="new">Golden Helix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/" target="new">IBM Life Sciences</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.iuvita.com/">IuVita</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ppdinformatics.com/">PPD Informatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pharsight.com/">Pharsight</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.phaseforward.com/">Phase Forward</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.phase-it.de/">Phase-IT</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pluvita.com/">Pluvita</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.surromed.com/Technology.html">SurroMed</a> <br /> <br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Toxico Informatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.druglogic.com/">DrugLogic</a><br /> [[Entelos]]</font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genelogic.com/" target="new">GeneLogic</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.mergen-ltd.com/">Mergen</a><br /> &nbsp; <br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Ontology Informatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.egenetics.com/" target="new">Electric Genetics</a></font><br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">MassSpec, 2D Gel &amp; Image Analysis Informatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.amershambiosciences.com/na/">Amersham Biosciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.axon.com/">Axon Instruments</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.balthazarbio.com/">BioBridge Computing</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.daltonics.bruker.com/">Bruker Daltonics</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.2dgels.com/">Compugen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.cytomation.com/">Cytomation</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.decodon.de/">Decodon</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.definiens.com/">Definiens</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genebio.com/">Geneva Bioinformatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomicsolutions.com/">Genomic Solutions</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.ludesi.com/">Ludesi</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.sciex.com/">MDS Sciex</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mediacy.com/">Media Cybernetics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.micromass.co.uk/default7.asp">MicroMass</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.nonlinear.com/">Nonlinear Dynamics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.proteometrics.com/" target="new">ProteoMetrics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.proteomeworkssystem.com/" target="new">ProteomeWorks System</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.scanalytics.com/">Scanalytics</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.scimagix.com/">Scimagix</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.thermoquest.com/">ThermoFinnigan</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.vialogy.com/">ViaLogy</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">3D Animation &amp; Visulization</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.aborygen.com/">AbOrygen</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="Data%20Mining%20&amp;%20Visualization%0Ahttp://www.animech.com/">Animech</a><br /> </font><a href="http://www.sidectech.com/">Sidec Technologies</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><br /> </font> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Data Mining &amp; Visualization</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.affymetrix.com/" target="new">Affymetrix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.anvilinformatics.com/" target="new">AnVil Informatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.applied-maths.com/home.html" target="new">Applied Maths</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ariadnegenomics.com/" target="new">Ariadne Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biodiscovery.com/" target="new">BioDiscovery</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biosift.com/" target="new">BioSift</a></font> &nbsp; &nbsp;<br /> <a href="http://biomining.com/">BioMining</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.contentsoft.de/" target="new">ContentSoft</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://silicocyte.com/" target="new">CytoGenomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.enodar.com/" target="new">Enodar</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.expressionanalysis.com/">Expression Analysis</a><br /> <a href="http://genome-explorations.com/">Genome-Explorations</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/" target="new">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://imaging.brocku.ca/">Imaging Research</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.incellico.com/">Incellico</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://insightful.com/">Insightful</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.iobion.com/" target="new">Iobion Informatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://isenseit.com/" target="new">iSenseIt</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.megametrics.com/" target="new">MegaMetrics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.molmine.com/" target="new">MolMine</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.nag.com/" target="new">NAG</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://omniviz.com/">OmniViz</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.optimaldesign.com/">Optimal Design</a><br /> <font size="-0"><a href="http://www.predictivepatterns.com/" target="new"><font color="#000000">Predictive Patterns Software</font></a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.purpleinsight.com/home.html">Purple Insight</a><br /> <a href="http://www.sgi.com/">SGI</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.salford-systems.com/">Salford Systems</a> <br /> <a href="http://silicocyte.com/">SilicoCyte</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.sigenetics.com/" target="new">Silicon Genetics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.spotfire.com/">SpotFire</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.strandgenomics.com/" target="new">Strand Genomics</a><br /> </font><font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.visual-bioinformatics.com/">Visual Bioinformatics</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="middle" align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Protein Folding &amp; Structural Informatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.accelrys.com/" target="new">Accelrys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.algonomics.com/" target="new">AlgoNomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.astex-technology.com/home.htm" target="new">Astex Technology</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.cengent.com/"><font color="#000000">Cengent Therapeutics</font></a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.emeraldbiostructures.com/" target="new">Emerald Biostructures</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/" target="new">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.molsoft.com/" target="new">MolSoft</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.psf-ag.com/index.htm">PSF biotech</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://proceryon.com/" target="new">Proceryon</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.prospectgenomics.com/" target="new">Prospect Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.rib-x.com/" target="new">Rib-X</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.sireen.de/">Sireen</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.stromix.com/" target="new">Structural Genomix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.tripos.com/" target="new">Tripos</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Genetic &amp; Regulatory Networks</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.akceli.com/" target="new">Akceli</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ariadnegenomics.com/" target="new">Ariadne Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://cellnomica.com/">Cellnomica</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.fractalgenomics.com/">Fractal Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.gene-networks.com/">Gene Networks</a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomatica.com/">Genomatica</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/" target="new">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pubgene.com/" target="new">PubGene</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.tomsawyer.com/industry/bioinformatics.html" target="new">Tom Sawyer Software</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.genego.com/">GeneGo</a> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Molecular Simulation &amp; Modelling</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://www.camitro.com/home.htm">Camitro</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.cellnomica.com/">Cellnomica</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.entelos.com/">Entelos</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gnsbiotech.com/">Gene Network Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.hippron.com/">Hippron Physiomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.paradigmgenetics.com/" target="new">Icoria</a></font><br /> <a href="http://immunetrics.com/">Immunetrics</a><br /> <a href="http://www.physiome.com/">Physiome</a> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Computer Aided Drug Design<br /> &amp; In Silico Screening<br /> </font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.4sc.de/">4SC</a><br /> <a href="http://www.accelrys.com/" target="new">Accelrys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.denovopharma.com/" target="new">De Novo Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://kemia.com/" target="new">Kemia</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.nanodesign.com/">Nanodesign</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.ribotargets.com/corporate/corporate_overview.html">RiboTargets</a> <br /> <a href="http://sunesis.com/">Sunesis</a> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Computing Resource Providers</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.avaki.com/">Avaki</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.argentys.com/">Argentys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biosentients.com/">Biosentients</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biodigm.com/">Biodigm</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioreason.com/">Bioreason</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.computefarm.com/">Blackstone Computing</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.criticalsoftware.com/hpc/">Critical Software</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.darwindomains.com/">Darwin Domains</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.esolvbin.com/">E-bin Solutions</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.geneticxchange.com/">GeneticXchange</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.graphlogic.com/">GraphLogic</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www-1.ibm.com/servers/hpc/" target="new">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.labvantage.com/" target="new">LabVantage</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.linuxlabs.com/" target="new">Linux Labs</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.linuxnetworx.com/" target="new">Linux Networx</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.msa.com/medical/" target="new">Medical Science Associates</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.nextgen.com/" target="new">NextGen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.parabon.com/" target="new">Parabon</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.paracel.com/" target="new">Paracel</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.platform.com/" target="new">Platform Computing</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.racksaver.com/" target="new">RackSaver</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.rlx.com/" target="new">RLX Technologies</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.secant.com/" target="new">Secant Technologies</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.sgi.com/" target="new">SGI</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.sun.com/" target="new">Sun Microsystems</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.timelogic.com/bioinform1.html" target="new">TimeLogic</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.turbogenomics.com/" target="new">TurboGenomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.viaken.com/">Viaken</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.visualgenomics.com/" target="new">Visual Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.wsm.com/">Western Scientific</a> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Information Providers</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ameripath.com/">AmeriPath</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.embase.com/">EMBASE</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genesage.com/">GeneSage</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomichealth.com/home.html">Genomic Health</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pharmawatch.com/">Pharma Watch Communications</a></font> <br /> <br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Laboratory Information Management System</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://www.ais-lims.com/">Analystical Information Systems</a><br /> <a href="http://blazesystems.com/">Blaze Systems</a><br /> <a href="http://www.genologics.com/">GenoLogics</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://gensys.com/">GenSys</a><br /> <a href="http://www.id-bs.com/">IDBS</a><br /> <a href="http://www.innaphase.com/">InnaPhase</a></font><br /> <a href="http://lablynx.com/">Lablynx</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.labtronics.com/" target="new">Labtronics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://labvantage.com/">LabVantage</a><br /> <a href="http://www.labware.com/">LabWare</a><br /> <a href="http://www.neolytica.com/">Neolytica</a><br /> <a href="http://www.nugenesis.com/">NuGenesis Technologies</a><br /> <a href="http://www.lims-software.com/">QSI</a><a href="http://www.sibio.net/" target="new"><br /> Sibio <br /> </a><font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.scisw.com/" target="new">Scientific Software</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://scinomix.com/">Scinomix</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://starlims.com/">StarLIMS</a><br /> <a href="http://telecation.com/">Telecation</a><br /> <a href="http://www.thermo.com/">Thermo Electron Corporation</a><br /> &nbsp;<br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Text Mining &amp; Litrature Search</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ariadnegenomics.com/" target="new">Ariadne Genomics</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biowisdom.com/">BioWisdom</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.clearforest.com/">ClearForest</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.facultyof1000.com/start.asp">Faculty of 1000</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomewatch.biz/">GenomeWatch</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ingenuity.com/">Ingenuity</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.inpharmix.com/">InPharmix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pathinfo.com/">Pathology Informatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.proteome.com/">Proteome</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.reeltwo.com/">Reel Two</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.spss.com/applications/science/">SPSS</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.temis-group.com/">TEMIS Group</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.vglab.com/">Virtual Genetics</a></font> <br /> <br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Semantic Integration</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.landcglobal.com/">Language and Computing</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.synquiry.com/">Synquiry</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Business Intelligence &amp; Consulting</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://world.std.com/%7Eafs/">AFS Informatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://members.aol.com/alsobrookj/bioconsult.htm">Alsobrook Biotechnology Consulting</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biobridge.com/">BioBridge</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioscorpio.com/">Bioscorpio</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioseeker.com/">BioSeeker Group</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioteam.net/">BioTeam.net</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://main.biozak.com/">BioZak</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.btechnews.com/">Btech Investor</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.caddinformatics.com/">CADDinformatics Consulting</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.calyxbio.com/">Calyx</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.carecapital.com/">Care Capital</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.chemicalsimulations.com/">Chemical Simulations Group</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.dresources.com/">Decision Resources</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.djkpartners.com/">DJK Partners</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.dianoetica.com/">Dianoetica</a><br /> <a href="http://www.elashoffconsulting.com/">Elashoff Consulting</a><br /> <a href="http://evobio.info/">Evolutionary Bioinformatics</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.fkpi.com/altindex.html">Feinstein Kean Healthcare</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.frontlinesmc.com/">Front Line Strategic Consulting</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.healthtechnetwork.com/index.htm" target="new">Health Technology Networks</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/" target="new">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://insightful.com/">Insightful</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pharmabiotech.ch/" target="new">Jain PharmaBiotech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.krugconsulting.com/" target="new">Krug Consulting Group<br /> </a><a href="http://www.milser.co.in/">Milser</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.mogene.com/">MOgene</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.nigeons.com/eng/index.html">Nigeons</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.pointpurchasing.com/">Point Purchasing</a><br /> <a href="http://www.proteomeconsult.com/">Proteome Consult</a><a href="http://www.rresults.com/"><br /> </a><font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.rresults.com/">Research Results</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://rxlogix.com/">RxLogix</a><br /> <a href="http://www.sellscience.com/">SellScience</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioinformaticist.biz/">Tahoe Informatics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.transadvancis.com/">TransADVANcis</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.windhover.com/">Windhover<br /> <br /> </a></font> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Technology Investing</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biobridge.com/">Clairus Technology</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.genechem.com/html/brief.html">GeneChem</a><br /> <br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Product Comparison &amp; Reviews</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://biocompare.com/index.asp">BioCompare</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.biowire.com/">Biowire.com</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.selectscience.net/">SelectScience.net</a> <br /> <br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Laboratory Products Vendors&nbsp;</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.abcam.com/">Abcam-antibodies</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.atcc.org/" target="new">ATCC</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.atcg.com/" target="new">ATCG</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.antibodyresource.com/" target="new">Antibody Resource</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://store.bio.com/os/start/store1/store.html" target="new">Bio.com (softwares)</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biosupplynet.com/" target="new">BioSupplyNet</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.chemconnect.com/" target="new">ChemConnect</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.chemdex.com/" target="new">Chemdex</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.iscpubs.com/bg/us/usidir.html" target="new">Lab Crawler</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mdyn.com/" target="new">Molecular Dynamics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://antibodies-probes.com/">MSRS antibodies</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.oligoengine.com/">OligoEngine</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.pharmagene.com/home.htm">PharmaGene</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.sciquest.com/" target="new">SciQuest</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Used or Pre-Owned Laboratory Equipments</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bestlabdeals.com/">Best Lab Deals</a><br /> <a href="http://www.biobid.com/" target="new">BioBid</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biosurplus.com/" target="new">BioSurplus</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.labdollars.com/">Lab Dollars</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.labjunk.com/HOME.cfm" target="new">Labjunk.com</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.labequip.com/">Lab Equip</a><br /> <a href="http://labtrader.com/">Lab Trader</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.labx.com/" target="new">LabX</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.labextreme.com/">Lab eXtreme</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.liscientific.com/" target="new">Long Island Scientific</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pegasusscientific.com/" target="new">Pegasus Scientific</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://scical.com/">Scientific Calibrations</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.seeinc.com/" target="new">Scientific Equipment Exchange</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.triadsci.com/" target="new">Triad Scientific</a></font> bb6e1b6a531075234e2b46371fa2a95885546f25 0 1510 1548 2007-10-31T05:46:34Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="3"><strong>Interactomics is the omics study of interaction network, especially in biology.<br /> <br /> </strong>Interactomics is a fusion science of biology, informatics, and engineering. It uses various experimental techniques to determine molecular and cellular level interactions to produce usually a large quantity of information. Bioinformatics is used to analyze the data and information to produce more meaningful information and knowledge.<br /> <br /> [http://interactomics.org Interactomics.org]</font> 81f40646a5452eecdcec93609306d9d0f87243f8 0 1511 1553 2007-11-06T11:19:48Z 121.152.186.68 0 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="3">Genomics will revolutionize the society as personal computers did in the 1980s.</font><br /> <br /> Everyone can have an access to his/her own genome and will be able to analyze it with many interesting bioinformatics software.<br /> <br /> A small 3 gigabyte capacity USB and flash memory device is capable of storing the whole human genome theoretically. However, a human genome normally will require more space than that as there are much additional information to it.<br /> <br /> 40db480f96055625984ac72ca9180c7468883a5d 0 1512 1554 2007-11-06T11:21:27Z 121.152.186.68 0 wikitext text/x-wiki BioEngine is the core of bioinformatics platform for analyzing your personal genome.<br /> <br /> [http://bioengine.org Bioengine.org home page] d72034cf5516c5db88171392aa39707a37fdfab5 1556 2007-11-06T11:24:07Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki BioEngine is the core of bioinformatics platform for analyzing your personal genome.<br /> <br /> [[Image:Bioengine jongbhak jpg 20070127.jpg|thumb]]<br /> <br /> [http://bioengine.org Bioengine.org home page] a267f573738658acde745a7f41289bfdc3832607 6 1513 1555 2007-11-06T11:23:37Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 0 1514 1557 2007-11-06T12:53:51Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki Biopipelines are the working parts of bioinformatics analyses for large scale data sets such as your personal genomes.<br /> <br /> 1da4d28824445212ffe152d3e8b323d3d7252531 1559 2007-11-06T12:54:26Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki Biopipelines are the working parts of bioinformatics analyses for large scale data sets such as your personal genomes.<br /> <br /> [[Image:Biopipeline jong bhak trans 20071106.png|thumb]] 43e6dad3e27e1a293bfb63a16bd160547d45271d 1560 2007-11-06T12:55:11Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="3">Biopipelines are the working parts of bioinformatics analyses for large scale data sets such as your personal genomes.<br /> <br /> [[Image:Biopipeline jong bhak trans 20071106.png|thumb]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> [http://biopipeline.org BioPipeline.org]: An openfree Biopipeline Depository and Development site.</font> 37ba3ec1c70a1b39579cac7ac47463c2cad4c2b1 6 1515 1558 2007-11-06T12:54:04Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 0 1516 1561 2007-11-06T13:44:09Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki A human genome is a structured machinery of storing and controlling genetic information.<br /> <br /> A genome contains symmetry, fractality, layers, repeats, and structures.<br /> <br /> Understanding a genome is like understanding a universe.<br /> <br /> 531364236cbd08397eaff0e85aadd3143605481f 0 1517 1562 2007-11-06T13:45:05Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki Comparing a genome with another person's can be done.<br /> <br /> One way is to compare the whole genome. The second is to compare spots that are known to be variable in the population.<br /> <br /> 922b7ae8a6633ceb2e3539eebd86dcafcc1f1b05 0 1518 1563 2007-11-06T13:50:02Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki Genome is too big to be seen on a computer screen. Therefore, special computer programs are necessary. You can see some highlighted regions of ATGC sequences.<br /> <br /> More useful visualization is using sequence editors that can show you long lines of sequences that can be slided.<br /> <br /> Human genome contains 23 pairs of chromosomes that are in a way small separate genomes.<br /> <br /> 2be69eb4570a32291e4000d0374ad16edc4c22c6 0 1519 1564 2007-11-06T13:51:01Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki BioComputing.<br /> <br /> The actual core of genomics lies in the CPUs of powerul computers.<br /> Biocomputing is a technology field to build and maintain such powerful computers for genomics.<br /> <br /> 09c42502eacea1e8a0fd5beb3b812b7098b1521d 0 1520 1565 2007-11-06T13:52:25Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki Biomatics is a field where mathematical rules of genomes are derived to be used to control and construct new biological machinery such as artificial genomes, cells, and organisms.<br /> <br /> Biomatics is a fusion science of informatics, engineering, and biology.<br /> <br /> e25b470a50e1bece5865b512c358e5e3bfbbfb9a 0 1521 1566 2007-11-06T13:57:23Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><strong>Celera Genomics</strong> (NYSE:&nbsp;CRA) is a business unit of the Applera Corporation that focuses on genetic sequencing and related technologies. Headquartered in Rockville, Maryland, it was established in May 1998 by the Perkin-Elmer Corporation (and was later purchased by Applera), with Dr. J. Craig Venter from The Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR) as its first president. While at TIGR, Venter and Hamilton Smith led the first successful effort to sequence an entire organism's genome, that of the <em>Haemophilus influenzae</em> bacterium. Celera was formed for the purpose of generating and commercializing genomic information to accelerate the understanding of biological processes. Its stock is a tracking stock of Applera, along with the tracking stock of Applera's larger Applied Biosystems Group business unit.</p> <p>Celera Genomics researchers were among the first to show the feasibility of the whole genome shotgun strategy for sequencing large eukaryotic genomes. The strategy was already in widespread use for smaller prokaryotic genomes, which include bacteria and archaea. This strategy contrasted with the publicly funded Human Genome Project, which used a slower but safer clone by clone sequencing strategy. Celera sequenced the human genome at a fraction of the cost of the public project (approximately $3 billion of taxpayer dollars versus about $300 million of private funding). Celera's use of the shotgun strategy spurred the public HGP to change its own strategy, leading to a rapid acceleration of the public effort.</p> <p>Critics of initial efforts by Celera Genomics to hold back data from sections of genome they sequenced for commercial exploitation felt that it would retard progress in science as a whole. These critics pointed to the open access policy for gene sequences from the publicly funded Human Genome Project. Later, the company changed their policy and made their sequences available for non-commercial use, but set a maximum threshold for amount of sequence data a researcher could download at any given time.</p> <p>The rise and fall of Celera as an ambitious competitor of the Human Genome Project is the main subject of the book The Genome War by James Shreeve, who takes a strong pro-Venter point of view. (He followed Venter around for two years in the process of writing the book.) A view from the public effort's side is that of Nobel laureate Sir John Sulston in his book <em>The Common Thread: A Story of Science, Politics, Ethics and the Human Genome</em>.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Genomes sequenced by Celera Genomics</span></h2> <p>Eukaryotes:</p> <ul> <li>Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) </li> <li>Human genome </li> <li>Mouse genome </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.celera.com/" href="http://www.celera.com/" rel="nofollow">Celera Genomics website</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://clinton4.nara.gov/WH/EOP/OSTP/html/00626_4.html" href="http://clinton4.nara.gov/WH/EOP/OSTP/html/00626_4.html" rel="nofollow">Prepared Statement of Craig Venter of Celera</a> Venter discusses Celera's progress in deciphering the human genome sequence and its relationship to healthcare and to the federally funded Human Genome Project. </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.applera.com/" href="http://www.applera.com/" rel="nofollow">Applera Corporation website</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.genome.gov/" href="http://www.genome.gov/" rel="nofollow">U.S. National Institutes of Health website for the Human Genome Research Institute</a> </li> </ul> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:149307-0!1!0!default!!en!2 and timestamp 20071104144058 --> <div class="printfooter"></div> cac4f4987847caec65678b7072e4db3661e9253e 1577 2007-11-06T14:19:29Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><strong>Celera Genomics</strong> (NYSE:&nbsp;CRA) is a business unit of the Applera Corporation that focuses on genetic sequencing and related technologies.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> Headquartered in Rockville, Maryland, it was established in May 1998 by the Perkin-Elmer Corporation (and was later purchased by Applera), with Dr. J. [[Craig Venter]] from The Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR) as its first president. While at TIGR, Venter and Hamilton Smith led the first successful effort to sequence an entire organism's genome, that of the [[Haemophilus influenzae]] bacterium.&nbsp;<br /> Celera was formed for the purpose of generating and commercializing genomic information to accelerate the understanding of biological processes. Its stock is a tracking stock of Applera, along with the tracking stock of Applera's larger Applied Biosystems Group business unit.</p> <p>Celera Genomics researchers were among the first to show the feasibility of the whole genome shotgun strategy for sequencing large eukaryotic genomes. The strategy was already in widespread use for smaller prokaryotic genomes, which include bacteria and archaea. This strategy contrasted with the publicly funded Human Genome Project, which used a slower but safer clone by clone sequencing strategy. Celera sequenced the human genome at a fraction of the cost of the public project (approximately $3 billion of taxpayer dollars versus about $300 million of private funding). Celera's use of the shotgun strategy spurred the public HGP to change its own strategy, leading to a rapid acceleration of the public effort.</p> <p>Critics of initial efforts by Celera Genomics to hold back data from sections of genome they sequenced for commercial exploitation felt that it would retard progress in science as a whole. These critics pointed to the open access policy for gene sequences from the publicly funded Human Genome Project. Later, the company changed their policy and made their sequences available for non-commercial use, but set a maximum threshold for amount of sequence data a researcher could download at any given time.</p> <p>The rise and fall of Celera as an ambitious competitor of the Human Genome Project is the main subject of the book The Genome War by James Shreeve, who takes a strong pro-Venter point of view. (He followed Venter around for two years in the process of writing the book.) A view from the public effort's side is that of Nobel laureate Sir [[John Sulston]] in his book <em>The Common Thread: A Story of Science, Politics, Ethics and the Human Genome</em>.</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Genomes sequenced by Celera Genomics</span></h2> <p><strong>Eukaryotes:</strong></p> <ul> <li>Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) </li> <li>Human genome </li> <li>Mouse genome </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li>[http://omics.org Omics.org]</li> <li>[http://bioinformatics.ws Bioinformatics.ws]: Bioinformatics Wiki Site</li> <li>[http://animalgenome.org Animalgenome.org]</li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.celera.com/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.celera.com/">Celera Genomics website</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://clinton4.nara.gov/WH/EOP/OSTP/html/00626_4.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://clinton4.nara.gov/WH/EOP/OSTP/html/00626_4.html">Prepared Statement of Craig Venter of Celera</a> Venter discusses Celera's progress in deciphering the human genome sequence and its relationship to healthcare and to the federally funded Human Genome Project. </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.applera.com/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.applera.com/">Applera Corporation website</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.genome.gov/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.gov/">U.S. National Institutes of Health website for the Human Genome Research Institute</a> </li> </ul> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:149307-0!1!0!default!!en!2 and timestamp 20071104144058 --> <div class="printfooter"></div> 99f20d8140025ac3d77a2d6d5c1214f1e2e9a3c1 1578 2007-11-06T14:21:34Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><strong>Celera Genomics</strong> (NYSE:&nbsp;CRA) is a business unit of the Applera Corporation that focuses on genetic sequencing and related technologies.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> Headquartered in Rockville, Maryland, it was established in May 1998 by the Perkin-Elmer Corporation (and was later purchased by Applera), with Dr. J. [[Craig Venter]] from The Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR) as its first president. While at TIGR, Venter and Hamilton Smith led the first successful effort to sequence an entire organism's genome, that of the [[Haemophilus influenzae]] bacterium.&nbsp;<br /> Celera was formed for the purpose of generating and commercializing genomic information to accelerate the understanding of biological processes. Its stock is a tracking stock of Applera, along with the tracking stock of Applera's larger Applied Biosystems Group business unit.</p> <p>Celera Genomics researchers were among the first to show the feasibility of the whole genome shotgun strategy for sequencing large eukaryotic genomes. The strategy was already in widespread use for smaller prokaryotic genomes, which include bacteria and archaea. This strategy contrasted with the publicly funded Human Genome Project, which used a slower but safer clone by clone sequencing strategy. Celera sequenced the human genome at a fraction of the cost of the public project (approximately $3 billion of taxpayer dollars versus about $300 million of private funding). Celera's use of the shotgun strategy spurred the public HGP to change its own strategy, leading to a rapid acceleration of the public effort.</p> <p>Critics of initial efforts by Celera Genomics to hold back data from sections of genome they sequenced for commercial exploitation felt that it would retard progress in science as a whole. These critics pointed to the open access policy for gene sequences from the publicly funded Human Genome Project. Later, the company changed their policy and made their sequences available for non-commercial use, but set a maximum threshold for amount of sequence data a researcher could download at any given time.</p> <p>The rise and fall of Celera as an ambitious competitor of the Human Genome Project is the main subject of the book The Genome War by James Shreeve, who takes a strong pro-Venter point of view. (He followed Venter around for two years in the process of writing the book.) A view from the public effort's side is that of Nobel laureate Sir [[John Sulston]] in his book <em>The Common Thread: A Story of Science, Politics, Ethics and the Human Genome</em>.</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Genomes sequenced by Celera Genomics</span></h2> <p><strong>Eukaryotes:</strong></p> <ul> <li>Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) </li> <li>Human genome </li> <li>Mouse genome </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li>[http://omics.org Omics.org] </li> <li>[http://bioinformatics.ws Bioinformatics.ws]: Bioinformatics Wiki Site </li> <li>[http://animalgenome.net Animalgenome.net] </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.celera.com/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.celera.com/">Celera Genomics website</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://clinton4.nara.gov/WH/EOP/OSTP/html/00626_4.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://clinton4.nara.gov/WH/EOP/OSTP/html/00626_4.html">Prepared Statement of Craig Venter of Celera</a> Venter discusses Celera's progress in deciphering the human genome sequence and its relationship to healthcare and to the federally funded Human Genome Project. </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.applera.com/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.applera.com/">Applera Corporation website</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.genome.gov/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.gov/">U.S. National Institutes of Health website for the Human Genome Research Institute</a> </li> </ul> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:149307-0!1!0!default!!en!2 and timestamp 20071104144058 --> <div class="printfooter"></div> e88b308f0a3d9b6d8b80e620309f2dc6f7c27b54 0 1522 1567 2007-11-06T13:59:52Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><a href="http://www.usgenomics.com">http://www.usgenomics.com</a><br /> <br /> U.S. Genomics has pioneered commercial applications of single molecule DNA, RNA and protein analysis. The company's innovative technologies address high value unmet needs in bio-security, human diagnostics, and food and drug contaminant monitoring. Addressable segments of these markets where the company's technology offers compelling advantage approach $4.0 billion.&nbsp; <br /> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <br /> U.S. Genomics' core genomic mapping technologies are capable of identifying and quantitating individual molecules of DNA, RNA and proteins from a complex sample. Large fragments of genomic DNA are extracted from complex samples utilizing a proprietary sample preparation technology. Universal reagent sets are used, and no target amplification or culture is required. DNA detection using these technologies provides genomic species and strain identification, while quantitation of RNAs and proteins can be used to track expression, all within a highly mutiplexable assay format. The core U.S. Genomics genomic mapping technologies are protected by 60 families of patents with priority dating to the company's foundation in 1997. The universal reagent sets used by the company avoid use of long sequence-specific probes and primers typically associated with PCR thereby enabling broad freedom to operate.<br /> <br /> U.S. Genomics is pursuing its major market opportunities in partnership with market leaders in each application area. The company's key co-development partners include Northrop Gruman in the field of bio-security. <br /> <br /> Founded in 1997 and based in Woburn, Massachusetts, U.S. Genomics has raised a total of $61 million from HealthCare Ventures, StillRiver Fund, CB Health Ventures, Fidelity Biosciences Group, Zero Stage Capital and private investors. In addition, the company has been awarded Phase I, II and III contracts totaling $39 million by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security Advanced Research Project Agency (HSARPA) and other U.S. Government agencies to develop a sophisticated biological sensor for biodefense applications.<br /> </p> 3613a4879cac7f424d78b58f70a13a2b73e3e248 0 1523 1568 2007-11-06T14:00:57Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><strong>Affymetrix</strong> (NASDAQ:&nbsp;AFFX) is a manufacturer of DNA microarrays, based in Santa Clara, California, United States. The company was co-founded by Dr. Stephen Fodor in 1992. The company was begun as a unit in Affymax N.V. in 1991 by Fodor's group, which had in the late 1980's developed methods for fabricating DNA microarrays, called &quot;GeneChips&quot; according to the Affymetrix trademark, using semiconductor manufacturing techniques. The company's first product, an HIV genotyping GeneChip, was introduced in 1994 and the company went public in 1996. As a result of their pioneering work and the ensuing popularity of microrarray products, Affymetrix derives significant benefit from its patent portfolio in this area.</p> <p>Acquisitions have included Genetic MicroSystems for slide-based microarrays and scanners and Neomorphic for bioinformatics. In 2000 Perlegen Sciences was spun out to focus on wafer-scale genomics for massive data creation and collection required for characterizing population variance of genomic markers and expression for the drug discovery process.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Description of Product</span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 152px"><img class="thumbimage" height="136" alt="Example of two Affymetrix chips" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Affymetrix-microarray.jpg/150px-Affymetrix-microarray.jpg" width="150" border="0" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify" style="FLOAT: right"><img height="11" alt="" src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></div> Example of two Affymetrix chips</div> </div> </div> <p>Affymetrix makes quartz chips for analysis of DNA Microarrays. These chips are sold under the trademarked name GeneChip. Affymetrix's GeneChips assist researchers in quickly scanning for the presence of particular genes in a biological sample. Within this area, Affymetrix is focused on oligonucleotide microarrays. These microarrays are used to determine which genes exist in a sample by detecting specific pieces of mRNA. A single chip can be used to do thousands of experiments in parallel. Chips can be used only once.</p> <p>Affymetrix sells both mass produced GeneChips intended to match scientifically important parts of human and other animal genomes. It also operates the Affymetrix Made-to-Order Program which makes custom chips available to researchers.</p> <p>Affymetrix manufactures its GeneChips using photolithography. Glass chips are relatively expensive; list prices range from $50-$500 depending on the capabilities of the single-use chip.</p> <p>Competitors in the DNA Microarray business include Illumina, GE Healthcare, Ocimum Biosolutions, Applied Biosystems, Beckman Coulter, Eppendorf Biochip Systems[1], and Agilent. There are also various inexpensive plastic-based technologies under development in small companies and laboratories around the world. It has been widely speculated that mass-produced plastic chips can be produced at lower prices than Affymetrix's quartz chips.</p> <p>The company also manufactures machinery for high speed analysis of biological samples. List prices for the newest DNA arrayers, which prepare and place samples onto chips, are around $250,000 each. Scanners which read the results from the chip list from $150,000 for complete starter systems to $325,000 for high-throughput systems. Substantially lower retail prices have been seen in the market.</p> <p>The business model of Affymetrix is based on these sources for revenue: consumables; instruments; subscription, service, license; royalty; and sales to Perlegen Sciences. Affymetrix currently controls 82% of the DNA microarray market<sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since February 2007" style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap">[<em>citation needed</em>]</span></sup> in terms of sales.</p> <p>Affymetrix has established a licensing program to make its intellectual property accessible to stimulate the broad commercialization of genome analysis technologies. Licensing fees have offset weak product sales in Q3-2006. They have several collaboration relationships with other companies that utilize their patented GeneChip technology.</p> <p>Currently Affymetrix is fighting a patent infringement lawsuit against Illumina, alleging the infringement of six Affymetrix patents. A pre-trial hearing favors Affymetrix, but the trial is not until May 2007.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li>Affymetrix Homepage </li> <li>Perlegen Sciences Homepage </li> <li>DNAVision - Affymetrix official service provider. </li> <li>Genevestigator - Web-based database and analysis tool to study gene expression across many tissues, developmental stages, drugs, stimuli, and genetic modifications. The database contains data from thousands of Affymetrix microarrays. </li> </ul> <p><a id="References" name="References"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.affymetrix.com/corporate/history/index.affx" href="http://www.affymetrix.com/corporate/history/index.affx" rel="nofollow">Affymetrix - Corporate History</a>. Affymetrix. Retrieved on <a title="2006" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006">2006</a>-<a title="November 20" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_20">11-20</a>. <em>Note: reference includes all child pages and documents of this page, inclusive. There is some contradiction in specific details of the founding of Affymetrix among documents found here.</em> </li> </ul> <!-- Pre-expand include size: 9592 bytes Post-expand include size: 2743 bytes Template argument size: 1294 bytes Maximum: 2048000 bytes --><!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:662399-0!1!0!default!!en!2 and timestamp 20071105164129 --> <div class="printfooter"></div> 7a3b405ebf3388f05e55277cc8a4d4f4f5a957be 0 1524 1569 2007-11-06T14:02:30Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><strong>F. Hoffmann&ndash;La Roche, Ltd.</strong>&nbsp;acquired Nimblegen. It is&nbsp;a Swiss global health-care company which operates world-wide under two divisions: Pharmaceuticals and Diagnostics. It belongs to the <strong>Roche Holding AG</strong>.</p> <p>The headquarters are in Basel and the company has many sites around the world - including: Nutley, Palo Alto, Pleasanton, Branchburg, Indianapolis, Florence in the US, Welwyn Garden City in the UK, Mannheim, Penzberg in Germany, and Shanghai in China.</p> <p>The company also owns a majority of the American biotechnology company Genentech and the Japanese biotechnology company Chugai Pharmaceuticals.</p> <p>Roche Holding AG (ticker ROC.S) is listed on the London-based virt-x stock exchange (virt-x is a company of the SWX Swiss Exchange). Roche's revenues during fiscal year 2005 were $28.6 billion (2005, 35.5bn CHF). Descendants of the founding Hoffmann and Oeri families own half of the company. Swiss pharma company Novartis owns 33% of the company (as of 2005).</p> <script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "show"; var tocHideText = "hide"; showTocToggle(); } //]]> </script> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">History</span></h2> <p>Founded in 1896 by Fritz Hoffmann-La Roche, the company was early on known for producing various vitamin preparations and derivatives. In 1934, it became the first company to mass produce synthetic vitamin C, under the brand name Redoxon. In 1957 it introduced the class of tranquilizers known as benzodiazepines (with Valium and Rohypnol being the best known members). Its acne drug isotretinoin, marketed as Accutane and Roaccutane, is a market leader<sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since July 2007" style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap">[<em>citation needed</em>]</span></sup> in treating severe acne. It has also produced various HIV tests and antiretroviral drugs. It bought the patents for the polymerase chain reaction technique in 1992. It manufactures and sells several cancer drugs.</p> <p>In 1976, an accident at a chemical factory in Seveso (Italy) owned by a subsidiary of Roche caused a large dioxin contamination; see Seveso disaster.</p> <p>In 1982, the United States arm of the company acquired Biomedical Reference Laboratories for US$163.5 million. That company dated from the late 1960s, and was located in Burlington, North Carolina. That year Hoffmann-La Roche then merged it with all of its laboratories, and incorporated the merged company as Roche Biomedical Laboratories, Inc. in Burlington. By the early 1990s, Roche Biomedical became one of the largest clinical laboratory networks in the United States, with 20 major laboratories and US$600 million in sales.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-fundingroche_0">[1]</sup></p> <p>On April 28, 1995 Hoffmann-La Roche sold Roche Biomedical Laboratories, Inc. to National Health Laboratories Holdings Inc. (formerly NYSE:&nbsp;NH), which then changed its name to Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings (NYSE:&nbsp;LH).<sup class="reference" id="_ref-sec950515_0">[2]</sup> In 1994, Roche acquired Syntex.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Creation of the first anti-depressant</span></h2> <p>In 1956, Iproniazid was accidentally created during an experiment while synthesizing Isoniazid. Originally, it had been intended to create a more efficient drug at combatting Tuberculosis. Iproniazid, however, revealed to have its own benefits; some people felt it made them feel happier. It was withdrawn from the market in the early 1960s due to toxic side-effects.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Vitamin price fixing</span></h2> <p>Stanley Adams, Roche's World Product Manager in Basel, contacted the European Economic Community in 1973 with evidence that Roche had been breaking antitrust laws, engaging in price fixing and market sharing with its competitors. Roche was fined accordingly, but a bungle on the part of the EEC allowed the company to discover that it was Adams who had blown the whistle. He was arrested for unauthorised disclosure&nbsp;&mdash; an offence under Swiss law&nbsp;&mdash; and imprisoned. His wife, having learnt that he might face decades in jail, committed suicide. Adams was released soon after but arrested again more than once before eventually fleeing to Britain, where he wrote a book about the affair, <em>Roche Versus Adams</em> (London, 1984, ISBN 022402180X).</p> <p>In 1999, Roche was the worldwide market leader in vitamins, with a market share of 40%. Between 1990 and 1999, the company participated in an illegal price fixing cartel for vitamins, which also included BASF and Rhone-Poulenc SA. In 1999, Roche pleaded guilty in the United States and paid a US$500 million fine, then the largest fine ever secured in the U.S. The European Commission fined Roche &euro;462 million for the same infraction in 2001, also a record fine at the time.</p> <p>Roche sold its vitamin business in late 2002 to the Dutch group DSM.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Alleged Tamiflu monopoly</span></h2> <p>In a recent meeting of regional health ministers, Dr. Francisco Duque III, Secretary of the Philippines Department of Health, accused Roche of &quot;monopolizing&quot; the production and distribution of the drug known as Oseltamivir (brand name Tamiflu). Oseltamivir is considered to be the primary antiviral drug used to combat avian influenza, commonly known as the bird flu. Roche is the only drug company authorized to manufacture the drug, which was discovered by Gilead Sciences. Roche purchased the rights to the drug in 1996 and in 2005 settled a royalty dispute, agreeing to pay Gilead tiered royalties of 14-22% of annual net sales.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-royalty_0">[3]</sup></p> <p>The Philippine health secretary complained that the supply of the said drug is only concentrated in First World countries even if the disease is ravaging bird and poultry populations in Southeast Asia as of this time. Dr. Duque proposed that even if Roche is the only one who has the patent for the drug, special patents or licenses should be granted to other drug companies to manufacture the drug and make it more accessible to avian flu-vulnerable countries in Southeast Asia such as Vietnam, Indonesia, Cambodia and the Philippines. Duque and Philippine president Gloria Macapagal Arroyo have already communicated with the representative of the World Health Organization in the Philippines asking for assistance in calling for greater production and distribution of Oseltamivir.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="These claims needs references to reliable sources since August 2007" style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap">[<em>citations needed</em>]</span></sup></p> <div class="infobox sisterproject"> <div class="floatleft"><span></span></div> <div style="MARGIN-LEFT: 60px"> <div style="MARGIN-LEFT: 10px"><em><strong></strong></em></div> </div> </div> <p>World leaders, such as former UN Secretary General Kofi Annan, have expressed a desire to have more generic versions of Tamiflu made, especially for Third World countries too poor to buy the brand name drug.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="These claims needs references to reliable sources since August 2007" style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap">[<em>citations needed</em>]</span></sup></p> <p>On October 20, 2005, Hoffmann-La Roche decided to license other companies to manufacture Oseltamivir.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="These claims needs references to reliable sources since August 2007" style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap">[<em>citations needed</em>]</span></sup></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Additional key persons</span></h2> <p><em>In addition to corporate executive committee members mentioned in the summary information box</em></p> <p>Chief Financial Officer Dr Erich Hunziker (1953)</p> <p>Corporate Services and Human Resources Dr Gottlieb Keller (1954)</p> <p><br /> </p> <p><em>Enlarged Corporate Executive Committee</em></p> <p>Head Global Pharma Development Eduard E. Holdener (1945)</p> <p>Head Pharma Partnering Peter Hug (1958)</p> <p>Head of Roche Diagnostics' business area Diabetes Care Burkhard G. Piper (1961)</p> <p>Head Global Corporate Communications Rolf D. Schl&auml;pfer (1956)</p> <p>Head of Commercial Operations Pharma Pascal Soriot (1959)</p> <p>President and CEO, Chugai Osamu Nagayama (1947)</p> <p><br /> </p> <p><br /> </p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Company profiles</span></h2> <ul> <li>Roche Group (Yahoo!) </li> <li>Hoffmann-La Roche Inc. (Yahoo!) </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li>Roche global website </li> <li>Roche US website </li> <li>Brands owned by Roche US </li> </ul> <p><br /> </p> <p><a id="References" name="References"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <ol class="references"> <li id="_note-fundingroche"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimblegen#_ref-fundingroche_0">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Roche-Biomedical-Laboratories-Inc-Company-History.html" href="http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Roche-Biomedical-Laboratories-Inc-Company-History.html" rel="nofollow">Roche Biomedical Laboratories, Inc.</a>, FundingUniverse.com </li> <li id="_note-sec950515"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimblegen#_ref-sec950515_0">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.secinfo.com/ds2yr.a4.htm" href="http://www.secinfo.com/ds2yr.a4.htm" rel="nofollow">Laboratory Corp of America Holdings &middot; 10-Q &middot; For 3/31/95</a>, SECInfo.com, Filed On 5/15/95, SEC File 1-11353, Accession Number 920148-95-11 </li> <li id="_note-royalty"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimblegen#_ref-royalty_0">^</a></strong> &quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.redherring.com/Article.aspx?a=14507&amp;hed=Roche%2C+Gilead+End+Tamiflu+Feud" href="http://www.redherring.com/Article.aspx?a=14507&amp;hed=Roche%2C+Gilead+End+Tamiflu+Feud" rel="nofollow">Roche, Gilead End Tamiflu Feud</a>&quot;, Red Herring, November 16, 2005.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;rft.type=newspaperArticle&amp;rft.subject=News&amp;rft.title=Roche%2C+Gilead+End+Tamiflu+Feud&amp;rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.redherring.com%2FArticle.aspx%3Fa%3D14507%26hed%3DRoche%252C%2BGilead%2BEnd%2BTamiflu%2BFeud&amp;rft.publisher=Red+Herring&amp;rft.date=November+16%2C+2005">&nbsp;</span> </li> </ol> <ul> <li>Hans Conrad Peyer (1996) <em>Roche - A Company History 1896-1996</em> Basel: Editiones Roche <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&amp;isbn=3907770595">ISBN 3 907770 59 5</a> </li> </ul> 47e8ab0159e1f047d527bc4756b7e69297313a95 1570 2007-11-06T14:02:38Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><strong>F. Hoffmann&ndash;La Roche, Ltd.</strong>&nbsp;acquired Nimblegen. It is&nbsp;a Swiss global health-care company which operates world-wide under two divisions: Pharmaceuticals and Diagnostics. It belongs to the <strong>Roche Holding AG</strong>.</p> <p>The headquarters are in Basel and the company has many sites around the world - including: Nutley, Palo Alto, Pleasanton, Branchburg, Indianapolis, Florence in the US, Welwyn Garden City in the UK, Mannheim, Penzberg in Germany, and Shanghai in China.</p> <p>The company also owns a majority of the American biotechnology company Genentech and the Japanese biotechnology company Chugai Pharmaceuticals.</p> <p>Roche Holding AG (ticker ROC.S) is listed on the London-based virt-x stock exchange (virt-x is a company of the SWX Swiss Exchange). Roche's revenues during fiscal year 2005 were $28.6 billion (2005, 35.5bn CHF). Descendants of the founding Hoffmann and Oeri families own half of the company. Swiss pharma company Novartis owns 33% of the company (as of 2005).</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">History</span></h2> <p>Founded in 1896 by Fritz Hoffmann-La Roche, the company was early on known for producing various vitamin preparations and derivatives. In 1934, it became the first company to mass produce synthetic vitamin C, under the brand name Redoxon. In 1957 it introduced the class of tranquilizers known as benzodiazepines (with Valium and Rohypnol being the best known members). Its acne drug isotretinoin, marketed as Accutane and Roaccutane, is a market leader<sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since July 2007" style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap">[<em>citation needed</em>]</span></sup> in treating severe acne. It has also produced various HIV tests and antiretroviral drugs. It bought the patents for the polymerase chain reaction technique in 1992. It manufactures and sells several cancer drugs.</p> <p>In 1976, an accident at a chemical factory in Seveso (Italy) owned by a subsidiary of Roche caused a large dioxin contamination; see Seveso disaster.</p> <p>In 1982, the United States arm of the company acquired Biomedical Reference Laboratories for US$163.5 million. That company dated from the late 1960s, and was located in Burlington, North Carolina. That year Hoffmann-La Roche then merged it with all of its laboratories, and incorporated the merged company as Roche Biomedical Laboratories, Inc. in Burlington. By the early 1990s, Roche Biomedical became one of the largest clinical laboratory networks in the United States, with 20 major laboratories and US$600 million in sales.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-fundingroche_0">[1]</sup></p> <p>On April 28, 1995 Hoffmann-La Roche sold Roche Biomedical Laboratories, Inc. to National Health Laboratories Holdings Inc. (formerly NYSE:&nbsp;NH), which then changed its name to Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings (NYSE:&nbsp;LH).<sup class="reference" id="_ref-sec950515_0">[2]</sup> In 1994, Roche acquired Syntex.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Creation of the first anti-depressant</span></h2> <p>In 1956, Iproniazid was accidentally created during an experiment while synthesizing Isoniazid. Originally, it had been intended to create a more efficient drug at combatting Tuberculosis. Iproniazid, however, revealed to have its own benefits; some people felt it made them feel happier. It was withdrawn from the market in the early 1960s due to toxic side-effects.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Vitamin price fixing</span></h2> <p>Stanley Adams, Roche's World Product Manager in Basel, contacted the European Economic Community in 1973 with evidence that Roche had been breaking antitrust laws, engaging in price fixing and market sharing with its competitors. Roche was fined accordingly, but a bungle on the part of the EEC allowed the company to discover that it was Adams who had blown the whistle. He was arrested for unauthorised disclosure&nbsp;&mdash; an offence under Swiss law&nbsp;&mdash; and imprisoned. His wife, having learnt that he might face decades in jail, committed suicide. Adams was released soon after but arrested again more than once before eventually fleeing to Britain, where he wrote a book about the affair, <em>Roche Versus Adams</em> (London, 1984, ISBN 022402180X).</p> <p>In 1999, Roche was the worldwide market leader in vitamins, with a market share of 40%. Between 1990 and 1999, the company participated in an illegal price fixing cartel for vitamins, which also included BASF and Rhone-Poulenc SA. In 1999, Roche pleaded guilty in the United States and paid a US$500 million fine, then the largest fine ever secured in the U.S. The European Commission fined Roche &euro;462 million for the same infraction in 2001, also a record fine at the time.</p> <p>Roche sold its vitamin business in late 2002 to the Dutch group DSM.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Alleged Tamiflu monopoly</span></h2> <p>In a recent meeting of regional health ministers, Dr. Francisco Duque III, Secretary of the Philippines Department of Health, accused Roche of &quot;monopolizing&quot; the production and distribution of the drug known as Oseltamivir (brand name Tamiflu). Oseltamivir is considered to be the primary antiviral drug used to combat avian influenza, commonly known as the bird flu. Roche is the only drug company authorized to manufacture the drug, which was discovered by Gilead Sciences. Roche purchased the rights to the drug in 1996 and in 2005 settled a royalty dispute, agreeing to pay Gilead tiered royalties of 14-22% of annual net sales.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-royalty_0">[3]</sup></p> <p>The Philippine health secretary complained that the supply of the said drug is only concentrated in First World countries even if the disease is ravaging bird and poultry populations in Southeast Asia as of this time. Dr. Duque proposed that even if Roche is the only one who has the patent for the drug, special patents or licenses should be granted to other drug companies to manufacture the drug and make it more accessible to avian flu-vulnerable countries in Southeast Asia such as Vietnam, Indonesia, Cambodia and the Philippines. Duque and Philippine president Gloria Macapagal Arroyo have already communicated with the representative of the World Health Organization in the Philippines asking for assistance in calling for greater production and distribution of Oseltamivir.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="These claims needs references to reliable sources since August 2007" style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap">[<em>citations needed</em>]</span></sup></p> <div class="infobox sisterproject"> <div class="floatleft"><span></span></div> <div style="MARGIN-LEFT: 60px"> <div style="MARGIN-LEFT: 10px"><em><strong></strong></em></div> </div> </div> <p>World leaders, such as former UN Secretary General Kofi Annan, have expressed a desire to have more generic versions of Tamiflu made, especially for Third World countries too poor to buy the brand name drug.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="These claims needs references to reliable sources since August 2007" style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap">[<em>citations needed</em>]</span></sup></p> <p>On October 20, 2005, Hoffmann-La Roche decided to license other companies to manufacture Oseltamivir.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="These claims needs references to reliable sources since August 2007" style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap">[<em>citations needed</em>]</span></sup></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Additional key persons</span></h2> <p><em>In addition to corporate executive committee members mentioned in the summary information box</em></p> <p>Chief Financial Officer Dr Erich Hunziker (1953)</p> <p>Corporate Services and Human Resources Dr Gottlieb Keller (1954)</p> <p><br /> </p> <p><em>Enlarged Corporate Executive Committee</em></p> <p>Head Global Pharma Development Eduard E. Holdener (1945)</p> <p>Head Pharma Partnering Peter Hug (1958)</p> <p>Head of Roche Diagnostics' business area Diabetes Care Burkhard G. Piper (1961)</p> <p>Head Global Corporate Communications Rolf D. Schl&auml;pfer (1956)</p> <p>Head of Commercial Operations Pharma Pascal Soriot (1959)</p> <p>President and CEO, Chugai Osamu Nagayama (1947)</p> <p><br /> </p> <p><br /> </p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Company profiles</span></h2> <ul> <li>Roche Group (Yahoo!) </li> <li>Hoffmann-La Roche Inc. (Yahoo!) </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li>Roche global website </li> <li>Roche US website </li> <li>Brands owned by Roche US </li> </ul> <p><br /> </p> <p><a id="References" name="References"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <ol class="references"> <li id="_note-fundingroche"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimblegen#_ref-fundingroche_0">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Roche-Biomedical-Laboratories-Inc-Company-History.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Roche-Biomedical-Laboratories-Inc-Company-History.html">Roche Biomedical Laboratories, Inc.</a>, FundingUniverse.com </li> <li id="_note-sec950515"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimblegen#_ref-sec950515_0">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.secinfo.com/ds2yr.a4.htm" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.secinfo.com/ds2yr.a4.htm">Laboratory Corp of America Holdings &middot; 10-Q &middot; For 3/31/95</a>, SECInfo.com, Filed On 5/15/95, SEC File 1-11353, Accession Number 920148-95-11 </li> <li id="_note-royalty"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimblegen#_ref-royalty_0">^</a></strong> &quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.redherring.com/Article.aspx?a=14507&amp;hed=Roche%2C+Gilead+End+Tamiflu+Feud" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.redherring.com/Article.aspx?a=14507&amp;hed=Roche%2C+Gilead+End+Tamiflu+Feud">Roche, Gilead End Tamiflu Feud</a>&quot;, Red Herring, November 16, 2005.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;rft.type=newspaperArticle&amp;rft.subject=News&amp;rft.title=Roche%2C+Gilead+End+Tamiflu+Feud&amp;rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.redherring.com%2FArticle.aspx%3Fa%3D14507%26hed%3DRoche%252C%2BGilead%2BEnd%2BTamiflu%2BFeud&amp;rft.publisher=Red+Herring&amp;rft.date=November+16%2C+2005">&nbsp;</span> </li> </ol> <ul> <li>Hans Conrad Peyer (1996) <em>Roche - A Company History 1896-1996</em> Basel: Editiones Roche <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&amp;isbn=3907770595">ISBN 3 907770 59 5</a> </li> </ul> d5f70925996c46abed36394e9c89d72035beebfe 0 1525 1571 2007-11-06T14:03:41Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><strong>Illumina</strong> (NASDAQ:&nbsp;ILMN) has developed a targeted set of instruments and chips for organizations conducting larger-scale research in genotyping and gene expression profiling.</p> <p><font color="#810081">Affymetrix</font> has brought a patent suit against Illumina which is scheduled for March 5, 2007. Early decisions have been made in favor of Affymetrix. Further trial dates are to come in Fall 2007. Illumina announced the acquisition of Solexa on November 13, 2006. The deal was completed on January 26, 2007. Solexa is now a wholly owned subsidiary of Illumina. Solexa brings its primary development, Solexa Sequencing, into Illumina's cadre of genotyping technologies.</p> <p><a id="External_Links" name="External_Links"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">External Links</span></h2> <p><a class="external text" title="http://www.illumina.com" href="http://www.illumina.com/" rel="nofollow">Company Website</a></p> 3d328f1ccf2495c26f9a25dbb010776780db6522 0 1526 1572 2007-11-06T14:04:08Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><strong>Nanogen Inc.</strong> (<a title="NASDAQ" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASDAQ">NASDAQ</a>:&nbsp;<a class="external text" title="http://quotes.nasdaq.com/asp/SummaryQuote.asp?symbol=NGEN&amp;selected=NGEN" href="http://quotes.nasdaq.com/asp/SummaryQuote.asp?symbol=NGEN&amp;selected=NGEN" rel="nofollow">NGEN</a>), headquartered in <a title="San Diego, California" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego%2C_California">San Diego</a>, <a title="California" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California">California</a>, provides human molecular diagnostic products to research, clinical laboratory, and point-of-care markets in <a title="North America" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America">North America</a>, <a title="Europe" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe">Europe</a> and <a title="Asia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia">Asia</a>. Its products include instruments, consumables, electronic microarrays, analyte specific reagents, and point-of-care diagnostic tests. The company offers the NanoChip(R) 400, an automated instrument primarily used for multiplexed DNA-based analyses with the reusable NanoChip Cartridge. Together, the platform provides a tool for the identification and analysis of biological for clinical diagnostic and research purpoes. The company also produces real time PCR reagents, primarily for infectious diseases such as CMV and BK virus, for both the U.S. and European diagnostic markets, as well as rapid immunoassay tests to detect cardiac infarction, which are marketed both within the U.S. and globally.<br /> <br /> </p> d0abe838503b0649acd27f7e75d03d8a6ccc4991 1573 2007-11-06T14:04:14Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><strong>Nanogen Inc.</strong> (NASDAQ:&nbsp;NGEN), headquartered in San Diego, California, provides human molecular diagnostic products to research, clinical laboratory, and point-of-care markets in North America, Europe and Asia. Its products include instruments, consumables, electronic microarrays, analyte specific reagents, and point-of-care diagnostic tests. The company offers the NanoChip(R) 400, an automated instrument primarily used for multiplexed DNA-based analyses with the reusable NanoChip Cartridge. Together, the platform provides a tool for the identification and analysis of biological for clinical diagnostic and research purpoes. The company also produces real time PCR reagents, primarily for infectious diseases such as CMV and BK virus, for both the U.S. and European diagnostic markets, as well as rapid immunoassay tests to detect cardiac infarction, which are marketed both within the U.S. and globally.<br /> <br /> </p> ff8c9ae93511bae6058131f09ef39177fbf6b64e 1574 2007-11-06T14:04:29Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><strong>Nanogen Inc.</strong> (NASDAQ:&nbsp;NGEN), headquartered in San Diego, California, provides human molecular diagnostic products to research, clinical laboratory, and point-of-care markets in North America, Europe and Asia. Its products include instruments, consumables, electronic microarrays, analyte specific reagents, and point-of-care diagnostic tests. The company offers the NanoChip(R) 400, an automated instrument primarily used for multiplexed DNA-based analyses with the reusable NanoChip Cartridge. Together, the platform provides a tool for the identification and analysis of biological for clinical diagnostic and research purpoes. The company also produces real time PCR reagents, primarily for infectious diseases such as CMV and BK virus, for both the U.S. and European diagnostic markets, as well as rapid immunoassay tests to detect cardiac infarction, which are marketed both within the U.S. and globally.<br /> <br /> <a href="http://www.nanogen.com/">http://www.nanogen.com/</a></p> d1f27ebc49be1f26815e3eff82100939215ce488 0 1527 1575 2007-11-06T14:06:34Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <a href="http://www.agowa.de/">http://www.agowa.de/</a><br /> <br /> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr valign="top" align="left"> <td colspan="2"> <h2><font size="2">AGOWA is an internationally acting genomics company founded in 1993. <br /> <br /> Since December 2005, AGOWA has been part of the LGC Group, an international science service company.<br /> This move both enhances LGC's capabilities in genetic analysis and also further strengthens LGC's operations in Germany. It is planned that, as part of the LGC Group, AGOWA will continue its track record of continuous growth and will support LGC's strategy to introduce novel analytical and diagnostic services into Germany and across Europe.<br /> LGC is Europe's leading provider of analytical and diagnostic services and reference standards. It performs measurement-related genomic research in the UK to advise the pharmaceutical and biotechnology sector. LGC also provides extensive DNA analytical capabilities in the field of healthcare and, in the forensic field, in support of UK police forces. <br /> <br /> AGOWA offers a broad spectrum of high quality, state-of-the-art genomic and related services and products for clients such as large pharmaceutical companies, biotech companies, private and public research institutions as well as medical institutions. Furthermore, the company is a highly respected member of various renowned European genome projects, in which AGOWA has proven its research and technological capabilities. </font></h2> <p><strong><font size="2"></font></strong></p> <h2><font size="2">AGOWA's quality management system is certified by DIN EN ISO 9001:2000.</font></h2> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="99%" align="left" border="0"> <tbody> <tr valign="top" align="left"> <td height="110">&nbsp;</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="50"><img height="10" src="http://www.agowa.de/graphics/elements/y.gif" width="50" alt="" /></td> <td> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="99%" border="0"> <tbody> <tr valign="top" align="left"> <td> <h2>Genomic Services</h2> <div>AGOWA looks back on long-standing experience in large-scale sequencing gained in international and national genome projects. The company has been, and still is, involved in a large number of European genome projects (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Bacillus subtilis, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Arabidopsis thaliana, Leishmania major, Aspergillus niger etc.), as well as being a member of the German Human Genome Project. <p>The custom DNA sequencing service, which AGOWA provides their research and industrial based customers, combines state-of-the-art technology (ABI 3730 XL) with experience in large-scale sequencing projects. Highest quality is guaranteed in short time. AGOWAs customers very well appreciate the overnight DNA sequencing service. AGOWA was actually the first company, which introduced the overnight sequencing in Europe. Orders can be placed quickly, comfortably and at any time using AGOW@-line online DNA sequencing service. </p> <p>AGOWA is constantly extending its range of genomic services such as automated picking and replicating of bacterial clones, shotgun libraries, cDNA libraries (either normalized, unnormalized or subtracted) and BAC libraries. </p> <p>The company provides a highly sophisticated service in bioinformatics for an integral and full analysis, annotation and visualization of complete chromosome sequences as well as cDNA and EST data to complete the services in genome analysis. </p> <p>AGOWA's efficiency and methodical flexibility are highly regarded, and thanks to a highly qualified and motivated staff and excellent technical equipment the company has won recognition as a high-end service provider and competent outsourcing partner. </p> </div> </td> </tr> <!-- <tr> <td> <h2><br> <br> Molecular Genetic Diagnostics</h2> <div>Since 1996 AGOWA has offered an innovative and complete service for doctors and laboratories in this field and provides a cost-effective sequencing service specialising in the total analysis (full length sequencing) of genes that cause human diseases to detect point mutations, deletions or single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). <p> AGOWA was certified by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Humangenetik for this service. The company has extensive experience in high-throughput candidate gene projects (for instance in providing > 100.000 sequences for the Institute of Human Genetics in Bonn). </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <h2><br> <br> Genotyping</h2> <div>AGOWA is committed to providing highly service-oriented DNA fragment analysis for forensic, paternity, human or animal identity testing. </td> </tr> //--> <tr> <td> <h2>Magnetic Separation</h2> <div>The automated purification of DNA/RNA from very different sample material is a rapidly developing business unit of AGOWA. The company accumulated a profound application know-how in extraction of nucleic acids from different sample material, what is well recognized by customers.<br /> AGOWA's magnetic bead technology using AGOWA's self developed special magnetic particles and kits to separate nucleic acids is predestined for the complete automation of the extraction process since it avoids manual interaction such as centrifugation and phenol extraction steps.<br /> AGOWA offers magnetic separators specially developed to automatically process samples, useable on liquid handling robots of different suppliers. Together with the respective separation kits, AGOWA's separators have been implemented on all common liquid handling robots like Hamilton, Perkin Elmer,Tecan, Beckman, etc. Consequently AGOWA is - in co-operation with the robotic systems - able to offer tailor made &quot;turn-key&quot; solutions that are fully adaptable to customer needs, especially regarding any kind of throughput. </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <h2>DNA/RNA Extraction Service</h2> <div>The outsourcing market in DNA/RNA extraction is rapidly growing. The combination of state-of-the-art technology with the company's know-how and quality certification attracts customers especially in the pharma-industry who outsource such projects to AGOWA. </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <h2>Strategies</h2> <div>AGOWA masters the technologies, knowledge and know-how necessary for a complete analysis of the genome of any biological organism of interest to private or public researchers.<br /> The company provides a wide range of genomic services. The technologies are top on the line and totally adaptable to the client's requirements. <p>The isolation of DNA using conventional methods is increasingly proving to be a limiting and time-consuming factor. AGOWA continues to focus on fully automated solutions for multiple applications in routine and research based on its magnetic bead technology. Impressively simple, routine procedures suitable for every laboratory can be offered to provide optimal solutions for any number of processed samples adapted for any type of robot station, dependent on the number of samples to be processed daily. </p> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> efcd0c99d805a7c7ec6ad06e6a8a95812ba0d133 0 1528 1580 2007-11-07T01:45:30Z 121.152.186.68 0 wikitext text/x-wiki [http://www.the-infoshop.com/study/cd55230-genome.html Sequencing technology] 1abdea272de48a6630caf4318bd9b9e441b8d337 1607 2007-11-28T07:23:21Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki [http://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/newsrel/science/1kgenome06.asp $1000 genome grant to Xiaohua Huang]: 2002<br /> [http://www.the-infoshop.com/study/cd55230-genome.html Sequencing technology] 5148882fcb932420b3fa1ade7b29f670d7d8da7f 0 1529 1583 2007-11-07T01:52:54Z 121.152.186.68 0 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><strong>Frederick Sanger</strong>, OM, CH, CBE, FRS (born 13 August 1918) is an English biochemist and a two time Nobel laureate in chemistry. He is the fourth person in the world to have been awarded two Nobel Prizes.</p> <script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "show"; var tocHideText = "hide"; showTocToggle(); } //]]> </script> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Early years</span></h2> <p>Sanger was born on August 13, 1918, in Rendcomb, a small village in Gloucestershire. He was the second son of Frederick Sanger, a medical practitioner and his wife Cicely. He was educated at Bryanston School and then completed his Bachelor of Arts in natural sciences from St John's College, Cambridge in 1939. He originally intended to study medicine, but became interested in biochemistry as some of the leading biochemists in the world were at Cambridge at the time. He completed his PhD in 1943. He discovered the structure of proteins, most famously that of insulin. He also contributed to the determination of base sequences in DNA.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Research</span></h2> <p>Sanger determined the complete amino acid sequence of insulin in 1955. In doing so, he proved that proteins have definite structures. He began by degrading insulin into short fragments by mixing the trypsin enzyme (that hydrolyses the peptide/amide bonds between amino acids that make up the primary structure of proteins) with an insulin solution. He then undertook a form of chromatography on the mixture by applying a small sample of the mixture to one end of a sheet of filter paper. He passed a solvent through the filter paper in one direction, and passed an electric current through the paper in the opposite direction. Depending on their solubility and charge, the different fragments of insulin moved to different positions on the paper, creating a distinct pattern. Sanger called these patterns &ldquo;fingerprints&rdquo;. Like human fingerprints, these patterns were characteristic for each protein, and reproducible. He reassembled the short fragments into longer sequences to deduce the complete structure of insulin. Sanger concluded that the protein insulin had a precise amino acid sequence. It was this achievement that earned him his first Nobel prize in Chemistry in 1958.</p> <p>In 1975, he developed the chain termination method of DNA sequencing, also known as the <em>Dideoxy termination method</em> or the <em>Sanger method</em>.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-0">[1]</sup> Two years later he used his technique to successfully sequence the genome of the Phage &Phi;-X174; the first fully sequenced DNA-based genome. He did this entirely by hand. This has been of key importance in such projects as the Human Genome Project and earned him his second Nobel prize in Chemistry in 1980, together with Walter Gilbert. The only other laureates to have done so were Marie Curie, Linus Pauling and John Bardeen. He is the only person to receive both prizes in chemistry. In 1979, he was awarded the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University together with Walter Gilbert and Paul Berg, co-winners of the 1980 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.</p> <p>Sanger also produced a revolutionary way of transcribing DNA using ethanol as a buffer.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Later in life</span></h2> <p>Frederick Sanger retired in 1982. In 1992, the Wellcome Trust and the Medical Research Council founded the Sanger Centre (now the Sanger Institute), named after him. The Sanger Institute, located near Cambridge, England, is one of the world's most important centers for genome research and played a prominent role in sequencing the human genome.</p> <p>In 2007 the British Biochemical Society was given a grant by the Wellcome Trust to catalog and preserve the 35 laboratory notebooks in which Sanger recorded his remarkable research from 1944 to 1981. In reporting this matter, Science magazine noted that Sanger, &quot;the most self-effacing person you could hope to meet,&quot; now was spending his time gardening at his Cambridgeshire home.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-1">[2]</sup></p> <p>Even in retirement, Sanger used his extensive knowledge of DNA to aid modern scientists and professors in their work.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Awards and honours</span></h2> <ul> <li>Frederick Sanger, Esq. (13 August 1918-1943) </li> <li>Dr Frederick Sanger (1943-18 March 1954) </li> <li>Dr Frederick Sanger [OBE] for for help in the manufacture of cheese </li> <li>Dr Frederick Sanger, FRS (18 March 1954-1963) </li> <li>Dr Frederick Sanger, CBE, FRS (1963-1981) </li> <li>Dr Frederick Sanger, CH, CBE, FRS (1981-11 February 1986) </li> <li>Dr Frederick Sanger, OM, CH, CBE, FRS (11 February 1986-present) </li> <li>1958 Nobel Prize for &quot;work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin&quot; </li> <li>1980 Nobel Prize for &quot;contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids&quot; </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <div class="references-small"> <ol class="references"> <li id="_note-0"><strong>^</strong> Sanger F, Nicklen S, Coulson AR., DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1977 Dec;74(12):5463-7 </li> <li id="_note-1"><strong>^</strong> &quot;A Life in Science&quot; from the &quot;Newsmakers&quot; page edited by Yudhijit Bhattachjee, Science 317: 879, 2007 </li> </ol> </div> <p><a id="External_links" name="External_links"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/" href="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/" rel="nofollow">The Sanger Institute</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/Info/Intro/sanger.shtml" href="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/Info/Intro/sanger.shtml" rel="nofollow">About Fred Sanger, biography from the Sanger Institute</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://almaz.com/nobel/chemistry/1958a.html" href="http://almaz.com/nobel/chemistry/1958a.html" rel="nofollow">About the 1958 Nobel Prize</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://almaz.com/nobel/chemistry/1980c.html" href="http://almaz.com/nobel/chemistry/1980c.html" rel="nofollow">About the 1980 Nobel Prize</a> </li> <li><a title="Association of Biomolecular Resource Facilities" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Biomolecular_Resource_Facilities">Association of Biomolecular Resource Facilities</a> 1994 Award </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.vega.org.uk/series/facetoface/sanger/index.php" href="http://www.vega.org.uk/series/facetoface/sanger/index.php" rel="nofollow">Fred Sanger</a> Freeview Video Documentary by The Vega Science Trust </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.npg.org.uk/live/search/person.asp?search=ss&amp;sText=Sanger&amp;LinkID=mp06016" href="http://www.npg.org.uk/live/search/person.asp?search=ss&amp;sText=Sanger&amp;LinkID=mp06016" rel="nofollow">National Portrait Gallery</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1980/sanger-autobio.html" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1980/sanger-autobio.html" rel="nofollow">Autobiography</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.cumc.columbia.edu/horwitz/" href="http://www.cumc.columbia.edu/horwitz/" rel="nofollow">The Official Site of Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize</a> </li> </ul> 7df7efb0fd0f43ecfe6892bb10a7c6e55a6a0821 1584 2007-11-07T01:53:02Z 121.152.186.68 0 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><strong>Frederick Sanger</strong>, OM, CH, CBE, FRS (born 13 August 1918) is an English biochemist and a two time Nobel laureate in chemistry. He is the fourth person in the world to have been awarded two Nobel Prizes.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Early years</span></h2> <p>Sanger was born on August 13, 1918, in Rendcomb, a small village in Gloucestershire. He was the second son of Frederick Sanger, a medical practitioner and his wife Cicely. He was educated at Bryanston School and then completed his Bachelor of Arts in natural sciences from St John's College, Cambridge in 1939. He originally intended to study medicine, but became interested in biochemistry as some of the leading biochemists in the world were at Cambridge at the time. He completed his PhD in 1943. He discovered the structure of proteins, most famously that of insulin. He also contributed to the determination of base sequences in DNA.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Research</span></h2> <p>Sanger determined the complete amino acid sequence of insulin in 1955. In doing so, he proved that proteins have definite structures. He began by degrading insulin into short fragments by mixing the trypsin enzyme (that hydrolyses the peptide/amide bonds between amino acids that make up the primary structure of proteins) with an insulin solution. He then undertook a form of chromatography on the mixture by applying a small sample of the mixture to one end of a sheet of filter paper. He passed a solvent through the filter paper in one direction, and passed an electric current through the paper in the opposite direction. Depending on their solubility and charge, the different fragments of insulin moved to different positions on the paper, creating a distinct pattern. Sanger called these patterns &ldquo;fingerprints&rdquo;. Like human fingerprints, these patterns were characteristic for each protein, and reproducible. He reassembled the short fragments into longer sequences to deduce the complete structure of insulin. Sanger concluded that the protein insulin had a precise amino acid sequence. It was this achievement that earned him his first Nobel prize in Chemistry in 1958.</p> <p>In 1975, he developed the chain termination method of DNA sequencing, also known as the <em>Dideoxy termination method</em> or the <em>Sanger method</em>.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-0">[1]</sup> Two years later he used his technique to successfully sequence the genome of the Phage &Phi;-X174; the first fully sequenced DNA-based genome. He did this entirely by hand. This has been of key importance in such projects as the Human Genome Project and earned him his second Nobel prize in Chemistry in 1980, together with Walter Gilbert. The only other laureates to have done so were Marie Curie, Linus Pauling and John Bardeen. He is the only person to receive both prizes in chemistry. In 1979, he was awarded the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University together with Walter Gilbert and Paul Berg, co-winners of the 1980 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.</p> <p>Sanger also produced a revolutionary way of transcribing DNA using ethanol as a buffer.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Later in life</span></h2> <p>Frederick Sanger retired in 1982. In 1992, the Wellcome Trust and the Medical Research Council founded the Sanger Centre (now the Sanger Institute), named after him. The Sanger Institute, located near Cambridge, England, is one of the world's most important centers for genome research and played a prominent role in sequencing the human genome.</p> <p>In 2007 the British Biochemical Society was given a grant by the Wellcome Trust to catalog and preserve the 35 laboratory notebooks in which Sanger recorded his remarkable research from 1944 to 1981. In reporting this matter, Science magazine noted that Sanger, &quot;the most self-effacing person you could hope to meet,&quot; now was spending his time gardening at his Cambridgeshire home.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-1">[2]</sup></p> <p>Even in retirement, Sanger used his extensive knowledge of DNA to aid modern scientists and professors in their work.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Awards and honours</span></h2> <ul> <li>Frederick Sanger, Esq. (13 August 1918-1943) </li> <li>Dr Frederick Sanger (1943-18 March 1954) </li> <li>Dr Frederick Sanger [OBE] for for help in the manufacture of cheese </li> <li>Dr Frederick Sanger, FRS (18 March 1954-1963) </li> <li>Dr Frederick Sanger, CBE, FRS (1963-1981) </li> <li>Dr Frederick Sanger, CH, CBE, FRS (1981-11 February 1986) </li> <li>Dr Frederick Sanger, OM, CH, CBE, FRS (11 February 1986-present) </li> <li>1958 Nobel Prize for &quot;work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin&quot; </li> <li>1980 Nobel Prize for &quot;contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids&quot; </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <div class="references-small"> <ol class="references"> <li id="_note-0"><strong>^</strong> Sanger F, Nicklen S, Coulson AR., DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1977 Dec;74(12):5463-7 </li> <li id="_note-1"><strong>^</strong> &quot;A Life in Science&quot; from the &quot;Newsmakers&quot; page edited by Yudhijit Bhattachjee, Science 317: 879, 2007 </li> </ol> </div> <p><a id="External_links" name="External_links"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/">The Sanger Institute</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/Info/Intro/sanger.shtml" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/Info/Intro/sanger.shtml">About Fred Sanger, biography from the Sanger Institute</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://almaz.com/nobel/chemistry/1958a.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://almaz.com/nobel/chemistry/1958a.html">About the 1958 Nobel Prize</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://almaz.com/nobel/chemistry/1980c.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://almaz.com/nobel/chemistry/1980c.html">About the 1980 Nobel Prize</a> </li> <li><a title="Association of Biomolecular Resource Facilities" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Biomolecular_Resource_Facilities">Association of Biomolecular Resource Facilities</a> 1994 Award </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.vega.org.uk/series/facetoface/sanger/index.php" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.vega.org.uk/series/facetoface/sanger/index.php">Fred Sanger</a> Freeview Video Documentary by The Vega Science Trust </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.npg.org.uk/live/search/person.asp?search=ss&amp;sText=Sanger&amp;LinkID=mp06016" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.npg.org.uk/live/search/person.asp?search=ss&amp;sText=Sanger&amp;LinkID=mp06016">National Portrait Gallery</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1980/sanger-autobio.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1980/sanger-autobio.html">Autobiography</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.cumc.columbia.edu/horwitz/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cumc.columbia.edu/horwitz/">The Official Site of Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize</a> </li> </ul> 5004c1e718bd8288711df1c3a6c6cf3df17f4c47 0 1507 1587 2007-11-13T11:04:25Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">Possible genomic diseases or disorders for humans<br /> </font><br /> <br /> <br /> <strong><font size="3">References</font></strong><br /> <a target="second" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;list_uids=10861293&amp;dopt=Abstract">Kurahashi, H. <em>et al</em>. Regions of genomic instability on 22q11 and 11q23 as the etiology for the recurrent constitutional t(11;22). <em>Hum Mol Genet</em> <strong>9</strong>, 1665-1670 (July 2000).</a> c09a18605f5b63bd44bf6632942eb0c5a7f7db3a 0 1530 1590 2007-11-24T04:45:50Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5">$0 Genome Project.<br /> <br /> </font><font size="4">$0 Genome project is a project launched by Genomics.org</font><br /> <br /> It is to collect personal genome information for free. Governments pay for the genotyping cost and the voluteers let the world access the personal genome information without any restriction.<br /> <br /> There are people who have published personal genomic information. If you have your own genome information acquired by full genome sequencing, SNP chips and other genome chips, you can provide the information to genomics.org. Please contact: zerogenome@genomics.org<br /> <br /> bd4c161d899b4b11d542400735713bbda0b29898 1596 2007-11-24T04:49:06Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5">$0 Genome Project.<br /> <br /> </font><font size="4">$0 Genome project is a project launched by Genomics.org</font><br /> <br /> It is to collect personal genome information for free.&nbsp;<br /> Governments pay for the genotyping cost and the voluteers let the world access the personal genome information without any restriction.<br /> <br /> There are people who have published personal genomic information. If you have your own genome information acquired by full genome sequencing, SNP chips and other genome chips, you can provide the information to genomics.org. Please contact: zerogenome@genomics.org<br /> <br /> 66a0e6bc7b5cc96d9aff44c134460b80640e03b2 1597 2007-11-24T04:49:51Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5">$0 Genome Project.<br /> <br /> </font><font size="4">$0 Genome project is a project launched by Genomics.org</font><br /> <br /> It is to collect personal genome information for free.&nbsp;It is a zero-cost genomics project.<br /> <br /> Governments pay for the genotyping cost and the voluteers let the world access the personal genome information without any restriction.<br /> <br /> There are people who have published personal genomic information. If you have your own genome information acquired by full genome sequencing, SNP chips and other genome chips, you can provide the information to genomics.org. Please contact: zerogenome@genomics.org<br /> <br /> It is an openfree BiO project.<br /> <br /> <br /> 9495a661f2fbd58595b5bd6ea97b96f01eb85162 1601 2007-11-24T04:54:23Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5">$0 Genome Project.<br /> <br /> </font><font size="4">$0 Genome project is a project launched by Genomics.org</font><br /> <br /> It is to collect personal genome information for free.&nbsp;It is a zero-cost genomics project.<br /> <br /> Governments pay for the genotyping cost and the voluteers let the world access the personal genome information without any restriction.&nbsp;<br /> All the $0 geonmics participants get all the personal genomics information for free from Genomics.org.<br /> <br /> There are people who have published personal genomic information. If you have your own genome information acquired by full genome sequencing, SNP chips and other genome chips, you can provide the information to genomics.org. Please contact: zerogenome@genomics.org<br /> <br /> It is an openfree BiO project.<br /> <br /> <br /> 9f4ed1fff928f901486255164cbeea262e73ffc3 1602 2007-11-24T16:42:30Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5">$0 Genome Project.<br /> <br /> </font><font size="4">$0 Genome project is a project launched by Genomics.org</font><br /> <br /> It is to collect personal genome information for free.&nbsp;It is a zero-cost genomics project.<br /> <br /> Governments pay for the genotyping cost and the voluteers let the world access the personal genome information without any restriction.&nbsp;<br /> All the $0 geonmics participants get all the personal genomics information for free from Genomics.org.<br /> <br /> There are people who have published personal genomic information. If you have your own genome information acquired by full genome sequencing, SNP chips and other genome chips, you can provide the information to genomics.org. Please contact: zerogenome@genomics.org<br /> <br /> It is an openfree BiO project.<br /> <br /> $0 personal genome home site is: http://personalgenome.net<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 4214348d0965608c0ad583002c941eb24f86ac9b 1613 2007-12-05T08:46:39Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5"><strong>$0 Genome Project</strong> for genomic equality<br /> <br /> </font><font size="4">$0 Genome project is a project launched by Genomics.org</font><br /> <br /> <font size="3">It is to collect personal genome information for free.&nbsp;It is a zero-cost genomics project.<br /> <br /> Governments pay for the genotyping cost and the voluteers let the world access the personal genome information without any restriction.&nbsp;<br /> All the $0 geonmics participants get all the personal genomics information for free from Genomics.org.<br /> <br /> There are people who have published personal genomic information. If you have your own genome information acquired by full genome sequencing, SNP chips and other genome chips, you can provide the information to genomics.org. Please contact: zerogenome@genomics.org<br /> <br /> It is an openfree BiO project.<br /> <br /> </font><font size="3"><strong><br /> Genomic equality<br /> </strong><br /> Genome information should be free for all and the benefit of free genomics should be shared by people with little money and access to information.<br /> <br /> </font><font size="3"><strong><br /> How does it work?<br /> </strong><br /> [[Please click here and sign your name to petition the governments of the world to sequence genomes free of charge]]<br /> <br /> <br /> $0 personal genome home site is: http://personalgenome.net<br /> </font><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 76f733d047e02f820e145c9de33b8f1e02afa0be 1620 2007-12-05T08:56:02Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5"><strong>$0 Genome Project</strong> for genomic equality<br /> <br /> </font><font size="4">$0 Genome project is a project launched by Genomics.org</font><br /> <br /> <font size="3">It is to collect personal genome information for free and distribute it free.&nbsp;It is a zero-cost genomics project.<br /> <br /> Governments can pay for the genotyping cost and the voluteers let the world access the personal genome information without any restriction.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> All the $0 geonmics participants get all the personal genomics information for free from Genomics.org.<br /> <br /> There are people who have published personal genomic information.&nbsp;<br /> If you have your own genome information acquired by full genome sequencing, SNP chips and other genome chips, you can provide the information to genomics.org.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> It is an <em>openfree</em> BiO project.<br /> <br /> </font><font size="3"><strong><br /> <font size="4">Why $0 genome project?<br /> </font><br /> Genomic equality<br /> </strong><br /> Genome information should be free for all and the benefit of free genomics should be shared by people with little money and access to information.<br /> <br /> </font><font size="3"><strong><br /> How does it work?<br /> </strong><br /> [[Please click here and sign your name to petition the governments of the world to sequence genomes free of charge]]<br /> <br /> <br /> $0 personal genome home site is: http://personalgenome.net<br /> </font><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 9285757c8d379cf0c2e847b5e9b4e9cabe85b463 1622 2007-12-05T09:09:30Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5"><strong>$0 Genome Project</strong> for genomic equality<br /> <font size="2">(aka: free genome project)</font>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </font><font size="4">$0 Genome project is a project launched by Genomics.org</font><br /> <br /> <font size="3">It is to collect personal genome information for free and distribute it free.&nbsp;It is a zero-cost genomics project.<br /> <br /> Governments can pay for the genotyping cost and the voluteers let the world access the personal genome information without any restriction.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> All the $0 geonmics participants get all the personal genomics information for free from Genomics.org.<br /> <br /> There are people who have published personal genomic information.&nbsp;<br /> If you have your own genome information acquired by full genome sequencing, SNP chips and other genome chips, you can provide the information to genomics.org.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> It is an <em>openfree</em> BiO project.<br /> <br /> </font><font size="3"><strong><br /> <font size="4">Why $0 genome project?<br /> </font><br /> Genomic equality<br /> </strong><br /> Genome information should be free for all and the benefit of free genomics should be shared by people with little money and access to information.<br /> <br /> </font><font size="3"><strong><br /> How does it work?<br /> </strong><br /> [[Please click here and sign your name to petition the governments of the world to sequence genomes free of charge]]<br /> <br /> <br /> $0 personal genome home site is: http://personalgenome.net<br /> </font><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ccc4561d08cbdd989f85f4abc648c5ed92c0a4b5 1632 2007-12-05T14:12:30Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5"><strong>$0 Genome Project</strong> for genomic equality<br /> <font size="2">(aka: free genome project)</font>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </font><font size="4">$0 Genome project is a project launched by Genomics.org</font><br /> <br /> <font size="3">It is to collect personal genome information for free and distribute it free.&nbsp;<br /> It is a zero-cost genomics project.<br /> <br /> Governments and big companies can pay for the genotyping cost and people let the world access the personal genome information without any restriction.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> All the $0 geonmics participants get all the personal genomics information for free from Genomics.org.<br /> <br /> There are people who have published personal genomic information.&nbsp;<br /> If you have your own genome information acquired by full genome sequencing, SNP chips and other genome chips, you can provide the information to genomics.org.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> It is an <em>openfree</em> BiO project.<br /> <br /> </font><font size="3"><strong><br /> <font size="4">Why $0 genome project?<br /> </font><br /> Genomic equality<br /> </strong><br /> Genome information should be free for all and the benefit of free genomics should be shared by people with little money and access to information.<br /> <br /> </font><font size="3"><strong><br /> How does it work?<br /> </strong><br /> <strong><font color="#ff0000">The first step:</font></strong><br /> 1. [[Please click here and sign your name to petition the governments of the world to sequence genomes free of charge]]<br /> <br /> <br /> $0 personal genome home site is: http://personalgenome.net<br /> </font><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 43b15d796fc590d56f1074677b2fd47cc26a31ec 8 1175 1604 2007-11-25T04:33:06Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki * Biosites ** http://personalgenome.net|PersonalGenome.Net ** http://omics.org|Omics.org ** http://interactomics.org|Interactomics.org ** http://glycome.net|Glycome.net ** http://textome.org|Textome.org ** http://biopedia.org|Biopedia.org ** http://biosites.org|Biosites.org ** http://biocompany.net|Biocompany.net * navigation ** recentchanges-url|recentchanges ** randompage-url|randompage b6ab89b12ce17d908462f8fff984c77a094fc53f 1605 2007-11-25T04:33:17Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki * Biosites ** http://personalgenome.net|PersonalGenome.net ** http://omics.org|Omics.org ** http://interactomics.org|Interactomics.org ** http://glycome.net|Glycome.net ** http://textome.org|Textome.org ** http://biopedia.org|Biopedia.org ** http://biosites.org|Biosites.org ** http://biocompany.net|Biocompany.net * navigation ** recentchanges-url|recentchanges ** randompage-url|randompage b8df9793c0d28b0c7fc764c29d6ccd07b26901c6 0 1503 1609 2007-11-28T07:35:28Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong><font size="5">BioOriginality Principle.</font></strong><br /> <br /> <font size="3">BioOriginality states that any original information materials are in fact the product of previous data, information and knowledge.&nbsp;<br /> Therefore, the origin of any kind of mental work can not be claimed and dedicated solely to one person.<br /> <br /> This in practical terms means that there is<strong> no &quot;founding father&quot;</strong> for knowledge.&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> The term BioOriginality is tightly associated with <a title="BioLicense" href="http://biolicense.org/index.php/BioLicense">BioLicense</a>.<br /> <br /> In practice, if any web site, media,&nbsp;or an intellectual project on Earth&nbsp;is under BioLicense (hence under BioOriginality Principle), there is no <strong>'original'</strong> founder.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> Any present and future person/people is the &quot;<a title="Perpetual founder" href="http://biolicense.org/index.php/Perpetual_founder">perpetual founder</a>&quot; of the project. For example, the original BioPerl project license said that anyone who edited a single character of the BioPerl module becomes the owner and main participant of the BioPerl. Any active person in such a project is effectively the founder (as intellectual properties keep changing and even evolving).<br /> <br /> <strong>BioLicense is under BioLicense</strong>.&nbsp;<br /> Therefore, the founder of BioLicense is YOU who is reading and contributing in anyway and affects the world in an indirect and direct way in the future.</font>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <hr /> [http://biopedia.org Biopedia.org] | [http://freescience.net FreeScience.net] | [http://biojustice.org Biojustice.org] | [http://biosociety.org Biosociety.org] 656524c66aca3b4aa7bcec8c89c32859c24544e8 0 1532 1629 2007-12-05T11:27:56Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5">The genomic equality in the information age<br /> <br /> </font>Owning a PC and an internet connection is an important thing in the information age.<br /> <br /> Being able to sequence one's whole genome or get nearly whole genome information in a rich nation such as USA by paying $1,000 is also an imporant thing.<br /> It is about knowing almost all the molecular information of self.<br /> <br /> As much as the gaps in income, technology, the internet and personal computer, the gap among people who can utilize genomic information or not is an important issue.<br /> Our scientists and governments should discuss this matter and provide the easiest access with minimum cost to our own genome information.<br /> 0953d47e633de6e13bbbdffbdb725a87687f4ec9 0 1533 1630 2007-12-05T11:30:01Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="3"><strong>Genomes are free and Genomes must be free.</strong><br /> <br /> 1. The cost of genome mapping/typing/sequencing should be free for everyone, so that anyone can have an easy access to his/her own genome information.<br /> 2. The cost of sharing genome should be free through easy access to the internet.<br /> </font> 58afb5744df0fe4abcf7684582101b01b781dfaf 1631 2007-12-05T11:30:09Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="3"><strong>Genomes are free and Genomes must be free.</strong><br /> <br /> 1. The cost of genome mapping/typing/sequencing should be free for everyone, so that anyone can have an easy access to his/her own genome information.<br /> <br /> 2. The cost of sharing genome should be free through easy access to the internet.<br /> </font> b952b15796bd65cd59c47cdb37886180a37580b4 0 1534 1636 2007-12-08T06:46:29Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>In genetics and biochemistry, <strong>sequencing</strong> means to determine the primary structure (or primary sequence) of an unbranched biopolymer. Sequencing results in a symbolic linear depiction known as a <strong>sequence</strong> which succinctly summarizes much of the atomic-level structure of the sequenced molecule.</p> <script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "show"; var tocHideText = "hide"; showTocToggle(); } //]]> </script> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">DNA sequencing</span></h2> <p>DNA sequencing is the process of determining the nucleotide order of a given <font color="#810081">DNA</font> fragment. Thus far, most DNA sequencing has been performed using the chain termination method developed by Frederick Sanger. This technique uses sequence-specific termination of a DNA synthesis reaction using modified nucleotide substrates. However, new sequencing technologies such as Pyrosequencing are gaining an increasing share of the sequencing market. More genome data is being produced by pyrosequencing than Sanger DNA sequencing these days. Pyrosequencing has enabled rapid genome sequencing. Bacterial genome can be sequenced in a single run with several X coverage with this technique. This technique was also used to sequence the genome of James Watson recently.</p> <p>The sequence of DNA encodes the necessary information for living things to survive and reproduce. Determining the sequence is therefore useful in 'pure' research into why and how organisms live, as well as in applied subjects. Because of the key nature of DNA to living things, knowledge of DNA sequence may come in useful in practically any biological research. For example, in medicine it can be used to identify, diagnose and potentially develop treatments for genetic diseases. Similarly, research into pathogens may lead to treatments for contagious diseases. Biotechnology is a burgeoning discipline, with the potential for many useful products and services.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Sanger sequencing</span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 162px"><img class="thumbimage" height="332" alt="Part of a radioactively labelled sequencing gel" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Sequencing.jpg" width="160" border="0" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify" style="FLOAT: right"><img height="11" alt="" src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></div> Part of a radioactively labelled sequencing gel</div> </div> </div> <p>In chain terminator sequencing (Sanger sequencing), extension is initiated at a specific site on the template DNA by using a short oligonucleotide 'primer' complementary to the template at that region. The oligonucleotide primer is extended using a DNA polymerase, an enzyme that replicates DNA. Included with the primer and DNA polymerase are the four deoxynucleotide bases (DNA building blocks), along with a low concentration of a chain terminating nucleotide (most commonly a <strong>di-</strong>deoxynucleotide). Limited incorporation of the chain terminating nucleotide by the DNA polymerase results in a series of related DNA fragments that are terminated only at positions where that particular nucleotide is used. The fragments are then size-separated by electrophoresis in a slab polyacrylamide gel, or more commonly now, in a narrow glass tube (capillary) filled with a viscous polymer.</p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 182px"><img class="thumbimage" height="42" alt="View of the start of an example dye-terminator read (click to expand)" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Sanger_sequencing_read_display.gif/180px-Sanger_sequencing_read_display.gif" width="180" border="0" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify" style="FLOAT: right"><img height="11" alt="" src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></div> View of the start of an example dye-terminator read (click to expand)</div> </div> </div> <p>An alternative to the labelling of the primer is to label the terminators instead, commonly called 'dye terminator sequencing'. The major advantage of this approach is the complete sequencing set can be performed in a single reaction, rather than the four needed with the labeled-primer approach. This is accomplished by labelling each of the dideoxynucleotide chain-terminators with a separate fluorescent dye, which fluoresces at a different wavelength. This method is easier and quicker than the dye primer approach, but may produce more uneven data peaks (different heights), due to a template dependent difference in the incorporation of the large dye chain-terminators. This problem has been significantly reduced with the introduction of new enzymes and dyes that minimize incorporation variability.</p> <p>This method is now used for the vast majority of sequencing reactions as it is both simpler and cheaper. The major reason for this is that the primers do not have to be separately labelled (which can be a significant expense for a single-use custom primer), although this is less of a concern with frequently used 'universal' primers.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Pyrosequencing</span></h3> <p>Pyrosequencing, which was originally developed by Mostafa Ronaghi, has been commercialized by Biotage (for low throughput sequencing) and 454 Life Sciences (for high-throughput sequencing). The latter platform sequences roughly 100 megabases in a 7-hour run with a single machine. In the array-based method (commercialized by 454 Life Sciences), single-stranded DNA is annealed to beads and amplified via emPCR. These DNA-bound beads are then placed into wells on a fiber-optic chip along with enzymes which produce light in the presence of ATP. When free nucleotides are washed over this chip, light is produced as ATP is generated when nucleotides join with their complementary base pairs. Addition of one (or more) nucleotide(s) results in a reaction that generates a light signal that is recorded by the CCD camera in the instrument. The signal strength is proportional to the number of nucleotides, for example, homopolymer stretches, incorporated in a single nucleotide flow. [1]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">RNA sequencing</span></h2> <p><font color="#810081">RNA</font> is less stable in the cell, and also more prone to nuclease attack experimentally. As RNA is generated by transcription from DNA, the information is already present in the cell's DNA. However, it is sometimes desirable to sequence RNA molecules. In particular, in Eukaryotes RNA molecules are not necessarily co-linear with their DNA template, as introns are excised. To sequence RNA, the usual method is first to reverse transcribe the sample to generate DNA fragments. This can then be sequenced as described above.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Protein sequencing</span></h2> <p>Methods for performing protein sequencing include:</p> <ul> <li>Edman degradation </li> <li>Peptide mass fingerprinting </li> <li>Mass spectrometry </li> <li>Protease digests </li> </ul> <p>If the gene encoding the protein can be identified it is currently much easier to sequence the DNA and infer the protein sequence. Determining part of a protein's amino-acid sequence (often one end) by one of the above methods may be sufficient to enable the identification of a clone carrying the gene.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Polysaccharide sequencing</span></h2> <p>Though polysaccharides are also biopolymers, it is not so common to talk of 'sequencing' a polysaccharide, for several reasons. Although many polysaccharides are linear, many have branches. Many different units (individual monosaccharides) can be used, and bonded in different ways. However, the main theoretical reason is that whereas the other polymers listed here are primarily generated in a 'template-dependent' manner by one processive enzyme, each individual join in a polysaccharide may be formed by a different enzyme. In many cases the assembly is not uniquely specified; depending on which enzyme acts, one of several different units may be incorporated. This can lead to a family of similar molecules being formed. This is particularly true for plant polysaccharides. Methods for the structure determination of oligosaccharides and polysaccharides include NMR spectroscopy and methylation analysis<sup class="reference" id="_ref-0">[1]</sup>.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">See also</span></h2> <ul> <li>Genetic code </li> <li>Sequence motif </li> </ul> <p><a id="References" name="References"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <div class="references-small"> <ol class="references"> <li id="_note-0"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequencing#_ref-0">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.stenutz.eu/sop" href="http://www.stenutz.eu/sop" rel="nofollow">A practical guide to structural analysis of carbohydrates</a> </li> </ol> </div> dd8f6210e25b35157eaeb7a5dbdef64e07d05a8f 1637 2007-12-08T06:46:38Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>In genetics and biochemistry, <strong>sequencing</strong> means to determine the primary structure (or primary sequence) of an unbranched biopolymer. Sequencing results in a symbolic linear depiction known as a <strong>sequence</strong> which succinctly summarizes much of the atomic-level structure of the sequenced molecule.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">DNA sequencing</span></h2> <p>DNA sequencing is the process of determining the nucleotide order of a given <font color="#810081">DNA</font> fragment. Thus far, most DNA sequencing has been performed using the chain termination method developed by Frederick Sanger. This technique uses sequence-specific termination of a DNA synthesis reaction using modified nucleotide substrates. However, new sequencing technologies such as Pyrosequencing are gaining an increasing share of the sequencing market. More genome data is being produced by pyrosequencing than Sanger DNA sequencing these days. Pyrosequencing has enabled rapid genome sequencing. Bacterial genome can be sequenced in a single run with several X coverage with this technique. This technique was also used to sequence the genome of James Watson recently.</p> <p>The sequence of DNA encodes the necessary information for living things to survive and reproduce. Determining the sequence is therefore useful in 'pure' research into why and how organisms live, as well as in applied subjects. Because of the key nature of DNA to living things, knowledge of DNA sequence may come in useful in practically any biological research. For example, in medicine it can be used to identify, diagnose and potentially develop treatments for genetic diseases. Similarly, research into pathogens may lead to treatments for contagious diseases. Biotechnology is a burgeoning discipline, with the potential for many useful products and services.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Sanger sequencing</span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 162px"><img class="thumbimage" height="332" alt="Part of a radioactively labelled sequencing gel" width="160" border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Sequencing.jpg" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify" style="FLOAT: right"><img height="11" alt="" width="15" src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></div> Part of a radioactively labelled sequencing gel</div> </div> </div> <p>In chain terminator sequencing (Sanger sequencing), extension is initiated at a specific site on the template DNA by using a short oligonucleotide 'primer' complementary to the template at that region. The oligonucleotide primer is extended using a DNA polymerase, an enzyme that replicates DNA. Included with the primer and DNA polymerase are the four deoxynucleotide bases (DNA building blocks), along with a low concentration of a chain terminating nucleotide (most commonly a <strong>di-</strong>deoxynucleotide). Limited incorporation of the chain terminating nucleotide by the DNA polymerase results in a series of related DNA fragments that are terminated only at positions where that particular nucleotide is used. The fragments are then size-separated by electrophoresis in a slab polyacrylamide gel, or more commonly now, in a narrow glass tube (capillary) filled with a viscous polymer.</p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 182px"><img class="thumbimage" height="42" alt="View of the start of an example dye-terminator read (click to expand)" width="180" border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Sanger_sequencing_read_display.gif/180px-Sanger_sequencing_read_display.gif" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify" style="FLOAT: right"><img height="11" alt="" width="15" src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></div> View of the start of an example dye-terminator read (click to expand)</div> </div> </div> <p>An alternative to the labelling of the primer is to label the terminators instead, commonly called 'dye terminator sequencing'. The major advantage of this approach is the complete sequencing set can be performed in a single reaction, rather than the four needed with the labeled-primer approach. This is accomplished by labelling each of the dideoxynucleotide chain-terminators with a separate fluorescent dye, which fluoresces at a different wavelength. This method is easier and quicker than the dye primer approach, but may produce more uneven data peaks (different heights), due to a template dependent difference in the incorporation of the large dye chain-terminators. This problem has been significantly reduced with the introduction of new enzymes and dyes that minimize incorporation variability.</p> <p>This method is now used for the vast majority of sequencing reactions as it is both simpler and cheaper. The major reason for this is that the primers do not have to be separately labelled (which can be a significant expense for a single-use custom primer), although this is less of a concern with frequently used 'universal' primers.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Pyrosequencing</span></h3> <p>Pyrosequencing, which was originally developed by Mostafa Ronaghi, has been commercialized by Biotage (for low throughput sequencing) and 454 Life Sciences (for high-throughput sequencing). The latter platform sequences roughly 100 megabases in a 7-hour run with a single machine. In the array-based method (commercialized by 454 Life Sciences), single-stranded DNA is annealed to beads and amplified via emPCR. These DNA-bound beads are then placed into wells on a fiber-optic chip along with enzymes which produce light in the presence of ATP. When free nucleotides are washed over this chip, light is produced as ATP is generated when nucleotides join with their complementary base pairs. Addition of one (or more) nucleotide(s) results in a reaction that generates a light signal that is recorded by the CCD camera in the instrument. The signal strength is proportional to the number of nucleotides, for example, homopolymer stretches, incorporated in a single nucleotide flow. [1]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">RNA sequencing</span></h2> <p><font color="#810081">RNA</font> is less stable in the cell, and also more prone to nuclease attack experimentally. As RNA is generated by transcription from DNA, the information is already present in the cell's DNA. However, it is sometimes desirable to sequence RNA molecules. In particular, in Eukaryotes RNA molecules are not necessarily co-linear with their DNA template, as introns are excised. To sequence RNA, the usual method is first to reverse transcribe the sample to generate DNA fragments. This can then be sequenced as described above.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Protein sequencing</span></h2> <p>Methods for performing protein sequencing include:</p> <ul> <li>Edman degradation </li> <li>Peptide mass fingerprinting </li> <li>Mass spectrometry </li> <li>Protease digests </li> </ul> <p>If the gene encoding the protein can be identified it is currently much easier to sequence the DNA and infer the protein sequence. Determining part of a protein's amino-acid sequence (often one end) by one of the above methods may be sufficient to enable the identification of a clone carrying the gene.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Polysaccharide sequencing</span></h2> <p>Though polysaccharides are also biopolymers, it is not so common to talk of 'sequencing' a polysaccharide, for several reasons. Although many polysaccharides are linear, many have branches. Many different units (individual monosaccharides) can be used, and bonded in different ways. However, the main theoretical reason is that whereas the other polymers listed here are primarily generated in a 'template-dependent' manner by one processive enzyme, each individual join in a polysaccharide may be formed by a different enzyme. In many cases the assembly is not uniquely specified; depending on which enzyme acts, one of several different units may be incorporated. This can lead to a family of similar molecules being formed. This is particularly true for plant polysaccharides. Methods for the structure determination of oligosaccharides and polysaccharides include NMR spectroscopy and methylation analysis<sup class="reference" id="_ref-0">[1]</sup>.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">See also</span></h2> <ul> <li>Genetic code </li> <li>Sequence motif </li> </ul> <p><a id="References" name="References"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <div class="references-small"> <ol class="references"> <li id="_note-0"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequencing#_ref-0">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.stenutz.eu/sop" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.stenutz.eu/sop">A practical guide to structural analysis of carbohydrates</a> </li> </ol> </div> 6cfb0ebc0cc2dae385ab46a7c913ae2f8d1e0c2d 1638 2007-12-08T06:47:25Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font size="4">Sequencing technology<br /> Sequencing companies</font><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <hr /> <font size="6">What is sequencing?<br /> <br /> </font>In genetics and biochemistry, <strong>sequencing</strong> means to determine the primary structure (or primary sequence) of an unbranched biopolymer. Sequencing results in a symbolic linear depiction known as a <strong>sequence</strong> which succinctly summarizes much of the atomic-level structure of the sequenced molecule.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">DNA sequencing</span></h2> <p>DNA sequencing is the process of determining the nucleotide order of a given <font color="#810081">DNA</font> fragment. Thus far, most DNA sequencing has been performed using the chain termination method developed by Frederick Sanger. This technique uses sequence-specific termination of a DNA synthesis reaction using modified nucleotide substrates. However, new sequencing technologies such as Pyrosequencing are gaining an increasing share of the sequencing market. More genome data is being produced by pyrosequencing than Sanger DNA sequencing these days. Pyrosequencing has enabled rapid genome sequencing. Bacterial genome can be sequenced in a single run with several X coverage with this technique. This technique was also used to sequence the genome of James Watson recently.</p> <p>The sequence of DNA encodes the necessary information for living things to survive and reproduce. Determining the sequence is therefore useful in 'pure' research into why and how organisms live, as well as in applied subjects. Because of the key nature of DNA to living things, knowledge of DNA sequence may come in useful in practically any biological research. For example, in medicine it can be used to identify, diagnose and potentially develop treatments for genetic diseases. Similarly, research into pathogens may lead to treatments for contagious diseases. Biotechnology is a burgeoning discipline, with the potential for many useful products and services.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Sanger sequencing</span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 162px"><img class="thumbimage" height="332" alt="Part of a radioactively labelled sequencing gel" width="160" border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Sequencing.jpg" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify" style="FLOAT: right"><img height="11" alt="" width="15" src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></div> Part of a radioactively labelled sequencing gel</div> </div> </div> <p>In chain terminator sequencing (Sanger sequencing), extension is initiated at a specific site on the template DNA by using a short oligonucleotide 'primer' complementary to the template at that region. The oligonucleotide primer is extended using a DNA polymerase, an enzyme that replicates DNA. Included with the primer and DNA polymerase are the four deoxynucleotide bases (DNA building blocks), along with a low concentration of a chain terminating nucleotide (most commonly a <strong>di-</strong>deoxynucleotide). Limited incorporation of the chain terminating nucleotide by the DNA polymerase results in a series of related DNA fragments that are terminated only at positions where that particular nucleotide is used. The fragments are then size-separated by electrophoresis in a slab polyacrylamide gel, or more commonly now, in a narrow glass tube (capillary) filled with a viscous polymer.</p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 182px"><img class="thumbimage" height="42" alt="View of the start of an example dye-terminator read (click to expand)" width="180" border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Sanger_sequencing_read_display.gif/180px-Sanger_sequencing_read_display.gif" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify" style="FLOAT: right"><img height="11" alt="" width="15" src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></div> View of the start of an example dye-terminator read (click to expand)</div> </div> </div> <p>An alternative to the labelling of the primer is to label the terminators instead, commonly called 'dye terminator sequencing'. The major advantage of this approach is the complete sequencing set can be performed in a single reaction, rather than the four needed with the labeled-primer approach. This is accomplished by labelling each of the dideoxynucleotide chain-terminators with a separate fluorescent dye, which fluoresces at a different wavelength. This method is easier and quicker than the dye primer approach, but may produce more uneven data peaks (different heights), due to a template dependent difference in the incorporation of the large dye chain-terminators. This problem has been significantly reduced with the introduction of new enzymes and dyes that minimize incorporation variability.</p> <p>This method is now used for the vast majority of sequencing reactions as it is both simpler and cheaper. The major reason for this is that the primers do not have to be separately labelled (which can be a significant expense for a single-use custom primer), although this is less of a concern with frequently used 'universal' primers.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Pyrosequencing</span></h3> <p>Pyrosequencing, which was originally developed by Mostafa Ronaghi, has been commercialized by Biotage (for low throughput sequencing) and 454 Life Sciences (for high-throughput sequencing). The latter platform sequences roughly 100 megabases in a 7-hour run with a single machine. In the array-based method (commercialized by 454 Life Sciences), single-stranded DNA is annealed to beads and amplified via emPCR. These DNA-bound beads are then placed into wells on a fiber-optic chip along with enzymes which produce light in the presence of ATP. When free nucleotides are washed over this chip, light is produced as ATP is generated when nucleotides join with their complementary base pairs. Addition of one (or more) nucleotide(s) results in a reaction that generates a light signal that is recorded by the CCD camera in the instrument. The signal strength is proportional to the number of nucleotides, for example, homopolymer stretches, incorporated in a single nucleotide flow. [1]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">RNA sequencing</span></h2> <p><font color="#810081">RNA</font> is less stable in the cell, and also more prone to nuclease attack experimentally. As RNA is generated by transcription from DNA, the information is already present in the cell's DNA. However, it is sometimes desirable to sequence RNA molecules. In particular, in Eukaryotes RNA molecules are not necessarily co-linear with their DNA template, as introns are excised. To sequence RNA, the usual method is first to reverse transcribe the sample to generate DNA fragments. This can then be sequenced as described above.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Protein sequencing</span></h2> <p>Methods for performing protein sequencing include:</p> <ul> <li>Edman degradation </li> <li>Peptide mass fingerprinting </li> <li>Mass spectrometry </li> <li>Protease digests </li> </ul> <p>If the gene encoding the protein can be identified it is currently much easier to sequence the DNA and infer the protein sequence. Determining part of a protein's amino-acid sequence (often one end) by one of the above methods may be sufficient to enable the identification of a clone carrying the gene.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Polysaccharide sequencing</span></h2> <p>Though polysaccharides are also biopolymers, it is not so common to talk of 'sequencing' a polysaccharide, for several reasons. Although many polysaccharides are linear, many have branches. Many different units (individual monosaccharides) can be used, and bonded in different ways. However, the main theoretical reason is that whereas the other polymers listed here are primarily generated in a 'template-dependent' manner by one processive enzyme, each individual join in a polysaccharide may be formed by a different enzyme. In many cases the assembly is not uniquely specified; depending on which enzyme acts, one of several different units may be incorporated. This can lead to a family of similar molecules being formed. This is particularly true for plant polysaccharides. Methods for the structure determination of oligosaccharides and polysaccharides include NMR spectroscopy and methylation analysis<sup class="reference" id="_ref-0">[1]</sup>.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">See also</span></h2> <ul> <li>Genetic code </li> <li>Sequence motif </li> </ul> <p><a id="References" name="References"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <div class="references-small"> <ol class="references"> <li id="_note-0"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequencing#_ref-0">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.stenutz.eu/sop" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.stenutz.eu/sop">A practical guide to structural analysis of carbohydrates</a> </li> </ol> </div> 5ea6eef3c1377f595c4ac2b05eba528755e13e53 1639 2007-12-08T06:49:37Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font size="4">Sequencing technology<br /> Sequencing companies</font><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> </p> <hr /> <font size="6">What is sequencing?<br /> <br /> </font>In genetics and biochemistry, <strong>sequencing</strong> means to determine the primary structure (or primary sequence) of an unbranched biopolymer. Sequencing results in a symbolic linear depiction known as a <strong>sequence</strong> which succinctly summarizes much of the atomic-level structure of the sequenced molecule. <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">DNA sequencing</span></h2> <p>DNA sequencing is the process of determining the nucleotide order of a given <font color="#810081">DNA</font> fragment. Thus far, most DNA sequencing has been performed using the chain termination method developed by Frederick Sanger. This technique uses sequence-specific termination of a DNA synthesis reaction using modified nucleotide substrates. However, new sequencing technologies such as Pyrosequencing are gaining an increasing share of the sequencing market. More genome data is being produced by pyrosequencing than Sanger DNA sequencing these days. Pyrosequencing has enabled rapid genome sequencing. Bacterial genome can be sequenced in a single run with several X coverage with this technique. This technique was also used to sequence the genome of James Watson recently.</p> <p>The sequence of DNA encodes the necessary information for living things to survive and reproduce. Determining the sequence is therefore useful in 'pure' research into why and how organisms live, as well as in applied subjects. Because of the key nature of DNA to living things, knowledge of DNA sequence may come in useful in practically any biological research. For example, in medicine it can be used to identify, diagnose and potentially develop treatments for genetic diseases. Similarly, research into pathogens may lead to treatments for contagious diseases. Biotechnology is a burgeoning discipline, with the potential for many useful products and services.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Sanger sequencing</span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 162px"><img class="thumbimage" height="332" alt="Part of a radioactively labelled sequencing gel" width="160" border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Sequencing.jpg" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify" style="FLOAT: right"><img height="11" alt="" width="15" src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></div> Part of a radioactively labelled sequencing gel</div> </div> </div> <p>In chain terminator sequencing (Sanger sequencing), extension is initiated at a specific site on the template DNA by using a short oligonucleotide 'primer' complementary to the template at that region. The oligonucleotide primer is extended using a DNA polymerase, an enzyme that replicates DNA. Included with the primer and DNA polymerase are the four deoxynucleotide bases (DNA building blocks), along with a low concentration of a chain terminating nucleotide (most commonly a <strong>di-</strong>deoxynucleotide). Limited incorporation of the chain terminating nucleotide by the DNA polymerase results in a series of related DNA fragments that are terminated only at positions where that particular nucleotide is used. The fragments are then size-separated by electrophoresis in a slab polyacrylamide gel, or more commonly now, in a narrow glass tube (capillary) filled with a viscous polymer.</p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 182px"><img class="thumbimage" height="42" alt="View of the start of an example dye-terminator read (click to expand)" width="180" border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Sanger_sequencing_read_display.gif/180px-Sanger_sequencing_read_display.gif" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify" style="FLOAT: right"><img height="11" alt="" width="15" src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></div> View of the start of an example dye-terminator read (click to expand)</div> </div> </div> <p>An alternative to the labelling of the primer is to label the terminators instead, commonly called 'dye terminator sequencing'. The major advantage of this approach is the complete sequencing set can be performed in a single reaction, rather than the four needed with the labeled-primer approach. This is accomplished by labelling each of the dideoxynucleotide chain-terminators with a separate fluorescent dye, which fluoresces at a different wavelength. This method is easier and quicker than the dye primer approach, but may produce more uneven data peaks (different heights), due to a template dependent difference in the incorporation of the large dye chain-terminators. This problem has been significantly reduced with the introduction of new enzymes and dyes that minimize incorporation variability.</p> <p>This method is now used for the vast majority of sequencing reactions as it is both simpler and cheaper. The major reason for this is that the primers do not have to be separately labelled (which can be a significant expense for a single-use custom primer), although this is less of a concern with frequently used 'universal' primers.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Pyrosequencing</span></h3> <p>Pyrosequencing, which was originally developed by Mostafa Ronaghi, has been commercialized by Biotage (for low throughput sequencing) and 454 Life Sciences (for high-throughput sequencing). The latter platform sequences roughly 100 megabases in a 7-hour run with a single machine. In the array-based method (commercialized by 454 Life Sciences), single-stranded DNA is annealed to beads and amplified via emPCR. These DNA-bound beads are then placed into wells on a fiber-optic chip along with enzymes which produce light in the presence of ATP. When free nucleotides are washed over this chip, light is produced as ATP is generated when nucleotides join with their complementary base pairs. Addition of one (or more) nucleotide(s) results in a reaction that generates a light signal that is recorded by the CCD camera in the instrument. The signal strength is proportional to the number of nucleotides, for example, homopolymer stretches, incorporated in a single nucleotide flow. [1]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">RNA sequencing</span></h2> <p><font color="#810081">RNA</font> is less stable in the cell, and also more prone to nuclease attack experimentally. As RNA is generated by transcription from DNA, the information is already present in the cell's DNA. However, it is sometimes desirable to sequence RNA molecules. In particular, in Eukaryotes RNA molecules are not necessarily co-linear with their DNA template, as introns are excised. To sequence RNA, the usual method is first to reverse transcribe the sample to generate DNA fragments. This can then be sequenced as described above.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Protein sequencing</span></h2> <p>Methods for performing protein sequencing include:</p> <ul> <li>Edman degradation </li> <li>Peptide mass fingerprinting </li> <li>Mass spectrometry </li> <li>Protease digests </li> </ul> <p>If the gene encoding the protein can be identified it is currently much easier to sequence the DNA and infer the protein sequence. Determining part of a protein's amino-acid sequence (often one end) by one of the above methods may be sufficient to enable the identification of a clone carrying the gene.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Polysaccharide sequencing</span></h2> <p>Though polysaccharides are also biopolymers, it is not so common to talk of 'sequencing' a polysaccharide, for several reasons. Although many polysaccharides are linear, many have branches. Many different units (individual monosaccharides) can be used, and bonded in different ways. However, the main theoretical reason is that whereas the other polymers listed here are primarily generated in a 'template-dependent' manner by one processive enzyme, each individual join in a polysaccharide may be formed by a different enzyme. In many cases the assembly is not uniquely specified; depending on which enzyme acts, one of several different units may be incorporated. This can lead to a family of similar molecules being formed. This is particularly true for plant polysaccharides. Methods for the structure determination of oligosaccharides and polysaccharides include NMR spectroscopy and methylation analysis<sup class="reference" id="_ref-0">[1]</sup>.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">See also</span></h2> <ul> <li>Genetic code </li> <li>Sequence motif </li> <li>[http://sequenceome.org Sequenceome.org]</li> <li>[http://glycome.net Glycome.net]</li> </ul> <p><a id="References" name="References"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <div class="references-small"> <ol class="references"> <li id="_note-0"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequencing#_ref-0">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.stenutz.eu/sop" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.stenutz.eu/sop">A practical guide to structural analysis of carbohydrates</a> </li> </ol> </div> 89fc39f71c82d880ae5811a6a35618fc8e31fc62 0 1535 1644 2007-12-10T10:23:40Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki <h2>[http://www.myheritage.com MyHeritage - Free Family Tree - Genealogy]</h2> Face recognition for your photos and family tree. Free genealogy software. Tools for researching your heritage and sharing it on the Internet.<br /> Rank: 2,531<br /> Address: Bnei Atarot, 60991, Israel<br /> Keywords: [[Genealogy]], [[ Family tree]], [[ Family 2.0]], [[ Face recognition]], [[ Facial recognition]], [[ My heritage]], [[ Family web site]], [[ Download free family tree software]], [[ Free family tree search]], [[ Online Photo albums]], [[ Jewish genealogy]], [[ Pedigree]], [[ Lineage]], [[ Celebrity photos]], [[ Family photos]], [[ Family history]], [[ Ancestry]], [[ Roots]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/myheritage.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=myheritage.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/myheritage.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.myheritage.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/myheritage.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/myheritage.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.myheritage.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.myheritage.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=myheritage.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.Ancestry.com Genealogy, Family Trees and Family History Records online - Ancestry.com]</h2> Ancestry.com is the largest family history site online with over 4 billion names in worldwide historical records, family tree services and genealogy learning materials<br /> Rank: 3,691<br /> Address: 360 W. 4800 N Provo, UT 84604 US<br /> Keywords: [[ancestry]], [[ ancestry com]], [[ ancestory]], [[ genealogy]], [[ family history]], [[ family trees]], [[ origins]], [[ relatives]], [[ descendants]], [[ ancestors]], [[ roots]], [[ family]], [[ generation]], [[ history]], [[ heritage]], [[ heredity]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/Ancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=Ancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/Ancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.Ancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/Ancestry.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/Ancestry.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.Ancestry.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.Ancestry.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=Ancestry.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.ancestry.co.uk/ Genealogy and Family History Records - Ancestry.co.uk]</h2> Ancestry.com is the largest family history site online with over 4 billion names in worldwide historical records, family tree services and genealogy learning materials<br /> Rank: 14,228<br /> Address: 360 W 4800 N Provo, UT 84604 US<br /> Keywords: [[ancestry]], [[ ancestry com]], [[ ancestory]], [[ genealogy]], [[ family history]], [[ family trees]], [[ origins]], [[ relatives]], [[ descendants]], [[ ancestors]], [[ roots]], [[ family]], [[ generation]], [[ history]], [[ heritage]], [[ heredity]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ancestry.co.uk <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=ancestry.co.uk <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/ancestry.co.uk <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.ancestry.co.uk/ <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ancestry.co.uk?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/ancestry.co.uk_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.ancestry.co.uk/"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.ancestry.co.uk/" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=ancestry.co.uk" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.familytreedna.com/ Family Tree DNA - we do genetic tests for your genealogy questions!]</h2> Rank: 84,845<br /> Address: 1919 North Loop West Suite 432 Houston, TX 77008 US<br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/familytreedna.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=familytreedna.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/familytreedna.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.familytreedna.com/ <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/familytreedna.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/familytreedna.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.familytreedna.com/"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.familytreedna.com/" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=familytreedna.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.TribalPages.com Family Tree - build your Free Family Tree website]</h2> Build your Free Family Tree website easily and effortlessly. 175000 Family Tree websites.<br /> Rank: 85,209<br /> Address: 10332 Lightner Bridge Dr Tampa, FL 33626 US<br /> Keywords: [[family tree]], [[ family tree website]], [[ family tree photos]], [[ family trees]], [[ genealogy]], [[ ancestors]], [[ descendant]], [[ ancestry]], [[ family history]], [[ gedcom]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/TribalPages.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=TribalPages.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/TribalPages.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.TribalPages.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/TribalPages.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/TribalPages.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.TribalPages.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.TribalPages.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=TribalPages.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.expertgenealogy.com Professional Genealogists Ancestry &amp; Family Tree Researchers]</h2> Find professional genealogists, ancestry and family tree researchers here. Search for expertise in genealogical research of ancestral family history.<br /> Rank: 98,646<br /> Address: Ottawa, ON Canada<br /> Keywords: [[genealogist]], [[ geneologist]], [[ expert genealogist]], [[ professional genealogists]], [[ geneologists]], [[ expert genealogists]], [[ genealogy researcher]], [[ geneology]], [[ genealogical research]], [[ family tree]], [[ family history]], [[ ancestry researcher]], [[ ancestor search]], [[ ancestral search]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/expertgenealogy.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=expertgenealogy.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/expertgenealogy.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.expertgenealogy.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/expertgenealogy.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/expertgenealogy.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.expertgenealogy.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.expertgenealogy.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=expertgenealogy.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.dnaancestryproject.com Trace Your Ancestry with DNA - DNA Ancestry Project]</h2> Rank: 101,686<br /> Address: 1416-750 W. Broadway Vancouver, BC V5Z 1H1 Canada<br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dnaancestryproject.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=dnaancestryproject.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/dnaancestryproject.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.dnaancestryproject.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dnaancestryproject.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/dnaancestryproject.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.dnaancestryproject.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.dnaancestryproject.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=dnaancestryproject.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.OneGreatFamily.com Genealogy Family Tree at OneGreatFamily.com ]</h2> Rank: 129,016<br /> Address: 743 West 1200 North #100 Springville, UT 84663 US<br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/OneGreatFamily.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=OneGreatFamily.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/OneGreatFamily.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.OneGreatFamily.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/OneGreatFamily.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/OneGreatFamily.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.OneGreatFamily.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.OneGreatFamily.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=OneGreatFamily.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.genetree.com/ GeneTree - You Belong Here | DNA Genealogy]</h2> DNA Genealogy: Extend your concept of family through DNA testing. Connect with others to share and preserve your memories. Join now it's free.<br /> Rank: 144,699<br /> Address: 2511 S W Temple Salt Lake City, UT 84115 US<br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/genetree.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=genetree.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/genetree.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.genetree.com/ <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/genetree.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/genetree.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.genetree.com/"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.genetree.com/" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=genetree.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.genebase.com/ Genebase :: Home]</h2> Rank: 163,192<br /> Address: 1416-750 W. Broadway Vancouver, BC V5Z 1H1 Canada<br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/genebase.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=genebase.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/genebase.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.genebase.com/ <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/genebase.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/genebase.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.genebase.com/"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.genebase.com/" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=genebase.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.genome.gov genome.gov | National Human Genome Research Institute]</h2> Home page of the National Human Genome Research Institute, the arm of the U.S. National Institutes of Health dedicated to advancing human health through genetic research.<br /> Rank: 179,836<br /> Address: <br /> Keywords: [[home]], [[ about nhgri]], [[ human genome project]], [[ fact sheet]], [[ facts]], [[ faqs]], [[ ethical legal and social implications]], [[ elsi]], [[ calendar]], [[ events]], [[ calendar of events]], [[ seminar]], [[ seminar series]], [[ news]], [[ newsroom]], [[ advances]], [[ discoveries]], [[ grant]], [[ grants]], [[ funding]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/genome.gov <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=genome.gov <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/genome.gov <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.genome.gov <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/genome.gov?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/genome.gov_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.genome.gov"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.genome.gov" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=genome.gov" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.ancestry.ca Genealogy, Family Trees and Family History Records online - Ancestry.ca]</h2> Ancestry.com is the largest family history site online with over 4 billion names in worldwide historical records, family tree services and genealogy learning materials<br /> Rank: 193,987<br /> Address: Address Unlisted<br /> Keywords: [[ancestry]], [[ ancestry com]], [[ ancestory]], [[ genealogy]], [[ family history]], [[ family trees]], [[ origins]], [[ relatives]], [[ descendants]], [[ ancestors]], [[ roots]], [[ family]], [[ generation]], [[ history]], [[ heritage]], [[ heredity]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ancestry.ca <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=ancestry.ca <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/ancestry.ca <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.ancestry.ca <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ancestry.ca?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/ancestry.ca_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.ancestry.ca"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.ancestry.ca" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=ancestry.ca" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.kindredkonnections.com Genealogy, Ancestry and Family History Search, Family Tree]</h2> Ancestry, Genealogy, Family Tree, and Family History Search at kindredkonnections.com. Free Genealogy Search with Death Records, Birth Records and Free Family Tree Genealogy Software<br /> Rank: 195,877<br /> Address: 471 E 4300 N Provo, UT 84604 US<br /> Keywords: [[genealogy]], [[ family tree]], [[ family search]], [[ ancestry]], [[ geneology]], [[ family history]], [[ social security death index]], [[ surname]], [[ ancestor]], [[ birth records]], [[ death records]], [[ family tree maker]], [[ LDS genealogy]], [[ free genealogy]], [[ genealogy search]], [[ mormon genealogy]], [[ family genealogy]], [[ genealogy software]], [[ social security death record]], [[ social security death]], [[ death index]], [[ free family tree]], [[ irish genealogy]], [[ german genealogy]], [[ genealogy research]], [[ genealogy site]], [[ family tree software]], [[ free genealogy search]], [[ family tree search]], [[ family tree chart]], [[ my family tree]], [[ genealogy web site]], [[ us census]], [[ marriage records]], [[ family]], [[history]], [[ tree]], [[ vital]], [[ vital records]], [[ death]], [[ roots]], [[ pedigree]], [[ GEDCOM]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/kindredkonnections.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=kindredkonnections.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/kindredkonnections.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.kindredkonnections.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/kindredkonnections.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/kindredkonnections.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.kindredkonnections.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.kindredkonnections.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=kindredkonnections.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.23andMe.com 23andMe - Genetics Just Got Personal.]</h2> Rank: 206,408<br /> Address: <br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/23andMe.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=23andMe.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/23andMe.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.23andMe.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/23andMe.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/23andMe.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.23andMe.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.23andMe.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=23andMe.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.afrigeneas.com AfriGeneas ~ African American &amp; African Ancestored Genealogy]</h2> Rank: 211,207<br /> Address: 1496 Soaring Pointe NE Marietta, GA 30062 US<br /> Keywords: [[african american genealogy]], [[ black genealogy]], [[ negro genealogy]], [[ colored genealogy]], [[ african american research]], [[ slave research]], [[ slave genealogy]], [[ free person of color]], [[ history]], [[ african american history]], [[ ancestry]], [[ african american family history]], [[ family research]], [[ african american heritage]], [[ census records]], [[ culture]], [[ plantation records]], [[ slavery]], [[ enslavement]], [[ slaveowner]], [[ african american surnames]], [[ wills]], [[ obituaries]], [[ african american culture]], [[ african ancestored]], [[ african american]], [[ black]], [[ negro]], [[ colored]], [[ mulatto]], [[ mixed race]], [[ black indians]], [[ slave]], [[ slavery]], [[ enslavement]], [[ plantation]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/afrigeneas.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=afrigeneas.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/afrigeneas.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.afrigeneas.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/afrigeneas.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/afrigeneas.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.afrigeneas.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.afrigeneas.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=afrigeneas.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.thegeneticgenealogist.com The Genetic Genealogist]</h2> Adding DNA to the Genealogist&rsquo;s Toolbox<br /> Rank: 225,533<br /> Address: <br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/thegeneticgenealogist.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=thegeneticgenealogist.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/thegeneticgenealogist.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.thegeneticgenealogist.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/thegeneticgenealogist.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/thegeneticgenealogist.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.thegeneticgenealogist.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.thegeneticgenealogist.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=thegeneticgenealogist.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.KinCafe.com Free Family Calendar, Albums and Family Tree :: KinCafe.com]</h2> Rank: 239,223<br /> Address: <br /> Keywords: [[family network]], [[ family social network]], [[ free family tree]], [[ family calendar]], [[ online family tree]], [[ genealogy]], [[ family albums]], [[ shared family calendar]], [[ family website]], [[ family birthday reminders]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/KinCafe.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=KinCafe.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/KinCafe.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.KinCafe.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/KinCafe.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/KinCafe.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.KinCafe.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.KinCafe.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=KinCafe.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.ysearch.org Ysearch - the number one Y-DNA public database]</h2> Rank: 265,613<br /> Address: 1919 N Loop W, Ste 110 Houston, TX 77008 US<br /> Keywords: [[ysearch]], [[ family tree]], [[ genetic genealogy]], [[ genetic testing]], [[ DNA]], [[ haplogroup]], [[ haplotype]], [[ genealogy]], [[ mutation]], [[ polymorphism]], [[ ancestry]], [[ DNA testing]], [[ family tree dna]], [[ dnaheritage]], [[ dna heritage Cohanim]], [[ mtDNA]], [[ y-chromosome]], [[ genealogy]], [[ relatives]], [[ ancestors]], [[ relative genetics]], [[ genetree]], [[ ftdna]], [[ ybase]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ysearch.org <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=ysearch.org <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/ysearch.org <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.ysearch.org <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ysearch.org?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/ysearch.org_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.ysearch.org"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.ysearch.org" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=ysearch.org" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.dna11.com DNA Art by DNA 11 dna artwork fingerprint Art lip art DNA canvas kiss portraits custom art]</h2> The world뭩 most personalized art made from DNA, fingerprints and lips. As seen on HGTV, NY Times, BBC.<br /> Rank: 295,579<br /> Address: 20 York St Unit 522 Ottawa, ON K1N 5S6 Canada<br /> Keywords: [[DNA Custom Art]], [[ Art Online]], [[ dna artwork]], [[ Buy Art Online]], [[ DNA11]], [[ DNA 11]], [[ Kiss Prints]], [[ Viva Glam]], [[ Mac cosmetics]], [[ fingerprint art]], [[ custom art]], [[ buy original art online]], [[ buy custom art online]], [[ online art galleries]], [[ dna art pictures]], [[ interior design ideas]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dna11.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=dna11.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/dna11.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.dna11.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dna11.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/dna11.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.dna11.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.dna11.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=dna11.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.dna-worldwide.com DNA Paternity Testing - DNA Test, Ancestry Tests &amp; Genetic Genealogy Kits UK]</h2> DNA genealogy test, ancestry DNA testing, genetic and DNA paternity tests kit in UK. DNA Worldwide, A specialist DNA Company providing a comprehensive range of home and legal DNA tests, DNA Worldwide concentrates on quality and customer service certified to UKAS: ISO 9001:2000.<br /> Rank: 405,711<br /> Address: 140 High Sreet, Cranliegh Surrey, GU6 8RF, UNITED KINGDOM<br /> Keywords: [[dna test]], [[tests]], [[testing uk]], [[dna testing kit]], [[kits]], [[dna paternity test]], [[ancestry dna testing]], [[dna genealogy]], [[genetic testing]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dna-worldwide.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=dna-worldwide.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/dna-worldwide.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.dna-worldwide.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dna-worldwide.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/dna-worldwide.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.dna-worldwide.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.dna-worldwide.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=dna-worldwide.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.becominghuman.org Becoming Human: Paleoanthropology, Evolution and Human Origins]</h2> An extensive, information-rich online destination for paleoanthropology. The site includes an interactive documentary, educational exhibits, research tools, and the latest news from scientists across the globe.<br /> Rank: 603,582<br /> Address: Arizona State University Tempe, AZ 85287 US<br /> Keywords: [[becoming human]], [[ human]], [[ evolution]], [[ human evolution]], [[ iho]], [[ human origins]], [[ institute of human origins]], [[ paleoanthropology]], [[ paleontology]], [[ archaeology]], [[ lucy]], [[ afarensis]], [[ hominid]], [[ homonoid]], [[ johanson]], [[ don johanson]], [[ donald johanson]], [[ documentary]], [[ interactive documentary]], [[ evolution education]], [[ teaching evolution]], [[ teach evolution]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/becominghuman.org <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=becominghuman.org <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/becominghuman.org <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.becominghuman.org <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/becominghuman.org?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/becominghuman.org_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.becominghuman.org"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.becominghuman.org" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=becominghuman.org" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.DNATesting.com DNA Paternity Testing and other DNA Tests: DNATesting.com]</h2> DNA Paternity Testing and DNA Paternity Tests for DNA Ancestry Testing Services including Home DNA Paternity Test Informationand other DNA Tests at Gene Tree<br /> Rank: 622,924<br /> Address: 5615 Kirby Dr Ste 800 Houston, TX 77005 US<br /> Keywords: [[DNA Paternity Testing]], [[ DNA Paternity Tests]], [[ DNA Tests]], [[ DNA Paternity Test]], [[ DNA Ancestry Testing Services]], [[ DNA Profiling]], [[ Home DNA Test Information]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/DNATesting.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=DNATesting.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/DNATesting.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.DNATesting.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/DNATesting.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/DNATesting.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.DNATesting.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.DNATesting.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=DNATesting.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.tippets.com Family History Data Sources ]</h2> Rank: 681,345<br /> Address: 2855 CupFlower Ct Pleasanton, CA 94588 US<br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/tippets.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=tippets.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/tippets.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.tippets.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/tippets.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/tippets.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.tippets.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.tippets.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=tippets.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.ancestrybydna.com/ AncestryByDNA]</h2> Ancestrybydna.com and Dnaprint.com specialize in complex genetic analytics and information resource products for next generations personalized medicine<br /> Rank: 689,190<br /> Address: 900 Cocoanut Ave Sarasota, FL 34236 US<br /> Keywords: [[genotyping]], [[ sequencing]], [[ snp discovery]], [[ pharmacogenomics]], [[ personalized medicine]], [[ forensics]], [[ eye color]], [[ investigative tool]], [[ DNA]], [[ DNA print]], [[ genomics]], [[ polymorphism]], [[ informatics]], [[ genome]], [[ SNP]], [[ nucleotide]], [[ human]], [[ artificial]], [[ intelligence]], [[ phenomics]], [[ neural]], [[ net]], [[ pattern]], [[ cancer]], [[ mathematics]], [[ modeling]], [[ disease Ancestry familytree dna fingerprint migration chromosome paternal maternal genome bioscience informatics lineage]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ancestrybydna.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=ancestrybydna.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/ancestrybydna.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.ancestrybydna.com/ <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ancestrybydna.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/ancestrybydna.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.ancestrybydna.com/"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.ancestrybydna.com/" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=ancestrybydna.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.dnaheritage.com DNA Heritage - DNA Testing for Genetic Genealogy]</h2> Rank: 744,444<br /> Address: 40 Preston Rd Weymouth, Dorset DT3 6PZ, , UNITED KINGDOM<br /> Keywords: [[DNA genealogy]], [[ Genetic testing]], [[ genetics]], [[ paternal]], [[ haplotype]], [[ genealogy]], [[ mutation]], [[ polymorphism]], [[ Cohanim]], [[ DNA testing]], [[ family tree]], [[ PCR]], [[ father]], [[ mtDNA]], [[ Y-Chromosome]], [[ mother]], [[ genetic genealogy]], [[ relatives]], [[ ancestors]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dnaheritage.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=dnaheritage.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/dnaheritage.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.dnaheritage.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dnaheritage.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/dnaheritage.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.dnaheritage.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.dnaheritage.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=dnaheritage.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.gtldna.com Home DNA &amp; Paternity Tests: Legal Test Kits &amp; Testing Services from GTL]</h2> GTL specializes in DNA &amp; paternity tests and testing services. Visit us for more information about our accredited paternity, maternity, sibilingship and other DNA identification home test kits.<br /> Rank: 774,144<br /> Address: <br /> Keywords: [[paternity test]], [[ paternity tests]], [[ paternity testing]], [[ dna tests]], [[ dna test]], [[ dna testing]], [[ maternity testing]], [[ siblingship tests]], [[ grandparentage test]], [[ determining human identity]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/gtldna.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=gtldna.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/gtldna.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.gtldna.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/gtldna.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/gtldna.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.gtldna.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.gtldna.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=gtldna.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.dnatribes.com DNA Tribes Personal Genetic Analysis]</h2> Rank: 821,625<br /> Address: PO Box 99800 EmeryVille, CA 94662 US<br /> Keywords: [[dna]], [[gene]], [[genetic]], [[ancestry]], [[tribes]], [[tribal]], [[genealogy]], [[analysis]], [[test]], [[nations]], [[ethnicity]], [[ethnic]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dnatribes.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=dnatribes.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/dnatribes.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.dnatribes.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dnatribes.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/dnatribes.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.dnatribes.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.dnatribes.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=dnatribes.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.smgf.org SMGF]</h2> Rank: 896,472<br /> Address: 2511 S. W Temple Salt Lake City, UT 84115 US<br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/smgf.org <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=smgf.org <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/smgf.org <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.smgf.org <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/smgf.org?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/smgf.org_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.smgf.org"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.smgf.org" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=smgf.org" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.ethnoancestry.com EthnoAncestry Unlocking your DNA archive]</h2> Rank: 897,291<br /> Address: 4028 Larwin Ave Cypress, CA 90630 US<br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ethnoancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=ethnoancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/ethnoancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.ethnoancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ethnoancestry.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/ethnoancestry.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.ethnoancestry.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.ethnoancestry.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=ethnoancestry.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.oxfordancestors.com/ OXFORD ANCESTORS : Explore your genetic roots - DNA sequencing, Professor Sykes, Adam's Curse, Family Tree Searches, Your Ancestry DNA analysis, tracing ancestors]</h2> Rank: 915,018<br /> Address: PO Box 288 Kidlington, Oxfordshire OX5 1WG, UNITED KINGDOM<br /> Keywords: [[adam's]], [[ adams curse]], [[ dna sequencing]], [[ dna]], [[ genetics]], [[ oxford ancestors]], [[ bryan sykes]], [[ professor sykes]], [[ adam's curse]], [[ family tree]], [[ tracing ancestors]], [[ y chromosone]], [[ genealogy]], [[ science]], [[ 7 daughters of eve]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/oxfordancestors.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=oxfordancestors.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/oxfordancestors.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.oxfordancestors.com/ <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/oxfordancestors.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/oxfordancestors.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.oxfordancestors.com/"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.oxfordancestors.com/" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=oxfordancestors.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> 7599442cba3d2d175201caf9173c1ca3cfad0782 1645 2007-12-10T10:24:06Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki <h2>[http://www.Ancestry.com Genealogy, Family Trees and Family History Records online - Ancestry.com]</h2> Ancestry.com is the largest family history site online with over 4 billion names in worldwide historical records, family tree services and genealogy learning materials<br /> Rank: 3,691<br /> Address: 360 W. 4800 N Provo, UT 84604 US<br /> Keywords: [[ancestry]], [[ ancestry com]], [[ ancestory]], [[ genealogy]], [[ family history]], [[ family trees]], [[ origins]], [[ relatives]], [[ descendants]], [[ ancestors]], [[ roots]], [[ family]], [[ generation]], [[ history]], [[ heritage]], [[ heredity]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/Ancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=Ancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/Ancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.Ancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/Ancestry.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/Ancestry.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.Ancestry.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.Ancestry.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=Ancestry.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.ancestry.co.uk/ Genealogy and Family History Records - Ancestry.co.uk]</h2> Ancestry.com is the largest family history site online with over 4 billion names in worldwide historical records, family tree services and genealogy learning materials<br /> Rank: 14,228<br /> Address: 360 W 4800 N Provo, UT 84604 US<br /> Keywords: [[ancestry]], [[ ancestry com]], [[ ancestory]], [[ genealogy]], [[ family history]], [[ family trees]], [[ origins]], [[ relatives]], [[ descendants]], [[ ancestors]], [[ roots]], [[ family]], [[ generation]], [[ history]], [[ heritage]], [[ heredity]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ancestry.co.uk <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=ancestry.co.uk <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/ancestry.co.uk <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.ancestry.co.uk/ <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ancestry.co.uk?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/ancestry.co.uk_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.ancestry.co.uk/"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.ancestry.co.uk/" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=ancestry.co.uk" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.familytreedna.com/ Family Tree DNA - we do genetic tests for your genealogy questions!]</h2> Rank: 84,845<br /> Address: 1919 North Loop West Suite 432 Houston, TX 77008 US<br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/familytreedna.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=familytreedna.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/familytreedna.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.familytreedna.com/ <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/familytreedna.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/familytreedna.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.familytreedna.com/"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.familytreedna.com/" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=familytreedna.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.TribalPages.com Family Tree - build your Free Family Tree website]</h2> Build your Free Family Tree website easily and effortlessly. 175000 Family Tree websites.<br /> Rank: 85,209<br /> Address: 10332 Lightner Bridge Dr Tampa, FL 33626 US<br /> Keywords: [[family tree]], [[ family tree website]], [[ family tree photos]], [[ family trees]], [[ genealogy]], [[ ancestors]], [[ descendant]], [[ ancestry]], [[ family history]], [[ gedcom]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/TribalPages.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=TribalPages.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/TribalPages.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.TribalPages.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/TribalPages.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/TribalPages.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.TribalPages.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.TribalPages.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=TribalPages.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.expertgenealogy.com Professional Genealogists Ancestry &amp; Family Tree Researchers]</h2> Find professional genealogists, ancestry and family tree researchers here. Search for expertise in genealogical research of ancestral family history.<br /> Rank: 98,646<br /> Address: Ottawa, ON Canada<br /> Keywords: [[genealogist]], [[ geneologist]], [[ expert genealogist]], [[ professional genealogists]], [[ geneologists]], [[ expert genealogists]], [[ genealogy researcher]], [[ geneology]], [[ genealogical research]], [[ family tree]], [[ family history]], [[ ancestry researcher]], [[ ancestor search]], [[ ancestral search]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/expertgenealogy.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=expertgenealogy.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/expertgenealogy.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.expertgenealogy.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/expertgenealogy.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/expertgenealogy.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.expertgenealogy.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.expertgenealogy.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=expertgenealogy.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.dnaancestryproject.com Trace Your Ancestry with DNA - DNA Ancestry Project]</h2> Rank: 101,686<br /> Address: 1416-750 W. Broadway Vancouver, BC V5Z 1H1 Canada<br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dnaancestryproject.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=dnaancestryproject.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/dnaancestryproject.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.dnaancestryproject.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dnaancestryproject.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/dnaancestryproject.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.dnaancestryproject.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.dnaancestryproject.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=dnaancestryproject.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.OneGreatFamily.com Genealogy Family Tree at OneGreatFamily.com ]</h2> Rank: 129,016<br /> Address: 743 West 1200 North #100 Springville, UT 84663 US<br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/OneGreatFamily.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=OneGreatFamily.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/OneGreatFamily.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.OneGreatFamily.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/OneGreatFamily.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/OneGreatFamily.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.OneGreatFamily.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.OneGreatFamily.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=OneGreatFamily.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.genetree.com/ GeneTree - You Belong Here | DNA Genealogy]</h2> DNA Genealogy: Extend your concept of family through DNA testing. Connect with others to share and preserve your memories. Join now it's free.<br /> Rank: 144,699<br /> Address: 2511 S W Temple Salt Lake City, UT 84115 US<br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/genetree.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=genetree.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/genetree.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.genetree.com/ <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/genetree.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/genetree.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.genetree.com/"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.genetree.com/" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=genetree.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.genebase.com/ Genebase :: Home]</h2> Rank: 163,192<br /> Address: 1416-750 W. Broadway Vancouver, BC V5Z 1H1 Canada<br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/genebase.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=genebase.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/genebase.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.genebase.com/ <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/genebase.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/genebase.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.genebase.com/"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.genebase.com/" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=genebase.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.genome.gov genome.gov | National Human Genome Research Institute]</h2> Home page of the National Human Genome Research Institute, the arm of the U.S. National Institutes of Health dedicated to advancing human health through genetic research.<br /> Rank: 179,836<br /> Address: <br /> Keywords: [[home]], [[ about nhgri]], [[ human genome project]], [[ fact sheet]], [[ facts]], [[ faqs]], [[ ethical legal and social implications]], [[ elsi]], [[ calendar]], [[ events]], [[ calendar of events]], [[ seminar]], [[ seminar series]], [[ news]], [[ newsroom]], [[ advances]], [[ discoveries]], [[ grant]], [[ grants]], [[ funding]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/genome.gov <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=genome.gov <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/genome.gov <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.genome.gov <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/genome.gov?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/genome.gov_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.genome.gov"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.genome.gov" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=genome.gov" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.ancestry.ca Genealogy, Family Trees and Family History Records online - Ancestry.ca]</h2> Ancestry.com is the largest family history site online with over 4 billion names in worldwide historical records, family tree services and genealogy learning materials<br /> Rank: 193,987<br /> Address: Address Unlisted<br /> Keywords: [[ancestry]], [[ ancestry com]], [[ ancestory]], [[ genealogy]], [[ family history]], [[ family trees]], [[ origins]], [[ relatives]], [[ descendants]], [[ ancestors]], [[ roots]], [[ family]], [[ generation]], [[ history]], [[ heritage]], [[ heredity]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ancestry.ca <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=ancestry.ca <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/ancestry.ca <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.ancestry.ca <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ancestry.ca?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/ancestry.ca_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.ancestry.ca"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.ancestry.ca" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=ancestry.ca" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.kindredkonnections.com Genealogy, Ancestry and Family History Search, Family Tree]</h2> Ancestry, Genealogy, Family Tree, and Family History Search at kindredkonnections.com. Free Genealogy Search with Death Records, Birth Records and Free Family Tree Genealogy Software<br /> Rank: 195,877<br /> Address: 471 E 4300 N Provo, UT 84604 US<br /> Keywords: [[genealogy]], [[ family tree]], [[ family search]], [[ ancestry]], [[ geneology]], [[ family history]], [[ social security death index]], [[ surname]], [[ ancestor]], [[ birth records]], [[ death records]], [[ family tree maker]], [[ LDS genealogy]], [[ free genealogy]], [[ genealogy search]], [[ mormon genealogy]], [[ family genealogy]], [[ genealogy software]], [[ social security death record]], [[ social security death]], [[ death index]], [[ free family tree]], [[ irish genealogy]], [[ german genealogy]], [[ genealogy research]], [[ genealogy site]], [[ family tree software]], [[ free genealogy search]], [[ family tree search]], [[ family tree chart]], [[ my family tree]], [[ genealogy web site]], [[ us census]], [[ marriage records]], [[ family]], [[history]], [[ tree]], [[ vital]], [[ vital records]], [[ death]], [[ roots]], [[ pedigree]], [[ GEDCOM]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/kindredkonnections.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=kindredkonnections.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/kindredkonnections.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.kindredkonnections.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/kindredkonnections.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/kindredkonnections.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.kindredkonnections.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.kindredkonnections.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=kindredkonnections.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.23andMe.com 23andMe - Genetics Just Got Personal.]</h2> Rank: 206,408<br /> Address: <br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/23andMe.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=23andMe.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/23andMe.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.23andMe.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/23andMe.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/23andMe.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.23andMe.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.23andMe.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=23andMe.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.afrigeneas.com AfriGeneas ~ African American &amp; African Ancestored Genealogy]</h2> Rank: 211,207<br /> Address: 1496 Soaring Pointe NE Marietta, GA 30062 US<br /> Keywords: [[african american genealogy]], [[ black genealogy]], [[ negro genealogy]], [[ colored genealogy]], [[ african american research]], [[ slave research]], [[ slave genealogy]], [[ free person of color]], [[ history]], [[ african american history]], [[ ancestry]], [[ african american family history]], [[ family research]], [[ african american heritage]], [[ census records]], [[ culture]], [[ plantation records]], [[ slavery]], [[ enslavement]], [[ slaveowner]], [[ african american surnames]], [[ wills]], [[ obituaries]], [[ african american culture]], [[ african ancestored]], [[ african american]], [[ black]], [[ negro]], [[ colored]], [[ mulatto]], [[ mixed race]], [[ black indians]], [[ slave]], [[ slavery]], [[ enslavement]], [[ plantation]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/afrigeneas.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=afrigeneas.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/afrigeneas.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.afrigeneas.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/afrigeneas.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/afrigeneas.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.afrigeneas.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.afrigeneas.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=afrigeneas.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.thegeneticgenealogist.com The Genetic Genealogist]</h2> Adding DNA to the Genealogist&rsquo;s Toolbox<br /> Rank: 225,533<br /> Address: <br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/thegeneticgenealogist.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=thegeneticgenealogist.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/thegeneticgenealogist.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.thegeneticgenealogist.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/thegeneticgenealogist.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/thegeneticgenealogist.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.thegeneticgenealogist.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.thegeneticgenealogist.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=thegeneticgenealogist.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.KinCafe.com Free Family Calendar, Albums and Family Tree :: KinCafe.com]</h2> Rank: 239,223<br /> Address: <br /> Keywords: [[family network]], [[ family social network]], [[ free family tree]], [[ family calendar]], [[ online family tree]], [[ genealogy]], [[ family albums]], [[ shared family calendar]], [[ family website]], [[ family birthday reminders]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/KinCafe.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=KinCafe.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/KinCafe.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.KinCafe.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/KinCafe.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/KinCafe.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.KinCafe.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.KinCafe.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=KinCafe.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.ysearch.org Ysearch - the number one Y-DNA public database]</h2> Rank: 265,613<br /> Address: 1919 N Loop W, Ste 110 Houston, TX 77008 US<br /> Keywords: [[ysearch]], [[ family tree]], [[ genetic genealogy]], [[ genetic testing]], [[ DNA]], [[ haplogroup]], [[ haplotype]], [[ genealogy]], [[ mutation]], [[ polymorphism]], [[ ancestry]], [[ DNA testing]], [[ family tree dna]], [[ dnaheritage]], [[ dna heritage Cohanim]], [[ mtDNA]], [[ y-chromosome]], [[ genealogy]], [[ relatives]], [[ ancestors]], [[ relative genetics]], [[ genetree]], [[ ftdna]], [[ ybase]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ysearch.org <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=ysearch.org <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/ysearch.org <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.ysearch.org <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ysearch.org?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/ysearch.org_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.ysearch.org"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.ysearch.org" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=ysearch.org" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.dna11.com DNA Art by DNA 11 dna artwork fingerprint Art lip art DNA canvas kiss portraits custom art]</h2> The world뭩 most personalized art made from DNA, fingerprints and lips. As seen on HGTV, NY Times, BBC.<br /> Rank: 295,579<br /> Address: 20 York St Unit 522 Ottawa, ON K1N 5S6 Canada<br /> Keywords: [[DNA Custom Art]], [[ Art Online]], [[ dna artwork]], [[ Buy Art Online]], [[ DNA11]], [[ DNA 11]], [[ Kiss Prints]], [[ Viva Glam]], [[ Mac cosmetics]], [[ fingerprint art]], [[ custom art]], [[ buy original art online]], [[ buy custom art online]], [[ online art galleries]], [[ dna art pictures]], [[ interior design ideas]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dna11.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=dna11.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/dna11.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.dna11.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dna11.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/dna11.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.dna11.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.dna11.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=dna11.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.dna-worldwide.com DNA Paternity Testing - DNA Test, Ancestry Tests &amp; Genetic Genealogy Kits UK]</h2> DNA genealogy test, ancestry DNA testing, genetic and DNA paternity tests kit in UK. DNA Worldwide, A specialist DNA Company providing a comprehensive range of home and legal DNA tests, DNA Worldwide concentrates on quality and customer service certified to UKAS: ISO 9001:2000.<br /> Rank: 405,711<br /> Address: 140 High Sreet, Cranliegh Surrey, GU6 8RF, UNITED KINGDOM<br /> Keywords: [[dna test]], [[tests]], [[testing uk]], [[dna testing kit]], [[kits]], [[dna paternity test]], [[ancestry dna testing]], [[dna genealogy]], [[genetic testing]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dna-worldwide.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=dna-worldwide.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/dna-worldwide.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.dna-worldwide.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dna-worldwide.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/dna-worldwide.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.dna-worldwide.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.dna-worldwide.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=dna-worldwide.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.becominghuman.org Becoming Human: Paleoanthropology, Evolution and Human Origins]</h2> An extensive, information-rich online destination for paleoanthropology. The site includes an interactive documentary, educational exhibits, research tools, and the latest news from scientists across the globe.<br /> Rank: 603,582<br /> Address: Arizona State University Tempe, AZ 85287 US<br /> Keywords: [[becoming human]], [[ human]], [[ evolution]], [[ human evolution]], [[ iho]], [[ human origins]], [[ institute of human origins]], [[ paleoanthropology]], [[ paleontology]], [[ archaeology]], [[ lucy]], [[ afarensis]], [[ hominid]], [[ homonoid]], [[ johanson]], [[ don johanson]], [[ donald johanson]], [[ documentary]], [[ interactive documentary]], [[ evolution education]], [[ teaching evolution]], [[ teach evolution]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/becominghuman.org <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=becominghuman.org <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/becominghuman.org <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.becominghuman.org <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/becominghuman.org?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/becominghuman.org_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.becominghuman.org"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.becominghuman.org" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=becominghuman.org" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.DNATesting.com DNA Paternity Testing and other DNA Tests: DNATesting.com]</h2> DNA Paternity Testing and DNA Paternity Tests for DNA Ancestry Testing Services including Home DNA Paternity Test Informationand other DNA Tests at Gene Tree<br /> Rank: 622,924<br /> Address: 5615 Kirby Dr Ste 800 Houston, TX 77005 US<br /> Keywords: [[DNA Paternity Testing]], [[ DNA Paternity Tests]], [[ DNA Tests]], [[ DNA Paternity Test]], [[ DNA Ancestry Testing Services]], [[ DNA Profiling]], [[ Home DNA Test Information]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/DNATesting.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=DNATesting.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/DNATesting.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.DNATesting.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/DNATesting.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/DNATesting.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.DNATesting.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.DNATesting.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=DNATesting.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.tippets.com Family History Data Sources ]</h2> Rank: 681,345<br /> Address: 2855 CupFlower Ct Pleasanton, CA 94588 US<br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/tippets.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=tippets.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/tippets.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.tippets.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/tippets.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/tippets.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.tippets.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.tippets.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=tippets.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.ancestrybydna.com/ AncestryByDNA]</h2> Ancestrybydna.com and Dnaprint.com specialize in complex genetic analytics and information resource products for next generations personalized medicine<br /> Rank: 689,190<br /> Address: 900 Cocoanut Ave Sarasota, FL 34236 US<br /> Keywords: [[genotyping]], [[ sequencing]], [[ snp discovery]], [[ pharmacogenomics]], [[ personalized medicine]], [[ forensics]], [[ eye color]], [[ investigative tool]], [[ DNA]], [[ DNA print]], [[ genomics]], [[ polymorphism]], [[ informatics]], [[ genome]], [[ SNP]], [[ nucleotide]], [[ human]], [[ artificial]], [[ intelligence]], [[ phenomics]], [[ neural]], [[ net]], [[ pattern]], [[ cancer]], [[ mathematics]], [[ modeling]], [[ disease Ancestry familytree dna fingerprint migration chromosome paternal maternal genome bioscience informatics lineage]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ancestrybydna.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=ancestrybydna.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/ancestrybydna.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.ancestrybydna.com/ <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ancestrybydna.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/ancestrybydna.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.ancestrybydna.com/"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.ancestrybydna.com/" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=ancestrybydna.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.dnaheritage.com DNA Heritage - DNA Testing for Genetic Genealogy]</h2> Rank: 744,444<br /> Address: 40 Preston Rd Weymouth, Dorset DT3 6PZ, , UNITED KINGDOM<br /> Keywords: [[DNA genealogy]], [[ Genetic testing]], [[ genetics]], [[ paternal]], [[ haplotype]], [[ genealogy]], [[ mutation]], [[ polymorphism]], [[ Cohanim]], [[ DNA testing]], [[ family tree]], [[ PCR]], [[ father]], [[ mtDNA]], [[ Y-Chromosome]], [[ mother]], [[ genetic genealogy]], [[ relatives]], [[ ancestors]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dnaheritage.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=dnaheritage.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/dnaheritage.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.dnaheritage.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dnaheritage.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/dnaheritage.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.dnaheritage.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.dnaheritage.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=dnaheritage.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.gtldna.com Home DNA &amp; Paternity Tests: Legal Test Kits &amp; Testing Services from GTL]</h2> GTL specializes in DNA &amp; paternity tests and testing services. Visit us for more information about our accredited paternity, maternity, sibilingship and other DNA identification home test kits.<br /> Rank: 774,144<br /> Address: <br /> Keywords: [[paternity test]], [[ paternity tests]], [[ paternity testing]], [[ dna tests]], [[ dna test]], [[ dna testing]], [[ maternity testing]], [[ siblingship tests]], [[ grandparentage test]], [[ determining human identity]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/gtldna.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=gtldna.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/gtldna.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.gtldna.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/gtldna.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/gtldna.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.gtldna.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.gtldna.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=gtldna.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.dnatribes.com DNA Tribes Personal Genetic Analysis]</h2> Rank: 821,625<br /> Address: PO Box 99800 EmeryVille, CA 94662 US<br /> Keywords: [[dna]], [[gene]], [[genetic]], [[ancestry]], [[tribes]], [[tribal]], [[genealogy]], [[analysis]], [[test]], [[nations]], [[ethnicity]], [[ethnic]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dnatribes.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=dnatribes.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/dnatribes.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.dnatribes.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dnatribes.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/dnatribes.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.dnatribes.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.dnatribes.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=dnatribes.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.smgf.org SMGF]</h2> Rank: 896,472<br /> Address: 2511 S. W Temple Salt Lake City, UT 84115 US<br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/smgf.org <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=smgf.org <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/smgf.org <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.smgf.org <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/smgf.org?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/smgf.org_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.smgf.org"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.smgf.org" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=smgf.org" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.ethnoancestry.com EthnoAncestry Unlocking your DNA archive]</h2> Rank: 897,291<br /> Address: 4028 Larwin Ave Cypress, CA 90630 US<br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ethnoancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=ethnoancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/ethnoancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.ethnoancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ethnoancestry.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/ethnoancestry.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.ethnoancestry.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.ethnoancestry.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=ethnoancestry.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.oxfordancestors.com/ OXFORD ANCESTORS : Explore your genetic roots - DNA sequencing, Professor Sykes, Adam's Curse, Family Tree Searches, Your Ancestry DNA analysis, tracing ancestors]</h2> Rank: 915,018<br /> Address: PO Box 288 Kidlington, Oxfordshire OX5 1WG, UNITED KINGDOM<br /> Keywords: [[adam's]], [[ adams curse]], [[ dna sequencing]], [[ dna]], [[ genetics]], [[ oxford ancestors]], [[ bryan sykes]], [[ professor sykes]], [[ adam's curse]], [[ family tree]], [[ tracing ancestors]], [[ y chromosone]], [[ genealogy]], [[ science]], [[ 7 daughters of eve]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/oxfordancestors.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=oxfordancestors.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/oxfordancestors.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.oxfordancestors.com/ <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/oxfordancestors.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/oxfordancestors.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.oxfordancestors.com/"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.oxfordancestors.com/" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=oxfordancestors.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> 82cc81f49395003f23951cd8b623bbf203e09561 1646 2007-12-10T10:24:19Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki <h2>[http://www.Ancestry.com Genealogy, Family Trees and Family History Records online - Ancestry.com]</h2> Ancestry.com is the largest family history site online with over 4 billion names in worldwide historical records, family tree services and genealogy learning materials<br /> Rank: 3,691<br /> Address: 360 W. 4800 N Provo, UT 84604 US<br /> Keywords: [[ancestry]], [[ ancestry com]], [[ ancestory]], [[ genealogy]], [[ family history]], [[ family trees]], [[ origins]], [[ relatives]], [[ descendants]], [[ ancestors]], [[ roots]], [[ family]], [[ generation]], [[ history]], [[ heritage]], [[ heredity]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/Ancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=Ancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/Ancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.Ancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/Ancestry.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/Ancestry.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.Ancestry.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.Ancestry.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=Ancestry.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.familytreedna.com/ Family Tree DNA - we do genetic tests for your genealogy questions!]</h2> Rank: 84,845<br /> Address: 1919 North Loop West Suite 432 Houston, TX 77008 US<br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/familytreedna.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=familytreedna.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/familytreedna.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.familytreedna.com/ <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/familytreedna.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/familytreedna.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.familytreedna.com/"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.familytreedna.com/" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=familytreedna.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.TribalPages.com Family Tree - build your Free Family Tree website]</h2> Build your Free Family Tree website easily and effortlessly. 175000 Family Tree websites.<br /> Rank: 85,209<br /> Address: 10332 Lightner Bridge Dr Tampa, FL 33626 US<br /> Keywords: [[family tree]], [[ family tree website]], [[ family tree photos]], [[ family trees]], [[ genealogy]], [[ ancestors]], [[ descendant]], [[ ancestry]], [[ family history]], [[ gedcom]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/TribalPages.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=TribalPages.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/TribalPages.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.TribalPages.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/TribalPages.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/TribalPages.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.TribalPages.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.TribalPages.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=TribalPages.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.expertgenealogy.com Professional Genealogists Ancestry &amp; Family Tree Researchers]</h2> Find professional genealogists, ancestry and family tree researchers here. Search for expertise in genealogical research of ancestral family history.<br /> Rank: 98,646<br /> Address: Ottawa, ON Canada<br /> Keywords: [[genealogist]], [[ geneologist]], [[ expert genealogist]], [[ professional genealogists]], [[ geneologists]], [[ expert genealogists]], [[ genealogy researcher]], [[ geneology]], [[ genealogical research]], [[ family tree]], [[ family history]], [[ ancestry researcher]], [[ ancestor search]], [[ ancestral search]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/expertgenealogy.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=expertgenealogy.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/expertgenealogy.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.expertgenealogy.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/expertgenealogy.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/expertgenealogy.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.expertgenealogy.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.expertgenealogy.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=expertgenealogy.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.dnaancestryproject.com Trace Your Ancestry with DNA - DNA Ancestry Project]</h2> Rank: 101,686<br /> Address: 1416-750 W. Broadway Vancouver, BC V5Z 1H1 Canada<br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dnaancestryproject.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=dnaancestryproject.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/dnaancestryproject.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.dnaancestryproject.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dnaancestryproject.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/dnaancestryproject.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.dnaancestryproject.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.dnaancestryproject.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=dnaancestryproject.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.OneGreatFamily.com Genealogy Family Tree at OneGreatFamily.com ]</h2> Rank: 129,016<br /> Address: 743 West 1200 North #100 Springville, UT 84663 US<br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/OneGreatFamily.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=OneGreatFamily.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/OneGreatFamily.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.OneGreatFamily.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/OneGreatFamily.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/OneGreatFamily.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.OneGreatFamily.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.OneGreatFamily.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=OneGreatFamily.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.genetree.com/ GeneTree - You Belong Here | DNA Genealogy]</h2> DNA Genealogy: Extend your concept of family through DNA testing. Connect with others to share and preserve your memories. Join now it's free.<br /> Rank: 144,699<br /> Address: 2511 S W Temple Salt Lake City, UT 84115 US<br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/genetree.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=genetree.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/genetree.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.genetree.com/ <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/genetree.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/genetree.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.genetree.com/"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.genetree.com/" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=genetree.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.genebase.com/ Genebase :: Home]</h2> Rank: 163,192<br /> Address: 1416-750 W. Broadway Vancouver, BC V5Z 1H1 Canada<br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/genebase.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=genebase.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/genebase.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.genebase.com/ <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/genebase.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/genebase.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.genebase.com/"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.genebase.com/" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=genebase.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.genome.gov genome.gov | National Human Genome Research Institute]</h2> Home page of the National Human Genome Research Institute, the arm of the U.S. National Institutes of Health dedicated to advancing human health through genetic research.<br /> Rank: 179,836<br /> Address: <br /> Keywords: [[home]], [[ about nhgri]], [[ human genome project]], [[ fact sheet]], [[ facts]], [[ faqs]], [[ ethical legal and social implications]], [[ elsi]], [[ calendar]], [[ events]], [[ calendar of events]], [[ seminar]], [[ seminar series]], [[ news]], [[ newsroom]], [[ advances]], [[ discoveries]], [[ grant]], [[ grants]], [[ funding]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/genome.gov <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=genome.gov <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/genome.gov <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.genome.gov <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/genome.gov?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/genome.gov_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.genome.gov"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.genome.gov" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=genome.gov" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.ancestry.ca Genealogy, Family Trees and Family History Records online - Ancestry.ca]</h2> Ancestry.com is the largest family history site online with over 4 billion names in worldwide historical records, family tree services and genealogy learning materials<br /> Rank: 193,987<br /> Address: Address Unlisted<br /> Keywords: [[ancestry]], [[ ancestry com]], [[ ancestory]], [[ genealogy]], [[ family history]], [[ family trees]], [[ origins]], [[ relatives]], [[ descendants]], [[ ancestors]], [[ roots]], [[ family]], [[ generation]], [[ history]], [[ heritage]], [[ heredity]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ancestry.ca <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=ancestry.ca <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/ancestry.ca <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.ancestry.ca <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ancestry.ca?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/ancestry.ca_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.ancestry.ca"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.ancestry.ca" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=ancestry.ca" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.kindredkonnections.com Genealogy, Ancestry and Family History Search, Family Tree]</h2> Ancestry, Genealogy, Family Tree, and Family History Search at kindredkonnections.com. Free Genealogy Search with Death Records, Birth Records and Free Family Tree Genealogy Software<br /> Rank: 195,877<br /> Address: 471 E 4300 N Provo, UT 84604 US<br /> Keywords: [[genealogy]], [[ family tree]], [[ family search]], [[ ancestry]], [[ geneology]], [[ family history]], [[ social security death index]], [[ surname]], [[ ancestor]], [[ birth records]], [[ death records]], [[ family tree maker]], [[ LDS genealogy]], [[ free genealogy]], [[ genealogy search]], [[ mormon genealogy]], [[ family genealogy]], [[ genealogy software]], [[ social security death record]], [[ social security death]], [[ death index]], [[ free family tree]], [[ irish genealogy]], [[ german genealogy]], [[ genealogy research]], [[ genealogy site]], [[ family tree software]], [[ free genealogy search]], [[ family tree search]], [[ family tree chart]], [[ my family tree]], [[ genealogy web site]], [[ us census]], [[ marriage records]], [[ family]], [[history]], [[ tree]], [[ vital]], [[ vital records]], [[ death]], [[ roots]], [[ pedigree]], [[ GEDCOM]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/kindredkonnections.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=kindredkonnections.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/kindredkonnections.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.kindredkonnections.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/kindredkonnections.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/kindredkonnections.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.kindredkonnections.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.kindredkonnections.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=kindredkonnections.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.23andMe.com 23andMe - Genetics Just Got Personal.]</h2> Rank: 206,408<br /> Address: <br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/23andMe.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=23andMe.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/23andMe.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.23andMe.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/23andMe.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/23andMe.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.23andMe.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.23andMe.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=23andMe.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.afrigeneas.com AfriGeneas ~ African American &amp; African Ancestored Genealogy]</h2> Rank: 211,207<br /> Address: 1496 Soaring Pointe NE Marietta, GA 30062 US<br /> Keywords: [[african american genealogy]], [[ black genealogy]], [[ negro genealogy]], [[ colored genealogy]], [[ african american research]], [[ slave research]], [[ slave genealogy]], [[ free person of color]], [[ history]], [[ african american history]], [[ ancestry]], [[ african american family history]], [[ family research]], [[ african american heritage]], [[ census records]], [[ culture]], [[ plantation records]], [[ slavery]], [[ enslavement]], [[ slaveowner]], [[ african american surnames]], [[ wills]], [[ obituaries]], [[ african american culture]], [[ african ancestored]], [[ african american]], [[ black]], [[ negro]], [[ colored]], [[ mulatto]], [[ mixed race]], [[ black indians]], [[ slave]], [[ slavery]], [[ enslavement]], [[ plantation]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/afrigeneas.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=afrigeneas.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/afrigeneas.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.afrigeneas.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/afrigeneas.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/afrigeneas.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.afrigeneas.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.afrigeneas.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=afrigeneas.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.thegeneticgenealogist.com The Genetic Genealogist]</h2> Adding DNA to the Genealogist&rsquo;s Toolbox<br /> Rank: 225,533<br /> Address: <br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/thegeneticgenealogist.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=thegeneticgenealogist.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/thegeneticgenealogist.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.thegeneticgenealogist.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/thegeneticgenealogist.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/thegeneticgenealogist.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.thegeneticgenealogist.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.thegeneticgenealogist.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=thegeneticgenealogist.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.KinCafe.com Free Family Calendar, Albums and Family Tree :: KinCafe.com]</h2> Rank: 239,223<br /> Address: <br /> Keywords: [[family network]], [[ family social network]], [[ free family tree]], [[ family calendar]], [[ online family tree]], [[ genealogy]], [[ family albums]], [[ shared family calendar]], [[ family website]], [[ family birthday reminders]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/KinCafe.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=KinCafe.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/KinCafe.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.KinCafe.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/KinCafe.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/KinCafe.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.KinCafe.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.KinCafe.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=KinCafe.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.ysearch.org Ysearch - the number one Y-DNA public database]</h2> Rank: 265,613<br /> Address: 1919 N Loop W, Ste 110 Houston, TX 77008 US<br /> Keywords: [[ysearch]], [[ family tree]], [[ genetic genealogy]], [[ genetic testing]], [[ DNA]], [[ haplogroup]], [[ haplotype]], [[ genealogy]], [[ mutation]], [[ polymorphism]], [[ ancestry]], [[ DNA testing]], [[ family tree dna]], [[ dnaheritage]], [[ dna heritage Cohanim]], [[ mtDNA]], [[ y-chromosome]], [[ genealogy]], [[ relatives]], [[ ancestors]], [[ relative genetics]], [[ genetree]], [[ ftdna]], [[ ybase]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ysearch.org <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=ysearch.org <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/ysearch.org <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.ysearch.org <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ysearch.org?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/ysearch.org_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.ysearch.org"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.ysearch.org" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=ysearch.org" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.dna11.com DNA Art by DNA 11 dna artwork fingerprint Art lip art DNA canvas kiss portraits custom art]</h2> The world뭩 most personalized art made from DNA, fingerprints and lips. As seen on HGTV, NY Times, BBC.<br /> Rank: 295,579<br /> Address: 20 York St Unit 522 Ottawa, ON K1N 5S6 Canada<br /> Keywords: [[DNA Custom Art]], [[ Art Online]], [[ dna artwork]], [[ Buy Art Online]], [[ DNA11]], [[ DNA 11]], [[ Kiss Prints]], [[ Viva Glam]], [[ Mac cosmetics]], [[ fingerprint art]], [[ custom art]], [[ buy original art online]], [[ buy custom art online]], [[ online art galleries]], [[ dna art pictures]], [[ interior design ideas]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dna11.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=dna11.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/dna11.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.dna11.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dna11.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/dna11.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.dna11.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.dna11.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=dna11.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.dna-worldwide.com DNA Paternity Testing - DNA Test, Ancestry Tests &amp; Genetic Genealogy Kits UK]</h2> DNA genealogy test, ancestry DNA testing, genetic and DNA paternity tests kit in UK. DNA Worldwide, A specialist DNA Company providing a comprehensive range of home and legal DNA tests, DNA Worldwide concentrates on quality and customer service certified to UKAS: ISO 9001:2000.<br /> Rank: 405,711<br /> Address: 140 High Sreet, Cranliegh Surrey, GU6 8RF, UNITED KINGDOM<br /> Keywords: [[dna test]], [[tests]], [[testing uk]], [[dna testing kit]], [[kits]], [[dna paternity test]], [[ancestry dna testing]], [[dna genealogy]], [[genetic testing]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dna-worldwide.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=dna-worldwide.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/dna-worldwide.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.dna-worldwide.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dna-worldwide.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/dna-worldwide.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.dna-worldwide.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.dna-worldwide.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=dna-worldwide.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.becominghuman.org Becoming Human: Paleoanthropology, Evolution and Human Origins]</h2> An extensive, information-rich online destination for paleoanthropology. The site includes an interactive documentary, educational exhibits, research tools, and the latest news from scientists across the globe.<br /> Rank: 603,582<br /> Address: Arizona State University Tempe, AZ 85287 US<br /> Keywords: [[becoming human]], [[ human]], [[ evolution]], [[ human evolution]], [[ iho]], [[ human origins]], [[ institute of human origins]], [[ paleoanthropology]], [[ paleontology]], [[ archaeology]], [[ lucy]], [[ afarensis]], [[ hominid]], [[ homonoid]], [[ johanson]], [[ don johanson]], [[ donald johanson]], [[ documentary]], [[ interactive documentary]], [[ evolution education]], [[ teaching evolution]], [[ teach evolution]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/becominghuman.org <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=becominghuman.org <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/becominghuman.org <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.becominghuman.org <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/becominghuman.org?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/becominghuman.org_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.becominghuman.org"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.becominghuman.org" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=becominghuman.org" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.DNATesting.com DNA Paternity Testing and other DNA Tests: DNATesting.com]</h2> DNA Paternity Testing and DNA Paternity Tests for DNA Ancestry Testing Services including Home DNA Paternity Test Informationand other DNA Tests at Gene Tree<br /> Rank: 622,924<br /> Address: 5615 Kirby Dr Ste 800 Houston, TX 77005 US<br /> Keywords: [[DNA Paternity Testing]], [[ DNA Paternity Tests]], [[ DNA Tests]], [[ DNA Paternity Test]], [[ DNA Ancestry Testing Services]], [[ DNA Profiling]], [[ Home DNA Test Information]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/DNATesting.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=DNATesting.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/DNATesting.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.DNATesting.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/DNATesting.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/DNATesting.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.DNATesting.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.DNATesting.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=DNATesting.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.tippets.com Family History Data Sources ]</h2> Rank: 681,345<br /> Address: 2855 CupFlower Ct Pleasanton, CA 94588 US<br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/tippets.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=tippets.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/tippets.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.tippets.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/tippets.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/tippets.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.tippets.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.tippets.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=tippets.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.ancestrybydna.com/ AncestryByDNA]</h2> Ancestrybydna.com and Dnaprint.com specialize in complex genetic analytics and information resource products for next generations personalized medicine<br /> Rank: 689,190<br /> Address: 900 Cocoanut Ave Sarasota, FL 34236 US<br /> Keywords: [[genotyping]], [[ sequencing]], [[ snp discovery]], [[ pharmacogenomics]], [[ personalized medicine]], [[ forensics]], [[ eye color]], [[ investigative tool]], [[ DNA]], [[ DNA print]], [[ genomics]], [[ polymorphism]], [[ informatics]], [[ genome]], [[ SNP]], [[ nucleotide]], [[ human]], [[ artificial]], [[ intelligence]], [[ phenomics]], [[ neural]], [[ net]], [[ pattern]], [[ cancer]], [[ mathematics]], [[ modeling]], [[ disease Ancestry familytree dna fingerprint migration chromosome paternal maternal genome bioscience informatics lineage]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ancestrybydna.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=ancestrybydna.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/ancestrybydna.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.ancestrybydna.com/ <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ancestrybydna.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/ancestrybydna.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.ancestrybydna.com/"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.ancestrybydna.com/" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=ancestrybydna.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.dnaheritage.com DNA Heritage - DNA Testing for Genetic Genealogy]</h2> Rank: 744,444<br /> Address: 40 Preston Rd Weymouth, Dorset DT3 6PZ, , UNITED KINGDOM<br /> Keywords: [[DNA genealogy]], [[ Genetic testing]], [[ genetics]], [[ paternal]], [[ haplotype]], [[ genealogy]], [[ mutation]], [[ polymorphism]], [[ Cohanim]], [[ DNA testing]], [[ family tree]], [[ PCR]], [[ father]], [[ mtDNA]], [[ Y-Chromosome]], [[ mother]], [[ genetic genealogy]], [[ relatives]], [[ ancestors]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dnaheritage.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=dnaheritage.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/dnaheritage.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.dnaheritage.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dnaheritage.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/dnaheritage.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.dnaheritage.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.dnaheritage.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=dnaheritage.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.gtldna.com Home DNA &amp; Paternity Tests: Legal Test Kits &amp; Testing Services from GTL]</h2> GTL specializes in DNA &amp; paternity tests and testing services. Visit us for more information about our accredited paternity, maternity, sibilingship and other DNA identification home test kits.<br /> Rank: 774,144<br /> Address: <br /> Keywords: [[paternity test]], [[ paternity tests]], [[ paternity testing]], [[ dna tests]], [[ dna test]], [[ dna testing]], [[ maternity testing]], [[ siblingship tests]], [[ grandparentage test]], [[ determining human identity]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/gtldna.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=gtldna.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/gtldna.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.gtldna.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/gtldna.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/gtldna.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.gtldna.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.gtldna.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=gtldna.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.dnatribes.com DNA Tribes Personal Genetic Analysis]</h2> Rank: 821,625<br /> Address: PO Box 99800 EmeryVille, CA 94662 US<br /> Keywords: [[dna]], [[gene]], [[genetic]], [[ancestry]], [[tribes]], [[tribal]], [[genealogy]], [[analysis]], [[test]], [[nations]], [[ethnicity]], [[ethnic]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dnatribes.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=dnatribes.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/dnatribes.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.dnatribes.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dnatribes.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/dnatribes.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.dnatribes.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.dnatribes.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=dnatribes.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.smgf.org SMGF]</h2> Rank: 896,472<br /> Address: 2511 S. W Temple Salt Lake City, UT 84115 US<br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/smgf.org <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=smgf.org <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/smgf.org <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.smgf.org <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/smgf.org?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/smgf.org_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.smgf.org"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.smgf.org" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=smgf.org" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.ethnoancestry.com EthnoAncestry Unlocking your DNA archive]</h2> Rank: 897,291<br /> Address: 4028 Larwin Ave Cypress, CA 90630 US<br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ethnoancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=ethnoancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/ethnoancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.ethnoancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ethnoancestry.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/ethnoancestry.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.ethnoancestry.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.ethnoancestry.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=ethnoancestry.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.oxfordancestors.com/ OXFORD ANCESTORS : Explore your genetic roots - DNA sequencing, Professor Sykes, Adam's Curse, Family Tree Searches, Your Ancestry DNA analysis, tracing ancestors]</h2> Rank: 915,018<br /> Address: PO Box 288 Kidlington, Oxfordshire OX5 1WG, UNITED KINGDOM<br /> Keywords: [[adam's]], [[ adams curse]], [[ dna sequencing]], [[ dna]], [[ genetics]], [[ oxford ancestors]], [[ bryan sykes]], [[ professor sykes]], [[ adam's curse]], [[ family tree]], [[ tracing ancestors]], [[ y chromosone]], [[ genealogy]], [[ science]], [[ 7 daughters of eve]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/oxfordancestors.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=oxfordancestors.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/oxfordancestors.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.oxfordancestors.com/ <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/oxfordancestors.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/oxfordancestors.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.oxfordancestors.com/"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.oxfordancestors.com/" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=oxfordancestors.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> 181b169973b0faa217f8fcd72d00facc1a8b73f1 1647 2007-12-10T10:24:34Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki <h2>[http://www.Ancestry.com Genealogy, Family Trees and Family History Records online - Ancestry.com]</h2> Ancestry.com is the largest family history site online with over 4 billion names in worldwide historical records, family tree services and genealogy learning materials<br /> Rank: 3,691<br /> Address: 360 W. 4800 N Provo, UT 84604 US<br /> Keywords: [[ancestry]], [[ ancestry com]], [[ ancestory]], [[ genealogy]], [[ family history]], [[ family trees]], [[ origins]], [[ relatives]], [[ descendants]], [[ ancestors]], [[ roots]], [[ family]], [[ generation]], [[ history]], [[ heritage]], [[ heredity]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/Ancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=Ancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/Ancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.Ancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/Ancestry.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/Ancestry.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.Ancestry.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.Ancestry.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=Ancestry.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.familytreedna.com/ Family Tree DNA - we do genetic tests for your genealogy questions!]</h2> Rank: 84,845<br /> Address: 1919 North Loop West Suite 432 Houston, TX 77008 US<br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/familytreedna.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=familytreedna.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/familytreedna.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.familytreedna.com/ <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/familytreedna.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/familytreedna.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.familytreedna.com/"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.familytreedna.com/" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=familytreedna.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.expertgenealogy.com Professional Genealogists Ancestry &amp; Family Tree Researchers]</h2> Find professional genealogists, ancestry and family tree researchers here. Search for expertise in genealogical research of ancestral family history.<br /> Rank: 98,646<br /> Address: Ottawa, ON Canada<br /> Keywords: [[genealogist]], [[ geneologist]], [[ expert genealogist]], [[ professional genealogists]], [[ geneologists]], [[ expert genealogists]], [[ genealogy researcher]], [[ geneology]], [[ genealogical research]], [[ family tree]], [[ family history]], [[ ancestry researcher]], [[ ancestor search]], [[ ancestral search]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/expertgenealogy.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=expertgenealogy.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/expertgenealogy.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.expertgenealogy.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/expertgenealogy.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/expertgenealogy.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.expertgenealogy.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.expertgenealogy.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=expertgenealogy.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.dnaancestryproject.com Trace Your Ancestry with DNA - DNA Ancestry Project]</h2> Rank: 101,686<br /> Address: 1416-750 W. Broadway Vancouver, BC V5Z 1H1 Canada<br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dnaancestryproject.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=dnaancestryproject.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/dnaancestryproject.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.dnaancestryproject.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dnaancestryproject.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/dnaancestryproject.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.dnaancestryproject.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.dnaancestryproject.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=dnaancestryproject.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.OneGreatFamily.com Genealogy Family Tree at OneGreatFamily.com ]</h2> Rank: 129,016<br /> Address: 743 West 1200 North #100 Springville, UT 84663 US<br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/OneGreatFamily.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=OneGreatFamily.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/OneGreatFamily.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.OneGreatFamily.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/OneGreatFamily.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/OneGreatFamily.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.OneGreatFamily.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.OneGreatFamily.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=OneGreatFamily.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.genetree.com/ GeneTree - You Belong Here | DNA Genealogy]</h2> DNA Genealogy: Extend your concept of family through DNA testing. Connect with others to share and preserve your memories. Join now it's free.<br /> Rank: 144,699<br /> Address: 2511 S W Temple Salt Lake City, UT 84115 US<br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/genetree.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=genetree.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/genetree.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.genetree.com/ <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/genetree.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/genetree.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.genetree.com/"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.genetree.com/" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=genetree.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.genebase.com/ Genebase :: Home]</h2> Rank: 163,192<br /> Address: 1416-750 W. Broadway Vancouver, BC V5Z 1H1 Canada<br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/genebase.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=genebase.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/genebase.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.genebase.com/ <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/genebase.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/genebase.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.genebase.com/"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.genebase.com/" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=genebase.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.genome.gov genome.gov | National Human Genome Research Institute]</h2> Home page of the National Human Genome Research Institute, the arm of the U.S. National Institutes of Health dedicated to advancing human health through genetic research.<br /> Rank: 179,836<br /> Address: <br /> Keywords: [[home]], [[ about nhgri]], [[ human genome project]], [[ fact sheet]], [[ facts]], [[ faqs]], [[ ethical legal and social implications]], [[ elsi]], [[ calendar]], [[ events]], [[ calendar of events]], [[ seminar]], [[ seminar series]], [[ news]], [[ newsroom]], [[ advances]], [[ discoveries]], [[ grant]], [[ grants]], [[ funding]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/genome.gov <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=genome.gov <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/genome.gov <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.genome.gov <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/genome.gov?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/genome.gov_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.genome.gov"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.genome.gov" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=genome.gov" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.ancestry.ca Genealogy, Family Trees and Family History Records online - Ancestry.ca]</h2> Ancestry.com is the largest family history site online with over 4 billion names in worldwide historical records, family tree services and genealogy learning materials<br /> Rank: 193,987<br /> Address: Address Unlisted<br /> Keywords: [[ancestry]], [[ ancestry com]], [[ ancestory]], [[ genealogy]], [[ family history]], [[ family trees]], [[ origins]], [[ relatives]], [[ descendants]], [[ ancestors]], [[ roots]], [[ family]], [[ generation]], [[ history]], [[ heritage]], [[ heredity]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ancestry.ca <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=ancestry.ca <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/ancestry.ca <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.ancestry.ca <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ancestry.ca?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/ancestry.ca_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.ancestry.ca"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.ancestry.ca" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=ancestry.ca" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.kindredkonnections.com Genealogy, Ancestry and Family History Search, Family Tree]</h2> Ancestry, Genealogy, Family Tree, and Family History Search at kindredkonnections.com. Free Genealogy Search with Death Records, Birth Records and Free Family Tree Genealogy Software<br /> Rank: 195,877<br /> Address: 471 E 4300 N Provo, UT 84604 US<br /> Keywords: [[genealogy]], [[ family tree]], [[ family search]], [[ ancestry]], [[ geneology]], [[ family history]], [[ social security death index]], [[ surname]], [[ ancestor]], [[ birth records]], [[ death records]], [[ family tree maker]], [[ LDS genealogy]], [[ free genealogy]], [[ genealogy search]], [[ mormon genealogy]], [[ family genealogy]], [[ genealogy software]], [[ social security death record]], [[ social security death]], [[ death index]], [[ free family tree]], [[ irish genealogy]], [[ german genealogy]], [[ genealogy research]], [[ genealogy site]], [[ family tree software]], [[ free genealogy search]], [[ family tree search]], [[ family tree chart]], [[ my family tree]], [[ genealogy web site]], [[ us census]], [[ marriage records]], [[ family]], [[history]], [[ tree]], [[ vital]], [[ vital records]], [[ death]], [[ roots]], [[ pedigree]], [[ GEDCOM]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/kindredkonnections.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=kindredkonnections.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/kindredkonnections.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.kindredkonnections.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/kindredkonnections.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/kindredkonnections.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.kindredkonnections.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.kindredkonnections.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=kindredkonnections.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.23andMe.com 23andMe - Genetics Just Got Personal.]</h2> Rank: 206,408<br /> Address: <br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/23andMe.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=23andMe.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/23andMe.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.23andMe.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/23andMe.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/23andMe.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.23andMe.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.23andMe.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=23andMe.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.afrigeneas.com AfriGeneas ~ African American &amp; African Ancestored Genealogy]</h2> Rank: 211,207<br /> Address: 1496 Soaring Pointe NE Marietta, GA 30062 US<br /> Keywords: [[african american genealogy]], [[ black genealogy]], [[ negro genealogy]], [[ colored genealogy]], [[ african american research]], [[ slave research]], [[ slave genealogy]], [[ free person of color]], [[ history]], [[ african american history]], [[ ancestry]], [[ african american family history]], [[ family research]], [[ african american heritage]], [[ census records]], [[ culture]], [[ plantation records]], [[ slavery]], [[ enslavement]], [[ slaveowner]], [[ african american surnames]], [[ wills]], [[ obituaries]], [[ african american culture]], [[ african ancestored]], [[ african american]], [[ black]], [[ negro]], [[ colored]], [[ mulatto]], [[ mixed race]], [[ black indians]], [[ slave]], [[ slavery]], [[ enslavement]], [[ plantation]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/afrigeneas.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=afrigeneas.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/afrigeneas.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.afrigeneas.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/afrigeneas.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/afrigeneas.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.afrigeneas.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.afrigeneas.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=afrigeneas.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.thegeneticgenealogist.com The Genetic Genealogist]</h2> Adding DNA to the Genealogist&rsquo;s Toolbox<br /> Rank: 225,533<br /> Address: <br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/thegeneticgenealogist.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=thegeneticgenealogist.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/thegeneticgenealogist.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.thegeneticgenealogist.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/thegeneticgenealogist.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/thegeneticgenealogist.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.thegeneticgenealogist.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.thegeneticgenealogist.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=thegeneticgenealogist.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.KinCafe.com Free Family Calendar, Albums and Family Tree :: KinCafe.com]</h2> Rank: 239,223<br /> Address: <br /> Keywords: [[family network]], [[ family social network]], [[ free family tree]], [[ family calendar]], [[ online family tree]], [[ genealogy]], [[ family albums]], [[ shared family calendar]], [[ family website]], [[ family birthday reminders]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/KinCafe.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=KinCafe.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/KinCafe.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.KinCafe.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/KinCafe.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/KinCafe.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.KinCafe.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.KinCafe.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=KinCafe.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.ysearch.org Ysearch - the number one Y-DNA public database]</h2> Rank: 265,613<br /> Address: 1919 N Loop W, Ste 110 Houston, TX 77008 US<br /> Keywords: [[ysearch]], [[ family tree]], [[ genetic genealogy]], [[ genetic testing]], [[ DNA]], [[ haplogroup]], [[ haplotype]], [[ genealogy]], [[ mutation]], [[ polymorphism]], [[ ancestry]], [[ DNA testing]], [[ family tree dna]], [[ dnaheritage]], [[ dna heritage Cohanim]], [[ mtDNA]], [[ y-chromosome]], [[ genealogy]], [[ relatives]], [[ ancestors]], [[ relative genetics]], [[ genetree]], [[ ftdna]], [[ ybase]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ysearch.org <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=ysearch.org <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/ysearch.org <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.ysearch.org <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ysearch.org?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/ysearch.org_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.ysearch.org"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.ysearch.org" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=ysearch.org" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.dna11.com DNA Art by DNA 11 dna artwork fingerprint Art lip art DNA canvas kiss portraits custom art]</h2> The world뭩 most personalized art made from DNA, fingerprints and lips. As seen on HGTV, NY Times, BBC.<br /> Rank: 295,579<br /> Address: 20 York St Unit 522 Ottawa, ON K1N 5S6 Canada<br /> Keywords: [[DNA Custom Art]], [[ Art Online]], [[ dna artwork]], [[ Buy Art Online]], [[ DNA11]], [[ DNA 11]], [[ Kiss Prints]], [[ Viva Glam]], [[ Mac cosmetics]], [[ fingerprint art]], [[ custom art]], [[ buy original art online]], [[ buy custom art online]], [[ online art galleries]], [[ dna art pictures]], [[ interior design ideas]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dna11.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=dna11.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/dna11.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.dna11.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dna11.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/dna11.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.dna11.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.dna11.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=dna11.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.dna-worldwide.com DNA Paternity Testing - DNA Test, Ancestry Tests &amp; Genetic Genealogy Kits UK]</h2> DNA genealogy test, ancestry DNA testing, genetic and DNA paternity tests kit in UK. DNA Worldwide, A specialist DNA Company providing a comprehensive range of home and legal DNA tests, DNA Worldwide concentrates on quality and customer service certified to UKAS: ISO 9001:2000.<br /> Rank: 405,711<br /> Address: 140 High Sreet, Cranliegh Surrey, GU6 8RF, UNITED KINGDOM<br /> Keywords: [[dna test]], [[tests]], [[testing uk]], [[dna testing kit]], [[kits]], [[dna paternity test]], [[ancestry dna testing]], [[dna genealogy]], [[genetic testing]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dna-worldwide.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=dna-worldwide.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/dna-worldwide.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.dna-worldwide.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dna-worldwide.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/dna-worldwide.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.dna-worldwide.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.dna-worldwide.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=dna-worldwide.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.becominghuman.org Becoming Human: Paleoanthropology, Evolution and Human Origins]</h2> An extensive, information-rich online destination for paleoanthropology. The site includes an interactive documentary, educational exhibits, research tools, and the latest news from scientists across the globe.<br /> Rank: 603,582<br /> Address: Arizona State University Tempe, AZ 85287 US<br /> Keywords: [[becoming human]], [[ human]], [[ evolution]], [[ human evolution]], [[ iho]], [[ human origins]], [[ institute of human origins]], [[ paleoanthropology]], [[ paleontology]], [[ archaeology]], [[ lucy]], [[ afarensis]], [[ hominid]], [[ homonoid]], [[ johanson]], [[ don johanson]], [[ donald johanson]], [[ documentary]], [[ interactive documentary]], [[ evolution education]], [[ teaching evolution]], [[ teach evolution]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/becominghuman.org <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=becominghuman.org <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/becominghuman.org <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.becominghuman.org <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/becominghuman.org?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/becominghuman.org_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.becominghuman.org"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.becominghuman.org" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=becominghuman.org" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.DNATesting.com DNA Paternity Testing and other DNA Tests: DNATesting.com]</h2> DNA Paternity Testing and DNA Paternity Tests for DNA Ancestry Testing Services including Home DNA Paternity Test Informationand other DNA Tests at Gene Tree<br /> Rank: 622,924<br /> Address: 5615 Kirby Dr Ste 800 Houston, TX 77005 US<br /> Keywords: [[DNA Paternity Testing]], [[ DNA Paternity Tests]], [[ DNA Tests]], [[ DNA Paternity Test]], [[ DNA Ancestry Testing Services]], [[ DNA Profiling]], [[ Home DNA Test Information]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/DNATesting.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=DNATesting.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/DNATesting.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.DNATesting.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/DNATesting.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/DNATesting.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.DNATesting.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.DNATesting.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=DNATesting.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.tippets.com Family History Data Sources ]</h2> Rank: 681,345<br /> Address: 2855 CupFlower Ct Pleasanton, CA 94588 US<br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/tippets.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=tippets.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/tippets.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.tippets.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/tippets.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/tippets.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.tippets.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.tippets.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=tippets.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.ancestrybydna.com/ AncestryByDNA]</h2> Ancestrybydna.com and Dnaprint.com specialize in complex genetic analytics and information resource products for next generations personalized medicine<br /> Rank: 689,190<br /> Address: 900 Cocoanut Ave Sarasota, FL 34236 US<br /> Keywords: [[genotyping]], [[ sequencing]], [[ snp discovery]], [[ pharmacogenomics]], [[ personalized medicine]], [[ forensics]], [[ eye color]], [[ investigative tool]], [[ DNA]], [[ DNA print]], [[ genomics]], [[ polymorphism]], [[ informatics]], [[ genome]], [[ SNP]], [[ nucleotide]], [[ human]], [[ artificial]], [[ intelligence]], [[ phenomics]], [[ neural]], [[ net]], [[ pattern]], [[ cancer]], [[ mathematics]], [[ modeling]], [[ disease Ancestry familytree dna fingerprint migration chromosome paternal maternal genome bioscience informatics lineage]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ancestrybydna.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=ancestrybydna.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/ancestrybydna.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.ancestrybydna.com/ <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ancestrybydna.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/ancestrybydna.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.ancestrybydna.com/"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.ancestrybydna.com/" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=ancestrybydna.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.dnaheritage.com DNA Heritage - DNA Testing for Genetic Genealogy]</h2> Rank: 744,444<br /> Address: 40 Preston Rd Weymouth, Dorset DT3 6PZ, , UNITED KINGDOM<br /> Keywords: [[DNA genealogy]], [[ Genetic testing]], [[ genetics]], [[ paternal]], [[ haplotype]], [[ genealogy]], [[ mutation]], [[ polymorphism]], [[ Cohanim]], [[ DNA testing]], [[ family tree]], [[ PCR]], [[ father]], [[ mtDNA]], [[ Y-Chromosome]], [[ mother]], [[ genetic genealogy]], [[ relatives]], [[ ancestors]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dnaheritage.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=dnaheritage.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/dnaheritage.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.dnaheritage.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dnaheritage.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/dnaheritage.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.dnaheritage.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.dnaheritage.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=dnaheritage.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.gtldna.com Home DNA &amp; Paternity Tests: Legal Test Kits &amp; Testing Services from GTL]</h2> GTL specializes in DNA &amp; paternity tests and testing services. Visit us for more information about our accredited paternity, maternity, sibilingship and other DNA identification home test kits.<br /> Rank: 774,144<br /> Address: <br /> Keywords: [[paternity test]], [[ paternity tests]], [[ paternity testing]], [[ dna tests]], [[ dna test]], [[ dna testing]], [[ maternity testing]], [[ siblingship tests]], [[ grandparentage test]], [[ determining human identity]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/gtldna.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=gtldna.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/gtldna.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.gtldna.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/gtldna.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/gtldna.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.gtldna.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.gtldna.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=gtldna.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.dnatribes.com DNA Tribes Personal Genetic Analysis]</h2> Rank: 821,625<br /> Address: PO Box 99800 EmeryVille, CA 94662 US<br /> Keywords: [[dna]], [[gene]], [[genetic]], [[ancestry]], [[tribes]], [[tribal]], [[genealogy]], [[analysis]], [[test]], [[nations]], [[ethnicity]], [[ethnic]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dnatribes.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=dnatribes.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/dnatribes.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.dnatribes.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dnatribes.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/dnatribes.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.dnatribes.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.dnatribes.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=dnatribes.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.smgf.org SMGF]</h2> Rank: 896,472<br /> Address: 2511 S. W Temple Salt Lake City, UT 84115 US<br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/smgf.org <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=smgf.org <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/smgf.org <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.smgf.org <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/smgf.org?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/smgf.org_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.smgf.org"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.smgf.org" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=smgf.org" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.ethnoancestry.com EthnoAncestry Unlocking your DNA archive]</h2> Rank: 897,291<br /> Address: 4028 Larwin Ave Cypress, CA 90630 US<br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ethnoancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=ethnoancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/ethnoancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.ethnoancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ethnoancestry.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/ethnoancestry.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.ethnoancestry.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.ethnoancestry.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=ethnoancestry.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.oxfordancestors.com/ OXFORD ANCESTORS : Explore your genetic roots - DNA sequencing, Professor Sykes, Adam's Curse, Family Tree Searches, Your Ancestry DNA analysis, tracing ancestors]</h2> Rank: 915,018<br /> Address: PO Box 288 Kidlington, Oxfordshire OX5 1WG, UNITED KINGDOM<br /> Keywords: [[adam's]], [[ adams curse]], [[ dna sequencing]], [[ dna]], [[ genetics]], [[ oxford ancestors]], [[ bryan sykes]], [[ professor sykes]], [[ adam's curse]], [[ family tree]], [[ tracing ancestors]], [[ y chromosone]], [[ genealogy]], [[ science]], [[ 7 daughters of eve]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/oxfordancestors.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=oxfordancestors.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/oxfordancestors.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.oxfordancestors.com/ <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/oxfordancestors.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/oxfordancestors.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.oxfordancestors.com/"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.oxfordancestors.com/" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=oxfordancestors.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> 005b1989c9dec38b70051e4231c54aaee2cdaa99 1648 2007-12-10T10:24:45Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki <h2>[http://www.Ancestry.com Genealogy, Family Trees and Family History Records online - Ancestry.com]</h2> Ancestry.com is the largest family history site online with over 4 billion names in worldwide historical records, family tree services and genealogy learning materials<br /> Rank: 3,691<br /> Address: 360 W. 4800 N Provo, UT 84604 US<br /> Keywords: [[ancestry]], [[ ancestry com]], [[ ancestory]], [[ genealogy]], [[ family history]], [[ family trees]], [[ origins]], [[ relatives]], [[ descendants]], [[ ancestors]], [[ roots]], [[ family]], [[ generation]], [[ history]], [[ heritage]], [[ heredity]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/Ancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=Ancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/Ancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.Ancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/Ancestry.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/Ancestry.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.Ancestry.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.Ancestry.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=Ancestry.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.familytreedna.com/ Family Tree DNA - we do genetic tests for your genealogy questions!]</h2> Rank: 84,845<br /> Address: 1919 North Loop West Suite 432 Houston, TX 77008 US<br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/familytreedna.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=familytreedna.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/familytreedna.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.familytreedna.com/ <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/familytreedna.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/familytreedna.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.familytreedna.com/"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.familytreedna.com/" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=familytreedna.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.dnaancestryproject.com Trace Your Ancestry with DNA - DNA Ancestry Project]</h2> Rank: 101,686<br /> Address: 1416-750 W. Broadway Vancouver, BC V5Z 1H1 Canada<br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dnaancestryproject.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=dnaancestryproject.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/dnaancestryproject.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.dnaancestryproject.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dnaancestryproject.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/dnaancestryproject.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.dnaancestryproject.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.dnaancestryproject.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=dnaancestryproject.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.OneGreatFamily.com Genealogy Family Tree at OneGreatFamily.com ]</h2> Rank: 129,016<br /> Address: 743 West 1200 North #100 Springville, UT 84663 US<br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/OneGreatFamily.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=OneGreatFamily.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/OneGreatFamily.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.OneGreatFamily.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/OneGreatFamily.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/OneGreatFamily.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.OneGreatFamily.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.OneGreatFamily.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=OneGreatFamily.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.genetree.com/ GeneTree - You Belong Here | DNA Genealogy]</h2> DNA Genealogy: Extend your concept of family through DNA testing. Connect with others to share and preserve your memories. Join now it's free.<br /> Rank: 144,699<br /> Address: 2511 S W Temple Salt Lake City, UT 84115 US<br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/genetree.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=genetree.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/genetree.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.genetree.com/ <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/genetree.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/genetree.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.genetree.com/"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.genetree.com/" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=genetree.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.genebase.com/ Genebase :: Home]</h2> Rank: 163,192<br /> Address: 1416-750 W. Broadway Vancouver, BC V5Z 1H1 Canada<br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/genebase.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=genebase.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/genebase.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.genebase.com/ <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/genebase.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/genebase.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.genebase.com/"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.genebase.com/" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=genebase.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.genome.gov genome.gov | National Human Genome Research Institute]</h2> Home page of the National Human Genome Research Institute, the arm of the U.S. National Institutes of Health dedicated to advancing human health through genetic research.<br /> Rank: 179,836<br /> Address: <br /> Keywords: [[home]], [[ about nhgri]], [[ human genome project]], [[ fact sheet]], [[ facts]], [[ faqs]], [[ ethical legal and social implications]], [[ elsi]], [[ calendar]], [[ events]], [[ calendar of events]], [[ seminar]], [[ seminar series]], [[ news]], [[ newsroom]], [[ advances]], [[ discoveries]], [[ grant]], [[ grants]], [[ funding]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/genome.gov <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=genome.gov <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/genome.gov <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.genome.gov <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/genome.gov?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/genome.gov_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.genome.gov"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.genome.gov" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=genome.gov" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.ancestry.ca Genealogy, Family Trees and Family History Records online - Ancestry.ca]</h2> Ancestry.com is the largest family history site online with over 4 billion names in worldwide historical records, family tree services and genealogy learning materials<br /> Rank: 193,987<br /> Address: Address Unlisted<br /> Keywords: [[ancestry]], [[ ancestry com]], [[ ancestory]], [[ genealogy]], [[ family history]], [[ family trees]], [[ origins]], [[ relatives]], [[ descendants]], [[ ancestors]], [[ roots]], [[ family]], [[ generation]], [[ history]], [[ heritage]], [[ heredity]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ancestry.ca <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=ancestry.ca <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/ancestry.ca <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.ancestry.ca <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ancestry.ca?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/ancestry.ca_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.ancestry.ca"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.ancestry.ca" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=ancestry.ca" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.kindredkonnections.com Genealogy, Ancestry and Family History Search, Family Tree]</h2> Ancestry, Genealogy, Family Tree, and Family History Search at kindredkonnections.com. Free Genealogy Search with Death Records, Birth Records and Free Family Tree Genealogy Software<br /> Rank: 195,877<br /> Address: 471 E 4300 N Provo, UT 84604 US<br /> Keywords: [[genealogy]], [[ family tree]], [[ family search]], [[ ancestry]], [[ geneology]], [[ family history]], [[ social security death index]], [[ surname]], [[ ancestor]], [[ birth records]], [[ death records]], [[ family tree maker]], [[ LDS genealogy]], [[ free genealogy]], [[ genealogy search]], [[ mormon genealogy]], [[ family genealogy]], [[ genealogy software]], [[ social security death record]], [[ social security death]], [[ death index]], [[ free family tree]], [[ irish genealogy]], [[ german genealogy]], [[ genealogy research]], [[ genealogy site]], [[ family tree software]], [[ free genealogy search]], [[ family tree search]], [[ family tree chart]], [[ my family tree]], [[ genealogy web site]], [[ us census]], [[ marriage records]], [[ family]], [[history]], [[ tree]], [[ vital]], [[ vital records]], [[ death]], [[ roots]], [[ pedigree]], [[ GEDCOM]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/kindredkonnections.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=kindredkonnections.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/kindredkonnections.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.kindredkonnections.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/kindredkonnections.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/kindredkonnections.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.kindredkonnections.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.kindredkonnections.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=kindredkonnections.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.23andMe.com 23andMe - Genetics Just Got Personal.]</h2> Rank: 206,408<br /> Address: <br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/23andMe.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=23andMe.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/23andMe.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.23andMe.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/23andMe.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/23andMe.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.23andMe.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.23andMe.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=23andMe.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.afrigeneas.com AfriGeneas ~ African American &amp; African Ancestored Genealogy]</h2> Rank: 211,207<br /> Address: 1496 Soaring Pointe NE Marietta, GA 30062 US<br /> Keywords: [[african american genealogy]], [[ black genealogy]], [[ negro genealogy]], [[ colored genealogy]], [[ african american research]], [[ slave research]], [[ slave genealogy]], [[ free person of color]], [[ history]], [[ african american history]], [[ ancestry]], [[ african american family history]], [[ family research]], [[ african american heritage]], [[ census records]], [[ culture]], [[ plantation records]], [[ slavery]], [[ enslavement]], [[ slaveowner]], [[ african american surnames]], [[ wills]], [[ obituaries]], [[ african american culture]], [[ african ancestored]], [[ african american]], [[ black]], [[ negro]], [[ colored]], [[ mulatto]], [[ mixed race]], [[ black indians]], [[ slave]], [[ slavery]], [[ enslavement]], [[ plantation]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/afrigeneas.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=afrigeneas.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/afrigeneas.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.afrigeneas.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/afrigeneas.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/afrigeneas.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.afrigeneas.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.afrigeneas.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=afrigeneas.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.thegeneticgenealogist.com The Genetic Genealogist]</h2> Adding DNA to the Genealogist&rsquo;s Toolbox<br /> Rank: 225,533<br /> Address: <br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/thegeneticgenealogist.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=thegeneticgenealogist.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/thegeneticgenealogist.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.thegeneticgenealogist.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/thegeneticgenealogist.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/thegeneticgenealogist.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.thegeneticgenealogist.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.thegeneticgenealogist.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=thegeneticgenealogist.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.KinCafe.com Free Family Calendar, Albums and Family Tree :: KinCafe.com]</h2> Rank: 239,223<br /> Address: <br /> Keywords: [[family network]], [[ family social network]], [[ free family tree]], [[ family calendar]], [[ online family tree]], [[ genealogy]], [[ family albums]], [[ shared family calendar]], [[ family website]], [[ family birthday reminders]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/KinCafe.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=KinCafe.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/KinCafe.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.KinCafe.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/KinCafe.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/KinCafe.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.KinCafe.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.KinCafe.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=KinCafe.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.ysearch.org Ysearch - the number one Y-DNA public database]</h2> Rank: 265,613<br /> Address: 1919 N Loop W, Ste 110 Houston, TX 77008 US<br /> Keywords: [[ysearch]], [[ family tree]], [[ genetic genealogy]], [[ genetic testing]], [[ DNA]], [[ haplogroup]], [[ haplotype]], [[ genealogy]], [[ mutation]], [[ polymorphism]], [[ ancestry]], [[ DNA testing]], [[ family tree dna]], [[ dnaheritage]], [[ dna heritage Cohanim]], [[ mtDNA]], [[ y-chromosome]], [[ genealogy]], [[ relatives]], [[ ancestors]], [[ relative genetics]], [[ genetree]], [[ ftdna]], [[ ybase]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ysearch.org <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=ysearch.org <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/ysearch.org <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.ysearch.org <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ysearch.org?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/ysearch.org_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.ysearch.org"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.ysearch.org" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=ysearch.org" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.dna11.com DNA Art by DNA 11 dna artwork fingerprint Art lip art DNA canvas kiss portraits custom art]</h2> The world뭩 most personalized art made from DNA, fingerprints and lips. As seen on HGTV, NY Times, BBC.<br /> Rank: 295,579<br /> Address: 20 York St Unit 522 Ottawa, ON K1N 5S6 Canada<br /> Keywords: [[DNA Custom Art]], [[ Art Online]], [[ dna artwork]], [[ Buy Art Online]], [[ DNA11]], [[ DNA 11]], [[ Kiss Prints]], [[ Viva Glam]], [[ Mac cosmetics]], [[ fingerprint art]], [[ custom art]], [[ buy original art online]], [[ buy custom art online]], [[ online art galleries]], [[ dna art pictures]], [[ interior design ideas]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dna11.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=dna11.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/dna11.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.dna11.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dna11.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/dna11.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.dna11.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.dna11.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=dna11.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.dna-worldwide.com DNA Paternity Testing - DNA Test, Ancestry Tests &amp; Genetic Genealogy Kits UK]</h2> DNA genealogy test, ancestry DNA testing, genetic and DNA paternity tests kit in UK. DNA Worldwide, A specialist DNA Company providing a comprehensive range of home and legal DNA tests, DNA Worldwide concentrates on quality and customer service certified to UKAS: ISO 9001:2000.<br /> Rank: 405,711<br /> Address: 140 High Sreet, Cranliegh Surrey, GU6 8RF, UNITED KINGDOM<br /> Keywords: [[dna test]], [[tests]], [[testing uk]], [[dna testing kit]], [[kits]], [[dna paternity test]], [[ancestry dna testing]], [[dna genealogy]], [[genetic testing]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dna-worldwide.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=dna-worldwide.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/dna-worldwide.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.dna-worldwide.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dna-worldwide.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/dna-worldwide.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.dna-worldwide.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.dna-worldwide.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=dna-worldwide.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.becominghuman.org Becoming Human: Paleoanthropology, Evolution and Human Origins]</h2> An extensive, information-rich online destination for paleoanthropology. The site includes an interactive documentary, educational exhibits, research tools, and the latest news from scientists across the globe.<br /> Rank: 603,582<br /> Address: Arizona State University Tempe, AZ 85287 US<br /> Keywords: [[becoming human]], [[ human]], [[ evolution]], [[ human evolution]], [[ iho]], [[ human origins]], [[ institute of human origins]], [[ paleoanthropology]], [[ paleontology]], [[ archaeology]], [[ lucy]], [[ afarensis]], [[ hominid]], [[ homonoid]], [[ johanson]], [[ don johanson]], [[ donald johanson]], [[ documentary]], [[ interactive documentary]], [[ evolution education]], [[ teaching evolution]], [[ teach evolution]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/becominghuman.org <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=becominghuman.org <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/becominghuman.org <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.becominghuman.org <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/becominghuman.org?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/becominghuman.org_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.becominghuman.org"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.becominghuman.org" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=becominghuman.org" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.DNATesting.com DNA Paternity Testing and other DNA Tests: DNATesting.com]</h2> DNA Paternity Testing and DNA Paternity Tests for DNA Ancestry Testing Services including Home DNA Paternity Test Informationand other DNA Tests at Gene Tree<br /> Rank: 622,924<br /> Address: 5615 Kirby Dr Ste 800 Houston, TX 77005 US<br /> Keywords: [[DNA Paternity Testing]], [[ DNA Paternity Tests]], [[ DNA Tests]], [[ DNA Paternity Test]], [[ DNA Ancestry Testing Services]], [[ DNA Profiling]], [[ Home DNA Test Information]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/DNATesting.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=DNATesting.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/DNATesting.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.DNATesting.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/DNATesting.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/DNATesting.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.DNATesting.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.DNATesting.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=DNATesting.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.tippets.com Family History Data Sources ]</h2> Rank: 681,345<br /> Address: 2855 CupFlower Ct Pleasanton, CA 94588 US<br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/tippets.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=tippets.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/tippets.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.tippets.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/tippets.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/tippets.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.tippets.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.tippets.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=tippets.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.ancestrybydna.com/ AncestryByDNA]</h2> Ancestrybydna.com and Dnaprint.com specialize in complex genetic analytics and information resource products for next generations personalized medicine<br /> Rank: 689,190<br /> Address: 900 Cocoanut Ave Sarasota, FL 34236 US<br /> Keywords: [[genotyping]], [[ sequencing]], [[ snp discovery]], [[ pharmacogenomics]], [[ personalized medicine]], [[ forensics]], [[ eye color]], [[ investigative tool]], [[ DNA]], [[ DNA print]], [[ genomics]], [[ polymorphism]], [[ informatics]], [[ genome]], [[ SNP]], [[ nucleotide]], [[ human]], [[ artificial]], [[ intelligence]], [[ phenomics]], [[ neural]], [[ net]], [[ pattern]], [[ cancer]], [[ mathematics]], [[ modeling]], [[ disease Ancestry familytree dna fingerprint migration chromosome paternal maternal genome bioscience informatics lineage]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ancestrybydna.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=ancestrybydna.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/ancestrybydna.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.ancestrybydna.com/ <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ancestrybydna.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/ancestrybydna.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.ancestrybydna.com/"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.ancestrybydna.com/" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=ancestrybydna.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.dnaheritage.com DNA Heritage - DNA Testing for Genetic Genealogy]</h2> Rank: 744,444<br /> Address: 40 Preston Rd Weymouth, Dorset DT3 6PZ, , UNITED KINGDOM<br /> Keywords: [[DNA genealogy]], [[ Genetic testing]], [[ genetics]], [[ paternal]], [[ haplotype]], [[ genealogy]], [[ mutation]], [[ polymorphism]], [[ Cohanim]], [[ DNA testing]], [[ family tree]], [[ PCR]], [[ father]], [[ mtDNA]], [[ Y-Chromosome]], [[ mother]], [[ genetic genealogy]], [[ relatives]], [[ ancestors]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dnaheritage.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=dnaheritage.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/dnaheritage.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.dnaheritage.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dnaheritage.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/dnaheritage.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.dnaheritage.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.dnaheritage.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=dnaheritage.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.gtldna.com Home DNA &amp; Paternity Tests: Legal Test Kits &amp; Testing Services from GTL]</h2> GTL specializes in DNA &amp; paternity tests and testing services. Visit us for more information about our accredited paternity, maternity, sibilingship and other DNA identification home test kits.<br /> Rank: 774,144<br /> Address: <br /> Keywords: [[paternity test]], [[ paternity tests]], [[ paternity testing]], [[ dna tests]], [[ dna test]], [[ dna testing]], [[ maternity testing]], [[ siblingship tests]], [[ grandparentage test]], [[ determining human identity]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/gtldna.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=gtldna.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/gtldna.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.gtldna.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/gtldna.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/gtldna.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.gtldna.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.gtldna.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=gtldna.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.dnatribes.com DNA Tribes Personal Genetic Analysis]</h2> Rank: 821,625<br /> Address: PO Box 99800 EmeryVille, CA 94662 US<br /> Keywords: [[dna]], [[gene]], [[genetic]], [[ancestry]], [[tribes]], [[tribal]], [[genealogy]], [[analysis]], [[test]], [[nations]], [[ethnicity]], [[ethnic]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dnatribes.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=dnatribes.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/dnatribes.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.dnatribes.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dnatribes.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/dnatribes.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.dnatribes.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.dnatribes.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=dnatribes.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.smgf.org SMGF]</h2> Rank: 896,472<br /> Address: 2511 S. W Temple Salt Lake City, UT 84115 US<br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/smgf.org <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=smgf.org <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/smgf.org <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.smgf.org <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/smgf.org?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/smgf.org_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.smgf.org"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.smgf.org" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=smgf.org" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.ethnoancestry.com EthnoAncestry Unlocking your DNA archive]</h2> Rank: 897,291<br /> Address: 4028 Larwin Ave Cypress, CA 90630 US<br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ethnoancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=ethnoancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/ethnoancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.ethnoancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ethnoancestry.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/ethnoancestry.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.ethnoancestry.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.ethnoancestry.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=ethnoancestry.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.oxfordancestors.com/ OXFORD ANCESTORS : Explore your genetic roots - DNA sequencing, Professor Sykes, Adam's Curse, Family Tree Searches, Your Ancestry DNA analysis, tracing ancestors]</h2> Rank: 915,018<br /> Address: PO Box 288 Kidlington, Oxfordshire OX5 1WG, UNITED KINGDOM<br /> Keywords: [[adam's]], [[ adams curse]], [[ dna sequencing]], [[ dna]], [[ genetics]], [[ oxford ancestors]], [[ bryan sykes]], [[ professor sykes]], [[ adam's curse]], [[ family tree]], [[ tracing ancestors]], [[ y chromosone]], [[ genealogy]], [[ science]], [[ 7 daughters of eve]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/oxfordancestors.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=oxfordancestors.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/oxfordancestors.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.oxfordancestors.com/ <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/oxfordancestors.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/oxfordancestors.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.oxfordancestors.com/"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.oxfordancestors.com/" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=oxfordancestors.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> bca89ccc903f1e184bd0fae9c4b702e3659d8512 1649 2007-12-10T10:25:01Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki <h2>[http://www.Ancestry.com Genealogy, Family Trees and Family History Records online - Ancestry.com]</h2> Ancestry.com is the largest family history site online with over 4 billion names in worldwide historical records, family tree services and genealogy learning materials<br /> Rank: 3,691<br /> Address: 360 W. 4800 N Provo, UT 84604 US<br /> Keywords: [[ancestry]], [[ ancestry com]], [[ ancestory]], [[ genealogy]], [[ family history]], [[ family trees]], [[ origins]], [[ relatives]], [[ descendants]], [[ ancestors]], [[ roots]], [[ family]], [[ generation]], [[ history]], [[ heritage]], [[ heredity]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/Ancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=Ancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/Ancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.Ancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/Ancestry.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/Ancestry.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.Ancestry.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.Ancestry.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=Ancestry.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.familytreedna.com/ Family Tree DNA - we do genetic tests for your genealogy questions!]</h2> Rank: 84,845<br /> Address: 1919 North Loop West Suite 432 Houston, TX 77008 US<br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/familytreedna.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=familytreedna.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/familytreedna.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.familytreedna.com/ <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/familytreedna.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/familytreedna.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.familytreedna.com/"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.familytreedna.com/" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=familytreedna.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.dnaancestryproject.com Trace Your Ancestry with DNA - DNA Ancestry Project]</h2> Rank: 101,686<br /> Address: 1416-750 W. Broadway Vancouver, BC V5Z 1H1 Canada<br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dnaancestryproject.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=dnaancestryproject.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/dnaancestryproject.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.dnaancestryproject.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dnaancestryproject.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/dnaancestryproject.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.dnaancestryproject.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.dnaancestryproject.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=dnaancestryproject.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.genetree.com/ GeneTree - You Belong Here | DNA Genealogy]</h2> DNA Genealogy: Extend your concept of family through DNA testing. Connect with others to share and preserve your memories. Join now it's free.<br /> Rank: 144,699<br /> Address: 2511 S W Temple Salt Lake City, UT 84115 US<br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/genetree.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=genetree.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/genetree.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.genetree.com/ <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/genetree.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/genetree.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.genetree.com/"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.genetree.com/" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=genetree.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.genebase.com/ Genebase :: Home]</h2> Rank: 163,192<br /> Address: 1416-750 W. Broadway Vancouver, BC V5Z 1H1 Canada<br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/genebase.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=genebase.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/genebase.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.genebase.com/ <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/genebase.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/genebase.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.genebase.com/"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.genebase.com/" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=genebase.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.genome.gov genome.gov | National Human Genome Research Institute]</h2> Home page of the National Human Genome Research Institute, the arm of the U.S. National Institutes of Health dedicated to advancing human health through genetic research.<br /> Rank: 179,836<br /> Address: <br /> Keywords: [[home]], [[ about nhgri]], [[ human genome project]], [[ fact sheet]], [[ facts]], [[ faqs]], [[ ethical legal and social implications]], [[ elsi]], [[ calendar]], [[ events]], [[ calendar of events]], [[ seminar]], [[ seminar series]], [[ news]], [[ newsroom]], [[ advances]], [[ discoveries]], [[ grant]], [[ grants]], [[ funding]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/genome.gov <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=genome.gov <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/genome.gov <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.genome.gov <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/genome.gov?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/genome.gov_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.genome.gov"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.genome.gov" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=genome.gov" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.ancestry.ca Genealogy, Family Trees and Family History Records online - Ancestry.ca]</h2> Ancestry.com is the largest family history site online with over 4 billion names in worldwide historical records, family tree services and genealogy learning materials<br /> Rank: 193,987<br /> Address: Address Unlisted<br /> Keywords: [[ancestry]], [[ ancestry com]], [[ ancestory]], [[ genealogy]], [[ family history]], [[ family trees]], [[ origins]], [[ relatives]], [[ descendants]], [[ ancestors]], [[ roots]], [[ family]], [[ generation]], [[ history]], [[ heritage]], [[ heredity]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ancestry.ca <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=ancestry.ca <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/ancestry.ca <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.ancestry.ca <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ancestry.ca?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/ancestry.ca_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.ancestry.ca"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.ancestry.ca" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=ancestry.ca" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.kindredkonnections.com Genealogy, Ancestry and Family History Search, Family Tree]</h2> Ancestry, Genealogy, Family Tree, and Family History Search at kindredkonnections.com. Free Genealogy Search with Death Records, Birth Records and Free Family Tree Genealogy Software<br /> Rank: 195,877<br /> Address: 471 E 4300 N Provo, UT 84604 US<br /> Keywords: [[genealogy]], [[ family tree]], [[ family search]], [[ ancestry]], [[ geneology]], [[ family history]], [[ social security death index]], [[ surname]], [[ ancestor]], [[ birth records]], [[ death records]], [[ family tree maker]], [[ LDS genealogy]], [[ free genealogy]], [[ genealogy search]], [[ mormon genealogy]], [[ family genealogy]], [[ genealogy software]], [[ social security death record]], [[ social security death]], [[ death index]], [[ free family tree]], [[ irish genealogy]], [[ german genealogy]], [[ genealogy research]], [[ genealogy site]], [[ family tree software]], [[ free genealogy search]], [[ family tree search]], [[ family tree chart]], [[ my family tree]], [[ genealogy web site]], [[ us census]], [[ marriage records]], [[ family]], [[history]], [[ tree]], [[ vital]], [[ vital records]], [[ death]], [[ roots]], [[ pedigree]], [[ GEDCOM]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/kindredkonnections.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=kindredkonnections.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/kindredkonnections.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.kindredkonnections.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/kindredkonnections.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/kindredkonnections.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.kindredkonnections.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.kindredkonnections.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=kindredkonnections.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.23andMe.com 23andMe - Genetics Just Got Personal.]</h2> Rank: 206,408<br /> Address: <br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/23andMe.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=23andMe.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/23andMe.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.23andMe.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/23andMe.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/23andMe.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.23andMe.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.23andMe.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=23andMe.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.afrigeneas.com AfriGeneas ~ African American &amp; African Ancestored Genealogy]</h2> Rank: 211,207<br /> Address: 1496 Soaring Pointe NE Marietta, GA 30062 US<br /> Keywords: [[african american genealogy]], [[ black genealogy]], [[ negro genealogy]], [[ colored genealogy]], [[ african american research]], [[ slave research]], [[ slave genealogy]], [[ free person of color]], [[ history]], [[ african american history]], [[ ancestry]], [[ african american family history]], [[ family research]], [[ african american heritage]], [[ census records]], [[ culture]], [[ plantation records]], [[ slavery]], [[ enslavement]], [[ slaveowner]], [[ african american surnames]], [[ wills]], [[ obituaries]], [[ african american culture]], [[ african ancestored]], [[ african american]], [[ black]], [[ negro]], [[ colored]], [[ mulatto]], [[ mixed race]], [[ black indians]], [[ slave]], [[ slavery]], [[ enslavement]], [[ plantation]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/afrigeneas.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=afrigeneas.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/afrigeneas.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.afrigeneas.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/afrigeneas.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/afrigeneas.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.afrigeneas.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.afrigeneas.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=afrigeneas.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.thegeneticgenealogist.com The Genetic Genealogist]</h2> Adding DNA to the Genealogist&rsquo;s Toolbox<br /> Rank: 225,533<br /> Address: <br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/thegeneticgenealogist.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=thegeneticgenealogist.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/thegeneticgenealogist.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.thegeneticgenealogist.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/thegeneticgenealogist.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/thegeneticgenealogist.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.thegeneticgenealogist.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.thegeneticgenealogist.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=thegeneticgenealogist.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.KinCafe.com Free Family Calendar, Albums and Family Tree :: KinCafe.com]</h2> Rank: 239,223<br /> Address: <br /> Keywords: [[family network]], [[ family social network]], [[ free family tree]], [[ family calendar]], [[ online family tree]], [[ genealogy]], [[ family albums]], [[ shared family calendar]], [[ family website]], [[ family birthday reminders]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/KinCafe.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=KinCafe.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/KinCafe.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.KinCafe.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/KinCafe.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/KinCafe.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.KinCafe.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.KinCafe.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=KinCafe.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.ysearch.org Ysearch - the number one Y-DNA public database]</h2> Rank: 265,613<br /> Address: 1919 N Loop W, Ste 110 Houston, TX 77008 US<br /> Keywords: [[ysearch]], [[ family tree]], [[ genetic genealogy]], [[ genetic testing]], [[ DNA]], [[ haplogroup]], [[ haplotype]], [[ genealogy]], [[ mutation]], [[ polymorphism]], [[ ancestry]], [[ DNA testing]], [[ family tree dna]], [[ dnaheritage]], [[ dna heritage Cohanim]], [[ mtDNA]], [[ y-chromosome]], [[ genealogy]], [[ relatives]], [[ ancestors]], [[ relative genetics]], [[ genetree]], [[ ftdna]], [[ ybase]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ysearch.org <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=ysearch.org <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/ysearch.org <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.ysearch.org <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ysearch.org?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/ysearch.org_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.ysearch.org"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.ysearch.org" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=ysearch.org" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.dna11.com DNA Art by DNA 11 dna artwork fingerprint Art lip art DNA canvas kiss portraits custom art]</h2> The world뭩 most personalized art made from DNA, fingerprints and lips. As seen on HGTV, NY Times, BBC.<br /> Rank: 295,579<br /> Address: 20 York St Unit 522 Ottawa, ON K1N 5S6 Canada<br /> Keywords: [[DNA Custom Art]], [[ Art Online]], [[ dna artwork]], [[ Buy Art Online]], [[ DNA11]], [[ DNA 11]], [[ Kiss Prints]], [[ Viva Glam]], [[ Mac cosmetics]], [[ fingerprint art]], [[ custom art]], [[ buy original art online]], [[ buy custom art online]], [[ online art galleries]], [[ dna art pictures]], [[ interior design ideas]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dna11.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=dna11.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/dna11.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.dna11.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dna11.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/dna11.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.dna11.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.dna11.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=dna11.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.dna-worldwide.com DNA Paternity Testing - DNA Test, Ancestry Tests &amp; Genetic Genealogy Kits UK]</h2> DNA genealogy test, ancestry DNA testing, genetic and DNA paternity tests kit in UK. DNA Worldwide, A specialist DNA Company providing a comprehensive range of home and legal DNA tests, DNA Worldwide concentrates on quality and customer service certified to UKAS: ISO 9001:2000.<br /> Rank: 405,711<br /> Address: 140 High Sreet, Cranliegh Surrey, GU6 8RF, UNITED KINGDOM<br /> Keywords: [[dna test]], [[tests]], [[testing uk]], [[dna testing kit]], [[kits]], [[dna paternity test]], [[ancestry dna testing]], [[dna genealogy]], [[genetic testing]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dna-worldwide.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=dna-worldwide.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/dna-worldwide.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.dna-worldwide.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dna-worldwide.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/dna-worldwide.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.dna-worldwide.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.dna-worldwide.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=dna-worldwide.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.becominghuman.org Becoming Human: Paleoanthropology, Evolution and Human Origins]</h2> An extensive, information-rich online destination for paleoanthropology. The site includes an interactive documentary, educational exhibits, research tools, and the latest news from scientists across the globe.<br /> Rank: 603,582<br /> Address: Arizona State University Tempe, AZ 85287 US<br /> Keywords: [[becoming human]], [[ human]], [[ evolution]], [[ human evolution]], [[ iho]], [[ human origins]], [[ institute of human origins]], [[ paleoanthropology]], [[ paleontology]], [[ archaeology]], [[ lucy]], [[ afarensis]], [[ hominid]], [[ homonoid]], [[ johanson]], [[ don johanson]], [[ donald johanson]], [[ documentary]], [[ interactive documentary]], [[ evolution education]], [[ teaching evolution]], [[ teach evolution]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/becominghuman.org <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=becominghuman.org <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/becominghuman.org <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.becominghuman.org <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/becominghuman.org?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/becominghuman.org_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.becominghuman.org"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.becominghuman.org" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=becominghuman.org" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.DNATesting.com DNA Paternity Testing and other DNA Tests: DNATesting.com]</h2> DNA Paternity Testing and DNA Paternity Tests for DNA Ancestry Testing Services including Home DNA Paternity Test Informationand other DNA Tests at Gene Tree<br /> Rank: 622,924<br /> Address: 5615 Kirby Dr Ste 800 Houston, TX 77005 US<br /> Keywords: [[DNA Paternity Testing]], [[ DNA Paternity Tests]], [[ DNA Tests]], [[ DNA Paternity Test]], [[ DNA Ancestry Testing Services]], [[ DNA Profiling]], [[ Home DNA Test Information]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/DNATesting.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=DNATesting.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/DNATesting.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.DNATesting.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/DNATesting.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/DNATesting.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.DNATesting.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.DNATesting.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=DNATesting.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.tippets.com Family History Data Sources ]</h2> Rank: 681,345<br /> Address: 2855 CupFlower Ct Pleasanton, CA 94588 US<br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/tippets.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=tippets.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/tippets.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.tippets.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/tippets.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/tippets.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.tippets.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.tippets.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=tippets.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.ancestrybydna.com/ AncestryByDNA]</h2> Ancestrybydna.com and Dnaprint.com specialize in complex genetic analytics and information resource products for next generations personalized medicine<br /> Rank: 689,190<br /> Address: 900 Cocoanut Ave Sarasota, FL 34236 US<br /> Keywords: [[genotyping]], [[ sequencing]], [[ snp discovery]], [[ pharmacogenomics]], [[ personalized medicine]], [[ forensics]], [[ eye color]], [[ investigative tool]], [[ DNA]], [[ DNA print]], [[ genomics]], [[ polymorphism]], [[ informatics]], [[ genome]], [[ SNP]], [[ nucleotide]], [[ human]], [[ artificial]], [[ intelligence]], [[ phenomics]], [[ neural]], [[ net]], [[ pattern]], [[ cancer]], [[ mathematics]], [[ modeling]], [[ disease Ancestry familytree dna fingerprint migration chromosome paternal maternal genome bioscience informatics lineage]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ancestrybydna.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=ancestrybydna.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/ancestrybydna.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.ancestrybydna.com/ <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ancestrybydna.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/ancestrybydna.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.ancestrybydna.com/"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.ancestrybydna.com/" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=ancestrybydna.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.dnaheritage.com DNA Heritage - DNA Testing for Genetic Genealogy]</h2> Rank: 744,444<br /> Address: 40 Preston Rd Weymouth, Dorset DT3 6PZ, , UNITED KINGDOM<br /> Keywords: [[DNA genealogy]], [[ Genetic testing]], [[ genetics]], [[ paternal]], [[ haplotype]], [[ genealogy]], [[ mutation]], [[ polymorphism]], [[ Cohanim]], [[ DNA testing]], [[ family tree]], [[ PCR]], [[ father]], [[ mtDNA]], [[ Y-Chromosome]], [[ mother]], [[ genetic genealogy]], [[ relatives]], [[ ancestors]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dnaheritage.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=dnaheritage.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/dnaheritage.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.dnaheritage.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dnaheritage.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/dnaheritage.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.dnaheritage.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.dnaheritage.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=dnaheritage.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.gtldna.com Home DNA &amp; Paternity Tests: Legal Test Kits &amp; Testing Services from GTL]</h2> GTL specializes in DNA &amp; paternity tests and testing services. Visit us for more information about our accredited paternity, maternity, sibilingship and other DNA identification home test kits.<br /> Rank: 774,144<br /> Address: <br /> Keywords: [[paternity test]], [[ paternity tests]], [[ paternity testing]], [[ dna tests]], [[ dna test]], [[ dna testing]], [[ maternity testing]], [[ siblingship tests]], [[ grandparentage test]], [[ determining human identity]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/gtldna.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=gtldna.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/gtldna.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.gtldna.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/gtldna.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/gtldna.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.gtldna.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.gtldna.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=gtldna.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.dnatribes.com DNA Tribes Personal Genetic Analysis]</h2> Rank: 821,625<br /> Address: PO Box 99800 EmeryVille, CA 94662 US<br /> Keywords: [[dna]], [[gene]], [[genetic]], [[ancestry]], [[tribes]], [[tribal]], [[genealogy]], [[analysis]], [[test]], [[nations]], [[ethnicity]], [[ethnic]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dnatribes.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=dnatribes.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/dnatribes.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.dnatribes.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dnatribes.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/dnatribes.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.dnatribes.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.dnatribes.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=dnatribes.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.smgf.org SMGF]</h2> Rank: 896,472<br /> Address: 2511 S. W Temple Salt Lake City, UT 84115 US<br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/smgf.org <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=smgf.org <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/smgf.org <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.smgf.org <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/smgf.org?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/smgf.org_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.smgf.org"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.smgf.org" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=smgf.org" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.ethnoancestry.com EthnoAncestry Unlocking your DNA archive]</h2> Rank: 897,291<br /> Address: 4028 Larwin Ave Cypress, CA 90630 US<br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ethnoancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=ethnoancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/ethnoancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.ethnoancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ethnoancestry.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/ethnoancestry.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.ethnoancestry.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.ethnoancestry.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=ethnoancestry.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.oxfordancestors.com/ OXFORD ANCESTORS : Explore your genetic roots - DNA sequencing, Professor Sykes, Adam's Curse, Family Tree Searches, Your Ancestry DNA analysis, tracing ancestors]</h2> Rank: 915,018<br /> Address: PO Box 288 Kidlington, Oxfordshire OX5 1WG, UNITED KINGDOM<br /> Keywords: [[adam's]], [[ adams curse]], [[ dna sequencing]], [[ dna]], [[ genetics]], [[ oxford ancestors]], [[ bryan sykes]], [[ professor sykes]], [[ adam's curse]], [[ family tree]], [[ tracing ancestors]], [[ y chromosone]], [[ genealogy]], [[ science]], [[ 7 daughters of eve]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/oxfordancestors.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=oxfordancestors.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/oxfordancestors.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.oxfordancestors.com/ <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/oxfordancestors.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/oxfordancestors.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.oxfordancestors.com/"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.oxfordancestors.com/" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=oxfordancestors.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> 19d8216d7876a2310309789ae3ede20a28ee36db 1650 2007-12-10T10:25:27Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki <h2>[http://www.Ancestry.com Genealogy, Family Trees and Family History Records online - Ancestry.com]</h2> Ancestry.com is the largest family history site online with over 4 billion names in worldwide historical records, family tree services and genealogy learning materials<br /> Rank: 3,691<br /> Address: 360 W. 4800 N Provo, UT 84604 US<br /> Keywords: [[ancestry]], [[ ancestry com]], [[ ancestory]], [[ genealogy]], [[ family history]], [[ family trees]], [[ origins]], [[ relatives]], [[ descendants]], [[ ancestors]], [[ roots]], [[ family]], [[ generation]], [[ history]], [[ heritage]], [[ heredity]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/Ancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=Ancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/Ancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.Ancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/Ancestry.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/Ancestry.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.Ancestry.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.Ancestry.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=Ancestry.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.familytreedna.com/ Family Tree DNA - we do genetic tests for your genealogy questions!]</h2> Rank: 84,845<br /> Address: 1919 North Loop West Suite 432 Houston, TX 77008 US<br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/familytreedna.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=familytreedna.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/familytreedna.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.familytreedna.com/ <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/familytreedna.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/familytreedna.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.familytreedna.com/"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.familytreedna.com/" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=familytreedna.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.dnaancestryproject.com Trace Your Ancestry with DNA - DNA Ancestry Project]</h2> Rank: 101,686<br /> Address: 1416-750 W. Broadway Vancouver, BC V5Z 1H1 Canada<br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dnaancestryproject.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=dnaancestryproject.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/dnaancestryproject.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.dnaancestryproject.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dnaancestryproject.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/dnaancestryproject.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.dnaancestryproject.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.dnaancestryproject.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=dnaancestryproject.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.genetree.com/ GeneTree - You Belong Here | DNA Genealogy]</h2> DNA Genealogy: Extend your concept of family through DNA testing. Connect with others to share and preserve your memories. Join now it's free.<br /> Rank: 144,699<br /> Address: 2511 S W Temple Salt Lake City, UT 84115 US<br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/genetree.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=genetree.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/genetree.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.genetree.com/ <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/genetree.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/genetree.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.genetree.com/"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.genetree.com/" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=genetree.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.genebase.com/ Genebase :: Home]</h2> Rank: 163,192<br /> Address: 1416-750 W. Broadway Vancouver, BC V5Z 1H1 Canada<br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/genebase.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=genebase.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/genebase.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.genebase.com/ <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/genebase.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/genebase.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.genebase.com/"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.genebase.com/" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=genebase.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.genome.gov genome.gov | National Human Genome Research Institute]</h2> Home page of the National Human Genome Research Institute, the arm of the U.S. National Institutes of Health dedicated to advancing human health through genetic research.<br /> Rank: 179,836<br /> Address: <br /> Keywords: [[home]], [[ about nhgri]], [[ human genome project]], [[ fact sheet]], [[ facts]], [[ faqs]], [[ ethical legal and social implications]], [[ elsi]], [[ calendar]], [[ events]], [[ calendar of events]], [[ seminar]], [[ seminar series]], [[ news]], [[ newsroom]], [[ advances]], [[ discoveries]], [[ grant]], [[ grants]], [[ funding]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/genome.gov <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=genome.gov <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/genome.gov <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.genome.gov <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/genome.gov?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/genome.gov_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.genome.gov"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.genome.gov" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=genome.gov" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.kindredkonnections.com Genealogy, Ancestry and Family History Search, Family Tree]</h2> Ancestry, Genealogy, Family Tree, and Family History Search at kindredkonnections.com. Free Genealogy Search with Death Records, Birth Records and Free Family Tree Genealogy Software<br /> Rank: 195,877<br /> Address: 471 E 4300 N Provo, UT 84604 US<br /> Keywords: [[genealogy]], [[ family tree]], [[ family search]], [[ ancestry]], [[ geneology]], [[ family history]], [[ social security death index]], [[ surname]], [[ ancestor]], [[ birth records]], [[ death records]], [[ family tree maker]], [[ LDS genealogy]], [[ free genealogy]], [[ genealogy search]], [[ mormon genealogy]], [[ family genealogy]], [[ genealogy software]], [[ social security death record]], [[ social security death]], [[ death index]], [[ free family tree]], [[ irish genealogy]], [[ german genealogy]], [[ genealogy research]], [[ genealogy site]], [[ family tree software]], [[ free genealogy search]], [[ family tree search]], [[ family tree chart]], [[ my family tree]], [[ genealogy web site]], [[ us census]], [[ marriage records]], [[ family]], [[history]], [[ tree]], [[ vital]], [[ vital records]], [[ death]], [[ roots]], [[ pedigree]], [[ GEDCOM]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/kindredkonnections.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=kindredkonnections.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/kindredkonnections.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.kindredkonnections.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/kindredkonnections.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/kindredkonnections.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.kindredkonnections.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.kindredkonnections.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=kindredkonnections.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.23andMe.com 23andMe - Genetics Just Got Personal.]</h2> Rank: 206,408<br /> Address: <br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/23andMe.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=23andMe.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/23andMe.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.23andMe.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/23andMe.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/23andMe.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.23andMe.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.23andMe.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=23andMe.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.afrigeneas.com AfriGeneas ~ African American &amp; African Ancestored Genealogy]</h2> Rank: 211,207<br /> Address: 1496 Soaring Pointe NE Marietta, GA 30062 US<br /> Keywords: [[african american genealogy]], [[ black genealogy]], [[ negro genealogy]], [[ colored genealogy]], [[ african american research]], [[ slave research]], [[ slave genealogy]], [[ free person of color]], [[ history]], [[ african american history]], [[ ancestry]], [[ african american family history]], [[ family research]], [[ african american heritage]], [[ census records]], [[ culture]], [[ plantation records]], [[ slavery]], [[ enslavement]], [[ slaveowner]], [[ african american surnames]], [[ wills]], [[ obituaries]], [[ african american culture]], [[ african ancestored]], [[ african american]], [[ black]], [[ negro]], [[ colored]], [[ mulatto]], [[ mixed race]], [[ black indians]], [[ slave]], [[ slavery]], [[ enslavement]], [[ plantation]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/afrigeneas.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=afrigeneas.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/afrigeneas.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.afrigeneas.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/afrigeneas.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/afrigeneas.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.afrigeneas.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.afrigeneas.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=afrigeneas.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.thegeneticgenealogist.com The Genetic Genealogist]</h2> Adding DNA to the Genealogist&rsquo;s Toolbox<br /> Rank: 225,533<br /> Address: <br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/thegeneticgenealogist.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=thegeneticgenealogist.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/thegeneticgenealogist.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.thegeneticgenealogist.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/thegeneticgenealogist.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/thegeneticgenealogist.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.thegeneticgenealogist.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.thegeneticgenealogist.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=thegeneticgenealogist.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.KinCafe.com Free Family Calendar, Albums and Family Tree :: KinCafe.com]</h2> Rank: 239,223<br /> Address: <br /> Keywords: [[family network]], [[ family social network]], [[ free family tree]], [[ family calendar]], [[ online family tree]], [[ genealogy]], [[ family albums]], [[ shared family calendar]], [[ family website]], [[ family birthday reminders]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/KinCafe.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=KinCafe.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/KinCafe.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.KinCafe.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/KinCafe.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/KinCafe.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.KinCafe.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.KinCafe.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=KinCafe.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.ysearch.org Ysearch - the number one Y-DNA public database]</h2> Rank: 265,613<br /> Address: 1919 N Loop W, Ste 110 Houston, TX 77008 US<br /> Keywords: [[ysearch]], [[ family tree]], [[ genetic genealogy]], [[ genetic testing]], [[ DNA]], [[ haplogroup]], [[ haplotype]], [[ genealogy]], [[ mutation]], [[ polymorphism]], [[ ancestry]], [[ DNA testing]], [[ family tree dna]], [[ dnaheritage]], [[ dna heritage Cohanim]], [[ mtDNA]], [[ y-chromosome]], [[ genealogy]], [[ relatives]], [[ ancestors]], [[ relative genetics]], [[ genetree]], [[ ftdna]], [[ ybase]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ysearch.org <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=ysearch.org <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/ysearch.org <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.ysearch.org <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ysearch.org?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/ysearch.org_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.ysearch.org"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.ysearch.org" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=ysearch.org" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.dna11.com DNA Art by DNA 11 dna artwork fingerprint Art lip art DNA canvas kiss portraits custom art]</h2> The world뭩 most personalized art made from DNA, fingerprints and lips. As seen on HGTV, NY Times, BBC.<br /> Rank: 295,579<br /> Address: 20 York St Unit 522 Ottawa, ON K1N 5S6 Canada<br /> Keywords: [[DNA Custom Art]], [[ Art Online]], [[ dna artwork]], [[ Buy Art Online]], [[ DNA11]], [[ DNA 11]], [[ Kiss Prints]], [[ Viva Glam]], [[ Mac cosmetics]], [[ fingerprint art]], [[ custom art]], [[ buy original art online]], [[ buy custom art online]], [[ online art galleries]], [[ dna art pictures]], [[ interior design ideas]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dna11.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=dna11.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/dna11.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.dna11.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dna11.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/dna11.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.dna11.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.dna11.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=dna11.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.dna-worldwide.com DNA Paternity Testing - DNA Test, Ancestry Tests &amp; Genetic Genealogy Kits UK]</h2> DNA genealogy test, ancestry DNA testing, genetic and DNA paternity tests kit in UK. DNA Worldwide, A specialist DNA Company providing a comprehensive range of home and legal DNA tests, DNA Worldwide concentrates on quality and customer service certified to UKAS: ISO 9001:2000.<br /> Rank: 405,711<br /> Address: 140 High Sreet, Cranliegh Surrey, GU6 8RF, UNITED KINGDOM<br /> Keywords: [[dna test]], [[tests]], [[testing uk]], [[dna testing kit]], [[kits]], [[dna paternity test]], [[ancestry dna testing]], [[dna genealogy]], [[genetic testing]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dna-worldwide.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=dna-worldwide.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/dna-worldwide.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.dna-worldwide.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dna-worldwide.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/dna-worldwide.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.dna-worldwide.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.dna-worldwide.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=dna-worldwide.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.becominghuman.org Becoming Human: Paleoanthropology, Evolution and Human Origins]</h2> An extensive, information-rich online destination for paleoanthropology. The site includes an interactive documentary, educational exhibits, research tools, and the latest news from scientists across the globe.<br /> Rank: 603,582<br /> Address: Arizona State University Tempe, AZ 85287 US<br /> Keywords: [[becoming human]], [[ human]], [[ evolution]], [[ human evolution]], [[ iho]], [[ human origins]], [[ institute of human origins]], [[ paleoanthropology]], [[ paleontology]], [[ archaeology]], [[ lucy]], [[ afarensis]], [[ hominid]], [[ homonoid]], [[ johanson]], [[ don johanson]], [[ donald johanson]], [[ documentary]], [[ interactive documentary]], [[ evolution education]], [[ teaching evolution]], [[ teach evolution]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/becominghuman.org <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=becominghuman.org <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/becominghuman.org <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.becominghuman.org <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/becominghuman.org?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/becominghuman.org_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.becominghuman.org"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.becominghuman.org" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=becominghuman.org" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.DNATesting.com DNA Paternity Testing and other DNA Tests: DNATesting.com]</h2> DNA Paternity Testing and DNA Paternity Tests for DNA Ancestry Testing Services including Home DNA Paternity Test Informationand other DNA Tests at Gene Tree<br /> Rank: 622,924<br /> Address: 5615 Kirby Dr Ste 800 Houston, TX 77005 US<br /> Keywords: [[DNA Paternity Testing]], [[ DNA Paternity Tests]], [[ DNA Tests]], [[ DNA Paternity Test]], [[ DNA Ancestry Testing Services]], [[ DNA Profiling]], [[ Home DNA Test Information]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/DNATesting.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=DNATesting.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/DNATesting.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.DNATesting.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/DNATesting.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/DNATesting.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.DNATesting.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.DNATesting.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=DNATesting.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.tippets.com Family History Data Sources ]</h2> Rank: 681,345<br /> Address: 2855 CupFlower Ct Pleasanton, CA 94588 US<br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/tippets.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=tippets.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/tippets.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.tippets.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/tippets.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/tippets.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.tippets.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.tippets.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=tippets.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.ancestrybydna.com/ AncestryByDNA]</h2> Ancestrybydna.com and Dnaprint.com specialize in complex genetic analytics and information resource products for next generations personalized medicine<br /> Rank: 689,190<br /> Address: 900 Cocoanut Ave Sarasota, FL 34236 US<br /> Keywords: [[genotyping]], [[ sequencing]], [[ snp discovery]], [[ pharmacogenomics]], [[ personalized medicine]], [[ forensics]], [[ eye color]], [[ investigative tool]], [[ DNA]], [[ DNA print]], [[ genomics]], [[ polymorphism]], [[ informatics]], [[ genome]], [[ SNP]], [[ nucleotide]], [[ human]], [[ artificial]], [[ intelligence]], [[ phenomics]], [[ neural]], [[ net]], [[ pattern]], [[ cancer]], [[ mathematics]], [[ modeling]], [[ disease Ancestry familytree dna fingerprint migration chromosome paternal maternal genome bioscience informatics lineage]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ancestrybydna.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=ancestrybydna.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/ancestrybydna.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.ancestrybydna.com/ <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ancestrybydna.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/ancestrybydna.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.ancestrybydna.com/"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.ancestrybydna.com/" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=ancestrybydna.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.dnaheritage.com DNA Heritage - DNA Testing for Genetic Genealogy]</h2> Rank: 744,444<br /> Address: 40 Preston Rd Weymouth, Dorset DT3 6PZ, , UNITED KINGDOM<br /> Keywords: [[DNA genealogy]], [[ Genetic testing]], [[ genetics]], [[ paternal]], [[ haplotype]], [[ genealogy]], [[ mutation]], [[ polymorphism]], [[ Cohanim]], [[ DNA testing]], [[ family tree]], [[ PCR]], [[ father]], [[ mtDNA]], [[ Y-Chromosome]], [[ mother]], [[ genetic genealogy]], [[ relatives]], [[ ancestors]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dnaheritage.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=dnaheritage.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/dnaheritage.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.dnaheritage.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dnaheritage.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/dnaheritage.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.dnaheritage.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.dnaheritage.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=dnaheritage.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.gtldna.com Home DNA &amp; Paternity Tests: Legal Test Kits &amp; Testing Services from GTL]</h2> GTL specializes in DNA &amp; paternity tests and testing services. Visit us for more information about our accredited paternity, maternity, sibilingship and other DNA identification home test kits.<br /> Rank: 774,144<br /> Address: <br /> Keywords: [[paternity test]], [[ paternity tests]], [[ paternity testing]], [[ dna tests]], [[ dna test]], [[ dna testing]], [[ maternity testing]], [[ siblingship tests]], [[ grandparentage test]], [[ determining human identity]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/gtldna.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=gtldna.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/gtldna.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.gtldna.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/gtldna.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/gtldna.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.gtldna.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.gtldna.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=gtldna.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.dnatribes.com DNA Tribes Personal Genetic Analysis]</h2> Rank: 821,625<br /> Address: PO Box 99800 EmeryVille, CA 94662 US<br /> Keywords: [[dna]], [[gene]], [[genetic]], [[ancestry]], [[tribes]], [[tribal]], [[genealogy]], [[analysis]], [[test]], [[nations]], [[ethnicity]], [[ethnic]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dnatribes.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=dnatribes.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/dnatribes.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.dnatribes.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dnatribes.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/dnatribes.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.dnatribes.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.dnatribes.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=dnatribes.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.smgf.org SMGF]</h2> Rank: 896,472<br /> Address: 2511 S. W Temple Salt Lake City, UT 84115 US<br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/smgf.org <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=smgf.org <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/smgf.org <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.smgf.org <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/smgf.org?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/smgf.org_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.smgf.org"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.smgf.org" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=smgf.org" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.ethnoancestry.com EthnoAncestry Unlocking your DNA archive]</h2> Rank: 897,291<br /> Address: 4028 Larwin Ave Cypress, CA 90630 US<br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ethnoancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=ethnoancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/ethnoancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.ethnoancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ethnoancestry.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/ethnoancestry.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.ethnoancestry.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.ethnoancestry.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=ethnoancestry.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.oxfordancestors.com/ OXFORD ANCESTORS : Explore your genetic roots - DNA sequencing, Professor Sykes, Adam's Curse, Family Tree Searches, Your Ancestry DNA analysis, tracing ancestors]</h2> Rank: 915,018<br /> Address: PO Box 288 Kidlington, Oxfordshire OX5 1WG, UNITED KINGDOM<br /> Keywords: [[adam's]], [[ adams curse]], [[ dna sequencing]], [[ dna]], [[ genetics]], [[ oxford ancestors]], [[ bryan sykes]], [[ professor sykes]], [[ adam's curse]], [[ family tree]], [[ tracing ancestors]], [[ y chromosone]], [[ genealogy]], [[ science]], [[ 7 daughters of eve]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/oxfordancestors.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=oxfordancestors.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/oxfordancestors.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.oxfordancestors.com/ <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/oxfordancestors.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/oxfordancestors.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.oxfordancestors.com/"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.oxfordancestors.com/" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=oxfordancestors.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> f941fb0229cdb8f0d52965d2fb4c7f5a48bb2bf1 1651 2007-12-10T10:25:48Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki <h2>[http://www.Ancestry.com Genealogy, Family Trees and Family History Records online - Ancestry.com]</h2> Ancestry.com is the largest family history site online with over 4 billion names in worldwide historical records, family tree services and genealogy learning materials<br /> Rank: 3,691<br /> Address: 360 W. 4800 N Provo, UT 84604 US<br /> Keywords: [[ancestry]], [[ ancestry com]], [[ ancestory]], [[ genealogy]], [[ family history]], [[ family trees]], [[ origins]], [[ relatives]], [[ descendants]], [[ ancestors]], [[ roots]], [[ family]], [[ generation]], [[ history]], [[ heritage]], [[ heredity]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/Ancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=Ancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/Ancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.Ancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/Ancestry.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/Ancestry.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.Ancestry.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.Ancestry.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=Ancestry.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.familytreedna.com/ Family Tree DNA - we do genetic tests for your genealogy questions!]</h2> Rank: 84,845<br /> Address: 1919 North Loop West Suite 432 Houston, TX 77008 US<br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/familytreedna.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=familytreedna.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/familytreedna.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.familytreedna.com/ <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/familytreedna.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/familytreedna.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.familytreedna.com/"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.familytreedna.com/" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=familytreedna.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.dnaancestryproject.com Trace Your Ancestry with DNA - DNA Ancestry Project]</h2> Rank: 101,686<br /> Address: 1416-750 W. Broadway Vancouver, BC V5Z 1H1 Canada<br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dnaancestryproject.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=dnaancestryproject.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/dnaancestryproject.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.dnaancestryproject.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dnaancestryproject.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/dnaancestryproject.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.dnaancestryproject.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.dnaancestryproject.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=dnaancestryproject.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.genetree.com/ GeneTree - You Belong Here | DNA Genealogy]</h2> DNA Genealogy: Extend your concept of family through DNA testing. Connect with others to share and preserve your memories. Join now it's free.<br /> Rank: 144,699<br /> Address: 2511 S W Temple Salt Lake City, UT 84115 US<br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/genetree.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=genetree.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/genetree.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.genetree.com/ <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/genetree.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/genetree.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.genetree.com/"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.genetree.com/" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=genetree.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.genebase.com/ Genebase :: Home]</h2> Rank: 163,192<br /> Address: 1416-750 W. Broadway Vancouver, BC V5Z 1H1 Canada<br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/genebase.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=genebase.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/genebase.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.genebase.com/ <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/genebase.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/genebase.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.genebase.com/"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.genebase.com/" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=genebase.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.genome.gov genome.gov | National Human Genome Research Institute]</h2> Home page of the National Human Genome Research Institute, the arm of the U.S. National Institutes of Health dedicated to advancing human health through genetic research.<br /> Rank: 179,836<br /> Address: <br /> Keywords: [[home]], [[ about nhgri]], [[ human genome project]], [[ fact sheet]], [[ facts]], [[ faqs]], [[ ethical legal and social implications]], [[ elsi]], [[ calendar]], [[ events]], [[ calendar of events]], [[ seminar]], [[ seminar series]], [[ news]], [[ newsroom]], [[ advances]], [[ discoveries]], [[ grant]], [[ grants]], [[ funding]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/genome.gov <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=genome.gov <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/genome.gov <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.genome.gov <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/genome.gov?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/genome.gov_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.genome.gov"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.genome.gov" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=genome.gov" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.23andMe.com 23andMe - Genetics Just Got Personal.]</h2> Rank: 206,408<br /> Address: <br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/23andMe.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=23andMe.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/23andMe.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.23andMe.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/23andMe.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/23andMe.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.23andMe.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.23andMe.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=23andMe.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.afrigeneas.com AfriGeneas ~ African American &amp; African Ancestored Genealogy]</h2> Rank: 211,207<br /> Address: 1496 Soaring Pointe NE Marietta, GA 30062 US<br /> Keywords: [[african american genealogy]], [[ black genealogy]], [[ negro genealogy]], [[ colored genealogy]], [[ african american research]], [[ slave research]], [[ slave genealogy]], [[ free person of color]], [[ history]], [[ african american history]], [[ ancestry]], [[ african american family history]], [[ family research]], [[ african american heritage]], [[ census records]], [[ culture]], [[ plantation records]], [[ slavery]], [[ enslavement]], [[ slaveowner]], [[ african american surnames]], [[ wills]], [[ obituaries]], [[ african american culture]], [[ african ancestored]], [[ african american]], [[ black]], [[ negro]], [[ colored]], [[ mulatto]], [[ mixed race]], [[ black indians]], [[ slave]], [[ slavery]], [[ enslavement]], [[ plantation]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/afrigeneas.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=afrigeneas.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/afrigeneas.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.afrigeneas.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/afrigeneas.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/afrigeneas.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.afrigeneas.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.afrigeneas.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=afrigeneas.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.thegeneticgenealogist.com The Genetic Genealogist]</h2> Adding DNA to the Genealogist&rsquo;s Toolbox<br /> Rank: 225,533<br /> Address: <br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/thegeneticgenealogist.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=thegeneticgenealogist.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/thegeneticgenealogist.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.thegeneticgenealogist.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/thegeneticgenealogist.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/thegeneticgenealogist.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.thegeneticgenealogist.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.thegeneticgenealogist.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=thegeneticgenealogist.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.KinCafe.com Free Family Calendar, Albums and Family Tree :: KinCafe.com]</h2> Rank: 239,223<br /> Address: <br /> Keywords: [[family network]], [[ family social network]], [[ free family tree]], [[ family calendar]], [[ online family tree]], [[ genealogy]], [[ family albums]], [[ shared family calendar]], [[ family website]], [[ family birthday reminders]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/KinCafe.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=KinCafe.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/KinCafe.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.KinCafe.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/KinCafe.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/KinCafe.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.KinCafe.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.KinCafe.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=KinCafe.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.ysearch.org Ysearch - the number one Y-DNA public database]</h2> Rank: 265,613<br /> Address: 1919 N Loop W, Ste 110 Houston, TX 77008 US<br /> Keywords: [[ysearch]], [[ family tree]], [[ genetic genealogy]], [[ genetic testing]], [[ DNA]], [[ haplogroup]], [[ haplotype]], [[ genealogy]], [[ mutation]], [[ polymorphism]], [[ ancestry]], [[ DNA testing]], [[ family tree dna]], [[ dnaheritage]], [[ dna heritage Cohanim]], [[ mtDNA]], [[ y-chromosome]], [[ genealogy]], [[ relatives]], [[ ancestors]], [[ relative genetics]], [[ genetree]], [[ ftdna]], [[ ybase]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ysearch.org <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=ysearch.org <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/ysearch.org <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.ysearch.org <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ysearch.org?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/ysearch.org_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.ysearch.org"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.ysearch.org" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=ysearch.org" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.dna11.com DNA Art by DNA 11 dna artwork fingerprint Art lip art DNA canvas kiss portraits custom art]</h2> The world뭩 most personalized art made from DNA, fingerprints and lips. As seen on HGTV, NY Times, BBC.<br /> Rank: 295,579<br /> Address: 20 York St Unit 522 Ottawa, ON K1N 5S6 Canada<br /> Keywords: [[DNA Custom Art]], [[ Art Online]], [[ dna artwork]], [[ Buy Art Online]], [[ DNA11]], [[ DNA 11]], [[ Kiss Prints]], [[ Viva Glam]], [[ Mac cosmetics]], [[ fingerprint art]], [[ custom art]], [[ buy original art online]], [[ buy custom art online]], [[ online art galleries]], [[ dna art pictures]], [[ interior design ideas]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dna11.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=dna11.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/dna11.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.dna11.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dna11.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/dna11.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.dna11.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.dna11.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=dna11.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.dna-worldwide.com DNA Paternity Testing - DNA Test, Ancestry Tests &amp; Genetic Genealogy Kits UK]</h2> DNA genealogy test, ancestry DNA testing, genetic and DNA paternity tests kit in UK. DNA Worldwide, A specialist DNA Company providing a comprehensive range of home and legal DNA tests, DNA Worldwide concentrates on quality and customer service certified to UKAS: ISO 9001:2000.<br /> Rank: 405,711<br /> Address: 140 High Sreet, Cranliegh Surrey, GU6 8RF, UNITED KINGDOM<br /> Keywords: [[dna test]], [[tests]], [[testing uk]], [[dna testing kit]], [[kits]], [[dna paternity test]], [[ancestry dna testing]], [[dna genealogy]], [[genetic testing]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dna-worldwide.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=dna-worldwide.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/dna-worldwide.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.dna-worldwide.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dna-worldwide.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/dna-worldwide.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.dna-worldwide.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.dna-worldwide.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=dna-worldwide.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.becominghuman.org Becoming Human: Paleoanthropology, Evolution and Human Origins]</h2> An extensive, information-rich online destination for paleoanthropology. The site includes an interactive documentary, educational exhibits, research tools, and the latest news from scientists across the globe.<br /> Rank: 603,582<br /> Address: Arizona State University Tempe, AZ 85287 US<br /> Keywords: [[becoming human]], [[ human]], [[ evolution]], [[ human evolution]], [[ iho]], [[ human origins]], [[ institute of human origins]], [[ paleoanthropology]], [[ paleontology]], [[ archaeology]], [[ lucy]], [[ afarensis]], [[ hominid]], [[ homonoid]], [[ johanson]], [[ don johanson]], [[ donald johanson]], [[ documentary]], [[ interactive documentary]], [[ evolution education]], [[ teaching evolution]], [[ teach evolution]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/becominghuman.org <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=becominghuman.org <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/becominghuman.org <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.becominghuman.org <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/becominghuman.org?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/becominghuman.org_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.becominghuman.org"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.becominghuman.org" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=becominghuman.org" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.DNATesting.com DNA Paternity Testing and other DNA Tests: DNATesting.com]</h2> DNA Paternity Testing and DNA Paternity Tests for DNA Ancestry Testing Services including Home DNA Paternity Test Informationand other DNA Tests at Gene Tree<br /> Rank: 622,924<br /> Address: 5615 Kirby Dr Ste 800 Houston, TX 77005 US<br /> Keywords: [[DNA Paternity Testing]], [[ DNA Paternity Tests]], [[ DNA Tests]], [[ DNA Paternity Test]], [[ DNA Ancestry Testing Services]], [[ DNA Profiling]], [[ Home DNA Test Information]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/DNATesting.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=DNATesting.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/DNATesting.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.DNATesting.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/DNATesting.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/DNATesting.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.DNATesting.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.DNATesting.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=DNATesting.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.tippets.com Family History Data Sources ]</h2> Rank: 681,345<br /> Address: 2855 CupFlower Ct Pleasanton, CA 94588 US<br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/tippets.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=tippets.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/tippets.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.tippets.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/tippets.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/tippets.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.tippets.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.tippets.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=tippets.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.ancestrybydna.com/ AncestryByDNA]</h2> Ancestrybydna.com and Dnaprint.com specialize in complex genetic analytics and information resource products for next generations personalized medicine<br /> Rank: 689,190<br /> Address: 900 Cocoanut Ave Sarasota, FL 34236 US<br /> Keywords: [[genotyping]], [[ sequencing]], [[ snp discovery]], [[ pharmacogenomics]], [[ personalized medicine]], [[ forensics]], [[ eye color]], [[ investigative tool]], [[ DNA]], [[ DNA print]], [[ genomics]], [[ polymorphism]], [[ informatics]], [[ genome]], [[ SNP]], [[ nucleotide]], [[ human]], [[ artificial]], [[ intelligence]], [[ phenomics]], [[ neural]], [[ net]], [[ pattern]], [[ cancer]], [[ mathematics]], [[ modeling]], [[ disease Ancestry familytree dna fingerprint migration chromosome paternal maternal genome bioscience informatics lineage]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ancestrybydna.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=ancestrybydna.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/ancestrybydna.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.ancestrybydna.com/ <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ancestrybydna.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/ancestrybydna.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.ancestrybydna.com/"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.ancestrybydna.com/" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=ancestrybydna.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.dnaheritage.com DNA Heritage - DNA Testing for Genetic Genealogy]</h2> Rank: 744,444<br /> Address: 40 Preston Rd Weymouth, Dorset DT3 6PZ, , UNITED KINGDOM<br /> Keywords: [[DNA genealogy]], [[ Genetic testing]], [[ genetics]], [[ paternal]], [[ haplotype]], [[ genealogy]], [[ mutation]], [[ polymorphism]], [[ Cohanim]], [[ DNA testing]], [[ family tree]], [[ PCR]], [[ father]], [[ mtDNA]], [[ Y-Chromosome]], [[ mother]], [[ genetic genealogy]], [[ relatives]], [[ ancestors]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dnaheritage.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=dnaheritage.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/dnaheritage.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.dnaheritage.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dnaheritage.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/dnaheritage.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.dnaheritage.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.dnaheritage.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=dnaheritage.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.gtldna.com Home DNA &amp; Paternity Tests: Legal Test Kits &amp; Testing Services from GTL]</h2> GTL specializes in DNA &amp; paternity tests and testing services. Visit us for more information about our accredited paternity, maternity, sibilingship and other DNA identification home test kits.<br /> Rank: 774,144<br /> Address: <br /> Keywords: [[paternity test]], [[ paternity tests]], [[ paternity testing]], [[ dna tests]], [[ dna test]], [[ dna testing]], [[ maternity testing]], [[ siblingship tests]], [[ grandparentage test]], [[ determining human identity]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/gtldna.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=gtldna.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/gtldna.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.gtldna.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/gtldna.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/gtldna.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.gtldna.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.gtldna.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=gtldna.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.dnatribes.com DNA Tribes Personal Genetic Analysis]</h2> Rank: 821,625<br /> Address: PO Box 99800 EmeryVille, CA 94662 US<br /> Keywords: [[dna]], [[gene]], [[genetic]], [[ancestry]], [[tribes]], [[tribal]], [[genealogy]], [[analysis]], [[test]], [[nations]], [[ethnicity]], [[ethnic]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dnatribes.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=dnatribes.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/dnatribes.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.dnatribes.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dnatribes.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/dnatribes.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.dnatribes.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.dnatribes.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=dnatribes.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.smgf.org SMGF]</h2> Rank: 896,472<br /> Address: 2511 S. W Temple Salt Lake City, UT 84115 US<br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/smgf.org <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=smgf.org <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/smgf.org <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.smgf.org <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/smgf.org?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/smgf.org_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.smgf.org"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.smgf.org" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=smgf.org" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.ethnoancestry.com EthnoAncestry Unlocking your DNA archive]</h2> Rank: 897,291<br /> Address: 4028 Larwin Ave Cypress, CA 90630 US<br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ethnoancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=ethnoancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/ethnoancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.ethnoancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ethnoancestry.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/ethnoancestry.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.ethnoancestry.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.ethnoancestry.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=ethnoancestry.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.oxfordancestors.com/ OXFORD ANCESTORS : Explore your genetic roots - DNA sequencing, Professor Sykes, Adam's Curse, Family Tree Searches, Your Ancestry DNA analysis, tracing ancestors]</h2> Rank: 915,018<br /> Address: PO Box 288 Kidlington, Oxfordshire OX5 1WG, UNITED KINGDOM<br /> Keywords: [[adam's]], [[ adams curse]], [[ dna sequencing]], [[ dna]], [[ genetics]], [[ oxford ancestors]], [[ bryan sykes]], [[ professor sykes]], [[ adam's curse]], [[ family tree]], [[ tracing ancestors]], [[ y chromosone]], [[ genealogy]], [[ science]], [[ 7 daughters of eve]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/oxfordancestors.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=oxfordancestors.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/oxfordancestors.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.oxfordancestors.com/ <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/oxfordancestors.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/oxfordancestors.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.oxfordancestors.com/"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.oxfordancestors.com/" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=oxfordancestors.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> fc3de6b2fae34ac678844202d2e545c5fc43bffa 1652 2007-12-10T10:26:17Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki <h2>[http://www.Ancestry.com Genealogy, Family Trees and Family History Records online - Ancestry.com]</h2> Ancestry.com is the largest family history site online with over 4 billion names in worldwide historical records, family tree services and genealogy learning materials<br /> Rank: 3,691<br /> Address: 360 W. 4800 N Provo, UT 84604 US<br /> Keywords: [[ancestry]], [[ ancestry com]], [[ ancestory]], [[ genealogy]], [[ family history]], [[ family trees]], [[ origins]], [[ relatives]], [[ descendants]], [[ ancestors]], [[ roots]], [[ family]], [[ generation]], [[ history]], [[ heritage]], [[ heredity]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/Ancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=Ancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/Ancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.Ancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/Ancestry.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/Ancestry.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.Ancestry.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.Ancestry.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=Ancestry.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.familytreedna.com/ Family Tree DNA - we do genetic tests for your genealogy questions!]</h2> Rank: 84,845<br /> Address: 1919 North Loop West Suite 432 Houston, TX 77008 US<br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/familytreedna.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=familytreedna.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/familytreedna.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.familytreedna.com/ <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/familytreedna.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/familytreedna.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.familytreedna.com/"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.familytreedna.com/" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=familytreedna.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.dnaancestryproject.com Trace Your Ancestry with DNA - DNA Ancestry Project]</h2> Rank: 101,686<br /> Address: 1416-750 W. Broadway Vancouver, BC V5Z 1H1 Canada<br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dnaancestryproject.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=dnaancestryproject.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/dnaancestryproject.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.dnaancestryproject.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dnaancestryproject.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/dnaancestryproject.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.dnaancestryproject.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.dnaancestryproject.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=dnaancestryproject.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.genetree.com/ GeneTree - You Belong Here | DNA Genealogy]</h2> DNA Genealogy: Extend your concept of family through DNA testing. Connect with others to share and preserve your memories. Join now it's free.<br /> Rank: 144,699<br /> Address: 2511 S W Temple Salt Lake City, UT 84115 US<br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/genetree.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=genetree.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/genetree.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.genetree.com/ <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/genetree.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/genetree.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.genetree.com/"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.genetree.com/" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=genetree.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.genebase.com/ Genebase :: Home]</h2> Rank: 163,192<br /> Address: 1416-750 W. Broadway Vancouver, BC V5Z 1H1 Canada<br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/genebase.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=genebase.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/genebase.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.genebase.com/ <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/genebase.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/genebase.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.genebase.com/"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.genebase.com/" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=genebase.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.genome.gov genome.gov | National Human Genome Research Institute]</h2> Home page of the National Human Genome Research Institute, the arm of the U.S. National Institutes of Health dedicated to advancing human health through genetic research.<br /> Rank: 179,836<br /> Address: <br /> Keywords: [[home]], [[ about nhgri]], [[ human genome project]], [[ fact sheet]], [[ facts]], [[ faqs]], [[ ethical legal and social implications]], [[ elsi]], [[ calendar]], [[ events]], [[ calendar of events]], [[ seminar]], [[ seminar series]], [[ news]], [[ newsroom]], [[ advances]], [[ discoveries]], [[ grant]], [[ grants]], [[ funding]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/genome.gov <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=genome.gov <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/genome.gov <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.genome.gov <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/genome.gov?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/genome.gov_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.genome.gov"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.genome.gov" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=genome.gov" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.23andMe.com 23andMe - Genetics Just Got Personal.]</h2> Rank: 206,408<br /> Address: <br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/23andMe.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=23andMe.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/23andMe.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.23andMe.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/23andMe.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/23andMe.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.23andMe.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.23andMe.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=23andMe.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.afrigeneas.com AfriGeneas ~ African American &amp; African Ancestored Genealogy]</h2> Rank: 211,207<br /> Address: 1496 Soaring Pointe NE Marietta, GA 30062 US<br /> Keywords: [[african american genealogy]], [[ black genealogy]], [[ negro genealogy]], [[ colored genealogy]], [[ african american research]], [[ slave research]], [[ slave genealogy]], [[ free person of color]], [[ history]], [[ african american history]], [[ ancestry]], [[ african american family history]], [[ family research]], [[ african american heritage]], [[ census records]], [[ culture]], [[ plantation records]], [[ slavery]], [[ enslavement]], [[ slaveowner]], [[ african american surnames]], [[ wills]], [[ obituaries]], [[ african american culture]], [[ african ancestored]], [[ african american]], [[ black]], [[ negro]], [[ colored]], [[ mulatto]], [[ mixed race]], [[ black indians]], [[ slave]], [[ slavery]], [[ enslavement]], [[ plantation]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/afrigeneas.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=afrigeneas.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/afrigeneas.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.afrigeneas.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/afrigeneas.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/afrigeneas.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.afrigeneas.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.afrigeneas.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=afrigeneas.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.thegeneticgenealogist.com The Genetic Genealogist]</h2> Adding DNA to the Genealogist&rsquo;s Toolbox<br /> Rank: 225,533<br /> Address: <br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/thegeneticgenealogist.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=thegeneticgenealogist.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/thegeneticgenealogist.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.thegeneticgenealogist.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/thegeneticgenealogist.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/thegeneticgenealogist.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.thegeneticgenealogist.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.thegeneticgenealogist.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=thegeneticgenealogist.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.KinCafe.com Free Family Calendar, Albums and Family Tree :: KinCafe.com]</h2> Rank: 239,223<br /> Address: <br /> Keywords: [[family network]], [[ family social network]], [[ free family tree]], [[ family calendar]], [[ online family tree]], [[ genealogy]], [[ family albums]], [[ shared family calendar]], [[ family website]], [[ family birthday reminders]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/KinCafe.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=KinCafe.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/KinCafe.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.KinCafe.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/KinCafe.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/KinCafe.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.KinCafe.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.KinCafe.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=KinCafe.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.ysearch.org Ysearch - the number one Y-DNA public database]</h2> Rank: 265,613<br /> Address: 1919 N Loop W, Ste 110 Houston, TX 77008 US<br /> Keywords: [[ysearch]], [[ family tree]], [[ genetic genealogy]], [[ genetic testing]], [[ DNA]], [[ haplogroup]], [[ haplotype]], [[ genealogy]], [[ mutation]], [[ polymorphism]], [[ ancestry]], [[ DNA testing]], [[ family tree dna]], [[ dnaheritage]], [[ dna heritage Cohanim]], [[ mtDNA]], [[ y-chromosome]], [[ genealogy]], [[ relatives]], [[ ancestors]], [[ relative genetics]], [[ genetree]], [[ ftdna]], [[ ybase]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ysearch.org <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=ysearch.org <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/ysearch.org <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.ysearch.org <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ysearch.org?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/ysearch.org_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.ysearch.org"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.ysearch.org" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=ysearch.org" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.dna11.com DNA Art by DNA 11 dna artwork fingerprint Art lip art DNA canvas kiss portraits custom art]</h2> The world뭩 most personalized art made from DNA, fingerprints and lips. As seen on HGTV, NY Times, BBC.<br /> Rank: 295,579<br /> Address: 20 York St Unit 522 Ottawa, ON K1N 5S6 Canada<br /> Keywords: [[DNA Custom Art]], [[ Art Online]], [[ dna artwork]], [[ Buy Art Online]], [[ DNA11]], [[ DNA 11]], [[ Kiss Prints]], [[ Viva Glam]], [[ Mac cosmetics]], [[ fingerprint art]], [[ custom art]], [[ buy original art online]], [[ buy custom art online]], [[ online art galleries]], [[ dna art pictures]], [[ interior design ideas]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dna11.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=dna11.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/dna11.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.dna11.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dna11.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/dna11.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.dna11.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.dna11.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=dna11.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.dna-worldwide.com DNA Paternity Testing - DNA Test, Ancestry Tests &amp; Genetic Genealogy Kits UK]</h2> DNA genealogy test, ancestry DNA testing, genetic and DNA paternity tests kit in UK. DNA Worldwide, A specialist DNA Company providing a comprehensive range of home and legal DNA tests, DNA Worldwide concentrates on quality and customer service certified to UKAS: ISO 9001:2000.<br /> Rank: 405,711<br /> Address: 140 High Sreet, Cranliegh Surrey, GU6 8RF, UNITED KINGDOM<br /> Keywords: [[dna test]], [[tests]], [[testing uk]], [[dna testing kit]], [[kits]], [[dna paternity test]], [[ancestry dna testing]], [[dna genealogy]], [[genetic testing]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dna-worldwide.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=dna-worldwide.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/dna-worldwide.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.dna-worldwide.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dna-worldwide.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/dna-worldwide.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.dna-worldwide.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.dna-worldwide.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=dna-worldwide.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.becominghuman.org Becoming Human: Paleoanthropology, Evolution and Human Origins]</h2> An extensive, information-rich online destination for paleoanthropology. The site includes an interactive documentary, educational exhibits, research tools, and the latest news from scientists across the globe.<br /> Rank: 603,582<br /> Address: Arizona State University Tempe, AZ 85287 US<br /> Keywords: [[becoming human]], [[ human]], [[ evolution]], [[ human evolution]], [[ iho]], [[ human origins]], [[ institute of human origins]], [[ paleoanthropology]], [[ paleontology]], [[ archaeology]], [[ lucy]], [[ afarensis]], [[ hominid]], [[ homonoid]], [[ johanson]], [[ don johanson]], [[ donald johanson]], [[ documentary]], [[ interactive documentary]], [[ evolution education]], [[ teaching evolution]], [[ teach evolution]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/becominghuman.org <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=becominghuman.org <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/becominghuman.org <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.becominghuman.org <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/becominghuman.org?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/becominghuman.org_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.becominghuman.org"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.becominghuman.org" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=becominghuman.org" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.DNATesting.com DNA Paternity Testing and other DNA Tests: DNATesting.com]</h2> DNA Paternity Testing and DNA Paternity Tests for DNA Ancestry Testing Services including Home DNA Paternity Test Informationand other DNA Tests at Gene Tree<br /> Rank: 622,924<br /> Address: 5615 Kirby Dr Ste 800 Houston, TX 77005 US<br /> Keywords: [[DNA Paternity Testing]], [[ DNA Paternity Tests]], [[ DNA Tests]], [[ DNA Paternity Test]], [[ DNA Ancestry Testing Services]], [[ DNA Profiling]], [[ Home DNA Test Information]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/DNATesting.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=DNATesting.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/DNATesting.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.DNATesting.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/DNATesting.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/DNATesting.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.DNATesting.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.DNATesting.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=DNATesting.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.ancestrybydna.com/ AncestryByDNA]</h2> Ancestrybydna.com and Dnaprint.com specialize in complex genetic analytics and information resource products for next generations personalized medicine<br /> Rank: 689,190<br /> Address: 900 Cocoanut Ave Sarasota, FL 34236 US<br /> Keywords: [[genotyping]], [[ sequencing]], [[ snp discovery]], [[ pharmacogenomics]], [[ personalized medicine]], [[ forensics]], [[ eye color]], [[ investigative tool]], [[ DNA]], [[ DNA print]], [[ genomics]], [[ polymorphism]], [[ informatics]], [[ genome]], [[ SNP]], [[ nucleotide]], [[ human]], [[ artificial]], [[ intelligence]], [[ phenomics]], [[ neural]], [[ net]], [[ pattern]], [[ cancer]], [[ mathematics]], [[ modeling]], [[ disease Ancestry familytree dna fingerprint migration chromosome paternal maternal genome bioscience informatics lineage]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ancestrybydna.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=ancestrybydna.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/ancestrybydna.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.ancestrybydna.com/ <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ancestrybydna.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/ancestrybydna.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.ancestrybydna.com/"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.ancestrybydna.com/" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=ancestrybydna.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.dnaheritage.com DNA Heritage - DNA Testing for Genetic Genealogy]</h2> Rank: 744,444<br /> Address: 40 Preston Rd Weymouth, Dorset DT3 6PZ, , UNITED KINGDOM<br /> Keywords: [[DNA genealogy]], [[ Genetic testing]], [[ genetics]], [[ paternal]], [[ haplotype]], [[ genealogy]], [[ mutation]], [[ polymorphism]], [[ Cohanim]], [[ DNA testing]], [[ family tree]], [[ PCR]], [[ father]], [[ mtDNA]], [[ Y-Chromosome]], [[ mother]], [[ genetic genealogy]], [[ relatives]], [[ ancestors]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dnaheritage.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=dnaheritage.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/dnaheritage.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.dnaheritage.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dnaheritage.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/dnaheritage.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.dnaheritage.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.dnaheritage.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=dnaheritage.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.gtldna.com Home DNA &amp; Paternity Tests: Legal Test Kits &amp; Testing Services from GTL]</h2> GTL specializes in DNA &amp; paternity tests and testing services. Visit us for more information about our accredited paternity, maternity, sibilingship and other DNA identification home test kits.<br /> Rank: 774,144<br /> Address: <br /> Keywords: [[paternity test]], [[ paternity tests]], [[ paternity testing]], [[ dna tests]], [[ dna test]], [[ dna testing]], [[ maternity testing]], [[ siblingship tests]], [[ grandparentage test]], [[ determining human identity]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/gtldna.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=gtldna.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/gtldna.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.gtldna.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/gtldna.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/gtldna.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.gtldna.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.gtldna.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=gtldna.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.dnatribes.com DNA Tribes Personal Genetic Analysis]</h2> Rank: 821,625<br /> Address: PO Box 99800 EmeryVille, CA 94662 US<br /> Keywords: [[dna]], [[gene]], [[genetic]], [[ancestry]], [[tribes]], [[tribal]], [[genealogy]], [[analysis]], [[test]], [[nations]], [[ethnicity]], [[ethnic]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dnatribes.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=dnatribes.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/dnatribes.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.dnatribes.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dnatribes.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/dnatribes.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.dnatribes.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.dnatribes.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=dnatribes.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.smgf.org SMGF]</h2> Rank: 896,472<br /> Address: 2511 S. W Temple Salt Lake City, UT 84115 US<br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/smgf.org <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=smgf.org <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/smgf.org <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.smgf.org <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/smgf.org?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/smgf.org_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.smgf.org"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.smgf.org" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=smgf.org" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.ethnoancestry.com EthnoAncestry Unlocking your DNA archive]</h2> Rank: 897,291<br /> Address: 4028 Larwin Ave Cypress, CA 90630 US<br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ethnoancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=ethnoancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/ethnoancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.ethnoancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ethnoancestry.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/ethnoancestry.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.ethnoancestry.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.ethnoancestry.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=ethnoancestry.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.oxfordancestors.com/ OXFORD ANCESTORS : Explore your genetic roots - DNA sequencing, Professor Sykes, Adam's Curse, Family Tree Searches, Your Ancestry DNA analysis, tracing ancestors]</h2> Rank: 915,018<br /> Address: PO Box 288 Kidlington, Oxfordshire OX5 1WG, UNITED KINGDOM<br /> Keywords: [[adam's]], [[ adams curse]], [[ dna sequencing]], [[ dna]], [[ genetics]], [[ oxford ancestors]], [[ bryan sykes]], [[ professor sykes]], [[ adam's curse]], [[ family tree]], [[ tracing ancestors]], [[ y chromosone]], [[ genealogy]], [[ science]], [[ 7 daughters of eve]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/oxfordancestors.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=oxfordancestors.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/oxfordancestors.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.oxfordancestors.com/ <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/oxfordancestors.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/oxfordancestors.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.oxfordancestors.com/"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.oxfordancestors.com/" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=oxfordancestors.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> 17027e12c90532b57007802625b539053aed5d02 1653 2007-12-10T10:28:34Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki <h2>[http://www.Ancestry.com Genealogy, Family Trees and Family History Records online - Ancestry.com]</h2> Ancestry.com is the largest family history site online with over 4 billion names in worldwide historical records, family tree services and genealogy learning materials<br /> Rank: 3,691<br /> Address: 360 W. 4800 N Provo, UT 84604 US<br /> Keywords: [[ancestry]], [[ ancestry com]], [[ ancestory]], [[ genealogy]], [[ family history]], [[ family trees]], [[ origins]], [[ relatives]], [[ descendants]], [[ ancestors]], [[ roots]], [[ family]], [[ generation]], [[ history]], [[ heritage]], [[ heredity]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/Ancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=Ancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/Ancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.Ancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/Ancestry.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/Ancestry.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.Ancestry.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.Ancestry.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=Ancestry.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.familytreedna.com/ Family Tree DNA - we do genetic tests for your genealogy questions!]</h2> Rank: 84,845<br /> Address: 1919 North Loop West Suite 432 Houston, TX 77008 US<br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/familytreedna.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=familytreedna.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/familytreedna.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.familytreedna.com/ <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/familytreedna.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/familytreedna.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.familytreedna.com/"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.familytreedna.com/" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=familytreedna.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.dnaancestryproject.com Trace Your Ancestry with DNA - DNA Ancestry Project]</h2> Rank: 101,686<br /> Address: 1416-750 W. Broadway Vancouver, BC V5Z 1H1 Canada<br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dnaancestryproject.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=dnaancestryproject.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/dnaancestryproject.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.dnaancestryproject.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dnaancestryproject.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/dnaancestryproject.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.dnaancestryproject.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.dnaancestryproject.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=dnaancestryproject.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.genetree.com/ GeneTree - You Belong Here | DNA Genealogy]</h2> DNA Genealogy: Extend your concept of family through DNA testing. Connect with others to share and preserve your memories. Join now it's free.<br /> Rank: 144,699<br /> Address: 2511 S W Temple Salt Lake City, UT 84115 US<br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/genetree.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=genetree.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/genetree.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.genetree.com/ <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/genetree.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/genetree.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.genetree.com/"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.genetree.com/" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=genetree.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.genebase.com/ Genebase :: Home]</h2> Rank: 163,192<br /> Address: 1416-750 W. Broadway Vancouver, BC V5Z 1H1 Canada<br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/genebase.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=genebase.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/genebase.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.genebase.com/ <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/genebase.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/genebase.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.genebase.com/"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.genebase.com/" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=genebase.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.genome.gov genome.gov | National Human Genome Research Institute]</h2> Home page of the National Human Genome Research Institute, the arm of the U.S. National Institutes of Health dedicated to advancing human health through genetic research.<br /> Rank: 179,836<br /> Address: <br /> Keywords: [[home]], [[ about nhgri]], [[ human genome project]], [[ fact sheet]], [[ facts]], [[ faqs]], [[ ethical legal and social implications]], [[ elsi]], [[ calendar]], [[ events]], [[ calendar of events]], [[ seminar]], [[ seminar series]], [[ news]], [[ newsroom]], [[ advances]], [[ discoveries]], [[ grant]], [[ grants]], [[ funding]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/genome.gov <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=genome.gov <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/genome.gov <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.genome.gov <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/genome.gov?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/genome.gov_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.genome.gov"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.genome.gov" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=genome.gov" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.23andMe.com 23andMe - Genetics Just Got Personal.]</h2> Rank: 206,408<br /> Address: <br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/23andMe.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=23andMe.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/23andMe.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.23andMe.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/23andMe.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/23andMe.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.23andMe.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.23andMe.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=23andMe.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.afrigeneas.com AfriGeneas ~ African American &amp; African Ancestored Genealogy]</h2> Rank: 211,207<br /> Address: 1496 Soaring Pointe NE Marietta, GA 30062 US<br /> Keywords: [[african american genealogy]], [[ black genealogy]], [[ negro genealogy]], [[ colored genealogy]], [[ african american research]], [[ slave research]], [[ slave genealogy]], [[ free person of color]], [[ history]], [[ african american history]], [[ ancestry]], [[ african american family history]], [[ family research]], [[ african american heritage]], [[ census records]], [[ culture]], [[ plantation records]], [[ slavery]], [[ enslavement]], [[ slaveowner]], [[ african american surnames]], [[ wills]], [[ obituaries]], [[ african american culture]], [[ african ancestored]], [[ african american]], [[ black]], [[ negro]], [[ colored]], [[ mulatto]], [[ mixed race]], [[ black indians]], [[ slave]], [[ slavery]], [[ enslavement]], [[ plantation]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/afrigeneas.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=afrigeneas.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/afrigeneas.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.afrigeneas.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/afrigeneas.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/afrigeneas.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.afrigeneas.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.afrigeneas.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=afrigeneas.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.thegeneticgenealogist.com The Genetic Genealogist]</h2> Adding DNA to the Genealogist&rsquo;s Toolbox<br /> Rank: 225,533<br /> Address: <br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/thegeneticgenealogist.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=thegeneticgenealogist.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/thegeneticgenealogist.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.thegeneticgenealogist.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/thegeneticgenealogist.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/thegeneticgenealogist.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.thegeneticgenealogist.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.thegeneticgenealogist.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=thegeneticgenealogist.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.KinCafe.com Free Family Calendar, Albums and Family Tree :: KinCafe.com]</h2> Rank: 239,223<br /> Address: <br /> Keywords: [[family network]], [[ family social network]], [[ free family tree]], [[ family calendar]], [[ online family tree]], [[ genealogy]], [[ family albums]], [[ shared family calendar]], [[ family website]], [[ family birthday reminders]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/KinCafe.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=KinCafe.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/KinCafe.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.KinCafe.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/KinCafe.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/KinCafe.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.KinCafe.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.KinCafe.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=KinCafe.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.ysearch.org Ysearch - the number one Y-DNA public database]</h2> Rank: 265,613<br /> Address: 1919 N Loop W, Ste 110 Houston, TX 77008 US<br /> Keywords: [[ysearch]], [[ family tree]], [[ genetic genealogy]], [[ genetic testing]], [[ DNA]], [[ haplogroup]], [[ haplotype]], [[ genealogy]], [[ mutation]], [[ polymorphism]], [[ ancestry]], [[ DNA testing]], [[ family tree dna]], [[ dnaheritage]], [[ dna heritage Cohanim]], [[ mtDNA]], [[ y-chromosome]], [[ genealogy]], [[ relatives]], [[ ancestors]], [[ relative genetics]], [[ genetree]], [[ ftdna]], [[ ybase]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ysearch.org <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=ysearch.org <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/ysearch.org <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.ysearch.org <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ysearch.org?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/ysearch.org_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.ysearch.org"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.ysearch.org" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=ysearch.org" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.dna11.com DNA Art by DNA 11 dna artwork fingerprint Art lip art DNA canvas kiss portraits custom art]</h2> The world뭩 most personalized art made from DNA, fingerprints and lips. As seen on HGTV, NY Times, BBC.<br /> Rank: 295,579<br /> Address: 20 York St Unit 522 Ottawa, ON K1N 5S6 Canada<br /> Keywords: [[DNA Custom Art]], [[ Art Online]], [[ dna artwork]], [[ Buy Art Online]], [[ DNA11]], [[ DNA 11]], [[ Kiss Prints]], [[ Viva Glam]], [[ Mac cosmetics]], [[ fingerprint art]], [[ custom art]], [[ buy original art online]], [[ buy custom art online]], [[ online art galleries]], [[ dna art pictures]], [[ interior design ideas]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dna11.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=dna11.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/dna11.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.dna11.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dna11.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/dna11.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.dna11.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.dna11.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=dna11.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.dna-worldwide.com DNA Paternity Testing - DNA Test, Ancestry Tests &amp; Genetic Genealogy Kits UK]</h2> DNA genealogy test, ancestry DNA testing, genetic and DNA paternity tests kit in UK. DNA Worldwide, A specialist DNA Company providing a comprehensive range of home and legal DNA tests, DNA Worldwide concentrates on quality and customer service certified to UKAS: ISO 9001:2000.<br /> Rank: 405,711<br /> Address: 140 High Sreet, Cranliegh Surrey, GU6 8RF, UNITED KINGDOM<br /> Keywords: [[dna test]], [[tests]], [[testing uk]], [[dna testing kit]], [[kits]], [[dna paternity test]], [[ancestry dna testing]], [[dna genealogy]], [[genetic testing]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dna-worldwide.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=dna-worldwide.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/dna-worldwide.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.dna-worldwide.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dna-worldwide.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/dna-worldwide.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.dna-worldwide.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.dna-worldwide.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=dna-worldwide.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.becominghuman.org Becoming Human: Paleoanthropology, Evolution and Human Origins]</h2> An extensive, information-rich online destination for paleoanthropology. The site includes an interactive documentary, educational exhibits, research tools, and the latest news from scientists across the globe.<br /> Rank: 603,582<br /> Address: Arizona State University Tempe, AZ 85287 US<br /> Keywords: [[becoming human]], [[ human]], [[ evolution]], [[ human evolution]], [[ iho]], [[ human origins]], [[ institute of human origins]], [[ paleoanthropology]], [[ paleontology]], [[ archaeology]], [[ lucy]], [[ afarensis]], [[ hominid]], [[ homonoid]], [[ johanson]], [[ don johanson]], [[ donald johanson]], [[ documentary]], [[ interactive documentary]], [[ evolution education]], [[ teaching evolution]], [[ teach evolution]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/becominghuman.org <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=becominghuman.org <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/becominghuman.org <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.becominghuman.org <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/becominghuman.org?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/becominghuman.org_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.becominghuman.org"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.becominghuman.org" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=becominghuman.org" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.DNATesting.com DNA Paternity Testing and other DNA Tests: DNATesting.com]</h2> DNA Paternity Testing and DNA Paternity Tests for DNA Ancestry Testing Services including Home DNA Paternity Test Informationand other DNA Tests at Gene Tree<br /> Rank: 622,924<br /> Address: 5615 Kirby Dr Ste 800 Houston, TX 77005 US<br /> Keywords: [[DNA Paternity Testing]], [[ DNA Paternity Tests]], [[ DNA Tests]], [[ DNA Paternity Test]], [[ DNA Ancestry Testing Services]], [[ DNA Profiling]], [[ Home DNA Test Information]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/DNATesting.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=DNATesting.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/DNATesting.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.DNATesting.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/DNATesting.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/DNATesting.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.DNATesting.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.DNATesting.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=DNATesting.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.ancestrybydna.com/ AncestryByDNA]</h2> Ancestrybydna.com and Dnaprint.com specialize in complex genetic analytics and information resource products for next generations personalized medicine<br /> Rank: 689,190<br /> Address: 900 Cocoanut Ave Sarasota, FL 34236 US<br /> Keywords: [[genotyping]], [[ sequencing]], [[ snp discovery]], [[ pharmacogenomics]], [[ personalized medicine]], [[ forensics]], [[ eye color]], [[ investigative tool]], [[ DNA]], [[ DNA print]], [[ genomics]], [[ polymorphism]], [[ informatics]], [[ genome]], [[ SNP]], [[ nucleotide]], [[ human]], [[ artificial]], [[ intelligence]], [[ phenomics]], [[ neural]], [[ net]], [[ pattern]], [[ cancer]], [[ mathematics]], [[ modeling]], [[ disease Ancestry familytree dna fingerprint migration chromosome paternal maternal genome bioscience informatics lineage]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ancestrybydna.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=ancestrybydna.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/ancestrybydna.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.ancestrybydna.com/ <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ancestrybydna.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/ancestrybydna.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.ancestrybydna.com/"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.ancestrybydna.com/" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=ancestrybydna.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.dnaheritage.com DNA Heritage - DNA Testing for Genetic Genealogy]</h2> Rank: 744,444<br /> Address: 40 Preston Rd Weymouth, Dorset DT3 6PZ, , UNITED KINGDOM<br /> Keywords: [[DNA genealogy]], [[ Genetic testing]], [[ genetics]], [[ paternal]], [[ haplotype]], [[ genealogy]], [[ mutation]], [[ polymorphism]], [[ Cohanim]], [[ DNA testing]], [[ family tree]], [[ PCR]], [[ father]], [[ mtDNA]], [[ Y-Chromosome]], [[ mother]], [[ genetic genealogy]], [[ relatives]], [[ ancestors]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dnaheritage.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=dnaheritage.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/dnaheritage.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.dnaheritage.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dnaheritage.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/dnaheritage.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.dnaheritage.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.dnaheritage.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=dnaheritage.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.gtldna.com Home DNA &amp; Paternity Tests: Legal Test Kits &amp; Testing Services from GTL]</h2> GTL specializes in DNA &amp; paternity tests and testing services. Visit us for more information about our accredited paternity, maternity, sibilingship and other DNA identification home test kits.<br /> Rank: 774,144<br /> Address: <br /> Keywords: [[paternity test]], [[ paternity tests]], [[ paternity testing]], [[ dna tests]], [[ dna test]], [[ dna testing]], [[ maternity testing]], [[ siblingship tests]], [[ grandparentage test]], [[ determining human identity]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/gtldna.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=gtldna.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/gtldna.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.gtldna.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/gtldna.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/gtldna.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.gtldna.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.gtldna.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=gtldna.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.dnatribes.com DNA Tribes Personal Genetic Analysis]</h2> Rank: 821,625<br /> Address: PO Box 99800 EmeryVille, CA 94662 US<br /> Keywords: [[dna]], [[gene]], [[genetic]], [[ancestry]], [[tribes]], [[tribal]], [[genealogy]], [[analysis]], [[test]], [[nations]], [[ethnicity]], [[ethnic]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dnatribes.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=dnatribes.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/dnatribes.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.dnatribes.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/dnatribes.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/dnatribes.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.dnatribes.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.dnatribes.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=dnatribes.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.smgf.org SMGF]</h2> Rank: 896,472<br /> Address: 2511 S. W Temple Salt Lake City, UT 84115 US<br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/smgf.org <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=smgf.org <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/smgf.org <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.smgf.org <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/smgf.org?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/smgf.org_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.smgf.org"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.smgf.org" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=smgf.org" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.ethnoancestry.com EthnoAncestry Unlocking your DNA archive]</h2> Rank: 897,291<br /> Address: 4028 Larwin Ave Cypress, CA 90630 US<br /> Keywords: [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ethnoancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=ethnoancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/ethnoancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.ethnoancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ethnoancestry.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/ethnoancestry.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.ethnoancestry.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.ethnoancestry.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=ethnoancestry.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.oxfordancestors.com/ OXFORD ANCESTORS : Explore your genetic roots - DNA sequencing, Professor Sykes, Adam's Curse, Family Tree Searches, Your Ancestry DNA analysis, tracing ancestors]</h2> Rank: 915,018<br /> Address: PO Box 288 Kidlington, Oxfordshire OX5 1WG, UNITED KINGDOM<br /> Keywords: [[adam's]], [[ adams curse]], [[ dna sequencing]], [[ dna]], [[ genetics]], [[ oxford ancestors]], [[ bryan sykes]], [[ professor sykes]], [[ adam's curse]], [[ family tree]], [[ tracing ancestors]], [[ y chromosone]], [[ genealogy]], [[ science]], [[ 7 daughters of eve]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/oxfordancestors.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=oxfordancestors.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/oxfordancestors.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.oxfordancestors.com/ <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/oxfordancestors.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/oxfordancestors.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.oxfordancestors.com/"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.oxfordancestors.com/" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=oxfordancestors.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <h2>[http://www.decodeme.com deCODEme]</h2> deCODEme offers the first personalized Genetic Scan with online analysis<br /> Rank: 1,054,304<br /> Address: <br /> Keywords: [[Genetic Marker]], [[Genetic Risk]], [[Ancestry]], [[Disease Risk]], [[Gene Discovery]], [[Genealogy]], [[Genes]], [[Genetic]], [[Genomics]], [[Genotyping]], [[Human Genome]], [[My Genes]], [[My DNA]], [[Risk Factors]], [[Roots]], [[SNP]], [[Your DNA]], [[Your Genes]], [[deCODE genetics]], [[Kari Stefansson]]<br /> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/decodeme.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=decodeme.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/decodeme.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.decodeme.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/decodeme.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/decodeme.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.decodeme.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.decodeme.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=decodeme.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> 4bcd56d55349027a1836b9b82b6fc68813d40b53 0 1530 1655 2007-12-12T02:17:17Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5"><strong>$0 Genome Project</strong> for genomic equality<br /> <font size="2">(aka: Free Genome Project)</font>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </font><font size="4">$0 Genome project is a project launched by Genomics.org</font><br /> <br /> <font size="3">It is to collect personal genome information for free and distribute it free.&nbsp;<br /> It is a zero-cost genomics project.<br /> <br /> Governments and big companies can pay for the genotyping cost and people let the world access the personal genome information without any restriction.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> All the $0 geonmics participants get all the personal genomics information for free from Genomics.org.<br /> <br /> There are people who have published personal genomic information.&nbsp;<br /> If you have your own genome information acquired by full genome sequencing, SNP chips and other genome chips, you can provide the information to genomics.org.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> It is an <em>openfree</em> BiO project.<br /> <br /> </font><font size="3"><strong><br /> <font size="4">Why $0 genome project?<br /> </font><br /> Genomic equality<br /> </strong><br /> Genome information should be free for all and the benefit of free genomics should be shared by people with little money and access to information.<br /> <br /> </font><font size="3"><strong><br /> How does it work?<br /> </strong><br /> <strong><font color="#ff0000">The first step:</font></strong><br /> 1. [[Please click here and sign your name to petition the governments of the world to sequence genomes free of charge]]<br /> <br /> <br /> $0 personal genome home site is: http://personalgenome.net<br /> </font><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 05c0f0437ed7453a496c6909cb6127646143084e 1666 2007-12-13T16:58:13Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5"><strong>$0 Genome Project</strong> <strong>for genomic equality</strong><br /> <font size="2">(aka: Free Genome Project)</font>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </font><font size="4">$0 Genome project is a project launched by Genomics.org</font><br /> <br /> <font size="3">It is to collect personal genome information for free and distribute it free.&nbsp;<br /> It is a zero-cost genomics project.<br /> <br /> Governments and big companies can pay for the genotyping cost and people let the world access the personal genome information without any restriction.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> All the $0 geonmics participants get all the personal genomics information for free from Genomics.org.<br /> <br /> There are people who have published personal genomic information.&nbsp;<br /> If you have your own genome information acquired by full genome sequencing, SNP chips and other genome chips, you can provide the information to genomics.org.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> It is an <em>openfree</em> BiO project.<br /> <br /> </font><font size="3"><strong><br /> <font size="4">Why $0 genome project?<br /> </font><br /> Genomic equality<br /> </strong><br /> Genome information should be free for all and the benefit of free genomics should be shared by people with little money and access to information.<br /> <br /> </font><font size="3"><strong><br /> How does it work?<br /> </strong><br /> <strong><font color="#ff0000">The first step:</font></strong><br /> 1. [[Please click here and sign your name to petition the governments of the world to sequence genomes free of charge]]<br /> <br /> <br /> $0 personal genome home site is: http://personalgenome.net<br /> </font><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 02f8c951823818cebc1de489758f2ed2fcd0bfb9 1667 2007-12-13T16:58:23Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5"><strong>$0 Genome Project</strong> <strong>for genomic equality</strong><br /> <font size="2">(aka: [[Free Genome Project]])</font>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </font><font size="4">$0 Genome project is a project launched by Genomics.org</font><br /> <br /> <font size="3">It is to collect personal genome information for free and distribute it free.&nbsp;<br /> It is a zero-cost genomics project.<br /> <br /> Governments and big companies can pay for the genotyping cost and people let the world access the personal genome information without any restriction.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> All the $0 geonmics participants get all the personal genomics information for free from Genomics.org.<br /> <br /> There are people who have published personal genomic information.&nbsp;<br /> If you have your own genome information acquired by full genome sequencing, SNP chips and other genome chips, you can provide the information to genomics.org.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> It is an <em>openfree</em> BiO project.<br /> <br /> </font><font size="3"><strong><br /> <font size="4">Why $0 genome project?<br /> </font><br /> Genomic equality<br /> </strong><br /> Genome information should be free for all and the benefit of free genomics should be shared by people with little money and access to information.<br /> <br /> </font><font size="3"><strong><br /> How does it work?<br /> </strong><br /> <strong><font color="#ff0000">The first step:</font></strong><br /> 1. [[Please click here and sign your name to petition the governments of the world to sequence genomes free of charge]]<br /> <br /> <br /> $0 personal genome home site is: http://personalgenome.net<br /> </font><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 55f7203d8c8d2257fd74067c5ef2cfbbca47c552 0 1498 1656 2007-12-12T02:18:21Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><strong>Genomics</strong> is the omics study of genes of individual organisms,&nbsp;populations, and species. It is also a paradigm of performing science that deviates from&nbsp;investigating single genes, their functions and roles. The main reason of an independent biological discipline is that it deals with very large set of genetic information to automatically analyze information using interaction and network concepts. Genomics inevitably employs computing and bioinformatics.<br /> </p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">History of the field</font></span></p> <p>Genomics was founded by Fred Sanger group in 1970s when they developed an automatic gene sequencing technique and completed the first genomes namely bacteriophage &Phi;-X174; (5,368 bp) and bovine mitochondrial genome.</p> <p>In 1972, Walter Fiers and his team at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology of the University of Ghent (Ghent, Belgium) were the first to determine the sequence of a gene: the gene for Bacteriophage MS2 coat protein.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-0">[1]</sup> In 1976, the team determined the complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-1">[2]</sup> The first DNA-based genome to be sequenced in its entirety was that of bacteriophage &Phi;-X174; (5,368 bp), sequenced by Frederick Sanger in 1977<sup class="reference" id="_ref-2">[3]</sup>. The first free-living organism to be sequenced was that of <em>Haemophilus influenzae</em> (1.8 Mb) in 1995, and since then genomes are being sequenced at a rapid pace. A rough draft of the human genome was completed by Sanger centre and the Human Genome Project in early 2001.</p> <p>As of September 2007, the complete sequence was known of about 1879 viruses <sup class="reference" id="_ref-3">[4]</sup>, 577 bacterial species and roughly 23 eukaryote organisms, of which about half are fungi. <sup class="reference" id="_ref-4">[5]</sup> Most of the bacteria whose genomes have been completely sequenced are problematic disease-causing agents, such as <em>Haemophilus influenzae</em>. Of the other sequenced species, most were chosen because they were well-studied model organisms or promised to become good models. Yeast (<em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em>) has long been an important model organism for the eukaryotic cell, while the fruit fly <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> has been a very important tool (notably in early pre-molecular genetics). The worm <em>Caenorhabditis elegans</em> is an often used simple model for multicellular organisms. The zebrafish <em>Brachydanio rerio</em> is used for many developmental studies on the molecular level and the flower <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em> is a model organism for flowering plants. The Japanese pufferfish (<em>Takifugu rubripes</em>) and the spotted green pufferfish (<em>Tetraodon nigroviridis</em>) are interesting because of their small and compact genomes, containing very little non-coding DNA compared to most species. <sup class="reference" id="_ref-5">[6]</sup> <sup class="reference" id="_ref-6">[7]</sup> The mammals dog (<em>Canis familiaris</em>), <sup class="reference" id="_ref-7">[8]</sup> brown rat (<em>Rattus norvegicus</em>), mouse (<em>Mus musculus</em>), and chimpanzee (<em>Pan troglodytes</em>) are all important model animals in medical research.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">Bacteriophage Genomics</font></span></p> <p>Bacteriophages have played and continue to play a key role in bacterial genetics and molecular biology. Historically, they were used to define gene structure and gene regulation. Also the first genome to be sequenced was a bacteriophage. However, bacteriophage research did not lead the genomics revolution, which is clearly dominated by bacterial genomics. Only very recently has the study of bacteriophage genomes become prominent, thereby enabling researchers to understand the mechanisms underlying phage evolution. Bacteriophage genome sequences can be obtained through direct sequencing of isolated bacteriophages, but can also be derived as part of microbial genomes. Analysis of bacterial genomes has shown that a substantial amount of microbial DNA consists of prophage sequences and prophage-like elements. A detailed database mining of these sequences offers insights into the role of prophages in shaping the bacterial genome.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-McGrath_0">[9]</sup></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">Cyanobacteria Genomics</font></span></p> <p>At present there are 24 cyanobacteria for which a total genome sequence is available. 15 of these cyanobacteria come from the marine environment. These are six <em>Prochlorococcus</em> strains, seven marine <em>Synechococcus</em> strains, <em>Trichodesmium erythraeum</em> IMS101 and <em>Crocosphaera watsonii</em> [[WH8501. Several studies have demonstrated how these sequences could be used very successfully to infer important ecological and physiological characteristics of marine cyanobacteria. However, there are many more genome projects currently in progress, amongst those there are further <em>Prochlorococcus</em> and marine <em>Synechococcus</em> isolates, <em>Acaryochloris</em> and <em>Prochloron</em>, the N₂-fixing filamentous cyanobacteria <em>Nodularia spumigena</em>, <em>Lyngbya aestuarii</em> and <em>Lyngbya majuscula</em>, as well as bacteriophages infecting marine cyanobaceria. Thus, the growing body of genome information can also be tapped in a more general way to address global problems by applying a comparative approach. Some new and exciting examples of progress in this field are the identification of genes for regulatory RNAs, insights into the evolutionary origin of photosynthesis, or estimation of the contribution of horizontal gene transfer to the genomes that have been analyzed.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-Herrero_0">[10]</sup></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">See also</font></span></p> <ul> <li>[[Pangenomics]] and [[Pangenome]]</li> <li>[[Omics]] </li> <li>[[Proteomics]] </li> <li>[[Interactomics]] </li> <li>[[Functional genomics]] </li> <li>[[Computational genomics]] </li> <li>[[Nitrogenomics]] </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">References</font></span></p> <ol class="references"> <li id="_note-0"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-0">^</a></strong> Min Jou W, Haegeman G, Ysebaert M, Fiers W., Nucleotide sequence of the gene coding for the bacteriophage MS2 coat protein, Nature. 1972 May 12;237(5350):82-8 </li> <li id="_note-1"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-1">^</a></strong> Fiers W et al., Complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA - primary and secondary structure of replicase gene, Nature, 260, 500-507, 1976 </li> <li id="_note-2"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-2">^</a></strong> Sanger F, Air GM, Barrell BG, Brown NL, Coulson AR, Fiddes CA, Hutchison CA, Slocombe PM, Smith M., Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA, Nature. 1977 Feb 24;265(5596):687-95 </li> <li id="_note-3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-3">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/VIRUSES/virostat.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/VIRUSES/virostat.html"><em>The Viral Genomes Resource</em>, NCBI Friday, 14 September, 2007</a> </li> <li id="_note-4"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-4">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/static/gpstat.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/static/gpstat.html"><em>Genome Project Statistic</em>, NCBI Friday, 14 September, 2007</a> </li> <li id="_note-5"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-5">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3760766.stm" rel="nofollow" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3760766.stm">BBC article <em>Human gene number slashed</em> from Wednesday, 20 October, 2004</a> </li> <li id="_note-6"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-6">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2003/10/16/pufferfish_fruitfly/index.shtml" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2003/10/16/pufferfish_fruitfly/index.shtml">CBSE News, Thursday October 16, 2003</a> </li> <li id="_note-7"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-7">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.genome.gov/12511476" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.gov/12511476">NHGRI, pressrelease of the publishing of the dog genome</a> </li> <li id="_note-McGrath"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-McGrath_0">^</a></strong> <cite class="book" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Mc Grath S and van Sinderen D (editors). (2007). <em><a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage">Bacteriophage: Genetics and Molecular Biology</a></em>, 1st ed., Caister Academic Press. <a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage">ISBN 978-1-904455-14-1</a> .</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Bacteriophage%3A+Genetics+and+Molecular+Biology&amp;rft.au=Mc+Grath+S+and+van+Sinderen+D+%28editors%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fphage">&nbsp;</span> </li> <li id="_note-Herrero"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-Herrero_0">^</a></strong> <cite class="book" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Herrero A and Flores E (editor). (2008). <em><a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan">The Cyanobacteria: Molecular Biology, Genomics and Evolution</a></em>, 1st ed., Caister Academic Press. <a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan">ISBN 978-1-904455-15-8</a> .</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cyanobacteria%3A+Molecular+Biology%2C+Genomics+and+Evolution&amp;rft.au=Herrero+A+and+Flores+E+%28editor%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fcyan"> <br /> </span></li> </ol> b96a51d0f9e0609e9faf3e6e7fddc583aa897e5c 0 1536 1657 2007-12-12T02:19:57Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki Pangenomics is the genomics study for sequencing all the species in the universe whether they are culturable or not and extinct or not.<br /> <br /> [[Dinosaurus genome project]]<br /> [[Humam microbial genome project]] 910bcaf53cde682469190bf09d32b4d5b6bd0b2d 0 1537 1658 2007-12-12T02:21:10Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">Dinosaurus genome project 2007</font><br /> <br /> We aim to sequence all the dinosaurus genomes that are found as fossils. Using other lizard genomes, bioinformatically, we will reconstruct the dinosaurus genomes.<br /> 4fbd2bf78c653f313377b00d3f2aa654e2d7a42c 1659 2007-12-12T02:21:35Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">Dinosaurus genome project 2007</font><br /> <br /> We aim to sequence all the dinosaurus genomes that are found as fossils. Using other lizard genomes and bird genomes&nbsp;bioinformatically, we will reconstruct the dinosaurus genomes.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Bird genome]]<br /> [[Lizard genome]] dd3c0957d3a1f9bf966a9641a4e6f70505f2dcf2 0 1538 1661 2007-12-12T02:36:36Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p align="left">deCODE is a biopharmaceutical company applying its discoveries in human genetics to develop drugs and diagnostics for common diseases. deCODE is a global leader in gene discovery - our population approach and resources have enabled us to isolate key genes contributing to major public health challenges from cardiovascular disease to cancer, genes that are providing us with drug targets rooted in the basic biology of disease.<br /> <br /> The company is advancing the clinical development of two compounds for the prevention of heart attack and an anti-platelet compound for the prevention of arterial thrombosis, as well as DNA-based diagnostic tests to predict risk of type 2 diabetes, heart attack, atrial fibrillation/stroke, and prostate and breast cancer<br /> <br /> <a href="http://www.decode.com/">http://www.decode.com/</a></p> a47e8b759a699f2a01e7be2084d4e5eca729536a 1 1539 1663 2007-12-12T04:44:54Z Eda 8 wikitext text/x-wiki This is an interesting idea, but it needs more supporting discussion. What research could be done if the data was available? There are considerable risks in making personal genome data public with your identity. Is there a proposal to hide identities? Would the data be useful w/o longitudinal health information to correlate with it? Would genealogical ties also become important? Other than generally sponsoring "the good of mankind", would there be any likely benefit directly back to contributors? 6178d965c1c307231013082dad294b042d8f9a71 0 1540 1664 2007-12-13T16:49:42Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><strong>Grid computing</strong> is a phrase in distributed computing which can have several meanings:</p> <ul> <li>Multiple independent computing clusters which act like a &quot;grid&quot; because they are composed of nodes not located within a single administrative domain or at a single geographical location. </li> <li>Offering online computation or storage as a metered commercial service, known as utility computing, <em>computing on demand</em>, or cloud computing. </li> <li>The creation of a &quot;virtual supercomputer&quot; by using spare computing resources within an organization. </li> <li>The creation of a &quot;virtual supercomputer&quot; by using a network of geographically dispersed computers. Volunteer computing, which generally focuses on scientific, mathematical, and academic problems, is the most common application of this technology. </li> </ul> <p>These varying definitions cover the spectrum of &quot;distributed computing&quot;, and sometimes the two terms are used as synonyms. This article focuses on distributed computing technologies which are not in the traditional dedicated clusters; otherwise, see computer cluster.</p> <p>Functionally, one can also speak of several types of grids:</p> <ul> <li>Computational grids (including <strong>CPU Scavenging</strong> grids) which focuses primarily on computationally-intensive operations. </li> <li>Data grids or the controlled sharing and management of large amounts of distributed data. </li> <li>Equipment grids which have a primary piece of equipment e.g. a telescope, and where the surrounding Grid is used to control the equipment remotely and to analyze the data produced. </li> </ul> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 182px"><img class="thumbimage" height="120" alt="Virtual Organizations accessing different and overlapping sets of resources" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/VirtOrg.png/180px-VirtOrg.png" width="180" border="0" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify" style="FLOAT: right"><img height="11" alt="" src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></div> Virtual Organizations accessing different and overlapping sets of resources</div> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "show"; var tocHideText = "hide"; showTocToggle(); } //]]> </script> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Grids versus conventional supercomputers</span></h2> <p>&quot;Distributed&quot; or &quot;grid&quot; computing in general is a special type of parallel computing which relies on complete computers (with onboard CPU, storage, power supply, network interface, etc.) connected to a network (private, public or the Internet) by a conventional network interface, such as Ethernet. This is in contrast to the traditional notion of a supercomputer, which has many processors connected by a local high-speed computer bus.</p> <p>The primary advantage of distributed computing is that each node can be purchased as commodity hardware, which when combined can produce similar computing resources to a multiprocessor supercomputer, but at lower cost. This is due to the economies of scale of producing commodity hardware, compared to the lower efficiency of designing and constructing a small number of custom supercomputers. The primary performance disadvantage is that the various processors and local storage areas do not have high-speed connections. This arrangement is thus well-suited to applications in which multiple parallel computations can take place independently, without the need to communicate intermediate results between processors.</p> <p>The high-end scalability of geographically dispersed grids is generally favorable, due to the low need for connectivity between nodes relative to the capacity of the public Internet. Conventional supercomputers also create physical challenges in supplying sufficient electricity and cooling capacity in a single location. Both supercomputers and grids can be used to run multiple parallel computations at the same time, which might be different simulations for the same project, or computations for completely different applications. The infrastructure and programming considerations needed to do this on each type of platform are different, however.</p> <p>There are also some differences in programming and deployment. It can be costly and difficult to write programs so that they can be run in the environment of a supercomputer, which may have a custom operating system, or require the program to address concurrency issues. If a problem can be adequately parallelized, a &quot;thin&quot; layer of &quot;grid&quot; infrastructure can allow conventional, standalone programs to run on multiple machines (but each given a different part of the same problem). This makes it possible to write and debug programs on a single conventional machine, and eliminates complications due to multiple instances of the same program running in the same shared memory and storage space at the same time.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Design considerations and variations</span></h2> <p>One feature of distributed grids is that they can be formed from computing resources belonging to multiple individuals or organizations (known as multiple administrative domains). This can facilitate commercial transactions, as in utility computing, or make it easier to assemble volunteer computing networks.</p> <p>One disadvantage of this feature is that the computers which are actually performing the calculations might not be entirely trustworthy. The designers of the system must thus introduce measures to prevent malfunctions or malicious participants from producing false, misleading, or erroneous results, and from using the system as an attack vector. This often involves assigning work randomly to different nodes (presumably with different owners) and checking that at least two different nodes report the same answer for a given work unit. Discrepancies would identify malfunctioning and malicious nodes.</p> <p>Due to the lack of central control over the hardware, there is no way to guarantee that nodes will not drop out of the network at random times. Some nodes (like laptops or dialup Internet customers) may also be available for computation but not network communications for unpredictable periods. These variations can be accommodated by assigning large work units (thus reducing the need for continuous network connectivity) and reassigning work units when a given node fails to report its results as expected.</p> <p>The impacts of trust and availability on performance and development difficulty can influence the choice of whether to deploy onto a dedicated computer cluster, to idle machines internal to the developing organization, or to an open external network of volunteers or contractors.</p> <p>In many cases, the participating nodes must trust the central system not to abuse the access that is being granted, by interfering with the operation of other programs, mangling stored information, transmitting private data, or creating new security holes. Other systems employ measures to reduce the amount of trust &quot;client&quot; nodes must place in the central system such as placing applications in virtual machines.</p> <p>Public systems or those crossing administrative domains (including different departments in the same organization) often result in the need to run on heterogeneous systems, using different operating systems and hardware architectures. With many languages, there is a tradeoff between investment in software development and the number of platforms that can be supported (and thus the size of the resulting network). Cross-platform languages can reduce the need to make this tradeoff, though potentially at the expense of high performance on any given node (due to run-time interpretation or lack of optimization for the particular platform).</p> <p>Various middleware projects have created generic infrastructure, to allow diverse scientific and commercial projects to harness a particular associated grid, or for the purpose of setting up new grids. BOINC is a common one for academic projects seeking public volunteers; more are listed at the end of the article</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">CPU scavenging</span></h2> <p><strong>CPU-scavenging</strong>, <strong>cycle-scavenging</strong>, <strong>cycle stealing</strong>, or <strong>shared computing</strong> creates a &quot;grid&quot; from the unused resources in a network of participants (whether worldwide or internal to an organization). Typically this technique uses desktop computer instruction cycles that would otherwise be wasted at night, during lunch, or even in the scattered seconds throughout the day when the computer is waiting for user input or slow devices.</p> <p>Volunteer computing projects use the CPU scavenging model almost exclusively.</p> <p>In practice, participating computers also donate some supporting amount of disk storage space, RAM, and network bandwidth, in addition to raw CPU power. Since nodes are apt to go &quot;offline&quot; from time to time, as their owners use their resources for their primary purpose, this model must be designed to handle such contingencies.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">History</span></h2> <p>The term <em>Grid computing</em> originated in the early 1990s as a metaphor for making computer power as easy to access as an electric power grid in Ian Foster and Carl Kesselmans seminal work, &quot;The Grid: Blueprint for a new computing infrastructure&quot;.</p> <p>CPU scavenging and volunteer computing were popularized beginning in 1997 by distributed.net and later in 1999 by SETI@home to harness the power of networked PCs worldwide, in order to solve CPU-intensive research problems.</p> <p>The ideas of the grid (including those from distributed computing, object oriented programming, cluster computing, web services and others) were brought together by Ian Foster, Carl Kesselman and Steve Tuecke, widely regarded as the &quot;fathers of the grid<sup class="reference" id="_ref-0">[1]</sup>.&quot; They led the effort to create the Globus Toolkit incorporating not just computation management but also storage management, security provisioning, data movement, monitoring and a toolkit for developing additional services based on the same infrastructure including agreement negotiation, notification mechanisms, trigger services and information aggregation. While the Globus Toolkit remains the defacto standard for building grid solutions, a number of other tools have been built that answer some subset of services needed to create an enterprise or global grid.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Fastest virtual supercomputers</span></h2> <ul> <li>BOINC - 525 teraflops, as of 4 Jun 2007 <sup class="reference" id="_ref-1">[2]</sup> </li> <li>Folding@Home - 1224 teraflops, as of 23 Sept 2007 <sup class="reference" id="_ref-2">[3]</sup> </li> </ul> <div class="boilerplate metadata plainlinks" id="stub"> <table style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td><img height="17" alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/17px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" width="17" border="0" /></td> <td><em>&nbsp;^{This short section requires expansion.}</em></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <p>Seminal work done:</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Current projects and applications</span></h2> <dl><dd> <div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><em>Main article: List of distributed computing projects</em></div> </dd></dl> <p>Grids offer a way to solve Grand Challenge problems like protein folding, financial modeling, earthquake simulation, and climate/weather modeling. Grids offer a way of using the information technology resources optimally inside an organization. They also provide a means for offering information technology as a utility for commercial and non-commercial clients, with those clients paying only for what they use, as with electricity or water.</p> <p>Grid computing is presently being applied successfully by the National Science Foundation's National Technology Grid, NASA's Information Power Grid, Pratt &amp; Whitney, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Co., and American Express.<sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since February 2007" style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap">[<em>citation needed</em>]</span></sup></p> <p>One of the most famous cycle-scavenging networks is SETI@home, which was using more than 3 million computers to achieve 23.37 sustained teraflops (979 lifetime teraflops) as of September 2001 [3].</p> <p>As of May 2005, Folding@home had achieved peaks of 186 teraflops on over 160,000 machines.</p> <p>Another well-known project is distributed.net, which was started in 1997 and has run a number of successful projects in its history.</p> <p>The NASA Advanced Supercomputing facility (NAS) has run genetic algorithms using the Condor cycle scavenger running on about 350 Sun and SGI workstations.</p> <p>Until April 27, 2007, United Devices operated the United Devices Cancer Research Project based on its Grid MP product, which cycle scavenges on volunteer PCs connected to the Internet. As of June 2005, the Grid MP ran on about 3,100,000 machines [4].</p> <p>The Enabling Grids for E-sciencE project, which is based in the European Union and includes sites in Asia and the United States, is a follow up project to the European DataGrid (EDG) and is arguably the largest computing grid on the planet. This, along with the LHC Computing Grid <sup class="reference" id="_ref-3">[4]</sup> (LCG) have been developed to support the experiments using the CERN Large Hadron Collider. The LCG project is driven by CERN's need to handle huge amounts of data, where storage rates of several gigabytes per second (10&nbsp;petabytes per year) are required. A list of active sites participating within LCG can be found online<sup class="reference" id="_ref-4">[5]</sup> as can real time monitoring of the EGEE infrastructure.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-5">[6]</sup> The relevant software and documentation is also publicly accessible.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-6">[7]</sup></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Definitions</span></h2> <p>Today there are many definitions of <em>Grid computing</em>:</p> <ul> <li>In his article &quot;What is the Grid? A Three Point Checklist&quot;<sup class="reference" id="_ref-7">[8]</sup>, Ian Foster lists these primary attributes: <ul> <li>Computing resources are not administered centrally. </li> <li>Open standards are used. </li> <li>Non-trivial quality of service is achieved. </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>Plaszczak/Wellner<sup class="reference" id="_ref-8">[9]</sup> define grid technology as &quot;the technology that enables resource virtualization, on-demand provisioning, and service (resource) sharing between organizations.&quot; </li> <li>IBM defines grid computing as &quot;the ability, using a set of open standards and protocols, to gain access to applications and data, processing power, storage capacity and a vast array of other computing resources over the Internet. A grid is a type of parallel and distributed system that enables the sharing, selection, and aggregation of resources distributed across 'multiple' administrative domains based on their (resources) availability, capacity, performance, cost and users' quality-of-service requirements&quot; <sup class="reference" id="_ref-9">[10]</sup> </li> <li>An earlier example of the notion of computing as utility was in 1965 by MIT's Fernando Corbat&oacute;. Fernando and the other designers of the Multics operating system envisioned a computer facility operating &quot;like a power company or water company&quot;. http://www.multicians.org/fjcc3.html </li> <li>Buyya defines a grid as &quot;a type of parallel and distributed system that enables the sharing, selection, and aggregation of geographically distributed autonomous resources dynamically at runtime depending on their availability, capability, performance, cost, and users' quality-of-service requirements&quot;.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-10">[11]</sup> </li> <li>CERN, one of the largest users of grid technology, talk of <strong>The Grid</strong>: &quot;a service for sharing computer power and data storage capacity over the Internet.&quot; <sup class="reference" id="_ref-11">[12]</sup> </li> </ul> <p><br /> Grids can be categorized with a three stage model of departmental grids, enterprise grids and global grids. These correspond to a firm initially utilising resources within a single group i.e. an engineering department connecting desktop machines, clusters and equipment. This progresses to enterprise grids where non-technical staff's computing resources can be used for cycle-stealing and storage. A global grid is a connection of enterprise and departmental grids which can be used in a commercial or collaborative manner.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">See also</span></h2> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Concepts and related technology</span></h3> <ul> <li>Distributed computing </li> <li>List of distributed computing projects </li> <li>High-performance computing </li> <li>Network Agility </li> <li>Render farm </li> <li>Semantic grid </li> <li>Supercomputer </li> <li>Computer cluster </li> <li>Computon </li> <li>Grid FileSystem </li> <li>Edge computing </li> <li>Metacomputing </li> <li>Cloud Computing </li> <li>Space based architecture (SBA) </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Alliances and organizations</span></h3> <ul> <li>Open Grid Forum (Formerly Global Grid Forum) </li> <li>Object Management Group </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Production grids</span></h3> <ul> <li>Enabling Grids for E-sciencE </li> <li>NorduGrid </li> <li>Open Science Grid </li> <li>OurGrid </li> <li>Sun Grid </li> <li>Xgrid </li> <li>Distributed European Infrastructure for Supercomputing Applications DEISA </li> <li>FusionGrid </li> </ul> <ul> <li>INFN Production Grid [5] </li> <li>UC Grid [6] </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">International Grid Projects</span></h3> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody> <tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Region</th> <th>Start</th> <th>End</th> <th>Link</th> </tr> <tr> <td>Open Middleware Infrastructure Institute Europe (OMII-Europe)</td> <td>Europe</td> <td>May 2006</td> <td>May 2008</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Enabling Grids for E-sciencE (EGEE)</td> <td>Europe</td> <td>March 2004</td> <td>March 2006</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Enabling Grids for E-sciencE II (EGEE II)</td> <td>Europe</td> <td>April 2006</td> <td>April 2008</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Business Experiments in GRID (BEinGRID)</td> <td>Europe</td> <td>June 2006</td> <td>November 2009</td> <td>[7]</td> </tr> <tr> <td>BREIN</td> <td>Europe</td> <td>September 2006</td> <td>August 2009</td> <td>[8]</td> </tr> <tr> <td>DataTAG</td> <td>Europe and North America</td> <td>January 2001</td> <td>January 2003</td> <td>[9]</td> </tr> <tr> <td>European DataGrid (EDG)</td> <td>Europe</td> <td>March 2001</td> <td>March 2004</td> <td>[10]</td> </tr> <tr> <td>BalticGrid</td> <td>Europe (Baltic States)</td> <td>November 2005</td> <td>April 2008</td> <td>[11]</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">National Grid Projects</span></h3> <ul> <li>D-Grid (German) </li> <li>GARUDA (Indian) </li> <li>National Grid Service (UK) </li> <li>VECC (Calcutta, India) </li> <li>China Grid Project </li> <li>INFN Grid (Italian) </li> <li>KnowledgeGrid Malaysia </li> <li>NAREGI Project </li> <li>Singapore National Grid Project </li> <li>Thai National Grid Project </li> </ul> <ul> <li>BELNET Grid, Belgium [12] </li> <li>Hellasgrid (Greek) [13] </li> <li>Swiss National Grid Association [14] </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Standards and APIs</span></h3> <ul> <li>A Simple API for Grid Applications (SAGA) </li> <li>Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) </li> <li>Distributed Resource Management Application API (DRMAA) </li> <li>Grid Security Infrastructure (GSI) </li> <li>Open Grid Services Architecture (OGSA) </li> <li>Open Grid Services Infrastructure (OGSI) </li> <li>Web Services Resource Framework (WSRF) </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Software implementations and middleware</span></h3> <ul> <li>Advanced Resource Connector (NorduGrid's ARC) </li> <li>Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) </li> <li>Globus Toolkit </li> <li>Message Passing Interface (MPI) </li> <li>Parallel Virtual Machine (PVM) </li> <li>Simple Grid Protocol </li> <li>Sun Grid Engine </li> <li>ProActive </li> <li>UNICORE </li> <li>SDSC Storage resource broker (data grid) </li> <li>gLite (EGEE) </li> <li>NInf GridRPC </li> <li>IceGrid </li> <li>Invisionix Roaming System Remote (IRSR) </li> <li>Java CoG Kit </li> </ul> <ul> <li>Alchemi [15] </li> <li>GridGain [16] </li> <li>gridGISTICS [17] </li> <li>Gridbus Middleware [18] </li> <li>Java Parallel Processing Framework (JPPF) [19] </li> <li>Vishwa [20] </li> <li>UGP [21] </li> <li>GRIA [22] </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Notes</span></h3> <ol class="references"> <li id="_note-0"><strong>^</strong> Father of the Grid. </li> <li id="_note-1"><strong>^</strong> [1], accessed 4 Jun 2007 </li> <li id="_note-2"><strong>^</strong> [2], accessed 23 Sept 2007 </li> <li id="_note-3"><strong>^</strong> Large Hadron Collider Computing Grid offical homepage </li> <li id="_note-4"><strong>^</strong> http://goc.grid.sinica.edu.tw/gstat/ </li> <li id="_note-5"><strong>^</strong> http://gridportal.hep.ph.ic.ac.uk/rtm/ </li> <li id="_note-6"><strong>^</strong> http://lcg.web.cern.ch/LCG/activities/deployment.html </li> <li id="_note-7"><strong>^</strong> What is the Grid? A Three Point Checklist (pdf). </li> <li id="_note-8"><strong>^</strong> P Plaszczak, R Wellner, <em>Grid computing</em>, 2005, Elsevier/Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco </li> <li id="_note-9"><strong>^</strong> IBM Solutions Grid for Business Partners: Helping IBM Business Partners to Grid-enable applications for the next phase of e-business on demand. </li> <li id="_note-10"><strong>^</strong> A Gentle Introduction to Grid Computing and Technologies (pdf). Retrieved on 2005-05-06. </li> <li id="_note-11"><strong>^</strong> The Grid Caf&eacute; - What is Grid?. CERN. Retrieved on 2005-02-04. </li> </ol> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Bibliography</span></h3> <ul> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Davies, Antony (June 2004). &quot;Computational Intermediation and the Evolution of Computation as a Commodity&quot; (pdf). <em>Applied Economics</em>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Computational+Intermediation+and+the+Evolution+of+Computation+as+a+Commodity&amp;rft.jtitle=Applied+Economics&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.aulast=Davies&amp;rft.aufirst=Antony&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.business.duq.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fdavies%2Fresearch%2FEconomicsOfComputation.pdf">&nbsp;</span> </li> <li><cite class="book" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Foster, Ian; Carl Kesselman. <em>The Grid: Blueprint for a New Computing Infrastructure</em>. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers. ISBN 1-55860-475-8.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Grid%3A+Blueprint+for+a+New+Computing+Infrastructure&amp;rft.aulast=Foster&amp;rft.aufirst=Ian&amp;rft.pub=Morgan+Kaufmann+Publishers&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mkp.com%2Fgrids%2F">&nbsp;</span> </li> <li><cite class="book" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Plaszczak, Pawel; Rich Wellner, Jr. <em>Grid Computing &quot;The Savvy Manager's Guide&quot;</em>. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers. ISBN 0-12-742503-9.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Grid+Computing+%22The+Savvy+Manager%27s+Guide%22&amp;rft.aulast=Plaszczak&amp;rft.aufirst=Pawel&amp;rft.pub=Morgan+Kaufmann+Publishers&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsavvygrid.com%2F">&nbsp;</span> </li> <li><cite class="book" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Berman, Fran; Anthony J. G. Hey, Geoffrey C. Fox. <em>Grid Computing: Making The Global Infrastructure a Reality</em>. Wiley. ISBN 0-470-85319-0.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Grid+Computing%3A+Making+The+Global+Infrastructure+a+Reality&amp;rft.aulast=Berman&amp;rft.aufirst=Fran&amp;rft.pub=Wiley&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grid2002.org%2F">&nbsp;</span> </li> <li><cite class="book" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Li, Maozhen; Mark A. Baker. <em>The Grid: Core Technologies</em>. Wiley. ISBN 0-470-09417-6.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Grid%3A+Core+Technologies&amp;rft.aulast=Li&amp;rft.aufirst=Maozhen&amp;rft.pub=Wiley&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcoregridtechnologies.org%2F">&nbsp;</span> </li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Catlett, Charlie; Larry Smarr (June 1992). &quot;Metacomputing&quot;. <em>Communications of the ACM</em> <strong>35</strong> (6).</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Metacomputing&amp;rft.jtitle=Communications+of+the+ACM&amp;rft.date=1992&amp;rft.volume=35&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.aulast=Catlett&amp;rft.aufirst=Charlie&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acm.org%2Fpubs%2Fcacm%2F">&nbsp;</span> </li> <li>Smith, Roger (2005). Grid Computing: A Brief Technology Analysis. CTO Network Library. </li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Buyya, Rajkumar (July 2005). &quot;Grid Computing: Making the Global Cyberinfrastructure for eScience a Reality&quot;. <em>CSI Communications</em> <strong>29</strong> (1). Mumbai, India: Computer Society of India (CSI). ISSN 0970-647X.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Grid+Computing%3A+Making+the+Global+Cyberinfrastructure+for+eScience+a+Reality&amp;rft.jtitle=CSI+Communications&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=29&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.aulast=Buyya&amp;rft.aufirst=Rajkumar&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gridbus.org%2F%7Eraj%2Fpapers%2FCSICommunicationsJuly2005.pdf">&nbsp;</span> </li> <li>Berstis, Viktors. Fundamentals of Grid Computing. IBM. </li> <li>Ferreira, Luis; et.al.. Grid Computing Products and Services. IBM. </li> <li>Ferreira, Luis; et.al.. Introduction to Grid Computing with Globus. IBM. </li> <li>Jacob, Bart; et.al.. Enabling Applications for Grid Computing. IBM. </li> <li>Ferreira, Luis; et.al.. Grid Services Programming and Application Enablement. IBM. </li> <li>Jacob, Bart; et.al.. Introduction to Grid Computing. IBM. </li> <li>Ferreira, Luis; et.al.. Grid Computing in Research and Education. IBM. </li> <li>Ferreira, Luis; et.al.. Globus Toolkit 3.0 Quick Start. IBM. </li> <li>Surridge, Mike; et.al.. Experiences with GRIA &ndash; Industrial applications on a Web Services Grid. IEEE. </li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Stockinger, Heinz; et al. (to be published in 2007). &quot;Defining the Grid: A Snapshot on the Current View&quot; (pdf). <em>Supercomputing</em>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Defining+the+Grid%3A+A+Snapshot+on+the+Current+View&amp;rft.jtitle=Supercomputing&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.aulast=Stockinger&amp;rft.aufirst=Heinz&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhst.web.cern.ch%2Fhst%2Fpublications%2FDefiningTheGrid-1.1.pdf">&nbsp;</span> </li> <li>Global Grids and Software Toolkits: A Study of Four Grid Middleware Technologies </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <p><a id="News_.26_info" name="News_.26_info"></a></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">News &amp; info</span></h3> <ul> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.gridcomputing.com" href="http://www.gridcomputing.com/" rel="nofollow">Grid Computing Info Center</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.gridtoday.com/" href="http://www.gridtoday.com/" rel="nofollow">GridToday</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.gridswatch.com" href="http://www.gridswatch.com/" rel="nofollow">GridsWatch</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://dsonline.computer.org/gc/" href="http://dsonline.computer.org/gc/" rel="nofollow">IEEE Distributed Systems Online, Grid Computing Section</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.isgtw.org" href="http://www.isgtw.org/" rel="nofollow">International Science Grid This Week</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.hoise.com/primeur/" href="http://www.hoise.com/primeur/" rel="nofollow">Primeur magazine - HPC and Grid computing news</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.UtilityComputing.com/" href="http://www.utilitycomputing.com/" rel="nofollow">UtilityComputing.com</a> </li> </ul> <p><a id="Portals_and_Grid_Projects" name="Portals_and_Grid_Projects"></a></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Portals and Grid Projects</span></h3> <ul> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.worldcommunitygrid.org/" href="http://www.worldcommunitygrid.org/" rel="nofollow">World Community Grid:</a> Focuses on advancing scientific projects to benefit humanity, such as researching possible cures for cancer and muscular dystrophy, sequencing human genomes, finding better drug molecular structures to combat AIDS, etc. Open to anyone who wants to contribute idle PC processing time. </li> <li><a title="World Community Grid" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Community_Grid">Wikipedia article on the World Community Grid:</a> Contains additional links for each project being conducted on the World Community Grid. </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.datasynapse.com/" href="http://www.datasynapse.com/" rel="nofollow">DataSynapse</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.gridgain.com/" href="http://www.gridgain.com/" rel="nofollow">GridGain Systems</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://EnterTheGrid.com/" href="http://enterthegrid.com/" rel="nofollow">EnterTheGrid directory on Grid computing</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.eu-eela.org/" href="http://www.eu-eela.org/" rel="nofollow">EELA</a>: E-Infrastructure shared between Europe and Latin America </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.eu-egee.org/" href="http://www.eu-egee.org/" rel="nofollow">Enabling Grids for E-sciencE</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://fura.sourceforge.net/" href="http://fura.sourceforge.net/" rel="nofollow">Fura</a> GPL Ready to use grid </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.ibm.com/grid" href="http://www.ibm.com/grid" rel="nofollow">IBM Grid Computing website</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.iceage-eu.org/" href="http://www.iceage-eu.org/" rel="nofollow">ICEAGE</a>: International Collaboration to Extend and Advance Grid Education </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.jppf.org/" href="http://www.jppf.org/" rel="nofollow">Java Parallel Processing Framework</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://paradiseo.gforge.inria.fr/" href="http://paradiseo.gforge.inria.fr/" rel="nofollow">ParadisEO, a C++ framework coupled with Globus and Condor-G for combinatorial and continuous optimization on grid support</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.gridsphere.org/" href="http://www.gridsphere.org/" rel="nofollow">GridSphere Portal Framework</a> (JSR-168 compliant) </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.GridSummit.com/" href="http://www.gridsummit.com/" rel="nofollow">GridSummit.com</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.gridalogy.com/" href="http://www.gridalogy.com/" rel="nofollow">Gridalogy</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.bigblueriver.com/" href="http://www.bigblueriver.com/" rel="nofollow">BigBlueRiver</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.enginframe.com/" href="http://www.enginframe.com/" rel="nofollow">NICE EnginFrame</a>: Grid computing portals for research and industry </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.nivio.com/" href="http://www.nivio.com/" rel="nofollow">Nivio</a>: Virtual Desktop Based on Grid Computing </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.rechenkraft.net/" href="http://www.rechenkraft.net/" rel="nofollow">Rechenkraft.net</a> (German) </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.gridgistics.net/" href="http://www.gridgistics.net/" rel="nofollow">gridGistics</a>: service virtualization and grid computing. </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.mygrid.org.uk/" href="http://www.mygrid.org.uk/" rel="nofollow">myGrid</a>: <a title="Bioinformatics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformatics">bioinformatics</a> and <a title="EScience" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EScience">eScience</a> research project built by several UK universities and <a title="EMBL" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMBL">EMBL</a>-<a title="EBI" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBI">EBI</a>. </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.eugrid.eu/" href="http://www.eugrid.eu/" rel="nofollow">Consortsium SIRENE (<strong>S</strong>haring <strong>I</strong>nfrastructure and <strong>RE</strong>sources i<strong>N</strong> <strong>E</strong>urope)</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.gridwisetech.com/content/view/186/119/lang,en/" href="http://www.gridwisetech.com/content/view/186/119/lang,en/" rel="nofollow">Vendor-independent documentation on Grid-compliant open source portals</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.eu-brein.com/" href="http://www.eu-brein.com/" rel="nofollow">BREIN</a>: Business objective driven reliable and intelligent grids for real business. </li> </ul> <p><a id="Articles" name="Articles"></a></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Articles</span></h3> <ul> <li><a class="external text" title="http://linux.oreillynet.com/pub/a/linux/2002/04/25/enterprise.html" href="http://linux.oreillynet.com/pub/a/linux/2002/04/25/enterprise.html" rel="nofollow">O'Reilly article about grid computing software</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://gridcafe.web.cern.ch/gridcafe" href="http://gridcafe.web.cern.ch/gridcafe" rel="nofollow">Grid Caf&eacute;</a>, the place for everyone to learn about the Grid </li> </ul> <p><a id="Associations_and_conferences" name="Associations_and_conferences"></a></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Associations and conferences</span></h3> <ul> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.ogf.org" href="http://www.ogf.org/" rel="nofollow">Open Grid Forum</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.grid.org.il" href="http://www.grid.org.il/" rel="nofollow">Israeli Association of Grid Technologies (IGT)</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.gridcomputing.org" href="http://www.gridcomputing.org/" rel="nofollow">International Conference on Grid Computing (Grid XY)</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.buyya.com/ccgrid" href="http://www.buyya.com/ccgrid" rel="nofollow">International Symposium on Cluster Computing and the Grid (CCGrid XY)</a> </li> </ul> <p><a id="Past_events" name="Past_events"></a></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Past events</span></h3> <ul> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.gridworld.com" href="http://www.gridworld.com/" rel="nofollow">GridWorld Washington 2006</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://ieeerichmond.blogspot.com" href="http://ieeerichmond.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow">IEEE Richmond Section Blog</a>. Meeting &mdash; 5 October 2006: <span class="PDFlink"><a class="external text" title="http://www.ewh.ieee.org/r3/richmond/parashar-ieeedvp-richmond-10-06.pdf" href="http://www.ewh.ieee.org/r3/richmond/parashar-ieeedvp-richmond-10-06.pdf" rel="nofollow">&quot;Autonomic Grid Computing: Concepts, Infrastructure and Applications&quot;</a></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: smaller"><a title="Portable Document Format" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Document_Format"><font size="2">PDF</font></a><font size="2">&nbsp;(3.61&nbsp;</font><a title="Mebibyte" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mebibyte"><font size="2">MiB</font></a><font size="2">)</font></span>.</li> </ul> 55dedd4f1abd80157d37c92fc248f917d7d8d951 1665 2007-12-13T16:49:53Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><strong>Grid computing</strong> is a phrase in distributed computing which can have several meanings:</p> <ul> <li>Multiple independent computing clusters which act like a &quot;grid&quot; because they are composed of nodes not located within a single administrative domain or at a single geographical location. </li> <li>Offering online computation or storage as a metered commercial service, known as utility computing, <em>computing on demand</em>, or cloud computing. </li> <li>The creation of a &quot;virtual supercomputer&quot; by using spare computing resources within an organization. </li> <li>The creation of a &quot;virtual supercomputer&quot; by using a network of geographically dispersed computers. Volunteer computing, which generally focuses on scientific, mathematical, and academic problems, is the most common application of this technology. </li> </ul> <p>These varying definitions cover the spectrum of &quot;distributed computing&quot;, and sometimes the two terms are used as synonyms. This article focuses on distributed computing technologies which are not in the traditional dedicated clusters; otherwise, see computer cluster.</p> <p>Functionally, one can also speak of several types of grids:</p> <ul> <li>Computational grids (including <strong>CPU Scavenging</strong> grids) which focuses primarily on computationally-intensive operations. </li> <li>Data grids or the controlled sharing and management of large amounts of distributed data. </li> <li>Equipment grids which have a primary piece of equipment e.g. a telescope, and where the surrounding Grid is used to control the equipment remotely and to analyze the data produced. </li> </ul> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 182px"><img class="thumbimage" height="120" alt="Virtual Organizations accessing different and overlapping sets of resources" width="180" border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/VirtOrg.png/180px-VirtOrg.png" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify" style="FLOAT: right"><img height="11" alt="" width="15" src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></div> Virtual Organizations accessing different and overlapping sets of resources</div> </div> </div> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Grids versus conventional supercomputers</span></h2> <p>&quot;Distributed&quot; or &quot;grid&quot; computing in general is a special type of parallel computing which relies on complete computers (with onboard CPU, storage, power supply, network interface, etc.) connected to a network (private, public or the Internet) by a conventional network interface, such as Ethernet. This is in contrast to the traditional notion of a supercomputer, which has many processors connected by a local high-speed computer bus.</p> <p>The primary advantage of distributed computing is that each node can be purchased as commodity hardware, which when combined can produce similar computing resources to a multiprocessor supercomputer, but at lower cost. This is due to the economies of scale of producing commodity hardware, compared to the lower efficiency of designing and constructing a small number of custom supercomputers. The primary performance disadvantage is that the various processors and local storage areas do not have high-speed connections. This arrangement is thus well-suited to applications in which multiple parallel computations can take place independently, without the need to communicate intermediate results between processors.</p> <p>The high-end scalability of geographically dispersed grids is generally favorable, due to the low need for connectivity between nodes relative to the capacity of the public Internet. Conventional supercomputers also create physical challenges in supplying sufficient electricity and cooling capacity in a single location. Both supercomputers and grids can be used to run multiple parallel computations at the same time, which might be different simulations for the same project, or computations for completely different applications. The infrastructure and programming considerations needed to do this on each type of platform are different, however.</p> <p>There are also some differences in programming and deployment. It can be costly and difficult to write programs so that they can be run in the environment of a supercomputer, which may have a custom operating system, or require the program to address concurrency issues. If a problem can be adequately parallelized, a &quot;thin&quot; layer of &quot;grid&quot; infrastructure can allow conventional, standalone programs to run on multiple machines (but each given a different part of the same problem). This makes it possible to write and debug programs on a single conventional machine, and eliminates complications due to multiple instances of the same program running in the same shared memory and storage space at the same time.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Design considerations and variations</span></h2> <p>One feature of distributed grids is that they can be formed from computing resources belonging to multiple individuals or organizations (known as multiple administrative domains). This can facilitate commercial transactions, as in utility computing, or make it easier to assemble volunteer computing networks.</p> <p>One disadvantage of this feature is that the computers which are actually performing the calculations might not be entirely trustworthy. The designers of the system must thus introduce measures to prevent malfunctions or malicious participants from producing false, misleading, or erroneous results, and from using the system as an attack vector. This often involves assigning work randomly to different nodes (presumably with different owners) and checking that at least two different nodes report the same answer for a given work unit. Discrepancies would identify malfunctioning and malicious nodes.</p> <p>Due to the lack of central control over the hardware, there is no way to guarantee that nodes will not drop out of the network at random times. Some nodes (like laptops or dialup Internet customers) may also be available for computation but not network communications for unpredictable periods. These variations can be accommodated by assigning large work units (thus reducing the need for continuous network connectivity) and reassigning work units when a given node fails to report its results as expected.</p> <p>The impacts of trust and availability on performance and development difficulty can influence the choice of whether to deploy onto a dedicated computer cluster, to idle machines internal to the developing organization, or to an open external network of volunteers or contractors.</p> <p>In many cases, the participating nodes must trust the central system not to abuse the access that is being granted, by interfering with the operation of other programs, mangling stored information, transmitting private data, or creating new security holes. Other systems employ measures to reduce the amount of trust &quot;client&quot; nodes must place in the central system such as placing applications in virtual machines.</p> <p>Public systems or those crossing administrative domains (including different departments in the same organization) often result in the need to run on heterogeneous systems, using different operating systems and hardware architectures. With many languages, there is a tradeoff between investment in software development and the number of platforms that can be supported (and thus the size of the resulting network). Cross-platform languages can reduce the need to make this tradeoff, though potentially at the expense of high performance on any given node (due to run-time interpretation or lack of optimization for the particular platform).</p> <p>Various middleware projects have created generic infrastructure, to allow diverse scientific and commercial projects to harness a particular associated grid, or for the purpose of setting up new grids. BOINC is a common one for academic projects seeking public volunteers; more are listed at the end of the article</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">CPU scavenging</span></h2> <p><strong>CPU-scavenging</strong>, <strong>cycle-scavenging</strong>, <strong>cycle stealing</strong>, or <strong>shared computing</strong> creates a &quot;grid&quot; from the unused resources in a network of participants (whether worldwide or internal to an organization). Typically this technique uses desktop computer instruction cycles that would otherwise be wasted at night, during lunch, or even in the scattered seconds throughout the day when the computer is waiting for user input or slow devices.</p> <p>Volunteer computing projects use the CPU scavenging model almost exclusively.</p> <p>In practice, participating computers also donate some supporting amount of disk storage space, RAM, and network bandwidth, in addition to raw CPU power. Since nodes are apt to go &quot;offline&quot; from time to time, as their owners use their resources for their primary purpose, this model must be designed to handle such contingencies.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">History</span></h2> <p>The term <em>Grid computing</em> originated in the early 1990s as a metaphor for making computer power as easy to access as an electric power grid in Ian Foster and Carl Kesselmans seminal work, &quot;The Grid: Blueprint for a new computing infrastructure&quot;.</p> <p>CPU scavenging and volunteer computing were popularized beginning in 1997 by distributed.net and later in 1999 by SETI@home to harness the power of networked PCs worldwide, in order to solve CPU-intensive research problems.</p> <p>The ideas of the grid (including those from distributed computing, object oriented programming, cluster computing, web services and others) were brought together by Ian Foster, Carl Kesselman and Steve Tuecke, widely regarded as the &quot;fathers of the grid<sup class="reference" id="_ref-0">[1]</sup>.&quot; They led the effort to create the Globus Toolkit incorporating not just computation management but also storage management, security provisioning, data movement, monitoring and a toolkit for developing additional services based on the same infrastructure including agreement negotiation, notification mechanisms, trigger services and information aggregation. While the Globus Toolkit remains the defacto standard for building grid solutions, a number of other tools have been built that answer some subset of services needed to create an enterprise or global grid.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Fastest virtual supercomputers</span></h2> <ul> <li>BOINC - 525 teraflops, as of 4 Jun 2007 <sup class="reference" id="_ref-1">[2]</sup> </li> <li>Folding@Home - 1224 teraflops, as of 23 Sept 2007 <sup class="reference" id="_ref-2">[3]</sup> </li> </ul> <div class="boilerplate metadata plainlinks" id="stub"> <table style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td><img height="17" alt="" width="17" border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/17px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" /></td> <td><em>&nbsp;^{This short section requires expansion.}</em></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <p>Seminal work done:</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Current projects and applications</span></h2> <dl><dd> <div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><em>Main article: List of distributed computing projects</em></div> </dd></dl> <p>Grids offer a way to solve Grand Challenge problems like protein folding, financial modeling, earthquake simulation, and climate/weather modeling. Grids offer a way of using the information technology resources optimally inside an organization. They also provide a means for offering information technology as a utility for commercial and non-commercial clients, with those clients paying only for what they use, as with electricity or water.</p> <p>Grid computing is presently being applied successfully by the National Science Foundation's National Technology Grid, NASA's Information Power Grid, Pratt &amp; Whitney, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Co., and American Express.<sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since February 2007" style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap">[<em>citation needed</em>]</span></sup></p> <p>One of the most famous cycle-scavenging networks is SETI@home, which was using more than 3 million computers to achieve 23.37 sustained teraflops (979 lifetime teraflops) as of September 2001 [3].</p> <p>As of May 2005, Folding@home had achieved peaks of 186 teraflops on over 160,000 machines.</p> <p>Another well-known project is distributed.net, which was started in 1997 and has run a number of successful projects in its history.</p> <p>The NASA Advanced Supercomputing facility (NAS) has run genetic algorithms using the Condor cycle scavenger running on about 350 Sun and SGI workstations.</p> <p>Until April 27, 2007, United Devices operated the United Devices Cancer Research Project based on its Grid MP product, which cycle scavenges on volunteer PCs connected to the Internet. As of June 2005, the Grid MP ran on about 3,100,000 machines [4].</p> <p>The Enabling Grids for E-sciencE project, which is based in the European Union and includes sites in Asia and the United States, is a follow up project to the European DataGrid (EDG) and is arguably the largest computing grid on the planet. This, along with the LHC Computing Grid <sup class="reference" id="_ref-3">[4]</sup> (LCG) have been developed to support the experiments using the CERN Large Hadron Collider. The LCG project is driven by CERN's need to handle huge amounts of data, where storage rates of several gigabytes per second (10&nbsp;petabytes per year) are required. A list of active sites participating within LCG can be found online<sup class="reference" id="_ref-4">[5]</sup> as can real time monitoring of the EGEE infrastructure.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-5">[6]</sup> The relevant software and documentation is also publicly accessible.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-6">[7]</sup></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Definitions</span></h2> <p>Today there are many definitions of <em>Grid computing</em>:</p> <ul> <li>In his article &quot;What is the Grid? A Three Point Checklist&quot;<sup class="reference" id="_ref-7">[8]</sup>, Ian Foster lists these primary attributes: <ul> <li>Computing resources are not administered centrally. </li> <li>Open standards are used. </li> <li>Non-trivial quality of service is achieved. </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>Plaszczak/Wellner<sup class="reference" id="_ref-8">[9]</sup> define grid technology as &quot;the technology that enables resource virtualization, on-demand provisioning, and service (resource) sharing between organizations.&quot; </li> <li>IBM defines grid computing as &quot;the ability, using a set of open standards and protocols, to gain access to applications and data, processing power, storage capacity and a vast array of other computing resources over the Internet. A grid is a type of parallel and distributed system that enables the sharing, selection, and aggregation of resources distributed across 'multiple' administrative domains based on their (resources) availability, capacity, performance, cost and users' quality-of-service requirements&quot; <sup class="reference" id="_ref-9">[10]</sup> </li> <li>An earlier example of the notion of computing as utility was in 1965 by MIT's Fernando Corbat&oacute;. Fernando and the other designers of the Multics operating system envisioned a computer facility operating &quot;like a power company or water company&quot;. http://www.multicians.org/fjcc3.html </li> <li>Buyya defines a grid as &quot;a type of parallel and distributed system that enables the sharing, selection, and aggregation of geographically distributed autonomous resources dynamically at runtime depending on their availability, capability, performance, cost, and users' quality-of-service requirements&quot;.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-10">[11]</sup> </li> <li>CERN, one of the largest users of grid technology, talk of <strong>The Grid</strong>: &quot;a service for sharing computer power and data storage capacity over the Internet.&quot; <sup class="reference" id="_ref-11">[12]</sup> </li> </ul> <p><br /> Grids can be categorized with a three stage model of departmental grids, enterprise grids and global grids. These correspond to a firm initially utilising resources within a single group i.e. an engineering department connecting desktop machines, clusters and equipment. This progresses to enterprise grids where non-technical staff's computing resources can be used for cycle-stealing and storage. A global grid is a connection of enterprise and departmental grids which can be used in a commercial or collaborative manner.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">See also</span></h2> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Concepts and related technology</span></h3> <ul> <li>Distributed computing </li> <li>List of distributed computing projects </li> <li>High-performance computing </li> <li>Network Agility </li> <li>Render farm </li> <li>Semantic grid </li> <li>Supercomputer </li> <li>Computer cluster </li> <li>Computon </li> <li>Grid FileSystem </li> <li>Edge computing </li> <li>Metacomputing </li> <li>Cloud Computing </li> <li>Space based architecture (SBA) </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Alliances and organizations</span></h3> <ul> <li>Open Grid Forum (Formerly Global Grid Forum) </li> <li>Object Management Group </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Production grids</span></h3> <ul> <li>Enabling Grids for E-sciencE </li> <li>NorduGrid </li> <li>Open Science Grid </li> <li>OurGrid </li> <li>Sun Grid </li> <li>Xgrid </li> <li>Distributed European Infrastructure for Supercomputing Applications DEISA </li> <li>FusionGrid </li> </ul> <ul> <li>INFN Production Grid [5] </li> <li>UC Grid [6] </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">International Grid Projects</span></h3> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody> <tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Region</th> <th>Start</th> <th>End</th> <th>Link</th> </tr> <tr> <td>Open Middleware Infrastructure Institute Europe (OMII-Europe)</td> <td>Europe</td> <td>May 2006</td> <td>May 2008</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Enabling Grids for E-sciencE (EGEE)</td> <td>Europe</td> <td>March 2004</td> <td>March 2006</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Enabling Grids for E-sciencE II (EGEE II)</td> <td>Europe</td> <td>April 2006</td> <td>April 2008</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Business Experiments in GRID (BEinGRID)</td> <td>Europe</td> <td>June 2006</td> <td>November 2009</td> <td>[7]</td> </tr> <tr> <td>BREIN</td> <td>Europe</td> <td>September 2006</td> <td>August 2009</td> <td>[8]</td> </tr> <tr> <td>DataTAG</td> <td>Europe and North America</td> <td>January 2001</td> <td>January 2003</td> <td>[9]</td> </tr> <tr> <td>European DataGrid (EDG)</td> <td>Europe</td> <td>March 2001</td> <td>March 2004</td> <td>[10]</td> </tr> <tr> <td>BalticGrid</td> <td>Europe (Baltic States)</td> <td>November 2005</td> <td>April 2008</td> <td>[11]</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">National Grid Projects</span></h3> <ul> <li>D-Grid (German) </li> <li>GARUDA (Indian) </li> <li>National Grid Service (UK) </li> <li>VECC (Calcutta, India) </li> <li>China Grid Project </li> <li>INFN Grid (Italian) </li> <li>KnowledgeGrid Malaysia </li> <li>NAREGI Project </li> <li>Singapore National Grid Project </li> <li>Thai National Grid Project </li> </ul> <ul> <li>BELNET Grid, Belgium [12] </li> <li>Hellasgrid (Greek) [13] </li> <li>Swiss National Grid Association [14] </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Standards and APIs</span></h3> <ul> <li>A Simple API for Grid Applications (SAGA) </li> <li>Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) </li> <li>Distributed Resource Management Application API (DRMAA) </li> <li>Grid Security Infrastructure (GSI) </li> <li>Open Grid Services Architecture (OGSA) </li> <li>Open Grid Services Infrastructure (OGSI) </li> <li>Web Services Resource Framework (WSRF) </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Software implementations and middleware</span></h3> <ul> <li>Advanced Resource Connector (NorduGrid's ARC) </li> <li>Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) </li> <li>Globus Toolkit </li> <li>Message Passing Interface (MPI) </li> <li>Parallel Virtual Machine (PVM) </li> <li>Simple Grid Protocol </li> <li>Sun Grid Engine </li> <li>ProActive </li> <li>UNICORE </li> <li>SDSC Storage resource broker (data grid) </li> <li>gLite (EGEE) </li> <li>NInf GridRPC </li> <li>IceGrid </li> <li>Invisionix Roaming System Remote (IRSR) </li> <li>Java CoG Kit </li> </ul> <ul> <li>Alchemi [15] </li> <li>GridGain [16] </li> <li>gridGISTICS [17] </li> <li>Gridbus Middleware [18] </li> <li>Java Parallel Processing Framework (JPPF) [19] </li> <li>Vishwa [20] </li> <li>UGP [21] </li> <li>GRIA [22] </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Notes</span></h3> <ol class="references"> <li id="_note-0"><strong>^</strong> Father of the Grid. </li> <li id="_note-1"><strong>^</strong> [1], accessed 4 Jun 2007 </li> <li id="_note-2"><strong>^</strong> [2], accessed 23 Sept 2007 </li> <li id="_note-3"><strong>^</strong> Large Hadron Collider Computing Grid offical homepage </li> <li id="_note-4"><strong>^</strong> http://goc.grid.sinica.edu.tw/gstat/ </li> <li id="_note-5"><strong>^</strong> http://gridportal.hep.ph.ic.ac.uk/rtm/ </li> <li id="_note-6"><strong>^</strong> http://lcg.web.cern.ch/LCG/activities/deployment.html </li> <li id="_note-7"><strong>^</strong> What is the Grid? A Three Point Checklist (pdf). </li> <li id="_note-8"><strong>^</strong> P Plaszczak, R Wellner, <em>Grid computing</em>, 2005, Elsevier/Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco </li> <li id="_note-9"><strong>^</strong> IBM Solutions Grid for Business Partners: Helping IBM Business Partners to Grid-enable applications for the next phase of e-business on demand. </li> <li id="_note-10"><strong>^</strong> A Gentle Introduction to Grid Computing and Technologies (pdf). Retrieved on 2005-05-06. </li> <li id="_note-11"><strong>^</strong> The Grid Caf&eacute; - What is Grid?. CERN. Retrieved on 2005-02-04. </li> </ol> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Bibliography</span></h3> <ul> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Davies, Antony (June 2004). &quot;Computational Intermediation and the Evolution of Computation as a Commodity&quot; (pdf). <em>Applied Economics</em>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Computational+Intermediation+and+the+Evolution+of+Computation+as+a+Commodity&amp;rft.jtitle=Applied+Economics&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.aulast=Davies&amp;rft.aufirst=Antony&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.business.duq.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fdavies%2Fresearch%2FEconomicsOfComputation.pdf">&nbsp;</span> </li> <li><cite class="book" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Foster, Ian; Carl Kesselman. <em>The Grid: Blueprint for a New Computing Infrastructure</em>. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers. ISBN 1-55860-475-8.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Grid%3A+Blueprint+for+a+New+Computing+Infrastructure&amp;rft.aulast=Foster&amp;rft.aufirst=Ian&amp;rft.pub=Morgan+Kaufmann+Publishers&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mkp.com%2Fgrids%2F">&nbsp;</span> </li> <li><cite class="book" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Plaszczak, Pawel; Rich Wellner, Jr. <em>Grid Computing &quot;The Savvy Manager's Guide&quot;</em>. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers. ISBN 0-12-742503-9.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Grid+Computing+%22The+Savvy+Manager%27s+Guide%22&amp;rft.aulast=Plaszczak&amp;rft.aufirst=Pawel&amp;rft.pub=Morgan+Kaufmann+Publishers&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsavvygrid.com%2F">&nbsp;</span> </li> <li><cite class="book" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Berman, Fran; Anthony J. G. Hey, Geoffrey C. Fox. <em>Grid Computing: Making The Global Infrastructure a Reality</em>. Wiley. ISBN 0-470-85319-0.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Grid+Computing%3A+Making+The+Global+Infrastructure+a+Reality&amp;rft.aulast=Berman&amp;rft.aufirst=Fran&amp;rft.pub=Wiley&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grid2002.org%2F">&nbsp;</span> </li> <li><cite class="book" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Li, Maozhen; Mark A. Baker. <em>The Grid: Core Technologies</em>. Wiley. ISBN 0-470-09417-6.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Grid%3A+Core+Technologies&amp;rft.aulast=Li&amp;rft.aufirst=Maozhen&amp;rft.pub=Wiley&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcoregridtechnologies.org%2F">&nbsp;</span> </li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Catlett, Charlie; Larry Smarr (June 1992). &quot;Metacomputing&quot;. <em>Communications of the ACM</em> <strong>35</strong> (6).</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Metacomputing&amp;rft.jtitle=Communications+of+the+ACM&amp;rft.date=1992&amp;rft.volume=35&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.aulast=Catlett&amp;rft.aufirst=Charlie&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acm.org%2Fpubs%2Fcacm%2F">&nbsp;</span> </li> <li>Smith, Roger (2005). Grid Computing: A Brief Technology Analysis. CTO Network Library. </li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Buyya, Rajkumar (July 2005). &quot;Grid Computing: Making the Global Cyberinfrastructure for eScience a Reality&quot;. <em>CSI Communications</em> <strong>29</strong> (1). Mumbai, India: Computer Society of India (CSI). ISSN 0970-647X.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Grid+Computing%3A+Making+the+Global+Cyberinfrastructure+for+eScience+a+Reality&amp;rft.jtitle=CSI+Communications&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=29&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.aulast=Buyya&amp;rft.aufirst=Rajkumar&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gridbus.org%2F%7Eraj%2Fpapers%2FCSICommunicationsJuly2005.pdf">&nbsp;</span> </li> <li>Berstis, Viktors. Fundamentals of Grid Computing. IBM. </li> <li>Ferreira, Luis; et.al.. Grid Computing Products and Services. IBM. </li> <li>Ferreira, Luis; et.al.. Introduction to Grid Computing with Globus. IBM. </li> <li>Jacob, Bart; et.al.. Enabling Applications for Grid Computing. IBM. </li> <li>Ferreira, Luis; et.al.. Grid Services Programming and Application Enablement. IBM. </li> <li>Jacob, Bart; et.al.. Introduction to Grid Computing. IBM. </li> <li>Ferreira, Luis; et.al.. Grid Computing in Research and Education. IBM. </li> <li>Ferreira, Luis; et.al.. Globus Toolkit 3.0 Quick Start. IBM. </li> <li>Surridge, Mike; et.al.. Experiences with GRIA &ndash; Industrial applications on a Web Services Grid. IEEE. </li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Stockinger, Heinz; et al. (to be published in 2007). &quot;Defining the Grid: A Snapshot on the Current View&quot; (pdf). <em>Supercomputing</em>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Defining+the+Grid%3A+A+Snapshot+on+the+Current+View&amp;rft.jtitle=Supercomputing&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.aulast=Stockinger&amp;rft.aufirst=Heinz&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhst.web.cern.ch%2Fhst%2Fpublications%2FDefiningTheGrid-1.1.pdf">&nbsp;</span> </li> <li>Global Grids and Software Toolkits: A Study of Four Grid Middleware Technologies </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <p><a id="News_.26_info" name="News_.26_info"></a></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">News &amp; info</span></h3> <ul> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.gridcomputing.com" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.gridcomputing.com/">Grid Computing Info Center</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.gridtoday.com/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.gridtoday.com/">GridToday</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.gridswatch.com" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.gridswatch.com/">GridsWatch</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://dsonline.computer.org/gc/" rel="nofollow" href="http://dsonline.computer.org/gc/">IEEE Distributed Systems Online, Grid Computing Section</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.isgtw.org" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.isgtw.org/">International Science Grid This Week</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.hoise.com/primeur/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.hoise.com/primeur/">Primeur magazine - HPC and Grid computing news</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.UtilityComputing.com/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.utilitycomputing.com/">UtilityComputing.com</a> </li> </ul> <p><a id="Portals_and_Grid_Projects" name="Portals_and_Grid_Projects"></a></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Portals and Grid Projects</span></h3> <ul> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.worldcommunitygrid.org/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.worldcommunitygrid.org/">World Community Grid:</a> Focuses on advancing scientific projects to benefit humanity, such as researching possible cures for cancer and muscular dystrophy, sequencing human genomes, finding better drug molecular structures to combat AIDS, etc. Open to anyone who wants to contribute idle PC processing time. </li> <li><a title="World Community Grid" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Community_Grid">Wikipedia article on the World Community Grid:</a> Contains additional links for each project being conducted on the World Community Grid. </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.datasynapse.com/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.datasynapse.com/">DataSynapse</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.gridgain.com/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.gridgain.com/">GridGain Systems</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://EnterTheGrid.com/" rel="nofollow" href="http://enterthegrid.com/">EnterTheGrid directory on Grid computing</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.eu-eela.org/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.eu-eela.org/">EELA</a>: E-Infrastructure shared between Europe and Latin America </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.eu-egee.org/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.eu-egee.org/">Enabling Grids for E-sciencE</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://fura.sourceforge.net/" rel="nofollow" href="http://fura.sourceforge.net/">Fura</a> GPL Ready to use grid </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.ibm.com/grid" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ibm.com/grid">IBM Grid Computing website</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.iceage-eu.org/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.iceage-eu.org/">ICEAGE</a>: International Collaboration to Extend and Advance Grid Education </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.jppf.org/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.jppf.org/">Java Parallel Processing Framework</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://paradiseo.gforge.inria.fr/" rel="nofollow" href="http://paradiseo.gforge.inria.fr/">ParadisEO, a C++ framework coupled with Globus and Condor-G for combinatorial and continuous optimization on grid support</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.gridsphere.org/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.gridsphere.org/">GridSphere Portal Framework</a> (JSR-168 compliant) </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.GridSummit.com/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.gridsummit.com/">GridSummit.com</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.gridalogy.com/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.gridalogy.com/">Gridalogy</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.bigblueriver.com/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.bigblueriver.com/">BigBlueRiver</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.enginframe.com/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.enginframe.com/">NICE EnginFrame</a>: Grid computing portals for research and industry </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.nivio.com/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nivio.com/">Nivio</a>: Virtual Desktop Based on Grid Computing </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.rechenkraft.net/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.rechenkraft.net/">Rechenkraft.net</a> (German) </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.gridgistics.net/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.gridgistics.net/">gridGistics</a>: service virtualization and grid computing. </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.mygrid.org.uk/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.mygrid.org.uk/">myGrid</a>: <a title="Bioinformatics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformatics">bioinformatics</a> and <a title="EScience" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EScience">eScience</a> research project built by several UK universities and <a title="EMBL" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMBL">EMBL</a>-<a title="EBI" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBI">EBI</a>. </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.eugrid.eu/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.eugrid.eu/">Consortsium SIRENE (<strong>S</strong>haring <strong>I</strong>nfrastructure and <strong>RE</strong>sources i<strong>N</strong> <strong>E</strong>urope)</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.gridwisetech.com/content/view/186/119/lang,en/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.gridwisetech.com/content/view/186/119/lang,en/">Vendor-independent documentation on Grid-compliant open source portals</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.eu-brein.com/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.eu-brein.com/">BREIN</a>: Business objective driven reliable and intelligent grids for real business. </li> </ul> <p><a id="Articles" name="Articles"></a></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Articles</span></h3> <ul> <li><a class="external text" title="http://linux.oreillynet.com/pub/a/linux/2002/04/25/enterprise.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://linux.oreillynet.com/pub/a/linux/2002/04/25/enterprise.html">O'Reilly article about grid computing software</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://gridcafe.web.cern.ch/gridcafe" rel="nofollow" href="http://gridcafe.web.cern.ch/gridcafe">Grid Caf&eacute;</a>, the place for everyone to learn about the Grid </li> </ul> <p><a id="Associations_and_conferences" name="Associations_and_conferences"></a></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Associations and conferences</span></h3> <ul> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.ogf.org" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ogf.org/">Open Grid Forum</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.grid.org.il" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.grid.org.il/">Israeli Association of Grid Technologies (IGT)</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.gridcomputing.org" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.gridcomputing.org/">International Conference on Grid Computing (Grid XY)</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.buyya.com/ccgrid" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.buyya.com/ccgrid">International Symposium on Cluster Computing and the Grid (CCGrid XY)</a> </li> </ul> <p><a id="Past_events" name="Past_events"></a></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Past events</span></h3> <ul> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.gridworld.com" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.gridworld.com/">GridWorld Washington 2006</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://ieeerichmond.blogspot.com" rel="nofollow" href="http://ieeerichmond.blogspot.com/">IEEE Richmond Section Blog</a>. Meeting &mdash; 5 October 2006: <span class="PDFlink"><a class="external text" title="http://www.ewh.ieee.org/r3/richmond/parashar-ieeedvp-richmond-10-06.pdf" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ewh.ieee.org/r3/richmond/parashar-ieeedvp-richmond-10-06.pdf">&quot;Autonomic Grid Computing: Concepts, Infrastructure and Applications&quot;</a></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: smaller"><a title="Portable Document Format" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Document_Format"><font size="2">PDF</font></a><font size="2">&nbsp;(3.61&nbsp;</font><a title="Mebibyte" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mebibyte"><font size="2">MiB</font></a><font size="2">)</font></span>. </li> </ul> 22cc74162f5b2109aef31b073775a7ee4b11f244 0 1541 1668 2007-12-13T16:59:21Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font size="3">Getting our own genome information should be free.<br /> <br /> All the babies have the right to know their genome information.</font><br /> <br /> </p> 194386cdc0d5e0f61e6ee004277377baa4dd86a3 1670 2007-12-17T06:37:23Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font size="3">Getting our own genome information should be free.<br /> <br /> All the babies have the right to know their genome information.</font><br /> <br /> <br /> <hr /> See also: [http://freegenome.org FreeGenome.org]<br /> </p> 54abb6118b70d0f5526d4661ddb2b1a4878e4f43 8 1175 1672 2007-12-18T23:16:54Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki * Biosites ** http://personalgenome.net|PersonalGenome.net ** http://freegenome.org|FreeGenome.org ** http://omics.org|Omics.org ** http://interactomics.org|Interactomics.org ** http://glycome.net|Glycome.net ** http://textome.org|Textome.org ** http://biopedia.org|Biopedia.org ** http://biosites.org|Biosites.org ** http://biocompany.net|Biocompany.net * navigation ** recentchanges-url|recentchanges ** randompage-url|randompage fb3a5ff303fa6edecd784d541f36af1673aa2c23 0 1533 1673 2007-12-20T05:45:49Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="3"><strong>Genomes are free and Genomes must be free.</strong><br /> <br /> 1. The cost of genome mapping/typing/sequencing should be free for everyone, so that anyone can have an easy access to his/her own genome information.<br /> <br /> 2. The cost of sharing genome should be free through easy access to the internet.<br /> <br /> <br /> [http://freegenome.org FreeGenome.org]<br /> </font> bab8c470c3aef900dcb1294979a59d587712167d 0 1542 1675 2007-12-21T02:07:05Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki <br /> <h2>Title</h2> www.navigenics.com <br /> <br /> <h2>Description</h2> <br /> <h2>Additional Information</h2> Rank: 722,815<br /> Address: <br /> Latitude: <br /> Longitude: <br /> <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/navigenics.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/navigenics.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.navigenics.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.navigenics.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=navigenics.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <br /> <h2>Keywords</h2> <br /> <br /> <h2>Related Websites</h2> <br /> <h2>External services</h2> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/navigenics.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=navigenics.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/navigenics.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.navigenics.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] | [http://search.about.com/fullsearch.htm?terms=navigenics.com <font size="1"><strong>About</strong></font>] | [http://www.aboutus.org/navigenics.com <font size="1"><strong>AboutUS</strong></font>]<br /> 453fd86a75b8d5ccae8ca3a42c89b18b4eee2573 1682 2007-12-21T02:52:52Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki <br /> <h2>Title</h2> www.navigenics.com <br /> <br /> <h2>Description</h2> <br /> Navigenics helps you develop a personalized health and wellness strategy, guided by an in-depth understanding of your genetic profile, using the latest developments in science and medicine. <h2>Additional Information</h2> Rank: 722,815<br /> Address: <br /> Latitude: <br /> Longitude: <br /> <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/navigenics.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/navigenics.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.navigenics.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.navigenics.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=navigenics.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <br /> <h2>Keywords</h2> <br /> <br /> <h2>Related Websites</h2> <br /> <h2>External services</h2> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/navigenics.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=navigenics.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/navigenics.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.navigenics.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] | [http://search.about.com/fullsearch.htm?terms=navigenics.com <font size="1"><strong>About</strong></font>] | [http://www.aboutus.org/navigenics.com <font size="1"><strong>AboutUS</strong></font>]<br /> bd349a800b5e511ffff7a5834cd3351c14c5e4c6 1683 2007-12-21T02:53:06Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki <br /> <h2>Title</h2> www.navigenics.com <br /> <br /> <h2>Description</h2> Navigenics helps you develop a personalized health and wellness strategy, guided by an in-depth understanding of your genetic profile, using the latest developments in science and medicine. <br /> <br /> <h2>Additional Information</h2> Rank: 722,815<br /> Address: <br /> Latitude: <br /> Longitude: <br /> <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/navigenics.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/navigenics.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.navigenics.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.navigenics.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=navigenics.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <br /> <h2>Keywords</h2> <br /> <br /> <h2>Related Websites</h2> <br /> <h2>External services</h2> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/navigenics.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=navigenics.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/navigenics.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.navigenics.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] | [http://search.about.com/fullsearch.htm?terms=navigenics.com <font size="1"><strong>About</strong></font>] | [http://www.aboutus.org/navigenics.com <font size="1"><strong>AboutUS</strong></font>]<br /> 2732524a586361bb22b0016431a43abf68b4e3bd 1684 2007-12-21T02:54:18Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki <br /> <h2>Title</h2> www.navigenics.com <br /> <br /> <h2>Description</h2> Navigenics helps you develop a personalized health and wellness strategy, guided by an in-depth understanding of your genetic profile, using the latest developments in science and medicine. <br /> <br /> <h2>Additional Information</h2> Rank: 722,815<br /> Address: <br /> Latitude: <br /> Longitude: <br /> <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/navigenics.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/navigenics.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.navigenics.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.navigenics.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=navigenics.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <br /> <h2>Keywords</h2> [[genetic scan]], [[ genome scan]], [[ genetic test]], [[ genetic scan]], [[ genetic profile]], [[ dna testing]], [[ disease]], [[ marker]], [[ snp]]<br /> <br /> <h2>Related Websites</h2> <br /> <h2>External services</h2> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/navigenics.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=navigenics.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/navigenics.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.navigenics.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] | [http://search.about.com/fullsearch.htm?terms=navigenics.com <font size="1"><strong>About</strong></font>] | [http://www.aboutus.org/navigenics.com <font size="1"><strong>AboutUS</strong></font>]<br /> 4c67521714e179b2eb271a9a6864c0fc89c8dc54 0 1543 1676 2007-12-21T02:13:07Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki <br /><h2>Title</h2> www.23andme.com <br /><br /><h2>Description</h2> <br /><h2>Additional Information</h2> Rank: 147,850<br /> Address: <br /> Latitude: <br />Longitude: <br /><br /><a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/23andme.com?metric=uv"> <img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/23andme.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.23andme.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.23andme.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=23andme.com" /></a> <br /><br /> <br /><h2>Keywords</h2> <br /> <br /><h2>Related Websites</h2> <br /><h2>External services</h2> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/23andme.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=23andme.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/23andme.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.23andme.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] | [http://search.about.com/fullsearch.htm?terms=23andme.com <font size="1"><strong>About</strong></font>] | [http://www.aboutus.org/23andme.com <font size="1"><strong>AboutUS</strong></font>]<br /> 299da73b78d7c4ae80364d68fa2f0d92c4b8fe57 1678 2007-12-21T02:46:26Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki <br /><h2>Title</h2> www.23andme.com <br /><br /><h2>Description</h2> <br /> 23andMe - Genetics Just Got Personal. <h2>Additional Information</h2> Rank: 147,850<br /> Address: <br /> Latitude: <br />Longitude: <br /><br /><a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/23andme.com?metric=uv"> <img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/23andme.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.23andme.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.23andme.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=23andme.com" /></a> <br /><br /> <br /><h2>Keywords</h2> <br /> <br /><h2>Related Websites</h2> <br /><h2>External services</h2> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/23andme.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=23andme.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/23andme.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.23andme.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] | [http://search.about.com/fullsearch.htm?terms=23andme.com <font size="1"><strong>About</strong></font>] | [http://www.aboutus.org/23andme.com <font size="1"><strong>AboutUS</strong></font>]<br /> 43283cd8a71912cc78f6b8ad92faec1f308546a0 1679 2007-12-21T02:46:56Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki <br /><h2>Title</h2> www.23andme.com <br /><br /><h2>Description</h2> 23andMe - Genetics Just Got Personal. <h2>Additional Information</h2> Rank: 147,850<br /> Address: <br /> Latitude: <br />Longitude: <br /><br /><a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/23andme.com?metric=uv"> <img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/23andme.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.23andme.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.23andme.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=23andme.com" /></a> <br /><br /> <br /><h2>Keywords</h2> <br /> <br /><h2>Related Websites</h2> <br /><h2>External services</h2> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/23andme.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=23andme.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/23andme.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.23andme.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] | [http://search.about.com/fullsearch.htm?terms=23andme.com <font size="1"><strong>About</strong></font>] | [http://www.aboutus.org/23andme.com <font size="1"><strong>AboutUS</strong></font>]<br /> cd1dacfb0e2a0a1c9efd70ce9c7a0189fd937916 1704 2007-12-21T07:15:32Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki <br /><h2>Title</h2> 23andme <br /> <br /> <h2>Description</h2> 23andMe - Genetics Just Got Personal. <h2>Additional Information</h2> Rank: 147,850<br /> Address: <br /> Latitude: <br />Longitude: <br /><br /><a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/23andme.com?metric=uv"> <img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/23andme.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.23andme.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.23andme.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=23andme.com" /></a> <br /><br /> <br /><h2>Keywords</h2> <br /> <br /><h2>Related Websites</h2> <br /><h2>External services</h2> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/23andme.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=23andme.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/23andme.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.23andme.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] | [http://search.about.com/fullsearch.htm?terms=23andme.com <font size="1"><strong>About</strong></font>] | [http://www.aboutus.org/23andme.com <font size="1"><strong>AboutUS</strong></font>]<br /> fac3c11dc96b35cfd1a62fe1bc721ae27b201aac 1705 2007-12-21T07:16:57Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki <br /><h2>Title</h2> 23andme <br /> <br /> <h2>Description</h2> 23andMe - Genetics Just Got Personal. <br /> Welcome to 23andMe, a web-based service that helps you read and understand your DNA. After providing a saliva sample using an at-home kit, you can use our interactive tools to shed new light on your distant ancestors, your close family and most of all, yourself.<br /> <br /> <h2>Additional Information</h2> Rank: 147,850<br /> Address: <br /> Latitude: <br />Longitude: <br /><br /><a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/23andme.com?metric=uv"> <img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/23andme.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.23andme.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.23andme.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=23andme.com" /></a> <br /><br /> <br /><h2>Keywords</h2> <br /> <br /><h2>Related Websites</h2> <br /><h2>External services</h2> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/23andme.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=23andme.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/23andme.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.23andme.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] | [http://search.about.com/fullsearch.htm?terms=23andme.com <font size="1"><strong>About</strong></font>] | [http://www.aboutus.org/23andme.com <font size="1"><strong>AboutUS</strong></font>]<br /> a02bb82646936085f1667b61f69cec05fdbfafd6 1707 2007-12-21T07:19:48Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki <br /><h2>Title</h2> <strong><a href="https://www.23andmeobjects.com/res/1694/img/public/logo.png"><font size="2">https://www.23andmeobjects.com/res/1694/img/public/logo.png</font></a>&nbsp;23andme <br /> <br /> </strong> <h2>Description</h2> 23andMe - Genetics Just Got Personal. <br /> Welcome to 23andMe, a web-based service that helps you read and understand your DNA. After providing a saliva sample using an at-home kit, you can use our interactive tools to shed new light on your distant ancestors, your close family and most of all, yourself.<br /> <br /> <h2>Additional Information</h2> Rank: 147,850<br /> Address: <br /> Latitude: <br />Longitude: <br /><br /><a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/23andme.com?metric=uv"> <img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/23andme.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.23andme.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.23andme.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=23andme.com" /></a> <br /><br /> <br /><h2>Keywords</h2> <br /> <br /><h2>Related Websites</h2> <br /><h2>External services</h2> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/23andme.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=23andme.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/23andme.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.23andme.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] | [http://search.about.com/fullsearch.htm?terms=23andme.com <font size="1"><strong>About</strong></font>] | [http://www.aboutus.org/23andme.com <font size="1"><strong>AboutUS</strong></font>]<br /> c45d9a02f4b79d9c257b008262d71ab42d26aab4 1708 2007-12-21T07:20:09Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki <br /><h2>Title</h2> <strong><a href="https://www.23andmeobjects.com/res/1694/img/public/logo.png"><font size="2">https://www.23andmeobjects.com/res/1694/img/public/logo.png</font></a>&nbsp; 23andme <br /> <br /> </strong> <h2>Description</h2> 23andMe - Genetics Just Got Personal. <br /> Welcome to 23andMe, a web-based service that helps you read and understand your DNA. After providing a saliva sample using an at-home kit, you can use our interactive tools to shed new light on your distant ancestors, your close family and most of all, yourself.<br /> <br /> <h2>Additional Information</h2> Rank: 147,850<br /> Address: <br /> Latitude: <br />Longitude: <br /><br /><a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/23andme.com?metric=uv"> <img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/23andme.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.23andme.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.23andme.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=23andme.com" /></a> <br /><br /> <br /><h2>Keywords</h2> <br /> <br /><h2>Related Websites</h2> <br /><h2>External services</h2> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/23andme.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=23andme.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/23andme.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.23andme.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] | [http://search.about.com/fullsearch.htm?terms=23andme.com <font size="1"><strong>About</strong></font>] | [http://www.aboutus.org/23andme.com <font size="1"><strong>AboutUS</strong></font>]<br /> 35dbd867ecef744373b16a4f6ad8a45a76b0433f 1709 2007-12-21T07:26:51Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki <br /><h2>Title</h2> <a href="https://www.23andmeobjects.com/res/1694/img/public/logo.png"><font size="2"><strong>https://www.23andmeobjects.com/res/1694/img/public/logo.png</strong></font></a><strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;</strong><strong>2</strong><strong>3andme<br /> <br /> </strong> <h2>Description</h2> 23andMe - Genetics Just Got Personal. <br /> Welcome to 23andMe, a web-based service that helps you read and understand your DNA. After providing a saliva sample using an at-home kit, you can use our interactive tools to shed new light on your distant ancestors, your close family and most of all, yourself.<br /> <br /> <h2>Additional Information</h2> Rank: 147,850<br /> Address: <br /> Latitude: <br />Longitude: <br /><br /><a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/23andme.com?metric=uv"> <img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/23andme.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.23andme.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.23andme.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=23andme.com" /></a> <br /><br /> <br /><h2>Keywords</h2> <br /> <br /><h2>Related Websites</h2> <br /><h2>External services</h2> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/23andme.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=23andme.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/23andme.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.23andme.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] | [http://search.about.com/fullsearch.htm?terms=23andme.com <font size="1"><strong>About</strong></font>] | [http://www.aboutus.org/23andme.com <font size="1"><strong>AboutUS</strong></font>]<br /> 2d38ad24aace7bb25502c005bc5cb2aa9e20d26e 0 1544 1677 2007-12-21T02:19:44Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki <br /><h2>Title</h2> www.decodeme.com <br /><br /><h2>Description</h2> <br /><h2>Additional Information</h2> Rank: 525,106<br /> Address: <br /> Latitude: <br />Longitude: <br /><br /><a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/decodeme.com?metric=uv"> <img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/decodeme.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.decodeme.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.decodeme.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=decodeme.com" /></a> <br /><br /> <br /><h2>Keywords</h2> <br /> <br /><h2>Related Websites</h2> <br /><h2>External services</h2> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/decodeme.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=decodeme.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/decodeme.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.decodeme.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] | [http://search.about.com/fullsearch.htm?terms=decodeme.com <font size="1"><strong>About</strong></font>] | [http://www.aboutus.org/decodeme.com <font size="1"><strong>AboutUS</strong></font>]<br /> 2eb7e16a6b8f7b0c5e8e72517af5c951034173b4 1680 2007-12-21T02:49:14Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki <br /><h2>Title</h2> www.decodeme.com <br /><br /><h2>Description</h2> deCODEme offers the first personalized Genetic Scan with online analysis <h2>Additional Information</h2> Rank: 525,106<br /> Address: <br /> Latitude: <br />Longitude: <br /><br /><a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/decodeme.com?metric=uv"> <img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/decodeme.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.decodeme.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.decodeme.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=decodeme.com" /></a> <br /><br /> <br /><h2>Keywords</h2> <br /> <br /><h2>Related Websites</h2> <br /><h2>External services</h2> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/decodeme.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=decodeme.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/decodeme.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.decodeme.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] | [http://search.about.com/fullsearch.htm?terms=decodeme.com <font size="1"><strong>About</strong></font>] | [http://www.aboutus.org/decodeme.com <font size="1"><strong>AboutUS</strong></font>]<br /> b1e902d6433a10c1cf5859ecddd0b9f6705b29fa 1681 2007-12-21T02:50:58Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki <br /><h2>Title</h2> www.decodeme.com <br /><br /><h2>Description</h2> deCODEme offers the first personalized Genetic Scan with online analysis <h2>Additional Information</h2> Rank: 525,106<br /> Address: <br /> Latitude: <br />Longitude: <br /><br /><a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/decodeme.com?metric=uv"> <img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/decodeme.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.decodeme.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.decodeme.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=decodeme.com" /></a> <br /><br /> <br /><h2>Keywords</h2> <br /> [[Genetic Marker]], [[Genetic Risk]], [[Ancestry]], [[Disease Risk]], [[Gene Discovery]], [[Genealogy]], [[Genes]], [[Genetic]], [[Genomics]], [[Genotyping]], [[Human Genome]], [[My Genes]], [[My DNA]], [[Risk Factors]], [[Roots]], [[SNP]], [[Your DNA]], [[Your Genes]], [[deCODE genetics]], [[Kari Stefansson]] <h2>Related Websites</h2> <br /><h2>External services</h2> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/decodeme.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=decodeme.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/decodeme.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.decodeme.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] | [http://search.about.com/fullsearch.htm?terms=decodeme.com <font size="1"><strong>About</strong></font>] | [http://www.aboutus.org/decodeme.com <font size="1"><strong>AboutUS</strong></font>]<br /> 682d28808a203927e1a135b868f2020f0b8727b0 1706 2007-12-21T07:19:20Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki <br /><h2>Title</h2> deCODEme<br /> <br /> <h2>Description</h2> deCODEme offers the first personalized Genetic Scan with online analysis <h2>Additional Information</h2> Rank: 525,106<br /> Address: <br /> Latitude: <br />Longitude: <br /><br /><a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/decodeme.com?metric=uv"> <img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/decodeme.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.decodeme.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.decodeme.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=decodeme.com" /></a> <br /><br /> <br /><h2>Keywords</h2> <br /> [[Genetic Marker]], [[Genetic Risk]], [[Ancestry]], [[Disease Risk]], [[Gene Discovery]], [[Genealogy]], [[Genes]], [[Genetic]], [[Genomics]], [[Genotyping]], [[Human Genome]], [[My Genes]], [[My DNA]], [[Risk Factors]], [[Roots]], [[SNP]], [[Your DNA]], [[Your Genes]], [[deCODE genetics]], [[Kari Stefansson]] <h2>Related Websites</h2> <br /><h2>External services</h2> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/decodeme.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=decodeme.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/decodeme.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.decodeme.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] | [http://search.about.com/fullsearch.htm?terms=decodeme.com <font size="1"><strong>About</strong></font>] | [http://www.aboutus.org/decodeme.com <font size="1"><strong>AboutUS</strong></font>]<br /> 4935aaf912a62329b430546e71f0fb4457c6d65d 0 1528 1685 2007-12-21T06:35:25Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki [http://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/newsrel/science/1kgenome06.asp $1000 genome grant to Xiaohua Huang]: 2002<br /> [http://www.the-infoshop.com/study/cd55230-genome.html Sequencing technology]&nbsp;<br /> [http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/17/us/17dna.html?_r=1&amp;hp&amp;oref=slogin My Genome, Myself: Seeking Clues in DNA] <em>New York Times</em>, November 2007 5175d04946fb82feb20b76e2ca6e6627083c4a00 1686 2007-12-21T06:36:56Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki [http://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/newsrel/science/1kgenome06.asp $1000 genome grant to Xiaohua Huang]: 2002<br /> [http://www.the-infoshop.com/study/cd55230-genome.html Sequencing technology]&nbsp;<br /> [http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/17/us/17dna.html?_r=1&amp;hp&amp;oref=slogin My Genome, Myself: Seeking Clues in DNA] <em>New York Times</em>, November 2007&nbsp;<br /> [http://www.wired.com/medtech/genetics/magazine/15-12/ff_genomics 23andMe Will Decode Your DNA for $1000. Welcome to the Age of Genomics] <em>Wired Magazine</em>, November 2007 e69bf1482946a4bec9e2d4feb66099fd819a5fbf 1687 2007-12-21T06:42:49Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki [http://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/newsrel/science/1kgenome06.asp $1000 genome grant to Xiaohua Huang]: 2002<br /> [http://www.the-infoshop.com/study/cd55230-genome.html Sequencing technology]&nbsp;<br /> [http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/17/us/17dna.html?_r=1&amp;hp&amp;oref=slogin My Genome, Myself: Seeking Clues in DNA] <em>New York Times</em>, November 2007&nbsp;<br /> [http://www.wired.com/medtech/genetics/magazine/15-12/ff_genomics 23andMe Will Decode Your DNA for $1000. Welcome to the Age of Genomics] <em>Wired Magazine</em>, November 2007&nbsp;<br /> [http://www.technologyreview.com/Biotech/19824/&nbsp; <font size="2"><strong>Your Personal Genome</strong> </font><font size="2">George Church wants to sequence your genome], <em>Technology Review<strong> </strong></em>December 06, 2007 </font> ca2444a7b63436189e2c664637f7106002134416 1688 2007-12-21T06:43:13Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki [http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/17/us/17dna.html?_r=1&amp;hp&amp;oref=slogin My Genome, Myself: Seeking Clues in DNA] <em>New York Times</em>, November 2007&nbsp;<br /> [http://www.wired.com/medtech/genetics/magazine/15-12/ff_genomics 23andMe Will Decode Your DNA for $1000. Welcome to the Age of Genomics] <em>Wired Magazine</em>, November 2007&nbsp;<br /> [http://www.technologyreview.com/Biotech/19824/&nbsp; <font size="2"><strong>Your Personal Genome</strong> </font><font size="2">George Church wants to sequence your genome], <em>Technology Review<strong> </strong></em>December 06, 2007 </font>[http://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/newsrel/science/1kgenome06.asp $1000 genome grant to Xiaohua Huang]: 2002<br /> [http://www.the-infoshop.com/study/cd55230-genome.html Sequencing technology]&nbsp;<br /> e7ae2d68456bede9ac7a7cf00c928c564e194115 1689 2007-12-21T06:43:48Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki [http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/17/us/17dna.html?_r=1&amp;hp&amp;oref=slogin My Genome, Myself: Seeking Clues in DNA] <em>New York Times</em>, November 2007&nbsp;<br /> [http://www.wired.com/medtech/genetics/magazine/15-12/ff_genomics 23andMe Will Decode Your DNA for $1000. Welcome to the Age of Genomics] <em>Wired Magazine</em>, November 2007&nbsp;<br /> [http://www.technologyreview.com/Biotech/19824/&nbsp; <font size="2"><strong>Your Personal Genome</strong> </font><font size="2">George Church wants to sequence your genome], <em>Technology Review<strong> </strong></em>December 06, 2007<br /> </font>[http://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/newsrel/science/1kgenome06.asp $1000 genome grant to Xiaohua Huang]: 2002<br /> [http://www.the-infoshop.com/study/cd55230-genome.html Sequencing technology]&nbsp;<br /> 8a772c5760ac4b4ec06f26e7e4645d2c77883b72 1690 2007-12-21T06:44:05Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki [http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/17/us/17dna.html?_r=1&amp;hp&amp;oref=slogin My Genome, Myself: Seeking Clues in DNA] <em>New York Times</em>, November 2007&nbsp;<br /> <br /> [http://www.wired.com/medtech/genetics/magazine/15-12/ff_genomics 23andMe Will Decode Your DNA for $1000. Welcome to the Age of Genomics] <em>Wired Magazine</em>, November 2007&nbsp;<br /> <br /> [http://www.technologyreview.com/Biotech/19824/&nbsp; <font size="2"><strong>Your Personal Genome</strong> </font><font size="2">George Church wants to sequence your genome], <em>Technology Review<strong> </strong></em>December 06, 2007<br /> </font><br /> [http://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/newsrel/science/1kgenome06.asp $1000 genome grant to Xiaohua Huang]: 2002<br /> <br /> [http://www.the-infoshop.com/study/cd55230-genome.html Sequencing technology]&nbsp;<br /> df1fb75a79409472f0388e9833a1bc016b86df9c 1691 2007-12-21T06:45:30Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki [http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/17/us/17dna.html?_r=1&amp;hp&amp;oref=slogin My Genome, Myself: Seeking Clues in DNA] <em>New York Times</em>, November 2007&nbsp;<br /> <br /> [http://www.wired.com/medtech/genetics/magazine/15-12/ff_genomics 23andMe Will Decode Your DNA for $1000. Welcome to the Age of Genomics] <em>Wired Magazine</em>, November 2007&nbsp;<br /> <br /> [http://www.technologyreview.com/Biotech/19824/&nbsp; <font size="2"><strong>Your Personal Genome</strong> </font><font size="2">George Church wants to sequence your genome], <em>Technology Review<strong> </strong></em>December 06, 2007<br /> </font><br /> [http://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/newsrel/science/1kgenome06.asp $1000 genome grant to Xiaohua Huang]: <em>UCSC News Center </em>2006<br /> <br /> [http://www.the-infoshop.com/study/cd55230-genome.html Sequencing technology]&nbsp;<br /> 1a4ca4840866489deefbc0ef16ffe3ec303a073b 1692 2007-12-21T06:46:08Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki [http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/17/us/17dna.html?_r=1&amp;hp&amp;oref=slogin My Genome, Myself: Seeking Clues in DNA] <em>New York Times</em>, November 2007&nbsp;<br /> <br /> [http://www.wired.com/medtech/genetics/magazine/15-12/ff_genomics 23andMe Will Decode Your DNA for $1000. Welcome to the Age of Genomics] <em>Wired Magazine</em>, November 2007&nbsp;<br /> <br /> [http://www.technologyreview.com/Biotech/19824/&nbsp; <font size="2"><strong>Your Personal Genome</strong> </font><font size="2">George Church wants to sequence your genome], <em>Technology Review<strong> </strong></em>December, 2007<br /> </font><br /> [http://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/newsrel/science/1kgenome06.asp $1000 genome grant to Xiaohua Huang], <em>UCSC News Center, October, &nbsp;</em>2006<br /> <br /> [http://www.the-infoshop.com/study/cd55230-genome.html Sequencing technology]&nbsp;<br /> 93c59f0b0927b88221b916b345a5bdfa5f5a7d78 1693 2007-12-21T06:48:26Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki [http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/17/us/17dna.html?_r=1&amp;hp&amp;oref=slogin My Genome, Myself: Seeking Clues in DNA] <em>New York Times</em>, November 2007&nbsp;<br /> <br /> [http://www.wired.com/medtech/genetics/magazine/15-12/ff_genomics 23andMe Will Decode Your DNA for $1000. Welcome to the Age of Genomics] <em>Wired Magazine</em>, November 2007&nbsp;<br /> <br /> [http://www.technologyreview.com/Biotech/19824/&nbsp; <font size="2"><strong>Your Personal Genome</strong> </font><font size="2">George Church wants to sequence your genome], <em>Technology Review<strong> </strong></em>December, 2007<br /> </font><br /> [http://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/newsrel/science/1kgenome06.asp $1000 genome grant to Xiaohua Huang], <em>UCSC News Center, October, &nbsp;</em>2006<br /> <br /> [http://www.the-infoshop.com/study/cd55230-genome.html Sequencing technology],<em>&nbsp;the-infoshop.com</em> August, 2007<br /> fe22f3fc6579166811b00c7f929e67eb9f3a2ea4 1694 2007-12-21T06:48:38Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki [http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/17/us/17dna.html?_r=1&amp;hp&amp;oref=slogin My Genome, Myself: Seeking Clues in DNA] <em>New York Times</em>, November 2007&nbsp;<br /> <br /> [http://www.wired.com/medtech/genetics/magazine/15-12/ff_genomics 23andMe Will Decode Your DNA for $1000. Welcome to the Age of Genomics] <em>Wired Magazine</em>, November 2007&nbsp;<br /> <br /> [http://www.technologyreview.com/Biotech/19824/&nbsp; <font size="2"><strong>Your Personal Genome</strong> </font><font size="2">George Church wants to sequence your genome], <em>Technology Review<strong> </strong></em>December, 2007<br /> </font><br /> [http://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/newsrel/science/1kgenome06.asp $1000 genome grant to Xiaohua Huang], <em>UCSC News Center, October, &nbsp;</em>2006<br /> <br /> [http://www.the-infoshop.com/study/cd55230-genome.html Sequencing technology],<em>&nbsp;the-infoshop.com,</em> August, 2007<br /> b2903b6f7a4774c5621d7127f00805b5bf5a4fa4 1695 2007-12-21T06:51:50Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki [http://www.technologyreview.com/Biotech/19824/&nbsp; <font size="2"><strong>Your Personal Genome</strong> </font><font size="2">George Church wants to sequence your genome], <em>Technology Review<strong> </strong></em>December, 2007</font><br /> <br /> [http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/17/us/17dna.html?_r=1&amp;hp&amp;oref=slogin My Genome, Myself: Seeking Clues in DNA] <em>New York Times</em>, November 2007&nbsp;<br /> <br /> [http://www.wired.com/medtech/genetics/magazine/15-12/ff_genomics 23andMe Will Decode Your DNA for $1000. Welcome to the Age of Genomics] <em>Wired Magazine</em>, November 2007&nbsp;<br /> <br /> [http://www.the-infoshop.com/study/cd55230-genome.html Sequencing technology],<em>&nbsp;the-infoshop.com,</em> August, 2007<br /> <br /> [http://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/newsrel/science/1kgenome06.asp $1000 genome grant to Xiaohua Huang], <em>UCSC News Center, October, &nbsp;</em>2006<br /> <br /> [http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/03/0307_060307_dna.html Coming Soon: Your Personal DNA Map?], <em>National Geographic</em>, March, 2006 fbf119e40fcb21c37f7a82be267fabbb8cebc3fe 1696 2007-12-21T06:55:08Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki <font face="Times New Roman">[http://www.technologyreview.com/Biotech/19824/&nbsp; <font size="2"><strong>Your Personal Genome</strong> </font><font size="2">George Church wants to sequence your genome], <em>Technology Review<strong> </strong></em>December, 2007</font><br /> <br /> [http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/17/us/17dna.html?_r=1&amp;hp&amp;oref=slogin My Genome, Myself: Seeking Clues in DNA] <em>New York Times</em>, November 2007&nbsp;<br /> <br /> [http://www.wired.com/medtech/genetics/magazine/15-12/ff_genomics 23andMe Will Decode Your DNA for $1000. Welcome to the Age of Genomics] <em>Wired Magazine</em>, November 2007&nbsp;<br /> <br /> [http://www.portfolio.com/news-markets/national-news/portfolio/2007/10/15/23andMe-Web-Site Welcome to the Future], <em>Portfolio</em>, November 2007 <br /> <br /> [http://www.the-infoshop.com/study/cd55230-genome.html Sequencing technology],<em>&nbsp;the-infoshop,</em> August, 2007<br /> <br /> [http://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/newsrel/science/1kgenome06.asp $1000 genome grant to Xiaohua Huang], <em>UCSC News Center, October, &nbsp;</em>2006<br /> <br /> [http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/03/0307_060307_dna.html Coming Soon: Your Personal DNA Map?], <em>National Geographic</em>, March, 2006</font> 5cfae963a8dc59be6f9e8a5bf493a78d3c81d9b3 1697 2007-12-21T06:55:28Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki <font face="Times New Roman" size="4">[http://www.technologyreview.com/Biotech/19824/&nbsp; <strong>Your Personal Genome</strong> George Church wants to sequence your genome], <em>Technology Review<strong> </strong></em>December, 2007<br /> <br /> [http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/17/us/17dna.html?_r=1&amp;hp&amp;oref=slogin My Genome, Myself: Seeking Clues in DNA] <em>New York Times</em>, November 2007&nbsp;<br /> <br /> [http://www.wired.com/medtech/genetics/magazine/15-12/ff_genomics 23andMe Will Decode Your DNA for $1000. Welcome to the Age of Genomics] <em>Wired Magazine</em>, November 2007&nbsp;<br /> <br /> [http://www.portfolio.com/news-markets/national-news/portfolio/2007/10/15/23andMe-Web-Site Welcome to the Future], <em>Portfolio</em>, November 2007 <br /> <br /> [http://www.the-infoshop.com/study/cd55230-genome.html Sequencing technology],<em>&nbsp;the-infoshop,</em> August, 2007<br /> <br /> [http://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/newsrel/science/1kgenome06.asp $1000 genome grant to Xiaohua Huang], <em>UCSC News Center, October, &nbsp;</em>2006<br /> <br /> [http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/03/0307_060307_dna.html Coming Soon: Your Personal DNA Map?], <em>National Geographic</em>, March, 2006</font> ac332a485f02f051da67549340c1d4e6c9640c95 1698 2007-12-21T06:56:00Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki <font face="Times New Roman" size="4">[http://www.technologyreview.com/Biotech/19824/&nbsp; <strong>Your Personal Genome</strong> George Church wants to sequence your genome], <em>Technology Review<strong> </strong></em>December, 2007<br /> <br /> [http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/17/us/17dna.html?_r=1&amp;hp&amp;oref=slogin My Genome, Myself: Seeking Clues in DNA], <em>New York Times</em>, November 2007&nbsp;<br /> <br /> [http://www.wired.com/medtech/genetics/magazine/15-12/ff_genomics 23andMe Will Decode Your DNA for $1000. Welcome to the Age of Genomics], <em>Wired Magazine</em>, November 2007&nbsp;<br /> <br /> [http://www.portfolio.com/news-markets/national-news/portfolio/2007/10/15/23andMe-Web-Site Welcome to the Future], <em>Portfolio</em>, November 2007 <br /> <br /> [http://www.the-infoshop.com/study/cd55230-genome.html Sequencing technology],<em>&nbsp;the-infoshop,</em> August, 2007<br /> <br /> [http://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/newsrel/science/1kgenome06.asp $1000 genome grant to Xiaohua Huang], <em>UCSC News Center, October, &nbsp;</em>2006<br /> <br /> [http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/03/0307_060307_dna.html Coming Soon: Your Personal DNA Map?], <em>National Geographic</em>, March, 2006</font> 0797e88efdd7d25059c8944484b1c38326dd7a25 1699 2007-12-21T06:58:23Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki <font face="Times New Roman" size="4">[http://www.technologyreview.com/Biotech/19824/&nbsp; <strong>Your Personal Genome</strong> George Church wants to sequence your genome], <em>Technology Review<strong> </strong></em>December, 2007<br /> <br /> [http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/17/us/17dna.html?_r=1&amp;hp&amp;oref=slogin My Genome, Myself: Seeking Clues in DNA], <em>New York Times</em>, November 2007&nbsp;<br /> <br /> [http://www.wired.com/medtech/genetics/magazine/15-12/ff_genomics 23andMe Will Decode Your DNA for $1000. Welcome to the Age of Genomics], <em>Wired Magazine</em>, November 2007&nbsp;<br /> <br /> [http://www.portfolio.com/news-markets/national-news/portfolio/2007/10/15/23andMe-Web-Site Welcome to the Future], <em>Portfolio</em>, November 2007 <br /> <br /> [http://www.the-infoshop.com/study/cd55230-genome.html Sequencing technology],<em>&nbsp;the-infoshop,</em> August, 2007<br /> <br /> [http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory?id=3232186 Scientist Gets Own Personal Genome Map], <em>abc NEWS</em>, Jun, 2007<br /> <br /> [http://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/newsrel/science/1kgenome06.asp $1000 genome grant to Xiaohua Huang], <em>UCSC News Center, October, &nbsp;</em>2006<br /> <br /> [http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/03/0307_060307_dna.html Coming Soon: Your Personal DNA Map?], <em>National Geographic</em>, March, 2006</font> <br /> <br /> 54249d1880dab100c5cb9049f4835fca4919c3a0 1700 2007-12-21T07:02:49Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki <font face="Times New Roman" size="4">[http://www.technologyreview.com/Biotech/19824/&nbsp; <strong>Your Personal Genome</strong> George Church wants to sequence your genome], <em>Technology Review<strong> </strong></em>December, 2007<br /> <br /> [http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/17/us/17dna.html?_r=1&amp;hp&amp;oref=slogin My Genome, Myself: Seeking Clues in DNA], <em>New York Times</em>, November, 2007&nbsp;<br /> <br /> [http://www.wired.com/medtech/genetics/magazine/15-12/ff_genomics 23andMe Will Decode Your DNA for $1000. Welcome to the Age of Genomics], <em>Wired Magazine</em>, November 2007&nbsp;<br /> <br /> [http://www.portfolio.com/news-markets/national-news/portfolio/2007/10/15/23andMe-Web-Site Welcome to the Future], <em>Portfolio</em>, November, 2007 <br /> <br /> [http://biz.yahoo.com/prnews/071116/nyf010.html?.v=101 deCODE Launches deCODEme(TM)], November, 2007<br /> <br /> [http://www.the-infoshop.com/study/cd55230-genome.html Sequencing technology],<em>&nbsp;the-infoshop,</em> August, 2007<br /> <br /> [http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory?id=3232186 Scientist Gets Own Personal Genome Map], <em>abc NEWS</em>, June, 2007<br /> <br /> [http://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/newsrel/science/1kgenome06.asp $1000 genome grant to Xiaohua Huang], <em>UCSC News Center, October, &nbsp;</em>2006<br /> <br /> [http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/03/0307_060307_dna.html Coming Soon: Your Personal DNA Map?], <em>National Geographic</em>, March, 2006</font> <br /> <br /> 03cb474c91c1df1735a4cadb2af594245cd48879 1701 2007-12-21T07:06:43Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki <font face="Times New Roman" size="4">[http://www.technologyreview.com/Biotech/19824/&nbsp; <strong>Your Personal Genome</strong> George Church wants to sequence your genome], <em>Technology Review<strong> </strong></em>December, 2007<br /> <br /> [http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/17/us/17dna.html?_r=1&amp;hp&amp;oref=slogin My Genome, Myself: Seeking Clues in DNA], <em>New York Times</em>, November, 2007&nbsp;<br /> <br /> [http://www.wired.com/medtech/genetics/magazine/15-12/ff_genomics 23andMe Will Decode Your DNA for $1000. Welcome to the Age of Genomics], <em>Wired Magazine</em>, November 2007&nbsp;<br /> <br /> [http://www.portfolio.com/news-markets/national-news/portfolio/2007/10/15/23andMe-Web-Site Welcome to the Future], <em>Portfolio</em>, November, 2007 <br /> <br /> [http://biz.yahoo.com/prnews/071116/nyf010.html?.v=101 deCODE Launches deCODEme(TM)], <em>Yahoo FINANCE, </em>November, 2007<br /> <br /> [http://biz.yahoo.com/prnews/071106/netu044a.html?.v=1 Navigenics Launches With Preeminent Team of Advisers, Partners and Investors], <em>Yahoo FINANCE</em>, November, 2007<br /> <br /> [http://www.the-infoshop.com/study/cd55230-genome.html Sequencing technology],<em>&nbsp;the-infoshop,</em> August, 2007<br /> <br /> [http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory?id=3232186 Scientist Gets Own Personal Genome Map], <em>abc NEWS</em>, June, 2007<br /> <br /> [http://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/newsrel/science/1kgenome06.asp $1000 genome grant to Xiaohua Huang], <em>UCSC News Center, October, &nbsp;</em>2006<br /> <br /> [http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/03/0307_060307_dna.html Coming Soon: Your Personal DNA Map?], <em>National Geographic</em>, March, 2006</font> <br /> <br /> 70481a6476dcdf0ef493fac245da1aabcdf6d09f 1702 2007-12-21T07:12:05Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki <font face="Times New Roman" size="4">[http://www.technologyreview.com/Biotech/19824/&nbsp; <strong>Your Personal Genome</strong> George Church wants to sequence your genome], <em>Technology Review<strong> </strong></em>December, 2007<br /> <br /> [http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/17/us/17dna.html?_r=1&amp;hp&amp;oref=slogin My Genome, Myself: Seeking Clues in DNA], <em>New York Times</em>, November, 2007&nbsp;<br /> <br /> [http://www.wired.com/medtech/genetics/magazine/15-12/ff_genomics 23andMe Will Decode Your DNA for $1000. Welcome to the Age of Genomics], <em>Wired Magazine</em>, November 2007&nbsp;<br /> <br /> [http://www.portfolio.com/news-markets/national-news/portfolio/2007/10/15/23andMe-Web-Site Welcome to the Future], <em>Portfolio</em>, November, 2007 <br /> <br /> [http://biz.yahoo.com/prnews/071116/nyf010.html?.v=101 deCODE Launches deCODEme(TM)], <em>Yahoo FINANCE, </em>November, 2007<br /> <br /> [http://biz.yahoo.com/prnews/071106/netu044a.html?.v=1 Navigenics Launches With Preeminent Team of Advisers, Partners and Investors], <em>Yahoo FINANCE</em>, November, 2007<br /> <br /> [http://www.the-infoshop.com/study/cd55230-genome.html Sequencing technology],<em>&nbsp;the-infoshop,</em> August, 2007<br /> <br /> [http://www.bcm.edu/news/packages/watson_genome.cfm&nbsp;Nobel laureate James Watson receives personal genome in ceremony at Baylor College of Medicine], <em>BCM</em>, May, 2007<br /> <br /> [http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory?id=3232186 Scientist Gets Own Personal Genome Map], <em>abc NEWS</em>, June, 2007<br /> <br /> [http://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/newsrel/science/1kgenome06.asp $1000 genome grant to Xiaohua Huang], <em>UCSC News Center, October, &nbsp;</em>2006<br /> <br /> [http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/03/0307_060307_dna.html Coming Soon: Your Personal DNA Map?], <em>National Geographic</em>, March, 2006</font> <br /> <br /> 710f07d229dccb26aca7d01633cc1795cacc3280 1703 2007-12-21T07:12:41Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman">[http://www.technologyreview.com/Biotech/19824/&nbsp; <strong>Your Personal Genome</strong> George Church wants to sequence your genome], <em>Technology Review<strong> </strong></em>December, 2007<br /> <br /> [http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/17/us/17dna.html?_r=1&amp;hp&amp;oref=slogin My Genome, Myself: Seeking Clues in DNA], <em>New York Times</em>, November, 2007&nbsp;<br /> <br /> [http://www.wired.com/medtech/genetics/magazine/15-12/ff_genomics 23andMe Will Decode Your DNA for $1000. Welcome to the Age of Genomics], <em>Wired Magazine</em>, November 2007&nbsp;<br /> <br /> [http://www.portfolio.com/news-markets/national-news/portfolio/2007/10/15/23andMe-Web-Site Welcome to the Future], <em>Portfolio</em>, November, 2007 <br /> <br /> [http://biz.yahoo.com/prnews/071116/nyf010.html?.v=101 deCODE Launches deCODEme(TM)], <em>Yahoo FINANCE, </em>November, 2007<br /> <br /> [http://biz.yahoo.com/prnews/071106/netu044a.html?.v=1 Navigenics Launches With Preeminent Team of Advisers, Partners and Investors], <em>Yahoo FINANCE</em>, November, 2007<br /> <br /> [http://www.the-infoshop.com/study/cd55230-genome.html Sequencing technology],<em>&nbsp;the-infoshop,</em> August, 2007<br /> <br /> [http://www.bcm.edu/news/packages/watson_genome.cfm&nbsp;Nobel laureate James Watson receives personal genome in ceremony at Baylor College of Medicine], <em>BCM</em>, May, 2007<br /> <br /> [http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory?id=3232186 Scientist Gets Own Personal Genome Map], <em>abc NEWS</em>, June, 2007<br /> <br /> [http://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/newsrel/science/1kgenome06.asp $1000 genome grant to Xiaohua Huang], <em>UCSC News Center, October, &nbsp;</em>2006<br /> <br /> [http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/03/0307_060307_dna.html Coming Soon: Your Personal DNA Map?], <em>National Geographic</em>, March, 2006</font> <br /> <br /> </font> 5d5f39a298a30be6296b36a179c4ef4a2cc1fd21 0 1544 1710 2007-12-21T07:36:05Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki <br /><h2>Title</h2> <a href="http://www.decodeme.com/images/logo.png"><font size="2"><strong>http://www.decodeme.com/images/logo.png</strong></font></a><strong>&nbsp;&nbsp; deCODEme</strong><br /> <br /> <h2>Description</h2> deCODEme offers the first personalized Genetic Scan with online analysis <h2>Additional Information</h2> Rank: 525,106<br /> Address: <br /> Latitude: <br />Longitude: <br /><br /><a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/decodeme.com?metric=uv"> <img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/decodeme.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.decodeme.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.decodeme.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=decodeme.com" /></a> <br /><br /> <br /><h2>Keywords</h2> <br /> [[Genetic Marker]], [[Genetic Risk]], [[Ancestry]], [[Disease Risk]], [[Gene Discovery]], [[Genealogy]], [[Genes]], [[Genetic]], [[Genomics]], [[Genotyping]], [[Human Genome]], [[My Genes]], [[My DNA]], [[Risk Factors]], [[Roots]], [[SNP]], [[Your DNA]], [[Your Genes]], [[deCODE genetics]], [[Kari Stefansson]] <h2>Related Websites</h2> <br /><h2>External services</h2> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/decodeme.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=decodeme.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/decodeme.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.decodeme.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] | [http://search.about.com/fullsearch.htm?terms=decodeme.com <font size="1"><strong>About</strong></font>] | [http://www.aboutus.org/decodeme.com <font size="1"><strong>AboutUS</strong></font>]<br /> 488c3d62f0c7544e1e10a2d16ace24e4dce254bf 1711 2007-12-21T07:36:26Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki <br /><h2>Title</h2> <a href="http://www.decodeme.com/images/logo.png"><font size="2"><strong>http://www.decodeme.com/images/logo.png</strong></font></a><strong>&nbsp;&nbsp; <font size="2">deCODEme</font></strong> <h2>Description</h2> deCODEme offers the first personalized Genetic Scan with online analysis <h2>Additional Information</h2> Rank: 525,106<br /> Address: <br /> Latitude: <br />Longitude: <br /><br /><a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/decodeme.com?metric=uv"> <img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/decodeme.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.decodeme.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.decodeme.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=decodeme.com" /></a> <br /><br /> <br /><h2>Keywords</h2> <br /> [[Genetic Marker]], [[Genetic Risk]], [[Ancestry]], [[Disease Risk]], [[Gene Discovery]], [[Genealogy]], [[Genes]], [[Genetic]], [[Genomics]], [[Genotyping]], [[Human Genome]], [[My Genes]], [[My DNA]], [[Risk Factors]], [[Roots]], [[SNP]], [[Your DNA]], [[Your Genes]], [[deCODE genetics]], [[Kari Stefansson]] <h2>Related Websites</h2> <br /><h2>External services</h2> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/decodeme.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=decodeme.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/decodeme.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.decodeme.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] | [http://search.about.com/fullsearch.htm?terms=decodeme.com <font size="1"><strong>About</strong></font>] | [http://www.aboutus.org/decodeme.com <font size="1"><strong>AboutUS</strong></font>]<br /> a1ab8801bec570fd4613b4127712605fd5d31f76 0 1543 1712 2007-12-21T10:34:07Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki <br /><h2>Title</h2> <a href="https://www.23andmeobjects.com/res/1694/img/public/logo.png"><font size="2"><strong>https://www.23andmeobjects.com/res/1694/img/public/logo.png</strong></font></a><strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;</strong><strong>2</strong><strong>3andme<br /> <br /> </strong> <h2>Description</h2> 23andMe - Genetics Just Got Personal. <br /> Welcome to 23andMe, a web-based service that helps you read and understand your DNA. After providing a saliva sample using an at-home kit, you can use our interactive tools to shed new light on your distant ancestors, your close family and most of all, yourself.<br /> <br /> <h2>Main Services</h2> 1.Gene journal A.GrandTree B.Genome view 2.Ancestry A.Discover your maternal roots B.Discover how similar you are to other populations 3.Family inheritance 4.Genome labs <h2>Additional Information</h2> Rank: 147,850<br /> Address: <br /> Latitude: <br />Longitude: <br /><br /><a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/23andme.com?metric=uv"> <img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/23andme.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.23andme.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.23andme.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=23andme.com" /></a> <br /><br /> <br /><h2>Keywords</h2> <br /> <br /><h2>Related Websites</h2> <br /><h2>External services</h2> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/23andme.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=23andme.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/23andme.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.23andme.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] | [http://search.about.com/fullsearch.htm?terms=23andme.com <font size="1"><strong>About</strong></font>] | [http://www.aboutus.org/23andme.com <font size="1"><strong>AboutUS</strong></font>]<br /> 6641ab9c25c21e7424f441cbf857b382f724852f 1713 2007-12-21T10:35:12Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki <br /><h2>Title</h2> <a href="https://www.23andmeobjects.com/res/1694/img/public/logo.png"><font size="2"><strong>https://www.23andmeobjects.com/res/1694/img/public/logo.png</strong></font></a><strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;</strong><strong>2</strong><strong>3andme<br /> <br /> </strong> <h2>Description</h2> 23andMe - Genetics Just Got Personal. <br /> Welcome to 23andMe, a web-based service that helps you read and understand your DNA. After providing a saliva sample using an at-home kit, you can use our interactive tools to shed new light on your distant ancestors, your close family and most of all, yourself.<br /> <br /> <h2>Main Services</h2> <font face="Times New Roman" size="2">1.Gene journal&nbsp;<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A.GrandTree <br /> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; B.Genome view&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 2.Ancestry&nbsp;<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp; A.Discover your maternal roots&nbsp;<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp; B.Discover how similar you are to other populations&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 3.Family inheritance <br /> <br /> 4.Genome labs</font> <h2>Additional Information</h2> Rank: 147,850<br /> Address: <br /> Latitude: <br />Longitude: <br /><br /><a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/23andme.com?metric=uv"> <img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/23andme.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.23andme.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.23andme.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=23andme.com" /></a> <br /><br /> <br /><h2>Keywords</h2> <br /> <br /><h2>Related Websites</h2> <br /><h2>External services</h2> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/23andme.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=23andme.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/23andme.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.23andme.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] | [http://search.about.com/fullsearch.htm?terms=23andme.com <font size="1"><strong>About</strong></font>] | [http://www.aboutus.org/23andme.com <font size="1"><strong>AboutUS</strong></font>]<br /> 48bf8ec2eaa666a70bc1d2f4921320fe402588cc 1714 2007-12-21T10:40:23Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki <br /><h2>Title</h2> <a href="https://www.23andmeobjects.com/res/1694/img/public/logo.png"><font size="2"><strong>https://www.23andmeobjects.com/res/1694/img/public/logo.png</strong></font></a><strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;</strong><strong>2</strong><strong>3andme<br /> <br /> </strong> <h2>Description</h2> 23andMe - Genetics Just Got Personal. <br /> Welcome to 23andMe, a web-based service that helps you read and understand your DNA. After providing a saliva sample using an at-home kit, you can use our interactive tools to shed new light on your distant ancestors, your close family and most of all, yourself.<br /> <br /> <h2>Main Services</h2> <font face="Times New Roman" size="3">1.[https://www.23andme.com/ourservice/journal/ Gene journal]&nbsp;<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> 2.[https://www.23andme.com/ourservice/ancestry/ Ancestry]&nbsp;<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp; A.Discover your maternal roots&nbsp;<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp; B.Discover how similar you are to other populations&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 3.[https://www.23andme.com/ourservice/inheritance/ Family inheritance] <br /> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A.GrandTree <br /> <br /> 4.[https://www.23andme.com/ourservice/labs/ Genome labs]</font>&nbsp;<font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <font size="3">A.Genome view</font>&nbsp;</font> <h2>Additional Information</h2> Rank: 147,850<br /> Address: <br /> Latitude: <br />Longitude: <br /><br /><a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/23andme.com?metric=uv"> <img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/23andme.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.23andme.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.23andme.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=23andme.com" /></a> <br /><br /> <br /><h2>Keywords</h2> <br /> <br /><h2>Related Websites</h2> <br /><h2>External services</h2> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/23andme.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=23andme.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/23andme.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.23andme.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] | [http://search.about.com/fullsearch.htm?terms=23andme.com <font size="1"><strong>About</strong></font>] | [http://www.aboutus.org/23andme.com <font size="1"><strong>AboutUS</strong></font>]<br /> 39c66a07389eb20f8d847f09f3ba5855ab2e5d30 1715 2007-12-21T10:41:44Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki <br /><h2>Title</h2> <a href="https://www.23andmeobjects.com/res/1694/img/public/logo.png"><font size="2"><strong>https://www.23andmeobjects.com/res/1694/img/public/logo.png</strong></font></a><strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;</strong><strong>2</strong><strong>3andme<br /> <br /> </strong> <h2>Description</h2> 23andMe - Genetics Just Got Personal. <br /> Welcome to 23andMe, a web-based service that helps you read and understand your DNA. After providing a saliva sample using an at-home kit, you can use our interactive tools to shed new light on your distant ancestors, your close family and most of all, yourself.<br /> <br /> <h2>Main Services</h2> <font face="Times New Roman" size="3">1.[https://www.23andme.com/ourservice/journal/ Gene journal]&nbsp;<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> 2.[https://www.23andme.com/ourservice/ancestry/ Ancestry]&nbsp;<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp; A.Discover your maternal roots&nbsp;<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp; B.Discover how similar you are to other populations&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 3.[https://www.23andme.com/ourservice/inheritance/ Family inheritance]&nbsp;<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A.GrandTree <br /> <br /> 4.[https://www.23andme.com/ourservice/labs/ Genome labs]</font>&nbsp;<font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <font size="3">A.Genome view</font>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <br /> </font> <h2>Additional Information</h2> Rank: 147,850<br /> Address: <br /> Latitude: <br />Longitude: <br /><br /><a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/23andme.com?metric=uv"> <img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/23andme.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.23andme.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.23andme.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=23andme.com" /></a> <br /><br /> <br /><h2>Keywords</h2> <br /> <br /><h2>Related Websites</h2> <br /><h2>External services</h2> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/23andme.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=23andme.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/23andme.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.23andme.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] | [http://search.about.com/fullsearch.htm?terms=23andme.com <font size="1"><strong>About</strong></font>] | [http://www.aboutus.org/23andme.com <font size="1"><strong>AboutUS</strong></font>]<br /> 3152c36ac74f7a0cb7cc4726f0212b445fc911d8 0 1542 1716 2007-12-21T10:42:42Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki <br /> <h2>Title</h2> <strong><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Navigenics</font></strong><br /> <br /> <h2>Description</h2> Navigenics helps you develop a personalized health and wellness strategy, guided by an in-depth understanding of your genetic profile, using the latest developments in science and medicine. <br /> <br /> <h2>Additional Information</h2> Rank: 722,815<br /> Address: <br /> Latitude: <br /> Longitude: <br /> <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/navigenics.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/navigenics.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.navigenics.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.navigenics.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=navigenics.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <br /> <h2>Keywords</h2> [[genetic scan]], [[ genome scan]], [[ genetic test]], [[ genetic scan]], [[ genetic profile]], [[ dna testing]], [[ disease]], [[ marker]], [[ snp]]<br /> <br /> <h2>Related Websites</h2> <br /> <h2>External services</h2> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/navigenics.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=navigenics.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/navigenics.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.navigenics.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] | [http://search.about.com/fullsearch.htm?terms=navigenics.com <font size="1"><strong>About</strong></font>] | [http://www.aboutus.org/navigenics.com <font size="1"><strong>AboutUS</strong></font>]<br /> 05a231ebeb03683285b475ea75d23b66aa5fc683 0 1535 1717 2007-12-21T14:39:18Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 1718 2007-12-21T14:57:20Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Celera.com]]<br /> <br /> [[Affymetrix.com]]<br /> <br /> [[Illumina.com]] a612c3aa62d9d75781826f8e2554ee49e701ec1c 1720 2007-12-21T15:12:33Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Celera.com]]<br /> <br /> [[Affymetrix.com]]<br /> <br /> [[Illumina.com]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> [[decode.com]]<br /> <br /> [[nanogen.com]]<br /> <br /> [[nimblegen.com]] 942bb6e910bd4c64de2499f6d155089eaf7cab6c 1728 2007-12-21T15:22:38Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Celera.com]]<br /> <br /> [[Affymetrix.com]]<br /> <br /> [[Illumina.com]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> [[decode.com]]<br /> <br /> [[Nanogen.com]]<br /> <br /> [[Nimblegen.com]] <br /> <br /> [[Appliedbiosystems.com]]<br /> <br /> [[Genebase.com]]<br /> <br /> [[Dnaancestryproject.com]]<br /> <br /> [[Gene.com]]<br /> <br /> [[Genetree.com]] 8cb4f9e0426441f60975f2e364a31e14b4213a87 1731 2007-12-21T15:27:49Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Celera.com]]<br /> <br /> [[Affymetrix.com]]<br /> <br /> [[Illumina.com]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> [[decode.com]]<br /> <br /> [[Nanogen.com]]<br /> <br /> [[Nimblegen.com]] <br /> <br /> [[Appliedbiosystems.com]]<br /> 64b767acd8cf951a7f91e5cd97772dce244c22c0 1732 2007-12-21T15:32:01Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Celera.com]]<br /> <br /> [[Affymetrix.com]]<br /> <br /> [[Illumina.com]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> [[decode.com]]<br /> <br /> [[Nanogen.com]]<br /> <br /> [[Nimblegen.com]] <br /> <br /> [[Appliedbiosystems.com]]<br /> <br /> [[biosyn.com[[<br /> 61f75cb80d13ebf767c299a6492e8f01e9f6a7b9 1733 2007-12-21T15:32:14Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Celera.com]]<br /> <br /> [[Affymetrix.com]]<br /> <br /> [[Illumina.com]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> [[decode.com]]<br /> <br /> [[Nanogen.com]]<br /> <br /> [[Nimblegen.com]] <br /> <br /> [[Appliedbiosystems.com]]<br /> <br /> [[biosyn.com]]<br /> 5352c9948cce168689f4cf4c70b930b03c45f574 1735 2007-12-21T15:34:53Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Celera.com]]<br /> <br /> [[Affymetrix.com]]<br /> <br /> [[Illumina.com]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> [[decode.com]]<br /> <br /> [[Nanogen.com]]<br /> <br /> [[Nimblegen.com]] <br /> <br /> [[Appliedbiosystems.com]]<br /> <br /> [[23andme.com]]<br /> <br /> [[decodeme.com]]<br /> <br /> [[Navigenics.com]] c2c1dcd6c8fe792aac34620e6f67d38890f3bfa6 1736 2007-12-21T15:38:21Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Celera.com]]<br /> <br /> [[Affymetrix.com]]<br /> <br /> [[Illumina.com]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> [[decode.com]]<br /> <br /> [[Nanogen.com]]<br /> <br /> [[Nimblegen.com]] <br /> <br /> [[Appliedbiosystems.com]]<br /> <br /> [[23andme.com]]<br /> <br /> [[decodeme.com]]<br /> <br /> [[Navigenics.com]] <br /> <br /> [[ancestry-dna.com]]<br /> <br /> 1ec18b8bc3238d967d70d283be7f5a0dd39b0644 1738 2007-12-21T15:42:27Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Celera.com]]<br /> <br /> [[Affymetrix.com]]<br /> <br /> [[Illumina.com]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> [[decode.com]]<br /> <br /> [[Nanogen.com]]<br /> <br /> [[Nimblegen.com]] <br /> <br /> [[Appliedbiosystems.com]]<br /> <br /> [[23andme.com]]<br /> <br /> [[decodeme.com]]<br /> <br /> [[Navigenics.com]] <br /> <br /> [[ancestry-dna.com]]<br /> <br /> [[familytreedna.com]]<br /> <br /> [[ancestry.com]]<br /> 323a1391af551e94b32fdc36819968a8b50c25ae 1753 2007-12-27T14:44:37Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Celera.com]]&nbsp; Celera: Providing Actionable Diagnostic &amp; Genomic Solutions <br /> <br /> [[Affymetrix.com]]&nbsp; <em>Affymetrix is dedicated to developing state-of-the-art technology for acquiring, analyzing, and managing complex genetic information for use in biomedical research. Affymetrix sells GeneChip&reg; brand arrays.</em> <br /> <br /> [[Illumina.com]]&nbsp; Home - Illumina, Inc. <br /> <br /> [[decode.com]] deCODE genetics<br /> <br /> [[Nanogen.com]] Nanogen's advanced diagnostics provide researchers, healthcare professionals and patients worldwide with improved methods and tests to investigate, predict, diagnose and ultimately help treat disease.<br /> <br /> [[Nimblegen.com]] NimbleGen Systems, Inc. - Home <br /> <br /> [[Appliedbiosystems.com]]<br /> <br /> [[23andme.com]]<br /> <br /> [[decodeme.com]]<br /> <br /> [[Navigenics.com]] <br /> <br /> [[ancestry-dna.com]]<br /> <br /> [[familytreedna.com]]<br /> <br /> [[ancestry.com]]<br /> 32aca02c40c66a20728393cd657864e4c2b687f0 1754 2007-12-27T14:45:05Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki <font face="Times New Roman" size="2">[[Celera.com]]&nbsp; Celera: Providing Actionable Diagnostic &amp; Genomic Solutions <br /> <br /> [[Affymetrix.com]]&nbsp; <em>Affymetrix is dedicated to developing state-of-the-art technology for acquiring, analyzing, and managing complex genetic information for use in biomedical research. Affymetrix sells GeneChip&reg; brand arrays.</em> <br /> <br /> [[Illumina.com]]&nbsp; Home - Illumina, Inc. <br /> <br /> [[decode.com]] deCODE genetics<br /> <br /> [[Nanogen.com]] Nanogen's advanced diagnostics provide researchers, healthcare professionals and patients worldwide with improved methods and tests to investigate, predict, diagnose and ultimately help treat disease.<br /> <br /> [[Nimblegen.com]] NimbleGen Systems, Inc. - Home <br /> <br /> [[Appliedbiosystems.com]]<br /> <br /> [[23andme.com]]<br /> <br /> [[decodeme.com]]<br /> <br /> [[Navigenics.com]] <br /> <br /> [[ancestry-dna.com]]<br /> <br /> [[familytreedna.com]]<br /> <br /> [[ancestry.com]]<br /> </font> 8af4ed1eb940a78782f038225c284e1354094400 1755 2007-12-27T14:46:00Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki <font face="Times New Roman" size="2">[[Celera.com| Celera]]&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> Celera: Providing Actionable Diagnostic &amp; Genomic Solutions <br /> <br /> [[Affymetrix.com]]&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> <em>Affymetrix is dedicated to developing state-of-the-art technology for acquiring, analyzing, and managing complex genetic information for use in biomedical research. Affymetrix sells GeneChip&reg; brand arrays.</em> <br /> <br /> [[Illumina.com]]&nbsp; Home - Illumina, Inc. <br /> <br /> [[decode.com]] deCODE genetics<br /> <br /> [[Nanogen.com]] Nanogen's advanced diagnostics provide researchers, healthcare professionals and patients worldwide with improved methods and tests to investigate, predict, diagnose and ultimately help treat disease.<br /> <br /> [[Nimblegen.com]] NimbleGen Systems, Inc. - Home <br /> <br /> [[Appliedbiosystems.com]]<br /> <br /> [[23andme.com]]<br /> <br /> [[decodeme.com]]<br /> <br /> [[Navigenics.com]] <br /> <br /> [[ancestry-dna.com]]<br /> <br /> [[familytreedna.com]]<br /> <br /> [[ancestry.com]]<br /> </font> f1f25f82e7850fc83da0733a3dd9c3b53a6897ae 1756 2007-12-27T14:46:57Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki <font face="Times New Roman" size="2">[[Celera.com| Celera]]&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> Providing Actionable Diagnostic &amp; Genomic Solutions <br /> <br /> [[Affymetrix.com| Affymetrix]]&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> <em>Affymetrix is dedicated to developing state-of-the-art technology for acquiring, analyzing, and managing complex genetic information for use in biomedical research. Affymetrix sells GeneChip&reg; brand arrays.</em> <br /> <br /> [[Illumina.com| Illumina]]&nbsp; Home - Illumina, Inc. <br /> <br /> [[decode.com| deCODE]] deCODE genetics<br /> <br /> [[Nanogen.com| Nanogen]] Nanogen's advanced diagnostics provide researchers, healthcare professionals and patients worldwide with improved methods and tests to investigate, predict, diagnose and ultimately help treat disease.<br /> <br /> [[Nimblegen.com]] NimbleGen Systems, Inc. - Home <br /> <br /> [[Appliedbiosystems.com]]<br /> <br /> [[23andme.com]]<br /> <br /> [[decodeme.com]]<br /> <br /> [[Navigenics.com]] <br /> <br /> [[ancestry-dna.com]]<br /> <br /> [[familytreedna.com]]<br /> <br /> [[ancestry.com]]<br /> </font> 3a428d89ad2f90cf2d2994e9926081642c9d8885 1758 2007-12-27T14:54:49Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki <font face="Times New Roman" size="2">[[Celera.com| Celera]]&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> Providing Actionable Diagnostic &amp; Genomic Solutions <br /> <br /> [[Affymetrix.com| Affymetrix]]&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> Affymetrix is dedicated to developing state-of-the-art technology for acquiring, analyzing, and managing complex genetic information for use in biomedical research. Affymetrix sells GeneChip&reg; brand arrays. <br /> <br /> [[Illumina.com| Illumina]]&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> Illumina, Inc. <br /> <br /> [[decode.com| deCODE]]<br /> &nbsp;deCODE genetics<br /> <br /> [[Nanogen.com| Nanogen]]&nbsp;<br /> Nanogen's advanced diagnostics provide researchers, healthcare professionals and patients worldwide with improved methods and tests to investigate, predict, diagnose and ultimately help treat disease.<br /> <br /> [[Nimblegen.com| NimbleGen]]&nbsp;<br /> NimbleGen Systems, Inc. <br /> <br /> [[Appliedbiosystems.com]]<br /> Applied Biosystems<br /> <br /> [[23andme.com| 23andMe]]<br /> 23andMe, Inc.<br /> <br /> [[decodeme.com| deCODEme]]<br /> deCODEme offers the first personalized Genetic Scan with online analysis <br /> <br /> [[Navigenics.com| <strong>Navigenics</strong>]] <br /> Navigenics helps you develop a personalized health and wellness strategy, guided by an in-depth understanding of your genetic profile, using the latest developments in science and medicine. <br /> <br /> <br /> [[familytreedna.com| Family Tree DNA]]<br /> Family Tree DNA - we do genetic tests for your genealogy questions!&nbsp;<br /> <br /> [[ancestry.com| Ancestry.com]]<br /> Genealogy, Family Trees and Family History Records online - Ancestry.com</font> a2f3bed3354f70b3612c02ae5333dc28adc7ef01 1759 2007-12-27T14:55:12Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki <font face="Times New Roman" size="2"><font size="3">[[Celera.com| Celera]]</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;Providing Actionable Diagnostic &amp; Genomic Solutions <br /> <br /> [[Affymetrix.com| Affymetrix]]&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> Affymetrix is dedicated to developing state-of-the-art technology for acquiring, analyzing, and managing complex genetic information for use in biomedical research. Affymetrix sells GeneChip&reg; brand arrays. <br /> <br /> [[Illumina.com| Illumina]]&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> Illumina, Inc. <br /> <br /> [[decode.com| deCODE]]<br /> &nbsp;deCODE genetics<br /> <br /> [[Nanogen.com| Nanogen]]&nbsp;<br /> Nanogen's advanced diagnostics provide researchers, healthcare professionals and patients worldwide with improved methods and tests to investigate, predict, diagnose and ultimately help treat disease.<br /> <br /> [[Nimblegen.com| NimbleGen]]&nbsp;<br /> NimbleGen Systems, Inc. <br /> <br /> [[Appliedbiosystems.com]]<br /> Applied Biosystems<br /> <br /> [[23andme.com| 23andMe]]<br /> 23andMe, Inc.<br /> <br /> [[decodeme.com| deCODEme]]<br /> deCODEme offers the first personalized Genetic Scan with online analysis <br /> <br /> [[Navigenics.com| <strong>Navigenics</strong>]] <br /> Navigenics helps you develop a personalized health and wellness strategy, guided by an in-depth understanding of your genetic profile, using the latest developments in science and medicine. <br /> <br /> <br /> [[familytreedna.com| Family Tree DNA]]<br /> Family Tree DNA - we do genetic tests for your genealogy questions!&nbsp;<br /> <br /> [[ancestry.com| Ancestry.com]]<br /> Genealogy, Family Trees and Family History Records online - Ancestry.com</font> 5015e02ded4561cb2f92b19bbb344c173d61320b 1760 2007-12-27T14:55:37Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki <font face="Times New Roman" size="2"><font size="3">[[Celera.com| Celera </font>Providing Actionable Diagnostic &amp; Genomic Solutions]] <br /> <br /> [[Affymetrix.com| Affymetrix]]&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> Affymetrix is dedicated to developing state-of-the-art technology for acquiring, analyzing, and managing complex genetic information for use in biomedical research. Affymetrix sells GeneChip&reg; brand arrays. <br /> <br /> [[Illumina.com| Illumina]]&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> Illumina, Inc. <br /> <br /> [[decode.com| deCODE]]<br /> &nbsp;deCODE genetics<br /> <br /> [[Nanogen.com| Nanogen]]&nbsp;<br /> Nanogen's advanced diagnostics provide researchers, healthcare professionals and patients worldwide with improved methods and tests to investigate, predict, diagnose and ultimately help treat disease.<br /> <br /> [[Nimblegen.com| NimbleGen]]&nbsp;<br /> NimbleGen Systems, Inc. <br /> <br /> [[Appliedbiosystems.com]]<br /> Applied Biosystems<br /> <br /> [[23andme.com| 23andMe]]<br /> 23andMe, Inc.<br /> <br /> [[decodeme.com| deCODEme]]<br /> deCODEme offers the first personalized Genetic Scan with online analysis <br /> <br /> [[Navigenics.com| <strong>Navigenics</strong>]] <br /> Navigenics helps you develop a personalized health and wellness strategy, guided by an in-depth understanding of your genetic profile, using the latest developments in science and medicine. <br /> <br /> <br /> [[familytreedna.com| Family Tree DNA]]<br /> Family Tree DNA - we do genetic tests for your genealogy questions!&nbsp;<br /> <br /> [[ancestry.com| Ancestry.com]]<br /> Genealogy, Family Trees and Family History Records online - Ancestry.com</font> 2c42aabf2af907104ec06c3296f878228251ef66 1761 2007-12-27T14:55:57Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki <font face="Times New Roman" size="2"><font size="3">[[Celera.com| Celera: ]] </font>Providing Actionable Diagnostic &amp; Genomic Solutions<br /> <br /> [[Affymetrix.com| Affymetrix]]&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> Affymetrix is dedicated to developing state-of-the-art technology for acquiring, analyzing, and managing complex genetic information for use in biomedical research. Affymetrix sells GeneChip&reg; brand arrays. <br /> <br /> [[Illumina.com| Illumina]]&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> Illumina, Inc. <br /> <br /> [[decode.com| deCODE]]<br /> &nbsp;deCODE genetics<br /> <br /> [[Nanogen.com| Nanogen]]&nbsp;<br /> Nanogen's advanced diagnostics provide researchers, healthcare professionals and patients worldwide with improved methods and tests to investigate, predict, diagnose and ultimately help treat disease.<br /> <br /> [[Nimblegen.com| NimbleGen]]&nbsp;<br /> NimbleGen Systems, Inc. <br /> <br /> [[Appliedbiosystems.com]]<br /> Applied Biosystems<br /> <br /> [[23andme.com| 23andMe]]<br /> 23andMe, Inc.<br /> <br /> [[decodeme.com| deCODEme]]<br /> deCODEme offers the first personalized Genetic Scan with online analysis <br /> <br /> [[Navigenics.com| <strong>Navigenics</strong>]] <br /> Navigenics helps you develop a personalized health and wellness strategy, guided by an in-depth understanding of your genetic profile, using the latest developments in science and medicine. <br /> <br /> <br /> [[familytreedna.com| Family Tree DNA]]<br /> Family Tree DNA - we do genetic tests for your genealogy questions!&nbsp;<br /> <br /> [[ancestry.com| Ancestry.com]]<br /> Genealogy, Family Trees and Family History Records online - Ancestry.com</font> d1170cf692f792666b53a9dde60249442357eadf 0 1545 1719 2007-12-21T15:11:16Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki <br /><h2>Title</h2> Celera: Providing Actionable Diagnostic & Genomic Solutions <br /><br /><h2>Description</h2> Celera's mission is to discover and develop meaningful new therapies that improve human health. We are applying our diverse genomics, bioinformatics, medicinal chemistry and biology technology platforms to identify and validate drug targets, a<br /> <br /><h2>Additional Information</h2> Rank: 1,181,157<br /> Address: 45 W Gude Dr Rockville, MD 20850 US<br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/celera.com?metric=uv"> <img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/celera.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.celera.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.celera.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=celera.com" /></a> <br /><br /> <br /><h2>Keywords</h2> [[celera]], [[celera genomics]], [[genomics]], [[genome]], [[targeted medicine]], [[drug discovery]], [[drug development]], [[bioinformatics]], [[genotyping]], [[gene expression]], [[cathepsin]], [[target discovery]], [[target validation]], [[human genome]], [[mouse genome]], [[applera genomics initiative]], [[diagnostics]], [[applera corporation]], [[applied biosystems]], [[CRI]], [[celera diagnostics]], [[ABI]], [[kathy ordonez]]<br /> <br /><h2>Related Websites</h2> [http://www.celeradiscoverysystem.com www.celeradiscoverysystem.com] <br />[http://www.zoomedia.com www.zoomedia.com] <br />[http://www.geneticsinmedicine.org www.geneticsinmedicine.org] <br />[http://www.resumeware.net www.resumeware.net] <br />[http://www.applera.com www.applera.com] <br />[http://www.bhlinc.com www.bhlinc.com] <br />[http://www.corporate-ir.net www.corporate-ir.net] <br /><br /><h2>External services</h2> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/celera.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=celera.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/celera.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.celera.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] | [http://search.about.com/fullsearch.htm?terms=celera.com <font size="1"><strong>About</strong></font>] | [http://www.aboutus.org/celera.com <font size="1"><strong>AboutUS</strong></font>]<br /> eaaaac1179683ceb9001bd8fe40324da8428a0bf 1749 2007-12-27T14:39:21Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki <br /><h2>Title</h2> Celera: Providing Actionable Diagnostic & Genomic Solutions <br /><br /><h2>Description</h2> <p>Celera' mission is to discover and develop meaningful new therapies that improve human health. We are engaged in the discovery and development of targeted therapies for cancer, autoimmune and inflammatory diseases (a category that includes diseases such as asthma and rheumatoid arthritis). To identify and validate drug targets and diagnostic marker candidates, and to discover novel therapeutic candidates, we are leveraging capabilities in proteomics , bioinformatics and genomics . We are also seeking to advance therapeutic antibody and selected small molecule drug programs in collaboration with global technology and market leaders. </p> <p>In the area of cancer, Celera has been identifying cell surface proteins associated with four types of cancer&mdash;lung, colon, pancreatic and breast&mdash;that may represent targets for new drugs or diagnostics. Its discoveries from proteomics have recently led to separate collaborations with Abbott Laboratories and Seattle Genetics supporting the discovery and development of targeted therapies for cancer. </p> <p>Celera Genomics has focused its efforts on advancing its small molecule programs, and on the discovery of associations between cell surface proteins and cancer. Our most advanced unpartnered small molecule programs include histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors for cancer and factor VIIa inhibitors as oral and/or parenteral drugs for anticoagulation indications. We have expanded our development organization to support the advancement of internal programs into clinical trials. </p> <h2>Additional Information</h2> Rank: 1,181,157<br /> Address: 45 W Gude Dr Rockville, MD 20850 US<br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/celera.com?metric=uv"> <img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/celera.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.celera.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.celera.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=celera.com" /></a> <br /><br /> <br /><h2>Keywords</h2> [[celera]], [[celera genomics]], [[genomics]], [[genome]], [[targeted medicine]], [[drug discovery]], [[drug development]], [[bioinformatics]], [[genotyping]], [[gene expression]], [[cathepsin]], [[target discovery]], [[target validation]], [[human genome]], [[mouse genome]], [[applera genomics initiative]], [[diagnostics]], [[applera corporation]], [[applied biosystems]], [[CRI]], [[celera diagnostics]], [[ABI]], [[kathy ordonez]]<br /> <br /><h2>Related Websites</h2> [http://www.celeradiscoverysystem.com www.celeradiscoverysystem.com] <br />[http://www.zoomedia.com www.zoomedia.com] <br />[http://www.geneticsinmedicine.org www.geneticsinmedicine.org] <br />[http://www.resumeware.net www.resumeware.net] <br />[http://www.applera.com www.applera.com] <br />[http://www.bhlinc.com www.bhlinc.com] <br />[http://www.corporate-ir.net www.corporate-ir.net] <br /><br /><h2>External services</h2> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/celera.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=celera.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/celera.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.celera.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] | [http://search.about.com/fullsearch.htm?terms=celera.com <font size="1"><strong>About</strong></font>] | [http://www.aboutus.org/celera.com <font size="1"><strong>AboutUS</strong></font>]<br /> 19c298f914e4c6c44356c17848d64fc98e3d8a85 0 1546 1721 2007-12-21T15:12:59Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki <br /><h2>Title</h2> Affymetrix <br /><br /><h2>Description</h2> <br /><h2>Additional Information</h2> Rank: 442,793<br /> Address: 3380 Central Expressway Santa Clara, CA 95051 US<br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/affymetrix.com?metric=uv"> <img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/affymetrix.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.affymetrix.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.affymetrix.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=affymetrix.com" /></a> <br /><br /> <br /><h2>Keywords</h2> <br /> <br /><h2>Related Websites</h2> <br /><h2>External services</h2> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/affymetrix.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=affymetrix.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/affymetrix.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.affymetrix.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] | [http://search.about.com/fullsearch.htm?terms=affymetrix.com <font size="1"><strong>About</strong></font>] | [http://www.aboutus.org/affymetrix.com <font size="1"><strong>AboutUS</strong></font>]<br /> b0fffbdb56b08ce4d1330da621ef397a535ef984 0 1547 1722 2007-12-21T15:13:36Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki <br /><h2>Title</h2> .::. illumina, inc. .::. <br /><br /><h2>Description</h2> <br /><h2>Additional Information</h2> Rank: 488,253<br /> Address: Inc.Null<br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/illumina.com?metric=uv"> <img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/illumina.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.illumina.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.illumina.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=illumina.com" /></a> <br /><br /> <br /><h2>Keywords</h2> <br /> <br /><h2>Related Websites</h2> [http://www.morethansequencing.com www.morethansequencing.com] <br />[http://www.switchtoi.com www.switchtoi.com] <br />[http://www.abrf2008.org www.abrf2008.org] <br />[http://www.intl-pag.org www.intl-pag.org] <br />[http://www.illuminakk.co.jp www.illuminakk.co.jp] <br />[http://www.illumina.com.cn www.illumina.com.cn] <br />[http://www.hugo-ap2008.ph www.hugo-ap2008.ph] <br />[http://www.agbt.org www.agbt.org] <br /><br /><h2>External services</h2> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/illumina.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=illumina.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/illumina.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.illumina.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] | [http://search.about.com/fullsearch.htm?terms=illumina.com <font size="1"><strong>About</strong></font>] | [http://www.aboutus.org/illumina.com <font size="1"><strong>AboutUS</strong></font>]<br /> c207fcc33b4abd67842caf469f0daf71f16e28da 1750 2007-12-27T14:40:53Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki <br /><h2>Title</h2> .::. illumina, inc. .::. <br /><br /><h2>Description</h2> <p>Expression Profiles of 16 Genes Predict Prostate Carcinoma Relapse and Disease Free Survival in Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded (FFPE) Benign and Prostate Carcinoma Tissues Using Universal Bead Arrays. </p> <p>Multiplexed DNA Methylation Profiling Reveals Distinct Methylation Signatures for Human Cancer Cells, Normal Adult Cells, Somatic Cells and Embryonic Stem Cells.</p> <h2>Additional Information</h2> Rank: 488,253<br /> Address: Inc.Null<br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/illumina.com?metric=uv"> <img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/illumina.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.illumina.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.illumina.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=illumina.com" /></a> <br /><br /> <br /><h2>Keywords</h2> <br /> <br /><h2>Related Websites</h2> [http://www.morethansequencing.com www.morethansequencing.com] <br />[http://www.switchtoi.com www.switchtoi.com] <br />[http://www.abrf2008.org www.abrf2008.org] <br />[http://www.intl-pag.org www.intl-pag.org] <br />[http://www.illuminakk.co.jp www.illuminakk.co.jp] <br />[http://www.illumina.com.cn www.illumina.com.cn] <br />[http://www.hugo-ap2008.ph www.hugo-ap2008.ph] <br />[http://www.agbt.org www.agbt.org] <br /><br /><h2>External services</h2> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/illumina.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=illumina.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/illumina.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.illumina.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] | [http://search.about.com/fullsearch.htm?terms=illumina.com <font size="1"><strong>About</strong></font>] | [http://www.aboutus.org/illumina.com <font size="1"><strong>AboutUS</strong></font>]<br /> 184a725705e26f591a3aba22388a4d3c035cb062 0 1548 1723 2007-12-21T15:14:37Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki <br /><h2>Title</h2> deCODE genetics <br /><br /><h2>Description</h2> <br /><h2>Additional Information</h2> Rank: 739,164<br /> Address: DeCode Genetics Inc., Sturlugata 8 Reykjavik 101, ICELAND<br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/decode.com?metric=uv"> <img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/decode.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.decode.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.decode.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=decode.com" /></a> <br /><br /> <br /><h2>Keywords</h2> <br /> <br /><h2>Related Websites</h2> [http://www.decode.com www.decode.com] <br />[http://www.adobe.com www.adobe.com] <br />[http://www.decodeme.com www.decodeme.com] <br />[http://www.decodediagnostics.com www.decodediagnostics.com] <br />[http://www.google-analytics.com www.google-analytics.com] <br /><br /><h2>External services</h2> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/decode.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=decode.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/decode.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.decode.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] | [http://search.about.com/fullsearch.htm?terms=decode.com <font size="1"><strong>About</strong></font>] | [http://www.aboutus.org/decode.com <font size="1"><strong>AboutUS</strong></font>]<br /> 028590bbc88a5bc86778b7f525f8ed67b15f563b 1751 2007-12-27T14:41:55Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki <br /><h2>Title</h2> deCODE genetics <br /><br /><h2>Description</h2> <p>Headquartered in Reykjavik, Iceland, deCODE is a biopharmaceutical company applying its discoveries in human genetics to the development of drugs for common diseases. deCODE is a global leader in gene discovery - our population approach and resources have enabled us to isolate key genes contributing to major public health challenges from cardiovascular disease to cancer, genes that are providing us with drug targets rooted in the basic biology of disease. The company currently has eight lead programs in drug discovery and development, including three in clinical trials, and is broadening its pipeline through gene and target discovery work in 50 of the most common diseases. </p> <p>deCODE is also leveraging its expertise in human genetics and integrated drug discovery and development capabilities to offer innovative products and services in DNA-based diagnostics, bioinformatics, genotyping, structural biology, drug discovery and clinical development.</p> <h2>Additional Information</h2> Rank: 739,164<br /> Address: DeCode Genetics Inc., Sturlugata 8 Reykjavik 101, ICELAND<br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/decode.com?metric=uv"> <img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/decode.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.decode.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.decode.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=decode.com" /></a> <br /><br /> <br /><h2>Keywords</h2> <br /> <br /><h2>Related Websites</h2> [http://www.decode.com www.decode.com] <br />[http://www.adobe.com www.adobe.com] <br />[http://www.decodeme.com www.decodeme.com] <br />[http://www.decodediagnostics.com www.decodediagnostics.com] <br />[http://www.google-analytics.com www.google-analytics.com] <br /><br /><h2>External services</h2> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/decode.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=decode.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/decode.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.decode.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] | [http://search.about.com/fullsearch.htm?terms=decode.com <font size="1"><strong>About</strong></font>] | [http://www.aboutus.org/decode.com <font size="1"><strong>AboutUS</strong></font>]<br /> bbe70de154cc6fe2a15fc31ffd8212609d41bdec 0 1549 1724 2007-12-21T15:15:06Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki <br /><h2>Title</h2> NimbleGen Systems, Inc. - Home <br /><br /><h2>Description</h2> Custom High-Density Oligonucleotide Arrays and Services, the Widest Range of DNA Microarray Applications<br /> <br /><h2>Additional Information</h2> Rank: 1,174,359<br /> Address: One Science Ct Madison, WI 53711 US<br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/nimblegen.com?metric=uv"> <img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/nimblegen.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.nimblegen.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.nimblegen.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=nimblegen.com" /></a> <br /><br /> <br /><h2>Keywords</h2> [[DNA microarrays]], [[ custom microarrays]], [[ oligo arrays]]<br /> <br /><h2>Related Websites</h2> [http://www.google-analytics.com www.google-analytics.com] <br />[http://www.macromedia.com www.macromedia.com] <br />[http://www.google.com www.google.com] <br />[http://www.454.com www.454.com] <br />[http://www.roche-applied-science.com www.roche-applied-science.com] <br />[http://www.nimblegen.com www.nimblegen.com] <br /><br /><h2>External services</h2> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/nimblegen.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=nimblegen.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/nimblegen.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.nimblegen.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] | [http://search.about.com/fullsearch.htm?terms=nimblegen.com <font size="1"><strong>About</strong></font>] | [http://www.aboutus.org/nimblegen.com <font size="1"><strong>AboutUS</strong></font>]<br /> 06dc70d640a06f160b1cdd7084dcfe85d3b437d9 1725 2007-12-21T15:16:07Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 1727 2007-12-21T15:16:47Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki <br /><h2>Title</h2> Nanogen, Inc. <br /><br /><h2>Description</h2> <br /><h2>Additional Information</h2> Rank: 1,503,885<br /> Address: 10398 Pacific Center Ct San Diego, CA 92121 US<br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/nanogen.com?metric=uv"> <img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/nanogen.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.nanogen.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.nanogen.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=nanogen.com" /></a> <br /><br /> <br /><h2>Keywords</h2> <br /> <br /><h2>Related Websites</h2> [http://www.cardiacstatus.net www.cardiacstatus.net] <br />[http://www.nanogen.com www.nanogen.com] <br /><br /><h2>External services</h2> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/nanogen.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=nanogen.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/nanogen.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.nanogen.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] | [http://search.about.com/fullsearch.htm?terms=nanogen.com <font size="1"><strong>About</strong></font>] | [http://www.aboutus.org/nanogen.com <font size="1"><strong>AboutUS</strong></font>]<br /> e5209eb45772fbf3cdbf4dbb9608f7aecbc3e1f2 1752 2007-12-27T14:43:25Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki <br /><h2>Title</h2> Nanogen, Inc. <br /><br /><h2>Description</h2> <br /> <p>Nanogen's advanced diagnostics provide researchers, healthcare professionals and patients worldwide with improved methods and tests to investigate, predict, diagnose and ultimately help treat disease. The availability of new biomarkers is driving the evolution of medicine. We are utilizing our portfolio of markers and technologies to promote research in and the development of products that will enable diagnostics to provide proactive versus reactive healthcare. We believe diagnostics that bring to light information about genetic and protein biomarkers implicated in disease further the movement towards individualized healthcare. </p> <p>The demands of the diagnostic and healthcare markets require accurate, specific and reliable tools. We meet our customer&rsquo;s demands with products and tools that range from single real-time PCR reagents to multiplexed infectious disease and genotyping assays. Our NanoChip&reg; Molecular Biology Workstation and NanoChip&reg; 400 instruments for DNA-based analyses are the next generation of microarray technology that will enable multiplexed assays to be used routinely and cost-effectively in clinical settings. In addition, our line of point-of-care diagnostic tests is sold to customers requiring rapid results at or near the point of patient treatment. This product portfolio and our pioneering research in nanotechnology, which enables the miniaturization and decentralization of diagnostics &ndash; moving from the central lab to point-of-care &ndash; is advancing the role of diagnostics in improving healthcare. </p> <h2>Additional Information</h2> Rank: 1,503,885<br /> Address: 10398 Pacific Center Ct San Diego, CA 92121 US<br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/nanogen.com?metric=uv"> <img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/nanogen.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.nanogen.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.nanogen.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=nanogen.com" /></a> <br /><br /> <br /><h2>Keywords</h2> <br /> <br /><h2>Related Websites</h2> [http://www.cardiacstatus.net www.cardiacstatus.net] <br />[http://www.nanogen.com www.nanogen.com] <br /><br /><h2>External services</h2> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/nanogen.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=nanogen.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/nanogen.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.nanogen.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] | [http://search.about.com/fullsearch.htm?terms=nanogen.com <font size="1"><strong>About</strong></font>] | [http://www.aboutus.org/nanogen.com <font size="1"><strong>AboutUS</strong></font>]<br /> 67346305179df5c8fb2d43069b4d7e4c5a90faa2 0 1550 1726 2007-12-21T15:16:20Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki <br /> <h2>Title</h2> NimbleGen Systems, Inc. - Home <br /> <br /> <h2>Description</h2> Custom High-Density Oligonucleotide Arrays and Services, the Widest Range of DNA Microarray Applications<br /> <br /> <h2>Additional Information</h2> Rank: 1,174,359<br /> Address: One Science Ct Madison, WI 53711 US<br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/nimblegen.com?metric=uv"><img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/nimblegen.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.nimblegen.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.nimblegen.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=nimblegen.com" /></a> <br /> <br /> <br /> <h2>Keywords</h2> [[DNA microarrays]], [[ custom microarrays]], [[ oligo arrays]]<br /> <br /> <h2>Related Websites</h2> [http://www.google-analytics.com www.google-analytics.com] <br /> [http://www.macromedia.com www.macromedia.com] <br /> [http://www.google.com www.google.com] <br /> [http://www.454.com www.454.com] <br /> [http://www.roche-applied-science.com www.roche-applied-science.com] <br /> [http://www.nimblegen.com www.nimblegen.com] <br /> <br /> <h2>External services</h2> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/nimblegen.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=nimblegen.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/nimblegen.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.nimblegen.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] | [http://search.about.com/fullsearch.htm?terms=nimblegen.com <font size="1"><strong>About</strong></font>] | [http://www.aboutus.org/nimblegen.com <font size="1"><strong>AboutUS</strong></font>]<br /> 4267ea1758e2e649c8221c14ce412473a728afae 0 1551 1729 2007-12-21T15:23:24Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki <br /><h2>Title</h2> Applied Biosystems <br /><br /><h2>Description</h2> <br /><h2>Additional Information</h2> Rank: 172,059<br /> Address: 850 Lincoln Centre Dr Foster City, CA 94404 US<br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/appliedbiosystems.com?metric=uv"> <img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/appliedbiosystems.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.appliedbiosystems.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.appliedbiosystems.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=appliedbiosystems.com" /></a> <br /><br /> <br /><h2>Keywords</h2> <br /> <br /><h2>Related Websites</h2> [http://www.appliedbiosystems.co.jp www.appliedbiosystems.co.jp] <br />[http://www.google-analytics.com www.google-analytics.com] <br />[http://www.macromedia.com www.macromedia.com] <br />[http://www.ambion.com www.ambion.com] <br />[http://www.applera.com www.applera.com] <br />[http://www..appliedbiosystems.com www..appliedbiosystems.com] <br />[http://www.sqllims.com www.sqllims.com] <br /><br /><h2>External services</h2> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/appliedbiosystems.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=appliedbiosystems.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/appliedbiosystems.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.appliedbiosystems.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] | [http://search.about.com/fullsearch.htm?terms=appliedbiosystems.com <font size="1"><strong>About</strong></font>] | [http://www.aboutus.org/appliedbiosystems.com <font size="1"><strong>AboutUS</strong></font>]<br /> 7e56ac9d5a3b6b0c3318b399a1e64f5b93d44274 1757 2007-12-27T14:48:52Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki <br /><h2>Title</h2> Applied Biosystems <br /><br /><h2>Description</h2> <p>Applied Biosystems has demonstrated its position as a technology leader and driving force in the changing dynamics of the life science marketplace. The Applied Biosystems business is focused on the following markets: basic research, commercial research (pharmaceutical and biotechnology) and standardized testing, including forensic human identification, paternity testing and food testing. The company has an installed base of approximately 180,000 instrument systems in nearly 100 countries. </p> <p>Basic research includes work at university, government and other non-profit institutions that focus on uncovering the basic laws of nature and understanding human disease. </p> <h2>Additional Information</h2> Rank: 172,059<br /> Address: 850 Lincoln Centre Dr Foster City, CA 94404 US<br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/appliedbiosystems.com?metric=uv"> <img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/appliedbiosystems.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.appliedbiosystems.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.appliedbiosystems.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=appliedbiosystems.com" /></a> <br /><br /> <br /><h2>Keywords</h2> <br /> <br /><h2>Related Websites</h2> [http://www.appliedbiosystems.co.jp www.appliedbiosystems.co.jp] <br />[http://www.google-analytics.com www.google-analytics.com] <br />[http://www.macromedia.com www.macromedia.com] <br />[http://www.ambion.com www.ambion.com] <br />[http://www.applera.com www.applera.com] <br />[http://www..appliedbiosystems.com www..appliedbiosystems.com] <br />[http://www.sqllims.com www.sqllims.com] <br /><br /><h2>External services</h2> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/appliedbiosystems.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=appliedbiosystems.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/appliedbiosystems.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.appliedbiosystems.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] | [http://search.about.com/fullsearch.htm?terms=appliedbiosystems.com <font size="1"><strong>About</strong></font>] | [http://www.aboutus.org/appliedbiosystems.com <font size="1"><strong>AboutUS</strong></font>]<br /> 39115c35b004188d1dda5ee205a1e50461996512 0 1552 1730 2007-12-21T15:26:03Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki <br /><h2>Title</h2> Genebase :: Home <br /><br /><h2>Description</h2> <br /><h2>Additional Information</h2> Rank: 102,652<br /> Address: 1416-750 W. Broadway Vancouver, BC V5Z 1H1 Canada<br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/genebase.com?metric=uv"> <img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/genebase.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.genebase.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.genebase.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=genebase.com" /></a> <br /><br /> <br /><h2>Keywords</h2> <br /> <br /><h2>Related Websites</h2> [http://www.genebase.com www.genebase.com] <br />[http://www.macromedia.com www.macromedia.com] <br /><br /><h2>External services</h2> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/genebase.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=genebase.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/genebase.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.genebase.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] | [http://search.about.com/fullsearch.htm?terms=genebase.com <font size="1"><strong>About</strong></font>] | [http://www.aboutus.org/genebase.com <font size="1"><strong>AboutUS</strong></font>]<br /> 9441ce400eb153694ea0603541b588d964d3d042 0 1553 1734 2007-12-21T15:32:40Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki <br /><h2>Title</h2> Custom Organic Synthesis & Antibody Structure, Pancreatic Polypeptide Synthesis Company <br /><br /><h2>Description</h2> Bio-Synthesis Inc. is a leading life science products company which deals in Antibody Structure, Custom Organic Synthesis, Pancreatic Polypeptides, Peptide Synthesis Company and DNA Chimera.<br /> <br /><h2>Additional Information</h2> Rank: 1,648,384<br /> Address: 612 East Main St Lewisville, TX 75057 US<br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/biosyn.com?metric=uv"> <img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/biosyn.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.biosyn.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.biosyn.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=biosyn.com" /></a> <br /><br /> <br /><h2>Keywords</h2> [[DNA Chimera]], [[ Genetic Code Table]], [[ Anti DNA Antibody]], [[ Antibody Polyclonal Production]], [[ Antibody Structure]], [[ Custom Organic Synthesis]], [[ DNA of Relationship]], [[ Pancreatic Polypeptides]], [[ Modern Organic Synthesis]], [[ Peptide Synthesis Chemistry]], [[ Peptide Synthesis Company]], [[ Peptide Synthesis Technique]], [[ Molecular Analysis Tools]], [[ Mass Spec Analysis]], [[ Pancreatic Polypeptides]]<br /> <br /><h2>Related Websites</h2> [http://www.biosyn.com www.biosyn.com] <br />[http://www.macromedia.com www.macromedia.com] <br />[http://www.google-analytics.com www.google-analytics.com] <br />[http://www.segnant.com www.segnant.com] <br /><br /><h2>External services</h2> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/biosyn.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=biosyn.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/biosyn.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.biosyn.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] | [http://search.about.com/fullsearch.htm?terms=biosyn.com <font size="1"><strong>About</strong></font>] | [http://www.aboutus.org/biosyn.com <font size="1"><strong>AboutUS</strong></font>]<br /> 4d53d1c554d395bd78d1601fe29519f443a02d0e 0 1554 1737 2007-12-21T15:38:30Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki <br /><h2>Title</h2> DNA Testing For Genealogy - Family Tree DNA <br /><br /><h2>Description</h2> Genetic and Genealogy DNA testing can provide more information to help the genealogical research necessary to establish historical ties to particular geographical regions and determine relatives.<br /> <br /><h2>Additional Information</h2> Rank: 8,152,522<br /> Address: <br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ancestry-dna.com?metric=uv"> <img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/ancestry-dna.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.ancestry-dna.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.ancestry-dna.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=ancestry-dna.com" /></a> <br /><br /> <br /><h2>Keywords</h2> [[DNA testing]], [[ genetics dna]], [[ genealogy dna]], [[ surname genealogy]], [[ genetic genealogy database]]<br /> <br /><h2>Related Websites</h2> [http://www.w3c.org www.w3c.org] <br />[http://www.familytreedna.com www.familytreedna.com] <br />[http://www.ftdna.com www.ftdna.com] <br /><br /><h2>External services</h2> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ancestry-dna.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=ancestry-dna.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/ancestry-dna.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.ancestry-dna.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] | [http://search.about.com/fullsearch.htm?terms=ancestry-dna.com <font size="1"><strong>About</strong></font>] | [http://www.aboutus.org/ancestry-dna.com <font size="1"><strong>AboutUS</strong></font>]<br /> 554ae769d423b7dc7a04adaa95ec3cf1ecb3288c 0 1555 1739 2007-12-21T15:42:43Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki <br /><h2>Title</h2> Genealogy, Family Trees and Family History Records online - Ancestry.com <br /><br /><h2>Description</h2> Ancestry.com is the largest family history site online with over 4 billion names in worldwide historical records, family tree services and genealogy learning materials<br /> <br /><h2>Additional Information</h2> Rank: 3,587<br /> Address: 360 W. 4800 N Provo, UT 84604 US<br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ancestry.com?metric=uv"> <img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/ancestry.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.ancestry.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.ancestry.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=ancestry.com" /></a> <br /><br /> <br /><h2>Keywords</h2> [[ancestry]], [[ ancestry com]], [[ ancestory]], [[ genealogy]], [[ family history]], [[ family trees]], [[ origins]], [[ relatives]], [[ descendants]], [[ ancestors]], [[ roots]], [[ family]], [[ generation]], [[ history]], [[ heritage]], [[ heredity]]<br /> <br /><h2>Related Websites</h2> [http://www.ancestry.com www.ancestry.com] <br />[http://www.genealogy.com www.genealogy.com] <br />[http://www.ancestrymagazine.com www.ancestrymagazine.com] <br />[http://www.ancestry.se onclick= www.ancestry.se onclick=] <br />[http://www.ancestry.fr onclick= www.ancestry.fr onclick=] <br />[http://www.rootsweb.com www.rootsweb.com] <br />[http://www.google-analytics.com www.google-analytics.com] <br />[http://www.ancestry.co.uk onclick= www.ancestry.co.uk onclick=] <br />[http://www.ancestry.ca onclick= www.ancestry.ca onclick=] <br />[http://www.ancestry.it onclick= www.ancestry.it onclick=] <br />[http://www.Ancestry.com.au onclick= www.Ancestry.com.au onclick=] <br />[http://www.tgn.com www.tgn.com] <br />[http://www.myfamily.com www.myfamily.com] <br />[http://www.familytreemaker.com www.familytreemaker.com] <br />[http://www.Ancestry.de onclick= www.Ancestry.de onclick=] <br /><br /><h2>External services</h2> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=ancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/ancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.ancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] | [http://search.about.com/fullsearch.htm?terms=ancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>About</strong></font>] | [http://www.aboutus.org/ancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>AboutUS</strong></font>]<br /> 81eb6ef31af2d74e29cd2492dcdb481d11356eca 1740 2007-12-21T15:43:19Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki <br /><h2>Title</h2> Genealogy, Family Trees and Family History Records online - Ancestry.com <br /><br /><h2>Description</h2> Ancestry.com is the largest family history site online with over 4 billion names in worldwide historical records, family tree services and genealogy learning materials<br /> <br /><h2>Additional Information</h2> Rank: 3,587<br /> Address: 360 W. 4800 N Provo, UT 84604 US<br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ancestry.com?metric=uv"> <img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/ancestry.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.ancestry.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.ancestry.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=ancestry.com" /></a> <br /><br /> <br /><h2>Keywords</h2> [[ancestry]], [[ ancestry com]], [[ ancestory]], [[ genealogy]], [[ family history]], [[ family trees]], [[ origins]], [[ relatives]], [[ descendants]], [[ ancestors]], [[ roots]], [[ family]], [[ generation]], [[ history]], [[ heritage]], [[ heredity]]<br /> <br /><h2>Related Websites</h2> [http://www.ancestry.com www.ancestry.com] <br /> [http://www.genealogy.com www.genealogy.com] <br /> [http://www.ancestrymagazine.com www.ancestrymagazine.com] <br /> [http://www.ancestry.se <a href="http://www.ancestry.se">www.ancestry.se</a>]<br /> [http://www.ancestry.fr onclick= www.ancestry.fr onclick=] <br /> [http://www.rootsweb.com www.rootsweb.com] <br /> [http://www.google-analytics.com www.google-analytics.com] <br /> [http://www.ancestry.co.uk onclick= www.ancestry.co.uk onclick=] <br /> [http://www.ancestry.ca onclick= www.ancestry.ca onclick=] <br /> [http://www.ancestry.it onclick= www.ancestry.it onclick=] <br /> [http://www.Ancestry.com.au onclick= www.Ancestry.com.au onclick=] <br /> [http://www.tgn.com www.tgn.com] <br /> [http://www.myfamily.com www.myfamily.com] <br /> [http://www.familytreemaker.com www.familytreemaker.com] <br /> [http://www.Ancestry.de onclick= www.Ancestry.de onclick=] <br /> <br /> <h2>External services</h2> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=ancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/ancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.ancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] | [http://search.about.com/fullsearch.htm?terms=ancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>About</strong></font>] | [http://www.aboutus.org/ancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>AboutUS</strong></font>]<br /> 33f1bbc2dc68fe8ddbe5e17bd0cfa61da9ac54fa 1741 2007-12-21T15:44:16Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki <br /><h2>Title</h2> Genealogy, Family Trees and Family History Records online - Ancestry.com <br /><br /><h2>Description</h2> Ancestry.com is the largest family history site online with over 4 billion names in worldwide historical records, family tree services and genealogy learning materials<br /> <br /><h2>Additional Information</h2> Rank: 3,587<br /> Address: 360 W. 4800 N Provo, UT 84604 US<br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ancestry.com?metric=uv"> <img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/ancestry.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.ancestry.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.ancestry.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=ancestry.com" /></a> <br /><br /> <br /><h2>Keywords</h2> [[ancestry]], [[ ancestry com]], [[ ancestory]], [[ genealogy]], [[ family history]], [[ family trees]], [[ origins]], [[ relatives]], [[ descendants]], [[ ancestors]], [[ roots]], [[ family]], [[ generation]], [[ history]], [[ heritage]], [[ heredity]]<br /> <br /><h2>Related Websites</h2> <strong><font size="5">[http://www.ancestry.com <a href="http://www.ancestry.com">www.ancestry.com</a>] <br /> [http://www.genealogy.com <a href="http://www.genealogy.com">www.genealogy.com</a>] <br /> [http://www.ancestrymagazine.com <a href="http://www.ancestrymagazine.com">www.ancestrymagazine.com</a>] <br /> [http://www.ancestry.se <a href="http://www.ancestry.se">www.ancestry.se</a>]<br /> [http://www.ancestry.fr <a href="http://www.ancestry.fr">www.ancestry.fr</a>] <br /> [http://www.rootsweb.com <a href="http://www.rootsweb.com">www.rootsweb.com</a>] <br /> [http://www.google-analytics.com <a href="http://www.google-analytics.com">www.google-analytics.com</a>] <br /> [http://www.ancestry.co.uk <a href="http://www.ancestry.co.uk">www.ancestry.co.uk</a>] <br /> [http://www.ancestry.ca <a href="http://www.ancestry.ca">www.ancestry.ca</a>] <br /> [http://www.ancestry.it <a href="http://www.ancestry.it">www.ancestry.it</a>] <br /> [http://www.Ancestry.com.au <a href="http://www.Ancestry.com.au">www.Ancestry.com.au</a>] <br /> [http://www.tgn.com <a href="http://www.tgn.com">www.tgn.com</a>] <br /> [http://www.myfamily.com <a href="http://www.myfamily.com">www.myfamily.com</a>] <br /> [http://www.familytreemaker.com <a href="http://www.familytreemaker.com">www.familytreemaker.com</a>] <br /> [http://www.Ancestry.de <a href="http://www.Ancestry.de">www.Ancestry.de</a>] <br /> </font></strong><br /> <h2>External services</h2> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=ancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/ancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.ancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] | [http://search.about.com/fullsearch.htm?terms=ancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>About</strong></font>] | [http://www.aboutus.org/ancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>AboutUS</strong></font>]<br /> 5d86c30f16507de3aee0271a69af9e1ae7425035 1742 2007-12-21T15:44:34Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki <br /><h2>Title</h2> Genealogy, Family Trees and Family History Records online - Ancestry.com <br /><br /><h2>Description</h2> Ancestry.com is the largest family history site online with over 4 billion names in worldwide historical records, family tree services and genealogy learning materials<br /> <br /><h2>Additional Information</h2> Rank: 3,587<br /> Address: 360 W. 4800 N Provo, UT 84604 US<br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ancestry.com?metric=uv"> <img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/ancestry.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.ancestry.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.ancestry.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=ancestry.com" /></a> <br /><br /> <br /><h2>Keywords</h2> [[ancestry]], [[ ancestry com]], [[ ancestory]], [[ genealogy]], [[ family history]], [[ family trees]], [[ origins]], [[ relatives]], [[ descendants]], [[ ancestors]], [[ roots]], [[ family]], [[ generation]], [[ history]], [[ heritage]], [[ heredity]]<br /> <br /><h2>Related Websites</h2> <font face="Times New Roman" size="2">[http://www.ancestry.com </font><a href="http://www.ancestry.com"><font face="Times New Roman" size="2">www.ancestry.com</font></a><font face="Times New Roman" size="2">] <br /> [http://www.genealogy.com </font><a href="http://www.genealogy.com"><font face="Times New Roman" size="2">www.genealogy.com</font></a><font face="Times New Roman" size="2">] <br /> [http://www.ancestrymagazine.com </font><a href="http://www.ancestrymagazine.com"><font face="Times New Roman" size="2">www.ancestrymagazine.com</font></a><font face="Times New Roman" size="2">] <br /> [http://www.ancestry.se </font><a href="http://www.ancestry.se"><font face="Times New Roman" size="2">www.ancestry.se</font></a><font face="Times New Roman" size="2">]<br /> [http://www.ancestry.fr </font><a href="http://www.ancestry.fr"><font face="Times New Roman" size="2">www.ancestry.fr</font></a><font face="Times New Roman" size="2">] <br /> [http://www.rootsweb.com </font><a href="http://www.rootsweb.com"><font face="Times New Roman" size="2">www.rootsweb.com</font></a><font face="Times New Roman" size="2">] <br /> [http://www.google-analytics.com </font><a href="http://www.google-analytics.com"><font face="Times New Roman" size="2">www.google-analytics.com</font></a><font face="Times New Roman" size="2">] <br /> [http://www.ancestry.co.uk </font><a href="http://www.ancestry.co.uk"><font face="Times New Roman" size="2">www.ancestry.co.uk</font></a><font face="Times New Roman" size="2">] <br /> [http://www.ancestry.ca </font><a href="http://www.ancestry.ca"><font face="Times New Roman" size="2">www.ancestry.ca</font></a><font face="Times New Roman" size="2">] <br /> [http://www.ancestry.it </font><a href="http://www.ancestry.it"><font face="Times New Roman" size="2">www.ancestry.it</font></a><font face="Times New Roman" size="2">] <br /> [http://www.Ancestry.com.au </font><a href="http://www.Ancestry.com.au"><font face="Times New Roman" size="2">www.Ancestry.com.au</font></a><font face="Times New Roman" size="2">] <br /> [http://www.tgn.com </font><a href="http://www.tgn.com"><font face="Times New Roman" size="2">www.tgn.com</font></a><font face="Times New Roman" size="2">] <br /> [http://www.myfamily.com </font><a href="http://www.myfamily.com"><font face="Times New Roman" size="2">www.myfamily.com</font></a><font face="Times New Roman" size="2">] <br /> [http://www.familytreemaker.com </font><a href="http://www.familytreemaker.com"><font face="Times New Roman" size="2">www.familytreemaker.com</font></a><font face="Times New Roman" size="2">] <br /> [http://www.Ancestry.de </font><a href="http://www.Ancestry.de"><font face="Times New Roman" size="2">www.Ancestry.de</font></a><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman">] <br /> </font><br /> </font> <h2>External services</h2> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=ancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/ancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.ancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] | [http://search.about.com/fullsearch.htm?terms=ancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>About</strong></font>] | [http://www.aboutus.org/ancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>AboutUS</strong></font>]<br /> 159d4131ce76f7d47747e2baba79e42a0fe79dcd 1743 2007-12-21T15:44:50Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki <br /><h2>Title</h2> Genealogy, Family Trees and Family History Records online - Ancestry.com <br /><br /><h2>Description</h2> Ancestry.com is the largest family history site online with over 4 billion names in worldwide historical records, family tree services and genealogy learning materials<br /> <br /><h2>Additional Information</h2> Rank: 3,587<br /> Address: 360 W. 4800 N Provo, UT 84604 US<br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ancestry.com?metric=uv"> <img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/ancestry.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.ancestry.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.ancestry.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=ancestry.com" /></a> <br /><br /> <br /><h2>Keywords</h2> [[ancestry]], [[ ancestry com]], [[ ancestory]], [[ genealogy]], [[ family history]], [[ family trees]], [[ origins]], [[ relatives]], [[ descendants]], [[ ancestors]], [[ roots]], [[ family]], [[ generation]], [[ history]], [[ heritage]], [[ heredity]]<br /> <br /><h2>Related Websites</h2> <font face="Times New Roman" size="3">[http://www.ancestry.com </font><a href="http://www.ancestry.com"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">www.ancestry.com</font></a><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">] <br /> [http://www.genealogy.com </font><a href="http://www.genealogy.com"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">www.genealogy.com</font></a><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">] <br /> [http://www.ancestrymagazine.com </font><a href="http://www.ancestrymagazine.com"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">www.ancestrymagazine.com</font></a><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">] <br /> [http://www.ancestry.se </font><a href="http://www.ancestry.se"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">www.ancestry.se</font></a><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">]<br /> [http://www.ancestry.fr </font><a href="http://www.ancestry.fr"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">www.ancestry.fr</font></a><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">] <br /> [http://www.rootsweb.com </font><a href="http://www.rootsweb.com"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">www.rootsweb.com</font></a><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">] <br /> [http://www.google-analytics.com </font><a href="http://www.google-analytics.com"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">www.google-analytics.com</font></a><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">] <br /> [http://www.ancestry.co.uk </font><a href="http://www.ancestry.co.uk"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">www.ancestry.co.uk</font></a><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">] <br /> [http://www.ancestry.ca </font><a href="http://www.ancestry.ca"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">www.ancestry.ca</font></a><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">] <br /> [http://www.ancestry.it </font><a href="http://www.ancestry.it"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">www.ancestry.it</font></a><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">] <br /> [http://www.Ancestry.com.au </font><a href="http://www.Ancestry.com.au"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">www.Ancestry.com.au</font></a><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">] <br /> [http://www.tgn.com </font><a href="http://www.tgn.com"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">www.tgn.com</font></a><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">] <br /> [http://www.myfamily.com </font><a href="http://www.myfamily.com"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">www.myfamily.com</font></a><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">] <br /> [http://www.familytreemaker.com </font><a href="http://www.familytreemaker.com"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">www.familytreemaker.com</font></a><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">] <br /> [http://www.Ancestry.de </font><a href="http://www.Ancestry.de"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">www.Ancestry.de</font></a><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">] <br /> </font><br /> </font> <h2>External services</h2> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=ancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/ancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.ancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] | [http://search.about.com/fullsearch.htm?terms=ancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>About</strong></font>] | [http://www.aboutus.org/ancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>AboutUS</strong></font>]<br /> a2e340df11946427d9beeab47fed6c5f17bab250 1745 2007-12-21T17:29:31Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki <br /><h2>Title</h2> Genealogy, Family Trees and Family History Records online - Ancestry.com <br /><br /><h2>Description</h2> Ancestry.com is the largest family history site online with over 4 billion names in worldwide historical records, family tree services and genealogy learning materials<br /> <br /><h2>Additional Information</h2> Rank: 3,587<br /> Address: 360 W. 4800 N Provo, UT 84604 US<br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ancestry.com?metric=uv"> <img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/ancestry.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.ancestry.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.ancestry.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=ancestry.com" /></a> <br /><br /> <br /><h2>Keywords</h2> [[ancestry]], [[ ancestry com]], [[ ancestory]], [[ genealogy]], [[ family history]], [[ family trees]], [[ origins]], [[ relatives]], [[ descendants]], [[ ancestors]], [[ roots]], [[ family]], [[ generation]], [[ history]], [[ heritage]], [[ heredity]]<br /> <br /><h2>Related Websites</h2> <font face="Times New Roman" size="3">[http://www.ancestry.com </font><a href="http://www.ancestry.com"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">www.ancestry.com</font></a><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">] <br /> [http://www.genealogy.com </font><a href="http://www.genealogy.com"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">www.genealogy.com</font></a><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">] <br /> [http://www.ancestrymagazine.com </font><a href="http://www.ancestrymagazine.com"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">www.ancestrymagazine.com</font></a><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">] <br /> [http://www.ancestry.se </font><a href="http://www.ancestry.se"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">www.ancestry.se</font></a><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">]<br /> [http://www.ancestry.fr </font><a href="http://www.ancestry.fr"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">www.ancestry.fr</font></a><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">] <br /> [http://www.rootsweb.com </font><a href="http://www.rootsweb.com"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">www.rootsweb.com</font></a><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">] </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><br /> [http://www.ancestry.co.uk </font><a href="http://www.ancestry.co.uk"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">www.ancestry.co.uk</font></a><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">] <br /> [http://www.ancestry.ca </font><a href="http://www.ancestry.ca"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">www.ancestry.ca</font></a><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">] <br /> [http://www.ancestry.it </font><a href="http://www.ancestry.it"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">www.ancestry.it</font></a><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">] <br /> [http://www.Ancestry.com.au </font><a href="http://www.Ancestry.com.au"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">www.Ancestry.com.au</font></a><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">] <br /> [http://www.tgn.com </font><a href="http://www.tgn.com"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">www.tgn.com</font></a><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">] <br /> [http://www.myfamily.com </font><a href="http://www.myfamily.com"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">www.myfamily.com</font></a><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">] <br /> [http://www.familytreemaker.com </font><a href="http://www.familytreemaker.com"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">www.familytreemaker.com</font></a><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">] <br /> [http://www.Ancestry.de </font><a href="http://www.Ancestry.de"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">www.Ancestry.de</font></a><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">] <br /> </font><br /> </font> <h2>External services</h2> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/ancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=ancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/ancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.ancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] | [http://search.about.com/fullsearch.htm?terms=ancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>About</strong></font>] | [http://www.aboutus.org/ancestry.com <font size="1"><strong>AboutUS</strong></font>]<br /> b47d2eabdf99e70d344943ff7e9d6f68a39336c5 0 1556 1744 2007-12-21T15:45:23Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki <br /><h2>Title</h2> Family Tree DNA - we do genetic tests for your genealogy questions! <br /><br /><h2>Description</h2> <br /><h2>Additional Information</h2> Rank: 97,010<br /> Address: 1919 North Loop West Suite 432 Houston, TX 77008 US<br /> <a href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/familytreedna.com?metric=uv"> <img alt="" src="http://home.compete.com.edgesuite.net/familytreedna.com_uv_310.png" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://www.familytreedna.com"><img style="BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; WIDTH: 150px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px solid; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="http://www.familytreedna.com" src="http://source.domaintools.com/tn.html?s=au&amp;domain=familytreedna.com" /></a> <br /><br /> <br /><h2>Keywords</h2> <br /> <br /><h2>Related Websites</h2> [http://www.macromedia.com www.macromedia.com] <br /><br /><h2>External services</h2> [http://siteanalytics.compete.com/familytreedna.com <font size="1"><strong>Visitors</strong></font>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=familytreedna.com <font size="1"><strong>Alexa</strong></font>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/familytreedna.com <font size="1"><strong>Domain information</strong></font>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.familytreedna.com <font size="1"><strong>Iwebtool</strong></font>] | [http://search.about.com/fullsearch.htm?terms=familytreedna.com <font size="1"><strong>About</strong></font>] | [http://www.aboutus.org/familytreedna.com <font size="1"><strong>AboutUS</strong></font>]<br /> c043b8b8c2279e77ed9e7edccf32f3435c2781b1 0 1557 1747 2007-12-24T22:54:44Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki SNP chips will become the major tool for genotyping human beings in the next decades until full genome sequencing becomes cheap.<br /> <br /> <br /> <strong>External links<br /> </strong>[http://freegenome.org Freegenome.org]<br /> [http://snpchip.org SNPchip.org] 07cc932734512cfcd7312b02252d767d471bb9b4 0 1535 1762 2007-12-27T14:56:18Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki <font face="Times New Roman" size="2"><font size="3">[[Celera.com| Celera ]] </font>Providing Actionable Diagnostic &amp; Genomic Solutions<br /> <br /> [[Affymetrix.com| Affymetrix]]&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> Affymetrix is dedicated to developing state-of-the-art technology for acquiring, analyzing, and managing complex genetic information for use in biomedical research. Affymetrix sells GeneChip&reg; brand arrays. <br /> <br /> [[Illumina.com| Illumina]]&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> Illumina, Inc. <br /> <br /> [[decode.com| deCODE]]<br /> &nbsp;deCODE genetics<br /> <br /> [[Nanogen.com| Nanogen]]&nbsp;<br /> Nanogen's advanced diagnostics provide researchers, healthcare professionals and patients worldwide with improved methods and tests to investigate, predict, diagnose and ultimately help treat disease.<br /> <br /> [[Nimblegen.com| NimbleGen]]&nbsp;<br /> NimbleGen Systems, Inc. <br /> <br /> [[Appliedbiosystems.com]]<br /> Applied Biosystems<br /> <br /> [[23andme.com| 23andMe]]<br /> 23andMe, Inc.<br /> <br /> [[decodeme.com| deCODEme]]<br /> deCODEme offers the first personalized Genetic Scan with online analysis <br /> <br /> [[Navigenics.com| <strong>Navigenics</strong>]] <br /> Navigenics helps you develop a personalized health and wellness strategy, guided by an in-depth understanding of your genetic profile, using the latest developments in science and medicine. <br /> <br /> <br /> [[familytreedna.com| Family Tree DNA]]<br /> Family Tree DNA - we do genetic tests for your genealogy questions!&nbsp;<br /> <br /> [[ancestry.com| Ancestry.com]]<br /> Genealogy, Family Trees and Family History Records online - Ancestry.com</font> c29f8d2b9f46e7aa32a4156fcebba1f6e76680eb 1763 2007-12-27T14:57:00Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki <font face="Times New Roman" size="2"><font size="3"><strong>[[Celera.com| Celera ]]</strong> </font>Providing Actionable Diagnostic &amp; Genomic Solutions<br /> <br /> [[Affymetrix.com| Affymetrix]]&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> Affymetrix is dedicated to developing state-of-the-art technology for acquiring, analyzing, and managing complex genetic information for use in biomedical research. Affymetrix sells GeneChip&reg; brand arrays. <br /> <br /> [[Illumina.com| Illumina]]&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> Illumina, Inc. <br /> <br /> [[decode.com| deCODE]]<br /> &nbsp;deCODE genetics<br /> <br /> [[Nanogen.com| Nanogen]]&nbsp;<br /> Nanogen's advanced diagnostics provide researchers, healthcare professionals and patients worldwide with improved methods and tests to investigate, predict, diagnose and ultimately help treat disease.<br /> <br /> [[Nimblegen.com| NimbleGen]]&nbsp;<br /> NimbleGen Systems, Inc. <br /> <br /> [[Appliedbiosystems.com]]<br /> Applied Biosystems<br /> <br /> [[23andme.com| 23andMe]]<br /> 23andMe, Inc.<br /> <br /> [[decodeme.com| deCODEme]]<br /> deCODEme offers the first personalized Genetic Scan with online analysis <br /> <br /> [[Navigenics.com| <strong>Navigenics</strong>]] <br /> Navigenics helps you develop a personalized health and wellness strategy, guided by an in-depth understanding of your genetic profile, using the latest developments in science and medicine. <br /> <br /> <br /> [[familytreedna.com| Family Tree DNA]]<br /> Family Tree DNA - we do genetic tests for your genealogy questions!&nbsp;<br /> <br /> [[ancestry.com| Ancestry.com]]<br /> Genealogy, Family Trees and Family History Records online - Ancestry.com</font> 02b3c557d08939ad2d05f8e2f5583d01fb4c602e 1764 2007-12-27T14:59:11Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki <font face="Times New Roman" size="2"><font size="3"><strong>[[Celera.com| Celera ]]</strong> </font>Providing Actionable Diagnostic &amp; Genomic Solutions<br /> <br /> <strong><font size="3">[[Affymetrix.com| Affymetrix]]</font></strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;Affymetrix is dedicated to developing state-of-the-art technology for acquiring, analyzing, and managing complex genetic information for use in biomedical research.<br /> <br /> <strong><font size="3">[[Illumina.com| Illumina]]</font></strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;Illumina, Inc. <br /> <br /> <font size="3"><strong>[[decode.com| deCODE]]</strong></font> deCODE genetics<br /> <br /> <strong><font size="3">[[Nanogen.com| Nanogen]]</font></strong>&nbsp; Nanogen's advanced diagnostics provide researchers, healthcare professionals and patients worldwide with improved methods and tests to investigate, predict, diagnose and ultimately help treat disease.<br /> <br /> <font size="3"><strong>[[Nimblegen.com| NimbleGen]]</strong></font>&nbsp;NimbleGen Systems, Inc. <br /> <br /> <strong><font size="3">[[Appliedbiosystems.com]] </font></strong>Applied Biosystems<br /> <br /> <strong><font size="3">[[23andme.com| 23andMe]] </font></strong>23andMe, Inc.<br /> <br /> <strong><font size="3">[[decodeme.com| deCODEme]] </font></strong>deCODEme offers the first personalized Genetic Scan with online analysis <br /> <br /> <strong><font size="3">[[Navigenics.com| Navigenics]] </font></strong>Navigenics helps you develop a personalized health and wellness strategy, guided by an in-depth understanding of your genetic profile, using the latest developments in science and medicine. <br /> <br /> <font size="3"><strong>[[familytreedna.com| Family Tree DNA]] </strong></font>Family Tree DNA - we do genetic tests for your genealogy questions!&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <font size="3"><strong>[[ancestry.com| Ancestry.com]] </strong></font>Genealogy, Family Trees and Family History Records online - Ancestry.com</font> 1d9686b9031d1b086d14675622a625dfd641b780 0 1558 1766 2007-12-27T15:25:19Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong>Genetic family&nbsp;View</strong> shows which parts of&nbsp;your genome appear to be inherited from your father and mother.&nbsp;<br /> d77fd1ee5ca97720a7fc58b60bf7eeef77c83154 0 1507 1767 2007-12-27T15:30:35Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">Possible genomic diseases or disorders for humans<br /> </font><br /> [[Restless legs syndrome]]<br /> <br /> <strong><font size="3">References</font></strong><br /> <a target="second" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;list_uids=10861293&amp;dopt=Abstract">Kurahashi, H. <em>et al</em>. Regions of genomic instability on 22q11 and 11q23 as the etiology for the recurrent constitutional t(11;22). <em>Hum Mol Genet</em> <strong>9</strong>, 1665-1670 (July 2000).</a> 849315b84970123f408c8474d0a911d70549be10 0 1559 1768 2007-12-27T15:33:28Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki GENE: RLS1<br /> CYTO: 12q12-q21<br /> DESC: Restless legs syndrome, susceptibility to, 1<br /> SNP : rs2300478<br /> <br /> In a genomewide association study of 393 RLS patients and 1602 controls,<br /> Winkelmann et al. (2007) found a significant association between RLS and<br /> dbSNP rs2300478 in the MEIS1 gene (601739). The findings were confirmed<br /> in 2 independent replication studies of 875 and 211 patients,<br /> respectively. Combined results of all 3 studies yielded an overall odds<br /> ratio of 1.74 for the G allele (p = 8.08 x 10(-23)). The study also<br /> showed evidence for an association with several SNPs within a region on<br /> chromosome 15q that contains the LBXCOR1 (611273) and MAP2K5 (602520)<br /> genes.<br /> <br /> <font size="4">Reference</font><br /> Winkelmann, J.; Schormair, B.; Lichtner, P.; Ripke, S.; Xiong, L.; Jalilzadeh, S.; Fulda, S.; Putz, B.; Eckstein, G.; Hauk, S.; Trenkwalder, C.; Zimprich, A.; and 15 others : <br /> :Genome-wide association study of restless legs syndrome identifies common variants in three genomic regions. Nature Genet. 39: 1000-1006, 2007. PubMed ID : 17637780<br /> 4ed3548f2b2d95e62a1f5000e567e35d0510f6dd 1769 2007-12-27T15:36:57Z Thkim 7 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong><font size="4">Study</font></strong><br /> In a genomewide association study of 393 RLS patients and 1602 controls, Winkelmann et al. (2007) found a significant association between RLS and dbSNP rs2300478 in the MEIS1 gene (601739). The findings were confirmed in 2 independent replication studies of 875 and 211 patients, respectively. Combined results of all 3 studies yielded an overall odds ratio of 1.74 for the G allele (p = 8.08 x 10(-23)). The study also showed evidence for an association with several SNPs within a region on chromosome 15q that contains the LBXCOR1 (611273) and MAP2K5 (602520) genes.<br /> <br /> <font size="4"><strong>Other information</strong></font><br /> GENE: RLS1<br /> CYTO : 12q12-q21<br /> DESC: Restless legs syndrome, susceptibility to, 1<br /> SNP&nbsp;&nbsp; : rs2300478<br /> <br /> <font size="4"><strong>Reference</strong></font><br /> Winkelmann, J.; Schormair, B.; Lichtner, P.; Ripke, S.; Xiong, L.; Jalilzadeh, S.; Fulda, S.; Putz, B.; Eckstein, G.; Hauk, S.; Trenkwalder, C.; Zimprich, A.; and 15 others : <br /> :Genome-wide association study of restless legs syndrome identifies common variants in three genomic regions. Nature Genet. 39: 1000-1006, 2007. PubMed ID : 17637780<br /> 12d525e08ed0962f7f4264642135cfcf854de108 1771 2008-01-02T05:58:46Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong><font size="4">Study</font></strong><br /> In a genomewide association study of 393 RLS patients and 1602 controls, Winkelmann et al. (2007) found a significant association between RLS and dbSNP rs2300478 in the MEIS1 gene (601739). The findings were confirmed in 2 independent replication studies of 875 and 211 patients, respectively. Combined results of all 3 studies yielded an overall odds ratio of 1.74 for the G allele (p = 8.08 x 10(-23)). The study also showed evidence for an association with several SNPs within a region on chromosome 15q that contains the LBXCOR1 (611273) and MAP2K5 (602520) genes.<br /> <br /> <font size="4"><strong>Other information</strong></font><br /> GENE: RLS1<br /> CYTO : 12q12-q21<br /> DESC: Restless legs syndrome, susceptibility to, 1<br /> SNP&nbsp;&nbsp; : rs2300478<br /> <br /> <strong><font size="4">External Links<br /> </font></strong>[http://www.rls.org/ RLS.com]<br /> <br /> <font size="4"><strong>Reference</strong></font><br /> Winkelmann, J.; Schormair, B.; Lichtner, P.; Ripke, S.; Xiong, L.; Jalilzadeh, S.; Fulda, S.; Putz, B.; Eckstein, G.; Hauk, S.; Trenkwalder, C.; Zimprich, A.; and 15 others : <br /> :Genome-wide association study of restless legs syndrome identifies common variants in three genomic regions. Nature Genet. 39: 1000-1006, 2007. PubMed ID : 17637780<br /> f238150861764f9043745598218daaa895071d2d 1772 2008-01-02T05:59:13Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong><font size="4">Study</font></strong><br /> In a genomewide association study of 393 RLS patients and 1602 controls, Winkelmann et al. (2007) found a significant association between [[restless legs syndrome]] and dbSNP rs2300478 in the MEIS1 gene (601739). The findings were confirmed in 2 independent replication studies of 875 and 211 patients, respectively. Combined results of all 3 studies yielded an overall odds ratio of 1.74 for the G allele (p = 8.08 x 10(-23)). The study also showed evidence for an association with several SNPs within a region on chromosome 15q that contains the LBXCOR1 (611273) and MAP2K5 (602520) genes.<br /> <br /> <font size="4"><strong>Other information</strong></font><br /> GENE: RLS1<br /> CYTO : 12q12-q21<br /> DESC: Restless legs syndrome, susceptibility to, 1<br /> SNP&nbsp;&nbsp; : rs2300478<br /> <br /> <strong><font size="4">External Links<br /> </font></strong>[http://www.rls.org/ RLS.com]<br /> <br /> <font size="4"><strong>Reference</strong></font><br /> Winkelmann, J.; Schormair, B.; Lichtner, P.; Ripke, S.; Xiong, L.; Jalilzadeh, S.; Fulda, S.; Putz, B.; Eckstein, G.; Hauk, S.; Trenkwalder, C.; Zimprich, A.; and 15 others : <br /> :Genome-wide association study of restless legs syndrome identifies common variants in three genomic regions. Nature Genet. 39: 1000-1006, 2007. PubMed ID : 17637780<br /> 812db21addd234b0417d38230ddc0c96d4966725 1773 2008-01-02T05:59:38Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong><font size="4">Study</font></strong><br /> In a genomewide association study of 393 RLS patients and 1602 controls, Winkelmann et al. (2007) found a significant association between [[restless legs syndrome]] and dbSNP rs2300478 in the MEIS1 gene (601739). The findings were confirmed in 2 independent replication studies of 875 and 211 patients, respectively. Combined results of all 3 studies yielded an overall odds ratio of 1.74 for the G allele (p = 8.08 x 10(-23)). The study also showed evidence for an association with several SNPs within a region on chromosome 15q that contains the LBXCOR1 (611273) and MAP2K5 (602520) genes.<br /> <br /> <strong>[[What is restless legs syndrome?]]</strong><br /> <br /> <font size="4"><strong>Other information</strong></font><br /> GENE: RLS1<br /> CYTO : 12q12-q21<br /> DESC: Restless legs syndrome, susceptibility to, 1<br /> SNP&nbsp;&nbsp; : rs2300478<br /> <br /> <strong><font size="4">External Links<br /> </font></strong>[http://www.rls.org/ RLS.com]<br /> <br /> <font size="4"><strong>Reference</strong></font><br /> Winkelmann, J.; Schormair, B.; Lichtner, P.; Ripke, S.; Xiong, L.; Jalilzadeh, S.; Fulda, S.; Putz, B.; Eckstein, G.; Hauk, S.; Trenkwalder, C.; Zimprich, A.; and 15 others : <br /> :Genome-wide association study of restless legs syndrome identifies common variants in three genomic regions. Nature Genet. 39: 1000-1006, 2007. PubMed ID : 17637780<br /> 784facf55ca9c2978e316b1fd872be89c2d2776d 0 1530 1770 2007-12-28T08:15:34Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5"><strong>$0 Genome Project</strong> <strong>for genomic equality</strong><br /> <font size="2">(aka: [[Free Genome Project]])</font>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </font><font size="4">$0 Genome project is a project launched by Genomics.org</font><br /> <br /> <font size="3">It is to collect personal genome information for free and distribute it free of charge.&nbsp;<br /> It is a zero-cost genomics project.<br /> <br /> Governments and big companies can pay for the genotyping cost and people let the world access the personal genome information without any restriction.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> All the $0 geonmics participants get all the personal genomics information for free from Genomics.org.<br /> <br /> There are people who have published personal genomic information.&nbsp;<br /> If you have your own genome information acquired by full genome sequencing, SNP chips and other genome chips, you can provide the information to genomics.org.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> It is an <em>openfree</em> BiO project.<br /> <br /> </font><font size="3"><strong><br /> <font size="4">Why $0 genome project?<br /> </font><br /> Genomic equality<br /> </strong><br /> Genome information should be free for all and the benefit of free genomics should be shared by people with little money and access to information.<br /> <br /> </font><font size="3"><strong><br /> How does it work?<br /> </strong><br /> <strong><font color="#ff0000">The first step:</font></strong><br /> 1. [[Please click here and sign your name to petition the governments of the world to sequence genomes free of charge]]<br /> <br /> <br /> $0 personal genome home site is: http://personalgenome.net<br /> </font><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 650fa75c6525b826abf9221b5ddcdcf1ee89e7aa 0 1560 1774 2008-01-02T06:00:27Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><strong>Restless legs syndrome</strong> (RLS, <strong>Wittmaack-Ekbom's syndrome</strong>, or sometimes referred to as Nocturnal myoclonus) is a condition that is characterized by an irresistible urge to move one's legs. It is described as uncontrollable urges to move the limbs to stop uncomfortable or odd sensations in the body, most commonly in the legs, but can also be in the arms and torso. Moving the affected body part modulates the sensations, providing temporary relief.</p> <p>Many doctors express the view that the incidence of restless leg syndrome is exaggerated by manufacturers of drugs used to treat it.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-0">[1]</sup> Other physicians consider it a real entity that has specific diagnostic criteria. <sup class="reference" id="_ref-1">[2]</sup></p> <p>Many people tap their feet or shake their legs resulting from a nervous tic, consumption of stimulants, drug side-effects or other factors; this is usually innocuous, unnoticed, and does not interfere with daily life, quite distinct from restless leg syndrome, which is very different. With a nervous tic, someone does not necessarily notice it, but in RLS it is very noticeable. With a nervous tic, someone may tap their leg or foot, but with RLS you feel an undescribable sensation in your legs that can most closely be compared to a burning, itching sensation in the muscles of the legs or arms.</p> <p><br /> </p> <script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "show"; var tocHideText = "hide"; showTocToggle(); } //]]> </script> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Signs and symptoms</span></h2> <p>The sensations &ndash; and the need to move &ndash; may return immediately after ceasing movement, or at a later time. RLS may start at any age, including early childhood, and is a progressive disease for a certain portion of those afflicted, although the symptoms have disappeared permanently in some sufferers.</p> <p>Some experts believe RLS and periodic limb movement disorder are strongly associated with ADHD in some children. Both conditions are hereditary and dopamine is believed to be involved. Many types of medication for the treatment of both conditions affect dopamine levels in the brain. [1]</p> <ul> <li>&quot;An urge to move, usually due to uncomfortable sensations that occur primarily in the legs.&quot; </li> </ul> <p>The sensations are unusual and unlike other common sensations, and those with RLS have a hard time describing them. People use words such as: uncomfortable, antsy, electrical, creeping, painful, itching, pins and needles, pulling, creepy-crawly, ants inside the legs, and many others. The sensation and the urge can occur in any body part; the most cited location is legs, followed by arms. Some people have little or no sensation, yet still have a strong urge to move.</p> <ul> <li>&quot;Motor restlessness, expressed as activity, that relieves the urge to move.&quot; </li> </ul> <p>Movement will usually bring immediate relief, however, often only temporary and partial. Walking is most common; however, doing stretches, yoga, biking, or other physical activity may relieve the symptoms. Constant and fast up-and-down movement of the leg, coined &quot;sewing machine legs&quot; by at least one RLS sufferer, is often done to keep the sensations at bay without having to walk. Sometimes a specific type of movement will help a person more than another.</p> <ul> <li>&quot;Worsening of symptoms by relaxation.&quot; </li> </ul> <p>Any type of inactivity involving sitting or lying &ndash; reading a book, a plane ride, watching TV or a movie, taking a nap - can trigger the sensations and urge to move. This depends on several factors: the severity of the person&rsquo;s RLS, the degree of restfulness, the duration of the inactivity, etc.</p> <ul> <li>&quot;Variability over the course of the day-night cycle, with symptoms worse in the evening and early in the night.&quot; </li> </ul> <p>While some only experience RLS at bedtime and others experience it throughout the day and night, most sufferers experience the worst symptoms in the evening and the least in the morning.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">NIH criteria</span></h3> <p>In 2003, a National Institutes of Health (NIH) consensus panel modified their criteria to include the following:</p> <ul> <li>(1) an urge to move the limbs with or without sensations </li> <li>(2) worsening at rest </li> <li>(3) improvement with activity </li> <li>(4) worsening in the evening or night.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-2">[3]</sup> </li> </ul> <p>RLS is either primary or secondary.</p> <ul> <li>Primary RLS is considered idiopathic, or with no known cause. Primary RLS usually begins before approximately 40 to 45 years of age, and can even occur as early as the first year of life. In primary RLS, the onset is often slow. The RLS may disappear for months, or even years. It is often progressive and gets worse as the person ages. RLS in children is often misdiagnosed as growing pains. </li> </ul> <ul> <li>Secondary RLS often has a sudden onset and may be daily from the very beginning. It often occurs after the age of 40, however it can occur earlier. It is most associated with specific medical conditions or the use of certain drugs. The most commonly associated medical condition is iron deficiency, which accounts for just over 20% of all cases of RLS. The conditions include: pregnancy, varicose vein or venous reflux, folate deficiency, sleep apnea, uremia, diabetes, thyroid problems, peripheral neuropathy, Parkinson's disease and certain auto-immune disorders such as Sj&ouml;gren's syndrome, Celiac Disease, and rheumatoid arthritis. Treatment of the underlying condition, or cessation of use of the offending drug, often eliminates the RLS. </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Causes</span></h2> <p>Certain medications may worsen RLS in those who already have it, or cause it secondarily. These include: anti-nausea drugs, certain antihistamines (often in over-the-counter cold medications), drugs used to treat depression (both older tricyclics and newer SSRIs), antipsychotic drugs, and certain medications used to control seizures.</p> <p>Hypoglycemia has also been found to worsen RLS symptoms.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-pmid9613772_0">[4]</sup> Opioid detoxification has also recently been associated with provocation of RLS-like symptoms during withdrawal. For those affected, a reduction or elimination in the consumption of simple and refined carbohydrates or starches (for example, sugar, white flour, white rice and white potatoes) or some hard fats, such as those found in beef or biscuits, is recommended. Some doctors believe it is caused by irregular electrical impulses from the brain.</p> <p>Both primary and secondary RLS can be worsened by surgery of any kind, however back surgery or injury can be associated with causing RLS.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-pmid15830971_0">[5]</sup> RLS can worsen in pregnancy. <sup class="reference" id="_ref-pmid3147073_0">[6]</sup></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Genetics</span></h3> <p>40% of cases of RLS are familial and are inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion with variable penetrance.</p> <p>No one knows the exact cause of RLS at present. Research and brain autopsies have implicated both dopaminergic system and iron insufficiency in the substantia nigra (study published in Neurology, 2003).<sup class="reference" id="_ref-3">[7]</sup> Iron is an essential cofactor for the formation of L-dopa, the precursor of dopamine. An Icelandic study in 2005 confirmed the presence of an RLS susceptibility gene also found previously in a smaller French-Canadian population.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-4">[8]</sup><sup class="reference" id="_ref-5">[9]</sup> Various studies suggest chromosome 12q may indicate susceptibility to RLS.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-6">[10]</sup></p> <p>There is also some evidence that periodic limb movements in sleep may be associated with the iron-regulating <em>BTBD9</em> at 6p21.2.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-pmid17634447_0">[11]</sup></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Diagnosis</span></h2> <p><font size="2"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Prevention</span></h2> <p><font size="2"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Treatment</span></h2> <p>An algorithm for treating primary RLS (RLS without any secondary medical condition including iron deficiency, varicose vein, thyroid, etc.) was created by leading RLS researchers at the Mayo Clinic and is endorsed by the Restless Legs Syndrome Foundation. This document provides guidance to both the treating physician and the patient, and includes both nonpharmacological and pharmacological treatments.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-MayoAlgo_0">[12]</sup> Treatment of primary RLS should not be considered unless all the secondary medical conditions are ruled out. Drug therapy in RLS is not curative and is known to have significant side effects and needs to be considered with caution. The secondary form of RLS has the potential for cure if the precipitating medical condition (iron deficiency, venous reflux/varicose vein, thyroid, etc.) is managed effectively.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3>&nbsp;<span class="mw-headline">Iron supplements</span></h3> <p>According to some guidelines<sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since December 2007" style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap">[<em>citation needed</em>]</span></sup>, all people with RLS should have their ferritin levels tested; ferritin levels should be at least 50 mcg for those with RLS. Oral iron supplements, taken under a doctor's care, can increase ferritin levels. For some people, increasing ferritin will eliminate or reduce RLS symptoms. A ferritin level of 50 mcg is not sufficient for some sufferers and increasing the level to 80 mcg may greatly reduce symptoms. However, at least 40% of people will not notice any improvement. Treatment with IV iron is being tested at the US Mayo Clinic and Johns Hopkins Hospital. It is dangerous to take iron supplements without first having ferritin levels tested, as many people with RLS do not have low ferritin and taking iron when it is not called for can cause iron overload disorder, potentially a very dangerous condition.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-pmid17516455_0">[13]</sup></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Pharmaceuticals</span></h3> <p>For those whose RLS disrupts or prevents sleep or regular daily activities, medication is often required. Many doctors currently use, and the Mayo Clinic algorithm includes,<sup class="reference" id="_ref-MayoAlgo_1">[12]</sup> medication from four categories:</p> <ol> <li>Dopamine agonists such as ropinirole, pramipexole, carbidopa/levodopa or pergolide. Ropinirole (Requip) was first approved In 2005 by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat moderate to severe Restless Legs Syndrome. The drug was first approved for Parkinson's disease in 1997. Pramipexole (Mirapex, Sifrol, Mirapexen in the EU) received a positive recommendation by the EU Scientific Committee in February 2006. The FDA approved Mirapex for sale in the US in 2006. Rotigotine (Neupro), which is delivered by a transdermal patch was approved by the FDA in May 2007. It was approved for sale in the EU in 2007. There are some issues with the use of dopamine augmentation. Dopamine agonists may cause augmentation. This is a medical condition where the drug itself causes symptoms to increase in severity and/or occur earlier in the day. Dopamine agonists may also cause rebound, when symptoms increase as the drug wears off. Also, a recent study indicated that dopamine agonists used in restless leg patients can lead to an increase in compulsive gambling.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-7">[14]</sup> </li> <li>Opioids such as propoxyphene, oxycodone, or methadone, etc. </li> <li>Benzodiazepines, which often assist in staying asleep and reducing awakenings from the movements </li> <li>Anticonvulsants, which often help people who experience the RLS sensations as painful, such as gabapentin </li> </ol> <p>Recently, several major pharmaceutical companies are reported to be marketing drugs without an explicit approval for RLS, which are &quot;off-label&quot; applications for drugs approved for other diseases. The Restless Leg Foundation <sup class="reference" id="_ref-8">[15]</sup> received 44% of its $1.4 million in funding from these pharmaceutical groups<sup class="reference" id="_ref-9">[16]</sup></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Prognosis</span></h2> <p><font size="2"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Epidemiology</span></h2> <p>Restless leg syndrome affects an estimated 2.7% of the general population in the U.S.A., but claims about the prevalence of RLS can be confusing because its severity varies enormously between individual sufferers; only a minority of sufferers experience daily or severe symptoms.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-allen2005_0">[17]</sup></p> <p>Often sufferers think they are the only ones to be afflicted by this peculiar condition and are relieved when they find out that many others also suffer from it. The severity and frequency of the disorder vary tremendously. Many people only experience symptoms when they try to sleep, while others experience symptoms during the day. It is common to experience symptoms on long car rides or during any long period of inactivity (like watching television or a movie, attending a musical or theatrical performance, etc.) Approximately 80-90% of people with RLS also have PLMD, periodic limb movement disorder, which causes slow &quot;jerks&quot; or flexions of the affected body part. These occur during sleep (PLMS = periodic limb movement while sleeping) or while awake (PLMW - periodic limb movement while waking).</p> <p>About 10 percent of adults in North America and Europe may experience RLS symptoms, according to the National Sleep Foundation, which reports that &quot;lower prevalence has been found in India, Japan and Singapore,&quot; indicating that ethnic factors, including diet, may play a role in the prevalence of this syndrome.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-10">[18]</sup></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">History</span></h2> <p>Earlier studies were done by Thomas Willis (1622-1675) and by Theodor Wittmaack.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-WhoNamedIt_0">[19]</sup> Another early description of the disease and its symptoms were made by George Miller Beard (1839-1883).<sup class="reference" id="_ref-WhoNamedIt_1">[19]</sup> In a 1945 publication titled 'Restless Legs', Karl-Axel Ekbom described the disease and presented eight cases used for his studies.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-11">[20]</sup></p> <p>As with many diseases with diffuse symptoms, there is controversy among physicians as to whether RLS is a distinct syndrome. The US National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke publishes an information sheet <sup class="reference" id="_ref-12">[21]</sup> characterizing the syndrome but acknowledging it as a difficult diagnosis. Some physicians doubt that RLS actually exists as a legitimate clinical entity, but believe it to be a kind of &quot;catch-all&quot; category, perhaps related to a general heightened sympathetic nervous system (SNS) response that could be caused by any number of physical or emotional factors<sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since August 2007" style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap">[<em>citation needed</em>]</span></sup>. Other clinicians associate it with lumbosacral spinal subluxations and life stress.<sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since August 2007" style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap">[<em>citation needed</em>]</span></sup></p> <p>The UK support group for RLS calls itself the &quot;Ekbom support group&quot; and explains that RLS and &quot;Ekbom's Syndrome&quot; are two names for the same condition. However, RLS and delusional parasitosis are entirely different conditions that share part of the Wittmaack-Ekbom syndrome eponym, as both syndromes were described by the same person, Karl-Axel Ekbom. <sup class="reference" id="_ref-WhoNamedIt_2">[19]</sup></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">See also</span></h2> <ul> <li>Actigraphy </li> <li>Parasomnia </li> <li>Disease mongering </li> <li>Akathisia: A similar condition. </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="column-count: 2; -moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="_note-0"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Woloshin S, Schwartz L (2006). &quot;Giving legs to restless legs: a case study of how the media helps make people sick&quot;. <em>PLoS Med.</em> <strong>3</strong> (4): e170. PMID 16597175.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Giving+legs+to+restless+legs%3A+a+case+study+of+how+the+media+helps+make+people+sick&amp;rft.jtitle=PLoS+Med.&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=3&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.au=Woloshin+S%2C+Schwartz+L&amp;rft.pages=e170&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16597175&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.0030170">&nbsp;</span> </li> <li id="_note-1"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Montplaisir J; Boucher S; Nicolas A; Lesperance P; Gosselin A; Rompr&eacute; P; Lavigne G (1998). &quot;{{{title}}}&quot;. <em>Movement disorders</em> <strong>13</strong> (2): 324-9. PMID 9539348.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Movement+disorders&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.volume=13&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.au=Montplaisir+J%3B+Boucher+S%3B+Nicolas+A%3B+Lesperance+P%3B+Gosselin+A%3B+Rompr%C3%A9+P%3B+Lavigne+G&amp;rft.pages=324-9&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/9539348&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fsites%2Fentrez%3Fdb%3DPubMed%26cmd%3Dretrieve%26dopt%3DAbstractPlus%26list_uids%3D9539348">&nbsp;</span> </li> <li id="_note-2"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Allen R, Picchietti D, Hening W, Trenkwalder C, Walters A, Montplaisi J (2003). &quot;Restless legs syndrome: diagnostic criteria, special considerations, and epidemiology. A report from the restless legs syndrome diagnosis and epidemiology workshop at the National Institutes of Health.&quot;. <em>Sleep Med</em> <strong>4</strong> (2): 101-19. PMID 14592341.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Restless+legs+syndrome%3A+diagnostic+criteria%2C+special+considerations%2C+and+epidemiology.+A+report+from+the+restless+legs+syndrome+diagnosis+and+epidemiology+workshop+at+the+National+Institutes+of+Health.&amp;rft.jtitle=Sleep+Med&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=4&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.au=Allen+R%2C+Picchietti+D%2C+Hening+W%2C+Trenkwalder+C%2C+Walters+A%2C+Montplaisi+J&amp;rft.pages=101-19">&nbsp;</span> </li> <li id="_note-pmid9613772"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Kurlan R (1998). &quot;Postprandial (reactive) hypoglycemia and restless leg syndrome: related neurologic disorders?&quot;. <em>Mov. Disord.</em> <strong>13</strong> (3): 619-20. doi:10.1002/mds.870130349. PMID 9613772.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Postprandial+%28reactive%29+hypoglycemia+and+restless+leg+syndrome%3A+related+neurologic+disorders%3F&amp;rft.jtitle=Mov.+Disord.&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.volume=13&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.au=Kurlan+R&amp;rft.pages=619-20&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/9613772&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1002%2Fmds.870130349">&nbsp;</span> </li> <li id="_note-pmid15830971"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Crotti FM, Carai A, Carai M, Sgaramella E, Sias W (2005). &quot;Entrapment of crural branches of the common peroneal nerve&quot;. <em>Acta Neurochir. Suppl.</em> <strong>92</strong>: 69-70. PMID 15830971.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Entrapment+of+crural+branches+of+the+common+peroneal+nerve&amp;rft.jtitle=Acta+Neurochir.+Suppl.&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=92&amp;rft.au=Crotti+FM%2C+Carai+A%2C+Carai+M%2C+Sgaramella+E%2C+Sias+W&amp;rft.pages=69-70&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15830971">&nbsp;</span> </li> <li id="_note-pmid3147073"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">McParland P, Pearce JM (1988). &quot;Restless leg syndrome in pregnancy&quot;. <em>BMJ</em> <strong>297</strong> (6662): 1543. PMID 3147073.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Restless+leg+syndrome+in+pregnancy&amp;rft.jtitle=BMJ&amp;rft.date=1988&amp;rft.volume=297&amp;rft.issue=6662&amp;rft.au=McParland+P%2C+Pearce+JM&amp;rft.pages=1543&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/3147073">&nbsp;</span> </li> <li id="_note-3"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Connor J, Boyer P, Menzies S, Dellinger B, Allen R, Ondo W, Earley C (2003). &quot;Neuropathological examination suggests impaired brain iron acquisition in restless legs syndrome.&quot;. <em>Neurology</em> <strong>61</strong> (3): 304-9. PMID 12913188.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Neuropathological+examination+suggests+impaired+brain+iron+acquisition+in+restless+legs+syndrome.&amp;rft.jtitle=Neurology&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=61&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.au=Connor+J%2C+Boyer+P%2C+Menzies+S%2C+Dellinger+B%2C+Allen+R%2C+Ondo+W%2C+Earley+C&amp;rft.pages=304-9">&nbsp;</span> </li> <li id="_note-4"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Desautels A, Turecki G, Montplaisir J, Sequeira A, Verner A, Rouleau G (2001). &quot;Identification of a major susceptibility locus for restless legs syndrome on chromosome 12q.&quot;. <em>Am J Hum Genet</em> <strong>69</strong> (6): 1266-70. PMID 11704926.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Identification+of+a+major+susceptibility+locus+for+restless+legs+syndrome+on+chromosome+12q.&amp;rft.jtitle=Am+J+Hum+Genet&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.volume=69&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.au=Desautels+A%2C+Turecki+G%2C+Montplaisir+J%2C+Sequeira+A%2C+Verner+A%2C+Rouleau+G&amp;rft.pages=1266-70">&nbsp;</span> </li> <li id="_note-5"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Levchenko A, Montplaisir J, Dub&eacute; M, Riviere J, St-Onge J, Turecki G, Xiong L, Thibodeau P, Desautels A, Verlaan D, Rouleau G (2004). &quot;The 14q restless legs syndrome locus in the French Canadian population.&quot;. <em>Ann Neurol</em> <strong>55</strong> (6): 887-91. PMID 15174026.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+14q+restless+legs+syndrome+locus+in+the+French+Canadian+population.&amp;rft.jtitle=Ann+Neurol&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=55&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.au=Levchenko+A%2C+Montplaisir+J%2C+Dub%C3%A9+M%2C+Riviere+J%2C+St-Onge+J%2C+Turecki+G%2C+Xiong+L%2C+Thibodeau+P%2C+Desautels+A%2C+Verlaan+D%2C+Rouleau+G&amp;rft.pages=887-91">&nbsp;</span> </li> <li id="_note-6"><strong>^</strong> Christopher J. Earley, M.B., B.Ch., Ph.D., &quot;Restless Legs Syndrome&quot; <em>New England J Medicine</em> 2003; 348:2103 - 9. </li> <li id="_note-pmid17634447"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Stefansson H, Rye DB, Hicks A, <em>et al</em> (2007). &quot;A genetic risk factor for periodic limb movements in sleep&quot;. <em>N. Engl. J. Med.</em> <strong>357</strong> (7): 639&ndash;47. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa072743. PMID 17634447.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=A+genetic+risk+factor+for+periodic+limb+movements+in+sleep&amp;rft.jtitle=N.+Engl.+J.+Med.&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.volume=357&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.au=Stefansson+H%2C+Rye+DB%2C+Hicks+A%2C+%27%27et+al%27%27&amp;rft.pages=639%E2%80%9347&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17634447&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1056%2FNEJMoa072743&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.nejm.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dshort%26pmid%3D17634447%26promo%3DONFLNS19">&nbsp;</span> </li> <li id="_note-MayoAlgo">^ ^{<em><strong>a</strong></em>} ^{<em><strong>b</strong></em>} Mayo Clinic Algorithm also available as .pdf </li> <li id="_note-pmid17516455"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Oertel WH, Trenkwalder C, Zucconi M, <em>et al</em> (2007). &quot;State of the art in restless legs syndrome therapy: Practice recommendations for treating restless legs syndrome&quot;. <em>Mov Disord</em>. doi:10.1002/mds.21545. PMID 17516455.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=State+of+the+art+in+restless+legs+syndrome+therapy%3A+Practice+recommendations+for+treating+restless+legs+syndrome&amp;rft.jtitle=Mov+Disord&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.au=Oertel+WH%2C+Trenkwalder+C%2C+Zucconi+M%2C+%27%27et+al%27%27&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17516455&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1002%2Fmds.21545">&nbsp;</span> </li> <li id="_note-7"><strong>^</strong> &quot;Medical Therapy for Restless Legs Syndrome may Trigger Compulsive Gambling&quot;, Mayo Clinic in Rochester, February 08, 2007 </li> <li id="_note-8"><strong>^</strong> * RLS Foundation </li> <li id="_note-9"><strong>^</strong> Marshall, Jessica, and Peter Aldhous. &quot;Patient Groups Special.&quot; New Scientist, 10/26/06 </li> <li id="_note-allen2005"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Allen R, Walters A, Montplaisir J, Hening W, Myers A, Bell T, Ferini-Strambi L (2005). &quot;Restless legs syndrome prevalence and impact: REST general population study&quot;. <em>Arch. Intern. Med.</em> <strong>165</strong> (11): 1286-92. PMID 15956009.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Restless+legs+syndrome+prevalence+and+impact%3A+REST+general+population+study&amp;rft.jtitle=Arch.+Intern.+Med.&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=165&amp;rft.issue=11&amp;rft.au=Allen+R%2C+Walters+A%2C+Montplaisir+J%2C+Hening+W%2C+Myers+A%2C+Bell+T%2C+Ferini-Strambi+L&amp;rft.pages=1286-92&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15956009">&nbsp;</span> </li> <li id="_note-10"><strong>^</strong> Welcome - National Sleep Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-23. </li> <li id="_note-WhoNamedIt">^ ^{<em><strong>a</strong></em>} ^{<em><strong>b</strong></em>} ^{<em><strong>c</strong></em>} </li> <li id="_note-11"><strong>^</strong> Ekbom, K.-A. Restless legs: a clinical study. Acta Med. Scand. (Suppl.) 158: 1-123, 1945. </li> <li id="_note-12"><strong>^</strong> Restless Legs Syndrome Fact Sheet </li> </ol> </div> <p><a id="External_links" name="External_links"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><em><a class="external text" title="http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/restless_legs" href="http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/restless_legs" rel="nofollow">restless_legs</a></em> at <a title="National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Neurological_Disorders_and_Stroke">NINDS</a> </li> <li><em><a class="external text" title="http://www.medicinenet.com/restless_leg_syndrome/article.htm" href="http://www.medicinenet.com/restless_leg_syndrome/article.htm" rel="nofollow">&quot;restless_leg_syndrome&quot;</a></em> at <a title="WebMD" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebMD">medicinenet.com</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.neuro.jhmi.edu/rls/aboutus.htm" href="http://www.neuro.jhmi.edu/rls/aboutus.htm" rel="nofollow">Center for RLS</a>, <a class="external text" title="http://www.neuro.jhmi.edu/rls/edu.htm" href="http://www.neuro.jhmi.edu/rls/edu.htm" rel="nofollow">education</a> at <a title="Johns Hopkins" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins">Johns Hopkins</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://health.ivillage.com/quicklinks_sleepdisorders/0,,b6fj76m5,00.html" href="http://health.ivillage.com/quicklinks_sleepdisorders/0,,b6fj76m5,00.html" rel="nofollow">Restless Leg Syndrome Treatment, Diagnosis, and Symptoms</a> at <a title="IVillage" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IVillage">iVillage</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/Sleep_Disorders/Restless_Legs_Syndrome//" href="http://www.dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/Sleep_Disorders/Restless_Legs_Syndrome//" rel="nofollow">Restless legs syndrome</a> at the <a title="Open Directory Project" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Directory_Project">Open Directory Project</a> </li> </ul> 0a4e27d30adfa3681d854f3a7379cd8b50df88ad 1775 2008-01-02T06:00:36Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><strong>Restless legs syndrome</strong> (RLS, <strong>Wittmaack-Ekbom's syndrome</strong>, or sometimes referred to as Nocturnal myoclonus) is a condition that is characterized by an irresistible urge to move one's legs. It is described as uncontrollable urges to move the limbs to stop uncomfortable or odd sensations in the body, most commonly in the legs, but can also be in the arms and torso. Moving the affected body part modulates the sensations, providing temporary relief.</p> <p>Many doctors express the view that the incidence of restless leg syndrome is exaggerated by manufacturers of drugs used to treat it.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-0">[1]</sup> Other physicians consider it a real entity that has specific diagnostic criteria. <sup class="reference" id="_ref-1">[2]</sup></p> <p>Many people tap their feet or shake their legs resulting from a nervous tic, consumption of stimulants, drug side-effects or other factors; this is usually innocuous, unnoticed, and does not interfere with daily life, quite distinct from restless leg syndrome, which is very different. With a nervous tic, someone does not necessarily notice it, but in RLS it is very noticeable. With a nervous tic, someone may tap their leg or foot, but with RLS you feel an undescribable sensation in your legs that can most closely be compared to a burning, itching sensation in the muscles of the legs or arms.</p> <p><br /> </p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Signs and symptoms</span></h2> <p>The sensations &ndash; and the need to move &ndash; may return immediately after ceasing movement, or at a later time. RLS may start at any age, including early childhood, and is a progressive disease for a certain portion of those afflicted, although the symptoms have disappeared permanently in some sufferers.</p> <p>Some experts believe RLS and periodic limb movement disorder are strongly associated with ADHD in some children. Both conditions are hereditary and dopamine is believed to be involved. Many types of medication for the treatment of both conditions affect dopamine levels in the brain. [1]</p> <ul> <li>&quot;An urge to move, usually due to uncomfortable sensations that occur primarily in the legs.&quot; </li> </ul> <p>The sensations are unusual and unlike other common sensations, and those with RLS have a hard time describing them. People use words such as: uncomfortable, antsy, electrical, creeping, painful, itching, pins and needles, pulling, creepy-crawly, ants inside the legs, and many others. The sensation and the urge can occur in any body part; the most cited location is legs, followed by arms. Some people have little or no sensation, yet still have a strong urge to move.</p> <ul> <li>&quot;Motor restlessness, expressed as activity, that relieves the urge to move.&quot; </li> </ul> <p>Movement will usually bring immediate relief, however, often only temporary and partial. Walking is most common; however, doing stretches, yoga, biking, or other physical activity may relieve the symptoms. Constant and fast up-and-down movement of the leg, coined &quot;sewing machine legs&quot; by at least one RLS sufferer, is often done to keep the sensations at bay without having to walk. Sometimes a specific type of movement will help a person more than another.</p> <ul> <li>&quot;Worsening of symptoms by relaxation.&quot; </li> </ul> <p>Any type of inactivity involving sitting or lying &ndash; reading a book, a plane ride, watching TV or a movie, taking a nap - can trigger the sensations and urge to move. This depends on several factors: the severity of the person&rsquo;s RLS, the degree of restfulness, the duration of the inactivity, etc.</p> <ul> <li>&quot;Variability over the course of the day-night cycle, with symptoms worse in the evening and early in the night.&quot; </li> </ul> <p>While some only experience RLS at bedtime and others experience it throughout the day and night, most sufferers experience the worst symptoms in the evening and the least in the morning.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">NIH criteria</span></h3> <p>In 2003, a National Institutes of Health (NIH) consensus panel modified their criteria to include the following:</p> <ul> <li>(1) an urge to move the limbs with or without sensations </li> <li>(2) worsening at rest </li> <li>(3) improvement with activity </li> <li>(4) worsening in the evening or night.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-2">[3]</sup> </li> </ul> <p>RLS is either primary or secondary.</p> <ul> <li>Primary RLS is considered idiopathic, or with no known cause. Primary RLS usually begins before approximately 40 to 45 years of age, and can even occur as early as the first year of life. In primary RLS, the onset is often slow. The RLS may disappear for months, or even years. It is often progressive and gets worse as the person ages. RLS in children is often misdiagnosed as growing pains. </li> </ul> <ul> <li>Secondary RLS often has a sudden onset and may be daily from the very beginning. It often occurs after the age of 40, however it can occur earlier. It is most associated with specific medical conditions or the use of certain drugs. The most commonly associated medical condition is iron deficiency, which accounts for just over 20% of all cases of RLS. The conditions include: pregnancy, varicose vein or venous reflux, folate deficiency, sleep apnea, uremia, diabetes, thyroid problems, peripheral neuropathy, Parkinson's disease and certain auto-immune disorders such as Sj&ouml;gren's syndrome, Celiac Disease, and rheumatoid arthritis. Treatment of the underlying condition, or cessation of use of the offending drug, often eliminates the RLS. </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Causes</span></h2> <p>Certain medications may worsen RLS in those who already have it, or cause it secondarily. These include: anti-nausea drugs, certain antihistamines (often in over-the-counter cold medications), drugs used to treat depression (both older tricyclics and newer SSRIs), antipsychotic drugs, and certain medications used to control seizures.</p> <p>Hypoglycemia has also been found to worsen RLS symptoms.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-pmid9613772_0">[4]</sup> Opioid detoxification has also recently been associated with provocation of RLS-like symptoms during withdrawal. For those affected, a reduction or elimination in the consumption of simple and refined carbohydrates or starches (for example, sugar, white flour, white rice and white potatoes) or some hard fats, such as those found in beef or biscuits, is recommended. Some doctors believe it is caused by irregular electrical impulses from the brain.</p> <p>Both primary and secondary RLS can be worsened by surgery of any kind, however back surgery or injury can be associated with causing RLS.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-pmid15830971_0">[5]</sup> RLS can worsen in pregnancy. <sup class="reference" id="_ref-pmid3147073_0">[6]</sup></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Genetics</span></h3> <p>40% of cases of RLS are familial and are inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion with variable penetrance.</p> <p>No one knows the exact cause of RLS at present. Research and brain autopsies have implicated both dopaminergic system and iron insufficiency in the substantia nigra (study published in Neurology, 2003).<sup class="reference" id="_ref-3">[7]</sup> Iron is an essential cofactor for the formation of L-dopa, the precursor of dopamine. An Icelandic study in 2005 confirmed the presence of an RLS susceptibility gene also found previously in a smaller French-Canadian population.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-4">[8]</sup><sup class="reference" id="_ref-5">[9]</sup> Various studies suggest chromosome 12q may indicate susceptibility to RLS.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-6">[10]</sup></p> <p>There is also some evidence that periodic limb movements in sleep may be associated with the iron-regulating <em>BTBD9</em> at 6p21.2.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-pmid17634447_0">[11]</sup></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Diagnosis</span></h2> <p><font size="2"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Prevention</span></h2> <p><font size="2"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Treatment</span></h2> <p>An algorithm for treating primary RLS (RLS without any secondary medical condition including iron deficiency, varicose vein, thyroid, etc.) was created by leading RLS researchers at the Mayo Clinic and is endorsed by the Restless Legs Syndrome Foundation. This document provides guidance to both the treating physician and the patient, and includes both nonpharmacological and pharmacological treatments.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-MayoAlgo_0">[12]</sup> Treatment of primary RLS should not be considered unless all the secondary medical conditions are ruled out. Drug therapy in RLS is not curative and is known to have significant side effects and needs to be considered with caution. The secondary form of RLS has the potential for cure if the precipitating medical condition (iron deficiency, venous reflux/varicose vein, thyroid, etc.) is managed effectively.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3>&nbsp;<span class="mw-headline">Iron supplements</span></h3> <p>According to some guidelines<sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since December 2007" style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap">[<em>citation needed</em>]</span></sup>, all people with RLS should have their ferritin levels tested; ferritin levels should be at least 50 mcg for those with RLS. Oral iron supplements, taken under a doctor's care, can increase ferritin levels. For some people, increasing ferritin will eliminate or reduce RLS symptoms. A ferritin level of 50 mcg is not sufficient for some sufferers and increasing the level to 80 mcg may greatly reduce symptoms. However, at least 40% of people will not notice any improvement. Treatment with IV iron is being tested at the US Mayo Clinic and Johns Hopkins Hospital. It is dangerous to take iron supplements without first having ferritin levels tested, as many people with RLS do not have low ferritin and taking iron when it is not called for can cause iron overload disorder, potentially a very dangerous condition.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-pmid17516455_0">[13]</sup></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Pharmaceuticals</span></h3> <p>For those whose RLS disrupts or prevents sleep or regular daily activities, medication is often required. Many doctors currently use, and the Mayo Clinic algorithm includes,<sup class="reference" id="_ref-MayoAlgo_1">[12]</sup> medication from four categories:</p> <ol> <li>Dopamine agonists such as ropinirole, pramipexole, carbidopa/levodopa or pergolide. Ropinirole (Requip) was first approved In 2005 by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat moderate to severe Restless Legs Syndrome. The drug was first approved for Parkinson's disease in 1997. Pramipexole (Mirapex, Sifrol, Mirapexen in the EU) received a positive recommendation by the EU Scientific Committee in February 2006. The FDA approved Mirapex for sale in the US in 2006. Rotigotine (Neupro), which is delivered by a transdermal patch was approved by the FDA in May 2007. It was approved for sale in the EU in 2007. There are some issues with the use of dopamine augmentation. Dopamine agonists may cause augmentation. This is a medical condition where the drug itself causes symptoms to increase in severity and/or occur earlier in the day. Dopamine agonists may also cause rebound, when symptoms increase as the drug wears off. Also, a recent study indicated that dopamine agonists used in restless leg patients can lead to an increase in compulsive gambling.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-7">[14]</sup> </li> <li>Opioids such as propoxyphene, oxycodone, or methadone, etc. </li> <li>Benzodiazepines, which often assist in staying asleep and reducing awakenings from the movements </li> <li>Anticonvulsants, which often help people who experience the RLS sensations as painful, such as gabapentin </li> </ol> <p>Recently, several major pharmaceutical companies are reported to be marketing drugs without an explicit approval for RLS, which are &quot;off-label&quot; applications for drugs approved for other diseases. The Restless Leg Foundation <sup class="reference" id="_ref-8">[15]</sup> received 44% of its $1.4 million in funding from these pharmaceutical groups<sup class="reference" id="_ref-9">[16]</sup></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Prognosis</span></h2> <p><font size="2"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Epidemiology</span></h2> <p>Restless leg syndrome affects an estimated 2.7% of the general population in the U.S.A., but claims about the prevalence of RLS can be confusing because its severity varies enormously between individual sufferers; only a minority of sufferers experience daily or severe symptoms.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-allen2005_0">[17]</sup></p> <p>Often sufferers think they are the only ones to be afflicted by this peculiar condition and are relieved when they find out that many others also suffer from it. The severity and frequency of the disorder vary tremendously. Many people only experience symptoms when they try to sleep, while others experience symptoms during the day. It is common to experience symptoms on long car rides or during any long period of inactivity (like watching television or a movie, attending a musical or theatrical performance, etc.) Approximately 80-90% of people with RLS also have PLMD, periodic limb movement disorder, which causes slow &quot;jerks&quot; or flexions of the affected body part. These occur during sleep (PLMS = periodic limb movement while sleeping) or while awake (PLMW - periodic limb movement while waking).</p> <p>About 10 percent of adults in North America and Europe may experience RLS symptoms, according to the National Sleep Foundation, which reports that &quot;lower prevalence has been found in India, Japan and Singapore,&quot; indicating that ethnic factors, including diet, may play a role in the prevalence of this syndrome.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-10">[18]</sup></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">History</span></h2> <p>Earlier studies were done by Thomas Willis (1622-1675) and by Theodor Wittmaack.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-WhoNamedIt_0">[19]</sup> Another early description of the disease and its symptoms were made by George Miller Beard (1839-1883).<sup class="reference" id="_ref-WhoNamedIt_1">[19]</sup> In a 1945 publication titled 'Restless Legs', Karl-Axel Ekbom described the disease and presented eight cases used for his studies.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-11">[20]</sup></p> <p>As with many diseases with diffuse symptoms, there is controversy among physicians as to whether RLS is a distinct syndrome. The US National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke publishes an information sheet <sup class="reference" id="_ref-12">[21]</sup> characterizing the syndrome but acknowledging it as a difficult diagnosis. Some physicians doubt that RLS actually exists as a legitimate clinical entity, but believe it to be a kind of &quot;catch-all&quot; category, perhaps related to a general heightened sympathetic nervous system (SNS) response that could be caused by any number of physical or emotional factors<sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since August 2007" style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap">[<em>citation needed</em>]</span></sup>. Other clinicians associate it with lumbosacral spinal subluxations and life stress.<sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since August 2007" style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap">[<em>citation needed</em>]</span></sup></p> <p>The UK support group for RLS calls itself the &quot;Ekbom support group&quot; and explains that RLS and &quot;Ekbom's Syndrome&quot; are two names for the same condition. However, RLS and delusional parasitosis are entirely different conditions that share part of the Wittmaack-Ekbom syndrome eponym, as both syndromes were described by the same person, Karl-Axel Ekbom. <sup class="reference" id="_ref-WhoNamedIt_2">[19]</sup></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">See also</span></h2> <ul> <li>Actigraphy </li> <li>Parasomnia </li> <li>Disease mongering </li> <li>Akathisia: A similar condition. </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="column-count: 2; -moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="_note-0"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Woloshin S, Schwartz L (2006). &quot;Giving legs to restless legs: a case study of how the media helps make people sick&quot;. <em>PLoS Med.</em> <strong>3</strong> (4): e170. PMID 16597175.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Giving+legs+to+restless+legs%3A+a+case+study+of+how+the+media+helps+make+people+sick&amp;rft.jtitle=PLoS+Med.&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=3&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.au=Woloshin+S%2C+Schwartz+L&amp;rft.pages=e170&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16597175&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.0030170">&nbsp;</span> </li> <li id="_note-1"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Montplaisir J; Boucher S; Nicolas A; Lesperance P; Gosselin A; Rompr&eacute; P; Lavigne G (1998). &quot;{{{title}}}&quot;. <em>Movement disorders</em> <strong>13</strong> (2): 324-9. PMID 9539348.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Movement+disorders&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.volume=13&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.au=Montplaisir+J%3B+Boucher+S%3B+Nicolas+A%3B+Lesperance+P%3B+Gosselin+A%3B+Rompr%C3%A9+P%3B+Lavigne+G&amp;rft.pages=324-9&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/9539348&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fsites%2Fentrez%3Fdb%3DPubMed%26cmd%3Dretrieve%26dopt%3DAbstractPlus%26list_uids%3D9539348">&nbsp;</span> </li> <li id="_note-2"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Allen R, Picchietti D, Hening W, Trenkwalder C, Walters A, Montplaisi J (2003). &quot;Restless legs syndrome: diagnostic criteria, special considerations, and epidemiology. A report from the restless legs syndrome diagnosis and epidemiology workshop at the National Institutes of Health.&quot;. <em>Sleep Med</em> <strong>4</strong> (2): 101-19. PMID 14592341.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Restless+legs+syndrome%3A+diagnostic+criteria%2C+special+considerations%2C+and+epidemiology.+A+report+from+the+restless+legs+syndrome+diagnosis+and+epidemiology+workshop+at+the+National+Institutes+of+Health.&amp;rft.jtitle=Sleep+Med&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=4&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.au=Allen+R%2C+Picchietti+D%2C+Hening+W%2C+Trenkwalder+C%2C+Walters+A%2C+Montplaisi+J&amp;rft.pages=101-19">&nbsp;</span> </li> <li id="_note-pmid9613772"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Kurlan R (1998). &quot;Postprandial (reactive) hypoglycemia and restless leg syndrome: related neurologic disorders?&quot;. <em>Mov. Disord.</em> <strong>13</strong> (3): 619-20. doi:10.1002/mds.870130349. PMID 9613772.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Postprandial+%28reactive%29+hypoglycemia+and+restless+leg+syndrome%3A+related+neurologic+disorders%3F&amp;rft.jtitle=Mov.+Disord.&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.volume=13&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.au=Kurlan+R&amp;rft.pages=619-20&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/9613772&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1002%2Fmds.870130349">&nbsp;</span> </li> <li id="_note-pmid15830971"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Crotti FM, Carai A, Carai M, Sgaramella E, Sias W (2005). &quot;Entrapment of crural branches of the common peroneal nerve&quot;. <em>Acta Neurochir. Suppl.</em> <strong>92</strong>: 69-70. PMID 15830971.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Entrapment+of+crural+branches+of+the+common+peroneal+nerve&amp;rft.jtitle=Acta+Neurochir.+Suppl.&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=92&amp;rft.au=Crotti+FM%2C+Carai+A%2C+Carai+M%2C+Sgaramella+E%2C+Sias+W&amp;rft.pages=69-70&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15830971">&nbsp;</span> </li> <li id="_note-pmid3147073"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">McParland P, Pearce JM (1988). &quot;Restless leg syndrome in pregnancy&quot;. <em>BMJ</em> <strong>297</strong> (6662): 1543. PMID 3147073.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Restless+leg+syndrome+in+pregnancy&amp;rft.jtitle=BMJ&amp;rft.date=1988&amp;rft.volume=297&amp;rft.issue=6662&amp;rft.au=McParland+P%2C+Pearce+JM&amp;rft.pages=1543&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/3147073">&nbsp;</span> </li> <li id="_note-3"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Connor J, Boyer P, Menzies S, Dellinger B, Allen R, Ondo W, Earley C (2003). &quot;Neuropathological examination suggests impaired brain iron acquisition in restless legs syndrome.&quot;. <em>Neurology</em> <strong>61</strong> (3): 304-9. PMID 12913188.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Neuropathological+examination+suggests+impaired+brain+iron+acquisition+in+restless+legs+syndrome.&amp;rft.jtitle=Neurology&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=61&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.au=Connor+J%2C+Boyer+P%2C+Menzies+S%2C+Dellinger+B%2C+Allen+R%2C+Ondo+W%2C+Earley+C&amp;rft.pages=304-9">&nbsp;</span> </li> <li id="_note-4"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Desautels A, Turecki G, Montplaisir J, Sequeira A, Verner A, Rouleau G (2001). &quot;Identification of a major susceptibility locus for restless legs syndrome on chromosome 12q.&quot;. <em>Am J Hum Genet</em> <strong>69</strong> (6): 1266-70. PMID 11704926.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Identification+of+a+major+susceptibility+locus+for+restless+legs+syndrome+on+chromosome+12q.&amp;rft.jtitle=Am+J+Hum+Genet&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.volume=69&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.au=Desautels+A%2C+Turecki+G%2C+Montplaisir+J%2C+Sequeira+A%2C+Verner+A%2C+Rouleau+G&amp;rft.pages=1266-70">&nbsp;</span> </li> <li id="_note-5"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Levchenko A, Montplaisir J, Dub&eacute; M, Riviere J, St-Onge J, Turecki G, Xiong L, Thibodeau P, Desautels A, Verlaan D, Rouleau G (2004). &quot;The 14q restless legs syndrome locus in the French Canadian population.&quot;. <em>Ann Neurol</em> <strong>55</strong> (6): 887-91. PMID 15174026.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+14q+restless+legs+syndrome+locus+in+the+French+Canadian+population.&amp;rft.jtitle=Ann+Neurol&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=55&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.au=Levchenko+A%2C+Montplaisir+J%2C+Dub%C3%A9+M%2C+Riviere+J%2C+St-Onge+J%2C+Turecki+G%2C+Xiong+L%2C+Thibodeau+P%2C+Desautels+A%2C+Verlaan+D%2C+Rouleau+G&amp;rft.pages=887-91">&nbsp;</span> </li> <li id="_note-6"><strong>^</strong> Christopher J. Earley, M.B., B.Ch., Ph.D., &quot;Restless Legs Syndrome&quot; <em>New England J Medicine</em> 2003; 348:2103 - 9. </li> <li id="_note-pmid17634447"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Stefansson H, Rye DB, Hicks A, <em>et al</em> (2007). &quot;A genetic risk factor for periodic limb movements in sleep&quot;. <em>N. Engl. J. Med.</em> <strong>357</strong> (7): 639&ndash;47. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa072743. PMID 17634447.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=A+genetic+risk+factor+for+periodic+limb+movements+in+sleep&amp;rft.jtitle=N.+Engl.+J.+Med.&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.volume=357&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.au=Stefansson+H%2C+Rye+DB%2C+Hicks+A%2C+%27%27et+al%27%27&amp;rft.pages=639%E2%80%9347&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17634447&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1056%2FNEJMoa072743&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.nejm.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dshort%26pmid%3D17634447%26promo%3DONFLNS19">&nbsp;</span> </li> <li id="_note-MayoAlgo">^ ^{<em><strong>a</strong></em>} ^{<em><strong>b</strong></em>} Mayo Clinic Algorithm also available as .pdf </li> <li id="_note-pmid17516455"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Oertel WH, Trenkwalder C, Zucconi M, <em>et al</em> (2007). &quot;State of the art in restless legs syndrome therapy: Practice recommendations for treating restless legs syndrome&quot;. <em>Mov Disord</em>. doi:10.1002/mds.21545. PMID 17516455.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=State+of+the+art+in+restless+legs+syndrome+therapy%3A+Practice+recommendations+for+treating+restless+legs+syndrome&amp;rft.jtitle=Mov+Disord&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.au=Oertel+WH%2C+Trenkwalder+C%2C+Zucconi+M%2C+%27%27et+al%27%27&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17516455&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1002%2Fmds.21545">&nbsp;</span> </li> <li id="_note-7"><strong>^</strong> &quot;Medical Therapy for Restless Legs Syndrome may Trigger Compulsive Gambling&quot;, Mayo Clinic in Rochester, February 08, 2007 </li> <li id="_note-8"><strong>^</strong> * RLS Foundation </li> <li id="_note-9"><strong>^</strong> Marshall, Jessica, and Peter Aldhous. &quot;Patient Groups Special.&quot; New Scientist, 10/26/06 </li> <li id="_note-allen2005"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Allen R, Walters A, Montplaisir J, Hening W, Myers A, Bell T, Ferini-Strambi L (2005). &quot;Restless legs syndrome prevalence and impact: REST general population study&quot;. <em>Arch. Intern. Med.</em> <strong>165</strong> (11): 1286-92. PMID 15956009.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Restless+legs+syndrome+prevalence+and+impact%3A+REST+general+population+study&amp;rft.jtitle=Arch.+Intern.+Med.&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=165&amp;rft.issue=11&amp;rft.au=Allen+R%2C+Walters+A%2C+Montplaisir+J%2C+Hening+W%2C+Myers+A%2C+Bell+T%2C+Ferini-Strambi+L&amp;rft.pages=1286-92&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15956009">&nbsp;</span> </li> <li id="_note-10"><strong>^</strong> Welcome - National Sleep Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-23. </li> <li id="_note-WhoNamedIt">^ ^{<em><strong>a</strong></em>} ^{<em><strong>b</strong></em>} ^{<em><strong>c</strong></em>} </li> <li id="_note-11"><strong>^</strong> Ekbom, K.-A. Restless legs: a clinical study. Acta Med. Scand. (Suppl.) 158: 1-123, 1945. </li> <li id="_note-12"><strong>^</strong> Restless Legs Syndrome Fact Sheet </li> </ol> </div> <p><a id="External_links" name="External_links"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><em><a class="external text" title="http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/restless_legs" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/restless_legs">restless_legs</a></em> at <a title="National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Neurological_Disorders_and_Stroke">NINDS</a> </li> <li><em><a class="external text" title="http://www.medicinenet.com/restless_leg_syndrome/article.htm" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.medicinenet.com/restless_leg_syndrome/article.htm">&quot;restless_leg_syndrome&quot;</a></em> at <a title="WebMD" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebMD">medicinenet.com</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.neuro.jhmi.edu/rls/aboutus.htm" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.neuro.jhmi.edu/rls/aboutus.htm">Center for RLS</a>, <a class="external text" title="http://www.neuro.jhmi.edu/rls/edu.htm" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.neuro.jhmi.edu/rls/edu.htm">education</a> at <a title="Johns Hopkins" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins">Johns Hopkins</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://health.ivillage.com/quicklinks_sleepdisorders/0,,b6fj76m5,00.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://health.ivillage.com/quicklinks_sleepdisorders/0,,b6fj76m5,00.html">Restless Leg Syndrome Treatment, Diagnosis, and Symptoms</a> at <a title="IVillage" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IVillage">iVillage</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/Sleep_Disorders/Restless_Legs_Syndrome//" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/Sleep_Disorders/Restless_Legs_Syndrome//">Restless legs syndrome</a> at the <a title="Open Directory Project" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Directory_Project">Open Directory Project</a> </li> </ul> f8efc4a9205262f38b6c26e3e57d0277803b470a 0 1561 1779 2008-01-08T07:22:29Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki [http://www.genefinding.org/ Genefinding.org]: Ian Korpf's site. bd24d7003c5c2706a5f8d5f6a5ae2ccbfc5778c3 1788 2008-01-13T01:33:34Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong>Government institutes<br /> </strong>[http://cdc.gov/genomics CDC genomics]<br /> <br /> <br /> [http://www.genefinding.org/ Genefinding.org]: Ian Korpf's site. 5ee5d7a456cfaded7e4000f8965aa6abe4007207 1789 2008-01-13T01:34:21Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong>Government institutes<br /> </strong>[http://cdc.gov/genomics CDC genomics]<br /> <br /> <strong>Journal sites on genomics<br /> </strong>[http://nature.com/omis Nature Omics gateway]<br /> <br /> [http://www.genefinding.org/ Genefinding.org]: Ian Korpf's site. afb49f4910808ee77eead56834120c18739c4844 1790 2008-01-13T01:34:40Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong>Government institutes<br /> </strong>[http://cdc.gov/genomics CDC genomics]<br /> <br /> <strong>Journal sites on genomics<br /> </strong>[http://nature.com/omics Nature Omics gateway]<br /> <br /> [http://www.genefinding.org/ Genefinding.org]: Ian Korpf's site. 4ad4e126862271e78867b4e2b2b9c116ed7a21ee 1791 2008-01-13T01:36:59Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong>Government institutes<br /> </strong>[http://cdc.gov/genomics CDC genomics]<br /> <br /> <strong>Journal sites on genomics<br /> </strong><br /> [http://nature.com/omics Nature Omics gateway]<br /> <br /> [http://www.genefinding.org/ Genefinding.org]: Ian Korpf's site. e476a1044dfbac7ce04877e1704abb8bc6887732 1792 2008-01-13T02:04:38Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong>Government institutes<br /> </strong>[http://cdc.gov/genomics CDC genomics]<br /> [http://genomics.energy.gov Dept. of energy genomics]<br /> <br /> <strong>Journal sites on genomics</strong><br /> [http://nature.com/omics Nature Omics gateway]<br /> <br /> <strong>Genomics research labs<br /> </strong> [http://www.genefinding.org/ Genefinding.org]: Ian Korpf's site. b868d5d7b4ed7229ae8bf013c4775b5e2f1a49a5 1 1562 1780 2008-01-08T07:23:00Z Dan 10 wikitext text/x-wiki The George Church link seems dead... --[[User:Dan|Dan]] 16:23, 8 January 2008 (KST) 05857b3fa0090a6a61f6600f098685bc90b3bceb 0 1505 1782 2008-01-09T04:28:17Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">You can contribute to Genomics.org through:</font><br /> <br /> <font size="3">1. Add pages, media materials, photos, and so on so that other people can share them without any restriction.<br /> <br /> 2. List or provide software and database that are openfree.<br /> <br /> 3. Contribute your genetic and genomic information <br /> <br /> 4. Participate in various bio- and -omics projects that support openfree sharing of bioknowledge.</font><br /> ce3137b4e176338ef1dcd55b1b89b3c8189deedb 0 1528 1784 2008-01-12T05:53:17Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p align="left"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman">[http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/short/358/2/105 <font face="Arial">Letting the Genome out of the Bottle &mdash; Will We Get Our Wish? </font><font size="+1"><font size="2">David J. Hunter, M.B., B.S., Sc.D., M.P.H., Muin J. Khoury, M.D., Ph.D., and Jeffrey M. Drazen, M.D.]</font> </font><br /> <br /> [http://www.technologyreview.com/Biotech/19824/&nbsp; <strong>Your Personal Genome</strong> George Church wants to sequence your genome], <em>Technology Review<strong> </strong></em>December, 2007<br /> <br /> [http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/17/us/17dna.html?_r=1&amp;hp&amp;oref=slogin My Genome, Myself: Seeking Clues in DNA], <em>New York Times</em>, November, 2007&nbsp;<br /> <br /> [http://www.wired.com/medtech/genetics/magazine/15-12/ff_genomics 23andMe Will Decode Your DNA for $1000. Welcome to the Age of Genomics], <em>Wired Magazine</em>, November 2007&nbsp;<br /> <br /> [http://www.portfolio.com/news-markets/national-news/portfolio/2007/10/15/23andMe-Web-Site Welcome to the Future], <em>Portfolio</em>, November, 2007 <br /> <br /> [http://biz.yahoo.com/prnews/071116/nyf010.html?.v=101 deCODE Launches deCODEme(TM)], <em>Yahoo FINANCE, </em>November, 2007<br /> <br /> [http://biz.yahoo.com/prnews/071106/netu044a.html?.v=1 Navigenics Launches With Preeminent Team of Advisers, Partners and Investors], <em>Yahoo FINANCE</em>, November, 2007<br /> <br /> [http://www.the-infoshop.com/study/cd55230-genome.html Sequencing technology],<em>&nbsp;the-infoshop,</em> August, 2007<br /> <br /> [http://www.bcm.edu/news/packages/watson_genome.cfm&nbsp;Nobel laureate James Watson receives personal genome in ceremony at Baylor College of Medicine], <em>BCM</em>, May, 2007<br /> <br /> [http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory?id=3232186 Scientist Gets Own Personal Genome Map], <em>abc NEWS</em>, June, 2007<br /> <br /> [http://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/newsrel/science/1kgenome06.asp $1000 genome grant to Xiaohua Huang], <em>UCSC News Center, October, &nbsp;</em>2006<br /> <br /> [http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/03/0307_060307_dna.html Coming Soon: Your Personal DNA Map?], <em>National Geographic</em>, March, 2006</font> <br /> <br /> </font></p> a2c596167b14f37167490a8266214aaf5b7a4b92 0 1564 1799 2008-01-13T02:12:25Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p align="left"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman">[http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/short/358/2/105 <font face="Arial">Letting the Genome out of the Bottle &mdash; Will We Get Our Wish? </font><font size="+1"><font size="2">David J. Hunter, M.B., B.S., Sc.D., M.P.H., Muin J. Khoury, M.D., Ph.D., and Jeffrey M. Drazen, M.D.]</font> </font><br /> <br /> [http://www.technologyreview.com/Biotech/19824/&nbsp; <strong>Your Personal Genome</strong> George Church wants to sequence your genome], <em>Technology Review<strong> </strong></em>December, 2007<br /> <br /> [http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/17/us/17dna.html?_r=1&amp;hp&amp;oref=slogin My Genome, Myself: Seeking Clues in DNA], <em>New York Times</em>, November, 2007&nbsp;<br /> <br /> [http://www.wired.com/medtech/genetics/magazine/15-12/ff_genomics 23andMe Will Decode Your DNA for $1000. Welcome to the Age of Genomics], <em>Wired Magazine</em>, November 2007&nbsp;<br /> <br /> [http://www.portfolio.com/news-markets/national-news/portfolio/2007/10/15/23andMe-Web-Site Welcome to the Future], <em>Portfolio</em>, November, 2007 <br /> <br /> [http://biz.yahoo.com/prnews/071116/nyf010.html?.v=101 deCODE Launches deCODEme(TM)], <em>Yahoo FINANCE, </em>November, 2007<br /> <br /> [http://biz.yahoo.com/prnews/071106/netu044a.html?.v=1 Navigenics Launches With Preeminent Team of Advisers, Partners and Investors], <em>Yahoo FINANCE</em>, November, 2007<br /> <br /> [http://www.the-infoshop.com/study/cd55230-genome.html Sequencing technology],<em>&nbsp;the-infoshop,</em> August, 2007<br /> <br /> [http://www.bcm.edu/news/packages/watson_genome.cfm&nbsp;Nobel laureate James Watson receives personal genome in ceremony at Baylor College of Medicine], <em>BCM</em>, May, 2007<br /> <br /> [http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory?id=3232186 Scientist Gets Own Personal Genome Map], <em>abc NEWS</em>, June, 2007<br /> <br /> [http://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/newsrel/science/1kgenome06.asp $1000 genome grant to Xiaohua Huang], <em>UCSC News Center, October, &nbsp;</em>2006<br /> <br /> [http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/03/0307_060307_dna.html Coming Soon: Your Personal DNA Map?], <em>National Geographic</em>, March, 2006</font> <br /> <br /> </font></p> a2c596167b14f37167490a8266214aaf5b7a4b92 0 1565 1805 2008-01-13T02:50:32Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p align="left"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman">[http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/short/358/2/105 <font face="Arial">Letting the Genome out of the Bottle &mdash; Will We Get Our Wish? </font><font size="+1"><font size="2">David J. Hunter, M.B., B.S., Sc.D., M.P.H., Muin J. Khoury, M.D., Ph.D., and Jeffrey M. Drazen, M.D.]</font> </font><br /> <br /> [http://www.technologyreview.com/Biotech/19824/&nbsp; <strong>Your Personal Genome</strong> George Church wants to sequence your genome], <em>Technology Review<strong> </strong></em>December, 2007<br /> <br /> [http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/17/us/17dna.html?_r=1&amp;hp&amp;oref=slogin My Genome, Myself: Seeking Clues in DNA], <em>New York Times</em>, November, 2007&nbsp;<br /> <br /> [http://www.wired.com/medtech/genetics/magazine/15-12/ff_genomics 23andMe Will Decode Your DNA for $1000. Welcome to the Age of Genomics], <em>Wired Magazine</em>, November 2007&nbsp;<br /> <br /> [http://www.portfolio.com/news-markets/national-news/portfolio/2007/10/15/23andMe-Web-Site Welcome to the Future], <em>Portfolio</em>, November, 2007 <br /> <br /> [http://biz.yahoo.com/prnews/071116/nyf010.html?.v=101 deCODE Launches deCODEme(TM)], <em>Yahoo FINANCE, </em>November, 2007<br /> <br /> [http://biz.yahoo.com/prnews/071106/netu044a.html?.v=1 Navigenics Launches With Preeminent Team of Advisers, Partners and Investors], <em>Yahoo FINANCE</em>, November, 2007<br /> <br /> [http://www.the-infoshop.com/study/cd55230-genome.html Sequencing technology],<em>&nbsp;the-infoshop,</em> August, 2007<br /> <br /> [http://www.bcm.edu/news/packages/watson_genome.cfm&nbsp;Nobel laureate James Watson receives personal genome in ceremony at Baylor College of Medicine], <em>BCM</em>, May, 2007<br /> <br /> [http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory?id=3232186 Scientist Gets Own Personal Genome Map], <em>abc NEWS</em>, June, 2007<br /> <br /> [http://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/newsrel/science/1kgenome06.asp $1000 genome grant to Xiaohua Huang], <em>UCSC News Center, October, &nbsp;</em>2006<br /> <br /> [http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/03/0307_060307_dna.html Coming Soon: Your Personal DNA Map?], <em>National Geographic</em>, March, 2006</font> <br /> <br /> </font></p> a2c596167b14f37167490a8266214aaf5b7a4b92 0 1566 1823 2008-01-13T08:51:07Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong><font size="3">Courses in Genomics</font><br /> </strong><br /> <table width="100%"> <tbody> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top"><a href="http://www.dnai.org/index.html"><font size="2">DNA Interactive</font></a><br /> </td> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top"><font size="2">DNA Inteactive (DNAi.org) </font><font size="1">by Cold Spring Harbor Lab. Funded by HHMI.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.genomatix.de/"><font size="2">Genomics and Tutorials<br /> </font></a></td> <td><font size="2">A very informative site at Genomatix</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.genomeeducation.ca/"><font size="2">Genome Education Center<br /> </font></a></td> <td><font size="2">An education site for students, teachers &amp; the generally curious</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://gslc.genetics.utah.edu/"><font size="2">Genetic Science Learning Center</font></a></td> <td><font size="2">How genetics effect lives and society</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.msu.edu/user/debruijn/"><font size="2">Genomic Finger Printing and Rep-PCR</font></a></td> <td><font size="2">Learn about Rep-PCR and finger printing</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.bio.davidson.edu/courses/genomics/front/surfingenomics.html"><font size="2">Genomics Web</font></a></td> <td><font size="2">A genomics course developed by Dr. Campbell at Davidson University</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.geneimprint.com/"><font size="2">GeneImprint</font></a></td> <td><font size="2">Learn about genomic imprinting and imprinted genes</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.siam.org/meetings/an98/course2.htm"><font color="#810081" size="2">Computational Genomics</font></a></td> <td><font size="2">Introduction to Computational Genomics. [[University of Toronto]], Canada . July 12, 1998</font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> 06ddb52107de2d8a1510bdc7903c89df598d513a 1824 2008-01-13T08:53:43Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong><font size="3">Courses in Genomics</font><br /> </strong><br /> <table width="100%"> <tbody> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top"><a href="http://www.dnai.org/index.html"><font size="2">DNA Interactive</font></a><br /> </td> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top"><font size="2">DNA Inteactive (DNAi.org) </font><font size="1">by Cold Spring Harbor Lab. Funded by HHMI.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.genomatix.de/"><font size="2">Genomics and Tutorials<br /> </font></a></td> <td><font size="2">[[Genomatix Inc. in Germany]].&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.genomeeducation.ca/"><font size="2">Genome Education Center<br /> </font></a></td> <td><font size="2">An education site for students, teachers &amp; the generally curious</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://gslc.genetics.utah.edu/"><font size="2">Genetic Science Learning Center</font></a></td> <td><font size="2">How genetics effect lives and society</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.msu.edu/user/debruijn/"><font size="2">Genomic Finger Printing and Rep-PCR</font></a></td> <td><font size="2">Learn about Rep-PCR and finger printing</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.bio.davidson.edu/courses/genomics/front/surfingenomics.html"><font size="2">Genomics Web</font></a></td> <td><font size="2">A genomics course developed by Dr. Campbell at Davidson University</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.geneimprint.com/"><font size="2">GeneImprint</font></a></td> <td><font size="2">Learn about genomic imprinting and imprinted genes</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.siam.org/meetings/an98/course2.htm"><font color="#810081" size="2">Computational Genomics</font></a></td> <td><font size="2">Introduction to Computational Genomics. [[University of Toronto]], Canada . July 12, 1998</font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> 2450607997e6de0d0496d03fb247d3c4832b40d9 1828 2008-01-13T09:08:41Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong><font size="3">Courses in Genomics</font><br /> </strong><br /> <table width="100%"> <tbody> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top"><a href="http://www.dnai.org/index.html"><font size="2">DNA Interactive</font></a><br /> </td> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top"><font size="2">DNA Inteactive (DNAi.org) </font><font size="1">by Cold Spring Harbor Lab. Funded by HHMI.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Quick <a href="http://www.genomatix.de/training/tasks.html"><font size="2">Genomics&nbsp;Tasks<br /> </font></a></td> <td><font size="2">[[Genomatix Inc. in Germany]].&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="http://www.genomatix.de">http://www.genomatix.de</a></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.genomeeducation.ca/"><font size="2">Genome Education Center<br /> </font></a></td> <td><font size="2">An education site for students, teachers &amp; the generally curious</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://gslc.genetics.utah.edu/"><font size="2">Genetic Science Learning Center</font></a></td> <td><font size="2">How genetics effect lives and society</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.msu.edu/user/debruijn/"><font size="2">Genomic Finger Printing and Rep-PCR</font></a></td> <td><font size="2">Learn about Rep-PCR and finger printing</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.bio.davidson.edu/courses/genomics/front/surfingenomics.html"><font size="2">Genomics Web</font></a></td> <td><font size="2">A genomics course developed by Dr. Campbell at Davidson University</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.geneimprint.com/"><font size="2">GeneImprint</font></a></td> <td><font size="2">Learn about genomic imprinting and imprinted genes</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.siam.org/meetings/an98/course2.htm"><font color="#810081" size="2">Computational Genomics</font></a></td> <td><font size="2">Introduction to Computational Genomics. [[University of Toronto]], Canada . July 12, 1998</font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> a607937b7e7bbccc9b10daa7559fe413894815a0 1829 2008-01-13T11:19:39Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong><font size="3">Courses in Genomics</font><br /> </strong><br /> <table width="100%"> <tbody> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top"><a href="http://www.dnai.org/index.html"><font size="2">DNA Interactive</font></a><br /> </td> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top"><font size="2">DNA Inteactive (DNAi.org) </font><font size="1">by Cold Spring Harbor Lab. Funded by HHMI.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Quick <a href="http://www.genomatix.de/training/tasks.html"><font size="2">Genomics&nbsp;Tasks<br /> </font></a></td> <td><font size="2">by [[Genomatix Inc. in Germany]].&nbsp;&nbsp;Munich.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.genomeeducation.ca/"><font size="2">Genome Education Center<br /> </font></a></td> <td><font size="2">An education site for students, teachers &amp; the generally curious</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://gslc.genetics.utah.edu/"><font size="2">Genetic Science Learning Center</font></a></td> <td><font size="2">How genetics effect lives and society</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.msu.edu/user/debruijn/"><font size="2">Genomic Finger Printing and Rep-PCR</font></a></td> <td><font size="2">Learn about Rep-PCR and finger printing</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.bio.davidson.edu/courses/genomics/front/surfingenomics.html"><font size="2">Genomics Web</font></a></td> <td><font size="2">A genomics course developed by Dr. Campbell at Davidson University</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.geneimprint.com/"><font size="2">GeneImprint</font></a></td> <td><font size="2">Learn about genomic imprinting and imprinted genes</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.siam.org/meetings/an98/course2.htm"><font color="#810081" size="2">Computational Genomics</font></a></td> <td><font size="2">Introduction to Computational Genomics. [[University of Toronto]], Canada . July 12, 1998</font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> 26224b35abcb0f7a9f3d28d4d43ddbeec07943c3 1830 2008-01-13T11:57:56Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong><font size="3">Courses in Genomics</font><br /> </strong><br /> <table width="100%"> <tbody> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top"><a href="http://www.dnai.org/index.html"><font size="2">DNA Interactive</font></a><br /> </td> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top"><font size="2">DNA Inteactive (DNAi.org) </font><font size="1">by Cold Spring Harbor Lab. Funded by HHMI.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Quick <a href="http://www.genomatix.de/training/tasks.html"><font size="2">Genomics&nbsp;Tasks<br /> </font></a></td> <td><font size="2">by [[Genomatix Inc. in Germany]].&nbsp;&nbsp;Munich.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.genomeeducation.ca/"><font size="2"></font></a></td> <td><font size="2"></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://gslc.genetics.utah.edu/"><font size="2">Genetic Science Learning Center</font></a></td> <td><font size="2">How genetics effect lives and society</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.msu.edu/user/debruijn/"><font size="2">Genomic Finger Printing and Rep-PCR</font></a></td> <td><font size="2">Learn about Rep-PCR and finger printing</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.bio.davidson.edu/courses/genomics/front/surfingenomics.html"><font size="2">Genomics Web</font></a></td> <td><font size="2">A genomics course developed by Dr. Campbell at Davidson University</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.geneimprint.com/"><font size="2">GeneImprint</font></a></td> <td><font size="2">Learn about genomic imprinting and imprinted genes</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.siam.org/meetings/an98/course2.htm"><font color="#810081" size="2">Computational Genomics</font></a></td> <td><font size="2">Introduction to Computational Genomics. [[University of Toronto]], Canada . July 12, 1998</font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> 58020adab9aaea29dec8e8434984433bd6b341ad 1831 2008-01-13T12:05:53Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong><font size="3">Courses in Genomics</font><br /> </strong><br /> <table width="100%"> <tbody> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top"><a href="http://www.dnai.org/index.html"><font size="2">DNA Interactive</font></a><br /> </td> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top"><font size="2">DNA Inteactive (DNAi.org) </font><font size="1">by Cold Spring Harbor Lab. Funded by HHMI.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Quick <a href="http://www.genomatix.de/training/tasks.html"><font size="2">Genomics&nbsp;Tasks<br /> </font></a></td> <td><font size="2">by [[Genomatix Inc. in Germany]].&nbsp;&nbsp;Munich.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.bio.vu.nl/vakgroepen/mcp/genomics/ Genomics Tutorials from VU.NL]</td> <td><font size="2"> <p><font face="Comic Sans MS" size="3">Genomics Course homepage from <font size="1"><em><font color="#5e88de">vrije</font></em><font face="Comic Sans MS"> Universiteit </font><font face="Comic Sans MS" color="#5e88de"><em>amsterdam</em></font></font></font></p> </font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://gslc.genetics.utah.edu/"><font size="2">Genetic Science Learning Center</font></a></td> <td><font size="2">How genetics effect lives and society</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.msu.edu/user/debruijn/"><font size="2">Genomic Finger Printing and Rep-PCR</font></a></td> <td><font size="2">Learn about Rep-PCR and finger printing</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.bio.davidson.edu/courses/genomics/front/surfingenomics.html"><font size="2">Genomics Web</font></a></td> <td><font size="2">A genomics course developed by Dr. Campbell at Davidson University</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.geneimprint.com/"><font size="2">GeneImprint</font></a></td> <td><font size="2">Learn about genomic imprinting and imprinted genes</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.siam.org/meetings/an98/course2.htm"><font color="#810081" size="2">Computational Genomics</font></a></td> <td><font size="2">Introduction to Computational Genomics. [[University of Toronto]], Canada . July 12, 1998</font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> 9e7db23e79d2a493471720198d531629c9710025 1832 2008-01-13T12:26:39Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong><font size="3">Courses in Genomics</font><br /> </strong><br /> <table width="100%"> <tbody> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top"><a href="http://www.dnai.org/index.html"><font size="2">DNA Interactive</font></a><br /> </td> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top"><font size="2">DNA Inteactive (DNAi.org) </font><font size="1">by Cold Spring Harbor Lab. Funded by HHMI.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Quick <a href="http://www.genomatix.de/training/tasks.html"><font size="2">Genomics&nbsp;Tasks<br /> </font></a></td> <td><font size="2">by [[Genomatix Inc. in Germany]].&nbsp;&nbsp;Munich.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.bio.vu.nl/vakgroepen/mcp/genomics/ Genomics Tutorials from VU.NL]</td> <td><font size="2"> <p><font face="Comic Sans MS" size="3">Genomics Course homepage from <font size="1"><em><font color="#5e88de">vrije</font></em><font face="Comic Sans MS"> Universiteit </font><font face="Comic Sans MS" color="#5e88de"><em>amsterdam</em></font></font></font></p> </font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://gslc.genetics.utah.edu/"><font size="2"></font></a></td> <td><font size="2"></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.msu.edu/user/debruijn/"><font size="2">Genomic Finger Printing and Rep-PCR</font></a></td> <td><font size="2">Learn about Rep-PCR and finger printing</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.bio.davidson.edu/courses/genomics/front/surfingenomics.html"><font size="2">Genomics Web</font></a></td> <td><font size="2">A genomics course developed by Dr. Campbell at Davidson University</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.geneimprint.com/"><font size="2">GeneImprint</font></a></td> <td><font size="2">Learn about genomic imprinting and imprinted genes</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.siam.org/meetings/an98/course2.htm"><font color="#810081" size="2">Computational Genomics</font></a></td> <td><font size="2">Introduction to Computational Genomics. [[University of Toronto]], Canada . July 12, 1998</font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> 2cebf4697591c3ee1b23623207ee5e5f30f3cdf7 1833 2008-01-13T12:33:00Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong><font size="3">Courses in Genomics</font><br /> </strong><br /> <table width="100%"> <tbody> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://www.dnai.org/index.html"><font size="2">DNA Interactive</font></a><br /> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"><font size="2">DNA Inteactive (DNAi.org) </font><font size="1">by Cold Spring Harbor Lab. Funded by HHMI.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Quick <a href="http://www.genomatix.de/training/tasks.html"><font size="2">Genomics&nbsp;Tasks<br /> </font></a></td> <td><font size="2">by [[Genomatix Inc. in Germany]].&nbsp;&nbsp;Munich.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.bio.vu.nl/vakgroepen/mcp/genomics/ Genomics Tutorials from VU.NL]</td> <td><font size="2"> <p><font size="3" face="Comic Sans MS">Genomics Course homepage from <font size="1"><em><font color="#5e88de">vrije</font></em><font face="Comic Sans MS"> Universiteit </font><font face="Comic Sans MS" color="#5e88de"><em>amsterdam</em></font></font></font></p> </font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://gslc.genetics.utah.edu/"><font size="2"></font></a></td> <td><font size="2"></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.bio.davidson.edu/courses/genomics/front/surfingenomics.html"><font size="2">Genomics Web</font></a></td> <td><font size="2">A genomics course developed by Dr. Campbell at Davidson University</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.geneimprint.com/"><font size="2">GeneImprint</font></a></td> <td><font size="2">Learn about genomic imprinting and imprinted genes</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.siam.org/meetings/an98/course2.htm"><font size="2" color="#810081">Computational Genomics</font></a></td> <td><font size="2">Introduction to Computational Genomics. [[University of Toronto]], Canada . July 12, 1998</font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> 4c766478167b737a6e988d2bc402b0c67933a9ec 1834 2008-01-13T12:33:59Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong><font size="3">Courses in Genomics</font><br /> </strong><br /> <table width="100%"> <tbody> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://www.dnai.org/index.html"><font size="2">DNA Interactive</font></a><br /> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"><font size="2">DNA Inteactive (DNAi.org) </font><font size="1">by Cold Spring Harbor Lab. Funded by HHMI.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Quick <a href="http://www.genomatix.de/training/tasks.html"><font size="2">Genomics&nbsp;Tasks<br /> </font></a></td> <td><font size="2">by [[Genomatix Inc. in Germany]].&nbsp;&nbsp;Munich.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.bio.vu.nl/vakgroepen/mcp/genomics/ Genomics Tutorials from VU.NL]</td> <td><font size="2"> <p><font size="3" face="Comic Sans MS">Genomics Course homepage from <font size="1"><em><font color="#5e88de">vrije</font></em><font face="Comic Sans MS"> Universiteit </font><font face="Comic Sans MS" color="#5e88de"><em>amsterdam</em></font></font></font></p> </font></td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://bip.weizmann.ac.il/course/evogen/evogen2003/Evolution/evolution.html Evolutionary Genomics Intro]</td> <td>Evolutionary Genomics Course. Weizman Inst. Israel.<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.bio.davidson.edu/courses/genomics/front/surfingenomics.html"><font size="2">Genomics Web</font></a></td> <td><font size="2">A genomics course developed by Dr. Campbell at Davidson University</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.geneimprint.com/"><font size="2">GeneImprint</font></a></td> <td><font size="2">Learn about genomic imprinting and imprinted genes</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.siam.org/meetings/an98/course2.htm"><font size="2" color="#810081">Computational Genomics</font></a></td> <td><font size="2">Introduction to Computational Genomics. [[University of Toronto]], Canada . July 12, 1998</font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> d56d40da0a6f6df302279f03451d2b8685e0813d 1839 2008-01-13T12:41:38Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong><font size="3">Courses in Genomics</font><br /> </strong><br /> <table width="100%"> <tbody> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://www.dnai.org/index.html"><font size="2">DNA Interactive</font></a><br /> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"><font size="2">DNA Inteactive (DNAi.org) </font><font size="1">by Cold Spring Harbor Lab. Funded by HHMI.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Quick <a href="http://www.genomatix.de/training/tasks.html"><font size="2">Genomics&nbsp;Tasks<br /> </font></a></td> <td><font size="2">by [[Genomatix Inc. in Germany]].&nbsp;&nbsp;Munich.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.bio.vu.nl/vakgroepen/mcp/genomics/ Genomics Tutorials from VU.NL]</td> <td><font size="2"> <p><font size="3" face="Comic Sans MS">Genomics Course homepage from <font size="1"><em><font color="#5e88de">vrije</font></em><font face="Comic Sans MS"> Universiteit </font><font face="Comic Sans MS" color="#5e88de"><em>amsterdam</em></font></font></font></p> </font></td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://bip.weizmann.ac.il/course/evogen/evogen2003/Evolution/evolution.html Evolutionary Genomics Intro]</td> <td>Evolutionary Genomics Course. Weizman Inst. Israel.<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.bio.davidson.edu/courses/genomics/front/surfingenomics.html"><font size="2">Genomics Web</font></a></td> <td><font size="2">A genomics course developed by Dr. Campbell at Davidson University</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.geneimprint.com/"><font size="2"><br /> </font></a></td> <td><font size="2"><br /> </font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.siam.org/meetings/an98/course2.htm"><font size="2" color="#810081">Computational Genomics</font></a></td> <td><font size="2">Introduction to Computational Genomics. [[University of Toronto]], Canada . July 12, 1998</font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> 766d1a27ba1a80fe24d12db36d4ebc3edadba0d0 1842 2008-01-13T12:47:19Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong><font size="3">Courses in Genomics</font><br /> </strong><br /> <table width="100%"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://www.dnai.org/index.html"><font size="2">DNA Interactive</font></a><br /> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"><font size="2">DNA Inteactive (DNAi.org) </font><font size="1">by Cold Spring Harbor Lab. Funded by HHMI.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Quick <a href="http://www.genomatix.de/training/tasks.html"><font size="2">Genomics&nbsp;Tasks<br /> </font></a></td> <td><font size="2">by [[Genomatix Inc. in Germany]].&nbsp;&nbsp;Munich.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.bio.vu.nl/vakgroepen/mcp/genomics/ Genomics Tutorials from VU.NL]</td> <td><font size="2"> <p><font size="3" face="Comic Sans MS">Genomics Course homepage from <font size="1"><em><font color="#5e88de">vrije</font></em><font face="Comic Sans MS"> Universiteit </font><font face="Comic Sans MS" color="#5e88de"><em>amsterdam</em></font></font></font></p> </font></td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://bip.weizmann.ac.il/course/evogen/evogen2003/Evolution/evolution.html Evolutionary Genomics Intro]</td> <td>Evolutionary Genomics Course. Weizman Inst. Israel.<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.bio.davidson.edu/courses/genomics/front/surfingenomics.html"><font size="2">Genomics Web</font></a></td> <td><font size="2">A genomics course developed by Dr. Campbell at Davidson University</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.siam.org/meetings/an98/course2.htm"><font size="2" color="#810081">Computational Genomics</font></a></td> <td><font size="2">Introduction to Computational Genomics. [[University of Toronto]], Canada . July 12, 1998</font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <br /> <br /> <strong><font size="3">Colleges providing Genomics courses.<br /> <br /> </font></strong><font size="2">[http://clavius.bc.edu/~marth/BI820/ BI820 Boston Biology College]: BIO820: Seminar in Quantitative and Computational Problems in Genomics</font><strong><font size="3"><br /> <br /> </font></strong> 468f3a103bb8539599eb6750dbcc8b44fd8a4325 1843 2008-01-13T12:48:11Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong><font size="3">Courses in Genomics</font><br /> </strong><br /> <table width="100%" cellspacing="" cellpadding="" border="1" align="" summary=""> <tbody> <tr> <td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://www.dnai.org/index.html"><font size="2">DNA Interactive</font></a><br /> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"><font size="2">DNA Inteactive (DNAi.org) </font><font size="1">by Cold Spring Harbor Lab. Funded by HHMI.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Quick <a href="http://www.genomatix.de/training/tasks.html"><font size="2">Genomics&nbsp;Tasks<br /> </font></a></td> <td><font size="2">by [[Genomatix Inc. in Germany]].&nbsp;&nbsp;Munich.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.bio.vu.nl/vakgroepen/mcp/genomics/ Genomics Tutorials from VU.NL]</td> <td><font size="2"> <p><font size="3" face="Comic Sans MS">Genomics Course homepage from <font size="1"><em><font color="#5e88de">vrije</font></em><font face="Comic Sans MS"> Universiteit </font><font face="Comic Sans MS" color="#5e88de"><em>amsterdam</em></font></font></font></p> </font></td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://bip.weizmann.ac.il/course/evogen/evogen2003/Evolution/evolution.html Evolutionary Genomics Intro]</td> <td>Evolutionary Genomics Course. Weizman Inst. Israel.<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.bio.davidson.edu/courses/genomics/front/surfingenomics.html"><font size="2">Genomics Web</font></a></td> <td><font size="2">A genomics course developed by Dr. Campbell at Davidson University</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.siam.org/meetings/an98/course2.htm"><font size="2" color="#810081">Computational Genomics</font></a></td> <td><font size="2">Introduction to Computational Genomics. [[University of Toronto]], Canada . July 12, 1998</font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <br /> <br /> <strong><font size="3">Colleges providing Genomics courses.<br /> </font></strong><a name="home"><font><font color="blue"> <table width="100%" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="1" align="" summary=""> <tbody> <tr> <td><font size="2">[http://clavius.bc.edu/~marth/BI820/ BI820 Boston Biology College]</font></td> <td><font size="2">: BIO820: Seminar in Quantitative and Computational Problems in Genomics</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <br /> </font></font></a><br /> <strong><font size="3"><br /> <br /> </font></strong> 11e8590a8be94bb7a9cf9b45ac61f431680dbe09 1844 2008-01-13T12:49:59Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong><font size="3">Courses in Genomics</font><br /> </strong><br /> <table width="100%" cellspacing="" cellpadding="" border="1" align="" summary=""> <tbody> <tr> <td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://www.dnai.org/index.html"><font size="2">DNA Interactive</font></a><br /> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"><font size="2">DNA Inteactive (DNAi.org) </font><font size="1">by Cold Spring Harbor Lab. Funded by HHMI.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Quick <a href="http://www.genomatix.de/training/tasks.html"><font size="2">Genomics&nbsp;Tasks<br /> </font></a></td> <td><font size="2">by [[Genomatix Inc. in Germany]].&nbsp;&nbsp;Munich.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.bio.vu.nl/vakgroepen/mcp/genomics/ Genomics Tutorials from VU.NL]</td> <td><font size="2"> <p><font size="3" face="Comic Sans MS">Genomics Course homepage from <font size="1"><em><font color="#5e88de">vrije</font></em><font face="Comic Sans MS"> Universiteit </font><font face="Comic Sans MS" color="#5e88de"><em>amsterdam</em></font></font></font></p> </font></td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://bip.weizmann.ac.il/course/evogen/evogen2003/Evolution/evolution.html Evolutionary Genomics Intro]</td> <td>Evolutionary Genomics Course. Weizman Inst. Israel.<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.bio.davidson.edu/courses/genomics/front/surfingenomics.html"><font size="2">Genomics Web</font></a></td> <td><font size="2">A genomics course developed by Dr. Campbell at Davidson University</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.siam.org/meetings/an98/course2.htm"><font size="2" color="#810081">Computational Genomics</font></a></td> <td><font size="2">Introduction to Computational Genomics. [[University of Toronto]], Canada . July 12, 1998</font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <br /> <br /> <strong><font size="3">Colleges providing Genomics courses.<br /> </font></strong><a name="home"><font><font color="blue"> <table width="100%" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="1" align="" summary=""> <tbody> <tr> <td><font size="2">[http://clavius.bc.edu/~marth/BI820/ BI820 Boston Biology College]</font></td> <td><font size="2">: BIO820: Seminar in Quantitative and Computational Problems in Genomics</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <br /> </font></font></a><br /> <strong><font size="3"><br /> <br /> </font></strong> d9079ef3fe70399d62924833dd71cc83a9e22c6d 1845 2008-01-13T12:50:08Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong><font size="3">Courses in Genomics</font><br /> </strong><br /> <table width="100%" cellspacing="" cellpadding="" border="1" align="" summary=""> <tbody> <tr> <td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://www.dnai.org/index.html"><font size="2">DNA Interactive</font></a><br /> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"><font size="2">DNA Inteactive (DNAi.org) </font><font size="1">by Cold Spring Harbor Lab. Funded by HHMI.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Quick <a href="http://www.genomatix.de/training/tasks.html"><font size="2">Genomics&nbsp;Tasks<br /> </font></a></td> <td><font size="2">by [[Genomatix Inc. in Germany]].&nbsp;&nbsp;Munich.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.bio.vu.nl/vakgroepen/mcp/genomics/ Genomics Tutorials from VU.NL]</td> <td><font size="2"> <p><font size="3" face="Comic Sans MS">Genomics Course homepage from <font size="1"><em><font color="#5e88de">vrije</font></em><font face="Comic Sans MS"> Universiteit </font><font face="Comic Sans MS" color="#5e88de"><em>amsterdam</em></font></font></font></p> </font></td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://bip.weizmann.ac.il/course/evogen/evogen2003/Evolution/evolution.html Evolutionary Genomics Intro]</td> <td>Evolutionary Genomics Course. Weizman Inst. Israel.<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.bio.davidson.edu/courses/genomics/front/surfingenomics.html"><font size="2">Genomics Web</font></a></td> <td><font size="2">A genomics course developed by Dr. Campbell at Davidson University</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.siam.org/meetings/an98/course2.htm"><font size="2" color="#810081">Computational Genomics</font></a></td> <td><font size="2">Introduction to Computational Genomics. [[University of Toronto]], Canada . July 12, 1998</font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <br /> <br /> <strong><font size="3">Colleges providing Genomics courses.<br /> </font></strong><br /> <strong><font size="3"><br /> <br /> </font></strong> 7296b5afbdc2def0315cecc28d5b23be8e2ad289 1846 2008-01-13T12:50:23Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong><font size="3">Courses in Genomics</font><br /> </strong><br /> <table width="100%" cellspacing="" cellpadding="" border="1" align="" summary=""> <tbody> <tr> <td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://www.dnai.org/index.html"><font size="2">DNA Interactive</font></a><br /> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"><font size="2">DNA Inteactive (DNAi.org) </font><font size="1">by Cold Spring Harbor Lab. Funded by HHMI.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Quick <a href="http://www.genomatix.de/training/tasks.html"><font size="2">Genomics&nbsp;Tasks<br /> </font></a></td> <td><font size="2">by [[Genomatix Inc. in Germany]].&nbsp;&nbsp;Munich.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.bio.vu.nl/vakgroepen/mcp/genomics/ Genomics Tutorials from VU.NL]</td> <td><font size="2"> <p><font size="3" face="Comic Sans MS">Genomics Course homepage from <font size="1"><em><font color="#5e88de">vrije</font></em><font face="Comic Sans MS"> Universiteit </font><font face="Comic Sans MS" color="#5e88de"><em>amsterdam</em></font></font></font></p> </font></td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://bip.weizmann.ac.il/course/evogen/evogen2003/Evolution/evolution.html Evolutionary Genomics Intro]</td> <td>Evolutionary Genomics Course. Weizman Inst. Israel.<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.bio.davidson.edu/courses/genomics/front/surfingenomics.html"><font size="2">Genomics Web</font></a></td> <td><font size="2">A genomics course developed by Dr. Campbell at Davidson University</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.siam.org/meetings/an98/course2.htm"><font size="2" color="#810081">Computational Genomics</font></a></td> <td><font size="2">Introduction to Computational Genomics. [[University of Toronto]], Canada . July 12, 1998</font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <br /> <br /> <strong><font size="3">Colleges providing Genomics courses.<br /> <br /> </font></strong><a name="home"><font><font color="blue"> <table width="100%" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="1" align="" summary=""> <tbody> <tr> <td><font size="2">[http://clavius.bc.edu/~marth/BI820/ BI820 Boston Biology College]</font></td> <td><font size="2">: BIO820: Seminar in Quantitative and Computational Problems in Genomics</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <br /> </font></font></a><br /> <strong><font size="3"><br /> <br /> </font></strong> b6b9d969d05063886538f61626d2fcbfb5762991 1847 2008-01-13T12:51:00Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong><font size="3">Courses in Genomics</font><br /> </strong><br /> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" summary="" border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top"><a href="http://www.dnai.org/index.html"><font size="2">DNA Interactive</font></a><br /> </td> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top"><font size="2">DNA Inteactive (DNAi.org) </font><font size="1">by Cold Spring Harbor Lab. Funded by HHMI.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Quick <a href="http://www.genomatix.de/training/tasks.html"><font size="2">Genomics&nbsp;Tasks<br /> </font></a></td> <td><font size="2">by [[Genomatix Inc. in Germany]].&nbsp;&nbsp;Munich.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.bio.vu.nl/vakgroepen/mcp/genomics/ Genomics Tutorials from VU.NL]</td> <td><font size="2"> <p><font face="Comic Sans MS" size="3">Genomics Course homepage from <font size="1"><em><font color="#5e88de">vrije</font></em><font face="Comic Sans MS"> Universiteit </font><font face="Comic Sans MS" color="#5e88de"><em>amsterdam</em></font></font></font></p> </font></td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://bip.weizmann.ac.il/course/evogen/evogen2003/Evolution/evolution.html Evolutionary Genomics Intro]</td> <td>Evolutionary Genomics Course. Weizman Inst. Israel.<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.bio.davidson.edu/courses/genomics/front/surfingenomics.html"><font size="2">Genomics Web</font></a></td> <td><font size="2">A genomics course developed by Dr. Campbell at Davidson University</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.siam.org/meetings/an98/course2.htm"><font color="#810081" size="2">Computational Genomics</font></a></td> <td><font size="2">Introduction to Computational Genomics. [[University of Toronto]], Canada . July 12, 1998</font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <br /> <br /> <strong><font size="3">Colleges providing Genomics courses.<br /> <br /> </font></strong> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" summary="" border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top"><a href="http://www.dnai.org/index.html"><font color="#810081" size="2">DNA Interactive</font></a><br /> </td> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top"><font size="2">DNA Inteactive (DNAi.org) </font><font size="1">by Cold Spring Harbor Lab. Funded by HHMI.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Quick <a href="http://www.genomatix.de/training/tasks.html"><font color="#810081" size="2">Genomics&nbsp;Tasks<br /> </font></a></td> <td><font size="2">by [[Genomatix Inc. in Germany]].&nbsp;&nbsp;Munich.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.bio.vu.nl/vakgroepen/mcp/genomics/ Genomics Tutorials from VU.NL]</td> <td><font size="2"> <p><font face="Comic Sans MS" size="3">Genomics Course homepage from <font size="1"><em><font color="#5e88de">vrije</font></em><font face="Comic Sans MS"> Universiteit </font><font face="Comic Sans MS" color="#5e88de"><em>amsterdam</em></font></font></font></p> </font></td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://bip.weizmann.ac.il/course/evogen/evogen2003/Evolution/evolution.html Evolutionary Genomics Intro]</td> <td>Evolutionary Genomics Course. Weizman Inst. Israel.<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.bio.davidson.edu/courses/genomics/front/surfingenomics.html"><font size="2">Genomics Web</font></a></td> <td><font size="2">A genomics course developed by Dr. Campbell at Davidson University</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.siam.org/meetings/an98/course2.htm"><font color="#810081" size="2">Computational Genomics</font></a></td> <td><font size="2">Introduction to Computational Genomics. [[University of Toronto]], Canada . July 12, 1998</font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <br /> <strong><font size="3"><br /> <br /> </font></strong> 972df4385e35f3625eadbeae4b6b087ee7aa3f34 1848 2008-01-13T12:51:43Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong><font size="3">Courses in Genomics</font><br /> </strong><br /> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" summary="" border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top"><a href="http://www.dnai.org/index.html"><font size="2">DNA Interactive</font></a><br /> </td> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top"><font size="2">DNA Inteactive (DNAi.org) </font><font size="1">by Cold Spring Harbor Lab. Funded by HHMI.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Quick <a href="http://www.genomatix.de/training/tasks.html"><font size="2">Genomics&nbsp;Tasks<br /> </font></a></td> <td><font size="2">by [[Genomatix Inc. in Germany]].&nbsp;&nbsp;Munich.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.bio.vu.nl/vakgroepen/mcp/genomics/ Genomics Tutorials from VU.NL]</td> <td><font size="2"> <p><font face="Comic Sans MS" size="3">Genomics Course homepage from <font size="1"><em><font color="#5e88de">vrije</font></em><font face="Comic Sans MS"> Universiteit </font><font face="Comic Sans MS" color="#5e88de"><em>amsterdam</em></font></font></font></p> </font></td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://bip.weizmann.ac.il/course/evogen/evogen2003/Evolution/evolution.html Evolutionary Genomics Intro]</td> <td>Evolutionary Genomics Course. Weizman Inst. Israel.<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.bio.davidson.edu/courses/genomics/front/surfingenomics.html"><font size="2">Genomics Web</font></a></td> <td><font size="2">A genomics course developed by Dr. Campbell at Davidson University</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.siam.org/meetings/an98/course2.htm"><font color="#810081" size="2">Computational Genomics</font></a></td> <td><font size="2">Introduction to Computational Genomics. [[University of Toronto]], Canada . July 12, 1998</font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <br /> <br /> <strong><font size="3">Colleges providing Genomics courses.<br /> <br /> </font></strong> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" summary="" border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top"><a name="home"><font size="+0"><font color="#0000ff"><font size="2"></font></font></font><br /> </a><a class="external text" title="http://clavius.bc.edu/~marth/BI820/" href="http://clavius.bc.edu/~marth/BI820/" rel="nofollow">BI820 Boston Biology College</a></td> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top"><font size="2"><a name="home"><font size="+0"><font color="#0000ff"><font size="2">BIO820: Seminar in Quantitative and Computational Problems in Genomics</font></font></font></a></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Quick <a href="http://www.genomatix.de/training/tasks.html"><font color="#810081" size="2">Genomics&nbsp;Tasks<br /> </font></a></td> <td><font size="2">by [[Genomatix Inc. in Germany]].&nbsp;&nbsp;Munich.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.bio.vu.nl/vakgroepen/mcp/genomics/ Genomics Tutorials from VU.NL]</td> <td><font size="2"> <p><font face="Comic Sans MS" size="3">Genomics Course homepage from <font size="1"><em><font color="#5e88de">vrije</font></em><font face="Comic Sans MS"> Universiteit </font><font face="Comic Sans MS" color="#5e88de"><em>amsterdam</em></font></font></font></p> </font></td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://bip.weizmann.ac.il/course/evogen/evogen2003/Evolution/evolution.html Evolutionary Genomics Intro]</td> <td>Evolutionary Genomics Course. Weizman Inst. Israel.<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.bio.davidson.edu/courses/genomics/front/surfingenomics.html"><font size="2">Genomics Web</font></a></td> <td><font size="2">A genomics course developed by Dr. Campbell at Davidson University</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.siam.org/meetings/an98/course2.htm"><font color="#810081" size="2">Computational Genomics</font></a></td> <td><font size="2">Introduction to Computational Genomics. [[University of Toronto]], Canada . July 12, 1998</font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <br /> <strong><font size="3"><br /> <br /> </font></strong> f93ecc3b0d8d2f639d76e5cdeecac1fdeefd2a5c 0 1567 1825 2008-01-13T08:55:25Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong>Genomatix Inc. in Germany<br /> </strong><br /> Genomatix is a privately held company headquartered in Munich, Germany (2008 information)<br /> <br /> <p class="just">Genomatix&nbsp;offers </p> <ul> <li><a href="http://www.genomatix.de/products/index.html">software</a>, </li> <li><a href="http://www.genomatix.de/products/portfolio.html">databases</a> and </li> <li><a href="http://www.genomatix.de/research/index.html">services</a> </li> </ul> <p class="just">aimed at understanding gene regulation at the molecular level representing a central part of systems biology.</p> <p class="just">Gene regulation is the basic principle ruling any subsequent metabolic pathways, signaling cascades and their interweaving into biological networks of a living cell. </p> <p class="just">Any expression profile observed by a micro array experiment is determined by gene regulatory effects.</p> <p class="just">Their multilayer integrative approach is a working implementation of systems biology principles. We combine sequence analysis, functional promoter analysis, proprietary genome annotation, promoter sequence databases, comparative genomics, scientific literature data mining, pathway databases, biological network databases, pathway analysis, network analysis, and expression profiling into working solutions and pipelines.</p> <p class="just">They&nbsp;try to get&nbsp;better understanding of biological mechanisms under different conditions and stimuli in the biological context of your data. </p> <p class="just">Their&nbsp;team has more than a decade of scientific expertise in the successful application of computer aided analysis of gene regulatory networks, which is reflected by more than 150 peer reviewed <a href="http://www.genomatix.de/publications/index.html">scientific publications</a> from Genomatix' scientists</p> <p class="just">&nbsp;</p> <!-- InstanceEndEditable --> eb1a2e65d5c34ec20bcd50ae86da24037ca2dfa6 1826 2008-01-13T08:55:58Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong>Genomatix Inc. in Germany<br /> </strong><br /> Genomatix is a privately held company headquartered in Munich, Germany (2008 information)<br /> <br /> <p class="just">Genomatix&nbsp;offers </p> <ul> <li><a href="http://www.genomatix.de/products/index.html">software</a>, </li> <li><a href="http://www.genomatix.de/products/portfolio.html">databases</a> and </li> <li><a href="http://www.genomatix.de/research/index.html">services</a> </li> </ul> <p class="just">aimed at understanding gene regulation at the molecular level representing a central part of systems biology.</p> <p class="just">Gene regulation is the basic principle ruling any subsequent metabolic pathways, signaling cascades and their interweaving into biological networks of a living cell. </p> <p class="just">Any expression profile observed by a micro array experiment is determined by gene regulatory effects.</p> <p class="just">Their multilayer integrative approach is a working implementation of systems biology principles. We combine sequence analysis, functional promoter analysis, proprietary genome annotation, promoter sequence databases, comparative genomics, scientific literature data mining, pathway databases, biological network databases, pathway analysis, network analysis, and expression profiling into working solutions and pipelines.</p> <p class="just">They&nbsp;try to get&nbsp;better understanding of biological mechanisms under different conditions and stimuli in the biological context of your data. </p> <p class="just">Their&nbsp;team has more than a decade of scientific expertise in the successful application of computer aided analysis of gene regulatory networks, which is reflected by more than 150 peer reviewed <a href="http://www.genomatix.de/publications/index.html">scientific publications</a> from Genomatix' scientists.<br /> </p> <p class="just">[[Find Courses,&nbsp;Degrees, and Training in Genomics]]</p> <!-- InstanceEndEditable --> 7c628ba254497862a6e3f92ba01d8236af665a81 1827 2008-01-13T08:59:35Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong>Genomatix Inc. in Germany<br /> </strong><br /> Genomatix is a privately held company headquartered in Munich, Germany (2008 information)<br /> <br /> <p class="just">Genomatix&nbsp;offers </p> <ul> <li><a href="http://www.genomatix.de/products/index.html">software</a>, </li> <li><a href="http://www.genomatix.de/products/portfolio.html">databases</a> and </li> <li><a href="http://www.genomatix.de/research/index.html">services</a> </li> </ul> <p class="just">aimed at understanding gene regulation at the molecular level representing a central part of systems biology.</p> <p class="just">Gene regulation is the basic principle ruling any subsequent metabolic pathways, signaling cascades and their interweaving into biological networks of a living cell. </p> <p class="just">Any expression profile observed by a micro array experiment is determined by gene regulatory effects.</p> <p class="just">Their multilayer integrative approach is a working implementation of systems biology principles. We combine sequence analysis, functional promoter analysis, proprietary genome annotation, promoter sequence databases, comparative genomics, scientific literature data mining, pathway databases, biological network databases, pathway analysis, network analysis, and expression profiling into working solutions and pipelines.</p> <p class="just">They&nbsp;try to get&nbsp;better understanding of biological mechanisms under different conditions and stimuli in the biological context of your data. </p> <p class="just">Their&nbsp;team has more than a decade of scientific expertise in the successful application of computer aided analysis of gene regulatory networks, which is reflected by more than 150 peer reviewed <a href="http://www.genomatix.de/publications/index.html">scientific publications</a> from Genomatix' scientists.<br /> <br /> </p> <p class="just">▣ [[Find Courses,&nbsp;Degrees, and Training in Genomics]]</p> <!-- InstanceEndEditable --> 604cefc0d463f6b1a5836f628cabcc101ca84a1d 0 1568 1835 2008-01-13T12:36:37Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <table width="100%" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="1" align="" summary=""> <tbody> <tr> <td>[http://www.genomealbertaeducation.ca/ Genome Alberta Edu.]</td> <td>Genome Alberta Education Site</td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> 737477554b2ad07c7f7b25cfc14f27a7b27cebbb 1836 2008-01-13T12:36:55Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <br> <table width="100%" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="1" align="" summary=""> <tbody> <tr> <td>[http://www.genomealbertaeducation.ca/ Genome Alberta Edu.]</td> <td>Genome Alberta Education Site</td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> 6d51544e6930e88475cf2e031620c5c4e6c24cd3 1837 2008-01-13T12:37:08Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <h1 class="firstHeading">Organizations&nbsp;and Centers in Genomics</h1> <br /> <table width="100%" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="1" align="" summary=""> <tbody> <tr> <td>[http://www.genomealbertaeducation.ca/ Genome Alberta Edu.]</td> <td>Genome Alberta Education Site</td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> 5301844cb4810843dfb0c946bb67e0ad92278937 0 1569 1838 2008-01-13T12:41:29Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font><a href="http://www.geneimprint.com/"><font size="2">Gene Imprint</font></a><br /> </font> 5dc5a396d79f197f86ef1b5930596bec91ee27d7 1840 2008-01-13T12:43:10Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font><font size="2">[http://www.geneimprint.com/ GenomeImprint.com] : </font></font><a href="http://www.geneimprint.com/"><font size="2">Learn about genomic imprinting and imprinted genes</font></a><font><br /> </font> 7263291979c58372660bbdbff3bd9f271b0d9aa3 1841 2008-01-13T12:43:26Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font><font size="2">[http://www.geneimprint.com/ GenomeImprint.com] : </font></font><font size="2">Learn about genomic imprinting and imprinted genes</font><font><br /> </font> 489a95293b17f35e751aea77c6692942760ea5bd 0 1566 1849 2008-01-13T12:52:14Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong><font size="3">Courses in Genomics</font><br /> </strong><br /> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" summary="" border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top"><a href="http://www.dnai.org/index.html"><font size="2">DNA Interactive</font></a><br /> </td> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top"><font size="2">DNA Inteactive (DNAi.org) </font><font size="1">by Cold Spring Harbor Lab. Funded by HHMI.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Quick <a href="http://www.genomatix.de/training/tasks.html"><font size="2">Genomics&nbsp;Tasks<br /> </font></a></td> <td><font size="2">by [[Genomatix Inc. in Germany]].&nbsp;&nbsp;Munich.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.bio.vu.nl/vakgroepen/mcp/genomics/ Genomics Tutorials from VU.NL]</td> <td><font size="2"> <p><font face="Comic Sans MS" size="3">Genomics Course homepage from <font size="1"><em><font color="#5e88de">vrije</font></em><font face="Comic Sans MS"> Universiteit </font><font face="Comic Sans MS" color="#5e88de"><em>amsterdam</em></font></font></font></p> </font></td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://bip.weizmann.ac.il/course/evogen/evogen2003/Evolution/evolution.html Evolutionary Genomics Intro]</td> <td>Evolutionary Genomics Course. Weizman Inst. Israel.<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.bio.davidson.edu/courses/genomics/front/surfingenomics.html"><font size="2">Genomics Web</font></a></td> <td><font size="2">A genomics course developed by Dr. Campbell at Davidson University</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.siam.org/meetings/an98/course2.htm"><font color="#810081" size="2">Computational Genomics</font></a></td> <td><font size="2">Introduction to Computational Genomics. [[University of Toronto]], Canada . July 12, 1998</font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <br /> <br /> <strong><font size="3">Colleges providing Genomics courses.<br /> <br /> </font></strong> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" summary="" border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top"><a class="external text" title="http://clavius.bc.edu/~marth/BI820/" rel="nofollow" href="http://clavius.bc.edu/~marth/BI820/">BI820 Boston Biology College</a></td> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top"><font size="2"></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Quick <a href="http://www.genomatix.de/training/tasks.html"><font color="#810081" size="2">Genomics&nbsp;Tasks<br /> </font></a></td> <td><font size="2">by [[Genomatix Inc. in Germany]].&nbsp;&nbsp;Munich.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.bio.vu.nl/vakgroepen/mcp/genomics/ Genomics Tutorials from VU.NL]</td> <td><font size="2"> <p><font face="Comic Sans MS" size="3">Genomics Course homepage from <font size="1"><em><font color="#5e88de">vrije</font></em><font face="Comic Sans MS"> Universiteit </font><font face="Comic Sans MS" color="#5e88de"><em>amsterdam</em></font></font></font></p> </font></td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://bip.weizmann.ac.il/course/evogen/evogen2003/Evolution/evolution.html Evolutionary Genomics Intro]</td> <td>Evolutionary Genomics Course. Weizman Inst. Israel.<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.bio.davidson.edu/courses/genomics/front/surfingenomics.html"><font size="2">Genomics Web</font></a></td> <td><font size="2">A genomics course developed by Dr. Campbell at Davidson University</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.siam.org/meetings/an98/course2.htm"><font color="#810081" size="2">Computational Genomics</font></a></td> <td><font size="2">Introduction to Computational Genomics. [[University of Toronto]], Canada . July 12, 1998</font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <br /> <strong><font size="3"><br /> <br /> </font></strong> db87038ade109895564be7508c3dfacf9b12a929 1850 2008-01-13T12:52:59Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong><font size="3">Courses in Genomics</font><br /> </strong><br /> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" summary="" border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top"><a href="http://www.dnai.org/index.html"><font size="2">DNA Interactive</font></a><br /> </td> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top"><font size="2">DNA Inteactive (DNAi.org) </font><font size="1">by Cold Spring Harbor Lab. Funded by HHMI.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Quick <a href="http://www.genomatix.de/training/tasks.html"><font size="2">Genomics&nbsp;Tasks<br /> </font></a></td> <td><font size="2">by [[Genomatix Inc. in Germany]].&nbsp;&nbsp;Munich.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.bio.vu.nl/vakgroepen/mcp/genomics/ Genomics Tutorials from VU.NL]</td> <td><font size="2"> <p><font face="Comic Sans MS" size="3">Genomics Course homepage from <font size="1"><em><font color="#5e88de">vrije</font></em><font face="Comic Sans MS"> Universiteit </font><font face="Comic Sans MS" color="#5e88de"><em>amsterdam</em></font></font></font></p> </font></td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://bip.weizmann.ac.il/course/evogen/evogen2003/Evolution/evolution.html Evolutionary Genomics Intro]</td> <td>Evolutionary Genomics Course. Weizman Inst. Israel.<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.bio.davidson.edu/courses/genomics/front/surfingenomics.html"><font size="2">Genomics Web</font></a></td> <td><font size="2">A genomics course developed by Dr. Campbell at Davidson University</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.siam.org/meetings/an98/course2.htm"><font color="#810081" size="2">Computational Genomics</font></a></td> <td><font size="2">Introduction to Computational Genomics. [[University of Toronto]], Canada . July 12, 1998</font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <br /> <br /> <strong><font size="3">Colleges providing Genomics courses.<br /> <br /> </font></strong> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" summary="" border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top"><a class="external text" title="http://clavius.bc.edu/~marth/BI820/" rel="nofollow" href="http://clavius.bc.edu/~marth/BI820/">BI820 Boston Biology College</a></td> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top"><font size="2"><a name="home"><font size="+0"><font color="#000000" size="2">BIO820: Seminar in Quantitative and Computational Problems in Genomics</font></font></a><a name="home"><font size="+0"><font color="#0000ff"><font size="2"></font></font></font></a></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Quick <a href="http://www.genomatix.de/training/tasks.html"><font color="#810081" size="2">Genomics&nbsp;Tasks<br /> </font></a></td> <td><font size="2">by [[Genomatix Inc. in Germany]].&nbsp;&nbsp;Munich.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.bio.vu.nl/vakgroepen/mcp/genomics/ Genomics Tutorials from VU.NL]</td> <td><font size="2"> <p><font face="Comic Sans MS" size="3">Genomics Course homepage from <font size="1"><em><font color="#5e88de">vrije</font></em><font face="Comic Sans MS"> Universiteit </font><font face="Comic Sans MS" color="#5e88de"><em>amsterdam</em></font></font></font></p> </font></td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://bip.weizmann.ac.il/course/evogen/evogen2003/Evolution/evolution.html Evolutionary Genomics Intro]</td> <td>Evolutionary Genomics Course. Weizman Inst. Israel.<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.bio.davidson.edu/courses/genomics/front/surfingenomics.html"><font size="2">Genomics Web</font></a></td> <td><font size="2">A genomics course developed by Dr. Campbell at Davidson University</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.siam.org/meetings/an98/course2.htm"><font color="#810081" size="2">Computational Genomics</font></a></td> <td><font size="2">Introduction to Computational Genomics. [[University of Toronto]], Canada . July 12, 1998</font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <br /> <strong><font size="3"><br /> <br /> </font></strong> c6d4d65bf5c578ae6a001ef53e81cb152b50b19c 1851 2008-01-13T12:53:35Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong><font size="3">Courses in Genomics</font><br /> </strong><br /> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" summary="" border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top"><a href="http://www.dnai.org/index.html"><font size="2">DNA Interactive</font></a><br /> </td> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top"><font size="2">DNA Inteactive (DNAi.org) </font><font size="1">by Cold Spring Harbor Lab. Funded by HHMI.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Quick <a href="http://www.genomatix.de/training/tasks.html"><font size="2">Genomics&nbsp;Tasks<br /> </font></a></td> <td><font size="2">by [[Genomatix Inc. in Germany]].&nbsp;&nbsp;Munich.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.bio.vu.nl/vakgroepen/mcp/genomics/ Genomics Tutorials from VU.NL]</td> <td><font size="2"> <p><font face="Comic Sans MS" size="3">Genomics Course homepage from <font size="1"><em><font color="#5e88de">vrije</font></em><font face="Comic Sans MS"> Universiteit </font><font face="Comic Sans MS" color="#5e88de"><em>amsterdam</em></font></font></font></p> </font></td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://bip.weizmann.ac.il/course/evogen/evogen2003/Evolution/evolution.html Evolutionary Genomics Intro]</td> <td>Evolutionary Genomics Course. Weizman Inst. Israel.<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.bio.davidson.edu/courses/genomics/front/surfingenomics.html"><font size="2">Genomics Web</font></a></td> <td><font size="2">A genomics course developed by Dr. Campbell at Davidson University</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.siam.org/meetings/an98/course2.htm"><font color="#810081" size="2">Computational Genomics</font></a></td> <td><font size="2">Introduction to Computational Genomics. [[University of Toronto]], Canada . July 12, 1998</font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <br /> <br /> <strong><font size="3">Colleges providing Genomics courses.<br /> <br /> </font></strong> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" summary="" border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top"><a class="external text" title="http://clavius.bc.edu/~marth/BI820/" rel="nofollow" href="http://clavius.bc.edu/~marth/BI820/">BI820 Boston Biology College</a></td> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top"><font size="2"><a name="home"><font size="+0"><font color="#000000" size="2">BIO820: Seminar in Quantitative and Computational Problems in Genomics</font></font></a><a name="home"><font size="+0"><font color="#0000ff"><font size="2"></font></font></font></a></font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <br /> <strong><font size="3"><br /> <br /> </font></strong> b239b15734ad66ddb3db02e483cfd78dc740d829 1852 2008-01-13T12:54:41Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong><font size="3">Courses in Genomics</font><br /> </strong><br /> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" summary="" border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top"><a href="http://www.dnai.org/index.html"><font size="2">DNA Interactive</font></a><br /> </td> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top"><font size="2">DNA Inteactive (DNAi.org) </font><font size="1">by Cold Spring Harbor Lab. Funded by HHMI.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Quick <a href="http://www.genomatix.de/training/tasks.html"><font size="2">Genomics&nbsp;Tasks<br /> </font></a></td> <td><font size="2">by [[Genomatix Inc. in Germany]].&nbsp;&nbsp;Munich.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.bio.vu.nl/vakgroepen/mcp/genomics/ Genomics Tutorials from VU.NL]</td> <td><font size="2"> <p><font face="Comic Sans MS" size="3">Genomics Course homepage from <font size="1"><em><font color="#5e88de">vrije</font></em><font face="Comic Sans MS"> Universiteit </font><font face="Comic Sans MS" color="#5e88de"><em>amsterdam</em></font></font></font></p> </font></td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://bip.weizmann.ac.il/course/evogen/evogen2003/Evolution/evolution.html Evolutionary Genomics Intro]</td> <td>Evolutionary Genomics Course. Weizman Inst. Israel.<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.bio.davidson.edu/courses/genomics/front/surfingenomics.html"><font size="2">Genomics Web</font></a></td> <td><font size="2">A genomics course developed by Dr. Campbell at Davidson University</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.siam.org/meetings/an98/course2.htm"><font color="#810081" size="2">Computational Genomics</font></a></td> <td><font size="2">Introduction to Computational Genomics. [[University of Toronto]], Canada . July 12, 1998</font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <br /> <br /> <strong><font size="3">Colleges providing Genomics courses.<br /> <br /> </font></strong> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" summary="" border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top"><a class="external text" title="http://clavius.bc.edu/~marth/BI820/" rel="nofollow" href="http://clavius.bc.edu/~marth/BI820/">BI820 Boston Biology College</a></td> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top"><font size="2">BIO820: Seminar in Quantitative and Computational Problems in Genomics</font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <br /> <strong><font size="3"><br /> <br /> </font></strong> a77cb94532b1e2885ebaea6f3d14e1e05012c391 0 1568 1853 2008-01-13T13:45:14Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <h1 class="firstHeading">Organizations&nbsp;and Centers in Genomics</h1> <br /> <table width="100%" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="1" align="" summary=""> <tbody> <tr> <td>[http://www.genomealbertaeducation.ca/ Genome Alberta Edu.]</td> <td>Genome Alberta Education Site</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.sanger.ac.uk Sanger Centre]</td> <td>Sanger Centre UK</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.broad.mit.edu/ Broad Inst. MIT&amp; Harvard]</td> <td>Broad Institute in Cambridge, MA, USA<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> 90dd62c6fc5249765eeb1414a3b0651bbe4ba710 1854 2008-01-13T13:47:10Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <h1 class="firstHeading">Organizations&nbsp;and Centers in Genomics</h1> <br /> <table width="100%" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="1" align="" summary=""> <tbody> <tr> <td><br /> </td> <td><br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.sanger.ac.uk Sanger Centre]</td> <td>&nbsp;Sanger Centre UK</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.broad.mit.edu/ Broad Inst. MIT&amp; Harvard]</td> <td>&nbsp;Broad Institute in Cambridge, MA, USA<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;[http://www.genomealbertaeducation.ca/ Genome Alberta Edu.]</td> <td>&nbsp;Genome Alberta Education Site</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> 3ee5b6ab6fb04748a528bc6ff4aa2df2253d154f 1855 2008-01-13T13:47:44Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <h1 class="firstHeading">Organizations&nbsp;and Centers in Genomics</h1> <br /> <table width="100%" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="1" align="" summary=""> <tbody> <tr> <td><br /> </td> <td><br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.sanger.ac.uk Sanger Centre]</td> <td>&nbsp;Sanger Centre UK</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.ebi.ac.uk EBI]</td> <td>&nbsp;European Bioinformatics Institute</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.broad.mit.edu/ Broad Inst. MIT&amp; Harvard]</td> <td>&nbsp;Broad Institute in Cambridge, MA, USA<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;[http://www.genomealbertaeducation.ca/ Genome Alberta Edu.]</td> <td>&nbsp;Genome Alberta Education Site</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> c09485975dcd0f8beb20b2e0d529bb7b91cfa649 0 1570 1861 2008-01-15T01:44:17Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <a title="Enhanced with automated teaching methods, MassARRAY RT software automatically aligns and calibrates SEQUENOM's SpectroCHIP and provides smart rastering of DNA samples in real time without user intervention. Smart rastering dramatically improves sample efficiency and reduces individual analysis times for improved data quality and sample throughput." href="http://www.sequenom.com/genetic_systems/software/software_rt.php"><font size="-1">MassARRAY&trade; RT Software (Sequenom)</font></a> 78f08b5b6bb1b61330e5c97b1b0b71e7d888bf43 1898 2008-01-15T05:24:09Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong><font size="5">Genomics Software</font></strong><br /> <br /> <table style="WIDTH: 659px; HEIGHT: 1691px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)"> <tbody> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.compbio.dundee.ac.uk/Software/Alscript/alscript.html">Alscript</a></td> <td>Program to format multiple sequence alignments</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.wisc.edu/genetics/CATG/amplify/index.html">Amplify</a></td> <td>Macintosh program for simulating and testing PCRs</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://igs-server.cnrs-mrs.fr/igs/banbury/" target="new">Banbury</a></td> <td>Gene identification software benchmarking site</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/biocat/index.html">Biocatalogue</a></td> <td>Software directory of general interest in molecular biology and genetics, at EBI</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.bioexplorer.net/toolbar/">Bioexplorer Toolbar</a></td> <td>Fastest and easiest way to get the information you want from NCBI databases</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[BioPAX]]</td> <td>Develop a common exchange format for biological pathways data.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.unizh.ch/biostat/software.html">Biostatistics</a></td> <td>Biostatistics software</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.arc.unm.edu/~aroberts/main/free.htm">Biotech Resource</a></td> <td>Free softwares for moleular biology and structural biology</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/blast/">BLAST at NCBI</a></td> <td>Blast open source software</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/CN3D/cn3d.shtml">Cn3D</a></td> <td>Application that allows to view 3D structures, at NCBI</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><a href="http://www.clcbio.com/index.php?area=software&amp;section=free">CLC Bio</a><br /> </td> <td valign="top">Basic bioinformatics analyses and data management - free download<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a href="http://compbio.ornl.gov/structure/domainparser/">DomainParser</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">A protein domain partition program</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.emboss.org/">EMBOSS</a></td> <td>EMBOSS is a package of FREE open source software for sequence analysis</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.e-cell.org/">E-cell</a></td> <td>Simulating intracellular molecular processes of living cells project</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.extropia.com/applications.html">eXtropia</a></td> <td>Several free web tools</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="ftp://ftp.virginia.edu/pub/fasta/">Fasta</a></td> <td>Open source for Fasta</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://genamics.com/software/">Genamics</a></td> <td>Database of freely-distributable and commercial tools for use in molecular biology</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.psc.edu/biomed/genedoc/" target="new">GeneDoc</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Multiple sequence alignment editor, analyzer &amp; shading utility for windows</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://genesis.bbb.caltech.edu/GENESIS/genesis.html">Genesis</a></td> <td>Information about GEneral NEural SImulation System</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://globin.cse.psu.edu/">Globin</a></td> <td>Several free tools</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.gnu.org/">GNU</a></td> <td>Free software foundation - several tools</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://hmmer.wustl.edu/">HMMER</a></td> <td>HMMER 2.2 Profile hidden Markov models for biological sequence analysis&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://rsb.info.nih.gov/nih-image/">NIH Image</a></td> <td>Image analysis program for Macintosh from NIH</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a title="Enhanced with automated teaching methods, MassARRAY RT software automatically aligns and calibrates SEQUENOM's SpectroCHIP and provides smart rastering of DNA samples in real time without user intervention. Smart rastering dramatically improves sample efficiency and reduces individual analysis times for improved data quality and sample throughput." href="http://www.sequenom.com/genetic_systems/software/software_rt.php"><font size="-1">MassARRAY&trade; RT Software (Sequenom)</font></a>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gsf.de/biodv/matinspector.html" target="new">MatInspector</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Detection of transcription factor binding sites</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.scriptarchive.com/">Matt's Script Archive</a></td> <td>Several free Perl scripts</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.mbshortcuts.com/software/index.htm">MB Shotcuts</a></td> <td>List of several free molecular biology softwares</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.arc.unm.edu/~aroberts/main/free.htm">MolBio Links</a></td> <td>Links to several molecular biology toos</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a href="http://iubio.bio.indiana.edu/IUBio-Software+Data/molbio/Listings.html">Molecular Biology</a></font></td> <td>List of many free software package for Mac and PC</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a href="http://theory.lcs.mit.edu/~elwolf/multicoil.html">Multicoil</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Program to p</font>redict coiled coil regions in proteins</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top"><a href="http://www.drive5.com/muscle/">MUSCLE</a><br /> </td> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">Protein Multiple Sequence Alignment Software<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><a href="http://www.softgenetics.com/">MutationSurveyor</a><a href="http://www.softgenetics.com/"> &amp; MutationExplorer</a></td> <td valign="top">Analysis of DNA variants, SNPs and mutations<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.openinformatics.org/">Open Informatics</a></td> <td>Open source softwares</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.phrap.org/">Phred, Phrap &amp; Consed</a></td> <td>Sequence quality and assembly softwares</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top"><a href="http://chum.gs.washington.edu/PolyPhred.html">PolyPhred</a><br /> </td> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">Compares traces to identify heterozygous sites for SNPs</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><a href="http://physionet.org/">PhysioNet</a><br /> </td> <td valign="top">Collection of physiologic simulation software<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.chemicalgraphics.com/">PovChem</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Visualization program for PDB protein structures</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.hgmp.mrc.ac.uk/CCP11/code_libraries.txt.html#21">Programming Libraries</a></td> <td>Bioinformatics Programming Libraries, links to lots of sites and source codes</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a href="http://compbio.ornl.gov/structure/prospect/" target="new">Prospect</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">A threading-based protein structure prediction system</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://lib.stat.cmu.edu/R/CRAN/">R - statistical package</a></td> <td>Statistical computing and graphics software</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a href="http://taxonomy.zoology.gla.ac.uk/rod/treeview.html" target="new">TreeView</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Tree drawing software for Apple Macintosh and Windows</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://sourceforge.net/softwaremap/trove_list.php?form_cat=252">SourceForge.net</a></td> <td>Several ready to use tool</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/pubseq/">Staden Package</a></td> <td>A excellent package for sequence analysis and assembly</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.ualberta.ca/~stothard/javascript/d_load.html">Sequence Manipulation</a></td> <td>Free suite of sequence manipulation tools</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://blast.wustl.edu/">WU-BLAST</a></td> <td>Washington university BLAST archives</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> 6c630f1023ed5fcb995407014773a1306c5feb5c 1899 2008-01-15T05:24:49Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong><font size="5">Genomics Software</font></strong><br /> <br /> <table style="WIDTH: 659px; HEIGHT: 1691px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)"> <tbody> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.compbio.dundee.ac.uk/Software/Alscript/alscript.html">Alscript</a></td> <td>Program to format multiple sequence alignments</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.wisc.edu/genetics/CATG/amplify/index.html">Amplify</a></td> <td>Macintosh program for simulating and testing PCRs</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a target="new" href="http://igs-server.cnrs-mrs.fr/igs/banbury/">Banbury</a></td> <td>Gene identification software benchmarking site</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/biocat/index.html">Biocatalogue</a></td> <td>Software directory of general interest in molecular biology and genetics, at EBI</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.bioexplorer.net/toolbar/">Bioexplorer Toolbar</a></td> <td>Fastest and easiest way to get the information you want from NCBI databases</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[BioPAX]]</td> <td>Develop a common exchange format for biological pathways data.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.unizh.ch/biostat/software.html">Biostatistics</a></td> <td>Biostatistics software</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.arc.unm.edu/~aroberts/main/free.htm">Biotech Resource</a></td> <td>Free softwares for moleular biology and structural biology</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/blast/">BLAST at NCBI</a></td> <td>Blast open source software</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/CN3D/cn3d.shtml">Cn3D</a></td> <td>Application that allows to view 3D structures, at NCBI</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><a href="http://www.clcbio.com/index.php?area=software&amp;section=free">CLC Bio</a><br /> </td> <td valign="top">Basic bioinformatics analyses and data management - free download<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a href="http://compbio.ornl.gov/structure/domainparser/">DomainParser</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">A protein domain partition program</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.emboss.org/">EMBOSS</a></td> <td>EMBOSS is a package of FREE open source software for sequence analysis</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.e-cell.org/">E-cell</a></td> <td>Simulating intracellular molecular processes of living cells project</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.extropia.com/applications.html">eXtropia</a></td> <td>Several free web tools</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="ftp://ftp.virginia.edu/pub/fasta/">Fasta</a></td> <td>Open source for Fasta</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://genamics.com/software/">Genamics</a></td> <td>Database of freely-distributable and commercial tools for use in molecular biology</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.psc.edu/biomed/genedoc/">GeneDoc</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Multiple sequence alignment editor, analyzer &amp; shading utility for windows</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://genesis.bbb.caltech.edu/GENESIS/genesis.html">Genesis</a></td> <td>Information about GEneral NEural SImulation System</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://globin.cse.psu.edu/">Globin</a></td> <td>Several free tools</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.gnu.org/">GNU</a></td> <td>Free software foundation - several tools</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://hmmer.wustl.edu/">HMMER</a></td> <td>HMMER 2.2 Profile hidden Markov models for biological sequence analysis&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://rsb.info.nih.gov/nih-image/">NIH Image</a></td> <td>Image analysis program for Macintosh from NIH</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a title="Enhanced with automated teaching methods, MassARRAY RT software automatically aligns and calibrates SEQUENOM's SpectroCHIP and provides smart rastering of DNA samples in real time without user intervention. Smart rastering dramatically improves sample efficiency and reduces individual analysis times for improved data quality and sample throughput." href="http://www.sequenom.com/genetic_systems/software/software_rt.php"><font size="-1">MassARRAY&trade; RT Software (Sequenom)</font></a>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.gsf.de/biodv/matinspector.html">MatInspector</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Detection of transcription factor binding sites</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.scriptarchive.com/">Matt's Script Archive</a></td> <td>Several free Perl scripts</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.mbshortcuts.com/software/index.htm">MB Shotcuts</a></td> <td>List of several free molecular biology softwares</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.arc.unm.edu/~aroberts/main/free.htm">MolBio Links</a></td> <td>Links to several molecular biology toos</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a href="http://iubio.bio.indiana.edu/IUBio-Software+Data/molbio/Listings.html">Molecular Biology</a></font></td> <td>List of many free software package for Mac and PC</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a href="http://theory.lcs.mit.edu/~elwolf/multicoil.html">Multicoil</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Program to p</font>redict coiled coil regions in proteins</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top"><a href="http://www.drive5.com/muscle/">MUSCLE</a><br /> </td> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">Protein Multiple Sequence Alignment Software<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><a href="http://www.softgenetics.com/">MutationSurveyor</a><a href="http://www.softgenetics.com/"> &amp; MutationExplorer</a></td> <td valign="top">Analysis of DNA variants, SNPs and mutations<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.openinformatics.org/">Open Informatics</a></td> <td>Open source softwares</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.phrap.org/">Phred, Phrap &amp; Consed</a></td> <td>Sequence quality and assembly softwares</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top"><a href="http://chum.gs.washington.edu/PolyPhred.html">PolyPhred</a><br /> </td> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">Compares traces to identify heterozygous sites for SNPs</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><a href="http://physionet.org/">PhysioNet</a><br /> </td> <td valign="top">Collection of physiologic simulation software<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.chemicalgraphics.com/">PovChem</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Visualization program for PDB protein structures</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.hgmp.mrc.ac.uk/CCP11/code_libraries.txt.html#21">Programming Libraries</a></td> <td>Bioinformatics Programming Libraries, links to lots of sites and source codes</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://compbio.ornl.gov/structure/prospect/">Prospect</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">A threading-based protein structure prediction system</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://lib.stat.cmu.edu/R/CRAN/">R - statistical package</a></td> <td>Statistical computing and graphics software</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://taxonomy.zoology.gla.ac.uk/rod/treeview.html">TreeView</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Tree drawing software for Apple Macintosh and Windows</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://sourceforge.net/softwaremap/trove_list.php?form_cat=252">SourceForge.net</a></td> <td>Several ready to use tool</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/pubseq/">Staden Package</a></td> <td>A excellent package for sequence analysis and assembly</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.ualberta.ca/~stothard/javascript/d_load.html">Sequence Manipulation</a></td> <td>Free suite of sequence manipulation tools</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://blast.wustl.edu/">WU-BLAST</a></td> <td>Washington university BLAST archives</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> 0f2c3d2684ed6cbec7748893ec97b2e43ec537d1 1902 2008-01-15T05:26:33Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong><font size="5">Genomics Software</font></strong><br /> <br /> <table style="WIDTH: 659px; HEIGHT: 1691px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)"> <tbody> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.compbio.dundee.ac.uk/Software/Alscript/alscript.html">Alscript</a>&nbsp;<font color="#999999">by Barton Group</font></td> <td>Program to format multiple sequence alignments by Geof Barton group.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.wisc.edu/genetics/CATG/amplify/index.html">Amplify</a></td> <td>Macintosh program for simulating and testing PCRs</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a target="new" href="http://igs-server.cnrs-mrs.fr/igs/banbury/">Banbury</a></td> <td>Gene identification software benchmarking site</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/biocat/index.html">Biocatalogue</a></td> <td>Software directory of general interest in molecular biology and genetics, at EBI</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.bioexplorer.net/toolbar/">Bioexplorer Toolbar</a></td> <td>Fastest and easiest way to get the information you want from NCBI databases</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[BioPAX]]</td> <td>Develop a common exchange format for biological pathways data.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.unizh.ch/biostat/software.html">Biostatistics</a></td> <td>Biostatistics software</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.arc.unm.edu/~aroberts/main/free.htm">Biotech Resource</a></td> <td>Free softwares for moleular biology and structural biology</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/blast/">BLAST at NCBI</a></td> <td>Blast open source software</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/CN3D/cn3d.shtml">Cn3D</a></td> <td>Application that allows to view 3D structures, at NCBI</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><a href="http://www.clcbio.com/index.php?area=software&amp;section=free">CLC Bio</a><br /> </td> <td valign="top">Basic bioinformatics analyses and data management - free download<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a href="http://compbio.ornl.gov/structure/domainparser/">DomainParser</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">A protein domain partition program</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.emboss.org/">EMBOSS</a></td> <td>EMBOSS is a package of FREE open source software for sequence analysis</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.e-cell.org/">E-cell</a></td> <td>Simulating intracellular molecular processes of living cells project</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.extropia.com/applications.html">eXtropia</a></td> <td>Several free web tools</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="ftp://ftp.virginia.edu/pub/fasta/">Fasta</a></td> <td>Open source for Fasta</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://genamics.com/software/">Genamics</a></td> <td>Database of freely-distributable and commercial tools for use in molecular biology</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.psc.edu/biomed/genedoc/">GeneDoc</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Multiple sequence alignment editor, analyzer &amp; shading utility for windows</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://genesis.bbb.caltech.edu/GENESIS/genesis.html">Genesis</a></td> <td>Information about GEneral NEural SImulation System</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://globin.cse.psu.edu/">Globin</a></td> <td>Several free tools</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.gnu.org/">GNU</a></td> <td>Free software foundation - several tools</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://hmmer.wustl.edu/">HMMER</a></td> <td>HMMER 2.2 Profile hidden Markov models for biological sequence analysis&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://rsb.info.nih.gov/nih-image/">NIH Image</a></td> <td>Image analysis program for Macintosh from NIH</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a title="Enhanced with automated teaching methods, MassARRAY RT software automatically aligns and calibrates SEQUENOM's SpectroCHIP and provides smart rastering of DNA samples in real time without user intervention. Smart rastering dramatically improves sample efficiency and reduces individual analysis times for improved data quality and sample throughput." href="http://www.sequenom.com/genetic_systems/software/software_rt.php"><font size="-1">MassARRAY&trade; RT Software (Sequenom)</font></a>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.gsf.de/biodv/matinspector.html">MatInspector</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Detection of transcription factor binding sites</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.scriptarchive.com/">Matt's Script Archive</a></td> <td>Several free Perl scripts</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.mbshortcuts.com/software/index.htm">MB Shotcuts</a></td> <td>List of several free molecular biology softwares</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.arc.unm.edu/~aroberts/main/free.htm">MolBio Links</a></td> <td>Links to several molecular biology toos</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a href="http://iubio.bio.indiana.edu/IUBio-Software+Data/molbio/Listings.html">Molecular Biology</a></font></td> <td>List of many free software package for Mac and PC</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a href="http://theory.lcs.mit.edu/~elwolf/multicoil.html">Multicoil</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Program to p</font>redict coiled coil regions in proteins</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top"><a href="http://www.drive5.com/muscle/">MUSCLE</a><br /> </td> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">Protein Multiple Sequence Alignment Software<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><a href="http://www.softgenetics.com/">MutationSurveyor</a><a href="http://www.softgenetics.com/"> &amp; MutationExplorer</a></td> <td valign="top">Analysis of DNA variants, SNPs and mutations<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.openinformatics.org/">Open Informatics</a></td> <td>Open source softwares</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.phrap.org/">Phred, Phrap &amp; Consed</a></td> <td>Sequence quality and assembly softwares</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top"><a href="http://chum.gs.washington.edu/PolyPhred.html">PolyPhred</a><br /> </td> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">Compares traces to identify heterozygous sites for SNPs</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><a href="http://physionet.org/">PhysioNet</a><br /> </td> <td valign="top">Collection of physiologic simulation software<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.chemicalgraphics.com/">PovChem</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Visualization program for PDB protein structures</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.hgmp.mrc.ac.uk/CCP11/code_libraries.txt.html#21">Programming Libraries</a></td> <td>Bioinformatics Programming Libraries, links to lots of sites and source codes</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://compbio.ornl.gov/structure/prospect/">Prospect</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">A threading-based protein structure prediction system</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://lib.stat.cmu.edu/R/CRAN/">R - statistical package</a></td> <td>Statistical computing and graphics software</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://taxonomy.zoology.gla.ac.uk/rod/treeview.html">TreeView</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Tree drawing software for Apple Macintosh and Windows</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://sourceforge.net/softwaremap/trove_list.php?form_cat=252">SourceForge.net</a></td> <td>Several ready to use tool</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/pubseq/">Staden Package</a></td> <td>A excellent package for sequence analysis and assembly</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.ualberta.ca/~stothard/javascript/d_load.html">Sequence Manipulation</a></td> <td>Free suite of sequence manipulation tools</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://blast.wustl.edu/">WU-BLAST</a></td> <td>Washington university BLAST archives</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> ae1a7441fc007f622880cb9fd94044a151c38e12 1903 2008-01-15T05:27:49Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong><font size="5">Genomics Software</font></strong><br /> <br /> <table style="WIDTH: 659px; HEIGHT: 1691px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)"> <tbody> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.compbio.dundee.ac.uk/Software/Alscript/alscript.html">Alscript</a>&nbsp;<font color="#999999">by Barton Group</font></td> <td>Program to format multiple sequence alignments by Geof Barton group.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://engels.genetics.wisc.edu/amplify/">Amplify</a></td> <td>Amplify is a freeware Macintosh program for simulating and testing polymerase chain reactions (PCRs). </td> </tr> <tr> <td><a target="new" href="http://igs-server.cnrs-mrs.fr/igs/banbury/">Banbury</a></td> <td>Gene identification software benchmarking site</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/biocat/index.html">Biocatalogue</a></td> <td>Software directory of general interest in molecular biology and genetics, at EBI</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.bioexplorer.net/toolbar/">Bioexplorer Toolbar</a></td> <td>Fastest and easiest way to get the information you want from NCBI databases</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[BioPAX]]</td> <td>Develop a common exchange format for biological pathways data.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.unizh.ch/biostat/software.html">Biostatistics</a></td> <td>Biostatistics software</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.arc.unm.edu/~aroberts/main/free.htm">Biotech Resource</a></td> <td>Free softwares for moleular biology and structural biology</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/blast/">BLAST at NCBI</a></td> <td>Blast open source software</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/CN3D/cn3d.shtml">Cn3D</a></td> <td>Application that allows to view 3D structures, at NCBI</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><a href="http://www.clcbio.com/index.php?area=software&amp;section=free">CLC Bio</a><br /> </td> <td valign="top">Basic bioinformatics analyses and data management - free download<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a href="http://compbio.ornl.gov/structure/domainparser/">DomainParser</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">A protein domain partition program</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.emboss.org/">EMBOSS</a></td> <td>EMBOSS is a package of FREE open source software for sequence analysis</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.e-cell.org/">E-cell</a></td> <td>Simulating intracellular molecular processes of living cells project</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.extropia.com/applications.html">eXtropia</a></td> <td>Several free web tools</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="ftp://ftp.virginia.edu/pub/fasta/">Fasta</a></td> <td>Open source for Fasta</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://genamics.com/software/">Genamics</a></td> <td>Database of freely-distributable and commercial tools for use in molecular biology</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.psc.edu/biomed/genedoc/">GeneDoc</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Multiple sequence alignment editor, analyzer &amp; shading utility for windows</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://genesis.bbb.caltech.edu/GENESIS/genesis.html">Genesis</a></td> <td>Information about GEneral NEural SImulation System</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://globin.cse.psu.edu/">Globin</a></td> <td>Several free tools</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.gnu.org/">GNU</a></td> <td>Free software foundation - several tools</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://hmmer.wustl.edu/">HMMER</a></td> <td>HMMER 2.2 Profile hidden Markov models for biological sequence analysis&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://rsb.info.nih.gov/nih-image/">NIH Image</a></td> <td>Image analysis program for Macintosh from NIH</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a title="Enhanced with automated teaching methods, MassARRAY RT software automatically aligns and calibrates SEQUENOM's SpectroCHIP and provides smart rastering of DNA samples in real time without user intervention. Smart rastering dramatically improves sample efficiency and reduces individual analysis times for improved data quality and sample throughput." href="http://www.sequenom.com/genetic_systems/software/software_rt.php"><font size="-1">MassARRAY&trade; RT Software (Sequenom)</font></a>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.gsf.de/biodv/matinspector.html">MatInspector</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Detection of transcription factor binding sites</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.scriptarchive.com/">Matt's Script Archive</a></td> <td>Several free Perl scripts</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.mbshortcuts.com/software/index.htm">MB Shotcuts</a></td> <td>List of several free molecular biology softwares</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.arc.unm.edu/~aroberts/main/free.htm">MolBio Links</a></td> <td>Links to several molecular biology toos</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a href="http://iubio.bio.indiana.edu/IUBio-Software+Data/molbio/Listings.html">Molecular Biology</a></font></td> <td>List of many free software package for Mac and PC</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a href="http://theory.lcs.mit.edu/~elwolf/multicoil.html">Multicoil</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Program to p</font>redict coiled coil regions in proteins</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top"><a href="http://www.drive5.com/muscle/">MUSCLE</a><br /> </td> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">Protein Multiple Sequence Alignment Software<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><a href="http://www.softgenetics.com/">MutationSurveyor</a><a href="http://www.softgenetics.com/"> &amp; MutationExplorer</a></td> <td valign="top">Analysis of DNA variants, SNPs and mutations<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.openinformatics.org/">Open Informatics</a></td> <td>Open source softwares</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.phrap.org/">Phred, Phrap &amp; Consed</a></td> <td>Sequence quality and assembly softwares</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top"><a href="http://chum.gs.washington.edu/PolyPhred.html">PolyPhred</a><br /> </td> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">Compares traces to identify heterozygous sites for SNPs</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><a href="http://physionet.org/">PhysioNet</a><br /> </td> <td valign="top">Collection of physiologic simulation software<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.chemicalgraphics.com/">PovChem</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Visualization program for PDB protein structures</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.hgmp.mrc.ac.uk/CCP11/code_libraries.txt.html#21">Programming Libraries</a></td> <td>Bioinformatics Programming Libraries, links to lots of sites and source codes</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://compbio.ornl.gov/structure/prospect/">Prospect</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">A threading-based protein structure prediction system</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://lib.stat.cmu.edu/R/CRAN/">R - statistical package</a></td> <td>Statistical computing and graphics software</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://taxonomy.zoology.gla.ac.uk/rod/treeview.html">TreeView</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Tree drawing software for Apple Macintosh and Windows</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://sourceforge.net/softwaremap/trove_list.php?form_cat=252">SourceForge.net</a></td> <td>Several ready to use tool</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/pubseq/">Staden Package</a></td> <td>A excellent package for sequence analysis and assembly</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.ualberta.ca/~stothard/javascript/d_load.html">Sequence Manipulation</a></td> <td>Free suite of sequence manipulation tools</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://blast.wustl.edu/">WU-BLAST</a></td> <td>Washington university BLAST archives</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> c7727bced4cddcabbfa4cf38840934bd452c7711 1904 2008-01-15T05:30:29Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong><font size="5">Genomics Software</font></strong><br /> <br /> <table style="WIDTH: 659px; HEIGHT: 1691px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)"> <tbody> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.compbio.dundee.ac.uk/Software/Alscript/alscript.html">Alscript</a>&nbsp;<font color="#999999">by Barton Group</font></td> <td>Program to format multiple sequence alignments by Geof Barton group.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://engels.genetics.wisc.edu/amplify/">Amplify</a></td> <td>Amplify is a freeware Macintosh program for simulating and testing polymerase chain reactions (PCRs). </td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/biocat/index.html">Biocatalogue</a></td> <td>Software directory of general interest in molecular biology and genetics, at EBI</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.bioexplorer.net/toolbar/">Bioexplorer Toolbar</a></td> <td>Fastest and easiest way to get the information you want from NCBI databases</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[BioPAX]]</td> <td>Develop a common exchange format for biological pathways data.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.unizh.ch/biostat/software.html">Biostatistics</a></td> <td>Biostatistics software</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.arc.unm.edu/~aroberts/main/free.htm">Biotech Resource</a></td> <td>Free softwares for moleular biology and structural biology</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/blast/">BLAST at NCBI</a></td> <td>Blast open source software</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/CN3D/cn3d.shtml">Cn3D</a></td> <td>Application that allows to view 3D structures, at NCBI</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><a href="http://www.clcbio.com/index.php?area=software&amp;section=free">CLC Bio</a><br /> </td> <td valign="top">Basic bioinformatics analyses and data management - free download<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a href="http://compbio.ornl.gov/structure/domainparser/">DomainParser</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">A protein domain partition program</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.emboss.org/">EMBOSS</a></td> <td>EMBOSS is a package of FREE open source software for sequence analysis</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.e-cell.org/">E-cell</a></td> <td>Simulating intracellular molecular processes of living cells project</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.extropia.com/applications.html">eXtropia</a></td> <td>Several free web tools</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="ftp://ftp.virginia.edu/pub/fasta/">Fasta</a></td> <td>Open source for Fasta</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://genamics.com/software/">Genamics</a></td> <td>Database of freely-distributable and commercial tools for use in molecular biology</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.psc.edu/biomed/genedoc/">GeneDoc</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Multiple sequence alignment editor, analyzer &amp; shading utility for windows</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://genesis.bbb.caltech.edu/GENESIS/genesis.html">Genesis</a></td> <td>Information about GEneral NEural SImulation System</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://globin.cse.psu.edu/">Globin</a></td> <td>Several free tools</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.gnu.org/">GNU</a></td> <td>Free software foundation - several tools</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://hmmer.wustl.edu/">HMMER</a></td> <td>HMMER 2.2 Profile hidden Markov models for biological sequence analysis&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://rsb.info.nih.gov/nih-image/">NIH Image</a></td> <td>Image analysis program for Macintosh from NIH</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a title="Enhanced with automated teaching methods, MassARRAY RT software automatically aligns and calibrates SEQUENOM's SpectroCHIP and provides smart rastering of DNA samples in real time without user intervention. Smart rastering dramatically improves sample efficiency and reduces individual analysis times for improved data quality and sample throughput." href="http://www.sequenom.com/genetic_systems/software/software_rt.php"><font size="-1">MassARRAY&trade; RT Software (Sequenom)</font></a>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.gsf.de/biodv/matinspector.html">MatInspector</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Detection of transcription factor binding sites</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.scriptarchive.com/">Matt's Script Archive</a></td> <td>Several free Perl scripts</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.mbshortcuts.com/software/index.htm">MB Shotcuts</a></td> <td>List of several free molecular biology softwares</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.arc.unm.edu/~aroberts/main/free.htm">MolBio Links</a></td> <td>Links to several molecular biology toos</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a href="http://iubio.bio.indiana.edu/IUBio-Software+Data/molbio/Listings.html">Molecular Biology</a></font></td> <td>List of many free software package for Mac and PC</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a href="http://theory.lcs.mit.edu/~elwolf/multicoil.html">Multicoil</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Program to p</font>redict coiled coil regions in proteins</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top"><a href="http://www.drive5.com/muscle/">MUSCLE</a><br /> </td> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">Protein Multiple Sequence Alignment Software<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><a href="http://www.softgenetics.com/">MutationSurveyor</a><a href="http://www.softgenetics.com/"> &amp; MutationExplorer</a></td> <td valign="top">Analysis of DNA variants, SNPs and mutations<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.openinformatics.org/">Open Informatics</a></td> <td>Open source softwares</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.phrap.org/">Phred, Phrap &amp; Consed</a></td> <td>Sequence quality and assembly softwares</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top"><a href="http://chum.gs.washington.edu/PolyPhred.html">PolyPhred</a><br /> </td> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">Compares traces to identify heterozygous sites for SNPs</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><a href="http://physionet.org/">PhysioNet</a><br /> </td> <td valign="top">Collection of physiologic simulation software<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.chemicalgraphics.com/">PovChem</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Visualization program for PDB protein structures</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.hgmp.mrc.ac.uk/CCP11/code_libraries.txt.html#21">Programming Libraries</a></td> <td>Bioinformatics Programming Libraries, links to lots of sites and source codes</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://compbio.ornl.gov/structure/prospect/">Prospect</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">A threading-based protein structure prediction system</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://lib.stat.cmu.edu/R/CRAN/">R - statistical package</a></td> <td>Statistical computing and graphics software</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://taxonomy.zoology.gla.ac.uk/rod/treeview.html">TreeView</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Tree drawing software for Apple Macintosh and Windows</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://sourceforge.net/softwaremap/trove_list.php?form_cat=252">SourceForge.net</a></td> <td>Several ready to use tool</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/pubseq/">Staden Package</a></td> <td>A excellent package for sequence analysis and assembly</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.ualberta.ca/~stothard/javascript/d_load.html">Sequence Manipulation</a></td> <td>Free suite of sequence manipulation tools</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://blast.wustl.edu/">WU-BLAST</a></td> <td>Washington university BLAST archives</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> 8ae84368d87e8a99e93a158298c002252e5996a1 0 1529 1862 2008-01-15T02:56:11Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><strong>Frederick Sanger</strong>, OM, CH, CBE, FRS (born 13 August 1918) is an English biochemist and a two time Nobel laureate in chemistry. He is the fourth person in the world to have been awarded two Nobel Prizes.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Early years</span></h2> <p>Sanger was born on August 13, 1918, in Rendcomb, a small village in Gloucestershire. He was the second son of Frederick Sanger, a medical practitioner and his wife Cicely. He was educated at Bryanston School and then completed his Bachelor of Arts in natural sciences from St John's College, Cambridge in 1939. He originally intended to study medicine, but became interested in biochemistry as some of the leading biochemists in the world were at Cambridge at the time. He completed his PhD in 1943. He discovered the structure of proteins, most famously that of insulin. He also contributed to the determination of base sequences in DNA.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Research</span></h2> <p>Sanger determined the complete amino acid sequence of insulin in 1955. In doing so, he proved that proteins have definite structures. He began by degrading insulin into short fragments by mixing the trypsin enzyme (that hydrolyses the peptide/amide bonds between amino acids that make up the primary structure of proteins) with an insulin solution. He then undertook a form of chromatography on the mixture by applying a small sample of the mixture to one end of a sheet of filter paper. He passed a solvent through the filter paper in one direction, and passed an electric current through the paper in the opposite direction. Depending on their solubility and charge, the different fragments of insulin moved to different positions on the paper, creating a distinct pattern. Sanger called these patterns &ldquo;fingerprints&rdquo;. Like human fingerprints, these patterns were characteristic for each protein, and reproducible. He reassembled the short fragments into longer sequences to deduce the complete structure of insulin. Sanger concluded that the protein insulin had a precise amino acid sequence. It was this achievement that earned him his first Nobel prize in Chemistry in 1958.</p> <p>In 1975, he developed the chain termination method of DNA sequencing, also known as the <em>Dideoxy termination method</em> or the <em>Sanger method</em>.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-0">[1]</sup> Two years later he used his technique to successfully sequence the genome of the Phage &Phi;-X174; the first fully sequenced DNA-based genome. He did this entirely by hand. This has been of key importance in such projects as the Human Genome Project and earned him his second Nobel prize in Chemistry in 1980, together with Walter Gilbert. The only other laureates to have done so were Marie Curie, Linus Pauling and John Bardeen. He is the only person to receive both prizes in chemistry. In 1979, he was awarded the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University together with Walter Gilbert and Paul Berg, co-winners of the 1980 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.</p> <p>Sanger also produced a revolutionary way of transcribing DNA using ethanol as a buffer.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Later in life</span></h2> <p>Frederick Sanger retired in 1982. In 1992, the Wellcome Trust and the Medical Research Council founded the Sanger Centre (now the Sanger Institute), named after him. The Sanger Institute, located near Cambridge, England, is one of the world's most important centers for genome research and played a prominent role in sequencing the human genome.</p> <p>In 2007 the British Biochemical Society was given a grant by the Wellcome Trust to catalog and preserve the 35 laboratory notebooks in which Sanger recorded his remarkable research from 1944 to 1981. In reporting this matter, Science magazine noted that Sanger, &quot;the most self-effacing person you could hope to meet,&quot; now was spending his time gardening at his Cambridgeshire home.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-1">[2]</sup></p> <p>Even in retirement, Sanger used his extensive knowledge of DNA to aid modern scientists and professors in their work.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Awards and honours</span></h2> <ul> <li>Frederick Sanger, Esq. (13 August 1918-1943) </li> <li>Dr Frederick Sanger (1943-18 March 1954) </li> <li>Dr Frederick Sanger [OBE] for for help in the manufacture of cheese </li> <li>Dr Frederick Sanger, FRS (18 March 1954-1963) </li> <li>Dr Frederick Sanger, CBE, FRS (1963-1981) </li> <li>Dr Frederick Sanger, CH, CBE, FRS (1981-11 February 1986) </li> <li>Dr Frederick Sanger, OM, CH, CBE, FRS (11 February 1986-present) </li> <li>1958 Nobel Prize for &quot;work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin&quot; </li> <li>1980 Nobel Prize for &quot;contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids&quot; </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <div class="references-small"> <ol class="references"> <li id="_note-0"><strong>^</strong> Sanger F, Nicklen S, Coulson AR., DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1977 Dec;74(12):5463-7 </li> <li id="_note-1"><strong>^</strong> &quot;A Life in Science&quot; from the &quot;Newsmakers&quot; page edited by Yudhijit Bhattachjee, Science 317: 879, 2007 </li> </ol> </div> <p><a id="External_links" name="External_links"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/">The Sanger Institute</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/Info/Intro/sanger.shtml" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/Info/Intro/sanger.shtml">About Fred Sanger, biography from the Sanger Institute</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://almaz.com/nobel/chemistry/1958a.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://almaz.com/nobel/chemistry/1958a.html">About the 1958 Nobel Prize</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://almaz.com/nobel/chemistry/1980c.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://almaz.com/nobel/chemistry/1980c.html">About the 1980 Nobel Prize</a> </li> <li><a title="Association of Biomolecular Resource Facilities" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Biomolecular_Resource_Facilities">Association of Biomolecular Resource Facilities</a> 1994 Award </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.vega.org.uk/series/facetoface/sanger/index.php" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.vega.org.uk/series/facetoface/sanger/index.php">Fred Sanger</a> Freeview Video Documentary by The Vega Science Trust </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.npg.org.uk/live/search/person.asp?search=ss&amp;sText=Sanger&amp;LinkID=mp06016" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.npg.org.uk/live/search/person.asp?search=ss&amp;sText=Sanger&amp;LinkID=mp06016">National Portrait Gallery</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1980/sanger-autobio.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1980/sanger-autobio.html">Autobiography</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.cumc.columbia.edu/horwitz/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cumc.columbia.edu/horwitz/">The Official Site of Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize</a> </li> <li>[http://www.vega.org.uk/video/programme/18 Interview with Sanger]</li> </ul> 14e4e5aad6c87f091736382a07b00ff63c571c27 0 1571 1863 2008-01-15T02:57:00Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="3">This is a wiki page. You can freely post job advertisement here.</font><br /> <br /> 67f9081de6b9b4d0ee1a98d5a927f00ff6f746ed 1864 2008-01-15T03:12:36Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="3"><strong>Jobs in Genomics</strong> (This is a wiki page. You can freely post job advertisement here.)</font><br /> <br /> <br /> 792f02380a27cff3ca5eea66fa96e7715d1c6eaa 1865 2008-01-15T03:13:28Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="3"><strong>Jobs in Genomics</strong> (This is a wiki page. You can freely post job advertisement here.)</font><br /> <br /> <br /> [http://www.biocareer.com BioCareer.com]: <font size="2">The <em>SciWeb</em> Biotechnology Career Center</font> 49a6e859ac56adb55a2ec59cb8b72feb4cca527b 1866 2008-01-15T03:14:00Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="3"><strong>Jobs in Genomics</strong> (This is a wiki page. You can freely post job advertisement here.)</font><br /> <br /> <table cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="100%" summary="" border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td>[http://www.biocareer.com BioCareer.com]</td> <td><font size="2">The <em>SciWeb</em> Biotechnology Career Center</font> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <br /> a65a6524f4bd5be2a332ac6d4aaa5ed9dae37b3f 1867 2008-01-15T03:19:25Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="3"><strong>Jobs in Genomics</strong> (This is a wiki page. You can freely post job advertisement here.)</font><br /> <br /> <strong>See also: [http://biojob.org BioJob.org]: A free Wiki job listing site.<br /> <br /> </strong> <table cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="100%" summary="" border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td>[http://www.biocareer.com BioCareer.com]</td> <td><font size="2">The <em>SciWeb</em> Biotechnology Career Center</font> . Subscription fee of $1000 for one month</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.biohealthmatics.com/ BioHealthMatics.com]</td> <td>&nbsp;Career Networking Portal for Biotechnology and Healthcare IT. US and UK jobs. </td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.bio.com/jobs/ Bio.com/jobs]</td> <td>&nbsp;Bio.com job search. <font size="1">BIO.COM &reg; exists to facilitate the exchange of information within the life sciences, biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries.</font> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <br /> 2dd7a1dd05f8382f04bf8a5be1c9a257681f67be 1868 2008-01-15T03:25:35Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="3"><strong>Jobs in Genomics</strong> (This is a wiki page. You can freely post job advertisement here.)</font><br /> <br /> <strong>See also: [http://biojob.org BioJob.org]: A free Wiki job listing site.<br /> <br /> </strong> <table cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="100%" summary="" border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td>[http://www.biocareer.com BioCareer.com]</td> <td><font size="2">The <em>SciWeb</em> Biotechnology Career Center</font> . Subscription fee of $1000 for one month</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.biohealthmatics.com/ BioHealthMatics.com]</td> <td>&nbsp;Career Networking Portal for Biotechnology and Healthcare IT. US and UK jobs. </td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.bio.com/jobs/ Bio.com/jobs]</td> <td>&nbsp;Bio.com job search. <font size="1">BIO.COM &reg; exists to facilitate the exchange of information within the life sciences, biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries.</font> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.bioplanet.com/ BioPlanet.com]</td> <td>Bioinformatics&nbsp;Jobs. </td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://biologyjobs.com/ BiologyJobs.com]</td> <td><span class="title2">Unlimited Job Postings Plus Resume Database Access for only $1/Day! </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.bioportfolio.com/ BioPortfolio.com]</td> <td><strong><font color="#ff0066" size="2">&nbsp;life science, pharmaceutical and biotechnology careers and jobs</font></strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.biosnail.com/ BioSnail.com]</td> <td>Resume and job interview information.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <br /> f6a4377df3a21275c61d0965a56e146d13ccdd7f 1869 2008-01-15T03:32:11Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="3"><strong>Job sites in Genomics</strong> (This is a wiki page. You can freely post job advertisement here.)</font><br /> <br /> <strong>See also: [http://biojob.org BioJob.org]: A free Wiki job listing site.<br /> <br /> </strong> <table cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="100%" summary="" border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td>[http://www.biocareer.com BioCareer.com]</td> <td><font size="2">The <em>SciWeb</em> Biotechnology Career Center</font> . Subscription fee of $1000 for one month</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://sciencecareers.org/ ScienceCareers.org]</td> <td>Science magazine career domain site.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.nature.com/naturejobs/index.html Naturejobs]</td> <td>Nature magazine jobs web site.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.biohealthmatics.com/ BioHealthMatics.com]</td> <td>&nbsp;Career Networking Portal for Biotechnology and Healthcare IT. US and UK jobs. </td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.bio.com/jobs/ Bio.com/jobs]</td> <td>&nbsp;Bio.com job search. <font size="1">BIO.COM &reg; exists to facilitate the exchange of information within the life sciences, biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries.</font> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.bioplanet.com/ BioPlanet.com]</td> <td>Bioinformatics&nbsp;Jobs. </td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://biologyjobs.com/ BiologyJobs.com]</td> <td><span class="title2">Unlimited Job Postings Plus Resume Database Access for only $1/Day! </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.bioportfolio.com/ BioPortfolio.com]</td> <td><strong><font color="#ff0066" size="2">&nbsp;life science, pharmaceutical and biotechnology careers and jobs</font></strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.biosnail.com/ BioSnail.com]</td> <td>Resume and job interview information.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.biospace.com/ BioSpace.com]</td> <td>Career network</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.biotechfind.com/ BiotechFind.com]</td> <td>Your online resource for biotechnology, pharmaceutical, medical devices and life sciences industries.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.bioview.com/ Bioview.com] </td> <td>Defunt?</td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <br /> <br /> d658dac8bcb12a26a6783f7c509d267e163f8ece 1870 2008-01-15T03:34:03Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="3"><strong>Job sites in Genomics</strong> (This is a wiki page. You can freely post job advertisement here.)</font><br /> <br /> <strong>See also: [http://biojob.org BioJob.org]: A free Wiki job listing site.<br /> <br /> </strong> <table cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="100%" summary="" border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td>[http://www.biocareer.com BioCareer.com]</td> <td><font size="2">The <em>SciWeb</em> Biotechnology Career Center</font> . Subscription fee of $1000 for one month</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://sciencecareers.org/ ScienceCareers.org]</td> <td>Science magazine career domain site.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.nature.com/naturejobs/index.html Naturejobs]</td> <td>Nature magazine jobs web site.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.biohealthmatics.com/ BioHealthMatics.com]</td> <td>&nbsp;Career Networking Portal for Biotechnology and Healthcare IT. US and UK jobs. </td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.bio.com/jobs/ Bio.com/jobs]</td> <td>&nbsp;Bio.com job search. <font size="1">BIO.COM &reg; exists to facilitate the exchange of information within the life sciences, biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries.</font> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.bioplanet.com/ BioPlanet.com]</td> <td>Bioinformatics&nbsp;Jobs. </td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://biologyjobs.com/ BiologyJobs.com]</td> <td><span class="title2">Unlimited Job Postings Plus Resume Database Access for only $1/Day! </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.bioportfolio.com/ BioPortfolio.com]</td> <td><strong><font color="#ff0066" size="2">&nbsp;life science, pharmaceutical and biotechnology careers and jobs</font></strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.biosnail.com/ BioSnail.com]</td> <td>Resume and job interview information.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.biospace.com/ BioSpace.com]</td> <td>Career network</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.biotechfind.com/ BiotechFind.com]</td> <td>Your online resource for biotechnology, pharmaceutical, medical devices and life sciences industries.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.geocities.com/bioequities@sbcglobal.net/ BioEquities Recruiting]</td> <td><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12px"><strong><font color="#339900">A firm devoted to people in the biotechnology industry who have a passion for science, learning, and making a contribution to better living.</font></strong></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <br /> <br /> 77bd8ab868d92a17213de78274a30048b2c3dbba 1871 2008-01-15T03:34:30Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="3"><strong>Job sites in Genomics</strong> (This is a wiki page. You can freely post job advertisement here.)</font><br /> <br /> <strong>See also: [http://biojob.org BioJob.org]: A free Wiki job listing site.<br /> <br /> </strong> <table cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="100%" summary="" border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td>[http://www.biocareer.com BioCareer.com]</td> <td><font size="2">The <em>SciWeb</em> Biotechnology Career Center</font> . Subscription fee of $1000 for one month</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://sciencecareers.org/ ScienceCareers.org]</td> <td>&nbsp;[http://science.com Science magazine] career domain site.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.nature.com/naturejobs/index.html Naturejobs]</td> <td>&nbsp;Nature magazine jobs web site.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.biohealthmatics.com/ BioHealthMatics.com]</td> <td>&nbsp;Career Networking Portal for Biotechnology and Healthcare IT. US and UK jobs. </td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.bio.com/jobs/ Bio.com/jobs]</td> <td>&nbsp;Bio.com job search. <font size="1">BIO.COM &reg; exists to facilitate the exchange of information within the life sciences, biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries.</font> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.bioplanet.com/ BioPlanet.com]</td> <td>Bioinformatics&nbsp;Jobs. </td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://biologyjobs.com/ BiologyJobs.com]</td> <td><span class="title2">Unlimited Job Postings Plus Resume Database Access for only $1/Day! </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.bioportfolio.com/ BioPortfolio.com]</td> <td><strong><font color="#ff0066" size="2">&nbsp;life science, pharmaceutical and biotechnology careers and jobs</font></strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.biosnail.com/ BioSnail.com]</td> <td>Resume and job interview information.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.biospace.com/ BioSpace.com]</td> <td>Career network</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.biotechfind.com/ BiotechFind.com]</td> <td>Your online resource for biotechnology, pharmaceutical, medical devices and life sciences industries.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.geocities.com/bioequities@sbcglobal.net/ BioEquities Recruiting]</td> <td><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12px"><strong><font color="#339900">A firm devoted to people in the biotechnology industry who have a passion for science, learning, and making a contribution to better living.</font></strong></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <br /> <br /> d219ecd32265cfbaf51418caab9ebbe326fc1b8c 1872 2008-01-15T03:37:55Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="3"><strong>Job sites in Genomics</strong> (This is a wiki page. You can freely post job advertisement here.)</font><br /> <br /> <strong>See also: [http://biojob.org BioJob.org]: A free Wiki job listing site.<br /> <br /> </strong> <table cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="100%" summary="" border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td>[http://www.biocareer.com BioCareer.com]</td> <td><font size="2">The <em>SciWeb</em> Biotechnology Career Center</font> . Subscription fee of $1000 for one month</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://sciencecareers.org/ ScienceCareers.org]</td> <td>&nbsp;[http://science.com Science magazine] career domain site.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.nature.com/naturejobs/index.html Naturejobs]</td> <td>&nbsp;Nature magazine jobs web site.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.biohealthmatics.com/ BioHealthMatics.com]</td> <td>&nbsp;Career Networking Portal for Biotechnology and Healthcare IT. US and UK jobs. </td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.bio.com/jobs/ Bio.com/jobs]</td> <td>&nbsp;Bio.com job search. <font size="1">BIO.COM &reg; exists to facilitate the exchange of information within the life sciences, biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries.</font> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.bioplanet.com/ BioPlanet.com]</td> <td>Bioinformatics&nbsp;Jobs. </td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://biologyjobs.com/ BiologyJobs.com]</td> <td><span class="title2">Unlimited Job Postings Plus Resume Database Access for only $1/Day! </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.bioportfolio.com/ BioPortfolio.com]</td> <td><strong><font color="#ff0066" size="2">&nbsp;life science, pharmaceutical and biotechnology careers and jobs</font></strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.biosnail.com/ BioSnail.com]</td> <td>Resume and job interview information.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.biospace.com/ BioSpace.com]</td> <td>Career network</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.biotechfind.com/ BiotechFind.com]</td> <td>Your online resource for biotechnology, pharmaceutical, medical devices and life sciences industries.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.geocities.com/bioequities@sbcglobal.net/ BioEquities Recruiting]</td> <td><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12px"><strong><font color="#339900">A firm devoted to people in the biotechnology industry who have a passion for science, learning, and making a contribution to better living.</font></strong></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.pharmajobs.com/ PharmaJobs.com]</td> <td>&nbsp;LifeScienceJobs.com. Searchable jobs.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <br /> <br /> 7942de80190dc7c6989be15c4b97d3bb1c2d0c96 1873 2008-01-15T03:38:21Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="3"><font size="4"><strong>Job sites in Genomics</strong> (</font>This is a wiki page. You can freely post job advertisement here.)</font><br /> <br /> <strong><font size="3">See also: [http://biojob.org BioJob.org]: A free Wiki job listing site.</font><br /> <br /> </strong> <table cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="100%" summary="" border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td><font size="3">[http://www.biocareer.com BioCareer.com]</font></td> <td><font size="3">The <em>SciWeb</em> Biotechnology Career Center . Subscription fee of $1000 for one month</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">[http://sciencecareers.org/ ScienceCareers.org]</font></td> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;[http://science.com Science magazine] career domain site.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">[http://www.nature.com/naturejobs/index.html Naturejobs]</font></td> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;Nature magazine jobs web site.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">[http://www.biohealthmatics.com/ BioHealthMatics.com]</font></td> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;Career Networking Portal for Biotechnology and Healthcare IT. US and UK jobs. </font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">[http://www.bio.com/jobs/ Bio.com/jobs]</font></td> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;Bio.com job search. BIO.COM &reg; exists to facilitate the exchange of information within the life sciences, biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries. </font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">[http://www.bioplanet.com/ BioPlanet.com]</font></td> <td><font size="3">Bioinformatics&nbsp;Jobs. </font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">[http://biologyjobs.com/ BiologyJobs.com]</font></td> <td><span class="title2"><font size="3">Unlimited Job Postings Plus Resume Database Access for only $1/Day! </font></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">[http://www.bioportfolio.com/ BioPortfolio.com]</font></td> <td><strong><font color="#ff0066" size="3">&nbsp;life science, pharmaceutical and biotechnology careers and jobs</font></strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">[http://www.biosnail.com/ BioSnail.com]</font></td> <td><font size="3">Resume and job interview information.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">[http://www.biospace.com/ BioSpace.com]</font></td> <td><font size="3">Career network</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">[http://www.biotechfind.com/ BiotechFind.com]</font></td> <td><font size="3">Your online resource for biotechnology, pharmaceutical, medical devices and life sciences industries.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">[http://www.geocities.com/bioequities@sbcglobal.net/ BioEquities Recruiting]</font></td> <td><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12px"><strong><font color="#339900" size="3">A firm devoted to people in the biotechnology industry who have a passion for science, learning, and making a contribution to better living.</font></strong></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">[http://www.pharmajobs.com/ PharmaJobs.com]</font></td> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;LifeScienceJobs.com. Searchable jobs.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></td> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <br /> <br /> 13187819cd6bdadaba5e37143625a60297a6c982 1874 2008-01-15T03:38:41Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="3"><font size="4"><strong><font size="5">Job sites in Genomics</font></strong> (</font>This is a wiki page. You can freely post job advertisement here.)</font><br /> <br /> <strong><font size="3">See also: [http://biojob.org BioJob.org]: <font color="#999999">A free Wiki job listing site.</font></font><br /> <br /> </strong> <table cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="100%" summary="" border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td><font size="3">[http://www.biocareer.com BioCareer.com]</font></td> <td><font size="3">The <em>SciWeb</em> Biotechnology Career Center . Subscription fee of $1000 for one month</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">[http://sciencecareers.org/ ScienceCareers.org]</font></td> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;[http://science.com Science magazine] career domain site.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">[http://www.nature.com/naturejobs/index.html Naturejobs]</font></td> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;Nature magazine jobs web site.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">[http://www.biohealthmatics.com/ BioHealthMatics.com]</font></td> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;Career Networking Portal for Biotechnology and Healthcare IT. US and UK jobs. </font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">[http://www.bio.com/jobs/ Bio.com/jobs]</font></td> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;Bio.com job search. BIO.COM &reg; exists to facilitate the exchange of information within the life sciences, biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries. </font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">[http://www.bioplanet.com/ BioPlanet.com]</font></td> <td><font size="3">Bioinformatics&nbsp;Jobs. </font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">[http://biologyjobs.com/ BiologyJobs.com]</font></td> <td><span class="title2"><font size="3">Unlimited Job Postings Plus Resume Database Access for only $1/Day! </font></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">[http://www.bioportfolio.com/ BioPortfolio.com]</font></td> <td><strong><font color="#ff0066" size="3">&nbsp;life science, pharmaceutical and biotechnology careers and jobs</font></strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">[http://www.biosnail.com/ BioSnail.com]</font></td> <td><font size="3">Resume and job interview information.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">[http://www.biospace.com/ BioSpace.com]</font></td> <td><font size="3">Career network</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">[http://www.biotechfind.com/ BiotechFind.com]</font></td> <td><font size="3">Your online resource for biotechnology, pharmaceutical, medical devices and life sciences industries.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">[http://www.geocities.com/bioequities@sbcglobal.net/ BioEquities Recruiting]</font></td> <td><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12px"><strong><font color="#339900" size="3">A firm devoted to people in the biotechnology industry who have a passion for science, learning, and making a contribution to better living.</font></strong></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">[http://www.pharmajobs.com/ PharmaJobs.com]</font></td> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;LifeScienceJobs.com. Searchable jobs.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></td> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <br /> <br /> 710754a95910eb7ad56995517a3fd50fcdba810d 1875 2008-01-15T04:11:01Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="3"><font size="4"><strong><font size="5">Job sites in Genomics</font></strong> (</font>This is a wiki page. You can freely post job advertisement here.)</font><br /> <br /> <strong><font size="3">See also: [http://biojob.org BioJob.org]: <font color="#999999">A free Wiki job listing site.</font></font><br /> <br /> </strong> <table cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="100%" summary="" border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td><font size="3">[http://www.biocareer.com BioCareer.com]</font></td> <td><font size="3">The <em>SciWeb</em> Biotechnology Career Center . Subscription fee of $1000 for one month</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">[http://sciencecareers.org/ ScienceCareers.org]</font></td> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;[http://science.com Science magazine] career domain site.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">[http://www.nature.com/naturejobs/index.html Naturejobs]</font></td> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;Nature magazine jobs web site.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">[http://www.biohealthmatics.com/ BioHealthMatics.com]</font></td> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;Career Networking Portal for Biotechnology and Healthcare IT. US and UK jobs. </font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">[http://www.bio.com/jobs/ Bio.com/jobs]</font></td> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;Bio.com job search. BIO.COM &reg; exists to facilitate the exchange of information within the life sciences, biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries. </font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">[http://www.bioplanet.com/ BioPlanet.com]</font></td> <td><font size="3">Bioinformatics&nbsp;Jobs. </font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">[http://biologyjobs.com/ BiologyJobs.com]</font></td> <td><span class="title2"><font size="3">Unlimited Job Postings Plus Resume Database Access for only $1/Day! </font></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">[http://www.bioportfolio.com/ BioPortfolio.com]</font></td> <td><font color="#ff0066" size="3"><strong>&nbsp;</strong><font color="#800000">life science, pharmaceutical and biotechnology careers and jobs</font></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">[http://www.biosnail.com/ BioSnail.com]</font></td> <td><font size="3">Resume and job interview information.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">[http://www.biospace.com/ BioSpace.com]</font></td> <td><font size="3">Career network</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">[http://www.biotechfind.com/ BiotechFind.com]</font></td> <td><font size="3">Your online resource for biotechnology, pharmaceutical, medical devices and life sciences industries.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">[http://www.geocities.com/bioequities@sbcglobal.net/ BioEquities Recruiting]</font></td> <td><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12px"><strong><font color="#339900" size="3">A firm devoted to people in the biotechnology industry who have a passion for science, learning, and making a contribution to better living.</font></strong></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">[http://www.pharmajobs.com/ PharmaJobs.com]</font></td> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;LifeScienceJobs.com. Searchable jobs.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></td> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <br /> <br /> 3f8ea4fc6b509552467340b3b77bbc5ad2ca4acd 1876 2008-01-15T04:11:28Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="3"><font size="4"><strong><font size="5">Job sites in Genomics</font></strong> (</font>This is a wiki page. You can freely post job advertisement here.)</font><br /> <br /> <strong><font size="3">See also: [http://biojob.org BioJob.org]: <font color="#999999">A free Wiki job listing site.</font></font><br /> <br /> </strong> <table cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="100%" summary="" border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td><font size="3">[http://www.biocareer.com BioCareer.com]</font></td> <td><font size="3">The <em>SciWeb</em> Biotechnology Career Center . Subscription fee of $1000 for one month</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3"><strong>[http://sciencecareers.org/ ScienceCareers.org]</strong></font></td> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;[http://science.com Science magazine] career domain site.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">[http://www.nature.com/naturejobs/index.html Naturejobs]</font></td> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;Nature magazine jobs web site.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">[http://www.biohealthmatics.com/ BioHealthMatics.com]</font></td> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;Career Networking Portal for Biotechnology and Healthcare IT. US and UK jobs. </font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">[http://www.bio.com/jobs/ Bio.com/jobs]</font></td> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;Bio.com job search. BIO.COM &reg; exists to facilitate the exchange of information within the life sciences, biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries. </font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">[http://www.bioplanet.com/ BioPlanet.com]</font></td> <td><font size="3">Bioinformatics&nbsp;Jobs. </font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">[http://biologyjobs.com/ BiologyJobs.com]</font></td> <td><span class="title2"><font size="3">Unlimited Job Postings Plus Resume Database Access for only $1/Day! </font></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">[http://www.bioportfolio.com/ BioPortfolio.com]</font></td> <td><font color="#ff0066" size="3"><strong>&nbsp;</strong><font color="#800000">life science, pharmaceutical and biotechnology careers and jobs</font></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">[http://www.biosnail.com/ BioSnail.com]</font></td> <td><font size="3">Resume and job interview information.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">[http://www.biospace.com/ BioSpace.com]</font></td> <td><font size="3">Career network</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">[http://www.biotechfind.com/ BiotechFind.com]</font></td> <td><font size="3">Your online resource for biotechnology, pharmaceutical, medical devices and life sciences industries.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">[http://www.geocities.com/bioequities@sbcglobal.net/ BioEquities Recruiting]</font></td> <td><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12px"><font color="#339900" size="3">A firm devoted to people in the biotechnology industry who have a passion for science, learning, and making a contribution to better living.</font></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">[http://www.pharmajobs.com/ PharmaJobs.com]</font></td> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;LifeScienceJobs.com. Searchable jobs.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></td> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <br /> <br /> 616f3b445290478698dbe9abca7530ae3c972222 1877 2008-01-15T04:11:50Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="3"><font size="4"><strong><font size="5">Job sites in Genomics</font></strong> (</font>This is a wiki page. You can freely post job advertisement here.)</font><br /> <br /> <strong><font size="3">See also: [http://biojob.org BioJob.org]: <font color="#999999">A free Wiki job listing site.</font></font><br /> <br /> </strong> <table cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="100%" summary="" border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td><font size="3">[http://www.biocareer.com BioCareer.com]</font></td> <td><font size="3">The <em>SciWeb</em> Biotechnology Career Center . Subscription fee of $1000 for one month</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3"><strong>[http://sciencecareers.org/ ScienceCareers.org]</strong></font></td> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;[http://science.com Science magazine] career domain site. Put Genomics keyword for search.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">[http://www.nature.com/naturejobs/index.html Naturejobs]</font></td> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;Nature magazine jobs web site.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">[http://www.biohealthmatics.com/ BioHealthMatics.com]</font></td> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;Career Networking Portal for Biotechnology and Healthcare IT. US and UK jobs. </font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">[http://www.bio.com/jobs/ Bio.com/jobs]</font></td> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;Bio.com job search. BIO.COM &reg; exists to facilitate the exchange of information within the life sciences, biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries. </font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">[http://www.bioplanet.com/ BioPlanet.com]</font></td> <td><font size="3">Bioinformatics&nbsp;Jobs. </font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">[http://biologyjobs.com/ BiologyJobs.com]</font></td> <td><span class="title2"><font size="3">Unlimited Job Postings Plus Resume Database Access for only $1/Day! </font></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">[http://www.bioportfolio.com/ BioPortfolio.com]</font></td> <td><font color="#ff0066" size="3"><strong>&nbsp;</strong><font color="#800000">life science, pharmaceutical and biotechnology careers and jobs</font></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">[http://www.biosnail.com/ BioSnail.com]</font></td> <td><font size="3">Resume and job interview information.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">[http://www.biospace.com/ BioSpace.com]</font></td> <td><font size="3">Career network</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">[http://www.biotechfind.com/ BiotechFind.com]</font></td> <td><font size="3">Your online resource for biotechnology, pharmaceutical, medical devices and life sciences industries.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">[http://www.geocities.com/bioequities@sbcglobal.net/ BioEquities Recruiting]</font></td> <td><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12px"><font color="#339900" size="3">A firm devoted to people in the biotechnology industry who have a passion for science, learning, and making a contribution to better living.</font></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">[http://www.pharmajobs.com/ PharmaJobs.com]</font></td> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;LifeScienceJobs.com. Searchable jobs.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></td> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <br /> <br /> 3a9ae507a0f9a6625716303bfa14d231ca2b3888 0 1572 1878 2008-01-15T04:16:00Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font size="5">Research Journals about Genomics</font><br /> <br /> <a href="http://www.adis.com/"><font color="#003399">American Journal of Pharmacogenomics</font></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.openmindjournals.com/bioinformatics.html"><font color="#003399">Applied Bioinformatics</font></a><br /> <a href="http://www.openmindjournals.com/genomics.html"><font color="#003399">Applied Genomics &amp; Proteomics</font></a><br /> <a href="http://bioinformatics.oupjournals.org/"><font color="#003399">Bioinformatics</font></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.biotechniques.com/" target="new"><font color="#003399">Biotechniques</font></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.liebertpub.com/dna/default1.asp" target="new"><font color="#003399">DNA and Cell Biology</font></a> <br /> <a href="http://link.springer.de/journals/chromosoma" target="new"><font color="#003399">Chromosoma</font></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.wiley.co.uk/wileychi/genomics/cfg.html" target="new"><font color="#003399">Comparative and Functional Genomics</font></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.karger.com/journals/cpu/cpu_jh.htm" target="new"><font color="#003399">ComPlexUs</font></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.liebertpub.com/CMB/default1.asp" target="new"><font color="#003399">Computational Biology</font></a> <br /> <a href="http://link.springer.de/journals/curr-genet" target="new"><font color="#003399">Current Genetics</font></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.liebertpub.com/DNA/default1.asp" target="new"><font color="#003399">DNA and Cell Biology</font></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.drugdiscoverytoday.com/" target="new"><font color="#003399">Drug Discovery Today</font></a> <br /> <a href="http://ejbiotechnology.info/"><font color="#003399">Electronic Journal of Biotechnology</font></a><br /> <a href="http://link.springer.de/journals/fig" target="new"><font color="#003399">Functional &amp; Integrative Genomics</font></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.elsevier.nl/inca/publications/store/5/0/6/0/3/3/" target="new"><font color="#003399">Gene</font></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.blackwell-science.com/~cgilib/jnlpage.bin?Journal=GTC&amp;File=GTC&amp;Page=aims" target="new"><font color="#003399">Genes to Cells</font></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genesdev.org/" target="new"><font color="#003399">Genes &amp; Development</font></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genetics.org/" target="new"><font color="#003399">Genetics</font></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.liebertpub.com/GTE/default1.asp" target="new"><font color="#003399">Genetic Testing</font></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.nrc.ca/cgi-bin/cisti/journals/rp/rp2_desc_e?gen" target="new"><font color="#003399">Genome</font></a> <br /> <a href="http://genomebiology.com/start.asp" target="new"><font color="#003399">GenomeBiology</font></a> <br /> <a href="http://aspbs.com/genomelett/" target="new"><font color="#003399">Genome Letters</font></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genome.org/" target="new"><font color="#003399">Genome Research</font></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.academicpress.com/genomics" target="new"><font color="#003399">Genomics</font></a> <br /> <a href="http://hmg.oupjournals.org/" target="new"><font color="#003399">Human Molecular Genetics</font></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.interscience.wiley.com/jpages/1059-7794/" target="new"><font color="#003399">Human Mutations</font></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.immunity.com/" target="new"><font color="#003399">Immunity</font></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.bioinfo.de/isb/" target="new"><font color="#003399">In Silico Biology</font></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.liebertpub.com/IVT/default1.asp" target="new"><font color="#003399">In Vitro &amp; Molecular Toxicology</font></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.ncgr.org/jag/" target="new"><font color="#003399">Journal of Agricultural Genomics</font></a> <br /> <a href="http://link.springer.de/link/service/journals/10060/index.htm" target="new"><font color="#003399">Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology</font></a> <br /> <a href="http://journals.worldscientific.com/jbcb/jbcb.shtml"><font color="#003399">Journal of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology</font></a><br /> <a href="http://www.liebertpub.com/CMB/default1.asp" target="new"><font color="#003399">Journal of Computational Biology</font></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.idealibrary.com/links/toc/jmbi" target="new"><font color="#003399">Journal of Molecular Biology</font></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.elsevier.nl/locate/inca/525012"><font color="#003399">Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling</font></a><br /> <a href="http://www.ccc.uni-erlangen.de/jmolmod/index.html" target="new"><font color="#003399">Journal of Molecular Modeling</font></a> <br /> <a href="http://pubs.acs.org/journals/jprobs/" target="new"><font color="#003399">Journal of Proteome Research</font></a> <br /> <a href="http://link.springer.de/journals/mgenome" target="new"><font color="#003399">Mammalian Genome</font></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.molbiolcell.org/" target="new"><font color="#003399">Molecular Biology of the Cell</font></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.mcponline.org/" target="new"><font color="#003399">Molecular &amp; Cellular Proteomics</font></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.molecule.org/" target="new"><font color="#003399">Molecular Cell</font></a> <br /> <a href="http://link.springer.de/journals/mol-genet-genomics" target="new"><font color="#003399">Molecular Genetics and Genomics</font></a> <br /> <a href="http://authors.elsevier.com/JournalDetail.html?PubID=622922&amp;Precis=DESC"><font color="#003399">Molecular Therapy</font></a><br /> <a href="http://www.nar.oupjournals.org/" target="new"><font color="#003399">Nucleic Acid Research</font></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.liebertpub.com/OMI/default1.asp" target="new"><font color="#003399">OMICS: A Journal of Integrative Biology</font></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.cpb.uokhsc.edu/ojvr/bioinfo.htm" target="new"><font color="#003399">Online Journal of Bioinformatics</font></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.naturesj.com/tpj/index.html" target="new"><font color="#003399">The Pharmacogenomics Journal</font></a> <br /> <a href="http://physiolgenomics.physiology.org/" target="new"><font color="#003399">Physiological Genomics</font></a> <br /> <a href="http://journals.wiley.com/0887-3585/" target="new"><font color="#003399">Proteins</font></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.prosci.org/" target="new"><font color="#003399">Protein Science</font></a> <br /> <a href="http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/jtoc?ID=76510741" target="new"><font color="#003399">Proteomics</font></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.pnas.org/" target="new"><font color="#003399">Proccedings of the National Academy Science</font></a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://journals.bmn.com/journals/list/latest?jcode=jstr" target="new"><font color="#003399">Structure</font></a><br /> <a href="http://www.liebertpub.com/zeb/"><font color="#003399">Zebrafish</font></a> </font></p> 856f25e983edd8b3bb3711d4255aef26f8a4e4b6 1879 2008-01-15T04:17:15Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font size="5">Research Journals about Genomics</font><br /> <br /> <a href="http://www.adis.com/"><font color="#003399">American Journal of Pharmacogenomics</font></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.openmindjournals.com/bioinformatics.html"><font color="#003399">Applied Bioinformatics</font></a><br /> <a href="http://www.openmindjournals.com/genomics.html"><font color="#003399">Applied Genomics &amp; Proteomics</font></a><br /> <a href="http://bioinformatics.oupjournals.org/"><font color="#003399">Bioinformatics</font></a>&nbsp;<br /> [http://www.bii.in/journal/BIIJOURNAL/default.aspx Bioinformatics Trends]<br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.biotechniques.com/"><font color="#003399">Biotechniques</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.liebertpub.com/dna/default1.asp"><font color="#003399">DNA and Cell Biology</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://link.springer.de/journals/chromosoma"><font color="#003399">Chromosoma</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.wiley.co.uk/wileychi/genomics/cfg.html"><font color="#003399">Comparative and Functional Genomics</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.karger.com/journals/cpu/cpu_jh.htm"><font color="#003399">ComPlexUs</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.liebertpub.com/CMB/default1.asp"><font color="#003399">Computational Biology</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://link.springer.de/journals/curr-genet"><font color="#003399">Current Genetics</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.liebertpub.com/DNA/default1.asp"><font color="#003399">DNA and Cell Biology</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.drugdiscoverytoday.com/"><font color="#003399">Drug Discovery Today</font></a> <br /> <a href="http://ejbiotechnology.info/"><font color="#003399">Electronic Journal of Biotechnology</font></a><br /> <a target="new" href="http://link.springer.de/journals/fig"><font color="#003399">Functional &amp; Integrative Genomics</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.elsevier.nl/inca/publications/store/5/0/6/0/3/3/"><font color="#003399">Gene</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.blackwell-science.com/~cgilib/jnlpage.bin?Journal=GTC&amp;File=GTC&amp;Page=aims"><font color="#003399">Genes to Cells</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.genesdev.org/"><font color="#003399">Genes &amp; Development</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.genetics.org/"><font color="#003399">Genetics</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.liebertpub.com/GTE/default1.asp"><font color="#003399">Genetic Testing</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.nrc.ca/cgi-bin/cisti/journals/rp/rp2_desc_e?gen"><font color="#003399">Genome</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://genomebiology.com/start.asp"><font color="#003399">GenomeBiology</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://aspbs.com/genomelett/"><font color="#003399">Genome Letters</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.genome.org/"><font color="#003399">Genome Research</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.academicpress.com/genomics"><font color="#003399">Genomics</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://hmg.oupjournals.org/"><font color="#003399">Human Molecular Genetics</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.interscience.wiley.com/jpages/1059-7794/"><font color="#003399">Human Mutations</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.immunity.com/"><font color="#003399">Immunity</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.bioinfo.de/isb/"><font color="#003399">In Silico Biology</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.liebertpub.com/IVT/default1.asp"><font color="#003399">In Vitro &amp; Molecular Toxicology</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.ncgr.org/jag/"><font color="#003399">Journal of Agricultural Genomics</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://link.springer.de/link/service/journals/10060/index.htm"><font color="#003399">Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology</font></a> <br /> <a href="http://journals.worldscientific.com/jbcb/jbcb.shtml"><font color="#003399">Journal of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology</font></a><br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.liebertpub.com/CMB/default1.asp"><font color="#003399">Journal of Computational Biology</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.idealibrary.com/links/toc/jmbi"><font color="#003399">Journal of Molecular Biology</font></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.elsevier.nl/locate/inca/525012"><font color="#003399">Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling</font></a><br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.ccc.uni-erlangen.de/jmolmod/index.html"><font color="#003399">Journal of Molecular Modeling</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://pubs.acs.org/journals/jprobs/"><font color="#003399">Journal of Proteome Research</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://link.springer.de/journals/mgenome"><font color="#003399">Mammalian Genome</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.molbiolcell.org/"><font color="#003399">Molecular Biology of the Cell</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.mcponline.org/"><font color="#003399">Molecular &amp; Cellular Proteomics</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.molecule.org/"><font color="#003399">Molecular Cell</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://link.springer.de/journals/mol-genet-genomics"><font color="#003399">Molecular Genetics and Genomics</font></a> <br /> <a href="http://authors.elsevier.com/JournalDetail.html?PubID=622922&amp;Precis=DESC"><font color="#003399">Molecular Therapy</font></a><br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.nar.oupjournals.org/"><font color="#003399">Nucleic Acid Research</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.liebertpub.com/OMI/default1.asp"><font color="#003399">OMICS: A Journal of Integrative Biology</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.cpb.uokhsc.edu/ojvr/bioinfo.htm"><font color="#003399">Online Journal of Bioinformatics</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.naturesj.com/tpj/index.html"><font color="#003399">The Pharmacogenomics Journal</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://physiolgenomics.physiology.org/"><font color="#003399">Physiological Genomics</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://journals.wiley.com/0887-3585/"><font color="#003399">Proteins</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.prosci.org/"><font color="#003399">Protein Science</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/jtoc?ID=76510741"><font color="#003399">Proteomics</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.pnas.org/"><font color="#003399">Proccedings of the National Academy Science</font></a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://journals.bmn.com/journals/list/latest?jcode=jstr"><font color="#003399">Structure</font></a><br /> <a href="http://www.liebertpub.com/zeb/"><font color="#003399">Zebrafish</font></a> </font></p> 0c920c3dd89205bc7f0baba2019234adb715fe61 1880 2008-01-15T04:41:30Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font size="5">Research Journals about Genomics</font><br /> <br /> <a href="http://www.adis.com/"><font color="#003399">American Journal of Pharmacogenomics</font></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.openmindjournals.com/bioinformatics.html"><font color="#003399">Applied Bioinformatics</font></a><br /> <a href="http://www.openmindjournals.com/genomics.html"><font color="#003399">Applied Genomics &amp; Proteomics</font></a><br /> <a href="http://bioinformatics.oupjournals.org/"><font color="#003399">Bioinformatics</font></a>&nbsp;<br /> [http://www.bii.in/journal/BIIJOURNAL/default.aspx Bioinformatics Trends]<br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.biotechniques.com/"><font color="#003399">Biotechniques</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.liebertpub.com/dna/default1.asp"><font color="#003399">DNA and Cell Biology</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://link.springer.de/journals/chromosoma"><font color="#003399">Chromosoma</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.wiley.co.uk/wileychi/genomics/cfg.html"><font color="#003399">Comparative and Functional Genomics</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.karger.com/journals/cpu/cpu_jh.htm"><font color="#003399">ComPlexUs</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.liebertpub.com/CMB/default1.asp"><font color="#003399">Computational Biology</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://link.springer.de/journals/curr-genet"><font color="#003399">Current Genetics</font></a>&nbsp;<br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.liebertpub.com/DNA/default1.asp"><font color="#003399">DNA and Cell Biology</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.drugdiscoverytoday.com/"><font color="#003399">Drug Discovery Today</font></a> <br /> <a href="http://ejbiotechnology.info/"><font color="#003399">Electronic Journal of Biotechnology</font></a><br /> <a target="new" href="http://link.springer.de/journals/fig"><font color="#003399">Functional &amp; Integrative Genomics</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.elsevier.nl/inca/publications/store/5/0/6/0/3/3/"><font color="#003399">Gene</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.blackwell-science.com/~cgilib/jnlpage.bin?Journal=GTC&amp;File=GTC&amp;Page=aims"><font color="#003399">Genes to Cells</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.genesdev.org/"><font color="#003399">Genes &amp; Development</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.genetics.org/"><font color="#003399">Genetics</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.liebertpub.com/GTE/default1.asp"><font color="#003399">Genetic Testing</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.nrc.ca/cgi-bin/cisti/journals/rp/rp2_desc_e?gen"><font color="#003399">Genome</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://genomebiology.com/start.asp"><font color="#003399">GenomeBiology</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://aspbs.com/genomelett/"><font color="#003399">Genome Letters</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.genome.org/"><font color="#003399">Genome Research</font></a>&nbsp;<br /> [http://www.genome-technology.com/ Genome-technology.com]: Genome Technology Online.<br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.academicpress.com/genomics"><font color="#003399">Genomics</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://hmg.oupjournals.org/"><font color="#003399">Human Molecular Genetics</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.interscience.wiley.com/jpages/1059-7794/"><font color="#003399">Human Mutations</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.immunity.com/"><font color="#003399">Immunity</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.bioinfo.de/isb/"><font color="#003399">In Silico Biology</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.liebertpub.com/IVT/default1.asp"><font color="#003399">In Vitro &amp; Molecular Toxicology</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.ncgr.org/jag/"><font color="#003399">Journal of Agricultural Genomics</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://link.springer.de/link/service/journals/10060/index.htm"><font color="#003399">Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology</font></a> <br /> <a href="http://journals.worldscientific.com/jbcb/jbcb.shtml"><font color="#003399">Journal of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology</font></a><br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.liebertpub.com/CMB/default1.asp"><font color="#003399">Journal of Computational Biology</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.idealibrary.com/links/toc/jmbi"><font color="#003399">Journal of Molecular Biology</font></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.elsevier.nl/locate/inca/525012"><font color="#003399">Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling</font></a><br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.ccc.uni-erlangen.de/jmolmod/index.html"><font color="#003399">Journal of Molecular Modeling</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://pubs.acs.org/journals/jprobs/"><font color="#003399">Journal of Proteome Research</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://link.springer.de/journals/mgenome"><font color="#003399">Mammalian Genome</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.molbiolcell.org/"><font color="#003399">Molecular Biology of the Cell</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.mcponline.org/"><font color="#003399">Molecular &amp; Cellular Proteomics</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.molecule.org/"><font color="#003399">Molecular Cell</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://link.springer.de/journals/mol-genet-genomics"><font color="#003399">Molecular Genetics and Genomics</font></a> <br /> <a href="http://authors.elsevier.com/JournalDetail.html?PubID=622922&amp;Precis=DESC"><font color="#003399">Molecular Therapy</font></a><br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.nar.oupjournals.org/"><font color="#003399">Nucleic Acid Research</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.liebertpub.com/OMI/default1.asp"><font color="#003399">OMICS: A Journal of Integrative Biology</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.cpb.uokhsc.edu/ojvr/bioinfo.htm"><font color="#003399">Online Journal of Bioinformatics</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.naturesj.com/tpj/index.html"><font color="#003399">The Pharmacogenomics Journal</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://physiolgenomics.physiology.org/"><font color="#003399">Physiological Genomics</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://journals.wiley.com/0887-3585/"><font color="#003399">Proteins</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.prosci.org/"><font color="#003399">Protein Science</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/jtoc?ID=76510741"><font color="#003399">Proteomics</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.pnas.org/"><font color="#003399">Proccedings of the National Academy Science</font></a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://journals.bmn.com/journals/list/latest?jcode=jstr"><font color="#003399">Structure</font></a><br /> <a href="http://www.liebertpub.com/zeb/"><font color="#003399">Zebrafish</font></a> </font></p> 7dbb3c072670e48711b26404d106e746ff54439e 0 1573 1881 2008-01-15T04:43:12Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5">Genomics Company List</font><br /> <br /> Adaptive Profiling <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.advalytix.com/">Advalytix AG</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.agilixcorp.com/">Agilix</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.agencourt.com/">Agencourt Bioscience</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://agyinc.com/">Agy Therapeutics</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.alphagene.com/">AlphaGene</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.altheatech.com/">Althea Technologies</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.amershambiosciences.com/na/">Amersham Biosciences</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.apgenomics.com/">AP Genomics</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.applied-genomics.com/">Applied Genomics</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.arraybiopharma.com/">Array Biopharma</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.ariad.com/" target="new"><font color="#000000">Ariad</font></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.avalonrx.com/">Avalon Pharmaceuticals</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.automatedcell.com/" target="new">Automated Cell</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.axxam.com/">Axxam</a> <br /> <font color="#000000">Azign</font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bangaloregenei.com/" target="new">Bangalore Genei</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.beyondgenomics.com/" target="new">Beyond Genomics</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioarrays.com/" target="new">BioArray Solutions</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biocarta.com/">Biocarta</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biocarta.com/">Biofrontera Pharmaceuticals</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.biogen.com/">Biogen</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biogenex.com/">BioGenex</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biosearchtech.com/">Biosearch Technologies</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.blueheronbio.com/">BlueHeron Biotech</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://biominerva.com/">BioMinerva</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.capitalgenomix.com/">Capital Genomix</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.cellulargenomics.com/" target="new">Cellular Genomics</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.cerep.fr/Cerep/Utilisateur/index.asp" target="new">Cerep</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.chemogenix.com/products_en.html" target="new">ChemoGenix</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.chimerx.com/" target="new">CHIMERx</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.chugaibio.com/" target="new">Chugai Biopharmaceuticals</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.cimsoft.com/">Cimarron</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.clinomicslabs.net/" target="new">Clinomics</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.cobrabio.com/">Cobra</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.combimatrix.com/home.shtml" target="new">CombiMatrix</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.combinatorx.com/" target="new">CombinatoRx</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biocomplex.de/" target="new">Complex Biosystems</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.compucyte.com/" target="new">CompuCyte</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.cemines.com/main.html">Cemines</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.microsensor.com/CMS_Splash_cm.html">Clinical MicroSensors</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.cybergenome.com/">CyberGenome Technologies</a> <br /> <a href="http://cytogenix.com/">CytoGenix</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.cytogenomic.com/">Cytogenomics</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.cyvera.com/">CyVera</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.decode.is/newsroom/index.html" target="new">deCODE</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.deltagen.com/" target="new">Deltagen</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.diadexus.com/" target="new">diaDexus</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.digem.fr/" target="new">DiGEM</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://digigenomics.com/" target="new">DigiGenomics</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.dgt.com/" target="new">Digital Gene</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="https://www.directgenomics.com/" target="new">DirectGenomics</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.dna20.com/">DNA 2.0</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.dnalandmarks.ca/" target="new">DNA LandMarks</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://dnalink.com/" target="new">DNA Link</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.takara.co.jp/dragon/index-e.htm" target="new">Dragon Genomics</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.egeeninc.com/" target="new">EGeen</a> <br /> <a href="http://eirxtherapeutics.com/">EiRx Therapeutics</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.engeneos.com/">engeneOS</a> <br /> </font><font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.eosbiotech.com/" target="new">EOS</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.epicentre.com/main.asp" target="new">Epicentre</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.epigenomics.com/" target="new">Epigenomics</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.epochbiolabs.com/">Epoch Biolabs</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.eurogentec.com/" target="new">Eurogentec</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://europroteome.com/" target="new">Europroteome</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.exactsciences.com/_index.htm" target="new">Exact Sciences</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://exalpha.com/">Exalpha</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.exiqon.com/" target="new">Exiqon</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.eurogentec.be/hp/hp.htm" target="new">Eurogentec</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.europroteome.com/" target="new">Europroteome</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.fallingrain.com/" target="new">Falling Rain Genomics</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gala.com/" target="new">Gala Design</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.galapagosgenomics.com/" target="new">Galapagos Genomics</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.genearrays.com/">Gene Arrays</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genecopoeia.com/" target="new">GeneCopoeia</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.geneka.com/" target="new">Geneka</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genemachines.com/">GeneMachines</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genentech.com/" target="new">Genentech</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gtg.com.au/" target="new">Genetic Technologies</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genetix.co.uk/" target="new">Genetix</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genetrace.com/flash3page.html" target="new">GeneTrace Systems</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.genetronics.com/">GeneTronics</a> <br /> <a href="http://genwaybio.com/">GeneWay Biotech</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.geneworks.com/">GeneWorks</a> <br /> <a href="http://genstruct.com/">Genestruct</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genhunter.com/">GenHunter</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.geniconsciences.com/">Genicon Sciences</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomac.com/">Genomac</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.genomeexplorations.com/">Genome Explorations</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomex.com/">Genome Express</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomems.com/">GenoMEMS</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://genomatix.gsf.de/">Genomatix</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomex.com/" target="new">Genomex</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.getdna.com/">Genomics Collaborative</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomicsone.com/">Genomics One</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomicsolutions.com/" target="new">Genomic Solutions</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genoptera.com/" target="new">Genoptera</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genosys.com/index2.html" target="new">Genosys</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genotypictech.com/index.htm" target="new">Genotypic Technology</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genpakdna.com/" target="new">GenPak</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genxy.com/" target="new">Genset</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genstruct.com/" target="new">Genstruct</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.genusbiosystems.com/">GenUs BioSytems</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genzyme.com/" target="new">Genzyme</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.globalgenomics.com/" target="new">Global Genomics</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.glycofi.com/" target="new">GlycoFi</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.glycominds.com/" target="new">Glycominds</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gorillagenomics.com/" target="new">Gorilla Genomics</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gpc-biotech.com/" target="new">GPC Biotech</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gmpgenetics.com/phase1/html/intro_frameset.html" target="new">GMP Genetics</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://guavatechnologies.com/">Guava Technologies</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gvkbio.com/" target="new">Gvk bio</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.hamiltonthorne.com/" target="new">Hamilton Thorne Biosciences</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://helixbiomedix.com/">Helix Biomedix</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.htgenomics.com/" target="new">High Throughput Genomics</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.hgsi.com/" target="new">Human Genome Sciences</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.uvs.is/" target="new">Iceland Genomics</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.imgenex.com/">Imgenex</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.impath.com/">Impath</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.infoceutics.com/">Infoceutics</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.inimexpharma.com/">Inimex Pharmaceuticals</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.invivogen.com/">InvivoGen</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.integragen.com/">Gen</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.integragen.com/">Integragen</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.interomex.com/">Interomex</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.intradigm.com/">Intradigm</a> <br /> <a href="http://eng.intronbio.com/">iNtRON Biotechnology</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://jaxmice.jax.org/index.shtml" target="new">Jackson Lab</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.jivanbio.com/">Jivan Biologics</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.kalypsys.com/" target="new">Kalypsys</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.keryxbiopharm.com/" target="new">Keryx Biopharmaceuticals</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.keygene.com/" target="new">Keygene</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.lark.com/">Lark Technologies</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.dnastar.com/" target="new">Lasergene</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.lynk-biotech.com/services.htm" target="new">Link Biotechnologies</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.lynxgen.com/" target="new">Lynx</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.metabometrix.com/" target="new">Metabometrix</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.microgenomics.com/" target="new">MicroGenomics</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.meta-helix.com/">Metahelix Life Sciences</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mlnm.com/MLNM99.shtml" target="new">Millennium</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.miraibio.com/" target="new">MiraiBio</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mobious.com/" target="new">Mobious Genomics</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.myriad.com/" target="new">Myriad Genetics</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mwg-biotech.com/html/index.shtml" target="new">MWG Biotech</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.nanogen.com/www1/index.htm">Nanogen</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.newchemicalentities.com/">New Chemical Entities</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://odysseythera.com/">Odyssey Thera</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.omnipharm.com/">OmniScience</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.opgen.com/">OpGen</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.orphagen.com/">Orphagen Pharmaceuticals</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pangene.com/">PanGene</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.panomics.com/">Panomics</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.peoplesgenetics.com/">Peoples Genetics</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.perbio.com/">Perbio</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pharmaseq.com/multiplex_assays.htm" target="new">PharmaSeq</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.phase1tox.com/" target="new">Phase-1 Molecular Toxicology</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.phenomixcorp.com/" target="new">Phenomix</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.phylogenyinc.com/" target="new">Phylogeny</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://physiogenix.com/" target="new">PhysioGenix</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.plexxikon.com/" target="new">Plexxikon</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pluvita.com/" target="new">Pluvita</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.primalinc.com/">Primal</a> <br /> <a href="http://primerdesign.co.uk/">Primer Design</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.prolexys.com/">Prolexis</a> <br /> <a href="http://proteinpathways.com/">ProteinPathways</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://proteologics.com/" target="new">Proteologics</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.psygenomics.com/" target="new">Psychiatric Genomics</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.purelyproteins.com/" target="new">Purely Proteins</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pyxisgenomics.com/" target="new">Pyxis Genomics</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.quarkbiotech.com/" target="new">Quark Biotech</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.renovis.com/" target="new">Renovis</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.resgen.com/" target="new">Research Genetics</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://ribomed.com/">Ribomed</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.rigel.com/" target="new">Rigel</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.rnature.com/">Rnature</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.rosettagenomics.com/">Rosetta Genomics</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.sbio.com/">S*BIO</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.see-gene.com/">Seegene</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.seqwright.com/">SeqwrighT</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.signalgene.com/">SignalGene</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.stratagene.com/" target="new">Stratagene</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.sunbio.co.kr/sunbio/eng-main.html" target="new">SunBio</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.switch-biotech.com/">Switch Biotech</a> <br /> <a href="http://syntem.com/">Syntem</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.syntheticgenetics.com/">Synthetic Genetics</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.tgs.com.tw/index_e.htm">Taiwan Genome Sciences</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.takara.co.jp/english/bio_e/">TaKaRa Zhuzo</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.targetedmolecules.com/">Targeted Molecules</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.tcgaresearch.org/">TCGA</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.tigr.org/" target="new">TIGR</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.thinkgen.com/" target="new">ThinkGen</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://tranzyme.com/" target="new">Tranzyme</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.turbogenomics.com/" target="new">TurboWorx</a> </font><a href="http://www.unigene.com/"><br /> Unigene</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.umangenomics.com/main.asp" target="new">UmanGenomics</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.ubi.ca/">United Bioinformatica</a> &nbsp;<br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.usgenomics.com/" target="new">U.S. Genomics</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.valentis.com/" target="new">Valentis</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.valigen.com/" target="new">ValiGen</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.vbc-genomics.com/" target="new">VBC-Genomics</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.virinova.de/">Virinova</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.visiblegenetics.com/">Visible Genetics</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.vitagenomics.com/">Vita Genomics</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.xcellsyz.com/">Xcellsyz</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.zp.dk/">Zealand Pharma</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.zen-bio.com/">Zen</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.zengen.com/">Zengen</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.zeptosens.com/">Zeptosens</a>&nbsp;<br /> </font> c61715885438856c9f9e813551879a2d8fb883e2 1882 2008-01-15T04:45:00Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5">Genomics Company List</font><br /> <br /> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.advalytix.com/">Advalytix AG</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.agilixcorp.com/">Agilix</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.agencourt.com/">Agencourt Bioscience</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://agyinc.com/">Agy Therapeutics</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.alphagene.com/">AlphaGene</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.altheatech.com/">Althea Technologies</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.amershambiosciences.com/na/">Amersham Biosciences</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.apgenomics.com/">AP Genomics</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.applied-genomics.com/">Applied Genomics</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.arraybiopharma.com/">Array Biopharma</a> </font><br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.ariad.com/"><font color="#000000">Ariad</font></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.avalonrx.com/">Avalon Pharmaceuticals</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.automatedcell.com/">Automated Cell</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.axxam.com/">Axxam</a> <br /> <font color="#000000">[[Azign</font> Biosciences]]: <span id="ctl00_PageCenterContent_StandardProfileInfo_CompanyNameLabel" style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Azign Bioscience A/S, <span id="ctl00_PageCenterContent_StandardProfileInfo_CityLabel">Copenhagen SV</span>&nbsp; <span id="ctl00_PageCenterContent_StandardProfileInfo_StateProvinceLabel"></span>&nbsp; <span id="ctl00_PageCenterContent_StandardProfileInfo_PostalCodeLabel">DK-2450</span>&nbsp; <span id="ctl00_PageCenterContent_StandardProfileInfo_CountryLabel">Denmark</span></span><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.bangaloregenei.com/">Bangalore Genei</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.beyondgenomics.com/">Beyond Genomics</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.bioarrays.com/">BioArray Solutions</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biocarta.com/">Biocarta</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biocarta.com/">Biofrontera Pharmaceuticals</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.biogen.com/">Biogen</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biogenex.com/">BioGenex</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biosearchtech.com/">Biosearch Technologies</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.blueheronbio.com/">BlueHeron Biotech</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://biominerva.com/">BioMinerva</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.capitalgenomix.com/">Capital Genomix</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.cellulargenomics.com/">Cellular Genomics</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.cerep.fr/Cerep/Utilisateur/index.asp">Cerep</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.chemogenix.com/products_en.html">ChemoGenix</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.chimerx.com/">CHIMERx</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.chugaibio.com/">Chugai Biopharmaceuticals</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.cimsoft.com/">Cimarron</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.clinomicslabs.net/">Clinomics</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.cobrabio.com/">Cobra</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.combimatrix.com/home.shtml">CombiMatrix</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.combinatorx.com/">CombinatoRx</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biocomplex.de/">Complex Biosystems</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.compucyte.com/">CompuCyte</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.cemines.com/main.html">Cemines</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.microsensor.com/CMS_Splash_cm.html">Clinical MicroSensors</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.cybergenome.com/">CyberGenome Technologies</a> <br /> <a href="http://cytogenix.com/">CytoGenix</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.cytogenomic.com/">Cytogenomics</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.cyvera.com/">CyVera</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.decode.is/newsroom/index.html">deCODE</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.deltagen.com/">Deltagen</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.diadexus.com/">diaDexus</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.digem.fr/">DiGEM</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://digigenomics.com/">DigiGenomics</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.dgt.com/">Digital Gene</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="https://www.directgenomics.com/">DirectGenomics</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.dna20.com/">DNA 2.0</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.dnalandmarks.ca/">DNA LandMarks</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://dnalink.com/">DNA Link</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.takara.co.jp/dragon/index-e.htm">Dragon Genomics</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.egeeninc.com/">EGeen</a> <br /> <a href="http://eirxtherapeutics.com/">EiRx Therapeutics</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.engeneos.com/">engeneOS</a> <br /> </font><font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.eosbiotech.com/">EOS</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.epicentre.com/main.asp">Epicentre</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.epigenomics.com/">Epigenomics</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.epochbiolabs.com/">Epoch Biolabs</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.eurogentec.com/">Eurogentec</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://europroteome.com/">Europroteome</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.exactsciences.com/_index.htm">Exact Sciences</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://exalpha.com/">Exalpha</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.exiqon.com/">Exiqon</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.eurogentec.be/hp/hp.htm">Eurogentec</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.europroteome.com/">Europroteome</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.fallingrain.com/">Falling Rain Genomics</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.gala.com/">Gala Design</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.galapagosgenomics.com/">Galapagos Genomics</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.genearrays.com/">Gene Arrays</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genecopoeia.com/">GeneCopoeia</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.geneka.com/">Geneka</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genemachines.com/">GeneMachines</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genentech.com/">Genentech</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.gtg.com.au/">Genetic Technologies</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genetix.co.uk/">Genetix</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genetrace.com/flash3page.html">GeneTrace Systems</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.genetronics.com/">GeneTronics</a> <br /> <a href="http://genwaybio.com/">GeneWay Biotech</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.geneworks.com/">GeneWorks</a> <br /> <a href="http://genstruct.com/">Genestruct</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genhunter.com/">GenHunter</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.geniconsciences.com/">Genicon Sciences</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomac.com/">Genomac</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.genomeexplorations.com/">Genome Explorations</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomex.com/">Genome Express</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomems.com/">GenoMEMS</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://genomatix.gsf.de/">Genomatix</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genomex.com/">Genomex</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.getdna.com/">Genomics Collaborative</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomicsone.com/">Genomics One</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genomicsolutions.com/">Genomic Solutions</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genoptera.com/">Genoptera</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genosys.com/index2.html">Genosys</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genotypictech.com/index.htm">Genotypic Technology</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genpakdna.com/">GenPak</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genxy.com/">Genset</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genstruct.com/">Genstruct</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.genusbiosystems.com/">GenUs BioSytems</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genzyme.com/">Genzyme</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.globalgenomics.com/">Global Genomics</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.glycofi.com/">GlycoFi</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.glycominds.com/">Glycominds</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.gorillagenomics.com/">Gorilla Genomics</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.gpc-biotech.com/">GPC Biotech</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.gmpgenetics.com/phase1/html/intro_frameset.html">GMP Genetics</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://guavatechnologies.com/">Guava Technologies</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.gvkbio.com/">Gvk bio</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.hamiltonthorne.com/">Hamilton Thorne Biosciences</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://helixbiomedix.com/">Helix Biomedix</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.htgenomics.com/">High Throughput Genomics</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.hgsi.com/">Human Genome Sciences</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.uvs.is/">Iceland Genomics</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.imgenex.com/">Imgenex</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.impath.com/">Impath</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.infoceutics.com/">Infoceutics</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.inimexpharma.com/">Inimex Pharmaceuticals</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.invivogen.com/">InvivoGen</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.integragen.com/">Gen</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.integragen.com/">Integragen</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.interomex.com/">Interomex</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.intradigm.com/">Intradigm</a> <br /> <a href="http://eng.intronbio.com/">iNtRON Biotechnology</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://jaxmice.jax.org/index.shtml">Jackson Lab</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.jivanbio.com/">Jivan Biologics</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.kalypsys.com/">Kalypsys</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.keryxbiopharm.com/">Keryx Biopharmaceuticals</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.keygene.com/">Keygene</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.lark.com/">Lark Technologies</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.dnastar.com/">Lasergene</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.lynk-biotech.com/services.htm">Link Biotechnologies</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.lynxgen.com/">Lynx</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.metabometrix.com/">Metabometrix</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.microgenomics.com/">MicroGenomics</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.meta-helix.com/">Metahelix Life Sciences</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.mlnm.com/MLNM99.shtml">Millennium</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.miraibio.com/">MiraiBio</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.mobious.com/">Mobious Genomics</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.myriad.com/">Myriad Genetics</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.mwg-biotech.com/html/index.shtml">MWG Biotech</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.nanogen.com/www1/index.htm">Nanogen</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.newchemicalentities.com/">New Chemical Entities</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://odysseythera.com/">Odyssey Thera</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.omnipharm.com/">OmniScience</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.opgen.com/">OpGen</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.orphagen.com/">Orphagen Pharmaceuticals</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pangene.com/">PanGene</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.panomics.com/">Panomics</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.peoplesgenetics.com/">Peoples Genetics</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.perbio.com/">Perbio</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.pharmaseq.com/multiplex_assays.htm">PharmaSeq</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.phase1tox.com/">Phase-1 Molecular Toxicology</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.phenomixcorp.com/">Phenomix</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.phylogenyinc.com/">Phylogeny</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://physiogenix.com/">PhysioGenix</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.plexxikon.com/">Plexxikon</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.pluvita.com/">Pluvita</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.primalinc.com/">Primal</a> <br /> <a href="http://primerdesign.co.uk/">Primer Design</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.prolexys.com/">Prolexis</a> <br /> <a href="http://proteinpathways.com/">ProteinPathways</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://proteologics.com/">Proteologics</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.psygenomics.com/">Psychiatric Genomics</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.purelyproteins.com/">Purely Proteins</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.pyxisgenomics.com/">Pyxis Genomics</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.quarkbiotech.com/">Quark Biotech</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.renovis.com/">Renovis</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.resgen.com/">Research Genetics</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://ribomed.com/">Ribomed</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.rigel.com/">Rigel</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.rnature.com/">Rnature</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.rosettagenomics.com/">Rosetta Genomics</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.sbio.com/">S*BIO</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.see-gene.com/">Seegene</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.seqwright.com/">SeqwrighT</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.signalgene.com/">SignalGene</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.stratagene.com/">Stratagene</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.sunbio.co.kr/sunbio/eng-main.html">SunBio</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.switch-biotech.com/">Switch Biotech</a> <br /> <a href="http://syntem.com/">Syntem</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.syntheticgenetics.com/">Synthetic Genetics</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.tgs.com.tw/index_e.htm">Taiwan Genome Sciences</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.takara.co.jp/english/bio_e/">TaKaRa Zhuzo</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.targetedmolecules.com/">Targeted Molecules</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.tcgaresearch.org/">TCGA</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.tigr.org/">TIGR</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.thinkgen.com/">ThinkGen</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://tranzyme.com/">Tranzyme</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.turbogenomics.com/">TurboWorx</a> </font><a href="http://www.unigene.com/"><br /> Unigene</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.umangenomics.com/main.asp">UmanGenomics</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.ubi.ca/">United Bioinformatica</a> &nbsp;<br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.usgenomics.com/">U.S. Genomics</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.valentis.com/">Valentis</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.valigen.com/">ValiGen</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.vbc-genomics.com/">VBC-Genomics</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.virinova.de/">Virinova</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.visiblegenetics.com/">Visible Genetics</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.vitagenomics.com/">Vita Genomics</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.xcellsyz.com/">Xcellsyz</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.zp.dk/">Zealand Pharma</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.zen-bio.com/">Zen</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.zengen.com/">Zengen</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.zeptosens.com/">Zeptosens</a>&nbsp;<br /> </font> e8b579e40c4bebb0add86d8271bc62fdcd489d00 1883 2008-01-15T04:45:11Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5">Genomics Company List</font><br /> <br /> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.advalytix.com/">Advalytix AG</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.agilixcorp.com/">Agilix</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.agencourt.com/">Agencourt Bioscience</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://agyinc.com/">Agy Therapeutics</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.alphagene.com/">AlphaGene</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.altheatech.com/">Althea Technologies</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.amershambiosciences.com/na/">Amersham Biosciences</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.apgenomics.com/">AP Genomics</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.applied-genomics.com/">Applied Genomics</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.arraybiopharma.com/">Array Biopharma</a> </font><br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.ariad.com/"><font color="#000000">Ariad</font></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.avalonrx.com/">Avalon Pharmaceuticals</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.automatedcell.com/">Automated Cell</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.axxam.com/">Axxam</a>&nbsp;<br /> [[Azign Biosciences]]: <span id="ctl00_PageCenterContent_StandardProfileInfo_CompanyNameLabel" style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Azign Bioscience A/S, <span id="ctl00_PageCenterContent_StandardProfileInfo_CityLabel">Copenhagen SV</span>&nbsp; <span id="ctl00_PageCenterContent_StandardProfileInfo_StateProvinceLabel"></span>&nbsp; <span id="ctl00_PageCenterContent_StandardProfileInfo_PostalCodeLabel">DK-2450</span>&nbsp; <span id="ctl00_PageCenterContent_StandardProfileInfo_CountryLabel">Denmark</span></span><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.bangaloregenei.com/">Bangalore Genei</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.beyondgenomics.com/">Beyond Genomics</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.bioarrays.com/">BioArray Solutions</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biocarta.com/">Biocarta</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biocarta.com/">Biofrontera Pharmaceuticals</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.biogen.com/">Biogen</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biogenex.com/">BioGenex</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biosearchtech.com/">Biosearch Technologies</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.blueheronbio.com/">BlueHeron Biotech</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://biominerva.com/">BioMinerva</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.capitalgenomix.com/">Capital Genomix</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.cellulargenomics.com/">Cellular Genomics</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.cerep.fr/Cerep/Utilisateur/index.asp">Cerep</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.chemogenix.com/products_en.html">ChemoGenix</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.chimerx.com/">CHIMERx</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.chugaibio.com/">Chugai Biopharmaceuticals</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.cimsoft.com/">Cimarron</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.clinomicslabs.net/">Clinomics</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.cobrabio.com/">Cobra</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.combimatrix.com/home.shtml">CombiMatrix</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.combinatorx.com/">CombinatoRx</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biocomplex.de/">Complex Biosystems</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.compucyte.com/">CompuCyte</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.cemines.com/main.html">Cemines</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.microsensor.com/CMS_Splash_cm.html">Clinical MicroSensors</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.cybergenome.com/">CyberGenome Technologies</a> <br /> <a href="http://cytogenix.com/">CytoGenix</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.cytogenomic.com/">Cytogenomics</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.cyvera.com/">CyVera</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.decode.is/newsroom/index.html">deCODE</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.deltagen.com/">Deltagen</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.diadexus.com/">diaDexus</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.digem.fr/">DiGEM</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://digigenomics.com/">DigiGenomics</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.dgt.com/">Digital Gene</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="https://www.directgenomics.com/">DirectGenomics</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.dna20.com/">DNA 2.0</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.dnalandmarks.ca/">DNA LandMarks</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://dnalink.com/">DNA Link</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.takara.co.jp/dragon/index-e.htm">Dragon Genomics</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.egeeninc.com/">EGeen</a> <br /> <a href="http://eirxtherapeutics.com/">EiRx Therapeutics</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.engeneos.com/">engeneOS</a> <br /> </font><font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.eosbiotech.com/">EOS</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.epicentre.com/main.asp">Epicentre</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.epigenomics.com/">Epigenomics</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.epochbiolabs.com/">Epoch Biolabs</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.eurogentec.com/">Eurogentec</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://europroteome.com/">Europroteome</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.exactsciences.com/_index.htm">Exact Sciences</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://exalpha.com/">Exalpha</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.exiqon.com/">Exiqon</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.eurogentec.be/hp/hp.htm">Eurogentec</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.europroteome.com/">Europroteome</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.fallingrain.com/">Falling Rain Genomics</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.gala.com/">Gala Design</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.galapagosgenomics.com/">Galapagos Genomics</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.genearrays.com/">Gene Arrays</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genecopoeia.com/">GeneCopoeia</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.geneka.com/">Geneka</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genemachines.com/">GeneMachines</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genentech.com/">Genentech</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.gtg.com.au/">Genetic Technologies</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genetix.co.uk/">Genetix</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genetrace.com/flash3page.html">GeneTrace Systems</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.genetronics.com/">GeneTronics</a> <br /> <a href="http://genwaybio.com/">GeneWay Biotech</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.geneworks.com/">GeneWorks</a> <br /> <a href="http://genstruct.com/">Genestruct</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genhunter.com/">GenHunter</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.geniconsciences.com/">Genicon Sciences</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomac.com/">Genomac</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.genomeexplorations.com/">Genome Explorations</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomex.com/">Genome Express</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomems.com/">GenoMEMS</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://genomatix.gsf.de/">Genomatix</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genomex.com/">Genomex</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.getdna.com/">Genomics Collaborative</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomicsone.com/">Genomics One</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genomicsolutions.com/">Genomic Solutions</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genoptera.com/">Genoptera</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genosys.com/index2.html">Genosys</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genotypictech.com/index.htm">Genotypic Technology</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genpakdna.com/">GenPak</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genxy.com/">Genset</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genstruct.com/">Genstruct</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.genusbiosystems.com/">GenUs BioSytems</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genzyme.com/">Genzyme</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.globalgenomics.com/">Global Genomics</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.glycofi.com/">GlycoFi</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.glycominds.com/">Glycominds</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.gorillagenomics.com/">Gorilla Genomics</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.gpc-biotech.com/">GPC Biotech</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.gmpgenetics.com/phase1/html/intro_frameset.html">GMP Genetics</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://guavatechnologies.com/">Guava Technologies</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.gvkbio.com/">Gvk bio</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.hamiltonthorne.com/">Hamilton Thorne Biosciences</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://helixbiomedix.com/">Helix Biomedix</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.htgenomics.com/">High Throughput Genomics</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.hgsi.com/">Human Genome Sciences</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.uvs.is/">Iceland Genomics</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.imgenex.com/">Imgenex</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.impath.com/">Impath</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.infoceutics.com/">Infoceutics</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.inimexpharma.com/">Inimex Pharmaceuticals</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.invivogen.com/">InvivoGen</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.integragen.com/">Gen</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.integragen.com/">Integragen</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.interomex.com/">Interomex</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.intradigm.com/">Intradigm</a> <br /> <a href="http://eng.intronbio.com/">iNtRON Biotechnology</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://jaxmice.jax.org/index.shtml">Jackson Lab</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.jivanbio.com/">Jivan Biologics</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.kalypsys.com/">Kalypsys</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.keryxbiopharm.com/">Keryx Biopharmaceuticals</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.keygene.com/">Keygene</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.lark.com/">Lark Technologies</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.dnastar.com/">Lasergene</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.lynk-biotech.com/services.htm">Link Biotechnologies</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.lynxgen.com/">Lynx</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.metabometrix.com/">Metabometrix</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.microgenomics.com/">MicroGenomics</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.meta-helix.com/">Metahelix Life Sciences</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.mlnm.com/MLNM99.shtml">Millennium</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.miraibio.com/">MiraiBio</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.mobious.com/">Mobious Genomics</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.myriad.com/">Myriad Genetics</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.mwg-biotech.com/html/index.shtml">MWG Biotech</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.nanogen.com/www1/index.htm">Nanogen</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.newchemicalentities.com/">New Chemical Entities</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://odysseythera.com/">Odyssey Thera</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.omnipharm.com/">OmniScience</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.opgen.com/">OpGen</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.orphagen.com/">Orphagen Pharmaceuticals</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pangene.com/">PanGene</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.panomics.com/">Panomics</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.peoplesgenetics.com/">Peoples Genetics</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.perbio.com/">Perbio</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.pharmaseq.com/multiplex_assays.htm">PharmaSeq</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.phase1tox.com/">Phase-1 Molecular Toxicology</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.phenomixcorp.com/">Phenomix</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.phylogenyinc.com/">Phylogeny</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://physiogenix.com/">PhysioGenix</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.plexxikon.com/">Plexxikon</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.pluvita.com/">Pluvita</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.primalinc.com/">Primal</a> <br /> <a href="http://primerdesign.co.uk/">Primer Design</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.prolexys.com/">Prolexis</a> <br /> <a href="http://proteinpathways.com/">ProteinPathways</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://proteologics.com/">Proteologics</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.psygenomics.com/">Psychiatric Genomics</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.purelyproteins.com/">Purely Proteins</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.pyxisgenomics.com/">Pyxis Genomics</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.quarkbiotech.com/">Quark Biotech</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.renovis.com/">Renovis</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.resgen.com/">Research Genetics</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://ribomed.com/">Ribomed</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.rigel.com/">Rigel</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.rnature.com/">Rnature</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.rosettagenomics.com/">Rosetta Genomics</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.sbio.com/">S*BIO</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.see-gene.com/">Seegene</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.seqwright.com/">SeqwrighT</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.signalgene.com/">SignalGene</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.stratagene.com/">Stratagene</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.sunbio.co.kr/sunbio/eng-main.html">SunBio</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.switch-biotech.com/">Switch Biotech</a> <br /> <a href="http://syntem.com/">Syntem</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.syntheticgenetics.com/">Synthetic Genetics</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.tgs.com.tw/index_e.htm">Taiwan Genome Sciences</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.takara.co.jp/english/bio_e/">TaKaRa Zhuzo</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.targetedmolecules.com/">Targeted Molecules</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.tcgaresearch.org/">TCGA</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.tigr.org/">TIGR</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.thinkgen.com/">ThinkGen</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://tranzyme.com/">Tranzyme</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.turbogenomics.com/">TurboWorx</a> </font><a href="http://www.unigene.com/"><br /> Unigene</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.umangenomics.com/main.asp">UmanGenomics</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.ubi.ca/">United Bioinformatica</a> &nbsp;<br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.usgenomics.com/">U.S. Genomics</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.valentis.com/">Valentis</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.valigen.com/">ValiGen</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.vbc-genomics.com/">VBC-Genomics</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.virinova.de/">Virinova</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.visiblegenetics.com/">Visible Genetics</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.vitagenomics.com/">Vita Genomics</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.xcellsyz.com/">Xcellsyz</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.zp.dk/">Zealand Pharma</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.zen-bio.com/">Zen</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.zengen.com/">Zengen</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.zeptosens.com/">Zeptosens</a>&nbsp;<br /> </font> 0ab1a99fe1489befc5184f5df009ee33701dda87 1884 2008-01-15T04:52:03Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5">Genomics Company List</font><br /> <br /> [[454 Life Sciences]]<br /> [[Acacia Biosciences]]<br /> [[ACLARA BioSciences, Inc.]]<br /> [[Advanced Center for Genome Technology]]<br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.advalytix.com/">Advalytix AG</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.agilixcorp.com/">Agilix</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.agencourt.com/">Agencourt Bioscience</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://agyinc.com/">Agy Therapeutics</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.alphagene.com/">AlphaGene</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.altheatech.com/">Althea Technologies</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.amershambiosciences.com/na/">Amersham Biosciences</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.apgenomics.com/">AP Genomics</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.applied-genomics.com/">Applied Genomics</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.arraybiopharma.com/">Array Biopharma</a> </font><br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.ariad.com/"><font color="#000000">Ariad</font></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.avalonrx.com/">Avalon Pharmaceuticals</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.automatedcell.com/">Automated Cell</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.axxam.com/">Axxam</a>&nbsp;<br /> [[Azign Biosciences]]: <span id="ctl00_PageCenterContent_StandardProfileInfo_CompanyNameLabel" style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Azign Bioscience A/S, <span id="ctl00_PageCenterContent_StandardProfileInfo_CityLabel">Copenhagen SV</span>&nbsp; <span id="ctl00_PageCenterContent_StandardProfileInfo_StateProvinceLabel"></span>&nbsp; <span id="ctl00_PageCenterContent_StandardProfileInfo_PostalCodeLabel">DK-2450</span>&nbsp; <span id="ctl00_PageCenterContent_StandardProfileInfo_CountryLabel">Denmark</span></span><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.bangaloregenei.com/">Bangalore Genei</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.beyondgenomics.com/">Beyond Genomics</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.bioarrays.com/">BioArray Solutions</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biocarta.com/">Biocarta</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biocarta.com/">Biofrontera Pharmaceuticals</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.biogen.com/">Biogen</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biogenex.com/">BioGenex</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biosearchtech.com/">Biosearch Technologies</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.blueheronbio.com/">BlueHeron Biotech</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://biominerva.com/">BioMinerva</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.capitalgenomix.com/">Capital Genomix</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.cellulargenomics.com/">Cellular Genomics</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.cerep.fr/Cerep/Utilisateur/index.asp">Cerep</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.chemogenix.com/products_en.html">ChemoGenix</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.chimerx.com/">CHIMERx</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.chugaibio.com/">Chugai Biopharmaceuticals</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.cimsoft.com/">Cimarron</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.clinomicslabs.net/">Clinomics</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.cobrabio.com/">Cobra</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.combimatrix.com/home.shtml">CombiMatrix</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.combinatorx.com/">CombinatoRx</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biocomplex.de/">Complex Biosystems</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.compucyte.com/">CompuCyte</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.cemines.com/main.html">Cemines</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.microsensor.com/CMS_Splash_cm.html">Clinical MicroSensors</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.cybergenome.com/">CyberGenome Technologies</a> <br /> <a href="http://cytogenix.com/">CytoGenix</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.cytogenomic.com/">Cytogenomics</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.cyvera.com/">CyVera</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.decode.is/newsroom/index.html">deCODE</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.deltagen.com/">Deltagen</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.diadexus.com/">diaDexus</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.digem.fr/">DiGEM</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://digigenomics.com/">DigiGenomics</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.dgt.com/">Digital Gene</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="https://www.directgenomics.com/">DirectGenomics</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.dna20.com/">DNA 2.0</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.dnalandmarks.ca/">DNA LandMarks</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://dnalink.com/">DNA Link</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.takara.co.jp/dragon/index-e.htm">Dragon Genomics</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.egeeninc.com/">EGeen</a> <br /> <a href="http://eirxtherapeutics.com/">EiRx Therapeutics</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.engeneos.com/">engeneOS</a> <br /> </font><font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.eosbiotech.com/">EOS</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.epicentre.com/main.asp">Epicentre</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.epigenomics.com/">Epigenomics</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.epochbiolabs.com/">Epoch Biolabs</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.eurogentec.com/">Eurogentec</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://europroteome.com/">Europroteome</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.exactsciences.com/_index.htm">Exact Sciences</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://exalpha.com/">Exalpha</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.exiqon.com/">Exiqon</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.eurogentec.be/hp/hp.htm">Eurogentec</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.europroteome.com/">Europroteome</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.fallingrain.com/">Falling Rain Genomics</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.gala.com/">Gala Design</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.galapagosgenomics.com/">Galapagos Genomics</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.genearrays.com/">Gene Arrays</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genecopoeia.com/">GeneCopoeia</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.geneka.com/">Geneka</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genemachines.com/">GeneMachines</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genentech.com/">Genentech</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.gtg.com.au/">Genetic Technologies</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genetix.co.uk/">Genetix</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genetrace.com/flash3page.html">GeneTrace Systems</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.genetronics.com/">GeneTronics</a> <br /> <a href="http://genwaybio.com/">GeneWay Biotech</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.geneworks.com/">GeneWorks</a> <br /> <a href="http://genstruct.com/">Genestruct</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genhunter.com/">GenHunter</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.geniconsciences.com/">Genicon Sciences</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomac.com/">Genomac</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.genomeexplorations.com/">Genome Explorations</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomex.com/">Genome Express</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomems.com/">GenoMEMS</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://genomatix.gsf.de/">Genomatix</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genomex.com/">Genomex</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.getdna.com/">Genomics Collaborative</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomicsone.com/">Genomics One</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genomicsolutions.com/">Genomic Solutions</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genoptera.com/">Genoptera</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genosys.com/index2.html">Genosys</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genotypictech.com/index.htm">Genotypic Technology</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genpakdna.com/">GenPak</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genxy.com/">Genset</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genstruct.com/">Genstruct</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.genusbiosystems.com/">GenUs BioSytems</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genzyme.com/">Genzyme</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.globalgenomics.com/">Global Genomics</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.glycofi.com/">GlycoFi</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.glycominds.com/">Glycominds</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.gorillagenomics.com/">Gorilla Genomics</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.gpc-biotech.com/">GPC Biotech</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.gmpgenetics.com/phase1/html/intro_frameset.html">GMP Genetics</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://guavatechnologies.com/">Guava Technologies</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.gvkbio.com/">Gvk bio</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.hamiltonthorne.com/">Hamilton Thorne Biosciences</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://helixbiomedix.com/">Helix Biomedix</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.htgenomics.com/">High Throughput Genomics</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.hgsi.com/">Human Genome Sciences</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.uvs.is/">Iceland Genomics</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.imgenex.com/">Imgenex</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.impath.com/">Impath</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.infoceutics.com/">Infoceutics</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.inimexpharma.com/">Inimex Pharmaceuticals</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.invivogen.com/">InvivoGen</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.integragen.com/">Gen</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.integragen.com/">Integragen</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.interomex.com/">Interomex</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.intradigm.com/">Intradigm</a> <br /> <a href="http://eng.intronbio.com/">iNtRON Biotechnology</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://jaxmice.jax.org/index.shtml">Jackson Lab</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.jivanbio.com/">Jivan Biologics</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.kalypsys.com/">Kalypsys</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.keryxbiopharm.com/">Keryx Biopharmaceuticals</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.keygene.com/">Keygene</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.lark.com/">Lark Technologies</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.dnastar.com/">Lasergene</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.lynk-biotech.com/services.htm">Link Biotechnologies</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.lynxgen.com/">Lynx</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.metabometrix.com/">Metabometrix</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.microgenomics.com/">MicroGenomics</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.meta-helix.com/">Metahelix Life Sciences</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.mlnm.com/MLNM99.shtml">Millennium</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.miraibio.com/">MiraiBio</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.mobious.com/">Mobious Genomics</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.myriad.com/">Myriad Genetics</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.mwg-biotech.com/html/index.shtml">MWG Biotech</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.nanogen.com/www1/index.htm">Nanogen</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.newchemicalentities.com/">New Chemical Entities</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://odysseythera.com/">Odyssey Thera</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.omnipharm.com/">OmniScience</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.opgen.com/">OpGen</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.orphagen.com/">Orphagen Pharmaceuticals</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pangene.com/">PanGene</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.panomics.com/">Panomics</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.peoplesgenetics.com/">Peoples Genetics</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.perbio.com/">Perbio</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.pharmaseq.com/multiplex_assays.htm">PharmaSeq</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.phase1tox.com/">Phase-1 Molecular Toxicology</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.phenomixcorp.com/">Phenomix</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.phylogenyinc.com/">Phylogeny</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://physiogenix.com/">PhysioGenix</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.plexxikon.com/">Plexxikon</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.pluvita.com/">Pluvita</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.primalinc.com/">Primal</a> <br /> <a href="http://primerdesign.co.uk/">Primer Design</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.prolexys.com/">Prolexis</a> <br /> <a href="http://proteinpathways.com/">ProteinPathways</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://proteologics.com/">Proteologics</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.psygenomics.com/">Psychiatric Genomics</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.purelyproteins.com/">Purely Proteins</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.pyxisgenomics.com/">Pyxis Genomics</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.quarkbiotech.com/">Quark Biotech</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.renovis.com/">Renovis</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.resgen.com/">Research Genetics</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://ribomed.com/">Ribomed</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.rigel.com/">Rigel</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.rnature.com/">Rnature</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.rosettagenomics.com/">Rosetta Genomics</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.sbio.com/">S*BIO</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.see-gene.com/">Seegene</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.seqwright.com/">SeqwrighT</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.signalgene.com/">SignalGene</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.stratagene.com/">Stratagene</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.sunbio.co.kr/sunbio/eng-main.html">SunBio</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.switch-biotech.com/">Switch Biotech</a> <br /> <a href="http://syntem.com/">Syntem</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.syntheticgenetics.com/">Synthetic Genetics</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.tgs.com.tw/index_e.htm">Taiwan Genome Sciences</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.takara.co.jp/english/bio_e/">TaKaRa Zhuzo</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.targetedmolecules.com/">Targeted Molecules</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.tcgaresearch.org/">TCGA</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.tigr.org/">TIGR</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.thinkgen.com/">ThinkGen</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://tranzyme.com/">Tranzyme</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.turbogenomics.com/">TurboWorx</a> </font><a href="http://www.unigene.com/"><br /> Unigene</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.umangenomics.com/main.asp">UmanGenomics</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.ubi.ca/">United Bioinformatica</a> &nbsp;<br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.usgenomics.com/">U.S. Genomics</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.valentis.com/">Valentis</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.valigen.com/">ValiGen</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.vbc-genomics.com/">VBC-Genomics</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.virinova.de/">Virinova</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.visiblegenetics.com/">Visible Genetics</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.vitagenomics.com/">Vita Genomics</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.xcellsyz.com/">Xcellsyz</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.zp.dk/">Zealand Pharma</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.zen-bio.com/">Zen</a> </font><br /> <a href="http://www.zengen.com/">Zengen</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.zeptosens.com/">Zeptosens</a>&nbsp;<br /> </font> e9670d587b6fd82356de751c82ecf7f64d230e68 1887 2008-01-15T04:54:40Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5">Genomics Companies</font>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <br /> [[454 Life Sciences]]<br /> [[Acacia Biosciences]]<br /> [[ACLARA BioSciences, Inc.]]<br /> [[Advanced Center for Genome Technology]]<br /> [[Abgenomics]]: Hong Kong based.<br /> [[Advalytix AG]] : Advalytix is a leading provider of highly innovative solutions for Life Science Research and Diagnostics.&nbsp;<br /> [[Affymax Research Institute]]: <span class="url">www.affymax.com</span><br /> [http://www.agilixcorp.com Agilix Corp]: <font size="2">developer of next generation functional genomics and proteomics platform technologies for the systematic discovery and analysis of genes, their protein products and related biological functions</font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.agencourt.com/">Agencourt Bioscience</a></font> : Beverly MA USA: <font size="2">developer of next generation functional genomics and proteomics platform technologies for the systematic discovery and analysis of genes, their protein products and related biological functions.</font><br /> <font color="#000000">[[Agy Therapeutics]]:&nbsp; <span class="url">www.biodatabases.com</span></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.alphagene.com/">AlphaGene</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.altheatech.com/">Althea Technologies</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.amershambiosciences.com/na/">Amersham Biosciences</a></font>&nbsp;<br /> <font color="#000000">[[Amita]]: <br /> <a href="http://www.apgenomics.com/">AP Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.applied-genomics.com/">Applied Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000">[[Array Biopharma]]</font> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.ariad.com/"><font color="#000000">Ariad</font></a><br /> <a href="http://www.avalonrx.com/">Avalon Pharmaceuticals</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.automatedcell.com/">Automated Cell</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.axxam.com/">Axxam</a><br /> [[Azign Biosciences]]: <span id="ctl00_PageCenterContent_StandardProfileInfo_CompanyNameLabel" style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Azign Bioscience A/S, <span id="ctl00_PageCenterContent_StandardProfileInfo_CityLabel">Copenhagen SV</span>&nbsp; <span id="ctl00_PageCenterContent_StandardProfileInfo_StateProvinceLabel"></span>&nbsp; <span id="ctl00_PageCenterContent_StandardProfileInfo_PostalCodeLabel">DK-2450</span>&nbsp; <span id="ctl00_PageCenterContent_StandardProfileInfo_CountryLabel">Denmark</span></span><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.bangaloregenei.com/">Bangalore Genei</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.beyondgenomics.com/">Beyond Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.bioarrays.com/">BioArray Solutions</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biocarta.com/">Biocarta</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biocarta.com/">Biofrontera Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.biogen.com/">Biogen</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biogenex.com/">BioGenex</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biosearchtech.com/">Biosearch Technologies</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.blueheronbio.com/">BlueHeron Biotech</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://biominerva.com/">BioMinerva</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.capitalgenomix.com/">Capital Genomix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.cellulargenomics.com/">Cellular Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.cerep.fr/Cerep/Utilisateur/index.asp">Cerep</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.chemogenix.com/products_en.html">ChemoGenix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.chimerx.com/">CHIMERx</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.chugaibio.com/">Chugai Biopharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.cimsoft.com/">Cimarron</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.clinomicslabs.net/">Clinomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.cobrabio.com/">Cobra</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.combimatrix.com/home.shtml">CombiMatrix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.combinatorx.com/">CombinatoRx</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biocomplex.de/">Complex Biosystems</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.compucyte.com/">CompuCyte</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.cemines.com/main.html">Cemines</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.microsensor.com/CMS_Splash_cm.html">Clinical MicroSensors</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.cybergenome.com/">CyberGenome Technologies</a> <br /> <a href="http://cytogenix.com/">CytoGenix</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.cytogenomic.com/">Cytogenomics</a><br /> <a href="http://www.cyvera.com/">CyVera</a><br /> <font color="#000000">[[deCODE]]</font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.deltagen.com/">Deltagen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.diadexus.com/">diaDexus</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.digem.fr/">DiGEM</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://digigenomics.com/">DigiGenomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.dgt.com/">Digital Gene</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="https://www.directgenomics.com/">DirectGenomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.dna20.com/">DNA 2.0</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.dnalandmarks.ca/">DNA LandMarks</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://dnalink.com/">DNA Link</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.takara.co.jp/dragon/index-e.htm">Dragon Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.egeeninc.com/">EGeen</a><br /> <a href="http://eirxtherapeutics.com/">EiRx Therapeutics</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.engeneos.com/">engeneOS</a><br /> </font><font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.eosbiotech.com/">EOS</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.epicentre.com/main.asp">Epicentre</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.epigenomics.com/">Epigenomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.epochbiolabs.com/">Epoch Biolabs</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.eurogentec.com/">Eurogentec</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://europroteome.com/">Europroteome</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.exactsciences.com/_index.htm">Exact Sciences</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://exalpha.com/">Exalpha</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.exiqon.com/">Exiqon</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.eurogentec.be/hp/hp.htm">Eurogentec</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.europroteome.com/">Europroteome</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.fallingrain.com/">Falling Rain Genomics</a></font>&nbsp;<br /> [[Functional Biosciences Inc.]]<br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.gala.com/">Gala Design</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.galapagosgenomics.com/">Galapagos Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.genearrays.com/">Gene Arrays</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genecopoeia.com/">GeneCopoeia</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.geneka.com/">Geneka</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genemachines.com/">GeneMachines</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genentech.com/">Genentech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.gtg.com.au/">Genetic Technologies</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genetix.co.uk/">Genetix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genetrace.com/flash3page.html">GeneTrace Systems</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.genetronics.com/">GeneTronics</a> <br /> <a href="http://genwaybio.com/">GeneWay Biotech</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.geneworks.com/">GeneWorks</a> <br /> <a href="http://genstruct.com/">Genestruct</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genhunter.com/">GenHunter</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.geniconsciences.com/">Genicon Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomac.com/">Genomac</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomeexplorations.com/">Genome Explorations</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomex.com/">Genome Express</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomems.com/">GenoMEMS</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://genomatix.gsf.de/">Genomatix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genomex.com/">Genomex</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.getdna.com/">Genomics Collaborative</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomicsone.com/">Genomics One</a></font>&nbsp;<br /> [http://www.genomicsproteomics.com/ GenomicsProteomics]<br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genomicsolutions.com/">Genomic Solutions</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genoptera.com/">Genoptera</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genosys.com/index2.html">Genosys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genotypictech.com/index.htm">Genotypic Technology</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genpakdna.com/">GenPak</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genxy.com/">Genset</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genstruct.com/">Genstruct</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.genusbiosystems.com/">GenUs BioSytems</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genzyme.com/">Genzyme</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.globalgenomics.com/">Global Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.glycofi.com/">GlycoFi</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.glycominds.com/">Glycominds</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.gorillagenomics.com/">Gorilla Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.gpc-biotech.com/">GPC Biotech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.gmpgenetics.com/phase1/html/intro_frameset.html">GMP Genetics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://guavatechnologies.com/">Guava Technologies</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.gvkbio.com/">Gvk bio</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.hamiltonthorne.com/">Hamilton Thorne Biosciences</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://helixbiomedix.com/">Helix Biomedix</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.htgenomics.com/">High Throughput Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.hgsi.com/">Human Genome Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.uvs.is/">Iceland Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.imgenex.com/">Imgenex</a><br /> <a href="http://www.impath.com/">Impath</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.infoceutics.com/">Infoceutics</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.inimexpharma.com/">Inimex Pharmaceuticals</a><br /> <a href="http://www.invivogen.com/">InvivoGen</a><br /> <a href="http://www.integragen.com/">Gen</a><br /> <a href="http://www.integragen.com/">Integragen</a><br /> <a href="http://www.interomex.com/">Interomex</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.intradigm.com/">Intradigm</a> <br /> <a href="http://eng.intronbio.com/">iNtRON Biotechnology</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://jaxmice.jax.org/index.shtml">Jackson Lab</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.jivanbio.com/">Jivan Biologics</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.kalypsys.com/">Kalypsys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.keryxbiopharm.com/">Keryx Biopharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.keygene.com/">Keygene</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.lark.com/">Lark Technologies</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.dnastar.com/">Lasergene</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.lynk-biotech.com/services.htm">Link Biotechnologies</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.lynxgen.com/">Lynx</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.metabometrix.com/">Metabometrix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.microgenomics.com/">MicroGenomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.meta-helix.com/">Metahelix Life Sciences</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.mlnm.com/MLNM99.shtml">Millennium</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.miraibio.com/">MiraiBio</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.mobious.com/">Mobious Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.myriad.com/">Myriad Genetics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.mwg-biotech.com/html/index.shtml">MWG Biotech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.nanogen.com/www1/index.htm">Nanogen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.newchemicalentities.com/">New Chemical Entities</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://odysseythera.com/">Odyssey Thera</a><br /> <a href="http://www.omnipharm.com/">OmniScience</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.opgen.com/">OpGen</a><br /> <a href="http://www.orphagen.com/">Orphagen Pharmaceuticals</a><br /> <font size="+0"><a target="new" href="http://www.oscient.com/"><font color="#000000">Oscient Pharmaceuticals</font></a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pangene.com/">PanGene</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.panomics.com/">Panomics</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.peoplesgenetics.com/">Peoples Genetics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.perbio.com/">Perbio</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.pharmaseq.com/multiplex_assays.htm">PharmaSeq</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.phase1tox.com/">Phase-1 Molecular Toxicology</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.phenomixcorp.com/">Phenomix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.phylogenyinc.com/">Phylogeny</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://physiogenix.com/">PhysioGenix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.plexxikon.com/">Plexxikon</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.pluvita.com/">Pluvita</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.primalinc.com/">Primal</a><br /> <a href="http://primerdesign.co.uk/">Primer Design</a><br /> <a href="http://www.prolexys.com/">Prolexis</a><br /> <a href="http://proteinpathways.com/">ProteinPathways</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://proteologics.com/">Proteologics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.psygenomics.com/">Psychiatric Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.purelyproteins.com/">Purely Proteins</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.pyxisgenomics.com/">Pyxis Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.quarkbiotech.com/">Quark Biotech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.renovis.com/">Renovis</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.resgen.com/">Research Genetics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://ribomed.com/">Ribomed</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.rigel.com/">Rigel</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.rnature.com/">Rnature</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.rosettagenomics.com/">Rosetta Genomics</a><br /> <a href="http://www.sbio.com/">S*BIO</a><br /> <a href="http://www.see-gene.com/">Seegene</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.seqwright.com/">SeqwrighT</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.signalgene.com/">SignalGene</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.stratagene.com/">Stratagene</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.sunbio.co.kr/sunbio/eng-main.html">SunBio</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.switch-biotech.com/">Switch Biotech</a> <br /> <a href="http://syntem.com/">Syntem</a><br /> <a href="http://www.syntheticgenetics.com/">Synthetic Genetics</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.tgs.com.tw/index_e.htm">Taiwan Genome Sciences</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.takara.co.jp/english/bio_e/">TaKaRa Zhuzo</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.targetedmolecules.com/">Targeted Molecules</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.tcgaresearch.org/">TCGA</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.tigr.org/">TIGR</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.thinkgen.com/">ThinkGen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://tranzyme.com/">Tranzyme</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.turbogenomics.com/">TurboWorx</a></font> <a href="http://www.unigene.com/"><br /> Unigene</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.umangenomics.com/main.asp">UmanGenomics</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.ubi.ca/">United Bioinformatica</a>&nbsp;<br /> <font color="#000000">[[US Genomics]]</font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.valentis.com/">Valentis</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.valigen.com/">ValiGen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.vbc-genomics.com/">VBC-Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.virinova.de/">Virinova</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.visiblegenetics.com/">Visible Genetics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.vitagenomics.com/">Vita Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.xcellsyz.com/">Xcellsyz</a><br /> <a href="http://www.zp.dk/">Zealand Pharma</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.zen-bio.com/">Zen</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.zengen.com/">Zengen</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.zeptosens.com/">Zeptosens</a></font> <br /> &nbsp;<br /> <table cols="1" width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Platform Technologies - GPCRs</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://www.7tm.com/">7TM Pharma</a><br /> <font color="#000000">[[Acadia Pharmaceuticals]]: Web Site: <a href="http://www.acadia-pharm.com/">www.acadia-pharm.com</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.aptusgenomics.com/">Aptus Genomics</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.atugen.com/">Atugen</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.discoverx.com/">DiscoveRx</a></font><br /> <a href="Animal%20Genomics%0Ahttp://www.norakbio.com/">Norak Bioscience</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.predixpharm.com/">Predix</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.synapticcorp.com/">Synaptic Pharmaceuticals</a><br /> <br /> <table cols="1" width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Platform Technologies - Kinases</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ambitbio.com/">Ambit Bioscience</a><br /> <a href="http://www.qtlbio.com/">QTL Biosystems</a><br /> </font><br /> <table cols="1" width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Platform Technologies - Ion Channels</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://www.cellectricon.com/">Cellectricon</a><br /> <a href="http://www.evotec.com/">Evotec OAI</a><br /> <a href="http://www.hydrabiosciences.com/">Hydra Biosciences</a><br /> <a href="Platform%20Technologies%20-%20Kinases%0Ahttp://www.iongate.de/">IonGate</a><br /> <a href="http://www.nanion.de/">Nanion</a><br /> &nbsp;<br /> <br /> <table cols="1" width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Platform Technologies - Nuclear Receptors</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="Platform%20Technologies%20-%20Kinases%0Ahttp://www.genfit.com/">Genfit Biopharmaceutical</a><br /> <a href="http://www.ligand.com/">Ligand Pharmaceuticals</a><br /> <br /> <table cols="1" width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Platform Technologies - Carbohydrate</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://www.absorber.se/">AbSorber</a><br /> &nbsp;<br /> <table cols="1" width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Animal Genomics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biopsytec.de/">Biopsytec</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.cellectis.com/">Cellectis</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.criver.com/">Charles River Laboratories</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.daniolabs.com/">DanioLabs</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.deltagen.com/">Deltagen</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.gala.com/"><font color="#000000">Gala Biotech</font></a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.geneticmodels.com/">Genetic Models</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.geneticsolutions.com.au/content/page.asp">GeneticSolutions</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomicfx.com/index.html">GenomicFX</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://phylonix.com/">Phylonix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://zygogen.com/">Zygogen</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table cols="1" width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Plant Genomics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.agrinomics.com/">Agrinomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.akkadix.com/">Akkadix</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://arcadiabio.com/">Arcadia Biosciences</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.avesthagen.com/">AvesthaGen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.cereon.com/">Cereon</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.exelixis.com/">Exelixis Plant Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.gentech.fr/">Gentech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.icongenetics.com/home.html">Icon Genetics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.mendelbio.com/">Mendel Biotechnology</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.oriongenomics.com/">Orion Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.phytagenics.com/">Phytagenics</a><br /> <a href="http://www.phytomyco.net/">PhytoMyco</a><br /> </font><a href="http://seaphire.com/">Seaphire</a><br /> &nbsp;<br /> <table cols="1" width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Microbial Genomics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://www.bacbarcodes.com/">Bacterial Barcodes</a><a href="http://www.evolv-us.com/"><br /> </a><font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.evolv-us.com/">Evolvus</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://integratedgenomics.com/">Integrated Genomics</a><br /> <a href="http://microbia.com/">Microbia</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.xanagen.com/index-e.html">Xanagen</a></font><br /> <br /> <table cols="1" width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Clinical Genomics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.appliedphenomics.com/">Applied Phenomics</a><br /> <a href="http://www.ardais.com/">Ardais</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.clinphone.com/">ClinPhone</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.expressionpathology.com/">Expression Pathology</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genvault.com/">GenVault</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pharsight.com/">Pharsight</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.precisionmed.com/">PrecisionMed</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table cols="1" width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">ChemoGenomics/Chemical Genetics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ambitbio.com/">Ambit Bioscience</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.amphoracorp.com/">Amphora</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.chemovation.com/">ChemOvation</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.comgenex.com/">ComGenex</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.graffinity.com/">Graffinity Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.iconixpharm.com/">Iconix Pharmaceuticals</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.ipi.com/">Infinity Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.morphochem.ch/">MorphoChem</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.neogenesis.com/">NeoGenesis</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table cols="1" width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">SNPs, PharmacoGenomics &amp; Population Genetics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.454.com/">454 Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.affymetrix.com/">Affymetrix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.asperbio.com/">Asper Biotech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://bioventures.com/">BioVentures</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.cepheid.com/index3.html">Cepheid</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.dnaprint.com/">DNAPrint Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.dna.com/home">DNA Sciences</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.dnavision.be/">DNA Vision</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.dxsgenotyping.com/">DxS</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.encode.is/">enCode</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.epicentre.com/main.asp">Epicentre</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.epidauros.de/en/home_fla.html">Epidauros</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.expressionanalysis.com/">Expression Analysis</a><br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.galileogenomics.com/"><font color="#000000">Galileo Genomics</font></a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.gamida-sense.com/">Gamida-Sense Diagnostics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genaissance.com/">Genaissance</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.genecheck.com/">GeneCheck</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.geneohm.com/">GeneOhm Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.geneseek.com/">GeneSeek</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genprofile.com/">GenProfile</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.gentris.com/">Gentris</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.hibergen.com/">Hibergen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.hubitgenomix.com/eng/index.html">HuBit Genomix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.idahotech.com/">Idaho Technology</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.idgene.com/home.html">idGENE</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.illumina.com/">Illumina</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.leveninc.com/">Leven</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.miraibio.com/">MiraiBio</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://molecularstaging.com/">Molecular Staging</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.nanogen.com/www1/index.htm">Nanogen</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.thetagen.com/thetagen.htm">New Chemical Entities</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.nuvelo.com/">Nuvelo</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.opgen.com/">OpGen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.orchid.com/">Orchid Biosciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.oxagen.co.uk/">Oxagen</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.panomics.com/">Panomics</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.p-gene.com/">ParAllele</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.peoplesgenetics.com/home.shtml">Peoples Genetics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.perlegen.com/main.html">Perlegen Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.polygenyx.com/">PolyGenyx</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.polymorphicdna.com/">Polymorphic DNA Technologies</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.ppgx.com/">PPGx</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.pyrosequencing.com/">Pyrosequencing</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.qiagengenomics.com/">Qiagen Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.rexagen.com/">Rexagen</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.rubicongenomics.com/">Rubicon Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.sequenom.com/home/seq_flash.htm">Sequenom</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.solexa.com/">Solexa</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.thermohybaid.com/cgi-bin/pg.exe?00000000000000070001d0fe00000002000012d4">ThermoHybaid</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.trevigen.com/">Trevigen</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://trimgen.com/">TrimGen</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.twt.com/">Third Wave Technologies</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.umangenomics.com/">UmanGenomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.usgenomics.com/">U.S. Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.valigen.com/">ValiGen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.varianinc.com/cgi-bin/nav?varinc/docs/biosolutions/index&amp;cid=374264">Varian</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.vitagenomics.com/">Vita Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.vysis.com/">Vysis</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.xanthon.com/">Xanthon</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.xenongenetics.com/">Xenon Genetics</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table cols="1" width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Functional &amp; Comparative Genomics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.acadia-pharm.com/">Acadia Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.ark-genomics.org/">ARK Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.artemis.com/main.html">Artemis</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.athersys.com/">Athersys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.axaron.com/">Axaron</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.cambriabio.com/">Cambria Biosciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.develogen.com/splash.html">DeveloGen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.devgen.com/">Devgen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.elegene.com/">EleGene</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.elitra.com/">Elitra Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.exelixis.com/">Exelixis</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.galapagosgenomics.com/">Galapagos Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genfit.com/flash.htm">Genfit</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genodyssee.com/Default.htm">GenOdyssee</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genomar.com/">Genomar</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.paradigmgenetics.com/">Icoria</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="imgenex.com">Imgenex</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.ingenium-ag.com/">Ingenium</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.marligen.com/">Marligen Bioscience</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.mermaidbio.com/">Mermaid Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.nautilusbiotech.com/">Nautilus Biotech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.phylonix.com/animate.js">Phylonix Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.the-genetics.com/">The Genetics Company</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.unionbio.com/">Union Biometrica</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.xantos.de/">Xantos Biomedicine</a><br /> <a href="http://www.zygogen.com/">Zygogen</a> <br /> &nbsp; <table cols="1" width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">ToxicoGenomics &amp; ADMET<br /> </font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://www.chemovation.com/">ChemOvation</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.exonhit.com/">ExonHit Therapeutics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genelogic.com/">GeneLogic</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genpharmtox.com/english/index_e.html">GenPharm Tox BioTech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.gentest.com/">GenTest</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.mergen-ltd.com/">Mergen</a><br /> <a href="http://www.noabbiodiscoveries.com/">NoAb BioDiscoveries</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.xeno.com/index2.html">Xenometrix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.xenopharm.com/">XenoPharm</a></font> <br /> &nbsp;&nbsp; <table cols="1" width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">siRNA, Antisense &amp; Other&nbsp;</font></strong> <br /> <strong><font color="#000000">Nucleic acid Technologies</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.allelebiotech.com/">Allele Biotechnology</a><br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.alnylam.com/">Alnylam Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.amaxa.com/">Amaxa</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.ambion.com/">Ambion</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.anadyspharma.com/">Anadys Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.araios.com/">Araios</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.archemix.com/flash.html">Archemix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.atugen.com/">Atugen</a><br /> <a href="http://www.avibio.com/">AVI BioPharma</a><br /> <a href="http://www.avocel.com/">Avocel</a><br /> </font><font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.benitec.com/">Benitec</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.biolegio.com/">Biolegio</a><br /> <a href="http://www.cellsignal.com/">Cell Signaling Technology</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.cenix-bioscience.com/">Cenix BioScience</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://cureon.com/">Cureon</a><br /> <a href="http://www.cyntellect.com/">Cyntellect</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.dharmacon.com/">Dharmacon</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.epibio.com/">Epicentre Biotechnologies</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://expressgenes.com/">GeneExpression Systems</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.genetherapysystems.com/">Gene Therapy Systems</a><br /> <a href="http://www.gene-tools.com/">Gene-Tools</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genetrove.com/">GeneTrove</a><br /> </font><a href="http://www.genlantis.com/">Genlantis</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genta.com/">Genta</a><br /> </font><font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.hybridon.com/">Hybridon</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.ibisrna.com/">Ibis Therapeutics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.imgenex.com/">Imgenex</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.immusol.com/">Immusol</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.indexpharmab.com/">InDex Pharmaceuticals</a><br /> <a href="http://www.idtdna.com/">Integrated DNA Technologies</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.intronn.com/">Intronn</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.invivogen.com/">InvivoGen</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.isip.com/">Isis Pharmaceuticals</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.lorusthera.com/">Lorus Therapeutics</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.messagepharm.com/">Message Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.mirusbio.com/">Mirus Bio</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.molecula.com/">Molecula Research Laboratories</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.monomer.com/">Monomer Sciences</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.nascacell.de/">NascaCell</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.noxxon.net/">Noxxon</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.nucleonicsinc.com/">Nucleonics</a><br /> <a href="http://www.oligoengine.com/">OligoEngine</a><br /> <a href="http://www.orbigen.com/">Orbigen</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://origenix.com/main/index.php">Origenix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.proligo.com/">Proligo</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.ptcbio.com/big/indexhome.html">PTC Therapeutics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.qiagen.com/">Qiagen</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.rpi.com/">Ribozyme Pharmaceuticals</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.rnature.com/">RNAture</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.rnax.de/">RNAx</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.sequiturinc.com/indexflash.html">Sequitor</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.sirna.com/">Sirna Therapeutics</a><br /> <a href="http://somagenics.com/">SomaGenics</a><br /> <a href="http://www.springbio.com/">Spring Bioscience</a><br /> &nbsp;<br /> <table cols="1" width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Nucleic acid Labelling &amp; Detection</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://www.enzobio.com/">Enzo Biochem</a><br /> &nbsp; <table cols="1" width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center">&nbsp;<strong><font color="#000000">Transcription Factors &amp; Transcription Regulation</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.epigene.com/">EpiGenesis Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gendaq.com/home.htm">Gendaq</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genedetect.com/">GeneDetect.com</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.mermaidbio.com/">Mermaid Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.panomics.com/">Panomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.rheogene.com/p-tech.htm">RheoGene</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.sangamo.com/">Sangamo Biosciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.toolgen.co.kr/english/main.htm">Toolgen</a></font> <br /> &nbsp;<br /> <table cols="1" width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Transgenics Companies</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://avigenics.com/">AviGenics</a><a target="new" href="http://www.bioprotein.com/index_flash.htm"><br /> </a><font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.bioprotein.com/">BioProtein Technologies</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.dnxsciences.com/">DNX Transgenics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.gala.com/">Gala Botech</a><br /> <a href="http://www.genoway.com/">GenOway</a><br /> <a href="http://www.ingenotyping.com/">Ingenotyping</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.lexicon-genetics.com//">Lexicon Genetics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.pharming.com/">Pharming Technology</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.macrogen.com/english/index.html">Macrogen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.mermaidbio.com/">Mermaid Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.nucleis.com/">Nucleis</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.tosk.com/">Tosk</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.tranxenogen.com/">TranXenoGen</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.xenogen.com/">Xenogen</a><br /> &nbsp; <table cols="1" width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Gene Engineering</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.aptagen.com/">Aptagen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.maxygen.com/webpage_templates/home.php3?page_name=home">Maxygen</a><br /> </font><font color="#000000"><br /> </font> <table cols="1" width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Glycomics &amp; Carb Chips</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://www.glycogenesys.com/">GlycoGenesys</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.glycominds.com/">Glycominds</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.glycotope.com/">Glycotope</a><br /> <br /> <table cols="1" width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Metabolomics</span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://www.esainc.com/">ESA</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.paradigmgenetics.com/">Icoria</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.metanomics.de/">Metanomics</a><br /> <a href="http://www.surromed.com/Technology.html">SurroMed</a><br /> e04e0dbcf3675fa48fca4c36972fa9c693343363 0 1574 1885 2008-01-15T04:52:36Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki Gone down now?<br /> <br /> 9fb94c2a6efeda029b3c3052593f96278a8e7585 1886 2008-01-15T04:53:48Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki Gone down now?<br /> <br /> <span class="h1">Azign Bioscience A/S sells licensing rights and focuses its strategy on genomic technologies for the development of drugs and diagnostics</span><br /> <br /> <span class="h2">28 May 2001&nbsp;<br /> </span><br /> <br /> <br /> <a href="http://ns.net.dynamicweb.dk/Default.aspx?ID=489&amp;M=News&amp;PID=2914&amp;NewsID=14720">http://ns.net.dynamicweb.dk/Default.aspx?ID=489&amp;M=News&amp;PID=2914&amp;NewsID=14720</a> a269759b339625fbf09a3830b527a90677799227 0 1575 1888 2008-01-15T04:55:15Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki Designs databases and builds software for harvesting genomic and proteomic data.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> Creates web-based databases for sharing research information and provides project management.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <br /> <span class="url">[http://www.biodatabases.com</span>&nbsp;Biodatabases.com]<br /> <br /> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="563" border="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" align="left" width="18"><img height="10" alt="bullet" width="10" border="0" src="http://www.biodatabases.com/images/bullet.gif" /></td> <td valign="top" width="545"><font face="Arial, Helvetica" size="2"><strong><a href="http://www.biodatabases.com/about/data_develop.html">Database Development</a></strong></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" align="left" width="18"><img height="10" alt="bullet" width="10" border="0" src="http://www.biodatabases.com/images/bullet.gif" /></td> <td valign="top" width="545"><font face="Arial, Helvetica" size="2"><strong><a href="http://www.biodatabases.com/about/oracle_conversion.html">to-Oracle Conversion</a></strong></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" align="left" width="18"><img height="10" alt="bullet" width="10" border="0" src="http://www.biodatabases.com/images/bullet.gif" /></td> <td valign="top" width="545"><font face="Arial, Helvetica" size="2"><strong><a href="http://www.biodatabases.com/about/global_develop.html">Global WEB Development</a></strong></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" align="left" width="18"><img height="10" alt="bullet" width="10" border="0" src="http://www.biodatabases.com/images/bullet.gif" /></td> <td valign="top" width="545"><font face="Arial, Helvetica" size="2"><strong><a href="http://www.biodatabases.com/about/data_portals.html">Database WEB Portals Development</a></strong></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" align="left" width="18"><img height="10" alt="bullet" width="10" border="0" src="http://www.biodatabases.com/images/bullet.gif" /></td> <td valign="top" width="545"><font face="Arial, Helvetica" size="2"><strong><a href="http://www.biodatabases.com/about/data_mining.html">Data Mining</a></strong></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" align="left" width="18"><img height="10" alt="bullet" width="10" border="0" src="http://www.biodatabases.com/images/bullet.gif" /></td> <td valign="top" width="545"><font face="Arial, Helvetica" size="2"><strong><a href="http://www.biodatabases.com/about/project_manage.html">Project Management</a></strong></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" align="left" width="18"><img height="10" alt="bullet" width="10" border="0" src="http://www.biodatabases.com/images/bullet.gif" /></td> <td valign="top" width="545"><font face="Arial, Helvetica" size="2"><strong><a href="http://www.biodatabases.com/about/data_maintenance.html">Database Maintenance</a></strong></font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <br /> <br /> <strong>See also:<br /> </strong><a href="http://biocompany.net/index.php/Amita">http://biocompany.net/index.php/Amita</a><br /> <br /> 62839020eece6cf257b10a63ddb1659313184657 0 1576 1889 2008-01-15T04:56:11Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <a href="http://www.abgenomics.com/index/index.htm">http://www.abgenomics.com/index/index.htm</a><br /> <br /> <font face="Verdana" color="#080000" size="2">Founded by a group of leading biomedical scientists in June 2000, AbGenomics Corporation is a biopharmaceutical company focusing on the discovery and development of novel therapeutic monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of 1). immune-related inflammatory diseases such as autoimmune diseases, allergy, asthma, and transplantation rejection; and 2). cancer. <br /> <br /> The Company's integrated bio-drug discovery capabilities range from the discovery of new gene functions and the identification of disease target proteins to the validation of animal disease models. We intend to discover novel therapeutic antibodies and to build a diversified product por</font><font style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt" face="Verdana" color="#400040">tfolio through our R&amp;D and partnerships.<br /> <br /> To explore into other business arena, the company has established its first US subsidiary, AbGenomics Inc., in July 2006. Its main function is to provide consulting services in (1) business development and alliance management; and (2) management of public and investor relations. AbGenomics Inc. does not conduct biological experiments but serves as a bridge between US and Asian Biotech companies.</font>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <strong>See alsp:<br /> </strong><a href="http://biocompany.net/index.php/Abgenomics">http://biocompany.net/index.php/Abgenomics</a> f330a4b1649a7cfcde00a874e291118466b70976 0 1577 1890 2008-01-15T04:56:48Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>Advalytix AG (Munich) was founded in 2000.&nbsp;<br /> Wholly owned subsidiary of Olympus Life and Material Science Europa GmbH since 2005.&nbsp;<br /> Advalytix is the world wide centre of expertise for cell-based molecular diagnostics.&nbsp;<br /> One of the company&rsquo;s main focuses is the miniaturisation of diagnostic and biological tests for research and development. </p> <p>Advalytix&rsquo; products&nbsp;link imaging technologies such as microscopy with nucleic acid analysis, enabling Advalytix to offer turnkey system solutions consisting of both instruments and reagents. Advalytix has developed a portfolio of products for these applications, based on proprietary microelectronics technologies, such as surface acoustic waves (SAW).</p> <p><a href="http://www.advalytix.com"><strong>http://www.advalytix.com</strong></a><br /> <br /> <br /> <strong>Nov 2000:</strong> Company founded in Munich</p> <p><strong>March 2003:</strong>&nbsp;Introduced&nbsp;hybridization station ArrayBooster^TM featuring non-invasive mixing to accelarate the incubation of DNA and protein microarrays</p> <p><strong>Aug 2004: </strong>Opened US office in Concord, Mass.</p> <p><strong>Sept 2004:</strong> Introduced the AdvaWash^TM automated wash system for DNA microarray and FISH applications</p> <p><strong>Nov 2004: </strong>Signed a licence agreement on non-invasive mixing with Olympus Life and Materials Science Europa GmbH</p> <p><strong>Mar 2005:</strong> Olympus Life and Materials Science Europa GmbH acquires 100% of the Advalytix shares</p> <p><strong>Jan 2006:</strong> Introduced 1 &micro;L PCR platform AmpliGrid^TM designed for the amplification of DNA from single cells</p> <p><strong>Jan 2007: </strong>Introduced the PlateBooster^TM for non-invasive mixing of 96-, 384- and 1536-well microtiter plates</p> <p><strong>Apr 2007:</strong> Introduced polar body kit for the diagnosis of chromosomal aberrations</p> <p><strong>Summer 2007:</strong> Advalytix moves to the new centre of excellence for cell based molecular diagnostics in Munich/Grosshadern<br /> <br /> <br /> <hr /> <br /> [http://genomics.org&nbsp;Genomics.org]</p> a52ad5f0828aa22b771afd15daf8ede22d30b4fa 1891 2008-01-15T04:57:17Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>Advalytix AG (Munich) was founded in 2000.&nbsp;<br /> Wholly owned subsidiary of Olympus Life and Material Science Europa GmbH since 2005.&nbsp;<br /> Advalytix is the world wide centre of expertise for cell-based molecular diagnostics.&nbsp;<br /> One of the company&rsquo;s main focuses is the miniaturisation of diagnostic and biological tests for research and development. </p> <p>Advalytix&rsquo; products&nbsp;link imaging technologies such as microscopy with nucleic acid analysis, enabling Advalytix to offer turnkey system solutions consisting of both instruments and reagents. Advalytix has developed a portfolio of products for these applications, based on proprietary microelectronics technologies, such as surface acoustic waves (SAW).</p> <p><a href="http://www.advalytix.com"><strong>http://www.advalytix.com</strong></a><br /> <br /> <br /> <strong>Nov 2000:</strong> Company founded in Munich</p> <p><strong>March 2003:</strong>&nbsp;Introduced&nbsp;hybridization station ArrayBooster^TM featuring non-invasive mixing to accelarate the incubation of DNA and protein microarrays</p> <p><strong>Aug 2004: </strong>Opened US office in Concord, Mass.</p> <p><strong>Sept 2004:</strong> Introduced the AdvaWash^TM automated wash system for DNA microarray and FISH applications</p> <p><strong>Nov 2004: </strong>Signed a licence agreement on non-invasive mixing with Olympus Life and Materials Science Europa GmbH</p> <p><strong>Mar 2005:</strong> Olympus Life and Materials Science Europa GmbH acquires 100% of the Advalytix shares</p> <p><strong>Jan 2006:</strong> Introduced 1 &micro;L PCR platform AmpliGrid^TM designed for the amplification of DNA from single cells</p> <p><strong>Jan 2007: </strong>Introduced the PlateBooster^TM for non-invasive mixing of 96-, 384- and 1536-well microtiter plates</p> <p><strong>Apr 2007:</strong> Introduced polar body kit for the diagnosis of chromosomal aberrations</p> <p><strong>Summer 2007:</strong> Advalytix moves to the new centre of excellence for cell based molecular diagnostics in Munich/Grosshadern<br /> <br /> <br /> </p> <hr /> <br /> [http://genomics.org&nbsp; <a href="http://www.genomics.org">www.genomics.org</a>] 17ace0c7ecffafa0a414bc02a6b06c394782d41b 0 1578 1892 2008-01-15T04:58:19Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <div class="pagetitle">Gone down? (20060924)<br /> <br /> AGY Therapeutics, Inc.<br /> <span id="expirenote"></span></div> 270 East Grand Avenue <br /> <span id="_ctl0__ctl0_PageTemplate_SubPageTemplate_CompanyProfileHeading1_lblAddress2"><br /> </span>South San Francisco, California 94080 U.S.A. <br /> Phone: 650-615-4530 Fax: 650-615-4544&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <hr /> [[Genomics Companies]] | [http://biocompany.net Biocompany.net] b91ebf7bb1f95f3506a5bc3cb934d9527763c0fd 0 1579 1893 2008-01-15T04:58:52Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki Array BioPharma Inc. is a biopharmaceutical company focused on the discovery, development and commercialization of targeted small molecule drugs to treat debilitating and life-threatening diseases. Our proprietary drug development pipeline is primarily focused on the treatment of cancer and inflammatory disease and includes clinical candidates that are designed to regulate therapeutically important targets. In addition, leading pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies collaborate with Array to discover and develop drug candidates across a broad range of therapeutic areas.<br /> <br /> <a href="http://www.arraybiopharma.com/">http://www.arraybiopharma.com/</a><br /> <br /> <br /> <p><span class="MainTextTitle"><strong>Corporate Headquarters</strong></span><br /> Array BioPharma Inc.<br /> 3200 Walnut Street<br /> Boulder, CO 80301, USA</p> <p>Longmont Facility<br /> Array BioPharma Inc.<br /> 2620 Trade Center Ave.<br /> Longmont, CO 80503, USA</p> <p>Toll Free: 877.MED.CHEM<br /> Phone: 303.381.6600<br /> Fax: 303.386.1390<br /> E-mail: <a href="mailto:info@arraybiopharma.com">info@arraybiopharma.com</a></p> <p><span class="MainTextTitle"><strong>Media &amp; Investor Relations</strong></span><br /> Phone: 303.386.1193<br /> E-mail: <a href="mailto:IR@arraybiopharma.com">IR@arraybiopharma.com</a></p> <p><span class="MainTextTitle"><strong>Human Resources</strong></span><br /> Online: <a href="http://www.arraybiopharma.com/Careers/Default.asp">Careers</a><br /> E-mail: <a href="mailto:hr@arraybiopharma.com">hr@arraybiopharma.com</a> </p> <p><span class="MainTextTitle"><strong>Business Development </strong></span><br /> Phone: 303.381.6611<br /> E-mail: <a href="mailto:BD@arraybiopharma.com">BD@arraybiopharma.com</a></p> <p><span class="MainTextTitle"><strong>Optimer&reg; Building Blocks</strong></span><br /> Phone: 877.MED.CHEM <br /> E-mail: <a href="mailto:sales@arraybiopharma.com">sales@arraybiopharma.com</a><br /> <br /> <br /> </p> 5e933e8f9e8d6687bd0811b0ccf7980ddc633e7d 0 1580 1894 2008-01-15T04:59:27Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki Specializing in field of combinatorial chemistry with a portfolio of technologies that enable synthesis, screening and optimization of potential new drug compounds.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> Subsidiary of [[GlaxoSmithKline]].&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <hr /> [http://biocompany.net Biocompany.net] 77cfb4ac06a747a71e7a71e9ef7e6650922d4695 0 1581 1895 2008-01-15T05:00:23Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki Functional Biosciences, Inc.<br /> <br /> <br /> <p class="style9">Fuctional Biosciences, Inc. is located in the University Research Park in Madison, WI.&nbsp; We provide low cost DNA sequencing and other related services.&nbsp; </p> <p class="style9">Using our microfluidic technology we are able to offer some of the lowest prices in the industry with out compromising the quality of the results.&nbsp; </p> <p class="style9" style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px"><u><strong>Services:</strong></u>&nbsp; </p> <p class="style9" style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px">&nbsp; - DNA Sequencing </p> <p class="style9" style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px">&nbsp; - DNA Purifications (DNA Minipreps)</p> <p class="style9" style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px">&nbsp; - Picking and Growing Colonies </p> <p class="style9" style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px">&nbsp; - PCR Reactions and Exo/SAP Cleanups</p> <p class="style9" style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px">&nbsp; - Primer Walking</p> <p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px"><span class="style9">&nbsp;&nbsp;- Shotgun Cloning and Sequencing </span></p> <p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px">&nbsp; - Resequencing and SNP analysis<br /> <br /> <table height="153" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" width="558" summary="" border="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="header" width="613"><strong>General Contact Information </strong></td> <td class="header" width="45">&nbsp;</td> <td class="pageName" width="8">&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="bodyText" valign="top"> <p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px">Functional Biosciences, Inc. </p> <p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px">MGE Innovation Center</p> <p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px">505 South Rosa Road, Suite 17 </p> <p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px">Madison, WI 53719 </p> <p style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px">ph:&nbsp; 608-441-8125</p> <p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px">fax:&nbsp; 608-441-8127 </p> <p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px">info@functionalbio.com</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> <br /> <br /> <hr /> <br /> [http://omics.org Omics.org] | [http://biocompany.net Biocompany.net] | [http://biopedia.org Biopedia.org]<br /> <br /> d6fdb4e56fba9524662db3bfdf2704b4877e37ef 0 1582 1896 2008-01-15T05:01:04Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><a href="http://www.usgenomics.com/">http://www.usgenomics.com/</a><br /> <br /> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td class="contentheading" width="100%">Company Information </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table class="contentpaneopen"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" colspan="2"> <p>U.S. Genomics is pioneering tools to enable single molecule biology for the life sciences industry. The company develops and manufactures instruments and their associated reagents for researchers in academia, pharmaceutical and biotech companies, and contract research organizations.&nbsp; U.S. Genomics has introduced the Trilogy&trade;2020 single molecule analyzer, a bench-top instrument, combining advances in microfluidics, optical engineering, and novel labeling strategies. The company's innovative technologies allow applications in genetics, functional genomics, biodefense, and diagnostics to be performed at the single molecule level. Understanding how biological pathways manifest themselves in normal and diseased states hinges on a researcher's ability to detect accurately the small molecular variances within cells.&nbsp; Because varying quantities of biological molecules can signify activity within a cell, the development of a tool that allows for single molecule detection opens new avenues for bio-discovery.&nbsp; <br /> <br /> The company's Trilogy&trade; platform is the first commercially available technology to enable the direct detection and analysis of individual molecules of DNA, RNA, and proteins without the need for amplification.&nbsp; By quantifying subtle fluctuations in the counts of specific molecules, the Trilogy technology elucidates the interactions that can mark the difference between disease, health, and individuals' responsiveness to particular drugs.&nbsp; Existing technologies require amplification and bulk measurement of fluorescence to study millions of molecules at a time.&nbsp; By contrast, the Trilogy platform provides the accuracy of direct quantitation of single molecular interactions.&nbsp; <br /> <br /> U.S. Genomics' portfolio of products will further the understanding of normal and disease pathways and will ultimately lead to more effective therapeutics and diagnostics. The company also has more than 30 scientific collaborations with leading pharmaceutical, biotech, diagnostic and academic research laboratories, including an <a target="_self" href="http://usgenomics.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=14&amp;Itemid=2">early access Trilogy technology program</a>.<br /> <br /> Founded in 1997 and based in Woburn, Massachusetts, U.S. Genomics has raised a total of $50 million from HealthCare Ventures, StillRiver Fund, CB Health Ventures, Fidelity Biosciences Group, Zero Stage Capital and private investors. In addition, the company has been awarded a $7.5 million Phase I contract by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security Advanced Research Project Agency (HSARPA) to develop a sophisticated biological sensor for biodefense applications.<br /> </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> <p>&nbsp;<br /> <hr /> <br /> [http://biocompany.net Biocompany.net]</p> 18582c32d4cd900296f80f1a374cd811eec3df6d 0 1583 1900 2008-01-15T05:25:21Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <a href="http://www.biopax.org/">http://www.biopax.org/</a><br /> <br /> <br /> <strong>BioPAX is a collaborative effort to create a data exchange format for biological pathway data.</strong>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> The goal of the BioPAX group is to develop a common exchange format for biological pathways data. <p>The BioPAX project began at the Fourth BioPathways Consortium Meeting, a satellite of the ISMB'02 Conference held in Edmonton, Canada in August 2002. It was decided that a pathway exchange format would facilitate sharing of pathway information between databases and users and would be a good first step to building an open source pathway information resource. The project got underway in early October 2002 when Chris Hogue (BIND, UToronto), Peter Karp (BioCyc, SRI), and Chris Sander (MSKCC) organized the BioPAX work group. </p> <p>It was decided to keep the group small at first, and to expand it gradually. The initial focus of the group was the exchange of chemical compound information; and initial group members were selected with this in mind. </p> <p>The first BioPAX meeting was held on November 6, 2002 in New York City. During this meeting the group worked to identify the steps needed to arrive at a viable data exchange format. They also reviewed the work of other relevant groups, developed a timeline for inclusion of additional members to the BioPAX group, and began working on the problem of exchanging chemical compound information, followed by metabolic pathway representation.&nbsp;<br /> </p> 2f6f953932d54150f14554ecc39177d9932e248b 1901 2008-01-15T05:25:34Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <a href="http://www.biopax.org/">http://www.biopax.org/</a><br /> <br /> <br /> <strong>BioPAX is a collaborative effort to create a data exchange format for biological pathway data.</strong>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> The goal of the BioPAX group is to develop a common exchange format for biological pathways data. <p>The BioPAX project began at the Fourth BioPathways Consortium Meeting, a satellite of the ISMB'02 Conference held in Edmonton, Canada in August 2002. It was decided that a pathway exchange format would facilitate sharing of pathway information between databases and users and would be a good first step to building an open source pathway information resource. The project got underway in early October 2002 when Chris Hogue (BIND, UToronto), Peter Karp (BioCyc, SRI), and Chris Sander (MSKCC) organized the BioPAX work group. </p> <p>It was decided to keep the group small at first, and to expand it gradually. The initial focus of the group was the exchange of chemical compound information; and initial group members were selected with this in mind. </p> <p>The first BioPAX meeting was held on November 6, 2002 in New York City. During this meeting the group worked to identify the steps needed to arrive at a viable data exchange format. They also reviewed the work of other relevant groups, developed a timeline for inclusion of additional members to the BioPAX group, and began working on the problem of exchanging chemical compound information, followed by metabolic pathway representation.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Genomics software]]</p> cfa7c3328d547e82071c928d92e1a17e178909ff 0 1570 1905 2008-01-15T05:31:25Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong><font size="5">Genomics Software</font></strong><br /> <br /> <strong>See also: [http://biosoftware.org Biosoftware.org]<br /> </strong><br /> <table style="WIDTH: 659px; HEIGHT: 1691px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)"> <tbody> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.compbio.dundee.ac.uk/Software/Alscript/alscript.html">Alscript</a>&nbsp;<font color="#999999">by Barton Group</font></td> <td>Program to format multiple sequence alignments by Geof Barton group.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://engels.genetics.wisc.edu/amplify/">Amplify</a></td> <td>Amplify is a freeware Macintosh program for simulating and testing polymerase chain reactions (PCRs). </td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/biocat/index.html">Biocatalogue</a></td> <td>EBI software directory of general interest in molecular biology and genetics.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.bioexplorer.net/toolbar/">Bioexplorer Toolbar</a></td> <td>Fastest and easiest way to get the information you want from NCBI databases</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[BioPAX]]</td> <td>Develop a common exchange format for biological pathways data.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.unizh.ch/biostat/software.html">Biostatistics</a></td> <td>Biostatistics software</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.arc.unm.edu/~aroberts/main/free.htm">Biotech Resource</a></td> <td>Free softwares for moleular biology and structural biology</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/blast/">BLAST at NCBI</a></td> <td>Blast open source software</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/CN3D/cn3d.shtml">Cn3D</a></td> <td>Application that allows to view 3D structures, at NCBI</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><a href="http://www.clcbio.com/index.php?area=software&amp;section=free">CLC Bio</a><br /> </td> <td valign="top">Basic bioinformatics analyses and data management - free download<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a href="http://compbio.ornl.gov/structure/domainparser/">DomainParser</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">A protein domain partition program</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.emboss.org/">EMBOSS</a></td> <td>EMBOSS is a package of FREE open source software for sequence analysis</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.e-cell.org/">E-cell</a></td> <td>Simulating intracellular molecular processes of living cells project</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.extropia.com/applications.html">eXtropia</a></td> <td>Several free web tools</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="ftp://ftp.virginia.edu/pub/fasta/">Fasta</a></td> <td>Open source for Fasta</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://genamics.com/software/">Genamics</a></td> <td>Database of freely-distributable and commercial tools for use in molecular biology</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.psc.edu/biomed/genedoc/">GeneDoc</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Multiple sequence alignment editor, analyzer &amp; shading utility for windows</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://genesis.bbb.caltech.edu/GENESIS/genesis.html">Genesis</a></td> <td>Information about GEneral NEural SImulation System</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://globin.cse.psu.edu/">Globin</a></td> <td>Several free tools</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.gnu.org/">GNU</a></td> <td>Free software foundation - several tools</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://hmmer.wustl.edu/">HMMER</a></td> <td>HMMER 2.2 Profile hidden Markov models for biological sequence analysis&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://rsb.info.nih.gov/nih-image/">NIH Image</a></td> <td>Image analysis program for Macintosh from NIH</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a title="Enhanced with automated teaching methods, MassARRAY RT software automatically aligns and calibrates SEQUENOM's SpectroCHIP and provides smart rastering of DNA samples in real time without user intervention. Smart rastering dramatically improves sample efficiency and reduces individual analysis times for improved data quality and sample throughput." href="http://www.sequenom.com/genetic_systems/software/software_rt.php"><font size="-1">MassARRAY&trade; RT Software (Sequenom)</font></a>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.gsf.de/biodv/matinspector.html">MatInspector</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Detection of transcription factor binding sites</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.scriptarchive.com/">Matt's Script Archive</a></td> <td>Several free Perl scripts</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.mbshortcuts.com/software/index.htm">MB Shotcuts</a></td> <td>List of several free molecular biology softwares</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.arc.unm.edu/~aroberts/main/free.htm">MolBio Links</a></td> <td>Links to several molecular biology toos</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a href="http://iubio.bio.indiana.edu/IUBio-Software+Data/molbio/Listings.html">Molecular Biology</a></font></td> <td>List of many free software package for Mac and PC</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a href="http://theory.lcs.mit.edu/~elwolf/multicoil.html">Multicoil</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Program to p</font>redict coiled coil regions in proteins</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top"><a href="http://www.drive5.com/muscle/">MUSCLE</a><br /> </td> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">Protein Multiple Sequence Alignment Software<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><a href="http://www.softgenetics.com/">MutationSurveyor</a><a href="http://www.softgenetics.com/"> &amp; MutationExplorer</a></td> <td valign="top">Analysis of DNA variants, SNPs and mutations<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.openinformatics.org/">Open Informatics</a></td> <td>Open source softwares</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.phrap.org/">Phred, Phrap &amp; Consed</a></td> <td>Sequence quality and assembly softwares</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top"><a href="http://chum.gs.washington.edu/PolyPhred.html">PolyPhred</a><br /> </td> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">Compares traces to identify heterozygous sites for SNPs</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><a href="http://physionet.org/">PhysioNet</a><br /> </td> <td valign="top">Collection of physiologic simulation software<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.chemicalgraphics.com/">PovChem</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Visualization program for PDB protein structures</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.hgmp.mrc.ac.uk/CCP11/code_libraries.txt.html#21">Programming Libraries</a></td> <td>Bioinformatics Programming Libraries, links to lots of sites and source codes</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://compbio.ornl.gov/structure/prospect/">Prospect</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">A threading-based protein structure prediction system</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://lib.stat.cmu.edu/R/CRAN/">R - statistical package</a></td> <td>Statistical computing and graphics software</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://taxonomy.zoology.gla.ac.uk/rod/treeview.html">TreeView</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Tree drawing software for Apple Macintosh and Windows</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://sourceforge.net/softwaremap/trove_list.php?form_cat=252">SourceForge.net</a></td> <td>Several ready to use tool</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/pubseq/">Staden Package</a></td> <td>A excellent package for sequence analysis and assembly</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.ualberta.ca/~stothard/javascript/d_load.html">Sequence Manipulation</a></td> <td>Free suite of sequence manipulation tools</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://blast.wustl.edu/">WU-BLAST</a></td> <td>Washington university BLAST archives</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> 639589308787cb834b9f1dcfbcadcec27ba1baea 1906 2008-01-15T05:31:51Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong><font size="5">Genomics Software</font></strong><br /> <br /> <strong>See also: [http://biosoftware.org Biosoftware.org]<br /> </strong><br /> <table style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" height="1653" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" summary="" border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.compbio.dundee.ac.uk/Software/Alscript/alscript.html">Alscript</a>&nbsp;<font color="#999999">by Barton Group</font></td> <td>Program to format multiple sequence alignments by Geof Barton group.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://engels.genetics.wisc.edu/amplify/">Amplify</a></td> <td>Amplify is a freeware Macintosh program for simulating and testing polymerase chain reactions (PCRs). </td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/biocat/index.html">Biocatalogue</a></td> <td>EBI software directory of general interest in molecular biology and genetics.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.bioexplorer.net/toolbar/">Bioexplorer Toolbar</a></td> <td>Fastest and easiest way to get the information you want from NCBI databases</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[BioPAX]]</td> <td>Develop a common exchange format for biological pathways data.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.unizh.ch/biostat/software.html">Biostatistics</a></td> <td>Biostatistics software</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.arc.unm.edu/~aroberts/main/free.htm">Biotech Resource</a></td> <td>Free softwares for moleular biology and structural biology</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/blast/">BLAST at NCBI</a></td> <td>Blast open source software</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/CN3D/cn3d.shtml">Cn3D</a></td> <td>Application that allows to view 3D structures, at NCBI</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><a href="http://www.clcbio.com/index.php?area=software&amp;section=free">CLC Bio</a><br /> </td> <td valign="top">Basic bioinformatics analyses and data management - free download<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a href="http://compbio.ornl.gov/structure/domainparser/">DomainParser</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">A protein domain partition program</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.emboss.org/">EMBOSS</a></td> <td>EMBOSS is a package of FREE open source software for sequence analysis</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.e-cell.org/">E-cell</a></td> <td>Simulating intracellular molecular processes of living cells project</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.extropia.com/applications.html">eXtropia</a></td> <td>Several free web tools</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="ftp://ftp.virginia.edu/pub/fasta/">Fasta</a></td> <td>Open source for Fasta</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://genamics.com/software/">Genamics</a></td> <td>Database of freely-distributable and commercial tools for use in molecular biology</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.psc.edu/biomed/genedoc/">GeneDoc</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Multiple sequence alignment editor, analyzer &amp; shading utility for windows</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://genesis.bbb.caltech.edu/GENESIS/genesis.html">Genesis</a></td> <td>Information about GEneral NEural SImulation System</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://globin.cse.psu.edu/">Globin</a></td> <td>Several free tools</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.gnu.org/">GNU</a></td> <td>Free software foundation - several tools</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://hmmer.wustl.edu/">HMMER</a></td> <td>HMMER 2.2 Profile hidden Markov models for biological sequence analysis&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://rsb.info.nih.gov/nih-image/">NIH Image</a></td> <td>Image analysis program for Macintosh from NIH</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a title="Enhanced with automated teaching methods, MassARRAY RT software automatically aligns and calibrates SEQUENOM's SpectroCHIP and provides smart rastering of DNA samples in real time without user intervention. Smart rastering dramatically improves sample efficiency and reduces individual analysis times for improved data quality and sample throughput." href="http://www.sequenom.com/genetic_systems/software/software_rt.php"><font size="-1">MassARRAY&trade; RT Software (Sequenom)</font></a>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.gsf.de/biodv/matinspector.html">MatInspector</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Detection of transcription factor binding sites</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.scriptarchive.com/">Matt's Script Archive</a></td> <td>Several free Perl scripts</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.mbshortcuts.com/software/index.htm">MB Shotcuts</a></td> <td>List of several free molecular biology softwares</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.arc.unm.edu/~aroberts/main/free.htm">MolBio Links</a></td> <td>Links to several molecular biology toos</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a href="http://iubio.bio.indiana.edu/IUBio-Software+Data/molbio/Listings.html">Molecular Biology</a></font></td> <td>List of many free software package for Mac and PC</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a href="http://theory.lcs.mit.edu/~elwolf/multicoil.html">Multicoil</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Program to p</font>redict coiled coil regions in proteins</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top"><a href="http://www.drive5.com/muscle/">MUSCLE</a><br /> </td> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">Protein Multiple Sequence Alignment Software<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><a href="http://www.softgenetics.com/">MutationSurveyor</a><a href="http://www.softgenetics.com/"> &amp; MutationExplorer</a></td> <td valign="top">Analysis of DNA variants, SNPs and mutations<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.openinformatics.org/">Open Informatics</a></td> <td>Open source softwares</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.phrap.org/">Phred, Phrap &amp; Consed</a></td> <td>Sequence quality and assembly softwares</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top"><a href="http://chum.gs.washington.edu/PolyPhred.html">PolyPhred</a><br /> </td> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">Compares traces to identify heterozygous sites for SNPs</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><a href="http://physionet.org/">PhysioNet</a><br /> </td> <td valign="top">Collection of physiologic simulation software<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.chemicalgraphics.com/">PovChem</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Visualization program for PDB protein structures</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.hgmp.mrc.ac.uk/CCP11/code_libraries.txt.html#21">Programming Libraries</a></td> <td>Bioinformatics Programming Libraries, links to lots of sites and source codes</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://compbio.ornl.gov/structure/prospect/">Prospect</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">A threading-based protein structure prediction system</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://lib.stat.cmu.edu/R/CRAN/">R - statistical package</a></td> <td>Statistical computing and graphics software</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://taxonomy.zoology.gla.ac.uk/rod/treeview.html">TreeView</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Tree drawing software for Apple Macintosh and Windows</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://sourceforge.net/softwaremap/trove_list.php?form_cat=252">SourceForge.net</a></td> <td>Several ready to use tool</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/pubseq/">Staden Package</a></td> <td>A excellent package for sequence analysis and assembly</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.ualberta.ca/~stothard/javascript/d_load.html">Sequence Manipulation</a></td> <td>Free suite of sequence manipulation tools</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://blast.wustl.edu/">WU-BLAST</a></td> <td>Washington university BLAST archives</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> 2c9d3f72e25961774bd143279a713291856d08fd 1907 2008-01-15T05:33:47Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong><font size="5">Genomics Software</font></strong><br /> <br /> <strong>See also: [http://biosoftware.org Biosoftware.org]<br /> </strong><br /> <table style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" height="1653" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" summary="" border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.compbio.dundee.ac.uk/Software/Alscript/alscript.html">Alscript</a>&nbsp;<font color="#999999">by Barton Group</font></td> <td>Program to format multiple sequence alignments by Geof Barton group.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://engels.genetics.wisc.edu/amplify/">Amplify</a></td> <td>Amplify is a freeware Macintosh program for simulating and testing polymerase chain reactions (PCRs). </td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/biocat/index.html">Biocatalogue</a></td> <td>EBI software directory of general interest in molecular biology and genetics.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.bioexplorer.net/toolbar/">Bioexplorer Toolbar</a></td> <td>&nbsp;An easy toolbar for NCBI databases</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[BioPAX]]</td> <td>&nbsp;Develop a common exchange format for biological pathways data.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.unizh.ch/biostat/software.html">Biostatistics</a></td> <td>&nbsp;Biostatistics software</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.arc.unm.edu/~aroberts/main/free.htm">Biotech Resource</a></td> <td>Free softwares for moleular biology and structural biology</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/blast/">BLAST at NCBI</a></td> <td>Blast open source software</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/CN3D/cn3d.shtml">Cn3D</a></td> <td>Application that allows to view 3D structures, at NCBI</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><a href="http://www.clcbio.com/index.php?area=software&amp;section=free">CLC Bio</a><br /> </td> <td valign="top">Basic bioinformatics analyses and data management - free download<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a href="http://compbio.ornl.gov/structure/domainparser/">DomainParser</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">A protein domain partition program</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.emboss.org/">EMBOSS</a></td> <td>EMBOSS is a package of FREE open source software for sequence analysis</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.e-cell.org/">E-cell</a></td> <td>Simulating intracellular molecular processes of living cells project</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.extropia.com/applications.html">eXtropia</a></td> <td>Several free web tools</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="ftp://ftp.virginia.edu/pub/fasta/">Fasta</a></td> <td>Open source for Fasta</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://genamics.com/software/">Genamics</a></td> <td>Database of freely-distributable and commercial tools for use in molecular biology</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.psc.edu/biomed/genedoc/">GeneDoc</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Multiple sequence alignment editor, analyzer &amp; shading utility for windows</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://genesis.bbb.caltech.edu/GENESIS/genesis.html">Genesis</a></td> <td>Information about GEneral NEural SImulation System</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://globin.cse.psu.edu/">Globin</a></td> <td>Several free tools</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.gnu.org/">GNU</a></td> <td>Free software foundation - several tools</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://hmmer.wustl.edu/">HMMER</a></td> <td>HMMER 2.2 Profile hidden Markov models for biological sequence analysis&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://rsb.info.nih.gov/nih-image/">NIH Image</a></td> <td>Image analysis program for Macintosh from NIH</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a title="Enhanced with automated teaching methods, MassARRAY RT software automatically aligns and calibrates SEQUENOM's SpectroCHIP and provides smart rastering of DNA samples in real time without user intervention. Smart rastering dramatically improves sample efficiency and reduces individual analysis times for improved data quality and sample throughput." href="http://www.sequenom.com/genetic_systems/software/software_rt.php"><font size="-1">MassARRAY&trade; RT Software (Sequenom)</font></a>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.gsf.de/biodv/matinspector.html">MatInspector</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Detection of transcription factor binding sites</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.scriptarchive.com/">Matt's Script Archive</a></td> <td>Several free Perl scripts</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.mbshortcuts.com/software/index.htm">MB Shotcuts</a></td> <td>List of several free molecular biology softwares</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.arc.unm.edu/~aroberts/main/free.htm">MolBio Links</a></td> <td>Links to several molecular biology toos</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a href="http://iubio.bio.indiana.edu/IUBio-Software+Data/molbio/Listings.html">Molecular Biology</a></font></td> <td>List of many free software package for Mac and PC</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a href="http://theory.lcs.mit.edu/~elwolf/multicoil.html">Multicoil</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Program to p</font>redict coiled coil regions in proteins</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top"><a href="http://www.drive5.com/muscle/">MUSCLE</a><br /> </td> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">Protein Multiple Sequence Alignment Software<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><a href="http://www.softgenetics.com/">MutationSurveyor</a><a href="http://www.softgenetics.com/"> &amp; MutationExplorer</a></td> <td valign="top">Analysis of DNA variants, SNPs and mutations<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.openinformatics.org/">Open Informatics</a></td> <td>Open source softwares</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.phrap.org/">Phred, Phrap &amp; Consed</a></td> <td>Sequence quality and assembly softwares</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top"><a href="http://chum.gs.washington.edu/PolyPhred.html">PolyPhred</a><br /> </td> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">Compares traces to identify heterozygous sites for SNPs</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><a href="http://physionet.org/">PhysioNet</a><br /> </td> <td valign="top">Collection of physiologic simulation software<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.chemicalgraphics.com/">PovChem</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Visualization program for PDB protein structures</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.hgmp.mrc.ac.uk/CCP11/code_libraries.txt.html#21">Programming Libraries</a></td> <td>Bioinformatics Programming Libraries, links to lots of sites and source codes</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://compbio.ornl.gov/structure/prospect/">Prospect</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">A threading-based protein structure prediction system</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://lib.stat.cmu.edu/R/CRAN/">R - statistical package</a></td> <td>Statistical computing and graphics software</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://taxonomy.zoology.gla.ac.uk/rod/treeview.html">TreeView</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Tree drawing software for Apple Macintosh and Windows</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://sourceforge.net/softwaremap/trove_list.php?form_cat=252">SourceForge.net</a></td> <td>Several ready to use tool</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/pubseq/">Staden Package</a></td> <td>A excellent package for sequence analysis and assembly</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.ualberta.ca/~stothard/javascript/d_load.html">Sequence Manipulation</a></td> <td>Free suite of sequence manipulation tools</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://blast.wustl.edu/">WU-BLAST</a></td> <td>Washington university BLAST archives</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> b368e28b18e0a239236d47a50e098e2dd8a4d9bf 1908 2008-01-15T05:34:07Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong><font size="5">Genomics Software</font></strong><br /> <br /> <strong>See also: [http://biosoftware.org Biosoftware.org]<br /> </strong><br /> <table style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" height="1653" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" summary="" border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.compbio.dundee.ac.uk/Software/Alscript/alscript.html">Alscript</a>&nbsp;<font color="#999999">by Barton Group</font></td> <td>Program to format multiple sequence alignments by Geof Barton group.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://engels.genetics.wisc.edu/amplify/">Amplify</a></td> <td>Amplify is a freeware Macintosh program for simulating and testing polymerase chain reactions (PCRs). </td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/biocat/index.html">Biocatalogue</a></td> <td>EBI software directory of general interest in molecular biology and genetics.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.bioexplorer.net/toolbar/">Bioexplorer Toolbar</a></td> <td>&nbsp;An easy toolbar for NCBI databases</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[BioPAX]]</td> <td>&nbsp;Develop a common exchange format for biological pathways data.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.arc.unm.edu/~aroberts/main/free.htm">Biotech Resource</a></td> <td>Free softwares for moleular biology and structural biology</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/blast/">BLAST at NCBI</a></td> <td>Blast open source software</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/CN3D/cn3d.shtml">Cn3D</a></td> <td>Application that allows to view 3D structures, at NCBI</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><a href="http://www.clcbio.com/index.php?area=software&amp;section=free">CLC Bio</a><br /> </td> <td valign="top">Basic bioinformatics analyses and data management - free download<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a href="http://compbio.ornl.gov/structure/domainparser/">DomainParser</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">A protein domain partition program</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.emboss.org/">EMBOSS</a></td> <td>EMBOSS is a package of FREE open source software for sequence analysis</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.e-cell.org/">E-cell</a></td> <td>Simulating intracellular molecular processes of living cells project</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.extropia.com/applications.html">eXtropia</a></td> <td>Several free web tools</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="ftp://ftp.virginia.edu/pub/fasta/">Fasta</a></td> <td>Open source for Fasta</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://genamics.com/software/">Genamics</a></td> <td>Database of freely-distributable and commercial tools for use in molecular biology</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.psc.edu/biomed/genedoc/">GeneDoc</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Multiple sequence alignment editor, analyzer &amp; shading utility for windows</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://genesis.bbb.caltech.edu/GENESIS/genesis.html">Genesis</a></td> <td>Information about GEneral NEural SImulation System</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://globin.cse.psu.edu/">Globin</a></td> <td>Several free tools</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.gnu.org/">GNU</a></td> <td>Free software foundation - several tools</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://hmmer.wustl.edu/">HMMER</a></td> <td>HMMER 2.2 Profile hidden Markov models for biological sequence analysis&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://rsb.info.nih.gov/nih-image/">NIH Image</a></td> <td>Image analysis program for Macintosh from NIH</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a title="Enhanced with automated teaching methods, MassARRAY RT software automatically aligns and calibrates SEQUENOM's SpectroCHIP and provides smart rastering of DNA samples in real time without user intervention. Smart rastering dramatically improves sample efficiency and reduces individual analysis times for improved data quality and sample throughput." href="http://www.sequenom.com/genetic_systems/software/software_rt.php"><font size="-1">MassARRAY&trade; RT Software (Sequenom)</font></a>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.gsf.de/biodv/matinspector.html">MatInspector</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Detection of transcription factor binding sites</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.scriptarchive.com/">Matt's Script Archive</a></td> <td>Several free Perl scripts</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.mbshortcuts.com/software/index.htm">MB Shotcuts</a></td> <td>List of several free molecular biology softwares</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.arc.unm.edu/~aroberts/main/free.htm">MolBio Links</a></td> <td>Links to several molecular biology toos</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a href="http://iubio.bio.indiana.edu/IUBio-Software+Data/molbio/Listings.html">Molecular Biology</a></font></td> <td>List of many free software package for Mac and PC</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a href="http://theory.lcs.mit.edu/~elwolf/multicoil.html">Multicoil</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Program to p</font>redict coiled coil regions in proteins</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top"><a href="http://www.drive5.com/muscle/">MUSCLE</a><br /> </td> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">Protein Multiple Sequence Alignment Software<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><a href="http://www.softgenetics.com/">MutationSurveyor</a><a href="http://www.softgenetics.com/"> &amp; MutationExplorer</a></td> <td valign="top">Analysis of DNA variants, SNPs and mutations<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.openinformatics.org/">Open Informatics</a></td> <td>Open source softwares</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.phrap.org/">Phred, Phrap &amp; Consed</a></td> <td>Sequence quality and assembly softwares</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top"><a href="http://chum.gs.washington.edu/PolyPhred.html">PolyPhred</a><br /> </td> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">Compares traces to identify heterozygous sites for SNPs</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><a href="http://physionet.org/">PhysioNet</a><br /> </td> <td valign="top">Collection of physiologic simulation software<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.chemicalgraphics.com/">PovChem</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Visualization program for PDB protein structures</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.hgmp.mrc.ac.uk/CCP11/code_libraries.txt.html#21">Programming Libraries</a></td> <td>Bioinformatics Programming Libraries, links to lots of sites and source codes</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://compbio.ornl.gov/structure/prospect/">Prospect</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">A threading-based protein structure prediction system</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://lib.stat.cmu.edu/R/CRAN/">R - statistical package</a></td> <td>Statistical computing and graphics software</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://taxonomy.zoology.gla.ac.uk/rod/treeview.html">TreeView</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Tree drawing software for Apple Macintosh and Windows</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://sourceforge.net/softwaremap/trove_list.php?form_cat=252">SourceForge.net</a></td> <td>Several ready to use tool</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/pubseq/">Staden Package</a></td> <td>A excellent package for sequence analysis and assembly</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.ualberta.ca/~stothard/javascript/d_load.html">Sequence Manipulation</a></td> <td>Free suite of sequence manipulation tools</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://blast.wustl.edu/">WU-BLAST</a></td> <td>Washington university BLAST archives</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> a5166a4820a08dc3bab72493a642e879443425df 1909 2008-01-15T05:36:41Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong><font size="5">Genomics Software</font></strong><br /> <br /> <strong>See also: [http://biosoftware.org Biosoftware.org]<br /> </strong><br /> <table style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" height="1653" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" summary="" border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.compbio.dundee.ac.uk/Software/Alscript/alscript.html">Alscript</a>&nbsp;<font color="#999999">by Barton Group</font></td> <td>Program to format multiple sequence alignments by Geof Barton group.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://engels.genetics.wisc.edu/amplify/">Amplify</a></td> <td>Amplify is a freeware Macintosh program for simulating and testing polymerase chain reactions (PCRs). </td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/biocat/index.html">Biocatalogue</a></td> <td>EBI software directory of general interest in molecular biology and genetics.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.bioexplorer.net/toolbar/">Bioexplorer Toolbar</a></td> <td>&nbsp;An easy toolbar for NCBI databases</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[BioPAX]]</td> <td>&nbsp;Develop a common exchange format for biological pathways data.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.arc.unm.edu/~aroberts/main/free.htm">Biotech Resource</a><font color="#c0c0c0">&nbsp;at UNM.edu</font></td> <td>&nbsp;<font color="#000000" size="2">Free Software that is Relevant to the Molecular Biology and Structural Biology Fields</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/blast/">BLAST at NCBI</a></td> <td>Blast open source software</td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;[http://www.ch.embnet.org/software/BOX_form.html BoxShade]</td> <td>&nbsp;Pretty Printing and Shading of Multiple-Alignment files from <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org">www.ch.embnet.org</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/CN3D/cn3d.shtml">Cn3D</a></td> <td>Application that allows to view 3D structures, at NCBI</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><a href="http://www.clcbio.com/index.php?area=software&amp;section=free">CLC Bio</a><br /> </td> <td valign="top">Basic bioinformatics analyses and data management - free download<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a href="http://compbio.ornl.gov/structure/domainparser/">DomainParser</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">A protein domain partition program</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.emboss.org/">EMBOSS</a></td> <td>EMBOSS is a package of FREE open source software for sequence analysis</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.e-cell.org/">E-cell</a></td> <td>Simulating intracellular molecular processes of living cells project</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.extropia.com/applications.html">eXtropia</a></td> <td>Several free web tools</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="ftp://ftp.virginia.edu/pub/fasta/">Fasta</a></td> <td>Open source for Fasta</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://genamics.com/software/">Genamics</a></td> <td>Database of freely-distributable and commercial tools for use in molecular biology</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.psc.edu/biomed/genedoc/">GeneDoc</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Multiple sequence alignment editor, analyzer &amp; shading utility for windows</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://genesis.bbb.caltech.edu/GENESIS/genesis.html">Genesis</a></td> <td>Information about GEneral NEural SImulation System</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://globin.cse.psu.edu/">Globin</a></td> <td>Several free tools</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.gnu.org/">GNU</a></td> <td>Free software foundation - several tools</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://hmmer.wustl.edu/">HMMER</a></td> <td>HMMER 2.2 Profile hidden Markov models for biological sequence analysis&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://rsb.info.nih.gov/nih-image/">NIH Image</a></td> <td>Image analysis program for Macintosh from NIH</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a title="Enhanced with automated teaching methods, MassARRAY RT software automatically aligns and calibrates SEQUENOM's SpectroCHIP and provides smart rastering of DNA samples in real time without user intervention. Smart rastering dramatically improves sample efficiency and reduces individual analysis times for improved data quality and sample throughput." href="http://www.sequenom.com/genetic_systems/software/software_rt.php"><font size="-1">MassARRAY&trade; RT Software (Sequenom)</font></a>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.gsf.de/biodv/matinspector.html">MatInspector</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Detection of transcription factor binding sites</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.scriptarchive.com/">Matt's Script Archive</a></td> <td>Several free Perl scripts</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.mbshortcuts.com/software/index.htm">MB Shotcuts</a></td> <td>List of several free molecular biology softwares</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.arc.unm.edu/~aroberts/main/free.htm">MolBio Links</a></td> <td>Links to several molecular biology toos</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a href="http://iubio.bio.indiana.edu/IUBio-Software+Data/molbio/Listings.html">Molecular Biology</a></font></td> <td>List of many free software package for Mac and PC</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a href="http://theory.lcs.mit.edu/~elwolf/multicoil.html">Multicoil</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Program to p</font>redict coiled coil regions in proteins</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top"><a href="http://www.drive5.com/muscle/">MUSCLE</a><br /> </td> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">Protein Multiple Sequence Alignment Software<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><a href="http://www.softgenetics.com/">MutationSurveyor</a><a href="http://www.softgenetics.com/"> &amp; MutationExplorer</a></td> <td valign="top">Analysis of DNA variants, SNPs and mutations<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.openinformatics.org/">Open Informatics</a></td> <td>Open source softwares</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.phrap.org/">Phred, Phrap &amp; Consed</a></td> <td>Sequence quality and assembly softwares</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top"><a href="http://chum.gs.washington.edu/PolyPhred.html">PolyPhred</a><br /> </td> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">Compares traces to identify heterozygous sites for SNPs</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><a href="http://physionet.org/">PhysioNet</a><br /> </td> <td valign="top">Collection of physiologic simulation software<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.chemicalgraphics.com/">PovChem</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Visualization program for PDB protein structures</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.hgmp.mrc.ac.uk/CCP11/code_libraries.txt.html#21">Programming Libraries</a></td> <td>Bioinformatics Programming Libraries, links to lots of sites and source codes</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://compbio.ornl.gov/structure/prospect/">Prospect</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">A threading-based protein structure prediction system</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://lib.stat.cmu.edu/R/CRAN/">R - statistical package</a></td> <td>Statistical computing and graphics software</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://taxonomy.zoology.gla.ac.uk/rod/treeview.html">TreeView</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Tree drawing software for Apple Macintosh and Windows</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://sourceforge.net/softwaremap/trove_list.php?form_cat=252">SourceForge.net</a></td> <td>Several ready to use tool</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/pubseq/">Staden Package</a></td> <td>A excellent package for sequence analysis and assembly</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.ualberta.ca/~stothard/javascript/d_load.html">Sequence Manipulation</a></td> <td>Free suite of sequence manipulation tools</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://blast.wustl.edu/">WU-BLAST</a></td> <td>Washington university BLAST archives</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> 6070d759c7fe605ea3c3da10c02ac5c2813db0f1 1910 2008-01-15T05:38:26Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong><font size="5">Genomics Software</font></strong><br /> <br /> <strong>See also: [http://biosoftware.org Biosoftware.org]<br /> </strong><br /> <table style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" height="1653" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" summary="" border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.compbio.dundee.ac.uk/Software/Alscript/alscript.html">Alscript</a>&nbsp;<font color="#999999">by Barton Group</font></td> <td>Program to format multiple sequence alignments by Geof Barton group.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://engels.genetics.wisc.edu/amplify/">Amplify</a></td> <td>Amplify is a freeware Macintosh program for simulating and testing polymerase chain reactions (PCRs). </td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/biocat/index.html">Biocatalogue</a></td> <td>EBI software directory of general interest in molecular biology and genetics.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.bioexplorer.net/toolbar/">Bioexplorer Toolbar</a></td> <td>&nbsp;An easy toolbar for NCBI databases</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[BioPAX]]</td> <td>&nbsp;Develop a common exchange format for biological pathways data.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.arc.unm.edu/~aroberts/main/free.htm">Biotech Resource</a><font color="#c0c0c0">&nbsp;at UNM.edu</font></td> <td>&nbsp;<font color="#000000" size="2">Free Software that is Relevant to the Molecular Biology and Structural Biology Fields</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/blast/">BLAST at NCBI</a></td> <td>Blast open source software</td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;[http://www.ch.embnet.org/software/BOX_form.html BoxShade]</td> <td>&nbsp;Pretty Printing and Shading of Multiple-Alignment files from <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org">www.ch.embnet.org</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/CN3D/cn3d.shtml">Cn3D</a></td> <td>Application that allows to view 3D structures, at NCBI</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><a href="http://www.clcbio.com/index.php?area=software&amp;section=free">CLC Bio</a><br /> </td> <td valign="top">Basic bioinformatics analyses and data management - free download<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a href="http://compbio.ornl.gov/structure/domainparser/">DomainParser</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">A protein domain partition program</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.emboss.org/">EMBOSS</a></td> <td>EMBOSS is a package of FREE open source software for sequence analysis</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.e-cell.org/">E-cell</a></td> <td>Simulating intracellular molecular processes of living cells project</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.extropia.com/applications.html">eXtropia</a></td> <td>Several free web tools</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="ftp://ftp.virginia.edu/pub/fasta/">Fasta</a></td> <td>Open source for Fasta</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://genomics.com/software/">Genamics</a></td> <td>Database of freely-distributable and commercial tools for use in molecular biology</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.psc.edu/biomed/genedoc/">GeneDoc</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Multiple sequence alignment editor, analyzer &amp; shading utility for windows</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://genesis.bbb.caltech.edu/GENESIS/genesis.html">Genesis</a></td> <td>Information about GEneral NEural SImulation System</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://globin.cse.psu.edu/">Globin</a></td> <td>Several free tools</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.gnu.org/">GNU</a></td> <td>Free software foundation - several tools</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://hmmer.wustl.edu/">HMMER</a></td> <td>HMMER 2.2 Profile hidden Markov models for biological sequence analysis&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://rsb.info.nih.gov/nih-image/">NIH Image</a></td> <td>Image analysis program for Macintosh from NIH</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a title="Enhanced with automated teaching methods, MassARRAY RT software automatically aligns and calibrates SEQUENOM's SpectroCHIP and provides smart rastering of DNA samples in real time without user intervention. Smart rastering dramatically improves sample efficiency and reduces individual analysis times for improved data quality and sample throughput." href="http://www.sequenom.com/genetic_systems/software/software_rt.php"><font size="-1">MassARRAY&trade; RT Software (Sequenom)</font></a>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.gsf.de/biodv/matinspector.html">MatInspector</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Detection of transcription factor binding sites</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.scriptarchive.com/">Matt's Script Archive</a></td> <td>Several free Perl scripts</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.mbshortcuts.com/software/index.htm">MB Shotcuts</a></td> <td>List of several free molecular biology softwares</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.arc.unm.edu/~aroberts/main/free.htm">MolBio Links</a></td> <td>Links to several molecular biology toos</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a href="http://iubio.bio.indiana.edu/IUBio-Software+Data/molbio/Listings.html">Molecular Biology</a></font></td> <td>List of many free software package for Mac and PC</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a href="http://theory.lcs.mit.edu/~elwolf/multicoil.html">Multicoil</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Program to p</font>redict coiled coil regions in proteins</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top"><a href="http://www.drive5.com/muscle/">MUSCLE</a><br /> </td> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">Protein Multiple Sequence Alignment Software<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><a href="http://www.softgenetics.com/">MutationSurveyor</a><a href="http://www.softgenetics.com/"> &amp; MutationExplorer</a></td> <td valign="top">Analysis of DNA variants, SNPs and mutations<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.openinformatics.org/">Open Informatics</a></td> <td>Open source softwares</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.phrap.org/">Phred, Phrap &amp; Consed</a></td> <td>Sequence quality and assembly softwares</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top"><a href="http://chum.gs.washington.edu/PolyPhred.html">PolyPhred</a><br /> </td> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">Compares traces to identify heterozygous sites for SNPs</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><a href="http://physionet.org/">PhysioNet</a><br /> </td> <td valign="top">Collection of physiologic simulation software<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.chemicalgraphics.com/">PovChem</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Visualization program for PDB protein structures</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.hgmp.mrc.ac.uk/CCP11/code_libraries.txt.html#21">Programming Libraries</a></td> <td>Bioinformatics Programming Libraries, links to lots of sites and source codes</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://compbio.ornl.gov/structure/prospect/">Prospect</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">A threading-based protein structure prediction system</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://lib.stat.cmu.edu/R/CRAN/">R - statistical package</a></td> <td>Statistical computing and graphics software</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://taxonomy.zoology.gla.ac.uk/rod/treeview.html">TreeView</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Tree drawing software for Apple Macintosh and Windows</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://sourceforge.net/softwaremap/trove_list.php?form_cat=252">SourceForge.net</a></td> <td>Several ready to use tool</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/pubseq/">Staden Package</a></td> <td>A excellent package for sequence analysis and assembly</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.ualberta.ca/~stothard/javascript/d_load.html">Sequence Manipulation</a></td> <td>Free suite of sequence manipulation tools</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://blast.wustl.edu/">WU-BLAST</a></td> <td>Washington university BLAST archives</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> 6aae115d3d475cd5d5a6c2b331d84dad963d7bfc 1911 2008-01-15T05:39:26Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong><font size="5">Genomics Software</font></strong><br /> <br /> <strong>See also: [http://biosoftware.org Biosoftware.org]<br /> </strong><br /> <table style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" height="1653" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" summary="" border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.compbio.dundee.ac.uk/Software/Alscript/alscript.html">Alscript</a>&nbsp;<font color="#999999">by Barton Group</font></td> <td>Program to format multiple sequence alignments by Geof Barton group.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://engels.genetics.wisc.edu/amplify/">Amplify</a></td> <td>Amplify is a freeware Macintosh program for simulating and testing polymerase chain reactions (PCRs). </td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/biocat/index.html">Biocatalogue</a></td> <td>EBI software directory of general interest in molecular biology and genetics.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.bioexplorer.net/toolbar/">Bioexplorer Toolbar</a></td> <td>&nbsp;An easy toolbar for NCBI databases</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[BioPAX]]</td> <td>&nbsp;Develop a common exchange format for biological pathways data.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.arc.unm.edu/~aroberts/main/free.htm">Biotech Resource</a><font color="#c0c0c0">&nbsp;at UNM.edu</font></td> <td>&nbsp;<font color="#000000" size="2">Free Software that is Relevant to the Molecular Biology and Structural Biology Fields</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/blast/">BLAST at NCBI</a></td> <td>Blast open source software</td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;[http://www.ch.embnet.org/software/BOX_form.html BoxShade]</td> <td>&nbsp;Pretty Printing and Shading of Multiple-Alignment files from <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org">www.ch.embnet.org</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/CN3D/cn3d.shtml">Cn3D</a></td> <td>Application that allows to view 3D structures, at NCBI</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><a href="http://www.clcbio.com/index.php?area=software&amp;section=free">CLC Bio</a><br /> </td> <td valign="top">Basic bioinformatics analyses and data management - free download<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a href="http://compbio.ornl.gov/structure/domainparser/">DomainParser</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">A protein domain partition program</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.emboss.org/">EMBOSS</a></td> <td>EMBOSS is a package of FREE open source software for sequence analysis</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.e-cell.org/">E-cell</a></td> <td>Simulating intracellular molecular processes of living cells project</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.extropia.com/applications.html">eXtropia</a></td> <td>Several free web tools</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="ftp://ftp.virginia.edu/pub/fasta/">Fasta</a></td> <td>Open source for Fasta</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://genamics.com/software/">Genamics</a></td> <td>Gen<font color="#ff0000">a</font>mics SoftwareSeek is a respository and database of freely-distributable and commercial tools for use in molecular biology and biochemistry</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.psc.edu/biomed/genedoc/">GeneDoc</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Multiple sequence alignment editor, analyzer &amp; shading utility for windows</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://genesis.bbb.caltech.edu/GENESIS/genesis.html">Genesis</a></td> <td>Information about GEneral NEural SImulation System</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://globin.cse.psu.edu/">Globin</a></td> <td>Several free tools</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.gnu.org/">GNU</a></td> <td>Free software foundation - several tools</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://hmmer.wustl.edu/">HMMER</a></td> <td>HMMER 2.2 Profile hidden Markov models for biological sequence analysis&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://rsb.info.nih.gov/nih-image/">NIH Image</a></td> <td>Image analysis program for Macintosh from NIH</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a title="Enhanced with automated teaching methods, MassARRAY RT software automatically aligns and calibrates SEQUENOM's SpectroCHIP and provides smart rastering of DNA samples in real time without user intervention. Smart rastering dramatically improves sample efficiency and reduces individual analysis times for improved data quality and sample throughput." href="http://www.sequenom.com/genetic_systems/software/software_rt.php"><font size="-1">MassARRAY&trade; RT Software (Sequenom)</font></a>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.gsf.de/biodv/matinspector.html">MatInspector</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Detection of transcription factor binding sites</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.scriptarchive.com/">Matt's Script Archive</a></td> <td>Several free Perl scripts</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.mbshortcuts.com/software/index.htm">MB Shotcuts</a></td> <td>List of several free molecular biology softwares</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.arc.unm.edu/~aroberts/main/free.htm">MolBio Links</a></td> <td>Links to several molecular biology toos</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a href="http://iubio.bio.indiana.edu/IUBio-Software+Data/molbio/Listings.html">Molecular Biology</a></font></td> <td>List of many free software package for Mac and PC</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a href="http://theory.lcs.mit.edu/~elwolf/multicoil.html">Multicoil</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Program to p</font>redict coiled coil regions in proteins</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top"><a href="http://www.drive5.com/muscle/">MUSCLE</a><br /> </td> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">Protein Multiple Sequence Alignment Software<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><a href="http://www.softgenetics.com/">MutationSurveyor</a><a href="http://www.softgenetics.com/"> &amp; MutationExplorer</a></td> <td valign="top">Analysis of DNA variants, SNPs and mutations<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.openinformatics.org/">Open Informatics</a></td> <td>Open source softwares</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.phrap.org/">Phred, Phrap &amp; Consed</a></td> <td>Sequence quality and assembly softwares</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top"><a href="http://chum.gs.washington.edu/PolyPhred.html">PolyPhred</a><br /> </td> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">Compares traces to identify heterozygous sites for SNPs</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><a href="http://physionet.org/">PhysioNet</a><br /> </td> <td valign="top">Collection of physiologic simulation software<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.chemicalgraphics.com/">PovChem</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Visualization program for PDB protein structures</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.hgmp.mrc.ac.uk/CCP11/code_libraries.txt.html#21">Programming Libraries</a></td> <td>Bioinformatics Programming Libraries, links to lots of sites and source codes</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://compbio.ornl.gov/structure/prospect/">Prospect</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">A threading-based protein structure prediction system</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://lib.stat.cmu.edu/R/CRAN/">R - statistical package</a></td> <td>Statistical computing and graphics software</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://taxonomy.zoology.gla.ac.uk/rod/treeview.html">TreeView</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Tree drawing software for Apple Macintosh and Windows</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://sourceforge.net/softwaremap/trove_list.php?form_cat=252">SourceForge.net</a></td> <td>Several ready to use tool</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/pubseq/">Staden Package</a></td> <td>A excellent package for sequence analysis and assembly</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.ualberta.ca/~stothard/javascript/d_load.html">Sequence Manipulation</a></td> <td>Free suite of sequence manipulation tools</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://blast.wustl.edu/">WU-BLAST</a></td> <td>Washington university BLAST archives</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> d524e228aea6162025c064ab28dd934d1480eefa 0 1584 1913 2008-01-15T05:42:33Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong><font size="5">Genomics Software<br /> <br /> </font>See also: [http://biosoftware.org Biosoftware.org]<br /> </strong><br /> <table style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" height="1653" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" summary="" border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.compbio.dundee.ac.uk/Software/Alscript/alscript.html"><font color="#810081">Alscript</font></a>&nbsp;<font color="#999999">by Barton Group</font></td> <td>Program to format multiple sequence alignments by Geof Barton group.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://engels.genetics.wisc.edu/amplify/"><font color="#810081">Amplify</font></a></td> <td>Amplify is a freeware Macintosh program for simulating and testing polymerase chain reactions (PCRs). </td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/biocat/index.html"><font color="#810081">Biocatalogue</font></a></td> <td>EBI software directory of general interest in molecular biology and genetics.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.bioexplorer.net/toolbar/"><font color="#810081">Bioexplorer Toolbar</font></a></td> <td>&nbsp;An easy toolbar for NCBI databases</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[BioPAX]]</td> <td>&nbsp;Develop a common exchange format for biological pathways data.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.arc.unm.edu/~aroberts/main/free.htm"><font color="#810081">Biotech Resource</font></a><font color="#c0c0c0">&nbsp;at UNM.edu</font></td> <td>&nbsp;<font color="#000000" size="2">Free Software that is Relevant to the Molecular Biology and Structural Biology Fields</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/blast/">BLAST at NCBI</a></td> <td>Blast open source software</td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;[http://www.ch.embnet.org/software/BOX_form.html BoxShade]</td> <td>&nbsp;Pretty Printing and Shading of Multiple-Alignment files from <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org">www.ch.embnet.org</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/CN3D/cn3d.shtml">Cn3D</a></td> <td>Application that allows to view 3D structures, at NCBI</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><a href="http://www.clcbio.com/index.php?area=software&amp;section=free">CLC Bio</a><br /> </td> <td valign="top">Basic bioinformatics analyses and data management - free download<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a href="http://compbio.ornl.gov/structure/domainparser/">DomainParser</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">A protein domain partition program</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.emboss.org/">EMBOSS</a></td> <td>EMBOSS is a package of FREE open source software for sequence analysis</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.e-cell.org/">E-cell</a></td> <td>Simulating intracellular molecular processes of living cells project</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.extropia.com/applications.html">eXtropia</a></td> <td>Several free web tools</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="ftp://ftp.virginia.edu/pub/fasta/">Fasta</a></td> <td>Open source for Fasta</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://genamics.com/software/"><font color="#810081">Genamics</font></a></td> <td>Gen<font color="#ff0000">a</font>mics SoftwareSeek is a respository and database of freely-distributable and commercial tools for use in molecular biology and biochemistry</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a target="new" href="http://www.psc.edu/biomed/genedoc/"><font color="#810081">GeneDoc</font></a></td> <td><font color="#000000">Multiple sequence alignment editor, analyzer &amp; shading utility for windows</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://genesis.bbb.caltech.edu/GENESIS/genesis.html">Genesis</a></td> <td>Information about GEneral NEural SImulation System</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://globin.cse.psu.edu/">Globin</a></td> <td>Several free tools</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.gnu.org/">GNU</a></td> <td>Free software foundation - several tools</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://hmmer.wustl.edu/">HMMER</a></td> <td>HMMER 2.2 Profile hidden Markov models for biological sequence analysis&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://rsb.info.nih.gov/nih-image/">NIH Image</a></td> <td>Image analysis program for Macintosh from NIH</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a title="Enhanced with automated teaching methods, MassARRAY RT software automatically aligns and calibrates SEQUENOM's SpectroCHIP and provides smart rastering of DNA samples in real time without user intervention. Smart rastering dramatically improves sample efficiency and reduces individual analysis times for improved data quality and sample throughput." href="http://www.sequenom.com/genetic_systems/software/software_rt.php"><font size="-1">MassARRAY&trade; RT Software (Sequenom)</font></a>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.gsf.de/biodv/matinspector.html">MatInspector</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Detection of transcription factor binding sites</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.scriptarchive.com/">Matt's Script Archive</a></td> <td>Several free Perl scripts</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.mbshortcuts.com/software/index.htm">MB Shotcuts</a></td> <td>List of several free molecular biology softwares</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.arc.unm.edu/~aroberts/main/free.htm"><font color="#810081">MolBio Links</font></a></td> <td>Links to several molecular biology toos</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a href="http://iubio.bio.indiana.edu/IUBio-Software+Data/molbio/Listings.html">Molecular Biology</a></font></td> <td>List of many free software package for Mac and PC</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a href="http://theory.lcs.mit.edu/~elwolf/multicoil.html">Multicoil</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Program to p</font>redict coiled coil regions in proteins</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top"><a href="http://www.drive5.com/muscle/">MUSCLE</a><br /> </td> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">Protein Multiple Sequence Alignment Software<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><a href="http://www.softgenetics.com/">MutationSurveyor</a><a href="http://www.softgenetics.com/"> &amp; MutationExplorer</a></td> <td valign="top">Analysis of DNA variants, SNPs and mutations<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.openinformatics.org/">Open Informatics</a></td> <td>Open source softwares</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.phrap.org/">Phred, Phrap &amp; Consed</a></td> <td>Sequence quality and assembly softwares</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top"><a href="http://chum.gs.washington.edu/PolyPhred.html">PolyPhred</a><br /> </td> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">Compares traces to identify heterozygous sites for SNPs</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><a href="http://physionet.org/">PhysioNet</a><br /> </td> <td valign="top">Collection of physiologic simulation software<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.chemicalgraphics.com/">PovChem</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Visualization program for PDB protein structures</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.hgmp.mrc.ac.uk/CCP11/code_libraries.txt.html#21">Programming Libraries</a></td> <td>Bioinformatics Programming Libraries, links to lots of sites and source codes</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://compbio.ornl.gov/structure/prospect/">Prospect</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">A threading-based protein structure prediction system</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://lib.stat.cmu.edu/R/CRAN/">R - statistical package</a></td> <td>Statistical computing and graphics software</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://taxonomy.zoology.gla.ac.uk/rod/treeview.html">TreeView</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Tree drawing software for Apple Macintosh and Windows</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://sourceforge.net/softwaremap/trove_list.php?form_cat=252">SourceForge.net</a></td> <td>Several ready to use tool</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/pubseq/">Staden Package</a></td> <td>A excellent package for sequence analysis and assembly</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.ualberta.ca/~stothard/javascript/d_load.html">Sequence Manipulation</a></td> <td>Free suite of sequence manipulation tools</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://blast.wustl.edu/">WU-BLAST</a></td> <td>Washington university BLAST archives</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> 149118e59c2e7f49c823bbb0ec5fc7b460d56027 1924 2008-01-15T07:27:24Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong><font size="5">Genomics Software<br /> <br /> </font>See also: [http://biosoftware.org Biosoftware.org]<br /> </strong><br /> <table style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" height="1653" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" summary="" border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.compbio.dundee.ac.uk/Software/Alscript/alscript.html"><font color="#810081">Alscript</font></a>&nbsp;<font color="#999999">by Barton Group</font></td> <td>Program to format multiple sequence alignments by Geof Barton group.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://engels.genetics.wisc.edu/amplify/"><font color="#810081">Amplify</font></a></td> <td>Amplify is a freeware Macintosh program for simulating and testing polymerase chain reactions (PCRs). </td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/biocat/index.html"><font color="#810081">Biocatalogue</font></a></td> <td>EBI software directory of general interest in molecular biology and genetics.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.bioexplorer.net/toolbar/"><font color="#810081">Bioexplorer Toolbar</font></a></td> <td>&nbsp;An easy toolbar for NCBI databases</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[BioPAX]]</td> <td>&nbsp;Develop a common exchange format for biological pathways data.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.arc.unm.edu/~aroberts/main/free.htm"><font color="#810081">Biotech Resource</font></a><font color="#c0c0c0">&nbsp;at UNM.edu</font></td> <td>&nbsp;<font color="#000000" size="2">Free Software that is Relevant to the Molecular Biology and Structural Biology Fields</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/blast/">BLAST at NCBI</a></td> <td>&nbsp;Blast [[public domain]] software served by NCBI of USA.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;[http://www.ch.embnet.org/software/BOX_form.html BoxShade]</td> <td>&nbsp;Pretty Printing and Shading of Multiple-Alignment files from <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org">www.ch.embnet.org</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/CN3D/cn3d.shtml">Cn3D</a></td> <td>&nbsp;Application that allows to view 3D structures, at NCBI, NIH, USA.</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><a href="http://www.clcbio.com/index.php?area=software&amp;section=free">CLC Bio</a></td> <td valign="top">&nbsp;Basic bioinformatics analyses and data management - free download</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a href="http://compbio.ornl.gov/structure/domainparser/">DomainParser</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">&nbsp;A protein domain partition program</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.emboss.org/">EMBOSS</a></td> <td>&nbsp;EMBOSS is a package of free open source software for bioinformatic analyses</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.e-cell.org/">E-cell</a></td> <td>&nbsp;Simulating intracellular molecular processes of living cells project</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.extropia.com/applications.html">eXtropia</a></td> <td>&nbsp;Several free web tools</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="ftp://ftp.virginia.edu/pub/fasta/">Fasta</a></td> <td>&nbsp;Open source for Fasta</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://genamics.com/software/"><font color="#810081">Genamics</font></a></td> <td>&nbsp;Gen<font color="#ff0000">a</font>mics SoftwareSeek is a respository and database of freely-distributable and commercial tools for use in molecular biology and biochemistry</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a target="new" href="http://www.psc.edu/biomed/genedoc/"><font color="#810081">GeneDoc</font></a></td> <td><font color="#000000">&nbsp;Multiple sequence alignment editor, analyzer &amp; shading utility for windows</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://genesis.bbb.caltech.edu/GENESIS/genesis.html">Genesis</a></td> <td>&nbsp;Information about GEneral NEural SImulation System</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://globin.cse.psu.edu/">Globin</a></td> <td>&nbsp;Several free tools</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.gnu.org/">GNU</a></td> <td>&nbsp;Free software foundation - several opensource&nbsp;programming&nbsp;tools for free OS such as [[LINUX]].</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://hmmer.wustl.edu/">HMMER</a></td> <td>&nbsp;HMMER:&nbsp;Hidden Markov models for biological sequence analysis by Sean Eddy.&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://rsb.info.nih.gov/nih-image/">NIH Image</a></td> <td>&nbsp;Image analysis program for Macintosh from NIH</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a title="Enhanced with automated teaching methods, MassARRAY RT software automatically aligns and calibrates SEQUENOM's SpectroCHIP and provides smart rastering of DNA samples in real time without user intervention. Smart rastering dramatically improves sample efficiency and reduces individual analysis times for improved data quality and sample throughput." href="http://www.sequenom.com/genetic_systems/software/software_rt.php"><font size="-1">MassARRAY&trade; RT Software (Sequenom)</font></a>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.gsf.de/biodv/matinspector.html">MatInspector</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">&nbsp;Detection of transcription factor binding sites</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.scriptarchive.com/">Matt's Script Archive</a></td> <td>&nbsp;Several free Perl scripts</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.mbshortcuts.com/software/index.htm">MB Shotcuts</a></td> <td>&nbsp;List of several free molecular biology softwares</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.arc.unm.edu/~aroberts/main/free.htm"><font color="#810081">MolBio Links</font></a></td> <td>&nbsp;Links to several molecular biology toos</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a href="http://iubio.bio.indiana.edu/IUBio-Software+Data/molbio/Listings.html">Molecular Biology</a></font></td> <td>&nbsp;List of many free software package for Mac and PC</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a href="http://theory.lcs.mit.edu/~elwolf/multicoil.html">Multicoil</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">&nbsp;Program to p</font>redict coiled coil regions in proteins</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top"><a href="http://www.drive5.com/muscle/">MUSCLE</a></td> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">&nbsp;Protein Multiple Sequence Alignment Software</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><a href="http://www.softgenetics.com/">MutationSurveyor</a><a href="http://www.softgenetics.com/"> &amp; MutationExplorer</a></td> <td valign="top">&nbsp;Analysis of DNA variants, SNPs and mutations</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.openinformatics.org/">Open Informatics</a></td> <td>&nbsp;Open source softwares</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.phrap.org/">Phred, Phrap &amp; Consed</a></td> <td>&nbsp;Sequence quality and assembly softwares</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top"><a href="http://chum.gs.washington.edu/PolyPhred.html">PolyPhred</a></td> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">&nbsp;Compares traces to identify heterozygous sites for SNPs</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><a href="http://physionet.org/">PhysioNet</a></td> <td valign="top">&nbsp;Collection of physiologic simulation software</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.chemicalgraphics.com/">PovChem</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">&nbsp;Visualization program for PDB protein structures</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.hgmp.mrc.ac.uk/CCP11/code_libraries.txt.html#21">Programming Libraries</a></td> <td>&nbsp;Bioinformatics Programming Libraries, links to lots of sites and source codes</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://compbio.ornl.gov/structure/prospect/">Prospect</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">&nbsp;A threading-based protein structure prediction system</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://lib.stat.cmu.edu/R/CRAN/">R - statistical package</a></td> <td>&nbsp;Statistical computing and graphics software</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://taxonomy.zoology.gla.ac.uk/rod/treeview.html">TreeView</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Tree drawing software for Apple Macintosh and Windows</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://sourceforge.net/softwaremap/trove_list.php?form_cat=252">SourceForge.net</a></td> <td>&nbsp;Several ready to use tool</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/pubseq/">Staden Package</a></td> <td>&nbsp;A excellent package for sequence analysis and assembly</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.ualberta.ca/~stothard/javascript/d_load.html">Sequence Manipulation</a></td> <td>&nbsp;Free suite of sequence manipulation tools</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://blast.wustl.edu/">WU-BLAST</a>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;Washington University BLAST archives</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> da960a7fbf29e4983766d641dd79fa0916275f64 1925 2008-01-15T07:29:43Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong><font size="5">Genomics Software<br /> <br /> </font>See also: [http://biosoftware.org Biosoftware.org]<br /> </strong><br /> <table style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" height="1653" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" summary="" border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.compbio.dundee.ac.uk/Software/Alscript/alscript.html"><font color="#810081">Alscript</font></a>&nbsp;<font color="#999999">by Barton Group</font></td> <td>Program to format multiple sequence alignments by Geof Barton group.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://engels.genetics.wisc.edu/amplify/"><font color="#810081">Amplify</font></a></td> <td>Amplify is a freeware Macintosh program for simulating and testing polymerase chain reactions (PCRs). </td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/biocat/index.html"><font color="#810081">Biocatalogue</font></a></td> <td>EBI software directory of general interest in molecular biology and genetics.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.bioexplorer.net/toolbar/"><font color="#810081">Bioexplorer Toolbar</font></a></td> <td>&nbsp;An easy toolbar for NCBI databases</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[BioJava]]</td> <td>&nbsp;Biological module for Java programming language.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[BioPAX]]</td> <td>&nbsp;Develop a common exchange format for biological pathways data.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.arc.unm.edu/~aroberts/main/free.htm"><font color="#810081">Biotech Resource</font></a><font color="#c0c0c0">&nbsp;at UNM.edu</font></td> <td>&nbsp;<font color="#000000" size="2">Free Software that is Relevant to the Molecular Biology and Structural Biology Fields</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[BioPerl]]</td> <td>&nbsp;BioPerl: biological module for Perl programming language.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[BioPHP]]</td> <td>&nbsp;BioPHP: biological module for PHP programming language.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[BioPython]]</td> <td>&nbsp;BioPython: biological module for Python programming language.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[BioRuby]]</td> <td>&nbsp;BioRuby: biological module for Ruby programming language</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/blast/">BLAST at NCBI</a></td> <td>&nbsp;Blast [[public domain]] software served by NCBI of USA.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;[http://www.ch.embnet.org/software/BOX_form.html BoxShade]</td> <td>&nbsp;Pretty Printing and Shading of Multiple-Alignment files from <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org">www.ch.embnet.org</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/CN3D/cn3d.shtml">Cn3D</a></td> <td>&nbsp;Application that allows to view 3D structures, at NCBI, NIH, USA.</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><a href="http://www.clcbio.com/index.php?area=software&amp;section=free">CLC Bio</a></td> <td valign="top">&nbsp;Basic bioinformatics analyses and data management - free download</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a href="http://compbio.ornl.gov/structure/domainparser/">DomainParser</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">&nbsp;A protein domain partition program</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.emboss.org/">EMBOSS</a></td> <td>&nbsp;EMBOSS is a package of free open source software for bioinformatic analyses</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.e-cell.org/">E-cell</a></td> <td>&nbsp;Simulating intracellular molecular processes of living cells project</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.extropia.com/applications.html">eXtropia</a></td> <td>&nbsp;Several free web tools</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="ftp://ftp.virginia.edu/pub/fasta/">Fasta</a></td> <td>&nbsp;Open source for Fasta</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://genamics.com/software/"><font color="#810081">Genamics</font></a></td> <td>&nbsp;Gen<font color="#ff0000">a</font>mics SoftwareSeek is a respository and database of freely-distributable and commercial tools for use in molecular biology and biochemistry</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a target="new" href="http://www.psc.edu/biomed/genedoc/"><font color="#810081">GeneDoc</font></a></td> <td><font color="#000000">&nbsp;Multiple sequence alignment editor, analyzer &amp; shading utility for windows</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://genesis.bbb.caltech.edu/GENESIS/genesis.html">Genesis</a></td> <td>&nbsp;Information about GEneral NEural SImulation System</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://globin.cse.psu.edu/">Globin</a></td> <td>&nbsp;Several free tools</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.gnu.org/">GNU</a></td> <td>&nbsp;Free software foundation - several opensource&nbsp;programming&nbsp;tools for free OS such as [[LINUX]].</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://hmmer.wustl.edu/">HMMER</a></td> <td>&nbsp;HMMER:&nbsp;Hidden Markov models for biological sequence analysis by Sean Eddy.&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://rsb.info.nih.gov/nih-image/">NIH Image</a></td> <td>&nbsp;Image analysis program for Macintosh from NIH</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a title="Enhanced with automated teaching methods, MassARRAY RT software automatically aligns and calibrates SEQUENOM's SpectroCHIP and provides smart rastering of DNA samples in real time without user intervention. Smart rastering dramatically improves sample efficiency and reduces individual analysis times for improved data quality and sample throughput." href="http://www.sequenom.com/genetic_systems/software/software_rt.php"><font size="-1">MassARRAY&trade; RT Software (Sequenom)</font></a>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.gsf.de/biodv/matinspector.html">MatInspector</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">&nbsp;Detection of transcription factor binding sites</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.scriptarchive.com/">Matt's Script Archive</a></td> <td>&nbsp;Several free Perl scripts</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.mbshortcuts.com/software/index.htm">MB Shotcuts</a></td> <td>&nbsp;List of several free molecular biology softwares</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.arc.unm.edu/~aroberts/main/free.htm"><font color="#810081">MolBio Links</font></a></td> <td>&nbsp;Links to several molecular biology toos</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a href="http://iubio.bio.indiana.edu/IUBio-Software+Data/molbio/Listings.html">Molecular Biology</a></font></td> <td>&nbsp;List of many free software package for Mac and PC</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a href="http://theory.lcs.mit.edu/~elwolf/multicoil.html">Multicoil</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">&nbsp;Program to p</font>redict coiled coil regions in proteins</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top"><a href="http://www.drive5.com/muscle/">MUSCLE</a></td> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">&nbsp;Protein Multiple Sequence Alignment Software</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><a href="http://www.softgenetics.com/">MutationSurveyor</a><a href="http://www.softgenetics.com/"> &amp; MutationExplorer</a></td> <td valign="top">&nbsp;Analysis of DNA variants, SNPs and mutations</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.openinformatics.org/">Open Informatics</a></td> <td>&nbsp;Open source softwares</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.phrap.org/">Phred, Phrap &amp; Consed</a></td> <td>&nbsp;Sequence quality and assembly softwares</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top"><a href="http://chum.gs.washington.edu/PolyPhred.html">PolyPhred</a></td> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">&nbsp;Compares traces to identify heterozygous sites for SNPs</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><a href="http://physionet.org/">PhysioNet</a></td> <td valign="top">&nbsp;Collection of physiologic simulation software</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.chemicalgraphics.com/">PovChem</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">&nbsp;Visualization program for PDB protein structures</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.hgmp.mrc.ac.uk/CCP11/code_libraries.txt.html#21">Programming Libraries</a></td> <td>&nbsp;Bioinformatics Programming Libraries, links to lots of sites and source codes</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://compbio.ornl.gov/structure/prospect/">Prospect</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">&nbsp;A threading-based protein structure prediction system</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://lib.stat.cmu.edu/R/CRAN/">R - statistical package</a></td> <td>&nbsp;Statistical computing and graphics software</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://taxonomy.zoology.gla.ac.uk/rod/treeview.html">TreeView</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Tree drawing software for Apple Macintosh and Windows</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://sourceforge.net/softwaremap/trove_list.php?form_cat=252">SourceForge.net</a></td> <td>&nbsp;Several ready to use tool</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/pubseq/">Staden Package</a></td> <td>&nbsp;A excellent package for sequence analysis and assembly</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.ualberta.ca/~stothard/javascript/d_load.html">Sequence Manipulation</a></td> <td>&nbsp;Free suite of sequence manipulation tools</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://blast.wustl.edu/">WU-BLAST</a>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;Washington University BLAST archives</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> 7a4a6c5c8f0ccf52d7592d27b04a93a230b6322e 0 1585 1914 2008-01-15T05:46:23Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><strong>Informatics</strong> includes the science of information, the practice of information processing, and the engineering of information systems. Informatics studies the structure, behavior, and interactions of natural and artificial systems that store, process and communicate information. It also develops its own conceptual and theoretical foundations. Since computers, individuals and organizations all process information, informatics has computational, cognitive and social aspects, including study of the social impact of information technologies.</p> <p>Used as a compound, in conjunction with the name of a discipline, as in <em>medical informatics</em>, <em>bioinformatics</em>, etc., it denotes the specialization of informatics to the management and processing of data, information and knowledge in the named discipline, and the incorporation of informatic concepts and theories to enrich the other discipline; it has a similar relationship to library science.</p> <p>Informatics is broader in scope than: information theory&mdash;the study of a particular mathematical concept of information; information science&mdash;a field primarily concerned with the collection, classification, manipulation, storage, retrieval and dissemination of information in human society; artificial intelligence&mdash;the study and engineering of intelligent behavior, learning, and adaptation, in machines; or computer science&mdash;the study of the storage, processing, and communication of information using engineered computing devices.</p> <script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "show"; var tocHideText = "hide"; showTocToggle(); } //]]> </script> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Etymology</span></h2> <p>In 1957 the German computer scientist Karl Steinbuch coined the word <em>Informatik</em> by publishing a paper called <em>Informatik: Automatische Informationsverarbeitung</em> (&quot;Informatics: Automatic Information Processing&quot;). The English term <em>Informatics</em> is commonly misunderstood to be the same as computer science. However, informatics is theoretically more oriented towards mathematics than computer science.</p> <p>The French term <em>informatique</em> was coined in 1962 by Philippe Dreyfus<sup class="reference" id="_ref-0">[1]</sup> together with various translations&mdash;informatics (English), also proposed independently and simultaneously by Walter F.Bauer who co-founded the company named <strong>Informatics General, Inc.</strong>, and <em>informatica</em> (Italian, Spanish, Portuguese), referring to the application of computers to store and process information.</p> <p>The term was coined as a combination of &quot;information&quot; and &quot;automation&quot; to describe the science of automatic information processing. The morphology&mdash;<em>informat</em>-ion + -<em>ics</em>&mdash;uses &quot;the accepted form for names of sciences, as conics, linguistics, optics, or matters of practice, as economics, politics, tactics&quot;,<sup class="reference" id="_ref-1">[2]</sup> and so, linguistically, the meaning extends easily to encompass both the science of information and the practice of information processing.</p> <p>This new term was adopted across Western Europe, and, except in English, developed a meaning roughly translated by the English &lsquo;computer science&rsquo;, or &lsquo;computing science&rsquo;. Mikhailov et al. advocated the Russian term <em>informatika</em> (1966), and the English <em>informatics</em> (1967), as names for the <em>theory of scientific information</em>, and argued for a broader meaning, including study of the use of information technology in various communities (for example, scientific) and of the interaction of technology and human organizational structures.</p> <dl><dd><em>Informatics is the discipline of science which investigates the structure and properties (not specific content) of scientific information, as well as the regularities of scientific information activity, its theory, history, methodology and organization.</em><sup class="reference" id="_ref-2">[3]</sup> </dd></dl> <p>Usage has since modified this definition in three ways. First, the restriction to scientific information is removed, as in business informatics or legal informatics. Second, since most information is now digitally stored, computation is now central to informatics. Third, the representation, processing and communication of information are added as objects of investigation, since they have been recognized as fundamental to any scientific account of information. Taking <em>information</em> as the central focus of study, then distinguishes <em>informatics</em>&mdash;which includes study of biological and social mechanisms of information processing, from <em>computer science</em>&mdash;where digital computation plays a distinguished central role. Similarly, in the study of representation and communication, informatics is indifferent to the substrate that carries information. For example, it encompasses the study of communication using gesture, speech and language, as well as digital communications and networking.</p> <p>A broad interpretation of <em>informatics</em>, as &quot;the study of the structure, behaviour, and interactions of natural and artificial computational systems,&quot; was introduced by the University of Edinburgh in 1994 when it formed the grouping that is now its School of Informatics. This meaning is now (2006) increasingly used in the United Kingdom.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-3">[4]</sup> Informatics encompasses the study of systems that represent, process, and communicate information, including all computational, cognitive and social aspects. The central notion is the transformation of information &mdash; whether by computation or communication, whether by organisms or artifacts. In this sense, informatics can be considered as encompassing computer science, cognitive science, artificial intelligence, information science and related fields, and as extending the scope of computer science to encompass computation in natural, as well as engineered, computational systems. Arizona State University adopted this broader definition at the launch of its School of Computing and Informatics in September 2006.</p> <p>The 2008 Research Assessment Exercise, of the UK Funding Councils, includes a new, <em>Computer Science and Informatics,</em> unit of assessment (UoA),<sup class="reference" id="_ref-4">[5]</sup> whose scope is described as follows:</p> <dl><dd><em>The UoA includes the study of methods for acquiring, storing, processing, communicating and reasoning about information, and the role of interactivity in natural and artificial systems,through the implementation, organisation and use of computer hardware, software and other resources. The subjects are characterised by the rigorous application of analysis, experimentation and design.</em> </dd></dl> <p>At the Indiana University School of Informatics, informatics is defined as &quot;the art, science and human dimensions of information technology&quot; and &quot;the study, application, and social consequences of technology.&quot; It is also defined in Informatics I101, Introduction to Informatics as &quot;the application of information technology to the arts, sciences, and professions.&quot; These definitions are widely accepted in the United States, and differ from British usage in omitting the study of natural computation.</p> <p>At the University of California, Irvine Department of Informatics, informatics is defined as &quot;the interdisciplinary study of the design, application, use and impact of information technology. The discipline of informatics is based on the recognition that the design of this technology is not solely a technical matter, but must focus on the relationship between the technology and its use in real-world settings. That is, informatics designs solutions in context, and takes into account the social, cultural and organizational settings in which computing and information technology will be used.&quot;</p> <p>In the English-speaking world the term <em>informatics</em> was first widely used in the compound, &lsquo;medical informatics&rsquo;, taken to include &quot;the cognitive, information processing, and communication tasks of medical practice, education, and research, including information science and the technology to support these tasks&quot;.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-5">[6]</sup> Many such compounds are now in use; they can be viewed as different areas of applied informatics.</p> <p>A practitioner of informatics may be called an <em>informatician</em>.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Trademark</span></h2> <p><em>Informatics</em> was registered as a trademark<sup class="reference" id="_ref-6">[7]</sup> in the United States by <em>Informatics Inc.</em><sup class="reference" id="_ref-7">[8]</sup>, which traded from 1966 to 1985. This fact prevented the Association for Computing Machinery from becoming the Society for Informatics. As of October, 2006, a search of the United States Patent and Trademark database reveals no live trademarks on the word &quot;informatics&quot; alone (although many combinations including that word do appear).</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Contributing disciplines</span></h2> <ul> <li>Artificial intelligence </li> <li>Computer science </li> <li>Cognitive science </li> <li>Information science </li> <li>Communication studies </li> <li>Didactics of Informatics / Didactics of computer science </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">See also</span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count: 2; column-count: 2"> <ul> <li>Astroinformatics </li> <li>Bioinformatics </li> <li>Biodiversity Informatics </li> <li>Biomedical informatics </li> <li>Business Informatics </li> <li>Cheminformatics </li> <li>Community informatics </li> <li>Ecoinformatics </li> <li>Evolutionary informatics </li> <li>Geoinformatics </li> <li>Health informatics </li> <li>Information management </li> <li>Laboratory informatics </li> <li>Neuroinformatics </li> <li>Social informatics </li> <li>Quantum informatics </li> </ul> </div> <p><a id="Notes" name="Notes"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Notes</span></h2> <ol class="references"> <li id="_note-0"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informatics#_ref-0">^</a></strong> Dreyfus, Phillipe. <em>L&rsquo;informatique.</em> Gestion, Paris, Jun 1962, pp. 240&ndash;41 </li> <li id="_note-1"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informatics#_ref-1">^</a></strong> <a title="Oxford English Dictionary" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> 1989 </li> <li id="_note-2"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informatics#_ref-2">^</a></strong> Mikhailov, A.I., Chernyl, A.I., and Gilyarevskii, R.S. (1966) &quot;Informatika &ndash; novoe nazvanie teorii naučnoj informacii.&quot; <em>Naučno tehničeskaja informacija</em>, 12, pp. 35&ndash;39. </li> <li id="_note-3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informatics#_ref-3">^</a></strong> For example, at <a class="external text" title="http://www.sussex.ac.uk/informatics/" href="http://www.sussex.ac.uk/informatics/" rel="nofollow">Sussex</a>, <a class="external text" title="http://www.soi.city.ac.uk/" href="http://www.soi.city.ac.uk/" rel="nofollow">City University</a>, <a class="external text" title="http://www.infc.ulst.ac.uk/" href="http://www.infc.ulst.ac.uk/" rel="nofollow">Ulster</a>, <a class="external text" title="http://www.inf.brad.ac.uk/home/index.php" href="http://www.inf.brad.ac.uk/home/index.php" rel="nofollow">Bradford</a>, <a class="external text" title="http://www.informatics.manchester.ac.uk/" href="http://www.informatics.manchester.ac.uk/" rel="nofollow">Manchester</a> and <a class="external text" title="http://www.ncl.ac.uk/iri/" href="http://www.ncl.ac.uk/iri/" rel="nofollow">Newcastle</a> </li> <li id="_note-4"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informatics#_ref-4">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.rae.ac.uk/pubs/2006/01/docs/f23.pdf" href="http://www.rae.ac.uk/pubs/2006/01/docs/f23.pdf" rel="nofollow">UoA 23 Computer Science and Informatics, Panel working methods</a> </li> <li id="_note-5"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informatics#_ref-5">^</a></strong> Greenes, R.A. and Shortliffe, E.H. (1990) &quot;Medical Informatics: An emerging discipline with academic and institutional perspectives.&quot; <em><a title="Journal of the American Medical Association" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Medical_Association">Journal of the American Medical Association</a></em>, 263(8) pp. 1114&ndash;20. </li> <li id="_note-6"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informatics#_ref-6">^</a></strong> <a class="external free" title="http://www.priorartdatabase.com/IPCOM/000129939/" href="http://www.priorartdatabase.com/IPCOM/000129939/" rel="nofollow">http://www.priorartdatabase.com/IPCOM/000129939/</a> </li> <li id="_note-7"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informatics#_ref-7">^</a></strong> <a class="external free" title="http://www.softwarehistory.org/history/informatics.html" href="http://www.softwarehistory.org/history/informatics.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.softwarehistory.org/history/informatics.html</a> </li> </ol> <p><a id="External_links" name="External_links"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.answers.com/informatics&amp;r=67" href="http://www.answers.com/informatics&amp;r=67" rel="nofollow">Answers.com</a>: Alternate definitions of the word <em>informatics</em> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.inf.ed.ac.uk/publications/online/0139.pdf" href="http://www.inf.ed.ac.uk/publications/online/0139.pdf" rel="nofollow">informatics</a>: entry from International Encyclopedia of Information and Library Science </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.softwarehistory.org/history/Bauer1.html" href="http://www.softwarehistory.org/history/Bauer1.html" rel="nofollow">Software History Center</a>: First usage of <em>informatics</em> in the US </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.ischool.washington.edu/informatics/default.aspx" href="http://www.ischool.washington.edu/informatics/default.aspx" rel="nofollow">University of Washington Informatics</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.informatics.indiana.edu/overview/what_is_informatics.asp" href="http://www.informatics.indiana.edu/overview/what_is_informatics.asp" rel="nofollow">Indiana University: What is Informatics?</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.softwarehistory.org/history/informatics.html" href="http://www.softwarehistory.org/history/informatics.html" rel="nofollow">Informatics, Inc</a>&nbsp;: founded 1962 </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.inf.ed.ac.uk/about/vision.html" href="http://www.inf.ed.ac.uk/about/vision.html" rel="nofollow">What is Informatics at Edinburgh?</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.ics.uci.edu/informatics/about/" href="http://www.ics.uci.edu/informatics/about/" rel="nofollow">What is Informatics at the University of California, Irvine?</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.dai.ed.ac.uk/homes/cam/informatics.shtml" href="http://www.dai.ed.ac.uk/homes/cam/informatics.shtml" rel="nofollow">What does <em>informatics</em> mean?</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.ics.uci.edu/informatics/qa/" href="http://www.ics.uci.edu/informatics/qa/" rel="nofollow">Q&amp;A about informatics</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.priorartdatabase.com/IPCOM/000129939/" href="http://www.priorartdatabase.com/IPCOM/000129939/" rel="nofollow">Prior Art Database</a>: Informatics: An Early Software Company </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/Forum/index.php?f=331" href="http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/Forum/index.php?f=331" rel="nofollow">Forum</a> for Informatics and Computer Science students </li> </ul> <!-- Pre-expand include size: 0/2048000 bytes Post-expand include size: 0/2048000 bytes Template argument size: 0/2048000 bytes #ifexist count: 0/500 --><!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:4964625-0!1!0!ISO_8601!!en!2 and timestamp 20080115054329 --> <div class="printfooter"></div> 53aafea467687a4d2c2aa27105c09e36dd5275e3 1915 2008-01-15T05:46:31Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><strong>Informatics</strong> includes the science of information, the practice of information processing, and the engineering of information systems. Informatics studies the structure, behavior, and interactions of natural and artificial systems that store, process and communicate information. It also develops its own conceptual and theoretical foundations. Since computers, individuals and organizations all process information, informatics has computational, cognitive and social aspects, including study of the social impact of information technologies.</p> <p>Used as a compound, in conjunction with the name of a discipline, as in <em>medical informatics</em>, <em>bioinformatics</em>, etc., it denotes the specialization of informatics to the management and processing of data, information and knowledge in the named discipline, and the incorporation of informatic concepts and theories to enrich the other discipline; it has a similar relationship to library science.</p> <p>Informatics is broader in scope than: information theory&mdash;the study of a particular mathematical concept of information; information science&mdash;a field primarily concerned with the collection, classification, manipulation, storage, retrieval and dissemination of information in human society; artificial intelligence&mdash;the study and engineering of intelligent behavior, learning, and adaptation, in machines; or computer science&mdash;the study of the storage, processing, and communication of information using engineered computing devices.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Etymology</span></h2> <p>In 1957 the German computer scientist Karl Steinbuch coined the word <em>Informatik</em> by publishing a paper called <em>Informatik: Automatische Informationsverarbeitung</em> (&quot;Informatics: Automatic Information Processing&quot;). The English term <em>Informatics</em> is commonly misunderstood to be the same as computer science. However, informatics is theoretically more oriented towards mathematics than computer science.</p> <p>The French term <em>informatique</em> was coined in 1962 by Philippe Dreyfus<sup class="reference" id="_ref-0">[1]</sup> together with various translations&mdash;informatics (English), also proposed independently and simultaneously by Walter F.Bauer who co-founded the company named <strong>Informatics General, Inc.</strong>, and <em>informatica</em> (Italian, Spanish, Portuguese), referring to the application of computers to store and process information.</p> <p>The term was coined as a combination of &quot;information&quot; and &quot;automation&quot; to describe the science of automatic information processing. The morphology&mdash;<em>informat</em>-ion + -<em>ics</em>&mdash;uses &quot;the accepted form for names of sciences, as conics, linguistics, optics, or matters of practice, as economics, politics, tactics&quot;,<sup class="reference" id="_ref-1">[2]</sup> and so, linguistically, the meaning extends easily to encompass both the science of information and the practice of information processing.</p> <p>This new term was adopted across Western Europe, and, except in English, developed a meaning roughly translated by the English &lsquo;computer science&rsquo;, or &lsquo;computing science&rsquo;. Mikhailov et al. advocated the Russian term <em>informatika</em> (1966), and the English <em>informatics</em> (1967), as names for the <em>theory of scientific information</em>, and argued for a broader meaning, including study of the use of information technology in various communities (for example, scientific) and of the interaction of technology and human organizational structures.</p> <dl><dd><em>Informatics is the discipline of science which investigates the structure and properties (not specific content) of scientific information, as well as the regularities of scientific information activity, its theory, history, methodology and organization.</em><sup class="reference" id="_ref-2">[3]</sup> </dd></dl> <p>Usage has since modified this definition in three ways. First, the restriction to scientific information is removed, as in business informatics or legal informatics. Second, since most information is now digitally stored, computation is now central to informatics. Third, the representation, processing and communication of information are added as objects of investigation, since they have been recognized as fundamental to any scientific account of information. Taking <em>information</em> as the central focus of study, then distinguishes <em>informatics</em>&mdash;which includes study of biological and social mechanisms of information processing, from <em>computer science</em>&mdash;where digital computation plays a distinguished central role. Similarly, in the study of representation and communication, informatics is indifferent to the substrate that carries information. For example, it encompasses the study of communication using gesture, speech and language, as well as digital communications and networking.</p> <p>A broad interpretation of <em>informatics</em>, as &quot;the study of the structure, behaviour, and interactions of natural and artificial computational systems,&quot; was introduced by the University of Edinburgh in 1994 when it formed the grouping that is now its School of Informatics. This meaning is now (2006) increasingly used in the United Kingdom.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-3">[4]</sup> Informatics encompasses the study of systems that represent, process, and communicate information, including all computational, cognitive and social aspects. The central notion is the transformation of information &mdash; whether by computation or communication, whether by organisms or artifacts. In this sense, informatics can be considered as encompassing computer science, cognitive science, artificial intelligence, information science and related fields, and as extending the scope of computer science to encompass computation in natural, as well as engineered, computational systems. Arizona State University adopted this broader definition at the launch of its School of Computing and Informatics in September 2006.</p> <p>The 2008 Research Assessment Exercise, of the UK Funding Councils, includes a new, <em>Computer Science and Informatics,</em> unit of assessment (UoA),<sup class="reference" id="_ref-4">[5]</sup> whose scope is described as follows:</p> <dl><dd><em>The UoA includes the study of methods for acquiring, storing, processing, communicating and reasoning about information, and the role of interactivity in natural and artificial systems,through the implementation, organisation and use of computer hardware, software and other resources. The subjects are characterised by the rigorous application of analysis, experimentation and design.</em> </dd></dl> <p>At the Indiana University School of Informatics, informatics is defined as &quot;the art, science and human dimensions of information technology&quot; and &quot;the study, application, and social consequences of technology.&quot; It is also defined in Informatics I101, Introduction to Informatics as &quot;the application of information technology to the arts, sciences, and professions.&quot; These definitions are widely accepted in the United States, and differ from British usage in omitting the study of natural computation.</p> <p>At the University of California, Irvine Department of Informatics, informatics is defined as &quot;the interdisciplinary study of the design, application, use and impact of information technology. The discipline of informatics is based on the recognition that the design of this technology is not solely a technical matter, but must focus on the relationship between the technology and its use in real-world settings. That is, informatics designs solutions in context, and takes into account the social, cultural and organizational settings in which computing and information technology will be used.&quot;</p> <p>In the English-speaking world the term <em>informatics</em> was first widely used in the compound, &lsquo;medical informatics&rsquo;, taken to include &quot;the cognitive, information processing, and communication tasks of medical practice, education, and research, including information science and the technology to support these tasks&quot;.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-5">[6]</sup> Many such compounds are now in use; they can be viewed as different areas of applied informatics.</p> <p>A practitioner of informatics may be called an <em>informatician</em>.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Trademark</span></h2> <p><em>Informatics</em> was registered as a trademark<sup class="reference" id="_ref-6">[7]</sup> in the United States by <em>Informatics Inc.</em><sup class="reference" id="_ref-7">[8]</sup>, which traded from 1966 to 1985. This fact prevented the Association for Computing Machinery from becoming the Society for Informatics. As of October, 2006, a search of the United States Patent and Trademark database reveals no live trademarks on the word &quot;informatics&quot; alone (although many combinations including that word do appear).</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Contributing disciplines</span></h2> <ul> <li>Artificial intelligence </li> <li>Computer science </li> <li>Cognitive science </li> <li>Information science </li> <li>Communication studies </li> <li>Didactics of Informatics / Didactics of computer science </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">See also</span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count: 2; column-count: 2"> <ul> <li>Astroinformatics </li> <li>Bioinformatics </li> <li>Biodiversity Informatics </li> <li>Biomedical informatics </li> <li>Business Informatics </li> <li>Cheminformatics </li> <li>Community informatics </li> <li>Ecoinformatics </li> <li>Evolutionary informatics </li> <li>Geoinformatics </li> <li>Health informatics </li> <li>Information management </li> <li>Laboratory informatics </li> <li>Neuroinformatics </li> <li>Social informatics </li> <li>Quantum informatics </li> </ul> </div> <p><a id="Notes" name="Notes"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Notes</span></h2> <ol class="references"> <li id="_note-0"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informatics#_ref-0">^</a></strong> Dreyfus, Phillipe. <em>L&rsquo;informatique.</em> Gestion, Paris, Jun 1962, pp. 240&ndash;41 </li> <li id="_note-1"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informatics#_ref-1">^</a></strong> <a title="Oxford English Dictionary" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> 1989 </li> <li id="_note-2"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informatics#_ref-2">^</a></strong> Mikhailov, A.I., Chernyl, A.I., and Gilyarevskii, R.S. (1966) &quot;Informatika &ndash; novoe nazvanie teorii naučnoj informacii.&quot; <em>Naučno tehničeskaja informacija</em>, 12, pp. 35&ndash;39. </li> <li id="_note-3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informatics#_ref-3">^</a></strong> For example, at <a class="external text" title="http://www.sussex.ac.uk/informatics/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sussex.ac.uk/informatics/">Sussex</a>, <a class="external text" title="http://www.soi.city.ac.uk/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.soi.city.ac.uk/">City University</a>, <a class="external text" title="http://www.infc.ulst.ac.uk/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.infc.ulst.ac.uk/">Ulster</a>, <a class="external text" title="http://www.inf.brad.ac.uk/home/index.php" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.inf.brad.ac.uk/home/index.php">Bradford</a>, <a class="external text" title="http://www.informatics.manchester.ac.uk/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.informatics.manchester.ac.uk/">Manchester</a> and <a class="external text" title="http://www.ncl.ac.uk/iri/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncl.ac.uk/iri/">Newcastle</a> </li> <li id="_note-4"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informatics#_ref-4">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.rae.ac.uk/pubs/2006/01/docs/f23.pdf" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.rae.ac.uk/pubs/2006/01/docs/f23.pdf">UoA 23 Computer Science and Informatics, Panel working methods</a> </li> <li id="_note-5"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informatics#_ref-5">^</a></strong> Greenes, R.A. and Shortliffe, E.H. (1990) &quot;Medical Informatics: An emerging discipline with academic and institutional perspectives.&quot; <em><a title="Journal of the American Medical Association" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Medical_Association">Journal of the American Medical Association</a></em>, 263(8) pp. 1114&ndash;20. </li> <li id="_note-6"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informatics#_ref-6">^</a></strong> <a class="external free" title="http://www.priorartdatabase.com/IPCOM/000129939/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.priorartdatabase.com/IPCOM/000129939/">http://www.priorartdatabase.com/IPCOM/000129939/</a> </li> <li id="_note-7"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informatics#_ref-7">^</a></strong> <a class="external free" title="http://www.softwarehistory.org/history/informatics.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.softwarehistory.org/history/informatics.html">http://www.softwarehistory.org/history/informatics.html</a> </li> </ol> <p><a id="External_links" name="External_links"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.answers.com/informatics&amp;r=67" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.answers.com/informatics&amp;r=67">Answers.com</a>: Alternate definitions of the word <em>informatics</em> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.inf.ed.ac.uk/publications/online/0139.pdf" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.inf.ed.ac.uk/publications/online/0139.pdf">informatics</a>: entry from International Encyclopedia of Information and Library Science </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.softwarehistory.org/history/Bauer1.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.softwarehistory.org/history/Bauer1.html">Software History Center</a>: First usage of <em>informatics</em> in the US </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.ischool.washington.edu/informatics/default.aspx" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ischool.washington.edu/informatics/default.aspx">University of Washington Informatics</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.informatics.indiana.edu/overview/what_is_informatics.asp" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.informatics.indiana.edu/overview/what_is_informatics.asp">Indiana University: What is Informatics?</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.softwarehistory.org/history/informatics.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.softwarehistory.org/history/informatics.html">Informatics, Inc</a>&nbsp;: founded 1962 </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.inf.ed.ac.uk/about/vision.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.inf.ed.ac.uk/about/vision.html">What is Informatics at Edinburgh?</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.ics.uci.edu/informatics/about/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ics.uci.edu/informatics/about/">What is Informatics at the University of California, Irvine?</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.dai.ed.ac.uk/homes/cam/informatics.shtml" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.dai.ed.ac.uk/homes/cam/informatics.shtml">What does <em>informatics</em> mean?</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.ics.uci.edu/informatics/qa/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ics.uci.edu/informatics/qa/">Q&amp;A about informatics</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.priorartdatabase.com/IPCOM/000129939/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.priorartdatabase.com/IPCOM/000129939/">Prior Art Database</a>: Informatics: An Early Software Company </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/Forum/index.php?f=331" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/Forum/index.php?f=331">Forum</a> for Informatics and Computer Science students </li> </ul> <!-- Pre-expand include size: 0/2048000 bytes Post-expand include size: 0/2048000 bytes Template argument size: 0/2048000 bytes #ifexist count: 0/500 --><!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:4964625-0!1!0!ISO_8601!!en!2 and timestamp 20080115054329 --> <div class="printfooter"></div> 93a671115b9ca619013da0480af6a497860ac0d5 0 1498 1919 2008-01-15T07:16:46Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font size="3"><strong>Genomics</strong> is the omics study of genes of individual organisms,&nbsp;populations, and species. It is also a paradigm of performing biological science that deviates from&nbsp;investigating single genes, their functions and roles. The main reason of an independent biological discipline is that it deals with very large set of genetic information to automatically analyze information using interaction and network concepts. Genomics inevitably employs computing and bioinformatics.</font><br /> </p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">History of the field</font></span></p> <p><font size="3">Genomics was founded by Fred Sanger group in 1970s when they developed an automatic gene sequencing technique and completed the first genomes namely bacteriophage &Phi;-X174; (5,368 bp) and bovine mitochondrial genome.</font></p> <p><font size="3">In 1972, Walter Fiers and his team at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology of the University of Ghent (Ghent, Belgium) were the first to determine the sequence of a gene: the gene for Bacteriophage MS2 coat protein.<sup id="_ref-0" class="reference">[1]</sup> In 1976, the team determined the complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA.<sup id="_ref-1" class="reference">[2]</sup> The first DNA-based genome to be sequenced in its entirety was that of bacteriophage &Phi;-X174; (5,368 bp), sequenced by Frederick Sanger in 1977<sup id="_ref-2" class="reference">[3]</sup>. The first free-living organism to be sequenced was that of <em>Haemophilus influenzae</em></font> (1.8 Mb) in 1995, and since then genomes are being sequenced at a rapid pace. A rough draft of the human genome was completed by Sanger centre and the Human Genome Project in early 2001.</p> <p><font size="3">As of September 2007, the complete sequence was known of about 1879 viruses <sup id="_ref-3" class="reference">[4]</sup>, 577 bacterial species and roughly 23 eukaryote organisms, of which about half are fungi. <sup id="_ref-4" class="reference">[5]</sup> Most of the bacteria whose genomes have been completely sequenced are problematic disease-causing agents, such as <em>Haemophilus influenzae</em>. Of the other sequenced species, most were chosen because they were well-studied model organisms or promised to become good models. Yeast (<em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em>) has long been an important model organism for the eukaryotic cell, while the fruit fly <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> has been a very important tool (notably in early pre-molecular genetics). The worm <em>Caenorhabditis elegans</em> is an often used simple model for multicellular organisms. The zebrafish <em>Brachydanio rerio</em> is used for many developmental studies on the molecular level and the flower <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em> is a model organism for flowering plants. The Japanese pufferfish (<em>Takifugu rubripes</em>) and the spotted green pufferfish (<em>Tetraodon nigroviridis</em>) are interesting because of their small and compact genomes, containing very little non-coding DNA compared to most species. <sup id="_ref-5" class="reference">[6]</sup> <sup id="_ref-6" class="reference">[7]</sup> The mammals dog (<em>Canis familiaris</em>), <sup id="_ref-7" class="reference">[8]</sup> brown rat (<em>Rattus norvegicus</em>), mouse (<em>Mus musculus</em>), and chimpanzee (<em>Pan troglodytes</em>) are all important model animals in medical research.</font></p> <p><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">Bacteriophage Genomics</font></span></strong></p> <p><font size="3">Bacteriophages have played and continue to play a key role in bacterial genetics and molecular biology. Historically, they were used to define gene structure and gene regulation. Also the first genome to be sequenced was a bacteriophage. However, bacteriophage research did not lead the genomics revolution, which is clearly dominated by bacterial genomics. Only very recently has the study of bacteriophage genomes become prominent, thereby enabling researchers to understand the mechanisms underlying phage evolution. Bacteriophage genome sequences can be obtained through direct sequencing of isolated bacteriophages, but can also be derived as part of microbial genomes. Analysis of bacterial genomes has shown that a substantial amount of microbial DNA consists of prophage sequences and prophage-like elements. A detailed database mining of these sequences offers insights into the role of prophages in shaping the bacterial genome.<sup id="_ref-McGrath_0" class="reference">[9]</sup></font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">Cyanobacteria Genomics</font></span></strong></p> <p><font size="3">At present there are 24 cyanobacteria for which a total genome sequence is available. 15 of these cyanobacteria come from the marine environment. These are six <em>Prochlorococcus</em><em>Synechococcus</em> strains, <em>Trichodesmium erythraeum</em> IMS101 and <em>Crocosphaera watsonii</em> [[WH8501. Several studies have demonstrated how these sequences could be used very successfully to infer important ecological and physiological characteristics of marine cyanobacteria. However, there are many more genome projects currently in progress, amongst those there are further <em>Prochlorococcus</em> and marine <em>Synechococcus</em> isolates, <em>Acaryochloris</em> and <em>Prochloron</em>, the N₂-fixing filamentous cyanobacteria <em>Nodularia spumigena</em>, <em>Lyngbya aestuarii</em> and <em>Lyngbya majuscula</em>, as well as bacteriophages infecting marine cyanobaceria. Thus, the growing body of genome information can also be tapped in a more general way to address global problems by applying a comparative approach. Some new and exciting examples of progress in this field are the identification of genes for regulatory RNAs, insights into the evolutionary origin of photosynthesis, or estimation of the contribution of horizontal gene transfer to the genomes that have been analyzed.<sup id="_ref-Herrero_0" class="reference">[10]</sup></font> strains, seven marine </p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">See also</font></span></strong></p> <ul> <li><font size="3">[[Pangenomics]] and [[Pangenome]]</font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Omics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Proteomics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Interactomics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Functional genomics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Computational genomics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Nitrogenomics]]</font> </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">References</font></span></strong></p> <ol class="references"> <li id="_note-0"><font size="3"><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-0" title="">^</a></strong> Min Jou W, Haegeman G, Ysebaert M, Fiers W., Nucleotide sequence of the gene coding for the bacteriophage MS2 coat protein, Nature. 1972 May 12;237(5350):82-8 </font></li> <li id="_note-1"><font size="3"><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-1" title="">^</a></strong> Fiers W et al., Complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA - primary and secondary structure of replicase gene, Nature, 260, 500-507, 1976 </font></li> <li id="_note-2"><font size="3"><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-2" title="">^</a></strong> Sanger F, Air GM, Barrell BG, Brown NL, Coulson AR, Fiddes CA, Hutchison CA, Slocombe PM, Smith M., Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA, Nature. 1977 Feb 24;265(5596):687-95 </font></li> <li id="_note-3"><font size="3"><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-3" title="">^</a></strong> <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/VIRUSES/virostat.html" rel="nofollow" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/VIRUSES/virostat.html" class="external text"><em>The Viral Genomes Resource</em>, NCBI Friday, 14 September, 2007</a></font> </li> <li id="_note-4"><font size="3"><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-4" title="">^</a></strong> <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/static/gpstat.html" rel="nofollow" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/static/gpstat.html" class="external text"><em>Genome Project Statistic</em>, NCBI Friday, 14 September, 2007</a></font> </li> <li id="_note-5"><font size="3"><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-5" title="">^</a></strong> <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3760766.stm" rel="nofollow" title="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3760766.stm" class="external text">BBC article <em>Human gene number slashed</em> from Wednesday, 20 October, 2004</a></font> </li> <li id="_note-6"><font size="3"><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-6" title="">^</a></strong> <a href="http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2003/10/16/pufferfish_fruitfly/index.shtml" rel="nofollow" title="http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2003/10/16/pufferfish_fruitfly/index.shtml" class="external text">CBSE News, Thursday October 16, 2003</a></font> </li> <li id="_note-7"><font size="3"><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-7" title="">^</a></strong> <a href="http://www.genome.gov/12511476" rel="nofollow" title="http://www.genome.gov/12511476" class="external text">NHGRI, pressrelease of the publishing of the dog genome</a></font> </li> <li id="_note-McGrath"><font size="3"><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-McGrath_0" title="">^</a></strong> <cite style="font-style: normal;" class="book">Mc Grath S and van Sinderen D (editors). (2007). <em><a href="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage" rel="nofollow" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage" class="external text">Bacteriophage: Genetics and Molecular Biology</a></em>, 1st ed., Caister Academic Press. <a href="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage" rel="nofollow" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage" class="external text">ISBN 978-1-904455-14-1</a> .</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Bacteriophage%3A+Genetics+and+Molecular+Biology&amp;rft.au=Mc+Grath+S+and+van+Sinderen+D+%28editors%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fphage" class="Z3988">&nbsp;</span></font> </li> <li id="_note-Herrero"><font size="3"><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-Herrero_0" title="">^</a></strong> <cite style="font-style: normal;" class="book">Herrero A and Flores E (editor). (2008). <em><a href="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan" rel="nofollow" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan" class="external text">The Cyanobacteria: Molecular Biology, Genomics and Evolution</a></em>, 1st ed., Caister Academic Press. <a href="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan" rel="nofollow" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan" class="external text">ISBN 978-1-904455-15-8</a> .</cite></font><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cyanobacteria%3A+Molecular+Biology%2C+Genomics+and+Evolution&amp;rft.au=Herrero+A+and+Flores+E+%28editor%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fcyan" class="Z3988"><font size="3"> </font><br /> </span></li> </ol> 613bfae04ad9b866761a92aae3fcd0ffde8eebd3 1920 2008-01-15T07:16:55Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font size="3"><strong>Genomics</strong> is the omics study of genes of individual organisms,&nbsp;populations, and species. It is also a paradigm of performing biological science that deviates from&nbsp;investigating single genes, their functions and roles. The main reason of an independent biological discipline is that it deals with very large set of genetic information to automatically analyze information using interaction and network concepts. Genomics inevitably employs computing and bioinformatics.</font><br /> </p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4"><br /> </font></span></p> <p><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">History of the field</font></span></p> <p><font size="3">Genomics was founded by Fred Sanger group in 1970s when they developed an automatic gene sequencing technique and completed the first genomes namely bacteriophage &Phi;-X174; (5,368 bp) and bovine mitochondrial genome.</font></p> <p><font size="3">In 1972, Walter Fiers and his team at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology of the University of Ghent (Ghent, Belgium) were the first to determine the sequence of a gene: the gene for Bacteriophage MS2 coat protein.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-0">[1]</sup> In 1976, the team determined the complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-1">[2]</sup> The first DNA-based genome to be sequenced in its entirety was that of bacteriophage &Phi;-X174; (5,368 bp), sequenced by Frederick Sanger in 1977<sup class="reference" id="_ref-2">[3]</sup>. The first free-living organism to be sequenced was that of <em>Haemophilus influenzae</em></font> (1.8 Mb) in 1995, and since then genomes are being sequenced at a rapid pace. A rough draft of the human genome was completed by Sanger centre and the Human Genome Project in early 2001.</p> <p><font size="3">As of September 2007, the complete sequence was known of about 1879 viruses <sup class="reference" id="_ref-3">[4]</sup>, 577 bacterial species and roughly 23 eukaryote organisms, of which about half are fungi. <sup class="reference" id="_ref-4">[5]</sup> Most of the bacteria whose genomes have been completely sequenced are problematic disease-causing agents, such as <em>Haemophilus influenzae</em>. Of the other sequenced species, most were chosen because they were well-studied model organisms or promised to become good models. Yeast (<em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em>) has long been an important model organism for the eukaryotic cell, while the fruit fly <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> has been a very important tool (notably in early pre-molecular genetics). The worm <em>Caenorhabditis elegans</em> is an often used simple model for multicellular organisms. The zebrafish <em>Brachydanio rerio</em> is used for many developmental studies on the molecular level and the flower <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em> is a model organism for flowering plants. The Japanese pufferfish (<em>Takifugu rubripes</em>) and the spotted green pufferfish (<em>Tetraodon nigroviridis</em>) are interesting because of their small and compact genomes, containing very little non-coding DNA compared to most species. <sup class="reference" id="_ref-5">[6]</sup> <sup class="reference" id="_ref-6">[7]</sup> The mammals dog (<em>Canis familiaris</em>), <sup class="reference" id="_ref-7">[8]</sup> brown rat (<em>Rattus norvegicus</em>), mouse (<em>Mus musculus</em>), and chimpanzee (<em>Pan troglodytes</em>) are all important model animals in medical research.</font></p> <p><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">Bacteriophage Genomics</font></span></strong></p> <p><font size="3">Bacteriophages have played and continue to play a key role in bacterial genetics and molecular biology. Historically, they were used to define gene structure and gene regulation. Also the first genome to be sequenced was a bacteriophage. However, bacteriophage research did not lead the genomics revolution, which is clearly dominated by bacterial genomics. Only very recently has the study of bacteriophage genomes become prominent, thereby enabling researchers to understand the mechanisms underlying phage evolution. Bacteriophage genome sequences can be obtained through direct sequencing of isolated bacteriophages, but can also be derived as part of microbial genomes. Analysis of bacterial genomes has shown that a substantial amount of microbial DNA consists of prophage sequences and prophage-like elements. A detailed database mining of these sequences offers insights into the role of prophages in shaping the bacterial genome.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-McGrath_0">[9]</sup></font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">Cyanobacteria Genomics</font></span></strong></p> <p><font size="3">At present there are 24 cyanobacteria for which a total genome sequence is available. 15 of these cyanobacteria come from the marine environment. These are six <em>Prochlorococcus</em><em>Synechococcus</em> strains, <em>Trichodesmium erythraeum</em> IMS101 and <em>Crocosphaera watsonii</em> [[WH8501. Several studies have demonstrated how these sequences could be used very successfully to infer important ecological and physiological characteristics of marine cyanobacteria. However, there are many more genome projects currently in progress, amongst those there are further <em>Prochlorococcus</em> and marine <em>Synechococcus</em> isolates, <em>Acaryochloris</em> and <em>Prochloron</em>, the N₂-fixing filamentous cyanobacteria <em>Nodularia spumigena</em>, <em>Lyngbya aestuarii</em> and <em>Lyngbya majuscula</em>, as well as bacteriophages infecting marine cyanobaceria. Thus, the growing body of genome information can also be tapped in a more general way to address global problems by applying a comparative approach. Some new and exciting examples of progress in this field are the identification of genes for regulatory RNAs, insights into the evolutionary origin of photosynthesis, or estimation of the contribution of horizontal gene transfer to the genomes that have been analyzed.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-Herrero_0">[10]</sup></font> strains, seven marine </p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">See also</font></span></strong></p> <ul> <li><font size="3">[[Pangenomics]] and [[Pangenome]]</font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Omics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Proteomics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Interactomics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Functional genomics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Computational genomics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Nitrogenomics]]</font> </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">References</font></span></strong></p> <ol class="references"> <li id="_note-0"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-0">^</a></strong> Min Jou W, Haegeman G, Ysebaert M, Fiers W., Nucleotide sequence of the gene coding for the bacteriophage MS2 coat protein, Nature. 1972 May 12;237(5350):82-8 </font></li> <li id="_note-1"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-1">^</a></strong> Fiers W et al., Complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA - primary and secondary structure of replicase gene, Nature, 260, 500-507, 1976 </font></li> <li id="_note-2"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-2">^</a></strong> Sanger F, Air GM, Barrell BG, Brown NL, Coulson AR, Fiddes CA, Hutchison CA, Slocombe PM, Smith M., Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA, Nature. 1977 Feb 24;265(5596):687-95 </font></li> <li id="_note-3"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-3">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/VIRUSES/virostat.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/VIRUSES/virostat.html"><em>The Viral Genomes Resource</em>, NCBI Friday, 14 September, 2007</a></font> </li> <li id="_note-4"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-4">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/static/gpstat.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/static/gpstat.html"><em>Genome Project Statistic</em>, NCBI Friday, 14 September, 2007</a></font> </li> <li id="_note-5"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-5">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3760766.stm" rel="nofollow" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3760766.stm">BBC article <em>Human gene number slashed</em> from Wednesday, 20 October, 2004</a></font> </li> <li id="_note-6"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-6">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2003/10/16/pufferfish_fruitfly/index.shtml" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2003/10/16/pufferfish_fruitfly/index.shtml">CBSE News, Thursday October 16, 2003</a></font> </li> <li id="_note-7"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-7">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.genome.gov/12511476" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.gov/12511476">NHGRI, pressrelease of the publishing of the dog genome</a></font> </li> <li id="_note-McGrath"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-McGrath_0">^</a></strong> <cite class="book" style="font-style: normal;">Mc Grath S and van Sinderen D (editors). (2007). <em><a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage">Bacteriophage: Genetics and Molecular Biology</a></em>, 1st ed., Caister Academic Press. <a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage">ISBN 978-1-904455-14-1</a> .</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Bacteriophage%3A+Genetics+and+Molecular+Biology&amp;rft.au=Mc+Grath+S+and+van+Sinderen+D+%28editors%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fphage">&nbsp;</span></font> </li> <li id="_note-Herrero"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-Herrero_0">^</a></strong> <cite class="book" style="font-style: normal;">Herrero A and Flores E (editor). (2008). <em><a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan">The Cyanobacteria: Molecular Biology, Genomics and Evolution</a></em>, 1st ed., Caister Academic Press. <a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan">ISBN 978-1-904455-15-8</a> .</cite></font><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cyanobacteria%3A+Molecular+Biology%2C+Genomics+and+Evolution&amp;rft.au=Herrero+A+and+Flores+E+%28editor%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fcyan"><font size="3"> </font><br /> </span></li> </ol> f067760557010110ab632bbd4d2abfeedb2620ce 1921 2008-01-15T07:18:45Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font size="3"><strong>Genomics</strong> is the omics study of genes of individual organisms,&nbsp;populations, and species. <br /> </font></p> <p><font size="3"><br /> </font></p> <p><font size="3">It is also a paradigm of performing biological science that deviates from&nbsp;investigating single genes, their functions, and roles. <br /> </font></p> <p><font size="3">The main reason of an independent biological discipline is that it deals with very large sets of genetic information to automatically analyze information using interaction and network concepts. Genomics inevitably employs high performance computing and bioinformatics technologies.</font><br /> </p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4"><br /> </font></span></p> <p><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">History of the field</font></span></strong></p> <p><font size="3">Genomics was practically founded by Fred Sanger group in 1970s when they developed an automatic gene sequencing technique and completed the first genomes; namely bacteriophage &Phi;-X174; (5,368 bp) and the bovine mitochondrial genome.</font></p> <p><font size="3">In 1972, Walter Fiers and his team at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology of the University of Ghent (Ghent, Belgium) were the first to determine the sequence of a gene: the gene for Bacteriophage MS2 coat protein.<sup id="_ref-0" class="reference">[1]</sup> In 1976, the team determined the complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA.<sup id="_ref-1" class="reference">[2]</sup> The first DNA-based genome to be sequenced in its entirety was that of bacteriophage &Phi;-X174; (5,368 bp), sequenced by Frederick Sanger in 1977<sup id="_ref-2" class="reference">[3]</sup>. The first free-living organism to be sequenced was that of <em>Haemophilus influenzae</em> (1.8 Mb) in 1995, and since then genomes are being sequenced at a rapid pace. A rough draft of the human genome was completed by Sanger centre and the Human Genome Project in early 2001.</font></p> <p><font size="3">As of September 2007, the complete sequence was known of about 1879 viruses <sup id="_ref-3" class="reference">[4]</sup>, 577 bacterial species and roughly 23 eukaryote organisms, of which about half are fungi. <sup id="_ref-4" class="reference">[5]</sup> Most of the bacteria whose genomes have been completely sequenced are problematic disease-causing agents, such as <em>Haemophilus influenzae</em>. Of the other sequenced species, most were chosen because they were well-studied model organisms or promised to become good models. Yeast (<em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em>) has long been an important model organism for the eukaryotic cell, while the fruit fly <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> has been a very important tool (notably in early pre-molecular genetics). The worm <em>Caenorhabditis elegans</em> is an often used simple model for multicellular organisms. The zebrafish <em>Brachydanio rerio</em> is used for many developmental studies on the molecular level and the flower <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em> is a model organism for flowering plants. The Japanese pufferfish (<em>Takifugu rubripes</em>) and the spotted green pufferfish (<em>Tetraodon nigroviridis</em>) are interesting because of their small and compact genomes, containing very little non-coding DNA compared to most species. <sup id="_ref-5" class="reference">[6]</sup> <sup id="_ref-6" class="reference">[7]</sup> The mammals dog (<em>Canis familiaris</em>), <sup id="_ref-7" class="reference">[8]</sup> brown rat (<em>Rattus norvegicus</em>), mouse (<em>Mus musculus</em>), and chimpanzee (<em>Pan troglodytes</em>) are all important model animals in medical research.</font></p> <p><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">Bacteriophage Genomics</font></span></strong></p> <p><font size="3">Bacteriophages have played and continue to play a key role in bacterial genetics and molecular biology. Historically, they were used to define gene structure and gene regulation. Also the first genome to be sequenced was a bacteriophage. However, bacteriophage research did not lead the genomics revolution, which is clearly dominated by bacterial genomics. Only very recently has the study of bacteriophage genomes become prominent, thereby enabling researchers to understand the mechanisms underlying phage evolution. Bacteriophage genome sequences can be obtained through direct sequencing of isolated bacteriophages, but can also be derived as part of microbial genomes. Analysis of bacterial genomes has shown that a substantial amount of microbial DNA consists of prophage sequences and prophage-like elements. A detailed database mining of these sequences offers insights into the role of prophages in shaping the bacterial genome.<sup id="_ref-McGrath_0" class="reference">[9]</sup></font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">Cyanobacteria Genomics</font></span></strong></p> <p><font size="3">At present there are 24 cyanobacteria for which a total genome sequence is available. 15 of these cyanobacteria come from the marine environment. These are six <em>Prochlorococcus</em><em>Synechococcus</em> strains, <em>Trichodesmium erythraeum</em> IMS101 and <em>Crocosphaera watsonii</em> [[WH8501. Several studies have demonstrated how these sequences could be used very successfully to infer important ecological and physiological characteristics of marine cyanobacteria. However, there are many more genome projects currently in progress, amongst those there are further <em>Prochlorococcus</em> and marine <em>Synechococcus</em> isolates, <em>Acaryochloris</em> and <em>Prochloron</em>, the N₂-fixing filamentous cyanobacteria <em>Nodularia spumigena</em>, <em>Lyngbya aestuarii</em> and <em>Lyngbya majuscula</em>, as well as bacteriophages infecting marine cyanobaceria. Thus, the growing body of genome information can also be tapped in a more general way to address global problems by applying a comparative approach. Some new and exciting examples of progress in this field are the identification of genes for regulatory RNAs, insights into the evolutionary origin of photosynthesis, or estimation of the contribution of horizontal gene transfer to the genomes that have been analyzed.<sup id="_ref-Herrero_0" class="reference">[10]</sup></font> strains, seven marine </p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">See also</font></span></strong></p> <ul> <li><font size="3">[[Pangenomics]] and [[Pangenome]]</font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Omics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Proteomics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Interactomics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Functional genomics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Computational genomics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Nitrogenomics]]</font> </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">References</font></span></strong></p> <ol class="references"> <li id="_note-0"><font size="3"><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-0" title="">^</a></strong> Min Jou W, Haegeman G, Ysebaert M, Fiers W., Nucleotide sequence of the gene coding for the bacteriophage MS2 coat protein, Nature. 1972 May 12;237(5350):82-8 </font></li> <li id="_note-1"><font size="3"><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-1" title="">^</a></strong> Fiers W et al., Complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA - primary and secondary structure of replicase gene, Nature, 260, 500-507, 1976 </font></li> <li id="_note-2"><font size="3"><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-2" title="">^</a></strong> Sanger F, Air GM, Barrell BG, Brown NL, Coulson AR, Fiddes CA, Hutchison CA, Slocombe PM, Smith M., Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA, Nature. 1977 Feb 24;265(5596):687-95 </font></li> <li id="_note-3"><font size="3"><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-3" title="">^</a></strong> <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/VIRUSES/virostat.html" rel="nofollow" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/VIRUSES/virostat.html" class="external text"><em>The Viral Genomes Resource</em>, NCBI Friday, 14 September, 2007</a></font> </li> <li id="_note-4"><font size="3"><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-4" title="">^</a></strong> <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/static/gpstat.html" rel="nofollow" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/static/gpstat.html" class="external text"><em>Genome Project Statistic</em>, NCBI Friday, 14 September, 2007</a></font> </li> <li id="_note-5"><font size="3"><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-5" title="">^</a></strong> <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3760766.stm" rel="nofollow" title="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3760766.stm" class="external text">BBC article <em>Human gene number slashed</em> from Wednesday, 20 October, 2004</a></font> </li> <li id="_note-6"><font size="3"><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-6" title="">^</a></strong> <a href="http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2003/10/16/pufferfish_fruitfly/index.shtml" rel="nofollow" title="http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2003/10/16/pufferfish_fruitfly/index.shtml" class="external text">CBSE News, Thursday October 16, 2003</a></font> </li> <li id="_note-7"><font size="3"><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-7" title="">^</a></strong> <a href="http://www.genome.gov/12511476" rel="nofollow" title="http://www.genome.gov/12511476" class="external text">NHGRI, pressrelease of the publishing of the dog genome</a></font> </li> <li id="_note-McGrath"><font size="3"><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-McGrath_0" title="">^</a></strong> <cite style="font-style: normal;" class="book">Mc Grath S and van Sinderen D (editors). (2007). <em><a href="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage" rel="nofollow" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage" class="external text">Bacteriophage: Genetics and Molecular Biology</a></em>, 1st ed., Caister Academic Press. <a href="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage" rel="nofollow" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage" class="external text">ISBN 978-1-904455-14-1</a> .</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Bacteriophage%3A+Genetics+and+Molecular+Biology&amp;rft.au=Mc+Grath+S+and+van+Sinderen+D+%28editors%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fphage" class="Z3988">&nbsp;</span></font> </li> <li id="_note-Herrero"><font size="3"><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-Herrero_0" title="">^</a></strong> <cite style="font-style: normal;" class="book">Herrero A and Flores E (editor). (2008). <em><a href="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan" rel="nofollow" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan" class="external text">The Cyanobacteria: Molecular Biology, Genomics and Evolution</a></em>, 1st ed., Caister Academic Press. <a href="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan" rel="nofollow" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan" class="external text">ISBN 978-1-904455-15-8</a> .</cite></font><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cyanobacteria%3A+Molecular+Biology%2C+Genomics+and+Evolution&amp;rft.au=Herrero+A+and+Flores+E+%28editor%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fcyan" class="Z3988"><font size="3"> </font><br /> </span></li> </ol> 045d9c6aa760dc008c4eada54c327fea06739b70 1922 2008-01-15T07:19:04Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font size="3"><strong>Genomics</strong> is the omics study of genes of individual organisms,&nbsp;populations, and species. <br /> </font></p> <p><font size="3">It is also a paradigm of performing biological science that deviates from&nbsp;investigating single genes, their functions, and roles. <br /> </font></p> <p><font size="3">The main reason of an independent biological discipline is that it deals with very large sets of genetic information to automatically analyze information using interaction and network concepts. Genomics inevitably employs high performance computing and bioinformatics technologies.</font><br /> </p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4"><br /> </font></span></p> <p><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">History of the field</font></span></strong></p> <p><font size="3">Genomics was practically founded by Fred Sanger group in 1970s when they developed an automatic gene sequencing technique and completed the first genomes; namely bacteriophage &Phi;-X174; (5,368 bp) and the bovine mitochondrial genome.</font></p> <p><font size="3">In 1972, Walter Fiers and his team at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology of the University of Ghent (Ghent, Belgium) were the first to determine the sequence of a gene: the gene for Bacteriophage MS2 coat protein.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-0">[1]</sup> In 1976, the team determined the complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-1">[2]</sup> The first DNA-based genome to be sequenced in its entirety was that of bacteriophage &Phi;-X174; (5,368 bp), sequenced by Frederick Sanger in 1977<sup class="reference" id="_ref-2">[3]</sup>. The first free-living organism to be sequenced was that of <em>Haemophilus influenzae</em> (1.8 Mb) in 1995, and since then genomes are being sequenced at a rapid pace. A rough draft of the human genome was completed by Sanger centre and the Human Genome Project in early 2001.</font></p> <p><font size="3">As of September 2007, the complete sequence was known of about 1879 viruses <sup class="reference" id="_ref-3">[4]</sup>, 577 bacterial species and roughly 23 eukaryote organisms, of which about half are fungi. <sup class="reference" id="_ref-4">[5]</sup> Most of the bacteria whose genomes have been completely sequenced are problematic disease-causing agents, such as <em>Haemophilus influenzae</em>. Of the other sequenced species, most were chosen because they were well-studied model organisms or promised to become good models. Yeast (<em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em>) has long been an important model organism for the eukaryotic cell, while the fruit fly <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> has been a very important tool (notably in early pre-molecular genetics). The worm <em>Caenorhabditis elegans</em> is an often used simple model for multicellular organisms. The zebrafish <em>Brachydanio rerio</em> is used for many developmental studies on the molecular level and the flower <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em> is a model organism for flowering plants. The Japanese pufferfish (<em>Takifugu rubripes</em>) and the spotted green pufferfish (<em>Tetraodon nigroviridis</em>) are interesting because of their small and compact genomes, containing very little non-coding DNA compared to most species. <sup class="reference" id="_ref-5">[6]</sup> <sup class="reference" id="_ref-6">[7]</sup> The mammals dog (<em>Canis familiaris</em>), <sup class="reference" id="_ref-7">[8]</sup> brown rat (<em>Rattus norvegicus</em>), mouse (<em>Mus musculus</em>), and chimpanzee (<em>Pan troglodytes</em>) are all important model animals in medical research.</font></p> <p><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">Bacteriophage Genomics</font></span></strong></p> <p><font size="3">Bacteriophages have played and continue to play a key role in bacterial genetics and molecular biology. Historically, they were used to define gene structure and gene regulation. Also the first genome to be sequenced was a bacteriophage. However, bacteriophage research did not lead the genomics revolution, which is clearly dominated by bacterial genomics. Only very recently has the study of bacteriophage genomes become prominent, thereby enabling researchers to understand the mechanisms underlying phage evolution. Bacteriophage genome sequences can be obtained through direct sequencing of isolated bacteriophages, but can also be derived as part of microbial genomes. Analysis of bacterial genomes has shown that a substantial amount of microbial DNA consists of prophage sequences and prophage-like elements. A detailed database mining of these sequences offers insights into the role of prophages in shaping the bacterial genome.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-McGrath_0">[9]</sup></font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">Cyanobacteria Genomics</font></span></strong></p> <p><font size="3">At present there are 24 cyanobacteria for which a total genome sequence is available. 15 of these cyanobacteria come from the marine environment. These are six <em>Prochlorococcus</em><em>Synechococcus</em> strains, <em>Trichodesmium erythraeum</em> IMS101 and <em>Crocosphaera watsonii</em> [[WH8501. Several studies have demonstrated how these sequences could be used very successfully to infer important ecological and physiological characteristics of marine cyanobacteria. However, there are many more genome projects currently in progress, amongst those there are further <em>Prochlorococcus</em> and marine <em>Synechococcus</em> isolates, <em>Acaryochloris</em> and <em>Prochloron</em>, the N₂-fixing filamentous cyanobacteria <em>Nodularia spumigena</em>, <em>Lyngbya aestuarii</em> and <em>Lyngbya majuscula</em>, as well as bacteriophages infecting marine cyanobaceria. Thus, the growing body of genome information can also be tapped in a more general way to address global problems by applying a comparative approach. Some new and exciting examples of progress in this field are the identification of genes for regulatory RNAs, insights into the evolutionary origin of photosynthesis, or estimation of the contribution of horizontal gene transfer to the genomes that have been analyzed.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-Herrero_0">[10]</sup></font> strains, seven marine </p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">See also</font></span></strong></p> <ul> <li><font size="3">[[Pangenomics]] and [[Pangenome]]</font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Omics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Proteomics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Interactomics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Functional genomics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Computational genomics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Nitrogenomics]]</font> </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">References</font></span></strong></p> <ol class="references"> <li id="_note-0"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-0">^</a></strong> Min Jou W, Haegeman G, Ysebaert M, Fiers W., Nucleotide sequence of the gene coding for the bacteriophage MS2 coat protein, Nature. 1972 May 12;237(5350):82-8 </font></li> <li id="_note-1"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-1">^</a></strong> Fiers W et al., Complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA - primary and secondary structure of replicase gene, Nature, 260, 500-507, 1976 </font></li> <li id="_note-2"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-2">^</a></strong> Sanger F, Air GM, Barrell BG, Brown NL, Coulson AR, Fiddes CA, Hutchison CA, Slocombe PM, Smith M., Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA, Nature. 1977 Feb 24;265(5596):687-95 </font></li> <li id="_note-3"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-3">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/VIRUSES/virostat.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/VIRUSES/virostat.html"><em>The Viral Genomes Resource</em>, NCBI Friday, 14 September, 2007</a></font> </li> <li id="_note-4"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-4">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/static/gpstat.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/static/gpstat.html"><em>Genome Project Statistic</em>, NCBI Friday, 14 September, 2007</a></font> </li> <li id="_note-5"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-5">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3760766.stm" rel="nofollow" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3760766.stm">BBC article <em>Human gene number slashed</em> from Wednesday, 20 October, 2004</a></font> </li> <li id="_note-6"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-6">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2003/10/16/pufferfish_fruitfly/index.shtml" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2003/10/16/pufferfish_fruitfly/index.shtml">CBSE News, Thursday October 16, 2003</a></font> </li> <li id="_note-7"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-7">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.genome.gov/12511476" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.gov/12511476">NHGRI, pressrelease of the publishing of the dog genome</a></font> </li> <li id="_note-McGrath"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-McGrath_0">^</a></strong> <cite class="book" style="font-style: normal;">Mc Grath S and van Sinderen D (editors). (2007). <em><a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage">Bacteriophage: Genetics and Molecular Biology</a></em>, 1st ed., Caister Academic Press. <a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage">ISBN 978-1-904455-14-1</a> .</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Bacteriophage%3A+Genetics+and+Molecular+Biology&amp;rft.au=Mc+Grath+S+and+van+Sinderen+D+%28editors%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fphage">&nbsp;</span></font> </li> <li id="_note-Herrero"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-Herrero_0">^</a></strong> <cite class="book" style="font-style: normal;">Herrero A and Flores E (editor). (2008). <em><a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan">The Cyanobacteria: Molecular Biology, Genomics and Evolution</a></em>, 1st ed., Caister Academic Press. <a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan">ISBN 978-1-904455-15-8</a> .</cite></font><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cyanobacteria%3A+Molecular+Biology%2C+Genomics+and+Evolution&amp;rft.au=Herrero+A+and+Flores+E+%28editor%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fcyan"><font size="3"> </font><br /> </span></li> </ol> 9b5b83e14adc67c2aa7de4c62e0f9604dc44c7ce 0 1499 1923 2008-01-15T07:21:03Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong><font size="5"><font color="#ff0000">Open</font><font color="#339966"> </font><font color="#ff6600">to</font><font color="#339966"> Everyone, </font><font color="#3366ff">Free</font><font color="#339966"> </font><font color="#0000ff">for</font><font color="#339966"> </font><font color="#000080">All</font></font></strong><font color="#339966" size="5"><strong>.<br /> <br /> </strong></font><font size="3">&quot;<strong>Openfree</strong>&quot; is a term used to indicate that any information content is <strong>copyright free</strong> and any computer programs or prototypes' source codes are available to anyone without any restriction.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> The original author does not retain his/her copyrights.&nbsp;<strong>Everything is free and open to everyone</strong>.<br /> <br /> Databases and raw program sources are&nbsp;open to anyone and the DB services and compiled programs are free to use.<br /> <br /> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;As an example: visit the openfree bio-encyclopedia: </font><a class="external text" title="http://biopedia.org" rel="nofollow" href="http://biopedia.org/"><font color="#810081" size="3">Biopedia.org</font></a><br /> <br /> <font size="3">The 'free' in openfree means not only the freedom in sharing knowledge, but also the cost of knowledge is free as in free meal.<br /> <br /> It also includes other intellectual properties such as book contents and diverse media that can contain knowledge, data and information created by any kind of </font><a title="Biological information Objects" href="http://biolicense.org/index.php/Biological_information_Objects"><font size="3">biological information Objects</font></a><font size="3"> in the universe.&nbsp;<br /> See also: <a title="BioOriginality" href="http://biolicense.org/index.php/BioOriginality"><font color="#002bb8">BioOriginality</font></a> rule.<br /> <br /> <br /> <font color="#000000">Openfree is supported by </font></font><a class="external text" title="http://biofoundation.net" rel="nofollow" href="http://biofoundation.net/"><font color="#000000" size="3">BioFoundation</font></a><font color="#000000" size="3"> as a </font><a class="external text" title="http://biolicense.org" rel="nofollow" href="http://biolicense.org/"><font color="#000000" size="3">BioLicense</font></a><font size="3">&nbsp;scheme<font color="#000000">. BioFoundation&nbsp;</font></font><font color="#810081"><font size="3"><font color="#000000">is a loose association to maintain various bio- and -omics sites. </font><br /> <br /> <font color="#000000">Openfree concept&nbsp;has a root in a philosophy called &quot;<a title="Biosophy" href="http://biolicense.org/index.php/Biosophy">Biosophy</a>&quot;.</font><br /> <br /> </font></font><font color="#810081"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><strong><font size="4">Who owns this site?</font> <br /> </strong>It is <strong><font color="#ff0000">you</font></strong> and the&nbsp;future generations&nbsp;of our societies.&nbsp;</font></font></font><br /> <br /> <br /> <font size="3"><strong><font size="4">What is Openfree Network?</font><br /> Openfree Network</strong> is an internet community of openfree domains and sites. Any home&nbsp;page is invited to join in this network. Let's just be openfree!</font><br /> <br /> <br /> <a class="external text" title="http://biosite.org" rel="nofollow" href="http://biosite.org/"><font color="#810081" size="4"><strong>Openfree sites</strong></font></a><strong><font size="4">&nbsp;list (biosite.org)</font></strong><strong><br /> <br /> </strong><a title="History of Openfree" href="http://biolicense.org/index.php/History_of_Openfree"><font color="#002bb8" size="3">History of Openfree</font></a><font size="3">&nbsp;from BioLicense.org site.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <strong><br /> <hr /> </strong><br /> <font size="3"><font size="3">(</font></font><font size="3"><font color="#339966">♡<font color="#000000">)</font></font><strong><font color="#339966"> B</font><font color="#ff0000">i</font><font color="#0000ff">o</font></strong><font color="#339966"><font color="#339900"><strong>License. All rights openfreely shared.&nbsp;<br /> Download figures and text&nbsp;for profit without&nbsp;a permission from us.</strong></font></font></font> 01e2b2d12fa5bbde17c3c2d9090cee7b22e85e57 0 1586 1926 2008-01-15T07:50:01Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong>Genomics portals</strong><br /> <br /> <table style="WIDTH: 770px; HEIGHT: 62px" height="62" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="770" summary="" border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td>[http://123genomics.com 123genomics.com]</td> <td> <div align="center"><font class="size8 Helvetica8" face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" color="#d36100"><strong>A&nbsp;Genomics, Proteomics and Bioinformatics Knowledge Base</strong></font></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> cda5d33e9dfdb42bffa7d565554897fad6de54d7 1927 2008-01-15T07:50:09Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong><font size="5">Genomics portals</font></strong><br /> <br /> <table style="WIDTH: 770px; HEIGHT: 62px" height="62" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="770" summary="" border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td>[http://123genomics.com 123genomics.com]</td> <td> <div align="center"><font class="size8 Helvetica8" face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" color="#d36100"><strong>A&nbsp;Genomics, Proteomics and Bioinformatics Knowledge Base</strong></font></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> 318a4bdf841e4d0315c6f52fa7f8e9b79f2e324f 1953 2008-01-15T15:15:00Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong><font size="5">Genomics portals</font></strong><br /> <br /> <table width="770" height="62" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="1" summary="" style="width: 770px; height: 62px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td>[http://123genomics.com 123genomics.com]</td> <td> <div align="center"><font face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" color="#d36100" class="size8 Helvetica8"><strong>A&nbsp;Genomics, Proteomics and Bioinformatics Knowledge Base</strong></font></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;[http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/research_tools.html Pedro's Biomolecular Research Tools]<br /> </td> <td>&nbsp;Pedro's BioMolecular Research Tools<br /> A Collection of WWW Links to Information<br /> and Services Useful to Molecular Biologists</td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> f33ca4515a6e727d7cba9e020d498721001f0d8e 1954 2008-01-15T15:15:20Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong><font size="5">Genomics portals</font></strong><br /> <br /> <table width="770" height="62" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="1" style="width: 770px; height: 62px;" summary=""> <tbody> <tr> <td>[http://123genomics.com 123genomics.com]</td> <td> <div align="center"><font face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" color="#d36100" class="size8 Helvetica8"><strong>A&nbsp;Genomics, Proteomics and Bioinformatics Knowledge Base</strong></font></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;[http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/research_tools.html Pedro's Biomolecular Research Tools]<br /> </td> <td>&nbsp;Pedro's BioMolecular Research Tools: A Collection of WWW Links to Information&nbsp; &amp; Services Useful to Molecular Biologists</td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> 7768d88ca0e8655507b698dd0e64c2b5a36866e1 1955 2008-01-15T15:17:53Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong><font size="5">Genomics portals</font></strong><br /> <br /> <table width="770" height="62" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="1" summary="" style="width: 770px; height: 62px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td>[http://123genomics.com 123genomics.com]</td> <td> <div align="center"><font face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" color="#d36100" class="size8 Helvetica8"><strong>A&nbsp;Genomics, Proteomics and Bioinformatics Knowledge Base</strong></font></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[Pedro's Biomolecular Research Tools]]</td> <td>&nbsp;Local copy of Pedro's Biomolecular Research Tools</td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;[http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/research_tools.html Pedro's Biomolecular Research Tools]<br /> </td> <td>&nbsp;Pedro's BioMolecular Research Tools: A Collection of WWW Links to Information&nbsp; &amp; Services Useful to Molecular Biologists</td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> 15f3b79fc7cf2d87779f4993521a52f4e97532ee 0 1568 1928 2008-01-15T07:53:29Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <h1 class="firstHeading">Organizations&nbsp;and Centers in Genomics</h1> <br /> <table style="WIDTH: 770px; HEIGHT: 110px" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="770" summary="" border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td>[http://www.agrf.org.au/ AGRF.org.au]</td> <td>Australian Genome Research Facility: collection of molecular genetic information covering large-scale DNA sequencing, genotyping, microarraying, agricultural genomic&nbsp;services&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.hgsc.bcm.tmc.edu/ HGSC of Baylor College of Med.</td> <td>Human genome sequencing center of Baylor Colledge of Medicine.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.sanger.ac.uk Sanger Centre]</td> <td>&nbsp;Sanger Centre UK</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.ebi.ac.uk EBI]</td> <td>&nbsp;European Bioinformatics Institute</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.broad.mit.edu/ Broad Inst. MIT&amp; Harvard]</td> <td>&nbsp;Broad Institute in Cambridge, MA, USA</td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;[http://www.genomealbertaeducation.ca/ Genome Alberta Edu.]</td> <td>&nbsp;Genome Alberta Education Site</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> 4785daa0ef634a711ce676e13b1e6f5e7809f06d 1929 2008-01-15T07:53:37Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <h1 class="firstHeading">Organizations&nbsp;and Centers in Genomics</h1> <br /> <table style="WIDTH: 770px; HEIGHT: 110px" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="770" summary="" border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td>[http://www.agrf.org.au/ AGRF.org.au]</td> <td>Australian Genome Research Facility: collection of molecular genetic information covering large-scale DNA sequencing, genotyping, microarraying, agricultural genomic&nbsp;services&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.hgsc.bcm.tmc.edu/ HGSC of Baylor College of Med.]</td> <td>Human genome sequencing center of Baylor Colledge of Medicine.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.sanger.ac.uk Sanger Centre]</td> <td>&nbsp;Sanger Centre UK</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.ebi.ac.uk EBI]</td> <td>&nbsp;European Bioinformatics Institute</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.broad.mit.edu/ Broad Inst. MIT&amp; Harvard]</td> <td>&nbsp;Broad Institute in Cambridge, MA, USA</td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;[http://www.genomealbertaeducation.ca/ Genome Alberta Edu.]</td> <td>&nbsp;Genome Alberta Education Site</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> 5f624bc80cc23c1008e7d0cb0cdff5c27c3ced5b 1930 2008-01-15T07:53:52Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <h1 class="firstHeading">Organizations&nbsp;and Centers in Genomics</h1> <br /> <table style="WIDTH: 770px; HEIGHT: 110px" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="770" summary="" border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td width="300">[http://www.agrf.org.au/ AGRF.org.au]</td> <td>Australian Genome Research Facility: collection of molecular genetic information covering large-scale DNA sequencing, genotyping, microarraying, agricultural genomic&nbsp;services&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.hgsc.bcm.tmc.edu/ HGSC of Baylor College of Med.]</td> <td>Human genome sequencing center of Baylor Colledge of Medicine.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.sanger.ac.uk Sanger Centre]</td> <td>&nbsp;Sanger Centre UK</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.ebi.ac.uk EBI]</td> <td>&nbsp;European Bioinformatics Institute</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.broad.mit.edu/ Broad Inst. MIT&amp; Harvard]</td> <td>&nbsp;Broad Institute in Cambridge, MA, USA</td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;[http://www.genomealbertaeducation.ca/ Genome Alberta Edu.]</td> <td>&nbsp;Genome Alberta Education Site</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> 1bde07211fc0809d1f6b3888f66122209b632bc9 1931 2008-01-15T07:57:31Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <h1 class="firstHeading">Organizations&nbsp;and Centers in Genomics</h1> <br /> <table style="WIDTH: 770px; HEIGHT: 110px" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="770" summary="" border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td width="300">[http://www.agrf.org.au/ AGRF.org.au]</td> <td>Australian Genome Research Facility: collection of molecular genetic information covering large-scale DNA sequencing, genotyping, microarraying, agricultural genomic&nbsp;services&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.hgsc.bcm.tmc.edu/ HGSC of Baylor College of Med.]</td> <td>Human genome sequencing center of Baylor Colledge of Medicine.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.genomics.org.cn/ Genomics.org.cn]</td> <td>Beijing Genome Institute, China.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">[http://www.geenivaramu.ee/ </font><font color="#000000">www.geenivaramu.ee</font>]</td> <td>The Estonian Genome Foundation, Estonia.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>[http://www.sanger.ac.uk Sanger Centre]</strong></td> <td>&nbsp;Sanger Centre UK</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.ebi.ac.uk EBI]</td> <td>&nbsp;European Bioinformatics Institute</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.broad.mit.edu/ Broad Inst. MIT&amp; Harvard]</td> <td>&nbsp;Broad Institute in Cambridge, MA, USA</td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;[http://www.genomealbertaeducation.ca/ Genome Alberta Edu.]</td> <td>&nbsp;Genome Alberta Education Site</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> 342f4c52ba7873aabcde744b2815575141d84ad1 1932 2008-01-15T07:57:45Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <h1 class="firstHeading">Organizations&nbsp;and Centers in Genomics</h1> <br /> <table style="WIDTH: 770px; HEIGHT: 110px" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="770" summary="" border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td width="300">[http://www.agrf.org.au/ AGRF.org.au]</td> <td>Australian Genome Research Facility: collection of molecular genetic information covering large-scale DNA sequencing, genotyping, microarraying, agricultural genomic&nbsp;services&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.hgsc.bcm.tmc.edu/ HGSC of Baylor College of Med.]</td> <td>Human genome sequencing center of Baylor Colledge of Medicine.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.genomics.org.cn/ Genomics.org.cn]</td> <td>Beijing Genome Institute, China.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">[http://www.geenivaramu.ee/ </font><font color="#000000">geenivaramu.ee</font>]</td> <td>The Estonian Genome Foundation, Estonia.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>[http://www.sanger.ac.uk Sanger Centre]</strong></td> <td>&nbsp;Sanger Centre UK</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.ebi.ac.uk EBI]</td> <td>&nbsp;European Bioinformatics Institute</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.broad.mit.edu/ Broad Inst. MIT&amp; Harvard]</td> <td>&nbsp;Broad Institute in Cambridge, MA, USA</td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;[http://www.genomealbertaeducation.ca/ Genome Alberta Edu.]</td> <td>&nbsp;Genome Alberta Education Site</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> 315c1dcd545f6888950718deb0698f987940f2b5 1933 2008-01-15T07:57:55Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <h1 class="firstHeading">Organizations&nbsp;and Centers in Genomics</h1> <br /> <table style="WIDTH: 770px; HEIGHT: 110px" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="770" summary="" border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td width="300">[http://www.agrf.org.au/ AGRF.org.au]</td> <td>Australian Genome Research Facility: collection of molecular genetic information covering large-scale DNA sequencing, genotyping, microarraying, agricultural genomic&nbsp;services&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.hgsc.bcm.tmc.edu/ HGSC of Baylor College of Med.]</td> <td>Human genome sequencing center of Baylor Colledge of Medicine.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.genomics.org.cn/ Genomics.org.cn]</td> <td>Beijing Genome Institute, China.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.geenivaramu.ee/ geenivaramu.ee]</td> <td>The Estonian Genome Foundation, Estonia.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>[http://www.sanger.ac.uk Sanger Centre]</strong></td> <td>&nbsp;Sanger Centre UK</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.ebi.ac.uk EBI]</td> <td>&nbsp;European Bioinformatics Institute</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.broad.mit.edu/ Broad Inst. MIT&amp; Harvard]</td> <td>&nbsp;Broad Institute in Cambridge, MA, USA</td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;[http://www.genomealbertaeducation.ca/ Genome Alberta Edu.]</td> <td>&nbsp;Genome Alberta Education Site</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> e253a1c617b912796b1ba361990c8ef32b69403a 1934 2008-01-15T07:59:31Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <h1 class="firstHeading">Organizations&nbsp;and Centers in Genomics</h1> <br /> <table style="WIDTH: 770px; HEIGHT: 110px" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="770" summary="" border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td width="300">[http://www.agrf.org.au/ AGRF.org.au]</td> <td>Australian Genome Research Facility: collection of molecular genetic information covering large-scale DNA sequencing, genotyping, microarraying, agricultural genomic&nbsp;services&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.hgsc.bcm.tmc.edu/ HGSC of Baylor College of Med.]</td> <td>Human genome sequencing center of Baylor Colledge of Medicine.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.genomics.org.cn/ Genomics.org.cn]</td> <td>Beijing Genome Institute, China.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.geenivaramu.ee/ geenivaramu.ee]</td> <td>The Estonian Genome Foundation, Estonia.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.genoscope.cns.fr/ Genoscope.cns.fr]</td> <td>&nbsp;the French National Sequencing Center, Evry, near Paris. Founded in 1997.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>[http://www.sanger.ac.uk Sanger Centre]</strong></td> <td>&nbsp;Sanger Centre UK</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.ebi.ac.uk EBI]</td> <td>&nbsp;European Bioinformatics Institute</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.broad.mit.edu/ Broad Inst. MIT&amp; Harvard]</td> <td>&nbsp;Broad Institute in Cambridge, MA, USA</td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;[http://www.genomealbertaeducation.ca/ Genome Alberta Edu.]</td> <td>&nbsp;Genome Alberta Education Site</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> 0ed431814e0186bddbec51540bcc127bad44db6f 1935 2008-01-15T08:01:15Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <h1 class="firstHeading">Organizations&nbsp;and Centers in Genomics</h1> <br /> <table style="WIDTH: 770px; HEIGHT: 110px" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="770" summary="" border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td width="300">[http://www.agrf.org.au/ AGRF.org.au]</td> <td>Australian Genome Research Facility: collection of molecular genetic information covering large-scale DNA sequencing, genotyping, microarraying, agricultural genomic&nbsp;services&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.hgsc.bcm.tmc.edu/ HGSC of Baylor College of Med.]</td> <td>Human genome sequencing center of Baylor Colledge of Medicine.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.genomics.org.cn/ Genomics.org.cn]</td> <td>Beijing Genome Institute, China.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.geenivaramu.ee/ geenivaramu.ee]</td> <td>The Estonian Genome Foundation, Estonia.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.genoscope.cns.fr/ Genoscope.cns.fr]</td> <td>&nbsp;the French National Sequencing Center, Evry, near Paris. Founded in 1997. (genoscope.org)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.genomecorp.com/ GenomeCorp.com]</td> <td>&nbsp;Genome therapeutic corporation (coming soon! &nbsp;Jan. 2008)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>[http://www.sanger.ac.uk Sanger Centre]</strong></td> <td>&nbsp;Sanger Centre UK</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.ebi.ac.uk EBI]</td> <td>&nbsp;European Bioinformatics Institute</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.broad.mit.edu/ Broad Inst. MIT&amp; Harvard]</td> <td>&nbsp;Broad Institute in Cambridge, MA, USA</td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;[http://www.genomealbertaeducation.ca/ Genome Alberta Edu.]</td> <td>&nbsp;Genome Alberta Education Site</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> fd723c143e96cadf3480fb4b64f1e1f1380a1ea8 1936 2008-01-15T08:03:06Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <h1 class="firstHeading">Organizations&nbsp;and Centers in Genomics</h1> <br /> <table style="WIDTH: 770px; HEIGHT: 110px" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="770" summary="" border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td width="300">[http://www.agrf.org.au/ AGRF.org.au]</td> <td>Australian Genome Research Facility: collection of molecular genetic information covering large-scale DNA sequencing, genotyping, microarraying, agricultural genomic&nbsp;services&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.hgsc.bcm.tmc.edu/ HGSC of Baylor College of Med.]</td> <td>Human genome sequencing center of Baylor Colledge of Medicine.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.genomics.org.cn/ Genomics.org.cn]</td> <td>Beijing Genome Institute, China.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.geenivaramu.ee/ geenivaramu.ee]</td> <td>The Estonian Genome Foundation, Estonia.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.genoscope.cns.fr/ Genoscope.cns.fr]</td> <td>&nbsp;the French National Sequencing Center, Evry, near Paris. Founded in 1997. (genoscope.org)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.genomecorp.com/ GenomeCorp.com]</td> <td>&nbsp;Genome therapeutic corporation (coming soon! &nbsp;Jan. 2008)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.hgmp.mrc.ac.uk/ HGMP Geneservice]</td> <td><strong><em>&nbsp;Genomic products and contract research company.</em></strong>&nbsp; Former HGMP, MRC, UK.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>[http://www.sanger.ac.uk Sanger Centre]</strong></td> <td>&nbsp;Sanger Centre UK</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.ebi.ac.uk EBI]</td> <td>&nbsp;European Bioinformatics Institute</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.broad.mit.edu/ Broad Inst. MIT&amp; Harvard]</td> <td>&nbsp;Broad Institute in Cambridge, MA, USA</td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;[http://www.genomealbertaeducation.ca/ Genome Alberta Edu.]</td> <td>&nbsp;Genome Alberta Education Site</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> 90ba743f96983649c2829832b1d63dae7881675a 1937 2008-01-15T08:08:59Z WikiSysop 1 the Home Page of Genome Sequencing and Analysis at CSHL wikitext text/x-wiki <h1 class="firstHeading">Organizations&nbsp;and Centers in Genomics<br /> <br /> <table style="WIDTH: 770px; HEIGHT: 110px" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="770" summary="" border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td width="300">[http://www.agrf.org.au/ AGRF.org.au]</td> <td>Australian Genome Research Facility: collection of molecular genetic information covering large-scale DNA sequencing, genotyping, microarraying, agricultural genomic&nbsp;services&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.hgsc.bcm.tmc.edu/ HGSC of Baylor College of Med.]</td> <td>Human genome sequencing center of Baylor Colledge of Medicine.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.genomics.org.cn/ Genomics.org.cn]</td> <td>Beijing Genome Institute, China.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.geenivaramu.ee/ geenivaramu.ee]</td> <td>The Estonian Genome Foundation, Estonia.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.genoscope.cns.fr/ Genoscope.cns.fr]</td> <td>&nbsp;the French National Sequencing Center, Evry, near Paris. Founded in 1997. (genoscope.org)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.genomecorp.com/ GenomeCorp.com]</td> <td>&nbsp;Genome therapeutic corporation (coming soon! &nbsp;Jan. 2008)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.hgmp.mrc.ac.uk/ HGMP Geneservice]</td> <td><strong><em>&nbsp;Genomic products and contract research company.</em></strong>&nbsp; Former HGMP, MRC, UK.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.igib.res.in/ IGIB.res.in]</td> <td>&nbsp;Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology. India.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.jgi.doe.gov/ JGI.doe.gov]</td> <td>&nbsp;The DOE Joint Genome Institute (JGI), University of California, USA.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://mccombielab.cshl.edu/genseq/index.html mccombielab.cshl.edu/genseq]</td> <td>Lita Annenberg Hazen Genome Sequencing Center. The Home Page of Genome Sequencing and Analysis at CSHL</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>[http://www.sanger.ac.uk Sanger Centre]</strong></td> <td>&nbsp;Sanger Centre UK</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.ebi.ac.uk EBI]</td> <td>&nbsp;European Bioinformatics Institute</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.broad.mit.edu/ Broad Inst. MIT&amp; Harvard]</td> <td>&nbsp;Broad Institute in Cambridge, MA, USA</td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;[http://www.genomealbertaeducation.ca/ Genome Alberta Edu.]</td> <td>&nbsp;Genome Alberta Education Site</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </h1> fc9cb75acd0cb34b35c5322d5085e71f173c8e32 1938 2008-01-15T08:09:43Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <h1 class="firstHeading">Organizations&nbsp;and Centers in Genomics<br /> <br /> <table style="WIDTH: 770px; HEIGHT: 110px" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="770" summary="" border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td width="300">[http://www.agrf.org.au/ AGRF.org.au]</td> <td>Australian Genome Research Facility: collection of molecular genetic information covering large-scale DNA sequencing, genotyping, microarraying, agricultural genomic&nbsp;services&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.hgsc.bcm.tmc.edu/ HGSC of Baylor College of Med.]</td> <td>Human genome sequencing center of Baylor Colledge of Medicine.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.genomics.org.cn/ Genomics.org.cn]</td> <td>Beijing Genome Institute, China.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.geenivaramu.ee/ geenivaramu.ee]</td> <td>The Estonian Genome Foundation, Estonia.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.genoscope.cns.fr/ Genoscope.cns.fr]</td> <td>&nbsp;the French National Sequencing Center, Evry, near Paris. Founded in 1997. (genoscope.org)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.genomecorp.com/ GenomeCorp.com]</td> <td>&nbsp;Genome therapeutic corporation (coming soon! &nbsp;Jan. 2008)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.hgmp.mrc.ac.uk/ HGMP Geneservice]</td> <td><strong><em>&nbsp;Genomic products and contract research company.</em></strong>&nbsp; Former HGMP, MRC, UK.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.igib.res.in/ IGIB.res.in]</td> <td>&nbsp;Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology. India.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.jgi.doe.gov/ JGI.doe.gov]</td> <td>&nbsp;The DOE Joint Genome Institute (JGI), University of California, USA.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://mccombielab.cshl.edu/genseq/index.html mccombielab.cshl.edu]</td> <td>Lita Annenberg Hazen Genome Sequencing Center. The Home Page of Genome Sequencing and Analysis at CSHL</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>[http://www.sanger.ac.uk Sanger Centre]</strong></td> <td>&nbsp;Sanger Centre UK</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.ebi.ac.uk EBI]</td> <td>&nbsp;European Bioinformatics Institute</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.broad.mit.edu/ Broad Inst. MIT&amp; Harvard]</td> <td>&nbsp;Broad Institute in Cambridge, MA, USA</td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;[http://www.genomealbertaeducation.ca/ Genome Alberta Edu.]</td> <td>&nbsp;Genome Alberta Education Site</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </h1> a878a5a0791935606a8e395d464fe75248b144bb 1939 2008-01-15T08:10:00Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p class="firstHeading">Organizations&nbsp;and Centers in Genomics<br /> <br /> <br /> </p> <h1 class="firstHeading"> <table style="WIDTH: 770px; HEIGHT: 110px" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="770" summary="" border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td width="300"> <p><font size="2">[http://www.agrf.org.au/ AGRF.org.au]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">Australian Genome Research Facility: collection of molecular genetic information covering large-scale DNA sequencing, genotyping, microarraying, agricultural genomic&nbsp;services&nbsp;</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.hgsc.bcm.tmc.edu/ HGSC of Baylor College of Med.]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">Human genome sequencing center of Baylor Colledge of Medicine.</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.genomics.org.cn/ Genomics.org.cn]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">Beijing Genome Institute, China.</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.geenivaramu.ee/ geenivaramu.ee]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">The Estonian Genome Foundation, Estonia.</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.genoscope.cns.fr/ Genoscope.cns.fr]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;the French National Sequencing Center, Evry, near Paris. Founded in 1997. (genoscope.org)</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.genomecorp.com/ GenomeCorp.com]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;Genome therapeutic corporation (coming soon! &nbsp;Jan. 2008)</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.hgmp.mrc.ac.uk/ HGMP Geneservice]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2"><strong><em>&nbsp;Genomic products and contract research company.</em></strong>&nbsp; Former HGMP, MRC, UK.</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.igib.res.in/ IGIB.res.in]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology. India.</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.jgi.doe.gov/ JGI.doe.gov]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;The DOE Joint Genome Institute (JGI), University of California, USA.</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://mccombielab.cshl.edu/genseq/index.html mccombielab.cshl.edu]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">Lita Annenberg Hazen Genome Sequencing Center. The Home Page of Genome Sequencing and Analysis at CSHL</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><strong><font size="2">[http://www.sanger.ac.uk Sanger Centre]</font></strong></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;Sanger Centre UK</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.ebi.ac.uk EBI]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;European Bioinformatics Institute</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.broad.mit.edu/ Broad Inst. MIT&amp; Harvard]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;Broad Institute in Cambridge, MA, USA</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;[http://www.genomealbertaeducation.ca/ Genome Alberta Edu.]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;Genome Alberta Education Site</font></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </h1> c6ee9a8b5176473da0f95d382b475038b65f780d 1940 2008-01-15T08:10:23Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p class="firstHeading"><font size="5">Organizations&nbsp;and Centers in Genomics</font><br /> <br /> <br /> </p> <h1 class="firstHeading"> <table height="110" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="100%" summary="" border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td width="300"> <p><font size="2">[http://www.agrf.org.au/ AGRF.org.au]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">Australian Genome Research Facility: collection of molecular genetic information covering large-scale DNA sequencing, genotyping, microarraying, agricultural genomic&nbsp;services&nbsp;</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.hgsc.bcm.tmc.edu/ HGSC of Baylor College of Med.]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">Human genome sequencing center of Baylor Colledge of Medicine.</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.genomics.org.cn/ Genomics.org.cn]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">Beijing Genome Institute, China.</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.geenivaramu.ee/ geenivaramu.ee]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">The Estonian Genome Foundation, Estonia.</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.genoscope.cns.fr/ Genoscope.cns.fr]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;the French National Sequencing Center, Evry, near Paris. Founded in 1997. (genoscope.org)</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.genomecorp.com/ GenomeCorp.com]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;Genome therapeutic corporation (coming soon! &nbsp;Jan. 2008)</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.hgmp.mrc.ac.uk/ HGMP Geneservice]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2"><strong><em>&nbsp;Genomic products and contract research company.</em></strong>&nbsp; Former HGMP, MRC, UK.</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.igib.res.in/ IGIB.res.in]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology. India.</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.jgi.doe.gov/ JGI.doe.gov]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;The DOE Joint Genome Institute (JGI), University of California, USA.</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://mccombielab.cshl.edu/genseq/index.html mccombielab.cshl.edu]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">Lita Annenberg Hazen Genome Sequencing Center. The Home Page of Genome Sequencing and Analysis at CSHL</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><strong><font size="2">[http://www.sanger.ac.uk Sanger Centre]</font></strong></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;Sanger Centre UK</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.ebi.ac.uk EBI]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;European Bioinformatics Institute</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.broad.mit.edu/ Broad Inst. MIT&amp; Harvard]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;Broad Institute in Cambridge, MA, USA</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;[http://www.genomealbertaeducation.ca/ Genome Alberta Edu.]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;Genome Alberta Education Site</font></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </h1> fac67f5f973e65a4c11918b17ac0a8159a8a7129 1941 2008-01-15T08:10:39Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p class="firstHeading"><font size="5">Organizations&nbsp;and Centers in Genomics</font><br /> <br /> <br /> </p> <h1 class="firstHeading"> <table style="WIDTH: 811px; HEIGHT: 337px" height="337" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="811" summary="" border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td width="300"> <p><font size="2">[http://www.agrf.org.au/ AGRF.org.au]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">Australian Genome Research Facility: collection of molecular genetic information covering large-scale DNA sequencing, genotyping, microarraying, agricultural genomic&nbsp;services&nbsp;</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.hgsc.bcm.tmc.edu/ HGSC of Baylor College of Med.]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">Human genome sequencing center of Baylor Colledge of Medicine.</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.genomics.org.cn/ Genomics.org.cn]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">Beijing Genome Institute, China.</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.geenivaramu.ee/ geenivaramu.ee]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">The Estonian Genome Foundation, Estonia.</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.genoscope.cns.fr/ Genoscope.cns.fr]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;the French National Sequencing Center, Evry, near Paris. Founded in 1997. (genoscope.org)</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.genomecorp.com/ GenomeCorp.com]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;Genome therapeutic corporation (coming soon! &nbsp;Jan. 2008)</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.hgmp.mrc.ac.uk/ HGMP Geneservice]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2"><strong><em>&nbsp;Genomic products and contract research company.</em></strong>&nbsp; Former HGMP, MRC, UK.</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.igib.res.in/ IGIB.res.in]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology. India.</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.jgi.doe.gov/ JGI.doe.gov]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;The DOE Joint Genome Institute (JGI), University of California, USA.</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://mccombielab.cshl.edu/genseq/index.html mccombielab.cshl.edu]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">Lita Annenberg Hazen Genome Sequencing Center. The Home Page of Genome Sequencing and Analysis at CSHL</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><strong><font size="2">[http://www.sanger.ac.uk Sanger Centre]</font></strong></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;Sanger Centre UK</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.ebi.ac.uk EBI]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;European Bioinformatics Institute</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.broad.mit.edu/ Broad Inst. MIT&amp; Harvard]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;Broad Institute in Cambridge, MA, USA</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;[http://www.genomealbertaeducation.ca/ Genome Alberta Edu.]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;Genome Alberta Education Site</font></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </h1> 21b1e37051615441f3e8fd9a6bb1f6bf25196069 1942 2008-01-15T08:11:29Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p class="firstHeading"><font size="5">Organizations&nbsp;and Centers in Genomics</font><br /> <br /> <br /> </p> <h1 class="firstHeading"> <table style="WIDTH: 811px; HEIGHT: 337px" height="337" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="811" summary="" border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td width="300"> <p><font size="2">[http://www.agrf.org.au/ AGRF.org.au]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">Australian Genome Research Facility: collection of molecular genetic information covering large-scale DNA sequencing, genotyping, microarraying, agricultural genomic&nbsp;services&nbsp;</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.hgsc.bcm.tmc.edu/ HGSC of Baylor College of Med.]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">Human genome sequencing center of Baylor Colledge of Medicine.</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.genomics.org.cn/ Genomics.org.cn]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">Beijing Genome Institute, China.</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.geenivaramu.ee/ geenivaramu.ee]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">The Estonian Genome Foundation, Estonia.</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.genoscope.cns.fr/ Genoscope.cns.fr]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;the French National Sequencing Center, Evry, near Paris. Founded in 1997. (genoscope.org)</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.genomecorp.com/ GenomeCorp.com]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;Genome therapeutic corporation (coming soon! &nbsp;Jan. 2008)</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.hgmp.mrc.ac.uk/ HGMP Geneservice]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2"><em><strong>&nbsp;</strong></em>Genomic products and contract research company.&nbsp; Former HGMP, MRC, UK.</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.igib.res.in/ IGIB.res.in]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology. India.</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.jgi.doe.gov/ JGI.doe.gov]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;The DOE Joint Genome Institute (JGI), University of California, USA.</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://mccombielab.cshl.edu/genseq/index.html mccombielab.cshl.edu]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">Lita Annenberg Hazen Genome Sequencing Center. The Home Page of Genome Sequencing and Analysis at CSHL</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><strong><font size="2">[http://www.sanger.ac.uk Sanger Centre]</font></strong></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;Sanger Centre UK</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.ebi.ac.uk EBI]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;European Bioinformatics Institute</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.broad.mit.edu/ Broad Inst. MIT&amp; Harvard]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;Broad Institute in Cambridge, MA, USA</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;[http://www.genomealbertaeducation.ca/ Genome Alberta Edu.]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;Genome Alberta Education Site</font></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </h1> 422ff713682b6d88e3ff55e2028cd0a487365598 1943 2008-01-15T08:13:04Z WikiSysop 1 Japanese Genome Annotation and Comparative Analysis Team wikitext text/x-wiki <p class="firstHeading"><font size="5">Organizations&nbsp;and Centers in Genomics</font><br /> <br /> <br /> </p> <h1 class="firstHeading"> <table style="WIDTH: 811px; HEIGHT: 337px" height="337" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="811" summary="" border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td width="300"> <p><font size="2">[http://www.agrf.org.au/ AGRF.org.au]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">Australian Genome Research Facility: collection of molecular genetic information covering large-scale DNA sequencing, genotyping, microarraying, agricultural genomic&nbsp;services&nbsp;</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.hgsc.bcm.tmc.edu/ HGSC of Baylor College of Med.]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">Human genome sequencing center of Baylor Colledge of Medicine.</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.genomics.org.cn/ Genomics.org.cn]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">Beijing Genome Institute, China.</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.geenivaramu.ee/ geenivaramu.ee]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">The Estonian Genome Foundation, Estonia.</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.genoscope.cns.fr/ Genoscope.cns.fr]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;the French National Sequencing Center, Evry, near Paris. Founded in 1997. (genoscope.org)</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.genomecorp.com/ GenomeCorp.com]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;Genome therapeutic corporation (coming soon! &nbsp;Jan. 2008)</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.hgmp.mrc.ac.uk/ HGMP Geneservice]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2"><em><strong>&nbsp;</strong></em>Genomic products and contract research company.&nbsp; Former HGMP, MRC, UK.</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.igib.res.in/ IGIB.res.in]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology. India.</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.jgi.doe.gov/ JGI.doe.gov]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;The DOE Joint Genome Institute (JGI), University of California, USA.</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://mccombielab.cshl.edu/genseq/index.html mccombielab.cshl.edu]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">Lita Annenberg Hazen Genome Sequencing Center. The Home Page of Genome Sequencing and Analysis at CSHL</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://hgp.gsc.riken.go.jp HGP.gsc.riken.go.jp]</td> <td>&nbsp;Japanese Genome Annotation and Comparative Analysis Team </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><strong><font size="2">[http://www.sanger.ac.uk Sanger Centre]</font></strong></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;Sanger Centre UK</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.ebi.ac.uk EBI]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;European Bioinformatics Institute</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.broad.mit.edu/ Broad Inst. MIT&amp; Harvard]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;Broad Institute in Cambridge, MA, USA</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;[http://www.genomealbertaeducation.ca/ Genome Alberta Edu.]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;Genome Alberta Education Site</font></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </h1> cbb9cf4dc78f03f53aa711ef951c2d405d710920 1944 2008-01-15T08:13:19Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p class="firstHeading"><font size="5">Organizations&nbsp;and Centers in Genomics</font><br /> <br /> <br /> </p> <h1 class="firstHeading"> <table style="WIDTH: 811px; HEIGHT: 337px" height="337" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="811" summary="" border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td width="300"> <p><font size="2">[http://www.agrf.org.au/ AGRF.org.au]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">Australian Genome Research Facility: collection of molecular genetic information covering large-scale DNA sequencing, genotyping, microarraying, agricultural genomic&nbsp;services&nbsp;</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.hgsc.bcm.tmc.edu/ HGSC of Baylor College of Med.]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">Human genome sequencing center of Baylor Colledge of Medicine.</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.genomics.org.cn/ Genomics.org.cn]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">Beijing Genome Institute, China.</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.geenivaramu.ee/ geenivaramu.ee]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">The Estonian Genome Foundation, Estonia.</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.genoscope.cns.fr/ Genoscope.cns.fr]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;the French National Sequencing Center, Evry, near Paris. Founded in 1997. (genoscope.org)</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.genomecorp.com/ GenomeCorp.com]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;Genome therapeutic corporation (coming soon! &nbsp;Jan. 2008)</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.hgmp.mrc.ac.uk/ HGMP Geneservice]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2"><em><strong>&nbsp;</strong></em>Genomic products and contract research company.&nbsp; Former HGMP, MRC, UK.</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.igib.res.in/ IGIB.res.in]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology. India.</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.jgi.doe.gov/ JGI.doe.gov]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;The DOE Joint Genome Institute (JGI), University of California, USA.</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://mccombielab.cshl.edu/genseq/index.html mccombielab.cshl.edu]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">Lita Annenberg Hazen Genome Sequencing Center. The Home Page of Genome Sequencing and Analysis at CSHL</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://hgp.gsc.riken.go.jp HGP.gsc.riken.go.jp]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;Japanese Genome Annotation and Comparative Analysis Team</font> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><strong><font size="2">[http://www.sanger.ac.uk Sanger Centre]</font></strong></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;Sanger Centre UK</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.ebi.ac.uk EBI]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;European Bioinformatics Institute</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.broad.mit.edu/ Broad Inst. MIT&amp; Harvard]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;Broad Institute in Cambridge, MA, USA</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;[http://www.genomealbertaeducation.ca/ Genome Alberta Edu.]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;Genome Alberta Education Site</font></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </h1> 70f5178ca1298f38957d06755e9a64f39998e9c9 1945 2008-01-15T08:13:44Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p class="firstHeading"><font size="5">Organizations&nbsp;and Centers in Genomics</font><br /> <br /> <br /> </p> <table style="WIDTH: 811px; HEIGHT: 337px" height="337" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="811" summary="" border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td width="300"> <p><font size="2">[http://www.agrf.org.au/ AGRF.org.au]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">Australian Genome Research Facility: collection of molecular genetic information covering large-scale DNA sequencing, genotyping, microarraying, agricultural genomic&nbsp;services&nbsp;</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.hgsc.bcm.tmc.edu/ HGSC of Baylor College of Med.]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">Human genome sequencing center of Baylor Colledge of Medicine.</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.genomics.org.cn/ Genomics.org.cn]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">Beijing Genome Institute, China.</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.geenivaramu.ee/ geenivaramu.ee]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">The Estonian Genome Foundation, Estonia.</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.genoscope.cns.fr/ Genoscope.cns.fr]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;the French National Sequencing Center, Evry, near Paris. Founded in 1997. (genoscope.org)</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.genomecorp.com/ GenomeCorp.com]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;Genome therapeutic corporation (coming soon! &nbsp;Jan. 2008)</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.hgmp.mrc.ac.uk/ HGMP Geneservice]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2"><em><strong>&nbsp;</strong></em>Genomic products and contract research company.&nbsp; Former HGMP, MRC, UK.</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.igib.res.in/ IGIB.res.in]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology. India.</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.jgi.doe.gov/ JGI.doe.gov]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;The DOE Joint Genome Institute (JGI), University of California, USA.</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://mccombielab.cshl.edu/genseq/index.html mccombielab.cshl.edu]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">Lita Annenberg Hazen Genome Sequencing Center. The Home Page of Genome Sequencing and Analysis at CSHL</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://hgp.gsc.riken.go.jp HGP.gsc.riken.go.jp]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;Japanese Genome Annotation and Comparative Analysis Team</font> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><strong><font size="2">[http://www.sanger.ac.uk Sanger Centre]</font></strong></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;Sanger Centre UK</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.ebi.ac.uk EBI]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;European Bioinformatics Institute</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.broad.mit.edu/ Broad Inst. MIT&amp; Harvard]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;Broad Institute in Cambridge, MA, USA</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;[http://www.genomealbertaeducation.ca/ Genome Alberta Edu.]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;Genome Alberta Education Site</font></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </h1> c885605f7cb501d63fc9c2642f2cb42cde1d6ac4 1946 2008-01-15T08:14:08Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p class="firstHeading"><font size="5">Organizations&nbsp;and Centers in Genomics</font><br /> <br /> <br /> </p> <table style="WIDTH: 811px; HEIGHT: 337px" height="337" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="811" summary="" border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td width="300"> <p><font size="2">[http://www.agrf.org.au/ AGRF.org.au]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">Australian Genome Research Facility: collection of molecular genetic information covering large-scale DNA sequencing, genotyping, microarraying, agricultural genomic&nbsp;services&nbsp;</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.hgsc.bcm.tmc.edu/ HGSC of Baylor College of Med.]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">Human genome sequencing center of Baylor Colledge of Medicine.</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.genomics.org.cn/ Genomics.org.cn]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">Beijing Genome Institute, China.</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.geenivaramu.ee/ geenivaramu.ee]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">The Estonian Genome Foundation, Estonia.</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.genoscope.cns.fr/ Genoscope.cns.fr]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;the French National Sequencing Center, Evry, near Paris. Founded in 1997. (genoscope.org)</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.genomecorp.com/ GenomeCorp.com]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;Genome therapeutic corporation (coming soon! &nbsp;Jan. 2008)</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.hgmp.mrc.ac.uk/ HGMP Geneservice]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2"><em><strong>&nbsp;</strong></em>Genomic products and contract research company.&nbsp; Former HGMP, MRC, UK.</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.igib.res.in/ IGIB.res.in]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology. India.</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.jgi.doe.gov/ JGI.doe.gov]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;The DOE Joint Genome Institute (JGI), University of California, USA.</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://mccombielab.cshl.edu/genseq/index.html mccombielab.cshl.edu]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">Lita Annenberg Hazen Genome Sequencing Center. The Home Page of Genome Sequencing and Analysis at CSHL</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://hgp.gsc.riken.go.jp HGP.gsc.riken.go.jp]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;Japanese Genome Annotation and Comparative Analysis Team</font> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><strong><font size="2">[http://www.sanger.ac.uk Sanger Centre]</font></strong></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;Sanger Centre UK</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.ebi.ac.uk EBI]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;European Bioinformatics Institute</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.broad.mit.edu/ Broad Inst. MIT&amp; Harvard]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;Broad Institute in Cambridge, MA, USA</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;[http://www.genomealbertaeducation.ca/ Genome Alberta Edu.]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;Genome Alberta Education Site</font></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> c3b2e9b58fe04134531f0b564cf6a666a675f664 1947 2008-01-15T08:16:36Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p class="firstHeading"><font size="5">Organizations&nbsp;and Centers in Genomics</font><br /> <br /> <br /> </p> <table style="WIDTH: 811px; HEIGHT: 337px" height="337" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="811" summary="" border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td width="300"> <p><font size="2">[http://www.agrf.org.au/ AGRF.org.au]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">Australian Genome Research Facility: collection of molecular genetic information covering large-scale DNA sequencing, genotyping, microarraying, agricultural genomic&nbsp;services&nbsp;</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.hgsc.bcm.tmc.edu/ HGSC of Baylor College of Med.]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">Human genome sequencing center of Baylor Colledge of Medicine.</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.genomics.org.cn/ Genomics.org.cn]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">Beijing Genome Institute, China.</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.geenivaramu.ee/ geenivaramu.ee]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">The Estonian Genome Foundation, Estonia.</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.genoscope.cns.fr/ Genoscope.cns.fr]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;the French National Sequencing Center, Evry, near Paris. Founded in 1997. (genoscope.org)</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.genomecorp.com/ GenomeCorp.com]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;Genome therapeutic corporation (coming soon! &nbsp;Jan. 2008)</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.hgmp.mrc.ac.uk/ HGMP Geneservice]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2"><em><strong>&nbsp;</strong></em>Genomic products and contract research company.&nbsp; Former HGMP, MRC, UK.</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.igib.res.in/ IGIB.res.in]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology. India.</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.jgi.doe.gov/ JGI.doe.gov]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;The DOE Joint Genome Institute (JGI), University of California, USA.</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://mccombielab.cshl.edu/genseq/index.html mccombielab.cshl.edu]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">Lita Annenberg Hazen Genome Sequencing Center. The Home Page of Genome Sequencing and Analysis at CSHL</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://hgp.gsc.riken.go.jp HGP.gsc.riken.go.jp]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;Japanese Genome Annotation and Comparative Analysis Team</font> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><strong><font size="2">[http://www.sanger.ac.uk Sanger Centre]</font></strong></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;Sanger Centre UK</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://med.stanford.edu/sgtc/ med.stanford.edu/sgtc]</td> <td>&nbsp;Stanford Genome Technology Center</td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.ebi.ac.uk EBI]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;European Bioinformatics Institute</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.broad.mit.edu/ Broad Inst. MIT&amp; Harvard]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;Broad Institute in Cambridge, MA, USA</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;[http://www.genomealbertaeducation.ca/ Genome Alberta Edu.]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;Genome Alberta Education Site</font></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> 6a736d39a3d512960ae0602d925a4c487cb1ba60 1948 2008-01-15T08:17:43Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p class="firstHeading"><font size="5">Organizations&nbsp;and Centers in Genomics</font><br /> <br /> <br /> </p> <table style="WIDTH: 811px; HEIGHT: 337px" height="337" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="811" summary="" border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td width="300"> <p><font size="2">[http://www.agrf.org.au/ AGRF.org.au]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">Australian Genome Research Facility: collection of molecular genetic information covering large-scale DNA sequencing, genotyping, microarraying, agricultural genomic&nbsp;services&nbsp;</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.hgsc.bcm.tmc.edu/ HGSC of Baylor College of Med.]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">Human genome sequencing center of Baylor Colledge of Medicine.</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.genomics.org.cn/ Genomics.org.cn]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">Beijing Genome Institute, China.</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.geenivaramu.ee/ geenivaramu.ee]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">The Estonian Genome Foundation, Estonia.</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.genoscope.cns.fr/ Genoscope.cns.fr]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;the French National Sequencing Center, Evry, near Paris. Founded in 1997. (genoscope.org)</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.genomecorp.com/ GenomeCorp.com]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;Genome therapeutic corporation (coming soon! &nbsp;Jan. 2008)</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.hgmp.mrc.ac.uk/ HGMP Geneservice]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2"><em><strong>&nbsp;</strong></em>Genomic products and contract research company.&nbsp; Former HGMP, MRC, UK.</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.igib.res.in/ IGIB.res.in]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology. India.</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.jgi.doe.gov/ JGI.doe.gov]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;The DOE Joint Genome Institute (JGI), University of California, USA.</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://mccombielab.cshl.edu/genseq/index.html mccombielab.cshl.edu]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">Lita Annenberg Hazen Genome Sequencing Center. The Home Page of Genome Sequencing and Analysis at CSHL</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://hgp.gsc.riken.go.jp HGP.gsc.riken.go.jp]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;Japanese Genome Annotation and Comparative Analysis Team</font> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><strong><font size="2">[http://www.sanger.ac.uk Sanger Centre]</font></strong></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;Sanger Centre UK</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://med.stanford.edu/sgtc/ med.stanford.edu/sgtc]</td> <td>&nbsp;Stanford Genome Technology Center, California, USA</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www-shgc.stanford.edu/ Stanford Human Genome Center]</td> <td>Stanford Human Genome Center. California, USA</td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.ebi.ac.uk EBI]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;European Bioinformatics Institute</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.broad.mit.edu/ Broad Inst. MIT&amp; Harvard]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;Broad Institute in Cambridge, MA, USA</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;[http://www.genomealbertaeducation.ca/ Genome Alberta Edu.]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;Genome Alberta Education Site</font></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> 2dd7deb7f171b4a35174d473be047c76e76e03c0 1949 2008-01-15T08:22:41Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p class="firstHeading"><font size="5">Organizations&nbsp;and Centers in Genomics</font><br /> <br /> <br /> </p> <table style="WIDTH: 811px; HEIGHT: 337px" height="337" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="811" summary="" border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td width="300"> <p><font size="2">[http://www.agrf.org.au/ AGRF.org.au]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">Australian Genome Research Facility: collection of molecular genetic information covering large-scale DNA sequencing, genotyping, microarraying, agricultural genomic&nbsp;services&nbsp;</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.hgsc.bcm.tmc.edu/ HGSC of Baylor College of Med.]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">Human genome sequencing center of Baylor Colledge of Medicine.</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.genomics.org.cn/ Genomics.org.cn]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">Beijing Genome Institute, China.</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.geenivaramu.ee/ geenivaramu.ee]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">The Estonian Genome Foundation, Estonia.</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.genoscope.cns.fr/ Genoscope.cns.fr]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;the French National Sequencing Center, Evry, near Paris. Founded in 1997. (genoscope.org)</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.genomecorp.com/ GenomeCorp.com]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;Genome therapeutic corporation (coming soon! &nbsp;Jan. 2008)</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.hgmp.mrc.ac.uk/ HGMP Geneservice]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2"><em><strong>&nbsp;</strong></em>Genomic products and contract research company.&nbsp; Former HGMP, MRC, UK.</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.igib.res.in/ IGIB.res.in]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology. India.</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.jgi.doe.gov/ JGI.doe.gov]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;The DOE Joint Genome Institute (JGI), University of California, USA.</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://mccombielab.cshl.edu/genseq/index.html mccombielab.cshl.edu]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">Lita Annenberg Hazen Genome Sequencing Center. The Home Page of Genome Sequencing and Analysis at CSHL</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://hgp.gsc.riken.go.jp HGP.gsc.riken.go.jp]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;Japanese Genome Annotation and Comparative Analysis Team</font> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><strong><font size="2">[http://www.sanger.ac.uk Sanger Centre]</font></strong></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;Sanger Centre UK</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://med.stanford.edu/sgtc/ med.stanford.edu/sgtc]</td> <td>&nbsp;Stanford Genome Technology Center, California, USA</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www-shgc.stanford.edu/ Stanford Human Genome Center]</td> <td>Stanford Human Genome Center. California, USA</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.genome.utah.edu/ Genome.utah.edu]</td> <td>&nbsp;Utah Genome Depot. USA.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.genome.washington.edu/UWGC/ genome.washington.edu]</td> <td>&nbsp;Univ. of Washington Genome Center.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://genome.wustl.edu/ genome.wustl.edu]</td> <td>&nbsp;Washington Univ. Genome Sequencing Center. USA</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.tigr.org/ TIGR.org]</td> <td>J. Craig Venter Institute (former TIGR)</td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.ebi.ac.uk EBI]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;European Bioinformatics Institute</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.broad.mit.edu/ Broad Inst. MIT&amp; Harvard]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;Broad Institute in Cambridge, MA, USA</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;[http://www.genomealbertaeducation.ca/ Genome Alberta Edu.]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;Genome Alberta Education Site</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://genome.ym.edu.tw/ National Yang-ming U. Taiwan]</td> <td>VYM Genome Research Center, National Yang-ming U. Taiwan</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> 3f8d3bba89585c6bba264f23ccc9b72b69ab958f 1950 2008-01-15T08:24:44Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p class="firstHeading"><font size="5">Organizations&nbsp;and Centers in Genomics</font><br /> <br /> <br /> </p> <table style="WIDTH: 811px; HEIGHT: 337px" height="337" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="811" summary="" border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td width="300"> <p><font size="2">[http://www.agrf.org.au/ AGRF.org.au]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">Australian Genome Research Facility: collection of molecular genetic information covering large-scale DNA sequencing, genotyping, microarraying, agricultural genomic&nbsp;services&nbsp;</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.hgsc.bcm.tmc.edu/ HGSC of Baylor College of Med.]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">Human genome sequencing center of Baylor Colledge of Medicine.</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.genomics.org.cn/ Genomics.org.cn]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">Beijing Genome Institute, China.</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.geenivaramu.ee/ geenivaramu.ee]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">The Estonian Genome Foundation, Estonia.</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.genoscope.cns.fr/ Genoscope.cns.fr]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;the French National Sequencing Center, Evry, near Paris. Founded in 1997. (genoscope.org)</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.genomecorp.com/ GenomeCorp.com]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;Genome therapeutic corporation (coming soon! &nbsp;Jan. 2008)</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.hgmp.mrc.ac.uk/ HGMP Geneservice]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2"><em><strong>&nbsp;</strong></em>Genomic products and contract research company.&nbsp; Former HGMP, MRC, UK.</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.igib.res.in/ IGIB.res.in]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology. India.</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.jgi.doe.gov/ JGI.doe.gov]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;The DOE Joint Genome Institute (JGI), University of California, USA.</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://mccombielab.cshl.edu/genseq/index.html mccombielab.cshl.edu]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">Lita Annenberg Hazen Genome Sequencing Center. The Home Page of Genome Sequencing and Analysis at CSHL</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://hgp.gsc.riken.go.jp HGP.gsc.riken.go.jp]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;Japanese Genome Annotation and Comparative Analysis Team</font> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><strong><font size="2">[http://www.sanger.ac.uk Sanger Centre]</font></strong></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;Sanger Centre UK</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.grs.nig.ac.jp/ SHIGEN Japan]</td> <td>&nbsp;Shared information of Genetic Resources. Japan.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://med.stanford.edu/sgtc/ med.stanford.edu/sgtc]</td> <td>&nbsp;Stanford Genome Technology Center, California, USA</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www-shgc.stanford.edu/ Stanford Human Genome Center]</td> <td>Stanford Human Genome Center. California, USA</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.genome.utah.edu/ Genome.utah.edu]</td> <td>&nbsp;Utah Genome Depot. USA.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.genome.washington.edu/UWGC/ genome.washington.edu]</td> <td>&nbsp;Univ. of Washington Genome Center.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://genome.wustl.edu/ genome.wustl.edu]</td> <td>&nbsp;Washington Univ. Genome Sequencing Center. USA</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.tigr.org/ TIGR.org]</td> <td>J. Craig Venter Institute (former TIGR)</td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.ebi.ac.uk EBI]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;European Bioinformatics Institute</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.broad.mit.edu/ Broad Inst. MIT&amp; Harvard]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;Broad Institute in Cambridge, MA, USA</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;[http://www.genomealbertaeducation.ca/ Genome Alberta Edu.]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;Genome Alberta Education Site</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://genome.ym.edu.tw/ National Yang-ming U. Taiwan]</td> <td>VYM Genome Research Center, National Yang-ming U. Taiwan</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> aee56d9e16c10b162ca2fb6f77d95a890b48350f 1951 2008-01-15T08:25:09Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p class="firstHeading"><font size="5">Organizations&nbsp;and Centers in Genomics</font><br /> <br /> <br /> </p> <table style="WIDTH: 811px; HEIGHT: 337px" height="337" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="811" summary="" border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td width="300"> <p><font size="2">[http://www.agrf.org.au/ AGRF.org.au]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">Australian Genome Research Facility: collection of molecular genetic information covering large-scale DNA sequencing, genotyping, microarraying, agricultural genomic&nbsp;services&nbsp;</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.hgsc.bcm.tmc.edu/ HGSC of Baylor College of Med.]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">Human genome sequencing center of Baylor Colledge of Medicine.</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.genomics.org.cn/ Genomics.org.cn]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">Beijing Genome Institute, China.</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.geenivaramu.ee/ geenivaramu.ee]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">The Estonian Genome Foundation, Estonia.</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.genoscope.cns.fr/ Genoscope.cns.fr]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;the French National Sequencing Center, Evry, near Paris. Founded in 1997. (genoscope.org)</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.genomecorp.com/ GenomeCorp.com]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;Genome therapeutic corporation (coming soon! &nbsp;Jan. 2008)</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.hgmp.mrc.ac.uk/ HGMP Geneservice]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2"><em><strong>&nbsp;</strong></em>Genomic products and contract research company.&nbsp; Former HGMP, MRC, UK.</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.igib.res.in/ IGIB.res.in]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology. India.</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.jgi.doe.gov/ JGI.doe.gov]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;The DOE Joint Genome Institute (JGI), University of California, USA.</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://mccombielab.cshl.edu/genseq/index.html mccombielab.cshl.edu]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">Lita Annenberg Hazen Genome Sequencing Center. The Home Page of Genome Sequencing and Analysis at CSHL</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://hgp.gsc.riken.go.jp HGP.gsc.riken.go.jp]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;Japanese Genome Annotation and Comparative Analysis Team</font> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><strong><font size="2">[http://www.sanger.ac.uk Sanger Centre]</font></strong></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;Sanger Centre UK</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.grs.nig.ac.jp/ SHIGEN Japan]</td> <td>&nbsp;Shared information of Genetic Resources. Japan.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://med.stanford.edu/sgtc/ med.stanford.edu/sgtc]</td> <td>&nbsp;Stanford Genome Technology Center, California, USA</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www-shgc.stanford.edu/ Stanford Human Genome Center]</td> <td>Stanford Human Genome Center. California, USA</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.genome.utah.edu/ Genome.utah.edu]</td> <td>&nbsp;Utah Genome Depot. USA.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.genome.washington.edu/UWGC/ genome.washington.edu]</td> <td>&nbsp;Univ. of Washington Genome Center.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://genome.wustl.edu/ genome.wustl.edu]</td> <td>&nbsp;Washington Univ. Genome Sequencing Center. USA</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.tigr.org/ TIGR.org]</td> <td>J. Craig Venter Institute (former TIGR)</td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.ebi.ac.uk EBI]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">[http://www.broad.mit.edu/ Broad Inst. MIT&amp; Harvard]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;Broad Institute in Cambridge, MA, USA</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;[http://www.genomealbertaeducation.ca/ Genome Alberta Edu.]</font></p> </td> <td> <p><font size="2">&nbsp;Genome Alberta Education Site</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://genome.ym.edu.tw/ National Yang-ming U. Taiwan]</td> <td>VYM Genome Research Center, National Yang-ming U. Taiwan</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> a66f3a947c76f473691ff638395085892f8cffc2 0 1587 1956 2008-01-15T15:22:23Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <h1>Pedro's BioMolecular Research Tools</h1> <h2>A Collection of WWW Links to Information<br /> and Services Useful to Molecular Biologists</h2> <br /> Part 1: Molecular Biology Search and Analysis (95/06/15 - 64k) <br /> Part 2: Bibliographic, Text and WWW Searches (95/06/15 - 25k) <br /> Part 3: Guides, Tutorials and Help Tools (95/06/15 - 28k) <br /> All: Parts 1, 2 and 3 (!No Pictures!) (95/02/23 - 69k) - Old! <br /> Journals: Bio/Chemical Journals and Newsletters (95/06/15 - 67k) <br /> Extras: List of Pedro's Biological Resources<br /> 60e38d9de220ef47dc20cd99a04936a98d1705db 1958 2008-01-15T15:23:31Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>[[Image:Pedros Biomolecular Research Tools logo.gif]]</p> <h1>Pedro's BioMolecular Research Tools</h1> <h2>A Collection of WWW Links to Information<br /> and Services Useful to Molecular Biologists</h2> <br /> Part 1: Molecular Biology Search and Analysis (95/06/15 - 64k) <br /> Part 2: Bibliographic, Text and WWW Searches (95/06/15 - 25k) <br /> Part 3: Guides, Tutorials and Help Tools (95/06/15 - 28k) <br /> All: Parts 1, 2 and 3 (!No Pictures!) (95/02/23 - 69k) - Old! <br /> Journals: Bio/Chemical Journals and Newsletters (95/06/15 - 67k) <br /> Extras: List of Pedro's Biological Resources e26cc143830bffb7668b51b8fab21f691bc77b42 1959 2008-01-15T15:24:45Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>[[Image:Pedros Biomolecular Research Tools logo.gif]]</p> <h1>Pedro's BioMolecular Research Tools</h1> <h2>A Collection of WWW Links to Information<br /> and Services Useful to Molecular Biologists</h2> <br /> [[Part 1: Molecular Biology Search and Analysis]] (95/06/15 - 64k) <br /> [[Part 2: Bibliographic, Text and WWW Searches]] (95/06/15 - 25k) <br /> [[Part 3: Guides, Tutorials and Help Tools]] (95/06/15 - 28k) <br /> [[Journals: Bio/Chemical Journals and Newsletters]] (95/06/15 - 67k) <br /> [[Extras: List of Pedro's Biological Resources]]<br /> [[All: Parts 1, 2 and 3 (!No Pictures!) (95/02/23 - 69k)]] - Old! f9ed23ea08a4474ee78c8f7f2be05abf06ea0ead 6 1588 1957 2008-01-15T15:23:07Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 0 1589 1960 2008-01-15T15:25:38Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <dl><dd><img src="./images/blueball.gif" alt="*3*" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||ALI"><strong>3D-ALI</strong></a> - Database relating Proteins Structures and Sequences (see <a href="gopher://s-crim1.dl.ac.uk/00/EMBnet%20Bioinformation%20Resource%20UK/Data%20%26%20Software/databases/3d_ali/3d_ali.doc"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/blueball.gif" alt="*3*" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/aaa.html"><strong>AA Analysis</strong> </a><img src="./images/star.gif" alt="[E]" /> - Protein Identification in SwissProt and PIR using Amino Acid Composition at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/blueball.gif" alt="*3*" /> <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/ch2d/aacompi.html"><strong>AA CompIdent</strong></a><img src="./images/check.gif" alt="!New!" /> - Protein Identification in SwissProt using Amino Acid Composition at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/blueball.gif" alt="*3*" /> <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/ch2d/aacsim.html"><strong>AA CompSim</strong></a><img src="./images/check.gif" alt="!New!" /> - Compare the Amino Acid Composition of a SwissProt Entry with Other Entries at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/purpleball.gif" alt="*3*" /> <a href="http://chait-sgi.rockefeller.edu/cgi-bin/sequence/AA"><strong>AA Sequence Analysis</strong></a><img src="./images/check.gif" alt="!New!" /> - Multiple Analysis of a Native or Modified Amino Acid Sequence at <a href="http://www.rockefeller.edu/ru.home.html">Rockefeller U.</a> <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/blueball.gif" alt="*3*" /> <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/~martin/abs/seqtest.html"><strong>AbCheck</strong></a><img src="./images/check.gif" alt="!New!" /> - Test an Antibody Sequence Against the Kabat Database at <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/">U. College-London</a>, UK <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/purpleball.gif" alt="*2*" /> <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/align-query.html"><strong>ALIGN</strong></a> - Optimal Global Alignment of Two Sequences with No Short-cuts at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France and <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/www/programs/align.html"><strong>Align</strong></a><img src="./images/check.gif" alt="!New!" /> at <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/">MIPS</a>, Germany <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/purpleball.gif" alt="*2*" /> <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_1.html"><strong>AllAll</strong></a><img src="./images/star.gif" alt="[E]" /> - Relationships in a Set of Related Peptides at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/purpleball.gif" alt="*2*" /> <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_2.html"><strong>AllAllDB</strong></a><img src="./images/star.gif" alt="[E]" /> - Search the All-Against-All Database of SwissProt at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/purpleball.gif" alt="*2*" /> <a href="http://geoff.biop.ox.ac.uk/servers/amas_server.html"><strong>AMAS</strong></a> - Analysis of Protein Multiple Sequence Alignments at <a href="http://geoff.biop.ox.ac.uk/">U. Oxford</a>, UK <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/blueball.gif" alt="*3*" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/argos/ASC.21/asc2.html"><strong>ASC</strong></a><img src="./images/star.gif" alt="[E]" /><img src="./images/check.gif" alt="!New!" /> - Analytic Surface Calculation of PDB Protein Structures at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/purpleball.gif" alt="*2*" /> <a href="http://mips11.mips.biochem.mpg.de/www/programs/atlas_per.html"><strong>ATLAS</strong></a><img src="./images/check.gif" alt="!New!" /> - Search DNA and Protein Sequence Databases at <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/">MIPS</a>, Germany <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/redball.gif" alt="*1*" /> <a href="http://kiwi.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:8088/search-launcher/launcher.html"><strong>BCM Search Launcher</strong></a><img src="./images/check_old.gif" alt="!Recent!" /> at <a images="" alt="(W3)" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src="> </a></dd><dd><a images="" alt="(W3)" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src="><img src="./images/purpleball.gif" alt="*2*" /> </a><a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/protein-search.html"><strong>BEAUTY</strong></a><img src="./images/check.gif" alt="!New!" /> - BLAST Enhanced Alignment Utility <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/Help/beauty.html"><strong>(see Documentation)</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/">Baylor College of Medicine</a> <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/blueball.gif" alt="*1*" /> <a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/srs/srsc?-info+BERLIN"><strong>BERLIN</strong></a> - RNA Databank of 5S rRNA and 5S rRNA Gene Sequences at <a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/">CAOS/CAMM</a>, The Netherlands <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/redball.gif" alt="*1*" /> <a href="http://sgbcd.weizmann.ac.il/Bic/ExecAppl.html"><strong>BIOACCELERATOR</strong></a><img src="./images/check.gif" alt="!New!" /> at <a href="http://bioinformatics.weizmann.ac.il:70/">Weizmann Institute of Science</a>, Israel <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/blueball.gif" alt="*1*" /> <a images="" alt="!New!" href="http://www.ocms.ox.ac.uk/~birney/cusi/biocusi.html%3E%3Cb%3EbioCUSI%3C/b%3E%3C/a%3E%3Cimg%20src=">- Multiple Access to Biological Servers at </a><a href="http://www.ocms.ox.ac.uk/">OCMS-Oxford</a> <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/purpleball.gif" alt="*2*" /> <a href="ftp://pdb.pdb.bnl.gov/user_group/biological_units"><strong>Biological Units</strong></a> - Expanded PDB Entries with Full Biological Units at <a href="http://suntid.bnl.gov:8080/bnl.html">Brookhaven National Laboratory</a> <img src="./images/ftp.gif" alt="(FTP)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/purpleball.gif" alt="*2*" /> <a href="http://www.ocms.ox.ac.uk/~birney/palette.html"><strong>Biologist's Search Palette</strong></a><img src="./images/check.gif" alt="!New!" /> - Collection of Search Engines for Biological Databases at <a href="http://www.ocms.ox.ac.uk/">Oxford U.</a>, UK <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/redball.gif" alt="*1*" /> <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Recipon/bs_seq.html"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> - Basic Local Alignment Research Tool at <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/">NCBI</a>, <a href="http://swarmer.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/blastq-form?options=simple"><strong>BLAST</strong></a><img src="./images/check.gif" alt="!New!" /> (hiv, vector, etc) at <a href="http://motif.stanford.edu/">Stanford U.</a>, <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/SIT/BLAST.html"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan, <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/blast/blast-query.html"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France, <a href="http://www.crihan.fr/www/blast.html"><strong>BLAST</strong></a><img src="./images/star.gif" alt="[E]" /><img src="./images/check_old.gif" alt="!Recent!" /> at <a href="http://www.crihan.fr/">CRIHAN</a>, France <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/cgi-bin/seq-search/blast_form_local.pl"><strong>BLAST</strong></a><img src="./images/check.gif" alt="!New!" /> (with Entrez and SRS Links) at <a href="http://gc.bcm.tmc.edu:8088/">Baylor College of Medicine</a> and <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/EPFLBLAST_form.html"><strong>BLAST</strong></a><img src="./images/check.gif" alt="!New!" /> at <a href="http://www.epfl.ch/">EPFL</a>, Switzerland <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/purpleball.gif" alt="*2*" /> <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/Option/blastpat.html"><strong>BLASTPAT</strong></a><img src="./images/check.gif" alt="!New!" /> - BLAST-based Pattern Database Search (see <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/Help/blastpat.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://gc.bcm.tmc.edu:8088/">Baylor College of Medicine</a> <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/redball.gif" alt="*1*" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/searches/blitz_input.html"><strong>BLITZ</strong></a><img src="./images/star.gif" alt="[E]" /> (see <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/searches/blitz_doc.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> and <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/searches/blitz_input.html"><strong>BLITZ</strong></a><img src="./images/star.gif" alt="[E]" /> at <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">EBI</a>, UK <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/purpleball.gif" alt="*2*" /> <a href="http://www.blocks.fhcrc.org/"><strong>BLOCKS</strong></a> - Database of Highly Conserved Regions in Proteins <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> and <a href="gopher://klaatu.fhcrc.org/77/.indexes/.blocksindex/blocksindex"><strong>BLOCKS-WAIS</strong></a> <img src="./images/gopher.gif" alt="(Gopher)" /> at <a href="gopher://klaatu.fhcrc.org/">Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center</a>, <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||BLOCKS"><strong>BLOCKS</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> and <a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/blocks_query.html"><strong>BLOCKS-Search</strong></a><img src="./images/smiley.gif" alt="[L]" /><img src="./images/star.gif" alt="[E]" /> w/ search from <a href="http://www.cc.iastate.edu/welcome.html">Iowa State</a> <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/purpleball.gif" alt="*2*" /> <a href="http://bimas.dcrt.nih.gov/sql/BMRBgate.html"><strong>BioMagResBank</strong></a><img src="./images/check.gif" alt="!New!" /> - A Database of NMR-Derived Protein Structures at <a href="http://bimas.dcrt.nih.gov/">BIMAS-NIH</a> <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/purpleball.gif" alt="*2*" /> <a href="http://genome.cs.unc.edu/online.html"><strong>BioSCAN</strong></a><img src="./images/check_old.gif" alt="!Recent!" /> - Biological Sequence Comparative Analysis at <a href="http://genome.cs.unc.edu/">U. North Caroline</a> <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/purpleball.gif" alt="*2*" /> <a href="http://ibm4.carb.nist.gov:4400/bmcd/bmcd.html"><strong>BMCD</strong></a><img src="./images/check_old.gif" alt="!Recent!" /> - Biological Macromolecule Crystallization Database at <a href="http://ibm4.carb.nist.gov:4400/carb.html">CARB</a> <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/purpleball.gif" alt="*2*" /> <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/BOX_form.html"><strong>BOXSHADE</strong></a><img src="./images/check.gif" alt="!New!" /> - Pretty Printing and Shading of Multiple-Sequence Alignments at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/purpleball.gif" alt="*2*" /> <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/bsm/cath/CATHintro.html"><strong>CATH</strong></a><img src="./images/check_old.gif" alt="!Recent!" /> - Protein Structure Classification at <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/">UCL-London</a>, UK <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/purpleball.gif" alt="*2*" /> <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/msa/clustal.cgi"><strong>CLUSTALW</strong></a><img src="./images/check.gif" alt="!New!" /> - Multiply Sequence Alignments at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">IBC-Washington U.</a> <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/blueball.gif" alt="*3*" /> <a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/cuse.html"><strong>Codon Usage</strong></a> - Analysis of Different ORFs in a Gene Sequence at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a> <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/purpleball.gif" alt="*2*" /> <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/COILS_form.html"><strong>Coils</strong></a><img src="./images/check.gif" alt="!New!" /> - Prediction of Coiled Coil Regions in Protein Sequences at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/blueball.gif" alt="*1*" /> <a href="http://ben.vub.ac.be/srs/srsc?-info+CPGISLE"><strong>CpGIsle</strong></a> - CpG Islands Database at <a href="http://ben.vub.ac.be/">BEN</a>, Belgium <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/purpleball.gif" alt="*2*" /> <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_7.html"><strong>Darwin</strong></a><img src="./images/star.gif" alt="[E]" /> - Data Analysis and Retrieval With Indexed Nucleotide/Peptide Sequences at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/purpleball.gif" alt="*2*" /> <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/dbEST/index.html"><strong>dbEST</strong></a> - Database of Expressed Sequence Tags at <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/">NCBI</a> <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/redball.gif" alt="*1*" /> <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/dbget/dbget.html"><strong>DBGET</strong></a> - Integrated Database Retrieval System (w/ <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/dbget/dbget.links.html"><strong>diagram links</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/blueball.gif" alt="*3*" /> <a href="gopher://gopher.nig.ac.jp/7waissrc%3a/DDBJ_Gopher_WAIS/DNA_seq_index_search.src"><strong>DDBJ</strong></a> - DNA Database of Japan at <a href="http://www.nig.ac.jp/">National Institute of Genetics</a>, Japan <img src="./images/gopher.gif" alt="(Gopher)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/blueball.gif" alt="*3*" /> <a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/rawdot.html"><strong>Dot Plot</strong></a> - Compare a DNA Sequence with Itself at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a> <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/blueball.gif" alt="*3*" /> <a href="http://www.nih.gov/molecular_modeling/drugbank.html"><strong>DrugBank</strong></a><img src="./images/check_old.gif" alt="!Recent!" /> - Three-dimensional Drug Structure Databank at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a> <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/purpleball.gif" alt="*2*" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info+DSSP"><strong>DSSP</strong></a><img src="./images/check_old.gif" alt="!Recent!" /> - Database of Secondary Structure of Proteins from PDB (see <a href="http://www.sander.embl-heidelberg.de/dssp/descrip.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/purpleball.gif" alt="*2*" /> <a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/proteins/ec-enzyme.html"><strong>EC Enzyme</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> and <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/show_ECtable"><strong>EC Number Table</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan and <a href="http://specter.dcrt.nih.gov:8004/Enzymes/enzymes.html"><strong>GenoBase Enzyme Index</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a> <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/blueball.gif" alt="*3*" /> <a href="http://susi.bio.uni-giessen.de/usr/local/www/html/ecdc.html"><strong>ECDC</strong></a><img src="./images/check.gif" alt="!New!" /> - <em>E. coli</em> Database Collection at <a href="http://www.uni-giessen.de/">Uni-Gie&szlig;en</a>, Germany <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/purpleball.gif" alt="*2*" /> <a href="gopher://biox.embnet.unibas.ch:13021/77/.index/embl/index"><strong>EMBL</strong></a> - Nucleotide Sequence Database and <a href="gopher://biox.embnet.unibas.ch:13021/77/.index/xembl/index"><strong>EMBL-New Entries</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/">EMBnet-Basel</a> <img src="./images/gopher.gif" alt="(Gopher)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/purpleball.gif" alt="*2*" /> <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/srs/srsc?-info||EMNEW"><strong>EMNEW</strong></a> - Index of New EMBL Sequences at <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">EBI</a>, UK <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/purpleball.gif" alt="*2*" /> <a href="http://specter.dcrt.nih.gov:8004/Compound/compound_toc_by_name.html"><strong>EMP Compound</strong></a> and <a href="http://specter.dcrt.nih.gov:8004/Pathway/pathway_toc_by_name.html"><strong>EMP Pathways</strong></a> - Selkov Enzyme and Metabolic Pathway (EMP) Database at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a> <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/redball.gif" alt="*1*" /> <a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/home/towell/metabhome.html"><strong>EMP Metabolic Pathways</strong></a><img src="./images/check.gif" alt="!New!" /> - Navigation in Metabolic Pathways from <a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/home/compbio/default.html">MCS-Computational Biology</a> at <a href="http://www.anl.gov/">Argonne National Laboratory</a> <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/redball.gif" alt="*1*" /> <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Search/Entrez/index.html"><strong>ENTREZ</strong></a> - Protein and Nucleotide Database (see <a href="http://atlas.nlm.nih.gov:5700/WWW2/WWW2_paper2.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/">NCBI</a> <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/redball.gif" alt="*1*" /> <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/sprot/enzyme.html"><strong>ENZYME</strong></a> - The Enzyme Data Bank at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/purpleball.gif" alt="*2*" /> <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/bsm/enzymes/index.html"><strong>Enzyme Structures Database</strong></a><img src="./images/check.gif" alt="!New!" /> - Structures of Enzymes Deposited in the PDB at <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/">UCL-London</a>, UK <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/blueball.gif" alt="*3*" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||781260221_129.186.4.14||-info||EPD"><strong>EPD</strong></a> - Eucaryotic Promoter Database at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>, Germany and <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_epd"><strong>EPD</strong></a><img src="./images/check_old.gif" alt="!Recent!" /> at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/blueball.gif" alt="*3*" /> <a href="http://bioslave.uio.no:8001/srs/srsc?-info+EPO"><strong>EPO</strong></a><img src="./images/check_old.gif" alt="!Recent!" /> - European Patent Office Nucleotide Database at <a href="http://www.no.embnet.org/">BiO/U. Oslo</a>, Norway <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> and <a href="gopher://gopher.csc.fi/7waissrc%3a/tiede/BioBox/bionic/.epo.src"><strong>EPO</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.csc.fi/CSC_english.html">CSC</a>, Finland <img src="./images/gopher.gif" alt="(Gopher)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/redball.gif" alt="*1*" /> <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/searches/fasta.html"><strong>FASTA</strong></a><img src="./images/star.gif" alt="[E]" /> - Compare a Nucleic Acid Sequence to Nucleotide Sequence Databases (w/ updates) at <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">EBI</a>, UK, <a href="http://swarmer.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/fastaq-form?options=simple"><strong>FASTA</strong></a><img src="./images/check.gif" alt="!New!" /> (Berlin, Vectorbank, etc) at <a href="http://motif.stanford.edu/">Stanford U.</a>, <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/fasta-query.html"><strong>FASTA</strong></a> at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France and <a href="http://www.crihan.fr/www/fasta.html"><strong>FASTA</strong></a><img src="./images/star.gif" alt="[E]" /><img src="./images/check_old.gif" alt="!Recent!" /> at <a href="http://www.crihan.fr/">CRIHAN</a>, France <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/purpleball.gif" alt="*2*" /> <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/Options/fastpat.html"><strong>FASTPAT</strong></a><img src="./images/check.gif" alt="!New!" /> - FASTA-based Pattern Database Search (see <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/Help/fastpat.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://gc.bcm.tmc.edu:8088/">Baylor College of Medicine</a> <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/purpleball.gif" alt="*2*" /> <a href="http://morgan.harvard.edu/"><strong>FlyBase</strong></a><img src="./images/check_old.gif" alt="!Recent!" /> - Genetic and Molecular Database for <em>Drosophila</em> at <a href="http://www.harvard.edu/">Harvard U.</a> <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/blueball.gif" alt="*3*" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||FSSP"><strong>FSSP</strong></a> - Database of Families of Structurally Similar Proteins derived from PDB at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/purpleball.gif" alt="*2*" /> <a href="http://www.abc.hu/blast.html"><strong>FTHOM</strong></a><img src="./images/star.gif" alt="[E]" /> - Compare Protein Domain Homology at <a href="http://www.abc.hu/">ABC</a>, Hungary <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/redball.gif" alt="*1*" /> <a href="http://gdbwww.gdb.org/"><strong>GDB</strong></a> - Human Genome Data Base at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/redball.gif" alt="*1*" /> <a href="http://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:2555/r_genbank2.html"><strong>GenBank Database</strong></a> (+Updates) at <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/">NCBI</a> and <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/wu_fetch.html"><strong>GenBank-Fetch</strong></a> at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">Washington U.</a> <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/purpleball.gif" alt="*2*" /> <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/gene-finder/gf.html"><strong>Gene Finder</strong></a><img src="./images/check_old.gif" alt="!Recent!" /> - Predict Gene Structure, Internal Exons and Splicing Sites in DNA and Exon-Exon Junstion in cDNA at <a images="" alt="(W3)" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src="> </a></dd><dd><a images="" alt="(W3)" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src="><img src="./images/blueball.gif" alt="*3*" /> </a><a href="http://cbil.humgen.upenn.edu/~sdong/genlang_home.html"><strong>GenLang</strong></a><img src="./images/check.gif" alt="!New!" /> - Find Genes and Other Higher-Order Features in Nucleotide Sequences at <a href="http://cbil.humgen.upenn.edu/">CBIL-U. Pennsylvania</a> <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/redball.gif" alt="*1*" /> <a href="http://specter.dcrt.nih.gov:8004/"><strong>GenoBase</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a> <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/redball.gif" alt="*1*" /> <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/Genome-DBS.html"><strong>Genome Databases</strong></a> and <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/Genome_Centre.html"><strong>Genome Centers</strong></a> - World Wide Links at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/purpleball.gif" alt="*2*" /> <a href="http://www.ri.bbsrc.ac.uk/genome_workstation/workstation.html"><strong>Genome Workstation</strong></a><img src="./images/check_old.gif" alt="!Recent!" /> - Genome Related Links at <a href="http://www.ri.bbsrc.ac.uk/">Roslin Institute</a>, UK <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/redball.gif" alt="*1*" /> <a href="http://biotech.chem.indiana.edu/WebChris/maps.html"><strong>Genomic Maps</strong></a> - Links to Genome Specific Resources at <a href="http://biotech.chem.indiana.edu/">Biotech-Indiana</a> <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/redball.gif" alt="*1*" /> <a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/gq/gq.form.html"><strong>GenQuest</strong></a> - Search Against Protein Databases with the Q server at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/redball.gif" alt="*1*" /> <a href="http://avalon.epm.ornl.gov/Grail-bin/EmptyGrailForm"><strong>Grail</strong></a><img src="./images/check_old.gif" alt="!Recent!" /> - Analysis of the Protein Coding Potential of a DNA Sequence (see <a href="ftp://arthur.epm.ornl.gov/pub/xgrail/Manual.grail-genquest.July94"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://avalon.epm.ornl.gov/">ORNL</a> <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/redball.gif" alt="*1*" /> <a href="http://www.ncgr.org/gsdb/"><strong>GSDB</strong></a> - Genome Sequence Database at <a href="http://www.ncgr.org/ncgr/ncgr.html">NCGR</a> <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/blueball.gif" alt="*3*" /> <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/www/guess-prot.html"><strong>GuessProt</strong></a> - Selects SwissProt proteins given pI and Mw at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/purpleball.gif" alt="*2*" /> <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/hhs/"><strong>HHS</strong></a> - SwissProt and PDB Systematic Sequence Classification Database at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">Washington U.</a> <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/blueball.gif" alt="*3*" /> <a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/srs/srsc?-info+HOVERGEN"><strong>HOVERGEN</strong></a> - Database of Homologous Vertebrate Genes at <a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/">CAOS/CAMM</a>, The Netherlands <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/blueball.gif" alt="*3*" /> <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/www/programs/hpt_persistent.html"><strong>HPT</strong></a><img src="./images/check.gif" alt="!New!" /> - Protein Sequence Pattern Recognition in the PIR Database and <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/www/programs/hpt_homol.html"><strong>HPT-Homology</strong></a><img src="./images/check.gif" alt="!New!" /> at <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/">MIPS</a>, Germany <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/blueball.gif" alt="*3*" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||HSSP"><strong>HSSP</strong></a> - Database of Homology-Derived Structures of Proteins based on PDB and SwissProt at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/purpleball.gif" alt="*2*" /> <a href="gopher://gopher.gdb.org/77/.INDEX/kabat"><strong>Kabat </strong></a>- Database of Proteins of Immunological Interest at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> <img src="./images/gopher.gif" alt="(Gopher)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/blueball.gif" alt="*3*" /> <a href="http://www.prosci.uci.edu/kinemages/KinemageIndex.html"><strong>Kinemage-Index</strong></a> - &quot;Kinetical Images&quot; by Protein Type at <a href="http://www.prosci.uci.edu/">Protein Science</a> <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/blueball.gif" alt="*3*" /> <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/klotho/"><strong>Klotho</strong></a> - Biochemical Compounds Declarative Database at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">Washington U.</a> <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/purpleball.gif" alt="*2*" /> <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/lalign-query.html"><strong>LALIGN</strong></a> - Calculates the N-Best Local Alignments Between Two Sequences at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/purpleball.gif" alt="*2*" /> <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/lfasta-query.html"><strong>LFASTA</strong></a> - Local Similarity Searches Between Two Sequences Showing Local Alignments at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/redball.gif" alt="*1*" /> <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_ligand"><strong>LIGAND</strong></a> - Ligand Chemical Database for Enzyme Reactions at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/blueball.gif" alt="*3*" /> <a href="gopher://gopher.nih.gov/77/gopherlib/indices/limb/index"><strong>LiMB</strong></a> - Listing of Molecular Biology Databases at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a> <img src="./images/gopher.gif" alt="(Gopher)" /> and <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||777855676_129.186.4.14||-info||LIMB"><strong>LiMB</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/purpleball.gif" alt="*2*" /> <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_3.html"><strong>MassSearch</strong></a><img src="./images/star.gif" alt="[E]" /> - Search SwissProt or EMBL Databases by Protein Mass After Digestion at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/purpleball.gif" alt="*2*" /> <a href="http://cgsc.biology.yale.edu/metab.html"><strong>Metabolic Database</strong></a> - Metabolic Reactions and Pathways at <a href="http://cgsc.biology.yale.edu/">CGSC-Yale U.</a> and <a href="http://moulon.inra.fr/cgi-bin/nph-acedb3.1/acedb/metabolisme?find+Reaction_or_pathway%3By+14+69"><strong>Metabolic Database</strong></a> at <a href="http://moulon.inra.fr/">INRA-Moulon</a>, France <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/purpleball.gif" alt="*2*" /> <a href="http://www.informatics.jax.org/mgd.html"><strong>MGD</strong></a> - Mouse Genome Database at <a href="http://www.informatics.jax.org/">Jackson Laboratory</a> <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/blueball.gif" alt="*3*" /> <a href="gopher://wehil.wehi.edu.au/11/MHCPEP.DB"><strong>MHCPEP</strong></a> - Database of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Binding Peptides at <a href="http://www.wehi.edu.au/">WEHI-Melbourne</a>, Australia <img src="./images/gopher.gif" alt="(Gopher)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/blueball.gif" alt="*3*" /> <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/www/programs/hpt_persistent.html"><strong>MIPS-Alert</strong></a><img src="./images/check.gif" alt="!New!" /> - Automated Sequence Information Queries at <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/">MIPS</a>, Germany <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/redball.gif" alt="*1*" /> <a href="http://www.nih.gov/htbin/pdb"><strong>Molecules R US</strong></a> - Interactive Text and Images of PDB Files at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a> <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/blueball.gif" alt="*3*" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||777855676_129.186.4.14||-info||MOLPROBE"><strong>MPBD</strong></a> - Molecular Probe Data Base at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> and <a href="gopher://gopher.slu.se/7waissrc%3a/wais-dbs/Biology/Oligos"><strong>MPDB</strong></a> at <a href="gopher://gopher.slu.se/">U. Agricultural Sciences</a>, Sweden <img src="./images/gopher.gif" alt="(Gopher)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/purpleball.gif" alt="*2*" /> <a href="http://cuhhca.hhmi.columbia.edu/moose/"><strong>MOOSE</strong></a> - Macromolecular Object Oriented Search Engine to Extract PDB Contained Information at <a href="http://cuhhca.hhmi.columbia.edu/">Columbia U.</a> <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/purpleball.gif" alt="*2*" /> <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/msa.html"><strong>MSA</strong></a> - Multiple Sequence Alignment at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">Washington U.</a> <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/redball.gif" alt="*1*" /> <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/SIT/MOTIF.html"><strong>MOTIF</strong></a> - Search Patterns in Protein Sequences at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan <a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/motif_query.html"><strong>Motif</strong></a><img src="./images/smiley.gif" alt="[L]" /><img src="./images/star.gif" alt="[E]" /> at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan w/ search from <a href="http://www.cc.iastate.edu/welcome.html">Iowa State</a> <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/purpleball.gif" alt="*2*" /> <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/multi-align/multi-align.html"><strong>Multiple Sequence Alignments</strong></a><img src="./images/check.gif" alt="!New!" /> - CLUSTAL-W, MAP, and PIMA alignments at <a href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/">Baylor College of Medicine</a> <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/purpleball.gif" alt="*2*" /> <a href="http://ndbserver.rutgers.edu/"><strong>NDB</strong></a> - Nucleic Acid Database at Rutgers U. <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/redball.gif" alt="*1*" /> <a href="http://www.cmpharm.ucsf.edu/~nomi/nnpredict.html"><strong>nnPredict</strong></a><img src="./images/check.gif" alt="!New!" /> - Predict Protein Secondary Structure at <a href="http://wormworld.ucsf.edu/">UCSF</a> and <a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/nnpredict_query.html"><strong>nnPredict</strong></a><img src="./images/smiley.gif" alt="[L]" /><img src="./images/star.gif" alt="[E]" /> at w/ search from <a href="http://www.cc.iastate.edu/welcome.html">Iowa State</a> <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/redball.gif" alt="*1*" /> <a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/proteins/nrl3d.html"><strong>NRL_3D</strong></a> - Sequence/Structure Database derived from PDB at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> and <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||NRL3D"><strong>NRL_3D</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/blueball.gif" alt="*3*" /> <a href="http://ddbjs4h.genes.nig.ac.jp/"><strong>NRSub</strong></a><img src="./images/check_old.gif" alt="!Recent!" /> - A Non-Redundant DNA Sequence Database for <em>Bacillus subtilis</em> at <a href="http://www.nig.ac.jp/">National Institute of Genetics</a>, Japan <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/purpleball.gif" alt="*2*" /> <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_4.html"><strong>NuclPepSearch</strong></a><img src="./images/star.gif" alt="[E]" /> - Search SwissProt for a Nucletide Sequence at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/purpleball.gif" alt="*2*" /> <a href="http://chait-sgi.rockefeller.edu/"><strong>NYC-MASS</strong></a><img src="./images/check.gif" alt="!New!" /> - Protein Mass Spectrometry Database at <a href="http://www.rockefeller.edu/ru.home.html">Rockefeller U.</a> <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/blueball.gif" alt="*3*" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/obstruct/obs_form.html"><strong>OBSTRUCT</strong></a><img src="./images/star.gif" alt="[E]" /><img src="./images/check.gif" alt="!New!" /> - Correlate Sequence Subsets of PDB Protein Structures at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/purpleball.gif" alt="*2*" /> <a href="http://gdbwww.gdb.org/omimdoc/omimtop.html"><strong>OMIM</strong></a> - Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/blueball.gif" alt="*3*" /> <a href="gopher://megasun.bch.umontreal.ca/11/Organelles/Genomes"><strong>Organelle Genome</strong></a> <img src="./images/check_old.gif" alt="!Recent!" /> - A Sequence Database at <a href="gopher://megasun.bch.umontreal.ca/">U. Montreal</a> <img src="./images/gopher.gif" alt="(Gopher)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/redball.gif" alt="*1*" /> <a href="http://biotech.chem.indiana.edu/lib/orgstrain.html"><strong>Organisms and Strains</strong></a> - Links to Databases Specific to Organism and Cell Collections at <a href="http://biotech.chem.indiana.edu/">Biotech-Indiana</a> <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/redball.gif" alt="*1*" /> <a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/proteins/owl.html"><strong>OWL</strong></a> - Non-Redundant Protein Sequence Database (Updated Daily) at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> and <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/~attwood/OWL/OWL.html"><strong>OWL</strong></a><img src="./images/check.gif" alt="!New!" /> at <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/">UCL-London</a>, UK <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/purpleball.gif" alt="*2*" /> <a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/home/papka/ROSS/patscan.html"><strong>PatScan</strong></a><img src="./images/star.gif" alt="[E]" /><img src="./images/check.gif" alt="!New!" /> - Look for Pattern Matches in DNA or Protein Sequences at <a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/">Argonne National Laboratory</a> <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/purpleball.gif" alt="*2*" /> <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/PATFND_form.html"><strong>PatternFind</strong></a><img src="./images/star.gif" alt="[E]" /><img src="./images/check.gif" alt="!New!" /> - Search the SwissProt and Genpept Protein Sequence Databases with a <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/txt/profile.txt">PROSITE-formatted</a> Pattern at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/purpleball.gif" alt="*2*" /> <a href="http://www-pdd.ncifcrf.gov/PDD/GEN-docs/indexGEN.html"><strong>PDD</strong></a><img src="./images/check_old.gif" alt="!Recent!" /> - Protein Disease Database at <a href="http://www-pdd.ncifcrf.gov/">NIMH-NCI</a> <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/redball.gif" alt="*1*" /> <a href="http://www.pdb.bnl.gov:4148/cgi-bin/browse"><strong>PDB-Browser</strong></a>, <a href="gopher://pdb.pdb.bnl.gov/77/xfullindex/full"><strong>PDB-Index</strong></a> and <a href="gopher://pdb.pdb.bnl.gov/77/xstatusindex/status"><strong>PDB-Pending</strong></a> - <a href="http://www.pdb.bnl.gov/">Protein Data Bank</a> Structures at <a href="http://suntid.bnl.gov:8080/bnl.html">Brookhaven National Laboratory</a>, <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_pdb"><strong>PDB</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a> Japan, <a href="http://www.ibf.unige.it/7/sci/.PDB/pdbsearch"><strong>PDB</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ibf.unige.it/">U. Genova</a>, Italy, <a href="http://www.ucmb.ulb.ac.be/pdb_seq_rel_jan94"><strong>PDB-List</strong></a> and <a href="http://www.ucmb.ulb.ac.be/pdb_annot_jan94"><strong>PDB-Annotated</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ucmb.ulb.ac.be/index.html">Brussels Free U.</a>, Belgium and <a href="http://www.sander.embl-heidelberg.de/pdbsel/explanation.html"><strong>PDB-Select</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/redball.gif" alt="*1*" /> <a href="http://www.nih.gov/molecular_modeling/pdb_at_a_glance.html"><strong>PDB At A Glance</strong></a> - Hierarchic Access to PDB Files at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a> <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/purpleball.gif" alt="*2*" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||781260221_129.186.4.14||-info||PDBFINDER"><strong>PDBFINDER</strong></a> - A Database Containing PDB, DSSP and HSSP Information (see <a href="http://www.sander.embl-heidelberg.de/pdbfinder/overview.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/purpleball.gif" alt="*2*" /> <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_pdbstr"><strong>PDBSTR</strong></a> - Re-organized Protein Data Bank at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/purpleball.gif" alt="*2*" /> <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_5.html"><strong>PepPepSearch</strong></a><img src="./images/star.gif" alt="[E]" /> - Search SwissProt for a Peptide Sequence at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/blueball.gif" alt="*3*" /> <a href="http://lenti.med.umn.edu/~shoop/sample.html"><strong>Plant EST Analysis</strong></a><img src="./images/check.gif" alt="!New!" /> - Similarity Analysis of Different Plant cDNA/EST Sequences at <a href="http://lenti.med.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a> <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/redball.gif" alt="*1*" /> <a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/pprotein_query.html"><strong>PHD</strong></a><img src="./images/smiley.gif" alt="[L]" /><img src="./images/star.gif" alt="[E]" /> - Predict Protein Secondary Structure at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> w/ search from <a href="http://www.cc.iastate.edu/welcome.html">Iowa State</a> <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/purpleball.gif" alt="*2*" /> <a href="http://www.pasteur.fr/sas/phy/boot-sub.html"><strong>PHILIP-Bootstrapping Analysis</strong></a> - Divergence Between Protein or Nucleotide Sequences at <a href="http://www.pasteur.fr/">Institut Pasteur</a>, France <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/blueball.gif" alt="*3*" /> <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/gcg/phospepsort-query.html"><strong>Phospepsort</strong></a><img src="./images/check_old.gif" alt="!Recent!" /> - Digest Phosphorylated Peptide Sequences at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/blueball.gif" alt="*3*" /> <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/ch2d/pi_tool.html"><strong>pI/Mw</strong></a> - Compute the Theoretical pI and Molecular Weight of a Protein Sequence at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/redball.gif" alt="*1*" /> <a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/proteins/pir.html"><strong>PIR</strong></a> - Protein Identification Resource Database at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/blueball.gif" alt="*3*" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||PIRALN"><strong>PIRALN</strong></a> - Database of Sequence Alignments based on PIR at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/blueball.gif" alt="*3*" /> <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_pmd"><strong>PMD</strong></a> - Protein Mutant Database at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan and <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||PMD"><strong>PMD</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/blueball.gif" alt="*3*" /> <a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/pmotif.html"><strong>PMOTIF</strong></a> - Search Protein Motifs in Gene Sequence at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a> <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/blueball.gif" alt="*3*" /> <a href="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/service/polandform.html"><strong>Poland</strong></a> - Calculate the Thermal Denaturation Profile of Double Stranded RNA or DNA at <a href="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/">Uni-D&uuml;sseldorf</a>, Germany <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/redball.gif" alt="*1*" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/predictprotein/predictprotein.html"><strong>PredictProtein</strong></a><img src="./images/star.gif" alt="[E]" /> - Predict Protein Secondary Structure at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/redball.gif" alt="*1*" /> <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_prf"><strong>PRF</strong></a> - Protein Research Foundation Sequence Database at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/purpleball.gif" alt="*2*" /> <a href="http://www-genome.wi.mit.edu/cgi-bin/primer2.2/primer_front"><strong>Primer</strong></a><img src="./images/check.gif" alt="!New!" /> - Select PCR Primers in a Gene Sequence at <a href="http://www-genome.wi.mit.edu/">WICGR-MIT</a> and <a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/rawprimer.html"><strong>Primer</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a> <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/purpleball.gif" alt="*2*" /> <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/~attwood/PRINTS/PRINTS.html"><strong>PRINTS</strong></a><img src="./images/check.gif" alt="!New!" /> - Protein Motif Fingerprints Database (see <a href="file://gopher.embl-heidelberg.de/pub/databases/prints/prints.doc"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) and <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/~attwood/ALIGN/ALIGN.html"><strong>PRINTS-ALIGN</strong></a><img src="./images/check.gif" alt="!New!" /> at <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/">UCL-London</a>, UK and <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/srs/srsc?-info+PRINTS"><strong>PRINTS</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/">EMBnet-Basel</a>, Switzerland <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/redball.gif" alt="*1*" /> <a href="http://protein.toulouse.inra.fr/prodom.html"><strong>ProDom</strong></a><img src="./images/check.gif" alt="!New!" /> - A Protein Domain Database and <a href="http://protein.toulouse.inra.fr/prodom/blast_form.html"><strong>ProDom-Search</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.jouy.inra.fr/infoservices-INRA/infoservices_donnees.html">INRA-Toulouse</a>, France, <a href="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/~esr/prodom.html"><strong>ProDom</strong></a> and <a href="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/~esr/prodom-blast.html"><strong>ProDom-Search</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/">Sanger Centre</a>, UK and <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||777855676_129.186.4.14||-info||PRODOM"><strong>ProDom</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/blueball.gif" alt="*3*" /> <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/PRFSCAN_form.html"><strong>ProfileScan </strong></a><img src="./images/check.gif" alt="!New!" /> - Search a Sequence Against a Library of Profiles at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/purpleball.gif" alt="*2*" /> <a href="gopher://bmerc-gopher.bu.edu/11/Databases/prolink"><strong>ProLink</strong></a> - Integrated Database of Protein Structure, Sequence Homology, and Functional Pattern Information at <a href="http://bmerc-www.bu.edu/">BMERC</a> <img src="./images/gopher.gif" alt="(Gopher)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/purpleball.gif" alt="*2*" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/prs.page"><strong>PROPSEARCH</strong></a><img src="./images/star.gif" alt="[E]" /> - Protein Sequence Search for Structural Homology Based on Aminoacid Properties at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/redball.gif" alt="*1*" /> <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/sprot/prosite.html"><strong>PROSITE</strong></a> - Protein Sites and Patterns Database at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland, <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/PSTSCAN_form.html"><strong>PrositeScan</strong></a><img src="./images/check.gif" alt="!New!" /> at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland and <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/searches/prosite_input.html"><strong>PROSITE-Search</strong></a><img src="./images/star.gif" alt="[E]" /> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/blueball.gif" alt="*3*" /> <a href="file://ftp.embl-heidelberg.de/pub/databases/protein_extras"><strong>Protein-Extras</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img src="./images/ftp.gif" alt="(FTP)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/blueball.gif" alt="*3*" /> <a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/p_families.html"><strong>Protein Families</strong></a><img src="./images/smiley.gif" alt="[L]" /> - Links to Information on Different Protein Families at <a href="http://www.cc.iastate.edu/">Iowa State</a> <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/purpleball.gif" alt="*2*" /> <a href="http://chait-sgi.rockefeller.edu/cgi-bin/prot-id/1/1"><strong>Prot-ID</strong></a><img src="./images/check.gif" alt="!New!" /> - Identify a Protein from Masses of Enzymatic Digestion Peptide Fragments at <a href="http://chait-sgi.rockefeller.edu/">Rockefeller U.</a> <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/blueball.gif" alt="*3*" /> <a href="file://cb-iris.stanford.edu/pub/ProteinMovements/ProtMotDB.main.html"><strong>Protein Motions</strong></a> <img src="./images/check_old.gif" alt="!Recent!" /> - DataBase of Protein Movements at <a href="http://hyper.stanford.edu/">Stanford U.</a> <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/purpleball.gif" alt="*2*" /> <a href="http://bmerc-www.bu.edu/psa/"><strong>PSA</strong></a><img src="./images/star.gif" alt="[E]" /><img src="./images/check.gif" alt="!New!" /> - Protein Sequence Analysis for Sequences of Unknown Structure at <a href="http://bmerc-www.bu.edu/welcome.html">BMERC/MBCRR</a> <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/redball.gif" alt="*1*" /> <a href="http://psort.nibb.ac.jp/"><strong>PSORT</strong></a> - Predict Protein Sorting Signals Coded in Amino Acid Sequences at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/purpleball.gif" alt="*2*" /> <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/pssprediction/pssp.html"><strong>PSSP</strong></a><img src="./images/check_old.gif" alt="!Recent!" /> - Protein Secondary Structure Prediction at <a images="" alt="(W3)" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src="> </a></dd><dd><a images="" alt="(W3)" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src="><img src="./images/redball.gif" alt="*1*" /> </a><a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/home/compbio/PUMA/Production/puma.html"><strong>PUMA</strong></a><img src="./images/check.gif" alt="!New!" /> - Phylogeny of Unicellular Organims with Metabolism and Alignments from <a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/home/compbio/default.html">MCS-Computational Biology</a> at <a href="http://www.anl.gov/">Argonne National Laboratory</a> <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/blueball.gif" alt="*3*" /> <a href="file://ftp.embl-heidelberg.de/pub/databases/protein_extras/puu/domains.puu"><strong>PUU</strong></a> - Protein Domains Database Based on PDB-Select at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img src="./images/ftp.gif" alt="(FTP)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/blueball.gif" alt="*3*" /> <a href="http://geta.life.uiuc.edu/index.html"><strong>RDP</strong></a><img src="./images/check_old.gif" alt="!Recent!" /> - Ribosomal Database Project at U. Illinois <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/purpleball.gif" alt="*2*" /> <a href="http://vent.neb.com/rebase/rebase.html"><strong>ReBase</strong></a><img src="./images/check_old.gif" alt="!Recent!" /> - Restriction Enzyme Database and <a href="http://www.neb.com/cgi-bin/wais_ref.pl"><strong>ReBase-Search</strong></a> at <a href="http://vent.neb.com/">New England Biolabs</a>, <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||777855676_129.186.4.14||-info||REBASE"><strong>ReBase</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> and <a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/rebase/rebase.html"><strong>ReBase</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/blueball.gif" alt="*3*" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/repro/rep_tot.html"><strong>REPRO</strong></a><img src="./images/star.gif" alt="[E]" /><img src="./images/check.gif" alt="!New!" /> - Recognition of Protein Sequence Repeats at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/blueball.gif" alt="*3*" /> <a href="http://pundit.colorado.edu:8080/"><strong>RNA Secondary Structures</strong></a> - Information on Group I Introns and rRNA at <a href="http://www.colorado.edu/">U. Colorado-Boulder</a> <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/blueball.gif" alt="*3*" /> <a href="http://www-rrna.uia.ac.be/rrna/index.html"><strong>rRNA</strong></a><img src="./images/check_old.gif" alt="!Recent!" /> - Databases of Ribosomal Subunit RNA Sequences at <a href="http://www.uia.ac.be/">U. Antwerp</a>, Belgium <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/blueball.gif" alt="*3*" /> <a href="http://cbil.humgen.upenn.edu/~dsearls/RSVP/RSVP_home.html"><strong>RSVP</strong></a><img src="./images/check.gif" alt="!New!" /> - Rapid Sequence Visualization in Postscript for Analysis of DNA Sequences at <a href="http://cbil.humgen.upenn.edu/">CBIL-U. Pennsylvania</a> <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/purpleball.gif" alt="*2*" /> <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/SAPS_form.html"><strong>SAPS</strong></a><img src="./images/check.gif" alt="!New!" /> - Statistical Analysis of Protein Sequences at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/purpleball.gif" alt="*2*" /> <a href="http://base.icgeb.trieste.it/sbase/"><strong>SBASE</strong></a> - Library of Protein Domains and <a href="http://base.icgeb.trieste.it/sbase/blast.html"><strong>SBASE-Search</strong></a> <img src="./images/star.gif" alt="[E]" /> at <a href="http://base.icgeb.trieste.it/">ICGEB-Trieste</a>, Italy <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/blueball.gif" alt="*3*" /> <a href="http://geoff.biop.ox.ac.uk/servers/scanps_server.html"><strong>SCANPS</strong></a> - Scan Protein Sequences at <a href="http://geoff.biop.ox.ac.uk/">U. Oxford</a>, UK <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/redball.gif" alt="*1*" /> <a href="http://www.bio.cam.ac.uk/scop/"><strong>SCOP</strong></a> - Structural Classification of Proteins at <a href="http://www.bio.cam.ac.uk/">Cambridge</a>, UK and <a href="http://www.nick.med.usf.edu/scop/index.html"><strong>SCOP</strong></a><img src="./images/check_old.gif" alt="!Recent!" /> at <a href="http://www.nick.med.usf.edu/">U. South Florida</a> <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/blueball.gif" alt="*3*" /> <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-annot/home.html"><strong>Sequence Annotation</strong></a> - Annotations on NCBI Sequences at <a images="" alt="(W3)" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src="> </a></dd><dd><a images="" alt="(W3)" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src="><img src="./images/blueball.gif" alt="*3*" /> </a><a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/rawtrans.html"><strong>Sequence Translation</strong></a> - Translate Gene Sequences at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a> <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/blueball.gif" alt="*3*" /> <a href="ftp://dasher.wustl.edu/pub/sleuth/data"><strong>Sleuth</strong></a> - Amino Acid Conformation and Solvent Accessibility of PDB Files at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">Washington U.</a> <img src="./images/ftp.gif" alt="(FTP)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/blueball.gif" alt="*3*" /> <a href="http://www.ibcp.fr/predict.html"><strong>SOPM</strong></a><img src="./images/star.gif" alt="[E]" /><img src="./images/check_old.gif" alt="!Recent!" /> - Self Optimized Prediction Method for Prediction of Protein Secondary Structure at <a href="http://www.ibcp.fr/">IBCP-CNRS</a>, France <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/redball.gif" alt="*1*" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc"><strong>SRSWWW</strong></a> - Network Browser for Databanks in Molecular Biology (w/ <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/net.html"><strong>diagram links</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/redball.gif" alt="*1*" /> <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/srs/index.html"><strong>SRSWWW-Directory</strong></a> - Directory of SRSWWW Network Browsers for Biological Databanks and <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/srs/status.html"><strong>SRSWWW-Global Status</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/">EMBnet-Basel</a> <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/purpleball.gif" alt="*2*" /> <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/ssearch-query.html"><strong>SSEARCH</strong></a><img src="./images/star.gif" alt="[E]" /> - Universal Sequence Comparison Using the Smith-Waterman Algorithm at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/purpleball.gif" alt="*2*" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/sspred/sspred_info.html"><strong>SSPRED</strong></a><img src="./images/star.gif" alt="[E]" /><img src="./images/check_old.gif" alt="!Recent!" /> - Predict the Secondary Structure of Proteins at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>, Germany <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/purpleball.gif" alt="*2*" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/stride/stride.html"><strong>STRIDE</strong></a><img src="./images/check.gif" alt="!New!" /> - Find Secondary Structural Elements in PDB Proteins Structures at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/purpleball.gif" alt="*2*" /> <a href="http://www-genome.wi.mit.edu/cgi-bin/www-STS_Pipeline/pipeline_front"><strong>STS Pipeline</strong></a><img src="./images/check.gif" alt="!New!" /> - Analysis and STS Primer Picking of Short DNA Sequences with Duplicate Checking, Sequence Repeat Finding, Restriction Analysis, Vector Identification and BLAST Searching at <a href="http://www-genome.wi.mit.edu/">MIT</a> <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/purpleball.gif" alt="*2*" /> <a href="http://www.ucmb.ulb.ac.be/~joan/survol/form.html"><strong>SURVOL</strong></a><img src="./images/check_old.gif" alt="!Recent!" /> - Analysis of Protein Atomic Volumes at <a href="http://www.ucmb.ulb.ac.be/">UCMB</a>, Belgium <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/purpleball.gif" alt="*2*" /> <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/ch2d/ch2d-top.html"><strong>Swiss-2DPage</strong></a> - Two-dimensional Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis Database at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/purpleball.gif" alt="*2*" /> <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/srs/srsc?-info+SWISSDOM"><strong>SWISSDOM</strong></a> - SwissProt Entries in a ProDom Map at <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">EBI</a>, UK <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/purpleball.gif" alt="*2*" /> <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/swissmod/SWISS-MODEL.html"><strong>Swiss-Model</strong></a> <img src="./images/star.gif" alt="[E]" /> - Automated Protein Modelling at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/purpleball.gif" alt="*2*" /> <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/srs/srsc?-info||SWISSNEW"><strong>SWISSNEW</strong></a> - New SwissProt Sequences at <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">EBI</a>, UK <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/redball.gif" alt="*1*" /> <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/sprot/sprot-top.html"><strong>SwissProt</strong></a> - Protein Sequence Database (+ Weekly Updates) at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/purpleball.gif" alt="*2*" /> <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/swisshop/SwissShopReq.html"><strong>Swiss-Shop</strong></a> <img src="./images/star.gif" alt="[E]" /> - Automated SwissProt and Prosite Information Queries at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/purpleball.gif" alt="*2*" /> <a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/tbase/tbase.html"><strong>TBASE</strong></a> - Transgenic/Targeted Mutation Database at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/redball.gif" alt="*1*" /> <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/tfasta-query.html"><strong>TFASTA</strong></a> - Match a Protein Sequence Against All Six Frames of GenBank Sequences at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/blueball.gif" alt="*3*" /> <a href="gopher://gopher.nih.gov/77/gopherlib/indices/tfd/index"><strong>TFD</strong></a> - Transcription Factor Database at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a> <img src="./images/gopher.gif" alt="(Gopher)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/purpleball.gif" alt="*2*" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info+TFFACTOR"><strong>TFFACTOR</strong></a> and <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info+TFSITE"><strong>TFSITE</strong></a> - Transcription Factor Data at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/blueball.gif" alt="*3*" /> <a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/rawtm.html"><strong>Tm</strong></a> - Oligonucleotide Melting Point Determination at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a> <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/purpleball.gif" alt="*2*" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/tmap/tmap_sin.html"><strong>TMAP</strong></a><img src="./images/star.gif" alt="[E]" /> - Identification of Transmembrane Segments on a Protein Sequence at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/blueball.gif" alt="*3*" /> <a href="ftp://ulrec3.unil.ch/pub/tmbase"><strong>TMBASE</strong></a> - Transmembrane Protein Database at <a href="http://www.unil.ch/">U. Lausanne</a>, Switzerland <img src="./images/ftp.gif" alt="(FTP)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/purpleball.gif" alt="*2*" /> <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/TMPRED_form.html"><strong>TMpred</strong></a><img src="./images/check.gif" alt="!New!" /> - Prediction of Transmembrane Regions and Orientation in Protein Sequencs at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/blueball.gif" alt="*3*" /> <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/www/dna.html"><strong>Translate</strong></a><img src="./images/check.gif" alt="!New!" /> - Translate a Nucleotide Sequence to a Protein at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/purpleball.gif" alt="*2*" /> <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_6.html"><strong>TreeGen</strong></a><img src="./images/star.gif" alt="[E]" /> - Tree Generation from Distance Data at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/purpleball.gif" alt="*2*" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||781260221_129.186.4.14||-info||TREMBL"><strong>TREMBL</strong></a> - Database of Translated Peptide Sequences of All CDS Features from EMBL Sequences at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/purpleball.gif" alt="*2*" /> <a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/srs/srsc?-info+VECBASE"><strong>VecBase</strong></a> - Cloning Vector Sequence Database.at <a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/">CAOS/CAMM</a>, The Netherlands <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/purpleball.gif" alt="*2*" /> <a href="http://biology.queensu.ca/~miseners/vector.html"><strong>Vector-DB</strong></a><img src="./images/check.gif" alt="!New!" /> - Cloning Vector Database at <a href="http://www.queensu.ca/">Queen's U.-Kensington</a>, Canada <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" />, <a href="http://ben.vub.ac.be/srs/srsc?-info+VECTOR"><strong>VECTOR</strong></a> at <a href="http://ben.vub.ac.be/">BEN</a>, Belgium <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" />, <a href="gopher://gopher.gdb.org/77/.INDEX/vector"><strong>Vector</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> and <a href="gopher://virus1.virus.kyoto-u.ac.jp/77/.index/vector.ig/index"><strong>Vector-ig</strong></a> at <a href="http://virus1.virus.kyoto-u.ac.jp/">IVR</a>, Kyoto-U., Japan <img src="./images/gopher.gif" alt="(Gopher)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/blueball.gif" alt="*3*" /> <a href="http://www.bio.cam.ac.uk/seqlogo/logo.cgi"><strong>WebLogo</strong></a> - Sequence Logo Generation at <a href="http://www.bio.cam.ac.uk/">Cambridge U.</a>, UK <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd><dd><img src="./images/purpleball.gif" alt="*2*" /> <a href="http://kestrel.ludwig.ucl.ac.uk/zpred.html"><strong>ZPRED</strong></a><img src="./images/check.gif" alt="!New!" /> - MultPredict Secondary Structure of Multiply Aligned Protein Sequences at <a href="http://kestrel.ludwig.ucl.ac.uk/">Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research</a>, UK <img src="./images/www.gif" alt="(W3)" /> </dd></dl> 5fc4254bbda78f367ed36649896e2703638d88a2 1961 2008-01-15T15:32:07Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <dl><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||ALI"><strong>3D-ALI</strong></a> - Database relating Proteins Structures and Sequences (see <a href="gopher://s-crim1.dl.ac.uk/00/EMBnet%20Bioinformation%20Resource%20UK/Data%20%26%20Software/databases/3d_ali/3d_ali.doc"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/aaa.html"><strong>AA Analysis</strong>&nbsp;</a> - Protein Identification in SwissProt and PIR using Amino Acid Composition at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/ch2d/aacompi.html"><strong>AA CompIdent</strong></a> - Protein Identification in SwissProt using Amino Acid Composition at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/ch2d/aacsim.html"><strong>AA CompSim</strong></a> - Compare the Amino Acid Composition of a SwissProt Entry with Other Entries at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://chait-sgi.rockefeller.edu/cgi-bin/sequence/AA"><strong>AA Sequence Analysis</strong></a> - Multiple Analysis of a Native or Modified Amino Acid Sequence at <a href="http://www.rockefeller.edu/ru.home.html">Rockefeller U.</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/~martin/abs/seqtest.html"><strong>AbCheck</strong></a> - Test an Antibody Sequence Against the Kabat Database at <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/">U. College-London</a>, UK&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/align-query.html"><strong>ALIGN</strong></a> - Optimal Global Alignment of Two Sequences with No Short-cuts at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France and <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/www/programs/align.html"><strong>Align</strong></a> at <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/">MIPS</a>, Germany <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_1.html"><strong>AllAll</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /> - Relationships in a Set of Related Peptides at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_2.html"><strong>AllAllDB</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /> - Search the All-Against-All Database of SwissProt at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://geoff.biop.ox.ac.uk/servers/amas_server.html"><strong>AMAS</strong></a> - Analysis of Protein Multiple Sequence Alignments at <a href="http://geoff.biop.ox.ac.uk/">U. Oxford</a>, UK&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/argos/ASC.21/asc2.html"><strong>ASC</strong></a> - Analytic Surface Calculation of PDB Protein Structures at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://mips11.mips.biochem.mpg.de/www/programs/atlas_per.html"><strong>ATLAS</strong></a> - Search DNA and Protein Sequence Databases at <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/">MIPS</a>, Germany&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://kiwi.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:8088/search-launcher/launcher.html"><strong>BCM Search Launcher</strong></a> at <a alt="(W3)" images="" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src="></a></dd><dd><a alt="(W3)" images="" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src=">&nbsp;</a><a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/protein-search.html"><strong>BEAUTY</strong></a> - BLAST Enhanced Alignment Utility <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/Help/beauty.html"><strong>(see Documentation)</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/">Baylor College of Medicine</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/srs/srsc?-info+BERLIN"><strong>BERLIN</strong></a> - RNA Databank of 5S rRNA and 5S rRNA Gene Sequences at <a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/">CAOS/CAMM</a>, The Netherlands&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://sgbcd.weizmann.ac.il/Bic/ExecAppl.html"><strong>BIOACCELERATOR</strong></a> at <a href="http://bioinformatics.weizmann.ac.il:70/">Weizmann Institute of Science</a>, Israel&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a alt="!New!" images="" href="http://www.ocms.ox.ac.uk/~birney/cusi/biocusi.html%3E%3Cb%3EbioCUSI%3C/b%3E%3C/a%3E%3Cimg%20src=">- Multiple Access to Biological Servers at </a><a href="http://www.ocms.ox.ac.uk/">OCMS-Oxford</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="ftp://pdb.pdb.bnl.gov/user_group/biological_units"><strong>Biological Units</strong></a> - Expanded PDB Entries with Full Biological Units at <a href="http://suntid.bnl.gov:8080/bnl.html">Brookhaven National Laboratory</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ocms.ox.ac.uk/~birney/palette.html"><strong>Biologist's Search Palette</strong></a> - Collection of Search Engines for Biological Databases at <a href="http://www.ocms.ox.ac.uk/">Oxford U.</a>, UK <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Recipon/bs_seq.html"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> - Basic Local Alignment Research Tool at <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/">NCBI</a>, <a href="http://swarmer.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/blastq-form?options=simple"><strong>BLAST</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> (hiv, vector, etc) at <a href="http://motif.stanford.edu/">Stanford U.</a>, <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/SIT/BLAST.html"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan, <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/blast/blast-query.html"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France, <a href="http://www.crihan.fr/www/blast.html"><strong>BLAST</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /><img alt="!Recent!" src="./images/check_old.gif" /> at <a href="http://www.crihan.fr/">CRIHAN</a>, France <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/cgi-bin/seq-search/blast_form_local.pl"><strong>BLAST</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> (with Entrez and SRS Links) at <a href="http://gc.bcm.tmc.edu:8088/">Baylor College of Medicine</a> and <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/EPFLBLAST_form.html"><strong>BLAST</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> at <a href="http://www.epfl.ch/">EPFL</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/Option/blastpat.html"><strong>BLASTPAT</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - BLAST-based Pattern Database Search (see <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/Help/blastpat.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://gc.bcm.tmc.edu:8088/">Baylor College of Medicine</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/searches/blitz_input.html"><strong>BLITZ</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /> (see <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/searches/blitz_doc.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> and <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/searches/blitz_input.html"><strong>BLITZ</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /> at <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">EBI</a>, UK <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.blocks.fhcrc.org/"><strong>BLOCKS</strong></a> - Database of Highly Conserved Regions in Proteins <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> and <a href="gopher://klaatu.fhcrc.org/77/.indexes/.blocksindex/blocksindex"><strong>BLOCKS-WAIS</strong></a> <img alt="(Gopher)" src="./images/gopher.gif" /> at <a href="gopher://klaatu.fhcrc.org/">Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center</a>, <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||BLOCKS"><strong>BLOCKS</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> and <a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/blocks_query.html"><strong>BLOCKS-Search</strong></a><img alt="[L]" src="./images/smiley.gif" /><img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /> w/ search from <a href="http://www.cc.iastate.edu/welcome.html">Iowa State</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://bimas.dcrt.nih.gov/sql/BMRBgate.html"><strong>BioMagResBank</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - A Database of NMR-Derived Protein Structures at <a href="http://bimas.dcrt.nih.gov/">BIMAS-NIH</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://genome.cs.unc.edu/online.html"><strong>BioSCAN</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="./images/check_old.gif" /> - Biological Sequence Comparative Analysis at <a href="http://genome.cs.unc.edu/">U. North Caroline</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://ibm4.carb.nist.gov:4400/bmcd/bmcd.html"><strong>BMCD</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="./images/check_old.gif" /> - Biological Macromolecule Crystallization Database at <a href="http://ibm4.carb.nist.gov:4400/carb.html">CARB</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/BOX_form.html"><strong>BOXSHADE</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Pretty Printing and Shading of Multiple-Sequence Alignments at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/bsm/cath/CATHintro.html"><strong>CATH</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="./images/check_old.gif" /> - Protein Structure Classification at <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/">UCL-London</a>, UK <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/msa/clustal.cgi"><strong>CLUSTALW</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Multiply Sequence Alignments at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">IBC-Washington U.</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/cuse.html"><strong>Codon Usage</strong></a> - Analysis of Different ORFs in a Gene Sequence at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/COILS_form.html"><strong>Coils</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Prediction of Coiled Coil Regions in Protein Sequences at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://ben.vub.ac.be/srs/srsc?-info+CPGISLE"><strong>CpGIsle</strong></a> - CpG Islands Database at <a href="http://ben.vub.ac.be/">BEN</a>, Belgium <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_7.html"><strong>Darwin</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /> - Data Analysis and Retrieval With Indexed Nucleotide/Peptide Sequences at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/dbEST/index.html"><strong>dbEST</strong></a> - Database of Expressed Sequence Tags at <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/">NCBI</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/dbget/dbget.html"><strong>DBGET</strong></a> - Integrated Database Retrieval System (w/ <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/dbget/dbget.links.html"><strong>diagram links</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="gopher://gopher.nig.ac.jp/7waissrc%3a/DDBJ_Gopher_WAIS/DNA_seq_index_search.src"><strong>DDBJ</strong></a> - DNA Database of Japan at <a href="http://www.nig.ac.jp/">National Institute of Genetics</a>, Japan <img alt="(Gopher)" src="./images/gopher.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/rawdot.html"><strong>Dot Plot</strong></a> - Compare a DNA Sequence with Itself at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.nih.gov/molecular_modeling/drugbank.html"><strong>DrugBank</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="./images/check_old.gif" /> - Three-dimensional Drug Structure Databank at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info+DSSP"><strong>DSSP</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="./images/check_old.gif" /> - Database of Secondary Structure of Proteins from PDB (see <a href="http://www.sander.embl-heidelberg.de/dssp/descrip.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/proteins/ec-enzyme.html"><strong>EC Enzyme</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> and <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/show_ECtable"><strong>EC Number Table</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan and <a href="http://specter.dcrt.nih.gov:8004/Enzymes/enzymes.html"><strong>GenoBase Enzyme Index</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://susi.bio.uni-giessen.de/usr/local/www/html/ecdc.html"><strong>ECDC</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - <em>E. coli</em> Database Collection at <a href="http://www.uni-giessen.de/">Uni-Gie&szlig;en</a>, Germany <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="gopher://biox.embnet.unibas.ch:13021/77/.index/embl/index"><strong>EMBL</strong></a> - Nucleotide Sequence Database and <a href="gopher://biox.embnet.unibas.ch:13021/77/.index/xembl/index"><strong>EMBL-New Entries</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/">EMBnet-Basel</a> <img alt="(Gopher)" src="./images/gopher.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/srs/srsc?-info||EMNEW"><strong>EMNEW</strong></a> - Index of New EMBL Sequences at <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">EBI</a>, UK <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://specter.dcrt.nih.gov:8004/Compound/compound_toc_by_name.html"><strong>EMP Compound</strong></a> and <a href="http://specter.dcrt.nih.gov:8004/Pathway/pathway_toc_by_name.html"><strong>EMP Pathways</strong></a> - Selkov Enzyme and Metabolic Pathway (EMP) Database at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/home/towell/metabhome.html"><strong>EMP Metabolic Pathways</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Navigation in Metabolic Pathways from <a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/home/compbio/default.html">MCS-Computational Biology</a> at <a href="http://www.anl.gov/">Argonne National Laboratory</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Search/Entrez/index.html"><strong>ENTREZ</strong></a> - Protein and Nucleotide Database (see <a href="http://atlas.nlm.nih.gov:5700/WWW2/WWW2_paper2.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/">NCBI</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/sprot/enzyme.html"><strong>ENZYME</strong></a> - The Enzyme Data Bank at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/bsm/enzymes/index.html"><strong>Enzyme Structures Database</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Structures of Enzymes Deposited in the PDB at <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/">UCL-London</a>, UK <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||781260221_129.186.4.14||-info||EPD"><strong>EPD</strong></a> - Eucaryotic Promoter Database at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>, Germany and <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_epd"><strong>EPD</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="./images/check_old.gif" /> at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://bioslave.uio.no:8001/srs/srsc?-info+EPO"><strong>EPO</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="./images/check_old.gif" /> - European Patent Office Nucleotide Database at <a href="http://www.no.embnet.org/">BiO/U. Oslo</a>, Norway <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> and <a href="gopher://gopher.csc.fi/7waissrc%3a/tiede/BioBox/bionic/.epo.src"><strong>EPO</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.csc.fi/CSC_english.html">CSC</a>, Finland <img alt="(Gopher)" src="./images/gopher.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/searches/fasta.html"><strong>FASTA</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /> - Compare a Nucleic Acid Sequence to Nucleotide Sequence Databases (w/ updates) at <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">EBI</a>, UK, <a href="http://swarmer.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/fastaq-form?options=simple"><strong>FASTA</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> (Berlin, Vectorbank, etc) at <a href="http://motif.stanford.edu/">Stanford U.</a>, <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/fasta-query.html"><strong>FASTA</strong></a> at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France and <a href="http://www.crihan.fr/www/fasta.html"><strong>FASTA</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /><img alt="!Recent!" src="./images/check_old.gif" /> at <a href="http://www.crihan.fr/">CRIHAN</a>, France <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/Options/fastpat.html"><strong>FASTPAT</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - FASTA-based Pattern Database Search (see <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/Help/fastpat.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://gc.bcm.tmc.edu:8088/">Baylor College of Medicine</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://morgan.harvard.edu/"><strong>FlyBase</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="./images/check_old.gif" /> - Genetic and Molecular Database for <em>Drosophila</em> at <a href="http://www.harvard.edu/">Harvard U.</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||FSSP"><strong>FSSP</strong></a> - Database of Families of Structurally Similar Proteins derived from PDB at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.abc.hu/blast.html"><strong>FTHOM</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /> - Compare Protein Domain Homology at <a href="http://www.abc.hu/">ABC</a>, Hungary <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://gdbwww.gdb.org/"><strong>GDB</strong></a> - Human Genome Data Base at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:2555/r_genbank2.html"><strong>GenBank Database</strong></a> (+Updates) at <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/">NCBI</a> and <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/wu_fetch.html"><strong>GenBank-Fetch</strong></a> at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">Washington U.</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/gene-finder/gf.html"><strong>Gene Finder</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="./images/check_old.gif" /> - Predict Gene Structure, Internal Exons and Splicing Sites in DNA and Exon-Exon Junstion in cDNA at <a alt="(W3)" images="" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src="></a></dd><dd><a alt="(W3)" images="" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src="><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> </a><a href="http://cbil.humgen.upenn.edu/~sdong/genlang_home.html"><strong>GenLang</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Find Genes and Other Higher-Order Features in Nucleotide Sequences at <a href="http://cbil.humgen.upenn.edu/">CBIL-U. Pennsylvania</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://specter.dcrt.nih.gov:8004/"><strong>GenoBase</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/Genome-DBS.html"><strong>Genome Databases</strong></a> and <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/Genome_Centre.html"><strong>Genome Centers</strong></a> - World Wide Links at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.ri.bbsrc.ac.uk/genome_workstation/workstation.html"><strong>Genome Workstation</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="./images/check_old.gif" /> - Genome Related Links at <a href="http://www.ri.bbsrc.ac.uk/">Roslin Institute</a>, UK <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://biotech.chem.indiana.edu/WebChris/maps.html"><strong>Genomic Maps</strong></a> - Links to Genome Specific Resources at <a href="http://biotech.chem.indiana.edu/">Biotech-Indiana</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/gq/gq.form.html"><strong>GenQuest</strong></a> - Search Against Protein Databases with the Q server at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://avalon.epm.ornl.gov/Grail-bin/EmptyGrailForm"><strong>Grail</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="./images/check_old.gif" /> - Analysis of the Protein Coding Potential of a DNA Sequence (see <a href="ftp://arthur.epm.ornl.gov/pub/xgrail/Manual.grail-genquest.July94"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://avalon.epm.ornl.gov/">ORNL</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.ncgr.org/gsdb/"><strong>GSDB</strong></a> - Genome Sequence Database at <a href="http://www.ncgr.org/ncgr/ncgr.html">NCGR</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/www/guess-prot.html"><strong>GuessProt</strong></a> - Selects SwissProt proteins given pI and Mw at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/hhs/"><strong>HHS</strong></a> - SwissProt and PDB Systematic Sequence Classification Database at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">Washington U.</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/srs/srsc?-info+HOVERGEN"><strong>HOVERGEN</strong></a> - Database of Homologous Vertebrate Genes at <a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/">CAOS/CAMM</a>, The Netherlands <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/www/programs/hpt_persistent.html"><strong>HPT</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Protein Sequence Pattern Recognition in the PIR Database and <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/www/programs/hpt_homol.html"><strong>HPT-Homology</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> at <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/">MIPS</a>, Germany <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||HSSP"><strong>HSSP</strong></a> - Database of Homology-Derived Structures of Proteins based on PDB and SwissProt at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="gopher://gopher.gdb.org/77/.INDEX/kabat"><strong>Kabat </strong></a>- Database of Proteins of Immunological Interest at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> <img alt="(Gopher)" src="./images/gopher.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.prosci.uci.edu/kinemages/KinemageIndex.html"><strong>Kinemage-Index</strong></a> - &quot;Kinetical Images&quot; by Protein Type at <a href="http://www.prosci.uci.edu/">Protein Science</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/klotho/"><strong>Klotho</strong></a> - Biochemical Compounds Declarative Database at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">Washington U.</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/lalign-query.html"><strong>LALIGN</strong></a> - Calculates the N-Best Local Alignments Between Two Sequences at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/lfasta-query.html"><strong>LFASTA</strong></a> - Local Similarity Searches Between Two Sequences Showing Local Alignments at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_ligand"><strong>LIGAND</strong></a> - Ligand Chemical Database for Enzyme Reactions at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="gopher://gopher.nih.gov/77/gopherlib/indices/limb/index"><strong>LiMB</strong></a> - Listing of Molecular Biology Databases at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a> <img alt="(Gopher)" src="./images/gopher.gif" /> and <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||777855676_129.186.4.14||-info||LIMB"><strong>LiMB</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_3.html"><strong>MassSearch</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /> - Search SwissProt or EMBL Databases by Protein Mass After Digestion at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://cgsc.biology.yale.edu/metab.html"><strong>Metabolic Database</strong></a> - Metabolic Reactions and Pathways at <a href="http://cgsc.biology.yale.edu/">CGSC-Yale U.</a> and <a href="http://moulon.inra.fr/cgi-bin/nph-acedb3.1/acedb/metabolisme?find+Reaction_or_pathway%3By+14+69"><strong>Metabolic Database</strong></a> at <a href="http://moulon.inra.fr/">INRA-Moulon</a>, France <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.informatics.jax.org/mgd.html"><strong>MGD</strong></a> - Mouse Genome Database at <a href="http://www.informatics.jax.org/">Jackson Laboratory</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="gopher://wehil.wehi.edu.au/11/MHCPEP.DB"><strong>MHCPEP</strong></a> - Database of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Binding Peptides at <a href="http://www.wehi.edu.au/">WEHI-Melbourne</a>, Australia <img alt="(Gopher)" src="./images/gopher.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/www/programs/hpt_persistent.html"><strong>MIPS-Alert</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Automated Sequence Information Queries at <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/">MIPS</a>, Germany <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.nih.gov/htbin/pdb"><strong>Molecules R US</strong></a> - Interactive Text and Images of PDB Files at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||777855676_129.186.4.14||-info||MOLPROBE"><strong>MPBD</strong></a> - Molecular Probe Data Base at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> and <a href="gopher://gopher.slu.se/7waissrc%3a/wais-dbs/Biology/Oligos"><strong>MPDB</strong></a> at <a href="gopher://gopher.slu.se/">U. Agricultural Sciences</a>, Sweden <img alt="(Gopher)" src="./images/gopher.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://cuhhca.hhmi.columbia.edu/moose/"><strong>MOOSE</strong></a> - Macromolecular Object Oriented Search Engine to Extract PDB Contained Information at <a href="http://cuhhca.hhmi.columbia.edu/">Columbia U.</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/msa.html"><strong>MSA</strong></a> - Multiple Sequence Alignment at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">Washington U.</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/SIT/MOTIF.html"><strong>MOTIF</strong></a> - Search Patterns in Protein Sequences at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan <a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/motif_query.html"><strong>Motif</strong></a><img alt="[L]" src="./images/smiley.gif" /><img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /> at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan w/ search from <a href="http://www.cc.iastate.edu/welcome.html">Iowa State</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/multi-align/multi-align.html"><strong>Multiple Sequence Alignments</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - CLUSTAL-W, MAP, and PIMA alignments at <a href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/">Baylor College of Medicine</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://ndbserver.rutgers.edu/"><strong>NDB</strong></a> - Nucleic Acid Database at Rutgers U. <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.cmpharm.ucsf.edu/~nomi/nnpredict.html"><strong>nnPredict</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Predict Protein Secondary Structure at <a href="http://wormworld.ucsf.edu/">UCSF</a> and <a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/nnpredict_query.html"><strong>nnPredict</strong></a><img alt="[L]" src="./images/smiley.gif" /><img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /> at w/ search from <a href="http://www.cc.iastate.edu/welcome.html">Iowa State</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/proteins/nrl3d.html"><strong>NRL_3D</strong></a> - Sequence/Structure Database derived from PDB at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> and <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||NRL3D"><strong>NRL_3D</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://ddbjs4h.genes.nig.ac.jp/"><strong>NRSub</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="./images/check_old.gif" /> - A Non-Redundant DNA Sequence Database for <em>Bacillus subtilis</em> at <a href="http://www.nig.ac.jp/">National Institute of Genetics</a>, Japan <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_4.html"><strong>NuclPepSearch</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /> - Search SwissProt for a Nucletide Sequence at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://chait-sgi.rockefeller.edu/"><strong>NYC-MASS</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Protein Mass Spectrometry Database at <a href="http://www.rockefeller.edu/ru.home.html">Rockefeller U.</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/obstruct/obs_form.html"><strong>OBSTRUCT</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Correlate Sequence Subsets of PDB Protein Structures at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://gdbwww.gdb.org/omimdoc/omimtop.html"><strong>OMIM</strong></a> - Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="gopher://megasun.bch.umontreal.ca/11/Organelles/Genomes"><strong>Organelle Genome</strong></a> <img alt="!Recent!" src="./images/check_old.gif" /> - A Sequence Database at <a href="gopher://megasun.bch.umontreal.ca/">U. Montreal</a> <img alt="(Gopher)" src="./images/gopher.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://biotech.chem.indiana.edu/lib/orgstrain.html"><strong>Organisms and Strains</strong></a> - Links to Databases Specific to Organism and Cell Collections at <a href="http://biotech.chem.indiana.edu/">Biotech-Indiana</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/proteins/owl.html"><strong>OWL</strong></a> - Non-Redundant Protein Sequence Database (Updated Daily) at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> and <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/~attwood/OWL/OWL.html"><strong>OWL</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> at <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/">UCL-London</a>, UK <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/home/papka/ROSS/patscan.html"><strong>PatScan</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Look for Pattern Matches in DNA or Protein Sequences at <a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/">Argonne National Laboratory</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/PATFND_form.html"><strong>PatternFind</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Search the SwissProt and Genpept Protein Sequence Databases with a <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/txt/profile.txt">PROSITE-formatted</a> Pattern at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www-pdd.ncifcrf.gov/PDD/GEN-docs/indexGEN.html"><strong>PDD</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="./images/check_old.gif" /> - Protein Disease Database at <a href="http://www-pdd.ncifcrf.gov/">NIMH-NCI</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.pdb.bnl.gov:4148/cgi-bin/browse"><strong>PDB-Browser</strong></a>, <a href="gopher://pdb.pdb.bnl.gov/77/xfullindex/full"><strong>PDB-Index</strong></a> and <a href="gopher://pdb.pdb.bnl.gov/77/xstatusindex/status"><strong>PDB-Pending</strong></a> - <a href="http://www.pdb.bnl.gov/">Protein Data Bank</a> Structures at <a href="http://suntid.bnl.gov:8080/bnl.html">Brookhaven National Laboratory</a>, <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_pdb"><strong>PDB</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a> Japan, <a href="http://www.ibf.unige.it/7/sci/.PDB/pdbsearch"><strong>PDB</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ibf.unige.it/">U. Genova</a>, Italy, <a href="http://www.ucmb.ulb.ac.be/pdb_seq_rel_jan94"><strong>PDB-List</strong></a> and <a href="http://www.ucmb.ulb.ac.be/pdb_annot_jan94"><strong>PDB-Annotated</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ucmb.ulb.ac.be/index.html">Brussels Free U.</a>, Belgium and <a href="http://www.sander.embl-heidelberg.de/pdbsel/explanation.html"><strong>PDB-Select</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.nih.gov/molecular_modeling/pdb_at_a_glance.html"><strong>PDB At A Glance</strong></a> - Hierarchic Access to PDB Files at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||781260221_129.186.4.14||-info||PDBFINDER"><strong>PDBFINDER</strong></a> - A Database Containing PDB, DSSP and HSSP Information (see <a href="http://www.sander.embl-heidelberg.de/pdbfinder/overview.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_pdbstr"><strong>PDBSTR</strong></a> - Re-organized Protein Data Bank at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_5.html"><strong>PepPepSearch</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /> - Search SwissProt for a Peptide Sequence at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://lenti.med.umn.edu/~shoop/sample.html"><strong>Plant EST Analysis</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Similarity Analysis of Different Plant cDNA/EST Sequences at <a href="http://lenti.med.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/pprotein_query.html"><strong>PHD</strong></a><img alt="[L]" src="./images/smiley.gif" /><img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /> - Predict Protein Secondary Structure at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> w/ search from <a href="http://www.cc.iastate.edu/welcome.html">Iowa State</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.pasteur.fr/sas/phy/boot-sub.html"><strong>PHILIP-Bootstrapping Analysis</strong></a> - Divergence Between Protein or Nucleotide Sequences at <a href="http://www.pasteur.fr/">Institut Pasteur</a>, France <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/gcg/phospepsort-query.html"><strong>Phospepsort</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="./images/check_old.gif" /> - Digest Phosphorylated Peptide Sequences at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/ch2d/pi_tool.html"><strong>pI/Mw</strong></a> - Compute the Theoretical pI and Molecular Weight of a Protein Sequence at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/proteins/pir.html"><strong>PIR</strong></a> - Protein Identification Resource Database at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||PIRALN"><strong>PIRALN</strong></a> - Database of Sequence Alignments based on PIR at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_pmd"><strong>PMD</strong></a> - Protein Mutant Database at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan and <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||PMD"><strong>PMD</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/pmotif.html"><strong>PMOTIF</strong></a> - Search Protein Motifs in Gene Sequence at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/service/polandform.html"><strong>Poland</strong></a> - Calculate the Thermal Denaturation Profile of Double Stranded RNA or DNA at <a href="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/">Uni-D&uuml;sseldorf</a>, Germany <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/predictprotein/predictprotein.html"><strong>PredictProtein</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /> - Predict Protein Secondary Structure at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_prf"><strong>PRF</strong></a> - Protein Research Foundation Sequence Database at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www-genome.wi.mit.edu/cgi-bin/primer2.2/primer_front"><strong>Primer</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Select PCR Primers in a Gene Sequence at <a href="http://www-genome.wi.mit.edu/">WICGR-MIT</a> and <a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/rawprimer.html"><strong>Primer</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/~attwood/PRINTS/PRINTS.html"><strong>PRINTS</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Protein Motif Fingerprints Database (see <a href="file://gopher.embl-heidelberg.de/pub/databases/prints/prints.doc"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) and <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/~attwood/ALIGN/ALIGN.html"><strong>PRINTS-ALIGN</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> at <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/">UCL-London</a>, UK and <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/srs/srsc?-info+PRINTS"><strong>PRINTS</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/">EMBnet-Basel</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://protein.toulouse.inra.fr/prodom.html"><strong>ProDom</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - A Protein Domain Database and <a href="http://protein.toulouse.inra.fr/prodom/blast_form.html"><strong>ProDom-Search</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.jouy.inra.fr/infoservices-INRA/infoservices_donnees.html">INRA-Toulouse</a>, France, <a href="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/~esr/prodom.html"><strong>ProDom</strong></a> and <a href="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/~esr/prodom-blast.html"><strong>ProDom-Search</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/">Sanger Centre</a>, UK and <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||777855676_129.186.4.14||-info||PRODOM"><strong>ProDom</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/PRFSCAN_form.html"><strong>ProfileScan </strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Search a Sequence Against a Library of Profiles at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="gopher://bmerc-gopher.bu.edu/11/Databases/prolink"><strong>ProLink</strong></a> - Integrated Database of Protein Structure, Sequence Homology, and Functional Pattern Information at <a href="http://bmerc-www.bu.edu/">BMERC</a> <img alt="(Gopher)" src="./images/gopher.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/prs.page"><strong>PROPSEARCH</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /> - Protein Sequence Search for Structural Homology Based on Aminoacid Properties at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/sprot/prosite.html"><strong>PROSITE</strong></a> - Protein Sites and Patterns Database at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland, <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/PSTSCAN_form.html"><strong>PrositeScan</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland and <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/searches/prosite_input.html"><strong>PROSITE-Search</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="file://ftp.embl-heidelberg.de/pub/databases/protein_extras"><strong>Protein-Extras</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img alt="(FTP)" src="./images/ftp.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/p_families.html"><strong>Protein Families</strong></a><img alt="[L]" src="./images/smiley.gif" /> - Links to Information on Different Protein Families at <a href="http://www.cc.iastate.edu/">Iowa State</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://chait-sgi.rockefeller.edu/cgi-bin/prot-id/1/1"><strong>Prot-ID</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Identify a Protein from Masses of Enzymatic Digestion Peptide Fragments at <a href="http://chait-sgi.rockefeller.edu/">Rockefeller U.</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="file://cb-iris.stanford.edu/pub/ProteinMovements/ProtMotDB.main.html"><strong>Protein Motions</strong></a> <img alt="!Recent!" src="./images/check_old.gif" /> - DataBase of Protein Movements at <a href="http://hyper.stanford.edu/">Stanford U.</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://bmerc-www.bu.edu/psa/"><strong>PSA</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Protein Sequence Analysis for Sequences of Unknown Structure at <a href="http://bmerc-www.bu.edu/welcome.html">BMERC/MBCRR</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://psort.nibb.ac.jp/"><strong>PSORT</strong></a> - Predict Protein Sorting Signals Coded in Amino Acid Sequences at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/pssprediction/pssp.html"><strong>PSSP</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="./images/check_old.gif" /> - Protein Secondary Structure Prediction at <a alt="(W3)" images="" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src="></a></dd><dd><a alt="(W3)" images="" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src="><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> </a><a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/home/compbio/PUMA/Production/puma.html"><strong>PUMA</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Phylogeny of Unicellular Organims with Metabolism and Alignments from <a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/home/compbio/default.html">MCS-Computational Biology</a> at <a href="http://www.anl.gov/">Argonne National Laboratory</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="file://ftp.embl-heidelberg.de/pub/databases/protein_extras/puu/domains.puu"><strong>PUU</strong></a> - Protein Domains Database Based on PDB-Select at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img alt="(FTP)" src="./images/ftp.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://geta.life.uiuc.edu/index.html"><strong>RDP</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="./images/check_old.gif" /> - Ribosomal Database Project at U. Illinois <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://vent.neb.com/rebase/rebase.html"><strong>ReBase</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="./images/check_old.gif" /> - Restriction Enzyme Database and <a href="http://www.neb.com/cgi-bin/wais_ref.pl"><strong>ReBase-Search</strong></a> at <a href="http://vent.neb.com/">New England Biolabs</a>, <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||777855676_129.186.4.14||-info||REBASE"><strong>ReBase</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> and <a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/rebase/rebase.html"><strong>ReBase</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/repro/rep_tot.html"><strong>REPRO</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Recognition of Protein Sequence Repeats at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://pundit.colorado.edu:8080/"><strong>RNA Secondary Structures</strong></a> - Information on Group I Introns and rRNA at <a href="http://www.colorado.edu/">U. Colorado-Boulder</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://www-rrna.uia.ac.be/rrna/index.html"><strong>rRNA</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="./images/check_old.gif" /> - Databases of Ribosomal Subunit RNA Sequences at <a href="http://www.uia.ac.be/">U. Antwerp</a>, Belgium <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://cbil.humgen.upenn.edu/~dsearls/RSVP/RSVP_home.html"><strong>RSVP</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Rapid Sequence Visualization in Postscript for Analysis of DNA Sequences at <a href="http://cbil.humgen.upenn.edu/">CBIL-U. Pennsylvania</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/SAPS_form.html"><strong>SAPS</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Statistical Analysis of Protein Sequences at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://base.icgeb.trieste.it/sbase/"><strong>SBASE</strong></a> - Library of Protein Domains and <a href="http://base.icgeb.trieste.it/sbase/blast.html"><strong>SBASE-Search</strong></a> <img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /> at <a href="http://base.icgeb.trieste.it/">ICGEB-Trieste</a>, Italy <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://geoff.biop.ox.ac.uk/servers/scanps_server.html"><strong>SCANPS</strong></a> - Scan Protein Sequences at <a href="http://geoff.biop.ox.ac.uk/">U. Oxford</a>, UK <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.bio.cam.ac.uk/scop/"><strong>SCOP</strong></a> - Structural Classification of Proteins at <a href="http://www.bio.cam.ac.uk/">Cambridge</a>, UK and <a href="http://www.nick.med.usf.edu/scop/index.html"><strong>SCOP</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="./images/check_old.gif" /> at <a href="http://www.nick.med.usf.edu/">U. South Florida</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-annot/home.html"><strong>Sequence Annotation</strong></a> - Annotations on NCBI Sequences at <a alt="(W3)" images="" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src="></a></dd><dd><a alt="(W3)" images="" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src="><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> </a><a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/rawtrans.html"><strong>Sequence Translation</strong></a> - Translate Gene Sequences at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="ftp://dasher.wustl.edu/pub/sleuth/data"><strong>Sleuth</strong></a> - Amino Acid Conformation and Solvent Accessibility of PDB Files at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">Washington U.</a> <img alt="(FTP)" src="./images/ftp.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.ibcp.fr/predict.html"><strong>SOPM</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /><img alt="!Recent!" src="./images/check_old.gif" /> - Self Optimized Prediction Method for Prediction of Protein Secondary Structure at <a href="http://www.ibcp.fr/">IBCP-CNRS</a>, France <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc"><strong>SRSWWW</strong></a> - Network Browser for Databanks in Molecular Biology (w/ <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/net.html"><strong>diagram links</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/srs/index.html"><strong>SRSWWW-Directory</strong></a> - Directory of SRSWWW Network Browsers for Biological Databanks and <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/srs/status.html"><strong>SRSWWW-Global Status</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/">EMBnet-Basel</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/ssearch-query.html"><strong>SSEARCH</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /> - Universal Sequence Comparison Using the Smith-Waterman Algorithm at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/sspred/sspred_info.html"><strong>SSPRED</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /><img alt="!Recent!" src="./images/check_old.gif" /> - Predict the Secondary Structure of Proteins at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>, Germany <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/stride/stride.html"><strong>STRIDE</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Find Secondary Structural Elements in PDB Proteins Structures at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www-genome.wi.mit.edu/cgi-bin/www-STS_Pipeline/pipeline_front"><strong>STS Pipeline</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Analysis and STS Primer Picking of Short DNA Sequences with Duplicate Checking, Sequence Repeat Finding, Restriction Analysis, Vector Identification and BLAST Searching at <a href="http://www-genome.wi.mit.edu/">MIT</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.ucmb.ulb.ac.be/~joan/survol/form.html"><strong>SURVOL</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="./images/check_old.gif" /> - Analysis of Protein Atomic Volumes at <a href="http://www.ucmb.ulb.ac.be/">UCMB</a>, Belgium <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/ch2d/ch2d-top.html"><strong>Swiss-2DPage</strong></a> - Two-dimensional Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis Database at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/srs/srsc?-info+SWISSDOM"><strong>SWISSDOM</strong></a> - SwissProt Entries in a ProDom Map at <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">EBI</a>, UK <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/swissmod/SWISS-MODEL.html"><strong>Swiss-Model</strong></a> <img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /> - Automated Protein Modelling at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/srs/srsc?-info||SWISSNEW"><strong>SWISSNEW</strong></a> - New SwissProt Sequences at <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">EBI</a>, UK <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/sprot/sprot-top.html"><strong>SwissProt</strong></a> - Protein Sequence Database (+ Weekly Updates) at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/swisshop/SwissShopReq.html"><strong>Swiss-Shop</strong></a> <img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /> - Automated SwissProt and Prosite Information Queries at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/tbase/tbase.html"><strong>TBASE</strong></a> - Transgenic/Targeted Mutation Database at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/tfasta-query.html"><strong>TFASTA</strong></a> - Match a Protein Sequence Against All Six Frames of GenBank Sequences at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="gopher://gopher.nih.gov/77/gopherlib/indices/tfd/index"><strong>TFD</strong></a> - Transcription Factor Database at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a> <img alt="(Gopher)" src="./images/gopher.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info+TFFACTOR"><strong>TFFACTOR</strong></a> and <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info+TFSITE"><strong>TFSITE</strong></a> - Transcription Factor Data at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/rawtm.html"><strong>Tm</strong></a> - Oligonucleotide Melting Point Determination at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/tmap/tmap_sin.html"><strong>TMAP</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /> - Identification of Transmembrane Segments on a Protein Sequence at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="ftp://ulrec3.unil.ch/pub/tmbase"><strong>TMBASE</strong></a> - Transmembrane Protein Database at <a href="http://www.unil.ch/">U. Lausanne</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(FTP)" src="./images/ftp.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/TMPRED_form.html"><strong>TMpred</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Prediction of Transmembrane Regions and Orientation in Protein Sequencs at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/www/dna.html"><strong>Translate</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Translate a Nucleotide Sequence to a Protein at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_6.html"><strong>TreeGen</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /> - Tree Generation from Distance Data at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||781260221_129.186.4.14||-info||TREMBL"><strong>TREMBL</strong></a> - Database of Translated Peptide Sequences of All CDS Features from EMBL Sequences at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/srs/srsc?-info+VECBASE"><strong>VecBase</strong></a> - Cloning Vector Sequence Database.at <a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/">CAOS/CAMM</a>, The Netherlands <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://biology.queensu.ca/~miseners/vector.html"><strong>Vector-DB</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Cloning Vector Database at <a href="http://www.queensu.ca/">Queen's U.-Kensington</a>, Canada <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" />, <a href="http://ben.vub.ac.be/srs/srsc?-info+VECTOR"><strong>VECTOR</strong></a> at <a href="http://ben.vub.ac.be/">BEN</a>, Belgium <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" />, <a href="gopher://gopher.gdb.org/77/.INDEX/vector"><strong>Vector</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> and <a href="gopher://virus1.virus.kyoto-u.ac.jp/77/.index/vector.ig/index"><strong>Vector-ig</strong></a> at <a href="http://virus1.virus.kyoto-u.ac.jp/">IVR</a>, Kyoto-U., Japan <img alt="(Gopher)" src="./images/gopher.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.bio.cam.ac.uk/seqlogo/logo.cgi"><strong>WebLogo</strong></a> - Sequence Logo Generation at <a href="http://www.bio.cam.ac.uk/">Cambridge U.</a>, UK <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://kestrel.ludwig.ucl.ac.uk/zpred.html"><strong>ZPRED</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - MultPredict Secondary Structure of Multiply Aligned Protein Sequences at <a href="http://kestrel.ludwig.ucl.ac.uk/">Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research</a>, UK <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd></dl> b5a5c79f13fdde9d4066d4b8bf6ac70f39ca83f6 1962 2008-01-15T15:32:59Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <dl><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||ALI"><strong>3D-ALI</strong></a> - Database relating Proteins Structures and Sequences (see <a href="gopher://s-crim1.dl.ac.uk/00/EMBnet%20Bioinformation%20Resource%20UK/Data%20%26%20Software/databases/3d_ali/3d_ali.doc"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/aaa.html"><strong>AA Analysis</strong>&nbsp;</a> - Protein Identification in SwissProt and PIR using Amino Acid Composition at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/ch2d/aacompi.html"><strong>AA CompIdent</strong></a> - Protein Identification in SwissProt using Amino Acid Composition at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/ch2d/aacsim.html"><strong>AA CompSim</strong></a> - Compare the Amino Acid Composition of a SwissProt Entry with Other Entries at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://chait-sgi.rockefeller.edu/cgi-bin/sequence/AA"><strong>AA Sequence Analysis</strong></a> - Multiple Analysis of a Native or Modified Amino Acid Sequence at <a href="http://www.rockefeller.edu/ru.home.html">Rockefeller U.</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/~martin/abs/seqtest.html"><strong>AbCheck</strong></a> - Test an Antibody Sequence Against the Kabat Database at <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/">U. College-London</a>, UK&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/align-query.html"><strong>ALIGN</strong></a> - Optimal Global Alignment of Two Sequences with No Short-cuts at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France and <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/www/programs/align.html"><strong>Align</strong></a> at <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/">MIPS</a>, Germany&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_1.html"><strong>AllAll</strong></a> - Relationships in a Set of Related Peptides at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_2.html"><strong>AllAllDB</strong></a> - Search the All-Against-All Database of SwissProt at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://geoff.biop.ox.ac.uk/servers/amas_server.html"><strong>AMAS</strong></a> - Analysis of Protein Multiple Sequence Alignments at <a href="http://geoff.biop.ox.ac.uk/">U. Oxford</a>, UK&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/argos/ASC.21/asc2.html"><strong>ASC</strong></a> - Analytic Surface Calculation of PDB Protein Structures at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://mips11.mips.biochem.mpg.de/www/programs/atlas_per.html"><strong>ATLAS</strong></a> - Search DNA and Protein Sequence Databases at <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/">MIPS</a>, Germany&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://kiwi.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:8088/search-launcher/launcher.html"><strong>BCM Search Launcher</strong></a> at <a alt="(W3)" images="" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src="></a></dd><dd><a alt="(W3)" images="" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src=">&nbsp;</a><a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/protein-search.html"><strong>BEAUTY</strong></a> - BLAST Enhanced Alignment Utility <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/Help/beauty.html"><strong>(see Documentation)</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/">Baylor College of Medicine</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/srs/srsc?-info+BERLIN"><strong>BERLIN</strong></a> - RNA Databank of 5S rRNA and 5S rRNA Gene Sequences at <a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/">CAOS/CAMM</a>, The Netherlands&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://sgbcd.weizmann.ac.il/Bic/ExecAppl.html"><strong>BIOACCELERATOR</strong></a> at <a href="http://bioinformatics.weizmann.ac.il:70/">Weizmann Institute of Science</a>, Israel&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a alt="!New!" images="" href="http://www.ocms.ox.ac.uk/~birney/cusi/biocusi.html%3E%3Cb%3EbioCUSI%3C/b%3E%3C/a%3E%3Cimg%20src=">- Multiple Access to Biological Servers at </a><a href="http://www.ocms.ox.ac.uk/">OCMS-Oxford</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="ftp://pdb.pdb.bnl.gov/user_group/biological_units"><strong>Biological Units</strong></a> - Expanded PDB Entries with Full Biological Units at <a href="http://suntid.bnl.gov:8080/bnl.html">Brookhaven National Laboratory</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ocms.ox.ac.uk/~birney/palette.html"><strong>Biologist's Search Palette</strong></a> - Collection of Search Engines for Biological Databases at <a href="http://www.ocms.ox.ac.uk/">Oxford U.</a>, UK&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Recipon/bs_seq.html"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> - Basic Local Alignment Research Tool at <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/">NCBI</a>, <a href="http://swarmer.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/blastq-form?options=simple"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> (hiv, vector, etc) at <a href="http://motif.stanford.edu/">Stanford U.</a>, <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/SIT/BLAST.html"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan, <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/blast/blast-query.html"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France, <a href="http://www.crihan.fr/www/blast.html"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.crihan.fr/">CRIHAN</a>, France <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/cgi-bin/seq-search/blast_form_local.pl"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> (with Entrez and SRS Links) at <a href="http://gc.bcm.tmc.edu:8088/">Baylor College of Medicine</a> and <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/EPFLBLAST_form.html"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.epfl.ch/">EPFL</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/Option/blastpat.html"><strong>BLASTPAT</strong></a> - BLAST-based Pattern Database Search (see <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/Help/blastpat.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://gc.bcm.tmc.edu:8088/">Baylor College of Medicine</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/searches/blitz_input.html"><strong>BLITZ</strong></a> (see <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/searches/blitz_doc.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> and <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/searches/blitz_input.html"><strong>BLITZ</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">EBI</a>, UK&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.blocks.fhcrc.org/"><strong>BLOCKS</strong></a> - Database of Highly Conserved Regions in Proteins&nbsp; and <a href="gopher://klaatu.fhcrc.org/77/.indexes/.blocksindex/blocksindex"><strong>BLOCKS-WAIS</strong></a>&nbsp; at <a href="gopher://klaatu.fhcrc.org/">Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center</a>, <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||BLOCKS"><strong>BLOCKS</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> and <a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/blocks_query.html"><strong>BLOCKS-Search</strong></a> w/ search from <a href="http://www.cc.iastate.edu/welcome.html">Iowa State</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://bimas.dcrt.nih.gov/sql/BMRBgate.html"><strong>BioMagResBank</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - A Database of NMR-Derived Protein Structures at <a href="http://bimas.dcrt.nih.gov/">BIMAS-NIH</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://genome.cs.unc.edu/online.html"><strong>BioSCAN</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="./images/check_old.gif" /> - Biological Sequence Comparative Analysis at <a href="http://genome.cs.unc.edu/">U. North Caroline</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://ibm4.carb.nist.gov:4400/bmcd/bmcd.html"><strong>BMCD</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="./images/check_old.gif" /> - Biological Macromolecule Crystallization Database at <a href="http://ibm4.carb.nist.gov:4400/carb.html">CARB</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/BOX_form.html"><strong>BOXSHADE</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Pretty Printing and Shading of Multiple-Sequence Alignments at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/bsm/cath/CATHintro.html"><strong>CATH</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="./images/check_old.gif" /> - Protein Structure Classification at <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/">UCL-London</a>, UK <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/msa/clustal.cgi"><strong>CLUSTALW</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Multiply Sequence Alignments at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">IBC-Washington U.</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/cuse.html"><strong>Codon Usage</strong></a> - Analysis of Different ORFs in a Gene Sequence at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/COILS_form.html"><strong>Coils</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Prediction of Coiled Coil Regions in Protein Sequences at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://ben.vub.ac.be/srs/srsc?-info+CPGISLE"><strong>CpGIsle</strong></a> - CpG Islands Database at <a href="http://ben.vub.ac.be/">BEN</a>, Belgium <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_7.html"><strong>Darwin</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /> - Data Analysis and Retrieval With Indexed Nucleotide/Peptide Sequences at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/dbEST/index.html"><strong>dbEST</strong></a> - Database of Expressed Sequence Tags at <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/">NCBI</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/dbget/dbget.html"><strong>DBGET</strong></a> - Integrated Database Retrieval System (w/ <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/dbget/dbget.links.html"><strong>diagram links</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="gopher://gopher.nig.ac.jp/7waissrc%3a/DDBJ_Gopher_WAIS/DNA_seq_index_search.src"><strong>DDBJ</strong></a> - DNA Database of Japan at <a href="http://www.nig.ac.jp/">National Institute of Genetics</a>, Japan <img alt="(Gopher)" src="./images/gopher.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/rawdot.html"><strong>Dot Plot</strong></a> - Compare a DNA Sequence with Itself at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.nih.gov/molecular_modeling/drugbank.html"><strong>DrugBank</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="./images/check_old.gif" /> - Three-dimensional Drug Structure Databank at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info+DSSP"><strong>DSSP</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="./images/check_old.gif" /> - Database of Secondary Structure of Proteins from PDB (see <a href="http://www.sander.embl-heidelberg.de/dssp/descrip.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/proteins/ec-enzyme.html"><strong>EC Enzyme</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> and <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/show_ECtable"><strong>EC Number Table</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan and <a href="http://specter.dcrt.nih.gov:8004/Enzymes/enzymes.html"><strong>GenoBase Enzyme Index</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://susi.bio.uni-giessen.de/usr/local/www/html/ecdc.html"><strong>ECDC</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - <em>E. coli</em> Database Collection at <a href="http://www.uni-giessen.de/">Uni-Gie&szlig;en</a>, Germany <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="gopher://biox.embnet.unibas.ch:13021/77/.index/embl/index"><strong>EMBL</strong></a> - Nucleotide Sequence Database and <a href="gopher://biox.embnet.unibas.ch:13021/77/.index/xembl/index"><strong>EMBL-New Entries</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/">EMBnet-Basel</a> <img alt="(Gopher)" src="./images/gopher.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/srs/srsc?-info||EMNEW"><strong>EMNEW</strong></a> - Index of New EMBL Sequences at <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">EBI</a>, UK <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://specter.dcrt.nih.gov:8004/Compound/compound_toc_by_name.html"><strong>EMP Compound</strong></a> and <a href="http://specter.dcrt.nih.gov:8004/Pathway/pathway_toc_by_name.html"><strong>EMP Pathways</strong></a> - Selkov Enzyme and Metabolic Pathway (EMP) Database at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/home/towell/metabhome.html"><strong>EMP Metabolic Pathways</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Navigation in Metabolic Pathways from <a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/home/compbio/default.html">MCS-Computational Biology</a> at <a href="http://www.anl.gov/">Argonne National Laboratory</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Search/Entrez/index.html"><strong>ENTREZ</strong></a> - Protein and Nucleotide Database (see <a href="http://atlas.nlm.nih.gov:5700/WWW2/WWW2_paper2.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/">NCBI</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/sprot/enzyme.html"><strong>ENZYME</strong></a> - The Enzyme Data Bank at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/bsm/enzymes/index.html"><strong>Enzyme Structures Database</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Structures of Enzymes Deposited in the PDB at <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/">UCL-London</a>, UK <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||781260221_129.186.4.14||-info||EPD"><strong>EPD</strong></a> - Eucaryotic Promoter Database at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>, Germany and <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_epd"><strong>EPD</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="./images/check_old.gif" /> at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://bioslave.uio.no:8001/srs/srsc?-info+EPO"><strong>EPO</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="./images/check_old.gif" /> - European Patent Office Nucleotide Database at <a href="http://www.no.embnet.org/">BiO/U. Oslo</a>, Norway <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> and <a href="gopher://gopher.csc.fi/7waissrc%3a/tiede/BioBox/bionic/.epo.src"><strong>EPO</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.csc.fi/CSC_english.html">CSC</a>, Finland <img alt="(Gopher)" src="./images/gopher.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/searches/fasta.html"><strong>FASTA</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /> - Compare a Nucleic Acid Sequence to Nucleotide Sequence Databases (w/ updates) at <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">EBI</a>, UK, <a href="http://swarmer.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/fastaq-form?options=simple"><strong>FASTA</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> (Berlin, Vectorbank, etc) at <a href="http://motif.stanford.edu/">Stanford U.</a>, <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/fasta-query.html"><strong>FASTA</strong></a> at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France and <a href="http://www.crihan.fr/www/fasta.html"><strong>FASTA</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /><img alt="!Recent!" src="./images/check_old.gif" /> at <a href="http://www.crihan.fr/">CRIHAN</a>, France <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/Options/fastpat.html"><strong>FASTPAT</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - FASTA-based Pattern Database Search (see <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/Help/fastpat.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://gc.bcm.tmc.edu:8088/">Baylor College of Medicine</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://morgan.harvard.edu/"><strong>FlyBase</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="./images/check_old.gif" /> - Genetic and Molecular Database for <em>Drosophila</em> at <a href="http://www.harvard.edu/">Harvard U.</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||FSSP"><strong>FSSP</strong></a> - Database of Families of Structurally Similar Proteins derived from PDB at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.abc.hu/blast.html"><strong>FTHOM</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /> - Compare Protein Domain Homology at <a href="http://www.abc.hu/">ABC</a>, Hungary <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://gdbwww.gdb.org/"><strong>GDB</strong></a> - Human Genome Data Base at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:2555/r_genbank2.html"><strong>GenBank Database</strong></a> (+Updates) at <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/">NCBI</a> and <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/wu_fetch.html"><strong>GenBank-Fetch</strong></a> at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">Washington U.</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/gene-finder/gf.html"><strong>Gene Finder</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="./images/check_old.gif" /> - Predict Gene Structure, Internal Exons and Splicing Sites in DNA and Exon-Exon Junstion in cDNA at <a alt="(W3)" images="" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src="></a></dd><dd><a alt="(W3)" images="" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src="><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> </a><a href="http://cbil.humgen.upenn.edu/~sdong/genlang_home.html"><strong>GenLang</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Find Genes and Other Higher-Order Features in Nucleotide Sequences at <a href="http://cbil.humgen.upenn.edu/">CBIL-U. Pennsylvania</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://specter.dcrt.nih.gov:8004/"><strong>GenoBase</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/Genome-DBS.html"><strong>Genome Databases</strong></a> and <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/Genome_Centre.html"><strong>Genome Centers</strong></a> - World Wide Links at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.ri.bbsrc.ac.uk/genome_workstation/workstation.html"><strong>Genome Workstation</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="./images/check_old.gif" /> - Genome Related Links at <a href="http://www.ri.bbsrc.ac.uk/">Roslin Institute</a>, UK <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://biotech.chem.indiana.edu/WebChris/maps.html"><strong>Genomic Maps</strong></a> - Links to Genome Specific Resources at <a href="http://biotech.chem.indiana.edu/">Biotech-Indiana</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/gq/gq.form.html"><strong>GenQuest</strong></a> - Search Against Protein Databases with the Q server at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://avalon.epm.ornl.gov/Grail-bin/EmptyGrailForm"><strong>Grail</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="./images/check_old.gif" /> - Analysis of the Protein Coding Potential of a DNA Sequence (see <a href="ftp://arthur.epm.ornl.gov/pub/xgrail/Manual.grail-genquest.July94"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://avalon.epm.ornl.gov/">ORNL</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.ncgr.org/gsdb/"><strong>GSDB</strong></a> - Genome Sequence Database at <a href="http://www.ncgr.org/ncgr/ncgr.html">NCGR</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/www/guess-prot.html"><strong>GuessProt</strong></a> - Selects SwissProt proteins given pI and Mw at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/hhs/"><strong>HHS</strong></a> - SwissProt and PDB Systematic Sequence Classification Database at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">Washington U.</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/srs/srsc?-info+HOVERGEN"><strong>HOVERGEN</strong></a> - Database of Homologous Vertebrate Genes at <a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/">CAOS/CAMM</a>, The Netherlands <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/www/programs/hpt_persistent.html"><strong>HPT</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Protein Sequence Pattern Recognition in the PIR Database and <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/www/programs/hpt_homol.html"><strong>HPT-Homology</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> at <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/">MIPS</a>, Germany <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||HSSP"><strong>HSSP</strong></a> - Database of Homology-Derived Structures of Proteins based on PDB and SwissProt at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="gopher://gopher.gdb.org/77/.INDEX/kabat"><strong>Kabat </strong></a>- Database of Proteins of Immunological Interest at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> <img alt="(Gopher)" src="./images/gopher.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.prosci.uci.edu/kinemages/KinemageIndex.html"><strong>Kinemage-Index</strong></a> - &quot;Kinetical Images&quot; by Protein Type at <a href="http://www.prosci.uci.edu/">Protein Science</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/klotho/"><strong>Klotho</strong></a> - Biochemical Compounds Declarative Database at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">Washington U.</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/lalign-query.html"><strong>LALIGN</strong></a> - Calculates the N-Best Local Alignments Between Two Sequences at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/lfasta-query.html"><strong>LFASTA</strong></a> - Local Similarity Searches Between Two Sequences Showing Local Alignments at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_ligand"><strong>LIGAND</strong></a> - Ligand Chemical Database for Enzyme Reactions at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="gopher://gopher.nih.gov/77/gopherlib/indices/limb/index"><strong>LiMB</strong></a> - Listing of Molecular Biology Databases at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a> <img alt="(Gopher)" src="./images/gopher.gif" /> and <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||777855676_129.186.4.14||-info||LIMB"><strong>LiMB</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_3.html"><strong>MassSearch</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /> - Search SwissProt or EMBL Databases by Protein Mass After Digestion at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://cgsc.biology.yale.edu/metab.html"><strong>Metabolic Database</strong></a> - Metabolic Reactions and Pathways at <a href="http://cgsc.biology.yale.edu/">CGSC-Yale U.</a> and <a href="http://moulon.inra.fr/cgi-bin/nph-acedb3.1/acedb/metabolisme?find+Reaction_or_pathway%3By+14+69"><strong>Metabolic Database</strong></a> at <a href="http://moulon.inra.fr/">INRA-Moulon</a>, France <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.informatics.jax.org/mgd.html"><strong>MGD</strong></a> - Mouse Genome Database at <a href="http://www.informatics.jax.org/">Jackson Laboratory</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="gopher://wehil.wehi.edu.au/11/MHCPEP.DB"><strong>MHCPEP</strong></a> - Database of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Binding Peptides at <a href="http://www.wehi.edu.au/">WEHI-Melbourne</a>, Australia <img alt="(Gopher)" src="./images/gopher.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/www/programs/hpt_persistent.html"><strong>MIPS-Alert</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Automated Sequence Information Queries at <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/">MIPS</a>, Germany <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.nih.gov/htbin/pdb"><strong>Molecules R US</strong></a> - Interactive Text and Images of PDB Files at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||777855676_129.186.4.14||-info||MOLPROBE"><strong>MPBD</strong></a> - Molecular Probe Data Base at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> and <a href="gopher://gopher.slu.se/7waissrc%3a/wais-dbs/Biology/Oligos"><strong>MPDB</strong></a> at <a href="gopher://gopher.slu.se/">U. Agricultural Sciences</a>, Sweden <img alt="(Gopher)" src="./images/gopher.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://cuhhca.hhmi.columbia.edu/moose/"><strong>MOOSE</strong></a> - Macromolecular Object Oriented Search Engine to Extract PDB Contained Information at <a href="http://cuhhca.hhmi.columbia.edu/">Columbia U.</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/msa.html"><strong>MSA</strong></a> - Multiple Sequence Alignment at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">Washington U.</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/SIT/MOTIF.html"><strong>MOTIF</strong></a> - Search Patterns in Protein Sequences at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan <a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/motif_query.html"><strong>Motif</strong></a><img alt="[L]" src="./images/smiley.gif" /><img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /> at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan w/ search from <a href="http://www.cc.iastate.edu/welcome.html">Iowa State</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/multi-align/multi-align.html"><strong>Multiple Sequence Alignments</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - CLUSTAL-W, MAP, and PIMA alignments at <a href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/">Baylor College of Medicine</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://ndbserver.rutgers.edu/"><strong>NDB</strong></a> - Nucleic Acid Database at Rutgers U. <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.cmpharm.ucsf.edu/~nomi/nnpredict.html"><strong>nnPredict</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Predict Protein Secondary Structure at <a href="http://wormworld.ucsf.edu/">UCSF</a> and <a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/nnpredict_query.html"><strong>nnPredict</strong></a><img alt="[L]" src="./images/smiley.gif" /><img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /> at w/ search from <a href="http://www.cc.iastate.edu/welcome.html">Iowa State</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/proteins/nrl3d.html"><strong>NRL_3D</strong></a> - Sequence/Structure Database derived from PDB at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> and <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||NRL3D"><strong>NRL_3D</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://ddbjs4h.genes.nig.ac.jp/"><strong>NRSub</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="./images/check_old.gif" /> - A Non-Redundant DNA Sequence Database for <em>Bacillus subtilis</em> at <a href="http://www.nig.ac.jp/">National Institute of Genetics</a>, Japan <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_4.html"><strong>NuclPepSearch</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /> - Search SwissProt for a Nucletide Sequence at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://chait-sgi.rockefeller.edu/"><strong>NYC-MASS</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Protein Mass Spectrometry Database at <a href="http://www.rockefeller.edu/ru.home.html">Rockefeller U.</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/obstruct/obs_form.html"><strong>OBSTRUCT</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Correlate Sequence Subsets of PDB Protein Structures at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://gdbwww.gdb.org/omimdoc/omimtop.html"><strong>OMIM</strong></a> - Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="gopher://megasun.bch.umontreal.ca/11/Organelles/Genomes"><strong>Organelle Genome</strong></a> <img alt="!Recent!" src="./images/check_old.gif" /> - A Sequence Database at <a href="gopher://megasun.bch.umontreal.ca/">U. Montreal</a> <img alt="(Gopher)" src="./images/gopher.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://biotech.chem.indiana.edu/lib/orgstrain.html"><strong>Organisms and Strains</strong></a> - Links to Databases Specific to Organism and Cell Collections at <a href="http://biotech.chem.indiana.edu/">Biotech-Indiana</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/proteins/owl.html"><strong>OWL</strong></a> - Non-Redundant Protein Sequence Database (Updated Daily) at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> and <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/~attwood/OWL/OWL.html"><strong>OWL</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> at <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/">UCL-London</a>, UK <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/home/papka/ROSS/patscan.html"><strong>PatScan</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Look for Pattern Matches in DNA or Protein Sequences at <a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/">Argonne National Laboratory</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/PATFND_form.html"><strong>PatternFind</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Search the SwissProt and Genpept Protein Sequence Databases with a <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/txt/profile.txt">PROSITE-formatted</a> Pattern at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www-pdd.ncifcrf.gov/PDD/GEN-docs/indexGEN.html"><strong>PDD</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="./images/check_old.gif" /> - Protein Disease Database at <a href="http://www-pdd.ncifcrf.gov/">NIMH-NCI</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.pdb.bnl.gov:4148/cgi-bin/browse"><strong>PDB-Browser</strong></a>, <a href="gopher://pdb.pdb.bnl.gov/77/xfullindex/full"><strong>PDB-Index</strong></a> and <a href="gopher://pdb.pdb.bnl.gov/77/xstatusindex/status"><strong>PDB-Pending</strong></a> - <a href="http://www.pdb.bnl.gov/">Protein Data Bank</a> Structures at <a href="http://suntid.bnl.gov:8080/bnl.html">Brookhaven National Laboratory</a>, <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_pdb"><strong>PDB</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a> Japan, <a href="http://www.ibf.unige.it/7/sci/.PDB/pdbsearch"><strong>PDB</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ibf.unige.it/">U. Genova</a>, Italy, <a href="http://www.ucmb.ulb.ac.be/pdb_seq_rel_jan94"><strong>PDB-List</strong></a> and <a href="http://www.ucmb.ulb.ac.be/pdb_annot_jan94"><strong>PDB-Annotated</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ucmb.ulb.ac.be/index.html">Brussels Free U.</a>, Belgium and <a href="http://www.sander.embl-heidelberg.de/pdbsel/explanation.html"><strong>PDB-Select</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.nih.gov/molecular_modeling/pdb_at_a_glance.html"><strong>PDB At A Glance</strong></a> - Hierarchic Access to PDB Files at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||781260221_129.186.4.14||-info||PDBFINDER"><strong>PDBFINDER</strong></a> - A Database Containing PDB, DSSP and HSSP Information (see <a href="http://www.sander.embl-heidelberg.de/pdbfinder/overview.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_pdbstr"><strong>PDBSTR</strong></a> - Re-organized Protein Data Bank at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_5.html"><strong>PepPepSearch</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /> - Search SwissProt for a Peptide Sequence at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://lenti.med.umn.edu/~shoop/sample.html"><strong>Plant EST Analysis</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Similarity Analysis of Different Plant cDNA/EST Sequences at <a href="http://lenti.med.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/pprotein_query.html"><strong>PHD</strong></a><img alt="[L]" src="./images/smiley.gif" /><img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /> - Predict Protein Secondary Structure at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> w/ search from <a href="http://www.cc.iastate.edu/welcome.html">Iowa State</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.pasteur.fr/sas/phy/boot-sub.html"><strong>PHILIP-Bootstrapping Analysis</strong></a> - Divergence Between Protein or Nucleotide Sequences at <a href="http://www.pasteur.fr/">Institut Pasteur</a>, France <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/gcg/phospepsort-query.html"><strong>Phospepsort</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="./images/check_old.gif" /> - Digest Phosphorylated Peptide Sequences at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/ch2d/pi_tool.html"><strong>pI/Mw</strong></a> - Compute the Theoretical pI and Molecular Weight of a Protein Sequence at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/proteins/pir.html"><strong>PIR</strong></a> - Protein Identification Resource Database at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||PIRALN"><strong>PIRALN</strong></a> - Database of Sequence Alignments based on PIR at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_pmd"><strong>PMD</strong></a> - Protein Mutant Database at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan and <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||PMD"><strong>PMD</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/pmotif.html"><strong>PMOTIF</strong></a> - Search Protein Motifs in Gene Sequence at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/service/polandform.html"><strong>Poland</strong></a> - Calculate the Thermal Denaturation Profile of Double Stranded RNA or DNA at <a href="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/">Uni-D&uuml;sseldorf</a>, Germany <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/predictprotein/predictprotein.html"><strong>PredictProtein</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /> - Predict Protein Secondary Structure at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_prf"><strong>PRF</strong></a> - Protein Research Foundation Sequence Database at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www-genome.wi.mit.edu/cgi-bin/primer2.2/primer_front"><strong>Primer</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Select PCR Primers in a Gene Sequence at <a href="http://www-genome.wi.mit.edu/">WICGR-MIT</a> and <a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/rawprimer.html"><strong>Primer</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/~attwood/PRINTS/PRINTS.html"><strong>PRINTS</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Protein Motif Fingerprints Database (see <a href="file://gopher.embl-heidelberg.de/pub/databases/prints/prints.doc"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) and <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/~attwood/ALIGN/ALIGN.html"><strong>PRINTS-ALIGN</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> at <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/">UCL-London</a>, UK and <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/srs/srsc?-info+PRINTS"><strong>PRINTS</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/">EMBnet-Basel</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://protein.toulouse.inra.fr/prodom.html"><strong>ProDom</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - A Protein Domain Database and <a href="http://protein.toulouse.inra.fr/prodom/blast_form.html"><strong>ProDom-Search</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.jouy.inra.fr/infoservices-INRA/infoservices_donnees.html">INRA-Toulouse</a>, France, <a href="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/~esr/prodom.html"><strong>ProDom</strong></a> and <a href="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/~esr/prodom-blast.html"><strong>ProDom-Search</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/">Sanger Centre</a>, UK and <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||777855676_129.186.4.14||-info||PRODOM"><strong>ProDom</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/PRFSCAN_form.html"><strong>ProfileScan </strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Search a Sequence Against a Library of Profiles at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="gopher://bmerc-gopher.bu.edu/11/Databases/prolink"><strong>ProLink</strong></a> - Integrated Database of Protein Structure, Sequence Homology, and Functional Pattern Information at <a href="http://bmerc-www.bu.edu/">BMERC</a> <img alt="(Gopher)" src="./images/gopher.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/prs.page"><strong>PROPSEARCH</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /> - Protein Sequence Search for Structural Homology Based on Aminoacid Properties at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/sprot/prosite.html"><strong>PROSITE</strong></a> - Protein Sites and Patterns Database at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland, <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/PSTSCAN_form.html"><strong>PrositeScan</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland and <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/searches/prosite_input.html"><strong>PROSITE-Search</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="file://ftp.embl-heidelberg.de/pub/databases/protein_extras"><strong>Protein-Extras</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img alt="(FTP)" src="./images/ftp.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/p_families.html"><strong>Protein Families</strong></a><img alt="[L]" src="./images/smiley.gif" /> - Links to Information on Different Protein Families at <a href="http://www.cc.iastate.edu/">Iowa State</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://chait-sgi.rockefeller.edu/cgi-bin/prot-id/1/1"><strong>Prot-ID</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Identify a Protein from Masses of Enzymatic Digestion Peptide Fragments at <a href="http://chait-sgi.rockefeller.edu/">Rockefeller U.</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="file://cb-iris.stanford.edu/pub/ProteinMovements/ProtMotDB.main.html"><strong>Protein Motions</strong></a> <img alt="!Recent!" src="./images/check_old.gif" /> - DataBase of Protein Movements at <a href="http://hyper.stanford.edu/">Stanford U.</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://bmerc-www.bu.edu/psa/"><strong>PSA</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Protein Sequence Analysis for Sequences of Unknown Structure at <a href="http://bmerc-www.bu.edu/welcome.html">BMERC/MBCRR</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://psort.nibb.ac.jp/"><strong>PSORT</strong></a> - Predict Protein Sorting Signals Coded in Amino Acid Sequences at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/pssprediction/pssp.html"><strong>PSSP</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="./images/check_old.gif" /> - Protein Secondary Structure Prediction at <a alt="(W3)" images="" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src="></a></dd><dd><a alt="(W3)" images="" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src="><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> </a><a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/home/compbio/PUMA/Production/puma.html"><strong>PUMA</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Phylogeny of Unicellular Organims with Metabolism and Alignments from <a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/home/compbio/default.html">MCS-Computational Biology</a> at <a href="http://www.anl.gov/">Argonne National Laboratory</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="file://ftp.embl-heidelberg.de/pub/databases/protein_extras/puu/domains.puu"><strong>PUU</strong></a> - Protein Domains Database Based on PDB-Select at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img alt="(FTP)" src="./images/ftp.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://geta.life.uiuc.edu/index.html"><strong>RDP</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="./images/check_old.gif" /> - Ribosomal Database Project at U. Illinois <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://vent.neb.com/rebase/rebase.html"><strong>ReBase</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="./images/check_old.gif" /> - Restriction Enzyme Database and <a href="http://www.neb.com/cgi-bin/wais_ref.pl"><strong>ReBase-Search</strong></a> at <a href="http://vent.neb.com/">New England Biolabs</a>, <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||777855676_129.186.4.14||-info||REBASE"><strong>ReBase</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> and <a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/rebase/rebase.html"><strong>ReBase</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/repro/rep_tot.html"><strong>REPRO</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Recognition of Protein Sequence Repeats at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://pundit.colorado.edu:8080/"><strong>RNA Secondary Structures</strong></a> - Information on Group I Introns and rRNA at <a href="http://www.colorado.edu/">U. Colorado-Boulder</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://www-rrna.uia.ac.be/rrna/index.html"><strong>rRNA</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="./images/check_old.gif" /> - Databases of Ribosomal Subunit RNA Sequences at <a href="http://www.uia.ac.be/">U. Antwerp</a>, Belgium <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://cbil.humgen.upenn.edu/~dsearls/RSVP/RSVP_home.html"><strong>RSVP</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Rapid Sequence Visualization in Postscript for Analysis of DNA Sequences at <a href="http://cbil.humgen.upenn.edu/">CBIL-U. Pennsylvania</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/SAPS_form.html"><strong>SAPS</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Statistical Analysis of Protein Sequences at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://base.icgeb.trieste.it/sbase/"><strong>SBASE</strong></a> - Library of Protein Domains and <a href="http://base.icgeb.trieste.it/sbase/blast.html"><strong>SBASE-Search</strong></a> <img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /> at <a href="http://base.icgeb.trieste.it/">ICGEB-Trieste</a>, Italy <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://geoff.biop.ox.ac.uk/servers/scanps_server.html"><strong>SCANPS</strong></a> - Scan Protein Sequences at <a href="http://geoff.biop.ox.ac.uk/">U. Oxford</a>, UK <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.bio.cam.ac.uk/scop/"><strong>SCOP</strong></a> - Structural Classification of Proteins at <a href="http://www.bio.cam.ac.uk/">Cambridge</a>, UK and <a href="http://www.nick.med.usf.edu/scop/index.html"><strong>SCOP</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="./images/check_old.gif" /> at <a href="http://www.nick.med.usf.edu/">U. South Florida</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-annot/home.html"><strong>Sequence Annotation</strong></a> - Annotations on NCBI Sequences at <a alt="(W3)" images="" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src="></a></dd><dd><a alt="(W3)" images="" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src="><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> </a><a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/rawtrans.html"><strong>Sequence Translation</strong></a> - Translate Gene Sequences at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="ftp://dasher.wustl.edu/pub/sleuth/data"><strong>Sleuth</strong></a> - Amino Acid Conformation and Solvent Accessibility of PDB Files at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">Washington U.</a> <img alt="(FTP)" src="./images/ftp.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.ibcp.fr/predict.html"><strong>SOPM</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /><img alt="!Recent!" src="./images/check_old.gif" /> - Self Optimized Prediction Method for Prediction of Protein Secondary Structure at <a href="http://www.ibcp.fr/">IBCP-CNRS</a>, France <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc"><strong>SRSWWW</strong></a> - Network Browser for Databanks in Molecular Biology (w/ <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/net.html"><strong>diagram links</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/srs/index.html"><strong>SRSWWW-Directory</strong></a> - Directory of SRSWWW Network Browsers for Biological Databanks and <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/srs/status.html"><strong>SRSWWW-Global Status</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/">EMBnet-Basel</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/ssearch-query.html"><strong>SSEARCH</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /> - Universal Sequence Comparison Using the Smith-Waterman Algorithm at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/sspred/sspred_info.html"><strong>SSPRED</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /><img alt="!Recent!" src="./images/check_old.gif" /> - Predict the Secondary Structure of Proteins at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>, Germany <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/stride/stride.html"><strong>STRIDE</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Find Secondary Structural Elements in PDB Proteins Structures at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www-genome.wi.mit.edu/cgi-bin/www-STS_Pipeline/pipeline_front"><strong>STS Pipeline</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Analysis and STS Primer Picking of Short DNA Sequences with Duplicate Checking, Sequence Repeat Finding, Restriction Analysis, Vector Identification and BLAST Searching at <a href="http://www-genome.wi.mit.edu/">MIT</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.ucmb.ulb.ac.be/~joan/survol/form.html"><strong>SURVOL</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="./images/check_old.gif" /> - Analysis of Protein Atomic Volumes at <a href="http://www.ucmb.ulb.ac.be/">UCMB</a>, Belgium <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/ch2d/ch2d-top.html"><strong>Swiss-2DPage</strong></a> - Two-dimensional Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis Database at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/srs/srsc?-info+SWISSDOM"><strong>SWISSDOM</strong></a> - SwissProt Entries in a ProDom Map at <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">EBI</a>, UK <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/swissmod/SWISS-MODEL.html"><strong>Swiss-Model</strong></a> <img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /> - Automated Protein Modelling at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/srs/srsc?-info||SWISSNEW"><strong>SWISSNEW</strong></a> - New SwissProt Sequences at <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">EBI</a>, UK <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/sprot/sprot-top.html"><strong>SwissProt</strong></a> - Protein Sequence Database (+ Weekly Updates) at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/swisshop/SwissShopReq.html"><strong>Swiss-Shop</strong></a> <img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /> - Automated SwissProt and Prosite Information Queries at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/tbase/tbase.html"><strong>TBASE</strong></a> - Transgenic/Targeted Mutation Database at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/tfasta-query.html"><strong>TFASTA</strong></a> - Match a Protein Sequence Against All Six Frames of GenBank Sequences at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="gopher://gopher.nih.gov/77/gopherlib/indices/tfd/index"><strong>TFD</strong></a> - Transcription Factor Database at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a> <img alt="(Gopher)" src="./images/gopher.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info+TFFACTOR"><strong>TFFACTOR</strong></a> and <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info+TFSITE"><strong>TFSITE</strong></a> - Transcription Factor Data at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/rawtm.html"><strong>Tm</strong></a> - Oligonucleotide Melting Point Determination at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/tmap/tmap_sin.html"><strong>TMAP</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /> - Identification of Transmembrane Segments on a Protein Sequence at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="ftp://ulrec3.unil.ch/pub/tmbase"><strong>TMBASE</strong></a> - Transmembrane Protein Database at <a href="http://www.unil.ch/">U. Lausanne</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(FTP)" src="./images/ftp.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/TMPRED_form.html"><strong>TMpred</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Prediction of Transmembrane Regions and Orientation in Protein Sequencs at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/www/dna.html"><strong>Translate</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Translate a Nucleotide Sequence to a Protein at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_6.html"><strong>TreeGen</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /> - Tree Generation from Distance Data at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||781260221_129.186.4.14||-info||TREMBL"><strong>TREMBL</strong></a> - Database of Translated Peptide Sequences of All CDS Features from EMBL Sequences at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/srs/srsc?-info+VECBASE"><strong>VecBase</strong></a> - Cloning Vector Sequence Database.at <a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/">CAOS/CAMM</a>, The Netherlands <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://biology.queensu.ca/~miseners/vector.html"><strong>Vector-DB</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Cloning Vector Database at <a href="http://www.queensu.ca/">Queen's U.-Kensington</a>, Canada <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" />, <a href="http://ben.vub.ac.be/srs/srsc?-info+VECTOR"><strong>VECTOR</strong></a> at <a href="http://ben.vub.ac.be/">BEN</a>, Belgium <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" />, <a href="gopher://gopher.gdb.org/77/.INDEX/vector"><strong>Vector</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> and <a href="gopher://virus1.virus.kyoto-u.ac.jp/77/.index/vector.ig/index"><strong>Vector-ig</strong></a> at <a href="http://virus1.virus.kyoto-u.ac.jp/">IVR</a>, Kyoto-U., Japan <img alt="(Gopher)" src="./images/gopher.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.bio.cam.ac.uk/seqlogo/logo.cgi"><strong>WebLogo</strong></a> - Sequence Logo Generation at <a href="http://www.bio.cam.ac.uk/">Cambridge U.</a>, UK <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://kestrel.ludwig.ucl.ac.uk/zpred.html"><strong>ZPRED</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - MultPredict Secondary Structure of Multiply Aligned Protein Sequences at <a href="http://kestrel.ludwig.ucl.ac.uk/">Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research</a>, UK <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd></dl> 75ee76e6e120531d22dbbd121fe27a1565489aec 1969 2008-01-15T15:48:59Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <dl><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||ALI"><strong>3D-ALI</strong></a> - Database relating Proteins Structures and Sequences (see <a href="gopher://s-crim1.dl.ac.uk/00/EMBnet%20Bioinformation%20Resource%20UK/Data%20%26%20Software/databases/3d_ali/3d_ali.doc"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/aaa.html"><strong>AA Analysis</strong>&nbsp;</a> - Protein Identification in SwissProt and PIR using Amino Acid Composition at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/ch2d/aacompi.html"><strong>AA CompIdent</strong></a> - Protein Identification in SwissProt using Amino Acid Composition at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/ch2d/aacsim.html"><strong>AA CompSim</strong></a> - Compare the Amino Acid Composition of a SwissProt Entry with Other Entries at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://chait-sgi.rockefeller.edu/cgi-bin/sequence/AA"><strong>AA Sequence Analysis</strong></a> - Multiple Analysis of a Native or Modified Amino Acid Sequence at <a href="http://www.rockefeller.edu/ru.home.html">Rockefeller U.</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/~martin/abs/seqtest.html"><strong>AbCheck</strong></a> - Test an Antibody Sequence Against the Kabat Database at <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/">U. College-London</a>, UK&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/align-query.html"><strong>ALIGN</strong></a> - Optimal Global Alignment of Two Sequences with No Short-cuts at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France and <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/www/programs/align.html"><strong>Align</strong></a> at <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/">MIPS</a>, Germany&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_1.html"><strong>AllAll</strong></a> - Relationships in a Set of Related Peptides at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_2.html"><strong>AllAllDB</strong></a> - Search the All-Against-All Database of SwissProt at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://geoff.biop.ox.ac.uk/servers/amas_server.html"><strong>AMAS</strong></a> - Analysis of Protein Multiple Sequence Alignments at <a href="http://geoff.biop.ox.ac.uk/">U. Oxford</a>, UK&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/argos/ASC.21/asc2.html"><strong>ASC</strong></a> - Analytic Surface Calculation of PDB Protein Structures at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://mips11.mips.biochem.mpg.de/www/programs/atlas_per.html"><strong>ATLAS</strong></a> - Search DNA and Protein Sequence Databases at <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/">MIPS</a>, Germany&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://kiwi.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:8088/search-launcher/launcher.html"><strong>BCM Search Launcher</strong></a> at <a alt="(W3)" images="" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src="></a></dd><dd><a alt="(W3)" images="" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src=">&nbsp;</a><a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/protein-search.html"><strong>BEAUTY</strong></a> - BLAST Enhanced Alignment Utility <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/Help/beauty.html"><strong>(see Documentation)</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/">Baylor College of Medicine</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/srs/srsc?-info+BERLIN"><strong>BERLIN</strong></a> - RNA Databank of 5S rRNA and 5S rRNA Gene Sequences at <a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/">CAOS/CAMM</a>, The Netherlands&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://sgbcd.weizmann.ac.il/Bic/ExecAppl.html"><strong>BIOACCELERATOR</strong></a> at <a href="http://bioinformatics.weizmann.ac.il:70/">Weizmann Institute of Science</a>, Israel&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a alt="!New!" images="" href="http://www.ocms.ox.ac.uk/~birney/cusi/biocusi.html%3E%3Cb%3EbioCUSI%3C/b%3E%3C/a%3E%3Cimg%20src=">- Multiple Access to Biological Servers at </a><a href="http://www.ocms.ox.ac.uk/">OCMS-Oxford</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="ftp://pdb.pdb.bnl.gov/user_group/biological_units"><strong>Biological Units</strong></a> - Expanded PDB Entries with Full Biological Units at <a href="http://suntid.bnl.gov:8080/bnl.html">Brookhaven National Laboratory</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ocms.ox.ac.uk/~birney/palette.html"><strong>Biologist's Search Palette</strong></a> - Collection of Search Engines for Biological Databases at <a href="http://www.ocms.ox.ac.uk/">Oxford U.</a>, UK&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Recipon/bs_seq.html"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> - Basic Local Alignment Research Tool at <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/">NCBI</a>, <a href="http://swarmer.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/blastq-form?options=simple"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> (hiv, vector, etc) at <a href="http://motif.stanford.edu/">Stanford U.</a>, <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/SIT/BLAST.html"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan, <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/blast/blast-query.html"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France, <a href="http://www.crihan.fr/www/blast.html"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.crihan.fr/">CRIHAN</a>, France <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/cgi-bin/seq-search/blast_form_local.pl"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> (with Entrez and SRS Links) at <a href="http://gc.bcm.tmc.edu:8088/">Baylor College of Medicine</a> and <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/EPFLBLAST_form.html"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.epfl.ch/">EPFL</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/Option/blastpat.html"><strong>BLASTPAT</strong></a> - BLAST-based Pattern Database Search (see <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/Help/blastpat.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://gc.bcm.tmc.edu:8088/">Baylor College of Medicine</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/searches/blitz_input.html"><strong>BLITZ</strong></a> (see <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/searches/blitz_doc.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> and <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/searches/blitz_input.html"><strong>BLITZ</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">EBI</a>, UK&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.blocks.fhcrc.org/"><strong>BLOCKS</strong></a> - Database of Highly Conserved Regions in Proteins&nbsp; and <a href="gopher://klaatu.fhcrc.org/77/.indexes/.blocksindex/blocksindex"><strong>BLOCKS-WAIS</strong></a>&nbsp; at <a href="gopher://klaatu.fhcrc.org/">Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center</a>, <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||BLOCKS"><strong>BLOCKS</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> and <a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/blocks_query.html"><strong>BLOCKS-Search</strong></a> w/ search from <a href="http://www.cc.iastate.edu/welcome.html">Iowa State</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://bimas.dcrt.nih.gov/sql/BMRBgate.html"><strong>BioMagResBank</strong></a> - A Database of NMR-Derived Protein Structures at <a href="http://bimas.dcrt.nih.gov/">BIMAS-NIH</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://genome.cs.unc.edu/online.html"><strong>BioSCAN</strong></a> - Biological Sequence Comparative Analysis at <a href="http://genome.cs.unc.edu/">U. North Caroline</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://ibm4.carb.nist.gov:4400/bmcd/bmcd.html"><strong>BMCD</strong></a> - Biological Macromolecule Crystallization Database at <a href="http://ibm4.carb.nist.gov:4400/carb.html">CARB</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/BOX_form.html"><strong>BOXSHADE</strong></a> - Pretty Printing and Shading of Multiple-Sequence Alignments at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/bsm/cath/CATHintro.html"><strong>CATH</strong></a> - Protein Structure Classification at <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/">UCL-London</a>, UK&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/msa/clustal.cgi"><strong>CLUSTALW</strong></a> - Multiply Sequence Alignments at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">IBC-Washington U.</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/cuse.html"><strong>Codon Usage</strong></a> - Analysis of Different ORFs in a Gene Sequence at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/COILS_form.html"><strong>Coils</strong></a> - Prediction of Coiled Coil Regions in Protein Sequences at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://ben.vub.ac.be/srs/srsc?-info+CPGISLE"><strong>CpGIsle</strong></a> - CpG Islands Database at <a href="http://ben.vub.ac.be/">BEN</a>, Belgium&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_7.html"><strong>Darwin</strong></a> - Data Analysis and Retrieval With Indexed Nucleotide/Peptide Sequences at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/dbEST/index.html"><strong>dbEST</strong></a> - Database of Expressed Sequence Tags at <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/">NCBI</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/dbget/dbget.html"><strong>DBGET</strong></a> - Integrated Database Retrieval System (w/ <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/dbget/dbget.links.html"><strong>diagram links</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="gopher://gopher.nig.ac.jp/7waissrc%3a/DDBJ_Gopher_WAIS/DNA_seq_index_search.src"><strong>DDBJ</strong></a> - DNA Database of Japan at <a href="http://www.nig.ac.jp/">National Institute of Genetics</a>, Japan&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/rawdot.html"><strong>Dot Plot</strong></a> - Compare a DNA Sequence with Itself at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.nih.gov/molecular_modeling/drugbank.html"><strong>DrugBank</strong></a> - Three-dimensional Drug Structure Databank at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info+DSSP"><strong>DSSP</strong></a> - Database of Secondary Structure of Proteins from PDB (see <a href="http://www.sander.embl-heidelberg.de/dssp/descrip.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/proteins/ec-enzyme.html"><strong>EC Enzyme</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> and <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/show_ECtable"><strong>EC Number Table</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan and <a href="http://specter.dcrt.nih.gov:8004/Enzymes/enzymes.html"><strong>GenoBase Enzyme Index</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://susi.bio.uni-giessen.de/usr/local/www/html/ecdc.html"><strong>ECDC</strong></a> - <em>E. coli</em> Database Collection at <a href="http://www.uni-giessen.de/">Uni-Gie&szlig;en</a>, Germany&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="gopher://biox.embnet.unibas.ch:13021/77/.index/embl/index"><strong>EMBL</strong></a> - Nucleotide Sequence Database and <a href="gopher://biox.embnet.unibas.ch:13021/77/.index/xembl/index"><strong>EMBL-New Entries</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/">EMBnet-Basel</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/srs/srsc?-info||EMNEW"><strong>EMNEW</strong></a> - Index of New EMBL Sequences at <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">EBI</a>, UK&nbsp; </dd><dd><a href="http://specter.dcrt.nih.gov:8004/Compound/compound_toc_by_name.html"><strong>EMP Compound</strong></a> and <a href="http://specter.dcrt.nih.gov:8004/Pathway/pathway_toc_by_name.html"><strong>EMP Pathways</strong></a> - Selkov Enzyme and Metabolic Pathway (EMP) Database at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/home/towell/metabhome.html"><strong>EMP Metabolic Pathways</strong></a> - Navigation in Metabolic Pathways from <a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/home/compbio/default.html">MCS-Computational Biology</a> at <a href="http://www.anl.gov/">Argonne National Laboratory</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Search/Entrez/index.html"><strong>ENTREZ</strong></a> - Protein and Nucleotide Database (see <a href="http://atlas.nlm.nih.gov:5700/WWW2/WWW2_paper2.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/">NCBI</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/sprot/enzyme.html"><strong>ENZYME</strong></a> - The Enzyme Data Bank at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/bsm/enzymes/index.html"><strong>Enzyme Structures Database</strong></a> - Structures of Enzymes Deposited in the PDB at <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/">UCL-London</a>, UK&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||781260221_129.186.4.14||-info||EPD"><strong>EPD</strong></a> - Eucaryotic Promoter Database at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>, Germany and <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_epd"><strong>EPD</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://bioslave.uio.no:8001/srs/srsc?-info+EPO"><strong>EPO</strong></a> - European Patent Office Nucleotide Database at <a href="http://www.no.embnet.org/">BiO/U. Oslo</a>, Norway&nbsp; and <a href="gopher://gopher.csc.fi/7waissrc%3a/tiede/BioBox/bionic/.epo.src"><strong>EPO</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.csc.fi/CSC_english.html">CSC</a>, Finland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/searches/fasta.html"><strong>FASTA</strong></a> - Compare a Nucleic Acid Sequence to Nucleotide Sequence Databases (w/ updates) at <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">EBI</a>, UK, <a href="http://swarmer.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/fastaq-form?options=simple"><strong>FASTA</strong></a> (Berlin, Vectorbank, etc) at <a href="http://motif.stanford.edu/">Stanford U.</a>, <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/fasta-query.html"><strong>FASTA</strong></a> at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France and <a href="http://www.crihan.fr/www/fasta.html"><strong>FASTA</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.crihan.fr/">CRIHAN</a>, France&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/Options/fastpat.html"><strong>FASTPAT</strong></a> - FASTA-based Pattern Database Search (see <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/Help/fastpat.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://gc.bcm.tmc.edu:8088/">Baylor College of Medicine</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://morgan.harvard.edu/"><strong>FlyBase</strong></a> - Genetic and Molecular Database for <em>Drosophila</em> at <a href="http://www.harvard.edu/">Harvard U.</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||FSSP"><strong>FSSP</strong></a> - Database of Families of Structurally Similar Proteins derived from PDB at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.abc.hu/blast.html"><strong>FTHOM</strong></a> - Compare Protein Domain Homology at <a href="http://www.abc.hu/">ABC</a>, Hungary&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://gdbwww.gdb.org/"><strong>GDB</strong></a> - Human Genome Data Base at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:2555/r_genbank2.html"><strong>GenBank Database</strong></a> (+Updates) at <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/">NCBI</a> and <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/wu_fetch.html"><strong>GenBank-Fetch</strong></a> at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">Washington U.</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/gene-finder/gf.html"><strong>Gene Finder</strong></a> - Predict Gene Structure, Internal Exons and Splicing Sites in DNA and Exon-Exon Junstion in cDNA at <a alt="(W3)" images="" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src="></a></dd><dd><a alt="(W3)" images="" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src=">&nbsp;</a><a href="http://cbil.humgen.upenn.edu/~sdong/genlang_home.html"><strong>GenLang</strong></a> - Find Genes and Other Higher-Order Features in Nucleotide Sequences at <a href="http://cbil.humgen.upenn.edu/">CBIL-U. Pennsylvania</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://specter.dcrt.nih.gov:8004/"><strong>GenoBase</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/Genome-DBS.html"><strong>Genome Databases</strong></a> and <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/Genome_Centre.html"><strong>Genome Centers</strong></a> - World Wide Links at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ri.bbsrc.ac.uk/genome_workstation/workstation.html"><strong>Genome Workstation</strong></a> - Genome Related Links at <a href="http://www.ri.bbsrc.ac.uk/">Roslin Institute</a>, UK&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://biotech.chem.indiana.edu/WebChris/maps.html"><strong>Genomic Maps</strong></a> - Links to Genome Specific Resources at <a href="http://biotech.chem.indiana.edu/">Biotech-Indiana</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/gq/gq.form.html"><strong>GenQuest</strong></a> - Search Against Protein Databases with the Q server at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://avalon.epm.ornl.gov/Grail-bin/EmptyGrailForm"><strong>Grail</strong></a> - Analysis of the Protein Coding Potential of a DNA Sequence (see <a href="ftp://arthur.epm.ornl.gov/pub/xgrail/Manual.grail-genquest.July94"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://avalon.epm.ornl.gov/">ORNL</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ncgr.org/gsdb/"><strong>GSDB</strong></a> - Genome Sequence Database at <a href="http://www.ncgr.org/ncgr/ncgr.html">NCGR</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/www/guess-prot.html"><strong>GuessProt</strong></a> - Selects SwissProt proteins given pI and Mw at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/hhs/"><strong>HHS</strong></a> - SwissProt and PDB Systematic Sequence Classification Database at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">Washington U.</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/srs/srsc?-info+HOVERGEN"><strong>HOVERGEN</strong></a> - Database of Homologous Vertebrate Genes at <a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/">CAOS/CAMM</a>, The Netherlands&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/www/programs/hpt_persistent.html"><strong>HPT</strong></a> - Protein Sequence Pattern Recognition in the PIR Database and <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/www/programs/hpt_homol.html"><strong>HPT-Homology</strong></a> at <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/">MIPS</a>, Germany&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||HSSP"><strong>HSSP</strong></a> - Database of Homology-Derived Structures of Proteins based on PDB and SwissProt at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="gopher://gopher.gdb.org/77/.INDEX/kabat"><strong>Kabat </strong></a>- Database of Proteins of Immunological Interest at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.prosci.uci.edu/kinemages/KinemageIndex.html"><strong>Kinemage-Index</strong></a> - &quot;Kinetical Images&quot; by Protein Type at <a href="http://www.prosci.uci.edu/">Protein Science</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/klotho/"><strong>Klotho</strong></a> - Biochemical Compounds Declarative Database at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">Washington U.</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/lalign-query.html"><strong>LALIGN</strong></a> - Calculates the N-Best Local Alignments Between Two Sequences at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/lfasta-query.html"><strong>LFASTA</strong></a> - Local Similarity Searches Between Two Sequences Showing Local Alignments at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_ligand"><strong>LIGAND</strong></a> - Ligand Chemical Database for Enzyme Reactions at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="gopher://gopher.nih.gov/77/gopherlib/indices/limb/index"><strong>LiMB</strong></a> - Listing of Molecular Biology Databases at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; and <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||777855676_129.186.4.14||-info||LIMB"><strong>LiMB</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_3.html"><strong>MassSearch</strong></a> - Search SwissProt or EMBL Databases by Protein Mass After Digestion at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://cgsc.biology.yale.edu/metab.html"><strong>Metabolic Database</strong></a> - Metabolic Reactions and Pathways at <a href="http://cgsc.biology.yale.edu/">CGSC-Yale U.</a> and <a href="http://moulon.inra.fr/cgi-bin/nph-acedb3.1/acedb/metabolisme?find+Reaction_or_pathway%3By+14+69"><strong>Metabolic Database</strong></a> at <a href="http://moulon.inra.fr/">INRA-Moulon</a>, France&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.informatics.jax.org/mgd.html"><strong>MGD</strong></a> - Mouse Genome Database at <a href="http://www.informatics.jax.org/">Jackson Laboratory</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="gopher://wehil.wehi.edu.au/11/MHCPEP.DB"><strong>MHCPEP</strong></a> - Database of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Binding Peptides at <a href="http://www.wehi.edu.au/">WEHI-Melbourne</a>, Australia&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/www/programs/hpt_persistent.html"><strong>MIPS-Alert</strong></a> - Automated Sequence Information Queries at <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/">MIPS</a>, Germany&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.nih.gov/htbin/pdb"><strong>Molecules R US</strong></a> - Interactive Text and Images of PDB Files at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||777855676_129.186.4.14||-info||MOLPROBE"><strong>MPBD</strong></a> - Molecular Probe Data Base at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; and <a href="gopher://gopher.slu.se/7waissrc%3a/wais-dbs/Biology/Oligos"><strong>MPDB</strong></a> at <a href="gopher://gopher.slu.se/">U. Agricultural Sciences</a>, Sweden&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://cuhhca.hhmi.columbia.edu/moose/"><strong>MOOSE</strong></a> - Macromolecular Object Oriented Search Engine to Extract PDB Contained Information at <a href="http://cuhhca.hhmi.columbia.edu/">Columbia U.</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/msa.html"><strong>MSA</strong></a> - Multiple Sequence Alignment at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">Washington U.</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/SIT/MOTIF.html"><strong>MOTIF</strong></a> - Search Patterns in Protein Sequences at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan <a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/motif_query.html"><strong>Motif</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan w/ search from <a href="http://www.cc.iastate.edu/welcome.html">Iowa State</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/multi-align/multi-align.html"><strong>Multiple Sequence Alignments</strong></a> - CLUSTAL-W, MAP, and PIMA alignments at <a href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/">Baylor College of Medicine</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://ndbserver.rutgers.edu/"><strong>NDB</strong></a> - Nucleic Acid Database at Rutgers U.&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.cmpharm.ucsf.edu/~nomi/nnpredict.html"><strong>nnPredict</strong></a> - Predict Protein Secondary Structure at <a href="http://wormworld.ucsf.edu/">UCSF</a> and <a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/nnpredict_query.html"><strong>nnPredict</strong></a> at w/ search from <a href="http://www.cc.iastate.edu/welcome.html">Iowa State</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/proteins/nrl3d.html"><strong>NRL_3D</strong></a> - Sequence/Structure Database derived from PDB at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> and <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||NRL3D"><strong>NRL_3D</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://ddbjs4h.genes.nig.ac.jp/"><strong>NRSub</strong></a> - A Non-Redundant DNA Sequence Database for <em>Bacillus subtilis</em> at <a href="http://www.nig.ac.jp/">National Institute of Genetics</a>, Japan&nbsp; </dd><dd><a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_4.html"><strong>NuclPepSearch</strong></a> - Search SwissProt for a Nucletide Sequence at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://chait-sgi.rockefeller.edu/"><strong>NYC-MASS</strong></a> - Protein Mass Spectrometry Database at <a href="http://www.rockefeller.edu/ru.home.html">Rockefeller U.</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/obstruct/obs_form.html"><strong>OBSTRUCT</strong></a> - Correlate Sequence Subsets of PDB Protein Structures at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://gdbwww.gdb.org/omimdoc/omimtop.html"><strong>OMIM</strong></a> - Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="gopher://megasun.bch.umontreal.ca/11/Organelles/Genomes"><strong>Organelle Genome</strong></a>&nbsp; - A Sequence Database at <a href="gopher://megasun.bch.umontreal.ca/">U. Montreal</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://biotech.chem.indiana.edu/lib/orgstrain.html"><strong>Organisms and Strains</strong></a> - Links to Databases Specific to Organism and Cell Collections at <a href="http://biotech.chem.indiana.edu/">Biotech-Indiana</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/proteins/owl.html"><strong>OWL</strong></a> - Non-Redundant Protein Sequence Database (Updated Daily) at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> and <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/~attwood/OWL/OWL.html"><strong>OWL</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/">UCL-London</a>, UK&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/home/papka/ROSS/patscan.html"><strong>PatScan</strong></a> - Look for Pattern Matches in DNA or Protein Sequences at <a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/">Argonne National Laboratory</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/PATFND_form.html"><strong>PatternFind</strong></a> - Search the SwissProt and Genpept Protein Sequence Databases with a <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/txt/profile.txt">PROSITE-formatted</a> Pattern at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www-pdd.ncifcrf.gov/PDD/GEN-docs/indexGEN.html"><strong>PDD</strong></a> - Protein Disease Database at <a href="http://www-pdd.ncifcrf.gov/">NIMH-NCI</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.pdb.bnl.gov:4148/cgi-bin/browse"><strong>PDB-Browser</strong></a>, <a href="gopher://pdb.pdb.bnl.gov/77/xfullindex/full"><strong>PDB-Index</strong></a> and <a href="gopher://pdb.pdb.bnl.gov/77/xstatusindex/status"><strong>PDB-Pending</strong></a> - <a href="http://www.pdb.bnl.gov/">Protein Data Bank</a> Structures at <a href="http://suntid.bnl.gov:8080/bnl.html">Brookhaven National Laboratory</a>, <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_pdb"><strong>PDB</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a> Japan, <a href="http://www.ibf.unige.it/7/sci/.PDB/pdbsearch"><strong>PDB</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ibf.unige.it/">U. Genova</a>, Italy, <a href="http://www.ucmb.ulb.ac.be/pdb_seq_rel_jan94"><strong>PDB-List</strong></a> and <a href="http://www.ucmb.ulb.ac.be/pdb_annot_jan94"><strong>PDB-Annotated</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ucmb.ulb.ac.be/index.html">Brussels Free U.</a>, Belgium and <a href="http://www.sander.embl-heidelberg.de/pdbsel/explanation.html"><strong>PDB-Select</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.nih.gov/molecular_modeling/pdb_at_a_glance.html"><strong>PDB At A Glance</strong></a> - Hierarchic Access to PDB Files at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||781260221_129.186.4.14||-info||PDBFINDER"><strong>PDBFINDER</strong></a> - A Database Containing PDB, DSSP and HSSP Information (see <a href="http://www.sander.embl-heidelberg.de/pdbfinder/overview.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_pdbstr"><strong>PDBSTR</strong></a> - Re-organized Protein Data Bank at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_5.html"><strong>PepPepSearch</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /> - Search SwissProt for a Peptide Sequence at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://lenti.med.umn.edu/~shoop/sample.html"><strong>Plant EST Analysis</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Similarity Analysis of Different Plant cDNA/EST Sequences at <a href="http://lenti.med.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/pprotein_query.html"><strong>PHD</strong></a><img alt="[L]" src="./images/smiley.gif" /><img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /> - Predict Protein Secondary Structure at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> w/ search from <a href="http://www.cc.iastate.edu/welcome.html">Iowa State</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.pasteur.fr/sas/phy/boot-sub.html"><strong>PHILIP-Bootstrapping Analysis</strong></a> - Divergence Between Protein or Nucleotide Sequences at <a href="http://www.pasteur.fr/">Institut Pasteur</a>, France <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/gcg/phospepsort-query.html"><strong>Phospepsort</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="./images/check_old.gif" /> - Digest Phosphorylated Peptide Sequences at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/ch2d/pi_tool.html"><strong>pI/Mw</strong></a> - Compute the Theoretical pI and Molecular Weight of a Protein Sequence at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/proteins/pir.html"><strong>PIR</strong></a> - Protein Identification Resource Database at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||PIRALN"><strong>PIRALN</strong></a> - Database of Sequence Alignments based on PIR at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_pmd"><strong>PMD</strong></a> - Protein Mutant Database at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan and <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||PMD"><strong>PMD</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/pmotif.html"><strong>PMOTIF</strong></a> - Search Protein Motifs in Gene Sequence at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/service/polandform.html"><strong>Poland</strong></a> - Calculate the Thermal Denaturation Profile of Double Stranded RNA or DNA at <a href="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/">Uni-D&uuml;sseldorf</a>, Germany <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/predictprotein/predictprotein.html"><strong>PredictProtein</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /> - Predict Protein Secondary Structure at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_prf"><strong>PRF</strong></a> - Protein Research Foundation Sequence Database at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www-genome.wi.mit.edu/cgi-bin/primer2.2/primer_front"><strong>Primer</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Select PCR Primers in a Gene Sequence at <a href="http://www-genome.wi.mit.edu/">WICGR-MIT</a> and <a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/rawprimer.html"><strong>Primer</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/~attwood/PRINTS/PRINTS.html"><strong>PRINTS</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Protein Motif Fingerprints Database (see <a href="file://gopher.embl-heidelberg.de/pub/databases/prints/prints.doc"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) and <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/~attwood/ALIGN/ALIGN.html"><strong>PRINTS-ALIGN</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> at <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/">UCL-London</a>, UK and <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/srs/srsc?-info+PRINTS"><strong>PRINTS</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/">EMBnet-Basel</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://protein.toulouse.inra.fr/prodom.html"><strong>ProDom</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - A Protein Domain Database and <a href="http://protein.toulouse.inra.fr/prodom/blast_form.html"><strong>ProDom-Search</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.jouy.inra.fr/infoservices-INRA/infoservices_donnees.html">INRA-Toulouse</a>, France, <a href="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/~esr/prodom.html"><strong>ProDom</strong></a> and <a href="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/~esr/prodom-blast.html"><strong>ProDom-Search</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/">Sanger Centre</a>, UK and <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||777855676_129.186.4.14||-info||PRODOM"><strong>ProDom</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/PRFSCAN_form.html"><strong>ProfileScan </strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Search a Sequence Against a Library of Profiles at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="gopher://bmerc-gopher.bu.edu/11/Databases/prolink"><strong>ProLink</strong></a> - Integrated Database of Protein Structure, Sequence Homology, and Functional Pattern Information at <a href="http://bmerc-www.bu.edu/">BMERC</a> <img alt="(Gopher)" src="./images/gopher.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/prs.page"><strong>PROPSEARCH</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /> - Protein Sequence Search for Structural Homology Based on Aminoacid Properties at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/sprot/prosite.html"><strong>PROSITE</strong></a> - Protein Sites and Patterns Database at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland, <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/PSTSCAN_form.html"><strong>PrositeScan</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland and <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/searches/prosite_input.html"><strong>PROSITE-Search</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="file://ftp.embl-heidelberg.de/pub/databases/protein_extras"><strong>Protein-Extras</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img alt="(FTP)" src="./images/ftp.gif" /> </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/p_families.html"><strong>Protein Families</strong></a><img alt="[L]" src="./images/smiley.gif" /> - Links to Information on Different Protein Families at <a href="http://www.cc.iastate.edu/">Iowa State</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://chait-sgi.rockefeller.edu/cgi-bin/prot-id/1/1"><strong>Prot-ID</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Identify a Protein from Masses of Enzymatic Digestion Peptide Fragments at <a href="http://chait-sgi.rockefeller.edu/">Rockefeller U.</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="file://cb-iris.stanford.edu/pub/ProteinMovements/ProtMotDB.main.html"><strong>Protein Motions</strong></a> <img alt="!Recent!" src="./images/check_old.gif" /> - DataBase of Protein Movements at <a href="http://hyper.stanford.edu/">Stanford U.</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://bmerc-www.bu.edu/psa/"><strong>PSA</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Protein Sequence Analysis for Sequences of Unknown Structure at <a href="http://bmerc-www.bu.edu/welcome.html">BMERC/MBCRR</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://psort.nibb.ac.jp/"><strong>PSORT</strong></a> - Predict Protein Sorting Signals Coded in Amino Acid Sequences at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/pssprediction/pssp.html"><strong>PSSP</strong></a> - Protein Secondary Structure Prediction at <a alt="(W3)" images="" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src="></a></dd><dd><a alt="(W3)" images="" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src=">&nbsp;</a><a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/home/compbio/PUMA/Production/puma.html"><strong>PUMA</strong></a> - Phylogeny of Unicellular Organims with Metabolism and Alignments from <a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/home/compbio/default.html">MCS-Computational Biology</a> at <a href="http://www.anl.gov/">Argonne National Laboratory</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="file://ftp.embl-heidelberg.de/pub/databases/protein_extras/puu/domains.puu"><strong>PUU</strong></a> - Protein Domains Database Based on PDB-Select at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img alt="(FTP)" src="./images/ftp.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://geta.life.uiuc.edu/index.html"><strong>RDP</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="./images/check_old.gif" /> - Ribosomal Database Project at U. Illinois <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://vent.neb.com/rebase/rebase.html"><strong>ReBase</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="./images/check_old.gif" /> - Restriction Enzyme Database and <a href="http://www.neb.com/cgi-bin/wais_ref.pl"><strong>ReBase-Search</strong></a> at <a href="http://vent.neb.com/">New England Biolabs</a>, <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||777855676_129.186.4.14||-info||REBASE"><strong>ReBase</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> and <a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/rebase/rebase.html"><strong>ReBase</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/repro/rep_tot.html"><strong>REPRO</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Recognition of Protein Sequence Repeats at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://pundit.colorado.edu:8080/"><strong>RNA Secondary Structures</strong></a> - Information on Group I Introns and rRNA at <a href="http://www.colorado.edu/">U. Colorado-Boulder</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://www-rrna.uia.ac.be/rrna/index.html"><strong>rRNA</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="./images/check_old.gif" /> - Databases of Ribosomal Subunit RNA Sequences at <a href="http://www.uia.ac.be/">U. Antwerp</a>, Belgium <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://cbil.humgen.upenn.edu/~dsearls/RSVP/RSVP_home.html"><strong>RSVP</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Rapid Sequence Visualization in Postscript for Analysis of DNA Sequences at <a href="http://cbil.humgen.upenn.edu/">CBIL-U. Pennsylvania</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/SAPS_form.html"><strong>SAPS</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Statistical Analysis of Protein Sequences at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://base.icgeb.trieste.it/sbase/"><strong>SBASE</strong></a> - Library of Protein Domains and <a href="http://base.icgeb.trieste.it/sbase/blast.html"><strong>SBASE-Search</strong></a> <img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /> at <a href="http://base.icgeb.trieste.it/">ICGEB-Trieste</a>, Italy <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://geoff.biop.ox.ac.uk/servers/scanps_server.html"><strong>SCANPS</strong></a> - Scan Protein Sequences at <a href="http://geoff.biop.ox.ac.uk/">U. Oxford</a>, UK <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.bio.cam.ac.uk/scop/"><strong>SCOP</strong></a> - Structural Classification of Proteins at <a href="http://www.bio.cam.ac.uk/">Cambridge</a>, UK and <a href="http://www.nick.med.usf.edu/scop/index.html"><strong>SCOP</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="./images/check_old.gif" /> at <a href="http://www.nick.med.usf.edu/">U. South Florida</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-annot/home.html"><strong>Sequence Annotation</strong></a> - Annotations on NCBI Sequences at <a alt="(W3)" images="" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src="></a></dd><dd><a alt="(W3)" images="" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src="><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> </a><a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/rawtrans.html"><strong>Sequence Translation</strong></a> - Translate Gene Sequences at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="ftp://dasher.wustl.edu/pub/sleuth/data"><strong>Sleuth</strong></a> - Amino Acid Conformation and Solvent Accessibility of PDB Files at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">Washington U.</a> <img alt="(FTP)" src="./images/ftp.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.ibcp.fr/predict.html"><strong>SOPM</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /><img alt="!Recent!" src="./images/check_old.gif" /> - Self Optimized Prediction Method for Prediction of Protein Secondary Structure at <a href="http://www.ibcp.fr/">IBCP-CNRS</a>, France <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc"><strong>SRSWWW</strong></a> - Network Browser for Databanks in Molecular Biology (w/ <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/net.html"><strong>diagram links</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/srs/index.html"><strong>SRSWWW-Directory</strong></a> - Directory of SRSWWW Network Browsers for Biological Databanks and <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/srs/status.html"><strong>SRSWWW-Global Status</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/">EMBnet-Basel</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/ssearch-query.html"><strong>SSEARCH</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /> - Universal Sequence Comparison Using the Smith-Waterman Algorithm at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/sspred/sspred_info.html"><strong>SSPRED</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /><img alt="!Recent!" src="./images/check_old.gif" /> - Predict the Secondary Structure of Proteins at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>, Germany <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/stride/stride.html"><strong>STRIDE</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Find Secondary Structural Elements in PDB Proteins Structures at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www-genome.wi.mit.edu/cgi-bin/www-STS_Pipeline/pipeline_front"><strong>STS Pipeline</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Analysis and STS Primer Picking of Short DNA Sequences with Duplicate Checking, Sequence Repeat Finding, Restriction Analysis, Vector Identification and BLAST Searching at <a href="http://www-genome.wi.mit.edu/">MIT</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.ucmb.ulb.ac.be/~joan/survol/form.html"><strong>SURVOL</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="./images/check_old.gif" /> - Analysis of Protein Atomic Volumes at <a href="http://www.ucmb.ulb.ac.be/">UCMB</a>, Belgium <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/ch2d/ch2d-top.html"><strong>Swiss-2DPage</strong></a> - Two-dimensional Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis Database at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/srs/srsc?-info+SWISSDOM"><strong>SWISSDOM</strong></a> - SwissProt Entries in a ProDom Map at <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">EBI</a>, UK <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/swissmod/SWISS-MODEL.html"><strong>Swiss-Model</strong></a> <img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /> - Automated Protein Modelling at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/srs/srsc?-info||SWISSNEW"><strong>SWISSNEW</strong></a> - New SwissProt Sequences at <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">EBI</a>, UK <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/sprot/sprot-top.html"><strong>SwissProt</strong></a> - Protein Sequence Database (+ Weekly Updates) at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/swisshop/SwissShopReq.html"><strong>Swiss-Shop</strong></a> <img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /> - Automated SwissProt and Prosite Information Queries at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/tbase/tbase.html"><strong>TBASE</strong></a> - Transgenic/Targeted Mutation Database at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/tfasta-query.html"><strong>TFASTA</strong></a> - Match a Protein Sequence Against All Six Frames of GenBank Sequences at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="gopher://gopher.nih.gov/77/gopherlib/indices/tfd/index"><strong>TFD</strong></a> - Transcription Factor Database at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a> <img alt="(Gopher)" src="./images/gopher.gif" /> </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info+TFFACTOR"><strong>TFFACTOR</strong></a> and <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info+TFSITE"><strong>TFSITE</strong></a> - Transcription Factor Data at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/rawtm.html"><strong>Tm</strong></a> - Oligonucleotide Melting Point Determination at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/tmap/tmap_sin.html"><strong>TMAP</strong></a> - Identification of Transmembrane Segments on a Protein Sequence at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="ftp://ulrec3.unil.ch/pub/tmbase"><strong>TMBASE</strong></a> - Transmembrane Protein Database at <a href="http://www.unil.ch/">U. Lausanne</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/TMPRED_form.html"><strong>TMpred</strong></a> - Prediction of Transmembrane Regions and Orientation in Protein Sequencs at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/www/dna.html"><strong>Translate</strong></a> - Translate a Nucleotide Sequence to a Protein at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_6.html"><strong>TreeGen</strong></a> - Tree Generation from Distance Data at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||781260221_129.186.4.14||-info||TREMBL"><strong>TREMBL</strong></a> - Database of Translated Peptide Sequences of All CDS Features from EMBL Sequences at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/srs/srsc?-info+VECBASE"><strong>VecBase</strong></a> - Cloning Vector Sequence Database.at <a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/">CAOS/CAMM</a>, The Netherlands&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://biology.queensu.ca/~miseners/vector.html"><strong>Vector-DB</strong></a> - Cloning Vector Database at <a href="http://www.queensu.ca/">Queen's U.-Kensington</a>, Canada , <a href="http://ben.vub.ac.be/srs/srsc?-info+VECTOR"><strong>VECTOR</strong></a> at <a href="http://ben.vub.ac.be/">BEN</a>, Belgium , <a href="gopher://gopher.gdb.org/77/.INDEX/vector"><strong>Vector</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> and <a href="gopher://virus1.virus.kyoto-u.ac.jp/77/.index/vector.ig/index"><strong>Vector-ig</strong></a> at <a href="http://virus1.virus.kyoto-u.ac.jp/">IVR</a>, Kyoto-U., Japan&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.bio.cam.ac.uk/seqlogo/logo.cgi"><strong>WebLogo</strong></a> - Sequence Logo Generation at <a href="http://www.bio.cam.ac.uk/">Cambridge U.</a>, UK&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://kestrel.ludwig.ucl.ac.uk/zpred.html"><strong>ZPRED</strong></a> - MultPredict Secondary Structure of Multiply Aligned Protein Sequences at <a href="http://kestrel.ludwig.ucl.ac.uk/">Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research</a>, UK&nbsp; </dd></dl> 1b464b301086db1f35210b36d49f7c8fe59be690 1970 2008-01-15T15:50:01Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <dl><dl><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||ALI"><strong><font color="#810081">3D-ALI</font></strong></a> - Database relating Proteins Structures and Sequences (see <a href="gopher://s-crim1.dl.ac.uk/00/EMBnet%20Bioinformation%20Resource%20UK/Data%20%26%20Software/databases/3d_ali/3d_ali.doc"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/"><font color="#810081">EMBL-Heidelberg</font></a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/aaa.html"><font color="#810081"><strong>AA Analysis</strong> </font></a><font color="#810081"><img alt="[E]" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/star.gif" /></font> - Protein Identification in SwissProt and PIR using Amino Acid Composition at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/"><font color="#810081">EMBL-Heidelberg</font></a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/ch2d/aacompi.html"><strong>AA CompIdent</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check.gif" /> - Protein Identification in SwissProt using Amino Acid Composition at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/ch2d/aacsim.html"><strong>AA CompSim</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check.gif" /> - Compare the Amino Acid Composition of a SwissProt Entry with Other Entries at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://chait-sgi.rockefeller.edu/cgi-bin/sequence/AA"><strong>AA Sequence Analysis</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check.gif" /> - Multiple Analysis of a Native or Modified Amino Acid Sequence at <a href="http://www.rockefeller.edu/ru.home.html">Rockefeller U.</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/~martin/abs/seqtest.html"><strong>AbCheck</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check.gif" /> - Test an Antibody Sequence Against the Kabat Database at <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/">U. College-London</a>, UK <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/align-query.html"><strong>ALIGN</strong></a> - Optimal Global Alignment of Two Sequences with No Short-cuts at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France and <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/www/programs/align.html"><strong>Align</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check.gif" /> at <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/">MIPS</a>, Germany <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_1.html"><strong>AllAll</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/star.gif" /> - Relationships in a Set of Related Peptides at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_2.html"><strong>AllAllDB</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/star.gif" /> - Search the All-Against-All Database of SwissProt at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://geoff.biop.ox.ac.uk/servers/amas_server.html"><strong>AMAS</strong></a> - Analysis of Protein Multiple Sequence Alignments at <a href="http://geoff.biop.ox.ac.uk/">U. Oxford</a>, UK <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/argos/ASC.21/asc2.html"><strong>ASC</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/star.gif" /><img alt="!New!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check.gif" /> - Analytic Surface Calculation of PDB Protein Structures at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/"><font color="#810081">EMBL-Heidelberg</font></a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://mips11.mips.biochem.mpg.de/www/programs/atlas_per.html"><strong>ATLAS</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check.gif" /> - Search DNA and Protein Sequence Databases at <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/">MIPS</a>, Germany <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://kiwi.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:8088/search-launcher/launcher.html"><strong>BCM Search Launcher</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check_old.gif" /> at <a href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src=" alt="(W3)" images=""></a><a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/protein-search.html"><strong>BEAUTY</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check.gif" /> - BLAST Enhanced Alignment Utility <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/Help/beauty.html"><strong>(see Documentation)</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/">Baylor College of Medicine</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/srs/srsc?-info+BERLIN"><strong>BERLIN</strong></a> - RNA Databank of 5S rRNA and 5S rRNA Gene Sequences at <a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/">CAOS/CAMM</a>, The Netherlands <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://sgbcd.weizmann.ac.il/Bic/ExecAppl.html"><strong>BIOACCELERATOR</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check.gif" /> at <a href="http://bioinformatics.weizmann.ac.il:70/">Weizmann Institute of Science</a>, Israel <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.ocms.ox.ac.uk/~birney/cusi/biocusi.html%3E%3Cb%3EbioCUSI%3C/b%3E%3C/a%3E%3Cimg%20src=" alt="!New!" images="">- Multiple Access to Biological Servers at </a><a href="http://www.ocms.ox.ac.uk/">OCMS-Oxford</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="ftp://pdb.pdb.bnl.gov/user_group/biological_units"><strong>Biological Units</strong></a> - Expanded PDB Entries with Full Biological Units at <a href="http://suntid.bnl.gov:8080/bnl.html">Brookhaven National Laboratory</a> <img alt="(FTP)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/ftp.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.ocms.ox.ac.uk/~birney/palette.html"><strong>Biologist's Search Palette</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check.gif" /> - Collection of Search Engines for Biological Databases at <a href="http://www.ocms.ox.ac.uk/">Oxford U.</a>, UK <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Recipon/bs_seq.html"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> - Basic Local Alignment Research Tool at <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/">NCBI</a>, <a href="http://swarmer.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/blastq-form?options=simple"><strong>BLAST</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check.gif" /> (hiv, vector, etc) at <a href="http://motif.stanford.edu/">Stanford U.</a>, <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/SIT/BLAST.html"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan, <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/blast/blast-query.html"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France, <a href="http://www.crihan.fr/www/blast.html"><strong>BLAST</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/star.gif" /><img alt="!Recent!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check_old.gif" /> at <a href="http://www.crihan.fr/">CRIHAN</a>, France <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/cgi-bin/seq-search/blast_form_local.pl"><strong>BLAST</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check.gif" /> (with Entrez and SRS Links) at <a href="http://gc.bcm.tmc.edu:8088/">Baylor College of Medicine</a> and <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/EPFLBLAST_form.html"><strong>BLAST</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check.gif" /> at <a href="http://www.epfl.ch/">EPFL</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/Option/blastpat.html"><strong>BLASTPAT</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check.gif" /> - BLAST-based Pattern Database Search (see <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/Help/blastpat.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://gc.bcm.tmc.edu:8088/">Baylor College of Medicine</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/searches/blitz_input.html"><strong>BLITZ</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/star.gif" /> (see <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/searches/blitz_doc.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/"><font color="#810081">EMBL-Heidelberg</font></a> and <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/searches/blitz_input.html"><strong>BLITZ</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/star.gif" /> at <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">EBI</a>, UK <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.blocks.fhcrc.org/"><strong>BLOCKS</strong></a> - Database of Highly Conserved Regions in Proteins <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> and <a href="gopher://klaatu.fhcrc.org/77/.indexes/.blocksindex/blocksindex"><strong>BLOCKS-WAIS</strong></a> <img alt="(Gopher)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/gopher.gif" /> at <a href="gopher://klaatu.fhcrc.org/">Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center</a>, <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||BLOCKS"><strong>BLOCKS</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/"><font color="#810081">EMBL-Heidelberg</font></a> and <a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/blocks_query.html"><strong>BLOCKS-Search</strong></a><img alt="[L]" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/smiley.gif" /><img alt="[E]" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/star.gif" /> w/ search from <a href="http://www.cc.iastate.edu/welcome.html">Iowa State</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://bimas.dcrt.nih.gov/sql/BMRBgate.html"><strong>BioMagResBank</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check.gif" /> - A Database of NMR-Derived Protein Structures at <a href="http://bimas.dcrt.nih.gov/">BIMAS-NIH</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://genome.cs.unc.edu/online.html"><strong>BioSCAN</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check_old.gif" /> - Biological Sequence Comparative Analysis at <a href="http://genome.cs.unc.edu/">U. North Caroline</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://ibm4.carb.nist.gov:4400/bmcd/bmcd.html"><strong>BMCD</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check_old.gif" /> - Biological Macromolecule Crystallization Database at <a href="http://ibm4.carb.nist.gov:4400/carb.html">CARB</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/BOX_form.html"><strong>BOXSHADE</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check.gif" /> - Pretty Printing and Shading of Multiple-Sequence Alignments at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/bsm/cath/CATHintro.html"><strong>CATH</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check_old.gif" /> - Protein Structure Classification at <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/">UCL-London</a>, UK <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/msa/clustal.cgi"><strong>CLUSTALW</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check.gif" /> - Multiply Sequence Alignments at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">IBC-Washington U.</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/cuse.html"><strong>Codon Usage</strong></a> - Analysis of Different ORFs in a Gene Sequence at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/COILS_form.html"><strong>Coils</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check.gif" /> - Prediction of Coiled Coil Regions in Protein Sequences at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://ben.vub.ac.be/srs/srsc?-info+CPGISLE"><strong>CpGIsle</strong></a> - CpG Islands Database at <a href="http://ben.vub.ac.be/">BEN</a>, Belgium <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_7.html"><strong>Darwin</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/star.gif" /> - Data Analysis and Retrieval With Indexed Nucleotide/Peptide Sequences at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/dbEST/index.html"><strong>dbEST</strong></a> - Database of Expressed Sequence Tags at <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/">NCBI</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/dbget/dbget.html"><strong>DBGET</strong></a> - Integrated Database Retrieval System (w/ <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/dbget/dbget.links.html"><strong>diagram links</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="gopher://gopher.nig.ac.jp/7waissrc%3a/DDBJ_Gopher_WAIS/DNA_seq_index_search.src"><strong>DDBJ</strong></a> - DNA Database of Japan at <a href="http://www.nig.ac.jp/">National Institute of Genetics</a>, Japan <img alt="(Gopher)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/gopher.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/rawdot.html"><strong>Dot Plot</strong></a> - Compare a DNA Sequence with Itself at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.nih.gov/molecular_modeling/drugbank.html"><strong>DrugBank</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check_old.gif" /> - Three-dimensional Drug Structure Databank at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info+DSSP"><strong>DSSP</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check_old.gif" /> - Database of Secondary Structure of Proteins from PDB (see <a href="http://www.sander.embl-heidelberg.de/dssp/descrip.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/"><font color="#810081">EMBL-Heidelberg</font></a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/proteins/ec-enzyme.html"><strong>EC Enzyme</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> and <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/show_ECtable"><strong>EC Number Table</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan and <a href="http://specter.dcrt.nih.gov:8004/Enzymes/enzymes.html"><strong>GenoBase Enzyme Index</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://susi.bio.uni-giessen.de/usr/local/www/html/ecdc.html"><strong>ECDC</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check.gif" /> - <em>E. coli</em> Database Collection at <a href="http://www.uni-giessen.de/">Uni-Gie&szlig;en</a>, Germany <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="gopher://biox.embnet.unibas.ch:13021/77/.index/embl/index"><strong>EMBL</strong></a> - Nucleotide Sequence Database and <a href="gopher://biox.embnet.unibas.ch:13021/77/.index/xembl/index"><strong>EMBL-New Entries</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/">EMBnet-Basel</a> <img alt="(Gopher)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/gopher.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/srs/srsc?-info||EMNEW"><strong>EMNEW</strong></a> - Index of New EMBL Sequences at <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">EBI</a>, UK <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://specter.dcrt.nih.gov:8004/Compound/compound_toc_by_name.html"><strong>EMP Compound</strong></a> and <a href="http://specter.dcrt.nih.gov:8004/Pathway/pathway_toc_by_name.html"><strong>EMP Pathways</strong></a> - Selkov Enzyme and Metabolic Pathway (EMP) Database at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/home/towell/metabhome.html"><strong>EMP Metabolic Pathways</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check.gif" /> - Navigation in Metabolic Pathways from <a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/home/compbio/default.html">MCS-Computational Biology</a> at <a href="http://www.anl.gov/">Argonne National Laboratory</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Search/Entrez/index.html"><strong>ENTREZ</strong></a> - Protein and Nucleotide Database (see <a href="http://atlas.nlm.nih.gov:5700/WWW2/WWW2_paper2.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/">NCBI</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/sprot/enzyme.html"><strong>ENZYME</strong></a> - The Enzyme Data Bank at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/bsm/enzymes/index.html"><strong>Enzyme Structures Database</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check.gif" /> - Structures of Enzymes Deposited in the PDB at <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/">UCL-London</a>, UK <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||781260221_129.186.4.14||-info||EPD"><strong>EPD</strong></a> - Eucaryotic Promoter Database at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/"><font color="#810081">EMBL-Heidelberg</font></a>, Germany and <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_epd"><strong>EPD</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check_old.gif" /> at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://bioslave.uio.no:8001/srs/srsc?-info+EPO"><strong>EPO</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check_old.gif" /> - European Patent Office Nucleotide Database at <a href="http://www.no.embnet.org/">BiO/U. Oslo</a>, Norway <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> and <a href="gopher://gopher.csc.fi/7waissrc%3a/tiede/BioBox/bionic/.epo.src"><strong>EPO</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.csc.fi/CSC_english.html">CSC</a>, Finland <img alt="(Gopher)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/gopher.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/searches/fasta.html"><strong>FASTA</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/star.gif" /> - Compare a Nucleic Acid Sequence to Nucleotide Sequence Databases (w/ updates) at <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">EBI</a>, UK, <a href="http://swarmer.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/fastaq-form?options=simple"><strong>FASTA</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check.gif" /> (Berlin, Vectorbank, etc) at <a href="http://motif.stanford.edu/">Stanford U.</a>, <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/fasta-query.html"><strong>FASTA</strong></a> at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France and <a href="http://www.crihan.fr/www/fasta.html"><strong>FASTA</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/star.gif" /><img alt="!Recent!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check_old.gif" /> at <a href="http://www.crihan.fr/">CRIHAN</a>, France <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/Options/fastpat.html"><strong>FASTPAT</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check.gif" /> - FASTA-based Pattern Database Search (see <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/Help/fastpat.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://gc.bcm.tmc.edu:8088/">Baylor College of Medicine</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://morgan.harvard.edu/"><strong>FlyBase</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check_old.gif" /> - Genetic and Molecular Database for <em>Drosophila</em> at <a href="http://www.harvard.edu/">Harvard U.</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||FSSP"><strong>FSSP</strong></a> - Database of Families of Structurally Similar Proteins derived from PDB at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/"><font color="#810081">EMBL-Heidelberg</font></a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.abc.hu/blast.html"><strong>FTHOM</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/star.gif" /> - Compare Protein Domain Homology at <a href="http://www.abc.hu/">ABC</a>, Hungary <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://gdbwww.gdb.org/"><strong>GDB</strong></a> - Human Genome Data Base at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:2555/r_genbank2.html"><strong>GenBank Database</strong></a> (+Updates) at <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/">NCBI</a> and <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/wu_fetch.html"><strong>GenBank-Fetch</strong></a> at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">Washington U.</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/gene-finder/gf.html"><strong>Gene Finder</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check_old.gif" /> - Predict Gene Structure, Internal Exons and Splicing Sites in DNA and Exon-Exon Junstion in cDNA at <a href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src=" alt="(W3)" images=""></a><a href="http://cbil.humgen.upenn.edu/~sdong/genlang_home.html"><strong>GenLang</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check.gif" /> - Find Genes and Other Higher-Order Features in Nucleotide Sequences at <a href="http://cbil.humgen.upenn.edu/">CBIL-U. Pennsylvania</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://specter.dcrt.nih.gov:8004/"><strong>GenoBase</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/Genome-DBS.html"><strong>Genome Databases</strong></a> and <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/Genome_Centre.html"><strong>Genome Centers</strong></a> - World Wide Links at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.ri.bbsrc.ac.uk/genome_workstation/workstation.html"><strong>Genome Workstation</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check_old.gif" /> - Genome Related Links at <a href="http://www.ri.bbsrc.ac.uk/">Roslin Institute</a>, UK <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://biotech.chem.indiana.edu/WebChris/maps.html"><strong>Genomic Maps</strong></a> - Links to Genome Specific Resources at <a href="http://biotech.chem.indiana.edu/">Biotech-Indiana</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/gq/gq.form.html"><strong>GenQuest</strong></a> - Search Against Protein Databases with the Q server at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://avalon.epm.ornl.gov/Grail-bin/EmptyGrailForm"><strong>Grail</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check_old.gif" /> - Analysis of the Protein Coding Potential of a DNA Sequence (see <a href="ftp://arthur.epm.ornl.gov/pub/xgrail/Manual.grail-genquest.July94"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://avalon.epm.ornl.gov/">ORNL</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.ncgr.org/gsdb/"><strong>GSDB</strong></a> - Genome Sequence Database at <a href="http://www.ncgr.org/ncgr/ncgr.html">NCGR</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/www/guess-prot.html"><strong>GuessProt</strong></a> - Selects SwissProt proteins given pI and Mw at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/hhs/"><strong>HHS</strong></a> - SwissProt and PDB Systematic Sequence Classification Database at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">Washington U.</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/srs/srsc?-info+HOVERGEN"><strong>HOVERGEN</strong></a> - Database of Homologous Vertebrate Genes at <a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/">CAOS/CAMM</a>, The Netherlands <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/www/programs/hpt_persistent.html"><strong>HPT</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check.gif" /> - Protein Sequence Pattern Recognition in the PIR Database and <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/www/programs/hpt_homol.html"><strong>HPT-Homology</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check.gif" /> at <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/">MIPS</a>, Germany <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||HSSP"><strong>HSSP</strong></a> - Database of Homology-Derived Structures of Proteins based on PDB and SwissProt at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/"><font color="#810081">EMBL-Heidelberg</font></a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="gopher://gopher.gdb.org/77/.INDEX/kabat"><strong>Kabat </strong></a>- Database of Proteins of Immunological Interest at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> <img alt="(Gopher)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/gopher.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.prosci.uci.edu/kinemages/KinemageIndex.html"><strong>Kinemage-Index</strong></a> - &quot;Kinetical Images&quot; by Protein Type at <a href="http://www.prosci.uci.edu/">Protein Science</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/klotho/"><strong>Klotho</strong></a> - Biochemical Compounds Declarative Database at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">Washington U.</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/lalign-query.html"><strong>LALIGN</strong></a> - Calculates the N-Best Local Alignments Between Two Sequences at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/lfasta-query.html"><strong>LFASTA</strong></a> - Local Similarity Searches Between Two Sequences Showing Local Alignments at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_ligand"><strong>LIGAND</strong></a> - Ligand Chemical Database for Enzyme Reactions at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="gopher://gopher.nih.gov/77/gopherlib/indices/limb/index"><strong>LiMB</strong></a> - Listing of Molecular Biology Databases at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a> <img alt="(Gopher)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/gopher.gif" /> and <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||777855676_129.186.4.14||-info||LIMB"><strong>LiMB</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/"><font color="#810081">EMBL-Heidelberg</font></a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_3.html"><strong>MassSearch</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/star.gif" /> - Search SwissProt or EMBL Databases by Protein Mass After Digestion at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://cgsc.biology.yale.edu/metab.html"><strong>Metabolic Database</strong></a> - Metabolic Reactions and Pathways at <a href="http://cgsc.biology.yale.edu/">CGSC-Yale U.</a> and <a href="http://moulon.inra.fr/cgi-bin/nph-acedb3.1/acedb/metabolisme?find+Reaction_or_pathway%3By+14+69"><strong>Metabolic Database</strong></a> at <a href="http://moulon.inra.fr/">INRA-Moulon</a>, France <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.informatics.jax.org/mgd.html"><strong>MGD</strong></a> - Mouse Genome Database at <a href="http://www.informatics.jax.org/">Jackson Laboratory</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="gopher://wehil.wehi.edu.au/11/MHCPEP.DB"><strong>MHCPEP</strong></a> - Database of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Binding Peptides at <a href="http://www.wehi.edu.au/">WEHI-Melbourne</a>, Australia <img alt="(Gopher)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/gopher.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/www/programs/hpt_persistent.html"><strong>MIPS-Alert</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check.gif" /> - Automated Sequence Information Queries at <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/">MIPS</a>, Germany <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.nih.gov/htbin/pdb"><strong>Molecules R US</strong></a> - Interactive Text and Images of PDB Files at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||777855676_129.186.4.14||-info||MOLPROBE"><strong>MPBD</strong></a> - Molecular Probe Data Base at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/"><font color="#810081">EMBL-Heidelberg</font></a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> and <a href="gopher://gopher.slu.se/7waissrc%3a/wais-dbs/Biology/Oligos"><strong>MPDB</strong></a> at <a href="gopher://gopher.slu.se/">U. Agricultural Sciences</a>, Sweden <img alt="(Gopher)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/gopher.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://cuhhca.hhmi.columbia.edu/moose/"><strong>MOOSE</strong></a> - Macromolecular Object Oriented Search Engine to Extract PDB Contained Information at <a href="http://cuhhca.hhmi.columbia.edu/">Columbia U.</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/msa.html"><strong>MSA</strong></a> - Multiple Sequence Alignment at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">Washington U.</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/SIT/MOTIF.html"><strong>MOTIF</strong></a> - Search Patterns in Protein Sequences at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan <a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/motif_query.html"><strong>Motif</strong></a><img alt="[L]" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/smiley.gif" /><img alt="[E]" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/star.gif" /> at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan w/ search from <a href="http://www.cc.iastate.edu/welcome.html">Iowa State</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/multi-align/multi-align.html"><strong>Multiple Sequence Alignments</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check.gif" /> - CLUSTAL-W, MAP, and PIMA alignments at <a href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/">Baylor College of Medicine</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://ndbserver.rutgers.edu/"><strong>NDB</strong></a> - Nucleic Acid Database at Rutgers U. <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.cmpharm.ucsf.edu/~nomi/nnpredict.html"><strong>nnPredict</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check.gif" /> - Predict Protein Secondary Structure at <a href="http://wormworld.ucsf.edu/">UCSF</a> and <a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/nnpredict_query.html"><strong>nnPredict</strong></a><img alt="[L]" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/smiley.gif" /><img alt="[E]" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/star.gif" /> at w/ search from <a href="http://www.cc.iastate.edu/welcome.html">Iowa State</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/proteins/nrl3d.html"><strong>NRL_3D</strong></a> - Sequence/Structure Database derived from PDB at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> and <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||NRL3D"><strong>NRL_3D</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/"><font color="#810081">EMBL-Heidelberg</font></a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://ddbjs4h.genes.nig.ac.jp/"><strong>NRSub</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check_old.gif" /> - A Non-Redundant DNA Sequence Database for <em>Bacillus subtilis</em> at <a href="http://www.nig.ac.jp/">National Institute of Genetics</a>, Japan <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_4.html"><strong>NuclPepSearch</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/star.gif" /> - Search SwissProt for a Nucletide Sequence at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://chait-sgi.rockefeller.edu/"><strong>NYC-MASS</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check.gif" /> - Protein Mass Spectrometry Database at <a href="http://www.rockefeller.edu/ru.home.html">Rockefeller U.</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/obstruct/obs_form.html"><strong>OBSTRUCT</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/star.gif" /><img alt="!New!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check.gif" /> - Correlate Sequence Subsets of PDB Protein Structures at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/"><font color="#810081">EMBL-Heidelberg</font></a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://gdbwww.gdb.org/omimdoc/omimtop.html"><strong>OMIM</strong></a> - Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="gopher://megasun.bch.umontreal.ca/11/Organelles/Genomes"><strong>Organelle Genome</strong></a> <img alt="!Recent!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check_old.gif" /> - A Sequence Database at <a href="gopher://megasun.bch.umontreal.ca/">U. Montreal</a> <img alt="(Gopher)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/gopher.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://biotech.chem.indiana.edu/lib/orgstrain.html"><strong>Organisms and Strains</strong></a> - Links to Databases Specific to Organism and Cell Collections at <a href="http://biotech.chem.indiana.edu/">Biotech-Indiana</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/proteins/owl.html"><strong>OWL</strong></a> - Non-Redundant Protein Sequence Database (Updated Daily) at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> and <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/~attwood/OWL/OWL.html"><strong>OWL</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check.gif" /> at <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/">UCL-London</a>, UK <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/home/papka/ROSS/patscan.html"><strong>PatScan</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/star.gif" /><img alt="!New!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check.gif" /> - Look for Pattern Matches in DNA or Protein Sequences at <a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/">Argonne National Laboratory</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/PATFND_form.html"><strong>PatternFind</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/star.gif" /><img alt="!New!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check.gif" /> - Search the SwissProt and Genpept Protein Sequence Databases with a <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/txt/profile.txt">PROSITE-formatted</a> Pattern at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www-pdd.ncifcrf.gov/PDD/GEN-docs/indexGEN.html"><strong>PDD</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check_old.gif" /> - Protein Disease Database at <a href="http://www-pdd.ncifcrf.gov/">NIMH-NCI</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.pdb.bnl.gov:4148/cgi-bin/browse"><strong>PDB-Browser</strong></a>, <a href="gopher://pdb.pdb.bnl.gov/77/xfullindex/full"><strong>PDB-Index</strong></a> and <a href="gopher://pdb.pdb.bnl.gov/77/xstatusindex/status"><strong>PDB-Pending</strong></a> - <a href="http://www.pdb.bnl.gov/">Protein Data Bank</a> Structures at <a href="http://suntid.bnl.gov:8080/bnl.html">Brookhaven National Laboratory</a>, <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_pdb"><strong>PDB</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a> Japan, <a href="http://www.ibf.unige.it/7/sci/.PDB/pdbsearch"><strong>PDB</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ibf.unige.it/">U. Genova</a>, Italy, <a href="http://www.ucmb.ulb.ac.be/pdb_seq_rel_jan94"><strong>PDB-List</strong></a> and <a href="http://www.ucmb.ulb.ac.be/pdb_annot_jan94"><strong>PDB-Annotated</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ucmb.ulb.ac.be/index.html">Brussels Free U.</a>, Belgium and <a href="http://www.sander.embl-heidelberg.de/pdbsel/explanation.html"><strong>PDB-Select</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/"><font color="#810081">EMBL-Heidelberg</font></a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.nih.gov/molecular_modeling/pdb_at_a_glance.html"><strong>PDB At A Glance</strong></a> - Hierarchic Access to PDB Files at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||781260221_129.186.4.14||-info||PDBFINDER"><strong>PDBFINDER</strong></a> - A Database Containing PDB, DSSP and HSSP Information (see <a href="http://www.sander.embl-heidelberg.de/pdbfinder/overview.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/"><font color="#810081">EMBL-Heidelberg</font></a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_pdbstr"><strong>PDBSTR</strong></a> - Re-organized Protein Data Bank at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_5.html"><strong>PepPepSearch</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/star.gif" /> - Search SwissProt for a Peptide Sequence at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://lenti.med.umn.edu/~shoop/sample.html"><strong>Plant EST Analysis</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check.gif" /> - Similarity Analysis of Different Plant cDNA/EST Sequences at <a href="http://lenti.med.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/pprotein_query.html"><strong>PHD</strong></a><img alt="[L]" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/smiley.gif" /><img alt="[E]" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/star.gif" /> - Predict Protein Secondary Structure at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/"><font color="#810081">EMBL-Heidelberg</font></a> w/ search from <a href="http://www.cc.iastate.edu/welcome.html">Iowa State</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.pasteur.fr/sas/phy/boot-sub.html"><strong>PHILIP-Bootstrapping Analysis</strong></a> - Divergence Between Protein or Nucleotide Sequences at <a href="http://www.pasteur.fr/">Institut Pasteur</a>, France <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/gcg/phospepsort-query.html"><strong>Phospepsort</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check_old.gif" /> - Digest Phosphorylated Peptide Sequences at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/ch2d/pi_tool.html"><strong>pI/Mw</strong></a> - Compute the Theoretical pI and Molecular Weight of a Protein Sequence at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/proteins/pir.html"><strong>PIR</strong></a> - Protein Identification Resource Database at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||PIRALN"><strong>PIRALN</strong></a> - Database of Sequence Alignments based on PIR at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/"><font color="#810081">EMBL-Heidelberg</font></a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_pmd"><strong>PMD</strong></a> - Protein Mutant Database at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan and <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||PMD"><strong>PMD</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/"><font color="#810081">EMBL-Heidelberg</font></a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/pmotif.html"><strong>PMOTIF</strong></a> - Search Protein Motifs in Gene Sequence at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/service/polandform.html"><strong>Poland</strong></a> - Calculate the Thermal Denaturation Profile of Double Stranded RNA or DNA at <a href="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/">Uni-D&uuml;sseldorf</a>, Germany <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/predictprotein/predictprotein.html"><strong>PredictProtein</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/star.gif" /> - Predict Protein Secondary Structure at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/"><font color="#810081">EMBL-Heidelberg</font></a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_prf"><strong>PRF</strong></a> - Protein Research Foundation Sequence Database at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www-genome.wi.mit.edu/cgi-bin/primer2.2/primer_front"><strong>Primer</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check.gif" /> - Select PCR Primers in a Gene Sequence at <a href="http://www-genome.wi.mit.edu/">WICGR-MIT</a> and <a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/rawprimer.html"><strong>Primer</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/~attwood/PRINTS/PRINTS.html"><strong>PRINTS</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check.gif" /> - Protein Motif Fingerprints Database (see <a href="file://gopher.embl-heidelberg.de/pub/databases/prints/prints.doc"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) and <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/~attwood/ALIGN/ALIGN.html"><strong>PRINTS-ALIGN</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check.gif" /> at <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/">UCL-London</a>, UK and <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/srs/srsc?-info+PRINTS"><strong>PRINTS</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/">EMBnet-Basel</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://protein.toulouse.inra.fr/prodom.html"><strong>ProDom</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check.gif" /> - A Protein Domain Database and <a href="http://protein.toulouse.inra.fr/prodom/blast_form.html"><strong>ProDom-Search</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.jouy.inra.fr/infoservices-INRA/infoservices_donnees.html">INRA-Toulouse</a>, France, <a href="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/~esr/prodom.html"><strong>ProDom</strong></a> and <a href="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/~esr/prodom-blast.html"><strong>ProDom-Search</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/">Sanger Centre</a>, UK and <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||777855676_129.186.4.14||-info||PRODOM"><strong>ProDom</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/"><font color="#810081">EMBL-Heidelberg</font></a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/PRFSCAN_form.html"><strong>ProfileScan </strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check.gif" /> - Search a Sequence Against a Library of Profiles at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="gopher://bmerc-gopher.bu.edu/11/Databases/prolink"><strong>ProLink</strong></a> - Integrated Database of Protein Structure, Sequence Homology, and Functional Pattern Information at <a href="http://bmerc-www.bu.edu/">BMERC</a> <img alt="(Gopher)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/gopher.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/prs.page"><strong>PROPSEARCH</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/star.gif" /> - Protein Sequence Search for Structural Homology Based on Aminoacid Properties at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/"><font color="#810081">EMBL-Heidelberg</font></a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/sprot/prosite.html"><strong>PROSITE</strong></a> - Protein Sites and Patterns Database at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland, <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/PSTSCAN_form.html"><strong>PrositeScan</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check.gif" /> at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland and <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/searches/prosite_input.html"><strong>PROSITE-Search</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/star.gif" /> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/"><font color="#810081">EMBL-Heidelberg</font></a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="file://ftp.embl-heidelberg.de/pub/databases/protein_extras"><strong>Protein-Extras</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/"><font color="#810081">EMBL-Heidelberg</font></a> <img alt="(FTP)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/ftp.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/p_families.html"><strong>Protein Families</strong></a><img alt="[L]" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/smiley.gif" /> - Links to Information on Different Protein Families at <a href="http://www.cc.iastate.edu/">Iowa State</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://chait-sgi.rockefeller.edu/cgi-bin/prot-id/1/1"><strong>Prot-ID</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check.gif" /> - Identify a Protein from Masses of Enzymatic Digestion Peptide Fragments at <a href="http://chait-sgi.rockefeller.edu/">Rockefeller U.</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="file://cb-iris.stanford.edu/pub/ProteinMovements/ProtMotDB.main.html"><strong>Protein Motions</strong></a> <img alt="!Recent!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check_old.gif" /> - DataBase of Protein Movements at <a href="http://hyper.stanford.edu/">Stanford U.</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://bmerc-www.bu.edu/psa/"><strong>PSA</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/star.gif" /><img alt="!New!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check.gif" /> - Protein Sequence Analysis for Sequences of Unknown Structure at <a href="http://bmerc-www.bu.edu/welcome.html">BMERC/MBCRR</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://psort.nibb.ac.jp/"><strong>PSORT</strong></a> - Predict Protein Sorting Signals Coded in Amino Acid Sequences at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/pssprediction/pssp.html"><strong>PSSP</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check_old.gif" /> - Protein Secondary Structure Prediction at <a href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src=" alt="(W3)" images=""></a><a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/home/compbio/PUMA/Production/puma.html"><strong>PUMA</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check.gif" /> - Phylogeny of Unicellular Organims with Metabolism and Alignments from <a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/home/compbio/default.html">MCS-Computational Biology</a> at <a href="http://www.anl.gov/">Argonne National Laboratory</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="file://ftp.embl-heidelberg.de/pub/databases/protein_extras/puu/domains.puu"><strong>PUU</strong></a> - Protein Domains Database Based on PDB-Select at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/"><font color="#810081">EMBL-Heidelberg</font></a> <img alt="(FTP)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/ftp.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://geta.life.uiuc.edu/index.html"><strong>RDP</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check_old.gif" /> - Ribosomal Database Project at U. Illinois <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://vent.neb.com/rebase/rebase.html"><strong>ReBase</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check_old.gif" /> - Restriction Enzyme Database and <a href="http://www.neb.com/cgi-bin/wais_ref.pl"><strong>ReBase-Search</strong></a> at <a href="http://vent.neb.com/">New England Biolabs</a>, <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||777855676_129.186.4.14||-info||REBASE"><strong>ReBase</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/"><font color="#810081">EMBL-Heidelberg</font></a> and <a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/rebase/rebase.html"><strong>ReBase</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/repro/rep_tot.html"><strong>REPRO</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/star.gif" /><img alt="!New!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check.gif" /> - Recognition of Protein Sequence Repeats at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/"><font color="#810081">EMBL-Heidelberg</font></a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://pundit.colorado.edu:8080/"><strong>RNA Secondary Structures</strong></a> - Information on Group I Introns and rRNA at <a href="http://www.colorado.edu/">U. Colorado-Boulder</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://www-rrna.uia.ac.be/rrna/index.html"><strong>rRNA</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check_old.gif" /> - Databases of Ribosomal Subunit RNA Sequences at <a href="http://www.uia.ac.be/">U. Antwerp</a>, Belgium <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://cbil.humgen.upenn.edu/~dsearls/RSVP/RSVP_home.html"><strong>RSVP</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check.gif" /> - Rapid Sequence Visualization in Postscript for Analysis of DNA Sequences at <a href="http://cbil.humgen.upenn.edu/">CBIL-U. Pennsylvania</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/SAPS_form.html"><strong>SAPS</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check.gif" /> - Statistical Analysis of Protein Sequences at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://base.icgeb.trieste.it/sbase/"><strong>SBASE</strong></a> - Library of Protein Domains and <a href="http://base.icgeb.trieste.it/sbase/blast.html"><strong>SBASE-Search</strong></a> <img alt="[E]" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/star.gif" /> at <a href="http://base.icgeb.trieste.it/">ICGEB-Trieste</a>, Italy <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://geoff.biop.ox.ac.uk/servers/scanps_server.html"><strong>SCANPS</strong></a> - Scan Protein Sequences at <a href="http://geoff.biop.ox.ac.uk/">U. Oxford</a>, UK <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.bio.cam.ac.uk/scop/"><strong>SCOP</strong></a> - Structural Classification of Proteins at <a href="http://www.bio.cam.ac.uk/">Cambridge</a>, UK and <a href="http://www.nick.med.usf.edu/scop/index.html"><strong>SCOP</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check_old.gif" /> at <a href="http://www.nick.med.usf.edu/">U. South Florida</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-annot/home.html"><strong>Sequence Annotation</strong></a> - Annotations on NCBI Sequences at <a href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src=" alt="(W3)" images=""></a><a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/rawtrans.html"><strong>Sequence Translation</strong></a> - Translate Gene Sequences at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="ftp://dasher.wustl.edu/pub/sleuth/data"><strong>Sleuth</strong></a> - Amino Acid Conformation and Solvent Accessibility of PDB Files at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">Washington U.</a> <img alt="(FTP)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/ftp.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.ibcp.fr/predict.html"><strong>SOPM</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/star.gif" /><img alt="!Recent!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check_old.gif" /> - Self Optimized Prediction Method for Prediction of Protein Secondary Structure at <a href="http://www.ibcp.fr/">IBCP-CNRS</a>, France <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc"><strong>SRSWWW</strong></a> - Network Browser for Databanks in Molecular Biology (w/ <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/net.html"><strong>diagram links</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/"><font color="#810081">EMBL-Heidelberg</font></a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/srs/index.html"><strong>SRSWWW-Directory</strong></a> - Directory of SRSWWW Network Browsers for Biological Databanks and <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/srs/status.html"><strong>SRSWWW-Global Status</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/">EMBnet-Basel</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/ssearch-query.html"><strong>SSEARCH</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/star.gif" /> - Universal Sequence Comparison Using the Smith-Waterman Algorithm at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/sspred/sspred_info.html"><strong>SSPRED</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/star.gif" /><img alt="!Recent!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check_old.gif" /> - Predict the Secondary Structure of Proteins at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/"><font color="#810081">EMBL-Heidelberg</font></a>, Germany <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/stride/stride.html"><strong>STRIDE</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check.gif" /> - Find Secondary Structural Elements in PDB Proteins Structures at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/"><font color="#810081">EMBL-Heidelberg</font></a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www-genome.wi.mit.edu/cgi-bin/www-STS_Pipeline/pipeline_front"><strong>STS Pipeline</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check.gif" /> - Analysis and STS Primer Picking of Short DNA Sequences with Duplicate Checking, Sequence Repeat Finding, Restriction Analysis, Vector Identification and BLAST Searching at <a href="http://www-genome.wi.mit.edu/">MIT</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.ucmb.ulb.ac.be/~joan/survol/form.html"><strong>SURVOL</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check_old.gif" /> - Analysis of Protein Atomic Volumes at <a href="http://www.ucmb.ulb.ac.be/">UCMB</a>, Belgium <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/ch2d/ch2d-top.html"><strong>Swiss-2DPage</strong></a> - Two-dimensional Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis Database at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/srs/srsc?-info+SWISSDOM"><strong>SWISSDOM</strong></a> - SwissProt Entries in a ProDom Map at <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">EBI</a>, UK <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/swissmod/SWISS-MODEL.html"><strong>Swiss-Model</strong></a> <img alt="[E]" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/star.gif" /> - Automated Protein Modelling at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/srs/srsc?-info||SWISSNEW"><strong>SWISSNEW</strong></a> - New SwissProt Sequences at <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">EBI</a>, UK <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/sprot/sprot-top.html"><strong>SwissProt</strong></a> - Protein Sequence Database (+ Weekly Updates) at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/swisshop/SwissShopReq.html"><strong>Swiss-Shop</strong></a> <img alt="[E]" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/star.gif" /> - Automated SwissProt and Prosite Information Queries at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/tbase/tbase.html"><strong>TBASE</strong></a> - Transgenic/Targeted Mutation Database at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/tfasta-query.html"><strong>TFASTA</strong></a> - Match a Protein Sequence Against All Six Frames of GenBank Sequences at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="gopher://gopher.nih.gov/77/gopherlib/indices/tfd/index"><strong>TFD</strong></a> - Transcription Factor Database at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a> <img alt="(Gopher)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/gopher.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info+TFFACTOR"><strong>TFFACTOR</strong></a> and <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info+TFSITE"><strong>TFSITE</strong></a> - Transcription Factor Data at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/"><font color="#810081">EMBL-Heidelberg</font></a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/rawtm.html"><strong>Tm</strong></a> - Oligonucleotide Melting Point Determination at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/tmap/tmap_sin.html"><strong>TMAP</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/star.gif" /> - Identification of Transmembrane Segments on a Protein Sequence at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/"><font color="#810081">EMBL-Heidelberg</font></a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="ftp://ulrec3.unil.ch/pub/tmbase"><strong>TMBASE</strong></a> - Transmembrane Protein Database at <a href="http://www.unil.ch/">U. Lausanne</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(FTP)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/ftp.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/TMPRED_form.html"><strong>TMpred</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check.gif" /> - Prediction of Transmembrane Regions and Orientation in Protein Sequencs at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/www/dna.html"><strong>Translate</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check.gif" /> - Translate a Nucleotide Sequence to a Protein at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_6.html"><strong>TreeGen</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/star.gif" /> - Tree Generation from Distance Data at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||781260221_129.186.4.14||-info||TREMBL"><strong>TREMBL</strong></a> - Database of Translated Peptide Sequences of All CDS Features from EMBL Sequences at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/"><font color="#810081">EMBL-Heidelberg</font></a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/srs/srsc?-info+VECBASE"><strong>VecBase</strong></a> - Cloning Vector Sequence Database.at <a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/">CAOS/CAMM</a>, The Netherlands <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://biology.queensu.ca/~miseners/vector.html"><strong>Vector-DB</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check.gif" /> - Cloning Vector Database at <a href="http://www.queensu.ca/">Queen's U.-Kensington</a>, Canada <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" />, <a href="http://ben.vub.ac.be/srs/srsc?-info+VECTOR"><strong>VECTOR</strong></a> at <a href="http://ben.vub.ac.be/">BEN</a>, Belgium <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" />, <a href="gopher://gopher.gdb.org/77/.INDEX/vector"><strong>Vector</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> and <a href="gopher://virus1.virus.kyoto-u.ac.jp/77/.index/vector.ig/index"><strong>Vector-ig</strong></a> at <a href="http://virus1.virus.kyoto-u.ac.jp/">IVR</a>, Kyoto-U., Japan <img alt="(Gopher)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/gopher.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.bio.cam.ac.uk/seqlogo/logo.cgi"><strong>WebLogo</strong></a> - Sequence Logo Generation at <a href="http://www.bio.cam.ac.uk/">Cambridge U.</a>, UK <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://kestrel.ludwig.ucl.ac.uk/zpred.html"><strong>ZPRED</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check.gif" /> - MultPredict Secondary Structure of Multiply Aligned Protein Sequences at <a href="http://kestrel.ludwig.ucl.ac.uk/">Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research</a>, UK <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd></dl><dd>&nbsp;<br /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||ALI"><strong>3D-ALI</strong></a> - Database relating Proteins Structures and Sequences (see <a href="gopher://s-crim1.dl.ac.uk/00/EMBnet%20Bioinformation%20Resource%20UK/Data%20%26%20Software/databases/3d_ali/3d_ali.doc"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/aaa.html"><strong>AA Analysis</strong>&nbsp;</a> - Protein Identification in SwissProt and PIR using Amino Acid Composition at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/ch2d/aacompi.html"><strong>AA CompIdent</strong></a> - Protein Identification in SwissProt using Amino Acid Composition at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/ch2d/aacsim.html"><strong>AA CompSim</strong></a> - Compare the Amino Acid Composition of a SwissProt Entry with Other Entries at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://chait-sgi.rockefeller.edu/cgi-bin/sequence/AA"><strong>AA Sequence Analysis</strong></a> - Multiple Analysis of a Native or Modified Amino Acid Sequence at <a href="http://www.rockefeller.edu/ru.home.html">Rockefeller U.</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/~martin/abs/seqtest.html"><strong>AbCheck</strong></a> - Test an Antibody Sequence Against the Kabat Database at <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/">U. College-London</a>, UK&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/align-query.html"><strong>ALIGN</strong></a> - Optimal Global Alignment of Two Sequences with No Short-cuts at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France and <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/www/programs/align.html"><strong>Align</strong></a> at <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/">MIPS</a>, Germany&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_1.html"><strong>AllAll</strong></a> - Relationships in a Set of Related Peptides at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_2.html"><strong>AllAllDB</strong></a> - Search the All-Against-All Database of SwissProt at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://geoff.biop.ox.ac.uk/servers/amas_server.html"><strong>AMAS</strong></a> - Analysis of Protein Multiple Sequence Alignments at <a href="http://geoff.biop.ox.ac.uk/">U. Oxford</a>, UK&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/argos/ASC.21/asc2.html"><strong>ASC</strong></a> - Analytic Surface Calculation of PDB Protein Structures at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://mips11.mips.biochem.mpg.de/www/programs/atlas_per.html"><strong>ATLAS</strong></a> - Search DNA and Protein Sequence Databases at <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/">MIPS</a>, Germany&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://kiwi.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:8088/search-launcher/launcher.html"><strong>BCM Search Launcher</strong></a> at <a alt="(W3)" images="" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src="></a></dd><dd><a alt="(W3)" images="" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src=">&nbsp;</a><a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/protein-search.html"><strong>BEAUTY</strong></a> - BLAST Enhanced Alignment Utility <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/Help/beauty.html"><strong>(see Documentation)</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/">Baylor College of Medicine</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/srs/srsc?-info+BERLIN"><strong>BERLIN</strong></a> - RNA Databank of 5S rRNA and 5S rRNA Gene Sequences at <a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/">CAOS/CAMM</a>, The Netherlands&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://sgbcd.weizmann.ac.il/Bic/ExecAppl.html"><strong>BIOACCELERATOR</strong></a> at <a href="http://bioinformatics.weizmann.ac.il:70/">Weizmann Institute of Science</a>, Israel&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a alt="!New!" images="" href="http://www.ocms.ox.ac.uk/~birney/cusi/biocusi.html%3E%3Cb%3EbioCUSI%3C/b%3E%3C/a%3E%3Cimg%20src=">- Multiple Access to Biological Servers at </a><a href="http://www.ocms.ox.ac.uk/">OCMS-Oxford</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="ftp://pdb.pdb.bnl.gov/user_group/biological_units"><strong>Biological Units</strong></a> - Expanded PDB Entries with Full Biological Units at <a href="http://suntid.bnl.gov:8080/bnl.html">Brookhaven National Laboratory</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ocms.ox.ac.uk/~birney/palette.html"><strong>Biologist's Search Palette</strong></a> - Collection of Search Engines for Biological Databases at <a href="http://www.ocms.ox.ac.uk/">Oxford U.</a>, UK&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Recipon/bs_seq.html"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> - Basic Local Alignment Research Tool at <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/">NCBI</a>, <a href="http://swarmer.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/blastq-form?options=simple"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> (hiv, vector, etc) at <a href="http://motif.stanford.edu/">Stanford U.</a>, <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/SIT/BLAST.html"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan, <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/blast/blast-query.html"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France, <a href="http://www.crihan.fr/www/blast.html"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.crihan.fr/">CRIHAN</a>, France <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/cgi-bin/seq-search/blast_form_local.pl"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> (with Entrez and SRS Links) at <a href="http://gc.bcm.tmc.edu:8088/">Baylor College of Medicine</a> and <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/EPFLBLAST_form.html"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.epfl.ch/">EPFL</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/Option/blastpat.html"><strong>BLASTPAT</strong></a> - BLAST-based Pattern Database Search (see <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/Help/blastpat.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://gc.bcm.tmc.edu:8088/">Baylor College of Medicine</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/searches/blitz_input.html"><strong>BLITZ</strong></a> (see <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/searches/blitz_doc.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> and <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/searches/blitz_input.html"><strong>BLITZ</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">EBI</a>, UK&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.blocks.fhcrc.org/"><strong>BLOCKS</strong></a> - Database of Highly Conserved Regions in Proteins&nbsp; and <a href="gopher://klaatu.fhcrc.org/77/.indexes/.blocksindex/blocksindex"><strong>BLOCKS-WAIS</strong></a>&nbsp; at <a href="gopher://klaatu.fhcrc.org/">Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center</a>, <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||BLOCKS"><strong>BLOCKS</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> and <a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/blocks_query.html"><strong>BLOCKS-Search</strong></a> w/ search from <a href="http://www.cc.iastate.edu/welcome.html">Iowa State</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://bimas.dcrt.nih.gov/sql/BMRBgate.html"><strong>BioMagResBank</strong></a> - A Database of NMR-Derived Protein Structures at <a href="http://bimas.dcrt.nih.gov/">BIMAS-NIH</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://genome.cs.unc.edu/online.html"><strong>BioSCAN</strong></a> - Biological Sequence Comparative Analysis at <a href="http://genome.cs.unc.edu/">U. North Caroline</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://ibm4.carb.nist.gov:4400/bmcd/bmcd.html"><strong>BMCD</strong></a> - Biological Macromolecule Crystallization Database at <a href="http://ibm4.carb.nist.gov:4400/carb.html">CARB</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/BOX_form.html"><strong>BOXSHADE</strong></a> - Pretty Printing and Shading of Multiple-Sequence Alignments at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/bsm/cath/CATHintro.html"><strong>CATH</strong></a> - Protein Structure Classification at <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/">UCL-London</a>, UK&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/msa/clustal.cgi"><strong>CLUSTALW</strong></a> - Multiply Sequence Alignments at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">IBC-Washington U.</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/cuse.html"><strong>Codon Usage</strong></a> - Analysis of Different ORFs in a Gene Sequence at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/COILS_form.html"><strong>Coils</strong></a> - Prediction of Coiled Coil Regions in Protein Sequences at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://ben.vub.ac.be/srs/srsc?-info+CPGISLE"><strong>CpGIsle</strong></a> - CpG Islands Database at <a href="http://ben.vub.ac.be/">BEN</a>, Belgium&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_7.html"><strong>Darwin</strong></a> - Data Analysis and Retrieval With Indexed Nucleotide/Peptide Sequences at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/dbEST/index.html"><strong>dbEST</strong></a> - Database of Expressed Sequence Tags at <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/">NCBI</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/dbget/dbget.html"><strong>DBGET</strong></a> - Integrated Database Retrieval System (w/ <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/dbget/dbget.links.html"><strong>diagram links</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="gopher://gopher.nig.ac.jp/7waissrc%3a/DDBJ_Gopher_WAIS/DNA_seq_index_search.src"><strong>DDBJ</strong></a> - DNA Database of Japan at <a href="http://www.nig.ac.jp/">National Institute of Genetics</a>, Japan&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/rawdot.html"><strong>Dot Plot</strong></a> - Compare a DNA Sequence with Itself at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.nih.gov/molecular_modeling/drugbank.html"><strong>DrugBank</strong></a> - Three-dimensional Drug Structure Databank at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info+DSSP"><strong>DSSP</strong></a> - Database of Secondary Structure of Proteins from PDB (see <a href="http://www.sander.embl-heidelberg.de/dssp/descrip.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/proteins/ec-enzyme.html"><strong>EC Enzyme</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> and <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/show_ECtable"><strong>EC Number Table</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan and <a href="http://specter.dcrt.nih.gov:8004/Enzymes/enzymes.html"><strong>GenoBase Enzyme Index</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://susi.bio.uni-giessen.de/usr/local/www/html/ecdc.html"><strong>ECDC</strong></a> - <em>E. coli</em> Database Collection at <a href="http://www.uni-giessen.de/">Uni-Gie&szlig;en</a>, Germany&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="gopher://biox.embnet.unibas.ch:13021/77/.index/embl/index"><strong>EMBL</strong></a> - Nucleotide Sequence Database and <a href="gopher://biox.embnet.unibas.ch:13021/77/.index/xembl/index"><strong>EMBL-New Entries</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/">EMBnet-Basel</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/srs/srsc?-info||EMNEW"><strong>EMNEW</strong></a> - Index of New EMBL Sequences at <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">EBI</a>, UK&nbsp; </dd><dd><a href="http://specter.dcrt.nih.gov:8004/Compound/compound_toc_by_name.html"><strong>EMP Compound</strong></a> and <a href="http://specter.dcrt.nih.gov:8004/Pathway/pathway_toc_by_name.html"><strong>EMP Pathways</strong></a> - Selkov Enzyme and Metabolic Pathway (EMP) Database at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/home/towell/metabhome.html"><strong>EMP Metabolic Pathways</strong></a> - Navigation in Metabolic Pathways from <a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/home/compbio/default.html">MCS-Computational Biology</a> at <a href="http://www.anl.gov/">Argonne National Laboratory</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Search/Entrez/index.html"><strong>ENTREZ</strong></a> - Protein and Nucleotide Database (see <a href="http://atlas.nlm.nih.gov:5700/WWW2/WWW2_paper2.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/">NCBI</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/sprot/enzyme.html"><strong>ENZYME</strong></a> - The Enzyme Data Bank at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/bsm/enzymes/index.html"><strong>Enzyme Structures Database</strong></a> - Structures of Enzymes Deposited in the PDB at <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/">UCL-London</a>, UK&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||781260221_129.186.4.14||-info||EPD"><strong>EPD</strong></a> - Eucaryotic Promoter Database at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>, Germany and <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_epd"><strong>EPD</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://bioslave.uio.no:8001/srs/srsc?-info+EPO"><strong>EPO</strong></a> - European Patent Office Nucleotide Database at <a href="http://www.no.embnet.org/">BiO/U. Oslo</a>, Norway&nbsp; and <a href="gopher://gopher.csc.fi/7waissrc%3a/tiede/BioBox/bionic/.epo.src"><strong>EPO</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.csc.fi/CSC_english.html">CSC</a>, Finland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/searches/fasta.html"><strong>FASTA</strong></a> - Compare a Nucleic Acid Sequence to Nucleotide Sequence Databases (w/ updates) at <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">EBI</a>, UK, <a href="http://swarmer.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/fastaq-form?options=simple"><strong>FASTA</strong></a> (Berlin, Vectorbank, etc) at <a href="http://motif.stanford.edu/">Stanford U.</a>, <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/fasta-query.html"><strong>FASTA</strong></a> at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France and <a href="http://www.crihan.fr/www/fasta.html"><strong>FASTA</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.crihan.fr/">CRIHAN</a>, France&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/Options/fastpat.html"><strong>FASTPAT</strong></a> - FASTA-based Pattern Database Search (see <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/Help/fastpat.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://gc.bcm.tmc.edu:8088/">Baylor College of Medicine</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://morgan.harvard.edu/"><strong>FlyBase</strong></a> - Genetic and Molecular Database for <em>Drosophila</em> at <a href="http://www.harvard.edu/">Harvard U.</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||FSSP"><strong>FSSP</strong></a> - Database of Families of Structurally Similar Proteins derived from PDB at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.abc.hu/blast.html"><strong>FTHOM</strong></a> - Compare Protein Domain Homology at <a href="http://www.abc.hu/">ABC</a>, Hungary&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://gdbwww.gdb.org/"><strong>GDB</strong></a> - Human Genome Data Base at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:2555/r_genbank2.html"><strong>GenBank Database</strong></a> (+Updates) at <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/">NCBI</a> and <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/wu_fetch.html"><strong>GenBank-Fetch</strong></a> at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">Washington U.</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/gene-finder/gf.html"><strong>Gene Finder</strong></a> - Predict Gene Structure, Internal Exons and Splicing Sites in DNA and Exon-Exon Junstion in cDNA at <a alt="(W3)" images="" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src="></a></dd><dd><a alt="(W3)" images="" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src=">&nbsp;</a><a href="http://cbil.humgen.upenn.edu/~sdong/genlang_home.html"><strong>GenLang</strong></a> - Find Genes and Other Higher-Order Features in Nucleotide Sequences at <a href="http://cbil.humgen.upenn.edu/">CBIL-U. Pennsylvania</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://specter.dcrt.nih.gov:8004/"><strong>GenoBase</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/Genome-DBS.html"><strong>Genome Databases</strong></a> and <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/Genome_Centre.html"><strong>Genome Centers</strong></a> - World Wide Links at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ri.bbsrc.ac.uk/genome_workstation/workstation.html"><strong>Genome Workstation</strong></a> - Genome Related Links at <a href="http://www.ri.bbsrc.ac.uk/">Roslin Institute</a>, UK&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://biotech.chem.indiana.edu/WebChris/maps.html"><strong>Genomic Maps</strong></a> - Links to Genome Specific Resources at <a href="http://biotech.chem.indiana.edu/">Biotech-Indiana</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/gq/gq.form.html"><strong>GenQuest</strong></a> - Search Against Protein Databases with the Q server at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://avalon.epm.ornl.gov/Grail-bin/EmptyGrailForm"><strong>Grail</strong></a> - Analysis of the Protein Coding Potential of a DNA Sequence (see <a href="ftp://arthur.epm.ornl.gov/pub/xgrail/Manual.grail-genquest.July94"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://avalon.epm.ornl.gov/">ORNL</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ncgr.org/gsdb/"><strong>GSDB</strong></a> - Genome Sequence Database at <a href="http://www.ncgr.org/ncgr/ncgr.html">NCGR</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/www/guess-prot.html"><strong>GuessProt</strong></a> - Selects SwissProt proteins given pI and Mw at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/hhs/"><strong>HHS</strong></a> - SwissProt and PDB Systematic Sequence Classification Database at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">Washington U.</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/srs/srsc?-info+HOVERGEN"><strong>HOVERGEN</strong></a> - Database of Homologous Vertebrate Genes at <a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/">CAOS/CAMM</a>, The Netherlands&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/www/programs/hpt_persistent.html"><strong>HPT</strong></a> - Protein Sequence Pattern Recognition in the PIR Database and <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/www/programs/hpt_homol.html"><strong>HPT-Homology</strong></a> at <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/">MIPS</a>, Germany&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||HSSP"><strong>HSSP</strong></a> - Database of Homology-Derived Structures of Proteins based on PDB and SwissProt at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="gopher://gopher.gdb.org/77/.INDEX/kabat"><strong>Kabat </strong></a>- Database of Proteins of Immunological Interest at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.prosci.uci.edu/kinemages/KinemageIndex.html"><strong>Kinemage-Index</strong></a> - &quot;Kinetical Images&quot; by Protein Type at <a href="http://www.prosci.uci.edu/">Protein Science</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/klotho/"><strong>Klotho</strong></a> - Biochemical Compounds Declarative Database at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">Washington U.</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/lalign-query.html"><strong>LALIGN</strong></a> - Calculates the N-Best Local Alignments Between Two Sequences at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/lfasta-query.html"><strong>LFASTA</strong></a> - Local Similarity Searches Between Two Sequences Showing Local Alignments at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_ligand"><strong>LIGAND</strong></a> - Ligand Chemical Database for Enzyme Reactions at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="gopher://gopher.nih.gov/77/gopherlib/indices/limb/index"><strong>LiMB</strong></a> - Listing of Molecular Biology Databases at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; and <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||777855676_129.186.4.14||-info||LIMB"><strong>LiMB</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_3.html"><strong>MassSearch</strong></a> - Search SwissProt or EMBL Databases by Protein Mass After Digestion at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://cgsc.biology.yale.edu/metab.html"><strong>Metabolic Database</strong></a> - Metabolic Reactions and Pathways at <a href="http://cgsc.biology.yale.edu/">CGSC-Yale U.</a> and <a href="http://moulon.inra.fr/cgi-bin/nph-acedb3.1/acedb/metabolisme?find+Reaction_or_pathway%3By+14+69"><strong>Metabolic Database</strong></a> at <a href="http://moulon.inra.fr/">INRA-Moulon</a>, France&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.informatics.jax.org/mgd.html"><strong>MGD</strong></a> - Mouse Genome Database at <a href="http://www.informatics.jax.org/">Jackson Laboratory</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="gopher://wehil.wehi.edu.au/11/MHCPEP.DB"><strong>MHCPEP</strong></a> - Database of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Binding Peptides at <a href="http://www.wehi.edu.au/">WEHI-Melbourne</a>, Australia&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/www/programs/hpt_persistent.html"><strong>MIPS-Alert</strong></a> - Automated Sequence Information Queries at <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/">MIPS</a>, Germany&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.nih.gov/htbin/pdb"><strong>Molecules R US</strong></a> - Interactive Text and Images of PDB Files at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||777855676_129.186.4.14||-info||MOLPROBE"><strong>MPBD</strong></a> - Molecular Probe Data Base at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; and <a href="gopher://gopher.slu.se/7waissrc%3a/wais-dbs/Biology/Oligos"><strong>MPDB</strong></a> at <a href="gopher://gopher.slu.se/">U. Agricultural Sciences</a>, Sweden&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://cuhhca.hhmi.columbia.edu/moose/"><strong>MOOSE</strong></a> - Macromolecular Object Oriented Search Engine to Extract PDB Contained Information at <a href="http://cuhhca.hhmi.columbia.edu/">Columbia U.</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/msa.html"><strong>MSA</strong></a> - Multiple Sequence Alignment at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">Washington U.</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/SIT/MOTIF.html"><strong>MOTIF</strong></a> - Search Patterns in Protein Sequences at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan <a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/motif_query.html"><strong>Motif</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan w/ search from <a href="http://www.cc.iastate.edu/welcome.html">Iowa State</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/multi-align/multi-align.html"><strong>Multiple Sequence Alignments</strong></a> - CLUSTAL-W, MAP, and PIMA alignments at <a href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/">Baylor College of Medicine</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://ndbserver.rutgers.edu/"><strong>NDB</strong></a> - Nucleic Acid Database at Rutgers U.&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.cmpharm.ucsf.edu/~nomi/nnpredict.html"><strong>nnPredict</strong></a> - Predict Protein Secondary Structure at <a href="http://wormworld.ucsf.edu/">UCSF</a> and <a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/nnpredict_query.html"><strong>nnPredict</strong></a> at w/ search from <a href="http://www.cc.iastate.edu/welcome.html">Iowa State</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/proteins/nrl3d.html"><strong>NRL_3D</strong></a> - Sequence/Structure Database derived from PDB at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> and <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||NRL3D"><strong>NRL_3D</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://ddbjs4h.genes.nig.ac.jp/"><strong>NRSub</strong></a> - A Non-Redundant DNA Sequence Database for <em>Bacillus subtilis</em> at <a href="http://www.nig.ac.jp/">National Institute of Genetics</a>, Japan&nbsp; </dd><dd><a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_4.html"><strong>NuclPepSearch</strong></a> - Search SwissProt for a Nucletide Sequence at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://chait-sgi.rockefeller.edu/"><strong>NYC-MASS</strong></a> - Protein Mass Spectrometry Database at <a href="http://www.rockefeller.edu/ru.home.html">Rockefeller U.</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/obstruct/obs_form.html"><strong>OBSTRUCT</strong></a> - Correlate Sequence Subsets of PDB Protein Structures at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://gdbwww.gdb.org/omimdoc/omimtop.html"><strong>OMIM</strong></a> - Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="gopher://megasun.bch.umontreal.ca/11/Organelles/Genomes"><strong>Organelle Genome</strong></a>&nbsp; - A Sequence Database at <a href="gopher://megasun.bch.umontreal.ca/">U. Montreal</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://biotech.chem.indiana.edu/lib/orgstrain.html"><strong>Organisms and Strains</strong></a> - Links to Databases Specific to Organism and Cell Collections at <a href="http://biotech.chem.indiana.edu/">Biotech-Indiana</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/proteins/owl.html"><strong>OWL</strong></a> - Non-Redundant Protein Sequence Database (Updated Daily) at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> and <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/~attwood/OWL/OWL.html"><strong>OWL</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/">UCL-London</a>, UK&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/home/papka/ROSS/patscan.html"><strong>PatScan</strong></a> - Look for Pattern Matches in DNA or Protein Sequences at <a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/">Argonne National Laboratory</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/PATFND_form.html"><strong>PatternFind</strong></a> - Search the SwissProt and Genpept Protein Sequence Databases with a <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/txt/profile.txt">PROSITE-formatted</a> Pattern at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www-pdd.ncifcrf.gov/PDD/GEN-docs/indexGEN.html"><strong>PDD</strong></a> - Protein Disease Database at <a href="http://www-pdd.ncifcrf.gov/">NIMH-NCI</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.pdb.bnl.gov:4148/cgi-bin/browse"><strong>PDB-Browser</strong></a>, <a href="gopher://pdb.pdb.bnl.gov/77/xfullindex/full"><strong>PDB-Index</strong></a> and <a href="gopher://pdb.pdb.bnl.gov/77/xstatusindex/status"><strong>PDB-Pending</strong></a> - <a href="http://www.pdb.bnl.gov/">Protein Data Bank</a> Structures at <a href="http://suntid.bnl.gov:8080/bnl.html">Brookhaven National Laboratory</a>, <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_pdb"><strong>PDB</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a> Japan, <a href="http://www.ibf.unige.it/7/sci/.PDB/pdbsearch"><strong>PDB</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ibf.unige.it/">U. Genova</a>, Italy, <a href="http://www.ucmb.ulb.ac.be/pdb_seq_rel_jan94"><strong>PDB-List</strong></a> and <a href="http://www.ucmb.ulb.ac.be/pdb_annot_jan94"><strong>PDB-Annotated</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ucmb.ulb.ac.be/index.html">Brussels Free U.</a>, Belgium and <a href="http://www.sander.embl-heidelberg.de/pdbsel/explanation.html"><strong>PDB-Select</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.nih.gov/molecular_modeling/pdb_at_a_glance.html"><strong>PDB At A Glance</strong></a> - Hierarchic Access to PDB Files at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||781260221_129.186.4.14||-info||PDBFINDER"><strong>PDBFINDER</strong></a> - A Database Containing PDB, DSSP and HSSP Information (see <a href="http://www.sander.embl-heidelberg.de/pdbfinder/overview.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_pdbstr"><strong>PDBSTR</strong></a> - Re-organized Protein Data Bank at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_5.html"><strong>PepPepSearch</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /> - Search SwissProt for a Peptide Sequence at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://lenti.med.umn.edu/~shoop/sample.html"><strong>Plant EST Analysis</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Similarity Analysis of Different Plant cDNA/EST Sequences at <a href="http://lenti.med.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/pprotein_query.html"><strong>PHD</strong></a><img alt="[L]" src="./images/smiley.gif" /><img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /> - Predict Protein Secondary Structure at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> w/ search from <a href="http://www.cc.iastate.edu/welcome.html">Iowa State</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.pasteur.fr/sas/phy/boot-sub.html"><strong>PHILIP-Bootstrapping Analysis</strong></a> - Divergence Between Protein or Nucleotide Sequences at <a href="http://www.pasteur.fr/">Institut Pasteur</a>, France <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/gcg/phospepsort-query.html"><strong>Phospepsort</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="./images/check_old.gif" /> - Digest Phosphorylated Peptide Sequences at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/ch2d/pi_tool.html"><strong>pI/Mw</strong></a> - Compute the Theoretical pI and Molecular Weight of a Protein Sequence at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/proteins/pir.html"><strong>PIR</strong></a> - Protein Identification Resource Database at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||PIRALN"><strong>PIRALN</strong></a> - Database of Sequence Alignments based on PIR at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_pmd"><strong>PMD</strong></a> - Protein Mutant Database at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan and <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||PMD"><strong>PMD</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/pmotif.html"><strong>PMOTIF</strong></a> - Search Protein Motifs in Gene Sequence at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/service/polandform.html"><strong>Poland</strong></a> - Calculate the Thermal Denaturation Profile of Double Stranded RNA or DNA at <a href="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/">Uni-D&uuml;sseldorf</a>, Germany <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/predictprotein/predictprotein.html"><strong>PredictProtein</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /> - Predict Protein Secondary Structure at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_prf"><strong>PRF</strong></a> - Protein Research Foundation Sequence Database at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www-genome.wi.mit.edu/cgi-bin/primer2.2/primer_front"><strong>Primer</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Select PCR Primers in a Gene Sequence at <a href="http://www-genome.wi.mit.edu/">WICGR-MIT</a> and <a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/rawprimer.html"><strong>Primer</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/~attwood/PRINTS/PRINTS.html"><strong>PRINTS</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Protein Motif Fingerprints Database (see <a href="file://gopher.embl-heidelberg.de/pub/databases/prints/prints.doc"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) and <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/~attwood/ALIGN/ALIGN.html"><strong>PRINTS-ALIGN</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> at <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/">UCL-London</a>, UK and <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/srs/srsc?-info+PRINTS"><strong>PRINTS</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/">EMBnet-Basel</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://protein.toulouse.inra.fr/prodom.html"><strong>ProDom</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - A Protein Domain Database and <a href="http://protein.toulouse.inra.fr/prodom/blast_form.html"><strong>ProDom-Search</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.jouy.inra.fr/infoservices-INRA/infoservices_donnees.html">INRA-Toulouse</a>, France, <a href="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/~esr/prodom.html"><strong>ProDom</strong></a> and <a href="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/~esr/prodom-blast.html"><strong>ProDom-Search</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/">Sanger Centre</a>, UK and <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||777855676_129.186.4.14||-info||PRODOM"><strong>ProDom</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/PRFSCAN_form.html"><strong>ProfileScan </strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Search a Sequence Against a Library of Profiles at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="gopher://bmerc-gopher.bu.edu/11/Databases/prolink"><strong>ProLink</strong></a> - Integrated Database of Protein Structure, Sequence Homology, and Functional Pattern Information at <a href="http://bmerc-www.bu.edu/">BMERC</a> <img alt="(Gopher)" src="./images/gopher.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/prs.page"><strong>PROPSEARCH</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /> - Protein Sequence Search for Structural Homology Based on Aminoacid Properties at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/sprot/prosite.html"><strong>PROSITE</strong></a> - Protein Sites and Patterns Database at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland, <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/PSTSCAN_form.html"><strong>PrositeScan</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland and <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/searches/prosite_input.html"><strong>PROSITE-Search</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="file://ftp.embl-heidelberg.de/pub/databases/protein_extras"><strong>Protein-Extras</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img alt="(FTP)" src="./images/ftp.gif" /> </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/p_families.html"><strong>Protein Families</strong></a><img alt="[L]" src="./images/smiley.gif" /> - Links to Information on Different Protein Families at <a href="http://www.cc.iastate.edu/">Iowa State</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://chait-sgi.rockefeller.edu/cgi-bin/prot-id/1/1"><strong>Prot-ID</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Identify a Protein from Masses of Enzymatic Digestion Peptide Fragments at <a href="http://chait-sgi.rockefeller.edu/">Rockefeller U.</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="file://cb-iris.stanford.edu/pub/ProteinMovements/ProtMotDB.main.html"><strong>Protein Motions</strong></a> <img alt="!Recent!" src="./images/check_old.gif" /> - DataBase of Protein Movements at <a href="http://hyper.stanford.edu/">Stanford U.</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://bmerc-www.bu.edu/psa/"><strong>PSA</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Protein Sequence Analysis for Sequences of Unknown Structure at <a href="http://bmerc-www.bu.edu/welcome.html">BMERC/MBCRR</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://psort.nibb.ac.jp/"><strong>PSORT</strong></a> - Predict Protein Sorting Signals Coded in Amino Acid Sequences at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/pssprediction/pssp.html"><strong>PSSP</strong></a> - Protein Secondary Structure Prediction at <a alt="(W3)" images="" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src="></a></dd><dd><a alt="(W3)" images="" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src=">&nbsp;</a><a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/home/compbio/PUMA/Production/puma.html"><strong>PUMA</strong></a> - Phylogeny of Unicellular Organims with Metabolism and Alignments from <a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/home/compbio/default.html">MCS-Computational Biology</a> at <a href="http://www.anl.gov/">Argonne National Laboratory</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="file://ftp.embl-heidelberg.de/pub/databases/protein_extras/puu/domains.puu"><strong>PUU</strong></a> - Protein Domains Database Based on PDB-Select at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img alt="(FTP)" src="./images/ftp.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://geta.life.uiuc.edu/index.html"><strong>RDP</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="./images/check_old.gif" /> - Ribosomal Database Project at U. Illinois <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://vent.neb.com/rebase/rebase.html"><strong>ReBase</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="./images/check_old.gif" /> - Restriction Enzyme Database and <a href="http://www.neb.com/cgi-bin/wais_ref.pl"><strong>ReBase-Search</strong></a> at <a href="http://vent.neb.com/">New England Biolabs</a>, <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||777855676_129.186.4.14||-info||REBASE"><strong>ReBase</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> and <a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/rebase/rebase.html"><strong>ReBase</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/repro/rep_tot.html"><strong>REPRO</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Recognition of Protein Sequence Repeats at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://pundit.colorado.edu:8080/"><strong>RNA Secondary Structures</strong></a> - Information on Group I Introns and rRNA at <a href="http://www.colorado.edu/">U. Colorado-Boulder</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://www-rrna.uia.ac.be/rrna/index.html"><strong>rRNA</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="./images/check_old.gif" /> - Databases of Ribosomal Subunit RNA Sequences at <a href="http://www.uia.ac.be/">U. Antwerp</a>, Belgium <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://cbil.humgen.upenn.edu/~dsearls/RSVP/RSVP_home.html"><strong>RSVP</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Rapid Sequence Visualization in Postscript for Analysis of DNA Sequences at <a href="http://cbil.humgen.upenn.edu/">CBIL-U. Pennsylvania</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/SAPS_form.html"><strong>SAPS</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Statistical Analysis of Protein Sequences at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://base.icgeb.trieste.it/sbase/"><strong>SBASE</strong></a> - Library of Protein Domains and <a href="http://base.icgeb.trieste.it/sbase/blast.html"><strong>SBASE-Search</strong></a> <img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /> at <a href="http://base.icgeb.trieste.it/">ICGEB-Trieste</a>, Italy <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://geoff.biop.ox.ac.uk/servers/scanps_server.html"><strong>SCANPS</strong></a> - Scan Protein Sequences at <a href="http://geoff.biop.ox.ac.uk/">U. Oxford</a>, UK <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.bio.cam.ac.uk/scop/"><strong>SCOP</strong></a> - Structural Classification of Proteins at <a href="http://www.bio.cam.ac.uk/">Cambridge</a>, UK and <a href="http://www.nick.med.usf.edu/scop/index.html"><strong>SCOP</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="./images/check_old.gif" /> at <a href="http://www.nick.med.usf.edu/">U. South Florida</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-annot/home.html"><strong>Sequence Annotation</strong></a> - Annotations on NCBI Sequences at <a alt="(W3)" images="" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src="></a></dd><dd><a alt="(W3)" images="" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src="><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> </a><a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/rawtrans.html"><strong>Sequence Translation</strong></a> - Translate Gene Sequences at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="ftp://dasher.wustl.edu/pub/sleuth/data"><strong>Sleuth</strong></a> - Amino Acid Conformation and Solvent Accessibility of PDB Files at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">Washington U.</a> <img alt="(FTP)" src="./images/ftp.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.ibcp.fr/predict.html"><strong>SOPM</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /><img alt="!Recent!" src="./images/check_old.gif" /> - Self Optimized Prediction Method for Prediction of Protein Secondary Structure at <a href="http://www.ibcp.fr/">IBCP-CNRS</a>, France <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc"><strong>SRSWWW</strong></a> - Network Browser for Databanks in Molecular Biology (w/ <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/net.html"><strong>diagram links</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/srs/index.html"><strong>SRSWWW-Directory</strong></a> - Directory of SRSWWW Network Browsers for Biological Databanks and <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/srs/status.html"><strong>SRSWWW-Global Status</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/">EMBnet-Basel</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/ssearch-query.html"><strong>SSEARCH</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /> - Universal Sequence Comparison Using the Smith-Waterman Algorithm at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/sspred/sspred_info.html"><strong>SSPRED</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /><img alt="!Recent!" src="./images/check_old.gif" /> - Predict the Secondary Structure of Proteins at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>, Germany <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/stride/stride.html"><strong>STRIDE</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Find Secondary Structural Elements in PDB Proteins Structures at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www-genome.wi.mit.edu/cgi-bin/www-STS_Pipeline/pipeline_front"><strong>STS Pipeline</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Analysis and STS Primer Picking of Short DNA Sequences with Duplicate Checking, Sequence Repeat Finding, Restriction Analysis, Vector Identification and BLAST Searching at <a href="http://www-genome.wi.mit.edu/">MIT</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.ucmb.ulb.ac.be/~joan/survol/form.html"><strong>SURVOL</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="./images/check_old.gif" /> - Analysis of Protein Atomic Volumes at <a href="http://www.ucmb.ulb.ac.be/">UCMB</a>, Belgium <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/ch2d/ch2d-top.html"><strong>Swiss-2DPage</strong></a> - Two-dimensional Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis Database at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/srs/srsc?-info+SWISSDOM"><strong>SWISSDOM</strong></a> - SwissProt Entries in a ProDom Map at <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">EBI</a>, UK <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/swissmod/SWISS-MODEL.html"><strong>Swiss-Model</strong></a> <img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /> - Automated Protein Modelling at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/srs/srsc?-info||SWISSNEW"><strong>SWISSNEW</strong></a> - New SwissProt Sequences at <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">EBI</a>, UK <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/sprot/sprot-top.html"><strong>SwissProt</strong></a> - Protein Sequence Database (+ Weekly Updates) at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/swisshop/SwissShopReq.html"><strong>Swiss-Shop</strong></a> <img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /> - Automated SwissProt and Prosite Information Queries at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/tbase/tbase.html"><strong>TBASE</strong></a> - Transgenic/Targeted Mutation Database at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/tfasta-query.html"><strong>TFASTA</strong></a> - Match a Protein Sequence Against All Six Frames of GenBank Sequences at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="gopher://gopher.nih.gov/77/gopherlib/indices/tfd/index"><strong>TFD</strong></a> - Transcription Factor Database at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a> <img alt="(Gopher)" src="./images/gopher.gif" /> </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info+TFFACTOR"><strong>TFFACTOR</strong></a> and <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info+TFSITE"><strong>TFSITE</strong></a> - Transcription Factor Data at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/rawtm.html"><strong>Tm</strong></a> - Oligonucleotide Melting Point Determination at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/tmap/tmap_sin.html"><strong>TMAP</strong></a> - Identification of Transmembrane Segments on a Protein Sequence at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="ftp://ulrec3.unil.ch/pub/tmbase"><strong>TMBASE</strong></a> - Transmembrane Protein Database at <a href="http://www.unil.ch/">U. Lausanne</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/TMPRED_form.html"><strong>TMpred</strong></a> - Prediction of Transmembrane Regions and Orientation in Protein Sequencs at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/www/dna.html"><strong>Translate</strong></a> - Translate a Nucleotide Sequence to a Protein at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_6.html"><strong>TreeGen</strong></a> - Tree Generation from Distance Data at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||781260221_129.186.4.14||-info||TREMBL"><strong>TREMBL</strong></a> - Database of Translated Peptide Sequences of All CDS Features from EMBL Sequences at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/srs/srsc?-info+VECBASE"><strong>VecBase</strong></a> - Cloning Vector Sequence Database.at <a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/">CAOS/CAMM</a>, The Netherlands&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://biology.queensu.ca/~miseners/vector.html"><strong>Vector-DB</strong></a> - Cloning Vector Database at <a href="http://www.queensu.ca/">Queen's U.-Kensington</a>, Canada , <a href="http://ben.vub.ac.be/srs/srsc?-info+VECTOR"><strong>VECTOR</strong></a> at <a href="http://ben.vub.ac.be/">BEN</a>, Belgium , <a href="gopher://gopher.gdb.org/77/.INDEX/vector"><strong>Vector</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> and <a href="gopher://virus1.virus.kyoto-u.ac.jp/77/.index/vector.ig/index"><strong>Vector-ig</strong></a> at <a href="http://virus1.virus.kyoto-u.ac.jp/">IVR</a>, Kyoto-U., Japan&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.bio.cam.ac.uk/seqlogo/logo.cgi"><strong>WebLogo</strong></a> - Sequence Logo Generation at <a href="http://www.bio.cam.ac.uk/">Cambridge U.</a>, UK&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://kestrel.ludwig.ucl.ac.uk/zpred.html"><strong>ZPRED</strong></a> - MultPredict Secondary Structure of Multiply Aligned Protein Sequences at <a href="http://kestrel.ludwig.ucl.ac.uk/">Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research</a>, UK&nbsp; </dd></dl> 66da8376e849633649e3f39e282b00e563971d50 1971 2008-01-15T15:50:24Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <dl><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||ALI"><strong>3D-ALI</strong></a> - Database relating Proteins Structures and Sequences (see <a href="gopher://s-crim1.dl.ac.uk/00/EMBnet%20Bioinformation%20Resource%20UK/Data%20%26%20Software/databases/3d_ali/3d_ali.doc"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/aaa.html"><strong>AA Analysis</strong>&nbsp;</a> - Protein Identification in SwissProt and PIR using Amino Acid Composition at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/ch2d/aacompi.html"><strong>AA CompIdent</strong></a> - Protein Identification in SwissProt using Amino Acid Composition at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/ch2d/aacsim.html"><strong>AA CompSim</strong></a> - Compare the Amino Acid Composition of a SwissProt Entry with Other Entries at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://chait-sgi.rockefeller.edu/cgi-bin/sequence/AA"><strong>AA Sequence Analysis</strong></a> - Multiple Analysis of a Native or Modified Amino Acid Sequence at <a href="http://www.rockefeller.edu/ru.home.html">Rockefeller U.</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/~martin/abs/seqtest.html"><strong>AbCheck</strong></a> - Test an Antibody Sequence Against the Kabat Database at <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/">U. College-London</a>, UK&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/align-query.html"><strong>ALIGN</strong></a> - Optimal Global Alignment of Two Sequences with No Short-cuts at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France and <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/www/programs/align.html"><strong>Align</strong></a> at <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/">MIPS</a>, Germany&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_1.html"><strong>AllAll</strong></a> - Relationships in a Set of Related Peptides at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_2.html"><strong>AllAllDB</strong></a> - Search the All-Against-All Database of SwissProt at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://geoff.biop.ox.ac.uk/servers/amas_server.html"><strong>AMAS</strong></a> - Analysis of Protein Multiple Sequence Alignments at <a href="http://geoff.biop.ox.ac.uk/">U. Oxford</a>, UK&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/argos/ASC.21/asc2.html"><strong>ASC</strong></a> - Analytic Surface Calculation of PDB Protein Structures at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://mips11.mips.biochem.mpg.de/www/programs/atlas_per.html"><strong>ATLAS</strong></a> - Search DNA and Protein Sequence Databases at <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/">MIPS</a>, Germany&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://kiwi.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:8088/search-launcher/launcher.html"><strong>BCM Search Launcher</strong></a> at <a alt="(W3)" images="" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src="></a></dd><dd><a alt="(W3)" images="" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src=">&nbsp;</a><a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/protein-search.html"><strong>BEAUTY</strong></a> - BLAST Enhanced Alignment Utility <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/Help/beauty.html"><strong>(see Documentation)</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/">Baylor College of Medicine</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/srs/srsc?-info+BERLIN"><strong>BERLIN</strong></a> - RNA Databank of 5S rRNA and 5S rRNA Gene Sequences at <a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/">CAOS/CAMM</a>, The Netherlands&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://sgbcd.weizmann.ac.il/Bic/ExecAppl.html"><strong>BIOACCELERATOR</strong></a> at <a href="http://bioinformatics.weizmann.ac.il:70/">Weizmann Institute of Science</a>, Israel&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a alt="!New!" images="" href="http://www.ocms.ox.ac.uk/~birney/cusi/biocusi.html%3E%3Cb%3EbioCUSI%3C/b%3E%3C/a%3E%3Cimg%20src=">- Multiple Access to Biological Servers at </a><a href="http://www.ocms.ox.ac.uk/">OCMS-Oxford</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="ftp://pdb.pdb.bnl.gov/user_group/biological_units"><strong>Biological Units</strong></a> - Expanded PDB Entries with Full Biological Units at <a href="http://suntid.bnl.gov:8080/bnl.html">Brookhaven National Laboratory</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ocms.ox.ac.uk/~birney/palette.html"><strong>Biologist's Search Palette</strong></a> - Collection of Search Engines for Biological Databases at <a href="http://www.ocms.ox.ac.uk/">Oxford U.</a>, UK&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Recipon/bs_seq.html"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> - Basic Local Alignment Research Tool at <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/">NCBI</a>, <a href="http://swarmer.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/blastq-form?options=simple"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> (hiv, vector, etc) at <a href="http://motif.stanford.edu/">Stanford U.</a>, <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/SIT/BLAST.html"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan, <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/blast/blast-query.html"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France, <a href="http://www.crihan.fr/www/blast.html"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.crihan.fr/">CRIHAN</a>, France <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/cgi-bin/seq-search/blast_form_local.pl"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> (with Entrez and SRS Links) at <a href="http://gc.bcm.tmc.edu:8088/">Baylor College of Medicine</a> and <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/EPFLBLAST_form.html"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.epfl.ch/">EPFL</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/Option/blastpat.html"><strong>BLASTPAT</strong></a> - BLAST-based Pattern Database Search (see <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/Help/blastpat.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://gc.bcm.tmc.edu:8088/">Baylor College of Medicine</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/searches/blitz_input.html"><strong>BLITZ</strong></a> (see <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/searches/blitz_doc.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> and <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/searches/blitz_input.html"><strong>BLITZ</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">EBI</a>, UK&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.blocks.fhcrc.org/"><strong>BLOCKS</strong></a> - Database of Highly Conserved Regions in Proteins&nbsp; and <a href="gopher://klaatu.fhcrc.org/77/.indexes/.blocksindex/blocksindex"><strong>BLOCKS-WAIS</strong></a>&nbsp; at <a href="gopher://klaatu.fhcrc.org/">Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center</a>, <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||BLOCKS"><strong>BLOCKS</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> and <a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/blocks_query.html"><strong>BLOCKS-Search</strong></a> w/ search from <a href="http://www.cc.iastate.edu/welcome.html">Iowa State</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://bimas.dcrt.nih.gov/sql/BMRBgate.html"><strong>BioMagResBank</strong></a> - A Database of NMR-Derived Protein Structures at <a href="http://bimas.dcrt.nih.gov/">BIMAS-NIH</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://genome.cs.unc.edu/online.html"><strong>BioSCAN</strong></a> - Biological Sequence Comparative Analysis at <a href="http://genome.cs.unc.edu/">U. North Caroline</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://ibm4.carb.nist.gov:4400/bmcd/bmcd.html"><strong>BMCD</strong></a> - Biological Macromolecule Crystallization Database at <a href="http://ibm4.carb.nist.gov:4400/carb.html">CARB</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/BOX_form.html"><strong>BOXSHADE</strong></a> - Pretty Printing and Shading of Multiple-Sequence Alignments at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/bsm/cath/CATHintro.html"><strong>CATH</strong></a> - Protein Structure Classification at <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/">UCL-London</a>, UK&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/msa/clustal.cgi"><strong>CLUSTALW</strong></a> - Multiply Sequence Alignments at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">IBC-Washington U.</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/cuse.html"><strong>Codon Usage</strong></a> - Analysis of Different ORFs in a Gene Sequence at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/COILS_form.html"><strong>Coils</strong></a> - Prediction of Coiled Coil Regions in Protein Sequences at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://ben.vub.ac.be/srs/srsc?-info+CPGISLE"><strong>CpGIsle</strong></a> - CpG Islands Database at <a href="http://ben.vub.ac.be/">BEN</a>, Belgium&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_7.html"><strong>Darwin</strong></a> - Data Analysis and Retrieval With Indexed Nucleotide/Peptide Sequences at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/dbEST/index.html"><strong>dbEST</strong></a> - Database of Expressed Sequence Tags at <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/">NCBI</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/dbget/dbget.html"><strong>DBGET</strong></a> - Integrated Database Retrieval System (w/ <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/dbget/dbget.links.html"><strong>diagram links</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="gopher://gopher.nig.ac.jp/7waissrc%3a/DDBJ_Gopher_WAIS/DNA_seq_index_search.src"><strong>DDBJ</strong></a> - DNA Database of Japan at <a href="http://www.nig.ac.jp/">National Institute of Genetics</a>, Japan&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/rawdot.html"><strong>Dot Plot</strong></a> - Compare a DNA Sequence with Itself at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.nih.gov/molecular_modeling/drugbank.html"><strong>DrugBank</strong></a> - Three-dimensional Drug Structure Databank at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info+DSSP"><strong>DSSP</strong></a> - Database of Secondary Structure of Proteins from PDB (see <a href="http://www.sander.embl-heidelberg.de/dssp/descrip.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/proteins/ec-enzyme.html"><strong>EC Enzyme</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> and <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/show_ECtable"><strong>EC Number Table</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan and <a href="http://specter.dcrt.nih.gov:8004/Enzymes/enzymes.html"><strong>GenoBase Enzyme Index</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://susi.bio.uni-giessen.de/usr/local/www/html/ecdc.html"><strong>ECDC</strong></a> - <em>E. coli</em> Database Collection at <a href="http://www.uni-giessen.de/">Uni-Gie&szlig;en</a>, Germany&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="gopher://biox.embnet.unibas.ch:13021/77/.index/embl/index"><strong>EMBL</strong></a> - Nucleotide Sequence Database and <a href="gopher://biox.embnet.unibas.ch:13021/77/.index/xembl/index"><strong>EMBL-New Entries</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/">EMBnet-Basel</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/srs/srsc?-info||EMNEW"><strong>EMNEW</strong></a> - Index of New EMBL Sequences at <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">EBI</a>, UK&nbsp; </dd><dd><a href="http://specter.dcrt.nih.gov:8004/Compound/compound_toc_by_name.html"><strong>EMP Compound</strong></a> and <a href="http://specter.dcrt.nih.gov:8004/Pathway/pathway_toc_by_name.html"><strong>EMP Pathways</strong></a> - Selkov Enzyme and Metabolic Pathway (EMP) Database at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/home/towell/metabhome.html"><strong>EMP Metabolic Pathways</strong></a> - Navigation in Metabolic Pathways from <a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/home/compbio/default.html">MCS-Computational Biology</a> at <a href="http://www.anl.gov/">Argonne National Laboratory</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Search/Entrez/index.html"><strong>ENTREZ</strong></a> - Protein and Nucleotide Database (see <a href="http://atlas.nlm.nih.gov:5700/WWW2/WWW2_paper2.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/">NCBI</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/sprot/enzyme.html"><strong>ENZYME</strong></a> - The Enzyme Data Bank at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/bsm/enzymes/index.html"><strong>Enzyme Structures Database</strong></a> - Structures of Enzymes Deposited in the PDB at <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/">UCL-London</a>, UK&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||781260221_129.186.4.14||-info||EPD"><strong>EPD</strong></a> - Eucaryotic Promoter Database at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>, Germany and <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_epd"><strong>EPD</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://bioslave.uio.no:8001/srs/srsc?-info+EPO"><strong>EPO</strong></a> - European Patent Office Nucleotide Database at <a href="http://www.no.embnet.org/">BiO/U. Oslo</a>, Norway&nbsp; and <a href="gopher://gopher.csc.fi/7waissrc%3a/tiede/BioBox/bionic/.epo.src"><strong>EPO</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.csc.fi/CSC_english.html">CSC</a>, Finland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/searches/fasta.html"><strong>FASTA</strong></a> - Compare a Nucleic Acid Sequence to Nucleotide Sequence Databases (w/ updates) at <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">EBI</a>, UK, <a href="http://swarmer.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/fastaq-form?options=simple"><strong>FASTA</strong></a> (Berlin, Vectorbank, etc) at <a href="http://motif.stanford.edu/">Stanford U.</a>, <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/fasta-query.html"><strong>FASTA</strong></a> at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France and <a href="http://www.crihan.fr/www/fasta.html"><strong>FASTA</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.crihan.fr/">CRIHAN</a>, France&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/Options/fastpat.html"><strong>FASTPAT</strong></a> - FASTA-based Pattern Database Search (see <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/Help/fastpat.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://gc.bcm.tmc.edu:8088/">Baylor College of Medicine</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://morgan.harvard.edu/"><strong>FlyBase</strong></a> - Genetic and Molecular Database for <em>Drosophila</em> at <a href="http://www.harvard.edu/">Harvard U.</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||FSSP"><strong>FSSP</strong></a> - Database of Families of Structurally Similar Proteins derived from PDB at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.abc.hu/blast.html"><strong>FTHOM</strong></a> - Compare Protein Domain Homology at <a href="http://www.abc.hu/">ABC</a>, Hungary&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://gdbwww.gdb.org/"><strong>GDB</strong></a> - Human Genome Data Base at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:2555/r_genbank2.html"><strong>GenBank Database</strong></a> (+Updates) at <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/">NCBI</a> and <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/wu_fetch.html"><strong>GenBank-Fetch</strong></a> at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">Washington U.</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/gene-finder/gf.html"><strong>Gene Finder</strong></a> - Predict Gene Structure, Internal Exons and Splicing Sites in DNA and Exon-Exon Junstion in cDNA at <a alt="(W3)" images="" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src="></a></dd><dd><a alt="(W3)" images="" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src=">&nbsp;</a><a href="http://cbil.humgen.upenn.edu/~sdong/genlang_home.html"><strong>GenLang</strong></a> - Find Genes and Other Higher-Order Features in Nucleotide Sequences at <a href="http://cbil.humgen.upenn.edu/">CBIL-U. Pennsylvania</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://specter.dcrt.nih.gov:8004/"><strong>GenoBase</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/Genome-DBS.html"><strong>Genome Databases</strong></a> and <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/Genome_Centre.html"><strong>Genome Centers</strong></a> - World Wide Links at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ri.bbsrc.ac.uk/genome_workstation/workstation.html"><strong>Genome Workstation</strong></a> - Genome Related Links at <a href="http://www.ri.bbsrc.ac.uk/">Roslin Institute</a>, UK&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://biotech.chem.indiana.edu/WebChris/maps.html"><strong>Genomic Maps</strong></a> - Links to Genome Specific Resources at <a href="http://biotech.chem.indiana.edu/">Biotech-Indiana</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/gq/gq.form.html"><strong>GenQuest</strong></a> - Search Against Protein Databases with the Q server at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://avalon.epm.ornl.gov/Grail-bin/EmptyGrailForm"><strong>Grail</strong></a> - Analysis of the Protein Coding Potential of a DNA Sequence (see <a href="ftp://arthur.epm.ornl.gov/pub/xgrail/Manual.grail-genquest.July94"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://avalon.epm.ornl.gov/">ORNL</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ncgr.org/gsdb/"><strong>GSDB</strong></a> - Genome Sequence Database at <a href="http://www.ncgr.org/ncgr/ncgr.html">NCGR</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/www/guess-prot.html"><strong>GuessProt</strong></a> - Selects SwissProt proteins given pI and Mw at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/hhs/"><strong>HHS</strong></a> - SwissProt and PDB Systematic Sequence Classification Database at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">Washington U.</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/srs/srsc?-info+HOVERGEN"><strong>HOVERGEN</strong></a> - Database of Homologous Vertebrate Genes at <a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/">CAOS/CAMM</a>, The Netherlands&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/www/programs/hpt_persistent.html"><strong>HPT</strong></a> - Protein Sequence Pattern Recognition in the PIR Database and <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/www/programs/hpt_homol.html"><strong>HPT-Homology</strong></a> at <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/">MIPS</a>, Germany&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||HSSP"><strong>HSSP</strong></a> - Database of Homology-Derived Structures of Proteins based on PDB and SwissProt at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="gopher://gopher.gdb.org/77/.INDEX/kabat"><strong>Kabat </strong></a>- Database of Proteins of Immunological Interest at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.prosci.uci.edu/kinemages/KinemageIndex.html"><strong>Kinemage-Index</strong></a> - &quot;Kinetical Images&quot; by Protein Type at <a href="http://www.prosci.uci.edu/">Protein Science</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/klotho/"><strong>Klotho</strong></a> - Biochemical Compounds Declarative Database at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">Washington U.</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/lalign-query.html"><strong>LALIGN</strong></a> - Calculates the N-Best Local Alignments Between Two Sequences at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/lfasta-query.html"><strong>LFASTA</strong></a> - Local Similarity Searches Between Two Sequences Showing Local Alignments at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_ligand"><strong>LIGAND</strong></a> - Ligand Chemical Database for Enzyme Reactions at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="gopher://gopher.nih.gov/77/gopherlib/indices/limb/index"><strong>LiMB</strong></a> - Listing of Molecular Biology Databases at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; and <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||777855676_129.186.4.14||-info||LIMB"><strong>LiMB</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_3.html"><strong>MassSearch</strong></a> - Search SwissProt or EMBL Databases by Protein Mass After Digestion at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://cgsc.biology.yale.edu/metab.html"><strong>Metabolic Database</strong></a> - Metabolic Reactions and Pathways at <a href="http://cgsc.biology.yale.edu/">CGSC-Yale U.</a> and <a href="http://moulon.inra.fr/cgi-bin/nph-acedb3.1/acedb/metabolisme?find+Reaction_or_pathway%3By+14+69"><strong>Metabolic Database</strong></a> at <a href="http://moulon.inra.fr/">INRA-Moulon</a>, France&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.informatics.jax.org/mgd.html"><strong>MGD</strong></a> - Mouse Genome Database at <a href="http://www.informatics.jax.org/">Jackson Laboratory</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="gopher://wehil.wehi.edu.au/11/MHCPEP.DB"><strong>MHCPEP</strong></a> - Database of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Binding Peptides at <a href="http://www.wehi.edu.au/">WEHI-Melbourne</a>, Australia&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/www/programs/hpt_persistent.html"><strong>MIPS-Alert</strong></a> - Automated Sequence Information Queries at <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/">MIPS</a>, Germany&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.nih.gov/htbin/pdb"><strong>Molecules R US</strong></a> - Interactive Text and Images of PDB Files at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||777855676_129.186.4.14||-info||MOLPROBE"><strong>MPBD</strong></a> - Molecular Probe Data Base at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; and <a href="gopher://gopher.slu.se/7waissrc%3a/wais-dbs/Biology/Oligos"><strong>MPDB</strong></a> at <a href="gopher://gopher.slu.se/">U. Agricultural Sciences</a>, Sweden&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://cuhhca.hhmi.columbia.edu/moose/"><strong>MOOSE</strong></a> - Macromolecular Object Oriented Search Engine to Extract PDB Contained Information at <a href="http://cuhhca.hhmi.columbia.edu/">Columbia U.</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/msa.html"><strong>MSA</strong></a> - Multiple Sequence Alignment at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">Washington U.</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/SIT/MOTIF.html"><strong>MOTIF</strong></a> - Search Patterns in Protein Sequences at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan <a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/motif_query.html"><strong>Motif</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan w/ search from <a href="http://www.cc.iastate.edu/welcome.html">Iowa State</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/multi-align/multi-align.html"><strong>Multiple Sequence Alignments</strong></a> - CLUSTAL-W, MAP, and PIMA alignments at <a href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/">Baylor College of Medicine</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://ndbserver.rutgers.edu/"><strong>NDB</strong></a> - Nucleic Acid Database at Rutgers U.&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.cmpharm.ucsf.edu/~nomi/nnpredict.html"><strong>nnPredict</strong></a> - Predict Protein Secondary Structure at <a href="http://wormworld.ucsf.edu/">UCSF</a> and <a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/nnpredict_query.html"><strong>nnPredict</strong></a> at w/ search from <a href="http://www.cc.iastate.edu/welcome.html">Iowa State</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/proteins/nrl3d.html"><strong>NRL_3D</strong></a> - Sequence/Structure Database derived from PDB at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> and <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||NRL3D"><strong>NRL_3D</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://ddbjs4h.genes.nig.ac.jp/"><strong>NRSub</strong></a> - A Non-Redundant DNA Sequence Database for <em>Bacillus subtilis</em> at <a href="http://www.nig.ac.jp/">National Institute of Genetics</a>, Japan&nbsp; </dd><dd><a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_4.html"><strong>NuclPepSearch</strong></a> - Search SwissProt for a Nucletide Sequence at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://chait-sgi.rockefeller.edu/"><strong>NYC-MASS</strong></a> - Protein Mass Spectrometry Database at <a href="http://www.rockefeller.edu/ru.home.html">Rockefeller U.</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/obstruct/obs_form.html"><strong>OBSTRUCT</strong></a> - Correlate Sequence Subsets of PDB Protein Structures at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://gdbwww.gdb.org/omimdoc/omimtop.html"><strong>OMIM</strong></a> - Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="gopher://megasun.bch.umontreal.ca/11/Organelles/Genomes"><strong>Organelle Genome</strong></a>&nbsp; - A Sequence Database at <a href="gopher://megasun.bch.umontreal.ca/">U. Montreal</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://biotech.chem.indiana.edu/lib/orgstrain.html"><strong>Organisms and Strains</strong></a> - Links to Databases Specific to Organism and Cell Collections at <a href="http://biotech.chem.indiana.edu/">Biotech-Indiana</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/proteins/owl.html"><strong>OWL</strong></a> - Non-Redundant Protein Sequence Database (Updated Daily) at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> and <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/~attwood/OWL/OWL.html"><strong>OWL</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/">UCL-London</a>, UK&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/home/papka/ROSS/patscan.html"><strong>PatScan</strong></a> - Look for Pattern Matches in DNA or Protein Sequences at <a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/">Argonne National Laboratory</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/PATFND_form.html"><strong>PatternFind</strong></a> - Search the SwissProt and Genpept Protein Sequence Databases with a <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/txt/profile.txt">PROSITE-formatted</a> Pattern at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www-pdd.ncifcrf.gov/PDD/GEN-docs/indexGEN.html"><strong>PDD</strong></a> - Protein Disease Database at <a href="http://www-pdd.ncifcrf.gov/">NIMH-NCI</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.pdb.bnl.gov:4148/cgi-bin/browse"><strong>PDB-Browser</strong></a>, <a href="gopher://pdb.pdb.bnl.gov/77/xfullindex/full"><strong>PDB-Index</strong></a> and <a href="gopher://pdb.pdb.bnl.gov/77/xstatusindex/status"><strong>PDB-Pending</strong></a> - <a href="http://www.pdb.bnl.gov/">Protein Data Bank</a> Structures at <a href="http://suntid.bnl.gov:8080/bnl.html">Brookhaven National Laboratory</a>, <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_pdb"><strong>PDB</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a> Japan, <a href="http://www.ibf.unige.it/7/sci/.PDB/pdbsearch"><strong>PDB</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ibf.unige.it/">U. Genova</a>, Italy, <a href="http://www.ucmb.ulb.ac.be/pdb_seq_rel_jan94"><strong>PDB-List</strong></a> and <a href="http://www.ucmb.ulb.ac.be/pdb_annot_jan94"><strong>PDB-Annotated</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ucmb.ulb.ac.be/index.html">Brussels Free U.</a>, Belgium and <a href="http://www.sander.embl-heidelberg.de/pdbsel/explanation.html"><strong>PDB-Select</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.nih.gov/molecular_modeling/pdb_at_a_glance.html"><strong>PDB At A Glance</strong></a> - Hierarchic Access to PDB Files at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||781260221_129.186.4.14||-info||PDBFINDER"><strong>PDBFINDER</strong></a> - A Database Containing PDB, DSSP and HSSP Information (see <a href="http://www.sander.embl-heidelberg.de/pdbfinder/overview.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_pdbstr"><strong>PDBSTR</strong></a> - Re-organized Protein Data Bank at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_5.html"><strong>PepPepSearch</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /> - Search SwissProt for a Peptide Sequence at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://lenti.med.umn.edu/~shoop/sample.html"><strong>Plant EST Analysis</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Similarity Analysis of Different Plant cDNA/EST Sequences at <a href="http://lenti.med.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/pprotein_query.html"><strong>PHD</strong></a><img alt="[L]" src="./images/smiley.gif" /><img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /> - Predict Protein Secondary Structure at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> w/ search from <a href="http://www.cc.iastate.edu/welcome.html">Iowa State</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.pasteur.fr/sas/phy/boot-sub.html"><strong>PHILIP-Bootstrapping Analysis</strong></a> - Divergence Between Protein or Nucleotide Sequences at <a href="http://www.pasteur.fr/">Institut Pasteur</a>, France <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/gcg/phospepsort-query.html"><strong>Phospepsort</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="./images/check_old.gif" /> - Digest Phosphorylated Peptide Sequences at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/ch2d/pi_tool.html"><strong>pI/Mw</strong></a> - Compute the Theoretical pI and Molecular Weight of a Protein Sequence at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/proteins/pir.html"><strong>PIR</strong></a> - Protein Identification Resource Database at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||PIRALN"><strong>PIRALN</strong></a> - Database of Sequence Alignments based on PIR at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_pmd"><strong>PMD</strong></a> - Protein Mutant Database at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan and <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||PMD"><strong>PMD</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/pmotif.html"><strong>PMOTIF</strong></a> - Search Protein Motifs in Gene Sequence at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/service/polandform.html"><strong>Poland</strong></a> - Calculate the Thermal Denaturation Profile of Double Stranded RNA or DNA at <a href="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/">Uni-D&uuml;sseldorf</a>, Germany <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/predictprotein/predictprotein.html"><strong>PredictProtein</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /> - Predict Protein Secondary Structure at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_prf"><strong>PRF</strong></a> - Protein Research Foundation Sequence Database at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www-genome.wi.mit.edu/cgi-bin/primer2.2/primer_front"><strong>Primer</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Select PCR Primers in a Gene Sequence at <a href="http://www-genome.wi.mit.edu/">WICGR-MIT</a> and <a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/rawprimer.html"><strong>Primer</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/~attwood/PRINTS/PRINTS.html"><strong>PRINTS</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Protein Motif Fingerprints Database (see <a href="file://gopher.embl-heidelberg.de/pub/databases/prints/prints.doc"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) and <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/~attwood/ALIGN/ALIGN.html"><strong>PRINTS-ALIGN</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> at <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/">UCL-London</a>, UK and <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/srs/srsc?-info+PRINTS"><strong>PRINTS</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/">EMBnet-Basel</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://protein.toulouse.inra.fr/prodom.html"><strong>ProDom</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - A Protein Domain Database and <a href="http://protein.toulouse.inra.fr/prodom/blast_form.html"><strong>ProDom-Search</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.jouy.inra.fr/infoservices-INRA/infoservices_donnees.html">INRA-Toulouse</a>, France, <a href="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/~esr/prodom.html"><strong>ProDom</strong></a> and <a href="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/~esr/prodom-blast.html"><strong>ProDom-Search</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/">Sanger Centre</a>, UK and <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||777855676_129.186.4.14||-info||PRODOM"><strong>ProDom</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/PRFSCAN_form.html"><strong>ProfileScan </strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Search a Sequence Against a Library of Profiles at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="gopher://bmerc-gopher.bu.edu/11/Databases/prolink"><strong>ProLink</strong></a> - Integrated Database of Protein Structure, Sequence Homology, and Functional Pattern Information at <a href="http://bmerc-www.bu.edu/">BMERC</a> <img alt="(Gopher)" src="./images/gopher.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/prs.page"><strong>PROPSEARCH</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /> - Protein Sequence Search for Structural Homology Based on Aminoacid Properties at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/sprot/prosite.html"><strong>PROSITE</strong></a> - Protein Sites and Patterns Database at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland, <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/PSTSCAN_form.html"><strong>PrositeScan</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland and <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/searches/prosite_input.html"><strong>PROSITE-Search</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="file://ftp.embl-heidelberg.de/pub/databases/protein_extras"><strong>Protein-Extras</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img alt="(FTP)" src="./images/ftp.gif" /> </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/p_families.html"><strong>Protein Families</strong></a><img alt="[L]" src="./images/smiley.gif" /> - Links to Information on Different Protein Families at <a href="http://www.cc.iastate.edu/">Iowa State</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://chait-sgi.rockefeller.edu/cgi-bin/prot-id/1/1"><strong>Prot-ID</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Identify a Protein from Masses of Enzymatic Digestion Peptide Fragments at <a href="http://chait-sgi.rockefeller.edu/">Rockefeller U.</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="file://cb-iris.stanford.edu/pub/ProteinMovements/ProtMotDB.main.html"><strong>Protein Motions</strong></a> <img alt="!Recent!" src="./images/check_old.gif" /> - DataBase of Protein Movements at <a href="http://hyper.stanford.edu/">Stanford U.</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://bmerc-www.bu.edu/psa/"><strong>PSA</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Protein Sequence Analysis for Sequences of Unknown Structure at <a href="http://bmerc-www.bu.edu/welcome.html">BMERC/MBCRR</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://psort.nibb.ac.jp/"><strong>PSORT</strong></a> - Predict Protein Sorting Signals Coded in Amino Acid Sequences at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/pssprediction/pssp.html"><strong>PSSP</strong></a> - Protein Secondary Structure Prediction at <a alt="(W3)" images="" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src="></a></dd><dd><a alt="(W3)" images="" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src=">&nbsp;</a><a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/home/compbio/PUMA/Production/puma.html"><strong>PUMA</strong></a> - Phylogeny of Unicellular Organims with Metabolism and Alignments from <a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/home/compbio/default.html">MCS-Computational Biology</a> at <a href="http://www.anl.gov/">Argonne National Laboratory</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="file://ftp.embl-heidelberg.de/pub/databases/protein_extras/puu/domains.puu"><strong>PUU</strong></a> - Protein Domains Database Based on PDB-Select at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img alt="(FTP)" src="./images/ftp.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://geta.life.uiuc.edu/index.html"><strong>RDP</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="./images/check_old.gif" /> - Ribosomal Database Project at U. Illinois <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://vent.neb.com/rebase/rebase.html"><strong>ReBase</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="./images/check_old.gif" /> - Restriction Enzyme Database and <a href="http://www.neb.com/cgi-bin/wais_ref.pl"><strong>ReBase-Search</strong></a> at <a href="http://vent.neb.com/">New England Biolabs</a>, <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||777855676_129.186.4.14||-info||REBASE"><strong>ReBase</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> and <a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/rebase/rebase.html"><strong>ReBase</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/repro/rep_tot.html"><strong>REPRO</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Recognition of Protein Sequence Repeats at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://pundit.colorado.edu:8080/"><strong>RNA Secondary Structures</strong></a> - Information on Group I Introns and rRNA at <a href="http://www.colorado.edu/">U. Colorado-Boulder</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://www-rrna.uia.ac.be/rrna/index.html"><strong>rRNA</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="./images/check_old.gif" /> - Databases of Ribosomal Subunit RNA Sequences at <a href="http://www.uia.ac.be/">U. Antwerp</a>, Belgium <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://cbil.humgen.upenn.edu/~dsearls/RSVP/RSVP_home.html"><strong>RSVP</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Rapid Sequence Visualization in Postscript for Analysis of DNA Sequences at <a href="http://cbil.humgen.upenn.edu/">CBIL-U. Pennsylvania</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/SAPS_form.html"><strong>SAPS</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Statistical Analysis of Protein Sequences at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://base.icgeb.trieste.it/sbase/"><strong>SBASE</strong></a> - Library of Protein Domains and <a href="http://base.icgeb.trieste.it/sbase/blast.html"><strong>SBASE-Search</strong></a> <img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /> at <a href="http://base.icgeb.trieste.it/">ICGEB-Trieste</a>, Italy <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://geoff.biop.ox.ac.uk/servers/scanps_server.html"><strong>SCANPS</strong></a> - Scan Protein Sequences at <a href="http://geoff.biop.ox.ac.uk/">U. Oxford</a>, UK <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.bio.cam.ac.uk/scop/"><strong>SCOP</strong></a> - Structural Classification of Proteins at <a href="http://www.bio.cam.ac.uk/">Cambridge</a>, UK and <a href="http://www.nick.med.usf.edu/scop/index.html"><strong>SCOP</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="./images/check_old.gif" /> at <a href="http://www.nick.med.usf.edu/">U. South Florida</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-annot/home.html"><strong>Sequence Annotation</strong></a> - Annotations on NCBI Sequences at <a alt="(W3)" images="" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src="></a></dd><dd><a alt="(W3)" images="" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src="><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> </a><a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/rawtrans.html"><strong>Sequence Translation</strong></a> - Translate Gene Sequences at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="ftp://dasher.wustl.edu/pub/sleuth/data"><strong>Sleuth</strong></a> - Amino Acid Conformation and Solvent Accessibility of PDB Files at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">Washington U.</a> <img alt="(FTP)" src="./images/ftp.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="./images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.ibcp.fr/predict.html"><strong>SOPM</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /><img alt="!Recent!" src="./images/check_old.gif" /> - Self Optimized Prediction Method for Prediction of Protein Secondary Structure at <a href="http://www.ibcp.fr/">IBCP-CNRS</a>, France <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc"><strong>SRSWWW</strong></a> - Network Browser for Databanks in Molecular Biology (w/ <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/net.html"><strong>diagram links</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/srs/index.html"><strong>SRSWWW-Directory</strong></a> - Directory of SRSWWW Network Browsers for Biological Databanks and <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/srs/status.html"><strong>SRSWWW-Global Status</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/">EMBnet-Basel</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/ssearch-query.html"><strong>SSEARCH</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /> - Universal Sequence Comparison Using the Smith-Waterman Algorithm at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/sspred/sspred_info.html"><strong>SSPRED</strong></a><img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /><img alt="!Recent!" src="./images/check_old.gif" /> - Predict the Secondary Structure of Proteins at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>, Germany <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/stride/stride.html"><strong>STRIDE</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Find Secondary Structural Elements in PDB Proteins Structures at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www-genome.wi.mit.edu/cgi-bin/www-STS_Pipeline/pipeline_front"><strong>STS Pipeline</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="./images/check.gif" /> - Analysis and STS Primer Picking of Short DNA Sequences with Duplicate Checking, Sequence Repeat Finding, Restriction Analysis, Vector Identification and BLAST Searching at <a href="http://www-genome.wi.mit.edu/">MIT</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.ucmb.ulb.ac.be/~joan/survol/form.html"><strong>SURVOL</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="./images/check_old.gif" /> - Analysis of Protein Atomic Volumes at <a href="http://www.ucmb.ulb.ac.be/">UCMB</a>, Belgium <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/ch2d/ch2d-top.html"><strong>Swiss-2DPage</strong></a> - Two-dimensional Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis Database at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/srs/srsc?-info+SWISSDOM"><strong>SWISSDOM</strong></a> - SwissProt Entries in a ProDom Map at <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">EBI</a>, UK <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/swissmod/SWISS-MODEL.html"><strong>Swiss-Model</strong></a> <img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /> - Automated Protein Modelling at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/srs/srsc?-info||SWISSNEW"><strong>SWISSNEW</strong></a> - New SwissProt Sequences at <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">EBI</a>, UK <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="./images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/sprot/sprot-top.html"><strong>SwissProt</strong></a> - Protein Sequence Database (+ Weekly Updates) at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/swisshop/SwissShopReq.html"><strong>Swiss-Shop</strong></a> <img alt="[E]" src="./images/star.gif" /> - Automated SwissProt and Prosite Information Queries at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="./images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/tbase/tbase.html"><strong>TBASE</strong></a> - Transgenic/Targeted Mutation Database at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/tfasta-query.html"><strong>TFASTA</strong></a> - Match a Protein Sequence Against All Six Frames of GenBank Sequences at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="gopher://gopher.nih.gov/77/gopherlib/indices/tfd/index"><strong>TFD</strong></a> - Transcription Factor Database at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a> <img alt="(Gopher)" src="./images/gopher.gif" /> </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info+TFFACTOR"><strong>TFFACTOR</strong></a> and <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info+TFSITE"><strong>TFSITE</strong></a> - Transcription Factor Data at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/rawtm.html"><strong>Tm</strong></a> - Oligonucleotide Melting Point Determination at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="./images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/tmap/tmap_sin.html"><strong>TMAP</strong></a> - Identification of Transmembrane Segments on a Protein Sequence at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="ftp://ulrec3.unil.ch/pub/tmbase"><strong>TMBASE</strong></a> - Transmembrane Protein Database at <a href="http://www.unil.ch/">U. Lausanne</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/TMPRED_form.html"><strong>TMpred</strong></a> - Prediction of Transmembrane Regions and Orientation in Protein Sequencs at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/www/dna.html"><strong>Translate</strong></a> - Translate a Nucleotide Sequence to a Protein at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_6.html"><strong>TreeGen</strong></a> - Tree Generation from Distance Data at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||781260221_129.186.4.14||-info||TREMBL"><strong>TREMBL</strong></a> - Database of Translated Peptide Sequences of All CDS Features from EMBL Sequences at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/srs/srsc?-info+VECBASE"><strong>VecBase</strong></a> - Cloning Vector Sequence Database.at <a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/">CAOS/CAMM</a>, The Netherlands&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://biology.queensu.ca/~miseners/vector.html"><strong>Vector-DB</strong></a> - Cloning Vector Database at <a href="http://www.queensu.ca/">Queen's U.-Kensington</a>, Canada , <a href="http://ben.vub.ac.be/srs/srsc?-info+VECTOR"><strong>VECTOR</strong></a> at <a href="http://ben.vub.ac.be/">BEN</a>, Belgium , <a href="gopher://gopher.gdb.org/77/.INDEX/vector"><strong>Vector</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> and <a href="gopher://virus1.virus.kyoto-u.ac.jp/77/.index/vector.ig/index"><strong>Vector-ig</strong></a> at <a href="http://virus1.virus.kyoto-u.ac.jp/">IVR</a>, Kyoto-U., Japan&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.bio.cam.ac.uk/seqlogo/logo.cgi"><strong>WebLogo</strong></a> - Sequence Logo Generation at <a href="http://www.bio.cam.ac.uk/">Cambridge U.</a>, UK&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://kestrel.ludwig.ucl.ac.uk/zpred.html"><strong>ZPRED</strong></a> - MultPredict Secondary Structure of Multiply Aligned Protein Sequences at <a href="http://kestrel.ludwig.ucl.ac.uk/">Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research</a>, UK&nbsp; </dd></dl> 1b464b301086db1f35210b36d49f7c8fe59be690 1972 2008-01-16T12:10:02Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <dl><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||ALI"><strong>3D-ALI</strong></a> - Database relating Proteins Structures and Sequences (see <a href="gopher://s-crim1.dl.ac.uk/00/EMBnet%20Bioinformation%20Resource%20UK/Data%20%26%20Software/databases/3d_ali/3d_ali.doc"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/aaa.html"><strong>AA Analysis</strong>&nbsp;</a> - Protein Identification in SwissProt and PIR using Amino Acid Composition at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/ch2d/aacompi.html"><strong>AA CompIdent</strong></a> - Protein Identification in SwissProt using Amino Acid Composition at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/ch2d/aacsim.html"><strong>AA CompSim</strong></a> - Compare the Amino Acid Composition of a SwissProt Entry with Other Entries at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://chait-sgi.rockefeller.edu/cgi-bin/sequence/AA"><strong>AA Sequence Analysis</strong></a> - Multiple Analysis of a Native or Modified Amino Acid Sequence at <a href="http://www.rockefeller.edu/ru.home.html">Rockefeller U.</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/~martin/abs/seqtest.html"><strong>AbCheck</strong></a> - Test an Antibody Sequence Against the Kabat Database at <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/">U. College-London</a>, UK&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/align-query.html"><strong>ALIGN</strong></a> - Optimal Global Alignment of Two Sequences with No Short-cuts at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France and <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/www/programs/align.html"><strong>Align</strong></a> at <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/">MIPS</a>, Germany&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_1.html"><strong>AllAll</strong></a> - Relationships in a Set of Related Peptides at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_2.html"><strong>AllAllDB</strong></a> - Search the All-Against-All Database of SwissProt at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://geoff.biop.ox.ac.uk/servers/amas_server.html"><strong>AMAS</strong></a> - Analysis of Protein Multiple Sequence Alignments at <a href="http://geoff.biop.ox.ac.uk/">U. Oxford</a>, UK&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/argos/ASC.21/asc2.html"><strong>ASC</strong></a> - Analytic Surface Calculation of PDB Protein Structures at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://mips11.mips.biochem.mpg.de/www/programs/atlas_per.html"><strong>ATLAS</strong></a> - Search DNA and Protein Sequence Databases at <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/">MIPS</a>, Germany&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://kiwi.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:8088/search-launcher/launcher.html"><strong>BCM Search Launcher</strong></a> at <a images="" alt="(W3)" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src="></a></dd><dd><a images="" alt="(W3)" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src=">&nbsp;</a><a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/protein-search.html"><strong>BEAUTY</strong></a> - BLAST Enhanced Alignment Utility <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/Help/beauty.html"><strong>(see Documentation)</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/">Baylor College of Medicine</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/srs/srsc?-info+BERLIN"><strong>BERLIN</strong></a> - RNA Databank of 5S rRNA and 5S rRNA Gene Sequences at <a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/">CAOS/CAMM</a>, The Netherlands&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://sgbcd.weizmann.ac.il/Bic/ExecAppl.html"><strong>BIOACCELERATOR</strong></a> at <a href="http://bioinformatics.weizmann.ac.il:70/">Weizmann Institute of Science</a>, Israel&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a images="" alt="!New!" href="http://www.ocms.ox.ac.uk/~birney/cusi/biocusi.html%3E%3Cb%3EbioCUSI%3C/b%3E%3C/a%3E%3Cimg%20src=">- Multiple Access to Biological Servers at </a><a href="http://www.ocms.ox.ac.uk/">OCMS-Oxford</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="ftp://pdb.pdb.bnl.gov/user_group/biological_units"><strong>Biological Units</strong></a> - Expanded PDB Entries with Full Biological Units at <a href="http://suntid.bnl.gov:8080/bnl.html">Brookhaven National Laboratory</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ocms.ox.ac.uk/~birney/palette.html"><strong>Biologist's Search Palette</strong></a> - Collection of Search Engines for Biological Databases at <a href="http://www.ocms.ox.ac.uk/">Oxford U.</a>, UK&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Recipon/bs_seq.html"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> - Basic Local Alignment Research Tool at <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/">NCBI</a>, <a href="http://swarmer.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/blastq-form?options=simple"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> (hiv, vector, etc) at <a href="http://motif.stanford.edu/">Stanford U.</a>, <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/SIT/BLAST.html"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan, <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/blast/blast-query.html"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France, <a href="http://www.crihan.fr/www/blast.html"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.crihan.fr/">CRIHAN</a>, France <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/cgi-bin/seq-search/blast_form_local.pl"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> (with Entrez and SRS Links) at <a href="http://gc.bcm.tmc.edu:8088/">Baylor College of Medicine</a> and <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/EPFLBLAST_form.html"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.epfl.ch/">EPFL</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/Option/blastpat.html"><strong>BLASTPAT</strong></a> - BLAST-based Pattern Database Search (see <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/Help/blastpat.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://gc.bcm.tmc.edu:8088/">Baylor College of Medicine</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/searches/blitz_input.html"><strong>BLITZ</strong></a> (see <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/searches/blitz_doc.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> and <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/searches/blitz_input.html"><strong>BLITZ</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">EBI</a>, UK&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.blocks.fhcrc.org/"><strong>BLOCKS</strong></a> - Database of Highly Conserved Regions in Proteins&nbsp; and <a href="gopher://klaatu.fhcrc.org/77/.indexes/.blocksindex/blocksindex"><strong>BLOCKS-WAIS</strong></a>&nbsp; at <a href="gopher://klaatu.fhcrc.org/">Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center</a>, <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||BLOCKS"><strong>BLOCKS</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> and <a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/blocks_query.html"><strong>BLOCKS-Search</strong></a> w/ search from <a href="http://www.cc.iastate.edu/welcome.html">Iowa State</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://bimas.dcrt.nih.gov/sql/BMRBgate.html"><strong>BioMagResBank</strong></a> - A Database of NMR-Derived Protein Structures at <a href="http://bimas.dcrt.nih.gov/">BIMAS-NIH</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://genome.cs.unc.edu/online.html"><strong>BioSCAN</strong></a> - Biological Sequence Comparative Analysis at <a href="http://genome.cs.unc.edu/">U. North Caroline</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://ibm4.carb.nist.gov:4400/bmcd/bmcd.html"><strong>BMCD</strong></a> - Biological Macromolecule Crystallization Database at <a href="http://ibm4.carb.nist.gov:4400/carb.html">CARB</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/BOX_form.html"><strong>BOXSHADE</strong></a> - Pretty Printing and Shading of Multiple-Sequence Alignments at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/bsm/cath/CATHintro.html"><strong>CATH</strong></a> - Protein Structure Classification at <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/">UCL-London</a>, UK&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/msa/clustal.cgi"><strong>CLUSTALW</strong></a> - Multiply Sequence Alignments at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">IBC-Washington U.</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/cuse.html"><strong>Codon Usage</strong></a> - Analysis of Different ORFs in a Gene Sequence at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/COILS_form.html"><strong>Coils</strong></a> - Prediction of Coiled Coil Regions in Protein Sequences at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://ben.vub.ac.be/srs/srsc?-info+CPGISLE"><strong>CpGIsle</strong></a> - CpG Islands Database at <a href="http://ben.vub.ac.be/">BEN</a>, Belgium&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_7.html"><strong>Darwin</strong></a> - Data Analysis and Retrieval With Indexed Nucleotide/Peptide Sequences at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/dbEST/index.html"><strong>dbEST</strong></a> - Database of Expressed Sequence Tags at <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/">NCBI</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/dbget/dbget.html"><strong>DBGET</strong></a> - Integrated Database Retrieval System (w/ <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/dbget/dbget.links.html"><strong>diagram links</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="gopher://gopher.nig.ac.jp/7waissrc%3a/DDBJ_Gopher_WAIS/DNA_seq_index_search.src"><strong>DDBJ</strong></a> - DNA Database of Japan at <a href="http://www.nig.ac.jp/">National Institute of Genetics</a>, Japan&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/rawdot.html"><strong>Dot Plot</strong></a> - Compare a DNA Sequence with Itself at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.nih.gov/molecular_modeling/drugbank.html"><strong>DrugBank</strong></a> - Three-dimensional Drug Structure Databank at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info+DSSP"><strong>DSSP</strong></a> - Database of Secondary Structure of Proteins from PDB (see <a href="http://www.sander.embl-heidelberg.de/dssp/descrip.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/proteins/ec-enzyme.html"><strong>EC Enzyme</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> and <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/show_ECtable"><strong>EC Number Table</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan and <a href="http://specter.dcrt.nih.gov:8004/Enzymes/enzymes.html"><strong>GenoBase Enzyme Index</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://susi.bio.uni-giessen.de/usr/local/www/html/ecdc.html"><strong>ECDC</strong></a> - <em>E. coli</em> Database Collection at <a href="http://www.uni-giessen.de/">Uni-Gie&szlig;en</a>, Germany&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="gopher://biox.embnet.unibas.ch:13021/77/.index/embl/index"><strong>EMBL</strong></a> - Nucleotide Sequence Database and <a href="gopher://biox.embnet.unibas.ch:13021/77/.index/xembl/index"><strong>EMBL-New Entries</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/">EMBnet-Basel</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/srs/srsc?-info||EMNEW"><strong>EMNEW</strong></a> - Index of New EMBL Sequences at <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">EBI</a>, UK&nbsp; </dd><dd><a href="http://specter.dcrt.nih.gov:8004/Compound/compound_toc_by_name.html"><strong>EMP Compound</strong></a> and <a href="http://specter.dcrt.nih.gov:8004/Pathway/pathway_toc_by_name.html"><strong>EMP Pathways</strong></a> - Selkov Enzyme and Metabolic Pathway (EMP) Database at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/home/towell/metabhome.html"><strong>EMP Metabolic Pathways</strong></a> - Navigation in Metabolic Pathways from <a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/home/compbio/default.html">MCS-Computational Biology</a> at <a href="http://www.anl.gov/">Argonne National Laboratory</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Search/Entrez/index.html"><strong>ENTREZ</strong></a> - Protein and Nucleotide Database (see <a href="http://atlas.nlm.nih.gov:5700/WWW2/WWW2_paper2.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/">NCBI</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/sprot/enzyme.html"><strong>ENZYME</strong></a> - The Enzyme Data Bank at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/bsm/enzymes/index.html"><strong>Enzyme Structures Database</strong></a> - Structures of Enzymes Deposited in the PDB at <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/">UCL-London</a>, UK&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||781260221_129.186.4.14||-info||EPD"><strong>EPD</strong></a> - Eucaryotic Promoter Database at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>, Germany and <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_epd"><strong>EPD</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://bioslave.uio.no:8001/srs/srsc?-info+EPO"><strong>EPO</strong></a> - European Patent Office Nucleotide Database at <a href="http://www.no.embnet.org/">BiO/U. Oslo</a>, Norway&nbsp; and <a href="gopher://gopher.csc.fi/7waissrc%3a/tiede/BioBox/bionic/.epo.src"><strong>EPO</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.csc.fi/CSC_english.html">CSC</a>, Finland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/searches/fasta.html"><strong>FASTA</strong></a> - Compare a Nucleic Acid Sequence to Nucleotide Sequence Databases (w/ updates) at <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">EBI</a>, UK, <a href="http://swarmer.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/fastaq-form?options=simple"><strong>FASTA</strong></a> (Berlin, Vectorbank, etc) at <a href="http://motif.stanford.edu/">Stanford U.</a>, <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/fasta-query.html"><strong>FASTA</strong></a> at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France and <a href="http://www.crihan.fr/www/fasta.html"><strong>FASTA</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.crihan.fr/">CRIHAN</a>, France&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/Options/fastpat.html"><strong>FASTPAT</strong></a> - FASTA-based Pattern Database Search (see <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/Help/fastpat.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://gc.bcm.tmc.edu:8088/">Baylor College of Medicine</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://morgan.harvard.edu/"><strong>FlyBase</strong></a> - Genetic and Molecular Database for <em>Drosophila</em> at <a href="http://www.harvard.edu/">Harvard U.</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||FSSP"><strong>FSSP</strong></a> - Database of Families of Structurally Similar Proteins derived from PDB at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.abc.hu/blast.html"><strong>FTHOM</strong></a> - Compare Protein Domain Homology at <a href="http://www.abc.hu/">ABC</a>, Hungary&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://gdbwww.gdb.org/"><strong>GDB</strong></a> - Human Genome Data Base at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:2555/r_genbank2.html"><strong>GenBank Database</strong></a> (+Updates) at <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/">NCBI</a> and <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/wu_fetch.html"><strong>GenBank-Fetch</strong></a> at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">Washington U.</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/gene-finder/gf.html"><strong>Gene Finder</strong></a> - Predict Gene Structure, Internal Exons and Splicing Sites in DNA and Exon-Exon Junstion in cDNA at <a images="" alt="(W3)" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src="></a></dd><dd><a images="" alt="(W3)" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src=">&nbsp;</a><a href="http://cbil.humgen.upenn.edu/~sdong/genlang_home.html"><strong>GenLang</strong></a> - Find Genes and Other Higher-Order Features in Nucleotide Sequences at <a href="http://cbil.humgen.upenn.edu/">CBIL-U. Pennsylvania</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://specter.dcrt.nih.gov:8004/"><strong>GenoBase</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/Genome-DBS.html"><strong>Genome Databases</strong></a> and <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/Genome_Centre.html"><strong>Genome Centers</strong></a> - World Wide Links at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ri.bbsrc.ac.uk/genome_workstation/workstation.html"><strong>Genome Workstation</strong></a> - Genome Related Links at <a href="http://www.ri.bbsrc.ac.uk/">Roslin Institute</a>, UK&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://biotech.chem.indiana.edu/WebChris/maps.html"><strong>Genomic Maps</strong></a> - Links to Genome Specific Resources at <a href="http://biotech.chem.indiana.edu/">Biotech-Indiana</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/gq/gq.form.html"><strong>GenQuest</strong></a> - Search Against Protein Databases with the Q server at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://avalon.epm.ornl.gov/Grail-bin/EmptyGrailForm"><strong>Grail</strong></a> - Analysis of the Protein Coding Potential of a DNA Sequence (see <a href="ftp://arthur.epm.ornl.gov/pub/xgrail/Manual.grail-genquest.July94"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://avalon.epm.ornl.gov/">ORNL</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ncgr.org/gsdb/"><strong>GSDB</strong></a> - Genome Sequence Database at <a href="http://www.ncgr.org/ncgr/ncgr.html">NCGR</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/www/guess-prot.html"><strong>GuessProt</strong></a> - Selects SwissProt proteins given pI and Mw at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/hhs/"><strong>HHS</strong></a> - SwissProt and PDB Systematic Sequence Classification Database at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">Washington U.</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/srs/srsc?-info+HOVERGEN"><strong>HOVERGEN</strong></a> - Database of Homologous Vertebrate Genes at <a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/">CAOS/CAMM</a>, The Netherlands&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/www/programs/hpt_persistent.html"><strong>HPT</strong></a> - Protein Sequence Pattern Recognition in the PIR Database and <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/www/programs/hpt_homol.html"><strong>HPT-Homology</strong></a> at <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/">MIPS</a>, Germany&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||HSSP"><strong>HSSP</strong></a> - Database of Homology-Derived Structures of Proteins based on PDB and SwissProt at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="gopher://gopher.gdb.org/77/.INDEX/kabat"><strong>Kabat </strong></a>- Database of Proteins of Immunological Interest at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.prosci.uci.edu/kinemages/KinemageIndex.html"><strong>Kinemage-Index</strong></a> - &quot;Kinetical Images&quot; by Protein Type at <a href="http://www.prosci.uci.edu/">Protein Science</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/klotho/"><strong>Klotho</strong></a> - Biochemical Compounds Declarative Database at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">Washington U.</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/lalign-query.html"><strong>LALIGN</strong></a> - Calculates the N-Best Local Alignments Between Two Sequences at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/lfasta-query.html"><strong>LFASTA</strong></a> - Local Similarity Searches Between Two Sequences Showing Local Alignments at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_ligand"><strong>LIGAND</strong></a> - Ligand Chemical Database for Enzyme Reactions at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="gopher://gopher.nih.gov/77/gopherlib/indices/limb/index"><strong>LiMB</strong></a> - Listing of Molecular Biology Databases at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; and <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||777855676_129.186.4.14||-info||LIMB"><strong>LiMB</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_3.html"><strong>MassSearch</strong></a> - Search SwissProt or EMBL Databases by Protein Mass After Digestion at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://cgsc.biology.yale.edu/metab.html"><strong>Metabolic Database</strong></a> - Metabolic Reactions and Pathways at <a href="http://cgsc.biology.yale.edu/">CGSC-Yale U.</a> and <a href="http://moulon.inra.fr/cgi-bin/nph-acedb3.1/acedb/metabolisme?find+Reaction_or_pathway%3By+14+69"><strong>Metabolic Database</strong></a> at <a href="http://moulon.inra.fr/">INRA-Moulon</a>, France&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.informatics.jax.org/mgd.html"><strong>MGD</strong></a> - Mouse Genome Database at <a href="http://www.informatics.jax.org/">Jackson Laboratory</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="gopher://wehil.wehi.edu.au/11/MHCPEP.DB"><strong>MHCPEP</strong></a> - Database of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Binding Peptides at <a href="http://www.wehi.edu.au/">WEHI-Melbourne</a>, Australia&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/www/programs/hpt_persistent.html"><strong>MIPS-Alert</strong></a> - Automated Sequence Information Queries at <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/">MIPS</a>, Germany&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.nih.gov/htbin/pdb"><strong>Molecules R US</strong></a> - Interactive Text and Images of PDB Files at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||777855676_129.186.4.14||-info||MOLPROBE"><strong>MPBD</strong></a> - Molecular Probe Data Base at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; and <a href="gopher://gopher.slu.se/7waissrc%3a/wais-dbs/Biology/Oligos"><strong>MPDB</strong></a> at <a href="gopher://gopher.slu.se/">U. Agricultural Sciences</a>, Sweden&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://cuhhca.hhmi.columbia.edu/moose/"><strong>MOOSE</strong></a> - Macromolecular Object Oriented Search Engine to Extract PDB Contained Information at <a href="http://cuhhca.hhmi.columbia.edu/">Columbia U.</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/msa.html"><strong>MSA</strong></a> - Multiple Sequence Alignment at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">Washington U.</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/SIT/MOTIF.html"><strong>MOTIF</strong></a> - Search Patterns in Protein Sequences at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan <a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/motif_query.html"><strong>Motif</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan w/ search from <a href="http://www.cc.iastate.edu/welcome.html">Iowa State</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/multi-align/multi-align.html"><strong>Multiple Sequence Alignments</strong></a> - CLUSTAL-W, MAP, and PIMA alignments at <a href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/">Baylor College of Medicine</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://ndbserver.rutgers.edu/"><strong>NDB</strong></a> - Nucleic Acid Database at Rutgers U.&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.cmpharm.ucsf.edu/~nomi/nnpredict.html"><strong>nnPredict</strong></a> - Predict Protein Secondary Structure at <a href="http://wormworld.ucsf.edu/">UCSF</a> and <a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/nnpredict_query.html"><strong>nnPredict</strong></a> at w/ search from <a href="http://www.cc.iastate.edu/welcome.html">Iowa State</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/proteins/nrl3d.html"><strong>NRL_3D</strong></a> - Sequence/Structure Database derived from PDB at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> and <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||NRL3D"><strong>NRL_3D</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://ddbjs4h.genes.nig.ac.jp/"><strong>NRSub</strong></a> - A Non-Redundant DNA Sequence Database for <em>Bacillus subtilis</em> at <a href="http://www.nig.ac.jp/">National Institute of Genetics</a>, Japan&nbsp; </dd><dd><a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_4.html"><strong>NuclPepSearch</strong></a> - Search SwissProt for a Nucletide Sequence at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://chait-sgi.rockefeller.edu/"><strong>NYC-MASS</strong></a> - Protein Mass Spectrometry Database at <a href="http://www.rockefeller.edu/ru.home.html">Rockefeller U.</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/obstruct/obs_form.html"><strong>OBSTRUCT</strong></a> - Correlate Sequence Subsets of PDB Protein Structures at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://gdbwww.gdb.org/omimdoc/omimtop.html"><strong>OMIM</strong></a> - Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="gopher://megasun.bch.umontreal.ca/11/Organelles/Genomes"><strong>Organelle Genome</strong></a>&nbsp; - A Sequence Database at <a href="gopher://megasun.bch.umontreal.ca/">U. Montreal</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://biotech.chem.indiana.edu/lib/orgstrain.html"><strong>Organisms and Strains</strong></a> - Links to Databases Specific to Organism and Cell Collections at <a href="http://biotech.chem.indiana.edu/">Biotech-Indiana</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/proteins/owl.html"><strong>OWL</strong></a> - Non-Redundant Protein Sequence Database (Updated Daily) at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> and <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/~attwood/OWL/OWL.html"><strong>OWL</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/">UCL-London</a>, UK&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/home/papka/ROSS/patscan.html"><strong>PatScan</strong></a> - Look for Pattern Matches in DNA or Protein Sequences at <a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/">Argonne National Laboratory</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/PATFND_form.html"><strong>PatternFind</strong></a> - Search the SwissProt and Genpept Protein Sequence Databases with a <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/txt/profile.txt">PROSITE-formatted</a> Pattern at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www-pdd.ncifcrf.gov/PDD/GEN-docs/indexGEN.html"><strong>PDD</strong></a> - Protein Disease Database at <a href="http://www-pdd.ncifcrf.gov/">NIMH-NCI</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.pdb.bnl.gov:4148/cgi-bin/browse"><strong>PDB-Browser</strong></a>, <a href="gopher://pdb.pdb.bnl.gov/77/xfullindex/full"><strong>PDB-Index</strong></a> and <a href="gopher://pdb.pdb.bnl.gov/77/xstatusindex/status"><strong>PDB-Pending</strong></a> - <a href="http://www.pdb.bnl.gov/">Protein Data Bank</a> Structures at <a href="http://suntid.bnl.gov:8080/bnl.html">Brookhaven National Laboratory</a>, <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_pdb"><strong>PDB</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a> Japan, <a href="http://www.ibf.unige.it/7/sci/.PDB/pdbsearch"><strong>PDB</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ibf.unige.it/">U. Genova</a>, Italy, <a href="http://www.ucmb.ulb.ac.be/pdb_seq_rel_jan94"><strong>PDB-List</strong></a> and <a href="http://www.ucmb.ulb.ac.be/pdb_annot_jan94"><strong>PDB-Annotated</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ucmb.ulb.ac.be/index.html">Brussels Free U.</a>, Belgium and <a href="http://www.sander.embl-heidelberg.de/pdbsel/explanation.html"><strong>PDB-Select</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.nih.gov/molecular_modeling/pdb_at_a_glance.html"><strong>PDB At A Glance</strong></a> - Hierarchic Access to PDB Files at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||781260221_129.186.4.14||-info||PDBFINDER"><strong>PDBFINDER</strong></a> - A Database Containing PDB, DSSP and HSSP Information (see <a href="http://www.sander.embl-heidelberg.de/pdbfinder/overview.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_pdbstr"><strong>PDBSTR</strong></a> - Re-organized Protein Data Bank at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_5.html"><strong>PepPepSearch</strong></a> - Search SwissProt for a Peptide Sequence at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://lenti.med.umn.edu/~shoop/sample.html"><strong>Plant EST Analysis</strong></a> - Similarity Analysis of Different Plant cDNA/EST Sequences at <a href="http://lenti.med.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/pprotein_query.html"><strong>PHD</strong></a> - Predict Protein Secondary Structure at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> w/ search from <a href="http://www.cc.iastate.edu/welcome.html">Iowa State</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.pasteur.fr/sas/phy/boot-sub.html"><strong>PHILIP-Bootstrapping Analysis</strong></a> - Divergence Between Protein or Nucleotide Sequences at <a href="http://www.pasteur.fr/">Institut Pasteur</a>, France&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/gcg/phospepsort-query.html"><strong>Phospepsort</strong></a> - Digest Phosphorylated Peptide Sequences at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/ch2d/pi_tool.html"><strong>pI/Mw</strong></a> - Compute the Theoretical pI and Molecular Weight of a Protein Sequence at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/proteins/pir.html"><strong>PIR</strong></a> - Protein Identification Resource Database at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||PIRALN"><strong>PIRALN</strong></a> - Database of Sequence Alignments based on PIR at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_pmd"><strong>PMD</strong></a> - Protein Mutant Database at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan and <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||PMD"><strong>PMD</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/pmotif.html"><strong>PMOTIF</strong></a> - Search Protein Motifs in Gene Sequence at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/service/polandform.html"><strong>Poland</strong></a> - Calculate the Thermal Denaturation Profile of Double Stranded RNA or DNA at <a href="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/">Uni-D&uuml;sseldorf</a>, Germany&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/predictprotein/predictprotein.html"><strong>PredictProtein</strong></a> - Predict Protein Secondary Structure at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_prf"><strong>PRF</strong></a> - Protein Research Foundation Sequence Database at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www-genome.wi.mit.edu/cgi-bin/primer2.2/primer_front"><strong>Primer</strong></a> - Select PCR Primers in a Gene Sequence at <a href="http://www-genome.wi.mit.edu/">WICGR-MIT</a> and <a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/rawprimer.html"><strong>Primer</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/~attwood/PRINTS/PRINTS.html"><strong>PRINTS</strong></a> - Protein Motif Fingerprints Database (see <a href="file://gopher.embl-heidelberg.de/pub/databases/prints/prints.doc"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) and <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/~attwood/ALIGN/ALIGN.html"><strong>PRINTS-ALIGN</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/">UCL-London</a>, UK and <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/srs/srsc?-info+PRINTS"><strong>PRINTS</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/">EMBnet-Basel</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://protein.toulouse.inra.fr/prodom.html"><strong>ProDom</strong></a> - A Protein Domain Database and <a href="http://protein.toulouse.inra.fr/prodom/blast_form.html"><strong>ProDom-Search</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.jouy.inra.fr/infoservices-INRA/infoservices_donnees.html">INRA-Toulouse</a>, France, <a href="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/~esr/prodom.html"><strong>ProDom</strong></a> and <a href="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/~esr/prodom-blast.html"><strong>ProDom-Search</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/">Sanger Centre</a>, UK and <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||777855676_129.186.4.14||-info||PRODOM"><strong>ProDom</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/PRFSCAN_form.html"><strong>ProfileScan&nbsp;</strong></a> - Search a Sequence Against a Library of Profiles at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="gopher://bmerc-gopher.bu.edu/11/Databases/prolink"><strong>ProLink</strong></a> - Integrated Database of Protein Structure, Sequence Homology, and Functional Pattern Information at <a href="http://bmerc-www.bu.edu/">BMERC</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/prs.page"><strong>PROPSEARCH</strong></a> - Protein Sequence Search for Structural Homology Based on Aminoacid Properties at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/sprot/prosite.html"><strong>PROSITE</strong></a> - Protein Sites and Patterns Database at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland, <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/PSTSCAN_form.html"><strong>PrositeScan</strong></a> at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland and <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/searches/prosite_input.html"><strong>PROSITE-Search</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="file://ftp.embl-heidelberg.de/pub/databases/protein_extras"><strong>Protein-Extras</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/p_families.html"><strong>Protein Families</strong></a> - Links to Information on Different Protein Families at <a href="http://www.cc.iastate.edu/">Iowa State</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://chait-sgi.rockefeller.edu/cgi-bin/prot-id/1/1"><strong>Prot-ID</strong></a> - Identify a Protein from Masses of Enzymatic Digestion Peptide Fragments at <a href="http://chait-sgi.rockefeller.edu/">Rockefeller U.</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="file://cb-iris.stanford.edu/pub/ProteinMovements/ProtMotDB.main.html"><strong>Protein Motions</strong></a>&nbsp; - DataBase of Protein Movements at <a href="http://hyper.stanford.edu/">Stanford U.</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://bmerc-www.bu.edu/psa/"><strong>PSA</strong></a> - Protein Sequence Analysis for Sequences of Unknown Structure at <a href="http://bmerc-www.bu.edu/welcome.html">BMERC/MBCRR</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://psort.nibb.ac.jp/"><strong>PSORT</strong></a> - Predict Protein Sorting Signals Coded in Amino Acid Sequences at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/pssprediction/pssp.html"><strong>PSSP</strong></a> - Protein Secondary Structure Prediction at <a images="" alt="(W3)" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src="></a></dd><dd><a images="" alt="(W3)" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src=">&nbsp;</a><a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/home/compbio/PUMA/Production/puma.html"><strong>PUMA</strong></a> - Phylogeny of Unicellular Organims with Metabolism and Alignments from <a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/home/compbio/default.html">MCS-Computational Biology</a> at <a href="http://www.anl.gov/">Argonne National Laboratory</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="file://ftp.embl-heidelberg.de/pub/databases/protein_extras/puu/domains.puu"><strong>PUU</strong></a> - Protein Domains Database Based on PDB-Select at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://geta.life.uiuc.edu/index.html"><strong>RDP</strong></a> - Ribosomal Database Project at U. Illinois&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://vent.neb.com/rebase/rebase.html"><strong>ReBase</strong></a> - Restriction Enzyme Database and <a href="http://www.neb.com/cgi-bin/wais_ref.pl"><strong>ReBase-Search</strong></a> at <a href="http://vent.neb.com/">New England Biolabs</a>, <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||777855676_129.186.4.14||-info||REBASE"><strong>ReBase</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> and <a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/rebase/rebase.html"><strong>ReBase</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/repro/rep_tot.html"><strong>REPRO</strong></a> - Recognition of Protein Sequence Repeats at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://pundit.colorado.edu:8080/"><strong>RNA Secondary Structures</strong></a> - Information on Group I Introns and rRNA at <a href="http://www.colorado.edu/">U. Colorado-Boulder</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd><a href="http://www-rrna.uia.ac.be/rrna/index.html"><strong>rRNA</strong></a> - Databases of Ribosomal Subunit RNA Sequences at <a href="http://www.uia.ac.be/">U. Antwerp</a>, Belgium&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<strong>RSVP</strong> - Rapid Sequence Visualization in Postscript for Analysis of DNA Sequences at <a href="http://cbil.humgen.upenn.edu/">CBIL-U. Pennsylvania</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/SAPS_form.html"><strong>SAPS</strong></a> - Statistical Analysis of Protein Sequences at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://base.icgeb.trieste.it/sbase/"><strong>SBASE</strong></a> - Library of Protein Domains and <a href="http://base.icgeb.trieste.it/sbase/blast.html"><strong>SBASE-Search</strong></a>&nbsp; at <a href="http://base.icgeb.trieste.it/">ICGEB-Trieste</a>, Italy&nbsp; </dd><dd><a href="http://geoff.biop.ox.ac.uk/servers/scanps_server.html"><strong>SCANPS</strong></a> - Scan Protein Sequences at <a href="http://geoff.biop.ox.ac.uk/">U. Oxford</a>, UK&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.bio.cam.ac.uk/scop/"><strong>SCOP</strong></a> - Structural Classification of Proteins at <a href="http://www.bio.cam.ac.uk/">Cambridge</a>, UK and <a href="http://www.nick.med.usf.edu/scop/index.html"><strong>SCOP</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.nick.med.usf.edu/">U. South Florida</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-annot/home.html"><strong>Sequence Annotation</strong></a> - Annotations on NCBI Sequences at <a images="" alt="(W3)" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src="></a></dd><dd><a images="" alt="(W3)" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src=">&nbsp;</a><a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/rawtrans.html"><strong>Sequence Translation</strong></a> - Translate Gene Sequences at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="ftp://dasher.wustl.edu/pub/sleuth/data"><strong>Sleuth</strong></a> - Amino Acid Conformation and Solvent Accessibility of PDB Files at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">Washington U.</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ibcp.fr/predict.html"><strong>SOPM</strong></a> - Self Optimized Prediction Method for Prediction of Protein Secondary Structure at <a href="http://www.ibcp.fr/">IBCP-CNRS</a>, France&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc"><strong>SRSWWW</strong></a> - Network Browser for Databanks in Molecular Biology (w/ <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/net.html"><strong>diagram links</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/srs/index.html"><strong>SRSWWW-Directory</strong></a> - Directory of SRSWWW Network Browsers for Biological Databanks and <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/srs/status.html"><strong>SRSWWW-Global Status</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/">EMBnet-Basel</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/ssearch-query.html"><strong>SSEARCH</strong></a> - Universal Sequence Comparison Using the Smith-Waterman Algorithm at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/sspred/sspred_info.html"><strong>SSPRED</strong></a> - Predict the Secondary Structure of Proteins at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>, Germany&nbsp;</dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/stride/stride.html"><strong>STRIDE</strong></a> - Find Secondary Structural Elements in PDB Proteins Structures at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www-genome.wi.mit.edu/cgi-bin/www-STS_Pipeline/pipeline_front"><strong>STS Pipeline</strong></a> - Analysis and STS Primer Picking of Short DNA Sequences with Duplicate Checking, Sequence Repeat Finding, Restriction Analysis, Vector Identification and BLAST Searching at <a href="http://www-genome.wi.mit.edu/">MIT</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ucmb.ulb.ac.be/~joan/survol/form.html"><strong>SURVOL</strong></a> - Analysis of Protein Atomic Volumes at <a href="http://www.ucmb.ulb.ac.be/">UCMB</a>, Belgium&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/ch2d/ch2d-top.html"><strong>Swiss-2DPage</strong></a> - Two-dimensional Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis Database at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/srs/srsc?-info+SWISSDOM"><strong>SWISSDOM</strong></a> - SwissProt Entries in a ProDom Map at <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">EBI</a>, UK&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/swissmod/SWISS-MODEL.html"><strong>Swiss-Model</strong></a>&nbsp; - Automated Protein Modelling at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/srs/srsc?-info||SWISSNEW"><strong>SWISSNEW</strong></a> - New SwissProt Sequences at <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">EBI</a>, UK&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/sprot/sprot-top.html"><strong>SwissProt</strong></a> - Protein Sequence Database (+ Weekly Updates) at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/swisshop/SwissShopReq.html"><strong>Swiss-Shop</strong></a>&nbsp; - Automated SwissProt and Prosite Information Queries at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/tbase/tbase.html"><strong>TBASE</strong></a> - Transgenic/Targeted Mutation Database at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/tfasta-query.html"><strong>TFASTA</strong></a> - Match a Protein Sequence Against All Six Frames of GenBank Sequences at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="gopher://gopher.nih.gov/77/gopherlib/indices/tfd/index"><strong>TFD</strong></a> - Transcription Factor Database at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info+TFFACTOR"><strong>TFFACTOR</strong></a> and <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info+TFSITE"><strong>TFSITE</strong></a> - Transcription Factor Data at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/rawtm.html"><strong>Tm</strong></a> - Oligonucleotide Melting Point Determination at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/tmap/tmap_sin.html"><strong>TMAP</strong></a> - Identification of Transmembrane Segments on a Protein Sequence at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="ftp://ulrec3.unil.ch/pub/tmbase"><strong>TMBASE</strong></a> - Transmembrane Protein Database at <a href="http://www.unil.ch/">U. Lausanne</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/TMPRED_form.html"><strong>TMpred</strong></a> - Prediction of Transmembrane Regions and Orientation in Protein Sequencs at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/www/dna.html"><strong>Translate</strong></a> - Translate a Nucleotide Sequence to a Protein at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_6.html"><strong>TreeGen</strong></a> - Tree Generation from Distance Data at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||781260221_129.186.4.14||-info||TREMBL"><strong>TREMBL</strong></a> - Database of Translated Peptide Sequences of All CDS Features from EMBL Sequences at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/srs/srsc?-info+VECBASE"><strong>VecBase</strong></a> - Cloning Vector Sequence Database.at <a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/">CAOS/CAMM</a>, The Netherlands&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://biology.queensu.ca/~miseners/vector.html"><strong>Vector-DB</strong></a> - Cloning Vector Database at <a href="http://www.queensu.ca/">Queen's U.-Kensington</a>, Canada , <a href="http://ben.vub.ac.be/srs/srsc?-info+VECTOR"><strong>VECTOR</strong></a> at <a href="http://ben.vub.ac.be/">BEN</a>, Belgium , <a href="gopher://gopher.gdb.org/77/.INDEX/vector"><strong>Vector</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> and <a href="gopher://virus1.virus.kyoto-u.ac.jp/77/.index/vector.ig/index"><strong>Vector-ig</strong></a> at <a href="http://virus1.virus.kyoto-u.ac.jp/">IVR</a>, Kyoto-U., Japan&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.bio.cam.ac.uk/seqlogo/logo.cgi"><strong>WebLogo</strong></a> - Sequence Logo Generation at <a href="http://www.bio.cam.ac.uk/">Cambridge U.</a>, UK&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://kestrel.ludwig.ucl.ac.uk/zpred.html"><strong>ZPRED</strong></a> - MultPredict Secondary Structure of Multiply Aligned Protein Sequences at <a href="http://kestrel.ludwig.ucl.ac.uk/">Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research</a>, UK&nbsp; </dd></dl> 11ae3956f9ed56834860fd297c8e00257ee0fbc8 1973 2008-01-16T12:10:33Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||ALI"><strong>3D-ALI</strong></a> - Database relating Proteins Structures and Sequences (see <a href="gopher://s-crim1.dl.ac.uk/00/EMBnet%20Bioinformation%20Resource%20UK/Data%20%26%20Software/databases/3d_ali/3d_ali.doc"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/aaa.html"><strong>AA Analysis</strong>&nbsp;</a> - Protein Identification in SwissProt and PIR using Amino Acid Composition at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/ch2d/aacompi.html"><strong>AA CompIdent</strong></a> - Protein Identification in SwissProt using Amino Acid Composition at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/ch2d/aacsim.html"><strong>AA CompSim</strong></a> - Compare the Amino Acid Composition of a SwissProt Entry with Other Entries at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://chait-sgi.rockefeller.edu/cgi-bin/sequence/AA"><strong>AA Sequence Analysis</strong></a> - Multiple Analysis of a Native or Modified Amino Acid Sequence at <a href="http://www.rockefeller.edu/ru.home.html">Rockefeller U.</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/~martin/abs/seqtest.html"><strong>AbCheck</strong></a> - Test an Antibody Sequence Against the Kabat Database at <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/">U. College-London</a>, UK&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/align-query.html"><strong>ALIGN</strong></a> - Optimal Global Alignment of Two Sequences with No Short-cuts at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France and <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/www/programs/align.html"><strong>Align</strong></a> at <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/">MIPS</a>, Germany&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_1.html"><strong>AllAll</strong></a> - Relationships in a Set of Related Peptides at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_2.html"><strong>AllAllDB</strong></a> - Search the All-Against-All Database of SwissProt at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://geoff.biop.ox.ac.uk/servers/amas_server.html"><strong>AMAS</strong></a> - Analysis of Protein Multiple Sequence Alignments at <a href="http://geoff.biop.ox.ac.uk/">U. Oxford</a>, UK&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/argos/ASC.21/asc2.html"><strong>ASC</strong></a> - Analytic Surface Calculation of PDB Protein Structures at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://mips11.mips.biochem.mpg.de/www/programs/atlas_per.html"><strong>ATLAS</strong></a> - Search DNA and Protein Sequence Databases at <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/">MIPS</a>, Germany&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://kiwi.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:8088/search-launcher/launcher.html"><strong>BCM Search Launcher</strong></a> at <a images="" alt="(W3)" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src="></a></dd><dd><a images="" alt="(W3)" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src=">&nbsp;</a><a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/protein-search.html"><strong>BEAUTY</strong></a> - BLAST Enhanced Alignment Utility <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/Help/beauty.html"><strong>(see Documentation)</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/">Baylor College of Medicine</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/srs/srsc?-info+BERLIN"><strong>BERLIN</strong></a> - RNA Databank of 5S rRNA and 5S rRNA Gene Sequences at <a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/">CAOS/CAMM</a>, The Netherlands&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://sgbcd.weizmann.ac.il/Bic/ExecAppl.html"><strong>BIOACCELERATOR</strong></a> at <a href="http://bioinformatics.weizmann.ac.il:70/">Weizmann Institute of Science</a>, Israel&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a images="" alt="!New!" href="http://www.ocms.ox.ac.uk/~birney/cusi/biocusi.html%3E%3Cb%3EbioCUSI%3C/b%3E%3C/a%3E%3Cimg%20src=">- Multiple Access to Biological Servers at </a><a href="http://www.ocms.ox.ac.uk/">OCMS-Oxford</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="ftp://pdb.pdb.bnl.gov/user_group/biological_units"><strong>Biological Units</strong></a> - Expanded PDB Entries with Full Biological Units at <a href="http://suntid.bnl.gov:8080/bnl.html">Brookhaven National Laboratory</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ocms.ox.ac.uk/~birney/palette.html"><strong>Biologist's Search Palette</strong></a> - Collection of Search Engines for Biological Databases at <a href="http://www.ocms.ox.ac.uk/">Oxford U.</a>, UK&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Recipon/bs_seq.html"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> - Basic Local Alignment Research Tool at <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/">NCBI</a>, <a href="http://swarmer.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/blastq-form?options=simple"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> (hiv, vector, etc) at <a href="http://motif.stanford.edu/">Stanford U.</a>, <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/SIT/BLAST.html"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan, <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/blast/blast-query.html"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France, <a href="http://www.crihan.fr/www/blast.html"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.crihan.fr/">CRIHAN</a>, France <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/cgi-bin/seq-search/blast_form_local.pl"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> (with Entrez and SRS Links) at <a href="http://gc.bcm.tmc.edu:8088/">Baylor College of Medicine</a> and <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/EPFLBLAST_form.html"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.epfl.ch/">EPFL</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/Option/blastpat.html"><strong>BLASTPAT</strong></a> - BLAST-based Pattern Database Search (see <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/Help/blastpat.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://gc.bcm.tmc.edu:8088/">Baylor College of Medicine</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/searches/blitz_input.html"><strong>BLITZ</strong></a> (see <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/searches/blitz_doc.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> and <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/searches/blitz_input.html"><strong>BLITZ</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">EBI</a>, UK&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.blocks.fhcrc.org/"><strong>BLOCKS</strong></a> - Database of Highly Conserved Regions in Proteins&nbsp; and <a href="gopher://klaatu.fhcrc.org/77/.indexes/.blocksindex/blocksindex"><strong>BLOCKS-WAIS</strong></a>&nbsp; at <a href="gopher://klaatu.fhcrc.org/">Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center</a>, <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||BLOCKS"><strong>BLOCKS</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> and <a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/blocks_query.html"><strong>BLOCKS-Search</strong></a> w/ search from <a href="http://www.cc.iastate.edu/welcome.html">Iowa State</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://bimas.dcrt.nih.gov/sql/BMRBgate.html"><strong>BioMagResBank</strong></a> - A Database of NMR-Derived Protein Structures at <a href="http://bimas.dcrt.nih.gov/">BIMAS-NIH</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://genome.cs.unc.edu/online.html"><strong>BioSCAN</strong></a> - Biological Sequence Comparative Analysis at <a href="http://genome.cs.unc.edu/">U. North Caroline</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://ibm4.carb.nist.gov:4400/bmcd/bmcd.html"><strong>BMCD</strong></a> - Biological Macromolecule Crystallization Database at <a href="http://ibm4.carb.nist.gov:4400/carb.html">CARB</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/BOX_form.html"><strong>BOXSHADE</strong></a> - Pretty Printing and Shading of Multiple-Sequence Alignments at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/bsm/cath/CATHintro.html"><strong>CATH</strong></a> - Protein Structure Classification at <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/">UCL-London</a>, UK&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/msa/clustal.cgi"><strong>CLUSTALW</strong></a> - Multiply Sequence Alignments at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">IBC-Washington U.</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/cuse.html"><strong>Codon Usage</strong></a> - Analysis of Different ORFs in a Gene Sequence at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/COILS_form.html"><strong>Coils</strong></a> - Prediction of Coiled Coil Regions in Protein Sequences at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://ben.vub.ac.be/srs/srsc?-info+CPGISLE"><strong>CpGIsle</strong></a> - CpG Islands Database at <a href="http://ben.vub.ac.be/">BEN</a>, Belgium&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_7.html"><strong>Darwin</strong></a> - Data Analysis and Retrieval With Indexed Nucleotide/Peptide Sequences at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/dbEST/index.html"><strong>dbEST</strong></a> - Database of Expressed Sequence Tags at <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/">NCBI</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/dbget/dbget.html"><strong>DBGET</strong></a> - Integrated Database Retrieval System (w/ <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/dbget/dbget.links.html"><strong>diagram links</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="gopher://gopher.nig.ac.jp/7waissrc%3a/DDBJ_Gopher_WAIS/DNA_seq_index_search.src"><strong>DDBJ</strong></a> - DNA Database of Japan at <a href="http://www.nig.ac.jp/">National Institute of Genetics</a>, Japan&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/rawdot.html"><strong>Dot Plot</strong></a> - Compare a DNA Sequence with Itself at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.nih.gov/molecular_modeling/drugbank.html"><strong>DrugBank</strong></a> - Three-dimensional Drug Structure Databank at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info+DSSP"><strong>DSSP</strong></a> - Database of Secondary Structure of Proteins from PDB (see <a href="http://www.sander.embl-heidelberg.de/dssp/descrip.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/proteins/ec-enzyme.html"><strong>EC Enzyme</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> and <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/show_ECtable"><strong>EC Number Table</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan and <a href="http://specter.dcrt.nih.gov:8004/Enzymes/enzymes.html"><strong>GenoBase Enzyme Index</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://susi.bio.uni-giessen.de/usr/local/www/html/ecdc.html"><strong>ECDC</strong></a> - <em>E. coli</em> Database Collection at <a href="http://www.uni-giessen.de/">Uni-Gie&szlig;en</a>, Germany&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="gopher://biox.embnet.unibas.ch:13021/77/.index/embl/index"><strong>EMBL</strong></a> - Nucleotide Sequence Database and <a href="gopher://biox.embnet.unibas.ch:13021/77/.index/xembl/index"><strong>EMBL-New Entries</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/">EMBnet-Basel</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/srs/srsc?-info||EMNEW"><strong>EMNEW</strong></a> - Index of New EMBL Sequences at <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">EBI</a>, UK&nbsp; </dd><dd><a href="http://specter.dcrt.nih.gov:8004/Compound/compound_toc_by_name.html"><strong>EMP Compound</strong></a> and <a href="http://specter.dcrt.nih.gov:8004/Pathway/pathway_toc_by_name.html"><strong>EMP Pathways</strong></a> - Selkov Enzyme and Metabolic Pathway (EMP) Database at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/home/towell/metabhome.html"><strong>EMP Metabolic Pathways</strong></a> - Navigation in Metabolic Pathways from <a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/home/compbio/default.html">MCS-Computational Biology</a> at <a href="http://www.anl.gov/">Argonne National Laboratory</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Search/Entrez/index.html"><strong>ENTREZ</strong></a> - Protein and Nucleotide Database (see <a href="http://atlas.nlm.nih.gov:5700/WWW2/WWW2_paper2.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/">NCBI</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/sprot/enzyme.html"><strong>ENZYME</strong></a> - The Enzyme Data Bank at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/bsm/enzymes/index.html"><strong>Enzyme Structures Database</strong></a> - Structures of Enzymes Deposited in the PDB at <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/">UCL-London</a>, UK&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||781260221_129.186.4.14||-info||EPD"><strong>EPD</strong></a> - Eucaryotic Promoter Database at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>, Germany and <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_epd"><strong>EPD</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://bioslave.uio.no:8001/srs/srsc?-info+EPO"><strong>EPO</strong></a> - European Patent Office Nucleotide Database at <a href="http://www.no.embnet.org/">BiO/U. Oslo</a>, Norway&nbsp; and <a href="gopher://gopher.csc.fi/7waissrc%3a/tiede/BioBox/bionic/.epo.src"><strong>EPO</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.csc.fi/CSC_english.html">CSC</a>, Finland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/searches/fasta.html"><strong>FASTA</strong></a> - Compare a Nucleic Acid Sequence to Nucleotide Sequence Databases (w/ updates) at <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">EBI</a>, UK, <a href="http://swarmer.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/fastaq-form?options=simple"><strong>FASTA</strong></a> (Berlin, Vectorbank, etc) at <a href="http://motif.stanford.edu/">Stanford U.</a>, <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/fasta-query.html"><strong>FASTA</strong></a> at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France and <a href="http://www.crihan.fr/www/fasta.html"><strong>FASTA</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.crihan.fr/">CRIHAN</a>, France&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/Options/fastpat.html"><strong>FASTPAT</strong></a> - FASTA-based Pattern Database Search (see <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/Help/fastpat.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://gc.bcm.tmc.edu:8088/">Baylor College of Medicine</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://morgan.harvard.edu/"><strong>FlyBase</strong></a> - Genetic and Molecular Database for <em>Drosophila</em> at <a href="http://www.harvard.edu/">Harvard U.</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||FSSP"><strong>FSSP</strong></a> - Database of Families of Structurally Similar Proteins derived from PDB at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.abc.hu/blast.html"><strong>FTHOM</strong></a> - Compare Protein Domain Homology at <a href="http://www.abc.hu/">ABC</a>, Hungary&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://gdbwww.gdb.org/"><strong>GDB</strong></a> - Human Genome Data Base at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:2555/r_genbank2.html"><strong>GenBank Database</strong></a> (+Updates) at <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/">NCBI</a> and <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/wu_fetch.html"><strong>GenBank-Fetch</strong></a> at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">Washington U.</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/gene-finder/gf.html"><strong>Gene Finder</strong></a> - Predict Gene Structure, Internal Exons and Splicing Sites in DNA and Exon-Exon Junstion in cDNA at <a images="" alt="(W3)" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src="></a></dd><dd><a images="" alt="(W3)" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src=">&nbsp;</a><a href="http://cbil.humgen.upenn.edu/~sdong/genlang_home.html"><strong>GenLang</strong></a> - Find Genes and Other Higher-Order Features in Nucleotide Sequences at <a href="http://cbil.humgen.upenn.edu/">CBIL-U. Pennsylvania</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://specter.dcrt.nih.gov:8004/"><strong>GenoBase</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/Genome-DBS.html"><strong>Genome Databases</strong></a> and <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/Genome_Centre.html"><strong>Genome Centers</strong></a> - World Wide Links at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ri.bbsrc.ac.uk/genome_workstation/workstation.html"><strong>Genome Workstation</strong></a> - Genome Related Links at <a href="http://www.ri.bbsrc.ac.uk/">Roslin Institute</a>, UK&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://biotech.chem.indiana.edu/WebChris/maps.html"><strong>Genomic Maps</strong></a> - Links to Genome Specific Resources at <a href="http://biotech.chem.indiana.edu/">Biotech-Indiana</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/gq/gq.form.html"><strong>GenQuest</strong></a> - Search Against Protein Databases with the Q server at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://avalon.epm.ornl.gov/Grail-bin/EmptyGrailForm"><strong>Grail</strong></a> - Analysis of the Protein Coding Potential of a DNA Sequence (see <a href="ftp://arthur.epm.ornl.gov/pub/xgrail/Manual.grail-genquest.July94"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://avalon.epm.ornl.gov/">ORNL</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ncgr.org/gsdb/"><strong>GSDB</strong></a> - Genome Sequence Database at <a href="http://www.ncgr.org/ncgr/ncgr.html">NCGR</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/www/guess-prot.html"><strong>GuessProt</strong></a> - Selects SwissProt proteins given pI and Mw at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/hhs/"><strong>HHS</strong></a> - SwissProt and PDB Systematic Sequence Classification Database at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">Washington U.</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/srs/srsc?-info+HOVERGEN"><strong>HOVERGEN</strong></a> - Database of Homologous Vertebrate Genes at <a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/">CAOS/CAMM</a>, The Netherlands&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/www/programs/hpt_persistent.html"><strong>HPT</strong></a> - Protein Sequence Pattern Recognition in the PIR Database and <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/www/programs/hpt_homol.html"><strong>HPT-Homology</strong></a> at <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/">MIPS</a>, Germany&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||HSSP"><strong>HSSP</strong></a> - Database of Homology-Derived Structures of Proteins based on PDB and SwissProt at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="gopher://gopher.gdb.org/77/.INDEX/kabat"><strong>Kabat </strong></a>- Database of Proteins of Immunological Interest at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.prosci.uci.edu/kinemages/KinemageIndex.html"><strong>Kinemage-Index</strong></a> - &quot;Kinetical Images&quot; by Protein Type at <a href="http://www.prosci.uci.edu/">Protein Science</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/klotho/"><strong>Klotho</strong></a> - Biochemical Compounds Declarative Database at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">Washington U.</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/lalign-query.html"><strong>LALIGN</strong></a> - Calculates the N-Best Local Alignments Between Two Sequences at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/lfasta-query.html"><strong>LFASTA</strong></a> - Local Similarity Searches Between Two Sequences Showing Local Alignments at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_ligand"><strong>LIGAND</strong></a> - Ligand Chemical Database for Enzyme Reactions at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="gopher://gopher.nih.gov/77/gopherlib/indices/limb/index"><strong>LiMB</strong></a> - Listing of Molecular Biology Databases at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; and <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||777855676_129.186.4.14||-info||LIMB"><strong>LiMB</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_3.html"><strong>MassSearch</strong></a> - Search SwissProt or EMBL Databases by Protein Mass After Digestion at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://cgsc.biology.yale.edu/metab.html"><strong>Metabolic Database</strong></a> - Metabolic Reactions and Pathways at <a href="http://cgsc.biology.yale.edu/">CGSC-Yale U.</a> and <a href="http://moulon.inra.fr/cgi-bin/nph-acedb3.1/acedb/metabolisme?find+Reaction_or_pathway%3By+14+69"><strong>Metabolic Database</strong></a> at <a href="http://moulon.inra.fr/">INRA-Moulon</a>, France&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.informatics.jax.org/mgd.html"><strong>MGD</strong></a> - Mouse Genome Database at <a href="http://www.informatics.jax.org/">Jackson Laboratory</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="gopher://wehil.wehi.edu.au/11/MHCPEP.DB"><strong>MHCPEP</strong></a> - Database of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Binding Peptides at <a href="http://www.wehi.edu.au/">WEHI-Melbourne</a>, Australia&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/www/programs/hpt_persistent.html"><strong>MIPS-Alert</strong></a> - Automated Sequence Information Queries at <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/">MIPS</a>, Germany&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.nih.gov/htbin/pdb"><strong>Molecules R US</strong></a> - Interactive Text and Images of PDB Files at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||777855676_129.186.4.14||-info||MOLPROBE"><strong>MPBD</strong></a> - Molecular Probe Data Base at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; and <a href="gopher://gopher.slu.se/7waissrc%3a/wais-dbs/Biology/Oligos"><strong>MPDB</strong></a> at <a href="gopher://gopher.slu.se/">U. Agricultural Sciences</a>, Sweden&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://cuhhca.hhmi.columbia.edu/moose/"><strong>MOOSE</strong></a> - Macromolecular Object Oriented Search Engine to Extract PDB Contained Information at <a href="http://cuhhca.hhmi.columbia.edu/">Columbia U.</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/msa.html"><strong>MSA</strong></a> - Multiple Sequence Alignment at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">Washington U.</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/SIT/MOTIF.html"><strong>MOTIF</strong></a> - Search Patterns in Protein Sequences at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan <a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/motif_query.html"><strong>Motif</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan w/ search from <a href="http://www.cc.iastate.edu/welcome.html">Iowa State</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/multi-align/multi-align.html"><strong>Multiple Sequence Alignments</strong></a> - CLUSTAL-W, MAP, and PIMA alignments at <a href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/">Baylor College of Medicine</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://ndbserver.rutgers.edu/"><strong>NDB</strong></a> - Nucleic Acid Database at Rutgers U.&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.cmpharm.ucsf.edu/~nomi/nnpredict.html"><strong>nnPredict</strong></a> - Predict Protein Secondary Structure at <a href="http://wormworld.ucsf.edu/">UCSF</a> and <a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/nnpredict_query.html"><strong>nnPredict</strong></a> at w/ search from <a href="http://www.cc.iastate.edu/welcome.html">Iowa State</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/proteins/nrl3d.html"><strong>NRL_3D</strong></a> - Sequence/Structure Database derived from PDB at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> and <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||NRL3D"><strong>NRL_3D</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://ddbjs4h.genes.nig.ac.jp/"><strong>NRSub</strong></a> - A Non-Redundant DNA Sequence Database for <em>Bacillus subtilis</em> at <a href="http://www.nig.ac.jp/">National Institute of Genetics</a>, Japan&nbsp; </dd><dd><a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_4.html"><strong>NuclPepSearch</strong></a> - Search SwissProt for a Nucletide Sequence at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://chait-sgi.rockefeller.edu/"><strong>NYC-MASS</strong></a> - Protein Mass Spectrometry Database at <a href="http://www.rockefeller.edu/ru.home.html">Rockefeller U.</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/obstruct/obs_form.html"><strong>OBSTRUCT</strong></a> - Correlate Sequence Subsets of PDB Protein Structures at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://gdbwww.gdb.org/omimdoc/omimtop.html"><strong>OMIM</strong></a> - Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="gopher://megasun.bch.umontreal.ca/11/Organelles/Genomes"><strong>Organelle Genome</strong></a>&nbsp; - A Sequence Database at <a href="gopher://megasun.bch.umontreal.ca/">U. Montreal</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://biotech.chem.indiana.edu/lib/orgstrain.html"><strong>Organisms and Strains</strong></a> - Links to Databases Specific to Organism and Cell Collections at <a href="http://biotech.chem.indiana.edu/">Biotech-Indiana</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/proteins/owl.html"><strong>OWL</strong></a> - Non-Redundant Protein Sequence Database (Updated Daily) at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> and <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/~attwood/OWL/OWL.html"><strong>OWL</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/">UCL-London</a>, UK&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/home/papka/ROSS/patscan.html"><strong>PatScan</strong></a> - Look for Pattern Matches in DNA or Protein Sequences at <a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/">Argonne National Laboratory</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/PATFND_form.html"><strong>PatternFind</strong></a> - Search the SwissProt and Genpept Protein Sequence Databases with a <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/txt/profile.txt">PROSITE-formatted</a> Pattern at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www-pdd.ncifcrf.gov/PDD/GEN-docs/indexGEN.html"><strong>PDD</strong></a> - Protein Disease Database at <a href="http://www-pdd.ncifcrf.gov/">NIMH-NCI</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.pdb.bnl.gov:4148/cgi-bin/browse"><strong>PDB-Browser</strong></a>, <a href="gopher://pdb.pdb.bnl.gov/77/xfullindex/full"><strong>PDB-Index</strong></a> and <a href="gopher://pdb.pdb.bnl.gov/77/xstatusindex/status"><strong>PDB-Pending</strong></a> - <a href="http://www.pdb.bnl.gov/">Protein Data Bank</a> Structures at <a href="http://suntid.bnl.gov:8080/bnl.html">Brookhaven National Laboratory</a>, <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_pdb"><strong>PDB</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a> Japan, <a href="http://www.ibf.unige.it/7/sci/.PDB/pdbsearch"><strong>PDB</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ibf.unige.it/">U. Genova</a>, Italy, <a href="http://www.ucmb.ulb.ac.be/pdb_seq_rel_jan94"><strong>PDB-List</strong></a> and <a href="http://www.ucmb.ulb.ac.be/pdb_annot_jan94"><strong>PDB-Annotated</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ucmb.ulb.ac.be/index.html">Brussels Free U.</a>, Belgium and <a href="http://www.sander.embl-heidelberg.de/pdbsel/explanation.html"><strong>PDB-Select</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.nih.gov/molecular_modeling/pdb_at_a_glance.html"><strong>PDB At A Glance</strong></a> - Hierarchic Access to PDB Files at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||781260221_129.186.4.14||-info||PDBFINDER"><strong>PDBFINDER</strong></a> - A Database Containing PDB, DSSP and HSSP Information (see <a href="http://www.sander.embl-heidelberg.de/pdbfinder/overview.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_pdbstr"><strong>PDBSTR</strong></a> - Re-organized Protein Data Bank at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_5.html"><strong>PepPepSearch</strong></a> - Search SwissProt for a Peptide Sequence at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://lenti.med.umn.edu/~shoop/sample.html"><strong>Plant EST Analysis</strong></a> - Similarity Analysis of Different Plant cDNA/EST Sequences at <a href="http://lenti.med.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/pprotein_query.html"><strong>PHD</strong></a> - Predict Protein Secondary Structure at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> w/ search from <a href="http://www.cc.iastate.edu/welcome.html">Iowa State</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.pasteur.fr/sas/phy/boot-sub.html"><strong>PHILIP-Bootstrapping Analysis</strong></a> - Divergence Between Protein or Nucleotide Sequences at <a href="http://www.pasteur.fr/">Institut Pasteur</a>, France&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/gcg/phospepsort-query.html"><strong>Phospepsort</strong></a> - Digest Phosphorylated Peptide Sequences at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/ch2d/pi_tool.html"><strong>pI/Mw</strong></a> - Compute the Theoretical pI and Molecular Weight of a Protein Sequence at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/proteins/pir.html"><strong>PIR</strong></a> - Protein Identification Resource Database at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||PIRALN"><strong>PIRALN</strong></a> - Database of Sequence Alignments based on PIR at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_pmd"><strong>PMD</strong></a> - Protein Mutant Database at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan and <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||PMD"><strong>PMD</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/pmotif.html"><strong>PMOTIF</strong></a> - Search Protein Motifs in Gene Sequence at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/service/polandform.html"><strong>Poland</strong></a> - Calculate the Thermal Denaturation Profile of Double Stranded RNA or DNA at <a href="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/">Uni-D&uuml;sseldorf</a>, Germany&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/predictprotein/predictprotein.html"><strong>PredictProtein</strong></a> - Predict Protein Secondary Structure at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_prf"><strong>PRF</strong></a> - Protein Research Foundation Sequence Database at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www-genome.wi.mit.edu/cgi-bin/primer2.2/primer_front"><strong>Primer</strong></a> - Select PCR Primers in a Gene Sequence at <a href="http://www-genome.wi.mit.edu/">WICGR-MIT</a> and <a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/rawprimer.html"><strong>Primer</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/~attwood/PRINTS/PRINTS.html"><strong>PRINTS</strong></a> - Protein Motif Fingerprints Database (see <a href="file://gopher.embl-heidelberg.de/pub/databases/prints/prints.doc"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) and <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/~attwood/ALIGN/ALIGN.html"><strong>PRINTS-ALIGN</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/">UCL-London</a>, UK and <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/srs/srsc?-info+PRINTS"><strong>PRINTS</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/">EMBnet-Basel</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://protein.toulouse.inra.fr/prodom.html"><strong>ProDom</strong></a> - A Protein Domain Database and <a href="http://protein.toulouse.inra.fr/prodom/blast_form.html"><strong>ProDom-Search</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.jouy.inra.fr/infoservices-INRA/infoservices_donnees.html">INRA-Toulouse</a>, France, <a href="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/~esr/prodom.html"><strong>ProDom</strong></a> and <a href="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/~esr/prodom-blast.html"><strong>ProDom-Search</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/">Sanger Centre</a>, UK and <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||777855676_129.186.4.14||-info||PRODOM"><strong>ProDom</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/PRFSCAN_form.html"><strong>ProfileScan&nbsp;</strong></a> - Search a Sequence Against a Library of Profiles at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="gopher://bmerc-gopher.bu.edu/11/Databases/prolink"><strong>ProLink</strong></a> - Integrated Database of Protein Structure, Sequence Homology, and Functional Pattern Information at <a href="http://bmerc-www.bu.edu/">BMERC</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/prs.page"><strong>PROPSEARCH</strong></a> - Protein Sequence Search for Structural Homology Based on Aminoacid Properties at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/sprot/prosite.html"><strong>PROSITE</strong></a> - Protein Sites and Patterns Database at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland, <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/PSTSCAN_form.html"><strong>PrositeScan</strong></a> at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland and <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/searches/prosite_input.html"><strong>PROSITE-Search</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="file://ftp.embl-heidelberg.de/pub/databases/protein_extras"><strong>Protein-Extras</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/p_families.html"><strong>Protein Families</strong></a> - Links to Information on Different Protein Families at <a href="http://www.cc.iastate.edu/">Iowa State</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://chait-sgi.rockefeller.edu/cgi-bin/prot-id/1/1"><strong>Prot-ID</strong></a> - Identify a Protein from Masses of Enzymatic Digestion Peptide Fragments at <a href="http://chait-sgi.rockefeller.edu/">Rockefeller U.</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="file://cb-iris.stanford.edu/pub/ProteinMovements/ProtMotDB.main.html"><strong>Protein Motions</strong></a>&nbsp; - DataBase of Protein Movements at <a href="http://hyper.stanford.edu/">Stanford U.</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://bmerc-www.bu.edu/psa/"><strong>PSA</strong></a> - Protein Sequence Analysis for Sequences of Unknown Structure at <a href="http://bmerc-www.bu.edu/welcome.html">BMERC/MBCRR</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://psort.nibb.ac.jp/"><strong>PSORT</strong></a> - Predict Protein Sorting Signals Coded in Amino Acid Sequences at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/pssprediction/pssp.html"><strong>PSSP</strong></a> - Protein Secondary Structure Prediction at <a images="" alt="(W3)" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src="></a></dd><dd><a images="" alt="(W3)" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src=">&nbsp;</a><a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/home/compbio/PUMA/Production/puma.html"><strong>PUMA</strong></a> - Phylogeny of Unicellular Organims with Metabolism and Alignments from <a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/home/compbio/default.html">MCS-Computational Biology</a> at <a href="http://www.anl.gov/">Argonne National Laboratory</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="file://ftp.embl-heidelberg.de/pub/databases/protein_extras/puu/domains.puu"><strong>PUU</strong></a> - Protein Domains Database Based on PDB-Select at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://geta.life.uiuc.edu/index.html"><strong>RDP</strong></a> - Ribosomal Database Project at U. Illinois&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://vent.neb.com/rebase/rebase.html"><strong>ReBase</strong></a> - Restriction Enzyme Database and <a href="http://www.neb.com/cgi-bin/wais_ref.pl"><strong>ReBase-Search</strong></a> at <a href="http://vent.neb.com/">New England Biolabs</a>, <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||777855676_129.186.4.14||-info||REBASE"><strong>ReBase</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> and <a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/rebase/rebase.html"><strong>ReBase</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/repro/rep_tot.html"><strong>REPRO</strong></a> - Recognition of Protein Sequence Repeats at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://pundit.colorado.edu:8080/"><strong>RNA Secondary Structures</strong></a> - Information on Group I Introns and rRNA at <a href="http://www.colorado.edu/">U. Colorado-Boulder</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd><a href="http://www-rrna.uia.ac.be/rrna/index.html"><strong>rRNA</strong></a> - Databases of Ribosomal Subunit RNA Sequences at <a href="http://www.uia.ac.be/">U. Antwerp</a>, Belgium&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<strong>RSVP</strong> - Rapid Sequence Visualization in Postscript for Analysis of DNA Sequences at <a href="http://cbil.humgen.upenn.edu/">CBIL-U. Pennsylvania</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/SAPS_form.html"><strong>SAPS</strong></a> - Statistical Analysis of Protein Sequences at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://base.icgeb.trieste.it/sbase/"><strong>SBASE</strong></a> - Library of Protein Domains and <a href="http://base.icgeb.trieste.it/sbase/blast.html"><strong>SBASE-Search</strong></a>&nbsp; at <a href="http://base.icgeb.trieste.it/">ICGEB-Trieste</a>, Italy&nbsp; </dd><dd><a href="http://geoff.biop.ox.ac.uk/servers/scanps_server.html"><strong>SCANPS</strong></a> - Scan Protein Sequences at <a href="http://geoff.biop.ox.ac.uk/">U. Oxford</a>, UK&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.bio.cam.ac.uk/scop/"><strong>SCOP</strong></a> - Structural Classification of Proteins at <a href="http://www.bio.cam.ac.uk/">Cambridge</a>, UK and <a href="http://www.nick.med.usf.edu/scop/index.html"><strong>SCOP</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.nick.med.usf.edu/">U. South Florida</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-annot/home.html"><strong>Sequence Annotation</strong></a> - Annotations on NCBI Sequences at <a images="" alt="(W3)" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src="></a></dd><dd><a images="" alt="(W3)" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src=">&nbsp;</a><a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/rawtrans.html"><strong>Sequence Translation</strong></a> - Translate Gene Sequences at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="ftp://dasher.wustl.edu/pub/sleuth/data"><strong>Sleuth</strong></a> - Amino Acid Conformation and Solvent Accessibility of PDB Files at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">Washington U.</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ibcp.fr/predict.html"><strong>SOPM</strong></a> - Self Optimized Prediction Method for Prediction of Protein Secondary Structure at <a href="http://www.ibcp.fr/">IBCP-CNRS</a>, France&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc"><strong>SRSWWW</strong></a> - Network Browser for Databanks in Molecular Biology (w/ <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/net.html"><strong>diagram links</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/srs/index.html"><strong>SRSWWW-Directory</strong></a> - Directory of SRSWWW Network Browsers for Biological Databanks and <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/srs/status.html"><strong>SRSWWW-Global Status</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/">EMBnet-Basel</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/ssearch-query.html"><strong>SSEARCH</strong></a> - Universal Sequence Comparison Using the Smith-Waterman Algorithm at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/sspred/sspred_info.html"><strong>SSPRED</strong></a> - Predict the Secondary Structure of Proteins at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>, Germany&nbsp;</dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/stride/stride.html"><strong>STRIDE</strong></a> - Find Secondary Structural Elements in PDB Proteins Structures at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www-genome.wi.mit.edu/cgi-bin/www-STS_Pipeline/pipeline_front"><strong>STS Pipeline</strong></a> - Analysis and STS Primer Picking of Short DNA Sequences with Duplicate Checking, Sequence Repeat Finding, Restriction Analysis, Vector Identification and BLAST Searching at <a href="http://www-genome.wi.mit.edu/">MIT</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ucmb.ulb.ac.be/~joan/survol/form.html"><strong>SURVOL</strong></a> - Analysis of Protein Atomic Volumes at <a href="http://www.ucmb.ulb.ac.be/">UCMB</a>, Belgium&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/ch2d/ch2d-top.html"><strong>Swiss-2DPage</strong></a> - Two-dimensional Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis Database at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/srs/srsc?-info+SWISSDOM"><strong>SWISSDOM</strong></a> - SwissProt Entries in a ProDom Map at <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">EBI</a>, UK&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/swissmod/SWISS-MODEL.html"><strong>Swiss-Model</strong></a>&nbsp; - Automated Protein Modelling at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/srs/srsc?-info||SWISSNEW"><strong>SWISSNEW</strong></a> - New SwissProt Sequences at <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">EBI</a>, UK&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/sprot/sprot-top.html"><strong>SwissProt</strong></a> - Protein Sequence Database (+ Weekly Updates) at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/swisshop/SwissShopReq.html"><strong>Swiss-Shop</strong></a>&nbsp; - Automated SwissProt and Prosite Information Queries at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/tbase/tbase.html"><strong>TBASE</strong></a> - Transgenic/Targeted Mutation Database at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/tfasta-query.html"><strong>TFASTA</strong></a> - Match a Protein Sequence Against All Six Frames of GenBank Sequences at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="gopher://gopher.nih.gov/77/gopherlib/indices/tfd/index"><strong>TFD</strong></a> - Transcription Factor Database at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info+TFFACTOR"><strong>TFFACTOR</strong></a> and <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info+TFSITE"><strong>TFSITE</strong></a> - Transcription Factor Data at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/rawtm.html"><strong>Tm</strong></a> - Oligonucleotide Melting Point Determination at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/tmap/tmap_sin.html"><strong>TMAP</strong></a> - Identification of Transmembrane Segments on a Protein Sequence at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="ftp://ulrec3.unil.ch/pub/tmbase"><strong>TMBASE</strong></a> - Transmembrane Protein Database at <a href="http://www.unil.ch/">U. Lausanne</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/TMPRED_form.html"><strong>TMpred</strong></a> - Prediction of Transmembrane Regions and Orientation in Protein Sequencs at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/www/dna.html"><strong>Translate</strong></a> - Translate a Nucleotide Sequence to a Protein at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_6.html"><strong>TreeGen</strong></a> - Tree Generation from Distance Data at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||781260221_129.186.4.14||-info||TREMBL"><strong>TREMBL</strong></a> - Database of Translated Peptide Sequences of All CDS Features from EMBL Sequences at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/srs/srsc?-info+VECBASE"><strong>VecBase</strong></a> - Cloning Vector Sequence Database.at <a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/">CAOS/CAMM</a>, The Netherlands&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://biology.queensu.ca/~miseners/vector.html"><strong>Vector-DB</strong></a> - Cloning Vector Database at <a href="http://www.queensu.ca/">Queen's U.-Kensington</a>, Canada , <a href="http://ben.vub.ac.be/srs/srsc?-info+VECTOR"><strong>VECTOR</strong></a> at <a href="http://ben.vub.ac.be/">BEN</a>, Belgium , <a href="gopher://gopher.gdb.org/77/.INDEX/vector"><strong>Vector</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> and <a href="gopher://virus1.virus.kyoto-u.ac.jp/77/.index/vector.ig/index"><strong>Vector-ig</strong></a> at <a href="http://virus1.virus.kyoto-u.ac.jp/">IVR</a>, Kyoto-U., Japan&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.bio.cam.ac.uk/seqlogo/logo.cgi"><strong>WebLogo</strong></a> - Sequence Logo Generation at <a href="http://www.bio.cam.ac.uk/">Cambridge U.</a>, UK&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://kestrel.ludwig.ucl.ac.uk/zpred.html"><strong>ZPRED</strong></a> - MultPredict Secondary Structure of Multiply Aligned Protein Sequences at <a href="http://kestrel.ludwig.ucl.ac.uk/">Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research</a>, UK&nbsp; </dd></dl> deecf3c08c3106c572e4f4fe06e5c1198fa08177 1974 2008-01-16T12:11:06Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||ALI"><strong>3D-ALI</strong></a> - Database relating Proteins Structures and Sequences (see <a href="gopher://s-crim1.dl.ac.uk/00/EMBnet%20Bioinformation%20Resource%20UK/Data%20%26%20Software/databases/3d_ali/3d_ali.doc"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/aaa.html"><strong>AA Analysis</strong>&nbsp;</a> - Protein Identification in SwissProt and PIR using Amino Acid Composition at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/ch2d/aacompi.html"><strong>AA CompIdent</strong></a> - Protein Identification in SwissProt using Amino Acid Composition at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/ch2d/aacsim.html"><strong>AA CompSim</strong></a> - Compare the Amino Acid Composition of a SwissProt Entry with Other Entries at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://chait-sgi.rockefeller.edu/cgi-bin/sequence/AA"><strong>AA Sequence Analysis</strong></a> - Multiple Analysis of a Native or Modified Amino Acid Sequence at <a href="http://www.rockefeller.edu/ru.home.html">Rockefeller U.</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/~martin/abs/seqtest.html"><strong>AbCheck</strong></a> - Test an Antibody Sequence Against the Kabat Database at <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/">U. College-London</a>, UK&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/align-query.html"><strong>ALIGN</strong></a> - Optimal Global Alignment of Two Sequences with No Short-cuts at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France and <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/www/programs/align.html"><strong>Align</strong></a> at <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/">MIPS</a>, Germany&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_1.html"><strong>AllAll</strong></a> - Relationships in a Set of Related Peptides at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_2.html"><strong>AllAllDB</strong></a> - Search the All-Against-All Database of SwissProt at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://geoff.biop.ox.ac.uk/servers/amas_server.html"><strong>AMAS</strong></a> - Analysis of Protein Multiple Sequence Alignments at <a href="http://geoff.biop.ox.ac.uk/">U. Oxford</a>, UK&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/argos/ASC.21/asc2.html"><strong>ASC</strong></a> - Analytic Surface Calculation of PDB Protein Structures at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://mips11.mips.biochem.mpg.de/www/programs/atlas_per.html"><strong>ATLAS</strong></a> - Search DNA and Protein Sequence Databases at <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/">MIPS</a>, Germany&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://kiwi.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:8088/search-launcher/launcher.html"><strong>BCM Search Launcher</strong></a> at <a images="" alt="(W3)" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src="></a></dd><dd><a images="" alt="(W3)" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src=">&nbsp;</a><a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/protein-search.html"><strong>BEAUTY</strong></a> - BLAST Enhanced Alignment Utility <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/Help/beauty.html"><strong>(see Documentation)</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/">Baylor College of Medicine</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/srs/srsc?-info+BERLIN"><strong>BERLIN</strong></a> - RNA Databank of 5S rRNA and 5S rRNA Gene Sequences at <a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/">CAOS/CAMM</a>, The Netherlands&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://sgbcd.weizmann.ac.il/Bic/ExecAppl.html"><strong>BIOACCELERATOR</strong></a> at <a href="http://bioinformatics.weizmann.ac.il:70/">Weizmann Institute of Science</a>, Israel&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a images="" alt="!New!" href="http://www.ocms.ox.ac.uk/~birney/cusi/biocusi.html%3E%3Cb%3EbioCUSI%3C/b%3E%3C/a%3E%3Cimg%20src=">- Multiple Access to Biological Servers at </a><a href="http://www.ocms.ox.ac.uk/">OCMS-Oxford</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="ftp://pdb.pdb.bnl.gov/user_group/biological_units"><strong>Biological Units</strong></a> - Expanded PDB Entries with Full Biological Units at <a href="http://suntid.bnl.gov:8080/bnl.html">Brookhaven National Laboratory</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ocms.ox.ac.uk/~birney/palette.html"><strong>Biologist's Search Palette</strong></a> - Collection of Search Engines for Biological Databases at <a href="http://www.ocms.ox.ac.uk/">Oxford U.</a>, UK&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Recipon/bs_seq.html"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> - Basic Local Alignment Research Tool at <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/">NCBI</a>, <a href="http://swarmer.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/blastq-form?options=simple"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> (hiv, vector, etc) at <a href="http://motif.stanford.edu/">Stanford U.</a>, <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/SIT/BLAST.html"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan, <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/blast/blast-query.html"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France, <a href="http://www.crihan.fr/www/blast.html"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.crihan.fr/">CRIHAN</a>, France <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/cgi-bin/seq-search/blast_form_local.pl"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> (with Entrez and SRS Links) at <a href="http://gc.bcm.tmc.edu:8088/">Baylor College of Medicine</a> and <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/EPFLBLAST_form.html"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.epfl.ch/">EPFL</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/Option/blastpat.html"><strong>BLASTPAT</strong></a> - BLAST-based Pattern Database Search (see <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/Help/blastpat.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://gc.bcm.tmc.edu:8088/">Baylor College of Medicine</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/searches/blitz_input.html"><strong>BLITZ</strong></a> (see <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/searches/blitz_doc.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> and <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/searches/blitz_input.html"><strong>BLITZ</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">EBI</a>, UK&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.blocks.fhcrc.org/"><strong>BLOCKS</strong></a> - Database of Highly Conserved Regions in Proteins&nbsp; and <a href="gopher://klaatu.fhcrc.org/77/.indexes/.blocksindex/blocksindex"><strong>BLOCKS-WAIS</strong></a>&nbsp; at <a href="gopher://klaatu.fhcrc.org/">Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center</a>, <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||BLOCKS"><strong>BLOCKS</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> and <a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/blocks_query.html"><strong>BLOCKS-Search</strong></a> w/ search from <a href="http://www.cc.iastate.edu/welcome.html">Iowa State</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://bimas.dcrt.nih.gov/sql/BMRBgate.html"><strong>BioMagResBank</strong></a> - A Database of NMR-Derived Protein Structures at <a href="http://bimas.dcrt.nih.gov/">BIMAS-NIH</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://genome.cs.unc.edu/online.html"><strong>BioSCAN</strong></a> - Biological Sequence Comparative Analysis at <a href="http://genome.cs.unc.edu/">U. North Caroline</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://ibm4.carb.nist.gov:4400/bmcd/bmcd.html"><strong>BMCD</strong></a> - Biological Macromolecule Crystallization Database at <a href="http://ibm4.carb.nist.gov:4400/carb.html">CARB</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/BOX_form.html"><strong>BOXSHADE</strong></a> - Pretty Printing and Shading of Multiple-Sequence Alignments at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/bsm/cath/CATHintro.html"><strong>CATH</strong></a> - Protein Structure Classification at <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/">UCL-London</a>, UK&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/msa/clustal.cgi"><strong>CLUSTALW</strong></a> - Multiply Sequence Alignments at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">IBC-Washington U.</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/cuse.html"><strong>Codon Usage</strong></a> - Analysis of Different ORFs in a Gene Sequence at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/COILS_form.html"><strong>Coils</strong></a> - Prediction of Coiled Coil Regions in Protein Sequences at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://ben.vub.ac.be/srs/srsc?-info+CPGISLE"><strong>CpGIsle</strong></a> - CpG Islands Database at <a href="http://ben.vub.ac.be/">BEN</a>, Belgium&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_7.html"><strong>Darwin</strong></a> - Data Analysis and Retrieval With Indexed Nucleotide/Peptide Sequences at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/dbEST/index.html"><strong>dbEST</strong></a> - Database of Expressed Sequence Tags at <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/">NCBI</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/dbget/dbget.html"><strong>DBGET</strong></a> - Integrated Database Retrieval System (w/ <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/dbget/dbget.links.html"><strong>diagram links</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="gopher://gopher.nig.ac.jp/7waissrc%3a/DDBJ_Gopher_WAIS/DNA_seq_index_search.src"><strong>DDBJ</strong></a> - DNA Database of Japan at <a href="http://www.nig.ac.jp/">National Institute of Genetics</a>, Japan&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/rawdot.html"><strong>Dot Plot</strong></a> - Compare a DNA Sequence with Itself at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.nih.gov/molecular_modeling/drugbank.html"><strong>DrugBank</strong></a> - Three-dimensional Drug Structure Databank at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info+DSSP"><strong>DSSP</strong></a> - Database of Secondary Structure of Proteins from PDB (see <a href="http://www.sander.embl-heidelberg.de/dssp/descrip.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/proteins/ec-enzyme.html"><strong>EC Enzyme</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> and <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/show_ECtable"><strong>EC Number Table</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan and <a href="http://specter.dcrt.nih.gov:8004/Enzymes/enzymes.html"><strong>GenoBase Enzyme Index</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://susi.bio.uni-giessen.de/usr/local/www/html/ecdc.html"><strong>ECDC</strong></a> - <em>E. coli</em> Database Collection at <a href="http://www.uni-giessen.de/">Uni-Gie&szlig;en</a>, Germany&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="gopher://biox.embnet.unibas.ch:13021/77/.index/embl/index"><strong>EMBL</strong></a> - Nucleotide Sequence Database and <a href="gopher://biox.embnet.unibas.ch:13021/77/.index/xembl/index"><strong>EMBL-New Entries</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/">EMBnet-Basel</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/srs/srsc?-info||EMNEW"><strong>EMNEW</strong></a> - Index of New EMBL Sequences at <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">EBI</a>, UK&nbsp; </dd><dd><a href="http://specter.dcrt.nih.gov:8004/Compound/compound_toc_by_name.html"><strong>EMP Compound</strong></a> and <a href="http://specter.dcrt.nih.gov:8004/Pathway/pathway_toc_by_name.html"><strong>EMP Pathways</strong></a> - Selkov Enzyme and Metabolic Pathway (EMP) Database at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/home/towell/metabhome.html"><strong>EMP Metabolic Pathways</strong></a> - Navigation in Metabolic Pathways from <a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/home/compbio/default.html">MCS-Computational Biology</a> at <a href="http://www.anl.gov/">Argonne National Laboratory</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Search/Entrez/index.html"><strong>ENTREZ</strong></a> - Protein and Nucleotide Database (see <a href="http://atlas.nlm.nih.gov:5700/WWW2/WWW2_paper2.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/">NCBI</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/sprot/enzyme.html"><strong>ENZYME</strong></a> - The Enzyme Data Bank at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/bsm/enzymes/index.html"><strong>Enzyme Structures Database</strong></a> - Structures of Enzymes Deposited in the PDB at <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/">UCL-London</a>, UK&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||781260221_129.186.4.14||-info||EPD"><strong>EPD</strong></a> - Eucaryotic Promoter Database at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>, Germany and <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_epd"><strong>EPD</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://bioslave.uio.no:8001/srs/srsc?-info+EPO"><strong>EPO</strong></a> - European Patent Office Nucleotide Database at <a href="http://www.no.embnet.org/">BiO/U. Oslo</a>, Norway&nbsp; and <a href="gopher://gopher.csc.fi/7waissrc%3a/tiede/BioBox/bionic/.epo.src"><strong>EPO</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.csc.fi/CSC_english.html">CSC</a>, Finland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/searches/fasta.html"><strong>FASTA</strong></a> - Compare a Nucleic Acid Sequence to Nucleotide Sequence Databases (w/ updates) at <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">EBI</a>, UK, <a href="http://swarmer.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/fastaq-form?options=simple"><strong>FASTA</strong></a> (Berlin, Vectorbank, etc) at <a href="http://motif.stanford.edu/">Stanford U.</a>, <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/fasta-query.html"><strong>FASTA</strong></a> at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France and <a href="http://www.crihan.fr/www/fasta.html"><strong>FASTA</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.crihan.fr/">CRIHAN</a>, France&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/Options/fastpat.html"><strong>FASTPAT</strong></a> - FASTA-based Pattern Database Search (see <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/Help/fastpat.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://gc.bcm.tmc.edu:8088/">Baylor College of Medicine</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://morgan.harvard.edu/"><strong>FlyBase</strong></a> - Genetic and Molecular Database for <em>Drosophila</em> at <a href="http://www.harvard.edu/">Harvard U.</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||FSSP"><strong>FSSP</strong></a> - Database of Families of Structurally Similar Proteins derived from PDB at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.abc.hu/blast.html"><strong>FTHOM</strong></a> - Compare Protein Domain Homology at <a href="http://www.abc.hu/">ABC</a>, Hungary&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://gdbwww.gdb.org/"><strong>GDB</strong></a> - Human Genome Data Base at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:2555/r_genbank2.html"><strong>GenBank Database</strong></a> (+Updates) at <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/">NCBI</a> and <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/wu_fetch.html"><strong>GenBank-Fetch</strong></a> at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">Washington U.</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/gene-finder/gf.html"><strong>Gene Finder</strong></a> - Predict Gene Structure, Internal Exons and Splicing Sites in DNA and Exon-Exon Junstion in cDNA at <a images="" alt="(W3)" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src="></a></dd><dd><a images="" alt="(W3)" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src=">&nbsp;</a><a href="http://cbil.humgen.upenn.edu/~sdong/genlang_home.html"><strong>GenLang</strong></a> - Find Genes and Other Higher-Order Features in Nucleotide Sequences at <a href="http://cbil.humgen.upenn.edu/">CBIL-U. Pennsylvania</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://specter.dcrt.nih.gov:8004/"><strong>GenoBase</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/Genome-DBS.html"><strong>Genome Databases</strong></a> and <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/Genome_Centre.html"><strong>Genome Centers</strong></a> - World Wide Links at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ri.bbsrc.ac.uk/genome_workstation/workstation.html"><strong>Genome Workstation</strong></a> - Genome Related Links at <a href="http://www.ri.bbsrc.ac.uk/">Roslin Institute</a>, UK&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://biotech.chem.indiana.edu/WebChris/maps.html"><strong>Genomic Maps</strong></a> - Links to Genome Specific Resources at <a href="http://biotech.chem.indiana.edu/">Biotech-Indiana</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/gq/gq.form.html"><strong>GenQuest</strong></a> - Search Against Protein Databases with the Q server at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://avalon.epm.ornl.gov/Grail-bin/EmptyGrailForm"><strong>Grail</strong></a> - Analysis of the Protein Coding Potential of a DNA Sequence (see <a href="ftp://arthur.epm.ornl.gov/pub/xgrail/Manual.grail-genquest.July94"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://avalon.epm.ornl.gov/">ORNL</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ncgr.org/gsdb/"><strong>GSDB</strong></a> - Genome Sequence Database at <a href="http://www.ncgr.org/ncgr/ncgr.html">NCGR</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/www/guess-prot.html"><strong>GuessProt</strong></a> - Selects SwissProt proteins given pI and Mw at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/hhs/"><strong>HHS</strong></a> - SwissProt and PDB Systematic Sequence Classification Database at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">Washington U.</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/srs/srsc?-info+HOVERGEN"><strong>HOVERGEN</strong></a> - Database of Homologous Vertebrate Genes at <a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/">CAOS/CAMM</a>, The Netherlands&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/www/programs/hpt_persistent.html"><strong>HPT</strong></a> - Protein Sequence Pattern Recognition in the PIR Database and <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/www/programs/hpt_homol.html"><strong>HPT-Homology</strong></a> at <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/">MIPS</a>, Germany&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||HSSP"><strong>HSSP</strong></a> - Database of Homology-Derived Structures of Proteins based on PDB and SwissProt at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="gopher://gopher.gdb.org/77/.INDEX/kabat"><strong>Kabat </strong></a>- Database of Proteins of Immunological Interest at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.prosci.uci.edu/kinemages/KinemageIndex.html"><strong>Kinemage-Index</strong></a> - &quot;Kinetical Images&quot; by Protein Type at <a href="http://www.prosci.uci.edu/">Protein Science</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/klotho/"><strong>Klotho</strong></a> - Biochemical Compounds Declarative Database at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">Washington U.</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/lalign-query.html"><strong>LALIGN</strong></a> - Calculates the N-Best Local Alignments Between Two Sequences at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/lfasta-query.html"><strong>LFASTA</strong></a> - Local Similarity Searches Between Two Sequences Showing Local Alignments at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_ligand"><strong>LIGAND</strong></a> - Ligand Chemical Database for Enzyme Reactions at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="gopher://gopher.nih.gov/77/gopherlib/indices/limb/index"><strong>LiMB</strong></a> - Listing of Molecular Biology Databases at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; and <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||777855676_129.186.4.14||-info||LIMB"><strong>LiMB</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_3.html"><strong>MassSearch</strong></a> - Search SwissProt or EMBL Databases by Protein Mass After Digestion at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://cgsc.biology.yale.edu/metab.html"><strong>Metabolic Database</strong></a> - Metabolic Reactions and Pathways at <a href="http://cgsc.biology.yale.edu/">CGSC-Yale U.</a> and <a href="http://moulon.inra.fr/cgi-bin/nph-acedb3.1/acedb/metabolisme?find+Reaction_or_pathway%3By+14+69"><strong>Metabolic Database</strong></a> at <a href="http://moulon.inra.fr/">INRA-Moulon</a>, France&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.informatics.jax.org/mgd.html"><strong>MGD</strong></a> - Mouse Genome Database at <a href="http://www.informatics.jax.org/">Jackson Laboratory</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="gopher://wehil.wehi.edu.au/11/MHCPEP.DB"><strong>MHCPEP</strong></a> - Database of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Binding Peptides at <a href="http://www.wehi.edu.au/">WEHI-Melbourne</a>, Australia&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/www/programs/hpt_persistent.html"><strong>MIPS-Alert</strong></a> - Automated Sequence Information Queries at <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/">MIPS</a>, Germany&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.nih.gov/htbin/pdb"><strong>Molecules R US</strong></a> - Interactive Text and Images of PDB Files at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||777855676_129.186.4.14||-info||MOLPROBE"><strong>MPBD</strong></a> - Molecular Probe Data Base at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; and <a href="gopher://gopher.slu.se/7waissrc%3a/wais-dbs/Biology/Oligos"><strong>MPDB</strong></a> at <a href="gopher://gopher.slu.se/">U. Agricultural Sciences</a>, Sweden&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://cuhhca.hhmi.columbia.edu/moose/"><strong>MOOSE</strong></a> - Macromolecular Object Oriented Search Engine to Extract PDB Contained Information at <a href="http://cuhhca.hhmi.columbia.edu/">Columbia U.</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/msa.html"><strong>MSA</strong></a> - Multiple Sequence Alignment at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">Washington U.</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/SIT/MOTIF.html"><strong>MOTIF</strong></a> - Search Patterns in Protein Sequences at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan <a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/motif_query.html"><strong>Motif</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan w/ search from <a href="http://www.cc.iastate.edu/welcome.html">Iowa State</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/multi-align/multi-align.html"><strong>Multiple Sequence Alignments</strong></a> - CLUSTAL-W, MAP, and PIMA alignments at <a href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/">Baylor College of Medicine</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://ndbserver.rutgers.edu/"><strong>NDB</strong></a> - Nucleic Acid Database at Rutgers U.&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.cmpharm.ucsf.edu/~nomi/nnpredict.html"><strong>nnPredict</strong></a> - Predict Protein Secondary Structure at <a href="http://wormworld.ucsf.edu/">UCSF</a> and <a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/nnpredict_query.html"><strong>nnPredict</strong></a> at w/ search from <a href="http://www.cc.iastate.edu/welcome.html">Iowa State</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/proteins/nrl3d.html"><strong>NRL_3D</strong></a> - Sequence/Structure Database derived from PDB at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> and <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||NRL3D"><strong>NRL_3D</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://ddbjs4h.genes.nig.ac.jp/"><strong>NRSub</strong></a> - A Non-Redundant DNA Sequence Database for <em>Bacillus subtilis</em> at <a href="http://www.nig.ac.jp/">National Institute of Genetics</a>, Japan&nbsp; </dd><dd><a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_4.html"><strong>NuclPepSearch</strong></a> - Search SwissProt for a Nucletide Sequence at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://chait-sgi.rockefeller.edu/"><strong>NYC-MASS</strong></a> - Protein Mass Spectrometry Database at <a href="http://www.rockefeller.edu/ru.home.html">Rockefeller U.</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/obstruct/obs_form.html"><strong>OBSTRUCT</strong></a> - Correlate Sequence Subsets of PDB Protein Structures at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://gdbwww.gdb.org/omimdoc/omimtop.html"><strong>OMIM</strong></a> - Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="gopher://megasun.bch.umontreal.ca/11/Organelles/Genomes"><strong>Organelle Genome</strong></a>&nbsp; - A Sequence Database at <a href="gopher://megasun.bch.umontreal.ca/">U. Montreal</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://biotech.chem.indiana.edu/lib/orgstrain.html"><strong>Organisms and Strains</strong></a> - Links to Databases Specific to Organism and Cell Collections at <a href="http://biotech.chem.indiana.edu/">Biotech-Indiana</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/proteins/owl.html"><strong>OWL</strong></a> - Non-Redundant Protein Sequence Database (Updated Daily) at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> and <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/~attwood/OWL/OWL.html"><strong>OWL</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/">UCL-London</a>, UK&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/home/papka/ROSS/patscan.html"><strong>PatScan</strong></a> - Look for Pattern Matches in DNA or Protein Sequences at <a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/">Argonne National Laboratory</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/PATFND_form.html"><strong>PatternFind</strong></a> - Search the SwissProt and Genpept Protein Sequence Databases with a <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/txt/profile.txt">PROSITE-formatted</a> Pattern at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www-pdd.ncifcrf.gov/PDD/GEN-docs/indexGEN.html"><strong>PDD</strong></a> - Protein Disease Database at <a href="http://www-pdd.ncifcrf.gov/">NIMH-NCI</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.pdb.bnl.gov:4148/cgi-bin/browse"><strong>PDB-Browser</strong></a>, <a href="gopher://pdb.pdb.bnl.gov/77/xfullindex/full"><strong>PDB-Index</strong></a> and <a href="gopher://pdb.pdb.bnl.gov/77/xstatusindex/status"><strong>PDB-Pending</strong></a> - <a href="http://www.pdb.bnl.gov/">Protein Data Bank</a> Structures at <a href="http://suntid.bnl.gov:8080/bnl.html">Brookhaven National Laboratory</a>, <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_pdb"><strong>PDB</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a> Japan, <a href="http://www.ibf.unige.it/7/sci/.PDB/pdbsearch"><strong>PDB</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ibf.unige.it/">U. Genova</a>, Italy, <a href="http://www.ucmb.ulb.ac.be/pdb_seq_rel_jan94"><strong>PDB-List</strong></a> and <a href="http://www.ucmb.ulb.ac.be/pdb_annot_jan94"><strong>PDB-Annotated</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ucmb.ulb.ac.be/index.html">Brussels Free U.</a>, Belgium and <a href="http://www.sander.embl-heidelberg.de/pdbsel/explanation.html"><strong>PDB-Select</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.nih.gov/molecular_modeling/pdb_at_a_glance.html"><strong>PDB At A Glance</strong></a> - Hierarchic Access to PDB Files at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||781260221_129.186.4.14||-info||PDBFINDER"><strong>PDBFINDER</strong></a> - A Database Containing PDB, DSSP and HSSP Information (see <a href="http://www.sander.embl-heidelberg.de/pdbfinder/overview.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_pdbstr"><strong>PDBSTR</strong></a> - Re-organized Protein Data Bank at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_5.html"><strong>PepPepSearch</strong></a> - Search SwissProt for a Peptide Sequence at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://lenti.med.umn.edu/~shoop/sample.html"><strong>Plant EST Analysis</strong></a> - Similarity Analysis of Different Plant cDNA/EST Sequences at <a href="http://lenti.med.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/pprotein_query.html"><strong>PHD</strong></a> - Predict Protein Secondary Structure at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> w/ search from <a href="http://www.cc.iastate.edu/welcome.html">Iowa State</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.pasteur.fr/sas/phy/boot-sub.html"><strong>PHILIP-Bootstrapping Analysis</strong></a> - Divergence Between Protein or Nucleotide Sequences at <a href="http://www.pasteur.fr/">Institut Pasteur</a>, France&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/gcg/phospepsort-query.html"><strong>Phospepsort</strong></a> - Digest Phosphorylated Peptide Sequences at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/ch2d/pi_tool.html"><strong>pI/Mw</strong></a> - Compute the Theoretical pI and Molecular Weight of a Protein Sequence at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/proteins/pir.html"><strong>PIR</strong></a> - Protein Identification Resource Database at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||PIRALN"><strong>PIRALN</strong></a> - Database of Sequence Alignments based on PIR at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_pmd"><strong>PMD</strong></a> - Protein Mutant Database at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan and <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||PMD"><strong>PMD</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/pmotif.html"><strong>PMOTIF</strong></a> - Search Protein Motifs in Gene Sequence at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/service/polandform.html"><strong>Poland</strong></a> - Calculate the Thermal Denaturation Profile of Double Stranded RNA or DNA at <a href="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/">Uni-D&uuml;sseldorf</a>, Germany&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/predictprotein/predictprotein.html"><strong>PredictProtein</strong></a> - Predict Protein Secondary Structure at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_prf"><strong>PRF</strong></a> - Protein Research Foundation Sequence Database at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www-genome.wi.mit.edu/cgi-bin/primer2.2/primer_front"><strong>Primer</strong></a> - Select PCR Primers in a Gene Sequence at <a href="http://www-genome.wi.mit.edu/">WICGR-MIT</a> and <a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/rawprimer.html"><strong>Primer</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/~attwood/PRINTS/PRINTS.html"><strong>PRINTS</strong></a> - Protein Motif Fingerprints Database (see <a href="file://gopher.embl-heidelberg.de/pub/databases/prints/prints.doc"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) and <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/~attwood/ALIGN/ALIGN.html"><strong>PRINTS-ALIGN</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/">UCL-London</a>, UK and <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/srs/srsc?-info+PRINTS"><strong>PRINTS</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/">EMBnet-Basel</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://protein.toulouse.inra.fr/prodom.html"><strong>ProDom</strong></a> - A Protein Domain Database and <a href="http://protein.toulouse.inra.fr/prodom/blast_form.html"><strong>ProDom-Search</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.jouy.inra.fr/infoservices-INRA/infoservices_donnees.html">INRA-Toulouse</a>, France, <a href="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/~esr/prodom.html"><strong>ProDom</strong></a> and <a href="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/~esr/prodom-blast.html"><strong>ProDom-Search</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/">Sanger Centre</a>, UK and <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||777855676_129.186.4.14||-info||PRODOM"><strong>ProDom</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/PRFSCAN_form.html"><strong>ProfileScan&nbsp;</strong></a> - Search a Sequence Against a Library of Profiles at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="gopher://bmerc-gopher.bu.edu/11/Databases/prolink"><strong>ProLink</strong></a> - Integrated Database of Protein Structure, Sequence Homology, and Functional Pattern Information at <a href="http://bmerc-www.bu.edu/">BMERC</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/prs.page"><strong>PROPSEARCH</strong></a> - Protein Sequence Search for Structural Homology Based on Aminoacid Properties at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/sprot/prosite.html"><strong>PROSITE</strong></a> - Protein Sites and Patterns Database at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland, <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/PSTSCAN_form.html"><strong>PrositeScan</strong></a> at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland and <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/searches/prosite_input.html"><strong>PROSITE-Search</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="file://ftp.embl-heidelberg.de/pub/databases/protein_extras"><strong>Protein-Extras</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/p_families.html"><strong>Protein Families</strong></a> - Links to Information on Different Protein Families at <a href="http://www.cc.iastate.edu/">Iowa State</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://chait-sgi.rockefeller.edu/cgi-bin/prot-id/1/1"><strong>Prot-ID</strong></a> - Identify a Protein from Masses of Enzymatic Digestion Peptide Fragments at <a href="http://chait-sgi.rockefeller.edu/">Rockefeller U.</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="file://cb-iris.stanford.edu/pub/ProteinMovements/ProtMotDB.main.html"><strong>Protein Motions</strong></a>&nbsp; - DataBase of Protein Movements at <a href="http://hyper.stanford.edu/">Stanford U.</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://bmerc-www.bu.edu/psa/"><strong>PSA</strong></a> - Protein Sequence Analysis for Sequences of Unknown Structure at <a href="http://bmerc-www.bu.edu/welcome.html">BMERC/MBCRR</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://psort.nibb.ac.jp/"><strong>PSORT</strong></a> - Predict Protein Sorting Signals Coded in Amino Acid Sequences at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/pssprediction/pssp.html"><strong>PSSP</strong></a> - Protein Secondary Structure Prediction at <a images="" alt="(W3)" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src="></a></dd><dd><a images="" alt="(W3)" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src=">&nbsp;</a><a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/home/compbio/PUMA/Production/puma.html"><strong>PUMA</strong></a> - Phylogeny of Unicellular Organims with Metabolism and Alignments from <a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/home/compbio/default.html">MCS-Computational Biology</a> at <a href="http://www.anl.gov/">Argonne National Laboratory</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="file://ftp.embl-heidelberg.de/pub/databases/protein_extras/puu/domains.puu"><strong>PUU</strong></a> - Protein Domains Database Based on PDB-Select at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://geta.life.uiuc.edu/index.html"><strong>RDP</strong></a> - Ribosomal Database Project at U. Illinois&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://vent.neb.com/rebase/rebase.html"><strong>ReBase</strong></a> - Restriction Enzyme Database and <a href="http://www.neb.com/cgi-bin/wais_ref.pl"><strong>ReBase-Search</strong></a> at <a href="http://vent.neb.com/">New England Biolabs</a>, <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||777855676_129.186.4.14||-info||REBASE"><strong>ReBase</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> and <a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/rebase/rebase.html"><strong>ReBase</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/repro/rep_tot.html"><strong>REPRO</strong></a> - Recognition of Protein Sequence Repeats at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://pundit.colorado.edu:8080/"><strong>RNA Secondary Structures</strong></a> - Information on Group I Introns and rRNA at <a href="http://www.colorado.edu/">U. Colorado-Boulder</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd><a href="http://www-rrna.uia.ac.be/rrna/index.html"><strong>rRNA</strong></a> - Databases of Ribosomal Subunit RNA Sequences at <a href="http://www.uia.ac.be/">U. Antwerp</a>, Belgium&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<strong>RSVP</strong> - Rapid Sequence Visualization in Postscript for Analysis of DNA Sequences at <a href="http://cbil.humgen.upenn.edu/">CBIL-U. Pennsylvania</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/SAPS_form.html"><strong>SAPS</strong></a> - Statistical Analysis of Protein Sequences at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://base.icgeb.trieste.it/sbase/"><strong>SBASE</strong></a> - Library of Protein Domains and <a href="http://base.icgeb.trieste.it/sbase/blast.html"><strong>SBASE-Search</strong></a>&nbsp; at <a href="http://base.icgeb.trieste.it/">ICGEB-Trieste</a>, Italy&nbsp; </dd><dd><a href="http://geoff.biop.ox.ac.uk/servers/scanps_server.html"><strong>SCANPS</strong></a> - Scan Protein Sequences at <a href="http://geoff.biop.ox.ac.uk/">U. Oxford</a>, UK&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.bio.cam.ac.uk/scop/"><strong>SCOP</strong></a> - Structural Classification of Proteins at <a href="http://www.bio.cam.ac.uk/">Cambridge</a>, UK and <a href="http://www.nick.med.usf.edu/scop/index.html"><strong>SCOP</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.nick.med.usf.edu/">U. South Florida</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-annot/home.html"><strong>Sequence Annotation</strong></a> - Annotations on NCBI Sequences at <a images="" alt="(W3)" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src="></a></dd><dd><a images="" alt="(W3)" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src=">&nbsp;</a><a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/rawtrans.html"><strong>Sequence Translation</strong></a> - Translate Gene Sequences at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="ftp://dasher.wustl.edu/pub/sleuth/data"><strong>Sleuth</strong></a> - Amino Acid Conformation and Solvent Accessibility of PDB Files at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">Washington U.</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ibcp.fr/predict.html"><strong>SOPM</strong></a> - Self Optimized Prediction Method for Prediction of Protein Secondary Structure at <a href="http://www.ibcp.fr/">IBCP-CNRS</a>, France&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc"><strong>SRSWWW</strong></a> - Network Browser for Databanks in Molecular Biology (w/ <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/net.html"><strong>diagram links</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/srs/index.html"><strong>SRSWWW-Directory</strong></a> - Directory of SRSWWW Network Browsers for Biological Databanks and <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/srs/status.html"><strong>SRSWWW-Global Status</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/">EMBnet-Basel</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/ssearch-query.html"><strong>SSEARCH</strong></a> - Universal Sequence Comparison Using the Smith-Waterman Algorithm at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/sspred/sspred_info.html"><strong>SSPRED</strong></a> - Predict the Secondary Structure of Proteins at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>, Germany&nbsp;</dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/stride/stride.html"><strong>STRIDE</strong></a> - Find Secondary Structural Elements in PDB Proteins Structures at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www-genome.wi.mit.edu/cgi-bin/www-STS_Pipeline/pipeline_front"><strong>STS Pipeline</strong></a> - Analysis and STS Primer Picking of Short DNA Sequences with Duplicate Checking, Sequence Repeat Finding, Restriction Analysis, Vector Identification and BLAST Searching at <a href="http://www-genome.wi.mit.edu/">MIT</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ucmb.ulb.ac.be/~joan/survol/form.html"><strong>SURVOL</strong></a> - Analysis of Protein Atomic Volumes at <a href="http://www.ucmb.ulb.ac.be/">UCMB</a>, Belgium&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/ch2d/ch2d-top.html"><strong>Swiss-2DPage</strong></a> - Two-dimensional Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis Database at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/srs/srsc?-info+SWISSDOM"><strong>SWISSDOM</strong></a> - SwissProt Entries in a ProDom Map at <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">EBI</a>, UK&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/swissmod/SWISS-MODEL.html"><strong>Swiss-Model</strong></a>&nbsp; - Automated Protein Modelling at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/srs/srsc?-info||SWISSNEW"><strong>SWISSNEW</strong></a> - New SwissProt Sequences at <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">EBI</a>, UK&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/sprot/sprot-top.html"><strong>SwissProt</strong></a> - Protein Sequence Database (+ Weekly Updates) at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/swisshop/SwissShopReq.html"><strong>Swiss-Shop</strong></a>&nbsp; - Automated SwissProt and Prosite Information Queries at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/tbase/tbase.html"><strong>TBASE</strong></a> - Transgenic/Targeted Mutation Database at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/tfasta-query.html"><strong>TFASTA</strong></a> - Match a Protein Sequence Against All Six Frames of GenBank Sequences at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="gopher://gopher.nih.gov/77/gopherlib/indices/tfd/index"><strong>TFD</strong></a> - Transcription Factor Database at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info+TFFACTOR"><strong>TFFACTOR</strong></a> and <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info+TFSITE"><strong>TFSITE</strong></a> - Transcription Factor Data at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/rawtm.html"><strong>Tm</strong></a> - Oligonucleotide Melting Point Determination at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/tmap/tmap_sin.html"><strong>TMAP</strong></a> - Identification of Transmembrane Segments on a Protein Sequence at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="ftp://ulrec3.unil.ch/pub/tmbase"><strong>TMBASE</strong></a> - Transmembrane Protein Database at <a href="http://www.unil.ch/">U. Lausanne</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/TMPRED_form.html"><strong>TMpred</strong></a> - Prediction of Transmembrane Regions and Orientation in Protein Sequencs at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/www/dna.html"><strong>Translate</strong></a> - Translate a Nucleotide Sequence to a Protein at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_6.html"><strong>TreeGen</strong></a> - Tree Generation from Distance Data at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||781260221_129.186.4.14||-info||TREMBL"><strong>TREMBL</strong></a> - Database of Translated Peptide Sequences of All CDS Features from EMBL Sequences at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/srs/srsc?-info+VECBASE"><strong>VecBase</strong></a> - Cloning Vector Sequence Database.at <a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/">CAOS/CAMM</a>, The Netherlands&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://biology.queensu.ca/~miseners/vector.html"><strong>Vector-DB</strong></a> - Cloning Vector Database at <a href="http://www.queensu.ca/">Queen's U.-Kensington</a>, Canada , <a href="http://ben.vub.ac.be/srs/srsc?-info+VECTOR"><strong>VECTOR</strong></a> at <a href="http://ben.vub.ac.be/">BEN</a>, Belgium , <a href="gopher://gopher.gdb.org/77/.INDEX/vector"><strong>Vector</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> and <a href="gopher://virus1.virus.kyoto-u.ac.jp/77/.index/vector.ig/index"><strong>Vector-ig</strong></a> at <a href="http://virus1.virus.kyoto-u.ac.jp/">IVR</a>, Kyoto-U., Japan&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.bio.cam.ac.uk/seqlogo/logo.cgi"><strong>WebLogo</strong></a> - Sequence Logo Generation at <a href="http://www.bio.cam.ac.uk/">Cambridge U.</a>, UK&nbsp; </dd><dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://kestrel.ludwig.ucl.ac.uk/zpred.html"><strong>ZPRED</strong></a> - MultPredict Secondary Structure of Multiply Aligned Protein Sequences at <a href="http://kestrel.ludwig.ucl.ac.uk/">Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research</a>, UK&nbsp; <dl></dl></dd> 02d4ba815e20786559d26b9f7d389d789948d15c 1975 2008-01-16T12:26:26Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||ALI"><strong>3D-ALI</strong></a> - Database relating Proteins Structures and Sequences (see <a href="gopher://s-crim1.dl.ac.uk/00/EMBnet%20Bioinformation%20Resource%20UK/Data%20%26%20Software/databases/3d_ali/3d_ali.doc"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-He idelberg</a>&nbsp; <dd>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/aaa.html"><strong>AA Analysis</strong>&nbsp;</a> - Protein Identification in SwissProt and PIR using Amino Acid Composition at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/ch2d/aacompi.html"><strong>AA CompIdent</strong></a> - Protein Identification in SwissProt using Amino Acid Composition at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/ch2d/aacsim.html"><strong>AA CompSim</strong></a> - Compare the Amino Acid Composition of a SwissProt Entry with Other Entries at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://chait-sgi.rockefeller.edu/cgi-bin/sequence/AA"><strong>AA Sequence Analysis</strong></a> - Multiple Analysis of a Native or Modified Amino Acid Sequence at <a href="http://www.rockefeller.edu/ru.home.html">Rockefeller U.</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/~martin/abs/seqtest.html"><strong>AbCheck</strong></a> - Test an Antibody Sequence Against the Kabat Database at <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/">U. College-London</a>, UK&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/align-query.html"><strong>ALIGN</strong></a> - Optimal Global Alignment of Two Sequences with No Short-cuts at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France and <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/www/programs/align.html"><strong>Align</strong></a> at <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg .de/">MIPS</a>, Germany&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_1.html"><strong>AllAll</strong></a> - Relationships in a Set of Related Peptides at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_2.html"><strong>AllAllDB</strong></a> - Search the All-Against-All Database of SwissProt at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://geoff.biop.ox.ac.uk/servers/amas_server.html"><strong>AMAS</strong></a> - Analysis of Protein Multiple Sequence Alignments at <a href="http://geoff.biop.ox.ac.uk/">U. Oxford</a>, UK&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/argos/ASC.21/asc2.html"><strong>ASC</strong></a> - Analytic Surface Calculation of PDB Protein Structures at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://mips11.mips.biochem.mpg.de/www/programs/atlas_per.html"><strong>ATLAS</strong></a> - Search DNA and Protein Sequence Databases at <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/">MIPS</a>, Germany&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://kiwi.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:8088/search-launcher/launcher.html"><strong>BCM Search Launcher</strong></a> at <a images="" alt="(W3)" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src="></a><br> <a images="" alt="(W3)" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src=">&nbsp;</a><a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/protein-search.html"><strong>BEAUTY</strong></a> - BLAST Enhanced Alignment Utility <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/Help/beauty.html"><strong>(see Documentation)</ strong></a> at <a href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/">Baylor College of Medicine</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/srs/srsc?-info+BERLIN"><strong>BERLIN</strong></a> - RNA Databank of 5S rRNA and 5S rRNA Gene Sequences at <a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/">CAOS/CAMM</a>, The Netherlands&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://sgbcd.weizmann.ac.il/Bic/ExecAppl.html"><strong>BIOACCELERATOR</strong></a> at <a href="http://bioinformatics.weizmann.ac.il:70/">Weizmann Institute of Science</a>, Israel&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a images="" alt="!New!" href="http://www.ocms.ox.ac.uk/~birney/cusi/biocusi.html%3E%3Cb%3EbioCUSI%3C/b%3E%3C/a%3E%3Cimg%20src=">- Multiple Access to Biological Servers at </a><a href="http://www.ocms.ox.ac.uk/">OCMS-Oxford</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="ftp://pdb.pdb.bnl.gov/user_group/biological_units"><strong>Biological Units</strong></a> - Expanded PDB Entries with Full Biological Units at <a href="http://suntid.bnl.gov:8080/bnl.html">Brookhaven National Laboratory</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.ocms.ox.ac.uk/~birney/palette.html"><strong>Biologist's Search Palette</strong></a> - Collection of Search Engines for Biological Databases at <a href="http://www.ocms.ox.ac.uk/">Oxford U.</a>, UK&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Recipon/bs_seq.html"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> - Basic Local Alignment Research Tool at <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/">NCBI</a>, <a href="http://swarmer.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/blastq-form?options=simple"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> (hiv, vector, etc) at <a href="http://motif.stanford.edu/">Stanford U.</a>, <a hre f="http://www.genome.ad.jp/SIT/BLAST.html"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan, <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/blast/blast-query.html"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France, <a href="http://www.crihan.fr/www/blast.html"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.crihan.fr/">CRIHAN</a>, France <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/cgi-bin/seq-search/blast_form_local.pl"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> (with Entrez and SRS Links) at <a href="http://gc.bcm.tmc.edu:8088/">Baylor College of Medicine</a> and <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/EPFLBLAST_form.html"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> at <a href="h ttp://www.epfl.ch/">EPFL</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/Option/blastpat.html"><strong>BLASTPAT</strong></a> - BLAST-based Pattern Database Search (see <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/Help/blastpat.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://gc.bcm.tmc.edu:8088/">Baylor College of Medicine</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/searches/blitz_input.html"><strong>BLITZ</strong></a> (see <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/searches/blitz_doc.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> and <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/searches/blitz_input.html"><strong>BLITZ</strong></a> at <a href="http ://www.ebi.ac.uk/">EBI</a>, UK&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.blocks.fhcrc.org/"><strong>BLOCKS</strong></a> - Database of Highly Conserved Regions in Proteins&nbsp; and <a href="gopher://klaatu.fhcrc.org/77/.indexes/.blocksindex/blocksindex"><strong>BLOCKS-WAIS</strong></a>&nbsp; at <a href="gopher://klaatu.fhcrc.org/">Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center</a>, <a href="http://www.embl-heidelbe rg.de/srs/srsc?-info||BLOCKS"><strong>BLOCKS</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> and <a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/blocks_query.html"><strong>BLOCKS-Search</strong></a> w/ search from <a href="http://www.cc.iastate.edu/welcome.html">Iowa State</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://bimas.dcrt.nih.gov/sql/BMRBgate.html"><strong>BioMagResBank</strong></a> - A Database of NMR-Derived Protein Structures at <a href="http://bimas.dcrt.nih.gov/">BIMAS-NIH</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://genome.cs.unc.edu/online.html"><strong>BioSCAN</strong></a> - Biological Sequence Comparative Analysis at <a href="http://genome.cs.unc.edu/">U. North Caroline</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://ibm4.carb.nist.gov:4400/bmcd/bmcd.html"><strong>BMCD</strong></a> - Biological Macromolecule Crystallization Database at <a href="http://ibm4.carb.nist.gov:4400/carb.html">CARB</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/BOX_form.html"><strong>BOXSHADE</strong></a> - Pretty Printing and Shading of Multiple-Sequence Alignments at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/bsm/cath/CATHintro.html"><strong>CATH</strong></a> - Protein Structure Classification at <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/">UCL-London</a>, UK&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/msa/clustal.cgi"><strong>CLUSTALW</strong></a> - Multiply Sequence Alignments at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">IBC-Washington U.</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/cuse.html"><strong>Codon Usage</strong></a> - Analysis of Different ORFs in a Gene Sequence at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/COILS_form.html"><strong>Coils</strong></a> - Prediction of Coiled Coil Regions in Protein Sequences at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://ben.vub.ac.be/srs/srsc?-info+CPGISLE"><strong>CpGIsle</strong></a> - CpG Islands Database at <a href="http://ben.vub.ac.be/">BEN</a>, Belgium&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_7.html"><strong>Darwin</strong></a> - Data Analysis and Retrieval With Indexed Nucleotide/Peptide Sequences at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/dbEST/index.html"><strong>dbEST</strong></a> - Database of Expressed Sequence Tags at <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/">NCBI</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/dbget/dbget.html"><strong>DBGET</strong></a> - Integrated Database Retrieval System (w/ <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/dbget/dbget.links.html"><strong>diagram links</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="gopher://gopher.nig.ac.jp/7waissrc%3a/DDBJ_Gopher_WAIS/DNA_seq_index_search.src"><strong>DDBJ</strong></a> - DNA Database of Japan at <a href="http://www.nig.ac.jp/">National Institute of Genetics</a>, Japan&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/rawdot.html"><strong>Dot Plot</strong></a> - Compare a DNA Sequence with Itself at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.nih.gov/molecular_modeling/drugbank.html"><strong>DrugBank</strong></a> - Three-dimensional Drug Structure Databank at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info+DSSP"><strong>DSSP</strong></a> - Database of Secondary Structure of Proteins from PDB (see <a href="http://www.sander.embl-heidelberg.de/dssp/descrip.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/proteins/ec-enzyme.html"><strong>EC Enzyme</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> and <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/show_ECtable"><strong>EC Number Table</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan and <a href="http://specter.dcrt.nih.gov:8004/Enzymes /enzymes.html"><strong>GenoBase Enzyme Index</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://susi.bio.uni-giessen.de/usr/local/www/html/ecdc.html"><strong>ECDC</strong></a> - <em>E. coli</em> Database Collection at <a href="http://www.uni-giessen.de/">Uni-Gie&szlig;en</a>, Germany&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="gopher://biox.embnet.unibas.ch:13021/77/.index/embl/index"><strong>EMBL</strong></a> - Nucleotide Sequence Database and <a href="gopher://biox.embnet.unibas.ch:13021/77/.index/xembl/index"><strong>EMBL-New Entries</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/">EMBnet-Basel</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/srs/srsc?-info||EMNEW"><strong>EMNEW</strong></a> - Index of New EMBL Sequences at <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">EBI</a>, UK&nbsp; <br> <a href="http://specter.dcrt.nih.gov:8004/Compound/compound_toc_by_name.html"><strong>EMP Compound</strong></a> and <a href="http://specter.dcrt.nih.gov:8004/Pathway/pathway_toc_by_name.html"><strong>EMP Pathways</strong></a> - Selkov Enzyme and Metabolic Pathway (EMP) Database at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/home/towell/metabhome.html"><strong>EMP Metabolic Pathways</strong></a> - Navigation in Metabolic Pathways from <a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/home/compbio/default.html">MCS-Computational Biology</a> at <a href="http://www.anl.gov/">Argonne National Laboratory</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Search/Entrez/index.html"><strong>ENTREZ</strong></a> - Protein and Nucleotide Database (see <a href="http://atlas.nlm.nih.gov:5700/WWW2/WWW2_paper2.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/">NCBI</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/sprot/enzyme.html"><strong>ENZYME</strong></a> - The Enzyme Data Bank at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/bsm/enzymes/index.html"><strong>Enzyme Structures Database</strong></a> - Structures of Enzymes Deposited in the PDB at <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/">UCL-London</a>, UK&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||781260221_129.186.4.14||-info||EPD"><strong>EPD</strong></a> - Eucaryotic Promoter Database at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>, Germany and <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_epd"><strong>EPD</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan&n bsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://bioslave.uio.no:8001/srs/srsc?-info+EPO"><strong>EPO</strong></a> - European Patent Office Nucleotide Database at <a href="http://www.no.embnet.org/">BiO/U. Oslo</a>, Norway&nbsp; and <a href="gopher://gopher.csc.fi/7waissrc%3a/tiede/BioBox/bionic/.epo.src"><strong>EPO</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.csc.fi/CSC_english.html">CSC</a>, F inland&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/searches/fasta.html"><strong>FASTA</strong></a> - Compare a Nucleic Acid Sequence to Nucleotide Sequence Databases (w/ updates) at <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">EBI</a>, UK, <a href="http://swarmer.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/fastaq-form?options=simple"><strong>FASTA</strong></a> (Berlin, Vectorbank, etc) at <a href="http://motif. stanford.edu/">Stanford U.</a>, <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/fasta-query.html"><strong>FASTA</strong></a> at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France and <a href="http://www.crihan.fr/www/fasta.html"><strong>FASTA</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.crihan.fr/">CRIHAN</a>, France&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/Options/fastpat.html"><strong>FASTPAT</strong></a> - FASTA-based Pattern Database Search (see <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/Help/fastpat.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://gc.bcm.tmc.edu:8088/">Baylor College of Medicine</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://morgan.harvard.edu/"><strong>FlyBase</strong></a> - Genetic and Molecular Database for <em>Drosophila</em> at <a href="http://www.harvard.edu/">Harvard U.</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||FSSP"><strong>FSSP</strong></a> - Database of Families of Structurally Similar Proteins derived from PDB at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.abc.hu/blast.html"><strong>FTHOM</strong></a> - Compare Protein Domain Homology at <a href="http://www.abc.hu/">ABC</a>, Hungary&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://gdbwww.gdb.org/"><strong>GDB</strong></a> - Human Genome Data Base at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:2555/r_genbank2.html"><strong>GenBank Database</strong></a> (+Updates) at <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/">NCBI</a> and <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/wu_fetch.html"><strong>GenBank-Fetch</strong></a> at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">Washington U.</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/gene-finder/gf.html"><strong>Gene Finder</strong></a> - Predict Gene Structure, Internal Exons and Splicing Sites in DNA and Exon-Exon Junstion in cDNA at <a images="" alt="(W3)" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src="></a><br> <a images="" alt="(W3)" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src=">&nbsp;</a><a href="http://cbil.humgen.upenn.edu/~sdong/genlang_home.html"><strong>GenLang</strong></a> - Find Genes and Other Higher-Order Features in Nucleotide Sequences at <a href="http://cbil.humgen.upenn.edu/">CBIL-U. Pennsylvania</a>&nbsp; <br > &nbsp;<a href="http://specter.dcrt.nih.gov:8004/"><strong>GenoBase</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/Genome-DBS.html"><strong>Genome Databases</strong></a> and <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/Genome_Centre.html"><strong>Genome Centers</strong></a> - World Wide Links at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.ri.bbsrc.ac.uk/genome_workstation/workstation.html"><strong>Genome Workstation</strong></a> - Genome Related Links at <a href="http://www.ri.bbsrc.ac.uk/">Roslin Institute</a>, UK&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://biotech.chem.indiana.edu/WebChris/maps.html"><strong>Genomic Maps</strong></a> - Links to Genome Specific Resources at <a href="http://biotech.chem.indiana.edu/">Biotech-Indiana</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/gq/gq.form.html"><strong>GenQuest</strong></a> - Search Against Protein Databases with the Q server at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://avalon.epm.ornl.gov/Grail-bin/EmptyGrailForm"><strong>Grail</strong></a> - Analysis of the Protein Coding Potential of a DNA Sequence (see <a href="ftp://arthur.epm.ornl.gov/pub/xgrail/Manual.grail-genquest.July94"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://avalon.epm.ornl.gov/">ORNL</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.ncgr.org/gsdb/"><strong>GSDB</strong></a> - Genome Sequence Database at <a href="http://www.ncgr.org/ncgr/ncgr.html">NCGR</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/www/guess-prot.html"><strong>GuessProt</strong></a> - Selects SwissProt proteins given pI and Mw at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/hhs/"><strong>HHS</strong></a> - SwissProt and PDB Systematic Sequence Classification Database at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">Washington U.</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/srs/srsc?-info+HOVERGEN"><strong>HOVERGEN</strong></a> - Database of Homologous Vertebrate Genes at <a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/">CAOS/CAMM</a>, The Netherlands&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/www/programs/hpt_persistent.html"><strong>HPT</strong></a> - Protein Sequence Pattern Recognition in the PIR Database and <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/www/programs/hpt_homol.html"><strong>HPT-Homology</strong></a> at <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/">MIPS</a>, Germany&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||HSSP"><strong>HSSP</strong></a> - Database of Homology-Derived Structures of Proteins based on PDB and SwissProt at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="gopher://gopher.gdb.org/77/.INDEX/kabat"><strong>Kabat </strong></a>- Database of Proteins of Immunological Interest at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.prosci.uci.edu/kinemages/KinemageIndex.html"><strong>Kinemage-Index</strong></a> - &quot;Kinetical Images&quot; by Protein Type at <a href="http://www.prosci.uci.edu/">Protein Science</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/klotho/"><strong>Klotho</strong></a> - Biochemical Compounds Declarative Database at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">Washington U.</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/lalign-query.html"><strong>LALIGN</strong></a> - Calculates the N-Best Local Alignments Between Two Sequences at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/lfasta-query.html"><strong>LFASTA</strong></a> - Local Similarity Searches Between Two Sequences Showing Local Alignments at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_ligand"><strong>LIGAND</strong></a> - Ligand Chemical Database for Enzyme Reactions at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="gopher://gopher.nih.gov/77/gopherlib/indices/limb/index"><strong>LiMB</strong></a> - Listing of Molecular Biology Databases at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; and <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||777855676_129.186.4.14||-info||LIMB"><strong>LiMB</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelbe rg</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_3.html"><strong>MassSearch</strong></a> - Search SwissProt or EMBL Databases by Protein Mass After Digestion at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://cgsc.biology.yale.edu/metab.html"><strong>Metabolic Database</strong></a> - Metabolic Reactions and Pathways at <a href="http://cgsc.biology.yale.edu/">CGSC-Yale U.</a> and <a href="http://moulon.inra.fr/cgi-bin/nph-acedb3.1/acedb/metabolisme?find+Reaction_or_pathway%3By+14+69"><strong>Metabolic Database</strong></a> at <a href="http://mou lon.inra.fr/">INRA-Moulon</a>, France&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.informatics.jax.org/mgd.html"><strong>MGD</strong></a> - Mouse Genome Database at <a href="http://www.informatics.jax.org/">Jackson Laboratory</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="gopher://wehil.wehi.edu.au/11/MHCPEP.DB"><strong>MHCPEP</strong></a> - Database of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Binding Peptides at <a href="http://www.wehi.edu.au/">WEHI-Melbourne</a>, Australia&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/www/programs/hpt_persistent.html"><strong>MIPS-Alert</strong></a> - Automated Sequence Information Queries at <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/">MIPS</a>, Germany&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.nih.gov/htbin/pdb"><strong>Molecules R US</strong></a> - Interactive Text and Images of PDB Files at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||777855676_129.186.4.14||-info||MOLPROBE"><strong>MPBD</strong></a> - Molecular Probe Data Base at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; and <a href="gopher://gopher.slu.se/7waissrc%3a/wais-dbs/Biology/Oligos"><strong>MPDB</strong></a> at <a href="gopher://gopher.slu.se/">U. Agricultural Sciences</a>, Sweden&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://cuhhca.hhmi.columbia.edu/moose/"><strong>MOOSE</strong></a> - Macromolecular Object Oriented Search Engine to Extract PDB Contained Information at <a href="http://cuhhca.hhmi.columbia.edu/">Columbia U.</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/msa.html"><strong>MSA</strong></a> - Multiple Sequence Alignment at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">Washington U.</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/SIT/MOTIF.html"><strong>MOTIF</strong></a> - Search Patterns in Protein Sequences at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan <a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/motif_query.html"><strong>Motif</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan w/ search from <a href="http://ww w.cc.iastate.edu/welcome.html">Iowa State</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/multi-align/multi-align.html"><strong>Multiple Sequence Alignments</strong></a> - CLUSTAL-W, MAP, and PIMA alignments at <a href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/">Baylor College of Medicine</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://ndbserver.rutgers.edu/"><strong>NDB</strong></a> - Nucleic Acid Database at Rutgers U.&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.cmpharm.ucsf.edu/~nomi/nnpredict.html"><strong>nnPredict</strong></a> - Predict Protein Secondary Structure at <a href="http://wormworld.ucsf.edu/">UCSF</a> and <a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/nnpredict_query.html"><strong>nnPredict</strong></a> at w/ search from <a href="http://www.cc.iastate.edu/welcome.html">Iowa State </a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/proteins/nrl3d.html"><strong>NRL_3D</strong></a> - Sequence/Structure Database derived from PDB at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> and <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||NRL3D"><strong>NRL_3D</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <b r> &nbsp;<a href="http://ddbjs4h.genes.nig.ac.jp/"><strong>NRSub</strong></a> - A Non-Redundant DNA Sequence Database for <em>Bacillus subtilis</em> at <a href="http://www.nig.ac.jp/">National Institute of Genetics</a>, Japan&nbsp; <br> <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_4.html"><strong>NuclPepSearch</strong></a> - Search SwissProt for a Nucletide Sequence at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://chait-sgi.rockefeller.edu/"><strong>NYC-MASS</strong></a> - Protein Mass Spectrometry Database at <a href="http://www.rockefeller.edu/ru.home.html">Rockefeller U.</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/obstruct/obs_form.html"><strong>OBSTRUCT</strong></a> - Correlate Sequence Subsets of PDB Protein Structures at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://gdbwww.gdb.org/omimdoc/omimtop.html"><strong>OMIM</strong></a> - Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="gopher://megasun.bch.umontreal.ca/11/Organelles/Genomes"><strong>Organelle Genome</strong></a>&nbsp; - A Sequence Database at <a href="gopher://megasun.bch.umontreal.ca/">U. Montreal</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://biotech.chem.indiana.edu/lib/orgstrain.html"><strong>Organisms and Strains</strong></a> - Links to Databases Specific to Organism and Cell Collections at <a href="http://biotech.chem.indiana.edu/">Biotech-Indiana</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/proteins/owl.html"><strong>OWL</strong></a> - Non-Redundant Protein Sequence Database (Updated Daily) at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> and <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/~attwood/OWL/OWL.html"><strong>OWL</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/">UCL-London</a>, UK&nbsp; <b r> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/home/papka/ROSS/patscan.html"><strong>PatScan</strong></a> - Look for Pattern Matches in DNA or Protein Sequences at <a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/">Argonne National Laboratory</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/PATFND_form.html"><strong>PatternFind</strong></a> - Search the SwissProt and Genpept Protein Sequence Databases with a <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/txt/profile.txt">PROSITE-formatted</a> Pattern at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www-pdd.ncifcrf.gov/PDD/GEN-docs/indexGEN.html"><strong>PDD</strong></a> - Protein Disease Database at <a href="http://www-pdd.ncifcrf.gov/">NIMH-NCI</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.pdb.bnl.gov:4148/cgi-bin/browse"><strong>PDB-Browser</strong></a>, <a href="gopher://pdb.pdb.bnl.gov/77/xfullindex/full"><strong>PDB-Index</strong></a> and <a href="gopher://pdb.pdb.bnl.gov/77/xstatusindex/status"><strong>PDB-Pending</strong></a> - <a href="http://www.pdb.bnl.gov/">Protein Data Bank</a> Structures at <a href="http://su ntid.bnl.gov:8080/bnl.html">Brookhaven National Laboratory</a>, <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_pdb"><strong>PDB</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a> Japan, <a href="http://www.ibf.unige.it/7/sci/.PDB/pdbsearch"><strong>PDB</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ibf.unige.it/">U. Genova</a>, Italy, <a href="http://www.ucmb. ulb.ac.be/pdb_seq_rel_jan94"><strong>PDB-List</strong></a> and <a href="http://www.ucmb.ulb.ac.be/pdb_annot_jan94"><strong>PDB-Annotated</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ucmb.ulb.ac.be/index.html">Brussels Free U.</a>, Belgium and <a href="http://www.sander.embl-heidelberg.de/pdbsel/explanation.html"><strong>PDB-Select</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.emb l-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.nih.gov/molecular_modeling/pdb_at_a_glance.html"><strong>PDB At A Glance</strong></a> - Hierarchic Access to PDB Files at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||781260221_129.186.4.14||-info||PDBFINDER"><strong>PDBFINDER</strong></a> - A Database Containing PDB, DSSP and HSSP Information (see <a href="http://www.sander.embl-heidelberg.de/pdbfinder/overview.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>& nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_pdbstr"><strong>PDBSTR</strong></a> - Re-organized Protein Data Bank at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_5.html"><strong>PepPepSearch</strong></a> - Search SwissProt for a Peptide Sequence at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://lenti.med.umn.edu/~shoop/sample.html"><strong>Plant EST Analysis</strong></a> - Similarity Analysis of Different Plant cDNA/EST Sequences at <a href="http://lenti.med.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/pprotein_query.html"><strong>PHD</strong></a> - Predict Protein Secondary Structure at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> w/ search from <a href="http://www.cc.iastate.edu/welcome.html">Iowa State</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.pasteur.fr/sas/phy/boot-sub.html"><strong>PHILIP-Bootstrapping Analysis</strong></a> - Divergence Between Protein or Nucleotide Sequences at <a href="http://www.pasteur.fr/">Institut Pasteur</a>, France&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/gcg/phospepsort-query.html"><strong>Phospepsort</strong></a> - Digest Phosphorylated Peptide Sequences at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/ch2d/pi_tool.html"><strong>pI/Mw</strong></a> - Compute the Theoretical pI and Molecular Weight of a Protein Sequence at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/proteins/pir.html"><strong>PIR</strong></a> - Protein Identification Resource Database at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||PIRALN"><strong>PIRALN</strong></a> - Database of Sequence Alignments based on PIR at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_pmd"><strong>PMD</strong></a> - Protein Mutant Database at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan and <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||PMD"><strong>PMD</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/pmotif.html"><strong>PMOTIF</strong></a> - Search Protein Motifs in Gene Sequence at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/service/polandform.html"><strong>Poland</strong></a> - Calculate the Thermal Denaturation Profile of Double Stranded RNA or DNA at <a href="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/">Uni-D&uuml;sseldorf</a>, Germany&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/predictprotein/predictprotein.html"><strong>PredictProtein</strong></a> - Predict Protein Secondary Structure at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_prf"><strong>PRF</strong></a> - Protein Research Foundation Sequence Database at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www-genome.wi.mit.edu/cgi-bin/primer2.2/primer_front"><strong>Primer</strong></a> - Select PCR Primers in a Gene Sequence at <a href="http://www-genome.wi.mit.edu/">WICGR-MIT</a> and <a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/rawprimer.html"><strong>Primer</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/~attwood/PRINTS/PRINTS.html"><strong>PRINTS</strong></a> - Protein Motif Fingerprints Database (see <a href="file://gopher.embl-heidelberg.de/pub/databases/prints/prints.doc"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) and <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/~attwood/ALIGN/ALIGN.html"><strong>PRINTS-ALIGN</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/">UCL-London</a>, UK and <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/srs/srsc?-info+PRINTS"><strong>PRINTS</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/">EMBnet-Basel</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://protein.toulouse.inra.fr/prodom.html"><strong>ProDom</strong></a> - A Protein Domain Database and <a href="http://protein.toulouse.inra.fr/prodom/blast_form.html"><strong>ProDom-Search</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.jouy.inra.fr/infoservices-INRA/infoservices_donnees.html">INRA-Toulouse</a>, France, <a href="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/~e sr/prodom.html"><strong>ProDom</strong></a> and <a href="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/~esr/prodom-blast.html"><strong>ProDom-Search</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/">Sanger Centre</a>, UK and <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||777855676_129.186.4.14||-info||PRODOM"><strong>ProDom</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg. de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/PRFSCAN_form.html"><strong>ProfileScan&nbsp;</strong></a> - Search a Sequence Against a Library of Profiles at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="gopher://bmerc-gopher.bu.edu/11/Databases/prolink"><strong>ProLink</strong></a> - Integrated Database of Protein Structure, Sequence Homology, and Functional Pattern Information at <a href="http://bmerc-www.bu.edu/">BMERC</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/prs.page"><strong>PROPSEARCH</strong></a> - Protein Sequence Search for Structural Homology Based on Aminoacid Properties at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/sprot/prosite.html"><strong>PROSITE</strong></a> - Protein Sites and Patterns Database at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland, <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/PSTSCAN_form.html"><strong>PrositeScan</strong></a> at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland and <a href="http://www.e bi.ac.uk/searches/prosite_input.html"><strong>PROSITE-Search</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="file://ftp.embl-heidelberg.de/pub/databases/protein_extras"><strong>Protein-Extras</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/p_families.html"><strong>Protein Families</strong></a> - Links to Information on Different Protein Families at <a href="http://www.cc.iastate.edu/">Iowa State</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://chait-sgi.rockefeller.edu/cgi-bin/prot-id/1/1"><strong>Prot-ID</strong></a> - Identify a Protein from Masses of Enzymatic Digestion Peptide Fragments at <a href="http://chait-sgi.rockefeller.edu/">Rockefeller U.</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="file://cb-iris.stanford.edu/pub/ProteinMovements/ProtMotDB.main.html"><strong>Protein Motions</strong></a>&nbsp; - DataBase of Protein Movements at <a href="http://hyper.stanford.edu/">Stanford U.</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://bmerc-www.bu.edu/psa/"><strong>PSA</strong></a> - Protein Sequence Analysis for Sequences of Unknown Structure at <a href="http://bmerc-www.bu.edu/welcome.html">BMERC/MBCRR</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://psort.nibb.ac.jp/"><strong>PSORT</strong></a> - Predict Protein Sorting Signals Coded in Amino Acid Sequences at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/pssprediction/pssp.html"><strong>PSSP</strong></a> - Protein Secondary Structure Prediction at <a images="" alt="(W3)" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src="></a><br> <a images="" alt="(W3)" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src=">&nbsp;</a><a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/home/compbio/PUMA/Production/puma.html"><strong>PUMA</strong></a> - Phylogeny of Unicellular Organims with Metabolism and Alignments from <a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/home/compbio/default.html">MCS-Comput ational Biology</a> at <a href="http://www.anl.gov/">Argonne National Laboratory</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="file://ftp.embl-heidelberg.de/pub/databases/protein_extras/puu/domains.puu"><strong>PUU</strong></a> - Protein Domains Database Based on PDB-Select at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://geta.life.uiuc.edu/index.html"><strong>RDP</strong></a> - Ribosomal Database Project at U. Illinois&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://vent.neb.com/rebase/rebase.html"><strong>ReBase</strong></a> - Restriction Enzyme Database and <a href="http://www.neb.com/cgi-bin/wais_ref.pl"><strong>ReBase-Search</strong></a> at <a href="http://vent.neb.com/">New England Biolabs</a>, <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||777855676_129.186.4.14||-info||REBASE"><strong>ReB ase</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> and <a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/rebase/rebase.html"><strong>ReBase</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/repro/rep_tot.html"><strong>REPRO</strong></a> - Recognition of Protein Sequence Repeats at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://pundit.colorado.edu:8080/"><strong>RNA Secondary Structures</strong></a> - Information on Group I Introns and rRNA at <a href="http://www.colorado.edu/">U. Colorado-Boulder</a>&nbsp; <br> <a href="http://www-rrna.uia.ac.be/rrna/index.html"><strong>rRNA</strong></a> - Databases of Ribosomal Subunit RNA Sequences at <a href="http://www.uia.ac.be/">U. Antwerp</a>, Belgium&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<strong>RSVP</strong> - Rapid Sequence Visualization in Postscript for Analysis of DNA Sequences at <a href="http://cbil.humgen.upenn.edu/">CBIL-U. Pennsylvania</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/SAPS_form.html"><strong>SAPS</strong></a> - Statistical Analysis of Protein Sequences at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://base.icgeb.trieste.it/sbase/"><strong>SBASE</strong></a> - Library of Protein Domains and <a href="http://base.icgeb.trieste.it/sbase/blast.html"><strong>SBASE-Search</strong></a>&nbsp; at <a href="http://base.icgeb.trieste.it/">ICGEB-Trieste</a>, Italy&nbsp; <br> <a href="http://geoff.biop.ox.ac.uk/servers/scanps_server.html"><strong>SCANPS</strong></a> - Scan Protein Sequences at <a href="http://geoff.biop.ox.ac.uk/">U. Oxford</a>, UK&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.bio.cam.ac.uk/scop/"><strong>SCOP</strong></a> - Structural Classification of Proteins at <a href="http://www.bio.cam.ac.uk/">Cambridge</a>, UK and <a href="http://www.nick.med.usf.edu/scop/index.html"><strong>SCOP</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.nick.med.usf.edu/">U. South Florida</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-annot/home.html"><strong>Sequence Annotation</strong></a> - Annotations on NCBI Sequences at <a images="" alt="(W3)" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src="></a><br> <a images="" alt="(W3)" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src=">&nbsp;</a><a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/rawtrans.html"><strong>Sequence Translation</strong></a> - Translate Gene Sequences at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="ftp://dasher.wustl.edu/pub/sleuth/data"><strong>Sleuth</strong></a> - Amino Acid Conformation and Solvent Accessibility of PDB Files at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">Washington U.</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.ibcp.fr/predict.html"><strong>SOPM</strong></a> - Self Optimized Prediction Method for Prediction of Protein Secondary Structure at <a href="http://www.ibcp.fr/">IBCP-CNRS</a>, France&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc"><strong>SRSWWW</strong></a> - Network Browser for Databanks in Molecular Biology (w/ <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/net.html"><strong>diagram links</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/srs/index.html"><strong>SRSWWW-Directory</strong></a> - Directory of SRSWWW Network Browsers for Biological Databanks and <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/srs/status.html"><strong>SRSWWW-Global Status</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/">EMBnet-Basel</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/ssearch-query.html"><strong>SSEARCH</strong></a> - Universal Sequence Comparison Using the Smith-Waterman Algorithm at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/sspred/sspred_info.html"><strong>SSPRED</strong></a> - Predict the Secondary Structure of Proteins at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>, Germany&nbsp;<br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/stride/stride.html"><strong>STRIDE</strong></a> - Find Secondary Structural Elements in PDB Proteins Structures at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www-genome.wi.mit.edu/cgi-bin/www-STS_Pipeline/pipeline_front"><strong>STS Pipeline</strong></a> - Analysis and STS Primer Picking of Short DNA Sequences with Duplicate Checking, Sequence Repeat Finding, Restriction Analysis, Vector Identification and BLAST Searching at <a href="http://www-genome.wi.mit.edu/">MIT</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.ucmb.ulb.ac.be/~joan/survol/form.html"><strong>SURVOL</strong></a> - Analysis of Protein Atomic Volumes at <a href="http://www.ucmb.ulb.ac.be/">UCMB</a>, Belgium&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/ch2d/ch2d-top.html"><strong>Swiss-2DPage</strong></a> - Two-dimensional Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis Database at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/srs/srsc?-info+SWISSDOM"><strong>SWISSDOM</strong></a> - SwissProt Entries in a ProDom Map at <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">EBI</a>, UK&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/swissmod/SWISS-MODEL.html"><strong>Swiss-Model</strong></a>&nbsp; - Automated Protein Modelling at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/srs/srsc?-info||SWISSNEW"><strong>SWISSNEW</strong></a> - New SwissProt Sequences at <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">EBI</a>, UK&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/sprot/sprot-top.html"><strong>SwissProt</strong></a> - Protein Sequence Database (+ Weekly Updates) at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/swisshop/SwissShopReq.html"><strong>Swiss-Shop</strong></a>&nbsp; - Automated SwissProt and Prosite Information Queries at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/tbase/tbase.html"><strong>TBASE</strong></a> - Transgenic/Targeted Mutation Database at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/tfasta-query.html"><strong>TFASTA</strong></a> - Match a Protein Sequence Against All Six Frames of GenBank Sequences at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="gopher://gopher.nih.gov/77/gopherlib/indices/tfd/index"><strong>TFD</strong></a> - Transcription Factor Database at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info+TFFACTOR"><strong>TFFACTOR</strong></a> and <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info+TFSITE"><strong>TFSITE</strong></a> - Transcription Factor Data at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/rawtm.html"><strong>Tm</strong></a> - Oligonucleotide Melting Point Determination at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/tmap/tmap_sin.html"><strong>TMAP</strong></a> - Identification of Transmembrane Segments on a Protein Sequence at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="ftp://ulrec3.unil.ch/pub/tmbase"><strong>TMBASE</strong></a> - Transmembrane Protein Database at <a href="http://www.unil.ch/">U. Lausanne</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/TMPRED_form.html"><strong>TMpred</strong></a> - Prediction of Transmembrane Regions and Orientation in Protein Sequencs at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/www/dna.html"><strong>Translate</strong></a> - Translate a Nucleotide Sequence to a Protein at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_6.html"><strong>TreeGen</strong></a> - Tree Generation from Distance Data at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||781260221_129.186.4.14||-info||TREMBL"><strong>TREMBL</strong></a> - Database of Translated Peptide Sequences of All CDS Features from EMBL Sequences at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/srs/srsc?-info+VECBASE"><strong>VecBase</strong></a> - Cloning Vector Sequence Database.at <a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/">CAOS/CAMM</a>, The Netherlands&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://biology.queensu.ca/~miseners/vector.html"><strong>Vector-DB</strong></a> - Cloning Vector Database at <a href="http://www.queensu.ca/">Queen's U.-Kensington</a>, Canada , <a href="http://ben.vub.ac.be/srs/srsc?-info+VECTOR"><strong>VECTOR</strong></a> at <a href="http://ben.vub.ac.be/">BEN</a>, Belgium , <a href="gopher://gopher.gdb.org/77 /.INDEX/vector"><strong>Vector</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> and <a href="gopher://virus1.virus.kyoto-u.ac.jp/77/.index/vector.ig/index"><strong>Vector-ig</strong></a> at <a href="http://virus1.virus.kyoto-u.ac.jp/">IVR</a>, Kyoto-U., Japan&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.bio.cam.ac.uk/seqlogo/logo.cgi"><strong>WebLogo</strong></a> - Sequence Logo Generation at <a href="http://www.bio.cam.ac.uk/">Cambridge U.</a>, UK&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://kestrel.ludwig.ucl.ac.uk/zpred.html"><strong>ZPRED</strong></a> - MultPredict Secondary Structure of Multiply Aligned Protein Sequences at <a href="http://kestrel.ludwig.ucl.ac.uk/">Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research</a>, UK 4ec0ffc78529bb05f2c7e20354699b689bad1029 1976 2008-01-16T12:28:33Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||ALI"><strong>3D-ALI</strong></a> - Database relating Proteins Structures and Sequences (see <a href="gopher://s-crim1.dl.ac.uk/00/EMBnet%20Bioinformation%20Resource%20UK/Data%20%26%20Software/databases/3d_ali/3d_ali.doc"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/aaa.html"><strong>AA Analysis</strong>&nbsp;</a> - Protein Identification in SwissProt and PIR using Amino Acid Composition at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/ch2d/aacompi.html"><strong>AA CompIdent</strong></a> - Protein Identification in SwissProt using Amino Acid Composition at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/ch2d/aacsim.html"><strong>AA CompSim</strong></a> - Compare the Amino Acid Composition of a SwissProt Entry with Other Entries at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://chait-sgi.rockefeller.edu/cgi-bin/sequence/AA"><strong>AA Sequence Analysis</strong></a> - Multiple Analysis of a Native or Modified Amino Acid Sequence at <a href="http://www.rockefeller.edu/ru.home.html">Rockefeller U.</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/~martin/abs/seqtest.html"><strong>AbCheck</strong></a> - Test an Antibody Sequence Against the Kabat Database at <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/">U. College-London</a>, UK&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/align-query.html"><strong>ALIGN</strong></a> - Optimal Global Alignment of Two Sequences with No Short-cuts at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France and <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/www/programs/align.html"><strong>Align</strong></a> at <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/">MIPS</a>, Germany&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_1.html"><strong>AllAll</strong></a> - Relationships in a Set of Related Peptides at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_2.html"><strong>AllAllDB</strong></a> - Search the All-Against-All Database of SwissProt at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://geoff.biop.ox.ac.uk/servers/amas_server.html"><strong>AMAS</strong></a> - Analysis of Protein Multiple Sequence Alignments at <a href="http://geoff.biop.ox.ac.uk/">U. Oxford</a>, UK&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/argos/ASC.21/asc2.html"><strong>ASC</strong></a> - Analytic Surface Calculation of PDB Protein Structures at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://mips11.mips.biochem.mpg.de/www/programs/atlas_per.html"><strong>ATLAS</strong></a> - Search DNA and Protein Sequence Databases at <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/">MIPS</a>, Germany&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://kiwi.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:8088/search-launcher/launcher.html"><strong>BCM Search Launcher</strong></a> at <a images="" alt="(W3)" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src="></a><br> <br> <a images="" alt="(W3)" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src=">&nbsp;</a><a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/protein-search.html"><strong>BEAUTY</strong></a> - BLAST Enhanced Alignment Utility <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/Help/beauty.html"><strong>(see Documentation)</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/">Baylor College of Medicine</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/srs/srsc?-info+BERLIN"><strong>BERLIN</strong></a> - RNA Databank of 5S rRNA and 5S rRNA Gene Sequences at <a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/">CAOS/CAMM</a>, The Netherlands&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://sgbcd.weizmann.ac.il/Bic/ExecAppl.html"><strong>BIOACCELERATOR</strong></a> at <a href="http://bioinformatics.weizmann.ac.il:70/">Weizmann Institute of Science</a>, Israel&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a images="" alt="!New!" href="http://www.ocms.ox.ac.uk/~birney/cusi/biocusi.html%3E%3Cb%3EbioCUSI%3C/b%3E%3C/a%3E%3Cimg%20src=">- Multiple Access to Biological Servers at </a><a href="http://www.ocms.ox.ac.uk/">OCMS-Oxford</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="ftp://pdb.pdb.bnl.gov/user_group/biological_units"><strong>Biological Units</strong></a> - Expanded PDB Entries with Full Biological Units at <a href="http://suntid.bnl.gov:8080/bnl.html">Brookhaven National Laboratory</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.ocms.ox.ac.uk/~birney/palette.html"><strong>Biologist's Search Palette</strong></a> - Collection of Search Engines for Biological Databases at <a href="http://www.ocms.ox.ac.uk/">Oxford U.</a>, UK&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Recipon/bs_seq.html"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> - Basic Local Alignment Research Tool at <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/">NCBI</a>, <a href="http://swarmer.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/blastq-form?options=simple"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> (hiv, vector, etc) at <a href="http://motif.stanford.edu/">Stanford U.</a>, <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/SIT/BLAST.html"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan, <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/blast/blast-query.html"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France, <a href="http://www.crihan.fr/www/blast.html"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.crihan.fr/">CRIHAN</a>, France <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/cgi-bin/seq-search/blast_form_local.pl"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> (with Entrez and SRS Links) at <a href="http://gc.bcm.tmc.edu:8088/">Baylor College of Medicine</a> and <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/EPFLBLAST_form.html"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.epfl.ch/">EPFL</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/Option/blastpat.html"><strong>BLASTPAT</strong></a> - BLAST-based Pattern Database Search (see <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/Help/blastpat.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://gc.bcm.tmc.edu:8088/">Baylor College of Medicine</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/searches/blitz_input.html"><strong>BLITZ</strong></a> (see <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/searches/blitz_doc.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> and <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/searches/blitz_input.html"><strong>BLITZ</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">EBI</a>, UK&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.blocks.fhcrc.org/"><strong>BLOCKS</strong></a> - Database of Highly Conserved Regions in Proteins&nbsp; and <a href="gopher://klaatu.fhcrc.org/77/.indexes/.blocksindex/blocksindex"><strong>BLOCKS-WAIS</strong></a>&nbsp; at <a href="gopher://klaatu.fhcrc.org/">Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center</a>, <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||BLOCKS"><strong>BLOCKS</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> and <a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/blocks_query.html"><strong>BLOCKS-Search</strong></a> w/ search from <a href="http://www.cc.iastate.edu/welcome.html">Iowa State</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://bimas.dcrt.nih.gov/sql/BMRBgate.html"><strong>BioMagResBank</strong></a> - A Database of NMR-Derived Protein Structures at <a href="http://bimas.dcrt.nih.gov/">BIMAS-NIH</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://genome.cs.unc.edu/online.html"><strong>BioSCAN</strong></a> - Biological Sequence Comparative Analysis at <a href="http://genome.cs.unc.edu/">U. North Caroline</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://ibm4.carb.nist.gov:4400/bmcd/bmcd.html"><strong>BMCD</strong></a> - Biological Macromolecule Crystallization Database at <a href="http://ibm4.carb.nist.gov:4400/carb.html">CARB</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/BOX_form.html"><strong>BOXSHADE</strong></a> - Pretty Printing and Shading of Multiple-Sequence Alignments at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/bsm/cath/CATHintro.html"><strong>CATH</strong></a> - Protein Structure Classification at <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/">UCL-London</a>, UK&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/msa/clustal.cgi"><strong>CLUSTALW</strong></a> - Multiply Sequence Alignments at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">IBC-Washington U.</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/cuse.html"><strong>Codon Usage</strong></a> - Analysis of Different ORFs in a Gene Sequence at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/COILS_form.html"><strong>Coils</strong></a> - Prediction of Coiled Coil Regions in Protein Sequences at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://ben.vub.ac.be/srs/srsc?-info+CPGISLE"><strong>CpGIsle</strong></a> - CpG Islands Database at <a href="http://ben.vub.ac.be/">BEN</a>, Belgium&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_7.html"><strong>Darwin</strong></a> - Data Analysis and Retrieval With Indexed Nucleotide/Peptide Sequences at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/dbEST/index.html"><strong>dbEST</strong></a> - Database of Expressed Sequence Tags at <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/">NCBI</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/dbget/dbget.html"><strong>DBGET</strong></a> - Integrated Database Retrieval System (w/ <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/dbget/dbget.links.html"><strong>diagram links</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="gopher://gopher.nig.ac.jp/7waissrc%3a/DDBJ_Gopher_WAIS/DNA_seq_index_search.src"><strong>DDBJ</strong></a> - DNA Database of Japan at <a href="http://www.nig.ac.jp/">National Institute of Genetics</a>, Japan&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/rawdot.html"><strong>Dot Plot</strong></a> - Compare a DNA Sequence with Itself at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.nih.gov/molecular_modeling/drugbank.html"><strong>DrugBank</strong></a> - Three-dimensional Drug Structure Databank at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info+DSSP"><strong>DSSP</strong></a> - Database of Secondary Structure of Proteins from PDB (see <a href="http://www.sander.embl-heidelberg.de/dssp/descrip.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/proteins/ec-enzyme.html"><strong>EC Enzyme</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> and <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/show_ECtable"><strong>EC Number Table</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan and <a href="http://specter.dcrt.nih.gov:8004/Enzymes/enzymes.html"><strong>GenoBase Enzyme Index</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://susi.bio.uni-giessen.de/usr/local/www/html/ecdc.html"><strong>ECDC</strong></a> - <em>E. coli</em> Database Collection at <a href="http://www.uni-giessen.de/">Uni-Gie&szlig;en</a>, Germany&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="gopher://biox.embnet.unibas.ch:13021/77/.index/embl/index"><strong>EMBL</strong></a> - Nucleotide Sequence Database and <a href="gopher://biox.embnet.unibas.ch:13021/77/.index/xembl/index"><strong>EMBL-New Entries</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/">EMBnet-Basel</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/srs/srsc?-info||EMNEW"><strong>EMNEW</strong></a> - Index of New EMBL Sequences at <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">EBI</a>, UK&nbsp; <br> <br> <a href="http://specter.dcrt.nih.gov:8004/Compound/compound_toc_by_name.html"><strong>EMP Compound</strong></a> and <a href="http://specter.dcrt.nih.gov:8004/Pathway/pathway_toc_by_name.html"><strong>EMP Pathways</strong></a> - Selkov Enzyme and Metabolic Pathway (EMP) Database at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/home/towell/metabhome.html"><strong>EMP Metabolic Pathways</strong></a> - Navigation in Metabolic Pathways from <a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/home/compbio/default.html">MCS-Computational Biology</a> at <a href="http://www.anl.gov/">Argonne National Laboratory</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Search/Entrez/index.html"><strong>ENTREZ</strong></a> - Protein and Nucleotide Database (see <a href="http://atlas.nlm.nih.gov:5700/WWW2/WWW2_paper2.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/">NCBI</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/sprot/enzyme.html"><strong>ENZYME</strong></a> - The Enzyme Data Bank at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br> <br> 8f091fb654414d73f21f9ee547ef6736abdeef47 1977 2008-01-16T12:30:12Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||ALI"><strong>3D-ALI</strong></a> - Database relating Proteins Structures and Sequences (see <a href="gopher://s-crim1.dl.ac.uk/00/EMBnet%20Bioinformation%20Resource%20UK/Data%20%26%20Software/databases/3d_ali/3d_ali.doc"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/aaa.html"><strong>AA Analysis</strong>&nbsp;</a> - Protein Identification in SwissProt and PIR using Amino Acid Composition at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/ch2d/aacompi.html"><strong>AA CompIdent</strong></a> - Protein Identification in SwissProt using Amino Acid Composition at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/ch2d/aacsim.html"><strong>AA CompSim</strong></a> - Compare the Amino Acid Composition of a SwissProt Entry with Other Entries at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://chait-sgi.rockefeller.edu/cgi-bin/sequence/AA"><strong>AA Sequence Analysis</strong></a> - Multiple Analysis of a Native or Modified Amino Acid Sequence at <a href="http://www.rockefeller.edu/ru.home.html">Rockefeller U.</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/~martin/abs/seqtest.html"><strong>AbCheck</strong></a> - Test an Antibody Sequence Against the Kabat Database at <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/">U. College-London</a>, UK&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/align-query.html"><strong>ALIGN</strong></a> - Optimal Global Alignment of Two Sequences with No Short-cuts at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France and <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/www/programs/align.html"><strong>Align</strong></a> at <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/">MIPS</a>, Germany&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_1.html"><strong>AllAll</strong></a> - Relationships in a Set of Related Peptides at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_2.html"><strong>AllAllDB</strong></a> - Search the All-Against-All Database of SwissProt at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://geoff.biop.ox.ac.uk/servers/amas_server.html"><strong>AMAS</strong></a> - Analysis of Protein Multiple Sequence Alignments at <a href="http://geoff.biop.ox.ac.uk/">U. Oxford</a>, UK&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/argos/ASC.21/asc2.html"><strong>ASC</strong></a> - Analytic Surface Calculation of PDB Protein Structures at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://mips11.mips.biochem.mpg.de/www/programs/atlas_per.html"><strong>ATLAS</strong></a> - Search DNA and Protein Sequence Databases at <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/">MIPS</a>, Germany&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://kiwi.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:8088/search-launcher/launcher.html"><strong>BCM Search Launcher</strong></a> at <a images="" alt="(W3)" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src="></a><br /> <br /> <a images="" alt="(W3)" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src=">&nbsp;</a><a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/protein-search.html"><strong>BEAUTY</strong></a> - BLAST Enhanced Alignment Utility <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/Help/beauty.html"><strong>(see Documentation)</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/">Baylor College of Medicine</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/srs/srsc?-info+BERLIN"><strong>BERLIN</strong></a> - RNA Databank of 5S rRNA and 5S rRNA Gene Sequences at <a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/">CAOS/CAMM</a>, The Netherlands&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://sgbcd.weizmann.ac.il/Bic/ExecAppl.html"><strong>BIOACCELERATOR</strong></a> at <a href="http://bioinformatics.weizmann.ac.il:70/">Weizmann Institute of Science</a>, Israel&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a images="" alt="!New!" href="http://www.ocms.ox.ac.uk/~birney/cusi/biocusi.html%3E%3Cb%3EbioCUSI%3C/b%3E%3C/a%3E%3Cimg%20src=">- Multiple Access to Biological Servers at </a><a href="http://www.ocms.ox.ac.uk/">OCMS-Oxford</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="ftp://pdb.pdb.bnl.gov/user_group/biological_units"><strong>Biological Units</strong></a> - Expanded PDB Entries with Full Biological Units at <a href="http://suntid.bnl.gov:8080/bnl.html">Brookhaven National Laboratory</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.ocms.ox.ac.uk/~birney/palette.html"><strong>Biologist's Search Palette</strong></a> - Collection of Search Engines for Biological Databases at <a href="http://www.ocms.ox.ac.uk/">Oxford U.</a>, UK&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Recipon/bs_seq.html"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> - Basic Local Alignment Research Tool at <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/">NCBI</a>, <a href="http://swarmer.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/blastq-form?options=simple"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> (hiv, vector, etc) at <a href="http://motif.stanford.edu/">Stanford U.</a>, <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/SIT/BLAST.html"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan, <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/blast/blast-query.html"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France, <a href="http://www.crihan.fr/www/blast.html"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.crihan.fr/">CRIHAN</a>, France <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/cgi-bin/seq-search/blast_form_local.pl"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> (with Entrez and SRS Links) at <a href="http://gc.bcm.tmc.edu:8088/">Baylor College of Medicine</a> and <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/EPFLBLAST_form.html"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.epfl.ch/">EPFL</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/Option/blastpat.html"><strong>BLASTPAT</strong></a> - BLAST-based Pattern Database Search (see <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/Help/blastpat.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://gc.bcm.tmc.edu:8088/">Baylor College of Medicine</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/searches/blitz_input.html"><strong>BLITZ</strong></a> (see <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/searches/blitz_doc.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> and <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/searches/blitz_input.html"><strong>BLITZ</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">EBI</a>, UK&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.blocks.fhcrc.org/"><strong>BLOCKS</strong></a> - Database of Highly Conserved Regions in Proteins&nbsp; and <a href="gopher://klaatu.fhcrc.org/77/.indexes/.blocksindex/blocksindex"><strong>BLOCKS-WAIS</strong></a>&nbsp; at <a href="gopher://klaatu.fhcrc.org/">Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center</a>, <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||BLOCKS"><strong>BLOCKS</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> and <a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/blocks_query.html"><strong>BLOCKS-Search</strong></a> w/ search from <a href="http://www.cc.iastate.edu/welcome.html">Iowa State</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://bimas.dcrt.nih.gov/sql/BMRBgate.html"><strong>BioMagResBank</strong></a> - A Database of NMR-Derived Protein Structures at <a href="http://bimas.dcrt.nih.gov/">BIMAS-NIH</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://genome.cs.unc.edu/online.html"><strong>BioSCAN</strong></a> - Biological Sequence Comparative Analysis at <a href="http://genome.cs.unc.edu/">U. North Caroline</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://ibm4.carb.nist.gov:4400/bmcd/bmcd.html"><strong>BMCD</strong></a> - Biological Macromolecule Crystallization Database at <a href="http://ibm4.carb.nist.gov:4400/carb.html">CARB</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/BOX_form.html"><strong>BOXSHADE</strong></a> - Pretty Printing and Shading of Multiple-Sequence Alignments at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/bsm/cath/CATHintro.html"><strong>CATH</strong></a> - Protein Structure Classification at <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/">UCL-London</a>, UK&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/msa/clustal.cgi"><strong>CLUSTALW</strong></a> - Multiply Sequence Alignments at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">IBC-Washington U.</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/cuse.html"><strong>Codon Usage</strong></a> - Analysis of Different ORFs in a Gene Sequence at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/COILS_form.html"><strong>Coils</strong></a> - Prediction of Coiled Coil Regions in Protein Sequences at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://ben.vub.ac.be/srs/srsc?-info+CPGISLE"><strong>CpGIsle</strong></a> - CpG Islands Database at <a href="http://ben.vub.ac.be/">BEN</a>, Belgium&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_7.html"><strong>Darwin</strong></a> - Data Analysis and Retrieval With Indexed Nucleotide/Peptide Sequences at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/dbEST/index.html"><strong>dbEST</strong></a> - Database of Expressed Sequence Tags at <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/">NCBI</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/dbget/dbget.html"><strong>DBGET</strong></a> - Integrated Database Retrieval System (w/ <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/dbget/dbget.links.html"><strong>diagram links</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="gopher://gopher.nig.ac.jp/7waissrc%3a/DDBJ_Gopher_WAIS/DNA_seq_index_search.src"><strong>DDBJ</strong></a> - DNA Database of Japan at <a href="http://www.nig.ac.jp/">National Institute of Genetics</a>, Japan&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/rawdot.html"><strong>Dot Plot</strong></a> - Compare a DNA Sequence with Itself at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.nih.gov/molecular_modeling/drugbank.html"><strong>DrugBank</strong></a> - Three-dimensional Drug Structure Databank at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info+DSSP"><strong>DSSP</strong></a> - Database of Secondary Structure of Proteins from PDB (see <a href="http://www.sander.embl-heidelberg.de/dssp/descrip.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/proteins/ec-enzyme.html"><strong>EC Enzyme</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> and <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/show_ECtable"><strong>EC Number Table</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan and <a href="http://specter.dcrt.nih.gov:8004/Enzymes/enzymes.html"><strong>GenoBase Enzyme Index</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://susi.bio.uni-giessen.de/usr/local/www/html/ecdc.html"><strong>ECDC</strong></a> - <em>E. coli</em> Database Collection at <a href="http://www.uni-giessen.de/">Uni-Gie&szlig;en</a>, Germany&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="gopher://biox.embnet.unibas.ch:13021/77/.index/embl/index"><strong>EMBL</strong></a> - Nucleotide Sequence Database and <a href="gopher://biox.embnet.unibas.ch:13021/77/.index/xembl/index"><strong>EMBL-New Entries</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/">EMBnet-Basel</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/srs/srsc?-info||EMNEW"><strong>EMNEW</strong></a> - Index of New EMBL Sequences at <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">EBI</a>, UK&nbsp; <br /> <br /> <a href="http://specter.dcrt.nih.gov:8004/Compound/compound_toc_by_name.html"><strong>EMP Compound</strong></a> and <a href="http://specter.dcrt.nih.gov:8004/Pathway/pathway_toc_by_name.html"><strong>EMP Pathways</strong></a> - Selkov Enzyme and Metabolic Pathway (EMP) Database at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/home/towell/metabhome.html"><strong>EMP Metabolic Pathways</strong></a> - Navigation in Metabolic Pathways from <a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/home/compbio/default.html">MCS-Computational Biology</a> at <a href="http://www.anl.gov/">Argonne National Laboratory</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Search/Entrez/index.html"><strong>ENTREZ</strong></a> - Protein and Nucleotide Database (see <a href="http://atlas.nlm.nih.gov:5700/WWW2/WWW2_paper2.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/">NCBI</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/sprot/enzyme.html"><strong>ENZYME</strong></a> - The Enzyme Data Bank at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/bsm/enzymes/index.html"><strong>Enzyme Structures Database</strong></a> - Structures of Enzymes Deposited in the PDB at <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/">UCL-London</a>, UK&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||781260221_129.186.4.14||-info||EPD"><strong>EPD</strong></a> - Eucaryotic Promoter Database at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>, Germany and <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_epd"><strong>EPD</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://bioslave.uio.no:8001/srs/srsc?-info+EPO"><strong>EPO</strong></a> - European Patent Office Nucleotide Database at <a href="http://www.no.embnet.org/">BiO/U. Oslo</a>, Norway&nbsp; and <a href="gopher://gopher.csc.fi/7waissrc%3a/tiede/BioBox/bionic/.epo.src"><strong>EPO</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.csc.fi/CSC_english.html">CSC</a>, Finland&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/searches/fasta.html"><strong>FASTA</strong></a> - Compare a Nucleic Acid Sequence to Nucleotide Sequence Databases (w/ updates) at <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">EBI</a>, UK, <a href="http://swarmer.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/fastaq-form?options=simple"><strong>FASTA</strong></a> (Berlin, Vectorbank, etc) at <a href="http://motif.stanford.edu/">Stanford U.</a>, <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/fasta-query.html"><strong>FASTA</strong></a> at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France and <a href="http://www.crihan.fr/www/fasta.html"><strong>FASTA</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.crihan.fr/">CRIHAN</a>, France&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/Options/fastpat.html"><strong>FASTPAT</strong></a> - FASTA-based Pattern Database Search (see <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/Help/fastpat.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://gc.bcm.tmc.edu:8088/">Baylor College of Medicine</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://morgan.harvard.edu/"><strong>FlyBase</strong></a> - Genetic and Molecular Database for <em>Drosophila</em> at <a href="http://www.harvard.edu/">Harvard U.</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||FSSP"><strong>FSSP</strong></a> - Database of Families of Structurally Similar Proteins derived from PDB at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.abc.hu/blast.html"><strong>FTHOM</strong></a> - Compare Protein Domain Homology at <a href="http://www.abc.hu/">ABC</a>, Hungary&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://gdbwww.gdb.org/"><strong>GDB</strong></a> - Human Genome Data Base at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:2555/r_genbank2.html"><strong>GenBank Database</strong></a> (+Updates) at <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/">NCBI</a> and <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/wu_fetch.html"><strong>GenBank-Fetch</strong></a> at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">Washington U.</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/gene-finder/gf.html"><strong>Gene Finder</strong></a> - Predict Gene Structure, Internal Exons and Splicing Sites in DNA and Exon-Exon Junstion in cDNA at <a images="" alt="(W3)" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src="></a><br> <br> <a images="" alt="(W3)" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src=">&nbsp;</a><a href="http://cbil.humgen.upenn.edu/~sdong/genlang_home.html"><strong>GenLang</strong></a> - Find Genes and Other Higher-Order Features in Nucleotide Sequences at <a href="http://cbil.humgen.upenn.edu/">CBIL-U. Pennsylvania</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://specter.dcrt.nih.gov:8004/"><strong>GenoBase</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/Genome-DBS.html"><strong>Genome Databases</strong></a> and <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/Genome_Centre.html"><strong>Genome Centers</strong></a> - World Wide Links at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.ri.bbsrc.ac.uk/genome_workstation/workstation.html"><strong>Genome Workstation</strong></a> - Genome Related Links at <a href="http://www.ri.bbsrc.ac.uk/">Roslin Institute</a>, UK&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://biotech.chem.indiana.edu/WebChris/maps.html"><strong>Genomic Maps</strong></a> - Links to Genome Specific Resources at <a href="http://biotech.chem.indiana.edu/">Biotech-Indiana</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/gq/gq.form.html"><strong>GenQuest</strong></a> - Search Against Protein Databases with the Q server at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://avalon.epm.ornl.gov/Grail-bin/EmptyGrailForm"><strong>Grail</strong></a> - Analysis of the Protein Coding Potential of a DNA Sequence (see <a href="ftp://arthur.epm.ornl.gov/pub/xgrail/Manual.grail-genquest.July94"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://avalon.epm.ornl.gov/">ORNL</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.ncgr.org/gsdb/"><strong>GSDB</strong></a> - Genome Sequence Database at <a href="http://www.ncgr.org/ncgr/ncgr.html">NCGR</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/www/guess-prot.html"><strong>GuessProt</strong></a> - Selects SwissProt proteins given pI and Mw at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/hhs/"><strong>HHS</strong></a> - SwissProt and PDB Systematic Sequence Classification Database at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">Washington U.</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/srs/srsc?-info+HOVERGEN"><strong>HOVERGEN</strong></a> - Database of Homologous Vertebrate Genes at <a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/">CAOS/CAMM</a>, The Netherlands&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/www/programs/hpt_persistent.html"><strong>HPT</strong></a> - Protein Sequence Pattern Recognition in the PIR Database and <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/www/programs/hpt_homol.html"><strong>HPT-Homology</strong></a> at <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/">MIPS</a>, Germany&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||HSSP"><strong>HSSP</strong></a> - Database of Homology-Derived Structures of Proteins based on PDB and SwissProt at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="gopher://gopher.gdb.org/77/.INDEX/kabat"><strong>Kabat </strong></a>- Database of Proteins of Immunological Interest at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.prosci.uci.edu/kinemages/KinemageIndex.html"><strong>Kinemage-Index</strong></a> - &quot;Kinetical Images&quot; by Protein Type at <a href="http://www.prosci.uci.edu/">Protein Science</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/klotho/"><strong>Klotho</strong></a> - Biochemical Compounds Declarative Database at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">Washington U.</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/lalign-query.html"><strong>LALIGN</strong></a> - Calculates the N-Best Local Alignments Between Two Sequences at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/lfasta-query.html"><strong>LFASTA</strong></a> - Local Similarity Searches Between Two Sequences Showing Local Alignments at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_ligand"><strong>LIGAND</strong></a> - Ligand Chemical Database for Enzyme Reactions at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="gopher://gopher.nih.gov/77/gopherlib/indices/limb/index"><strong>LiMB</strong></a> - Listing of Molecular Biology Databases at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; and <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||777855676_129.186.4.14||-info||LIMB"><strong>LiMB</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_3.html"><strong>MassSearch</strong></a> - Search SwissProt or EMBL Databases by Protein Mass After Digestion at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://cgsc.biology.yale.edu/metab.html"><strong>Metabolic Database</strong></a> - Metabolic Reactions and Pathways at <a href="http://cgsc.biology.yale.edu/">CGSC-Yale U.</a> and <a href="http://moulon.inra.fr/cgi-bin/nph-acedb3.1/acedb/metabolisme?find+Reaction_or_pathway%3By+14+69"><strong>Metabolic Database</strong></a> at <a href="http://moulon.inra.fr/">INRA-Moulon</a>, France&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.informatics.jax.org/mgd.html"><strong>MGD</strong></a> - Mouse Genome Database at <a href="http://www.informatics.jax.org/">Jackson Laboratory</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="gopher://wehil.wehi.edu.au/11/MHCPEP.DB"><strong>MHCPEP</strong></a> - Database of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Binding Peptides at <a href="http://www.wehi.edu.au/">WEHI-Melbourne</a>, Australia&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/www/programs/hpt_persistent.html"><strong>MIPS-Alert</strong></a> - Automated Sequence Information Queries at <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/">MIPS</a>, Germany&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.nih.gov/htbin/pdb"><strong>Molecules R US</strong></a> - Interactive Text and Images of PDB Files at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||777855676_129.186.4.14||-info||MOLPROBE"><strong>MPBD</strong></a> - Molecular Probe Data Base at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; and <a href="gopher://gopher.slu.se/7waissrc%3a/wais-dbs/Biology/Oligos"><strong>MPDB</strong></a> at <a href="gopher://gopher.slu.se/">U. Agricultural Sciences</a>, Sweden&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://cuhhca.hhmi.columbia.edu/moose/"><strong>MOOSE</strong></a> - Macromolecular Object Oriented Search Engine to Extract PDB Contained Information at <a href="http://cuhhca.hhmi.columbia.edu/">Columbia U.</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/msa.html"><strong>MSA</strong></a> - Multiple Sequence Alignment at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">Washington U.</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/SIT/MOTIF.html"><strong>MOTIF</strong></a> - Search Patterns in Protein Sequences at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan <a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/motif_query.html"><strong>Motif</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan w/ search from <a href="http://www.cc.iastate.edu/welcome.html">Iowa State</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/multi-align/multi-align.html"><strong>Multiple Sequence Alignments</strong></a> - CLUSTAL-W, MAP, and PIMA alignments at <a href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/">Baylor College of Medicine</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://ndbserver.rutgers.edu/"><strong>NDB</strong></a> - Nucleic Acid Database at Rutgers U.&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.cmpharm.ucsf.edu/~nomi/nnpredict.html"><strong>nnPredict</strong></a> - Predict Protein Secondary Structure at <a href="http://wormworld.ucsf.edu/">UCSF</a> and <a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/nnpredict_query.html"><strong>nnPredict</strong></a> at w/ search from <a href="http://www.cc.iastate.edu/welcome.html">Iowa State</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/proteins/nrl3d.html"><strong>NRL_3D</strong></a> - Sequence/Structure Database derived from PDB at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> and <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||NRL3D"><strong>NRL_3D</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://ddbjs4h.genes.nig.ac.jp/"><strong>NRSub</strong></a> - A Non-Redundant DNA Sequence Database for <em>Bacillus subtilis</em> at <a href="http://www.nig.ac.jp/">National Institute of Genetics</a>, Japan&nbsp; <br> <br> <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_4.html"><strong>NuclPepSearch</strong></a> - Search SwissProt for a Nucletide Sequence at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://chait-sgi.rockefeller.edu/"><strong>NYC-MASS</strong></a> - Protein Mass Spectrometry Database at <a href="http://www.rockefeller.edu/ru.home.html">Rockefeller U.</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/obstruct/obs_form.html"><strong>OBSTRUCT</strong></a> - Correlate Sequence Subsets of PDB Protein Structures at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://gdbwww.gdb.org/omimdoc/omimtop.html"><strong>OMIM</strong></a> - Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="gopher://megasun.bch.umontreal.ca/11/Organelles/Genomes"><strong>Organelle Genome</strong></a>&nbsp; - A Sequence Database at <a href="gopher://megasun.bch.umontreal.ca/">U. Montreal</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://biotech.chem.indiana.edu/lib/orgstrain.html"><strong>Organisms and Strains</strong></a> - Links to Databases Specific to Organism and Cell Collections at <a href="http://biotech.chem.indiana.edu/">Biotech-Indiana</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/proteins/owl.html"><strong>OWL</strong></a> - Non-Redundant Protein Sequence Database (Updated Daily) at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> and <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/~attwood/OWL/OWL.html"><strong>OWL</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/">UCL-London</a>, UK&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/home/papka/ROSS/patscan.html"><strong>PatScan</strong></a> - Look for Pattern Matches in DNA or Protein Sequences at <a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/">Argonne National Laboratory</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/PATFND_form.html"><strong>PatternFind</strong></a> - Search the SwissProt and Genpept Protein Sequence Databases with a <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/txt/profile.txt">PROSITE-formatted</a> Pattern at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www-pdd.ncifcrf.gov/PDD/GEN-docs/indexGEN.html"><strong>PDD</strong></a> - Protein Disease Database at <a href="http://www-pdd.ncifcrf.gov/">NIMH-NCI</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.pdb.bnl.gov:4148/cgi-bin/browse"><strong>PDB-Browser</strong></a>, <a href="gopher://pdb.pdb.bnl.gov/77/xfullindex/full"><strong>PDB-Index</strong></a> and <a href="gopher://pdb.pdb.bnl.gov/77/xstatusindex/status"><strong>PDB-Pending</strong></a> - <a href="http://www.pdb.bnl.gov/">Protein Data Bank</a> Structures at <a href="http://suntid.bnl.gov:8080/bnl.html">Brookhaven National Laboratory</a>, <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_pdb"><strong>PDB</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a> Japan, <a href="http://www.ibf.unige.it/7/sci/.PDB/pdbsearch"><strong>PDB</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ibf.unige.it/">U. Genova</a>, Italy, <a href="http://www.ucmb.ulb.ac.be/pdb_seq_rel_jan94"><strong>PDB-List</strong></a> and <a href="http://www.ucmb.ulb.ac.be/pdb_annot_jan94"><strong>PDB-Annotated</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ucmb.ulb.ac.be/index.html">Brussels Free U.</a>, Belgium and <a href="http://www.sander.embl-heidelberg.de/pdbsel/explanation.html"><strong>PDB-Select</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.nih.gov/molecular_modeling/pdb_at_a_glance.html"><strong>PDB At A Glance</strong></a> - Hierarchic Access to PDB Files at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||781260221_129.186.4.14||-info||PDBFINDER"><strong>PDBFINDER</strong></a> - A Database Containing PDB, DSSP and HSSP Information (see <a href="http://www.sander.embl-heidelberg.de/pdbfinder/overview.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_pdbstr"><strong>PDBSTR</strong></a> - Re-organized Protein Data Bank at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_5.html"><strong>PepPepSearch</strong></a> - Search SwissProt for a Peptide Sequence at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://lenti.med.umn.edu/~shoop/sample.html"><strong>Plant EST Analysis</strong></a> - Similarity Analysis of Different Plant cDNA/EST Sequences at <a href="http://lenti.med.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/pprotein_query.html"><strong>PHD</strong></a> - Predict Protein Secondary Structure at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> w/ search from <a href="http://www.cc.iastate.edu/welcome.html">Iowa State</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.pasteur.fr/sas/phy/boot-sub.html"><strong>PHILIP-Bootstrapping Analysis</strong></a> - Divergence Between Protein or Nucleotide Sequences at <a href="http://www.pasteur.fr/">Institut Pasteur</a>, France&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/gcg/phospepsort-query.html"><strong>Phospepsort</strong></a> - Digest Phosphorylated Peptide Sequences at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/ch2d/pi_tool.html"><strong>pI/Mw</strong></a> - Compute the Theoretical pI and Molecular Weight of a Protein Sequence at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/proteins/pir.html"><strong>PIR</strong></a> - Protein Identification Resource Database at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||PIRALN"><strong>PIRALN</strong></a> - Database of Sequence Alignments based on PIR at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_pmd"><strong>PMD</strong></a> - Protein Mutant Database at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan and <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||PMD"><strong>PMD</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/pmotif.html"><strong>PMOTIF</strong></a> - Search Protein Motifs in Gene Sequence at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/service/polandform.html"><strong>Poland</strong></a> - Calculate the Thermal Denaturation Profile of Double Stranded RNA or DNA at <a href="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/">Uni-D&uuml;sseldorf</a>, Germany&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/predictprotein/predictprotein.html"><strong>PredictProtein</strong></a> - Predict Protein Secondary Structure at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_prf"><strong>PRF</strong></a> - Protein Research Foundation Sequence Database at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www-genome.wi.mit.edu/cgi-bin/primer2.2/primer_front"><strong>Primer</strong></a> - Select PCR Primers in a Gene Sequence at <a href="http://www-genome.wi.mit.edu/">WICGR-MIT</a> and <a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/rawprimer.html"><strong>Primer</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/~attwood/PRINTS/PRINTS.html"><strong>PRINTS</strong></a> - Protein Motif Fingerprints Database (see <a href="file://gopher.embl-heidelberg.de/pub/databases/prints/prints.doc"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) and <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/~attwood/ALIGN/ALIGN.html"><strong>PRINTS-ALIGN</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/">UCL-London</a>, UK and <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/srs/srsc?-info+PRINTS"><strong>PRINTS</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/">EMBnet-Basel</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://protein.toulouse.inra.fr/prodom.html"><strong>ProDom</strong></a> - A Protein Domain Database and <a href="http://protein.toulouse.inra.fr/prodom/blast_form.html"><strong>ProDom-Search</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.jouy.inra.fr/infoservices-INRA/infoservices_donnees.html">INRA-Toulouse</a>, France, <a href="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/~esr/prodom.html"><strong>ProDom</strong></a> and <a href="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/~esr/prodom-blast.html"><strong>ProDom-Search</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/">Sanger Centre</a>, UK and <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||777855676_129.186.4.14||-info||PRODOM"><strong>ProDom</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/PRFSCAN_form.html"><strong>ProfileScan&nbsp;</strong></a> - Search a Sequence Against a Library of Profiles at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="gopher://bmerc-gopher.bu.edu/11/Databases/prolink"><strong>ProLink</strong></a> - Integrated Database of Protein Structure, Sequence Homology, and Functional Pattern Information at <a href="http://bmerc-www.bu.edu/">BMERC</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/prs.page"><strong>PROPSEARCH</strong></a> - Protein Sequence Search for Structural Homology Based on Aminoacid Properties at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/sprot/prosite.html"><strong>PROSITE</strong></a> - Protein Sites and Patterns Database at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland, <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/PSTSCAN_form.html"><strong>PrositeScan</strong></a> at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland and <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/searches/prosite_input.html"><strong>PROSITE-Search</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="file://ftp.embl-heidelberg.de/pub/databases/protein_extras"><strong>Protein-Extras</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/p_families.html"><strong>Protein Families</strong></a> - Links to Information on Different Protein Families at <a href="http://www.cc.iastate.edu/">Iowa State</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://chait-sgi.rockefeller.edu/cgi-bin/prot-id/1/1"><strong>Prot-ID</strong></a> - Identify a Protein from Masses of Enzymatic Digestion Peptide Fragments at <a href="http://chait-sgi.rockefeller.edu/">Rockefeller U.</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="file://cb-iris.stanford.edu/pub/ProteinMovements/ProtMotDB.main.html"><strong>Protein Motions</strong></a>&nbsp; - DataBase of Protein Movements at <a href="http://hyper.stanford.edu/">Stanford U.</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://bmerc-www.bu.edu/psa/"><strong>PSA</strong></a> - Protein Sequence Analysis for Sequences of Unknown Structure at <a href="http://bmerc-www.bu.edu/welcome.html">BMERC/MBCRR</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://psort.nibb.ac.jp/"><strong>PSORT</strong></a> - Predict Protein Sorting Signals Coded in Amino Acid Sequences at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/pssprediction/pssp.html"><strong>PSSP</strong></a> - Protein Secondary Structure Prediction at <a images="" alt="(W3)" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src="></a><br> <br> <a images="" alt="(W3)" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src=">&nbsp;</a><a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/home/compbio/PUMA/Production/puma.html"><strong>PUMA</strong></a> - Phylogeny of Unicellular Organims with Metabolism and Alignments from <a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/home/compbio/default.html">MCS-Computational Biology</a> at <a href="http://www.anl.gov/">Argonne National Laboratory</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="file://ftp.embl-heidelberg.de/pub/databases/protein_extras/puu/domains.puu"><strong>PUU</strong></a> - Protein Domains Database Based on PDB-Select at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://geta.life.uiuc.edu/index.html"><strong>RDP</strong></a> - Ribosomal Database Project at U. Illinois&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://vent.neb.com/rebase/rebase.html"><strong>ReBase</strong></a> - Restriction Enzyme Database and <a href="http://www.neb.com/cgi-bin/wais_ref.pl"><strong>ReBase-Search</strong></a> at <a href="http://vent.neb.com/">New England Biolabs</a>, <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||777855676_129.186.4.14||-info||REBASE"><strong>ReBase</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> and <a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/rebase/rebase.html"><strong>ReBase</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/repro/rep_tot.html"><strong>REPRO</strong></a> - Recognition of Protein Sequence Repeats at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://pundit.colorado.edu:8080/"><strong>RNA Secondary Structures</strong></a> - Information on Group I Introns and rRNA at <a href="http://www.colorado.edu/">U. Colorado-Boulder</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> <a href="http://www-rrna.uia.ac.be/rrna/index.html"><strong>rRNA</strong></a> - Databases of Ribosomal Subunit RNA Sequences at <a href="http://www.uia.ac.be/">U. Antwerp</a>, Belgium&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<strong>RSVP</strong> - Rapid Sequence Visualization in Postscript for Analysis of DNA Sequences at <a href="http://cbil.humgen.upenn.edu/">CBIL-U. Pennsylvania</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/SAPS_form.html"><strong>SAPS</strong></a> - Statistical Analysis of Protein Sequences at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://base.icgeb.trieste.it/sbase/"><strong>SBASE</strong></a> - Library of Protein Domains and <a href="http://base.icgeb.trieste.it/sbase/blast.html"><strong>SBASE-Search</strong></a>&nbsp; at <a href="http://base.icgeb.trieste.it/">ICGEB-Trieste</a>, Italy&nbsp; <br> <br> <a href="http://geoff.biop.ox.ac.uk/servers/scanps_server.html"><strong>SCANPS</strong></a> - Scan Protein Sequences at <a href="http://geoff.biop.ox.ac.uk/">U. Oxford</a>, UK&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.bio.cam.ac.uk/scop/"><strong>SCOP</strong></a> - Structural Classification of Proteins at <a href="http://www.bio.cam.ac.uk/">Cambridge</a>, UK and <a href="http://www.nick.med.usf.edu/scop/index.html"><strong>SCOP</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.nick.med.usf.edu/">U. South Florida</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-annot/home.html"><strong>Sequence Annotation</strong></a> - Annotations on NCBI Sequences at <a images="" alt="(W3)" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src="></a><br> <br> <a images="" alt="(W3)" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src=">&nbsp;</a><a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/rawtrans.html"><strong>Sequence Translation</strong></a> - Translate Gene Sequences at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="ftp://dasher.wustl.edu/pub/sleuth/data"><strong>Sleuth</strong></a> - Amino Acid Conformation and Solvent Accessibility of PDB Files at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">Washington U.</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.ibcp.fr/predict.html"><strong>SOPM</strong></a> - Self Optimized Prediction Method for Prediction of Protein Secondary Structure at <a href="http://www.ibcp.fr/">IBCP-CNRS</a>, France&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc"><strong>SRSWWW</strong></a> - Network Browser for Databanks in Molecular Biology (w/ <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/net.html"><strong>diagram links</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/srs/index.html"><strong>SRSWWW-Directory</strong></a> - Directory of SRSWWW Network Browsers for Biological Databanks and <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/srs/status.html"><strong>SRSWWW-Global Status</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/">EMBnet-Basel</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/ssearch-query.html"><strong>SSEARCH</strong></a> - Universal Sequence Comparison Using the Smith-Waterman Algorithm at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/sspred/sspred_info.html"><strong>SSPRED</strong></a> - Predict the Secondary Structure of Proteins at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>, Germany&nbsp;<br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/stride/stride.html"><strong>STRIDE</strong></a> - Find Secondary Structural Elements in PDB Proteins Structures at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www-genome.wi.mit.edu/cgi-bin/www-STS_Pipeline/pipeline_front"><strong>STS Pipeline</strong></a> - Analysis and STS Primer Picking of Short DNA Sequences with Duplicate Checking, Sequence Repeat Finding, Restriction Analysis, Vector Identification and BLAST Searching at <a href="http://www-genome.wi.mit.edu/">MIT</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.ucmb.ulb.ac.be/~joan/survol/form.html"><strong>SURVOL</strong></a> - Analysis of Protein Atomic Volumes at <a href="http://www.ucmb.ulb.ac.be/">UCMB</a>, Belgium&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/ch2d/ch2d-top.html"><strong>Swiss-2DPage</strong></a> - Two-dimensional Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis Database at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/srs/srsc?-info+SWISSDOM"><strong>SWISSDOM</strong></a> - SwissProt Entries in a ProDom Map at <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">EBI</a>, UK&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/swissmod/SWISS-MODEL.html"><strong>Swiss-Model</strong></a>&nbsp; - Automated Protein Modelling at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/srs/srsc?-info||SWISSNEW"><strong>SWISSNEW</strong></a> - New SwissProt Sequences at <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">EBI</a>, UK&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/sprot/sprot-top.html"><strong>SwissProt</strong></a> - Protein Sequence Database (+ Weekly Updates) at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/swisshop/SwissShopReq.html"><strong>Swiss-Shop</strong></a>&nbsp; - Automated SwissProt and Prosite Information Queries at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/tbase/tbase.html"><strong>TBASE</strong></a> - Transgenic/Targeted Mutation Database at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/tfasta-query.html"><strong>TFASTA</strong></a> - Match a Protein Sequence Against All Six Frames of GenBank Sequences at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="gopher://gopher.nih.gov/77/gopherlib/indices/tfd/index"><strong>TFD</strong></a> - Transcription Factor Database at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info+TFFACTOR"><strong>TFFACTOR</strong></a> and <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info+TFSITE"><strong>TFSITE</strong></a> - Transcription Factor Data at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/rawtm.html"><strong>Tm</strong></a> - Oligonucleotide Melting Point Determination at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/tmap/tmap_sin.html"><strong>TMAP</strong></a> - Identification of Transmembrane Segments on a Protein Sequence at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="ftp://ulrec3.unil.ch/pub/tmbase"><strong>TMBASE</strong></a> - Transmembrane Protein Database at <a href="http://www.unil.ch/">U. Lausanne</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/TMPRED_form.html"><strong>TMpred</strong></a> - Prediction of Transmembrane Regions and Orientation in Protein Sequencs at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/www/dna.html"><strong>Translate</strong></a> - Translate a Nucleotide Sequence to a Protein at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_6.html"><strong>TreeGen</strong></a> - Tree Generation from Distance Data at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||781260221_129.186.4.14||-info||TREMBL"><strong>TREMBL</strong></a> - Database of Translated Peptide Sequences of All CDS Features from EMBL Sequences at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/srs/srsc?-info+VECBASE"><strong>VecBase</strong></a> - Cloning Vector Sequence Database.at <a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/">CAOS/CAMM</a>, The Netherlands&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://biology.queensu.ca/~miseners/vector.html"><strong>Vector-DB</strong></a> - Cloning Vector Database at <a href="http://www.queensu.ca/">Queen's U.-Kensington</a>, Canada , <a href="http://ben.vub.ac.be/srs/srsc?-info+VECTOR"><strong>VECTOR</strong></a> at <a href="http://ben.vub.ac.be/">BEN</a>, Belgium , <a href="gopher://gopher.gdb.org/77/.INDEX/vector"><strong>Vector</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> and <a href="gopher://virus1.virus.kyoto-u.ac.jp/77/.index/vector.ig/index"><strong>Vector-ig</strong></a> at <a href="http://virus1.virus.kyoto-u.ac.jp/">IVR</a>, Kyoto-U., Japan&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.bio.cam.ac.uk/seqlogo/logo.cgi"><strong>WebLogo</strong></a> - Sequence Logo Generation at <a href="http://www.bio.cam.ac.uk/">Cambridge U.</a>, UK&nbsp; <br> <br> &nbsp;<a href="http://kestrel.ludwig.ucl.ac.uk/zpred.html"><strong>ZPRED</strong></a> - MultPredict Secondary Structure of Multiply Aligned Protein Sequences at <a href="http://kestrel.ludwig.ucl.ac.uk/">Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research</a>, UK&nbsp; <br> 4e4740bb358157d8307c71a67b8206b684316469 1978 2008-01-16T12:31:32Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||ALI"><strong>3D-ALI</strong></a> - Database relating Proteins Structures and Sequences (see <a href="gopher://s-crim1.dl.ac.uk/00/EMBnet%20Bioinformation%20Resource%20UK/Data%20%26%20Software/databases/3d_ali/3d_ali.doc"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/aaa.html"><strong>AA Analysis</strong>&nbsp;</a> - Protein Identification in SwissProt and PIR using Amino Acid Composition at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/ch2d/aacompi.html"><strong>AA CompIdent</strong></a> - Protein Identification in SwissProt using Amino Acid Composition at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/ch2d/aacsim.html"><strong>AA CompSim</strong></a> - Compare the Amino Acid Composition of a SwissProt Entry with Other Entries at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://chait-sgi.rockefeller.edu/cgi-bin/sequence/AA"><strong>AA Sequence Analysis</strong></a> - Multiple Analysis of a Native or Modified Amino Acid Sequence at <a href="http://www.rockefeller.edu/ru.home.html">Rockefeller U.</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/~martin/abs/seqtest.html"><strong>AbCheck</strong></a> - Test an Antibody Sequence Against the Kabat Database at <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/">U. College-London</a>, UK&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/align-query.html"><strong>ALIGN</strong></a> - Optimal Global Alignment of Two Sequences with No Short-cuts at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France and <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/www/programs/align.html"><strong>Align</strong></a> at <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/">MIPS</a>, Germany&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_1.html"><strong>AllAll</strong></a> - Relationships in a Set of Related Peptides at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_2.html"><strong>AllAllDB</strong></a> - Search the All-Against-All Database of SwissProt at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://geoff.biop.ox.ac.uk/servers/amas_server.html"><strong>AMAS</strong></a> - Analysis of Protein Multiple Sequence Alignments at <a href="http://geoff.biop.ox.ac.uk/">U. Oxford</a>, UK&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/argos/ASC.21/asc2.html"><strong>ASC</strong></a> - Analytic Surface Calculation of PDB Protein Structures at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://mips11.mips.biochem.mpg.de/www/programs/atlas_per.html"><strong>ATLAS</strong></a> - Search DNA and Protein Sequence Databases at <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/">MIPS</a>, Germany&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://kiwi.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:8088/search-launcher/launcher.html"><strong>BCM Search Launcher</strong></a> at&nbsp;<br /> <a images="" alt="(W3)" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src=">&nbsp;</a><a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/protein-search.html"><strong>BEAUTY</strong></a> - BLAST Enhanced Alignment Utility <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/Help/beauty.html"><strong>(see Documentation)</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/">Baylor College of Medicine</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/srs/srsc?-info+BERLIN"><strong>BERLIN</strong></a> - RNA Databank of 5S rRNA and 5S rRNA Gene Sequences at <a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/">CAOS/CAMM</a>, The Netherlands&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://sgbcd.weizmann.ac.il/Bic/ExecAppl.html"><strong>BIOACCELERATOR</strong></a> at <a href="http://bioinformatics.weizmann.ac.il:70/">Weizmann Institute of Science</a>, Israel&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a images="" alt="!New!" href="http://www.ocms.ox.ac.uk/~birney/cusi/biocusi.html%3E%3Cb%3EbioCUSI%3C/b%3E%3C/a%3E%3Cimg%20src=">- Multiple Access to Biological Servers at </a><a href="http://www.ocms.ox.ac.uk/">OCMS-Oxford</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="ftp://pdb.pdb.bnl.gov/user_group/biological_units"><strong>Biological Units</strong></a> - Expanded PDB Entries with Full Biological Units at <a href="http://suntid.bnl.gov:8080/bnl.html">Brookhaven National Laboratory</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.ocms.ox.ac.uk/~birney/palette.html"><strong>Biologist's Search Palette</strong></a> - Collection of Search Engines for Biological Databases at <a href="http://www.ocms.ox.ac.uk/">Oxford U.</a>, UK&nbsp; <br /> <br /> <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Recipon/bs_seq.html"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> - Basic Local Alignment Research Tool at <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/">NCBI</a>, <a href="http://swarmer.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/blastq-form?options=simple"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> (hiv, vector, etc) at <a href="http://motif.stanford.edu/">Stanford U.</a>,&nbsp;<br /> <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/SIT/BLAST.html"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan,&nbsp;<br /> <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/blast/blast-query.html"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France,&nbsp;<br /> <a href="http://www.crihan.fr/www/blast.html"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.crihan.fr/">CRIHAN</a>, France <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/cgi-bin/seq-search/blast_form_local.pl"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> (with Entrez and SRS Links) at <a href="http://gc.bcm.tmc.edu:8088/">Baylor College of Medicine</a> and&nbsp;<br /> <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/EPFLBLAST_form.html"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.epfl.ch/">EPFL</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/Option/blastpat.html"><strong>BLASTPAT</strong></a> - BLAST-based Pattern Database Search (see <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/Help/blastpat.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://gc.bcm.tmc.edu:8088/">Baylor College of Medicine</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/searches/blitz_input.html"><strong>BLITZ</strong></a> (see <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/searches/blitz_doc.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> and <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/searches/blitz_input.html"><strong>BLITZ</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">EBI</a>, UK&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.blocks.fhcrc.org/"><strong>BLOCKS</strong></a> - Database of Highly Conserved Regions in Proteins&nbsp; and <a href="gopher://klaatu.fhcrc.org/77/.indexes/.blocksindex/blocksindex"><strong>BLOCKS-WAIS</strong></a>&nbsp; at <a href="gopher://klaatu.fhcrc.org/">Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center</a>,&nbsp;<br /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||BLOCKS"><strong>BLOCKS</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> and&nbsp;<br /> <a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/blocks_query.html"><strong>BLOCKS-Search</strong></a> w/ search from <a href="http://www.cc.iastate.edu/welcome.html">Iowa State</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://bimas.dcrt.nih.gov/sql/BMRBgate.html"><strong>BioMagResBank</strong></a> - A Database of NMR-Derived Protein Structures at <a href="http://bimas.dcrt.nih.gov/">BIMAS-NIH</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://genome.cs.unc.edu/online.html"><strong>BioSCAN</strong></a> - Biological Sequence Comparative Analysis at <a href="http://genome.cs.unc.edu/">U. North Caroline</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://ibm4.carb.nist.gov:4400/bmcd/bmcd.html"><strong>BMCD</strong></a> - Biological Macromolecule Crystallization Database at <a href="http://ibm4.carb.nist.gov:4400/carb.html">CARB</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/BOX_form.html"><strong>BOXSHADE</strong></a> - Pretty Printing and Shading of Multiple-Sequence Alignments at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/bsm/cath/CATHintro.html"><strong>CATH</strong></a> - Protein Structure Classification at <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/">UCL-London</a>, UK&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/msa/clustal.cgi"><strong>CLUSTALW</strong></a> - Multiply Sequence Alignments at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">IBC-Washington U.</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/cuse.html"><strong>Codon Usage</strong></a> - Analysis of Different ORFs in a Gene Sequence at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/COILS_form.html"><strong>Coils</strong></a> - Prediction of Coiled Coil Regions in Protein Sequences at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://ben.vub.ac.be/srs/srsc?-info+CPGISLE"><strong>CpGIsle</strong></a> - CpG Islands Database at <a href="http://ben.vub.ac.be/">BEN</a>, Belgium&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_7.html"><strong>Darwin</strong></a> - Data Analysis and Retrieval With Indexed Nucleotide/Peptide Sequences at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/dbEST/index.html"><strong>dbEST</strong></a> - Database of Expressed Sequence Tags at <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/">NCBI</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/dbget/dbget.html"><strong>DBGET</strong></a> - Integrated Database Retrieval System (w/ <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/dbget/dbget.links.html"><strong>diagram links</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="gopher://gopher.nig.ac.jp/7waissrc%3a/DDBJ_Gopher_WAIS/DNA_seq_index_search.src"><strong>DDBJ</strong></a> - DNA Database of Japan at <a href="http://www.nig.ac.jp/">National Institute of Genetics</a>, Japan&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/rawdot.html"><strong>Dot Plot</strong></a> - Compare a DNA Sequence with Itself at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.nih.gov/molecular_modeling/drugbank.html"><strong>DrugBank</strong></a> - Three-dimensional Drug Structure Databank at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info+DSSP"><strong>DSSP</strong></a> - Database of Secondary Structure of Proteins from PDB (see <a href="http://www.sander.embl-heidelberg.de/dssp/descrip.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/proteins/ec-enzyme.html"><strong>EC Enzyme</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> and <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/show_ECtable"><strong>EC Number Table</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan and <a href="http://specter.dcrt.nih.gov:8004/Enzymes/enzymes.html"><strong>GenoBase Enzyme Index</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://susi.bio.uni-giessen.de/usr/local/www/html/ecdc.html"><strong>ECDC</strong></a> - <em>E. coli</em> Database Collection at <a href="http://www.uni-giessen.de/">Uni-Gie&szlig;en</a>, Germany&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="gopher://biox.embnet.unibas.ch:13021/77/.index/embl/index"><strong>EMBL</strong></a> - Nucleotide Sequence Database and <a href="gopher://biox.embnet.unibas.ch:13021/77/.index/xembl/index"><strong>EMBL-New Entries</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/">EMBnet-Basel</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/srs/srsc?-info||EMNEW"><strong>EMNEW</strong></a> - Index of New EMBL Sequences at <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">EBI</a>, UK&nbsp; <br /> <br /> <a href="http://specter.dcrt.nih.gov:8004/Compound/compound_toc_by_name.html"><strong>EMP Compound</strong></a> and <a href="http://specter.dcrt.nih.gov:8004/Pathway/pathway_toc_by_name.html"><strong>EMP Pathways</strong></a> - Selkov Enzyme and Metabolic Pathway (EMP) Database at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/home/towell/metabhome.html"><strong>EMP Metabolic Pathways</strong></a> - Navigation in Metabolic Pathways from <a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/home/compbio/default.html">MCS-Computational Biology</a> at <a href="http://www.anl.gov/">Argonne National Laboratory</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Search/Entrez/index.html"><strong>ENTREZ</strong></a> - Protein and Nucleotide Database (see <a href="http://atlas.nlm.nih.gov:5700/WWW2/WWW2_paper2.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/">NCBI</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/sprot/enzyme.html"><strong>ENZYME</strong></a> - The Enzyme Data Bank at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/bsm/enzymes/index.html"><strong>Enzyme Structures Database</strong></a> - Structures of Enzymes Deposited in the PDB at <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/">UCL-London</a>, UK&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||781260221_129.186.4.14||-info||EPD"><strong>EPD</strong></a> - Eucaryotic Promoter Database at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>, Germany and <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_epd"><strong>EPD</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://bioslave.uio.no:8001/srs/srsc?-info+EPO"><strong>EPO</strong></a> - European Patent Office Nucleotide Database at <a href="http://www.no.embnet.org/">BiO/U. Oslo</a>, Norway&nbsp; and <a href="gopher://gopher.csc.fi/7waissrc%3a/tiede/BioBox/bionic/.epo.src"><strong>EPO</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.csc.fi/CSC_english.html">CSC</a>, Finland&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/searches/fasta.html"><strong>FASTA</strong></a> - Compare a Nucleic Acid Sequence to Nucleotide Sequence Databases (w/ updates) at <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">EBI</a>, UK,&nbsp;<br /> <a href="http://swarmer.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/fastaq-form?options=simple"><strong>FASTA</strong></a> (Berlin, Vectorbank, etc) at <a href="http://motif.stanford.edu/">Stanford U.</a>,&nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/fasta-query.html"><strong><br /> FASTA</strong></a> at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France and&nbsp;<br /> <a href="http://www.crihan.fr/www/fasta.html"><strong>FASTA</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.crihan.fr/">CRIHAN</a>, France&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/Options/fastpat.html"><strong>FASTPAT</strong></a> - FASTA-based Pattern Database Search (see <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/Help/fastpat.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://gc.bcm.tmc.edu:8088/">Baylor College of Medicine</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://morgan.harvard.edu/"><strong>FlyBase</strong></a> - Genetic and Molecular Database for <em>Drosophila</em> at <a href="http://www.harvard.edu/">Harvard U.</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||FSSP"><strong>FSSP</strong></a> - Database of Families of Structurally Similar Proteins derived from PDB at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.abc.hu/blast.html"><strong>FTHOM</strong></a> - Compare Protein Domain Homology at <a href="http://www.abc.hu/">ABC</a>, Hungary&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://gdbwww.gdb.org/"><strong>GDB</strong></a> - Human Genome Data Base at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:2555/r_genbank2.html"><strong>GenBank Database</strong></a> (+Updates) at <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/">NCBI</a> and <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/wu_fetch.html"><strong>GenBank-Fetch</strong></a> at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">Washington U.</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/gene-finder/gf.html"><strong>Gene Finder</strong></a> - Predict Gene Structure, Internal Exons and Splicing Sites in DNA and Exon-Exon Junstion in cDNA at <a images="" alt="(W3)" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src="></a><br /> <br /> <a images="" alt="(W3)" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src=">&nbsp;</a><a href="http://cbil.humgen.upenn.edu/~sdong/genlang_home.html"><strong>GenLang</strong></a> - Find Genes and Other Higher-Order Features in Nucleotide Sequences at <a href="http://cbil.humgen.upenn.edu/">CBIL-U. Pennsylvania</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://specter.dcrt.nih.gov:8004/"><strong>GenoBase</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/Genome-DBS.html"><strong>Genome Databases</strong></a> and <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/Genome_Centre.html"><strong>Genome Centers</strong></a> - World Wide Links at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.ri.bbsrc.ac.uk/genome_workstation/workstation.html"><strong>Genome Workstation</strong></a> - Genome Related Links at <a href="http://www.ri.bbsrc.ac.uk/">Roslin Institute</a>, UK&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://biotech.chem.indiana.edu/WebChris/maps.html"><strong>Genomic Maps</strong></a> - Links to Genome Specific Resources at <a href="http://biotech.chem.indiana.edu/">Biotech-Indiana</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/gq/gq.form.html"><strong>GenQuest</strong></a> - Search Against Protein Databases with the Q server at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://avalon.epm.ornl.gov/Grail-bin/EmptyGrailForm"><strong>Grail</strong></a> - Analysis of the Protein Coding Potential of a DNA Sequence (see <a href="ftp://arthur.epm.ornl.gov/pub/xgrail/Manual.grail-genquest.July94"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://avalon.epm.ornl.gov/">ORNL</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.ncgr.org/gsdb/"><strong>GSDB</strong></a> - Genome Sequence Database at <a href="http://www.ncgr.org/ncgr/ncgr.html">NCGR</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/www/guess-prot.html"><strong>GuessProt</strong></a> - Selects SwissProt proteins given pI and Mw at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/hhs/"><strong>HHS</strong></a> - SwissProt and PDB Systematic Sequence Classification Database at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">Washington U.</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/srs/srsc?-info+HOVERGEN"><strong>HOVERGEN</strong></a> - Database of Homologous Vertebrate Genes at <a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/">CAOS/CAMM</a>, The Netherlands&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/www/programs/hpt_persistent.html"><strong>HPT</strong></a> - Protein Sequence Pattern Recognition in the PIR Database and <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/www/programs/hpt_homol.html"><strong>HPT-Homology</strong></a> at <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/">MIPS</a>, Germany&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||HSSP"><strong>HSSP</strong></a> - Database of Homology-Derived Structures of Proteins based on PDB and SwissProt at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="gopher://gopher.gdb.org/77/.INDEX/kabat"><strong>Kabat </strong></a>- Database of Proteins of Immunological Interest at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.prosci.uci.edu/kinemages/KinemageIndex.html"><strong>Kinemage-Index</strong></a> - &quot;Kinetical Images&quot; by Protein Type at <a href="http://www.prosci.uci.edu/">Protein Science</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/klotho/"><strong>Klotho</strong></a> - Biochemical Compounds Declarative Database at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">Washington U.</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/lalign-query.html"><strong>LALIGN</strong></a> - Calculates the N-Best Local Alignments Between Two Sequences at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/lfasta-query.html"><strong>LFASTA</strong></a> - Local Similarity Searches Between Two Sequences Showing Local Alignments at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_ligand"><strong>LIGAND</strong></a> - Ligand Chemical Database for Enzyme Reactions at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="gopher://gopher.nih.gov/77/gopherlib/indices/limb/index"><strong>LiMB</strong></a> - Listing of Molecular Biology Databases at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; and <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||777855676_129.186.4.14||-info||LIMB"><strong>LiMB</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_3.html"><strong>MassSearch</strong></a> - Search SwissProt or EMBL Databases by Protein Mass After Digestion at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://cgsc.biology.yale.edu/metab.html"><strong>Metabolic Database</strong></a> - Metabolic Reactions and Pathways at <a href="http://cgsc.biology.yale.edu/">CGSC-Yale U.</a> and <a href="http://moulon.inra.fr/cgi-bin/nph-acedb3.1/acedb/metabolisme?find+Reaction_or_pathway%3By+14+69"><strong>Metabolic Database</strong></a> at <a href="http://moulon.inra.fr/">INRA-Moulon</a>, France&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.informatics.jax.org/mgd.html"><strong>MGD</strong></a> - Mouse Genome Database at <a href="http://www.informatics.jax.org/">Jackson Laboratory</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="gopher://wehil.wehi.edu.au/11/MHCPEP.DB"><strong>MHCPEP</strong></a> - Database of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Binding Peptides at <a href="http://www.wehi.edu.au/">WEHI-Melbourne</a>, Australia&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/www/programs/hpt_persistent.html"><strong>MIPS-Alert</strong></a> - Automated Sequence Information Queries at <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/">MIPS</a>, Germany&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.nih.gov/htbin/pdb"><strong>Molecules R US</strong></a> - Interactive Text and Images of PDB Files at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||777855676_129.186.4.14||-info||MOLPROBE"><strong>MPBD</strong></a> - Molecular Probe Data Base at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; and <a href="gopher://gopher.slu.se/7waissrc%3a/wais-dbs/Biology/Oligos"><strong>MPDB</strong></a> at <a href="gopher://gopher.slu.se/">U. Agricultural Sciences</a>, Sweden&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://cuhhca.hhmi.columbia.edu/moose/"><strong>MOOSE</strong></a> - Macromolecular Object Oriented Search Engine to Extract PDB Contained Information at <a href="http://cuhhca.hhmi.columbia.edu/">Columbia U.</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/msa.html"><strong>MSA</strong></a> - Multiple Sequence Alignment at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">Washington U.</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/SIT/MOTIF.html"><strong>MOTIF</strong></a> - Search Patterns in Protein Sequences at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan <a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/motif_query.html"><strong>Motif</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan w/ search from <a href="http://www.cc.iastate.edu/welcome.html">Iowa State</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/multi-align/multi-align.html"><strong>Multiple Sequence Alignments</strong></a> - CLUSTAL-W, MAP, and PIMA alignments at <a href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/">Baylor College of Medicine</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://ndbserver.rutgers.edu/"><strong>NDB</strong></a> - Nucleic Acid Database at Rutgers U.&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.cmpharm.ucsf.edu/~nomi/nnpredict.html"><strong>nnPredict</strong></a> - Predict Protein Secondary Structure at <a href="http://wormworld.ucsf.edu/">UCSF</a> and <a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/nnpredict_query.html"><strong>nnPredict</strong></a> at w/ search from <a href="http://www.cc.iastate.edu/welcome.html">Iowa State</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/proteins/nrl3d.html"><strong>NRL_3D</strong></a> - Sequence/Structure Database derived from PDB at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> and <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||NRL3D"><strong>NRL_3D</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://ddbjs4h.genes.nig.ac.jp/"><strong>NRSub</strong></a> - A Non-Redundant DNA Sequence Database for <em>Bacillus subtilis</em> at <a href="http://www.nig.ac.jp/">National Institute of Genetics</a>, Japan&nbsp; <br /> <br /> <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_4.html"><strong>NuclPepSearch</strong></a> - Search SwissProt for a Nucletide Sequence at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://chait-sgi.rockefeller.edu/"><strong>NYC-MASS</strong></a> - Protein Mass Spectrometry Database at <a href="http://www.rockefeller.edu/ru.home.html">Rockefeller U.</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/obstruct/obs_form.html"><strong>OBSTRUCT</strong></a> - Correlate Sequence Subsets of PDB Protein Structures at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://gdbwww.gdb.org/omimdoc/omimtop.html"><strong>OMIM</strong></a> - Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="gopher://megasun.bch.umontreal.ca/11/Organelles/Genomes"><strong>Organelle Genome</strong></a>&nbsp; - A Sequence Database at <a href="gopher://megasun.bch.umontreal.ca/">U. Montreal</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://biotech.chem.indiana.edu/lib/orgstrain.html"><strong>Organisms and Strains</strong></a> - Links to Databases Specific to Organism and Cell Collections at <a href="http://biotech.chem.indiana.edu/">Biotech-Indiana</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/proteins/owl.html"><strong>OWL</strong></a> - Non-Redundant Protein Sequence Database (Updated Daily) at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> and <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/~attwood/OWL/OWL.html"><strong>OWL</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/">UCL-London</a>, UK&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/home/papka/ROSS/patscan.html"><strong>PatScan</strong></a> - Look for Pattern Matches in DNA or Protein Sequences at <a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/">Argonne National Laboratory</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/PATFND_form.html"><strong>PatternFind</strong></a> - Search the SwissProt and Genpept Protein Sequence Databases with a <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/txt/profile.txt">PROSITE-formatted</a> Pattern at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www-pdd.ncifcrf.gov/PDD/GEN-docs/indexGEN.html"><strong>PDD</strong></a> - Protein Disease Database at <a href="http://www-pdd.ncifcrf.gov/">NIMH-NCI</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.pdb.bnl.gov:4148/cgi-bin/browse"><strong>PDB-Browser</strong></a>, <a href="gopher://pdb.pdb.bnl.gov/77/xfullindex/full"><strong>PDB-Index</strong></a> and <a href="gopher://pdb.pdb.bnl.gov/77/xstatusindex/status"><strong>PDB-Pending</strong></a> - <a href="http://www.pdb.bnl.gov/">Protein Data Bank</a> Structures at <a href="http://suntid.bnl.gov:8080/bnl.html">Brookhaven National Laboratory</a>, <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_pdb"><strong>PDB</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a> Japan, <a href="http://www.ibf.unige.it/7/sci/.PDB/pdbsearch"><strong>PDB</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ibf.unige.it/">U. Genova</a>, Italy, <a href="http://www.ucmb.ulb.ac.be/pdb_seq_rel_jan94"><strong>PDB-List</strong></a> and <a href="http://www.ucmb.ulb.ac.be/pdb_annot_jan94"><strong>PDB-Annotated</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ucmb.ulb.ac.be/index.html">Brussels Free U.</a>, Belgium and <a href="http://www.sander.embl-heidelberg.de/pdbsel/explanation.html"><strong>PDB-Select</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.nih.gov/molecular_modeling/pdb_at_a_glance.html"><strong>PDB At A Glance</strong></a> - Hierarchic Access to PDB Files at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||781260221_129.186.4.14||-info||PDBFINDER"><strong>PDBFINDER</strong></a> - A Database Containing PDB, DSSP and HSSP Information (see <a href="http://www.sander.embl-heidelberg.de/pdbfinder/overview.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_pdbstr"><strong>PDBSTR</strong></a> - Re-organized Protein Data Bank at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_5.html"><strong>PepPepSearch</strong></a> - Search SwissProt for a Peptide Sequence at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://lenti.med.umn.edu/~shoop/sample.html"><strong>Plant EST Analysis</strong></a> - Similarity Analysis of Different Plant cDNA/EST Sequences at <a href="http://lenti.med.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/pprotein_query.html"><strong>PHD</strong></a> - Predict Protein Secondary Structure at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> w/ search from <a href="http://www.cc.iastate.edu/welcome.html">Iowa State</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.pasteur.fr/sas/phy/boot-sub.html"><strong>PHILIP-Bootstrapping Analysis</strong></a> - Divergence Between Protein or Nucleotide Sequences at <a href="http://www.pasteur.fr/">Institut Pasteur</a>, France&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/gcg/phospepsort-query.html"><strong>Phospepsort</strong></a> - Digest Phosphorylated Peptide Sequences at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/ch2d/pi_tool.html"><strong>pI/Mw</strong></a> - Compute the Theoretical pI and Molecular Weight of a Protein Sequence at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/proteins/pir.html"><strong>PIR</strong></a> - Protein Identification Resource Database at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||PIRALN"><strong>PIRALN</strong></a> - Database of Sequence Alignments based on PIR at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_pmd"><strong>PMD</strong></a> - Protein Mutant Database at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan and <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||PMD"><strong>PMD</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/pmotif.html"><strong>PMOTIF</strong></a> - Search Protein Motifs in Gene Sequence at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/service/polandform.html"><strong>Poland</strong></a> - Calculate the Thermal Denaturation Profile of Double Stranded RNA or DNA at <a href="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/">Uni-D&uuml;sseldorf</a>, Germany&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/predictprotein/predictprotein.html"><strong>PredictProtein</strong></a> - Predict Protein Secondary Structure at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_prf"><strong>PRF</strong></a> - Protein Research Foundation Sequence Database at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www-genome.wi.mit.edu/cgi-bin/primer2.2/primer_front"><strong>Primer</strong></a> - Select PCR Primers in a Gene Sequence at <a href="http://www-genome.wi.mit.edu/">WICGR-MIT</a> and <a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/rawprimer.html"><strong>Primer</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/~attwood/PRINTS/PRINTS.html"><strong>PRINTS</strong></a> - Protein Motif Fingerprints Database (see <a href="file://gopher.embl-heidelberg.de/pub/databases/prints/prints.doc"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) and <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/~attwood/ALIGN/ALIGN.html"><strong>PRINTS-ALIGN</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/">UCL-London</a>, UK and <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/srs/srsc?-info+PRINTS"><strong>PRINTS</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/">EMBnet-Basel</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://protein.toulouse.inra.fr/prodom.html"><strong>ProDom</strong></a> - A Protein Domain Database and <a href="http://protein.toulouse.inra.fr/prodom/blast_form.html"><strong>ProDom-Search</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.jouy.inra.fr/infoservices-INRA/infoservices_donnees.html">INRA-Toulouse</a>, France, <a href="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/~esr/prodom.html"><strong>ProDom</strong></a> and <a href="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/~esr/prodom-blast.html"><strong>ProDom-Search</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/">Sanger Centre</a>, UK and <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||777855676_129.186.4.14||-info||PRODOM"><strong>ProDom</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/PRFSCAN_form.html"><strong>ProfileScan&nbsp;</strong></a> - Search a Sequence Against a Library of Profiles at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="gopher://bmerc-gopher.bu.edu/11/Databases/prolink"><strong>ProLink</strong></a> - Integrated Database of Protein Structure, Sequence Homology, and Functional Pattern Information at <a href="http://bmerc-www.bu.edu/">BMERC</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/prs.page"><strong>PROPSEARCH</strong></a> - Protein Sequence Search for Structural Homology Based on Aminoacid Properties at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/sprot/prosite.html"><strong>PROSITE</strong></a> - Protein Sites and Patterns Database at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland, <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/PSTSCAN_form.html"><strong>PrositeScan</strong></a> at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland and <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/searches/prosite_input.html"><strong>PROSITE-Search</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="file://ftp.embl-heidelberg.de/pub/databases/protein_extras"><strong>Protein-Extras</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/p_families.html"><strong>Protein Families</strong></a> - Links to Information on Different Protein Families at <a href="http://www.cc.iastate.edu/">Iowa State</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://chait-sgi.rockefeller.edu/cgi-bin/prot-id/1/1"><strong>Prot-ID</strong></a> - Identify a Protein from Masses of Enzymatic Digestion Peptide Fragments at <a href="http://chait-sgi.rockefeller.edu/">Rockefeller U.</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="file://cb-iris.stanford.edu/pub/ProteinMovements/ProtMotDB.main.html"><strong>Protein Motions</strong></a>&nbsp; - DataBase of Protein Movements at <a href="http://hyper.stanford.edu/">Stanford U.</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://bmerc-www.bu.edu/psa/"><strong>PSA</strong></a> - Protein Sequence Analysis for Sequences of Unknown Structure at <a href="http://bmerc-www.bu.edu/welcome.html">BMERC/MBCRR</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://psort.nibb.ac.jp/"><strong>PSORT</strong></a> - Predict Protein Sorting Signals Coded in Amino Acid Sequences at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/pssprediction/pssp.html"><strong>PSSP</strong></a> - Protein Secondary Structure Prediction at <a images="" alt="(W3)" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src="></a><br /> <br /> <a images="" alt="(W3)" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src=">&nbsp;</a><a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/home/compbio/PUMA/Production/puma.html"><strong>PUMA</strong></a> - Phylogeny of Unicellular Organims with Metabolism and Alignments from <a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/home/compbio/default.html">MCS-Computational Biology</a> at <a href="http://www.anl.gov/">Argonne National Laboratory</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="file://ftp.embl-heidelberg.de/pub/databases/protein_extras/puu/domains.puu"><strong>PUU</strong></a> - Protein Domains Database Based on PDB-Select at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://geta.life.uiuc.edu/index.html"><strong>RDP</strong></a> - Ribosomal Database Project at U. Illinois&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://vent.neb.com/rebase/rebase.html"><strong>ReBase</strong></a> - Restriction Enzyme Database and <a href="http://www.neb.com/cgi-bin/wais_ref.pl"><strong>ReBase-Search</strong></a> at <a href="http://vent.neb.com/">New England Biolabs</a>, <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||777855676_129.186.4.14||-info||REBASE"><strong>ReBase</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> and <a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/rebase/rebase.html"><strong>ReBase</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/repro/rep_tot.html"><strong>REPRO</strong></a> - Recognition of Protein Sequence Repeats at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://pundit.colorado.edu:8080/"><strong>RNA Secondary Structures</strong></a> - Information on Group I Introns and rRNA at <a href="http://www.colorado.edu/">U. Colorado-Boulder</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> <a href="http://www-rrna.uia.ac.be/rrna/index.html"><strong>rRNA</strong></a> - Databases of Ribosomal Subunit RNA Sequences at <a href="http://www.uia.ac.be/">U. Antwerp</a>, Belgium&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<strong>RSVP</strong> - Rapid Sequence Visualization in Postscript for Analysis of DNA Sequences at <a href="http://cbil.humgen.upenn.edu/">CBIL-U. Pennsylvania</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/SAPS_form.html"><strong>SAPS</strong></a> - Statistical Analysis of Protein Sequences at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://base.icgeb.trieste.it/sbase/"><strong>SBASE</strong></a> - Library of Protein Domains and <a href="http://base.icgeb.trieste.it/sbase/blast.html"><strong>SBASE-Search</strong></a>&nbsp; at <a href="http://base.icgeb.trieste.it/">ICGEB-Trieste</a>, Italy&nbsp; <br /> <br /> <a href="http://geoff.biop.ox.ac.uk/servers/scanps_server.html"><strong>SCANPS</strong></a> - Scan Protein Sequences at <a href="http://geoff.biop.ox.ac.uk/">U. Oxford</a>, UK&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.bio.cam.ac.uk/scop/"><strong>SCOP</strong></a> - Structural Classification of Proteins at <a href="http://www.bio.cam.ac.uk/">Cambridge</a>, UK and <a href="http://www.nick.med.usf.edu/scop/index.html"><strong>SCOP</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.nick.med.usf.edu/">U. South Florida</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-annot/home.html"><strong>Sequence Annotation</strong></a> - Annotations on NCBI Sequences at <a images="" alt="(W3)" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src="></a><br /> <br /> <a images="" alt="(W3)" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src=">&nbsp;</a><a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/rawtrans.html"><strong>Sequence Translation</strong></a> - Translate Gene Sequences at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="ftp://dasher.wustl.edu/pub/sleuth/data"><strong>Sleuth</strong></a> - Amino Acid Conformation and Solvent Accessibility of PDB Files at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">Washington U.</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.ibcp.fr/predict.html"><strong>SOPM</strong></a> - Self Optimized Prediction Method for Prediction of Protein Secondary Structure at <a href="http://www.ibcp.fr/">IBCP-CNRS</a>, France&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc"><strong>SRSWWW</strong></a> - Network Browser for Databanks in Molecular Biology (w/ <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/net.html"><strong>diagram links</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/srs/index.html"><strong>SRSWWW-Directory</strong></a> - Directory of SRSWWW Network Browsers for Biological Databanks and <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/srs/status.html"><strong>SRSWWW-Global Status</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/">EMBnet-Basel</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/ssearch-query.html"><strong>SSEARCH</strong></a> - Universal Sequence Comparison Using the Smith-Waterman Algorithm at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/sspred/sspred_info.html"><strong>SSPRED</strong></a> - Predict the Secondary Structure of Proteins at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>, Germany&nbsp;<br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/stride/stride.html"><strong>STRIDE</strong></a> - Find Secondary Structural Elements in PDB Proteins Structures at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www-genome.wi.mit.edu/cgi-bin/www-STS_Pipeline/pipeline_front"><strong>STS Pipeline</strong></a> - Analysis and STS Primer Picking of Short DNA Sequences with Duplicate Checking, Sequence Repeat Finding, Restriction Analysis, Vector Identification and BLAST Searching at <a href="http://www-genome.wi.mit.edu/">MIT</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.ucmb.ulb.ac.be/~joan/survol/form.html"><strong>SURVOL</strong></a> - Analysis of Protein Atomic Volumes at <a href="http://www.ucmb.ulb.ac.be/">UCMB</a>, Belgium&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/ch2d/ch2d-top.html"><strong>Swiss-2DPage</strong></a> - Two-dimensional Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis Database at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/srs/srsc?-info+SWISSDOM"><strong>SWISSDOM</strong></a> - SwissProt Entries in a ProDom Map at <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">EBI</a>, UK&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/swissmod/SWISS-MODEL.html"><strong>Swiss-Model</strong></a>&nbsp; - Automated Protein Modelling at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/srs/srsc?-info||SWISSNEW"><strong>SWISSNEW</strong></a> - New SwissProt Sequences at <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">EBI</a>, UK&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/sprot/sprot-top.html"><strong>SwissProt</strong></a> - Protein Sequence Database (+ Weekly Updates) at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/swisshop/SwissShopReq.html"><strong>Swiss-Shop</strong></a>&nbsp; - Automated SwissProt and Prosite Information Queries at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/tbase/tbase.html"><strong>TBASE</strong></a> - Transgenic/Targeted Mutation Database at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/tfasta-query.html"><strong>TFASTA</strong></a> - Match a Protein Sequence Against All Six Frames of GenBank Sequences at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="gopher://gopher.nih.gov/77/gopherlib/indices/tfd/index"><strong>TFD</strong></a> - Transcription Factor Database at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info+TFFACTOR"><strong>TFFACTOR</strong></a> and <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info+TFSITE"><strong>TFSITE</strong></a> - Transcription Factor Data at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/rawtm.html"><strong>Tm</strong></a> - Oligonucleotide Melting Point Determination at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/tmap/tmap_sin.html"><strong>TMAP</strong></a> - Identification of Transmembrane Segments on a Protein Sequence at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="ftp://ulrec3.unil.ch/pub/tmbase"><strong>TMBASE</strong></a> - Transmembrane Protein Database at <a href="http://www.unil.ch/">U. Lausanne</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/TMPRED_form.html"><strong>TMpred</strong></a> - Prediction of Transmembrane Regions and Orientation in Protein Sequencs at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/www/dna.html"><strong>Translate</strong></a> - Translate a Nucleotide Sequence to a Protein at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_6.html"><strong>TreeGen</strong></a> - Tree Generation from Distance Data at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||781260221_129.186.4.14||-info||TREMBL"><strong>TREMBL</strong></a> - Database of Translated Peptide Sequences of All CDS Features from EMBL Sequences at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/srs/srsc?-info+VECBASE"><strong>VecBase</strong></a> - Cloning Vector Sequence Database.at <a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/">CAOS/CAMM</a>, The Netherlands&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://biology.queensu.ca/~miseners/vector.html"><strong>Vector-DB</strong></a> - Cloning Vector Database at <a href="http://www.queensu.ca/">Queen's U.-Kensington</a>, Canada , <a href="http://ben.vub.ac.be/srs/srsc?-info+VECTOR"><strong>VECTOR</strong></a> at <a href="http://ben.vub.ac.be/">BEN</a>, Belgium , <a href="gopher://gopher.gdb.org/77/.INDEX/vector"><strong>Vector</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> and <a href="gopher://virus1.virus.kyoto-u.ac.jp/77/.index/vector.ig/index"><strong>Vector-ig</strong></a> at <a href="http://virus1.virus.kyoto-u.ac.jp/">IVR</a>, Kyoto-U., Japan&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.bio.cam.ac.uk/seqlogo/logo.cgi"><strong>WebLogo</strong></a> - Sequence Logo Generation at <a href="http://www.bio.cam.ac.uk/">Cambridge U.</a>, UK&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://kestrel.ludwig.ucl.ac.uk/zpred.html"><strong>ZPRED</strong></a> - MultPredict Secondary Structure of Multiply Aligned Protein Sequences at <a href="http://kestrel.ludwig.ucl.ac.uk/">Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research</a>, UK&nbsp; <br /> 556225ca0a4ee6969a2744e639fac7f3b5170926 1983 2008-01-17T08:59:21Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong>[[3D-ALI</strong>]] - Database relating Proteins Structures and Sequences (see <a href="gopher://s-crim1.dl.ac.uk/00/EMBnet%20Bioinformation%20Resource%20UK/Data%20%26%20Software/databases/3d_ali/3d_ali.doc"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/aaa.html"><strong>AA Analysis</strong>&nbsp;</a> - Protein Identification in SwissProt and PIR using Amino Acid Composition at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/ch2d/aacompi.html"><strong>AA CompIdent</strong></a> - Protein Identification in SwissProt using Amino Acid Composition at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/ch2d/aacsim.html"><strong>AA CompSim</strong></a> - Compare the Amino Acid Composition of a SwissProt Entry with Other Entries at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://chait-sgi.rockefeller.edu/cgi-bin/sequence/AA"><strong>AA Sequence Analysis</strong></a> - Multiple Analysis of a Native or Modified Amino Acid Sequence at <a href="http://www.rockefeller.edu/ru.home.html">Rockefeller U.</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/~martin/abs/seqtest.html"><strong>AbCheck</strong></a> - Test an Antibody Sequence Against the Kabat Database at <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/">U. College-London</a>, UK&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/align-query.html"><strong>ALIGN</strong></a> - Optimal Global Alignment of Two Sequences with No Short-cuts at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France and <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/www/programs/align.html"><strong>Align</strong></a> at <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/">MIPS</a>, Germany&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_1.html"><strong>AllAll</strong></a> - Relationships in a Set of Related Peptides at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_2.html"><strong>AllAllDB</strong></a> - Search the All-Against-All Database of SwissProt at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://geoff.biop.ox.ac.uk/servers/amas_server.html"><strong>AMAS</strong></a> - Analysis of Protein Multiple Sequence Alignments at <a href="http://geoff.biop.ox.ac.uk/">U. Oxford</a>, UK&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/argos/ASC.21/asc2.html"><strong>ASC</strong></a> - Analytic Surface Calculation of PDB Protein Structures at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://mips11.mips.biochem.mpg.de/www/programs/atlas_per.html"><strong>ATLAS</strong></a> - Search DNA and Protein Sequence Databases at <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/">MIPS</a>, Germany&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://kiwi.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:8088/search-launcher/launcher.html"><strong>BCM Search Launcher</strong></a> at&nbsp;<br /> <a alt="(W3)" images="" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src=">&nbsp;</a><a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/protein-search.html"><strong>BEAUTY</strong></a> - BLAST Enhanced Alignment Utility <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/Help/beauty.html"><strong>(see Documentation)</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/">Baylor College of Medicine</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/srs/srsc?-info+BERLIN"><strong>BERLIN</strong></a> - RNA Databank of 5S rRNA and 5S rRNA Gene Sequences at <a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/">CAOS/CAMM</a>, The Netherlands&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://sgbcd.weizmann.ac.il/Bic/ExecAppl.html"><strong>BIOACCELERATOR</strong></a> at <a href="http://bioinformatics.weizmann.ac.il:70/">Weizmann Institute of Science</a>, Israel&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a alt="!New!" images="" href="http://www.ocms.ox.ac.uk/~birney/cusi/biocusi.html%3E%3Cb%3EbioCUSI%3C/b%3E%3C/a%3E%3Cimg%20src=">- Multiple Access to Biological Servers at </a><a href="http://www.ocms.ox.ac.uk/">OCMS-Oxford</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="ftp://pdb.pdb.bnl.gov/user_group/biological_units"><strong>Biological Units</strong></a> - Expanded PDB Entries with Full Biological Units at <a href="http://suntid.bnl.gov:8080/bnl.html">Brookhaven National Laboratory</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.ocms.ox.ac.uk/~birney/palette.html"><strong>Biologist's Search Palette</strong></a> - Collection of Search Engines for Biological Databases at <a href="http://www.ocms.ox.ac.uk/">Oxford U.</a>, UK&nbsp; <br /> <br /> <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Recipon/bs_seq.html"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> - Basic Local Alignment Research Tool at <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/">NCBI</a>, <a href="http://swarmer.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/blastq-form?options=simple"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> (hiv, vector, etc) at <a href="http://motif.stanford.edu/">Stanford U.</a>,&nbsp;<br /> <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/SIT/BLAST.html"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan,&nbsp;<br /> <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/blast/blast-query.html"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France,&nbsp;<br /> <a href="http://www.crihan.fr/www/blast.html"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.crihan.fr/">CRIHAN</a>, France <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/cgi-bin/seq-search/blast_form_local.pl"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> (with Entrez and SRS Links) at <a href="http://gc.bcm.tmc.edu:8088/">Baylor College of Medicine</a> and&nbsp;<br /> <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/EPFLBLAST_form.html"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.epfl.ch/">EPFL</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/Option/blastpat.html"><strong>BLASTPAT</strong></a> - BLAST-based Pattern Database Search (see <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/Help/blastpat.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://gc.bcm.tmc.edu:8088/">Baylor College of Medicine</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/searches/blitz_input.html"><strong>BLITZ</strong></a> (see <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/searches/blitz_doc.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> and <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/searches/blitz_input.html"><strong>BLITZ</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">EBI</a>, UK&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.blocks.fhcrc.org/"><strong>BLOCKS</strong></a> - Database of Highly Conserved Regions in Proteins&nbsp; and <a href="gopher://klaatu.fhcrc.org/77/.indexes/.blocksindex/blocksindex"><strong>BLOCKS-WAIS</strong></a>&nbsp; at <a href="gopher://klaatu.fhcrc.org/">Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center</a>,&nbsp;<br /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||BLOCKS"><strong>BLOCKS</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> and&nbsp;<br /> <a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/blocks_query.html"><strong>BLOCKS-Search</strong></a> w/ search from <a href="http://www.cc.iastate.edu/welcome.html">Iowa State</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://bimas.dcrt.nih.gov/sql/BMRBgate.html"><strong>BioMagResBank</strong></a> - A Database of NMR-Derived Protein Structures at <a href="http://bimas.dcrt.nih.gov/">BIMAS-NIH</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://genome.cs.unc.edu/online.html"><strong>BioSCAN</strong></a> - Biological Sequence Comparative Analysis at <a href="http://genome.cs.unc.edu/">U. North Caroline</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://ibm4.carb.nist.gov:4400/bmcd/bmcd.html"><strong>BMCD</strong></a> - Biological Macromolecule Crystallization Database at <a href="http://ibm4.carb.nist.gov:4400/carb.html">CARB</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/BOX_form.html"><strong>BOXSHADE</strong></a> - Pretty Printing and Shading of Multiple-Sequence Alignments at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/bsm/cath/CATHintro.html"><strong>CATH</strong></a> - Protein Structure Classification at <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/">UCL-London</a>, UK&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/msa/clustal.cgi"><strong>CLUSTALW</strong></a> - Multiply Sequence Alignments at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">IBC-Washington U.</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/cuse.html"><strong>Codon Usage</strong></a> - Analysis of Different ORFs in a Gene Sequence at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/COILS_form.html"><strong>Coils</strong></a> - Prediction of Coiled Coil Regions in Protein Sequences at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://ben.vub.ac.be/srs/srsc?-info+CPGISLE"><strong>CpGIsle</strong></a> - CpG Islands Database at <a href="http://ben.vub.ac.be/">BEN</a>, Belgium&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_7.html"><strong>Darwin</strong></a> - Data Analysis and Retrieval With Indexed Nucleotide/Peptide Sequences at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/dbEST/index.html"><strong>dbEST</strong></a> - Database of Expressed Sequence Tags at <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/">NCBI</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/dbget/dbget.html"><strong>DBGET</strong></a> - Integrated Database Retrieval System (w/ <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/dbget/dbget.links.html"><strong>diagram links</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="gopher://gopher.nig.ac.jp/7waissrc%3a/DDBJ_Gopher_WAIS/DNA_seq_index_search.src"><strong>DDBJ</strong></a> - DNA Database of Japan at <a href="http://www.nig.ac.jp/">National Institute of Genetics</a>, Japan&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/rawdot.html"><strong>Dot Plot</strong></a> - Compare a DNA Sequence with Itself at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.nih.gov/molecular_modeling/drugbank.html"><strong>DrugBank</strong></a> - Three-dimensional Drug Structure Databank at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info+DSSP"><strong>DSSP</strong></a> - Database of Secondary Structure of Proteins from PDB (see <a href="http://www.sander.embl-heidelberg.de/dssp/descrip.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/proteins/ec-enzyme.html"><strong>EC Enzyme</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> and <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/show_ECtable"><strong>EC Number Table</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan and <a href="http://specter.dcrt.nih.gov:8004/Enzymes/enzymes.html"><strong>GenoBase Enzyme Index</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://susi.bio.uni-giessen.de/usr/local/www/html/ecdc.html"><strong>ECDC</strong></a> - <em>E. coli</em> Database Collection at <a href="http://www.uni-giessen.de/">Uni-Gie&szlig;en</a>, Germany&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="gopher://biox.embnet.unibas.ch:13021/77/.index/embl/index"><strong>EMBL</strong></a> - Nucleotide Sequence Database and <a href="gopher://biox.embnet.unibas.ch:13021/77/.index/xembl/index"><strong>EMBL-New Entries</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/">EMBnet-Basel</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/srs/srsc?-info||EMNEW"><strong>EMNEW</strong></a> - Index of New EMBL Sequences at <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">EBI</a>, UK&nbsp; <br /> <br /> <a href="http://specter.dcrt.nih.gov:8004/Compound/compound_toc_by_name.html"><strong>EMP Compound</strong></a> and <a href="http://specter.dcrt.nih.gov:8004/Pathway/pathway_toc_by_name.html"><strong>EMP Pathways</strong></a> - Selkov Enzyme and Metabolic Pathway (EMP) Database at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/home/towell/metabhome.html"><strong>EMP Metabolic Pathways</strong></a> - Navigation in Metabolic Pathways from <a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/home/compbio/default.html">MCS-Computational Biology</a> at <a href="http://www.anl.gov/">Argonne National Laboratory</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Search/Entrez/index.html"><strong>ENTREZ</strong></a> - Protein and Nucleotide Database (see <a href="http://atlas.nlm.nih.gov:5700/WWW2/WWW2_paper2.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/">NCBI</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/sprot/enzyme.html"><strong>ENZYME</strong></a> - The Enzyme Data Bank at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/bsm/enzymes/index.html"><strong>Enzyme Structures Database</strong></a> - Structures of Enzymes Deposited in the PDB at <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/">UCL-London</a>, UK&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||781260221_129.186.4.14||-info||EPD"><strong>EPD</strong></a> - Eucaryotic Promoter Database at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>, Germany and <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_epd"><strong>EPD</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://bioslave.uio.no:8001/srs/srsc?-info+EPO"><strong>EPO</strong></a> - European Patent Office Nucleotide Database at <a href="http://www.no.embnet.org/">BiO/U. Oslo</a>, Norway&nbsp; and <a href="gopher://gopher.csc.fi/7waissrc%3a/tiede/BioBox/bionic/.epo.src"><strong>EPO</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.csc.fi/CSC_english.html">CSC</a>, Finland&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/searches/fasta.html"><strong>FASTA</strong></a> - Compare a Nucleic Acid Sequence to Nucleotide Sequence Databases (w/ updates) at <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">EBI</a>, UK,&nbsp;<br /> <a href="http://swarmer.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/fastaq-form?options=simple"><strong>FASTA</strong></a> (Berlin, Vectorbank, etc) at <a href="http://motif.stanford.edu/">Stanford U.</a>,&nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/fasta-query.html"><strong><br /> FASTA</strong></a> at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France and&nbsp;<br /> <a href="http://www.crihan.fr/www/fasta.html"><strong>FASTA</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.crihan.fr/">CRIHAN</a>, France&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/Options/fastpat.html"><strong>FASTPAT</strong></a> - FASTA-based Pattern Database Search (see <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/Help/fastpat.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://gc.bcm.tmc.edu:8088/">Baylor College of Medicine</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://morgan.harvard.edu/"><strong>FlyBase</strong></a> - Genetic and Molecular Database for <em>Drosophila</em> at <a href="http://www.harvard.edu/">Harvard U.</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||FSSP"><strong>FSSP</strong></a> - Database of Families of Structurally Similar Proteins derived from PDB at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.abc.hu/blast.html"><strong>FTHOM</strong></a> - Compare Protein Domain Homology at <a href="http://www.abc.hu/">ABC</a>, Hungary&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://gdbwww.gdb.org/"><strong>GDB</strong></a> - Human Genome Data Base at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:2555/r_genbank2.html"><strong>GenBank Database</strong></a> (+Updates) at <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/">NCBI</a> and <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/wu_fetch.html"><strong>GenBank-Fetch</strong></a> at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">Washington U.</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/gene-finder/gf.html"><strong>Gene Finder</strong></a> - Predict Gene Structure, Internal Exons and Splicing Sites in DNA and Exon-Exon Junstion in cDNA at <a alt="(W3)" images="" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src="></a><br /> <br /> <a alt="(W3)" images="" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src=">&nbsp;</a><a href="http://cbil.humgen.upenn.edu/~sdong/genlang_home.html"><strong>GenLang</strong></a> - Find Genes and Other Higher-Order Features in Nucleotide Sequences at <a href="http://cbil.humgen.upenn.edu/">CBIL-U. Pennsylvania</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://specter.dcrt.nih.gov:8004/"><strong>GenoBase</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/Genome-DBS.html"><strong>Genome Databases</strong></a> and <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/Genome_Centre.html"><strong>Genome Centers</strong></a> - World Wide Links at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.ri.bbsrc.ac.uk/genome_workstation/workstation.html"><strong>Genome Workstation</strong></a> - Genome Related Links at <a href="http://www.ri.bbsrc.ac.uk/">Roslin Institute</a>, UK&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://biotech.chem.indiana.edu/WebChris/maps.html"><strong>Genomic Maps</strong></a> - Links to Genome Specific Resources at <a href="http://biotech.chem.indiana.edu/">Biotech-Indiana</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/gq/gq.form.html"><strong>GenQuest</strong></a> - Search Against Protein Databases with the Q server at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://avalon.epm.ornl.gov/Grail-bin/EmptyGrailForm"><strong>Grail</strong></a> - Analysis of the Protein Coding Potential of a DNA Sequence (see <a href="ftp://arthur.epm.ornl.gov/pub/xgrail/Manual.grail-genquest.July94"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://avalon.epm.ornl.gov/">ORNL</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.ncgr.org/gsdb/"><strong>GSDB</strong></a> - Genome Sequence Database at <a href="http://www.ncgr.org/ncgr/ncgr.html">NCGR</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/www/guess-prot.html"><strong>GuessProt</strong></a> - Selects SwissProt proteins given pI and Mw at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/hhs/"><strong>HHS</strong></a> - SwissProt and PDB Systematic Sequence Classification Database at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">Washington U.</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/srs/srsc?-info+HOVERGEN"><strong>HOVERGEN</strong></a> - Database of Homologous Vertebrate Genes at <a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/">CAOS/CAMM</a>, The Netherlands&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/www/programs/hpt_persistent.html"><strong>HPT</strong></a> - Protein Sequence Pattern Recognition in the PIR Database and <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/www/programs/hpt_homol.html"><strong>HPT-Homology</strong></a> at <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/">MIPS</a>, Germany&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||HSSP"><strong>HSSP</strong></a> - Database of Homology-Derived Structures of Proteins based on PDB and SwissProt at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="gopher://gopher.gdb.org/77/.INDEX/kabat"><strong>Kabat </strong></a>- Database of Proteins of Immunological Interest at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.prosci.uci.edu/kinemages/KinemageIndex.html"><strong>Kinemage-Index</strong></a> - &quot;Kinetical Images&quot; by Protein Type at <a href="http://www.prosci.uci.edu/">Protein Science</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/klotho/"><strong>Klotho</strong></a> - Biochemical Compounds Declarative Database at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">Washington U.</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/lalign-query.html"><strong>LALIGN</strong></a> - Calculates the N-Best Local Alignments Between Two Sequences at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/lfasta-query.html"><strong>LFASTA</strong></a> - Local Similarity Searches Between Two Sequences Showing Local Alignments at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_ligand"><strong>LIGAND</strong></a> - Ligand Chemical Database for Enzyme Reactions at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="gopher://gopher.nih.gov/77/gopherlib/indices/limb/index"><strong>LiMB</strong></a> - Listing of Molecular Biology Databases at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; and <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||777855676_129.186.4.14||-info||LIMB"><strong>LiMB</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_3.html"><strong>MassSearch</strong></a> - Search SwissProt or EMBL Databases by Protein Mass After Digestion at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://cgsc.biology.yale.edu/metab.html"><strong>Metabolic Database</strong></a> - Metabolic Reactions and Pathways at <a href="http://cgsc.biology.yale.edu/">CGSC-Yale U.</a> and <a href="http://moulon.inra.fr/cgi-bin/nph-acedb3.1/acedb/metabolisme?find+Reaction_or_pathway%3By+14+69"><strong>Metabolic Database</strong></a> at <a href="http://moulon.inra.fr/">INRA-Moulon</a>, France&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.informatics.jax.org/mgd.html"><strong>MGD</strong></a> - Mouse Genome Database at <a href="http://www.informatics.jax.org/">Jackson Laboratory</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="gopher://wehil.wehi.edu.au/11/MHCPEP.DB"><strong>MHCPEP</strong></a> - Database of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Binding Peptides at <a href="http://www.wehi.edu.au/">WEHI-Melbourne</a>, Australia&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/www/programs/hpt_persistent.html"><strong>MIPS-Alert</strong></a> - Automated Sequence Information Queries at <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/">MIPS</a>, Germany&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.nih.gov/htbin/pdb"><strong>Molecules R US</strong></a> - Interactive Text and Images of PDB Files at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||777855676_129.186.4.14||-info||MOLPROBE"><strong>MPBD</strong></a> - Molecular Probe Data Base at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; and <a href="gopher://gopher.slu.se/7waissrc%3a/wais-dbs/Biology/Oligos"><strong>MPDB</strong></a> at <a href="gopher://gopher.slu.se/">U. Agricultural Sciences</a>, Sweden&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://cuhhca.hhmi.columbia.edu/moose/"><strong>MOOSE</strong></a> - Macromolecular Object Oriented Search Engine to Extract PDB Contained Information at <a href="http://cuhhca.hhmi.columbia.edu/">Columbia U.</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/msa.html"><strong>MSA</strong></a> - Multiple Sequence Alignment at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">Washington U.</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/SIT/MOTIF.html"><strong>MOTIF</strong></a> - Search Patterns in Protein Sequences at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan <a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/motif_query.html"><strong>Motif</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan w/ search from <a href="http://www.cc.iastate.edu/welcome.html">Iowa State</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/multi-align/multi-align.html"><strong>Multiple Sequence Alignments</strong></a> - CLUSTAL-W, MAP, and PIMA alignments at <a href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/">Baylor College of Medicine</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://ndbserver.rutgers.edu/"><strong>NDB</strong></a> - Nucleic Acid Database at Rutgers U.&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.cmpharm.ucsf.edu/~nomi/nnpredict.html"><strong>nnPredict</strong></a> - Predict Protein Secondary Structure at <a href="http://wormworld.ucsf.edu/">UCSF</a> and <a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/nnpredict_query.html"><strong>nnPredict</strong></a> at w/ search from <a href="http://www.cc.iastate.edu/welcome.html">Iowa State</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/proteins/nrl3d.html"><strong>NRL_3D</strong></a> - Sequence/Structure Database derived from PDB at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> and <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||NRL3D"><strong>NRL_3D</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://ddbjs4h.genes.nig.ac.jp/"><strong>NRSub</strong></a> - A Non-Redundant DNA Sequence Database for <em>Bacillus subtilis</em> at <a href="http://www.nig.ac.jp/">National Institute of Genetics</a>, Japan&nbsp; <br /> <br /> <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_4.html"><strong>NuclPepSearch</strong></a> - Search SwissProt for a Nucletide Sequence at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://chait-sgi.rockefeller.edu/"><strong>NYC-MASS</strong></a> - Protein Mass Spectrometry Database at <a href="http://www.rockefeller.edu/ru.home.html">Rockefeller U.</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/obstruct/obs_form.html"><strong>OBSTRUCT</strong></a> - Correlate Sequence Subsets of PDB Protein Structures at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://gdbwww.gdb.org/omimdoc/omimtop.html"><strong>OMIM</strong></a> - Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="gopher://megasun.bch.umontreal.ca/11/Organelles/Genomes"><strong>Organelle Genome</strong></a>&nbsp; - A Sequence Database at <a href="gopher://megasun.bch.umontreal.ca/">U. Montreal</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://biotech.chem.indiana.edu/lib/orgstrain.html"><strong>Organisms and Strains</strong></a> - Links to Databases Specific to Organism and Cell Collections at <a href="http://biotech.chem.indiana.edu/">Biotech-Indiana</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/proteins/owl.html"><strong>OWL</strong></a> - Non-Redundant Protein Sequence Database (Updated Daily) at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> and <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/~attwood/OWL/OWL.html"><strong>OWL</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/">UCL-London</a>, UK&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/home/papka/ROSS/patscan.html"><strong>PatScan</strong></a> - Look for Pattern Matches in DNA or Protein Sequences at <a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/">Argonne National Laboratory</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/PATFND_form.html"><strong>PatternFind</strong></a> - Search the SwissProt and Genpept Protein Sequence Databases with a <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/txt/profile.txt">PROSITE-formatted</a> Pattern at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www-pdd.ncifcrf.gov/PDD/GEN-docs/indexGEN.html"><strong>PDD</strong></a> - Protein Disease Database at <a href="http://www-pdd.ncifcrf.gov/">NIMH-NCI</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.pdb.bnl.gov:4148/cgi-bin/browse"><strong>PDB-Browser</strong></a>, <a href="gopher://pdb.pdb.bnl.gov/77/xfullindex/full"><strong>PDB-Index</strong></a> and <a href="gopher://pdb.pdb.bnl.gov/77/xstatusindex/status"><strong>PDB-Pending</strong></a> - <a href="http://www.pdb.bnl.gov/">Protein Data Bank</a> Structures at <a href="http://suntid.bnl.gov:8080/bnl.html">Brookhaven National Laboratory</a>, <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_pdb"><strong>PDB</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a> Japan, <a href="http://www.ibf.unige.it/7/sci/.PDB/pdbsearch"><strong>PDB</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ibf.unige.it/">U. Genova</a>, Italy, <a href="http://www.ucmb.ulb.ac.be/pdb_seq_rel_jan94"><strong>PDB-List</strong></a> and <a href="http://www.ucmb.ulb.ac.be/pdb_annot_jan94"><strong>PDB-Annotated</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ucmb.ulb.ac.be/index.html">Brussels Free U.</a>, Belgium and <a href="http://www.sander.embl-heidelberg.de/pdbsel/explanation.html"><strong>PDB-Select</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.nih.gov/molecular_modeling/pdb_at_a_glance.html"><strong>PDB At A Glance</strong></a> - Hierarchic Access to PDB Files at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||781260221_129.186.4.14||-info||PDBFINDER"><strong>PDBFINDER</strong></a> - A Database Containing PDB, DSSP and HSSP Information (see <a href="http://www.sander.embl-heidelberg.de/pdbfinder/overview.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_pdbstr"><strong>PDBSTR</strong></a> - Re-organized Protein Data Bank at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_5.html"><strong>PepPepSearch</strong></a> - Search SwissProt for a Peptide Sequence at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://lenti.med.umn.edu/~shoop/sample.html"><strong>Plant EST Analysis</strong></a> - Similarity Analysis of Different Plant cDNA/EST Sequences at <a href="http://lenti.med.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/pprotein_query.html"><strong>PHD</strong></a> - Predict Protein Secondary Structure at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> w/ search from <a href="http://www.cc.iastate.edu/welcome.html">Iowa State</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.pasteur.fr/sas/phy/boot-sub.html"><strong>PHILIP-Bootstrapping Analysis</strong></a> - Divergence Between Protein or Nucleotide Sequences at <a href="http://www.pasteur.fr/">Institut Pasteur</a>, France&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/gcg/phospepsort-query.html"><strong>Phospepsort</strong></a> - Digest Phosphorylated Peptide Sequences at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/ch2d/pi_tool.html"><strong>pI/Mw</strong></a> - Compute the Theoretical pI and Molecular Weight of a Protein Sequence at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/proteins/pir.html"><strong>PIR</strong></a> - Protein Identification Resource Database at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||PIRALN"><strong>PIRALN</strong></a> - Database of Sequence Alignments based on PIR at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_pmd"><strong>PMD</strong></a> - Protein Mutant Database at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan and <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||PMD"><strong>PMD</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/pmotif.html"><strong>PMOTIF</strong></a> - Search Protein Motifs in Gene Sequence at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/service/polandform.html"><strong>Poland</strong></a> - Calculate the Thermal Denaturation Profile of Double Stranded RNA or DNA at <a href="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/">Uni-D&uuml;sseldorf</a>, Germany&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/predictprotein/predictprotein.html"><strong>PredictProtein</strong></a> - Predict Protein Secondary Structure at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_prf"><strong>PRF</strong></a> - Protein Research Foundation Sequence Database at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www-genome.wi.mit.edu/cgi-bin/primer2.2/primer_front"><strong>Primer</strong></a> - Select PCR Primers in a Gene Sequence at <a href="http://www-genome.wi.mit.edu/">WICGR-MIT</a> and <a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/rawprimer.html"><strong>Primer</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/~attwood/PRINTS/PRINTS.html"><strong>PRINTS</strong></a> - Protein Motif Fingerprints Database (see <a href="file://gopher.embl-heidelberg.de/pub/databases/prints/prints.doc"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) and <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/~attwood/ALIGN/ALIGN.html"><strong>PRINTS-ALIGN</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/">UCL-London</a>, UK and <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/srs/srsc?-info+PRINTS"><strong>PRINTS</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/">EMBnet-Basel</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://protein.toulouse.inra.fr/prodom.html"><strong>ProDom</strong></a> - A Protein Domain Database and <a href="http://protein.toulouse.inra.fr/prodom/blast_form.html"><strong>ProDom-Search</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.jouy.inra.fr/infoservices-INRA/infoservices_donnees.html">INRA-Toulouse</a>, France, <a href="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/~esr/prodom.html"><strong>ProDom</strong></a> and <a href="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/~esr/prodom-blast.html"><strong>ProDom-Search</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/">Sanger Centre</a>, UK and <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||777855676_129.186.4.14||-info||PRODOM"><strong>ProDom</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/PRFSCAN_form.html"><strong>ProfileScan&nbsp;</strong></a> - Search a Sequence Against a Library of Profiles at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="gopher://bmerc-gopher.bu.edu/11/Databases/prolink"><strong>ProLink</strong></a> - Integrated Database of Protein Structure, Sequence Homology, and Functional Pattern Information at <a href="http://bmerc-www.bu.edu/">BMERC</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/prs.page"><strong>PROPSEARCH</strong></a> - Protein Sequence Search for Structural Homology Based on Aminoacid Properties at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/sprot/prosite.html"><strong>PROSITE</strong></a> - Protein Sites and Patterns Database at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland, <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/PSTSCAN_form.html"><strong>PrositeScan</strong></a> at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland and <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/searches/prosite_input.html"><strong>PROSITE-Search</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="file://ftp.embl-heidelberg.de/pub/databases/protein_extras"><strong>Protein-Extras</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/p_families.html"><strong>Protein Families</strong></a> - Links to Information on Different Protein Families at <a href="http://www.cc.iastate.edu/">Iowa State</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://chait-sgi.rockefeller.edu/cgi-bin/prot-id/1/1"><strong>Prot-ID</strong></a> - Identify a Protein from Masses of Enzymatic Digestion Peptide Fragments at <a href="http://chait-sgi.rockefeller.edu/">Rockefeller U.</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="file://cb-iris.stanford.edu/pub/ProteinMovements/ProtMotDB.main.html"><strong>Protein Motions</strong></a>&nbsp; - DataBase of Protein Movements at <a href="http://hyper.stanford.edu/">Stanford U.</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://bmerc-www.bu.edu/psa/"><strong>PSA</strong></a> - Protein Sequence Analysis for Sequences of Unknown Structure at <a href="http://bmerc-www.bu.edu/welcome.html">BMERC/MBCRR</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://psort.nibb.ac.jp/"><strong>PSORT</strong></a> - Predict Protein Sorting Signals Coded in Amino Acid Sequences at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/pssprediction/pssp.html"><strong>PSSP</strong></a> - Protein Secondary Structure Prediction at <a alt="(W3)" images="" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src="></a><br /> <br /> <a alt="(W3)" images="" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src=">&nbsp;</a><a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/home/compbio/PUMA/Production/puma.html"><strong>PUMA</strong></a> - Phylogeny of Unicellular Organims with Metabolism and Alignments from <a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/home/compbio/default.html">MCS-Computational Biology</a> at <a href="http://www.anl.gov/">Argonne National Laboratory</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="file://ftp.embl-heidelberg.de/pub/databases/protein_extras/puu/domains.puu"><strong>PUU</strong></a> - Protein Domains Database Based on PDB-Select at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://geta.life.uiuc.edu/index.html"><strong>RDP</strong></a> - Ribosomal Database Project at U. Illinois&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://vent.neb.com/rebase/rebase.html"><strong>ReBase</strong></a> - Restriction Enzyme Database and <a href="http://www.neb.com/cgi-bin/wais_ref.pl"><strong>ReBase-Search</strong></a> at <a href="http://vent.neb.com/">New England Biolabs</a>, <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||777855676_129.186.4.14||-info||REBASE"><strong>ReBase</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> and <a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/rebase/rebase.html"><strong>ReBase</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/repro/rep_tot.html"><strong>REPRO</strong></a> - Recognition of Protein Sequence Repeats at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://pundit.colorado.edu:8080/"><strong>RNA Secondary Structures</strong></a> - Information on Group I Introns and rRNA at <a href="http://www.colorado.edu/">U. Colorado-Boulder</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> <a href="http://www-rrna.uia.ac.be/rrna/index.html"><strong>rRNA</strong></a> - Databases of Ribosomal Subunit RNA Sequences at <a href="http://www.uia.ac.be/">U. Antwerp</a>, Belgium&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<strong>RSVP</strong> - Rapid Sequence Visualization in Postscript for Analysis of DNA Sequences at <a href="http://cbil.humgen.upenn.edu/">CBIL-U. Pennsylvania</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/SAPS_form.html"><strong>SAPS</strong></a> - Statistical Analysis of Protein Sequences at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://base.icgeb.trieste.it/sbase/"><strong>SBASE</strong></a> - Library of Protein Domains and <a href="http://base.icgeb.trieste.it/sbase/blast.html"><strong>SBASE-Search</strong></a>&nbsp; at <a href="http://base.icgeb.trieste.it/">ICGEB-Trieste</a>, Italy&nbsp; <br /> <br /> <a href="http://geoff.biop.ox.ac.uk/servers/scanps_server.html"><strong>SCANPS</strong></a> - Scan Protein Sequences at <a href="http://geoff.biop.ox.ac.uk/">U. Oxford</a>, UK&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.bio.cam.ac.uk/scop/"><strong>SCOP</strong></a> - Structural Classification of Proteins at <a href="http://www.bio.cam.ac.uk/">Cambridge</a>, UK and <a href="http://www.nick.med.usf.edu/scop/index.html"><strong>SCOP</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.nick.med.usf.edu/">U. South Florida</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-annot/home.html"><strong>Sequence Annotation</strong></a> - Annotations on NCBI Sequences at <a alt="(W3)" images="" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src="></a><br /> <br /> <a alt="(W3)" images="" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src=">&nbsp;</a><a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/rawtrans.html"><strong>Sequence Translation</strong></a> - Translate Gene Sequences at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="ftp://dasher.wustl.edu/pub/sleuth/data"><strong>Sleuth</strong></a> - Amino Acid Conformation and Solvent Accessibility of PDB Files at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">Washington U.</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.ibcp.fr/predict.html"><strong>SOPM</strong></a> - Self Optimized Prediction Method for Prediction of Protein Secondary Structure at <a href="http://www.ibcp.fr/">IBCP-CNRS</a>, France&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc"><strong>SRSWWW</strong></a> - Network Browser for Databanks in Molecular Biology (w/ <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/net.html"><strong>diagram links</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/srs/index.html"><strong>SRSWWW-Directory</strong></a> - Directory of SRSWWW Network Browsers for Biological Databanks and <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/srs/status.html"><strong>SRSWWW-Global Status</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/">EMBnet-Basel</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/ssearch-query.html"><strong>SSEARCH</strong></a> - Universal Sequence Comparison Using the Smith-Waterman Algorithm at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/sspred/sspred_info.html"><strong>SSPRED</strong></a> - Predict the Secondary Structure of Proteins at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>, Germany&nbsp;<br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/stride/stride.html"><strong>STRIDE</strong></a> - Find Secondary Structural Elements in PDB Proteins Structures at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www-genome.wi.mit.edu/cgi-bin/www-STS_Pipeline/pipeline_front"><strong>STS Pipeline</strong></a> - Analysis and STS Primer Picking of Short DNA Sequences with Duplicate Checking, Sequence Repeat Finding, Restriction Analysis, Vector Identification and BLAST Searching at <a href="http://www-genome.wi.mit.edu/">MIT</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.ucmb.ulb.ac.be/~joan/survol/form.html"><strong>SURVOL</strong></a> - Analysis of Protein Atomic Volumes at <a href="http://www.ucmb.ulb.ac.be/">UCMB</a>, Belgium&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/ch2d/ch2d-top.html"><strong>Swiss-2DPage</strong></a> - Two-dimensional Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis Database at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/srs/srsc?-info+SWISSDOM"><strong>SWISSDOM</strong></a> - SwissProt Entries in a ProDom Map at <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">EBI</a>, UK&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/swissmod/SWISS-MODEL.html"><strong>Swiss-Model</strong></a>&nbsp; - Automated Protein Modelling at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/srs/srsc?-info||SWISSNEW"><strong>SWISSNEW</strong></a> - New SwissProt Sequences at <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">EBI</a>, UK&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/sprot/sprot-top.html"><strong>SwissProt</strong></a> - Protein Sequence Database (+ Weekly Updates) at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/swisshop/SwissShopReq.html"><strong>Swiss-Shop</strong></a>&nbsp; - Automated SwissProt and Prosite Information Queries at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/tbase/tbase.html"><strong>TBASE</strong></a> - Transgenic/Targeted Mutation Database at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/tfasta-query.html"><strong>TFASTA</strong></a> - Match a Protein Sequence Against All Six Frames of GenBank Sequences at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="gopher://gopher.nih.gov/77/gopherlib/indices/tfd/index"><strong>TFD</strong></a> - Transcription Factor Database at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info+TFFACTOR"><strong>TFFACTOR</strong></a> and <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info+TFSITE"><strong>TFSITE</strong></a> - Transcription Factor Data at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/rawtm.html"><strong>Tm</strong></a> - Oligonucleotide Melting Point Determination at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/tmap/tmap_sin.html"><strong>TMAP</strong></a> - Identification of Transmembrane Segments on a Protein Sequence at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="ftp://ulrec3.unil.ch/pub/tmbase"><strong>TMBASE</strong></a> - Transmembrane Protein Database at <a href="http://www.unil.ch/">U. Lausanne</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/TMPRED_form.html"><strong>TMpred</strong></a> - Prediction of Transmembrane Regions and Orientation in Protein Sequencs at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/www/dna.html"><strong>Translate</strong></a> - Translate a Nucleotide Sequence to a Protein at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_6.html"><strong>TreeGen</strong></a> - Tree Generation from Distance Data at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||781260221_129.186.4.14||-info||TREMBL"><strong>TREMBL</strong></a> - Database of Translated Peptide Sequences of All CDS Features from EMBL Sequences at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/srs/srsc?-info+VECBASE"><strong>VecBase</strong></a> - Cloning Vector Sequence Database.at <a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/">CAOS/CAMM</a>, The Netherlands&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://biology.queensu.ca/~miseners/vector.html"><strong>Vector-DB</strong></a> - Cloning Vector Database at <a href="http://www.queensu.ca/">Queen's U.-Kensington</a>, Canada , <a href="http://ben.vub.ac.be/srs/srsc?-info+VECTOR"><strong>VECTOR</strong></a> at <a href="http://ben.vub.ac.be/">BEN</a>, Belgium , <a href="gopher://gopher.gdb.org/77/.INDEX/vector"><strong>Vector</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> and <a href="gopher://virus1.virus.kyoto-u.ac.jp/77/.index/vector.ig/index"><strong>Vector-ig</strong></a> at <a href="http://virus1.virus.kyoto-u.ac.jp/">IVR</a>, Kyoto-U., Japan&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.bio.cam.ac.uk/seqlogo/logo.cgi"><strong>WebLogo</strong></a> - Sequence Logo Generation at <a href="http://www.bio.cam.ac.uk/">Cambridge U.</a>, UK&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://kestrel.ludwig.ucl.ac.uk/zpred.html"><strong>ZPRED</strong></a> - MultPredict Secondary Structure of Multiply Aligned Protein Sequences at <a href="http://kestrel.ludwig.ucl.ac.uk/">Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research</a>, UK&nbsp; <br /> 0284c4bf2c89b008b58823ba9b21d70d92339e15 1984 2008-01-17T08:59:35Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong>[[3D-ALI]]</strong> - Database relating Proteins Structures and Sequences (see <a href="gopher://s-crim1.dl.ac.uk/00/EMBnet%20Bioinformation%20Resource%20UK/Data%20%26%20Software/databases/3d_ali/3d_ali.doc"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/aaa.html"><strong>AA Analysis</strong>&nbsp;</a> - Protein Identification in SwissProt and PIR using Amino Acid Composition at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/ch2d/aacompi.html"><strong>AA CompIdent</strong></a> - Protein Identification in SwissProt using Amino Acid Composition at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/ch2d/aacsim.html"><strong>AA CompSim</strong></a> - Compare the Amino Acid Composition of a SwissProt Entry with Other Entries at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://chait-sgi.rockefeller.edu/cgi-bin/sequence/AA"><strong>AA Sequence Analysis</strong></a> - Multiple Analysis of a Native or Modified Amino Acid Sequence at <a href="http://www.rockefeller.edu/ru.home.html">Rockefeller U.</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/~martin/abs/seqtest.html"><strong>AbCheck</strong></a> - Test an Antibody Sequence Against the Kabat Database at <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/">U. College-London</a>, UK&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/align-query.html"><strong>ALIGN</strong></a> - Optimal Global Alignment of Two Sequences with No Short-cuts at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France and <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/www/programs/align.html"><strong>Align</strong></a> at <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/">MIPS</a>, Germany&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_1.html"><strong>AllAll</strong></a> - Relationships in a Set of Related Peptides at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_2.html"><strong>AllAllDB</strong></a> - Search the All-Against-All Database of SwissProt at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://geoff.biop.ox.ac.uk/servers/amas_server.html"><strong>AMAS</strong></a> - Analysis of Protein Multiple Sequence Alignments at <a href="http://geoff.biop.ox.ac.uk/">U. Oxford</a>, UK&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/argos/ASC.21/asc2.html"><strong>ASC</strong></a> - Analytic Surface Calculation of PDB Protein Structures at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://mips11.mips.biochem.mpg.de/www/programs/atlas_per.html"><strong>ATLAS</strong></a> - Search DNA and Protein Sequence Databases at <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/">MIPS</a>, Germany&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://kiwi.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:8088/search-launcher/launcher.html"><strong>BCM Search Launcher</strong></a> at&nbsp;<br /> <a alt="(W3)" images="" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src=">&nbsp;</a><a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/protein-search.html"><strong>BEAUTY</strong></a> - BLAST Enhanced Alignment Utility <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/Help/beauty.html"><strong>(see Documentation)</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/">Baylor College of Medicine</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/srs/srsc?-info+BERLIN"><strong>BERLIN</strong></a> - RNA Databank of 5S rRNA and 5S rRNA Gene Sequences at <a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/">CAOS/CAMM</a>, The Netherlands&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://sgbcd.weizmann.ac.il/Bic/ExecAppl.html"><strong>BIOACCELERATOR</strong></a> at <a href="http://bioinformatics.weizmann.ac.il:70/">Weizmann Institute of Science</a>, Israel&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a alt="!New!" images="" href="http://www.ocms.ox.ac.uk/~birney/cusi/biocusi.html%3E%3Cb%3EbioCUSI%3C/b%3E%3C/a%3E%3Cimg%20src=">- Multiple Access to Biological Servers at </a><a href="http://www.ocms.ox.ac.uk/">OCMS-Oxford</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="ftp://pdb.pdb.bnl.gov/user_group/biological_units"><strong>Biological Units</strong></a> - Expanded PDB Entries with Full Biological Units at <a href="http://suntid.bnl.gov:8080/bnl.html">Brookhaven National Laboratory</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.ocms.ox.ac.uk/~birney/palette.html"><strong>Biologist's Search Palette</strong></a> - Collection of Search Engines for Biological Databases at <a href="http://www.ocms.ox.ac.uk/">Oxford U.</a>, UK&nbsp; <br /> <br /> <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Recipon/bs_seq.html"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> - Basic Local Alignment Research Tool at <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/">NCBI</a>, <a href="http://swarmer.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/blastq-form?options=simple"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> (hiv, vector, etc) at <a href="http://motif.stanford.edu/">Stanford U.</a>,&nbsp;<br /> <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/SIT/BLAST.html"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan,&nbsp;<br /> <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/blast/blast-query.html"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France,&nbsp;<br /> <a href="http://www.crihan.fr/www/blast.html"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.crihan.fr/">CRIHAN</a>, France <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/cgi-bin/seq-search/blast_form_local.pl"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> (with Entrez and SRS Links) at <a href="http://gc.bcm.tmc.edu:8088/">Baylor College of Medicine</a> and&nbsp;<br /> <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/EPFLBLAST_form.html"><strong>BLAST</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.epfl.ch/">EPFL</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/Option/blastpat.html"><strong>BLASTPAT</strong></a> - BLAST-based Pattern Database Search (see <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/Help/blastpat.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://gc.bcm.tmc.edu:8088/">Baylor College of Medicine</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/searches/blitz_input.html"><strong>BLITZ</strong></a> (see <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/searches/blitz_doc.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> and <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/searches/blitz_input.html"><strong>BLITZ</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">EBI</a>, UK&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.blocks.fhcrc.org/"><strong>BLOCKS</strong></a> - Database of Highly Conserved Regions in Proteins&nbsp; and <a href="gopher://klaatu.fhcrc.org/77/.indexes/.blocksindex/blocksindex"><strong>BLOCKS-WAIS</strong></a>&nbsp; at <a href="gopher://klaatu.fhcrc.org/">Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center</a>,&nbsp;<br /> <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||BLOCKS"><strong>BLOCKS</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> and&nbsp;<br /> <a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/blocks_query.html"><strong>BLOCKS-Search</strong></a> w/ search from <a href="http://www.cc.iastate.edu/welcome.html">Iowa State</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://bimas.dcrt.nih.gov/sql/BMRBgate.html"><strong>BioMagResBank</strong></a> - A Database of NMR-Derived Protein Structures at <a href="http://bimas.dcrt.nih.gov/">BIMAS-NIH</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://genome.cs.unc.edu/online.html"><strong>BioSCAN</strong></a> - Biological Sequence Comparative Analysis at <a href="http://genome.cs.unc.edu/">U. North Caroline</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://ibm4.carb.nist.gov:4400/bmcd/bmcd.html"><strong>BMCD</strong></a> - Biological Macromolecule Crystallization Database at <a href="http://ibm4.carb.nist.gov:4400/carb.html">CARB</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/BOX_form.html"><strong>BOXSHADE</strong></a> - Pretty Printing and Shading of Multiple-Sequence Alignments at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/bsm/cath/CATHintro.html"><strong>CATH</strong></a> - Protein Structure Classification at <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/">UCL-London</a>, UK&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/msa/clustal.cgi"><strong>CLUSTALW</strong></a> - Multiply Sequence Alignments at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">IBC-Washington U.</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/cuse.html"><strong>Codon Usage</strong></a> - Analysis of Different ORFs in a Gene Sequence at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/COILS_form.html"><strong>Coils</strong></a> - Prediction of Coiled Coil Regions in Protein Sequences at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://ben.vub.ac.be/srs/srsc?-info+CPGISLE"><strong>CpGIsle</strong></a> - CpG Islands Database at <a href="http://ben.vub.ac.be/">BEN</a>, Belgium&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_7.html"><strong>Darwin</strong></a> - Data Analysis and Retrieval With Indexed Nucleotide/Peptide Sequences at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/dbEST/index.html"><strong>dbEST</strong></a> - Database of Expressed Sequence Tags at <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/">NCBI</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/dbget/dbget.html"><strong>DBGET</strong></a> - Integrated Database Retrieval System (w/ <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/dbget/dbget.links.html"><strong>diagram links</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="gopher://gopher.nig.ac.jp/7waissrc%3a/DDBJ_Gopher_WAIS/DNA_seq_index_search.src"><strong>DDBJ</strong></a> - DNA Database of Japan at <a href="http://www.nig.ac.jp/">National Institute of Genetics</a>, Japan&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/rawdot.html"><strong>Dot Plot</strong></a> - Compare a DNA Sequence with Itself at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.nih.gov/molecular_modeling/drugbank.html"><strong>DrugBank</strong></a> - Three-dimensional Drug Structure Databank at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info+DSSP"><strong>DSSP</strong></a> - Database of Secondary Structure of Proteins from PDB (see <a href="http://www.sander.embl-heidelberg.de/dssp/descrip.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/proteins/ec-enzyme.html"><strong>EC Enzyme</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> and <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/show_ECtable"><strong>EC Number Table</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan and <a href="http://specter.dcrt.nih.gov:8004/Enzymes/enzymes.html"><strong>GenoBase Enzyme Index</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://susi.bio.uni-giessen.de/usr/local/www/html/ecdc.html"><strong>ECDC</strong></a> - <em>E. coli</em> Database Collection at <a href="http://www.uni-giessen.de/">Uni-Gie&szlig;en</a>, Germany&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="gopher://biox.embnet.unibas.ch:13021/77/.index/embl/index"><strong>EMBL</strong></a> - Nucleotide Sequence Database and <a href="gopher://biox.embnet.unibas.ch:13021/77/.index/xembl/index"><strong>EMBL-New Entries</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/">EMBnet-Basel</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/srs/srsc?-info||EMNEW"><strong>EMNEW</strong></a> - Index of New EMBL Sequences at <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">EBI</a>, UK&nbsp; <br /> <br /> <a href="http://specter.dcrt.nih.gov:8004/Compound/compound_toc_by_name.html"><strong>EMP Compound</strong></a> and <a href="http://specter.dcrt.nih.gov:8004/Pathway/pathway_toc_by_name.html"><strong>EMP Pathways</strong></a> - Selkov Enzyme and Metabolic Pathway (EMP) Database at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/home/towell/metabhome.html"><strong>EMP Metabolic Pathways</strong></a> - Navigation in Metabolic Pathways from <a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/home/compbio/default.html">MCS-Computational Biology</a> at <a href="http://www.anl.gov/">Argonne National Laboratory</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Search/Entrez/index.html"><strong>ENTREZ</strong></a> - Protein and Nucleotide Database (see <a href="http://atlas.nlm.nih.gov:5700/WWW2/WWW2_paper2.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/">NCBI</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/sprot/enzyme.html"><strong>ENZYME</strong></a> - The Enzyme Data Bank at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/bsm/enzymes/index.html"><strong>Enzyme Structures Database</strong></a> - Structures of Enzymes Deposited in the PDB at <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/">UCL-London</a>, UK&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||781260221_129.186.4.14||-info||EPD"><strong>EPD</strong></a> - Eucaryotic Promoter Database at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>, Germany and <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_epd"><strong>EPD</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://bioslave.uio.no:8001/srs/srsc?-info+EPO"><strong>EPO</strong></a> - European Patent Office Nucleotide Database at <a href="http://www.no.embnet.org/">BiO/U. Oslo</a>, Norway&nbsp; and <a href="gopher://gopher.csc.fi/7waissrc%3a/tiede/BioBox/bionic/.epo.src"><strong>EPO</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.csc.fi/CSC_english.html">CSC</a>, Finland&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/searches/fasta.html"><strong>FASTA</strong></a> - Compare a Nucleic Acid Sequence to Nucleotide Sequence Databases (w/ updates) at <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">EBI</a>, UK,&nbsp;<br /> <a href="http://swarmer.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/fastaq-form?options=simple"><strong>FASTA</strong></a> (Berlin, Vectorbank, etc) at <a href="http://motif.stanford.edu/">Stanford U.</a>,&nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/fasta-query.html"><strong><br /> FASTA</strong></a> at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France and&nbsp;<br /> <a href="http://www.crihan.fr/www/fasta.html"><strong>FASTA</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.crihan.fr/">CRIHAN</a>, France&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/Options/fastpat.html"><strong>FASTPAT</strong></a> - FASTA-based Pattern Database Search (see <a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/Help/fastpat.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://gc.bcm.tmc.edu:8088/">Baylor College of Medicine</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://morgan.harvard.edu/"><strong>FlyBase</strong></a> - Genetic and Molecular Database for <em>Drosophila</em> at <a href="http://www.harvard.edu/">Harvard U.</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||FSSP"><strong>FSSP</strong></a> - Database of Families of Structurally Similar Proteins derived from PDB at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.abc.hu/blast.html"><strong>FTHOM</strong></a> - Compare Protein Domain Homology at <a href="http://www.abc.hu/">ABC</a>, Hungary&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://gdbwww.gdb.org/"><strong>GDB</strong></a> - Human Genome Data Base at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:2555/r_genbank2.html"><strong>GenBank Database</strong></a> (+Updates) at <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/">NCBI</a> and <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/wu_fetch.html"><strong>GenBank-Fetch</strong></a> at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">Washington U.</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/gene-finder/gf.html"><strong>Gene Finder</strong></a> - Predict Gene Structure, Internal Exons and Splicing Sites in DNA and Exon-Exon Junstion in cDNA at <a alt="(W3)" images="" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src="></a><br /> <br /> <a alt="(W3)" images="" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src=">&nbsp;</a><a href="http://cbil.humgen.upenn.edu/~sdong/genlang_home.html"><strong>GenLang</strong></a> - Find Genes and Other Higher-Order Features in Nucleotide Sequences at <a href="http://cbil.humgen.upenn.edu/">CBIL-U. Pennsylvania</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://specter.dcrt.nih.gov:8004/"><strong>GenoBase</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/Genome-DBS.html"><strong>Genome Databases</strong></a> and <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/Genome_Centre.html"><strong>Genome Centers</strong></a> - World Wide Links at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.ri.bbsrc.ac.uk/genome_workstation/workstation.html"><strong>Genome Workstation</strong></a> - Genome Related Links at <a href="http://www.ri.bbsrc.ac.uk/">Roslin Institute</a>, UK&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://biotech.chem.indiana.edu/WebChris/maps.html"><strong>Genomic Maps</strong></a> - Links to Genome Specific Resources at <a href="http://biotech.chem.indiana.edu/">Biotech-Indiana</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/gq/gq.form.html"><strong>GenQuest</strong></a> - Search Against Protein Databases with the Q server at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://avalon.epm.ornl.gov/Grail-bin/EmptyGrailForm"><strong>Grail</strong></a> - Analysis of the Protein Coding Potential of a DNA Sequence (see <a href="ftp://arthur.epm.ornl.gov/pub/xgrail/Manual.grail-genquest.July94"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://avalon.epm.ornl.gov/">ORNL</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.ncgr.org/gsdb/"><strong>GSDB</strong></a> - Genome Sequence Database at <a href="http://www.ncgr.org/ncgr/ncgr.html">NCGR</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/www/guess-prot.html"><strong>GuessProt</strong></a> - Selects SwissProt proteins given pI and Mw at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/hhs/"><strong>HHS</strong></a> - SwissProt and PDB Systematic Sequence Classification Database at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">Washington U.</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/srs/srsc?-info+HOVERGEN"><strong>HOVERGEN</strong></a> - Database of Homologous Vertebrate Genes at <a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/">CAOS/CAMM</a>, The Netherlands&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/www/programs/hpt_persistent.html"><strong>HPT</strong></a> - Protein Sequence Pattern Recognition in the PIR Database and <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/www/programs/hpt_homol.html"><strong>HPT-Homology</strong></a> at <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/">MIPS</a>, Germany&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||HSSP"><strong>HSSP</strong></a> - Database of Homology-Derived Structures of Proteins based on PDB and SwissProt at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="gopher://gopher.gdb.org/77/.INDEX/kabat"><strong>Kabat </strong></a>- Database of Proteins of Immunological Interest at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.prosci.uci.edu/kinemages/KinemageIndex.html"><strong>Kinemage-Index</strong></a> - &quot;Kinetical Images&quot; by Protein Type at <a href="http://www.prosci.uci.edu/">Protein Science</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/klotho/"><strong>Klotho</strong></a> - Biochemical Compounds Declarative Database at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">Washington U.</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/lalign-query.html"><strong>LALIGN</strong></a> - Calculates the N-Best Local Alignments Between Two Sequences at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/lfasta-query.html"><strong>LFASTA</strong></a> - Local Similarity Searches Between Two Sequences Showing Local Alignments at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_ligand"><strong>LIGAND</strong></a> - Ligand Chemical Database for Enzyme Reactions at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="gopher://gopher.nih.gov/77/gopherlib/indices/limb/index"><strong>LiMB</strong></a> - Listing of Molecular Biology Databases at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; and <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||777855676_129.186.4.14||-info||LIMB"><strong>LiMB</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_3.html"><strong>MassSearch</strong></a> - Search SwissProt or EMBL Databases by Protein Mass After Digestion at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://cgsc.biology.yale.edu/metab.html"><strong>Metabolic Database</strong></a> - Metabolic Reactions and Pathways at <a href="http://cgsc.biology.yale.edu/">CGSC-Yale U.</a> and <a href="http://moulon.inra.fr/cgi-bin/nph-acedb3.1/acedb/metabolisme?find+Reaction_or_pathway%3By+14+69"><strong>Metabolic Database</strong></a> at <a href="http://moulon.inra.fr/">INRA-Moulon</a>, France&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.informatics.jax.org/mgd.html"><strong>MGD</strong></a> - Mouse Genome Database at <a href="http://www.informatics.jax.org/">Jackson Laboratory</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="gopher://wehil.wehi.edu.au/11/MHCPEP.DB"><strong>MHCPEP</strong></a> - Database of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Binding Peptides at <a href="http://www.wehi.edu.au/">WEHI-Melbourne</a>, Australia&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/www/programs/hpt_persistent.html"><strong>MIPS-Alert</strong></a> - Automated Sequence Information Queries at <a href="http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpg.de/">MIPS</a>, Germany&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.nih.gov/htbin/pdb"><strong>Molecules R US</strong></a> - Interactive Text and Images of PDB Files at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||777855676_129.186.4.14||-info||MOLPROBE"><strong>MPBD</strong></a> - Molecular Probe Data Base at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; and <a href="gopher://gopher.slu.se/7waissrc%3a/wais-dbs/Biology/Oligos"><strong>MPDB</strong></a> at <a href="gopher://gopher.slu.se/">U. Agricultural Sciences</a>, Sweden&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://cuhhca.hhmi.columbia.edu/moose/"><strong>MOOSE</strong></a> - Macromolecular Object Oriented Search Engine to Extract PDB Contained Information at <a href="http://cuhhca.hhmi.columbia.edu/">Columbia U.</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/msa.html"><strong>MSA</strong></a> - Multiple Sequence Alignment at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">Washington U.</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/SIT/MOTIF.html"><strong>MOTIF</strong></a> - Search Patterns in Protein Sequences at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan <a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/motif_query.html"><strong>Motif</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan w/ search from <a href="http://www.cc.iastate.edu/welcome.html">Iowa State</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/multi-align/multi-align.html"><strong>Multiple Sequence Alignments</strong></a> - CLUSTAL-W, MAP, and PIMA alignments at <a href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/">Baylor College of Medicine</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://ndbserver.rutgers.edu/"><strong>NDB</strong></a> - Nucleic Acid Database at Rutgers U.&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.cmpharm.ucsf.edu/~nomi/nnpredict.html"><strong>nnPredict</strong></a> - Predict Protein Secondary Structure at <a href="http://wormworld.ucsf.edu/">UCSF</a> and <a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/nnpredict_query.html"><strong>nnPredict</strong></a> at w/ search from <a href="http://www.cc.iastate.edu/welcome.html">Iowa State</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/proteins/nrl3d.html"><strong>NRL_3D</strong></a> - Sequence/Structure Database derived from PDB at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> and <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||NRL3D"><strong>NRL_3D</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://ddbjs4h.genes.nig.ac.jp/"><strong>NRSub</strong></a> - A Non-Redundant DNA Sequence Database for <em>Bacillus subtilis</em> at <a href="http://www.nig.ac.jp/">National Institute of Genetics</a>, Japan&nbsp; <br /> <br /> <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_4.html"><strong>NuclPepSearch</strong></a> - Search SwissProt for a Nucletide Sequence at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://chait-sgi.rockefeller.edu/"><strong>NYC-MASS</strong></a> - Protein Mass Spectrometry Database at <a href="http://www.rockefeller.edu/ru.home.html">Rockefeller U.</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/obstruct/obs_form.html"><strong>OBSTRUCT</strong></a> - Correlate Sequence Subsets of PDB Protein Structures at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://gdbwww.gdb.org/omimdoc/omimtop.html"><strong>OMIM</strong></a> - Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="gopher://megasun.bch.umontreal.ca/11/Organelles/Genomes"><strong>Organelle Genome</strong></a>&nbsp; - A Sequence Database at <a href="gopher://megasun.bch.umontreal.ca/">U. Montreal</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://biotech.chem.indiana.edu/lib/orgstrain.html"><strong>Organisms and Strains</strong></a> - Links to Databases Specific to Organism and Cell Collections at <a href="http://biotech.chem.indiana.edu/">Biotech-Indiana</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/proteins/owl.html"><strong>OWL</strong></a> - Non-Redundant Protein Sequence Database (Updated Daily) at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> and <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/~attwood/OWL/OWL.html"><strong>OWL</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/">UCL-London</a>, UK&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/home/papka/ROSS/patscan.html"><strong>PatScan</strong></a> - Look for Pattern Matches in DNA or Protein Sequences at <a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/">Argonne National Laboratory</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/PATFND_form.html"><strong>PatternFind</strong></a> - Search the SwissProt and Genpept Protein Sequence Databases with a <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/txt/profile.txt">PROSITE-formatted</a> Pattern at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www-pdd.ncifcrf.gov/PDD/GEN-docs/indexGEN.html"><strong>PDD</strong></a> - Protein Disease Database at <a href="http://www-pdd.ncifcrf.gov/">NIMH-NCI</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.pdb.bnl.gov:4148/cgi-bin/browse"><strong>PDB-Browser</strong></a>, <a href="gopher://pdb.pdb.bnl.gov/77/xfullindex/full"><strong>PDB-Index</strong></a> and <a href="gopher://pdb.pdb.bnl.gov/77/xstatusindex/status"><strong>PDB-Pending</strong></a> - <a href="http://www.pdb.bnl.gov/">Protein Data Bank</a> Structures at <a href="http://suntid.bnl.gov:8080/bnl.html">Brookhaven National Laboratory</a>, <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_pdb"><strong>PDB</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a> Japan, <a href="http://www.ibf.unige.it/7/sci/.PDB/pdbsearch"><strong>PDB</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ibf.unige.it/">U. Genova</a>, Italy, <a href="http://www.ucmb.ulb.ac.be/pdb_seq_rel_jan94"><strong>PDB-List</strong></a> and <a href="http://www.ucmb.ulb.ac.be/pdb_annot_jan94"><strong>PDB-Annotated</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ucmb.ulb.ac.be/index.html">Brussels Free U.</a>, Belgium and <a href="http://www.sander.embl-heidelberg.de/pdbsel/explanation.html"><strong>PDB-Select</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.nih.gov/molecular_modeling/pdb_at_a_glance.html"><strong>PDB At A Glance</strong></a> - Hierarchic Access to PDB Files at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||781260221_129.186.4.14||-info||PDBFINDER"><strong>PDBFINDER</strong></a> - A Database Containing PDB, DSSP and HSSP Information (see <a href="http://www.sander.embl-heidelberg.de/pdbfinder/overview.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_pdbstr"><strong>PDBSTR</strong></a> - Re-organized Protein Data Bank at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_5.html"><strong>PepPepSearch</strong></a> - Search SwissProt for a Peptide Sequence at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://lenti.med.umn.edu/~shoop/sample.html"><strong>Plant EST Analysis</strong></a> - Similarity Analysis of Different Plant cDNA/EST Sequences at <a href="http://lenti.med.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/pprotein_query.html"><strong>PHD</strong></a> - Predict Protein Secondary Structure at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> w/ search from <a href="http://www.cc.iastate.edu/welcome.html">Iowa State</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.pasteur.fr/sas/phy/boot-sub.html"><strong>PHILIP-Bootstrapping Analysis</strong></a> - Divergence Between Protein or Nucleotide Sequences at <a href="http://www.pasteur.fr/">Institut Pasteur</a>, France&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/gcg/phospepsort-query.html"><strong>Phospepsort</strong></a> - Digest Phosphorylated Peptide Sequences at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/ch2d/pi_tool.html"><strong>pI/Mw</strong></a> - Compute the Theoretical pI and Molecular Weight of a Protein Sequence at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/proteins/pir.html"><strong>PIR</strong></a> - Protein Identification Resource Database at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||PIRALN"><strong>PIRALN</strong></a> - Database of Sequence Alignments based on PIR at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_pmd"><strong>PMD</strong></a> - Protein Mutant Database at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan and <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||PMD"><strong>PMD</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/pmotif.html"><strong>PMOTIF</strong></a> - Search Protein Motifs in Gene Sequence at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/service/polandform.html"><strong>Poland</strong></a> - Calculate the Thermal Denaturation Profile of Double Stranded RNA or DNA at <a href="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/">Uni-D&uuml;sseldorf</a>, Germany&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/predictprotein/predictprotein.html"><strong>PredictProtein</strong></a> - Predict Protein Secondary Structure at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_prf"><strong>PRF</strong></a> - Protein Research Foundation Sequence Database at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www-genome.wi.mit.edu/cgi-bin/primer2.2/primer_front"><strong>Primer</strong></a> - Select PCR Primers in a Gene Sequence at <a href="http://www-genome.wi.mit.edu/">WICGR-MIT</a> and <a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/rawprimer.html"><strong>Primer</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/~attwood/PRINTS/PRINTS.html"><strong>PRINTS</strong></a> - Protein Motif Fingerprints Database (see <a href="file://gopher.embl-heidelberg.de/pub/databases/prints/prints.doc"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) and <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/~attwood/ALIGN/ALIGN.html"><strong>PRINTS-ALIGN</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/">UCL-London</a>, UK and <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/srs/srsc?-info+PRINTS"><strong>PRINTS</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/">EMBnet-Basel</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://protein.toulouse.inra.fr/prodom.html"><strong>ProDom</strong></a> - A Protein Domain Database and <a href="http://protein.toulouse.inra.fr/prodom/blast_form.html"><strong>ProDom-Search</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.jouy.inra.fr/infoservices-INRA/infoservices_donnees.html">INRA-Toulouse</a>, France, <a href="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/~esr/prodom.html"><strong>ProDom</strong></a> and <a href="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/~esr/prodom-blast.html"><strong>ProDom-Search</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/">Sanger Centre</a>, UK and <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||777855676_129.186.4.14||-info||PRODOM"><strong>ProDom</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/PRFSCAN_form.html"><strong>ProfileScan&nbsp;</strong></a> - Search a Sequence Against a Library of Profiles at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="gopher://bmerc-gopher.bu.edu/11/Databases/prolink"><strong>ProLink</strong></a> - Integrated Database of Protein Structure, Sequence Homology, and Functional Pattern Information at <a href="http://bmerc-www.bu.edu/">BMERC</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/prs.page"><strong>PROPSEARCH</strong></a> - Protein Sequence Search for Structural Homology Based on Aminoacid Properties at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/sprot/prosite.html"><strong>PROSITE</strong></a> - Protein Sites and Patterns Database at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland, <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/PSTSCAN_form.html"><strong>PrositeScan</strong></a> at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland and <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/searches/prosite_input.html"><strong>PROSITE-Search</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="file://ftp.embl-heidelberg.de/pub/databases/protein_extras"><strong>Protein-Extras</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/p_families.html"><strong>Protein Families</strong></a> - Links to Information on Different Protein Families at <a href="http://www.cc.iastate.edu/">Iowa State</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://chait-sgi.rockefeller.edu/cgi-bin/prot-id/1/1"><strong>Prot-ID</strong></a> - Identify a Protein from Masses of Enzymatic Digestion Peptide Fragments at <a href="http://chait-sgi.rockefeller.edu/">Rockefeller U.</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="file://cb-iris.stanford.edu/pub/ProteinMovements/ProtMotDB.main.html"><strong>Protein Motions</strong></a>&nbsp; - DataBase of Protein Movements at <a href="http://hyper.stanford.edu/">Stanford U.</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://bmerc-www.bu.edu/psa/"><strong>PSA</strong></a> - Protein Sequence Analysis for Sequences of Unknown Structure at <a href="http://bmerc-www.bu.edu/welcome.html">BMERC/MBCRR</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://psort.nibb.ac.jp/"><strong>PSORT</strong></a> - Predict Protein Sorting Signals Coded in Amino Acid Sequences at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/pssprediction/pssp.html"><strong>PSSP</strong></a> - Protein Secondary Structure Prediction at <a alt="(W3)" images="" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src="></a><br /> <br /> <a alt="(W3)" images="" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src=">&nbsp;</a><a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/home/compbio/PUMA/Production/puma.html"><strong>PUMA</strong></a> - Phylogeny of Unicellular Organims with Metabolism and Alignments from <a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/home/compbio/default.html">MCS-Computational Biology</a> at <a href="http://www.anl.gov/">Argonne National Laboratory</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="file://ftp.embl-heidelberg.de/pub/databases/protein_extras/puu/domains.puu"><strong>PUU</strong></a> - Protein Domains Database Based on PDB-Select at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://geta.life.uiuc.edu/index.html"><strong>RDP</strong></a> - Ribosomal Database Project at U. Illinois&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://vent.neb.com/rebase/rebase.html"><strong>ReBase</strong></a> - Restriction Enzyme Database and <a href="http://www.neb.com/cgi-bin/wais_ref.pl"><strong>ReBase-Search</strong></a> at <a href="http://vent.neb.com/">New England Biolabs</a>, <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||777855676_129.186.4.14||-info||REBASE"><strong>ReBase</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a> and <a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/rebase/rebase.html"><strong>ReBase</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/repro/rep_tot.html"><strong>REPRO</strong></a> - Recognition of Protein Sequence Repeats at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://pundit.colorado.edu:8080/"><strong>RNA Secondary Structures</strong></a> - Information on Group I Introns and rRNA at <a href="http://www.colorado.edu/">U. Colorado-Boulder</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> <a href="http://www-rrna.uia.ac.be/rrna/index.html"><strong>rRNA</strong></a> - Databases of Ribosomal Subunit RNA Sequences at <a href="http://www.uia.ac.be/">U. Antwerp</a>, Belgium&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<strong>RSVP</strong> - Rapid Sequence Visualization in Postscript for Analysis of DNA Sequences at <a href="http://cbil.humgen.upenn.edu/">CBIL-U. Pennsylvania</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/SAPS_form.html"><strong>SAPS</strong></a> - Statistical Analysis of Protein Sequences at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://base.icgeb.trieste.it/sbase/"><strong>SBASE</strong></a> - Library of Protein Domains and <a href="http://base.icgeb.trieste.it/sbase/blast.html"><strong>SBASE-Search</strong></a>&nbsp; at <a href="http://base.icgeb.trieste.it/">ICGEB-Trieste</a>, Italy&nbsp; <br /> <br /> <a href="http://geoff.biop.ox.ac.uk/servers/scanps_server.html"><strong>SCANPS</strong></a> - Scan Protein Sequences at <a href="http://geoff.biop.ox.ac.uk/">U. Oxford</a>, UK&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.bio.cam.ac.uk/scop/"><strong>SCOP</strong></a> - Structural Classification of Proteins at <a href="http://www.bio.cam.ac.uk/">Cambridge</a>, UK and <a href="http://www.nick.med.usf.edu/scop/index.html"><strong>SCOP</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.nick.med.usf.edu/">U. South Florida</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-annot/home.html"><strong>Sequence Annotation</strong></a> - Annotations on NCBI Sequences at <a alt="(W3)" images="" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src="></a><br /> <br /> <a alt="(W3)" images="" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src=">&nbsp;</a><a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/rawtrans.html"><strong>Sequence Translation</strong></a> - Translate Gene Sequences at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="ftp://dasher.wustl.edu/pub/sleuth/data"><strong>Sleuth</strong></a> - Amino Acid Conformation and Solvent Accessibility of PDB Files at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">Washington U.</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.ibcp.fr/predict.html"><strong>SOPM</strong></a> - Self Optimized Prediction Method for Prediction of Protein Secondary Structure at <a href="http://www.ibcp.fr/">IBCP-CNRS</a>, France&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc"><strong>SRSWWW</strong></a> - Network Browser for Databanks in Molecular Biology (w/ <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/net.html"><strong>diagram links</strong></a>) at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/srs/index.html"><strong>SRSWWW-Directory</strong></a> - Directory of SRSWWW Network Browsers for Biological Databanks and <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/srs/status.html"><strong>SRSWWW-Global Status</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/">EMBnet-Basel</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/ssearch-query.html"><strong>SSEARCH</strong></a> - Universal Sequence Comparison Using the Smith-Waterman Algorithm at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/sspred/sspred_info.html"><strong>SSPRED</strong></a> - Predict the Secondary Structure of Proteins at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>, Germany&nbsp;<br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/stride/stride.html"><strong>STRIDE</strong></a> - Find Secondary Structural Elements in PDB Proteins Structures at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www-genome.wi.mit.edu/cgi-bin/www-STS_Pipeline/pipeline_front"><strong>STS Pipeline</strong></a> - Analysis and STS Primer Picking of Short DNA Sequences with Duplicate Checking, Sequence Repeat Finding, Restriction Analysis, Vector Identification and BLAST Searching at <a href="http://www-genome.wi.mit.edu/">MIT</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.ucmb.ulb.ac.be/~joan/survol/form.html"><strong>SURVOL</strong></a> - Analysis of Protein Atomic Volumes at <a href="http://www.ucmb.ulb.ac.be/">UCMB</a>, Belgium&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/ch2d/ch2d-top.html"><strong>Swiss-2DPage</strong></a> - Two-dimensional Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis Database at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/srs/srsc?-info+SWISSDOM"><strong>SWISSDOM</strong></a> - SwissProt Entries in a ProDom Map at <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">EBI</a>, UK&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/swissmod/SWISS-MODEL.html"><strong>Swiss-Model</strong></a>&nbsp; - Automated Protein Modelling at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/srs/srsc?-info||SWISSNEW"><strong>SWISSNEW</strong></a> - New SwissProt Sequences at <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">EBI</a>, UK&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/sprot/sprot-top.html"><strong>SwissProt</strong></a> - Protein Sequence Database (+ Weekly Updates) at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/swisshop/SwissShopReq.html"><strong>Swiss-Shop</strong></a>&nbsp; - Automated SwissProt and Prosite Information Queries at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/tbase/tbase.html"><strong>TBASE</strong></a> - Transgenic/Targeted Mutation Database at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/tfasta-query.html"><strong>TFASTA</strong></a> - Match a Protein Sequence Against All Six Frames of GenBank Sequences at <a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="gopher://gopher.nih.gov/77/gopherlib/indices/tfd/index"><strong>TFD</strong></a> - Transcription Factor Database at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info+TFFACTOR"><strong>TFFACTOR</strong></a> and <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info+TFSITE"><strong>TFSITE</strong></a> - Transcription Factor Data at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/rawtm.html"><strong>Tm</strong></a> - Oligonucleotide Melting Point Determination at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/tmap/tmap_sin.html"><strong>TMAP</strong></a> - Identification of Transmembrane Segments on a Protein Sequence at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="ftp://ulrec3.unil.ch/pub/tmbase"><strong>TMBASE</strong></a> - Transmembrane Protein Database at <a href="http://www.unil.ch/">U. Lausanne</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/software/TMPRED_form.html"><strong>TMpred</strong></a> - Prediction of Transmembrane Regions and Orientation in Protein Sequencs at <a href="http://ulrec3.unil.ch/">ISREC</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/www/dna.html"><strong>Translate</strong></a> - Translate a Nucleotide Sequence to a Protein at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_6.html"><strong>TreeGen</strong></a> - Tree Generation from Distance Data at <a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||781260221_129.186.4.14||-info||TREMBL"><strong>TREMBL</strong></a> - Database of Translated Peptide Sequences of All CDS Features from EMBL Sequences at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/">EMBL-Heidelberg</a>&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/srs/srsc?-info+VECBASE"><strong>VecBase</strong></a> - Cloning Vector Sequence Database.at <a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/">CAOS/CAMM</a>, The Netherlands&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://biology.queensu.ca/~miseners/vector.html"><strong>Vector-DB</strong></a> - Cloning Vector Database at <a href="http://www.queensu.ca/">Queen's U.-Kensington</a>, Canada , <a href="http://ben.vub.ac.be/srs/srsc?-info+VECTOR"><strong>VECTOR</strong></a> at <a href="http://ben.vub.ac.be/">BEN</a>, Belgium , <a href="gopher://gopher.gdb.org/77/.INDEX/vector"><strong>Vector</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> and <a href="gopher://virus1.virus.kyoto-u.ac.jp/77/.index/vector.ig/index"><strong>Vector-ig</strong></a> at <a href="http://virus1.virus.kyoto-u.ac.jp/">IVR</a>, Kyoto-U., Japan&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://www.bio.cam.ac.uk/seqlogo/logo.cgi"><strong>WebLogo</strong></a> - Sequence Logo Generation at <a href="http://www.bio.cam.ac.uk/">Cambridge U.</a>, UK&nbsp; <br /> <br /> &nbsp;<a href="http://kestrel.ludwig.ucl.ac.uk/zpred.html"><strong>ZPRED</strong></a> - MultPredict Secondary Structure of Multiply Aligned Protein Sequences at <a href="http://kestrel.ludwig.ucl.ac.uk/">Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research</a>, UK&nbsp; <br /> 065ddeed92e734ef3a9a8158d8dd1c2d161b089d 0 1590 1963 2008-01-15T15:33:34Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <dl><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_aaindex"><strong>AA-Index</strong></a> - Amino Acid Index Database at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan and <a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/srs/srsc?-info+NAKAI"><strong>NAKAI</strong></a> at <a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/">CAOS/CAMM</a>, The Netherlands <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="gopher://probe.nalusda.gov/7waissrc%3A/.plant/.agricola/agidxB.src"><strong>AGRICOLA</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check_old.gif" /> - Bibliographic References (Plant Genome Subset) at <a href="gopher://probe.nalusda.gov/">USDA-NAL</a> <img alt="(Gopher)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/gopher.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www-lmmb.ncifcrf.gov/annRev.html"><strong>Annual Reviews</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check_old.gif" /> - Bibliographic Searches at <a href="http://www-lmmb.ncifcrf.gov/">LMMB-National Cancer Institute</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.lerc.nasa.gov/Doc/archieplex.html"><strong>ArchiePlexForm</strong></a> - Search Files Available by Anonymous FTP at <a href="http://www.lerc.nasa.gov/">LeRC-NASA</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.atcg.com/atcg"><strong>ATCG</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check.gif" /> - Anderson's Timesaving Comparative Guides for Restriction Enzymes, Modifying Enzymes, Clone Libraries and Filtration Materials at <a href="http://www.atcg.com/atcg/ap.htm">Anderson Publications</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.beckman.com/biorsrch/biorsrch.htm"><strong>Beckman-Bioresearch</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check_old.gif" /> - Information on Protein and DNA Applications, Meetings and Product Information at <a href="http://www.beckman.com/">Beckman Instruments</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="gopher://exogene.genethon.fr/11/Biblio/Journaux"><strong>BIBLIO</strong></a> - Molbio Journal Searches at <a href="http://www.genethon.fr/genethon_en.html">Genethon</a>, France <img alt="(Gopher)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/gopher.gif" /> and <a href="http://nxoc01.cern.ch:8001/net.bio.net/biology-journal-contents?"><strong>Biology Journal Contents</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.cern.ch/">CERN</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.bibsys.no/search/pube.html"><strong>BIBSYS</strong></a> - Interuniversitary Bibliographic System in Norway <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="gopher://genes.icgeb.trieste.it/77/.indexes/BIOBIB"><strong>BIOBIB</strong></a> - Biocomputing Bibliography at <a href="http://base.icgeb.trieste.it/">ICGEB-Trieste</a>, Italy <img alt="(Gopher)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/gopher.gif" /> and <a href="http://nxoc01.cern.ch:8001/wais.funet.fi:210/embnet%2Fcompalgo?"><strong>CompAlgo</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.cern.ch/">CERN</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/biocat/biocat.html"><strong>BioCatalog</strong></a> - Catalog of Molecular Biology Programs at <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">EBI</a>, <a href="http://www.genethon.fr/exterieur/bio_catal.html"><strong>Bio-catalogue</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.genethon.fr/genethon_en.html">Genethon</a>, France and <a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/srs/srsc?-info+BIOCAT"><strong>BIOCAT</strong></a> at <a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/">CAOS/CAMM</a>, The Netherlands <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu:70/1m/bio_remote/bio-email"><strong>Bio-Email</strong></a> - List of Biomedical E-Mail Servers and <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu:70/7m/bio_remote/bio-emailhttp://ibc.wustl.edu:70/1m/bio_remote/bio-email"><strong>Bio-Email-Search</strong></a> at <a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">Washington U.</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.ftpt.br/cgi-bin/bioline/bioline"><strong>Bioline</strong></a> - Bio-Publications at <a href="http://www.ftpt.br/">Base de Dados Tropical</a>, Brazil <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://bioinformatics.weizmann.ac.il:70/1s/biomoo"><strong>BioMOO</strong></a> - The Biologists' Virtual Meeting Place at <a href="http://bioinformatics.weizmann.ac.il:70/">Weizmann Institute of Science</a>, Israel <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="gopher://net.bio.net/77/.wais-sources/biology-journal-contents"><strong>Bionet Journal</strong></a> Articles and <a href="gopher://net.bio.net/77/.wais-sources/biosci"><strong>Bionet News</strong></a> <img alt="(Gopher)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/gopher.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="gopher://s-crim1.dl.ac.uk/7waissrc%3a/BIOSCI%20archives"><strong>BIOSCI</strong></a> Archives at <a href="gopher://s-crim1.dl.ac.uk/">EMBnet-UK</a> <img alt="(Gopher)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/gopher.gif" /> and <a href="http://nxoc01.cern.ch:8001/net.bio.net/biosci?"><strong>BIOSCI</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.cern.ch/">CERN</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.biospace.com/sd/index.html"><strong>BioSpace</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check.gif" /> - Find People, Companies and Resources in Biotech Industry at <a href="http://www.biospace.com/exhib_script/exhibs/Synergistic_Designs_Inc_.html">Synergistic Designs</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://155.41.115.114/jumper/biolcomm.html"><strong>Biotech Company WWW Registry</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check.gif" /> - <a href="http://155.41.115.114/Leach.html">Martin Leach's</a> List of Commercial Net sites/Email addresses for Molecular Biologists at <a href="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/%3Ca%20href=" med-amsa.bu.edu="" division="">Boston U.-School of Medicine</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> <a href="gopher://stack.serpukhov.su/11/biotech/"><strong>Biotechnology Abstracts DataBase</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.stack.serpukhov.su/home.html">Stack-Serpukhov</a>, Russia <img alt="(Gopher)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/gopher.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.inform.umd.edu/EdRes/Topic/AgrEnv/Biotech/Bibliographies"><strong>Biotechnology Bibliographies</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.inform.umd.edu/EdRes/Topic/AgrEnv/Biotech">BIC-U. Maryland/College Park</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> <a href="gopher://gopher.gdb.org:3005/7"><strong>BOING</strong></a> - Bio Oriented INternet Gophers at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> <img alt="(Gopher)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/gopher.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://mbisg2.sbc.man.ac.uk/brassp.html"><strong>BRASS</strong></a> - Bioinformatics Resource for Algorithms, Software and Sequences at <a href="http://mbisg2.sbc.man.ac.uk/">U. Manchester</a>, UK <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="telnet://database.carl.org/"><strong>CARL UnCover</strong></a> - Bibliographic Service from U. Texas <img alt="(Telnet)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/telnet.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="gopher://lib-gopher.lib.indiana.edu:7050/11/cciim"><strong>CCIIM</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check_old.gif" /> - Clearinghouse for Chemical Information Instructional Materials at <a href="gopher://lib-gopher.lib.indiana.edu:7050/">Indiana U.</a> <img alt="(Gopher)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/gopher.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="gopher://locus.nalusda.gov/7waissrc%3a/.other_bio_gophers/.cris/cris.src"><strong>CRIS</strong></a> - Current Research Information System on Research Grants at <a href="gopher://locus.nalusda.gov/">USDA</a> <img alt="(Gopher)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/gopher.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="gopher://weeds.mgh.harvard.edu/1ftp%3aweeds.mgh.harvard.edu%40/pub/codon/"><strong>Codon Usage Tables</strong></a> at Massachusetts General Hospital-<a href="http://golgi.harvard.edu/">Harvard</a> and <a href="gopher://gopher.nih.gov/00/molbio/gencode"><strong>Table of Standard Genetic Code</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a> <img alt="(Gopher)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/gopher.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/rebase/comp.html"><strong>Companies Selling Restriction Enzymes</strong></a> - Select Companies and Enzymes at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/">Johns Hopkins</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://hackberry.chem.niu.edu:70/0/ConferenceListings/index.html"><strong>Conference Listings</strong></a> - Search Chemistry, Biology and Medicine Conference Catalogs at <a href="http://hackberry.chem.niu.edu:70/0/webpage.html">Northern Illinois</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.dra.com/drewdb"><strong>DataResearch-Demo</strong></a>, <a href="http://www.dra.com/lcauth"><strong>-Authority</strong></a> and <a href="http://www.dra.com/lcmarc"><strong>-LCMARC</strong></a> Databases at Data Research Associates <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="gopher://biox.embnet.unibas.ch:13020/77/.index/index"><strong>DIBUG</strong></a> - Discover Insight Biosym User Group Mailing List at <a href="gopher://biox.embnet.unibas.ch/">EMBnet-Basel</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(Gopher)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/gopher.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="gopher://gopher.slu.se/7waissrc%3a/wais-dbs/Biology/bionic-embl-software"><strong>EMBL-Software</strong></a> - Listing of Software Available from EMBL at <a href="gopher://gopher.slu.se/">U. of Agricultural Sciences</a>, Sweden <img alt="(Gopher)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/gopher.gif" /> and <a href="http://www.gdb.org/bio/search/FILT/embl.all.html"><strong>EMBL.ALL-Search</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://kufacts.cc.ukans.edu/cwis/units/fgsc/main.html"><strong>FGSC</strong></a> - Fungal Genetics Stock Center Online Catalogue at <a href="http://kufacts.cc.ukans.edu/cwis/kufacts_start.html">U. Kansas</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.fisher1.com/Fisher/biotech.html"><strong>FisherBiotech</strong></a> <img alt="!Recent!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check_old.gif" /> - Reagents Catalog with Safety Information at <a href="http://www.fisher1.com/">Fisher Scientific</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="gopher://gopher.gdb.org/77/.INDEX/gentools"><strong>GenTools</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> <img alt="(Gopher)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/gopher.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.lifetech.com/online/tech.html"><strong>GIBCO BRL/Tech-OnLine</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check.gif" /> - Library of Technical Information at <a href="http://www.lifetech.com/">Life Technologies</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://lib-www.ucr.edu/bioag/"><strong>INFOMINE</strong></a> - Search Biological, Agricultural and Medical Resources at <a href="http://www.ucr.edu/">U. California-Riverside</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.chemie.fu-berlin.de/chemistry/index/"><strong>Internet Chemistry Index</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check_old.gif" /> - Chemistry WWW Pages and Services at <a href="http://www.chemie.fu-berlin.de/">FU-Berlin</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> at </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="gopher://gopher.electriciti.com/11/invitrogen"><strong>Invitrogen</strong></a> - Vector Sequences, Protocols and Product Information <img alt="(Gopher)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/gopher.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="gopher://liberty.uc.wlu.edu:3002/7"><strong>Jughead</strong></a> - Gopher Directory Search at <a href="gopher://liberty.uc.wlu.edu/">W&amp;L</a> <img alt="(Gopher)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/gopher.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.cs.monash.edu.au/~lloyd/tildeBIB"><strong>L.Allison Biblio</strong></a> - Collected References in Algorithms, Computing for Molecular Biology, WWW Sites, etc. at <a href="http://www.cs.monash.edu.au/">Monash University</a>, Australia <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="gopher://gopher.ucsc.edu/7waissrc%3a/.WAIS/Life_Sciences_CD_sources.src"><strong>Life Sciences List of Journals</strong></a> at <a href="gopher://gopher.ucsc.edu/">UCSC</a> <img alt="(Gopher)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/gopher.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/cgi-bin/experts"><strong>List of On-Line Experts</strong></a> - Contacts of Experts on Different Proteins/Enzymes at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/txt/nomlist.txt"><strong>List of Protein Nomenclature References</strong></a> - References on Protein Nomenclature and Terminology at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/cgi-bin/listdoc"><strong>Listdoc</strong></a> - Amos Bairoch's List Documents Describing Molecular Biology Oriented Services, Software, Email Servers, FTP Sites, etc. at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_litdb"><strong>LITDB</strong></a> - PRF Protein/Peptide Literature Database at <a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:2555/r_medline.html"><strong>MEDLINE </strong></a>- Bibliographic References (Subset in Molecular Genetics) of the National Library of Medicine and <a href="http://atlas.nlm.nih.gov:5700/Entrez/index.html"><strong>ENTREZ-MEDLINE Subset</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check_old.gif" /> at <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/">NCBI</a> and <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||777855676_129.186.4.14||-info||MEDLINE"><strong>MEDLINE</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/"><font color="#810081">EMBL-Heidelberg</font></a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/catal/milli-intro.html"><strong>Millipore On-line Catalog</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/mjollnir_query.html"><strong>Mjollnir</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check.gif" /> - Access Chemical Databases at <a href="http://fox.pomona.claremont.edu/chem/Daylight/index.html"><strong>Daylight Chemical Information Systems</strong></a> w/ Search from <a href="http://www.iastate.edu/">ISU</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="gopher://atlas.chem.utah.edu/11/MSDS"><strong>MSDS</strong></a> and <a href="gopher://biochemistry.bioc.cwru.edu/7sc%3a/database/utahmsds.mnu"><strong>MSDS-Search</strong></a> - Material Safety Data Sheets at Utah U., <a href="gopher://isumvs.iastate.edu/1~db.CCINFO2.MSDS"><strong>Fisher Scientific MSDS's</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.cc.iastate.edu/welcome.html">Iowa State</a> and <a href="gopher://genes.icgeb.trieste.it/11/biosafety/lab/mat"><strong>MSDS-Info</strong></a> at <a href="http://base.icgeb.trieste.it/">ICGEB-Trieste</a>, Italy <img alt="(Gopher)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/gopher.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.inform.umd.edu/EdRes/Topic/AgrEnv/Biotech/Miscellaneous_Pubs/meeting.lst"><strong>Meetings/Symposia/Workshopsin Biotechnology</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.inform.umd.edu/EdRes/Topic/AgrEnv/Biotech">BIC-U. Maryland/College Park</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.neb.com/neb/ftp_tech_supp.html"><strong>NEB-Tech Support</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check.gif" /> - Information on Nucleotides Sequences and Maps and Technical Bulletins and Product Manuals at <a href="http://www.neb.com/index.html">New England Biolabs</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.inform.umd.edu/EdRes/Topic/AgrEnv/Biotech/Newsletters"><strong>Newsletters</strong></a> - Newsletters in Biotechnology Issues at <a href="http://www.inform.umd.edu/EdRes/Topic/AgrEnv/Biotech">BIC-U. Maryland/College Park</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="gopher://stis.nsf.gov/77/.index/wais-sources/nsf-awards"><strong>NSF-Awards</strong></a> - Information on Research Grants at <a href="gopher://stis.nsf.gov/">NSF</a> <img alt="(Gopher)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/gopher.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://golgi.harvard.edu/journals.html"><strong>On-line Journals</strong></a> at <a href="http://golgi.harvard.edu/">Harvard</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.gdb.org/bio/search/FILT/owlref.html"><strong>OWLREF</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check_old.gif" /> - Search the References of OWL (Non-Redundant Protein Database) at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/">Johns Hopkins</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/patents/intropat.html"><strong>Patents</strong></a> - STO's Internet Patent Search System at <a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/">SunSITE-USA/UNC-Chapel Hill</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://technical.powells.portland.or.us/search.html"><strong>Powell's Technical Books</strong></a> - Consult Titles and Prices at <a href="http://technical.powells.portland.or.us/">Powell's Technical Bookstore</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.promega.com/techdoc.html"><strong>Promega-Techdoc</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check.gif" /> - Information on Vector Sequences and Technical Documentation at <a href="http://www.promega.com/">Promega</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://ccinfo.ims.ac.jp/cgi-bin/qcpe"><strong>QCPE</strong></a> - Quantum Chemistry Program Exchange Program Library at <a href="http://ccinfo.ims.ac.jp/">Okazaki National Research Institute</a>, Japan <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> and <a href="gopher://hackberry.chem.niu.edu/11/Quantum%20Chemistry%20Acronyms%20Database"><strong>Quantum Chemistry Acronyms Database</strong></a> at <a href="gopher://hackberry.chem.niu.edu/">Northern Illinois U.</a> <img alt="(Gopher)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/gopher.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://biotech.chem.indiana.edu/lib/search.html"><strong>Resource-Search</strong></a> - Search Biotechnology Links at <a href="http://biotech.chem.indiana.edu/">Biotech-Indiana</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="gopher://ava.bcc.orst.edu/00/mgd/useful_tools/journams.txt"><strong>Scientific Journal Abbreviation</strong></a> at <a href="gopher://ava.bcc.orst.edu/">Oregon State</a> <img alt="(Gopher)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/gopher.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/sprot/seqanalr.html"><strong>Seqanalref</strong></a> - Sequence Analysis Bibliographic Reference Data Bank at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland and <a href="http://golgi.harvard.edu/htbin/sar-search-cit"><strong>Seqanalref</strong></a> - at <a href="http://golgi.harvard.edu/">Harvard</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/softsearch/softsearch.html"><strong>Softsearch</strong></a> - Search and Retrieve Software and Data starting at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">Johns Hopkins</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="gopher://morris.lib.udel.edu/11/indexes/toc/springer"><strong>Springer Verlag Journals</strong></a> - Tables of Contents of Different Titles <img alt="(Gopher)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/gopher.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://ucmp1.berkeley.edu/taxaform.html"><strong>Taxaform</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check_old.gif" /> - Ride the Web Lift to Taxonomy at <a href="http://ucmp1.berkeley.edu/%3EUC-M.%20of%20Paleontology%3C/a%3E%20%3Cimg%20src=" alt="(W3)" images=""></a><a href="http://phylogeny.arizona.edu/tree/life.html"><strong>The Tree of Life</strong></a> - A Phylogenetic Navigation System for the Internet at <a href="http://www.arizona.edu/">U. Arizona</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://town.hall.org/cgi-bin/srch-patent"><strong>U.S. Patent Database</strong></a> at <a href="http://town.hall.org/">Town Hall</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://patents.cnidr.org/pto/classes.html"><strong>U.S. Patent Classifications</strong></a> - Information on Classification Scheme and Class Definitions including <a href="http://patents.cnidr.org/pto/classes/us/424/424.html"><strong>Class 424 - Drug, Bio-Affecting and Body Treating Compositions</strong></a>, <a href="http://patents.cnidr.org/pto/classes/us/435/435.html"><strong>Class 435 - Chemistry: Molecular Biology and Microbiology</strong></a> and <a href="http://patents.cnidr.org/pto/classes/us/930/930.html"><strong>Class 930 - Peptide or Protein Sequence</strong></a> and <a href="http://patents.cnidr.org/pto/access.html"><strong>AIDS Patents Databases</strong></a> at <a href="http://cnidr.org/welcome.html">CNIDR</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="gopher://veronica.scs.unr.edu/11/veronica"><strong>Veronica </strong></a>- Search Gopher Files and Directories at <a href="gopher://veronica.scs.unr.edu/">U. Nevada</a> <img alt="(Gopher)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/gopher.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.cc.gatech.edu/gvu/search_engines.html"><strong>W3 Search Engines</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.gatech.edu/">Georgia Tech</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://webcrawler.cs.washington.edu/WebCrawler/WebQuery.html"><strong>WebCrawler</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check_old.gif" /> at <a href="http://www.uwtc.washington.edu/UWHome.html">U. Washington</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://webcrawler.cs.washington.edu/WebCrawler/WebIndexes.html"><strong>WebIndexes</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check_old.gif" /> at <a href="http://www.uwtc.washington.edu/UWHome.html">U. Washington</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://golgi.harvard.edu/htbin/biopages"><strong>WWW VL Biosciences Index</strong></a> - Search Keith Robison's Catalogs at <a href="http://golgi.harvard.edu/">Harvard</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.cs.colorado.edu/home/mcbryan/WWWW.html"><strong>WWW Worm</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.cs.colorado.edu/home/capp/index.html">U. Colorado-Boulder</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd></dl> 7ba95de6252140e2b327aabb3ff2f8f52af7cd2f 0 1591 1964 2008-01-15T15:34:20Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <dl><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="gopher://gopher.imb-jena.de/00/ftp/images/PROTEINS/amino_acids/amino_acid.txt"><strong>AA-Notations and Properties</strong></a> and <a href="gopher://gopher.imb-jena.de/11/ftp/images/PROTEINS/amino_acids"><strong>AA-Images with Atomic Numbering</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.imb-jena.de/">IMB-Jena</a>, Germany <img alt="(Gopher)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/gopher.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.chemie.fu-berlin.de/cgi-bin/abbscomp"><strong>Abbreviation of Chemical Compounds</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.chemie.fu-berlin.de/">FU-Berlin</a>, Germany <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.gene.com/ae/"><strong>Access Excellence</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check.gif" /> - A National Educational Program in Biotechnology, <a href="http://outcast.gene.com/ae/WN/"><strong>AE-What's News</strong></a>, <a href="http://outcast.gene.com/ae/AB/"><strong>AE-About Biotech</strong></a> and <a href="http://outcast.gene.com/ae/search.html"><strong>AE-Glossary of Scientific Terms</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.gene.com/">Genentech</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="gopher://info.umd.edu:901/00/inforM/Educational_Resources/AcademicResourcesByTopic/AgricultureEnvironmentResources/Biotechnology_Information_Center/Miscellaneous_Pubs/AG-BIOTECH"><strong>Ag/Biotech Electronic Information Resources</strong></a> at U. Maryland <img alt="(Gopher)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/gopher.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.chemie.fu-berlin.de/chemistry/bio/amino-acids.html"><strong>Amino Acids</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.chemie.fu-berlin.de/">FU-Berlin</a>, Germany and <a href="http://128.122.10.3/aainfo/contents.htm"><strong>Amino Acid Properties</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check.gif" /> at <a href="http://www.med.nyu.edu/HomePage.html">New York U.</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://morgan.angis.su.oz.au/www_recipe/top.html"><strong>ANGIS On-Line Recipe Book</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check.gif" /> - A Collection of Computational Biology Protocols at <a href="http://morgan.angis.su.oz.au/">ANGIS-U. of Sydney</a>, Australia <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/bsm/sidechains/index.html#"><strong>Atlas of Protein Side-Chain Interactions</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check.gif" /> at <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/">UCL-London</a>, UK <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/~mcdonald/atlas/"><strong>Atlas of Side-Chain and Main-Chain Hydrogen Bonding</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check_old.gif" /> at <a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/">UCL-London</a>, UK <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://medix.mmi.uct.ac.za/bbhelp/con2.html"><strong>BBHelp</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check_old.gif" /> - Molecular Biology Help at <a href="http://www.uct.ac.za/">U. Cape Town</a>, South Africa <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.td.anl.gov/InternetGuide.html"><strong>Big Dummy's Guide to the Internet</strong></a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/jam/int_unix/JAMINX.HTML"><strong>Biocomputing Survival Guide</strong></a> - A Cookbook for the User of Computers in Molecular Biology at <a href="gopher://biox.embnet.unibas.ch/">EMBnet-Basel</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://bioinformatics.weizmann.ac.il:70/1s/bioguide"><strong>BioGuide</strong></a> - PCR Guide at <a href="http://bioinformatics.weizmann.ac.il:70/">Weizmann Institute of Science</a>, Israel <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="gopher://lenti.med.umn.edu/11/Biologically%20Related%20Information/Biologist%27s%20Guide%20to%20the%20Internet"><strong>Biologist's Guide to Internet Resources</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a> <img alt="(Gopher)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/gopher.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="gopher://life.anu.edu.au/00/molecular_biology/biosci.FAQ"><strong>BIOSCI/Bionet FAQ</strong></a> at <a href="gopher://life.anu.edu.au/">ANU</a>, Australia <img alt="(Gopher)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/gopher.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://earth1.epa.gov/biotech_rule/biotech_support/"><strong>Biotech-Support</strong></a> - Decision Documents and Risk Assessments on Different Microorganisms Used by Man at <a href="http://earth1.epa.gov/">EPA</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="gopher://megasun.bch.umontreal.ca/00/CMB/Help/birch.txt"><strong>BIRCH</strong></a> - Biological Research Computer Hierarchy User's Guide at U. Montreal, Canada <img alt="(Gopher)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/gopher.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="gopher://gopher.gdb.org/11/bioftp/book-reviews"><strong>Book Reviews in Biology</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">John Hopkins</a> <img alt="(Gopher)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/gopher.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="gopher://gopher.csc.fi/00/tiede/kemia/ChemistsGuide"><strong>Chemist's Guide to Network Resources</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.csc.fi/CSC_english.html">CSC</a>, Finland <img alt="(Gopher)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/gopher.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.chemie.fu-berlin.de/chemistry/general/units.html"><strong>Conversion of Units</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check_old.gif" /> at <a href="http://www.chemie.fu-berlin.de/">FU-Berlin</a>, Germany <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.math.tau.ac.il/~shamir/algmb.html"><strong>Course in Algorithms for Molecular Biology</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check.gif" /> at <a href="http://www.tau.ac.il/">Tel-Aviv U.</a>, Israel <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.techfak.uni-bielefeld.de/bcd/original-welcome.html"><strong>Course in Biocomputing</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check.gif" /> at <a href="http://www.techfak.uni-bielefeld.de/">Uni-Bielefeld</a>, Germany and <a href="http://merlin.mbcr.bcm.tmc.edu:8001/bcdusa/welcome.html"><strong>Course in Biocomputing (US Mirror)</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check.gif" /> at <a href="http://condor.bcm.tmc.edu/">MBCR</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://lenti.med.umn.edu/~mwd/cell_www/cell.html"><strong>Course/Tutorial in Cell Biology</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check_old.gif" /> at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a>, <a href="http://www.cc.emory.edu/EMORY_CLASS/CELL_BIOLOGY/Cell_Biology/Cell_Biology.html"><strong>Course in Cell Biology</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.cc.emory.edu/">Emory U.</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> and <a href="gopher://brise.ere.umontreal.ca/11/bb/textes/notes"><strong>Course in Cell Biology</strong></a> (in French) at U. Montreal, Canada <img alt="(Gopher)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/gopher.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.unm.edu/~dmclaugh/Principles/Principles.html"><strong>Course in Chemical Principles</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check.gif" /> at <a href="http://www.unm.edu/">U. New Mexico</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.chem.umr.edu/Chem5/chem5.html"><strong>Course in Freshmen Chemistry</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check.gif" /> at <a href="http://www.chem.umr.edu/">U. Missouri-Rolla</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://nitro.biosci.arizona.edu/zbook/book.html"><strong>Course in Fundamentals of Quantitative Genetics</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check.gif" /> at <a href="http://128.196.198.109/">BLC-U. Arizona</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/genomics/GDB_OMIM_TOC.html"><strong>Course on GDB and OMIM Access</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check_old.gif" /> at <a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/index.html">CAOS/CAMM</a>, The Netherlands <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.qmw.ac.uk/~rhbm001/intro.html"><strong>Course in Medical Bacteriology</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check.gif" /> at <a href="http://www.qmw.ac.uk/">QMWC-U. London</a>, UK <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.chem.umr.edu/Organic/index.html?organic+chemistry"><strong>Course in Organic Chemistry</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check.gif" /> at <a href="http://www.chem.umr.edu/">U. Missouri-Rolla</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://turner.lamf.uwindsor.ca/exhibits/courses/59-261/welcome.html"><strong>Course in Organic Chemistry of Biomolecules</strong></a> at U. Windsor, Canada <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.chem.umr.edu/PChem/explained.html"><strong>Course in Physical Chemistry</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check.gif" /> at <a href="http://www.chem.umr.edu/">U. Missouri-Rolla</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.umr.edu/~jstoffer/CHEM381/index.html"><strong>Course in Polymer Science (Introduction)</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check.gif" /> and <a href="http://www.umr.edu/~jstoffer/?physical+polymer+chemistry"><strong>Course in Polymer Science</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check.gif" /> at <a href="http://www.chem.umr.edu/">U. Missouri-Rolla</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.cryst.bbk.ac.uk/PPS/index.html"><strong>Course in Principles of Protein Structure</strong></a> - A Collaborative Virtual Course Organized by the <a href="http://www.dl.ac.uk/CBMT/HOME.html"><strong>Collaborative BioMolecular Tools</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.cryst.bbk.ac.uk/">Birkbeck College-Londen</a>, UK <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://lenti.med.umn.edu/recombinant_dna/recombinant_flowchart.html"><strong>Course on Recombinant DNA Technology</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="gopher://info.umd.edu:901/00/inforM/Educational_Resources/AcademicResourcesByTopic/AgricultureEnvironmentResources/Biotechnology_Information_Center/Miscellaneous_Pubs/dbs-bbs.lst"><strong>Databases Related to Agricultural Biotechnology</strong></a> at U. Maryland <img alt="(Gopher)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/gopher.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/dictionaries.html"><strong>Dictionaries</strong></a><img alt="[L]" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/smiley.gif" /> at <a href="http://www.cc.iastate.edu/welcome.html">Iowa State</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://macserver.molbio.gla.ac.uk/"><strong>Dictionary of Cell Biology</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check.gif" /> at <a href="http://macserver.molbio.gla.ac.uk/IBLS/IBLS-home.html">IBLS-Glasgow U.</a>, UK <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="gopher://info.umd.edu:901/00/inforM/Educational_Resources/AcademicResourcesByTopic/AgricultureEnvironmentResources/Biotechnology_Information_Center/Miscellaneous_Pubs/direct.lst"><strong>Directories Related to Agricultural Biotechnology</strong></a> at U. Maryland <img alt="(Gopher)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/gopher.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www2.pasteur.fr/~tekaia/GCGdoc/Doc.html"><strong>GCGdoc</strong></a> - GCG Documentation (V.8) at <a href="http://www.pasteur.fr/">Institut Pasteur</a>, France and <a href="http://titus.u-strasbg.fr/Computer/GCGdoc/DocF.html"><strong>GCGdoc-Fran&ccedil;ais</strong></a> at <a href="http://titus.u-strasbg.fr/HomePage.html">IGBMC-U. Strasbourg</a>, France <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://sci.wfeb.edu/HELP/@GCGHELP:GENMANUAL"><strong>GCG-GenManual</strong></a> (Analysis Type) and <a href="http://sci.wfeb.edu/HELP/@GCGHELP:GENHELP"><strong>GCG-GenHelp</strong></a> (Program Name) at <a href="http://golgi.harvard.edu/">Harvard</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://geoff.biop.ox.ac.uk/manuals/alscript/alscript.html"><strong>Guide to Alscript</strong></a> at <a href="http://geoff.biop.ox.ac.uk/">U. Oxford</a>, UK <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www-bio.unizh.ch/sw/swbiosym.html"><strong>Guide to Biosym Software</strong></a> at <a href="http://www-bio.unizh.ch/">U. Zurich</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="gopher://infomeister.osc.edu:73/00/documents/drug.design.guide"><strong>Guide to Computer-Assisted Drug Design</strong></a> at Computational Chemistry Archives-Ohio <img alt="(Gopher)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/gopher.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://fconvx.ncifcrf.gov:2001/~toms/delila.html"><strong>Guide to Delila</strong></a> at <a href="http://fconvx.ncifcrf.gov:2001/">NCI-FCRF</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="gopher://dna.cedb.uwf.edu/11/Miscellaneous/Lab%20Protocols/DNA%20Cloning%20in%20E.coli"><strong>Guide to DNA Cloning in E. coli</strong></a> at UWF <img alt="(Gopher)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/gopher.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://lenti.med.umn.edu/MolBio_man/MolBio_man.html"><strong>Guide to GCG</strong></a> and AGRENET at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.chem.duke.edu/research/prisant/protein/protein.html"><strong>Guide to Geometric Aspects of Protein Structure and Function</strong></a> at Duke <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="gopher://una.hh.lib.umich.edu/00/inetdirsstacks/molbio%3ahayden"><strong>Guide to Molecular Biology Databases</strong></a> at <a href="gopher://una.hh.lib.umich.edu/">U. Michigan</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.csb.yale.edu/userguides/graphics/csb_hm_graph.html"><strong>Guide to Molecular Graphics</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check.gif" /> and <a href="http://www.csb.yale.edu/userguides/image/csb_hm_image.html"><strong>Guide to Image Display</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check.gif" /> at <a href="http://www.csb.yale.edu/">CSB-Yale U.</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://molbio.info.nih.gov/molecular_modeling/gateway.html"><strong>Guide to Molecular Modeling</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check.gif" /> at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="gopher://info.umd.edu:901/00/inforM/Educational_Resources/AcademicResourcesByTopic/AgricultureEnvironmentResources/Biotechnology_Information_Center/Miscellaneous_Pubs/pathfinder.biotech"><strong>Guide to Printed Information Sources in Biotechnology</strong></a> at U. Maryland <img alt="(Gopher)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/gopher.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://phenix.embl-heidelberg.de:8400/doc/ProCheck/"><strong>Guide to ProCheck</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check.gif" /> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/"><font color="#810081">EMBL-Heidelberg</font></a>, Germany <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://128.122.10.3/recipes/contents.htm"><strong>Guide to Protein and Peptide Cleavage Recipes</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check.gif" /> at <a href="http://www.med.nyu.edu/HomePage.html">New York U.</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.cryst.bbk.ac.uk/PPS/vsns-pps/technology/main.html"><strong>Guide to RasMol</strong></a> (see <a href="ftp://ftp.dcs.ed.ac.uk/pub/rasmol">Source</a>) at <a href="http://www.cryst.bbk.ac.uk/">Birkbeck College-London</a>, UK <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://twod.med.harvard.edu/seqanal/index.html"><strong>Guide to Sequence Search </strong></a>at <a href="http://golgi.harvard.edu/">Harvard</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.arc.umn.edu/GVL/Software/xmol/XMol.html"><strong>Guide to XMol</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://xplor.csb.yale.edu/"><strong>Guide to XPLOR</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check.gif" /> at <a href="http://www.csb.yale.edu/">CSB-Yale U.</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.ch.ic.ac.uk/chemical_mime.html"><strong>Hyperactive Molecules Using Chemical MIME</strong></a> - WWW Display of 3D Chemical Information at <a href="http://www.ch.ic.ac.uk/">Imperial College</a>, UK <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.chemie.fu-berlin.de/chemistry/general/constants.html"><strong>Fundamental Physical Constants</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.chemie.fu-berlin.de/">FU-Berlin</a>, Germany <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="gopher://weeds.mgh.harvard.edu/11/dept_molbiol/molbiol/brent/interaction_trap"><strong>Interaction Trap</strong></a> - Method to clone cDNAs of proteins that interact w/ known protein at <a href="http://golgi.harvard.edu/">Harvard</a> <img alt="(Gopher)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/gopher.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://biotech.chem.indiana.edu/intro2.html"><strong>Introduction to Searching Internet Biotechnology Resources</strong></a> at <a href="http://biotech.chem.indiana.edu/">Biotech-Indiana</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> <a href="gopher://asparagin.cenargen.embrapa.br:71/11/manual"><strong>Manual of Biosafety (UNIDO)</strong></a> at <a href="gopher://asparagin.cenargen.embrapa.br:71/">EMBRAPA</a>, Brazil <img alt="(Gopher)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/gopher.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.uct.ac.za/microbiology/manualin.html"><strong>Manual of Molecular Biology Techniques</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check_old.gif" /> at <a href="http://www.uct.ac.za/">U. Cape Town</a>, South Africa <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="gopher://ftp.bio.indiana.edu/1m/Molecular-Biology/Materials%2bMethods"><strong>Materials &amp; Methods</strong></a> and <a href="gopher://ftp.bio.indiana.edu/77/.indices/methods"><strong>M&amp;M-Search</strong></a> - Laboratory Protocols at Bio-Indiana <img alt="(Gopher)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/gopher.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="gopher://fsuj50.rz.uni-jena.de/11/misc/mathebio"><strong>Mathematics &amp; Biology</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.imb-jena.de/">IMB-Jena</a>, Germany and <a href="gopher://merlot.gdb.org/11/Math-In-Biology/math"><strong>Mathematics &amp; Biology</strong></a> at <a href="gopher://merlot.gdb.org/">John Hopkins</a> <img alt="(Gopher)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/gopher.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://hgiicm.tu-graz.ac.at/7E83DF64/Cref.m10"><strong>Meyers Lexikon - Das Wissen A-Z</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check.gif" /> - A Science Encyclopaedia (in German) at <a href="http://hgiicm.tu-graz.ac.at/70848A65/CTU-5060">IICM/Graz U. of Technology</a>, Austria <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.sander.embl-heidelberg.de/modules/"><strong>MODULES in Extracellular Proteins</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check_old.gif" /> at <a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/"><font color="#810081">EMBL-Heidelberg</font></a>, Germany <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://research.nwfsc.noaa.gov/protocols.html"><strong>Molecular Biology Protocols</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check_old.gif" /> at <a href="http://research.nwfsc.noaa.gov/">NWFSC-NOAA</a> and <a href="http://genome.wustl.edu/gsc/protocols/protocols.html"><strong>Molecular Biology Protocols</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check.gif" /> at <a href="http://genome.wustl.edu/gsc/gschmpg.html">GSC-Washington U.</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.leeds.ac.uk/bionet/student/carbohyd/index.htm"><strong>Monosaccharide Browser</strong></a> - Investigate Monosaccharide Structure at <a href="http://www.leeds.ac.uk/">U. Leeds</a>, UK <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://ubu.hahnemann.edu/Heme-Iron/NetWelco.htm"><strong>NetBiochem</strong></a> - Medical Biochemistry Course at U. Utah <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/DOE/intro.html"><strong>Primer on Molecular Genetics</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">John Hopkins</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="gopher://gopher.citi2.fr/11/biolo/dico/dicof"><strong>Molbio French Dictionary</strong></a> and its <a href="gopher://gopher.citi2.fr/11/biolo/dico/dicoa"><strong>English-French</strong></a> Version at CITI2, France <img alt="(Gopher)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/gopher.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://lenti.med.umn.edu/insitu_pcr/chap-shoot2.fm.html"><strong>PCR <em>in situ</em> (1)</strong></a> and <a href="http://lenti.med.umn.edu/insitu_pcr/chapter3.7/chapter3.7.fm.html"><strong>PCR <em>in situ</em> (2)</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.cchem.berkeley.edu/Table/index.html"><strong>Periodic Table</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.cchem.berkeley.edu/">Berkeley</a> and <a href="http://www2.shef.ac.uk/chemistry/web-elements/periodic-table.html"><strong>WebElements</strong></a> at <a href="http://www2.shef.ac.uk/">U. Shefield</a>, UK <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://glamdring.ucsd.edu/others/aai/askAAI.html"><strong>Questions &amp; Answers in Immunology</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check.gif" /> - An Interactive Forum at <a href="http://glamdring.ucsd.edu/others/aai/">The American Association of Immunology</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/rasmol.html"><strong>RasmolHELP</strong></a><img alt="[L]" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/smiley.gif" /> at <a href="http://www.cc.iastate.edu/welcome.html">Iowa State</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://scsg9.unige.ch/eng/toc.html"><strong>Representation of Molecular Models and Rendering Techniques</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.unige.ch/">Geneva U.</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*3*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/blueball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.chemie.fu-berlin.de/chemistry/general/si.html"><strong>SI Units</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.chemie.fu-berlin.de/">FU-Berlin</a>, Germany <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://128.122.10.3/synpep/contents.htm"><strong>Synthetic Peptide Properties</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check.gif" /> at <a href="http://www.med.nyu.edu/HomePage.html">New York U.</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/ch2d/technical-info.html"><strong>Technical information on 2-D PAGE</strong></a> at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASY</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.chem.vt.edu/chem-ed/ac-home.html"><strong>Tutorials in Analytical Chemistry</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.chem.vt.edu/">Virginia Tech</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*2*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/purpleball.gif" /> <a href="http://biomed.nus.sg/HIS/txt/menu/tacmenu.html"><strong>Tutorial in Cytology</strong></a> at <a href="http://biomed.nus.sg/HIS/HIS.html">NUS-HISTONET</a>, Singapure <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.bocklabs.wisc.edu/Tutorial.html"><strong>Tutorials in General Virology</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.bocklabs.wisc.edu/">IMV-U. Wisconsin-Madison</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.uct.ac.za/microbiology/virtut1.html"><strong>Tutorial in Molecular Virology</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check_old.gif" /> and <a href="http://medix.mmi.uct.ac.za/~jmoodie/welcome1.html"><strong>Tutorial in Clinical Virology</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check_old.gif" /> at <a href="http://www.uct.ac.za/">U. Cape Town</a>, South Africa <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.chem.vt.edu/chem-ed/org-home.html"><strong>Tutorials in Organic Chemistry</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.chem.vt.edu/">Virginia Tech</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www-wilson.ucsd.edu/education/samplegateway.html"><strong>Tutorials in Physical Chemistry</strong></a><img alt="!Recent!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check_old.gif" /> at <a href="http://www.ucsd.edu/">UC-San Diego</a> and <a href="http://www.chem.vt.edu/chem-ed/pchem-home.html"><strong>Tutorials in Physical Chemistry</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.chem.vt.edu/">Virginia Tech</a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://genome.wustl.edu/gsc/unixhelp/Unixhelp/TOP_.html"><strong>UNIXhelp</strong></a><img alt="!New!" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/check.gif" /> for Users and <a href="http://pelican.cl.cam.ac.uk/htbin/man"><strong>UNIX Manual Pages</strong></a> <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd><dd><img alt="*1*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/redball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/bio-www/archive/florianW3_1.html"><strong>WWW Introduction</strong></a> at <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/">EMBNet-Basel</a>, Switzerland <img alt="(W3)" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/www.gif" /> </dd></dl> 09a133a16a0e568aa66566213cf94ec7356391da 0 1593 1966 2008-01-15T15:41:09Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <dd><img alt="*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/yellowball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/rt_journals.html"><strong><font color="#810081">Bio/Chemical Journals and Newsletters</font></strong></a> - Table of Contents and Abstracts of Different Titles </dd><dd><img alt="*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/yellowball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/carbhyd/carbhyd.html"><strong>CARBHYD</strong></a> - Carbohydrate Information Pages </dd><dd><img alt="*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/yellowball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/dictionaries.html"><strong>Dictionaries</strong></a> - A Collection of Useful Links </dd><dd><img alt="*" src="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/images/yellowball.gif" /> <a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/glase/glase.html"><strong>Glucoamylase</strong></a> - Experimental Information Pages </dd> 817e37356b7a5ddcf33bb7729d33e797b5588ff6 0 1587 1967 2008-01-15T15:44:23Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>[[Image:Pedros Biomolecular Research Tools logo.gif]]</p> <h1>Pedro's BioMolecular Research Tools</h1> <h2>A Collection of WWW Links to Information<br /> and Services Useful to Molecular Biologists</h2> <br /> <strong>[[Part 1: Molecular Biology Search and Analysis]] (95/06/15 - 64k) <br /> [[Part 2: Bibliographic, Text and WWW Searches]] (95/06/15 - 25k) <br /> [[Part 3: Guides, Tutorials and Help Tools]] (95/06/15 - 28k) <br /> [[Journals: Bio/Chemical Journals and Newsletters]] (95/06/15 - 67k) <br /> [[Extras: List of Pedro's Biological Resources]]<br /> [[All: Parts 1, 2 and 3 (!No Pictures!) (95/02/23 - 69k)]] - Old!</strong>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> Copied from: <a href="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/research_tools.html">http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/research_tools.html</a> dc0cb8da46a3d602f5ecbc96b8f6e3c3dee286fd 1968 2008-01-15T15:44:41Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>[[Image:Pedros Biomolecular Research Tools logo.gif]]</p> <h1>Pedro's BioMolecular Research Tools</h1> <p><font size="4">A Collection of WWW Links to Information and Services Useful to Molecular Biologists</font></p> <br /> <strong>[[Part 1: Molecular Biology Search and Analysis]] (95/06/15 - 64k) <br /> [[Part 2: Bibliographic, Text and WWW Searches]] (95/06/15 - 25k) <br /> [[Part 3: Guides, Tutorials and Help Tools]] (95/06/15 - 28k) <br /> [[Journals: Bio/Chemical Journals and Newsletters]] (95/06/15 - 67k) <br /> [[Extras: List of Pedro's Biological Resources]]<br /> [[All: Parts 1, 2 and 3 (!No Pictures!) (95/02/23 - 69k)]] - Old!</strong>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> Copied from: <a href="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/research_tools.html">http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/research_tools.html</a> 87d71ff60e8754ba9d6374cc77ef358562c5f1e4 1980 2008-01-17T03:21:17Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>[[Image:Pedros Biomolecular Research Tools logo.gif]]</p> <h1>Pedro's BioMolecular Research Tools</h1> <p><font size="4">A Collection of WWW Links to Information and Services Useful to Molecular Biologists</font></p> <strong><font color="#800000">Pedro's site has been a very useful bioinformatics resource for many years.&nbsp;I find that the lists and links are outdated. I put up the contents as wiki pages here so that many of us can improve it. I have contacted the authors of Pedro's BMRT, however, all the emails were also outdated and could not get a proper permission mirroring their pages here.</font></strong><br /> <br /> <strong><font size="3">[[Part 1: Molecular Biology Search and Analysis]] (95/06/15 - 64k) <br /> [[Part 2: Bibliographic, Text and WWW Searches]] (95/06/15 - 25k) <br /> [[Part 3: Guides, Tutorials and Help Tools]] (95/06/15 - 28k) <br /> [[Journals: Bio/Chemical Journals and Newsletters]] (95/06/15 - 67k) <br /> [[Extras: List of Pedro's Biological Resources]]<br /> [[All: Parts 1, 2 and 3 (!No Pictures!) (95/02/23 - 69k)]] - Old!</font></strong>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> Copied from: <a href="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/research_tools.html">http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/research_tools.html</a> ad273b713f9b347e5e72f002638e7aa82a23fad6 0 1541 1981 2008-01-17T03:22:46Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font size="3">Getting our own genome information should be free eventually.<br /> <br /> All the babies have the right to know their genome information.</font><br /> <br /> <br /> </p> <hr /> See also: [http://freegenome.org FreeGenome.org]<br /> <p>&nbsp;</p> 1c2fe1c892b976c3823d612700252cbc1ca3c685 0 1584 1982 2008-01-17T05:29:46Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong><font size="5">Genomics Software<br /> <br /> </font>See also: [http://biosoftware.org Biosoftware.org]<br /> </strong><br /> <table style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" height="1653" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" summary="" border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.compbio.dundee.ac.uk/Software/Alscript/alscript.html"><font color="#810081">Alscript</font></a>&nbsp;<font color="#999999">by Barton Group</font></td> <td>Program to format multiple sequence alignments by Geof Barton group.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://engels.genetics.wisc.edu/amplify/"><font color="#810081">Amplify</font></a></td> <td>Amplify is a freeware Macintosh program for simulating and testing polymerase chain reactions (PCRs). </td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/biocat/index.html"><font color="#810081">Biocatalogue</font></a></td> <td>EBI software directory of general interest in molecular biology and genetics.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.bioexplorer.net/toolbar/"><font color="#810081">Bioexplorer Toolbar</font></a></td> <td>&nbsp;An easy toolbar for NCBI databases</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[BioJava]]</td> <td>&nbsp;Biological module for Java programming language.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[BioPAX]]</td> <td>&nbsp;Develop a common exchange format for biological pathways data.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.arc.unm.edu/~aroberts/main/free.htm"><font color="#810081">Biotech Resource</font></a><font color="#c0c0c0">&nbsp;at UNM.edu</font></td> <td>&nbsp;<font color="#000000" size="2">Free Software that is Relevant to the Molecular Biology and Structural Biology Fields</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[BioPerl]]</td> <td>&nbsp;BioPerl: biological module for Perl programming language.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[BioPHP]]</td> <td>&nbsp;BioPHP: biological module for PHP programming language.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[BioPython]]</td> <td>&nbsp;BioPython: biological module for Python programming language.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[BioRuby]]</td> <td>&nbsp;BioRuby: biological module for Ruby programming language</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/blast/">BLAST at NCBI</a></td> <td>&nbsp;Blast [[public domain]] software served by NCBI of USA.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;[http://www.ch.embnet.org/software/BOX_form.html BoxShade]</td> <td>&nbsp;Pretty Printing and Shading of Multiple-Alignment files from <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org">www.ch.embnet.org</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/CN3D/cn3d.shtml">Cn3D</a></td> <td>&nbsp;Application that allows to view 3D structures, at NCBI, NIH, USA.</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><a href="http://www.clcbio.com/index.php?area=software&amp;section=free">CLC Bio</a></td> <td valign="top">&nbsp;Basic bioinformatics analyses and data management - free download</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a href="http://compbio.ornl.gov/structure/domainparser/">DomainParser</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">&nbsp;A protein domain partition program</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.emboss.org/">EMBOSS</a></td> <td>&nbsp;EMBOSS is a package of free open source software for bioinformatic analyses</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.e-cell.org/">E-cell</a></td> <td>&nbsp;Simulating intracellular molecular processes of living cells project</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.extropia.com/applications.html">eXtropia</a></td> <td>&nbsp;Several free web tools</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="ftp://ftp.virginia.edu/pub/fasta/">Fasta</a></td> <td>&nbsp;Open source for Fasta</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://genamics.com/software/"><font color="#810081">Genamics</font></a></td> <td>&nbsp;Gen<font color="#ff0000">a</font>mics SoftwareSeek is a respository and database of freely-distributable and commercial tools for use in molecular biology and biochemistry</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a target="new" href="http://www.psc.edu/biomed/genedoc/"><font color="#810081">GeneDoc</font></a></td> <td><font color="#000000">&nbsp;Multiple sequence alignment editor, analyzer &amp; shading utility for windows</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://genesis.bbb.caltech.edu/GENESIS/genesis.html">Genesis</a></td> <td>&nbsp;Information about GEneral NEural SImulation System</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://globin.cse.psu.edu/">Globin</a></td> <td>&nbsp;Several free tools</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.gnu.org/">GNU</a></td> <td>&nbsp;Free software foundation - several opensource&nbsp;programming&nbsp;tools for free OS such as [[LINUX]].</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://hmmer.wustl.edu/">HMMER</a></td> <td>&nbsp;HMMER:&nbsp;Hidden Markov models for biological sequence analysis by Sean Eddy.&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://rsb.info.nih.gov/nih-image/">NIH Image</a></td> <td>&nbsp;Image analysis program for Macintosh from NIH</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a title="Enhanced with automated teaching methods, MassARRAY RT software automatically aligns and calibrates SEQUENOM's SpectroCHIP and provides smart rastering of DNA samples in real time without user intervention. Smart rastering dramatically improves sample efficiency and reduces individual analysis times for improved data quality and sample throughput." href="http://www.sequenom.com/genetic_systems/software/software_rt.php"><font size="-1">MassARRAY&trade; RT Software (Sequenom)</font></a>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.gsf.de/biodv/matinspector.html">MatInspector</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">&nbsp;Detection of transcription factor binding sites</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.scriptarchive.com/">Matt's Script Archive</a></td> <td>&nbsp;Several free Perl scripts</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.mbshortcuts.com/software/index.htm">MB Shotcuts</a></td> <td>&nbsp;List of several free molecular biology softwares</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.arc.unm.edu/~aroberts/main/free.htm"><font color="#810081">MolBio Links</font></a></td> <td>&nbsp;Links to several molecular biology toos</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a href="http://iubio.bio.indiana.edu/IUBio-Software+Data/molbio/Listings.html">Molecular Biology</a></font></td> <td>&nbsp;List of many free software package for Mac and PC</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a href="http://theory.lcs.mit.edu/~elwolf/multicoil.html">Multicoil</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">&nbsp;Program to p</font>redict coiled coil regions in proteins</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top"><a href="http://www.drive5.com/muscle/">MUSCLE</a></td> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">&nbsp;Protein Multiple Sequence Alignment Software</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><a href="http://www.softgenetics.com/">MutationSurveyor</a><a href="http://www.softgenetics.com/"> &amp; MutationExplorer</a></td> <td valign="top">&nbsp;Analysis of DNA variants, SNPs and mutations</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.openinformatics.org/">Open Informatics</a></td> <td>&nbsp;Open source softwares</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.phrap.org/">Phred, Phrap &amp; Consed</a></td> <td>&nbsp;Sequence quality and assembly softwares</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top"><a href="http://chum.gs.washington.edu/PolyPhred.html">PolyPhred</a></td> <td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">&nbsp;Compares traces to identify heterozygous sites for SNPs</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><a href="http://physionet.org/">PhysioNet</a></td> <td valign="top">&nbsp;Collection of physiologic simulation software</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.chemicalgraphics.com/">PovChem</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">&nbsp;Visualization program for PDB protein structures</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.hgmp.mrc.ac.uk/CCP11/code_libraries.txt.html#21">Programming Libraries</a></td> <td>&nbsp;Bioinformatics Programming Libraries, links to lots of sites and source codes</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://compbio.ornl.gov/structure/prospect/">Prospect</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">&nbsp;A threading-based protein structure prediction system</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://lib.stat.cmu.edu/R/CRAN/">R - statistical package</a></td> <td>&nbsp;Statistical computing and graphics software</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://taxonomy.zoology.gla.ac.uk/rod/treeview.html">TreeView</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Tree drawing software for Apple Macintosh and Windows</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://sourceforge.net/softwaremap/trove_list.php?form_cat=252">SourceForge.net</a></td> <td>&nbsp;Several ready to use tool</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/pubseq/">Staden Package</a></td> <td>&nbsp;A excellent package for sequence analysis and assembly</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.ualberta.ca/~stothard/javascript/d_load.html">Sequence Manipulation</a></td> <td>&nbsp;Free suite of sequence manipulation tools</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://gi.biotec.or.th/resources/vartree VarTree]</td> <td>&nbsp;A Decision Tree Based Tool for Analyzing Gene-Gene Interaction</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://blast.wustl.edu/">WU-BLAST</a>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;Washington University BLAST archives</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> 2887ed4bdf65ebe85c3c6a9cfc58b4f1f323262f 0 1594 1985 2008-01-17T09:00:58Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <h1>3D_ali </h1> <h2>A database of aligned protein structures and related sequences</h2> <strong><a href="http://www-db.embl-heidelberg.de/jss/servlet/de.embl.bk.wwwTools.GroupLeftEMBL/argos/ali/ali_info.html"><font size="3">http://www-db.embl-heidelberg.de/jss/servlet/de.embl.bk.wwwTools.GroupLeftEMBL/argos/ali/ali_info.html</font></a></strong><br /> <br /> It is not served by EMBL any more.<br /> <br /> <p><strong>References</strong> <br /> </p> <ul>Argos, P. and Rossmann, M.G. (1979) Biochemistry 18, 4951-4960.<br /> Bernstein, F.C., Koetzle, T.F., Williams, G.J.B., Meyer, E.F., Brice, M.D., Rodgers, J.R., Kennard, O., Shimanouchi, T., and Tasumi, M. (1977). J. Mol. Biol. 112, 535-542.<br /> Etzold, T. and Argos, P. (1993). CABIOS 9, 49-57.<br /> Kabsch, W. and Sander, C. (1983). Biopolymers 22, 2577-2637.<br /> Pasarella, S. and Argos, P. (1992). Prot. Engineering. 5, 121-137.<br /> Sander, C. and Schneider, R. (1991). Proteins: Struct. Func. Genet. 9, 56-68.<br /> Vogt, G. , Etzold. T. and Argos, P. (1995). J. Mol. Biol. 249, 816-831.<br /> </ul> <ul><hr /> </ul> <ul>[http://structome.org Structome.org] | [http://proteinstructure.org ProteinStructure.org]</ul> b8a1395168b397afdc102a4e64f5d9274a87ae8d 1986 2008-01-17T09:01:48Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <h1>3D_ali </h1> <h2>A database of aligned protein structures and related sequences</h2> <strong><a href="http://www-db.embl-heidelberg.de/jss/servlet/de.embl.bk.wwwTools.GroupLeftEMBL/argos/ali/ali_info.html"><font size="3">http://www-db.embl-heidelberg.de/jss/servlet/de.embl.bk.wwwTools.GroupLeftEMBL/argos/ali/ali_info.html</font></a></strong><br /> <br /> <font size="3">It is not served by EMBL any more.<br /> Go back to [[Part 1: Molecular Biology Search and Analysis]]<br /> </font><br /> <p><strong>References</strong> <br /> </p> <ul>Argos, P. and Rossmann, M.G. (1979) Biochemistry 18, 4951-4960.<br /> Bernstein, F.C., Koetzle, T.F., Williams, G.J.B., Meyer, E.F., Brice, M.D., Rodgers, J.R., Kennard, O., Shimanouchi, T., and Tasumi, M. (1977). J. Mol. Biol. 112, 535-542.<br /> Etzold, T. and Argos, P. (1993). CABIOS 9, 49-57.<br /> Kabsch, W. and Sander, C. (1983). Biopolymers 22, 2577-2637.<br /> Pasarella, S. and Argos, P. (1992). Prot. Engineering. 5, 121-137.<br /> Sander, C. and Schneider, R. (1991). Proteins: Struct. Func. Genet. 9, 56-68.<br /> Vogt, G. , Etzold. T. and Argos, P. (1995). J. Mol. Biol. 249, 816-831.<br /> </ul> <ul><hr /> </ul> <ul>[http://structome.org Structome.org] | [http://proteinstructure.org ProteinStructure.org]</ul> af8002028188861c9f15e2aaf3b777f205f45d66 0 1530 1987 2008-01-18T04:16:27Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5"><strong>$0 Genome Project</strong> <strong>for genomic equality</strong><br /> <font size="2">(aka: [[Free Genome Project]])</font>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </font><font size="4">$0 Genome project is a project launched by Genomics.org</font><br /> <br /> <font size="3">It is to collect personal genome information for free and distribute it free of charge.&nbsp;<br /> It is a zero-cost genomics project.<br /> <br /> Governments and big companies can pay for the genotyping cost and people let the world access the personal genome information without any restriction.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> All the $0 geonmics participants get all the personal genomics information for free from Genomics.org.<br /> <br /> There are people who have published personal genomic information.&nbsp;<br /> If you have your own genome information acquired by full genome sequencing, SNP chips and other genome chips, you can provide the information to genomics.org.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> It is an <em>openfree</em> BiO project.<br /> <br /> </font><font size="3"><strong><br /> <font size="4">Why $0 genome project?<br /> </font><br /> Genomic equality<br /> </strong><br /> Genome information should be free for all and the benefit of free genomics should be shared by people with little money and access to information.<br /> <br /> </font><font size="3"><strong><br /> <font size="4">How does it work?</font><br /> </strong><br /> <strong><font color="#ff0000">The first step:</font></strong><br /> 1. [[Please click here and sign your name to petition the governments of the world to sequence genomes free of charge]]<br /> <br /> <br /> $0 personal genome home site is: http://personalgenome.net<br /> </font><br /> <br /> <font size="4"><strong>List of Companies that we target for contribution<br /> </strong></font>[[SamSung]]<br /> [[LG bioscience]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 76b9429605edb433cf384da8de3d6efd1f88d7fe 1988 2008-01-18T04:17:26Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5"><strong>$0 Genome Project</strong> <strong>for genomic equality</strong><br /> <font size="2">(aka: [[Free Genome Project]])</font>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </font><font size="4">$0 Genome project is a project launched by Genomics.org</font><br /> <br /> <font size="3">It is to collect personal genome information for free and distribute it free of charge.&nbsp;<br /> It is a zero-cost genomics project.<br /> <br /> Governments and big companies can pay for the genotyping cost and people let the world access the personal genome information without any restriction.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> All the $0 geonmics participants get all the personal genomics information for free from Genomics.org.<br /> <br /> There are people who have published personal genomic information.&nbsp;<br /> If you have your own genome information acquired by full genome sequencing, SNP chips and other genome chips, you can provide the information to genomics.org.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> It is an <em>openfree</em> BiO project.<br /> <br /> </font><font size="3"><strong><br /> <font size="4">Why $0 genome project?<br /> </font><br /> Genomic equality<br /> </strong><br /> Genome information should be free for all and the benefit of free genomics should be shared by people with little money and access to information.<br /> <br /> </font><font size="3"><strong><br /> <font size="4">How does it work?</font><br /> </strong><br /> <strong><font color="#ff0000">The first step:</font></strong><br /> 1. [[Please click here and sign your name to petition the governments of the world to sequence genomes free of charge]]<br /> <br /> <br /> </font><font size="4"><strong>List of Companies that we target for contribution<br /> </strong></font><font size="3">[[SamSung]]<br /> [[LG bioscience]]</font><br /> <br /> <strong><font size="4">External Links<br /> </font></strong><font size="3">$0 personal genome home site is: http://personalgenome.net</font><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 591469dc799328a83008c47b1bc901788d514110 1989 2008-01-18T04:21:02Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5"><strong>$0 Genome Project</strong> <strong>for genomic equality</strong><br /> <font size="2">(aka: [[Free Genome Project]])</font>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </font><font size="4">$0 Genome project is a project launched by Genomics.org</font><br /> <br /> <font size="3">It is to collect personal genome information for free and distribute it free of charge.&nbsp;<br /> It is a zero-cost genomics project.<br /> <br /> Governments and big companies can pay for the genotyping cost and people let the world access the personal genome information without any restriction.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> All the $0 geonmics participants get all the personal genomics information for free from Genomics.org.<br /> <br /> There are people who have published personal genomic information.&nbsp;<br /> If you have your own genome information acquired by full genome sequencing, SNP chips and other genome chips, you can provide the information to genomics.org.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> It is an <em>openfree</em> BiO project.<br /> <br /> </font><font size="3"><strong><br /> <font size="4">Why $0 genome project?<br /> </font><br /> Genomic equality<br /> </strong><br /> Genome information should be free for all and the benefit of free genomics should be shared by people with little money and access to information.<br /> <br /> </font><font size="3"><strong><br /> <font size="4">How does it work?</font><br /> </strong><br /> <strong><font color="#ff0000">The first step:</font></strong><br /> 1. [[Please click here and sign your name to petition the governments of the world to sequence genomes free of charge]]<br /> <br /> <br /> </font><font size="4"><strong>List of Companies that we target for contribution<br /> </strong></font><font size="3">[[SamSung]]<br /> [[LG bioscience]]<br /> [[Pfizer]]<br /> [[Merck]]<br /> [[23andme.com]]<br /> [[Decodeme.com]]</font><br /> <br /> <strong><font size="4">External Links<br /> </font></strong><font size="3">$0 personal genome home site is: http://personalgenome.net</font><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> f7ede9c18f55e8612f99401053441c45bd91d11c 1990 2008-01-18T04:24:04Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5"><strong>$0 Genome Project</strong> <strong>for genomic equality</strong><br /> <font size="2">(aka: [[Free Genome Project]])</font>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </font><font size="4">$0 Genome project is a project launched by Genomics.org</font><br /> <br /> <font size="3">It is to collect personal genome information for free and distribute it free of charge.&nbsp;<br /> It is a zero-cost genomics project.<br /> <br /> Governments and big companies can pay for the genotyping cost and people let the world access the personal genome information without any restriction.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> All the $0 geonmics participants get all the personal genomics information for free from Genomics.org.<br /> <br /> There are people who have published personal genomic information.&nbsp;<br /> If you have your own genome information acquired by full genome sequencing, SNP chips and other genome chips, you can provide the information to genomics.org.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> It is an <em>openfree</em> BiO project.<br /> <br /> </font><font size="3"><strong><br /> <font size="4">Why $0 genome project?<br /> </font><br /> Genomic equality<br /> </strong><br /> Genome information should be free for all and the benefit of free genomics should be shared by people with little money and access to information.<br /> <br /> </font><font size="3"><strong><br /> <font size="4">How does it work?</font><br /> </strong><br /> <strong><font color="#ff0000" size="4">The first step:</font></strong><br /> <strong>1. [[Please click here and sign your name to petition the governments of the world to sequence genomes free of charge]]</strong><br /> <br /> <strong><font color="#ff0000">The second step:<br /> </font>2. [[Mapping the population stratification with government funds for free genotyping throughout the world]]<br /> </strong><br /> <strong><font color="#ff0000">The third step:</font><br /> 3. [[Pinpointing persons who represent in the population clusters and genotype them for their families and groups]]<br /> </strong><br /> </font><font size="4"><strong>List of Companies that we target for contribution<br /> </strong></font><font size="3">[[SamSung]]<br /> [[LG bioscience]]<br /> [[Pfizer]]<br /> [[Merck]]<br /> [[23andme.com]]<br /> [[Decodeme.com]]</font><br /> <br /> <strong><font size="4">External Links<br /> </font></strong><font size="3">$0 personal genome home site is: http://personalgenome.net</font><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 1fa6a285805bdb1381caa9c3075f4b45dc42c85c 1991 2008-01-18T04:26:22Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5"><font size="6"><strong>$0 Genome Project</strong> <strong>for genomic equality</strong></font><br /> <font size="3">(aka: [[Free Genome Project]])</font>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </font><font size="4">$0 Genome project is a project launched by Genomics.org</font><br /> <br /> <font size="3">It is to collect personal genome information for free and distribute it free of charge.&nbsp;<br /> It is a zero-cost genomics project.<br /> <br /> Governments and big companies can pay for the genotyping cost and people let the world access the personal genome information without any restriction.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> All the $0 geonmics participants get all the personal genomics information for free from Genomics.org.<br /> <br /> There are people who have published personal genomic information.&nbsp;<br /> If you have your own genome information acquired by full genome sequencing, SNP chips and other genome chips, you can provide the information to genomics.org.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> It is an <em>openfree</em> BiO project.<br /> <br /> </font><font size="3"><strong><br /> <font size="4"><font size="5">Why $0 genome project?</font><br /> </font><br /> Genomic equality<br /> </strong><br /> Genome information should be free for all and the benefit of free genomics should be shared by people with little money and access to information.<br /> <br /> </font><font size="3"><strong><br /> <font size="5">How does it work?</font><br /> </strong><br /> <strong><font color="#ff0000" size="4">The first step:</font></strong><br /> <strong>1. [[Please click here and sign your name to petition the governments of the world to sequence genomes free of charge]]</strong><br /> <br /> <strong><font color="#ff0000">The second step:<br /> </font>2. [[Mapping the population stratification with government and company funds for free genotyping throughout the world]]<br /> </strong><br /> <strong><font color="#ff0000">The third step:</font><br /> 3. [[Pinpointing persons who represent in the population clusters and genotype them for their families and groups]]<br /> </strong>&nbsp;&nbsp; - This way, we make sure that the free genome project evenly genotype populations throughout the world.<br /> <br /> <br /> </font><font size="4"><strong>List of Companies that we target for contribution<br /> </strong></font><font size="3">[[SamSung]]<br /> [[LG bioscience]]<br /> [[Pfizer]]<br /> [[Merck]]<br /> [[23andme.com]]<br /> [[Decodeme.com]]</font><br /> <br /> <strong><font size="4">External Links<br /> </font></strong><font size="3">$0 personal genome home site is: http://personalgenome.net</font><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> a64c7230f44a53ef7bf45dff031bfd172433b8ff 1992 2008-01-18T04:32:57Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5"><font size="6"><strong>$0 Genome Project</strong> <strong>for genomic equality</strong></font><br /> <font size="3">(aka: [[Free Genome Project]])</font>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </font><font size="4">$0 Genome project is a project launched by Genomics.org</font><br /> <br /> <font size="3">It is to collect personal genome information for free and distribute it free of charge.&nbsp;<br /> It is a zero-cost genomics project.<br /> <br /> Governments and big companies can pay for the genotyping cost and people let the world access the personal genome information without any restriction.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> All the $0 geonmics participants get all the personal genomics information for free from Genomics.org.<br /> <br /> There are people who have published personal genomic information.&nbsp;<br /> If you have your own genome information acquired by full genome sequencing, SNP chips and other genome chips, you can provide the information to genomics.org.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> It is an <em>openfree</em> BiO project.<br /> <br /> </font><font size="3"><strong><br /> <font size="4"><font size="5">Why $0 genome project?</font><br /> </font><br /> Genomic equality<br /> </strong><br /> Genome information should be free for all and the benefit of free genomics should be shared by people with little money and access to information.<br /> <br /> </font><font size="3"><strong><br /> <font size="5">How does it work?</font><br /> </strong><br /> <strong><font color="#ff0000" size="4">The first step:</font></strong><br /> <strong>1. [[Please click here and sign your name to petition the governments of the world to sequence genomes free of charge]]</strong><br /> <font size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp; - Your signatures will help people understand the importance of genomic equality philosophically, socially, and financially.<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp; - We can persuade governments, UN, large companies, and trusts to perform genomics project as the world community project.<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp; - If we have&nbsp;a global participation from the early stage of personal genomics, we can discuss ethical and equality issues&nbsp;from the beginning.</font><br /> <br /> <strong><font color="#ff0000">The second step:<br /> </font>2. [[Mapping the population stratification with government and company funds for free genotyping throughout the world]]<br /> </strong><font size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp; - Equal opportunities are given to people throughout the world regardless of racial, financial, and political backgrounds.<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp; - Human beings help to other human beings in understanding the whole <em>Homo sapiens</em> with equal contribution and feeling of sharing.</font><br /> <br /> <strong><font color="#ff0000">The third step:</font><br /> 3. [[Pinpointing persons who represent in the population clusters and genotype them for their families and groups]]<br /> </strong><font size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp; - This way, we make sure that the free genome project evenly genotype populations throughout the world.</font><br /> <br /> <br /> </font><font size="4"><strong>List of Companies that we target for contribution<br /> </strong></font><font size="3">[[SamSung]]<br /> [[LG bioscience]]<br /> [[Pfizer]]<br /> [[Merck]]<br /> [[23andme.com]]<br /> [[Decodeme.com]]</font><br /> <br /> <strong><font size="4">External Links<br /> </font></strong><font size="3">$0 personal genome home site is: http://personalgenome.net</font><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 62b4008e0ad289a767d8880d2db0a6b49e9e2e81 1993 2008-01-18T04:33:27Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5"><font size="6"><strong>$0 Genome Project</strong> <strong>for genomic equality</strong></font><br /> <font size="3">(aka: [[Free Genome Project]])</font>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </font><font size="4">$0 Genome project is a project launched by Genomics.org</font><br /> <br /> <font size="3">It is to collect personal genome information for free and distribute it free of charge.&nbsp;<br /> It is a zero-cost genomics project.<br /> <br /> Governments and big companies can pay for the genotyping cost and people let the world access the personal genome information without any restriction.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> All the $0 geonmics participants get all the personal genomics information for free from Genomics.org.<br /> <br /> There are people who have published personal genomic information.&nbsp;<br /> If you have your own genome information acquired by full genome sequencing, SNP chips and other genome chips, you can provide the information to genomics.org.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> It is an <em>openfree</em> BiO project.<br /> <br /> </font><font size="3"><strong><br /> <font size="4"><font size="5">Why $0 genome project?</font><br /> </font><br /> Genomic equality<br /> </strong><br /> Genome information should be free for all and the benefit of free genomics should be shared by people with little money and access to information.<br /> <br /> </font><font size="3"><strong><br /> <font size="5">How does it work?</font><br /> </strong><br /> <strong><font color="#ff0000" size="4">The first step:</font></strong><br /> <strong>1. [[Please click here and sign your name to petition the governments of the world to sequence genomes free of charge]]</strong><br /> <font size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp; - Your signatures will help people understand the importance of genomic equality philosophically, socially, and financially.<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp; - We can persuade governments, UN, large companies, and trusts to perform genomics project as the world community project.<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp; - If we have&nbsp;a global participation from the early stage of personal genomics, we can discuss ethical and equality issues&nbsp;from the beginning.</font><br /> <br /> <strong><font color="#ff6600">The second step:<br /> </font>2. [[Mapping the population stratification with government and company funds for free genotyping throughout the world]]<br /> </strong><font size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp; - Equal opportunities are given to people throughout the world regardless of racial, financial, and political backgrounds.<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp; - Human beings help to other human beings in understanding the whole <em>Homo sapiens</em> with equal contribution and feeling of sharing.</font><br /> <br /> <strong><font color="#339966">The third step:</font><br /> 3. [[Pinpointing persons who represent in the population clusters and genotype them for their families and groups]]<br /> </strong><font size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp; - This way, we make sure that the free genome project evenly genotype populations throughout the world.</font><br /> <br /> <br /> </font><font size="4"><strong>List of Companies that we target for contribution<br /> </strong></font><font size="3">[[SamSung]]<br /> [[LG bioscience]]<br /> [[Pfizer]]<br /> [[Merck]]<br /> [[23andme.com]]<br /> [[Decodeme.com]]</font><br /> <br /> <strong><font size="4">External Links<br /> </font></strong><font size="3">$0 personal genome home site is: http://personalgenome.net</font><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 1e34d3cd8ba45558bed37c6d7a07ac23274d0e94 0 1595 1994 2008-01-18T04:55:26Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>(1954- ) is an American molecular geneticist. He is currently Professor of Genetics <sup class="reference" id="_ref-0">[1]</sup> at Harvard Medical School and Professor of Health Sciences &amp; Technology <sup class="reference" id="_ref-HST_0">[2]</sup> at Harvard and MIT. With Walter Gilbert he developed the first direct genomic sequencing method in 1984<sup class="reference" id="_ref-1">[3]</sup> and helped initiate the Human Genome Project in 1984 <sup class="reference" id="_ref-2">[4]</sup> while he was a Research Scientist at newly-formed Biogen Inc. He invented the broadly-applied concepts of molecular multiplexing and tags<sup class="reference" id="_ref-3">[5]</sup>, homologous recombination methods <sup class="reference" id="_ref-4">[6]</sup>, and DNA array synthesizers. Technology transfer of automated sequencing &amp; software to Genome Therapeutics Corp. resulted in the first commercial genome sequence, (the human pathogen, <em>Helicobacter pylori</em>) in 1994 <sup class="reference" id="_ref-NG_0">[7]</sup>. He initiated the Personal Genome Project (PGP) <sup class="reference" id="_ref-5">[8]</sup> in 2005 and research on synthetic biology. He is director of the U.S. Department of Energy Center on Bioenergy at Harvard &amp; MIT <sup class="reference" id="_ref-6">[9]</sup> and director of the National Institutes of Health (NHGRI) Center of Excellence in Genomic Science at Harvard, MIT &amp; Washington University <sup class="reference" id="_ref-7">[10]</sup>. He has been advisor to 22 companies, most recently co-founding (with Joseph Jacobson, Jay Keasling, and Drew Endy) Codon Devices, a biotech startup dedicated to synthetic biology<sup class="reference" id="_ref-8">[11]</sup> and (with Chris Somerville) founding LS9, which is focused on biofuels <sup class="reference" id="_ref-9">[12]</sup>. He is a senior editor for Nature EMBO Molecular Systems Biology. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" title="http://arep.med.harvard.edu/" href="http://arep.med.harvard.edu/" rel="nofollow">Church Lab webpage</a></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://arep.med.harvard.edu/Polonator/" href="http://arep.med.harvard.edu/Polonator/" rel="nofollow">New Polony DNA Sequencing Methods</a></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://edge.org/3rd_culture/bios/church.html" href="http://edge.org/3rd_culture/bios/church.html" rel="nofollow">Biosketch on Edge.org</a></li> </ul> <p><a id="References" name="References"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <div> <ol class="references"> <li id="_note-0"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church#_ref-0">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://genetics.med.harvard.edu/faculty.htm#C" href="http://genetics.med.harvard.edu/faculty.htm#C" rel="nofollow">HMS Genetics Faculty</a></li> <li id="_note-HST"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church#_ref-HST_0">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://hst.mit.edu/servlet/ControllerServlet?handler=PeopleHandler&amp;action=viewOne&amp;id=HST000211" href="http://hst.mit.edu/servlet/ControllerServlet?handler=PeopleHandler&amp;action=viewOne&amp;id=HST000211" rel="nofollow">HST</a></li> <li id="_note-1"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church#_ref-1">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Church GM, Gilbert W (1984). &quot;Genomic Sequencing&quot;. <em>Proc Nat Acad Sci USA</em> <strong>81</strong>: 1991-5. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=6326095" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=6326095">PMID 6326095</a>.</cite></li> <li id="_note-2"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church#_ref-2">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Cook-Deegan RM (1989). &quot;The Alta summit, December 1984&quot;. <em>Genomics</em> <strong>5</strong>: 661-3. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=2613249" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=2613249">PMID 2613249</a>.</cite></li> <li id="_note-3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church#_ref-3">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Church GM, Kieffer-Higgins S. (1984). &quot;Multiplex Sequencing&quot;. <em>Science</em> <strong>240</strong>: 185-8. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=3353714" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=3353714">PMID 3353714</a>.</cite></li> <li id="_note-4"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church#_ref-4">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Link AJ, Phillips D, Church GM (1997). &quot;Methods for generating precise deletions and insertions in the genome of wild-type <em>Escherichia coli</em>: application to open reading frame characterization&quot;. <em>J Bacteriol.</em> <strong>179</strong>: 6228-37. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=9335267" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=9335267">PMID 9335267</a>.</cite></li> <li id="_note-NG"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church#_ref-NG_0">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">(1996) &quot;Capitalizing on the genome&quot;. <em>Nature Genetics</em> <strong>13</strong>: 1. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=8673083" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=8673083">PMID 8673083</a>.</cite><a class="external autonumber" title="http://www.nature.com/ng/wilma/v13n1.867861436.html" href="http://www.nature.com/ng/wilma/v13n1.867861436.html" rel="nofollow">[1]</a></li> <li id="_note-5"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church#_ref-5">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Church GM (2005). &quot;The personal genome project&quot;. <em>Mol Syst Biol.</em> <strong>1</strong>: 0030. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=16729065" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=16729065">PMID 16729065</a>.</cite></li> <li id="_note-6"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church#_ref-6">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://arep.med.harvard.edu/DOEGTL/" href="http://arep.med.harvard.edu/DOEGTL/" rel="nofollow">DOE Genomes to Life Center</a></li> <li id="_note-7"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church#_ref-7">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.genome.gov/12511135" href="http://www.genome.gov/12511135" rel="nofollow">Centers of Excellence in Genomic Science Awards</a></li> <li id="_note-8"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church#_ref-8">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Herper M (2006). &quot;Photoshop For DNA&quot;. <em>Forbes</em>.</cite><a class="external autonumber" title="http://www.forbes.com/sciencesandmedicine/2005/06/01/cx_mh_0601dna.html" href="http://www.forbes.com/sciencesandmedicine/2005/06/01/cx_mh_0601dna.html" rel="nofollow">[2]</a></li> <li id="_note-9"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church#_ref-9">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://sanfrancisco.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/stories/2007/03/12/daily3.html?b=1173672000%5e1430618&amp;surround=etf" href="http://sanfrancisco.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/stories/2007/03/12/daily3.html?b=1173672000%5e1430618&amp;surround=etf" rel="nofollow">San Francisco Business Times - March 12, 2007</a></li> </ol> </div> <p><br /> </p> 5efc50fc4089904d257022196059ffa08d066b26 0 1596 1996 2008-01-18T05:05:26Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="3">You contain almost complete genetic information of the whole human species in your bogy right now.&nbsp;<br /> Actually, trillions of copies of them.<br /> <br /> You are the very genomics entity of Homo sapiens.<br /> <br /> It is You! Nearly the whole human species in terms of information.<br /> <br /> Doing genomics is about understanding billions of years of information condensation in the universe. Perhaps the most beautiful information architecuture in the universe is You!.<br /> <br /> There is every&nbsp; reason why you need to do genomics.<br /> <br /> Let's do it together with other humans with fun, equality and little amount of money.</font><br /> <br /> <hr /> [http://informatome.org Informatome.org]<br /> <br /> 87e940214abef66e66dda9553da8d037cc0df43e 1999 2008-01-18T06:12:30Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="3"><font size="5">You are genomics people.<br /> </font><br /> You contain almost complete genetic information of the whole human species in your bogy right now.&nbsp;<br /> Actually, trillions of copies of them.<br /> <br /> You are the very genomics entity of <em>Homo sapiens</em>.<br /> <br /> It is You! Nearly the whole human species in terms of information.<br /> <br /> Doing genomics is about understanding billions of years of information condensation in the universe. Perhaps the most beautiful information architecuture in the universe is You!.<br /> <br /> There is every&nbsp; reason why you need to do genomics.<br /> <br /> Let's do it together with other humans with fun, equality, and&nbsp;minimum amount of money.</font><br /> <br /> <font size="4"><br /> How can you contribute to free genomics?<br /> 1) [[Please_click_here_and_sign_your_name_to_petition_the_governments_of_the_world_to_sequence_genomes_free_of_charge|You can participate in petitioning for free genome project]]<br /> </font><br /> <hr /> [http://informatome.org Informatome.org]<br /> <br /> fca287c35b072a40bd35b4f0cfdc26f744f60192 2000 2008-01-18T06:12:57Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="3"><font size="5"><strong>You are genomics people.</strong><br /> </font><br /> You contain almost complete genetic information of the whole human species in your bogy right now.&nbsp;<br /> Actually, trillions of copies of them.<br /> <br /> You are the very genomics entity of <em>Homo sapiens</em>.<br /> <br /> It is You! Nearly the whole human species in terms of information.<br /> <br /> Doing genomics is about understanding billions of years of information condensation in the universe. Perhaps the most beautiful information architecuture in the universe is You!.<br /> <br /> There is every&nbsp; reason why you need to do genomics.<br /> <br /> Let's do it together with other humans with fun, equality, and&nbsp;minimum amount of money.</font><br /> <br /> <font size="4"><br /> <font size="5"><strong>How can you contribute to free genomics?<br /> </strong></font><br /> 1) [[Please_click_here_and_sign_your_name_to_petition_the_governments_of_the_world_to_sequence_genomes_free_of_charge|You can participate in petitioning for free genome project]]<br /> </font><br /> <hr /> [http://informatome.org Informatome.org]<br /> <br /> 838603b11ca5fbc0772b7bee4a921f5298954c28 2001 2008-01-18T06:13:29Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="3"><font size="5"><strong>You are genomics people.</strong><br /> </font><br /> You contain almost complete genetic information of the whole human species in your bogy right now.&nbsp;<br /> Actually, trillions of copies of them.<br /> <br /> You are the very genomics entity of <em>Homo sapiens</em>.<br /> <br /> It is You! Nearly the whole human species in terms of information.<br /> <br /> Doing genomics is about understanding billions of years of information condensation in the universe. Perhaps the most beautiful information architecuture in the universe is You!.<br /> <br /> There is every&nbsp; reason why you need to do genomics.<br /> <br /> Let's do it together with other humans with fun, equality, and&nbsp;minimum amount of money.</font><br /> <br /> <font size="4"><br /> <font size="5"><strong>How can you contribute to free genomics?<br /> </strong></font><br /> 1) [[Please_click_here_and_sign_your_name_to_petition_the_governments_of_the_world_to_sequence_genomes_free_of_charge|You can participate in petitioning for free genome project]]<br /> 2) You can donate your [[genotype information]] to Genomics.org.<br /> </font><br /> <hr /> [http://informatome.org Informatome.org]<br /> <br /> d4d4c50fa79fc767df036fd4997a057758ef27a6 2008 2008-02-05T06:21:37Z Dorit 20 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="3"><font size="5"><strong>You are genomics people.</strong><br /> </font><br /> You contain almost complete genetic information of the whole human species in your body right now.&nbsp;<br /> Actually, trillions of copies of them.<br /> <br /> You are the very genomics entity of <em>Homo sapiens</em>.<br /> <br /> It is You! Nearly the whole human species in terms of information.<br /> <br /> Doing genomics is about understanding billions of years of information condensation in the universe. Perhaps the most beautiful information architecture in the universe is You!.<br /> <br /> There is every&nbsp; reason why you need to do genomics.<br /> <br /> Let's do it together with other humans with fun, equality, and&nbsp;minimum amount of money.</font><br /> <br /> <font size="4"><br /> <font size="5"><strong>How can you contribute to free genomics?<br /> </strong></font><br /> 1) [[Please_click_here_and_sign_your_name_to_petition_the_governments_of_the_world_to_sequence_genomes_free_of_charge|You can participate in petitioning for free genome project]]<br /> 2) You can donate your [[genotype information]] to Genomics.org.<br /> </font><br /> <hr /> [http://informatome.org Informatome.org]<br /> 02a939ae589a3a10040e322a163d65fb733b14ca 0 1597 1998 2008-01-18T05:19:46Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font size="5">Free Genome FAQ</font><br /> <br /> <font size="3">Does&nbsp;the free genome&nbsp;mean&nbsp;no [[genome privacy]]?</font><br /> &nbsp;&nbsp;- No. The cost&nbsp;of&nbsp;genome scale genotyping is free. The information release polity is up to the person and the government/legal guidelines.<br /> &nbsp; <br /> &nbsp;</p> 662bfbb6cf90c0a9be10fe040baf9703f76458b1 0 1598 2002 2008-01-18T06:15:35Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5">Genotype information<br /> </font><br /> <font size="3">Genotype information can come from various sources.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> If you have SNP based or even full genome sequence based information, you can donate the information to us so that we can build up comprehensive free human genome data.<br /> <br /> <hr /> [http://omics.org Omics.org] | [http://variomics.net Variomics.net]<br /> </font><br /> 9ab6735da8ca5eda8a3bbf2969d535ce2dc24df3 0 1516 2003 2008-01-21T03:46:53Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki A human genome is a structured machinery of storing and controlling genetic information.<br /> <br /> A genome contains symmetry, fractality, layers, repeats, and structures.<br /> <br /> Understanding a genome is like understanding an information&nbsp;universe.<br /> <br /> f649507d29823a66ff9fa7d7d4e7acd1c80fbe0b 0 1599 2005 2008-01-24T15:31:10Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <a href="http://www.knome.com/">http://www.knome.com/</a> <div><br /> <br /> Knome is the first personal genomics company to offer whole-genome sequencing and comprehensive analysis services for individuals.<br /> <br /> Based in Cambridge, Massachusetts, we work alongside leading geneticists, clinicians and bioinformaticians from Harvard and MIT to enable our clients to obtain, understand, and share their genomic information in a manner that is both anonymous and secure. <br /> </div> <br /> <p>We are currently offering 20 individuals the opportunity to participate in our initial launch phase.&nbsp; By being amongst the first individuals in history to have their whole genome sequenced, these participants will help pioneer the emerging field of personal genomics.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </p> 975fb7f48c4716a6a50a6a15497e239422b88fd1 0 1600 2006 2008-01-26T02:18:46Z ZelroLmonr 19 ricletocmon wikitext text/x-wiki noc4trol b73e8e3cce7614cd8ddcd9c18cad88da86271658 2007 2008-01-26T07:06:00Z WikiSysop 1 Protected "[[Genome Analysis]]" [edit=autoconfirmed:move=autoconfirmed] wikitext text/x-wiki noc4trol b73e8e3cce7614cd8ddcd9c18cad88da86271658 2010 2008-02-08T09:08:40Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 0 1565 2009 2008-02-06T05:32:32Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p align="left"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman">[http://www.genengnews.com/news/bnitem.aspx?name=29307621 BioScientists Initiate 1000 Genome Project. 2008&nbsp;Jan. 22]<br /> <br /> [http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/short/358/2/105 <font face="Arial">Letting the Genome out of the Bottle &mdash; Will We Get Our Wish? </font><font size="+1"><font size="2">David J. Hunter, M.B., B.S., Sc.D., M.P.H., Muin J. Khoury, M.D., Ph.D., and Jeffrey M. Drazen, M.D.]</font> </font><br /> <br /> [http://www.technologyreview.com/Biotech/19824/&nbsp; <strong>Your Personal Genome</strong> George Church wants to sequence your genome], <em>Technology Review<strong> </strong></em>December, 2007<br /> <br /> [http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/17/us/17dna.html?_r=1&amp;hp&amp;oref=slogin My Genome, Myself: Seeking Clues in DNA], <em>New York Times</em>, November, 2007&nbsp;<br /> <br /> [http://www.wired.com/medtech/genetics/magazine/15-12/ff_genomics 23andMe Will Decode Your DNA for $1000. Welcome to the Age of Genomics], <em>Wired Magazine</em>, November 2007&nbsp;<br /> <br /> [http://www.portfolio.com/news-markets/national-news/portfolio/2007/10/15/23andMe-Web-Site Welcome to the Future], <em>Portfolio</em>, November, 2007 <br /> <br /> [http://biz.yahoo.com/prnews/071116/nyf010.html?.v=101 deCODE Launches deCODEme(TM)], <em>Yahoo FINANCE, </em>November, 2007<br /> <br /> [http://biz.yahoo.com/prnews/071106/netu044a.html?.v=1 Navigenics Launches With Preeminent Team of Advisers, Partners and Investors], <em>Yahoo FINANCE</em>, November, 2007<br /> <br /> [http://www.the-infoshop.com/study/cd55230-genome.html Sequencing technology],<em>&nbsp;the-infoshop,</em> August, 2007<br /> <br /> [http://www.bcm.edu/news/packages/watson_genome.cfm&nbsp;Nobel laureate James Watson receives personal genome in ceremony at Baylor College of Medicine], <em>BCM</em>, May, 2007<br /> <br /> [http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory?id=3232186 Scientist Gets Own Personal Genome Map], <em>abc NEWS</em>, June, 2007<br /> <br /> [http://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/newsrel/science/1kgenome06.asp $1000 genome grant to Xiaohua Huang], <em>UCSC News Center, October, &nbsp;</em>2006<br /> <br /> [http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/03/0307_060307_dna.html Coming Soon: Your Personal DNA Map?], <em>National Geographic</em>, March, 2006</font> <br /> <br /> </font></p> b97e66e961deb85d5812645305305cb56b99b595 0 1601 2013 2008-02-08T09:12:47Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <a href="http://www.expasy.ch/tools/aacomp/aacomp0.html">http://www.expasy.ch/tools/aacomp/aacomp0.html</a><br /> <br /> Protein Identification in SwissProt using Amino Acid Composition at <a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland (W3)&nbsp;<br /> a79a576e9c847debe79431ed699668d7827da867 0 1506 2015 2008-02-12T11:24:55Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong>Omics</strong> is a general term for a broad discipline of science and engineering for analyzing the interactions of biological information objects in various&nbsp;<a title="Omes" href="http://omics.org/index.php/Omes">omes</a>. These include genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, expressomics&nbsp;and interactomics. The main focus is on 1) mapping information objects such as genes and proteins, 2) finding interaction relationships among the objects and 3) engineering the networks and objects to understand and manipulate the regulatory mechanisms.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <br /> [http://omics.org Omics.org] 513c6f4836422699d95142bb4326a26de8218933 0 1501 2021 2008-02-28T04:32:42Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong><font size="4">You can get the whole genetic map and sequences of you.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> It means that you can store nearly everything about your genetic information in a PC.</font></strong><br /> <br /> <font color="#ff0000" size="3"><strong>However, the price for now it too high. By 2012, the price will go down to around $1,000 USD.</strong></font><br /> <br /> <strong>The Genomics recipe for having your own set of Genetic material&nbsp;:</strong><br /> <br /> 1) Take small amount of blood from your body<br /> 2) Do sequencing after amplifying the amount of genetic material (i.e., your genome parts)<br /> 3) Assemble all the genetic parts of your genome&nbsp;<br /> 4) Store the information in such a way that bioinformaists can analyze hundreds of aspects of your genome.<br /> 5) Applying bioinformatics software to find interesting things such as relatedness, geneology, disease susceptability, and visualizing the whole genome.<br /> 6) Finding critical information on yourself as a biological being.<br /> <br /> There will be thousands of companies by 2010 that try to help you get and see your own genomes.<br /> <br /> <hr /> [[Genomics basics]]<br /> <br /> bf6c745286ecca6db1865469c95f6e14e0a28574 0 1602 2022 2008-02-28T04:32:58Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki [[What is DNA sequencing?]] 2a9168e3219508705b0286052fc91bc5530b68a8 0 1603 2023 2008-02-28T04:34:40Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong> <h3>What is DNA sequencing?</h3> </strong>DNA sequencing is the process of determining the exact order of the&nbsp;three billion bases (A, T, C, and G) that make up the genomic DNA of the&nbsp;46&nbsp;human chromosomes. <p><hr /> [[Genomics basics]]</p> ab4b8cd3d743f4d25dc2ba153c3da86f84a9273d 2033 2008-02-28T04:44:24Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong> <h3>What is DNA sequencing?</h3> </strong>DNA sequencing is the process of determining the exact order of the&nbsp;three billion bases (A, T, C, and G) that make up the genomic DNA of the&nbsp;46&nbsp;human chromosomes. <p>&nbsp;</p> [[Detailed explanation of DNA sequencing]]<br /> <br /> <hr /> [[Genomics basics]] <p>&nbsp;</p> 1538a3968068ccc5558b19853983064cd687ff31 0 1602 2024 2008-02-28T04:35:10Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki [[What is DNA sequencing?]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> [[Who sequenced the human genome?]]<br /> 32e776adf261caa9fbebec756264a9566c955d2c 2029 2008-02-28T04:40:22Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki [[What is DNA sequencing?]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> [[Who sequenced the human genome?]]<br /> <br /> [[What is the DNA sequencing process?]]<br /> 2f022336abd822ee2fb18b5cdb4a3ea3df85d1fe 0 1604 2025 2008-02-28T04:36:33Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong></strong> <h3>Who sequenced the human genome?</h3> Human Genome Project&nbsp;was funded at many laboratories around the U.S. by the Department of Energy (DOE), the National Institutes of Health (NIH), or both.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> A list of the major U.S. Human Genome Project&nbsp;sites&nbsp;is here ([[Human Genome Project Sequencing Sites]]). <p>Other researchers at numerous colleges, universities, and laboratories throughout the United States have also received DOE and NIH funding for human genome research. At any given time, the DOE Human Genome Program has funded about 100 separate principal investigators. For DOE-funded projects, see <a href="http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/research/research.shtml">Research</a>. To see a list of NIH-funded projects, visit their grants <a href="http://www.genome.gov/Grants/">database</a>. </p> <p>In addition, many large and small private U.S. companies are conducting genome research. For more on the genomics research partnership between the public and private sectors, see the <a href="http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/project/privatesector.shtml">Human Genome Project and the Private Sector Fact Sheet</a>. At least 18 other countries have participated in the Human Genome Project. See the <a href="http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/research/centers.shtml">list</a>.</p> 7c5b79343d3ecf8ff3685b69c619eef296c94735 0 1605 2026 2008-02-28T04:38:17Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5">Major Human Genome Project Sequencing Sites <br /> </font> <ul> <li><a href="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/">The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, The Wellcome Trust Genome Campus</a>, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom </li> <li><a href="http://www.jgi.doe.gov/">U.S.DOE Joint Genome Institute</a>, Walnut Creek, California, USA, integrates three genome centers at Department of Energy national laboratories. </li> <li><a href="http://www.hgsc.bcm.tmc.edu/">Baylor College of Medicine Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics</a>, Houston, Texas, USA </li> <li><a href="http://genome.wustl.edu/">Washington University School of Medicine Genome Sequencing Center</a>, St. Louis, Missouri, USA </li> <li><a href="http://www.wi.mit.edu/">Whitehead Institute/MIT Center for Genome Research</a>, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA </li> </ul> <h3>Other Contributors to Human Genome Project</h3> <ul> <li><a href="http://www.agrf.org.au/">Australian Genome Research Facility</a> </li> <li>[[Beijing Genomics Institute]]/Human Genome Center, Institute of Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China* </li> <li><a href="http://chr21.molgen.mpg.de/Chr21_consortium.html">Chromosome 21 Consortium</a> </li> <li><a href="http://nucleus.cshl.org/humchr18web/">Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Lita Annenberg Hazen Genome Center</a>, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, USA* </li> <li>Chromosome 13 - <a href="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/HGP/Chr13/">Sanger Centre</a> </li> <li><a href="http://compbio.ornl.gov/">Computational Biology at Oak Ridge National Laboratory</a> <ul> <li><a href="http://compbio.ornl.gov/gac/">Genome and Protein Analysis Collaborations</a> </li> <li><a href="http://compbio.ornl.gov/channel/">The Genome Channel</a> </li> <li><a href="http://compbio.ornl.gov/tools/index.shtml">Tools, Databases, Results</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">European Bioinformatics Institute</a> </li> <li><a href="http://www.cephb.fr/">Foundation Jean Dausset-CEPH</a> </li> <li><a href="http://www.genethon.fr/php/index.php">G&eacute;n&eacute;thon</a> </li> <li><a href="http://www.gdb.org/">Genome Database</a> </li> <li>GTC Sequencing Center, Genome Therapeutics Corporation, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA* </li> <li><a href="http://www.genoscope.cns.fr/">Genoscope and CNRS UMG-8030</a>, Evry, France* </li> <li><a href="http://www.dhgp.de/">German Human Genome Project</a> </li> <li><a href="http://www.gbf.de/">Gesellschaft fur Biotechnologische Forschung mbH</a>, Braunschweig, Germany* </li> <li><a href="http://genome.imb-jena.de/">Department of Genome Analysis, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology</a>, Jena, Germany* </li> <li><a href="http://www-alis.tokyo.jst.go.jp/HGS/top.pl">Japan Science and Technology Corporation Sequencing Projects</a> </li> <li><a href="http://www.keio.ac.jp/">Department of Molecular Biology, Keio University School of Medicine</a>, Tokyo, Japan* </li> <li><a href="http://www.mpimg-berlin-dahlem.mpg.de/welcome.html">Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics</a>, Berlin, Germany* </li> <li><a href="http://www.systemsbiology.org/">The Institute for Systems Biology</a>, Seattle, Washington, USA* </li> <li><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/">National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)</a> </li> <li><a href="http://genome.rtc.riken.go.jp/">RIKEN Genomic Sciences Center</a>, Saitama, Japan* </li> <li><a href="http://www-sequence.stanford.edu/">Stanford Genome Technology Center</a>, Stanford, California, USA* </li> <li><a href="http://www-shgc.stanford.edu/">Stanford Human Genome Center</a>, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA* </li> <li><a href="http://www.tigr.org/">The Institute for Genomic Research</a> (J. Craig Venter Institute) </li> <li><a href="http://www.fruitfly.org/">University of California at Berkeley <em>Drosophila</em> Genome Center</a> </li> <li><a href="http://gai.nci.nih.gov/CHLC/">Cooperative Human Linkage Center</a> </li> <li><a href="http://www.genome.ou.edu/">University of Oklahoma Advanced Center for Genome Technology</a>* </li> <li><a href="http://www.mdanderson.org/departments/molgen/">University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Molecular Genetics</a> </li> <li><a href="http://www3.utsouthwestern.edu/">University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas</a>, Dallas, Texas, USA* </li> <li><a href="http://www.hgc.ims.u-tokyo.ac.jp/">University of Tokyo</a> Human Genome Center </li> <li><a href="http://www-genetics.med.utah.edu/">University of Utah Eccles Institute of Human Genetics</a> </li> <li><a href="http://www.genome.washington.edu/UWGC/">University of Washington Genome Center</a>, Seattle, Washington, USA* </li> <li><a href="http://www.genome.wisc.edu/">University of Wisconsin <em>E. coli</em> Genome Center</a> </li> <li><a href="http://www.well.ox.ac.uk/">Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics</a> </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> a75e627f205f686e18e83bb1a9a6cffb16c36a15 2027 2008-02-28T04:38:40Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5">Major Human Genome Project Sequencing Sites <br /> </font> <ul> <li><a href="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/">The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, The Wellcome Trust Genome Campus</a>, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom </li> <li><a href="http://www.jgi.doe.gov/">U.S.DOE Joint Genome Institute</a>, Walnut Creek, California, USA, integrates three genome centers at Department of Energy national laboratories. </li> <li><a href="http://www.hgsc.bcm.tmc.edu/">Baylor College of Medicine Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics</a>, Houston, Texas, USA </li> <li><a href="http://genome.wustl.edu/">Washington University School of Medicine Genome Sequencing Center</a>, St. Louis, Missouri, USA </li> <li><a href="http://www.wi.mit.edu/">Whitehead Institute/MIT Center for Genome Research</a>, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA </li> </ul> <h3><br /> Other Contributors</h3> <ul> <li><a href="http://www.agrf.org.au/">Australian Genome Research Facility</a> </li> <li>[[Beijing Genomics Institute]]/Human Genome Center, Institute of Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China* </li> <li><a href="http://chr21.molgen.mpg.de/Chr21_consortium.html">Chromosome 21 Consortium</a> </li> <li><a href="http://nucleus.cshl.org/humchr18web/">Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Lita Annenberg Hazen Genome Center</a>, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, USA* </li> <li>Chromosome 13 - <a href="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/HGP/Chr13/">Sanger Centre</a> </li> <li><a href="http://compbio.ornl.gov/">Computational Biology at Oak Ridge National Laboratory</a> <ul> <li><a href="http://compbio.ornl.gov/gac/">Genome and Protein Analysis Collaborations</a> </li> <li><a href="http://compbio.ornl.gov/channel/">The Genome Channel</a> </li> <li><a href="http://compbio.ornl.gov/tools/index.shtml">Tools, Databases, Results</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">European Bioinformatics Institute</a> </li> <li><a href="http://www.cephb.fr/">Foundation Jean Dausset-CEPH</a> </li> <li><a href="http://www.genethon.fr/php/index.php">G&eacute;n&eacute;thon</a> </li> <li><a href="http://www.gdb.org/">Genome Database</a> </li> <li>GTC Sequencing Center, Genome Therapeutics Corporation, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA* </li> <li><a href="http://www.genoscope.cns.fr/">Genoscope and CNRS UMG-8030</a>, Evry, France* </li> <li><a href="http://www.dhgp.de/">German Human Genome Project</a> </li> <li><a href="http://www.gbf.de/">Gesellschaft fur Biotechnologische Forschung mbH</a>, Braunschweig, Germany* </li> <li><a href="http://genome.imb-jena.de/">Department of Genome Analysis, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology</a>, Jena, Germany* </li> <li><a href="http://www-alis.tokyo.jst.go.jp/HGS/top.pl">Japan Science and Technology Corporation Sequencing Projects</a> </li> <li><a href="http://www.keio.ac.jp/">Department of Molecular Biology, Keio University School of Medicine</a>, Tokyo, Japan* </li> <li><a href="http://www.mpimg-berlin-dahlem.mpg.de/welcome.html">Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics</a>, Berlin, Germany* </li> <li><a href="http://www.systemsbiology.org/">The Institute for Systems Biology</a>, Seattle, Washington, USA* </li> <li><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/">National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)</a> </li> <li><a href="http://genome.rtc.riken.go.jp/">RIKEN Genomic Sciences Center</a>, Saitama, Japan* </li> <li><a href="http://www-sequence.stanford.edu/">Stanford Genome Technology Center</a>, Stanford, California, USA* </li> <li><a href="http://www-shgc.stanford.edu/">Stanford Human Genome Center</a>, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA* </li> <li><a href="http://www.tigr.org/">The Institute for Genomic Research</a> (J. Craig Venter Institute) </li> <li><a href="http://www.fruitfly.org/">University of California at Berkeley <em>Drosophila</em> Genome Center</a> </li> <li><a href="http://gai.nci.nih.gov/CHLC/">Cooperative Human Linkage Center</a> </li> <li><a href="http://www.genome.ou.edu/">University of Oklahoma Advanced Center for Genome Technology</a>* </li> <li><a href="http://www.mdanderson.org/departments/molgen/">University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Molecular Genetics</a> </li> <li><a href="http://www3.utsouthwestern.edu/">University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas</a>, Dallas, Texas, USA* </li> <li><a href="http://www.hgc.ims.u-tokyo.ac.jp/">University of Tokyo</a> Human Genome Center </li> <li><a href="http://www-genetics.med.utah.edu/">University of Utah Eccles Institute of Human Genetics</a> </li> <li><a href="http://www.genome.washington.edu/UWGC/">University of Washington Genome Center</a>, Seattle, Washington, USA* </li> <li><a href="http://www.genome.wisc.edu/">University of Wisconsin <em>E. coli</em> Genome Center</a> </li> <li><a href="http://www.well.ox.ac.uk/">Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics</a> </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> 60b704158e301ce5d5abff431d713b2862722de3 2028 2008-02-28T04:39:29Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5">Major Human Genome Project Sequencing Sites <br /> </font> <ul> <li><a href="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/">The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, The Wellcome Trust Genome Campus</a>, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom </li> <li><a href="http://www.jgi.doe.gov/">U.S.DOE Joint Genome Institute</a>, Walnut Creek, California, USA, integrates three genome centers at Department of Energy national laboratories. </li> <li><a href="http://www.hgsc.bcm.tmc.edu/">Baylor College of Medicine Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics</a>, Houston, Texas, USA </li> <li><a href="http://genome.wustl.edu/">Washington University School of Medicine Genome Sequencing Center</a>, St. Louis, Missouri, USA </li> <li><a href="http://www.wi.mit.edu/">Whitehead Institute/MIT Center for Genome Research</a>, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA </li> </ul> <h3><br /> Other Contributors</h3> <ul> <li><a href="http://www.agrf.org.au/">Australian Genome Research Facility</a> </li> <li>[[Beijing Genomics Institute]]/Human Genome Center, Institute of Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China* </li> <li><a href="http://chr21.molgen.mpg.de/Chr21_consortium.html">Chromosome 21 Consortium</a> </li> <li><a href="http://nucleus.cshl.org/humchr18web/">Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Lita Annenberg Hazen Genome Center</a>, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, USA* </li> <li>Chromosome 13 - <a href="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/HGP/Chr13/">Sanger Centre</a> </li> <li><a href="http://compbio.ornl.gov/">Computational Biology at Oak Ridge National Laboratory</a> <ul> <li><a href="http://compbio.ornl.gov/gac/">Genome and Protein Analysis Collaborations</a> </li> <li><a href="http://compbio.ornl.gov/channel/">The Genome Channel</a> </li> <li><a href="http://compbio.ornl.gov/tools/index.shtml">Tools, Databases, Results</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">European Bioinformatics Institute</a> </li> <li><a href="http://www.cephb.fr/">Foundation Jean Dausset-CEPH</a> </li> <li><a href="http://www.genethon.fr/php/index.php">G&eacute;n&eacute;thon</a> </li> <li><a href="http://www.gdb.org/">Genome Database</a> </li> <li>GTC Sequencing Center, Genome Therapeutics Corporation, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA* </li> <li><a href="http://www.genoscope.cns.fr/">Genoscope and CNRS UMG-8030</a>, Evry, France* </li> <li><a href="http://www.dhgp.de/">German Human Genome Project</a> </li> <li><a href="http://www.gbf.de/">Gesellschaft fur Biotechnologische Forschung mbH</a>, Braunschweig, Germany* </li> <li><a href="http://genome.imb-jena.de/">Department of Genome Analysis, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology</a>, Jena, Germany* </li> <li><a href="http://www-alis.tokyo.jst.go.jp/HGS/top.pl">Japan Science and Technology Corporation Sequencing Projects</a> </li> <li><a href="http://www.keio.ac.jp/">Department of Molecular Biology, Keio University School of Medicine</a>, Tokyo, Japan* </li> <li><a href="http://www.mpimg-berlin-dahlem.mpg.de/welcome.html">Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics</a>, Berlin, Germany* </li> <li><a href="http://www.systemsbiology.org/">The Institute for Systems Biology</a>, Seattle, Washington, USA* </li> <li><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/">National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)</a> </li> <li><a href="http://genome.rtc.riken.go.jp/">RIKEN Genomic Sciences Center</a>, Saitama, Japan* </li> <li><a href="http://www-sequence.stanford.edu/">Stanford Genome Technology Center</a>, Stanford, California, USA* </li> <li><a href="http://www-shgc.stanford.edu/">Stanford Human Genome Center</a>, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA* </li> <li><a href="http://www.tigr.org/">The Institute for Genomic Research</a> (J. Craig Venter Institute) </li> <li><a href="http://www.fruitfly.org/">University of California at Berkeley <em>Drosophila</em> Genome Center</a> </li> <li><a href="http://gai.nci.nih.gov/CHLC/">Cooperative Human Linkage Center</a> </li> <li><a href="http://www.genome.ou.edu/">University of Oklahoma Advanced Center for Genome Technology</a>* </li> <li><a href="http://www.mdanderson.org/departments/molgen/">University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Molecular Genetics</a> </li> <li><a href="http://www3.utsouthwestern.edu/">University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas</a>, Dallas, Texas, USA* </li> <li><a href="http://www.hgc.ims.u-tokyo.ac.jp/">University of Tokyo</a> Human Genome Center </li> <li><a href="http://www-genetics.med.utah.edu/">University of Utah Eccles Institute of Human Genetics</a> </li> <li><a href="http://www.genome.washington.edu/UWGC/">University of Washington Genome Center</a>, Seattle, Washington, USA* </li> <li><a href="http://www.genome.wisc.edu/">University of Wisconsin <em>E. coli</em> Genome Center</a> </li> <li><a href="http://www.well.ox.ac.uk/">Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics</a> </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;<hr /> [[Genomics basics]]<br /> </p> 56b8c507f72c4fdf3f65863bfe68f4dd72078a9e 0 1606 2030 2008-02-28T04:41:28Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font size="5">DNA sequencing process</font><br /> <br /> <font size="3">1. Mapping<br /> 2. Library creation<br /> 3. Template preparation<br /> 4. Gel electrophoresis<br /> 5. Pre-finishing and Finishing<br /> 6. Data editiing and annotation</font></p> f9722fe66677a6a636dbca677deca4f293f47943 0 1596 2031 2008-02-28T04:42:26Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="3"><font size="5"><strong>You are genomics people.</strong><br /> </font><br /> You contain almost complete genetic information of the whole human species in your body right now.&nbsp;<br /> Actually, trillions of copies of them.<br /> <br /> You are the very genomics entity of <em>Homo sapiens</em>.<br /> <br /> It is You! Nearly the whole human species in terms of information.<br /> <br /> Doing genomics is about understanding billions of years of information condensation in the universe. Perhaps the most beautiful information architecture in the universe is You!.<br /> <br /> There is every&nbsp; reason why you need to do genomics.<br /> <br /> Let's do it together with other humans with fun, equality, and&nbsp;minimum amount of money.</font><br /> <br /> <font size="4"><br /> <font size="5"><strong>How can you contribute to free genomics?<br /> </strong></font><br /> 1) [[Please_click_here_and_sign_your_name_to_petition_the_governments_of_the_world_to_sequence_genomes_free_of_charge|You can participate in petitioning for free genome project]]<br /> 2) You can donate your [[genotype information]] to Genomics.org.<br /> </font><br /> <hr /> [[Genomics basics]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <br /> <font size="4">External Links<br /> </font>[http://informatome.org Informatome.org]<br /> 6abdd899a04723d8dcb8443921073716ccfdd3d4 2032 2008-02-28T04:43:18Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="3"><font size="5"><strong>You are genomics people.</strong><br /> </font><br /> You contain almost complete genetic information of the whole human species in your body right now.&nbsp;<br /> Actually, trillions of copies of them.<br /> <br /> You are the very genomics entity of <em>Homo sapiens</em>.<br /> <br /> It is You! Nearly the whole human species in terms of information.<br /> <br /> Doing genomics is about understanding billions of years of information condensation in the universe. Perhaps the most beautiful information architecture in the universe is You!.<br /> <br /> There is every&nbsp; reason why you need to do genomics.<br /> <br /> Let's do it together with other humans with fun, equality, and&nbsp;minimum amount of money.</font><br /> <br /> <font size="4"><br /> <font size="5"><strong>How can you contribute to free genomics?<br /> </strong></font><br /> 1) [[Please_click_here_and_sign_your_name_to_petition_the_governments_of_the_world_to_sequence_genomes_free_of_charge|You can participate in petitioning for free genome project]]<br /> 2) You can donate your [[genotype information]] to Genomics.org.<br /> </font><br /> <hr /> [[Genomics basics]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <br /> <font size="4">External Links<br /> </font>[http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/project/about.shtml About the Human Genome Project]] from ORNL.gov, USA.<br /> [http://informatome.org Informatome.org]<br /> f9d07887d351650b7354615bc3640e49bafbc849 0 1607 2034 2008-02-28T04:45:11Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>The term <strong>DNA sequencing</strong> encompasses biochemical methods for determining the order of the nucleotide bases, adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine, in a DNA oligonucleotide. The sequence of DNA constitutes the heritable genetic information in nuclei, plasmids, mitochondria, and chloroplasts that forms the basis for the developmental programs of all living organisms. Determining the DNA sequence is therefore useful in basic research studying fundamental biological processes, as well as in applied fields such as diagnostic or forensic research. The advent of DNA sequencing has significantly accelerated biological research and discovery. The rapid speed of sequencing attainable with modern DNA sequencing technology has been instrumental in the large-scale sequencing of the human genome, in the Human Genome Project. Related projects, often by scientific collaboration across continents, have generated the complete DNA sequences of many animal, plant, and microbial genomes.</p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 502px"><img class="thumbimage" height="106" alt="DNA Sequence Trace" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/89/Mutation_Surveyor_Trace.jpg/500px-Mutation_Surveyor_Trace.jpg" width="500" border="0" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><img height="11" alt="" src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></div> DNA Sequence Trace</div> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "show"; var tocHideText = "hide"; showTocToggle(); } //]]> </script> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Early methods</span></h2> <p>For thirty years, a large proportion of DNA sequencing has been carried out with the chain-termination method developed by Frederick Sanger and coworkers in 1975<sup class="reference" id="_ref-0">[1]</sup><sup class="reference" id="_ref-1">[2]</sup>. Prior to the development of rapid DNA sequencing methods in the early 1970s by Sanger in England and Walter Gilbert and Allan Maxam at Harvard,<sup class="reference" id="_ref-2">[3]</sup><sup class="reference" id="_ref-3">[4]</sup> a number of laborious methods were used. For instance, in 1973<sup class="reference" id="_ref-4">[5]</sup> Gilbert and Maxam reported the sequence of 24 basepairs using a method known as wandering-spot analysis.</p> <p>RNA sequencing, which for technical reasons is easier to perform than DNA sequencing, was one of the earliest forms of nucleotide sequencing. The major landmark of RNA sequencing, dating from the pre-recombinant DNA era, is the sequence of the first complete gene and then the complete genome of Bacteriophage MS2, identified and published by Walter Fiers and his coworkers at the University of Ghent (Ghent, Belgium).<sup class="reference" id="_ref-5">[6]</sup><sup class="reference" id="_ref-6">[7]</sup></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Maxam-Gilbert sequencing</span></h2> <p>In 1976-1977, Allan Maxam and Walter Gilbert developed a DNA sequencing method based on chemical modification of DNA and subsequent cleavage at specific bases [1]. Although Maxam and Gilbert published their chemical sequencing method two years after the ground-breaking paper of Sanger and Coulson on plus-minus sequencing,<sup class="reference" id="_ref-7">[8]</sup><sup class="reference" id="_ref-8">[9]</sup> Maxam-Gilbert sequencing rapidly became more popular, since purified DNA could be used directly, while the initial Sanger method required that each read start be cloned for production of single-stranded DNA. However, with the development and improvement of the chain-termination method (see below), Maxam-Gilbert sequencing has fallen out of favour due to its technical complexity, extensive use of hazardous chemicals, and difficulties with scale-up. In addition, unlike the chain-termination method, chemicals used in the Maxam-Gilbert method cannot easily be customized for use in a standard molecular biology kit.</p> <p>In brief, the method requires radioactive labelling at one end and purification of the DNA fragment to be sequenced. Chemical treatment generates breaks at a small proportion of one or two of the four nucleotide bases in each of four reactions (G, A+G, C, C+T). Thus a series of labelled fragments is generated, from the radiolabelled end to the first 'cut' site in each molecule. The fragments are then size-separated by gel electrophoresis, with the four reactions arranged side by side. To visualize the fragments generated in each reaction, the gel is exposed to X-ray film for autoradiography, yielding an image of a series of dark 'bands' corresponding to the radiolabelled DNA fragments, from which the sequence may be inferred.</p> <p>Also sometimes known as 'chemical sequencing', this method originated in the study of DNA-protein interactions (footprinting), nucleic acid structure and epigenetic modifications to DNA, and within these it still has important applications.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Chain-termination methods</span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 162px"><img class="thumbimage" height="332" alt="Part of a radioactively labelled sequencing gel" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Sequencing.jpg" width="160" border="0" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><img height="11" alt="" src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></div> Part of a radioactively labelled sequencing gel</div> </div> </div> <p>While the chemical sequencing method of Maxam and Gilbert, and the plus-minus method of Sanger and Coulson were orders of magnitude faster than previous methods, the chain-terminator method developed by Sanger was even more efficient, and rapidly became the method of choice. The Maxam-Gilbert technique requires the use of highly toxic chemicals, and large amounts of radiolabeled DNA, whereas the chain-terminator method uses fewer toxic chemicals and lower amounts of radioactivity. The key principle of the Sanger method was the use of dideoxynucleotides triphosphates (ddNTPs) as DNA chain terminators.</p> <p>The classical chain-termination or Sanger method requires a single-stranded DNA template, a DNA primer, a DNA polymerase, radioactively or fluorescently labeled nucleotides, and modified nucleotides that terminate DNA strand elongation. The DNA sample is divided into four separate sequencing reactions, containing the four standard deoxynucleotides (dATP, dGTP, dCTP and dTTP) and the DNA polymerase. To each reaction is added only one of the four dideoxynucleotides (ddATP, ddGTP, ddCTP, or ddTTP). These dideoxynucleotides are the chain-terminating nucleotides, lacking a 3'-OH group required for the formation of a phosphodiester bond between two nucleotides during DNA strand elongation. Incorporation of a dideoxynucleotide into the nascent (elongating) DNA strand therefore terminates DNA strand extension, resulting in various DNA fragments of varying length. The dideoxynucleotides are added at lower concentration than the standard deoxynucleotides to allow strand elongation sufficient for sequence analysis.</p> <p>The newly synthesized and labeled DNA fragments are heat denatured, and separated by size (with a resolution of just one nucleotide) by gel electrophoresis on a denaturing polyacrylamide-urea gel. Each of the four DNA synthesis reactions is run in one of four individual lanes (lanes A, T, G, C); the DNA bands are then visualized by autoradiography or UV light, and the DNA sequence can be directly read off the X-ray film or gel image. In the image on the right, X-ray film was exposed to the gel, and the dark bands correspond to DNA fragments of different lengths. A dark band in a lane indicates a DNA fragment that is the result of chain termination after incorporation of a dideoxynucleotide (ddATP, ddGTP, ddCTP, or ddTTP). The terminal nucleotide base can be identified according to which dideoxynucleotide was added in the reaction giving that band. The relative positions of the different bands among the four lanes are then used to read (from bottom to top) the DNA sequence as indicated.</p> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 182px"><img class="thumbimage" height="240" alt="DNA fragments can be labeled by using a radioactive or fluorescent tag on the primer (1), in the new DNA strand with a labeled dNTP, or with a labeled ddNTP. (click to expand)" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/df/DNA_Sequencin_3_labeling_methods.jpg/180px-DNA_Sequencin_3_labeling_methods.jpg" width="180" border="0" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><img height="11" alt="" src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></div> DNA fragments can be labeled by using a radioactive or fluorescent tag on the primer (1), in the new DNA strand with a labeled dNTP, or with a labeled ddNTP. (click to expand)</div> </div> </div> <p>There are some technical variations of chain-termination sequencing. In one method, the DNA fragments are tagged with nucleotides containing radioactive phosphorus for radiolabelling. Alternatively, a primer labeled at the 5&rsquo; end with a fluorescent dye is used for the tagging. Four separate reactions are still required, but DNA fragments with dye labels can be read using an optical system, facilitating faster and more economical analysis and automation. This approach is known as 'dye-primer sequencing'. The later development by L Hood and coworkers<sup class="reference" id="_ref-9">[10]</sup><sup class="reference" id="_ref-10">[11]</sup> of fluorescently labeled ddNTPs and primers set the stage for automated, high-throughput DNA sequencing.</p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 182px"><img class="thumbimage" height="256" alt="Sequence ladder by radioactive sequencing compared to fluorescent peaks (click to expand)" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3d/Radioactive_Fluorescent_Seq.jpg/180px-Radioactive_Fluorescent_Seq.jpg" width="180" border="0" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><img height="11" alt="" src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></div> Sequence ladder by radioactive sequencing compared to fluorescent peaks (click to expand)</div> </div> </div> <p>The different chain-termination methods have greatly simplified the amount of work and planning needed for DNA sequencing. For example, the chain-termination-based &quot;Sequenase&quot; kit from USB Biochemicals contains most of the reagents needed for sequencing, prealiquoted and ready to use. Some sequencing problems can occur with the Sanger Method, such as non-specific binding of the primer to the DNA, affecting accurate read out of the DNA sequence. In addition, secondary structures within the DNA template, or contaminating RNA randomly priming at the DNA template can also affect the fidelity of the obtained sequence. Other contaminants affecting the reaction may consist of extraneous DNA or inhibitors of the DNA polymerase.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Dye-terminator sequencing</span></h3> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 182px"><img class="thumbimage" height="109" alt="Capillary electrophoresis (click to expand)" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fe/CE_Basic.jpg/180px-CE_Basic.jpg" width="180" border="0" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><img height="11" alt="" src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></div> Capillary electrophoresis (click to expand)</div> </div> </div> <p>An alternative to primer labelling is labelling of the chain terminators, a method commonly called 'dye-terminator sequencing'. The major advantage of this method is that the sequencing can be performed in a single reaction, rather than four reactions as in the labelled-primer method. In dye-terminator sequencing, each of the four dideoxynucleotide chain terminators is labelled with a different fluorescent dye, each fluorescing at a different wavelength. This method is attractive because of its greater expediency and speed and is now the mainstay in automated sequencing with computer-controlled sequence analyzers (see below). Its potential limitations include dye effects due to differences in the incorporation of the dye-labelled chain terminators into the DNA fragment, resulting in unequal peak heights and shapes in the electronic DNA sequence trace chromatogram after capillary electrophoresis (see figure to the right). This problem has largely been overcome with the introduction of new DNA polymerase enzyme systems and dyes that minimize incorporation variability, as well as methods for eliminating &quot;dye blobs&quot;, caused by certain chemical characteristics of the dyes that can result in artifacts in DNA sequence traces. The dye-terminator sequencing method, along with automated high-throughput DNA sequence analyzers, is now being used for the vast majority of sequencing projects, as it is both easier to perform and lower in cost than most previous sequencing methods.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Automation and sample preparation</span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 182px"><img class="thumbimage" height="42" alt="View of the start of an example dye-terminator read (click to expand)" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Sanger_sequencing_read_display.gif/180px-Sanger_sequencing_read_display.gif" width="180" border="0" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><img height="11" alt="" src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></div> View of the start of an example dye-terminator read (click to expand)</div> </div> </div> <p>Modern automated DNA sequencing instruments (DNA sequencers) can sequence up to 384 fluorescently labelled samples in a single batch (run) and perform as many as 24 runs a day. However, automated DNA sequencers carry out only DNA size separation by capillary electrophoresis, detection and recording of dye fluorescence, and data output as fluorescent peak trace chromatograms. Sequencing reactions by thermocycling, cleanup and re-suspension in a buffer solution before loading onto the sequencer are performed separately. In the past, an operator had to trim the low quality ends (see image in the right) of every sequence manually in order to remove the sequencing errors. However, today, software like Fast Chromatogram Viewer can automatically trim the ends at batch. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Large-scale sequencing strategies</span></h2> <p>Current methods can directly sequence only relatively short (300-1000 nucleotides long) DNA fragments in a single reaction. [2]. The main obstacle to sequencing DNA fragments above this size limit is insufficient power of separation for resolving large DNA fragments that differ in length by only one nucleotide. Limitations on ddNTP incorporation were largely solved by Tabor at Harvard Medical, Carl Fuller at USB biochemicals, and their coworkers<sup class="reference" id="_ref-Reeve.2CFuller_0">[12]</sup>.</p> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 182px"><img class="thumbimage" height="240" alt="Genomic DNA is fragmented into random pieces and cloned as a bacterial library. DNA from individual bacterial clones is sequenced and the sequence is assembled by using overlapping regions.(click to expand)" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/60/DNA_Sequencing_gDNA_libraries.jpg/180px-DNA_Sequencing_gDNA_libraries.jpg" width="180" border="0" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><img height="11" alt="" src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></div> Genomic DNA is fragmented into random pieces and cloned as a bacterial library. DNA from individual bacterial clones is sequenced and the sequence is assembled by using overlapping regions.(click to expand)</div> </div> </div> <p>Large-scale sequencing aims at sequencing very long DNA fragments. Even relatively small bacterial genomes contain millions of nucleotides, and the human chromosome 1 alone contains about 246 million bases. Therefore, some approaches consist of cutting (with restriction enzymes) or shearing (with mechanical forces) large DNA fragments into shorter DNA fragments. The fragmented DNA is cloned into a DNA vector, usually a bacterial plasmid, and amplified in <em>Escherichia coli</em>. The amplified DNA can then be purified from the bacterial cells (a disadvantage of bacterial clones for sequencing is that some DNA sequences may be inherently <em>un-clonable</em> in some or all available bacterial strains, due to deleterious effect of the cloned sequence on the host bacterium or other effects). These short DNA fragments purified from individual bacterial colonies are then individually and completely sequenced and assembled electronically into one long, contiguous sequence by identifying 100%-identical overlapping sequences between them (shotgun sequencing). This method does not require any pre-existing information about the sequence of the DNA and is often referred to as <em>de novo</em> sequencing. Gaps in the assembled sequence may be filled by Primer walking, often with sub-cloning steps (or transposon-based sequencing depending on the size of the remaining region to be sequenced). These strategies all involve taking many small <em>reads</em> of the DNA by one of the above methods and subsequently assembling them into a contiguous sequence. The different strategies have different tradeoffs in speed and accuracy; the shotgun method is the most practical for sequencing large genomes, but its assembly process is complex and potentially error-prone - particularly in the presence of sequence repeats. Because of this, the assembly of the human genome is not literally complete &mdash; the repetitive sequences of the centromeres, telomeres, and some other parts of chromosomes result in gaps in the genome assembly. Despite having only 93% of the full genome assembled, the Human Genome Project was declared complete because their definition of human genome sequencing was limited to euchromatic sequence (99% complete at the time), excluding these intractable repetitive regions.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-11">[13]</sup></p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 182px"><img class="thumbimage" height="247" alt="Resequencing steps. Sample prep: Extraction of nucleic acid. Template prep: Amplification and preparation of a small region of the target region. Sequencing steps. (click to expand)" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a1/Sequencing_workflow.jpg/180px-Sequencing_workflow.jpg" width="180" border="0" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><img height="11" alt="" src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></div> Resequencing steps. Sample prep: Extraction of nucleic acid. Template prep: Amplification and preparation of a small region of the target region. Sequencing steps. (click to expand)</div> </div> </div> <p>The human genome is about 3 billion (3,000,000,000) bp long;<sup class="reference" id="_ref-12">[14]</sup> if the average fragment length is 500 bases, it would take a minimum of six million (3 billion/500) to sequence the human genome (not allowing for overlap = 1-fold coverage). Keeping track of such a high number of sequences presents significant challenges, only held down by developing and coordinating several procedural and computational algorithms, such as efficient database development and management.</p> <p><em>Resequencing</em> or <em>targeted sequencing</em> is utilized for determining a change in DNA sequence from a &quot;reference&quot; sequence. It is often performed using PCR to amplify the region of interest (pre-existing DNA sequence is required to design the PCR primers). Resequencing uses three steps, extraction of DNA or RNA from biological tissue; amplification of the RNA or DNA (often by PCR); followed by sequencing. The resultant sequence is compared to a reference or a normal sample to detect mutations.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">New sequencing methods</span></h2> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">High-throughput sequencing</span></h3> <p>The high demand for low cost sequencing has given rise to a number of high-throughput sequencing technologies.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-13">[15]</sup><sup class="reference" id="_ref-14">[16]</sup> These efforts have been funded by public and private institutions as well as privately researched and commercialized by biotechnology companies. High-throughput sequencing technologies are intended to lower the cost of sequencing DNA libraries beyond what is possible with the current dye-terminator method based on DNA separation by capillary electrophoresis. Many of the new high-throughput methods use methods that parallelize the sequencing process, producing thousands or millions of sequences at once.</p> <dl><dt>In vitro clonal amplification</dt></dl> <p>As molecular detection methods are often not sensitive enough for single molecule sequencing, most approaches use an <em>in vitro</em> cloning step to generate many copies of each individual molecule. Emulsion PCR is one method, isolating individual DNA molecules along with primer-coated beads in aqueous bubbles within an oil phase. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) then coats each bead with clonal copies of the isolated library molecule and these beads are subsequently immobilized for later sequencing. Emulsion PCR is used in the methods published by Marguilis et al. (commercialized by 454 Life Sciences, acquired by Roche), Shendure and Porreca et al. (also known as &quot;polony sequencing&quot;) and SOLiD sequencing, (developed by Agencourt and acquired by Applied Biosystems).<sup class="reference" id="_ref-Margulies_0">[17]</sup><sup class="reference" id="_ref-polony_sequencing_0">[18]</sup><sup class="reference" id="_ref-solid_sequencing_0">[19]</sup> Another method for <em>in vitro</em> clonal amplification is &quot;bridge PCR&quot;, where fragments are amplified upon primers attached to a solid surface, developed and used by Solexa (now owned by Illumina). These methods both produce many physically isolated locations which each contain many copies of a single fragment. The single-molecule method developed by Stephen Quake's laboratory (later commercialized by Helicos) skips this amplification step, directly fixing DNA molecules to a surface.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-15">[20]</sup></p> <dl><dt>Parallelized sequencing</dt></dl> <p>Once clonal DNA sequences are physically localized to separate positions on a surface, various sequencing approaches may be used to determine the DNA sequences of all locations, in parallel. &quot;Sequencing by synthesis&quot;, like the popular dye-termination electrophoretic sequencing, uses the process of DNA synthesis by DNA polymerase to identify the bases present in the complementary DNA molecule. Reversible terminator methods (used by Illumina and Helicos) use reversible versions of dye-terminators, adding one nucleotide at a time, detecting fluorescence corresponding to that position, then removing the blocking group to allow the polymerization of another nucleotide. Pyrosequencing (used by 454) also uses DNA polymerization to add nucleotides, adding one type of nucleotide at a time, then detecting and quantifying the number of nucleotides added to a given location through the light emitted by the release of attached pyrophosphates.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-Margulies_1">[17]</sup><sup class="reference" id="_ref-16">[21]</sup></p> <p>&quot;Sequencing by ligation&quot; is another enzymatic method of sequencing, using a DNA ligase enzyme rather than polymerase to identify the target sequence.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-17">[22]</sup><sup class="reference" id="_ref-polony_sequencing_1">[18]</sup><sup class="reference" id="_ref-solid_sequencing_1">[19]</sup> Used in the polony method and in the SOLiD technology offered by Applied Biosystems, this method uses a pool of all possible oligonucleotides of a fixed length, labeled according to the sequenced position. Oligonucleotides are annealed and ligated; the preferential ligation by DNA ligase for matching sequences results in a signal corresponding to the complementary sequence at that position.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Other sequencing technologies</span></h3> <p>Other methods of DNA sequencing may have advantages in terms of efficiency or accuracy. Like traditional dye-terminator sequencing, they are limited to sequencing single isolated DNA fragments. &quot;Sequencing by hybridization&quot; is a non-enzymatic method that uses a DNA microarray. In this method, a single pool of unknown DNA is fluorescently labeled and hybridized to an array of known sequences. If the unknown DNA hybridizes strongly to a given spot on the array, causing it to &quot;light up&quot;, then that sequence is inferred to exist within the unknown DNA being sequenced.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-18">[23]</sup> Mass spectrometry can also be used to sequence DNA molecules; conventional chain-termination reactions produce DNA molecules of different lengths and the length of these fragments is then determined by the mass differences between them (rather than using gel separation).<sup class="reference" id="_ref-19">[24]</sup></p> <p>There are new proposals for DNA sequencing, which are in development, but remain to be proven. These include labeling the DNA polymerase,<sup class="reference" id="_ref-20">[25]</sup> reading the sequence as a DNA strand transits through nanopores,<sup class="reference" id="_ref-21">[26]</sup> and microscopy-based techniques, such as AFM or electron microscopy that are used to identify the positions of individual nucleotides within long DNA fragments by nucleotide labeling with heavier elements (e.g., halogens) for visual detection and recording.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-22">[27]</sup> In October 2006 the NIH issued a news release describing novel sequencing techniques and announcing several grant awards.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-23">[28]</sup></p> <p>In October 2006, the X Prize Foundation established the Archon X Prize, intending to award $10 million to &quot;the first Team that can build a device and use it to sequence 100 human genomes within 10 days or less, with an accuracy of no more than one error in every 100,000 bases sequenced, with sequences accurately covering at least 98% of the genome, and at a recurring cost of no more than $10,000 (US) per genome.&quot;<sup class="reference" id="_ref-24">[29]</sup></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Major landmarks in DNA sequencing</span></h2> <ul> <li>1953 Discovery of the structure of the DNA double helix.</li> </ul> <ul> <li>1972 Development of recombinant DNA technology, which permits isolation of defined fragments of DNA; prior to this, the only accessible samples for sequencing were from bacteriophage or virus DNA.</li> </ul> <ul> <li>1975 The first complete DNA genome to be sequenced is that of bacteriophage &phi;X174</li> </ul> <ul> <li>1977 Allan Maxam and Walter Gilbert publish &quot;DNA sequencing by chemical degradation&quot; [3]. <font color="#810081">Fred Sanger</font>, independently, publishes &quot;DNA sequencing by enzymatic synthesis&quot;.</li> </ul> <ul> <li>1980 Fred Sanger and Wally Gilbert receive the Nobel Prize in Chemistry</li> </ul> <ul> <li>1982 Genbank starts as a public repository of DNA sequences. <ul> <li>Andre Marion and Sam Eletr from Hewlett Packard start Applied Biosystems in May, which comes to dominate automated sequencing.</li> <li>Akiyoshi Wada proposes automated sequencing and gets support to build robots with help from Hitachi.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1984 Medical Research Council scientists decipher the complete DNA sequence of the Epstein-Barr virus, 170 kb.</li> </ul> <ul> <li>1985 Kary Mullis and colleagues develop the polymerase chain reaction, a technique to replicate small fragments of DNA</li> </ul> <ul> <li>1986 Leroy E. Hood's laboratory at the California Institute of Technology and Smith announce the first semi-automated DNA sequencing machine.</li> </ul> <ul> <li>1987 Applied Biosystems markets first automated sequencing machine, the model ABI 370. <ul> <li>Walter Gilbert leaves the U.S. National Research Council genome panel to start Genome Corp., with the goal of sequencing and commercializing the data.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1990 The U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIS) begins large-scale sequencing trials on <em>Mycoplasma capricolum</em>, <em>Escherichia coli</em>, <em>Caenorhabditis elegans</em>, and <em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em> (at 75 cents (US)/base). <ul> <li>Lipman, Myers publish the BLAST algorithm for aligning sequences.</li> <li>Barry Karger (January<sup class="reference" id="_ref-25">[30]</sup>), Lloyd Smith (August<sup class="reference" id="_ref-26">[31]</sup>), and Norman Dovichi (September<sup class="reference" id="_ref-27">[32]</sup>) publish on capillary electrophoresis.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1991 Craig Venter develops strategy to find expressed genes with ESTs (Expressed Sequence Tags). <ul> <li>Uberbacher develops GRAIL, a gene-prediction program.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1992 Craig Venter leaves NIH to set up The Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR). <ul> <li>William Haseltine heads Human Genome Sciences, to commercialize TIGR products.</li> <li>Wellcome Trust begins participation in the Human Genome Project.</li> <li>Simon et al. develop BACs (Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes) for cloning.</li> <li>First chromosome physical maps published: <ul> <li>Page et al. - Y chromosome<sup class="reference" id="_ref-28">[33]</sup>;</li> <li>Cohen et al. chromosome 21<sup class="reference" id="_ref-29">[34]</sup>.</li> <li>Lander - complete mouse genetic map<sup class="reference" id="_ref-30">[35]</sup>;</li> <li>Weissenbach - complete human genetic map<sup class="reference" id="_ref-31">[36]</sup>.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1993 Wellcome Trust and MRC open Sanger Centre, near Cambridge, UK. <ul> <li>The GenBank database migrates from Los Alamos (DOE) to NCBI (NIH).</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1995 Venter, Fraser and Smith publish first sequence of free-living organism, <em>Haemophilus influenzae</em> (genome size of 1.8 Mb). <ul> <li>Richard Mathies et al. publish on sequencing dyes (PNAS, May)<sup class="reference" id="_ref-32">[37]</sup>.</li> <li>Michael Reeve and Carl Fuller, thermostable polymerase for sequencing<sup class="reference" id="_ref-Reeve.2CFuller_1">[12]</sup>.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1996 International HGP partners agree to release sequence data into public databases within 24 hours. <ul> <li>International consortium releases genome sequence of yeast <em>S. cerevisiae</em> (genome size of 12.1 Mb).</li> <li>Yoshihide Hayashizaki's at RIKEN completes the first set of full-length mouse cDNAs.</li> <li>ABI introduces a capillary electrophoresis system, the ABI310 sequence analyzer.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1997 Blattner, Plunkett et al. publish the sequence of E. coli (genome size of 5 Mb)<sup class="reference" id="_ref-33">[38]</sup></li> </ul> <ul> <li>1998 Phil Green and Brent Ewing of Washington University publish <code>&ldquo;phred&rdquo;</code> for interpreting sequencer data (in use since &lsquo;95)<sup class="reference" id="_ref-34">[39]</sup>. <ul> <li>Venter starts new company &ldquo;Celera&rdquo;; &ldquo;will sequence HG in 3 yrs for $300m.&rdquo;</li> <li>Applied Biosystems introduces the 3700 capillary sequencing machine.</li> <li>Wellcome Trust doubles support for the HGP to $330 million for 1/3 of the sequencing.</li> <li>NIH &amp; DOE goal: &quot;working draft&quot; of the human genome by 2001.</li> <li>Sulston, Waterston et al finish sequence of <em>C. elegans</em> (genome size of 97Mb)<sup class="reference" id="_ref-35">[40]</sup>.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1999 NIH moves up completion date for rough draft, to spring 2000. <ul> <li>NIH launches the mouse genome sequencing project.</li> <li>First sequence of human chromosome 22 published<sup class="reference" id="_ref-36">[41]</sup>.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>2000 Celera and collaborators sequence fruit fly <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> (genome size of 180Mb) - validation of Venter's shotgun method. HGP and Celera debate issues related to data release. <ul> <li>HGP consortium publishes sequence of chromosome 21.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-37">[42]</sup></li> <li>HGP &amp; Celera jointly announce working drafts of HG sequence, promise joint publication.</li> <li>Estimates for the number of genes in the human genome range from 35,000 to 120,000. International consortium completes first plant sequence, <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em> (genome size of 125 Mb).</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>2001 HGP consortium publishes Human Genome Sequence draft in Nature (15 Feb)<sup class="reference" id="_ref-38">[43]</sup>. <ul> <li>Celera publishes the Human Genome sequence<sup class="reference" id="_ref-39">[44]</sup>.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>2005 420,000 VariantSEQr human resequencing primer sequences published on new NCBI Probe database.</li> </ul> <ul> <li>2007 For the first time, a set of closely related species (12 Drosophilidae) are sequenced, launching the era of phylogenomics. <ul> <li>Craig Venter publishes his full diploid genome: the first human genome to be sequenced completely.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">See also</span></h2> <ul> <li>Sequencing</li> <li>Genome project - how entire genomes are assembled from these short sequences.</li> <li>Applied Biosystems - provided most of the chemistry and equipment for the genome projects. Next-generation technology for very high data generation rates.</li> <li>454 Life Sciences - company specializing in high-throughput DNA sequencing using a sequencing-by-synthesis approach.</li> <li>Illumina (company) - Advancing genetic analysis one billion bases at a time; whole genome sequencing.</li> <li>Joint Genome Institute - sequencing center from the US Department of Energy whose mission is to provide integrated high-throughput sequencing and computational analysis to enable genomic-scale/systems-based scientific approaches to DOE-relevant challenges in energy and the environment.</li> <li>DNA field-effect transistor</li> <li>For a description of the basic technology for tagging DNA with high Z atoms for direct imaging using transmission electron microsopy [TEM] and sequencing strands of &gt;10,000 bp per image captured, see High Z tagging technology.</li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Citations</span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count: 2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="_note-0"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-0">^</a></strong> Sanger F, Coulson AR. A rapid method for determining sequences in DNA by primed synthesis with DNA polymerase. J Mol Biol. 1975 May 25;94(3):441&ndash;448</li> <li id="_note-1"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-1">^</a></strong> F. Sanger, S. Nicklen, and A. R. Coulson, DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1977 December; 74(12): 5463&ndash;5467</li> <li id="_note-2"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-2">^</a></strong> Maxam AM, Gilbert W., A new method for sequencing DNA, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1977 Feb;74(2):560-4</li> <li id="_note-3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-3">^</a></strong> <a class="external free" title="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1980/gilbert-lecture.pdf" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1980/gilbert-lecture.pdf" rel="nofollow">http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1980/gilbert-lecture.pdf</a></li> <li id="_note-4"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-4">^</a></strong> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1973 December; 70(12 Pt 1-2): 3581&ndash;3584. The Nucleotide Sequence of the lac Operator, Walter Gilbert and Allan Maxam</li> <li id="_note-5"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-5">^</a></strong> Min Jou W, Haegeman G, Ysebaert M, Fiers W., Nucleotide sequence of the gene coding for the bacteriophage MS2 coat protein, Nature. 1972 May 12;237(5350):82-8</li> <li id="_note-6"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-6">^</a></strong> Complete nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage MS2 RNA: primary and secondary structure of the replicase gene. <em>Nature</em>. 1976 Apr 8;260(5551):500-7.</li> <li id="_note-7"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-7">^</a></strong> Sanger, F. &amp; Coulson, A. R. (1975) J. Mol. Biol. 94, 441-448</li> <li id="_note-8"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-8">^</a></strong> <a class="external free" title="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1980/sanger-lecture.pdf" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1980/sanger-lecture.pdf" rel="nofollow">http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1980/sanger-lecture.pdf</a></li> <li id="_note-9"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-9">^</a></strong> Nature. 1986 Jun 12-18;321(6071):674-9. Fluorescence detection in automated DNA sequence analysis. We have developed a method for the partial automation of DNA sequence analysis. Fluorescence detection of the DNA fragments is accomplished by means of a fluorophore covalently attached to the oligonucleotide primer used in enzymatic DNA sequence analysis. A different coloured fluorophore is used for each of the reactions specific for the bases A, C, G and T. The reaction mixtures are combined and co-electrophoresed down a single polyacrylamide gel tube, the separated fluorescent bands of DNA are detected near the bottom of the tube, and the sequence information is acquired directly by computer.</li> <li id="_note-10"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-10">^</a></strong> Nucleic Acids Res. 1985 Apr 11;13(7):2399-412. The synthesis of oligonucleotides containing an aliphatic amino group at the 5' terminus: synthesis of fluorescent DNA primers for use in DNA sequence analysis. Note that Oxford University Press, the publishers of the journal Nucleic Acids Research, make the full contents of this journal available online for free - you can download a copy of this paper for yourself&nbsp;!!</li> <li id="_note-Reeve.2CFuller">^ <a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-Reeve.2CFuller_0">^{<em><strong>a</strong></em>}</a> <a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-Reeve.2CFuller_1">^{<em><strong>b</strong></em>}</a> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">(1995-08-31) &quot;A novel thermostable polymerase for DNA sequencing.&quot;. <em>Nature</em> 376 (6543): 796-797. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7651542" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7651542">PMID 7651542</a>. Retrieved on <a title="2007" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007">2007</a>-<a title="October 8" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_8">10-08</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=A+novel+thermostable+polymerase+for+DNA+sequencing.&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.date=1995-08-31&amp;rft.volume=376&amp;rft.issue=6543&amp;rft.pages=796-797"> </span></li> <li id="_note-11"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-11">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium (2004). &quot;Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome.&quot;. <em>Nature</em> 431 (7011): 931-45. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15496913" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15496913">PMID 15496913</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Finishing+the+euchromatic+sequence+of+the+human+genome.&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=431&amp;rft.issue=7011&amp;rft.au=International+Human+Genome+Sequencing+Consortium&amp;rft.pages=931-45"> </span> <a class="external text" title="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v431/n7011/full/nature03001.html" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v431/n7011/full/nature03001.html" rel="nofollow">paper available online</a></li> <li id="_note-12"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-12">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/home.shtml" href="http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/home.shtml" rel="nofollow">Human Genome Project Information</a></li> <li id="_note-13"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-13">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Neil Hall (2007). &quot;Advanced sequencing technologies and their wider impact in microbiology&quot;. <em>The Journal of Experimental Biology</em> 209: 1518-1525.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Advanced+sequencing+technologies+and+their+wider+impact+in+microbiology&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Experimental+Biology&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.volume=209&amp;rft.au=Neil+Hall&amp;rft.pages=1518-1525"> </span></li> <li id="_note-14"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-14">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">G.M. Church (2006). &quot;Genomes for ALL&quot;. <em>Scientific American</em> 294 (1): 47-54. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16468433" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16468433">PMID 16468433</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genomes+for+ALL&amp;rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=294&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.au=G.M.+Church&amp;rft.pages=47-54&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16468433"> </span></li> <li id="_note-Margulies">^ <a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-Margulies_0">^{<em><strong>a</strong></em>}</a> <a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-Margulies_1">^{<em><strong>b</strong></em>}</a> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">M. Margulies, et al. (2005). &quot;Genome sequencing in microfabricated high-density picolitre reactors&quot;. <em>Nature</em> 437: 376-380.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+sequencing+in+microfabricated+high-density+picolitre+reactors&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=437&amp;rft.au=M.+Margulies%2C+et+al.&amp;rft.pages=376-380"> </span></li> <li id="_note-polony_sequencing">^ <a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-polony_sequencing_0">^{<em><strong>a</strong></em>}</a> <a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-polony_sequencing_1">^{<em><strong>b</strong></em>}</a> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">J. Shendure, G.J. Porreca, N.B. Reppas, X. Lin, J.Pe McCutcheon, A.M. Rosenbaum, M.D. Wang, K. Zhang, R.D. Mitra and G.M. Church. &quot;Accurate Multiplex Polony Sequencing of an Evolved Bacterial Genome&quot;. <em>Science</em> 309 (5741): 1728-1732.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Accurate+Multiplex+Polony+Sequencing+of+an+Evolved+Bacterial+Genome&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.volume=309&amp;rft.issue=5741&amp;rft.au=J.+Shendure%2C+G.J.+Porreca%2C+N.B.+Reppas%2C+X.+Lin%2C+J.Pe+McCutcheon%2C+A.M.+Rosenbaum%2C+M.D.+Wang%2C+K.+Zhang%2C+R.D.+Mitra+and+G.M.+Church&amp;rft.pages=1728-1732"> </span></li> <li id="_note-solid_sequencing">^ <a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-solid_sequencing_0">^{<em><strong>a</strong></em>}</a> <a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-solid_sequencing_1">^{<em><strong>b</strong></em>}</a> <a class="external free" title="http://solid.appliedbiosystems.com/" href="http://solid.appliedbiosystems.com/" rel="nofollow">http://solid.appliedbiosystems.com/</a> - Applied Biosystems' SOLiD technology</li> <li id="_note-15"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-15">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Braslavsky, I., Hebert, H., Kartalov, E. and Quake, S.R. (2003). &quot;Sequence information can be obtained from single DNA molecules&quot;. <em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</em> 100: 3960&ndash;3964.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Sequence+information+can+be+obtained+from+single+DNA+molecules&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=100&amp;rft.au=Braslavsky%2C+I.%2C+Hebert%2C+H.%2C+Kartalov%2C+E.+and+Quake%2C+S.R.&amp;rft.pages=3960%E2%80%933964"> </span><a class="external text" title="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/100/7/3960" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/100/7/3960" rel="nofollow">full text available online</a></li> <li id="_note-16"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-16">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">M. Ronaghi, S. Karamohamed, B. Pettersson, M. Uhlen, and P. Nyren (1996). &quot;Real-time DNA sequencing using detection of pyrophosphate release&quot;. <em>Analytical Biochemistry</em> 242: 84=89.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Real-time+DNA+sequencing+using+detection+of+pyrophosphate+release&amp;rft.jtitle=Analytical+Biochemistry&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.volume=242&amp;rft.au=M.+Ronaghi%2C+S.+Karamohamed%2C+B.+Pettersson%2C+M.+Uhlen%2C+and+P.+Nyren&amp;rft.pages=84%3D89"> </span></li> <li id="_note-17"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-17">^</a></strong> S. C. Macevicz, US Patent 5750341, filed 1995</li> <li id="_note-18"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-18">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">G.J. Hanna, V.A. Johnson, D.R. Kuritzkes, D.D. Richman, J. Martinez-Picado, L. Sutton, J.D. Hazelwood, R.T. D'Aquila (2000). &quot;Comparison of sequencing by hybridization and cycle sequencing for genotyping of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase&quot;. <em>Journal of Clinical Microbiology</em> 38 (7): 2715. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10878069" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10878069">PMID 10878069</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Comparison+of+sequencing+by+hybridization+and+cycle+sequencing+for+genotyping+of+human+immunodeficiency+virus+type+1+reverse+transcriptase&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Clinical+Microbiology&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.volume=38&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.au=G.J.+Hanna%2C+V.A.+Johnson%2C+D.R.+Kuritzkes%2C+D.D.+Richman%2C+J.+Martinez-Picado%2C+L.+Sutton%2C+J.D.+Hazelwood%2C+R.T.+D%27Aquila&amp;rft.pages=2715&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/10878069"> </span></li> <li id="_note-19"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-19">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">J.R. Edwards, H.Ruparel, and J. Ju. &quot;Mass-spectrometry DNA sequencing&quot;. <em>Mutation Research</em> 573 (1-2): 3-12.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Mass-spectrometry+DNA+sequencing&amp;rft.jtitle=Mutation+Research&amp;rft.volume=573&amp;rft.issue=1-2&amp;rft.au=J.R.+Edwards%2C+H.Ruparel%2C+and+J.+Ju&amp;rft.pages=3-12"> </span></li> <li id="_note-20"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-20">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://visigenbio.com/technology_overview.html" href="http://visigenbio.com/technology_overview.html" rel="nofollow">VisiGen Biotechnologies Inc. - Technology Overview</a></li> <li id="_note-21"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-21">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://mcb.harvard.edu/branton/index.htm" href="http://mcb.harvard.edu/branton/index.htm" rel="nofollow">The Harvard Nanopore Group</a></li> <li id="_note-22"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-22">^</a></strong> USPTO application # 20060029957 assigned to ZS genetics <a class="external free" title="http://www.freepatentsonline.com/20060029957.html" href="http://www.freepatentsonline.com/20060029957.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.freepatentsonline.com/20060029957.html</a></li> <li id="_note-23"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-23">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.genome.gov/19518500" href="http://www.genome.gov/19518500" rel="nofollow">NHGRI Aims to Make DNA Sequencing Faster, More Cost Effective</a>, NIH News Release, 4 October 2006</li> <li id="_note-24"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-24">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://genomics.xprize.org/axp/prize_overview.html" href="http://genomics.xprize.org/axp/prize_overview.html" rel="nofollow">&quot;PRIZE Overview: Archon X PRIZE for Genomics&quot;</a></li> <li id="_note-25"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-25">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Karger, Barry L.; A. Guttman, A. S. Cohen, D. N. Heiger (1990-01-15). &quot;Analytical and micropreparative ultrahigh resolution of oligonucleotides by polyacrylamide gel high-performance capillary electrophoresis&quot;. <em>Analytical Chemistry</em> 62 (2): 137 - 141. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac00201a010" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac00201a010" rel="nofollow">10.1021/ac00201a010</a>. Retrieved on <a title="2007" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007">2007</a>-<a title="October 8" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_8">10-08</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Analytical+and+micropreparative+ultrahigh+resolution+of+oligonucleotides+by+polyacrylamide+gel+high-performance+capillary+electrophoresis&amp;rft.jtitle=Analytical+Chemistry&amp;rft.date=1990-01-15&amp;rft.volume=62&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.aulast=Karger&amp;rft.aufirst=Barry+L.&amp;rft.pages=137+-+141"> </span></li> <li id="_note-26"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-26">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Smith, Lloyd M.; Luckey JA, Drossman H, Kostichka AJ, Mead DA, D'Cunha J, Norris TB (1990-08-11). &quot;<a class="external text" title="http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/18/15/4417" href="http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/18/15/4417" rel="nofollow">High speed DNA sequencing by capillary electrophoresis.</a>&quot;. <em>Nucleic Acids Research</em> 18: 4417-4421. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2388826" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2388826">PMID 2388826</a> <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/18.15.4417" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/18.15.4417" rel="nofollow">10.1093/nar/18.15.4417</a>. Retrieved on <a title="2007" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007">2007</a>-<a title="October 8" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_8">10-08</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=High+speed+DNA+sequencing+by+capillary+electrophoresis.&amp;rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Research&amp;rft.date=1990-08-11&amp;rft.volume=18&amp;rft.aulast=Smith&amp;rft.aufirst=Lloyd+M.&amp;rft.pages=4417-4421&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnar.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F18%2F15%2F4417"> </span></li> <li id="_note-27"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-27">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Dovichi, Norman J.; H.P. Swerdlow, S. Wu , H.R. Harke (1990-09-07). &quot;Capillary gel electrophoresis for DNA sequencing: laser-induced fluorescence detection with the sheath flow cuvette&quot;. <em>Journal of Chromatography</em> 516: 61-67. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2286629" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2286629">PMID 2286629</a>. Retrieved on <a title="2007" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007">2007</a>-<a title="October 8" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_8">10-08</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Capillary+gel+electrophoresis+for+DNA+sequencing%3A+laser-induced+fluorescence+detection+with+the+sheath+flow+cuvette&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chromatography&amp;rft.date=1990-09-07&amp;rft.volume=516&amp;rft.aulast=Dovichi&amp;rft.aufirst=Norman+J.&amp;rft.pages=61-67"> </span></li> <li id="_note-28"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-28">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Page, DC; Foote S, Vollrath D, Hilton A (1992-10-02). &quot;The human Y chromosome: overlapping DNA clones spanning the euchromatic region.&quot;. <em>Science</em> 258 (5079): 60-66. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1359640" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1359640">PMID 1359640</a>. Retrieved on <a title="2007" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007">2007</a>-<a title="October 8" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_8">10-08</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+human+Y+chromosome%3A+overlapping+DNA+clones+spanning+the+euchromatic+region.&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.date=1992-10-02&amp;rft.volume=258&amp;rft.issue=5079&amp;rft.aulast=Page&amp;rft.aufirst=DC&amp;rft.pages=60-66"> </span></li> <li id="_note-29"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-29">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Cohen, Daniel; Ilya Chumakov, Philippe Rigault, Sophie Guillou, Pierre Ougen, Alain Billaut, Ghislaine Guasconi, Patricia Gervy, Isabelle LeGall, Pascal Soularue, Laurent Grinas, Lydie Bougueleret, Christine Bellann&eacute;-Chantelot, Bruno Lacroix, Emmanuel Barillot, Philippe Gesnouin, Stuart Pook, Guy Vaysseix, Gerard Frelat, Annette Schmitz, Jean-Luc Sambucy, Assumpcio Bosch, Xavier Estivill, Jean Weissenbachparallel, Alain Vignal, Harold Riethman, David Cox, David Patterson, Kathleen Gardiner, Masahira Hattori, Yoshiyuki Sakaki, Hitoshi Ichikawa, Misao Ohki, Denis Le Paslier, Roland Heilig, Stylianos Antonarakis (1992-10-01). &quot;Continuum of overlapping clones spanning the entire human chromosome 21q&quot;. <em>Nature</em> 359 (6394): 380-387. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1406950" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1406950">PMID 1406950</a> <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/359380a0" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/359380a0" rel="nofollow">10.1038/359380a0</a>. Retrieved on <a title="2007" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007">2007</a>-<a title="October 8" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_8">10-08</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Continuum+of+overlapping+clones+spanning+the+entire+human+chromosome+21q&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.date=1992-10-01&amp;rft.volume=359&amp;rft.issue=6394&amp;rft.aulast=Cohen&amp;rft.aufirst=Daniel&amp;rft.pages=380-387"> </span></li> <li id="_note-30"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-30">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Lander, E. S.; Dietrich W, Katz H, Lincoln SE, Shin HS, Friedman J, Dracopoli NC (1992-06). &quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.genetics.org/cgi/content/abstract/131/2/423" href="http://www.genetics.org/cgi/content/abstract/131/2/423" rel="nofollow">A Genetic Map of the Mouse Suitable for Typing Intraspecific Crosses</a>&quot;. <em>Genetics</em> 131: 423-447. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1353738" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1353738">PMID 1353738</a>. Retrieved on <a title="2007" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007">2007</a>-<a title="October 8" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_8">10-08</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=A+Genetic+Map+of+the+Mouse+Suitable+for+Typing+Intraspecific+Crosses&amp;rft.jtitle=Genetics&amp;rft.date=1992-06&amp;rft.volume=131&amp;rft.aulast=Lander&amp;rft.aufirst=E.+S.&amp;rft.pages=423-447&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genetics.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F131%2F2%2F423"> </span></li> <li id="_note-31"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-31">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Weissenbach, Jean; Gyapay G, Dib C, Vignal A, Morissette J, Millasseau P, Vaysseix G, Lathrop M. (1992-10-29). &quot;A second-generation linkage map of the human genome&quot;. <em>Nature</em> 359: 794 - 801. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1436057" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1436057">PMID 1436057</a> <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/359794a0" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/359794a0" rel="nofollow">10.1038/359794a0</a>. Retrieved on <a title="2007" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007">2007</a>-<a title="October 8" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_8">10-08</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=A+second-generation+linkage+map+of+the+human+genome&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.date=1992-10-29&amp;rft.volume=359&amp;rft.aulast=Weissenbach&amp;rft.aufirst=Jean&amp;rft.pages=794+-+801"> </span></li> <li id="_note-32"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-32">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Mathies, R. A.; Ju J, Ruan C, Fuller CW, Glazer AN (1995-05-09). &quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&amp;pubmedid=7753809" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&amp;pubmedid=7753809" rel="nofollow">Fluorescence Energy Transfer Dye-Labeled Primers for DNA Sequencing and Analysis</a>&quot;. <em>PNAS</em> 92: 4347-4351. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7753809" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7753809">PMID 7753809</a>. Retrieved on <a title="2007" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007">2007</a>-<a title="October 8" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_8">10-08</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Fluorescence+Energy+Transfer+Dye-Labeled+Primers+for+DNA+Sequencing+and+Analysis&amp;rft.jtitle=PNAS&amp;rft.date=1995-05-09&amp;rft.volume=92&amp;rft.aulast=Mathies&amp;rft.aufirst=R.+A.&amp;rft.pages=4347-4351&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpubmed%26pubmedid%3D7753809"> </span></li> <li id="_note-33"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-33">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">(1997-09-05) &quot;The Complete Genome Sequence of Escherichia coli K-12&quot;. <em>Science</em> 277 (5331): 1453-1462. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9278503" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9278503">PMID 9278503</a> <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.277.5331.1453" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.277.5331.1453" rel="nofollow">10.1126/science.277.5331.1453</a>. Retrieved on <a title="2007" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007">2007</a>-<a title="October 8" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_8">10-08</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+Complete+Genome+Sequence+of+Escherichia+coli+K-12&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.date=1997-09-05&amp;rft.volume=277&amp;rft.issue=5331&amp;rft.pages=1453-1462"> </span></li> <li id="_note-34"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-34">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">(1998-03) &quot;Base-calling of automated sequencer traces using phred. II. Error probabilities.&quot;. <em>Genome Reserarch</em> 8 (3): 186-94. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9521922" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9521922">PMID 9521922</a>. Retrieved on <a title="2007" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007">2007</a>-<a title="October 8" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_8">10-08</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Base-calling+of+automated+sequencer+traces+using+phred.+II.+Error+probabilities.&amp;rft.jtitle=Genome+Reserarch&amp;rft.date=1998-03&amp;rft.volume=8&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=186-94"> </span></li> <li id="_note-35"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-35">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">(1998-12-11) &quot;Genome Sequence of the Nematode C. elegans: A Platform for Investigating Biology&quot;. <em>Science</em> 282 (5396): 2012-2018. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9851916" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9851916">PMID 9851916</a> <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.282.5396.2012" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.282.5396.2012" rel="nofollow">10.1126/science.282.5396.2012</a>. Retrieved on <a title="2007" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007">2007</a>-<a title="October 8" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_8">10-08</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+Sequence+of+the+Nematode+C.+elegans%3A+A+Platform+for+Investigating+Biology&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.date=1998-12-11&amp;rft.volume=282&amp;rft.issue=5396&amp;rft.pages=2012-2018"> </span></li> <li id="_note-36"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-36">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">(1999-12-02) &quot;The DNA sequence of human chromosome 22&quot;. <em>Nature</em> 402 (6761): 489-495. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10591208" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10591208">PMID 10591208</a>. Retrieved on <a title="2007" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007">2007</a>-<a title="October 8" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_8">10-08</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+DNA+sequence+of+human+chromosome+22&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.date=1999-12-02&amp;rft.volume=402&amp;rft.issue=6761&amp;rft.pages=489-495"> </span></li> <li id="_note-37"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-37">^</a></strong> Hattori, M., A. Fujiyama, T. D. Taylor, H. Watanabe, T. Yada, H.-S. Park, A. Toyoda, K. Ishii, Y. Totoki, D.-K. Choi, E. Soeda, M. Ohki, T. Takagi, Y. Sakaki; S. Taudienk, K. Blechschmidtk, A. Polleyk, U. Menzelk, J. Delabar, K. Kumpfk, R. Lehmannk, D. Patterson, K. Reichwaldk, A. Rumpk, M. Schillhabelk, A. Schudyk, W. Zimmermannk, A. Rosenthalk; J. KudohI, K. ShibuyaI, K. KawasakiI, S. AsakawaI, A. ShintaniI, T. SasakiI, K. NagamineI, S. MitsuyamaI, S. E. Antonarakis, S. MinoshimaI, N. ShimizuI, G. Nordsiek, K. Hornischer, P. Brandt, M. Scharfe, O. Scho&Egrave;n, A. Desario, J. Reichelt, G. Kauer, H. Bloecker; J. Ramser, A. Beck, S. Klages, S. Hennig, L. Riesselmann, E. Dagand, T. Haaf, S. Wehrmeyer, K. Borzym, K. Gardiner, D. Nizetickk, F. Francis, H. Lehrach, R. Reinhardt, and M.-L. Yaspo, (2000). The DNA sequence of human chromosome 21. Nature 405: 311-319.</li> <li id="_note-38"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-38">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">(2001-02-15) &quot;Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome&quot;. <em>Nature</em> 409 (6822): 860-921. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11237011" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11237011">PMID 11237011</a>. Retrieved on <a title="2007" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007">2007</a>-<a title="October 8" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_8">10-08</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Initial+sequencing+and+analysis+of+the+human+genome&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.date=2001-02-15&amp;rft.volume=409&amp;rft.issue=6822&amp;rft.pages=860-921"> </span></li> <li id="_note-39"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-39">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Venter, J. C.; et al (2001-02-16). &quot;The sequence of the human genome.&quot;. <em>Science</em> 291 (5507): 1304-51. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11181995" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11181995">PMID 11181995</a> <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1058040" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1058040" rel="nofollow">10.1126/science.1058040</a>. Retrieved on <a title="2007" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007">2007</a>-<a title="October 8" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_8">10-08</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+sequence+of+the+human+genome.&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.date=2001-02-16&amp;rft.volume=291&amp;rft.issue=5507&amp;rft.aulast=Venter&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+C.&amp;rft.pages=1304-51"> </span></li> </ol> </div> <p><a id="External_links" name="External_links"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.millegen.com" href="http://www.millegen.com/" rel="nofollow">Millegen DNA Sequencing platform</a></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.jgi.doe.gov/education/how/how30minflash.html" href="http://www.jgi.doe.gov/education/how/how30minflash.html" rel="nofollow">DNA Sequencing: Dye Terminator Animation</a></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.genomics.xprize.org" href="http://www.genomics.xprize.org/" rel="nofollow">Archon Genomics X PRIZE</a> - $10 million competition for fast and inexpensive sequencing technology</li> </ul> 3b2e3dafdb942dc3a1a047d0728fbe8c7260dffd 2035 2008-02-28T04:45:22Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>The term <strong>DNA sequencing</strong> encompasses biochemical methods for determining the order of the nucleotide bases, adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine, in a DNA oligonucleotide. The sequence of DNA constitutes the heritable genetic information in nuclei, plasmids, mitochondria, and chloroplasts that forms the basis for the developmental programs of all living organisms. Determining the DNA sequence is therefore useful in basic research studying fundamental biological processes, as well as in applied fields such as diagnostic or forensic research. The advent of DNA sequencing has significantly accelerated biological research and discovery. The rapid speed of sequencing attainable with modern DNA sequencing technology has been instrumental in the large-scale sequencing of the human genome, in the Human Genome Project. Related projects, often by scientific collaboration across continents, have generated the complete DNA sequences of many animal, plant, and microbial genomes.</p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 502px"><img class="thumbimage" height="106" alt="DNA Sequence Trace" width="500" border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/89/Mutation_Surveyor_Trace.jpg/500px-Mutation_Surveyor_Trace.jpg" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><img height="11" alt="" width="15" src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></div> DNA Sequence Trace</div> </div> </div> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Early methods</span></h2> <p>For thirty years, a large proportion of DNA sequencing has been carried out with the chain-termination method developed by Frederick Sanger and coworkers in 1975<sup class="reference" id="_ref-0">[1]</sup><sup class="reference" id="_ref-1">[2]</sup>. Prior to the development of rapid DNA sequencing methods in the early 1970s by Sanger in England and Walter Gilbert and Allan Maxam at Harvard,<sup class="reference" id="_ref-2">[3]</sup><sup class="reference" id="_ref-3">[4]</sup> a number of laborious methods were used. For instance, in 1973<sup class="reference" id="_ref-4">[5]</sup> Gilbert and Maxam reported the sequence of 24 basepairs using a method known as wandering-spot analysis.</p> <p>RNA sequencing, which for technical reasons is easier to perform than DNA sequencing, was one of the earliest forms of nucleotide sequencing. The major landmark of RNA sequencing, dating from the pre-recombinant DNA era, is the sequence of the first complete gene and then the complete genome of Bacteriophage MS2, identified and published by Walter Fiers and his coworkers at the University of Ghent (Ghent, Belgium).<sup class="reference" id="_ref-5">[6]</sup><sup class="reference" id="_ref-6">[7]</sup></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Maxam-Gilbert sequencing</span></h2> <p>In 1976-1977, Allan Maxam and Walter Gilbert developed a DNA sequencing method based on chemical modification of DNA and subsequent cleavage at specific bases [1]. Although Maxam and Gilbert published their chemical sequencing method two years after the ground-breaking paper of Sanger and Coulson on plus-minus sequencing,<sup class="reference" id="_ref-7">[8]</sup><sup class="reference" id="_ref-8">[9]</sup> Maxam-Gilbert sequencing rapidly became more popular, since purified DNA could be used directly, while the initial Sanger method required that each read start be cloned for production of single-stranded DNA. However, with the development and improvement of the chain-termination method (see below), Maxam-Gilbert sequencing has fallen out of favour due to its technical complexity, extensive use of hazardous chemicals, and difficulties with scale-up. In addition, unlike the chain-termination method, chemicals used in the Maxam-Gilbert method cannot easily be customized for use in a standard molecular biology kit.</p> <p>In brief, the method requires radioactive labelling at one end and purification of the DNA fragment to be sequenced. Chemical treatment generates breaks at a small proportion of one or two of the four nucleotide bases in each of four reactions (G, A+G, C, C+T). Thus a series of labelled fragments is generated, from the radiolabelled end to the first 'cut' site in each molecule. The fragments are then size-separated by gel electrophoresis, with the four reactions arranged side by side. To visualize the fragments generated in each reaction, the gel is exposed to X-ray film for autoradiography, yielding an image of a series of dark 'bands' corresponding to the radiolabelled DNA fragments, from which the sequence may be inferred.</p> <p>Also sometimes known as 'chemical sequencing', this method originated in the study of DNA-protein interactions (footprinting), nucleic acid structure and epigenetic modifications to DNA, and within these it still has important applications.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Chain-termination methods</span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 162px"><img class="thumbimage" height="332" alt="Part of a radioactively labelled sequencing gel" width="160" border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Sequencing.jpg" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><img height="11" alt="" width="15" src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></div> Part of a radioactively labelled sequencing gel</div> </div> </div> <p>While the chemical sequencing method of Maxam and Gilbert, and the plus-minus method of Sanger and Coulson were orders of magnitude faster than previous methods, the chain-terminator method developed by Sanger was even more efficient, and rapidly became the method of choice. The Maxam-Gilbert technique requires the use of highly toxic chemicals, and large amounts of radiolabeled DNA, whereas the chain-terminator method uses fewer toxic chemicals and lower amounts of radioactivity. The key principle of the Sanger method was the use of dideoxynucleotides triphosphates (ddNTPs) as DNA chain terminators.</p> <p>The classical chain-termination or Sanger method requires a single-stranded DNA template, a DNA primer, a DNA polymerase, radioactively or fluorescently labeled nucleotides, and modified nucleotides that terminate DNA strand elongation. The DNA sample is divided into four separate sequencing reactions, containing the four standard deoxynucleotides (dATP, dGTP, dCTP and dTTP) and the DNA polymerase. To each reaction is added only one of the four dideoxynucleotides (ddATP, ddGTP, ddCTP, or ddTTP). These dideoxynucleotides are the chain-terminating nucleotides, lacking a 3'-OH group required for the formation of a phosphodiester bond between two nucleotides during DNA strand elongation. Incorporation of a dideoxynucleotide into the nascent (elongating) DNA strand therefore terminates DNA strand extension, resulting in various DNA fragments of varying length. The dideoxynucleotides are added at lower concentration than the standard deoxynucleotides to allow strand elongation sufficient for sequence analysis.</p> <p>The newly synthesized and labeled DNA fragments are heat denatured, and separated by size (with a resolution of just one nucleotide) by gel electrophoresis on a denaturing polyacrylamide-urea gel. Each of the four DNA synthesis reactions is run in one of four individual lanes (lanes A, T, G, C); the DNA bands are then visualized by autoradiography or UV light, and the DNA sequence can be directly read off the X-ray film or gel image. In the image on the right, X-ray film was exposed to the gel, and the dark bands correspond to DNA fragments of different lengths. A dark band in a lane indicates a DNA fragment that is the result of chain termination after incorporation of a dideoxynucleotide (ddATP, ddGTP, ddCTP, or ddTTP). The terminal nucleotide base can be identified according to which dideoxynucleotide was added in the reaction giving that band. The relative positions of the different bands among the four lanes are then used to read (from bottom to top) the DNA sequence as indicated.</p> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 182px"><img class="thumbimage" height="240" alt="DNA fragments can be labeled by using a radioactive or fluorescent tag on the primer (1), in the new DNA strand with a labeled dNTP, or with a labeled ddNTP. (click to expand)" width="180" border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/df/DNA_Sequencin_3_labeling_methods.jpg/180px-DNA_Sequencin_3_labeling_methods.jpg" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><img height="11" alt="" width="15" src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></div> DNA fragments can be labeled by using a radioactive or fluorescent tag on the primer (1), in the new DNA strand with a labeled dNTP, or with a labeled ddNTP. (click to expand)</div> </div> </div> <p>There are some technical variations of chain-termination sequencing. In one method, the DNA fragments are tagged with nucleotides containing radioactive phosphorus for radiolabelling. Alternatively, a primer labeled at the 5&rsquo; end with a fluorescent dye is used for the tagging. Four separate reactions are still required, but DNA fragments with dye labels can be read using an optical system, facilitating faster and more economical analysis and automation. This approach is known as 'dye-primer sequencing'. The later development by L Hood and coworkers<sup class="reference" id="_ref-9">[10]</sup><sup class="reference" id="_ref-10">[11]</sup> of fluorescently labeled ddNTPs and primers set the stage for automated, high-throughput DNA sequencing.</p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 182px"><img class="thumbimage" height="256" alt="Sequence ladder by radioactive sequencing compared to fluorescent peaks (click to expand)" width="180" border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3d/Radioactive_Fluorescent_Seq.jpg/180px-Radioactive_Fluorescent_Seq.jpg" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><img height="11" alt="" width="15" src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></div> Sequence ladder by radioactive sequencing compared to fluorescent peaks (click to expand)</div> </div> </div> <p>The different chain-termination methods have greatly simplified the amount of work and planning needed for DNA sequencing. For example, the chain-termination-based &quot;Sequenase&quot; kit from USB Biochemicals contains most of the reagents needed for sequencing, prealiquoted and ready to use. Some sequencing problems can occur with the Sanger Method, such as non-specific binding of the primer to the DNA, affecting accurate read out of the DNA sequence. In addition, secondary structures within the DNA template, or contaminating RNA randomly priming at the DNA template can also affect the fidelity of the obtained sequence. Other contaminants affecting the reaction may consist of extraneous DNA or inhibitors of the DNA polymerase.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Dye-terminator sequencing</span></h3> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 182px"><img class="thumbimage" height="109" alt="Capillary electrophoresis (click to expand)" width="180" border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fe/CE_Basic.jpg/180px-CE_Basic.jpg" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><img height="11" alt="" width="15" src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></div> Capillary electrophoresis (click to expand)</div> </div> </div> <p>An alternative to primer labelling is labelling of the chain terminators, a method commonly called 'dye-terminator sequencing'. The major advantage of this method is that the sequencing can be performed in a single reaction, rather than four reactions as in the labelled-primer method. In dye-terminator sequencing, each of the four dideoxynucleotide chain terminators is labelled with a different fluorescent dye, each fluorescing at a different wavelength. This method is attractive because of its greater expediency and speed and is now the mainstay in automated sequencing with computer-controlled sequence analyzers (see below). Its potential limitations include dye effects due to differences in the incorporation of the dye-labelled chain terminators into the DNA fragment, resulting in unequal peak heights and shapes in the electronic DNA sequence trace chromatogram after capillary electrophoresis (see figure to the right). This problem has largely been overcome with the introduction of new DNA polymerase enzyme systems and dyes that minimize incorporation variability, as well as methods for eliminating &quot;dye blobs&quot;, caused by certain chemical characteristics of the dyes that can result in artifacts in DNA sequence traces. The dye-terminator sequencing method, along with automated high-throughput DNA sequence analyzers, is now being used for the vast majority of sequencing projects, as it is both easier to perform and lower in cost than most previous sequencing methods.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Automation and sample preparation</span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 182px"><img class="thumbimage" height="42" alt="View of the start of an example dye-terminator read (click to expand)" width="180" border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Sanger_sequencing_read_display.gif/180px-Sanger_sequencing_read_display.gif" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><img height="11" alt="" width="15" src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></div> View of the start of an example dye-terminator read (click to expand)</div> </div> </div> <p>Modern automated DNA sequencing instruments (DNA sequencers) can sequence up to 384 fluorescently labelled samples in a single batch (run) and perform as many as 24 runs a day. However, automated DNA sequencers carry out only DNA size separation by capillary electrophoresis, detection and recording of dye fluorescence, and data output as fluorescent peak trace chromatograms. Sequencing reactions by thermocycling, cleanup and re-suspension in a buffer solution before loading onto the sequencer are performed separately. In the past, an operator had to trim the low quality ends (see image in the right) of every sequence manually in order to remove the sequencing errors. However, today, software like Fast Chromatogram Viewer can automatically trim the ends at batch. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Large-scale sequencing strategies</span></h2> <p>Current methods can directly sequence only relatively short (300-1000 nucleotides long) DNA fragments in a single reaction. [2]. The main obstacle to sequencing DNA fragments above this size limit is insufficient power of separation for resolving large DNA fragments that differ in length by only one nucleotide. Limitations on ddNTP incorporation were largely solved by Tabor at Harvard Medical, Carl Fuller at USB biochemicals, and their coworkers<sup class="reference" id="_ref-Reeve.2CFuller_0">[12]</sup>.</p> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 182px"><img class="thumbimage" height="240" alt="Genomic DNA is fragmented into random pieces and cloned as a bacterial library. DNA from individual bacterial clones is sequenced and the sequence is assembled by using overlapping regions.(click to expand)" width="180" border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/60/DNA_Sequencing_gDNA_libraries.jpg/180px-DNA_Sequencing_gDNA_libraries.jpg" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><img height="11" alt="" width="15" src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></div> Genomic DNA is fragmented into random pieces and cloned as a bacterial library. DNA from individual bacterial clones is sequenced and the sequence is assembled by using overlapping regions.(click to expand)</div> </div> </div> <p>Large-scale sequencing aims at sequencing very long DNA fragments. Even relatively small bacterial genomes contain millions of nucleotides, and the human chromosome 1 alone contains about 246 million bases. Therefore, some approaches consist of cutting (with restriction enzymes) or shearing (with mechanical forces) large DNA fragments into shorter DNA fragments. The fragmented DNA is cloned into a DNA vector, usually a bacterial plasmid, and amplified in <em>Escherichia coli</em>. The amplified DNA can then be purified from the bacterial cells (a disadvantage of bacterial clones for sequencing is that some DNA sequences may be inherently <em>un-clonable</em> in some or all available bacterial strains, due to deleterious effect of the cloned sequence on the host bacterium or other effects). These short DNA fragments purified from individual bacterial colonies are then individually and completely sequenced and assembled electronically into one long, contiguous sequence by identifying 100%-identical overlapping sequences between them (shotgun sequencing). This method does not require any pre-existing information about the sequence of the DNA and is often referred to as <em>de novo</em> sequencing. Gaps in the assembled sequence may be filled by Primer walking, often with sub-cloning steps (or transposon-based sequencing depending on the size of the remaining region to be sequenced). These strategies all involve taking many small <em>reads</em> of the DNA by one of the above methods and subsequently assembling them into a contiguous sequence. The different strategies have different tradeoffs in speed and accuracy; the shotgun method is the most practical for sequencing large genomes, but its assembly process is complex and potentially error-prone - particularly in the presence of sequence repeats. Because of this, the assembly of the human genome is not literally complete &mdash; the repetitive sequences of the centromeres, telomeres, and some other parts of chromosomes result in gaps in the genome assembly. Despite having only 93% of the full genome assembled, the Human Genome Project was declared complete because their definition of human genome sequencing was limited to euchromatic sequence (99% complete at the time), excluding these intractable repetitive regions.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-11">[13]</sup></p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 182px"><img class="thumbimage" height="247" alt="Resequencing steps. Sample prep: Extraction of nucleic acid. Template prep: Amplification and preparation of a small region of the target region. Sequencing steps. (click to expand)" width="180" border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a1/Sequencing_workflow.jpg/180px-Sequencing_workflow.jpg" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><img height="11" alt="" width="15" src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></div> Resequencing steps. Sample prep: Extraction of nucleic acid. Template prep: Amplification and preparation of a small region of the target region. Sequencing steps. (click to expand)</div> </div> </div> <p>The human genome is about 3 billion (3,000,000,000) bp long;<sup class="reference" id="_ref-12">[14]</sup> if the average fragment length is 500 bases, it would take a minimum of six million (3 billion/500) to sequence the human genome (not allowing for overlap = 1-fold coverage). Keeping track of such a high number of sequences presents significant challenges, only held down by developing and coordinating several procedural and computational algorithms, such as efficient database development and management.</p> <p><em>Resequencing</em> or <em>targeted sequencing</em> is utilized for determining a change in DNA sequence from a &quot;reference&quot; sequence. It is often performed using PCR to amplify the region of interest (pre-existing DNA sequence is required to design the PCR primers). Resequencing uses three steps, extraction of DNA or RNA from biological tissue; amplification of the RNA or DNA (often by PCR); followed by sequencing. The resultant sequence is compared to a reference or a normal sample to detect mutations.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">New sequencing methods</span></h2> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">High-throughput sequencing</span></h3> <p>The high demand for low cost sequencing has given rise to a number of high-throughput sequencing technologies.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-13">[15]</sup><sup class="reference" id="_ref-14">[16]</sup> These efforts have been funded by public and private institutions as well as privately researched and commercialized by biotechnology companies. High-throughput sequencing technologies are intended to lower the cost of sequencing DNA libraries beyond what is possible with the current dye-terminator method based on DNA separation by capillary electrophoresis. Many of the new high-throughput methods use methods that parallelize the sequencing process, producing thousands or millions of sequences at once.</p> <dl><dt>In vitro clonal amplification</dt></dl> <p>As molecular detection methods are often not sensitive enough for single molecule sequencing, most approaches use an <em>in vitro</em> cloning step to generate many copies of each individual molecule. Emulsion PCR is one method, isolating individual DNA molecules along with primer-coated beads in aqueous bubbles within an oil phase. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) then coats each bead with clonal copies of the isolated library molecule and these beads are subsequently immobilized for later sequencing. Emulsion PCR is used in the methods published by Marguilis et al. (commercialized by 454 Life Sciences, acquired by Roche), Shendure and Porreca et al. (also known as &quot;polony sequencing&quot;) and SOLiD sequencing, (developed by Agencourt and acquired by Applied Biosystems).<sup class="reference" id="_ref-Margulies_0">[17]</sup><sup class="reference" id="_ref-polony_sequencing_0">[18]</sup><sup class="reference" id="_ref-solid_sequencing_0">[19]</sup> Another method for <em>in vitro</em> clonal amplification is &quot;bridge PCR&quot;, where fragments are amplified upon primers attached to a solid surface, developed and used by Solexa (now owned by Illumina). These methods both produce many physically isolated locations which each contain many copies of a single fragment. The single-molecule method developed by Stephen Quake's laboratory (later commercialized by Helicos) skips this amplification step, directly fixing DNA molecules to a surface.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-15">[20]</sup></p> <dl><dt>Parallelized sequencing</dt></dl> <p>Once clonal DNA sequences are physically localized to separate positions on a surface, various sequencing approaches may be used to determine the DNA sequences of all locations, in parallel. &quot;Sequencing by synthesis&quot;, like the popular dye-termination electrophoretic sequencing, uses the process of DNA synthesis by DNA polymerase to identify the bases present in the complementary DNA molecule. Reversible terminator methods (used by Illumina and Helicos) use reversible versions of dye-terminators, adding one nucleotide at a time, detecting fluorescence corresponding to that position, then removing the blocking group to allow the polymerization of another nucleotide. Pyrosequencing (used by 454) also uses DNA polymerization to add nucleotides, adding one type of nucleotide at a time, then detecting and quantifying the number of nucleotides added to a given location through the light emitted by the release of attached pyrophosphates.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-Margulies_1">[17]</sup><sup class="reference" id="_ref-16">[21]</sup></p> <p>&quot;Sequencing by ligation&quot; is another enzymatic method of sequencing, using a DNA ligase enzyme rather than polymerase to identify the target sequence.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-17">[22]</sup><sup class="reference" id="_ref-polony_sequencing_1">[18]</sup><sup class="reference" id="_ref-solid_sequencing_1">[19]</sup> Used in the polony method and in the SOLiD technology offered by Applied Biosystems, this method uses a pool of all possible oligonucleotides of a fixed length, labeled according to the sequenced position. Oligonucleotides are annealed and ligated; the preferential ligation by DNA ligase for matching sequences results in a signal corresponding to the complementary sequence at that position.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Other sequencing technologies</span></h3> <p>Other methods of DNA sequencing may have advantages in terms of efficiency or accuracy. Like traditional dye-terminator sequencing, they are limited to sequencing single isolated DNA fragments. &quot;Sequencing by hybridization&quot; is a non-enzymatic method that uses a DNA microarray. In this method, a single pool of unknown DNA is fluorescently labeled and hybridized to an array of known sequences. If the unknown DNA hybridizes strongly to a given spot on the array, causing it to &quot;light up&quot;, then that sequence is inferred to exist within the unknown DNA being sequenced.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-18">[23]</sup> Mass spectrometry can also be used to sequence DNA molecules; conventional chain-termination reactions produce DNA molecules of different lengths and the length of these fragments is then determined by the mass differences between them (rather than using gel separation).<sup class="reference" id="_ref-19">[24]</sup></p> <p>There are new proposals for DNA sequencing, which are in development, but remain to be proven. These include labeling the DNA polymerase,<sup class="reference" id="_ref-20">[25]</sup> reading the sequence as a DNA strand transits through nanopores,<sup class="reference" id="_ref-21">[26]</sup> and microscopy-based techniques, such as AFM or electron microscopy that are used to identify the positions of individual nucleotides within long DNA fragments by nucleotide labeling with heavier elements (e.g., halogens) for visual detection and recording.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-22">[27]</sup> In October 2006 the NIH issued a news release describing novel sequencing techniques and announcing several grant awards.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-23">[28]</sup></p> <p>In October 2006, the X Prize Foundation established the Archon X Prize, intending to award $10 million to &quot;the first Team that can build a device and use it to sequence 100 human genomes within 10 days or less, with an accuracy of no more than one error in every 100,000 bases sequenced, with sequences accurately covering at least 98% of the genome, and at a recurring cost of no more than $10,000 (US) per genome.&quot;<sup class="reference" id="_ref-24">[29]</sup></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Major landmarks in DNA sequencing</span></h2> <ul> <li>1953 Discovery of the structure of the DNA double helix. </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1972 Development of recombinant DNA technology, which permits isolation of defined fragments of DNA; prior to this, the only accessible samples for sequencing were from bacteriophage or virus DNA. </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1975 The first complete DNA genome to be sequenced is that of bacteriophage &phi;X174 </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1977 Allan Maxam and Walter Gilbert publish &quot;DNA sequencing by chemical degradation&quot; [3]. <font color="#810081">Fred Sanger</font>, independently, publishes &quot;DNA sequencing by enzymatic synthesis&quot;. </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1980 Fred Sanger and Wally Gilbert receive the Nobel Prize in Chemistry </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1982 Genbank starts as a public repository of DNA sequences. <ul> <li>Andre Marion and Sam Eletr from Hewlett Packard start Applied Biosystems in May, which comes to dominate automated sequencing. </li> <li>Akiyoshi Wada proposes automated sequencing and gets support to build robots with help from Hitachi. </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1984 Medical Research Council scientists decipher the complete DNA sequence of the Epstein-Barr virus, 170 kb. </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1985 Kary Mullis and colleagues develop the polymerase chain reaction, a technique to replicate small fragments of DNA </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1986 Leroy E. Hood's laboratory at the California Institute of Technology and Smith announce the first semi-automated DNA sequencing machine. </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1987 Applied Biosystems markets first automated sequencing machine, the model ABI 370. <ul> <li>Walter Gilbert leaves the U.S. National Research Council genome panel to start Genome Corp., with the goal of sequencing and commercializing the data. </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1990 The U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIS) begins large-scale sequencing trials on <em>Mycoplasma capricolum</em>, <em>Escherichia coli</em>, <em>Caenorhabditis elegans</em>, and <em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em> (at 75 cents (US)/base). <ul> <li>Lipman, Myers publish the BLAST algorithm for aligning sequences. </li> <li>Barry Karger (January<sup class="reference" id="_ref-25">[30]</sup>), Lloyd Smith (August<sup class="reference" id="_ref-26">[31]</sup>), and Norman Dovichi (September<sup class="reference" id="_ref-27">[32]</sup>) publish on capillary electrophoresis. </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1991 Craig Venter develops strategy to find expressed genes with ESTs (Expressed Sequence Tags). <ul> <li>Uberbacher develops GRAIL, a gene-prediction program. </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1992 Craig Venter leaves NIH to set up The Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR). <ul> <li>William Haseltine heads Human Genome Sciences, to commercialize TIGR products. </li> <li>Wellcome Trust begins participation in the Human Genome Project. </li> <li>Simon et al. develop BACs (Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes) for cloning. </li> <li>First chromosome physical maps published: <ul> <li>Page et al. - Y chromosome<sup class="reference" id="_ref-28">[33]</sup>; </li> <li>Cohen et al. chromosome 21<sup class="reference" id="_ref-29">[34]</sup>. </li> <li>Lander - complete mouse genetic map<sup class="reference" id="_ref-30">[35]</sup>; </li> <li>Weissenbach - complete human genetic map<sup class="reference" id="_ref-31">[36]</sup>. </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1993 Wellcome Trust and MRC open Sanger Centre, near Cambridge, UK. <ul> <li>The GenBank database migrates from Los Alamos (DOE) to NCBI (NIH). </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1995 Venter, Fraser and Smith publish first sequence of free-living organism, <em>Haemophilus influenzae</em> (genome size of 1.8 Mb). <ul> <li>Richard Mathies et al. publish on sequencing dyes (PNAS, May)<sup class="reference" id="_ref-32">[37]</sup>. </li> <li>Michael Reeve and Carl Fuller, thermostable polymerase for sequencing<sup class="reference" id="_ref-Reeve.2CFuller_1">[12]</sup>. </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1996 International HGP partners agree to release sequence data into public databases within 24 hours. <ul> <li>International consortium releases genome sequence of yeast <em>S. cerevisiae</em> (genome size of 12.1 Mb). </li> <li>Yoshihide Hayashizaki's at RIKEN completes the first set of full-length mouse cDNAs. </li> <li>ABI introduces a capillary electrophoresis system, the ABI310 sequence analyzer. </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1997 Blattner, Plunkett et al. publish the sequence of E. coli (genome size of 5 Mb)<sup class="reference" id="_ref-33">[38]</sup> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1998 Phil Green and Brent Ewing of Washington University publish <code>&ldquo;phred&rdquo;</code> for interpreting sequencer data (in use since &lsquo;95)<sup class="reference" id="_ref-34">[39]</sup>. <ul> <li>Venter starts new company &ldquo;Celera&rdquo;; &ldquo;will sequence HG in 3 yrs for $300m.&rdquo; </li> <li>Applied Biosystems introduces the 3700 capillary sequencing machine. </li> <li>Wellcome Trust doubles support for the HGP to $330 million for 1/3 of the sequencing. </li> <li>NIH &amp; DOE goal: &quot;working draft&quot; of the human genome by 2001. </li> <li>Sulston, Waterston et al finish sequence of <em>C. elegans</em> (genome size of 97Mb)<sup class="reference" id="_ref-35">[40]</sup>. </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1999 NIH moves up completion date for rough draft, to spring 2000. <ul> <li>NIH launches the mouse genome sequencing project. </li> <li>First sequence of human chromosome 22 published<sup class="reference" id="_ref-36">[41]</sup>. </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>2000 Celera and collaborators sequence fruit fly <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> (genome size of 180Mb) - validation of Venter's shotgun method. HGP and Celera debate issues related to data release. <ul> <li>HGP consortium publishes sequence of chromosome 21.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-37">[42]</sup> </li> <li>HGP &amp; Celera jointly announce working drafts of HG sequence, promise joint publication. </li> <li>Estimates for the number of genes in the human genome range from 35,000 to 120,000. International consortium completes first plant sequence, <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em> (genome size of 125 Mb). </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>2001 HGP consortium publishes Human Genome Sequence draft in Nature (15 Feb)<sup class="reference" id="_ref-38">[43]</sup>. <ul> <li>Celera publishes the Human Genome sequence<sup class="reference" id="_ref-39">[44]</sup>. </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>2005 420,000 VariantSEQr human resequencing primer sequences published on new NCBI Probe database. </li> </ul> <ul> <li>2007 For the first time, a set of closely related species (12 Drosophilidae) are sequenced, launching the era of phylogenomics. <ul> <li>Craig Venter publishes his full diploid genome: the first human genome to be sequenced completely. </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">See also</span></h2> <ul> <li>Sequencing </li> <li>Genome project - how entire genomes are assembled from these short sequences. </li> <li>Applied Biosystems - provided most of the chemistry and equipment for the genome projects. Next-generation technology for very high data generation rates. </li> <li>454 Life Sciences - company specializing in high-throughput DNA sequencing using a sequencing-by-synthesis approach. </li> <li>Illumina (company) - Advancing genetic analysis one billion bases at a time; whole genome sequencing. </li> <li>Joint Genome Institute - sequencing center from the US Department of Energy whose mission is to provide integrated high-throughput sequencing and computational analysis to enable genomic-scale/systems-based scientific approaches to DOE-relevant challenges in energy and the environment. </li> <li>DNA field-effect transistor </li> <li>For a description of the basic technology for tagging DNA with high Z atoms for direct imaging using transmission electron microsopy [TEM] and sequencing strands of &gt;10,000 bp per image captured, see High Z tagging technology. </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Citations</span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count: 2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="_note-0"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-0">^</a></strong> Sanger F, Coulson AR. A rapid method for determining sequences in DNA by primed synthesis with DNA polymerase. J Mol Biol. 1975 May 25;94(3):441&ndash;448 </li> <li id="_note-1"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-1">^</a></strong> F. Sanger, S. Nicklen, and A. R. Coulson, DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1977 December; 74(12): 5463&ndash;5467 </li> <li id="_note-2"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-2">^</a></strong> Maxam AM, Gilbert W., A new method for sequencing DNA, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1977 Feb;74(2):560-4 </li> <li id="_note-3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-3">^</a></strong> <a class="external free" title="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1980/gilbert-lecture.pdf" rel="nofollow" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1980/gilbert-lecture.pdf">http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1980/gilbert-lecture.pdf</a> </li> <li id="_note-4"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-4">^</a></strong> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1973 December; 70(12 Pt 1-2): 3581&ndash;3584. The Nucleotide Sequence of the lac Operator, Walter Gilbert and Allan Maxam </li> <li id="_note-5"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-5">^</a></strong> Min Jou W, Haegeman G, Ysebaert M, Fiers W., Nucleotide sequence of the gene coding for the bacteriophage MS2 coat protein, Nature. 1972 May 12;237(5350):82-8 </li> <li id="_note-6"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-6">^</a></strong> Complete nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage MS2 RNA: primary and secondary structure of the replicase gene. <em>Nature</em>. 1976 Apr 8;260(5551):500-7. </li> <li id="_note-7"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-7">^</a></strong> Sanger, F. &amp; Coulson, A. R. (1975) J. Mol. Biol. 94, 441-448 </li> <li id="_note-8"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-8">^</a></strong> <a class="external free" title="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1980/sanger-lecture.pdf" rel="nofollow" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1980/sanger-lecture.pdf">http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1980/sanger-lecture.pdf</a> </li> <li id="_note-9"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-9">^</a></strong> Nature. 1986 Jun 12-18;321(6071):674-9. Fluorescence detection in automated DNA sequence analysis. We have developed a method for the partial automation of DNA sequence analysis. Fluorescence detection of the DNA fragments is accomplished by means of a fluorophore covalently attached to the oligonucleotide primer used in enzymatic DNA sequence analysis. A different coloured fluorophore is used for each of the reactions specific for the bases A, C, G and T. The reaction mixtures are combined and co-electrophoresed down a single polyacrylamide gel tube, the separated fluorescent bands of DNA are detected near the bottom of the tube, and the sequence information is acquired directly by computer. </li> <li id="_note-10"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-10">^</a></strong> Nucleic Acids Res. 1985 Apr 11;13(7):2399-412. The synthesis of oligonucleotides containing an aliphatic amino group at the 5' terminus: synthesis of fluorescent DNA primers for use in DNA sequence analysis. Note that Oxford University Press, the publishers of the journal Nucleic Acids Research, make the full contents of this journal available online for free - you can download a copy of this paper for yourself&nbsp;!! </li> <li id="_note-Reeve.2CFuller">^ <a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-Reeve.2CFuller_0">^{<em><strong>a</strong></em>}</a> <a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-Reeve.2CFuller_1">^{<em><strong>b</strong></em>}</a> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">(1995-08-31) &quot;A novel thermostable polymerase for DNA sequencing.&quot;. <em>Nature</em> 376 (6543): 796-797. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7651542" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7651542">PMID 7651542</a>. Retrieved on <a title="2007" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007">2007</a>-<a title="October 8" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_8">10-08</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=A+novel+thermostable+polymerase+for+DNA+sequencing.&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.date=1995-08-31&amp;rft.volume=376&amp;rft.issue=6543&amp;rft.pages=796-797"> </span> </li> <li id="_note-11"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-11">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium (2004). &quot;Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome.&quot;. <em>Nature</em> 431 (7011): 931-45. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15496913" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15496913">PMID 15496913</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Finishing+the+euchromatic+sequence+of+the+human+genome.&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=431&amp;rft.issue=7011&amp;rft.au=International+Human+Genome+Sequencing+Consortium&amp;rft.pages=931-45"> </span> <a class="external text" title="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v431/n7011/full/nature03001.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v431/n7011/full/nature03001.html">paper available online</a> </li> <li id="_note-12"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-12">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/home.shtml" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/home.shtml">Human Genome Project Information</a> </li> <li id="_note-13"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-13">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Neil Hall (2007). &quot;Advanced sequencing technologies and their wider impact in microbiology&quot;. <em>The Journal of Experimental Biology</em> 209: 1518-1525.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Advanced+sequencing+technologies+and+their+wider+impact+in+microbiology&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Experimental+Biology&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.volume=209&amp;rft.au=Neil+Hall&amp;rft.pages=1518-1525"> </span> </li> <li id="_note-14"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-14">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">G.M. Church (2006). &quot;Genomes for ALL&quot;. <em>Scientific American</em> 294 (1): 47-54. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16468433" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16468433">PMID 16468433</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genomes+for+ALL&amp;rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=294&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.au=G.M.+Church&amp;rft.pages=47-54&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16468433"> </span> </li> <li id="_note-Margulies">^ <a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-Margulies_0">^{<em><strong>a</strong></em>}</a> <a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-Margulies_1">^{<em><strong>b</strong></em>}</a> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">M. Margulies, et al. (2005). &quot;Genome sequencing in microfabricated high-density picolitre reactors&quot;. <em>Nature</em> 437: 376-380.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+sequencing+in+microfabricated+high-density+picolitre+reactors&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=437&amp;rft.au=M.+Margulies%2C+et+al.&amp;rft.pages=376-380"> </span> </li> <li id="_note-polony_sequencing">^ <a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-polony_sequencing_0">^{<em><strong>a</strong></em>}</a> <a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-polony_sequencing_1">^{<em><strong>b</strong></em>}</a> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">J. Shendure, G.J. Porreca, N.B. Reppas, X. Lin, J.Pe McCutcheon, A.M. Rosenbaum, M.D. Wang, K. Zhang, R.D. Mitra and G.M. Church. &quot;Accurate Multiplex Polony Sequencing of an Evolved Bacterial Genome&quot;. <em>Science</em> 309 (5741): 1728-1732.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Accurate+Multiplex+Polony+Sequencing+of+an+Evolved+Bacterial+Genome&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.volume=309&amp;rft.issue=5741&amp;rft.au=J.+Shendure%2C+G.J.+Porreca%2C+N.B.+Reppas%2C+X.+Lin%2C+J.Pe+McCutcheon%2C+A.M.+Rosenbaum%2C+M.D.+Wang%2C+K.+Zhang%2C+R.D.+Mitra+and+G.M.+Church&amp;rft.pages=1728-1732"> </span> </li> <li id="_note-solid_sequencing">^ <a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-solid_sequencing_0">^{<em><strong>a</strong></em>}</a> <a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-solid_sequencing_1">^{<em><strong>b</strong></em>}</a> <a class="external free" title="http://solid.appliedbiosystems.com/" rel="nofollow" href="http://solid.appliedbiosystems.com/">http://solid.appliedbiosystems.com/</a> - Applied Biosystems' SOLiD technology </li> <li id="_note-15"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-15">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Braslavsky, I., Hebert, H., Kartalov, E. and Quake, S.R. (2003). &quot;Sequence information can be obtained from single DNA molecules&quot;. <em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</em> 100: 3960&ndash;3964.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Sequence+information+can+be+obtained+from+single+DNA+molecules&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=100&amp;rft.au=Braslavsky%2C+I.%2C+Hebert%2C+H.%2C+Kartalov%2C+E.+and+Quake%2C+S.R.&amp;rft.pages=3960%E2%80%933964"> </span><a class="external text" title="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/100/7/3960" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/100/7/3960">full text available online</a> </li> <li id="_note-16"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-16">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">M. Ronaghi, S. Karamohamed, B. Pettersson, M. Uhlen, and P. Nyren (1996). &quot;Real-time DNA sequencing using detection of pyrophosphate release&quot;. <em>Analytical Biochemistry</em> 242: 84=89.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Real-time+DNA+sequencing+using+detection+of+pyrophosphate+release&amp;rft.jtitle=Analytical+Biochemistry&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.volume=242&amp;rft.au=M.+Ronaghi%2C+S.+Karamohamed%2C+B.+Pettersson%2C+M.+Uhlen%2C+and+P.+Nyren&amp;rft.pages=84%3D89"> </span> </li> <li id="_note-17"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-17">^</a></strong> S. C. Macevicz, US Patent 5750341, filed 1995 </li> <li id="_note-18"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-18">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">G.J. Hanna, V.A. Johnson, D.R. Kuritzkes, D.D. Richman, J. Martinez-Picado, L. Sutton, J.D. Hazelwood, R.T. D'Aquila (2000). &quot;Comparison of sequencing by hybridization and cycle sequencing for genotyping of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase&quot;. <em>Journal of Clinical Microbiology</em> 38 (7): 2715. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10878069" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10878069">PMID 10878069</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Comparison+of+sequencing+by+hybridization+and+cycle+sequencing+for+genotyping+of+human+immunodeficiency+virus+type+1+reverse+transcriptase&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Clinical+Microbiology&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.volume=38&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.au=G.J.+Hanna%2C+V.A.+Johnson%2C+D.R.+Kuritzkes%2C+D.D.+Richman%2C+J.+Martinez-Picado%2C+L.+Sutton%2C+J.D.+Hazelwood%2C+R.T.+D%27Aquila&amp;rft.pages=2715&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/10878069"> </span> </li> <li id="_note-19"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-19">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">J.R. Edwards, H.Ruparel, and J. Ju. &quot;Mass-spectrometry DNA sequencing&quot;. <em>Mutation Research</em> 573 (1-2): 3-12.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Mass-spectrometry+DNA+sequencing&amp;rft.jtitle=Mutation+Research&amp;rft.volume=573&amp;rft.issue=1-2&amp;rft.au=J.R.+Edwards%2C+H.Ruparel%2C+and+J.+Ju&amp;rft.pages=3-12"> </span> </li> <li id="_note-20"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-20">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://visigenbio.com/technology_overview.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://visigenbio.com/technology_overview.html">VisiGen Biotechnologies Inc. - Technology Overview</a> </li> <li id="_note-21"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-21">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://mcb.harvard.edu/branton/index.htm" rel="nofollow" href="http://mcb.harvard.edu/branton/index.htm">The Harvard Nanopore Group</a> </li> <li id="_note-22"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-22">^</a></strong> USPTO application # 20060029957 assigned to ZS genetics <a class="external free" title="http://www.freepatentsonline.com/20060029957.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.freepatentsonline.com/20060029957.html">http://www.freepatentsonline.com/20060029957.html</a> </li> <li id="_note-23"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-23">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.genome.gov/19518500" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.gov/19518500">NHGRI Aims to Make DNA Sequencing Faster, More Cost Effective</a>, NIH News Release, 4 October 2006 </li> <li id="_note-24"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-24">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://genomics.xprize.org/axp/prize_overview.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://genomics.xprize.org/axp/prize_overview.html">&quot;PRIZE Overview: Archon X PRIZE for Genomics&quot;</a> </li> <li id="_note-25"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-25">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Karger, Barry L.; A. Guttman, A. S. Cohen, D. N. Heiger (1990-01-15). &quot;Analytical and micropreparative ultrahigh resolution of oligonucleotides by polyacrylamide gel high-performance capillary electrophoresis&quot;. <em>Analytical Chemistry</em> 62 (2): 137 - 141. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac00201a010" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac00201a010">10.1021/ac00201a010</a>. Retrieved on <a title="2007" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007">2007</a>-<a title="October 8" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_8">10-08</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Analytical+and+micropreparative+ultrahigh+resolution+of+oligonucleotides+by+polyacrylamide+gel+high-performance+capillary+electrophoresis&amp;rft.jtitle=Analytical+Chemistry&amp;rft.date=1990-01-15&amp;rft.volume=62&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.aulast=Karger&amp;rft.aufirst=Barry+L.&amp;rft.pages=137+-+141"> </span> </li> <li id="_note-26"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-26">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Smith, Lloyd M.; Luckey JA, Drossman H, Kostichka AJ, Mead DA, D'Cunha J, Norris TB (1990-08-11). &quot;<a class="external text" title="http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/18/15/4417" rel="nofollow" href="http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/18/15/4417">High speed DNA sequencing by capillary electrophoresis.</a>&quot;. <em>Nucleic Acids Research</em> 18: 4417-4421. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2388826" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2388826">PMID 2388826</a> <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/18.15.4417" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/18.15.4417">10.1093/nar/18.15.4417</a>. Retrieved on <a title="2007" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007">2007</a>-<a title="October 8" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_8">10-08</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=High+speed+DNA+sequencing+by+capillary+electrophoresis.&amp;rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Research&amp;rft.date=1990-08-11&amp;rft.volume=18&amp;rft.aulast=Smith&amp;rft.aufirst=Lloyd+M.&amp;rft.pages=4417-4421&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnar.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F18%2F15%2F4417"> </span> </li> <li id="_note-27"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-27">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Dovichi, Norman J.; H.P. Swerdlow, S. Wu , H.R. Harke (1990-09-07). &quot;Capillary gel electrophoresis for DNA sequencing: laser-induced fluorescence detection with the sheath flow cuvette&quot;. <em>Journal of Chromatography</em> 516: 61-67. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2286629" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2286629">PMID 2286629</a>. Retrieved on <a title="2007" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007">2007</a>-<a title="October 8" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_8">10-08</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Capillary+gel+electrophoresis+for+DNA+sequencing%3A+laser-induced+fluorescence+detection+with+the+sheath+flow+cuvette&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chromatography&amp;rft.date=1990-09-07&amp;rft.volume=516&amp;rft.aulast=Dovichi&amp;rft.aufirst=Norman+J.&amp;rft.pages=61-67"> </span> </li> <li id="_note-28"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-28">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Page, DC; Foote S, Vollrath D, Hilton A (1992-10-02). &quot;The human Y chromosome: overlapping DNA clones spanning the euchromatic region.&quot;. <em>Science</em> 258 (5079): 60-66. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1359640" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1359640">PMID 1359640</a>. Retrieved on <a title="2007" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007">2007</a>-<a title="October 8" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_8">10-08</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+human+Y+chromosome%3A+overlapping+DNA+clones+spanning+the+euchromatic+region.&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.date=1992-10-02&amp;rft.volume=258&amp;rft.issue=5079&amp;rft.aulast=Page&amp;rft.aufirst=DC&amp;rft.pages=60-66"> </span> </li> <li id="_note-29"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-29">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Cohen, Daniel; Ilya Chumakov, Philippe Rigault, Sophie Guillou, Pierre Ougen, Alain Billaut, Ghislaine Guasconi, Patricia Gervy, Isabelle LeGall, Pascal Soularue, Laurent Grinas, Lydie Bougueleret, Christine Bellann&eacute;-Chantelot, Bruno Lacroix, Emmanuel Barillot, Philippe Gesnouin, Stuart Pook, Guy Vaysseix, Gerard Frelat, Annette Schmitz, Jean-Luc Sambucy, Assumpcio Bosch, Xavier Estivill, Jean Weissenbachparallel, Alain Vignal, Harold Riethman, David Cox, David Patterson, Kathleen Gardiner, Masahira Hattori, Yoshiyuki Sakaki, Hitoshi Ichikawa, Misao Ohki, Denis Le Paslier, Roland Heilig, Stylianos Antonarakis (1992-10-01). &quot;Continuum of overlapping clones spanning the entire human chromosome 21q&quot;. <em>Nature</em> 359 (6394): 380-387. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1406950" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1406950">PMID 1406950</a> <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/359380a0" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/359380a0">10.1038/359380a0</a>. Retrieved on <a title="2007" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007">2007</a>-<a title="October 8" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_8">10-08</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Continuum+of+overlapping+clones+spanning+the+entire+human+chromosome+21q&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.date=1992-10-01&amp;rft.volume=359&amp;rft.issue=6394&amp;rft.aulast=Cohen&amp;rft.aufirst=Daniel&amp;rft.pages=380-387"> </span> </li> <li id="_note-30"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-30">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Lander, E. S.; Dietrich W, Katz H, Lincoln SE, Shin HS, Friedman J, Dracopoli NC (1992-06). &quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.genetics.org/cgi/content/abstract/131/2/423" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genetics.org/cgi/content/abstract/131/2/423">A Genetic Map of the Mouse Suitable for Typing Intraspecific Crosses</a>&quot;. <em>Genetics</em> 131: 423-447. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1353738" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1353738">PMID 1353738</a>. Retrieved on <a title="2007" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007">2007</a>-<a title="October 8" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_8">10-08</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=A+Genetic+Map+of+the+Mouse+Suitable+for+Typing+Intraspecific+Crosses&amp;rft.jtitle=Genetics&amp;rft.date=1992-06&amp;rft.volume=131&amp;rft.aulast=Lander&amp;rft.aufirst=E.+S.&amp;rft.pages=423-447&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genetics.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F131%2F2%2F423"> </span> </li> <li id="_note-31"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-31">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Weissenbach, Jean; Gyapay G, Dib C, Vignal A, Morissette J, Millasseau P, Vaysseix G, Lathrop M. (1992-10-29). &quot;A second-generation linkage map of the human genome&quot;. <em>Nature</em> 359: 794 - 801. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1436057" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1436057">PMID 1436057</a> <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/359794a0" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/359794a0">10.1038/359794a0</a>. Retrieved on <a title="2007" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007">2007</a>-<a title="October 8" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_8">10-08</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=A+second-generation+linkage+map+of+the+human+genome&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.date=1992-10-29&amp;rft.volume=359&amp;rft.aulast=Weissenbach&amp;rft.aufirst=Jean&amp;rft.pages=794+-+801"> </span> </li> <li id="_note-32"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-32">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Mathies, R. A.; Ju J, Ruan C, Fuller CW, Glazer AN (1995-05-09). &quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&amp;pubmedid=7753809" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&amp;pubmedid=7753809">Fluorescence Energy Transfer Dye-Labeled Primers for DNA Sequencing and Analysis</a>&quot;. <em>PNAS</em> 92: 4347-4351. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7753809" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7753809">PMID 7753809</a>. Retrieved on <a title="2007" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007">2007</a>-<a title="October 8" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_8">10-08</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Fluorescence+Energy+Transfer+Dye-Labeled+Primers+for+DNA+Sequencing+and+Analysis&amp;rft.jtitle=PNAS&amp;rft.date=1995-05-09&amp;rft.volume=92&amp;rft.aulast=Mathies&amp;rft.aufirst=R.+A.&amp;rft.pages=4347-4351&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpubmed%26pubmedid%3D7753809"> </span> </li> <li id="_note-33"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-33">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">(1997-09-05) &quot;The Complete Genome Sequence of Escherichia coli K-12&quot;. <em>Science</em> 277 (5331): 1453-1462. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9278503" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9278503">PMID 9278503</a> <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.277.5331.1453" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.277.5331.1453">10.1126/science.277.5331.1453</a>. Retrieved on <a title="2007" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007">2007</a>-<a title="October 8" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_8">10-08</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+Complete+Genome+Sequence+of+Escherichia+coli+K-12&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.date=1997-09-05&amp;rft.volume=277&amp;rft.issue=5331&amp;rft.pages=1453-1462"> </span> </li> <li id="_note-34"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-34">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">(1998-03) &quot;Base-calling of automated sequencer traces using phred. II. Error probabilities.&quot;. <em>Genome Reserarch</em> 8 (3): 186-94. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9521922" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9521922">PMID 9521922</a>. Retrieved on <a title="2007" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007">2007</a>-<a title="October 8" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_8">10-08</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Base-calling+of+automated+sequencer+traces+using+phred.+II.+Error+probabilities.&amp;rft.jtitle=Genome+Reserarch&amp;rft.date=1998-03&amp;rft.volume=8&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=186-94"> </span> </li> <li id="_note-35"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-35">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">(1998-12-11) &quot;Genome Sequence of the Nematode C. elegans: A Platform for Investigating Biology&quot;. <em>Science</em> 282 (5396): 2012-2018. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9851916" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9851916">PMID 9851916</a> <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.282.5396.2012" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.282.5396.2012">10.1126/science.282.5396.2012</a>. Retrieved on <a title="2007" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007">2007</a>-<a title="October 8" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_8">10-08</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+Sequence+of+the+Nematode+C.+elegans%3A+A+Platform+for+Investigating+Biology&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.date=1998-12-11&amp;rft.volume=282&amp;rft.issue=5396&amp;rft.pages=2012-2018"> </span> </li> <li id="_note-36"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-36">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">(1999-12-02) &quot;The DNA sequence of human chromosome 22&quot;. <em>Nature</em> 402 (6761): 489-495. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10591208" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10591208">PMID 10591208</a>. Retrieved on <a title="2007" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007">2007</a>-<a title="October 8" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_8">10-08</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+DNA+sequence+of+human+chromosome+22&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.date=1999-12-02&amp;rft.volume=402&amp;rft.issue=6761&amp;rft.pages=489-495"> </span> </li> <li id="_note-37"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-37">^</a></strong> Hattori, M., A. Fujiyama, T. D. Taylor, H. Watanabe, T. Yada, H.-S. Park, A. Toyoda, K. Ishii, Y. Totoki, D.-K. Choi, E. Soeda, M. Ohki, T. Takagi, Y. Sakaki; S. Taudienk, K. Blechschmidtk, A. Polleyk, U. Menzelk, J. Delabar, K. Kumpfk, R. Lehmannk, D. Patterson, K. Reichwaldk, A. Rumpk, M. Schillhabelk, A. Schudyk, W. Zimmermannk, A. Rosenthalk; J. KudohI, K. ShibuyaI, K. KawasakiI, S. AsakawaI, A. ShintaniI, T. SasakiI, K. NagamineI, S. MitsuyamaI, S. E. Antonarakis, S. MinoshimaI, N. ShimizuI, G. Nordsiek, K. Hornischer, P. Brandt, M. Scharfe, O. Scho&Egrave;n, A. Desario, J. Reichelt, G. Kauer, H. Bloecker; J. Ramser, A. Beck, S. Klages, S. Hennig, L. Riesselmann, E. Dagand, T. Haaf, S. Wehrmeyer, K. Borzym, K. Gardiner, D. Nizetickk, F. Francis, H. Lehrach, R. Reinhardt, and M.-L. Yaspo, (2000). The DNA sequence of human chromosome 21. Nature 405: 311-319. </li> <li id="_note-38"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-38">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">(2001-02-15) &quot;Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome&quot;. <em>Nature</em> 409 (6822): 860-921. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11237011" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11237011">PMID 11237011</a>. Retrieved on <a title="2007" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007">2007</a>-<a title="October 8" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_8">10-08</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Initial+sequencing+and+analysis+of+the+human+genome&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.date=2001-02-15&amp;rft.volume=409&amp;rft.issue=6822&amp;rft.pages=860-921"> </span> </li> <li id="_note-39"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#_ref-39">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Venter, J. C.; et al (2001-02-16). &quot;The sequence of the human genome.&quot;. <em>Science</em> 291 (5507): 1304-51. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11181995" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11181995">PMID 11181995</a> <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1058040" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1058040">10.1126/science.1058040</a>. Retrieved on <a title="2007" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007">2007</a>-<a title="October 8" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_8">10-08</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+sequence+of+the+human+genome.&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.date=2001-02-16&amp;rft.volume=291&amp;rft.issue=5507&amp;rft.aulast=Venter&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+C.&amp;rft.pages=1304-51"> </span> </li> </ol> </div> <p><a id="External_links" name="External_links"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.millegen.com" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.millegen.com/">Millegen DNA Sequencing platform</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.jgi.doe.gov/education/how/how30minflash.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.jgi.doe.gov/education/how/how30minflash.html">DNA Sequencing: Dye Terminator Animation</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.genomics.xprize.org" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomics.xprize.org/">Archon Genomics X PRIZE</a> - $10 million competition for fast and inexpensive sequencing technology </li> </ul> bb74162980b48e4fd1dffc0d5629ae58e356de11 0 1516 2036 2008-02-28T04:47:23Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki A human genome is a structured machinery of storing and controlling genetic information.<br /> A genome contains symmetry, fractality, layers, repeats, and structures.<br /> Understanding a genome is like understanding an information&nbsp;universe.<br /> <br /> <br /> What you can get from genome sequencing and genometyping.<br /> <br /> [[Disease association with genes]]<br /> [[Personal ancestry through SNPs]]<br /> [[Physical attributes through SNP variation]]<br /> d60d9676faaf6056ec45a3726f1cf384cc62cd99 0 1530 2037 2008-02-28T08:01:15Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5"><font size="6"><strong>$0 Genome Project</strong> <strong>for genomic equality</strong></font><br /> <font size="3">(aka: [[Free Genome Project]])</font>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </font><font size="4">$0 Genome project is a project launched by Genomics.org</font><br /> <br /> <font size="3">It is to collect personal genome information for free and distribute it free of charge.&nbsp;<br /> It is a zero-cost genomics project.<br /> <br /> Governments and big companies can pay for the genotyping cost and people let the world access the personal genome information without any restriction.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> All the $0 geonmics participants get all the personal genomics information for free from Genomics.org.<br /> <br /> There are people who have published personal genomic information.&nbsp;<br /> If you have your own genome information acquired by full genome sequencing, SNP chips and other genome chips, you can provide the information to genomics.org.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> It is an <em>openfree</em> BiO project.<br /> <br /> </font><font size="3"><strong><br /> <font size="4"><font size="5">Why $0 genome project?</font><br /> </font><br /> Genomic equality<br /> </strong><br /> Genome information should be free for all and the benefit of free genomics should be shared by people with little money and access to information.<br /> <br /> </font><font size="3"><strong><br /> <font size="5">How does it work?</font><br /> </strong><br /> <strong><font color="#ff0000" size="4">The first step:</font></strong><br /> <strong>1. [[Please click here and sign your name to petition the governments of the world to sequence genomes free of charge]]</strong><br /> <font size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp; - Your signatures will help people understand the importance of genomic equality philosophically, socially, and financially.<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp; - We can persuade governments, UN, large companies, and trusts to perform genomics project as the world community project.<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp; - If we have&nbsp;a global participation from the early stage of personal genomics, we can discuss ethical and equality issues&nbsp;from the beginning.</font><br /> <br /> <strong><font color="#ff6600">The second step:<br /> </font>2. [[Mapping the population stratification with government and company funds for free genotyping throughout the world]]<br /> </strong><font size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp; - Equal opportunities are given to people throughout the world regardless of racial, financial, and political backgrounds.<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp; - Human beings help to other human beings in understanding the whole <em>Homo sapiens</em> with equal contribution and feeling of sharing.</font><br /> <br /> <strong><font color="#339966">The third step:</font><br /> 3. [[Pinpointing persons who represent in the population clusters and genotype them for their families and groups]]<br /> </strong><font size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp; - This way, we make sure that the free genome project evenly genotype populations throughout the world.</font><br /> <br /> <br /> </font><font size="4"><strong>List of Companies that we target for contribution<br /> </strong></font><font size="3">[[SamSung]]<br /> [[LG bioscience]]<br /> [[Pfizer]]<br /> [[Merck]]<br /> [[23andme.com]]<br /> [[Decodeme.com]]</font><br /> <br /> <strong><font size="4">External Links<br /> </font></strong><font size="3">$0 personal genome home site is: http://personalgenome.net</font><br /> <br /> <hr /> [[Donate your genome]]<br /> <br /> <br /> f5b96107fc158138980192f4c784fbaee6080711 2066 2008-05-24T09:07:06Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5"><font size="6"><strong>$0 Genome Project</strong> <strong>for genomic equality</strong></font><br /> <font size="3">(aka: [[Free Genome Project]])</font>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </font><font size="4">$0 Genome project is a project launched by Genomics.org</font><br /> <br /> <font color="#800000" size="3"><strong>$0 genome project is a &quot;world project&quot;. We aim to make all the governments, biocompanies, and institutes to partcipate in this to make&nbsp;all the&nbsp;human genome information free.</strong>&nbsp;<br /> </font><br /> <font size="3"><br /> It is to collect personal genome information for free and distribute it free of charge.&nbsp;<br /> It is a zero-cost genomics project.<br /> <br /> Governments and companies can pay for the genotyping cost and people let the world access the personal genome information without any restriction.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> All the $0 geonmics participants get all the personal genomics information for free from Genomics.org.<br /> <br /> There are people who have published personal genomic information.&nbsp;<br /> If you have your own genome information acquired by full genome sequencing, SNP chips and other genome chips, you can provide the information to genomics.org.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> It is an <em>openfree</em> BiO project.<br /> <br /> </font><font size="3"><strong><br /> <font size="4"><font size="5">Why $0 genome project?</font><br /> </font><br /> Genomic equality<br /> </strong><br /> Genome information should be free for all and the benefit of free genomics should be shared by people with little money and access to information.<br /> <br /> </font><font size="3"><strong>Faster technology development<br /> </strong>If most of the governments in the world collaborate and support free genome sequencing, biocompanies will get huge benefits and they can accelerate the tech. dev.<br /> <br /> <strong><font size="5">How does it work?</font><br /> </strong><br /> <strong><font color="#ff0000" size="4">The first step:</font></strong><br /> <strong>1. [[Please click here and sign your name to petition the governments of the world to sequence genomes free of charge]]</strong><br /> <font size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp; - Your signatures will help people understand the importance of genomic equality philosophically, socially, and financially.<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp; - We can persuade governments, UN, large companies, and trusts to perform genomics project as the world community project.<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp; - If we have&nbsp;a global participation from the early stage of personal genomics, we can discuss ethical and equality issues&nbsp;from the beginning.</font><br /> <br /> <strong><font color="#ff6600">The second step:<br /> </font>2. [[Mapping the population stratification with government and company funds for free genotyping throughout the world]]<br /> </strong><font size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp; - Equal opportunities are given to people throughout the world regardless of racial, financial, and political backgrounds.<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp; - Human beings help to other human beings in understanding the whole <em>Homo sapiens</em> with equal contribution and feeling of sharing.</font><br /> <br /> <strong><font color="#339966">The third step:</font><br /> 3. [[Pinpointing persons who represent in the population clusters and genotype them for their families and groups]]<br /> </strong><font size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp; - This way, we make sure that the free genome project evenly genotype populations throughout the world.</font><br /> <br /> <br /> </font><font size="4"><strong>List of Companies that we target for contribution<br /> </strong></font><font size="3">[[SamSung]]<br /> [[LG bioscience]]<br /> [[Pfizer]]<br /> [[Merck]]<br /> [[23andme.com]]<br /> [[Decodeme.com]]</font><br /> <br /> <strong><font size="4">External Links<br /> </font></strong><font size="3">$0 personal genome home site is: http://personalgenome.net</font><br /> <br /> <hr /> [[Donate your genome]]<br /> <br /> <br /> 63e974ff82ab03e639ce0f39bb98743061f66f8d 2067 2008-05-24T09:09:08Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5"><font size="6"><strong>$0 Genome Project</strong> <strong>for genomic equality</strong></font><br /> <font size="3">(aka: [[Free Genome Project]])</font>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </font><font size="4">$0 Genome project is a project launched by Genomics.org</font><br /> <br /> <font color="#800000" size="3"><strong>$0 genome project is a &quot;world project&quot;. We aim to make all the governments, biocompanies, and institutes to partcipate in this to make&nbsp;all the&nbsp;human genome information free.</strong>&nbsp;<br /> </font><br /> <font size="3"><br /> It is to collect personal genome information for free and distribute it free of charge.&nbsp;<br /> It is a zero-cost genomics project.<br /> <br /> Governments and companies can pay for the genotyping cost and people let the world access the personal genome information without any restriction.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> All the $0 geonmics participants get all the personal genomics information for free from Genomics.org.<br /> <br /> There are people who have published personal genomic information.&nbsp;<br /> If you have your own genome information acquired by full genome sequencing, SNP chips and other genome chips, you can provide the information to genomics.org.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> It is an <em>openfree</em> BiO project.<br /> <br /> </font><font size="3"><strong><br /> <font size="4"><font size="5">Why $0 genome project?</font><br /> </font><br /> Genomic equality<br /> </strong><br /> Genome information should be free for all and the benefit of free genomics should be shared by people with little money and access to information.<br /> <br /> </font><font size="3"><strong>Faster technology development<br /> </strong>If most of the governments in the world collaborate and support free genome sequencing, biocompanies will get huge benefits and they can accelerate the tech. dev.<br /> <br /> <strong><font size="5">How does it work?</font><br /> </strong><br /> <strong><font color="#ff0000" size="4">The first step:</font></strong><br /> <strong>1. [[Please click here and sign your name to petition the governments of the world to sequence genomes free of charge]]</strong><br /> <font size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp; - Your signatures will help people understand the importance of genomic equality philosophically, socially, and financially.<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp; - We can persuade governments, UN, large companies, and trusts to perform genomics project as the world community project.<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp; - If we have&nbsp;a global participation from the early stage of personal genomics, we can discuss ethical and equality issues&nbsp;from the beginning.</font><br /> <br /> <strong><font color="#ff6600">The second step:<br /> </font>2. [[Mapping the population stratification with government and company funds for free genotyping throughout the world]]<br /> </strong><font size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp; - Equal opportunities are given to people throughout the world regardless of racial, financial, and political backgrounds.<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp; - Human beings help to other human beings in understanding the whole <em>Homo sapiens</em> with equal contribution and feeling of sharing.</font><br /> <br /> <strong><font color="#339966">The third step:</font><br /> 3. [[Pinpointing persons who represent in the population clusters and genotype them for their families and groups]]<br /> </strong><font size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp; - This way, we make sure that the free genome project evenly genotype populations throughout the world.<br /> </font><font size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp; - [[Comparing 7 billion human genomes with computers]] without sequencing 7 billion humans.<br /> </font>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </font><font size="4"><strong>List of Companies that we target for contribution<br /> </strong></font><font size="3">[[Pfizer]]&nbsp; [[Merck]]&nbsp; [[23andme.com]]&nbsp; [[Decodeme.com]]</font><br /> <br /> <strong><font size="4"><br /> External Links<br /> </font></strong><font size="3">$0 personal genome home site is: http://personalgenome.net</font><br /> <br /> <hr /> [[Donate your genome]]<br /> <br /> <br /> 1a0c0f012ca1e3211e113558d80494e40a021d15 2078 2008-06-09T23:51:44Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5"><font size="6"><strong>$0 Genome Project</strong> <strong>for genomic equality</strong></font><br /> <font size="3">(aka: [[Free Genome Project]])</font>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </font><font size="4">$0 Genome project is a project launched by Genomics.org</font><br /> <br /> <font color="#800000" size="3"><strong>$0 genome project is a &quot;world project&quot;. We aim to make all the governments, biocompanies, and institutes to partcipate in this to make&nbsp;all the&nbsp;human genome information free.</strong>&nbsp;<br /> </font><br /> <font size="3"><br /> It is to collect personal genome information for free and distribute it free of charge.&nbsp;<br /> It is a zero-cost genomics project.<br /> <br /> Governments and companies can pay for the genotyping cost and people let the world access the personal genome information without any restriction.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> All the $0 geonmics participants get all the personal genomics information for free from Genomics.org.<br /> <br /> There are people who have published personal genomic information.&nbsp;<br /> If you have your own genome information acquired by full genome sequencing, SNP chips and other genome chips, you can provide the information to genomics.org.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> It is an <em>openfree</em> BiO project.<br /> <br /> </font><font size="3"><strong><br /> <font size="4"><font size="5">Why $0 genome project?</font><br /> </font><br /> Genomic equality<br /> </strong><br /> Genome information should be free for all and the benefit of free genomics should be shared by people with little money and access to information.<br /> <br /> </font><font size="3"><strong>Faster technology development<br /> </strong>If most of the governments in the world collaborate and support free genome sequencing, biocompanies will get huge benefits and they can accelerate the tech. dev.<br /> <br /> <strong><font size="5">How does it work?</font><br /> </strong><br /> <strong><font color="#ff0000" size="4">The first step:</font></strong><br /> <strong>1. [[Please click here and sign your name to petition the governments of the world to sequence genomes free of charge]]</strong><br /> <font size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp; - Your signatures will help people understand the importance of genomic equality philosophically, socially, and financially.<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp; - We can persuade governments, UN, large companies, and trusts to perform genomics project as the world community project.<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp; - [[Openletter to the world for&nbsp;genomic equality]]<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp; - If we have&nbsp;a global participation from the early stage of personal genomics, we can discuss ethical and equality issues&nbsp;from the beginning.</font><br /> <br /> <strong><font color="#ff6600">The second step:<br /> </font>2. [[Mapping the population stratification with government and company funds for free genotyping throughout the world]]<br /> </strong><font size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp; - Equal opportunities are given to people throughout the world regardless of racial, financial, and political backgrounds.<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp; - Human beings help to other human beings in understanding the whole <em>Homo sapiens</em> with equal contribution and feeling of sharing.</font><br /> <br /> <strong><font color="#339966">The third step:</font><br /> 3. [[Pinpointing persons who represent in the population clusters and genotype them for their families and groups]]<br /> </strong><font size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp; - This way, we make sure that the free genome project evenly genotype populations throughout the world.<br /> </font><font size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp; - [[Comparing 7 billion human genomes with computers]] without sequencing 7 billion humans.<br /> </font>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </font><font size="4"><strong>List of Companies that we target for contribution<br /> </strong></font><font size="3">[[Pfizer]]&nbsp; [[Merck]]&nbsp; [[23andme.com]]&nbsp; [[Decodeme.com]]</font><br /> <br /> <strong><font size="4"><br /> External Links<br /> </font></strong><font size="3">$0 personal genome home site is: http://personalgenome.net</font><br /> <br /> <hr /> [[Donate your genome]]<br /> <br /> <br /> d93eef5fb2442a0ff6e4b4537c115ab4f877aa9f 0 1608 2038 2008-02-28T08:07:34Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5">Donate your genome!</font><br /> <br /> Donating genome is not different from donating your kidney.<br /> You can simply upload your genome typing and full genome information at&nbsp; <a href="ftp://bioftp.kobic.re.kr/BiO/Store/FreeGenome/">ftp://bioftp.kobic.re.kr/BiO/Store/FreeGenome/</a><br /> <a href="ftp://bioftp.kobic.kr/BiO/Store/"></a><br /> <strong><font size="4">Donated Genomes and Genome types</font></strong><br /> [ftp://bioftp.kobic.re.kr/BiO/Store/FreeGenome/JongBhak_Genome_type/ Jong Bhak's Genome type information. Decodeme. Illumina 1 mega chip]<br /> 455a81396d41fa5ebfabda1cc37f16360c70e380 2039 2008-02-28T08:08:07Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5">Donate your genome!</font><br /> <br /> <font size="3">Donating genome is not different from donating your kidney.<br /> You can simply upload your genome typing and full genome information at&nbsp; </font><a href="ftp://bioftp.kobic.re.kr/BiO/Store/FreeGenome/"><font size="3">ftp://bioftp.kobic.re.kr/BiO/Store/FreeGenome/</font></a><br /> <a href="ftp://bioftp.kobic.kr/BiO/Store/"></a><br /> <strong><font size="4">Donated Genomes and Genome types</font></strong><br /> [ftp://bioftp.kobic.re.kr/BiO/Store/FreeGenome/JongBhak_Genome_type/ Jong Bhak's Genome type information. Decodeme. Illumina 1 mega chip]<br /> c1ae2df10f35aa9e914fd84f61544f8131fa7377 2040 2008-02-28T10:54:09Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5">Donate your genome!</font><br /> <br /> <font size="3">Donating genome is not different from donating your kidney.<br /> You can simply upload your genome typing and full genome information at&nbsp; </font><a href="ftp://bioftp.kobic.re.kr/BiO/Store/FreeGenome/"><font size="3">ftp://bioftp.kobic.re.kr/BiO/Store/FreeGenome/</font></a>&nbsp;or <a href="ftp://ftp.kobic.re.kr/pub/Genomebank/SNP_data/JongBhak/">ftp://ftp.kobic.re.kr/pub/Genomebank/SNP_data/JongBhak/</a><br /> <a href="ftp://bioftp.kobic.kr/BiO/Store/"></a><br /> <strong><font size="4">Donated Genomes and Genome types</font></strong><br /> [ftp://bioftp.kobic.re.kr/BiO/Store/FreeGenome/JongBhak_Genome_type/ Jong Bhak's Genome type information. Decodeme. Illumina 1 mega chip]<br /> fea696436a572a70a9913de7dd9829ca7bad6fec 2041 2008-02-29T02:30:35Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5">Donate your genome!</font><br /> <br /> <font size="3">Donating genome is not different from donating your kidney.<br /> You can simply upload your genome typing and full genome information at&nbsp; </font><a href="ftp://bioftp.kobic.re.kr/BiO/Store/FreeGenome/"><font size="3">ftp://bioftp.kobic.re.kr/BiO/Store/FreeGenome/</font></a>&nbsp;or <a href="ftp://ftp.kobic.re.kr/pub/Genomebank/SNP_data/JongBhak/"><font size="3">ftp://ftp.kobic.re.kr/pub/Genomebank/SNP_data/JongBhak/</font></a><br /> <a href="ftp://bioftp.kobic.kr/BiO/Store/"></a><br /> <strong><font size="4">Donated Genomes and Genome types</font></strong><br /> [ftp://bioftp.kobic.re.kr/BiO/Store/FreeGenome/JongBhak_Genome_type/ Jong Bhak's Genome type information. Decodeme. Illumina 1 mega chip]<br /> 4b7556917a0160aa0e4f127ac4b97429f1381f8c 2042 2008-02-29T11:26:14Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5">Donate your genome!</font><br /> <br /> <font size="3">Donating genome is not different from donating your kidney.<br /> You can simply upload your genome typing and full genome information at&nbsp; </font><a href="ftp://bioftp.kobic.re.kr/BiO/Store/FreeGenome/"><font size="3">ftp://bioftp.kobic.re.kr/BiO/Store/FreeGenome/</font></a>&nbsp;or <font size="3">ftp://ftp.kobic.re.kr/BiO/Store/Genomebank/SNP_data/JongBhak/</font><br /> <a href="ftp://bioftp.kobic.kr/BiO/Store/"></a><br /> <strong><font size="4">Donated Genomes and Genome types</font></strong><br /> [ftp://bioftp.kobic.re.kr/BiO/Store/FreeGenome/JongBhak_Genome_type/ Jong Bhak's Genome type information. Decodeme. Illumina 1 mega chip]<br /> 88fdf4cf9c5563bd68c1aa2d763d0c483b93bc05 2044 2008-03-04T05:38:47Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5">Donate your genome!</font><br /> <br /> <font size="3">Donating genome is not different from donating your kidney.<br /> <br /> You can simply <font color="#ff0000">upload</font> your genome typing and full genome information at&nbsp; </font><a href="ftp://bioftp.kobic.re.kr/BiO/Store/FreeGenome/"><font size="3">ftp://bioftp.kobic.re.kr/BiO/Store/FreeGenome/</font></a>&nbsp;or <font size="3">ftp://ftp.kobic.re.kr/BiO/Store/Genomebank/SNP_data/JongBhak/</font><br /> <a href="ftp://bioftp.kobic.kr/BiO/Store/"></a><br /> <strong><font size="4">Donated Genomes and Genome types</font></strong><br /> [ftp://bioftp.kobic.re.kr/BiO/Store/FreeGenome/JongBhak_Genome_type/ Jong Bhak's Genome type information. Decodeme. Illumina 1 mega chip]<br /> 1d5f19e3a2fe2990f3cfc762c1a044a338c49135 2068 2008-05-24T09:10:44Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5">Donate your genome!</font><br /> <br /> <font size="3">Donating genome is not different from donating your kidney.<br /> <br /> You can simply <font color="#ff0000">upload</font> your genome typing and full genome information at&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> </font><a href="ftp://ftp.kobic.re.kr/BiO/Store/Genomebank/Human_genome_sequence/"><font size="3">ftp://ftp.kobic.re.kr/BiO/Store/Genomebank/Human_genome_sequence/</font></a><a href="ftp://bioftp.kobic.re.kr/BiO/Store/FreeGenome/"><br /> <font size="3">ftp://bioftp.kobic.re.kr/BiO/Store/FreeGenome/</font></a>&nbsp;or<br /> <font size="3"><br /> <a href="ftp://ftp.kobic.re.kr/BiO/Store/Genomebank/SNP_data">ftp://ftp.kobic.re.kr/BiO/Store/Genomebank/SNP_data</a></font><br /> <a href="ftp://bioftp.kobic.kr/BiO/Store/"></a><br /> <strong><font size="4">Donated Genomes and Genome types</font></strong><br /> [ftp://bioftp.kobic.re.kr/BiO/Store/FreeGenome/JongBhak_Genome_type/ Jong Bhak's Genome type information. Decodeme. Illumina 1 mega chip]<br /> c32dedd4ce6278aaa1dc23acdd605d3b8208a401 2069 2008-05-24T09:11:19Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5">Donate your genome!</font><br /> <br /> <font size="3">Donating genome is not different from donating your kidney.<br /> <br /> You can simply <font color="#ff0000">upload</font> your genome typing and full genome information at&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> </font><a href="ftp://ftp.kobic.re.kr/BiO/Store/Genomebank/Human_genome_sequence/"><font size="3">ftp://ftp.kobic.re.kr/BiO/Store/Genomebank/Human_genome_sequence/</font></a><a href="ftp://bioftp.kobic.re.kr/BiO/Store/FreeGenome/"><br /> </a><br /> or<br /> <font size="3"><br /> <a href="ftp://ftp.kobic.re.kr/BiO/Store/Genomebank/SNP_data">ftp://ftp.kobic.re.kr/BiO/Store/Genomebank/SNP_data</a></font><br /> <a href="ftp://bioftp.kobic.kr/BiO/Store/"></a><br /> <strong><font size="4">Donated Genomes and Genome types</font></strong><br /> [ftp://bioftp.kobic.re.kr/BiO/Store/FreeGenome/JongBhak_Genome_type/ Jong Bhak's Genome type information. Decodeme. Illumina 1 mega chip]<br /> 06046e386cbde7599a12a619401b3d9a93758209 0 1503 2046 2008-03-17T12:55:13Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5"><strong>BioOriginality Principle.<br /> <br /> </strong></font><font size="3">BioOriginality states that any original information materials are in fact the product of previous data, information and knowledge.&nbsp;<br /> Therefore, the origin of any kind of mental work can not be claimed and dedicated solely to one person.<br /> <br /> This in practical terms means that there is<strong> no &quot;founding father&quot;</strong> for knowledge.&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> The term BioOriginality is tightly associated with <a href="http://biolicense.org/index.php/BioLicense" title="BioLicense">BioLicense</a>.<br /> <br /> In practice, if any web site, media,&nbsp;or an intellectual project on Earth&nbsp;is under BioLicense (hence under BioOriginality Principle), there is no <strong>'original'</strong> founder.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> Any present and future person/people is the &quot;<a href="http://biolicense.org/index.php/Perpetual_founder" title="Perpetual founder">perpetual founder</a>&quot; of the project. For example, the original BioPerl project license said that anyone who edited a single character of the BioPerl module becomes the owner and main participant of the BioPerl. Any active person in such a project is effectively the founder (as intellectual properties keep changing and even evolving).<br /> <br /> <strong>BioLicense is under BioLicense</strong>.&nbsp;<br /> Therefore, the founder of BioLicense is YOU who is reading and contributing in anyway and affects the world in an indirect and direct way in the future.</font>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <strong><font size="5">See also</font></strong><br /> <font size="3">[http://biooriginality.com Biooriginality.com]</font><br /> <br /> <hr /> [http://biopedia.org Biopedia.org] | [http://freescience.net FreeScience.net] | [http://biojustice.org Biojustice.org] | [http://biosociety.org Biosociety.org] 4c67831edaa0e4894bcb259dc976415162b4393f 2047 2008-03-17T12:57:39Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5"><strong>BioOriginality Principle.<br /> <br /> </strong></font><font size="3">BioOriginality states that any original information materials are in fact the product of previous data, information and knowledge.&nbsp;<br /> Therefore, the origin of any kind of mental work can not be claimed and dedicated solely to one person.<br /> <br /> This in practical terms means that there is<strong> no &quot;founding father&quot;</strong> for knowledge.&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> The term BioOriginality is tightly associated with <a href="http://biolicense.org/index.php/BioLicense" title="BioLicense">BioLicense</a>.<br /> <br /> In practice, if any web site, media,&nbsp;or an intellectual project on Earth&nbsp;is under BioLicense (hence under BioOriginality Principle), there is no <strong>'original'</strong> founder.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> Any present and future person/people is the &quot;<a href="http://biolicense.org/index.php/Perpetual_founder" title="Perpetual founder">perpetual founder</a>&quot; of the project. For example, the original BioPerl project license said that anyone who edited a single character of the BioPerl module becomes the owner and main participant of the BioPerl. Any active person in such a project is effectively the founder (as intellectual properties keep changing and even evolving).<br /> <br /> <strong>BioLicense is under BioLicense</strong>.&nbsp;<br /> Therefore, the founder of BioLicense is YOU who is reading and contributing in anyway and affects the world in an indirect and direct way in the future.</font>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <strong><font size="5">See also</font></strong><br /> <font size="3">http://biosophy.org/index.php/Biooriginality<br /> [http://synthetivity.com Synthetivity.com]</font><br /> <br /> <hr /> [http://biopedia.org Biopedia.org] | [http://freescience.net FreeScience.net] | [http://biojustice.org Biojustice.org] | [http://biosociety.org Biosociety.org] 06275b5cf2c9d6d111ddad0435fb4bdac6b5034b 2048 2008-03-17T12:58:15Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5"><strong>BioOriginality Principle.<br /> <br /> </strong></font><font size="3">BioOriginality states that any original information materials are in fact the product of previous data, information and knowledge.&nbsp;<br /> Therefore, the origin of any kind of mental work can not be claimed and dedicated solely to one person.<br /> <br /> This in practical terms means that there is<strong> no &quot;founding father&quot;</strong> for knowledge.&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> The term BioOriginality is tightly associated with <a href="http://biolicense.org/index.php/BioLicense" title="BioLicense">BioLicense</a>.<br /> <br /> In practice, if any web site, media,&nbsp;or an intellectual project on Earth&nbsp;is under BioLicense (hence under BioOriginality Principle), there is no <strong>'original'</strong> founder.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> Any present and future person/people is the &quot;<a href="http://biolicense.org/index.php/Perpetual_founder" title="Perpetual founder">perpetual founder</a>&quot; of the project. For example, the original BioPerl project license said that anyone who edited a single character of the BioPerl module becomes the owner and main participant of the BioPerl. Any active person in such a project is effectively the founder (as intellectual properties keep changing and even evolving).<br /> <br /> <strong>BioLicense is under BioLicense</strong>.&nbsp;<br /> Therefore, the founder of BioLicense is YOU who is reading and contributing in anyway and affects the world in an indirect and direct way in the future.</font>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <strong><font size="5">See also</font></strong><br /> <font size="3">[http://biosophy.org/index.php/Biooriginality Biooriginality]<br /> [http://synthetivity.com Synthetivity.com]</font><br /> <br /> <hr /> [http://biopedia.org Biopedia.org] | [http://freescience.net FreeScience.net] | [http://biojustice.org Biojustice.org] | [http://biosociety.org Biosociety.org] 9be34f92b62f0e5b5c0d1b07a9abc4832c5a484d 2058 2008-05-04T09:58:02Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5"><strong>BioOriginality Principle.<br /> <br /> </strong></font><font size="3">BioOriginality states that any original information materials are in fact the product of previous data, information and knowledge.&nbsp;<br /> Therefore, the origin of any kind of mental work can not be claimed and dedicated solely to one person.<br /> <br /> This in practical terms means that there is<strong> no &quot;founding father&quot;</strong> for knowledge.&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> The term BioOriginality is tightly associated with <a title="BioLicense" href="http://biolicense.org/index.php/BioLicense">BioLicense</a>.<br /> <br /> In practice, if any web site, media,&nbsp;or an intellectual project on Earth&nbsp;is under BioLicense (hence under BioOriginality Principle), there is no <strong>'original'</strong> founder.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> Any present and future person/people is the &quot;<a title="Perpetual founder" href="http://biolicense.org/index.php/Perpetual_founder">perpetual founder</a>&quot; of the project. For example, the original BioPerl project license said that anyone who edited a single character of the BioPerl module becomes the owner and main participant of the BioPerl. Any active person in such a project is effectively the founder (as intellectual properties keep changing and even evolving).<br /> <br /> <strong>BioLicense is under BioLicense</strong>.&nbsp;<br /> Therefore, the founder of BioLicense, and any other projects that uses BioLicense,&nbsp;is YOU who is reading and contributing in anyway and affects the world in an indirect and direct way in the future.</font>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <strong><font size="5">See also</font></strong><br /> <font size="3">[http://biosophy.org/index.php/Biooriginality Biooriginality]: This is the prime site for biooriginality concept.<br /> [http://synthetivity.com Synthetivity.com]: Synthetivity is a term to replace creativity. Nothing is created in this universe but only synthesized.</font><br /> <br /> <hr /> [http://biopedia.org Biopedia.org] | [http://freescience.net FreeScience.net] | [http://biojustice.org Biojustice.org] | [http://biosociety.org Biosociety.org] 520e8d1e8b12ca62a50342aca444966bd8ea1e7a 8 1175 2049 2008-03-20T08:56:57Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki * Biosites ** http://personalgenome.net|PersonalGenome.net ** http://freegenome.org|FreeGenome.org ** http://omics.org|Omics.org ** http://interactomics.org|Interactomics.org ** http://glycome.net|Glycome.net ** http://textome.org|Textome.org ** http://biopedia.org|Biopedia.org ** http://biosites.org|Biosites.org ** http://biocompany.net|Biocompany.net ** http://diseaseome.com|Diseaseome.com ** http://healthome.com|Healthome.com ** http://animalome.com|Animalome.com ** http://plantome.org|Plantome.org * navigation ** recentchanges-url|recentchanges ** randompage-url|randompage b7486774b8cb7b6c2769bfbfa1d9de8ff7455af0 2050 2008-04-17T14:08:21Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki * Biosites ** http://personalgenome.net|PersonalGenome.net ** http://freegenome.org|FreeGenome.org ** http://omics.org|Omics.org ** http://interactomics.org|Interactomics.org ** http://glycome.net|Glycome.net ** http://textome.org|Textome.org ** http://biopedia.org|Biopedia.org ** http://biosites.org|Biosites.org ** http://biocompany.net|Biocompany.net * navigation ** recentchanges-url|recentchanges ** randompage-url|randompage 4f093cb297aa8e68f09b9274a6937963b24c0200 2077 2008-05-30T20:15:55Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki * Biosites ** http://personalgenome.net|PersonalGenome.net ** http://freegenome.org|FreeGenome.org ** http://omics.org|Omics.org ** http://interactomics.org|Interactomics.org ** http://variome.net|Variome.net ** http://textome.org|Textome.org ** http://biopedia.org|Biopedia.org ** http://biosites.org|Biosites.org ** http://biocompany.net|Biocompany.net * navigation ** recentchanges-url|recentchanges ** randompage-url|randompage 81722e5c186aeeb515218dfc4848a43be926e125 0 1595 2054 2008-05-04T09:50:15Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>(1954- ) is an American molecular geneticist. He is currently Professor of Genetics <sup class="reference" id="_ref-0">[1]</sup> at Harvard Medical School and Professor of Health Sciences &amp; Technology <sup class="reference" id="_ref-HST_0">[2]</sup> at Harvard and MIT. With Walter Gilbert he developed the first direct genomic sequencing method in 1984<sup class="reference" id="_ref-1">[3]</sup> and helped initiate the Human Genome Project in 1984 <sup class="reference" id="_ref-2">[4]</sup> while he was a Research Scientist at newly-formed Biogen Inc. He invented the broadly-applied concepts of molecular multiplexing and tags<sup class="reference" id="_ref-3">[5]</sup>, homologous recombination methods <sup class="reference" id="_ref-4">[6]</sup>, and DNA array synthesizers. Technology transfer of automated sequencing &amp; software to Genome Therapeutics Corp. resulted in the first commercial genome sequence, (the human pathogen, <em>Helicobacter pylori</em>) in 1994 <sup class="reference" id="_ref-NG_0">[7]</sup>. He initiated the Personal Genome Project (PGP) <sup class="reference" id="_ref-5">[8]</sup> in 2005 and research on synthetic biology. He is director of the U.S. Department of Energy Center on Bioenergy at Harvard &amp; MIT <sup class="reference" id="_ref-6">[9]</sup> and director of the National Institutes of Health (NHGRI) Center of Excellence in Genomic Science at Harvard, MIT &amp; Washington University <sup class="reference" id="_ref-7">[10]</sup>. He has been advisor to 22 companies, most recently co-founding (with Joseph Jacobson, Jay Keasling, and Drew Endy) Codon Devices, a biotech startup dedicated to synthetic biology<sup class="reference" id="_ref-8">[11]</sup> and (with Chris Somerville) founding LS9, which is focused on biofuels <sup class="reference" id="_ref-9">[12]</sup>. He is a senior editor for Nature EMBO Molecular Systems Biology. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church George Church in Wikipedia.org]</li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://arep.med.harvard.edu/" rel="nofollow" href="http://arep.med.harvard.edu/">Church Lab webpage</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://arep.med.harvard.edu/Polonator/" rel="nofollow" href="http://arep.med.harvard.edu/Polonator/">New Polony DNA Sequencing Methods</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://edge.org/3rd_culture/bios/church.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://edge.org/3rd_culture/bios/church.html">Biosketch on Edge.org</a> </li> </ul> <p><a id="References" name="References"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <div> <ol class="references"> <li id="_note-0"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church#_ref-0">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://genetics.med.harvard.edu/faculty.htm#C" rel="nofollow" href="http://genetics.med.harvard.edu/faculty.htm#C">HMS Genetics Faculty</a> </li> <li id="_note-HST"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church#_ref-HST_0">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://hst.mit.edu/servlet/ControllerServlet?handler=PeopleHandler&amp;action=viewOne&amp;id=HST000211" rel="nofollow" href="http://hst.mit.edu/servlet/ControllerServlet?handler=PeopleHandler&amp;action=viewOne&amp;id=HST000211">HST</a> </li> <li id="_note-1"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church#_ref-1">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Church GM, Gilbert W (1984). &quot;Genomic Sequencing&quot;. <em>Proc Nat Acad Sci USA</em> <strong>81</strong>: 1991-5. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=6326095" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=6326095">PMID 6326095</a>.</cite> </li> <li id="_note-2"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church#_ref-2">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Cook-Deegan RM (1989). &quot;The Alta summit, December 1984&quot;. <em>Genomics</em> <strong>5</strong>: 661-3. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=2613249" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=2613249">PMID 2613249</a>.</cite> </li> <li id="_note-3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church#_ref-3">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Church GM, Kieffer-Higgins S. (1984). &quot;Multiplex Sequencing&quot;. <em>Science</em> <strong>240</strong>: 185-8. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=3353714" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=3353714">PMID 3353714</a>.</cite> </li> <li id="_note-4"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church#_ref-4">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Link AJ, Phillips D, Church GM (1997). &quot;Methods for generating precise deletions and insertions in the genome of wild-type <em>Escherichia coli</em>: application to open reading frame characterization&quot;. <em>J Bacteriol.</em> <strong>179</strong>: 6228-37. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=9335267" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=9335267">PMID 9335267</a>.</cite> </li> <li id="_note-NG"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church#_ref-NG_0">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">(1996) &quot;Capitalizing on the genome&quot;. <em>Nature Genetics</em> <strong>13</strong>: 1. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=8673083" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=8673083">PMID 8673083</a>.</cite><a class="external autonumber" title="http://www.nature.com/ng/wilma/v13n1.867861436.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/ng/wilma/v13n1.867861436.html">[1]</a> </li> <li id="_note-5"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church#_ref-5">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Church GM (2005). &quot;The personal genome project&quot;. <em>Mol Syst Biol.</em> <strong>1</strong>: 0030. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=16729065" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=16729065">PMID 16729065</a>.</cite> </li> <li id="_note-6"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church#_ref-6">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://arep.med.harvard.edu/DOEGTL/" rel="nofollow" href="http://arep.med.harvard.edu/DOEGTL/">DOE Genomes to Life Center</a> </li> <li id="_note-7"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church#_ref-7">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.genome.gov/12511135" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.gov/12511135">Centers of Excellence in Genomic Science Awards</a> </li> <li id="_note-8"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church#_ref-8">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Herper M (2006). &quot;Photoshop For DNA&quot;. <em>Forbes</em>.</cite><a class="external autonumber" title="http://www.forbes.com/sciencesandmedicine/2005/06/01/cx_mh_0601dna.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.forbes.com/sciencesandmedicine/2005/06/01/cx_mh_0601dna.html">[2]</a> </li> <li id="_note-9"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church#_ref-9">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://sanfrancisco.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/stories/2007/03/12/daily3.html?b=1173672000%5e1430618&amp;surround=etf" rel="nofollow" href="http://sanfrancisco.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/stories/2007/03/12/daily3.html?b=1173672000%5e1430618&amp;surround=etf">San Francisco Business Times - March 12, 2007</a> </li> </ol> </div> <p><br /> </p> bd5909d90a3ceb59dbb5736612ac5bb3b32d5a40 2055 2008-05-04T09:52:08Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>(1954- ) is an American molecular geneticist.&nbsp;He is perhaps one of the most influential scientist in genomics it not the most.<br /> <br /> He is currently Professor of Genetics <sup class="reference" id="_ref-0">[1]</sup> at Harvard Medical School and Professor of Health Sciences &amp; Technology <sup class="reference" id="_ref-HST_0">[2]</sup> at Harvard and MIT. With Walter Gilbert he developed the first direct genomic sequencing method in 1984<sup class="reference" id="_ref-1">[3]</sup> and helped initiate the Human Genome Project in 1984 <sup class="reference" id="_ref-2">[4]</sup> while he was a Research Scientist at newly-formed Biogen Inc. He invented the broadly-applied concepts of molecular multiplexing and tags<sup class="reference" id="_ref-3">[5]</sup>, homologous recombination methods <sup class="reference" id="_ref-4">[6]</sup>, and DNA array synthesizers. Technology transfer of automated sequencing &amp; software to Genome Therapeutics Corp. resulted in the first commercial genome sequence, (the human pathogen, <em>Helicobacter pylori</em>) in 1994 <sup class="reference" id="_ref-NG_0">[7]</sup>. He initiated the Personal Genome Project (PGP) <sup class="reference" id="_ref-5">[8]</sup> in 2005 and research on synthetic biology. He is director of the U.S. Department of Energy Center on Bioenergy at Harvard &amp; MIT <sup class="reference" id="_ref-6">[9]</sup> and director of the National Institutes of Health (NHGRI) Center of Excellence in Genomic Science at Harvard, MIT &amp; Washington University <sup class="reference" id="_ref-7">[10]</sup>. He has been advisor to 22 companies, most recently co-founding (with Joseph Jacobson, Jay Keasling, and Drew Endy) Codon Devices, a biotech startup dedicated to synthetic biology<sup class="reference" id="_ref-8">[11]</sup> and (with Chris Somerville) founding LS9, which is focused on biofuels <sup class="reference" id="_ref-9">[12]</sup>. He is a senior editor for Nature EMBO Molecular Systems Biology.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <font size="5">See also<br /> </font>[[Personal Genome Project]]</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church George Church in Wikipedia.org] </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://arep.med.harvard.edu/" rel="nofollow" href="http://arep.med.harvard.edu/">Church Lab webpage</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://arep.med.harvard.edu/Polonator/" rel="nofollow" href="http://arep.med.harvard.edu/Polonator/">New Polony DNA Sequencing Methods</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://edge.org/3rd_culture/bios/church.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://edge.org/3rd_culture/bios/church.html">Biosketch on Edge.org</a> </li> </ul> <p><a id="References" name="References"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <div> <ol class="references"> <li id="_note-0"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church#_ref-0">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://genetics.med.harvard.edu/faculty.htm#C" rel="nofollow" href="http://genetics.med.harvard.edu/faculty.htm#C">HMS Genetics Faculty</a> </li> <li id="_note-HST"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church#_ref-HST_0">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://hst.mit.edu/servlet/ControllerServlet?handler=PeopleHandler&amp;action=viewOne&amp;id=HST000211" rel="nofollow" href="http://hst.mit.edu/servlet/ControllerServlet?handler=PeopleHandler&amp;action=viewOne&amp;id=HST000211">HST</a> </li> <li id="_note-1"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church#_ref-1">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Church GM, Gilbert W (1984). &quot;Genomic Sequencing&quot;. <em>Proc Nat Acad Sci USA</em> <strong>81</strong>: 1991-5. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=6326095" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=6326095">PMID 6326095</a>.</cite> </li> <li id="_note-2"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church#_ref-2">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Cook-Deegan RM (1989). &quot;The Alta summit, December 1984&quot;. <em>Genomics</em> <strong>5</strong>: 661-3. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=2613249" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=2613249">PMID 2613249</a>.</cite> </li> <li id="_note-3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church#_ref-3">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Church GM, Kieffer-Higgins S. (1984). &quot;Multiplex Sequencing&quot;. <em>Science</em> <strong>240</strong>: 185-8. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=3353714" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=3353714">PMID 3353714</a>.</cite> </li> <li id="_note-4"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church#_ref-4">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Link AJ, Phillips D, Church GM (1997). &quot;Methods for generating precise deletions and insertions in the genome of wild-type <em>Escherichia coli</em>: application to open reading frame characterization&quot;. <em>J Bacteriol.</em> <strong>179</strong>: 6228-37. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=9335267" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=9335267">PMID 9335267</a>.</cite> </li> <li id="_note-NG"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church#_ref-NG_0">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">(1996) &quot;Capitalizing on the genome&quot;. <em>Nature Genetics</em> <strong>13</strong>: 1. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=8673083" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=8673083">PMID 8673083</a>.</cite><a class="external autonumber" title="http://www.nature.com/ng/wilma/v13n1.867861436.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/ng/wilma/v13n1.867861436.html">[1]</a> </li> <li id="_note-5"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church#_ref-5">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Church GM (2005). &quot;The personal genome project&quot;. <em>Mol Syst Biol.</em> <strong>1</strong>: 0030. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=16729065" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=16729065">PMID 16729065</a>.</cite> </li> <li id="_note-6"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church#_ref-6">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://arep.med.harvard.edu/DOEGTL/" rel="nofollow" href="http://arep.med.harvard.edu/DOEGTL/">DOE Genomes to Life Center</a> </li> <li id="_note-7"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church#_ref-7">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.genome.gov/12511135" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.gov/12511135">Centers of Excellence in Genomic Science Awards</a> </li> <li id="_note-8"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church#_ref-8">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Herper M (2006). &quot;Photoshop For DNA&quot;. <em>Forbes</em>.</cite><a class="external autonumber" title="http://www.forbes.com/sciencesandmedicine/2005/06/01/cx_mh_0601dna.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.forbes.com/sciencesandmedicine/2005/06/01/cx_mh_0601dna.html">[2]</a> </li> <li id="_note-9"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church#_ref-9">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://sanfrancisco.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/stories/2007/03/12/daily3.html?b=1173672000%5e1430618&amp;surround=etf" rel="nofollow" href="http://sanfrancisco.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/stories/2007/03/12/daily3.html?b=1173672000%5e1430618&amp;surround=etf">San Francisco Business Times - March 12, 2007</a> </li> </ol> </div> <p><br /> </p> 140d8cc8e22e76f3b6abbd03d52d46b3f006ca12 0 1609 2056 2008-05-04T09:53:09Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <a href="http://www.personalgenomes.org/">http://www.personalgenomes.org/</a><br /> <br /> cdfcd14983900842376f1f400f2967d9bc1deae0 0 1498 2057 2008-05-04T09:54:22Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font size="3"><strong>Genomics</strong> is the omics study of genes of individual organisms,&nbsp;populations, and species. <br /> </font></p> <p><font size="3">It is also a paradigm of performing biological science that deviates from&nbsp;investigating single genes, their functions, and roles. <br /> </font></p> <p><font size="3">The main reason of an independent biological discipline is that it deals with very large sets of genetic information to automatically analyze information using interaction and network concepts. Genomics inevitably employs high performance computing and bioinformatics technologies.</font><br /> </p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4"><br /> </font></span></p> <p><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">History of the field</font></span></strong></p> <p><font size="3">Genomics was practically founded by Fred Sanger group in 1970s when they developed an automatic gene sequencing technique and completed the first genomes; namely bacteriophage &Phi;-X174; (5,368 bp) and the bovine mitochondrial genome.</font></p> <p><font size="3">In 1972, Walter Fiers and his team at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology of the University of Ghent (Ghent, Belgium) were the first to determine the sequence of a gene: the gene for Bacteriophage MS2 coat protein.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-0">[1]</sup> In 1976, the team determined the complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-1">[2]</sup> The first DNA-based genome to be sequenced in its entirety was that of bacteriophage &Phi;-X174; (5,368 bp), sequenced by Frederick Sanger in 1977<sup class="reference" id="_ref-2">[3]</sup>. The first free-living organism to be sequenced was that of <em>Haemophilus influenzae</em> (1.8 Mb) in 1995, and since then genomes are being sequenced at a rapid pace. A rough draft of the human genome was completed by Sanger centre and the Human Genome Project in early 2001.</font></p> <p><font size="3">As of September 2007, the complete sequence was known of about 1879 viruses <sup class="reference" id="_ref-3">[4]</sup>, 577 bacterial species and roughly 23 eukaryote organisms, of which about half are fungi. <sup class="reference" id="_ref-4">[5]</sup> Most of the bacteria whose genomes have been completely sequenced are problematic disease-causing agents, such as <em>Haemophilus influenzae</em>. Of the other sequenced species, most were chosen because they were well-studied model organisms or promised to become good models. Yeast (<em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em>) has long been an important model organism for the eukaryotic cell, while the fruit fly <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> has been a very important tool (notably in early pre-molecular genetics). The worm <em>Caenorhabditis elegans</em> is an often used simple model for multicellular organisms. The zebrafish <em>Brachydanio rerio</em> is used for many developmental studies on the molecular level and the flower <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em> is a model organism for flowering plants. The Japanese pufferfish (<em>Takifugu rubripes</em>) and the spotted green pufferfish (<em>Tetraodon nigroviridis</em>) are interesting because of their small and compact genomes, containing very little non-coding DNA compared to most species. <sup class="reference" id="_ref-5">[6]</sup> <sup class="reference" id="_ref-6">[7]</sup> The mammals dog (<em>Canis familiaris</em>), <sup class="reference" id="_ref-7">[8]</sup> brown rat (<em>Rattus norvegicus</em>), mouse (<em>Mus musculus</em>), and chimpanzee (<em>Pan troglodytes</em>) are all important model animals in medical research.</font></p> <p><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">Bacteriophage Genomics</font></span></strong></p> <p><font size="3">Bacteriophages have played and continue to play a key role in bacterial genetics and molecular biology. Historically, they were used to define gene structure and gene regulation. Also the first genome to be sequenced was a bacteriophage. However, bacteriophage research did not lead the genomics revolution, which is clearly dominated by bacterial genomics. Only very recently has the study of bacteriophage genomes become prominent, thereby enabling researchers to understand the mechanisms underlying phage evolution. Bacteriophage genome sequences can be obtained through direct sequencing of isolated bacteriophages, but can also be derived as part of microbial genomes. Analysis of bacterial genomes has shown that a substantial amount of microbial DNA consists of prophage sequences and prophage-like elements. A detailed database mining of these sequences offers insights into the role of prophages in shaping the bacterial genome.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-McGrath_0">[9]</sup></font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">Cyanobacteria Genomics</font></span></strong></p> <p><font size="3">At present there are 24 cyanobacteria for which a total genome sequence is available. 15 of these cyanobacteria come from the marine environment. These are six <em>Prochlorococcus</em><em>Synechococcus</em> strains, <em>Trichodesmium erythraeum</em> IMS101 and <em>Crocosphaera watsonii</em> [[WH8501. Several studies have demonstrated how these sequences could be used very successfully to infer important ecological and physiological characteristics of marine cyanobacteria. However, there are many more genome projects currently in progress, amongst those there are further <em>Prochlorococcus</em> and marine <em>Synechococcus</em> isolates, <em>Acaryochloris</em> and <em>Prochloron</em>, the N₂-fixing filamentous cyanobacteria <em>Nodularia spumigena</em>, <em>Lyngbya aestuarii</em> and <em>Lyngbya majuscula</em>, as well as bacteriophages infecting marine cyanobaceria. Thus, the growing body of genome information can also be tapped in a more general way to address global problems by applying a comparative approach. Some new and exciting examples of progress in this field are the identification of genes for regulatory RNAs, insights into the evolutionary origin of photosynthesis, or estimation of the contribution of horizontal gene transfer to the genomes that have been analyzed.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-Herrero_0">[10]</sup></font> strains, seven marine </p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">See also</font></span></strong></p> <ul> <li><font size="3">[[Pangenomics]] and [[Pangenome]]</font> </li> <li><font size="3">[[Personal Genome Project]]</font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Omics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Proteomics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Interactomics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Functional genomics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Computational genomics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Nitrogenomics]]</font> </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">References</font></span></strong></p> <ol class="references"> <li id="_note-0"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-0">^</a></strong> Min Jou W, Haegeman G, Ysebaert M, Fiers W., Nucleotide sequence of the gene coding for the bacteriophage MS2 coat protein, Nature. 1972 May 12;237(5350):82-8 </font></li> <li id="_note-1"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-1">^</a></strong> Fiers W et al., Complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA - primary and secondary structure of replicase gene, Nature, 260, 500-507, 1976 </font></li> <li id="_note-2"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-2">^</a></strong> Sanger F, Air GM, Barrell BG, Brown NL, Coulson AR, Fiddes CA, Hutchison CA, Slocombe PM, Smith M., Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA, Nature. 1977 Feb 24;265(5596):687-95 </font></li> <li id="_note-3"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-3">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/VIRUSES/virostat.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/VIRUSES/virostat.html"><em>The Viral Genomes Resource</em>, NCBI Friday, 14 September, 2007</a></font> </li> <li id="_note-4"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-4">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/static/gpstat.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/static/gpstat.html"><em>Genome Project Statistic</em>, NCBI Friday, 14 September, 2007</a></font> </li> <li id="_note-5"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-5">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3760766.stm" rel="nofollow" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3760766.stm">BBC article <em>Human gene number slashed</em> from Wednesday, 20 October, 2004</a></font> </li> <li id="_note-6"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-6">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2003/10/16/pufferfish_fruitfly/index.shtml" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2003/10/16/pufferfish_fruitfly/index.shtml">CBSE News, Thursday October 16, 2003</a></font> </li> <li id="_note-7"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-7">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.genome.gov/12511476" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.gov/12511476">NHGRI, pressrelease of the publishing of the dog genome</a></font> </li> <li id="_note-McGrath"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-McGrath_0">^</a></strong> <cite class="book" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Mc Grath S and van Sinderen D (editors). (2007). <em><a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage">Bacteriophage: Genetics and Molecular Biology</a></em>, 1st ed., Caister Academic Press. <a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage">ISBN 978-1-904455-14-1</a> .</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Bacteriophage%3A+Genetics+and+Molecular+Biology&amp;rft.au=Mc+Grath+S+and+van+Sinderen+D+%28editors%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fphage">&nbsp;</span></font> </li> <li id="_note-Herrero"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-Herrero_0">^</a></strong> <cite class="book" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Herrero A and Flores E (editor). (2008). <em><a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan">The Cyanobacteria: Molecular Biology, Genomics and Evolution</a></em>, 1st ed., Caister Academic Press. <a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan">ISBN 978-1-904455-15-8</a> .</cite></font><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cyanobacteria%3A+Molecular+Biology%2C+Genomics+and+Evolution&amp;rft.au=Herrero+A+and+Flores+E+%28editor%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fcyan"><font size="3"> </font><br /> </span></li> </ol> 54f4b4a16f3bfaeeea7413a6c0668af146050c5a 0 1502 2059 2008-05-04T09:59:04Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4"><strong>Genomics.org is dedicated to all the organisms on Earth.</strong></font><br /> <br /> <font size="3">We aim to provide an [[openfree]] cyberspace to people who want to know more about their biological identity.<br /> <br /> All the data, information, knowledge and multimedia on this sits is openfree under BioLicense.<br /> <br /> Everyone is welcome to share his/her information with others without any mental obstacles.<br /> <br /> <strong>How to contribute to Genomics.org project?</strong><br /> You can contribute your own genetic and genome information to any way you like. The only restriction is that any such material should not have any restriction in sharing with others.<br /> <br /> </font><font size="3"><strong>Who owns Genomics.org?<br /> </strong>You! <br /> <br /> </font><font size="3"><strong>Who are the founders of Genomics.org?<br /> </strong>You! Genomics.org is under [[BioOriginality]] principle. It means there is no one person or group who can claim the originality of the project.</font><br /> <br /> <hr width="100%" size="2" /> [http://biolicense.org/index.php/BioOriginality BioOriginality at BioLicense.org] f74b8a336e97bb4d1d4a32bf7903f7d9289862c8 2063 2008-05-04T10:00:53Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4"><strong>Genomics.org is dedicated to all the organisms on Earth.</strong></font><br /> <br /> <font size="3">We aim to provide an [[openfree]] cyberspace to people who want to know more about their biological identity.<br /> <br /> All the data, information, knowledge and multimedia on this sits is openfree under BioLicense.<br /> <br /> Everyone is welcome to share his/her information with others without any mental obstacles.<br /> <br /> <strong>How to contribute to Genomics.org project?</strong><br /> You can contribute your own genetic and genome information to any way you like. The only restriction is that any such material should not have any restriction in sharing with others.<br /> <br /> </font><font size="3"><strong>Who owns Genomics.org?<br /> </strong>You do! <br /> <br /> </font><font size="3"><strong>Who are the founders of Genomics.org?<br /> </strong>You! Genomics.org is under [[BioOriginality]] principle. It means there is no one person or group who can claim the originality of the project.</font><br /> <br /> <hr width="100%" size="2" /> [http://biolicense.org/index.php/BioOriginality BioOriginality at BioLicense.org] 3221263af8637df5003b9b2e071e2a6e541cc23d 0 1504 2060 2008-05-04T09:59:45Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="3">Your individual or personal genome is the core of your existence in the universe.</font><br /> <br /> <font size="3">Genomics.org is trying to help your information existence being open and free to the world.<br /> <br /> As an individual you have the right to know all about your information self. As a species, you also have the freedom to explore every aspect of your own species. Having a whole genome information empowers you philosophically and socially.<br /> <br /> Genomics.org is an [[openfree]] place to produce, store, explore and network your genome in the biological universe.<br /> <br /> [[How to contribute to Genomics.org?]]</font>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <strong><font size="3"><hr /> </font></strong><strong><font size="3">[[Who are the founders of Genomics.org?]]<br /> </font></strong> 6cff2bcedf592aa2903b196cf4939f8c32bade5e 0 1610 2061 2008-05-04T10:00:03Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="3">You! Genomics.org is under </font><a title="BioOriginality" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/BioOriginality"><font color="#5a3696" size="3">BioOriginality</font></a><font size="3"> principle. It means there is no one person or group who can claim the originality of the project.<br /> </font> 66aa7b300a3d6c0931547e8cca53e0c25b14a5c2 2062 2008-05-04T10:00:35Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="3">You! Genomics.org is under </font><a title="BioOriginality" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/BioOriginality"><font color="#5a3696" size="3">BioOriginality</font></a><font size="3"> principle. It means there is no one person or group who can claim the originality of the project.<br /> <br /> <br /> <strong>[[Who owns Genomics.org?]]<br /> </strong>You do!&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </font> e19b5336657915f83ddc0e80a4937036c235bded 0 1611 2065 2008-05-24T08:43:33Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font color="#ffcc00"><font size="4"><font color="#000000"><font size="3">Primrose SB. 1995. <strong>Principles of Genome Analysis</strong>. Blackwell Science. pp14-37.<br /> <br /> Lewin B. 1997. <strong>Genes VI</strong>. Oxford University Press chapter 21: pp645-662, chapter 26: pp743-767.<br /> <br /> Coghlan A, Eichler EE, Oliver SG, Paterson AH, Stein L. 2005. <strong>Chromosome evolution in eukaryotes: a multi-kingdom perspective.</strong> Trends Genet.&nbsp; 21(12):673-82 (provided).</font></font></font></font> 246c629a686942a90acf9bb5a7ae82b528d91b76 0 1612 2071 2008-05-29T04:40:10Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">Genome Wish and Applican oneliner</font><br /> <br /> <font size="3">Please add one line of sentence on:<br /> What I can do if I have my own genome information in my pocket?<br /> <br /> </font> caf862bda935751a50a8d41d79e9393812b528a5 2072 2008-05-29T04:43:03Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">Genome Wish and Applican oneliner</font><br /> <br /> <font size="3">Please add one line of sentence on:<br /> What I can do if I have my own genome information in my pocket?<br /> <br /> </font> <table cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="100%" summary="" border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td><font size="3">I will read it, whenever I get bored by lectures.<br /> <br /> I will put up wall papers with all the ATGCs printed<br /> <br /> </font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> c7781c26ded12dd4273a99412b45e6cac9485746 0 1613 2074 2008-05-30T18:27:02Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">Genomics version 2.0</font><br /> <br /> If the first generation genomics was about sequencing and providing basic DNA information to other fields of biology, the version 2.0 genomics is about popularizing genome information to the society by providiing medical and social context to the world.<br /> Google's investment to 23andMe.com is an example of version 2.0 trend.<br /> Personal genome sequencer is also a sign of 2.0.<br /> <br /> 82d0adb53c34c501ef85e03dbbbfae7df2177da4 0 1614 2075 2008-05-30T18:28:24Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5">Full Genomics</font><br /> <br /> <font size="3">Full genome sequences and the technology does not mean full genomics.<br /> <br /> Genomics is about bioinformatic processing and application of informatics to genome sequences.<br /> <br /> </font> 45a4d820e9563a149b11090123a9bbcf9afa01c5 2076 2008-05-30T18:30:27Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5">Full Genomics</font><br /> <br /> <font size="3">Full genome sequences and the technology do not mean full genomics.<br /> <br /> Genomics is about bioinformatic processing and application of informatics to genome sequences. What bioinformatics can extract and transfer to the people is the key in doing genomics.<br /> <br /> Personal genomics technologies and openfree genomics culture can provide people with next generation applications.<br /> <br /> </font> 2bdcc557cbd6df7b3be4944710f7e9aef1cb048d 0 1615 2079 2008-06-09T23:54:12Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki Open letter to the world for genomic equality<br /> <br /> <br /> Dear Everyone on Earth,<br /> <br /> The genome information is the most fundamental element of a human being and life forms on Earth. It defines anyone in the world most definitely and critically.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> a2adf9e8c2ffa40bb13e7c3f180accdec821a1c8 0 1758 2848 2008-06-11T16:45:40Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4"><font size="3"><strong>20091230:</strong> [[Theragen Inc. in Korea launches commercial full genome and SNP chip personal genome service. The first in Asia]]<br /> <strong>20090928:</strong> [[Potato genome draft announced]]<strong><br /> 20090810:</strong> [[A Caucasian human genome was sequenced by Helicos single molecule sequencer]].<br /> <strong>20090805:</strong> [[Recurring Mutations Found by Full length Sequencing of an Acute Myeloid Leukemia Genome (AML)]]. [[N Engl J Med]]<br /> <strong>20090802:</strong> [[The complete genome sequence of Triticum mosaic virus is published in Arch Vriol.]]<br /> <strong>20090730</strong>: [[Crocodile genome map published in BMC Genomics]].<br /> <strong>20090727</strong>: [[A new multiplex sequencing method published by MPI group for highly degraded DNA fragments. Cave bear mitochondria]]<br /> 20090724: DNA Sequencing and&nbsp;Array Drive 8% Growth for Roche in First Half of 2009. [[454 GS FLX]] and [[Nimblegen]]. [http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/dna-sequencing-systems-arrays-drive-8-percent-growth-roche-applied-science-first]<br /> <strong>20090724</strong>: BGI (Beijing Genomics Institute) in China participates in orchid genome (<em>[[Phalaenopsis equestris]]) </em>sequencing. [http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/bgi-china-partners-sequence-orchids]<br /> 20090716: Navigenics Lowers Health Compass Price to $999 USD. [http://www.genomeweb.com/dxpgx/navigenics-lowers-health-compass-price-1k]<br /> 20090716: Celera Uses&nbsp;Automated Workflows for Genomics [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/17/celera-pushes-boundaries.html]<br /> 20090716: [[A draft genomic sequence for a worm, Schistosoma japonicum, was published]].<br /> 20090716: Genomes Of Parasitic Flatworms Decoded: <em>Schistosoma mansoni</em> and <em>Schistosoma japonicum</em> [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090715131439.htm]<br /> <strong>20090716</strong>: <!-- a href=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl?z2090023735&amp;z=950242273 target=_parent><b>Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</b></a --></font><a target="_parent" c.moreover.com="" click="" d.moreover.com="" href="http://www.bioportfolio.co.uk/cgi-bin/dialogserver.exe?CMD=hit.displayMdoc&amp;ID=3022030&amp;HITNO=2&amp;MSIZE=634&amp;LANGUAGE=en&amp;FILE=doc.NEWSFEED&amp;SAVEQUERY00=Genomics&amp;SAVEPROP00=L%3den&amp;SAVEDB=news&amp;SAVEORGANISE_CODED=R:date&amp;R=3022030&amp;THISHREF=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl%3fz2090023735%26amp%3bz%3d950242273&amp;THEHOST=site d.moreover.com"><strong><font color="#0066cc" size="3">Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</font></strong></a><font size="3">&nbsp;<br /> <strong>20090715</strong>: [[Pathway Genomics]] starts the Direct-to-Consumer Genomics service as 23andme and Decodeme [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/15/pathway-consumer-genomics.html]<br /> <strong>20090714</strong>: OryzaSNP Consortium IDs Thousands of Variants in Rice Genome: [http://www.genomeweb.com/arrays/oryzasnp-consortium-ids-thousands-variants-rice-genome]&nbsp;<br /> <strong>20090709</strong>: [[The second Korean pesonal genome was sequenced by a Korean team and analyzed by US researchers]] (Macrogen and Seoul University Medical School)<br /> <strong>20090630</strong>: [[Genomic linkage map of the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni]]:&nbsp; <em>Genome Biology</em> 2009, <strong>10</strong><strong>:</strong>R71<span class="pseudotab">doi:10.1186/gb-2009-10-6-r71</span>&nbsp;<br /> 20090629: [[Melon Genome Map was publicized by US researchers]]<br /> <strong>20090616</strong>: Illumina Launches Personal Genome-Sequencing Service Using Genome Analyzer II. [http://scienceblogs.com/geneticfuture/2009/06/illumina_launches_personal_gen.php]<br /> <strong>20090604</strong>: [[An integrated genetic and cytogenetic map of the cucumber genome was announced in PLOS One]]<br /> <strong>20090603</strong>: [[Neanderthal genome sequeced by MPI Germany and Roche]]<br /> <strong>20090601</strong>: Microsoft buys Rosetta Biosoftware from Merck. Merck becomes the client of Microsoft.<br /> <strong>20090529:&nbsp;</strong>[[A new malaria agent in African chimpanzees found]]. <br /> <strong>20090526</strong>: [[The first Korean Genome Sequence analysis]] by two Korean teams&nbsp;published in [http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2009/05/26/gr.092197.109.full.pdf+html Genome Research article]<br /> 20081208: [[Soybean genome, G. max data publicized]]<br /> <strong>20081204</strong>: [http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/tech/2008/12/133_35578.html Korean Genome Publicized]. The sequencing and bioinformatic analyses were carried out by two&nbsp;Korean teams. <br /> </font><br /> <br /> <hr /> [[Genomics News Links]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Biotechnology News Sites]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Science News Sites]]<br /> <br /> </font> 79f9c88c7d28185018f63ad688944bd6984e6408 0 1832 2849 2008-06-11T16:47:00Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki Theragen Inc. in Korea launched full genome and SNP based personal genome project, GenomeCare Project.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> The company is the first in Asia to commercialize the full genome and SNP based personal genome information service.<br /> <br /> <br /> 413f82b960147b4040ec1b71e3856e40202f83f1 0 1833 2851 2008-06-11T16:49:12Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki Theragen Inc. in Korea launched full genome and SNP based personal genome project, GenomeCare Project.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> The company is the first in Asia to commercialize the full genome and SNP based personal genome information service.<br /> <br /> b02a2ce8349fd2e434ed144512b6aad45f36beaa 2852 2008-06-11T16:55:47Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">&nbsp;Dec. 30th 2009.</font><br /> <br /> <font size="3">Theragen Inc. in Korea launched full genome and SNP based personal genome project, GenomeCare Project.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> The company is the first in Asia to commercialize the full genome and SNP based personal genome information service.</font><br /> <br /> <br /> The Genome Care Project was launched by Theragen BiO Institute led (Director, Jong Bhak,&nbsp;a bioinformatist).<br /> <br /> The price for the full personal genome service (Gold)&nbsp;is $200,000 USD. A standard version (Silver) is $150,000 USD.<br /> The price for a full personal SNP genome typing service (Premium) is $2000 USD. A standard version is $1000 USD.<br /> <br /> This service is the first commercial&nbsp;personal genome service&nbsp;in Asia. <br /> <br /> The Theragen BiO Institute (BiO institute) has analyzed the first personal Korean genome in Dec. 2008. The BiO institute researchers also participated in PASNP project that used 73 Asian ethnic groups using Affy 50K gene chips. The results of the first Korean genome (Dr. Kim Seong-Jin's) was published in May 2009 in Genome Research.<br /> The result of the PASNP consortium was published in Science magazine in Dec. 2009.<br /> <br /> The GenomeCare project is to map all the Asian ethnic groups for personalized medicine.<br /> <br /> 192238785f8ad46ec6f00c9bb3e273a7d3de37b4 0 1534 2080 2008-06-12T14:40:02Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font size="4">Sequencing technology<br /> Sequencing companies</font><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> </p> <hr /> <font size="6">What is sequencing?<br /> <br /> </font>In genetics and biochemistry, <strong>sequencing</strong> means to determine the primary structure (or primary sequence) of an unbranched biopolymer. Sequencing results in a symbolic linear depiction known as a <strong>sequence</strong> which succinctly summarizes much of the atomic-level structure of the sequenced molecule. <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">[[DNA sequencing]]</span></h2> <p>DNA sequencing is the process of determining the nucleotide order of a given <font color="#810081">DNA</font> fragment. Thus far, most DNA sequencing has been performed using the chain termination method developed by Frederick Sanger. This technique uses sequence-specific termination of a DNA synthesis reaction using modified nucleotide substrates. However, new sequencing technologies such as Pyrosequencing are gaining an increasing share of the sequencing market. More genome data is being produced by pyrosequencing than Sanger DNA sequencing these days. Pyrosequencing has enabled rapid genome sequencing. Bacterial genome can be sequenced in a single run with several X coverage with this technique. This technique was also used to sequence the genome of James Watson recently.</p> <p>The sequence of DNA encodes the necessary information for living things to survive and reproduce. Determining the sequence is therefore useful in 'pure' research into why and how organisms live, as well as in applied subjects. Because of the key nature of DNA to living things, knowledge of DNA sequence may come in useful in practically any biological research. For example, in medicine it can be used to identify, diagnose and potentially develop treatments for genetic diseases. Similarly, research into pathogens may lead to treatments for contagious diseases. Biotechnology is a burgeoning discipline, with the potential for many useful products and services.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Sanger sequencing</span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 162px"><img class="thumbimage" height="332" alt="Part of a radioactively labelled sequencing gel" width="160" border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Sequencing.jpg" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify" style="FLOAT: right"><img height="11" alt="" width="15" src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></div> Part of a radioactively labelled sequencing gel</div> </div> </div> <p>In chain terminator sequencing (Sanger sequencing), extension is initiated at a specific site on the template DNA by using a short oligonucleotide 'primer' complementary to the template at that region. The oligonucleotide primer is extended using a DNA polymerase, an enzyme that replicates DNA. Included with the primer and DNA polymerase are the four deoxynucleotide bases (DNA building blocks), along with a low concentration of a chain terminating nucleotide (most commonly a <strong>di-</strong>deoxynucleotide). Limited incorporation of the chain terminating nucleotide by the DNA polymerase results in a series of related DNA fragments that are terminated only at positions where that particular nucleotide is used. The fragments are then size-separated by electrophoresis in a slab polyacrylamide gel, or more commonly now, in a narrow glass tube (capillary) filled with a viscous polymer.</p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 182px"><img class="thumbimage" height="42" alt="View of the start of an example dye-terminator read (click to expand)" width="180" border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Sanger_sequencing_read_display.gif/180px-Sanger_sequencing_read_display.gif" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify" style="FLOAT: right"><img height="11" alt="" width="15" src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></div> View of the start of an example dye-terminator read (click to expand)</div> </div> </div> <p>An alternative to the labelling of the primer is to label the terminators instead, commonly called 'dye terminator sequencing'. The major advantage of this approach is the complete sequencing set can be performed in a single reaction, rather than the four needed with the labeled-primer approach. This is accomplished by labelling each of the dideoxynucleotide chain-terminators with a separate fluorescent dye, which fluoresces at a different wavelength. This method is easier and quicker than the dye primer approach, but may produce more uneven data peaks (different heights), due to a template dependent difference in the incorporation of the large dye chain-terminators. This problem has been significantly reduced with the introduction of new enzymes and dyes that minimize incorporation variability.</p> <p>This method is now used for the vast majority of sequencing reactions as it is both simpler and cheaper. The major reason for this is that the primers do not have to be separately labelled (which can be a significant expense for a single-use custom primer), although this is less of a concern with frequently used 'universal' primers.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Pyrosequencing</span></h3> <p>Pyrosequencing, which was originally developed by Mostafa Ronaghi, has been commercialized by Biotage (for low throughput sequencing) and 454 Life Sciences (for high-throughput sequencing). The latter platform sequences roughly 100 megabases in a 7-hour run with a single machine. In the array-based method (commercialized by 454 Life Sciences), single-stranded DNA is annealed to beads and amplified via emPCR. These DNA-bound beads are then placed into wells on a fiber-optic chip along with enzymes which produce light in the presence of ATP. When free nucleotides are washed over this chip, light is produced as ATP is generated when nucleotides join with their complementary base pairs. Addition of one (or more) nucleotide(s) results in a reaction that generates a light signal that is recorded by the CCD camera in the instrument. The signal strength is proportional to the number of nucleotides, for example, homopolymer stretches, incorporated in a single nucleotide flow. [1]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">RNA sequencing</span></h2> <p><font color="#810081">RNA</font> is less stable in the cell, and also more prone to nuclease attack experimentally. As RNA is generated by transcription from DNA, the information is already present in the cell's DNA. However, it is sometimes desirable to sequence RNA molecules. In particular, in Eukaryotes RNA molecules are not necessarily co-linear with their DNA template, as introns are excised. To sequence RNA, the usual method is first to reverse transcribe the sample to generate DNA fragments. This can then be sequenced as described above.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Protein sequencing</span></h2> <p>Methods for performing protein sequencing include:</p> <ul> <li>Edman degradation </li> <li>Peptide mass fingerprinting </li> <li>Mass spectrometry </li> <li>Protease digests </li> </ul> <p>If the gene encoding the protein can be identified it is currently much easier to sequence the DNA and infer the protein sequence. Determining part of a protein's amino-acid sequence (often one end) by one of the above methods may be sufficient to enable the identification of a clone carrying the gene.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Polysaccharide sequencing</span></h2> <p>Though polysaccharides are also biopolymers, it is not so common to talk of 'sequencing' a polysaccharide, for several reasons. Although many polysaccharides are linear, many have branches. Many different units (individual monosaccharides) can be used, and bonded in different ways. However, the main theoretical reason is that whereas the other polymers listed here are primarily generated in a 'template-dependent' manner by one processive enzyme, each individual join in a polysaccharide may be formed by a different enzyme. In many cases the assembly is not uniquely specified; depending on which enzyme acts, one of several different units may be incorporated. This can lead to a family of similar molecules being formed. This is particularly true for plant polysaccharides. Methods for the structure determination of oligosaccharides and polysaccharides include NMR spectroscopy and methylation analysis<sup class="reference" id="_ref-0">[1]</sup>.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">See also</span></h2> <ul> <li>Genetic code </li> <li>Sequence motif </li> <li>[http://sequenceome.org Sequenceome.org] </li> <li>[http://glycome.net Glycome.net] </li> </ul> <p><a id="References" name="References"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <div class="references-small"> <ol class="references"> <li id="_note-0"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequencing#_ref-0">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.stenutz.eu/sop" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.stenutz.eu/sop">A practical guide to structural analysis of carbohydrates</a> </li> </ol> </div> b7142ac71772a794f02f2a1839e6d2b8a31bfefb 0 1616 2081 2008-06-12T14:40:57Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>The term <strong>DNA sequencing</strong> encompasses biochemical methods for determining the order of the nucleotide bases, adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine, in a DNA oligonucleotide. The sequence of DNA constitutes the heritable genetic information in nuclei, plasmids, mitochondria, and chloroplasts that forms the basis for the developmental programs of all living organisms. Determining the DNA sequence is therefore useful in basic research studying fundamental biological processes, as well as in applied fields such as diagnostic or forensic research. The advent of DNA sequencing has significantly accelerated biological research and discovery. The rapid speed of sequencing attained with modern DNA sequencing technology has been instrumental in the large-scale sequencing of the human genome, in the Human Genome Project. Related projects, often by scientific collaboration across continents, have generated the complete DNA sequences of many animal, plant, and microbial genomes.</p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 502px"><img class="thumbimage" height="106" alt="DNA Sequence Trace" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/89/Mutation_Surveyor_Trace.jpg/500px-Mutation_Surveyor_Trace.jpg" width="500" border="0" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><span class="" style="BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 2px; DISPLAY: inline-block; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 2px; FONT-SIZE: 0px; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #0000ff; BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 2px; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #0000ff; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; CURSOR: hand; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #0000ff; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 2px; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #0000ff"><span style="DISPLAY: inline-block; FILTER: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.AlphaImageLoader(src='http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png'); WIDTH: 1px; HEIGHT: 1px"></span></span></div> DNA Sequence Trace</div> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "show"; var tocHideText = "hide"; showTocToggle(); } //]]> </script> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Early methods</span></h2> <p>For thirty years, a large proportion of DNA sequencing has been carried out with the chain-termination method developed by Frederick Sanger and coworkers in 1975.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><font color="#800080">[1]</font></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><font color="#800080">[2]</font></sup> Prior to the development of rapid DNA sequencing methods in the early 1970s by Sanger in England and Walter Gilbert and Allan Maxam at Harvard,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><font color="#800080">[3]</font></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><font color="#800080">[4]</font></sup> a number of laborious methods were used. For instance, in 1973<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><font color="#800080">[5]</font></sup> Gilbert and Maxam reported the sequence of 24 basepairs using a method known as wandering-spot analysis.</p> <p>RNA sequencing, which for technical reasons is easier to perform than DNA sequencing, was one of the earliest forms of nucleotide sequencing. The major landmark of RNA sequencing, dating from the pre-recombinant DNA era, is the sequence of the first complete gene and then the complete genome of Bacteriophage MS2, identified and published by Walter Fiers and his coworkers at the University of Ghent (Ghent, Belgium), published between 1972<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"><font color="#800080">[6]</font></sup> and 1976.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"><font color="#800080">[7]</font></sup></p> <p><font color="#800080"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Maxam-Gilbert sequencing</span></h2> <p>In 1976-1977, Allan Maxam and Walter Gilbert developed a DNA sequencing method based on chemical modification of DNA and subsequent cleavage at specific bases [1]. Although Maxam and Gilbert published their chemical sequencing method two years after the ground-breaking paper of Sanger and Coulson on plus-minus sequencing,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7"><font color="#800080">[8]</font></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8"><font color="#800080">[9]</font></sup> Maxam-Gilbert sequencing rapidly became more popular, since purified DNA could be used directly, while the initial Sanger method required that each read start be cloned for production of single-stranded DNA. However, with the development and improvement of the chain-termination method (see below), Maxam-Gilbert sequencing has fallen out of favour due to its technical complexity, extensive use of hazardous chemicals, and difficulties with scale-up. In addition, unlike the chain-termination method, chemicals used in the Maxam-Gilbert method cannot easily be customized for use in a standard molecular biology kit.</p> <p>In brief, the method requires radioactive labelling at one end and purification of the DNA fragment to be sequenced. Chemical treatment generates breaks at a small proportion of one or two of the four nucleotide bases in each of four reactions (G, A+G, C, C+T). Thus a series of labelled fragments is generated, from the radiolabelled end to the first 'cut' site in each molecule. The fragments are then size-separated by gel electrophoresis, with the four reactions arranged side by side. To visualize the fragments generated in each reaction, the gel is exposed to X-ray film for autoradiography, yielding an image of a series of dark 'bands' corresponding to the radiolabelled DNA fragments, from which the sequence may be inferred.</p> <p>Also sometimes known as 'chemical sequencing', this method originated in the study of DNA-protein interactions (footprinting), nucleic acid structure and epigenetic modifications to DNA, and within these it still has important applications.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Chain-termination methods</span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 162px"><img class="thumbimage" height="332" alt="Part of a radioactively labelled sequencing gel" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Sequencing.jpg" width="160" border="0" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><span class="" style="BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 2px; DISPLAY: inline-block; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 2px; FONT-SIZE: 0px; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #0000ff; BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 2px; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #0000ff; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; CURSOR: hand; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #0000ff; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 2px; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #0000ff"><span style="DISPLAY: inline-block; FILTER: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.AlphaImageLoader(src='http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png'); WIDTH: 1px; HEIGHT: 1px"></span></span></div> Part of a radioactively labelled sequencing gel</div> </div> </div> <p>While the chemical sequencing method of Maxam and Gilbert, and the plus-minus method of Sanger and Coulson were orders of magnitude faster than previous methods, the chain-terminator method developed by Sanger was even more efficient, and rapidly became the method of choice. The Maxam-Gilbert technique requires the use of highly toxic chemicals, and large amounts of radiolabeled DNA, whereas the chain-terminator method uses fewer toxic chemicals and lower amounts of radioactivity. The key principle of the Sanger method was the use of dideoxynucleotides triphosphates (ddNTPs) as DNA chain terminators.</p> <p>The classical chain-termination or Sanger method requires a single-stranded DNA template, a DNA primer, a DNA polymerase, radioactively or fluorescently labeled nucleotides, and modified nucleotides that terminate DNA strand elongation. The DNA sample is divided into four separate sequencing reactions, containing the four standard deoxynucleotides (dATP, dGTP, dCTP and dTTP) and the DNA polymerase. To each reaction is added only one of the four dideoxynucleotides (ddATP, ddGTP, ddCTP, or ddTTP). These dideoxynucleotides are the chain-terminating nucleotides, lacking a 3'-OH group required for the formation of a phosphodiester bond between two nucleotides during DNA strand elongation. Incorporation of a dideoxynucleotide into the nascent (elongating) DNA strand therefore terminates DNA strand extension, resulting in various DNA fragments of varying length. The dideoxynucleotides are added at lower concentration than the standard deoxynucleotides to allow strand elongation sufficient for sequence analysis.</p> <p>The newly synthesized and labeled DNA fragments are heat denatured, and separated by size (with a resolution of just one nucleotide) by gel electrophoresis on a denaturing polyacrylamide-urea gel. Each of the four DNA synthesis reactions is run in one of four individual lanes (lanes A, T, G, C); the DNA bands are then visualized by autoradiography or UV light, and the DNA sequence can be directly read off the X-ray film or gel image. In the image on the right, X-ray film was exposed to the gel, and the dark bands correspond to DNA fragments of different lengths. A dark band in a lane indicates a DNA fragment that is the result of chain termination after incorporation of a dideoxynucleotide (ddATP, ddGTP, ddCTP, or ddTTP). The terminal nucleotide base can be identified according to which dideoxynucleotide was added in the reaction giving that band. The relative positions of the different bands among the four lanes are then used to read (from bottom to top) the DNA sequence as indicated.</p> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 182px"><img class="thumbimage" height="240" alt="DNA fragments can be labeled by using a radioactive or fluorescent tag on the primer (1), in the new DNA strand with a labeled dNTP, or with a labeled ddNTP. (click to expand)" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/df/DNA_Sequencin_3_labeling_methods.jpg/180px-DNA_Sequencin_3_labeling_methods.jpg" width="180" border="0" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><span class="" style="BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 2px; DISPLAY: inline-block; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 2px; FONT-SIZE: 0px; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #0000ff; BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 2px; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #0000ff; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; CURSOR: hand; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #0000ff; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 2px; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #0000ff"><span style="DISPLAY: inline-block; FILTER: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.AlphaImageLoader(src='http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png'); WIDTH: 1px; HEIGHT: 1px"></span></span></div> DNA fragments can be labeled by using a radioactive or fluorescent tag on the primer (1), in the new DNA strand with a labeled dNTP, or with a labeled ddNTP. (click to expand)</div> </div> </div> <p>There are some technical variations of chain-termination sequencing. In one method, the DNA fragments are tagged with nucleotides containing radioactive phosphorus for radiolabelling. Alternatively, a primer labeled at the 5&rsquo; end with a fluorescent dye is used for the tagging. Four separate reactions are still required, but DNA fragments with dye labels can be read using an optical system, facilitating faster and more economical analysis and automation. This approach is known as 'dye-primer sequencing'. The later development by L Hood and coworkers<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9"><font color="#800080">[10]</font></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10"><font color="#800080">[11]</font></sup> of fluorescently labeled ddNTPs and primers set the stage for automated, high-throughput DNA sequencing.</p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 182px"><img class="thumbimage" height="256" alt="Sequence ladder by radioactive sequencing compared to fluorescent peaks (click to expand)" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3d/Radioactive_Fluorescent_Seq.jpg/180px-Radioactive_Fluorescent_Seq.jpg" width="180" border="0" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><span class="" style="BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 2px; DISPLAY: inline-block; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 2px; FONT-SIZE: 0px; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #0000ff; BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 2px; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #0000ff; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; CURSOR: hand; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #0000ff; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 2px; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #0000ff"><span style="DISPLAY: inline-block; FILTER: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.AlphaImageLoader(src='http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png'); WIDTH: 1px; HEIGHT: 1px"></span></span></div> Sequence ladder by radioactive sequencing compared to fluorescent peaks (click to expand)</div> </div> </div> <p>The different chain-termination methods have greatly simplified the amount of work and planning needed for DNA sequencing. For example, the chain-termination-based &quot;Sequenase&quot; kit from USB Biochemicals contains most of the reagents needed for sequencing, prealiquoted and ready to use. Some sequencing problems can occur with the Sanger method, such as non-specific binding of the primer to the DNA, affecting accurate read-out of the DNA sequence. In addition, secondary structures within the DNA template, or contaminating RNA randomly priming at the DNA template can also affect the fidelity of the obtained sequence. Other contaminants affecting the reaction may consist of extraneous DNA or inhibitors of the DNA polymerase.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Dye-terminator sequencing</span></h3> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 182px"><img class="thumbimage" height="109" alt="Capillary electrophoresis (click to expand)" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fe/CE_Basic.jpg/180px-CE_Basic.jpg" width="180" border="0" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><span class="" style="BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 2px; DISPLAY: inline-block; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 2px; FONT-SIZE: 0px; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #0000ff; BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 2px; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #0000ff; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; CURSOR: hand; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #0000ff; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 2px; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #0000ff"><span style="DISPLAY: inline-block; FILTER: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.AlphaImageLoader(src='http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png'); WIDTH: 1px; HEIGHT: 1px"></span></span></div> Capillary electrophoresis (click to expand)</div> </div> </div> <p>An alternative to primer labelling is labelling of the chain terminators, a method commonly called 'dye-terminator sequencing'. The major advantage of this method is that the sequencing can be performed in a single reaction, rather than four reactions as in the labelled-primer method. In dye-terminator sequencing, each of the four dideoxynucleotide chain terminators is labelled with a different fluorescent dye, each fluorescing at a different wavelength. This method is attractive because of its greater expediency and speed and is now the mainstay in automated sequencing with computer-controlled sequence analyzers (see below). Its potential limitations include dye effects due to differences in the incorporation of the dye-labelled chain terminators into the DNA fragment, resulting in unequal peak heights and shapes in the electronic DNA sequence trace chromatogram after capillary electrophoresis (see figure to the right). This problem has largely been overcome with the introduction of new DNA polymerase enzyme systems and dyes that minimize incorporation variability, as well as methods for eliminating &quot;dye blobs&quot;, caused by certain chemical characteristics of the dyes that can result in artifacts in DNA sequence traces. The dye-terminator sequencing method, along with automated high-throughput DNA sequence analyzers, is now being used for the vast majority of sequencing projects, as it is both easier to perform and lower in cost than most previous sequencing methods.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Challenges</span></h3> <p>Modern sequencing typically produces a sequence that has poor quality in the first 15-40 bases, a high quality region of 700-900 bases, and then quickly deteriorating quality. Base calling software typically outputs an estimate of quality along with the sequence to aid in quality trimming.</p> <p>Before the DNA can be sequenced, linker sequences are attached to its ends, and it is inserted into a cloning vector. The resulting sequence can therefore often contain parts of the vector or the linker sequences, which must be filtered out prior to analysis. In contrast, emerging sequencing technologies based on pyrosequencing often avoid using cloning vectors.</p> <p>During PCR amplification, unrelated sequences can hybridize, and the resulting clone can be a chimaeric sequence, containing fragments from both sequences. Another problem is polymerase stuttering, where the polymerase repeatedly outputs the same fragments, giving an artificially long low-complexity part of the sequence.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Automation and sample preparation</span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 182px"><img class="thumbimage" height="42" alt="View of the start of an example dye-terminator read (click to expand)" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Sanger_sequencing_read_display.gif/180px-Sanger_sequencing_read_display.gif" width="180" border="0" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><span class="" style="BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 2px; DISPLAY: inline-block; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 2px; FONT-SIZE: 0px; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #0000ff; BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 2px; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #0000ff; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; CURSOR: hand; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #0000ff; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 2px; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #0000ff"><span style="DISPLAY: inline-block; FILTER: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.AlphaImageLoader(src='http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png'); WIDTH: 1px; HEIGHT: 1px"></span></span></div> View of the start of an example dye-terminator read (click to expand)</div> </div> </div> <p>Modern automated DNA sequencing instruments (DNA sequencers) can sequence up to 384 fluorescently labelled samples in a single batch (run) and perform as many as 24 runs a day. However, automated DNA sequencers carry out only DNA-size-based separation (by capillary electrophoresis), detection and recording of dye fluorescence, and data output as fluorescent peak trace chromatograms. Sequencing reactions by thermocycling, cleanup and re-suspension in a buffer solution before loading onto the sequencer are performed separately. In the past, an operator had to trim the low quality ends (see image in the right) of every sequence manually in order to remove the sequencing errors. However, today, software like Fast Chromatogram Viewer can automatically trim the ends at batch. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Large-scale sequencing strategies</span></h2> <p>Current methods can directly sequence only relatively short (300-1000 nucleotides long) DNA fragments in a single reaction. [2]. The main obstacle to sequencing DNA fragments above this size limit is insufficient power of separation for resolving large DNA fragments that differ in length by only one nucleotide. Limitations on ddNTP incorporation were largely solved by Tabor at Harvard Medical, Carl Fuller at USB biochemicals, and their coworkers.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Reeve.2CFuller_11-0"><font color="#800080">[12]</font></sup></p> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 182px"><font color="#800080"><img class="thumbimage" height="240" alt="Genomic DNA is fragmented into random pieces and cloned as a bacterial library. DNA from individual bacterial clones is sequenced and the sequence is assembled by using overlapping regions.(click to expand)" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/60/DNA_Sequencing_gDNA_libraries.jpg/180px-DNA_Sequencing_gDNA_libraries.jpg" width="180" border="0" /></font> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><span class="" style="BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 2px; DISPLAY: inline-block; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 2px; FONT-SIZE: 0px; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #0000ff; BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 2px; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #0000ff; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; CURSOR: hand; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #0000ff; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 2px; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #0000ff"><span style="DISPLAY: inline-block; FILTER: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.AlphaImageLoader(src='http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png'); WIDTH: 1px; HEIGHT: 1px"></span></span></div> Genomic DNA is fragmented into random pieces and cloned as a bacterial library. DNA from individual bacterial clones is sequenced and the sequence is assembled by using overlapping regions.(click to expand)</div> </div> </div> <p>Large-scale sequencing aims at sequencing very long DNA fragments. Even relatively small bacterial <font color="#800080">genomes</font> contain millions of nucleotides, and the human chromosome 1 alone contains about 246 million bases. Therefore, some approaches consist of cutting (with restriction enzymes) or shearing (with mechanical forces) large DNA fragments into shorter DNA fragments. The fragmented DNA is cloned into a DNA vector, usually a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC), and amplified in <em>Escherichia coli</em>. The amplified DNA can then be purified from the bacterial cells (a disadvantage of bacterial clones for sequencing is that some DNA sequences may be inherently <em>un-clonable</em> in some or all available bacterial strains, due to deleterious effect of the cloned sequence on the host bacterium or other effects). These short DNA fragments purified from individual bacterial colonies are then individually and completely sequenced and assembled electronically into one long, contiguous sequence by identifying 100%-identical overlapping sequences between them (shotgun sequencing). This method does not require any pre-existing information about the sequence of the DNA and is often referred to as <em>de novo</em> sequencing. Gaps in the assembled sequence may be filled by Primer walking, often with sub-cloning steps (or transposon-based sequencing depending on the size of the remaining region to be sequenced). These strategies all involve taking many small <em>reads</em> of the DNA by one of the above methods and subsequently assembling them into a contiguous sequence. The different strategies have different tradeoffs in speed and accuracy; the shotgun method is the most practical for sequencing large genomes, but its assembly process is complex and potentially error-prone - particularly in the presence of sequence repeats. Because of this, the assembly of the human genome is not literally complete &mdash; the repetitive sequences of the centromeres, telomeres, and some other parts of chromosomes result in gaps in the genome assembly. Despite having only 93% of the full genome assembled, the Human Genome Project was declared complete because their definition of human genome sequencing was limited to euchromatic sequence (99% complete at the time), excluding these intractable repetitive regions.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12"><font color="#800080">[13]</font></sup></p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 182px"><font color="#800080"><img class="thumbimage" height="247" alt="Resequencing steps. Sample prep: Extraction of nucleic acid. Template prep: Amplification and preparation of a small region of the target region. Sequencing steps. (click to expand)" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a1/Sequencing_workflow.jpg/180px-Sequencing_workflow.jpg" width="180" border="0" /></font> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><span class="" style="BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 2px; DISPLAY: inline-block; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 2px; FONT-SIZE: 0px; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #0000ff; BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 2px; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #0000ff; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; CURSOR: hand; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #0000ff; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 2px; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #0000ff"><span style="DISPLAY: inline-block; FILTER: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.AlphaImageLoader(src='http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png'); WIDTH: 1px; HEIGHT: 1px"></span></span></div> Resequencing steps. Sample prep: Extraction of nucleic acid. Template prep: Amplification and preparation of a small region of the target region. Sequencing steps. (click to expand)</div> </div> </div> <p>The human genome is about 3 billion (3,000,000,000) bp long;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13"><font color="#800080">[14]</font></sup> if the average fragment length is 500 bases, it would take a minimum of six million (3 billion/500) to sequence the human genome (not allowing for overlap = 1-fold coverage). Keeping track of such a high number of sequences presents significant challenges, only held down by developing and coordinating several procedural and computational algorithms, such as efficient database development and management.</p> <p><em>Resequencing</em> or <em>targeted sequencing</em> is utilized for determining a change in DNA sequence from a &quot;reference&quot; sequence. It is often performed using PCR to amplify the region of interest (pre-existing DNA sequence is required to design the PCR primers). Resequencing uses three steps, extraction of DNA or RNA from biological tissue; amplification of the RNA or DNA (often by PCR); followed by sequencing. The resultant sequence is compared to a reference or a normal sample to detect mutations.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">New sequencing methods</span></h2> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">High-throughput sequencing</span></h3> <p>The high demand for low cost sequencing has given rise to a number of high-throughput sequencing technologies.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14"><font color="#800080">[15]</font></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15"><font color="#800080">[16]</font></sup> These efforts have been funded by public and private institutions as well as privately researched and commercialized by biotechnology companies. High-throughput sequencing technologies are intended to lower the cost of sequencing DNA libraries beyond what is possible with the current dye-terminator method based on DNA separation by capillary electrophoresis. Many of the new high-throughput methods use methods that parallelize the sequencing process, producing thousands or millions of sequences at once.</p> <dl><dt>In vitro clonal amplification </dt></dl> <p>As molecular detection methods are often not sensitive enough for single molecule sequencing, most approaches use an <em>in vitro</em> cloning step to generate many copies of each individual molecule. Emulsion PCR is one method, isolating individual DNA molecules along with primer-coated beads in aqueous bubbles within an oil phase. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) then coats each bead with clonal copies of the isolated library molecule and these beads are subsequently immobilized for later sequencing. Emulsion PCR is used in the methods published by Marguilis et al. (commercialized by 454 Life Sciences, acquired by Roche), Shendure and Porreca et al. (also known as &quot;polony sequencing&quot;) and SOLiD sequencing, (developed by Agencourt and acquired by Applied Biosystems).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Margulies_16-0"><font color="#800080">[17]</font></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-polony_sequencing_17-0"><font color="#800080">[18]</font></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-solid_sequencing_18-0"><font color="#800080">[19]</font></sup> Another method for <em>in vitro</em> clonal amplification is &quot;bridge PCR&quot;, where fragments are amplified upon primers attached to a solid surface, developed and used by Solexa (now owned by Illumina). These methods both produce many physically isolated locations which each contain many copies of a single fragment. The single-molecule method developed by Stephen Quake's laboratory (later commercialized by Helicos) skips this amplification step, directly fixing DNA molecules to a surface.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19"><font color="#800080">[20]</font></sup></p> <dl><dt>Parallelized sequencing </dt></dl> <p>Once clonal DNA sequences are physically localized to separate positions on a surface, various sequencing approaches may be used to determine the DNA sequences of all locations, in parallel. &quot;Sequencing by synthesis&quot;, like the popular dye-termination electrophoretic sequencing, uses the process of DNA synthesis by DNA polymerase to identify the bases present in the complementary DNA molecule. Reversible terminator methods (used by Illumina and Helicos) use reversible versions of dye-terminators, adding one nucleotide at a time, detecting fluorescence corresponding to that position, then removing the blocking group to allow the polymerization of another nucleotide. Pyrosequencing (used by 454) also uses DNA polymerization to add nucleotides, adding one type of nucleotide at a time, then detecting and quantifying the number of nucleotides added to a given location through the light emitted by the release of attached pyrophosphates.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Margulies_16-1"><font color="#800080">[17]</font></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20"><font color="#800080">[21]</font></sup></p> <p>&quot;Sequencing by ligation&quot; is another enzymatic method of sequencing, using a DNA ligase enzyme rather than polymerase to identify the target sequence.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21"><font color="#800080">[22]</font></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-polony_sequencing_17-1"><font color="#800080">[18]</font></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-solid_sequencing_18-1"><font color="#800080">[19]</font></sup> Used in the polony method and in the SOLiD technology offered by Applied Biosystems, this method uses a pool of all possible oligonucleotides of a fixed length, labeled according to the sequenced position. Oligonucleotides are annealed and ligated; the preferential ligation by DNA ligase for matching sequences results in a signal corresponding to the complementary sequence at that position.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Other sequencing technologies</span></h3> <p>Other methods of DNA sequencing may have advantages in terms of efficiency or accuracy. Like traditional dye-terminator sequencing, they are limited to sequencing single isolated DNA fragments. &quot;Sequencing by hybridization&quot; is a non-enzymatic method that uses a DNA microarray. In this method, a single pool of unknown DNA is fluorescently labeled and hybridized to an array of known sequences. If the unknown DNA hybridizes strongly to a given spot on the array, causing it to &quot;light up&quot;, then that sequence is inferred to exist within the unknown DNA being sequenced.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22"><font color="#800080">[23]</font></sup> Mass spectrometry can also be used to sequence DNA molecules; conventional chain-termination reactions produce DNA molecules of different lengths and the length of these fragments is then determined by the mass differences between them (rather than using gel separation).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23"><font color="#800080">[24]</font></sup></p> <p>There are new proposals for DNA sequencing, which are in development, but remain to be proven. These include labeling the DNA polymerase,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24"><font color="#800080">[25]</font></sup> reading the sequence as a DNA strand transits through nanopores,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25"><font color="#800080">[26]</font></sup> and microscopy-based techniques, such as AFM or electron microscopy that are used to identify the positions of individual nucleotides within long DNA fragments by nucleotide labeling with heavier elements (e.g., halogens) for visual detection and recording.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26"><font color="#800080">[27]</font></sup> In October 2006 the NIH issued a news release describing novel sequencing techniques and announcing several grant awards.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27"><font color="#800080">[28]</font></sup></p> <p>In October 2006, the X Prize Foundation established the Archon X Prize, intending to award $10 million to &quot;the first Team that can build a device and use it to sequence 100 human genomes within 10 days or less, with an accuracy of no more than one error in every 100,000 bases sequenced, with sequences accurately covering at least 98% of the genome, and at a recurring cost of no more than $10,000 (US) per genome.&quot;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28"><font color="#800080">[29]</font></sup></p> <p><font color="#800080"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Major landmarks in DNA sequencing</span></h2> <ul> <li>1953 Discovery of the structure of the DNA double helix. </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1972 Development of recombinant DNA technology, which permits isolation of defined fragments of DNA; prior to this, the only accessible samples for sequencing were from bacteriophage or virus DNA. </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1975 The first complete DNA genome to be sequenced is that of bacteriophage &phi;X174 </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1977 Allan Maxam and Walter Gilbert publish &quot;DNA sequencing by chemical degradation&quot; [3]. Fred Sanger, independently, publishes &quot;DNA sequencing by enzymatic synthesis&quot;. </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1980 Fred Sanger and Wally Gilbert receive the Nobel Prize in Chemistry <ul> <li>EMBL-bank, the first nucleotide sequence repository, is started at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1982 Genbank starts as a public repository of DNA sequences. <ul> <li>Andre Marion and Sam Eletr from Hewlett Packard start Applied Biosystems in May, which comes to dominate automated sequencing. </li> <li>Akiyoshi Wada proposes automated sequencing and gets support to build robots with help from Hitachi. </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1984 Medical Research Council scientists decipher the complete DNA sequence of the Epstein-Barr virus, 170 kb. </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1985 Kary Mullis and colleagues develop the polymerase chain reaction, a technique to replicate small fragments of DNA </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1986 Leroy E. Hood's laboratory at the California Institute of Technology and Smith announce the first semi-automated DNA sequencing machine. </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1987 Applied Biosystems markets first automated sequencing machine, the model ABI 370. <ul> <li>Walter Gilbert leaves the U.S. National Research Council genome panel to start Genome Corp., with the goal of sequencing and commercializing the data. </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1990 The U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) begins large-scale sequencing trials on <em>Mycoplasma capricolum</em>, <em>Escherichia coli</em>, <em>Caenorhabditis elegans</em>, and <em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em> (at 75 cents (US)/base). <ul> <li>Barry Karger (January<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-29"><font color="#800080">[30]</font></sup>), Lloyd Smith (August<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-30"><font color="#800080">[31]</font></sup>), and Norman Dovichi (September<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-31"><font color="#800080">[32]</font></sup>) publish on capillary electrophoresis. </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1991 Craig Venter develops strategy to find expressed genes with ESTs (Expressed Sequence Tags). <ul> <li>Uberbacher develops GRAIL, a gene-prediction program. </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1992 Craig Venter leaves NIH to set up The Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR). <ul> <li>William Haseltine heads Human Genome Sciences, to commercialize TIGR products. </li> <li>Wellcome Trust begins participation in the Human Genome Project. </li> <li>Simon et al. develop BACs (Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes) for cloning. </li> <li>First chromosome physical maps published: <ul> <li>Page et al. - Y chromosome<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-32"><font color="#800080">[33]</font></sup>; </li> <li>Cohen et al. chromosome 21<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-33"><font color="#800080">[34]</font></sup>. </li> <li>Lander - complete mouse genetic map<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-34"><font color="#800080">[35]</font></sup>; </li> <li>Weissenbach - complete human genetic map<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-35"><font color="#800080">[36]</font></sup>. </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1993 Wellcome Trust and MRC open Sanger Centre, near Cambridge, UK. <ul> <li>The GenBank database migrates from Los Alamos (DOE) to NCBI (NIH). </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1995 Venter, Fraser and Smith publish first sequence of free-living organism, <em>Haemophilus influenzae</em> (genome size of 1.8 Mb). <ul> <li>Richard Mathies et al. publish on sequencing dyes (PNAS, May)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-36"><font color="#800080">[37]</font></sup>. </li> <li>Michael Reeve and Carl Fuller, thermostable polymerase for sequencing<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Reeve.2CFuller_11-1"><font color="#800080">[12]</font></sup>. </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1996 International HGP partners agree to release sequence data into public databases within 24 hours. <ul> <li>International consortium releases genome sequence of yeast <em>S. cerevisiae</em> (genome size of 12.1 Mb). </li> <li>Yoshihide Hayashizaki's at RIKEN completes the first set of full-length mouse cDNAs. </li> <li>ABI introduces a capillary electrophoresis system, the ABI310 sequence analyzer. </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1997 Blattner, Plunkett et al. publish the sequence of E. coli (genome size of 5 Mb)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-37"><font color="#800080">[38]</font></sup> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1998 Phil Green and Brent Ewing of Washington University publish <code>&ldquo;phred&rdquo;</code> for interpreting sequencer data (in use since &lsquo;95)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-38"><font color="#800080">[39]</font></sup>. <ul> <li>Venter starts new company &ldquo;Celera&rdquo;; &ldquo;will sequence HG in 3 yrs for $300m.&rdquo; </li> <li>Applied Biosystems introduces the 3700 capillary sequencing machine. </li> <li>Wellcome Trust doubles support for the HGP to $330 million for 1/3 of the sequencing. </li> <li>NIH &amp; DOE goal: &quot;working draft&quot; of the human genome by 2001. </li> <li>Sulston, Waterston et al finish sequence of <em>C. elegans</em> (genome size of 97Mb)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-39"><font color="#800080">[40]</font></sup>. </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1999 NIH moves up completion date for rough draft, to spring 2000. <ul> <li>NIH launches the mouse genome sequencing project. </li> <li>First sequence of human chromosome 22 published<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-40"><font color="#800080">[41]</font></sup>. </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>2000 Celera and collaborators sequence fruit fly <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> (genome size of 180Mb) - validation of Venter's shotgun method. HGP and Celera debate issues related to data release. <ul> <li>HGP consortium publishes sequence of chromosome 21.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-41"><font color="#800080">[42]</font></sup> </li> <li>HGP &amp; Celera jointly announce working drafts of HG sequence, promise joint publication. </li> <li>Estimates for the number of genes in the human genome range from 35,000 to 120,000. International consortium completes first plant sequence, <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em> (genome size of 125 Mb). </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>2001 HGP consortium publishes Human Genome Sequence draft in Nature (15 Feb)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-42"><font color="#800080">[43]</font></sup>. <ul> <li>Celera publishes the Human Genome sequence<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-43"><font color="#800080">[44]</font></sup>. </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>2005 420,000 VariantSEQr human resequencing primer sequences published on new NCBI Probe database. </li> </ul> <ul> <li>2007 For the first time, a set of closely related species (12 Drosophilidae) are sequenced, launching the era of phylogenomics. <ul> <li>Craig Venter publishes his full diploid genome: the first human genome to be sequenced completely. </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>2008 An international consortium launches The 1000 Genomes Project, aimed to study human genetic variability. </li> </ul> <ul> <li>2008 Leiden University Medical Center scientists decipher the first complete DNA sequence of a woman.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-44"><font color="#800080">[45]</font></sup> </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">See also</span></h2> <ul> <li><font color="#800080">Sequencing</font> </li> <li>Genome project - how entire genomes are assembled from these short sequences. </li> <li>Applied Biosystems - provided most of the chemistry and equipment for the genome projects. Next-generation technology for very high data generation rates. </li> <li>454 Life Sciences - company specializing in high-throughput DNA sequencing using a sequencing-by-synthesis approach. </li> <li>Illumina (company) - Advancing genetic analysis one billion bases at a time; whole genome sequencing. </li> <li>Joint Genome Institute - sequencing center from the US Department of Energy whose mission is to provide integrated high-throughput sequencing and computational analysis to enable genomic-scale/systems-based scientific approaches to DOE-relevant challenges in energy and the environment. </li> <li>DNA field-effect transistor </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Citations</span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="moz-column-count: 2; webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-0"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> Sanger F, Coulson AR. A rapid method for determining sequences in DNA by primed synthesis with DNA polymerase. J Mol Biol. 1975 May 25;94(3):441&ndash;448 </li> <li id="cite_note-1"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> F. Sanger, S. Nicklen, and A. R. Coulson, DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1977 December; 74(12): 5463&ndash;5467 </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> Maxam AM, Gilbert W., A new method for sequencing DNA, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1977 Feb;74(2):560-4 </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> Unknown </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1973 December; 70(12 Pt 1-2): 3581&ndash;3584. The Nucleotide Sequence of the lac Operator, Walter Gilbert and Allan Maxam </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> Min Jou W, Haegeman G, Ysebaert M, Fiers W., Nucleotide sequence of the gene coding for the bacteriophage MS2 coat protein, Nature. 1972 May 12;237(5350):82-8 </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> Complete nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage MS2 RNA: primary and secondary structure of the replicase gene. <em>Nature</em>. 1976 Apr 8;260(5551):500-7. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> Sanger, F. &amp; Coulson, A. R. (1975) J. Mol. Biol. 94, 441-448 </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> Unknown </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> Nature. 1986 Jun 12-18;321(6071):674-9. Fluorescence detection in automated DNA sequence analysis. We have developed a method for the partial automation of DNA sequence analysis. Fluorescence detection of the DNA fragments is accomplished by means of a fluorophore covalently attached to the oligonucleotide primer used in enzymatic DNA sequence analysis. A different coloured fluorophore is used for each of the reactions specific for the bases A, C, G and T. The reaction mixtures are combined and co-electrophoresed down a single polyacrylamide gel tube, the separated fluorescent bands of DNA are detected near the bottom of the tube, and the sequence information is acquired directly by computer. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> Nucleic Acids Res. 1985 Apr 11;13(7):2399-412. The synthesis of oligonucleotides containing an aliphatic amino group at the 5' terminus: synthesis of fluorescent DNA primers for use in DNA sequence analysis. Note that Oxford University Press, the publishers of the journal Nucleic Acids Research, make the full contents of this journal available online for free - you can download a copy of this paper for yourself&nbsp;!! </li> <li id="cite_note-Reeve.2CFuller-11">^ ^{<em><strong><font color="#800080">a</font></strong></em>} ^{<em><strong><font color="#800080">b</font></strong></em>} <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">&quot;A novel thermostable polymerase for DNA sequencing.&quot; (1995-08-31). <em>Nature</em> <strong>376</strong> (6543): 796-797. doi:<span class="plainlinks neverexpand">10.1038/376796a0</span>. PMID 7651542.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=A+novel+thermostable+polymerase+for+DNA+sequencing.&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.date=1995-08-31&amp;rft.volume=376&amp;rft.issue=6543&amp;rft.pages=796-797&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/7651542&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F376796a0"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium (2004). &quot;Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome.&quot;. <em>Nature</em> <strong>431</strong> (7011): 931-45. doi:<span class="plainlinks neverexpand">10.1038/nature03001</span>. PMID 15496913.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Finishing+the+euchromatic+sequence+of+the+human+genome.&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=431&amp;rft.issue=7011&amp;rft.au=International+Human+Genome+Sequencing+Consortium&amp;rft.pages=931-45&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15496913&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnature03001"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> paper available online </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> Human Genome Project Information </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Neil Hall (2007). &quot;Advanced sequencing technologies and their wider impact in microbiology&quot;. <em>The Journal of Experimental Biology</em> <strong>209</strong>: 1518-1525.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Advanced+sequencing+technologies+and+their+wider+impact+in+microbiology&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Experimental+Biology&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.volume=209&amp;rft.au=Neil+Hall&amp;rft.pages=1518-1525"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">G.M. Church (2006). &quot;Genomes for ALL&quot;. <em>Scientific American</em> <strong>294</strong> (1): 47-54. PMID 16468433.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genomes+for+ALL&amp;rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=294&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.au=G.M.+Church&amp;rft.pages=47-54&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16468433"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Margulies-16">^ ^{<em><strong><font color="#800080">a</font></strong></em>} ^{<em><strong><font color="#800080">b</font></strong></em>} <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">M. Margulies, et al. (2005). &quot;Genome sequencing in microfabricated high-density picolitre reactors&quot;. <em>Nature</em> <strong>437</strong>: 376-380.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+sequencing+in+microfabricated+high-density+picolitre+reactors&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=437&amp;rft.au=M.+Margulies%2C+et+al.&amp;rft.pages=376-380"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-polony_sequencing-17">^ ^{<em><strong><font color="#800080">a</font></strong></em>} ^{<em><strong><font color="#800080">b</font></strong></em>} <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">J. Shendure, G.J. Porreca, N.B. Reppas, X. Lin, J.Pe McCutcheon, A.M. Rosenbaum, M.D. Wang, K. Zhang, R.D. Mitra and G.M. Church (2005). &quot;Accurate Multiplex Polony Sequencing of an Evolved Bacterial Genome&quot;. <em>Science</em> <strong>309</strong> (5741): 1728-1732. doi:<span class="plainlinks neverexpand">10.1126/science.1117389</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Accurate+Multiplex+Polony+Sequencing+of+an+Evolved+Bacterial+Genome&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=309&amp;rft.issue=5741&amp;rft.au=J.+Shendure%2C+G.J.+Porreca%2C+N.B.+Reppas%2C+X.+Lin%2C+J.Pe+McCutcheon%2C+A.M.+Rosenbaum%2C+M.D.+Wang%2C+K.+Zhang%2C+R.D.+Mitra+and+G.M.+Church&amp;rft.pages=1728-1732&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.1117389"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-solid_sequencing-18">^ ^{<em><strong><font color="#800080">a</font></strong></em>} ^{<em><strong><font color="#800080">b</font></strong></em>} http://solid.appliedbiosystems.com/ - Applied Biosystems' SOLiD technology </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Braslavsky, I., Hebert, H., Kartalov, E. and Quake, S.R. (2003). &quot;Sequence information can be obtained from single DNA molecules&quot;. <em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</em> <strong>100</strong>: 3960&ndash;3964. doi:<span class="plainlinks neverexpand">10.1073/pnas.0230489100</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Sequence+information+can+be+obtained+from+single+DNA+molecules&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=100&amp;rft.au=Braslavsky%2C+I.%2C+Hebert%2C+H.%2C+Kartalov%2C+E.+and+Quake%2C+S.R.&amp;rft.pages=3960%E2%80%933964&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.0230489100"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span>full text available online </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">M. Ronaghi, S. Karamohamed, B. Pettersson, M. Uhlen, and P. Nyren (1996). &quot;Real-time DNA sequencing using detection of pyrophosphate release&quot;. <em>Analytical Biochemistry</em> <strong>242</strong>: 84=89. doi:<span class="plainlinks neverexpand">10.1006/abio.1996.0432</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Real-time+DNA+sequencing+using+detection+of+pyrophosphate+release&amp;rft.jtitle=Analytical+Biochemistry&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.volume=242&amp;rft.au=M.+Ronaghi%2C+S.+Karamohamed%2C+B.+Pettersson%2C+M.+Uhlen%2C+and+P.+Nyren&amp;rft.pages=84%3D89&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1006%2Fabio.1996.0432"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> S. C. Macevicz, US Patent 5750341, filed 1995 </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">G.J. Hanna, V.A. Johnson, D.R. Kuritzkes, D.D. Richman, J. Martinez-Picado, L. Sutton, J.D. Hazelwood, R.T. D'Aquila (2000). &quot;Comparison of sequencing by hybridization and cycle sequencing for genotyping of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase&quot;. <em>Journal of Clinical Microbiology</em> <strong>38</strong> (7): 2715. PMID 10878069.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Comparison+of+sequencing+by+hybridization+and+cycle+sequencing+for+genotyping+of+human+immunodeficiency+virus+type+1+reverse+transcriptase&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Clinical+Microbiology&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.volume=38&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.au=G.J.+Hanna%2C+V.A.+Johnson%2C+D.R.+Kuritzkes%2C+D.D.+Richman%2C+J.+Martinez-Picado%2C+L.+Sutton%2C+J.D.+Hazelwood%2C+R.T.+D%27Aquila&amp;rft.pages=2715&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/10878069"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">J.R. Edwards, H.Ruparel, and J. Ju. &quot;Mass-spectrometry DNA sequencing&quot;. <em>Mutation Research</em> <strong>573</strong> (1-2): 3-12.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Mass-spectrometry+DNA+sequencing&amp;rft.jtitle=Mutation+Research&amp;rft.volume=573&amp;rft.issue=1-2&amp;rft.au=J.R.+Edwards%2C+H.Ruparel%2C+and+J.+Ju&amp;rft.pages=3-12"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> VisiGen Biotechnologies Inc. - Technology Overview </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> The Harvard Nanopore Group </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> USPTO application # 20060029957 assigned to ZS genetics http://www.freepatentsonline.com/20060029957.html </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> NHGRI Aims to Make DNA Sequencing Faster, More Cost Effective, NIH News Release, 4 October 2006 </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> &quot;PRIZE Overview: Archon X PRIZE for Genomics&quot; </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Karger, Barry L.; A. Guttman, A. S. Cohen, D. N. Heiger (1990-01-15). &quot;Analytical and micropreparative ultrahigh resolution of oligonucleotides by polyacrylamide gel high-performance capillary electrophoresis&quot;. <em>Analytical Chemistry</em> <strong>62</strong> (2): 137 - 141. doi:<span class="plainlinks neverexpand">10.1021/ac00201a010</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Analytical+and+micropreparative+ultrahigh+resolution+of+oligonucleotides+by+polyacrylamide+gel+high-performance+capillary+electrophoresis&amp;rft.jtitle=Analytical+Chemistry&amp;rft.date=1990-01-15&amp;rft.volume=62&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.aulast=Karger&amp;rft.aufirst=Barry+L.&amp;rft.pages=137+-+141&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1021%2Fac00201a010"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span>|url=|format=|accessdate=2007-10-08 </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Smith, Lloyd M.; Luckey JA, Drossman H, Kostichka AJ, Mead DA, D'Cunha J, Norris TB (1990-08-11). &quot;High speed DNA sequencing by capillary electrophoresis.&quot;. <em>Nucleic Acids Research</em> <strong>18</strong>: 4417-4421. PMID 2388826 doi:10.1093/nar/18.15.4417.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=High+speed+DNA+sequencing+by+capillary+electrophoresis.&amp;rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Research&amp;rft.date=1990-08-11&amp;rft.volume=18&amp;rft.aulast=Smith&amp;rft.aufirst=Lloyd+M.&amp;rft.pages=4417-4421&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/2388826+%5B%5BDigital+object+identifier%7Cdoi%5D%5D%3A%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1093%252Fnar%252F18.15.4417+10.1093%2Fnar%2F18.15.4417%5D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnar.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F18%2F15%2F4417"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Dovichi, Norman J.; H.P. Swerdlow, S. Wu , H.R. Harke (1990-09-07). &quot;Capillary gel electrophoresis for DNA sequencing: laser-induced fluorescence detection with the sheath flow cuvette&quot;. <em>Journal of Chromatography</em> <strong>516</strong>: 61-67. PMID 2286629.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Capillary+gel+electrophoresis+for+DNA+sequencing%3A+laser-induced+fluorescence+detection+with+the+sheath+flow+cuvette&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chromatography&amp;rft.date=1990-09-07&amp;rft.volume=516&amp;rft.aulast=Dovichi&amp;rft.aufirst=Norman+J.&amp;rft.pages=61-67&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/2286629"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Page, DC; Foote S, Vollrath D, Hilton A (1992-10-02). &quot;The human Y chromosome: overlapping DNA clones spanning the euchromatic region.&quot;. <em>Science</em> <strong>258</strong> (5079): 60-66. PMID 1359640.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+human+Y+chromosome%3A+overlapping+DNA+clones+spanning+the+euchromatic+region.&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.date=1992-10-02&amp;rft.volume=258&amp;rft.issue=5079&amp;rft.aulast=Page&amp;rft.aufirst=DC&amp;rft.pages=60-66&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/1359640"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Cohen, Daniel; Ilya Chumakov, Philippe Rigault, Sophie Guillou, Pierre Ougen, Alain Billaut, Ghislaine Guasconi, Patricia Gervy, Isabelle LeGall, Pascal Soularue, Laurent Grinas, Lydie Bougueleret, Christine Bellann&eacute;-Chantelot, Bruno Lacroix, Emmanuel Barillot, Philippe Gesnouin, Stuart Pook, Guy Vaysseix, Gerard Frelat, Annette Schmitz, Jean-Luc Sambucy, Assumpcio Bosch, Xavier Estivill, Jean Weissenbachparallel, Alain Vignal, Harold Riethman, David Cox, David Patterson, Kathleen Gardiner, Masahira Hattori, Yoshiyuki Sakaki, Hitoshi Ichikawa, Misao Ohki, Denis Le Paslier, Roland Heilig, Stylianos Antonarakis (1992-10-01). &quot;Continuum of overlapping clones spanning the entire human chromosome 21q&quot;. <em>Nature</em> <strong>359</strong> (6394): 380-387. doi:<span class="plainlinks neverexpand">10.1038/359380a0</span>. PMID 1406950 doi:10.1038/359380a0.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Continuum+of+overlapping+clones+spanning+the+entire+human+chromosome+21q&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.date=1992-10-01&amp;rft.volume=359&amp;rft.issue=6394&amp;rft.aulast=Cohen&amp;rft.aufirst=Daniel&amp;rft.pages=380-387&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/1406950+%5B%5BDigital+object+identifier%7Cdoi%5D%5D%3A%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1038%252F359380a0+10.1038%2F359380a0%5D&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F359380a0"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Lander, E. S.; Dietrich W, Katz H, Lincoln SE, Shin HS, Friedman J, Dracopoli NC (1992-06). &quot;A Genetic Map of the Mouse Suitable for Typing Intraspecific Crosses&quot;. <em>Genetics</em> <strong>131</strong>: 423-447. PMID 1353738.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=A+Genetic+Map+of+the+Mouse+Suitable+for+Typing+Intraspecific+Crosses&amp;rft.jtitle=Genetics&amp;rft.date=1992-06&amp;rft.volume=131&amp;rft.aulast=Lander&amp;rft.aufirst=E.+S.&amp;rft.pages=423-447&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/1353738&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genetics.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F131%2F2%2F423"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Weissenbach, Jean; Gyapay G, Dib C, Vignal A, Morissette J, Millasseau P, Vaysseix G, Lathrop M. (1992-10-29). &quot;A second-generation linkage map of the human genome&quot;. <em>Nature</em> <strong>359</strong>: 794 - 801. doi:<span class="plainlinks neverexpand">10.1038/359794a0</span>. PMID 1436057 doi:10.1038/359794a0.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=A+second-generation+linkage+map+of+the+human+genome&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.date=1992-10-29&amp;rft.volume=359&amp;rft.aulast=Weissenbach&amp;rft.aufirst=Jean&amp;rft.pages=794+-+801&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/1436057+%5B%5BDigital+object+identifier%7Cdoi%5D%5D%3A%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1038%252F359794a0+10.1038%2F359794a0%5D&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F359794a0"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Mathies, R. A.; Ju J, Ruan C, Fuller CW, Glazer AN (1995-05-09). &quot;Fluorescence Energy Transfer Dye-Labeled Primers for DNA Sequencing and Analysis&quot;. <em>PNAS</em> <strong>92</strong>: 4347-4351. PMID 7753809.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Fluorescence+Energy+Transfer+Dye-Labeled+Primers+for+DNA+Sequencing+and+Analysis&amp;rft.jtitle=PNAS&amp;rft.date=1995-05-09&amp;rft.volume=92&amp;rft.aulast=Mathies&amp;rft.aufirst=R.+A.&amp;rft.pages=4347-4351&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/7753809&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpubmed%26pubmedid%3D7753809"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Blattner, F. R.; Frederick R. Blattner, Guy Plunkett III, Craig A. Bloch, Nicole T. Perna, Valerie Burland, Monica Riley, Julio Collado-Vides, Jeremy D. Glasner, Christopher K. Rode, George F. Mayhew, Jason Gregor, Nelson Wayne Davis, Heather A. Kirkpatrick, Michael A. Goeden, Debra J. Rose, Bob Mau, Ying Shao (1997-09-05). &quot;The Complete Genome Sequence of Escherichia coli K-12&quot;. <em>Science</em> <strong>277</strong> (5331): 1453-1462. doi:<span class="plainlinks neverexpand">10.1126/science.277.5331.1453</span>. PMID 9278503 doi:10.1126/science.277.5331.1453.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+Complete+Genome+Sequence+of+Escherichia+coli+K-12&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.date=1997-09-05&amp;rft.volume=277&amp;rft.issue=5331&amp;rft.au=Blattner%2C+F.+R.&amp;rft.pages=1453-1462&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/9278503+%5B%5BDigital+object+identifier%7Cdoi%5D%5D%3A%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1126%252Fscience.277.5331.1453+10.1126%2Fscience.277.5331.1453%5D&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.277.5331.1453"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">&quot;Base-calling of automated sequencer traces using phred. II. Error probabilities.&quot; (1998-03). <em>Genome Reserarch</em> <strong>8</strong> (3): 186-94. PMID 9521922.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Base-calling+of+automated+sequencer+traces+using+phred.+II.+Error+probabilities.&amp;rft.jtitle=Genome+Reserarch&amp;rft.date=1998-03&amp;rft.volume=8&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=186-94&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/9521922"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">The C.&amp;Nbsp;Elegans Sequencing Consortium,; The C. elegans Sequencing Consortium (1998-12-11). &quot;Genome Sequence of the Nematode C. elegans: A Platform for Investigating Biology&quot;. <em>Science</em> <strong>282</strong> (5396): 2012-2018. doi:<span class="plainlinks neverexpand">10.1126/science.282.5396.2012</span>. PMID 9851916 doi:10.1126/science.282.5396.2012.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+Sequence+of+the+Nematode+C.+elegans%3A+A+Platform+for+Investigating+Biology&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.date=1998-12-11&amp;rft.volume=282&amp;rft.issue=5396&amp;rft.au=The+C.%26Nbsp%3BElegans+Sequencing+Consortium%2C&amp;rft.pages=2012-2018&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/9851916+%5B%5BDigital+object+identifier%7Cdoi%5D%5D%3A%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1126%252Fscience.282.5396.2012+10.1126%2Fscience.282.5396.2012%5D&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.282.5396.2012"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">&quot;The DNA sequence of human chromosome 22&quot; (1999-12-02). <em>Nature</em> <strong>402</strong> (6761): 489-495. doi:<span class="plainlinks neverexpand">10.1038/990031</span>. PMID 10591208.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+DNA+sequence+of+human+chromosome+22&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.date=1999-12-02&amp;rft.volume=402&amp;rft.issue=6761&amp;rft.pages=489-495&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/10591208&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F990031"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> Hattori, M., A. Fujiyama, T. D. Taylor, H. Watanabe, T. Yada, H.-S. Park, A. Toyoda, K. Ishii, Y. Totoki, D.-K. Choi, E. Soeda, M. Ohki, T. Takagi, Y. Sakaki; S. Taudienk, K. Blechschmidtk, A. Polleyk, U. Menzelk, J. Delabar, K. Kumpfk, R. Lehmannk, D. Patterson, K. Reichwaldk, A. Rumpk, M. Schillhabelk, A. Schudyk, W. Zimmermannk, A. Rosenthalk; J. KudohI, K. ShibuyaI, K. KawasakiI, S. AsakawaI, A. ShintaniI, T. SasakiI, K. NagamineI, S. MitsuyamaI, S. E. Antonarakis, S. MinoshimaI, N. ShimizuI, G. Nordsiek, K. Hornischer, P. Brandt, M. Scharfe, O. Scho&Egrave;n, A. Desario, J. Reichelt, G. Kauer, H. Bloecker; J. Ramser, A. Beck, S. Klages, S. Hennig, L. Riesselmann, E. Dagand, T. Haaf, S. Wehrmeyer, K. Borzym, K. Gardiner, D. Nizetickk, F. Francis, H. Lehrach, R. Reinhardt, and M.-L. Yaspo, (2000). The DNA sequence of human chromosome 21. Nature 405: 311-319. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">&quot;Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome&quot; (2001-02-15). <em>Nature</em> <strong>409</strong> (6822): 860-921. doi:<span class="plainlinks neverexpand">10.1038/35057062</span>. PMID 11237011.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Initial+sequencing+and+analysis+of+the+human+genome&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.date=2001-02-15&amp;rft.volume=409&amp;rft.issue=6822&amp;rft.pages=860-921&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11237011&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F35057062"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Venter, J. C.; et al (2001-02-16). &quot;The sequence of the human genome.&quot;. <em>Science</em> <strong>291</strong> (5507): 1304-51. doi:<span class="plainlinks neverexpand">10.1126/science.1058040</span>. PMID 11181995 doi:10.1126/science.1058040.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+sequence+of+the+human+genome.&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.date=2001-02-16&amp;rft.volume=291&amp;rft.issue=5507&amp;rft.aulast=Venter&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+C.&amp;rft.pages=1304-51&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11181995+%5B%5BDigital+object+identifier%7Cdoi%5D%5D%3A%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1126%252Fscience.1058040+10.1126%2Fscience.1058040%5D&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.1058040"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> &quot;Scientists encode first woman's genome&quot;, <em>msnbc.com</em>, Microsoft, 2008-05-27. Retrieved on 2008-05-27.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;rft.type=newspaperArticle&amp;rft.subject=News&amp;rft.title=Scientists+encode+first+woman%27s+genome&amp;rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msnbc.msn.com%2Fid%2F24840903%2F&amp;rft.source=msnbc.com&amp;rft.publisher=Microsoft&amp;rft.date=2008-05-27"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> </ol> </div> <p><a id="External_links" name="External_links"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.jgi.doe.gov/education/how/how30minflash.html" href="http://www.jgi.doe.gov/education/how/how30minflash.html" rel="nofollow">DNA Sequencing: Dye Terminator Animation</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.genomics.xprize.org" href="http://www.genomics.xprize.org/" rel="nofollow">Archon Genomics X PRIZE</a> - $10 million competition for fast and inexpensive sequencing technology </li> </ul> 26ba2ebcd624e59f9d1b477ba9266061453631a9 2082 2008-06-12T14:41:22Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>The term <strong>DNA sequencing</strong> encompasses biochemical methods for determining the order of the nucleotide bases, adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine, in a DNA oligonucleotide. The sequence of DNA constitutes the heritable genetic information in nuclei, plasmids, mitochondria, and chloroplasts that forms the basis for the developmental programs of all living organisms. Determining the DNA sequence is therefore useful in basic research studying fundamental biological processes, as well as in applied fields such as diagnostic or forensic research. The advent of DNA sequencing has significantly accelerated biological research and discovery. The rapid speed of sequencing attained with modern DNA sequencing technology has been instrumental in the large-scale sequencing of the human genome, in the Human Genome Project. Related projects, often by scientific collaboration across continents, have generated the complete DNA sequences of many animal, plant, and microbial genomes.</p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 502px"><img class="thumbimage" height="106" alt="DNA Sequence Trace" width="500" border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/89/Mutation_Surveyor_Trace.jpg/500px-Mutation_Surveyor_Trace.jpg" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><span class="" style="BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 2px; DISPLAY: inline-block; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 2px; FONT-SIZE: 0px; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #0000ff; BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 2px; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #0000ff; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; CURSOR: hand; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #0000ff; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 2px; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #0000ff"><span style="DISPLAY: inline-block; FILTER: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.AlphaImageLoader(src='http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png'); WIDTH: 1px; HEIGHT: 1px"></span></span></div> DNA Sequence Trace</div> </div> </div> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Early methods</span></h2> <p>For thirty years, a large proportion of DNA sequencing has been carried out with the chain-termination method developed by Frederick Sanger and coworkers in 1975.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><font color="#800080">[1]</font></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><font color="#800080">[2]</font></sup> Prior to the development of rapid DNA sequencing methods in the early 1970s by Sanger in England and Walter Gilbert and Allan Maxam at Harvard,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><font color="#800080">[3]</font></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><font color="#800080">[4]</font></sup> a number of laborious methods were used. For instance, in 1973<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><font color="#800080">[5]</font></sup> Gilbert and Maxam reported the sequence of 24 basepairs using a method known as wandering-spot analysis.</p> <p>RNA sequencing, which for technical reasons is easier to perform than DNA sequencing, was one of the earliest forms of nucleotide sequencing. The major landmark of RNA sequencing, dating from the pre-recombinant DNA era, is the sequence of the first complete gene and then the complete genome of Bacteriophage MS2, identified and published by Walter Fiers and his coworkers at the University of Ghent (Ghent, Belgium), published between 1972<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"><font color="#800080">[6]</font></sup> and 1976.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"><font color="#800080">[7]</font></sup></p> <p><font color="#800080"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Maxam-Gilbert sequencing</span></h2> <p>In 1976-1977, Allan Maxam and Walter Gilbert developed a DNA sequencing method based on chemical modification of DNA and subsequent cleavage at specific bases [1]. Although Maxam and Gilbert published their chemical sequencing method two years after the ground-breaking paper of Sanger and Coulson on plus-minus sequencing,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7"><font color="#800080">[8]</font></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8"><font color="#800080">[9]</font></sup> Maxam-Gilbert sequencing rapidly became more popular, since purified DNA could be used directly, while the initial Sanger method required that each read start be cloned for production of single-stranded DNA. However, with the development and improvement of the chain-termination method (see below), Maxam-Gilbert sequencing has fallen out of favour due to its technical complexity, extensive use of hazardous chemicals, and difficulties with scale-up. In addition, unlike the chain-termination method, chemicals used in the Maxam-Gilbert method cannot easily be customized for use in a standard molecular biology kit.</p> <p>In brief, the method requires radioactive labelling at one end and purification of the DNA fragment to be sequenced. Chemical treatment generates breaks at a small proportion of one or two of the four nucleotide bases in each of four reactions (G, A+G, C, C+T). Thus a series of labelled fragments is generated, from the radiolabelled end to the first 'cut' site in each molecule. The fragments are then size-separated by gel electrophoresis, with the four reactions arranged side by side. To visualize the fragments generated in each reaction, the gel is exposed to X-ray film for autoradiography, yielding an image of a series of dark 'bands' corresponding to the radiolabelled DNA fragments, from which the sequence may be inferred.</p> <p>Also sometimes known as 'chemical sequencing', this method originated in the study of DNA-protein interactions (footprinting), nucleic acid structure and epigenetic modifications to DNA, and within these it still has important applications.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Chain-termination methods</span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 162px"><img class="thumbimage" height="332" alt="Part of a radioactively labelled sequencing gel" width="160" border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Sequencing.jpg" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><span class="" style="BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 2px; DISPLAY: inline-block; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 2px; FONT-SIZE: 0px; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #0000ff; BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 2px; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #0000ff; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; CURSOR: hand; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #0000ff; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 2px; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #0000ff"><span style="DISPLAY: inline-block; FILTER: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.AlphaImageLoader(src='http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png'); WIDTH: 1px; HEIGHT: 1px"></span></span></div> Part of a radioactively labelled sequencing gel</div> </div> </div> <p>While the chemical sequencing method of Maxam and Gilbert, and the plus-minus method of Sanger and Coulson were orders of magnitude faster than previous methods, the chain-terminator method developed by Sanger was even more efficient, and rapidly became the method of choice. The Maxam-Gilbert technique requires the use of highly toxic chemicals, and large amounts of radiolabeled DNA, whereas the chain-terminator method uses fewer toxic chemicals and lower amounts of radioactivity. The key principle of the Sanger method was the use of dideoxynucleotides triphosphates (ddNTPs) as DNA chain terminators.</p> <p>The classical chain-termination or Sanger method requires a single-stranded DNA template, a DNA primer, a DNA polymerase, radioactively or fluorescently labeled nucleotides, and modified nucleotides that terminate DNA strand elongation. The DNA sample is divided into four separate sequencing reactions, containing the four standard deoxynucleotides (dATP, dGTP, dCTP and dTTP) and the DNA polymerase. To each reaction is added only one of the four dideoxynucleotides (ddATP, ddGTP, ddCTP, or ddTTP). These dideoxynucleotides are the chain-terminating nucleotides, lacking a 3'-OH group required for the formation of a phosphodiester bond between two nucleotides during DNA strand elongation. Incorporation of a dideoxynucleotide into the nascent (elongating) DNA strand therefore terminates DNA strand extension, resulting in various DNA fragments of varying length. The dideoxynucleotides are added at lower concentration than the standard deoxynucleotides to allow strand elongation sufficient for sequence analysis.</p> <p>The newly synthesized and labeled DNA fragments are heat denatured, and separated by size (with a resolution of just one nucleotide) by gel electrophoresis on a denaturing polyacrylamide-urea gel. Each of the four DNA synthesis reactions is run in one of four individual lanes (lanes A, T, G, C); the DNA bands are then visualized by autoradiography or UV light, and the DNA sequence can be directly read off the X-ray film or gel image. In the image on the right, X-ray film was exposed to the gel, and the dark bands correspond to DNA fragments of different lengths. A dark band in a lane indicates a DNA fragment that is the result of chain termination after incorporation of a dideoxynucleotide (ddATP, ddGTP, ddCTP, or ddTTP). The terminal nucleotide base can be identified according to which dideoxynucleotide was added in the reaction giving that band. The relative positions of the different bands among the four lanes are then used to read (from bottom to top) the DNA sequence as indicated.</p> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 182px"><img class="thumbimage" height="240" alt="DNA fragments can be labeled by using a radioactive or fluorescent tag on the primer (1), in the new DNA strand with a labeled dNTP, or with a labeled ddNTP. (click to expand)" width="180" border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/df/DNA_Sequencin_3_labeling_methods.jpg/180px-DNA_Sequencin_3_labeling_methods.jpg" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><span class="" style="BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 2px; DISPLAY: inline-block; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 2px; FONT-SIZE: 0px; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #0000ff; BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 2px; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #0000ff; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; CURSOR: hand; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #0000ff; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 2px; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #0000ff"><span style="DISPLAY: inline-block; FILTER: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.AlphaImageLoader(src='http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png'); WIDTH: 1px; HEIGHT: 1px"></span></span></div> DNA fragments can be labeled by using a radioactive or fluorescent tag on the primer (1), in the new DNA strand with a labeled dNTP, or with a labeled ddNTP. (click to expand)</div> </div> </div> <p>There are some technical variations of chain-termination sequencing. In one method, the DNA fragments are tagged with nucleotides containing radioactive phosphorus for radiolabelling. Alternatively, a primer labeled at the 5&rsquo; end with a fluorescent dye is used for the tagging. Four separate reactions are still required, but DNA fragments with dye labels can be read using an optical system, facilitating faster and more economical analysis and automation. This approach is known as 'dye-primer sequencing'. The later development by L Hood and coworkers<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9"><font color="#800080">[10]</font></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10"><font color="#800080">[11]</font></sup> of fluorescently labeled ddNTPs and primers set the stage for automated, high-throughput DNA sequencing.</p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 182px"><img class="thumbimage" height="256" alt="Sequence ladder by radioactive sequencing compared to fluorescent peaks (click to expand)" width="180" border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3d/Radioactive_Fluorescent_Seq.jpg/180px-Radioactive_Fluorescent_Seq.jpg" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><span class="" style="BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 2px; DISPLAY: inline-block; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 2px; FONT-SIZE: 0px; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #0000ff; BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 2px; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #0000ff; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; CURSOR: hand; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #0000ff; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 2px; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #0000ff"><span style="DISPLAY: inline-block; FILTER: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.AlphaImageLoader(src='http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png'); WIDTH: 1px; HEIGHT: 1px"></span></span></div> Sequence ladder by radioactive sequencing compared to fluorescent peaks (click to expand)</div> </div> </div> <p>The different chain-termination methods have greatly simplified the amount of work and planning needed for DNA sequencing. For example, the chain-termination-based &quot;Sequenase&quot; kit from USB Biochemicals contains most of the reagents needed for sequencing, prealiquoted and ready to use. Some sequencing problems can occur with the Sanger method, such as non-specific binding of the primer to the DNA, affecting accurate read-out of the DNA sequence. In addition, secondary structures within the DNA template, or contaminating RNA randomly priming at the DNA template can also affect the fidelity of the obtained sequence. Other contaminants affecting the reaction may consist of extraneous DNA or inhibitors of the DNA polymerase.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Dye-terminator sequencing</span></h3> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 182px"><img class="thumbimage" height="109" alt="Capillary electrophoresis (click to expand)" width="180" border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fe/CE_Basic.jpg/180px-CE_Basic.jpg" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><span class="" style="BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 2px; DISPLAY: inline-block; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 2px; FONT-SIZE: 0px; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #0000ff; BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 2px; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #0000ff; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; CURSOR: hand; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #0000ff; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 2px; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #0000ff"><span style="DISPLAY: inline-block; FILTER: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.AlphaImageLoader(src='http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png'); WIDTH: 1px; HEIGHT: 1px"></span></span></div> Capillary electrophoresis (click to expand)</div> </div> </div> <p>An alternative to primer labelling is labelling of the chain terminators, a method commonly called 'dye-terminator sequencing'. The major advantage of this method is that the sequencing can be performed in a single reaction, rather than four reactions as in the labelled-primer method. In dye-terminator sequencing, each of the four dideoxynucleotide chain terminators is labelled with a different fluorescent dye, each fluorescing at a different wavelength. This method is attractive because of its greater expediency and speed and is now the mainstay in automated sequencing with computer-controlled sequence analyzers (see below). Its potential limitations include dye effects due to differences in the incorporation of the dye-labelled chain terminators into the DNA fragment, resulting in unequal peak heights and shapes in the electronic DNA sequence trace chromatogram after capillary electrophoresis (see figure to the right). This problem has largely been overcome with the introduction of new DNA polymerase enzyme systems and dyes that minimize incorporation variability, as well as methods for eliminating &quot;dye blobs&quot;, caused by certain chemical characteristics of the dyes that can result in artifacts in DNA sequence traces. The dye-terminator sequencing method, along with automated high-throughput DNA sequence analyzers, is now being used for the vast majority of sequencing projects, as it is both easier to perform and lower in cost than most previous sequencing methods.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Challenges</span></h3> <p>Modern sequencing typically produces a sequence that has poor quality in the first 15-40 bases, a high quality region of 700-900 bases, and then quickly deteriorating quality. Base calling software typically outputs an estimate of quality along with the sequence to aid in quality trimming.</p> <p>Before the DNA can be sequenced, linker sequences are attached to its ends, and it is inserted into a cloning vector. The resulting sequence can therefore often contain parts of the vector or the linker sequences, which must be filtered out prior to analysis. In contrast, emerging sequencing technologies based on pyrosequencing often avoid using cloning vectors.</p> <p>During PCR amplification, unrelated sequences can hybridize, and the resulting clone can be a chimaeric sequence, containing fragments from both sequences. Another problem is polymerase stuttering, where the polymerase repeatedly outputs the same fragments, giving an artificially long low-complexity part of the sequence.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Automation and sample preparation</span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 182px"><img class="thumbimage" height="42" alt="View of the start of an example dye-terminator read (click to expand)" width="180" border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Sanger_sequencing_read_display.gif/180px-Sanger_sequencing_read_display.gif" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><span class="" style="BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 2px; DISPLAY: inline-block; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 2px; FONT-SIZE: 0px; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #0000ff; BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 2px; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #0000ff; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; CURSOR: hand; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #0000ff; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 2px; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #0000ff"><span style="DISPLAY: inline-block; FILTER: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.AlphaImageLoader(src='http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png'); WIDTH: 1px; HEIGHT: 1px"></span></span></div> View of the start of an example dye-terminator read (click to expand)</div> </div> </div> <p>Modern automated DNA sequencing instruments (DNA sequencers) can sequence up to 384 fluorescently labelled samples in a single batch (run) and perform as many as 24 runs a day. However, automated DNA sequencers carry out only DNA-size-based separation (by capillary electrophoresis), detection and recording of dye fluorescence, and data output as fluorescent peak trace chromatograms. Sequencing reactions by thermocycling, cleanup and re-suspension in a buffer solution before loading onto the sequencer are performed separately. In the past, an operator had to trim the low quality ends (see image in the right) of every sequence manually in order to remove the sequencing errors. However, today, software like Fast Chromatogram Viewer can automatically trim the ends at batch. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Large-scale sequencing strategies</span></h2> <p>Current methods can directly sequence only relatively short (300-1000 nucleotides long) DNA fragments in a single reaction. [2]. The main obstacle to sequencing DNA fragments above this size limit is insufficient power of separation for resolving large DNA fragments that differ in length by only one nucleotide. Limitations on ddNTP incorporation were largely solved by Tabor at Harvard Medical, Carl Fuller at USB biochemicals, and their coworkers.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Reeve.2CFuller_11-0"><font color="#800080">[12]</font></sup></p> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 182px"><font color="#800080"><img class="thumbimage" height="240" alt="Genomic DNA is fragmented into random pieces and cloned as a bacterial library. DNA from individual bacterial clones is sequenced and the sequence is assembled by using overlapping regions.(click to expand)" width="180" border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/60/DNA_Sequencing_gDNA_libraries.jpg/180px-DNA_Sequencing_gDNA_libraries.jpg" /></font> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><span class="" style="BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 2px; DISPLAY: inline-block; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 2px; FONT-SIZE: 0px; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #0000ff; BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 2px; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #0000ff; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; CURSOR: hand; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #0000ff; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 2px; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #0000ff"><span style="DISPLAY: inline-block; FILTER: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.AlphaImageLoader(src='http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png'); WIDTH: 1px; HEIGHT: 1px"></span></span></div> Genomic DNA is fragmented into random pieces and cloned as a bacterial library. DNA from individual bacterial clones is sequenced and the sequence is assembled by using overlapping regions.(click to expand)</div> </div> </div> <p>Large-scale sequencing aims at sequencing very long DNA fragments. Even relatively small bacterial <font color="#800080">genomes</font> contain millions of nucleotides, and the human chromosome 1 alone contains about 246 million bases. Therefore, some approaches consist of cutting (with restriction enzymes) or shearing (with mechanical forces) large DNA fragments into shorter DNA fragments. The fragmented DNA is cloned into a DNA vector, usually a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC), and amplified in <em>Escherichia coli</em>. The amplified DNA can then be purified from the bacterial cells (a disadvantage of bacterial clones for sequencing is that some DNA sequences may be inherently <em>un-clonable</em> in some or all available bacterial strains, due to deleterious effect of the cloned sequence on the host bacterium or other effects). These short DNA fragments purified from individual bacterial colonies are then individually and completely sequenced and assembled electronically into one long, contiguous sequence by identifying 100%-identical overlapping sequences between them (shotgun sequencing). This method does not require any pre-existing information about the sequence of the DNA and is often referred to as <em>de novo</em> sequencing. Gaps in the assembled sequence may be filled by Primer walking, often with sub-cloning steps (or transposon-based sequencing depending on the size of the remaining region to be sequenced). These strategies all involve taking many small <em>reads</em> of the DNA by one of the above methods and subsequently assembling them into a contiguous sequence. The different strategies have different tradeoffs in speed and accuracy; the shotgun method is the most practical for sequencing large genomes, but its assembly process is complex and potentially error-prone - particularly in the presence of sequence repeats. Because of this, the assembly of the human genome is not literally complete &mdash; the repetitive sequences of the centromeres, telomeres, and some other parts of chromosomes result in gaps in the genome assembly. Despite having only 93% of the full genome assembled, the Human Genome Project was declared complete because their definition of human genome sequencing was limited to euchromatic sequence (99% complete at the time), excluding these intractable repetitive regions.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12"><font color="#800080">[13]</font></sup></p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 182px"><font color="#800080"><img class="thumbimage" height="247" alt="Resequencing steps. Sample prep: Extraction of nucleic acid. Template prep: Amplification and preparation of a small region of the target region. Sequencing steps. (click to expand)" width="180" border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a1/Sequencing_workflow.jpg/180px-Sequencing_workflow.jpg" /></font> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><span class="" style="BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 2px; DISPLAY: inline-block; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 2px; FONT-SIZE: 0px; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #0000ff; BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 2px; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #0000ff; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; CURSOR: hand; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #0000ff; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 2px; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #0000ff"><span style="DISPLAY: inline-block; FILTER: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.AlphaImageLoader(src='http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png'); WIDTH: 1px; HEIGHT: 1px"></span></span></div> Resequencing steps. Sample prep: Extraction of nucleic acid. Template prep: Amplification and preparation of a small region of the target region. Sequencing steps. (click to expand)</div> </div> </div> <p>The human genome is about 3 billion (3,000,000,000) bp long;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13"><font color="#800080">[14]</font></sup> if the average fragment length is 500 bases, it would take a minimum of six million (3 billion/500) to sequence the human genome (not allowing for overlap = 1-fold coverage). Keeping track of such a high number of sequences presents significant challenges, only held down by developing and coordinating several procedural and computational algorithms, such as efficient database development and management.</p> <p><em>Resequencing</em> or <em>targeted sequencing</em> is utilized for determining a change in DNA sequence from a &quot;reference&quot; sequence. It is often performed using PCR to amplify the region of interest (pre-existing DNA sequence is required to design the PCR primers). Resequencing uses three steps, extraction of DNA or RNA from biological tissue; amplification of the RNA or DNA (often by PCR); followed by sequencing. The resultant sequence is compared to a reference or a normal sample to detect mutations.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">New sequencing methods</span></h2> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">High-throughput sequencing</span></h3> <p>The high demand for low cost sequencing has given rise to a number of high-throughput sequencing technologies.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14"><font color="#800080">[15]</font></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15"><font color="#800080">[16]</font></sup> These efforts have been funded by public and private institutions as well as privately researched and commercialized by biotechnology companies. High-throughput sequencing technologies are intended to lower the cost of sequencing DNA libraries beyond what is possible with the current dye-terminator method based on DNA separation by capillary electrophoresis. Many of the new high-throughput methods use methods that parallelize the sequencing process, producing thousands or millions of sequences at once.</p> <dl><dt>In vitro clonal amplification </dt></dl> <p>As molecular detection methods are often not sensitive enough for single molecule sequencing, most approaches use an <em>in vitro</em> cloning step to generate many copies of each individual molecule. Emulsion PCR is one method, isolating individual DNA molecules along with primer-coated beads in aqueous bubbles within an oil phase. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) then coats each bead with clonal copies of the isolated library molecule and these beads are subsequently immobilized for later sequencing. Emulsion PCR is used in the methods published by Marguilis et al. (commercialized by 454 Life Sciences, acquired by Roche), Shendure and Porreca et al. (also known as &quot;polony sequencing&quot;) and SOLiD sequencing, (developed by Agencourt and acquired by Applied Biosystems).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Margulies_16-0"><font color="#800080">[17]</font></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-polony_sequencing_17-0"><font color="#800080">[18]</font></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-solid_sequencing_18-0"><font color="#800080">[19]</font></sup> Another method for <em>in vitro</em> clonal amplification is &quot;bridge PCR&quot;, where fragments are amplified upon primers attached to a solid surface, developed and used by Solexa (now owned by Illumina). These methods both produce many physically isolated locations which each contain many copies of a single fragment. The single-molecule method developed by Stephen Quake's laboratory (later commercialized by Helicos) skips this amplification step, directly fixing DNA molecules to a surface.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19"><font color="#800080">[20]</font></sup></p> <dl><dt>Parallelized sequencing </dt></dl> <p>Once clonal DNA sequences are physically localized to separate positions on a surface, various sequencing approaches may be used to determine the DNA sequences of all locations, in parallel. &quot;Sequencing by synthesis&quot;, like the popular dye-termination electrophoretic sequencing, uses the process of DNA synthesis by DNA polymerase to identify the bases present in the complementary DNA molecule. Reversible terminator methods (used by Illumina and Helicos) use reversible versions of dye-terminators, adding one nucleotide at a time, detecting fluorescence corresponding to that position, then removing the blocking group to allow the polymerization of another nucleotide. Pyrosequencing (used by 454) also uses DNA polymerization to add nucleotides, adding one type of nucleotide at a time, then detecting and quantifying the number of nucleotides added to a given location through the light emitted by the release of attached pyrophosphates.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Margulies_16-1"><font color="#800080">[17]</font></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20"><font color="#800080">[21]</font></sup></p> <p>&quot;Sequencing by ligation&quot; is another enzymatic method of sequencing, using a DNA ligase enzyme rather than polymerase to identify the target sequence.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21"><font color="#800080">[22]</font></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-polony_sequencing_17-1"><font color="#800080">[18]</font></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-solid_sequencing_18-1"><font color="#800080">[19]</font></sup> Used in the polony method and in the SOLiD technology offered by Applied Biosystems, this method uses a pool of all possible oligonucleotides of a fixed length, labeled according to the sequenced position. Oligonucleotides are annealed and ligated; the preferential ligation by DNA ligase for matching sequences results in a signal corresponding to the complementary sequence at that position.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Other sequencing technologies</span></h3> <p>Other methods of DNA sequencing may have advantages in terms of efficiency or accuracy. Like traditional dye-terminator sequencing, they are limited to sequencing single isolated DNA fragments. &quot;Sequencing by hybridization&quot; is a non-enzymatic method that uses a DNA microarray. In this method, a single pool of unknown DNA is fluorescently labeled and hybridized to an array of known sequences. If the unknown DNA hybridizes strongly to a given spot on the array, causing it to &quot;light up&quot;, then that sequence is inferred to exist within the unknown DNA being sequenced.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22"><font color="#800080">[23]</font></sup> Mass spectrometry can also be used to sequence DNA molecules; conventional chain-termination reactions produce DNA molecules of different lengths and the length of these fragments is then determined by the mass differences between them (rather than using gel separation).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23"><font color="#800080">[24]</font></sup></p> <p>There are new proposals for DNA sequencing, which are in development, but remain to be proven. These include labeling the DNA polymerase,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24"><font color="#800080">[25]</font></sup> reading the sequence as a DNA strand transits through nanopores,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25"><font color="#800080">[26]</font></sup> and microscopy-based techniques, such as AFM or electron microscopy that are used to identify the positions of individual nucleotides within long DNA fragments by nucleotide labeling with heavier elements (e.g., halogens) for visual detection and recording.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26"><font color="#800080">[27]</font></sup> In October 2006 the NIH issued a news release describing novel sequencing techniques and announcing several grant awards.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27"><font color="#800080">[28]</font></sup></p> <p>In October 2006, the X Prize Foundation established the Archon X Prize, intending to award $10 million to &quot;the first Team that can build a device and use it to sequence 100 human genomes within 10 days or less, with an accuracy of no more than one error in every 100,000 bases sequenced, with sequences accurately covering at least 98% of the genome, and at a recurring cost of no more than $10,000 (US) per genome.&quot;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28"><font color="#800080">[29]</font></sup></p> <p><font color="#800080"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Major landmarks in DNA sequencing</span></h2> <ul> <li>1953 Discovery of the structure of the DNA double helix. </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1972 Development of recombinant DNA technology, which permits isolation of defined fragments of DNA; prior to this, the only accessible samples for sequencing were from bacteriophage or virus DNA. </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1975 The first complete DNA genome to be sequenced is that of bacteriophage &phi;X174 </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1977 Allan Maxam and Walter Gilbert publish &quot;DNA sequencing by chemical degradation&quot; [3]. Fred Sanger, independently, publishes &quot;DNA sequencing by enzymatic synthesis&quot;. </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1980 Fred Sanger and Wally Gilbert receive the Nobel Prize in Chemistry <ul> <li>EMBL-bank, the first nucleotide sequence repository, is started at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1982 Genbank starts as a public repository of DNA sequences. <ul> <li>Andre Marion and Sam Eletr from Hewlett Packard start Applied Biosystems in May, which comes to dominate automated sequencing. </li> <li>Akiyoshi Wada proposes automated sequencing and gets support to build robots with help from Hitachi. </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1984 Medical Research Council scientists decipher the complete DNA sequence of the Epstein-Barr virus, 170 kb. </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1985 Kary Mullis and colleagues develop the polymerase chain reaction, a technique to replicate small fragments of DNA </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1986 Leroy E. Hood's laboratory at the California Institute of Technology and Smith announce the first semi-automated DNA sequencing machine. </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1987 Applied Biosystems markets first automated sequencing machine, the model ABI 370. <ul> <li>Walter Gilbert leaves the U.S. National Research Council genome panel to start Genome Corp., with the goal of sequencing and commercializing the data. </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1990 The U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) begins large-scale sequencing trials on <em>Mycoplasma capricolum</em>, <em>Escherichia coli</em>, <em>Caenorhabditis elegans</em>, and <em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em> (at 75 cents (US)/base). <ul> <li>Barry Karger (January<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-29"><font color="#800080">[30]</font></sup>), Lloyd Smith (August<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-30"><font color="#800080">[31]</font></sup>), and Norman Dovichi (September<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-31"><font color="#800080">[32]</font></sup>) publish on capillary electrophoresis. </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1991 Craig Venter develops strategy to find expressed genes with ESTs (Expressed Sequence Tags). <ul> <li>Uberbacher develops GRAIL, a gene-prediction program. </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1992 Craig Venter leaves NIH to set up The Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR). <ul> <li>William Haseltine heads Human Genome Sciences, to commercialize TIGR products. </li> <li>Wellcome Trust begins participation in the Human Genome Project. </li> <li>Simon et al. develop BACs (Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes) for cloning. </li> <li>First chromosome physical maps published: <ul> <li>Page et al. - Y chromosome<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-32"><font color="#800080">[33]</font></sup>; </li> <li>Cohen et al. chromosome 21<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-33"><font color="#800080">[34]</font></sup>. </li> <li>Lander - complete mouse genetic map<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-34"><font color="#800080">[35]</font></sup>; </li> <li>Weissenbach - complete human genetic map<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-35"><font color="#800080">[36]</font></sup>. </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1993 Wellcome Trust and MRC open Sanger Centre, near Cambridge, UK. <ul> <li>The GenBank database migrates from Los Alamos (DOE) to NCBI (NIH). </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1995 Venter, Fraser and Smith publish first sequence of free-living organism, <em>Haemophilus influenzae</em> (genome size of 1.8 Mb). <ul> <li>Richard Mathies et al. publish on sequencing dyes (PNAS, May)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-36"><font color="#800080">[37]</font></sup>. </li> <li>Michael Reeve and Carl Fuller, thermostable polymerase for sequencing<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Reeve.2CFuller_11-1"><font color="#800080">[12]</font></sup>. </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1996 International HGP partners agree to release sequence data into public databases within 24 hours. <ul> <li>International consortium releases genome sequence of yeast <em>S. cerevisiae</em> (genome size of 12.1 Mb). </li> <li>Yoshihide Hayashizaki's at RIKEN completes the first set of full-length mouse cDNAs. </li> <li>ABI introduces a capillary electrophoresis system, the ABI310 sequence analyzer. </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1997 Blattner, Plunkett et al. publish the sequence of E. coli (genome size of 5 Mb)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-37"><font color="#800080">[38]</font></sup> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1998 Phil Green and Brent Ewing of Washington University publish <code>&ldquo;phred&rdquo;</code> for interpreting sequencer data (in use since &lsquo;95)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-38"><font color="#800080">[39]</font></sup>. <ul> <li>Venter starts new company &ldquo;Celera&rdquo;; &ldquo;will sequence HG in 3 yrs for $300m.&rdquo; </li> <li>Applied Biosystems introduces the 3700 capillary sequencing machine. </li> <li>Wellcome Trust doubles support for the HGP to $330 million for 1/3 of the sequencing. </li> <li>NIH &amp; DOE goal: &quot;working draft&quot; of the human genome by 2001. </li> <li>Sulston, Waterston et al finish sequence of <em>C. elegans</em> (genome size of 97Mb)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-39"><font color="#800080">[40]</font></sup>. </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1999 NIH moves up completion date for rough draft, to spring 2000. <ul> <li>NIH launches the mouse genome sequencing project. </li> <li>First sequence of human chromosome 22 published<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-40"><font color="#800080">[41]</font></sup>. </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>2000 Celera and collaborators sequence fruit fly <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> (genome size of 180Mb) - validation of Venter's shotgun method. HGP and Celera debate issues related to data release. <ul> <li>HGP consortium publishes sequence of chromosome 21.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-41"><font color="#800080">[42]</font></sup> </li> <li>HGP &amp; Celera jointly announce working drafts of HG sequence, promise joint publication. </li> <li>Estimates for the number of genes in the human genome range from 35,000 to 120,000. International consortium completes first plant sequence, <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em> (genome size of 125 Mb). </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>2001 HGP consortium publishes Human Genome Sequence draft in Nature (15 Feb)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-42"><font color="#800080">[43]</font></sup>. <ul> <li>Celera publishes the Human Genome sequence<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-43"><font color="#800080">[44]</font></sup>. </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>2005 420,000 VariantSEQr human resequencing primer sequences published on new NCBI Probe database. </li> </ul> <ul> <li>2007 For the first time, a set of closely related species (12 Drosophilidae) are sequenced, launching the era of phylogenomics. <ul> <li>Craig Venter publishes his full diploid genome: the first human genome to be sequenced completely. </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>2008 An international consortium launches The 1000 Genomes Project, aimed to study human genetic variability. </li> </ul> <ul> <li>2008 Leiden University Medical Center scientists decipher the first complete DNA sequence of a woman.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-44"><font color="#800080">[45]</font></sup> </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">See also</span></h2> <ul> <li><font color="#800080">Sequencing</font> </li> <li>Genome project - how entire genomes are assembled from these short sequences. </li> <li>Applied Biosystems - provided most of the chemistry and equipment for the genome projects. Next-generation technology for very high data generation rates. </li> <li>454 Life Sciences - company specializing in high-throughput DNA sequencing using a sequencing-by-synthesis approach. </li> <li>Illumina (company) - Advancing genetic analysis one billion bases at a time; whole genome sequencing. </li> <li>Joint Genome Institute - sequencing center from the US Department of Energy whose mission is to provide integrated high-throughput sequencing and computational analysis to enable genomic-scale/systems-based scientific approaches to DOE-relevant challenges in energy and the environment. </li> <li>DNA field-effect transistor </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Citations</span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="moz-column-count: 2; webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-0"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> Sanger F, Coulson AR. A rapid method for determining sequences in DNA by primed synthesis with DNA polymerase. J Mol Biol. 1975 May 25;94(3):441&ndash;448 </li> <li id="cite_note-1"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> F. Sanger, S. Nicklen, and A. R. Coulson, DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1977 December; 74(12): 5463&ndash;5467 </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> Maxam AM, Gilbert W., A new method for sequencing DNA, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1977 Feb;74(2):560-4 </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> Unknown </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1973 December; 70(12 Pt 1-2): 3581&ndash;3584. The Nucleotide Sequence of the lac Operator, Walter Gilbert and Allan Maxam </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> Min Jou W, Haegeman G, Ysebaert M, Fiers W., Nucleotide sequence of the gene coding for the bacteriophage MS2 coat protein, Nature. 1972 May 12;237(5350):82-8 </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> Complete nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage MS2 RNA: primary and secondary structure of the replicase gene. <em>Nature</em>. 1976 Apr 8;260(5551):500-7. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> Sanger, F. &amp; Coulson, A. R. (1975) J. Mol. Biol. 94, 441-448 </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> Unknown </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> Nature. 1986 Jun 12-18;321(6071):674-9. Fluorescence detection in automated DNA sequence analysis. We have developed a method for the partial automation of DNA sequence analysis. Fluorescence detection of the DNA fragments is accomplished by means of a fluorophore covalently attached to the oligonucleotide primer used in enzymatic DNA sequence analysis. A different coloured fluorophore is used for each of the reactions specific for the bases A, C, G and T. The reaction mixtures are combined and co-electrophoresed down a single polyacrylamide gel tube, the separated fluorescent bands of DNA are detected near the bottom of the tube, and the sequence information is acquired directly by computer. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> Nucleic Acids Res. 1985 Apr 11;13(7):2399-412. The synthesis of oligonucleotides containing an aliphatic amino group at the 5' terminus: synthesis of fluorescent DNA primers for use in DNA sequence analysis. Note that Oxford University Press, the publishers of the journal Nucleic Acids Research, make the full contents of this journal available online for free - you can download a copy of this paper for yourself&nbsp;!! </li> <li id="cite_note-Reeve.2CFuller-11">^ ^{<em><strong><font color="#800080">a</font></strong></em>} ^{<em><strong><font color="#800080">b</font></strong></em>} <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">&quot;A novel thermostable polymerase for DNA sequencing.&quot; (1995-08-31). <em>Nature</em> <strong>376</strong> (6543): 796-797. doi:<span class="plainlinks neverexpand">10.1038/376796a0</span>. PMID 7651542.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=A+novel+thermostable+polymerase+for+DNA+sequencing.&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.date=1995-08-31&amp;rft.volume=376&amp;rft.issue=6543&amp;rft.pages=796-797&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/7651542&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F376796a0"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium (2004). &quot;Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome.&quot;. <em>Nature</em> <strong>431</strong> (7011): 931-45. doi:<span class="plainlinks neverexpand">10.1038/nature03001</span>. PMID 15496913.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Finishing+the+euchromatic+sequence+of+the+human+genome.&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=431&amp;rft.issue=7011&amp;rft.au=International+Human+Genome+Sequencing+Consortium&amp;rft.pages=931-45&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15496913&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnature03001"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> paper available online </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> Human Genome Project Information </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Neil Hall (2007). &quot;Advanced sequencing technologies and their wider impact in microbiology&quot;. <em>The Journal of Experimental Biology</em> <strong>209</strong>: 1518-1525.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Advanced+sequencing+technologies+and+their+wider+impact+in+microbiology&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Experimental+Biology&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.volume=209&amp;rft.au=Neil+Hall&amp;rft.pages=1518-1525"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">G.M. Church (2006). &quot;Genomes for ALL&quot;. <em>Scientific American</em> <strong>294</strong> (1): 47-54. PMID 16468433.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genomes+for+ALL&amp;rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=294&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.au=G.M.+Church&amp;rft.pages=47-54&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16468433"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Margulies-16">^ ^{<em><strong><font color="#800080">a</font></strong></em>} ^{<em><strong><font color="#800080">b</font></strong></em>} <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">M. Margulies, et al. (2005). &quot;Genome sequencing in microfabricated high-density picolitre reactors&quot;. <em>Nature</em> <strong>437</strong>: 376-380.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+sequencing+in+microfabricated+high-density+picolitre+reactors&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=437&amp;rft.au=M.+Margulies%2C+et+al.&amp;rft.pages=376-380"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-polony_sequencing-17">^ ^{<em><strong><font color="#800080">a</font></strong></em>} ^{<em><strong><font color="#800080">b</font></strong></em>} <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">J. Shendure, G.J. Porreca, N.B. Reppas, X. Lin, J.Pe McCutcheon, A.M. Rosenbaum, M.D. Wang, K. Zhang, R.D. Mitra and G.M. Church (2005). &quot;Accurate Multiplex Polony Sequencing of an Evolved Bacterial Genome&quot;. <em>Science</em> <strong>309</strong> (5741): 1728-1732. doi:<span class="plainlinks neverexpand">10.1126/science.1117389</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Accurate+Multiplex+Polony+Sequencing+of+an+Evolved+Bacterial+Genome&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=309&amp;rft.issue=5741&amp;rft.au=J.+Shendure%2C+G.J.+Porreca%2C+N.B.+Reppas%2C+X.+Lin%2C+J.Pe+McCutcheon%2C+A.M.+Rosenbaum%2C+M.D.+Wang%2C+K.+Zhang%2C+R.D.+Mitra+and+G.M.+Church&amp;rft.pages=1728-1732&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.1117389"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-solid_sequencing-18">^ ^{<em><strong><font color="#800080">a</font></strong></em>} ^{<em><strong><font color="#800080">b</font></strong></em>} http://solid.appliedbiosystems.com/ - Applied Biosystems' SOLiD technology </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Braslavsky, I., Hebert, H., Kartalov, E. and Quake, S.R. (2003). &quot;Sequence information can be obtained from single DNA molecules&quot;. <em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</em> <strong>100</strong>: 3960&ndash;3964. doi:<span class="plainlinks neverexpand">10.1073/pnas.0230489100</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Sequence+information+can+be+obtained+from+single+DNA+molecules&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=100&amp;rft.au=Braslavsky%2C+I.%2C+Hebert%2C+H.%2C+Kartalov%2C+E.+and+Quake%2C+S.R.&amp;rft.pages=3960%E2%80%933964&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.0230489100"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span>full text available online </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">M. Ronaghi, S. Karamohamed, B. Pettersson, M. Uhlen, and P. Nyren (1996). &quot;Real-time DNA sequencing using detection of pyrophosphate release&quot;. <em>Analytical Biochemistry</em> <strong>242</strong>: 84=89. doi:<span class="plainlinks neverexpand">10.1006/abio.1996.0432</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Real-time+DNA+sequencing+using+detection+of+pyrophosphate+release&amp;rft.jtitle=Analytical+Biochemistry&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.volume=242&amp;rft.au=M.+Ronaghi%2C+S.+Karamohamed%2C+B.+Pettersson%2C+M.+Uhlen%2C+and+P.+Nyren&amp;rft.pages=84%3D89&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1006%2Fabio.1996.0432"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> S. C. Macevicz, US Patent 5750341, filed 1995 </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">G.J. Hanna, V.A. Johnson, D.R. Kuritzkes, D.D. Richman, J. Martinez-Picado, L. Sutton, J.D. Hazelwood, R.T. D'Aquila (2000). &quot;Comparison of sequencing by hybridization and cycle sequencing for genotyping of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase&quot;. <em>Journal of Clinical Microbiology</em> <strong>38</strong> (7): 2715. PMID 10878069.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Comparison+of+sequencing+by+hybridization+and+cycle+sequencing+for+genotyping+of+human+immunodeficiency+virus+type+1+reverse+transcriptase&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Clinical+Microbiology&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.volume=38&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.au=G.J.+Hanna%2C+V.A.+Johnson%2C+D.R.+Kuritzkes%2C+D.D.+Richman%2C+J.+Martinez-Picado%2C+L.+Sutton%2C+J.D.+Hazelwood%2C+R.T.+D%27Aquila&amp;rft.pages=2715&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/10878069"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">J.R. Edwards, H.Ruparel, and J. Ju. &quot;Mass-spectrometry DNA sequencing&quot;. <em>Mutation Research</em> <strong>573</strong> (1-2): 3-12.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Mass-spectrometry+DNA+sequencing&amp;rft.jtitle=Mutation+Research&amp;rft.volume=573&amp;rft.issue=1-2&amp;rft.au=J.R.+Edwards%2C+H.Ruparel%2C+and+J.+Ju&amp;rft.pages=3-12"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> VisiGen Biotechnologies Inc. - Technology Overview </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> The Harvard Nanopore Group </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> USPTO application # 20060029957 assigned to ZS genetics http://www.freepatentsonline.com/20060029957.html </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> NHGRI Aims to Make DNA Sequencing Faster, More Cost Effective, NIH News Release, 4 October 2006 </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> &quot;PRIZE Overview: Archon X PRIZE for Genomics&quot; </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Karger, Barry L.; A. Guttman, A. S. Cohen, D. N. Heiger (1990-01-15). &quot;Analytical and micropreparative ultrahigh resolution of oligonucleotides by polyacrylamide gel high-performance capillary electrophoresis&quot;. <em>Analytical Chemistry</em> <strong>62</strong> (2): 137 - 141. doi:<span class="plainlinks neverexpand">10.1021/ac00201a010</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Analytical+and+micropreparative+ultrahigh+resolution+of+oligonucleotides+by+polyacrylamide+gel+high-performance+capillary+electrophoresis&amp;rft.jtitle=Analytical+Chemistry&amp;rft.date=1990-01-15&amp;rft.volume=62&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.aulast=Karger&amp;rft.aufirst=Barry+L.&amp;rft.pages=137+-+141&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1021%2Fac00201a010"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span>|url=|format=|accessdate=2007-10-08 </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Smith, Lloyd M.; Luckey JA, Drossman H, Kostichka AJ, Mead DA, D'Cunha J, Norris TB (1990-08-11). &quot;High speed DNA sequencing by capillary electrophoresis.&quot;. <em>Nucleic Acids Research</em> <strong>18</strong>: 4417-4421. PMID 2388826 doi:10.1093/nar/18.15.4417.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=High+speed+DNA+sequencing+by+capillary+electrophoresis.&amp;rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Research&amp;rft.date=1990-08-11&amp;rft.volume=18&amp;rft.aulast=Smith&amp;rft.aufirst=Lloyd+M.&amp;rft.pages=4417-4421&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/2388826+%5B%5BDigital+object+identifier%7Cdoi%5D%5D%3A%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1093%252Fnar%252F18.15.4417+10.1093%2Fnar%2F18.15.4417%5D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnar.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F18%2F15%2F4417"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Dovichi, Norman J.; H.P. Swerdlow, S. Wu , H.R. Harke (1990-09-07). &quot;Capillary gel electrophoresis for DNA sequencing: laser-induced fluorescence detection with the sheath flow cuvette&quot;. <em>Journal of Chromatography</em> <strong>516</strong>: 61-67. PMID 2286629.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Capillary+gel+electrophoresis+for+DNA+sequencing%3A+laser-induced+fluorescence+detection+with+the+sheath+flow+cuvette&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chromatography&amp;rft.date=1990-09-07&amp;rft.volume=516&amp;rft.aulast=Dovichi&amp;rft.aufirst=Norman+J.&amp;rft.pages=61-67&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/2286629"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Page, DC; Foote S, Vollrath D, Hilton A (1992-10-02). &quot;The human Y chromosome: overlapping DNA clones spanning the euchromatic region.&quot;. <em>Science</em> <strong>258</strong> (5079): 60-66. PMID 1359640.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+human+Y+chromosome%3A+overlapping+DNA+clones+spanning+the+euchromatic+region.&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.date=1992-10-02&amp;rft.volume=258&amp;rft.issue=5079&amp;rft.aulast=Page&amp;rft.aufirst=DC&amp;rft.pages=60-66&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/1359640"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Cohen, Daniel; Ilya Chumakov, Philippe Rigault, Sophie Guillou, Pierre Ougen, Alain Billaut, Ghislaine Guasconi, Patricia Gervy, Isabelle LeGall, Pascal Soularue, Laurent Grinas, Lydie Bougueleret, Christine Bellann&eacute;-Chantelot, Bruno Lacroix, Emmanuel Barillot, Philippe Gesnouin, Stuart Pook, Guy Vaysseix, Gerard Frelat, Annette Schmitz, Jean-Luc Sambucy, Assumpcio Bosch, Xavier Estivill, Jean Weissenbachparallel, Alain Vignal, Harold Riethman, David Cox, David Patterson, Kathleen Gardiner, Masahira Hattori, Yoshiyuki Sakaki, Hitoshi Ichikawa, Misao Ohki, Denis Le Paslier, Roland Heilig, Stylianos Antonarakis (1992-10-01). &quot;Continuum of overlapping clones spanning the entire human chromosome 21q&quot;. <em>Nature</em> <strong>359</strong> (6394): 380-387. doi:<span class="plainlinks neverexpand">10.1038/359380a0</span>. PMID 1406950 doi:10.1038/359380a0.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Continuum+of+overlapping+clones+spanning+the+entire+human+chromosome+21q&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.date=1992-10-01&amp;rft.volume=359&amp;rft.issue=6394&amp;rft.aulast=Cohen&amp;rft.aufirst=Daniel&amp;rft.pages=380-387&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/1406950+%5B%5BDigital+object+identifier%7Cdoi%5D%5D%3A%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1038%252F359380a0+10.1038%2F359380a0%5D&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F359380a0"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Lander, E. S.; Dietrich W, Katz H, Lincoln SE, Shin HS, Friedman J, Dracopoli NC (1992-06). &quot;A Genetic Map of the Mouse Suitable for Typing Intraspecific Crosses&quot;. <em>Genetics</em> <strong>131</strong>: 423-447. PMID 1353738.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=A+Genetic+Map+of+the+Mouse+Suitable+for+Typing+Intraspecific+Crosses&amp;rft.jtitle=Genetics&amp;rft.date=1992-06&amp;rft.volume=131&amp;rft.aulast=Lander&amp;rft.aufirst=E.+S.&amp;rft.pages=423-447&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/1353738&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genetics.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F131%2F2%2F423"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Weissenbach, Jean; Gyapay G, Dib C, Vignal A, Morissette J, Millasseau P, Vaysseix G, Lathrop M. (1992-10-29). &quot;A second-generation linkage map of the human genome&quot;. <em>Nature</em> <strong>359</strong>: 794 - 801. doi:<span class="plainlinks neverexpand">10.1038/359794a0</span>. PMID 1436057 doi:10.1038/359794a0.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=A+second-generation+linkage+map+of+the+human+genome&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.date=1992-10-29&amp;rft.volume=359&amp;rft.aulast=Weissenbach&amp;rft.aufirst=Jean&amp;rft.pages=794+-+801&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/1436057+%5B%5BDigital+object+identifier%7Cdoi%5D%5D%3A%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1038%252F359794a0+10.1038%2F359794a0%5D&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F359794a0"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Mathies, R. A.; Ju J, Ruan C, Fuller CW, Glazer AN (1995-05-09). &quot;Fluorescence Energy Transfer Dye-Labeled Primers for DNA Sequencing and Analysis&quot;. <em>PNAS</em> <strong>92</strong>: 4347-4351. PMID 7753809.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Fluorescence+Energy+Transfer+Dye-Labeled+Primers+for+DNA+Sequencing+and+Analysis&amp;rft.jtitle=PNAS&amp;rft.date=1995-05-09&amp;rft.volume=92&amp;rft.aulast=Mathies&amp;rft.aufirst=R.+A.&amp;rft.pages=4347-4351&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/7753809&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpubmed%26pubmedid%3D7753809"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Blattner, F. R.; Frederick R. Blattner, Guy Plunkett III, Craig A. Bloch, Nicole T. Perna, Valerie Burland, Monica Riley, Julio Collado-Vides, Jeremy D. Glasner, Christopher K. Rode, George F. Mayhew, Jason Gregor, Nelson Wayne Davis, Heather A. Kirkpatrick, Michael A. Goeden, Debra J. Rose, Bob Mau, Ying Shao (1997-09-05). &quot;The Complete Genome Sequence of Escherichia coli K-12&quot;. <em>Science</em> <strong>277</strong> (5331): 1453-1462. doi:<span class="plainlinks neverexpand">10.1126/science.277.5331.1453</span>. PMID 9278503 doi:10.1126/science.277.5331.1453.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+Complete+Genome+Sequence+of+Escherichia+coli+K-12&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.date=1997-09-05&amp;rft.volume=277&amp;rft.issue=5331&amp;rft.au=Blattner%2C+F.+R.&amp;rft.pages=1453-1462&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/9278503+%5B%5BDigital+object+identifier%7Cdoi%5D%5D%3A%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1126%252Fscience.277.5331.1453+10.1126%2Fscience.277.5331.1453%5D&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.277.5331.1453"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">&quot;Base-calling of automated sequencer traces using phred. II. Error probabilities.&quot; (1998-03). <em>Genome Reserarch</em> <strong>8</strong> (3): 186-94. PMID 9521922.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Base-calling+of+automated+sequencer+traces+using+phred.+II.+Error+probabilities.&amp;rft.jtitle=Genome+Reserarch&amp;rft.date=1998-03&amp;rft.volume=8&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=186-94&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/9521922"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">The C.&amp;Nbsp;Elegans Sequencing Consortium,; The C. elegans Sequencing Consortium (1998-12-11). &quot;Genome Sequence of the Nematode C. elegans: A Platform for Investigating Biology&quot;. <em>Science</em> <strong>282</strong> (5396): 2012-2018. doi:<span class="plainlinks neverexpand">10.1126/science.282.5396.2012</span>. PMID 9851916 doi:10.1126/science.282.5396.2012.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+Sequence+of+the+Nematode+C.+elegans%3A+A+Platform+for+Investigating+Biology&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.date=1998-12-11&amp;rft.volume=282&amp;rft.issue=5396&amp;rft.au=The+C.%26Nbsp%3BElegans+Sequencing+Consortium%2C&amp;rft.pages=2012-2018&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/9851916+%5B%5BDigital+object+identifier%7Cdoi%5D%5D%3A%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1126%252Fscience.282.5396.2012+10.1126%2Fscience.282.5396.2012%5D&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.282.5396.2012"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">&quot;The DNA sequence of human chromosome 22&quot; (1999-12-02). <em>Nature</em> <strong>402</strong> (6761): 489-495. doi:<span class="plainlinks neverexpand">10.1038/990031</span>. PMID 10591208.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+DNA+sequence+of+human+chromosome+22&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.date=1999-12-02&amp;rft.volume=402&amp;rft.issue=6761&amp;rft.pages=489-495&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/10591208&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F990031"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> Hattori, M., A. Fujiyama, T. D. Taylor, H. Watanabe, T. Yada, H.-S. Park, A. Toyoda, K. Ishii, Y. Totoki, D.-K. Choi, E. Soeda, M. Ohki, T. Takagi, Y. Sakaki; S. Taudienk, K. Blechschmidtk, A. Polleyk, U. Menzelk, J. Delabar, K. Kumpfk, R. Lehmannk, D. Patterson, K. Reichwaldk, A. Rumpk, M. Schillhabelk, A. Schudyk, W. Zimmermannk, A. Rosenthalk; J. KudohI, K. ShibuyaI, K. KawasakiI, S. AsakawaI, A. ShintaniI, T. SasakiI, K. NagamineI, S. MitsuyamaI, S. E. Antonarakis, S. MinoshimaI, N. ShimizuI, G. Nordsiek, K. Hornischer, P. Brandt, M. Scharfe, O. Scho&Egrave;n, A. Desario, J. Reichelt, G. Kauer, H. Bloecker; J. Ramser, A. Beck, S. Klages, S. Hennig, L. Riesselmann, E. Dagand, T. Haaf, S. Wehrmeyer, K. Borzym, K. Gardiner, D. Nizetickk, F. Francis, H. Lehrach, R. Reinhardt, and M.-L. Yaspo, (2000). The DNA sequence of human chromosome 21. Nature 405: 311-319. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">&quot;Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome&quot; (2001-02-15). <em>Nature</em> <strong>409</strong> (6822): 860-921. doi:<span class="plainlinks neverexpand">10.1038/35057062</span>. PMID 11237011.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Initial+sequencing+and+analysis+of+the+human+genome&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.date=2001-02-15&amp;rft.volume=409&amp;rft.issue=6822&amp;rft.pages=860-921&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11237011&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F35057062"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Venter, J. C.; et al (2001-02-16). &quot;The sequence of the human genome.&quot;. <em>Science</em> <strong>291</strong> (5507): 1304-51. doi:<span class="plainlinks neverexpand">10.1126/science.1058040</span>. PMID 11181995 doi:10.1126/science.1058040.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+sequence+of+the+human+genome.&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.date=2001-02-16&amp;rft.volume=291&amp;rft.issue=5507&amp;rft.aulast=Venter&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+C.&amp;rft.pages=1304-51&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11181995+%5B%5BDigital+object+identifier%7Cdoi%5D%5D%3A%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1126%252Fscience.1058040+10.1126%2Fscience.1058040%5D&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.1058040"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> &quot;Scientists encode first woman's genome&quot;, <em>msnbc.com</em>, Microsoft, 2008-05-27. Retrieved on 2008-05-27.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;rft.type=newspaperArticle&amp;rft.subject=News&amp;rft.title=Scientists+encode+first+woman%27s+genome&amp;rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msnbc.msn.com%2Fid%2F24840903%2F&amp;rft.source=msnbc.com&amp;rft.publisher=Microsoft&amp;rft.date=2008-05-27"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> </ol> </div> <p><a id="External_links" name="External_links"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.jgi.doe.gov/education/how/how30minflash.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.jgi.doe.gov/education/how/how30minflash.html">DNA Sequencing: Dye Terminator Animation</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.genomics.xprize.org" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomics.xprize.org/">Archon Genomics X PRIZE</a> - $10 million competition for fast and inexpensive sequencing technology </li> </ul> de86b4cc262e3149c55ba0f570477a7d51f03d17 0 1617 2084 2008-06-17T11:58:45Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong>Polonator</strong> is an automated genome sequencing machine that is based on polony sequencing technology developed by George Church group at Harvard medical school. It is used for personal genome project. It is cheap to make and run. It has an open-source policy and anyone can make it without paying any license fee.<br /> <br /> <strong>See also</strong><br /> <a title="Personal genome project" href="http://biopedia.org/index.php/Personal_genome_project"><font color="#810081">Personal genome project</font></a><br /> <br /> <strong>External Links<br /> </strong><a class="external text" title="http://personalgenome.org" href="http://personalgenome.org/" rel="nofollow">Personalgenome.org</a><br /> <a class="external text" title="http://personalgenome.net" href="http://personalgenome.net/" rel="nofollow">Personalgenome.net</a><br /> <br /> a940d17e6c196a570fe3d58c6956817db4ead00c 2085 2008-06-17T11:58:59Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong>Polonator</strong> is an automated genome sequencing machine that is based on polony sequencing technology developed by George Church group at Harvard medical school. It is used for personal genome project. It is cheap to make and run. It has an open-source policy and anyone can make it without paying any license fee.<br /> <br /> <strong>See also</strong><br /> <a title="Personal genome project" href="http://biopedia.org/index.php/Personal_genome_project"><font color="#810081">Personal genome project</font></a><br /> <br /> <strong>External Links<br /> </strong>[http://polonator.org Polonator.org]<br /> <a class="external text" title="http://personalgenome.org" rel="nofollow" href="http://personalgenome.org/">Personalgenome.org</a><br /> <a class="external text" title="http://personalgenome.net" rel="nofollow" href="http://personalgenome.net/">Personalgenome.net</a><br /> <br /> 84dacebad876de1cd3db8eafea8ce1b39c847f7c 0 1530 2086 2008-06-17T12:04:15Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5"><font size="6"><strong>$0 Genomics Project</strong> <strong>for genomic equality</strong></font><br /> <font size="3">(aka: [[Free Genome Project]])</font>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </font><font size="4">$0 Genomics project is a project launched by Genomics.org</font><br /> <br /> <font size="3" color="#800000"><strong>$0 genomics project is a &quot;world project&quot;. We aim to make all the governments, biocompanies, and institutes to partcipate in this to make&nbsp;all the&nbsp;human genome information free.</strong>&nbsp;<br /> </font><br /> <font size="3"><br /> It is to collect personal genome information for free and distribute it free of charge.&nbsp;<br /> It is a zero-cost genomics project.<br /> <br /> Governments and companies can pay for the genotyping cost and people let the world access the personal genome information without any restriction.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> All the $0 geonmics participants get all the personal genomics information for free from Genomics.org.<br /> <br /> There are people who have published personal genomic information.&nbsp;<br /> If you have your own genome information acquired by full genome sequencing, SNP chips and other genome chips, you can provide the information to genomics.org.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> It is an <em>openfree</em> BiO project.<br /> <br /> </font><font size="3"><strong><br /> <font size="4"><font size="5">Why $0 genomics project?</font><br /> </font><br /> Genomic equality<br /> </strong><br /> Genome information should be free for all and the benefit of free genomics should be shared by people with little money and access to information.<br /> <br /> </font><font size="3"><strong>Faster technology development<br /> </strong>If most of the governments in the world collaborate and support free genome sequencing, biocompanies will get huge benefits and they can accelerate the tech. dev.<br /> <br /> <strong><font size="5">How does it work?</font><br /> </strong><br /> <strong><font size="4" color="#ff0000">The first step:</font></strong><br /> <strong>1. [[Please click here and sign your name to petition the governments of the world to sequence genomes free of charge]]</strong><br /> <font size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp; - Your signatures will help people understand the importance of genomic equality philosophically, socially, and financially.<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp; - We can persuade governments, UN, large companies, and trusts to perform genomics project as the world community project.<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp; - [[Openletter to the world for&nbsp;genomic equality]]<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp; - If we have&nbsp;a global participation from the early stage of personal genomics, we can discuss ethical and equality issues&nbsp;from the beginning.</font><br /> <br /> <strong><font color="#ff6600">The second step:<br /> </font>2. [[Mapping the population stratification with government and company funds for free genotyping throughout the world]]<br /> </strong><font size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp; - Equal opportunities are given to people throughout the world regardless of racial, financial, and political backgrounds.<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp; - Human beings help to other human beings in understanding the whole <em>Homo sapiens</em> with equal contribution and feeling of sharing.</font><br /> <br /> <strong><font color="#339966">The third step:</font><br /> 3. [[Pinpointing persons who represent in the population clusters and genotype them for their families and groups]]<br /> </strong><font size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp; - This way, we make sure that the free genome project evenly genotype populations throughout the world.<br /> </font><font size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp; - [[Comparing 7 billion human genomes with computers]] without sequencing 7 billion humans.<br /> </font>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </font><font size="4"><strong>List of Companies that we target for contribution<br /> </strong></font><font size="3">[[Pfizer]]&nbsp; [[Merck]]&nbsp; [[23andme.com]]&nbsp; [[Decodeme.com]]</font><br /> <br /> <strong><font size="4"><br /> External Links<br /> </font></strong><font size="3">$0 personal genomics home site is: http://personalgenome.net</font><br /> <br /> <hr /> [[Donate your genome]]<br /> <br /> 26c31b2d81408205ea36877fe223bb6e1c822d5d 2087 2008-06-17T12:04:33Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5"><font size="6"><strong>$0 Genomics Project</strong> <strong>for genomic equality</strong></font><br /> <font size="3">(aka: [[Free Genomics Project]])</font>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </font><font size="4">$0 Genomics project is a project launched by Genomics.org</font><br /> <br /> <font size="3" color="#800000"><strong>$0 genomics project is a &quot;world project&quot;. We aim to make all the governments, biocompanies, and institutes to partcipate in this to make&nbsp;all the&nbsp;human genome information free.</strong>&nbsp;<br /> </font><br /> <font size="3"><br /> It is to collect personal genome information for free and distribute it free of charge.&nbsp;<br /> It is a zero-cost genomics project.<br /> <br /> Governments and companies can pay for the genotyping cost and people let the world access the personal genome information without any restriction.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> All the $0 geonmics participants get all the personal genomics information for free from Genomics.org.<br /> <br /> There are people who have published personal genomic information.&nbsp;<br /> If you have your own genome information acquired by full genome sequencing, SNP chips and other genome chips, you can provide the information to genomics.org.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> It is an <em>openfree</em> BiO project.<br /> <br /> </font><font size="3"><strong><br /> <font size="4"><font size="5">Why $0 genomics project?</font><br /> </font><br /> Genomic equality<br /> </strong><br /> Genome information should be free for all and the benefit of free genomics should be shared by people with little money and access to information.<br /> <br /> </font><font size="3"><strong>Faster technology development<br /> </strong>If most of the governments in the world collaborate and support free genome sequencing, biocompanies will get huge benefits and they can accelerate the tech. dev.<br /> <br /> <strong><font size="5">How does it work?</font><br /> </strong><br /> <strong><font size="4" color="#ff0000">The first step:</font></strong><br /> <strong>1. [[Please click here and sign your name to petition the governments of the world to sequence genomes free of charge]]</strong><br /> <font size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp; - Your signatures will help people understand the importance of genomic equality philosophically, socially, and financially.<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp; - We can persuade governments, UN, large companies, and trusts to perform genomics project as the world community project.<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp; - [[Openletter to the world for&nbsp;genomic equality]]<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp; - If we have&nbsp;a global participation from the early stage of personal genomics, we can discuss ethical and equality issues&nbsp;from the beginning.</font><br /> <br /> <strong><font color="#ff6600">The second step:<br /> </font>2. [[Mapping the population stratification with government and company funds for free genotyping throughout the world]]<br /> </strong><font size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp; - Equal opportunities are given to people throughout the world regardless of racial, financial, and political backgrounds.<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp; - Human beings help to other human beings in understanding the whole <em>Homo sapiens</em> with equal contribution and feeling of sharing.</font><br /> <br /> <strong><font color="#339966">The third step:</font><br /> 3. [[Pinpointing persons who represent in the population clusters and genotype them for their families and groups]]<br /> </strong><font size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp; - This way, we make sure that the free genome project evenly genotype populations throughout the world.<br /> </font><font size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp; - [[Comparing 7 billion human genomes with computers]] without sequencing 7 billion humans.<br /> </font>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </font><font size="4"><strong>List of Companies that we target for contribution<br /> </strong></font><font size="3">[[Pfizer]]&nbsp; [[Merck]]&nbsp; [[23andme.com]]&nbsp; [[Decodeme.com]]</font><br /> <br /> <strong><font size="4"><br /> External Links<br /> </font></strong><font size="3">$0 personal genomics home site is: http://personalgenome.net</font><br /> <br /> <hr /> [[Donate your genome]]<br /> 348f227ac89a66b71ad57f745e33871089a6999b 2091 2008-07-18T02:47:38Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5"><font size="6"><strong>$0 Genomics Project</strong> <strong>for genomic equality</strong></font><br /> <font size="3">(aka: [[Free Genomics Project]])</font>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </font><font size="4">$0 Genomics project is a project launched by Genomics.org</font><br /> <br /> <font color="#800000" size="3"><strong>$0 genomics project is a &quot;world project&quot;. We aim to make all the governments, biocompanies, and institutes to partcipate in this to make&nbsp;all the&nbsp;human genome information free.</strong>&nbsp;<br /> </font><br /> <font size="3"><br /> It is to collect personal genome information for free and distribute&nbsp;genomics information&nbsp;free of charge.&nbsp;<br /> It is a zero-cost gen<strong>omics</strong> project.<br /> <br /> Governments and companies can pay for the genotyping cost and people let the world access the personal genome information without any restriction.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> All the $0 geonmics participants get all the personal genomics information for free from Genomics.org.<br /> <br /> There are people who have published personal genomic information.&nbsp;<br /> If you have your own genome information acquired by full genome sequencing, SNP chips and other genome chips, you can provide the information to genomics.org.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> It is an <em>openfree</em> <font color="#339966">B</font><font color="#ff0000">i</font><font color="#0000ff">O</font> project.<br /> <br /> </font><font size="3"><strong><br /> <font size="4"><font size="5">Why $0 genomics project?</font><br /> </font><br /> Genomic equality<br /> </strong><br /> Genome information should be free for all and the benefit of free genomics should be shared by people with little money and access to information.<br /> <br /> </font><font size="3"><strong>Faster technology development<br /> </strong>If most of the governments in the world collaborate and support free genome sequencing, biocompanies will get huge benefits and they can accelerate the tech. dev.<br /> <br /> <strong><font size="5">How does it work?</font><br /> </strong><br /> <strong><font color="#ff0000" size="4">The first step:</font></strong><br /> <strong>1. [[Please click here and sign your name to petition the governments of the world to sequence genomes free of charge]]</strong><br /> <font size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp; - Your signatures will help people understand the importance of genomic equality philosophically, socially, and financially.<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp; - We can persuade governments, UN, large companies, and trusts to perform genomics project as the world community project.<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp; - [[Openletter to the world for&nbsp;genomic equality]]<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp; - If we have&nbsp;a global participation from the early stage of personal genomics, we can discuss ethical and equality issues&nbsp;from the beginning.</font><br /> <br /> <strong><font color="#ff6600">The second step:<br /> </font>2. [[Mapping the population stratification with government and company funds for free genotyping throughout the world]]<br /> </strong><font size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp; - Equal opportunities are given to people throughout the world regardless of racial, financial, and political backgrounds.<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp; - Human beings help to other human beings in understanding the whole <em>Homo sapiens</em> with equal contribution and feeling of sharing.</font><br /> <br /> <strong><font color="#339966">The third step:</font><br /> 3. [[Pinpointing persons who represent in the population clusters and genotype them for their families and groups]]<br /> </strong><font size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp; - This way, we make sure that the free genome project evenly genotype populations throughout the world.<br /> </font><font size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp; - [[Comparing 7 billion human genomes with computers]] without sequencing 7 billion humans.<br /> </font>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </font><font size="4"><strong>List of Companies that we target for contribution<br /> </strong></font><font size="3">[[Pfizer]]&nbsp; [[Merck]]&nbsp; [[23andme.com]]&nbsp; [[Decodeme.com]]</font><br /> <br /> <strong><font size="4"><br /> <font size="5">Who do the $0 Genomics project?<br /> </font>[[You, us, and the future generations]]<br /> <br /> </font><font size="5">External Links<br /> </font></strong><font size="3">$0 personal genomics home site is: http://personalgenome.net</font><br /> <br /> <hr /> [[Donate your genome]]<br /> a1e5a190669a94c133da699c024c2208e4fa9728 0 1618 2088 2008-06-17T12:04:45Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font size="3">Getting our own genome information should be free eventually.<br /> <br /> All the babies have the right to know their genome information.</font><br /> <br /> <br /> </p> <hr /> See also: [http://freegenome.org FreeGenome.org] a70cc067b0f441e800d6752b287aa14b85e8d317 0 1571 2089 2008-06-24T13:12:32Z Medinfo1 30 added a website to the list wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="3"><font size="4"><strong><font size="5">Job sites in Genomics</font></strong> (</font>This is a wiki page. You can freely post job advertisement here.)</font><br /> <br /> <strong><font size="3">See also: [http://biojob.org BioJob.org]: <font color="#999999">A free Wiki job listing site.</font></font><br /> <br /> </strong> <table cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="100%" summary="" border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td><font size="3">[http://www.biocareer.com BioCareer.com]</font></td> <td><font size="3">The <em>SciWeb</em> Biotechnology Career Center . Subscription fee of $1000 for one month</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3"><strong>[http://sciencecareers.org/ ScienceCareers.org]</strong></font></td> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;[http://science.com Science magazine] career domain site. Put Genomics keyword for search.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">[http://www.nature.com/naturejobs/index.html Naturejobs]</font></td> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;Nature magazine jobs web site.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">[http://www.biohealthmatics.com/ BioHealthMatics.com]</font></td> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;Career Networking Portal for Biotechnology and Healthcare IT. US and UK jobs. </font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">[http://www.bio.com/jobs/ Bio.com/jobs]</font></td> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;Bio.com job search. BIO.COM &reg; exists to facilitate the exchange of information within the life sciences, biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries. </font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">[http://www.bioplanet.com/ BioPlanet.com]</font></td> <td><font size="3">Bioinformatics&nbsp;Jobs. </font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">[http://biologyjobs.com/ BiologyJobs.com]</font></td> <td><span class="title2"><font size="3">Unlimited Job Postings Plus Resume Database Access for only $1/Day! </font></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">[http://www.bioportfolio.com/ BioPortfolio.com]</font></td> <td><font color="#ff0066" size="3"><strong>&nbsp;</strong><font color="#800000">life science, pharmaceutical and biotechnology careers and jobs</font></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">[http://www.biosnail.com/ BioSnail.com]</font></td> <td><font size="3">Resume and job interview information.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">[http://www.biospace.com/ BioSpace.com]</font></td> <td><font size="3">Career network</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">[http://www.biotechfind.com/ BiotechFind.com]</font></td> <td><font size="3">Your online resource for biotechnology, pharmaceutical, medical devices and life sciences industries.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">[http://www.geocities.com/bioequities@sbcglobal.net/ BioEquities Recruiting]</font></td> <td><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12px"><font color="#339900" size="3">A firm devoted to people in the biotechnology industry who have a passion for science, learning, and making a contribution to better living.</font></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">[http://www.pharmajobs.com/ PharmaJobs.com]</font></td> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;LifeScienceJobs.com. Searchable jobs.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;[http://health-care-jobs.advanceweb.com/Search/ShortResults.aspx?A=5&amp;R=0&amp;S=0&amp;WEBID=0&amp;INT=False&amp;NAT=False&amp;KT=0&amp;SID=0&amp;MR=0&amp;RT=0&amp;SR=1&amp;RPP=25/ Advance Lab Technician Jobs]</font></td> <td><font size="3">Find lab technician jobs such as biologist jobs, microbiologist jobs, blood banker jobs, and more to refine your medical lab tech jobs search at Advance med tech jobs.</font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <br /> <br /> eb087c017256482a5d77ad981046f861397083e3 0 1613 2090 2008-06-30T23:21:00Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">Genomics version 2.0</font><br /> <br /> <strong>Full genome sequencing does not mean &quot;genomics&quot;. Sequencing is sequencing and genomics is genomics.<br /> </strong><br /> If the first generation genomics was about sequencing and providing basic DNA information to other fields of biology, the version 2.0 genomics is about popularizing genome information to the society by providiing medical and social context to the world.<br /> Google's investment to 23andMe.com is an example of version 2.0 trend.<br /> Personal genome sequencer is also a sign of 2.0.<br /> <br /> 14a71543b4ba8721e7a4ffc969916b764e06ef7a 0 1619 2092 2008-07-18T02:48:20Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong><font size="5">Who do the $0 Genomics project?<br /> <br /> </font><font size="4"><font color="#ff0000">You</font>, us, and the future generations.<br /> <br /> <br /> </font></strong> 0e8bb49659f8b45d5b56fa79023ec13c7968e976 0 1529 2093 2008-07-31T08:13:10Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font size="3"><strong>Frederick Sanger</strong>, OM, CH, CBE, FRS (born 13 August 1918) is an English biochemist and a two time Nobel laureate in chemistry. He is the fourth person in the world to have been awarded two Nobel Prizes.</font></p> <p><font size="3">&quot;...The human genome sequence is of no commercial value in itself. It must be kept freely available so that many scientists of differing expertise can work on it to advance medicine. ...&quot;</font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Early years</span></h2> <p><font size="3">Sanger was born on August 13, 1918, in Rendcomb, a small village in Gloucestershire. He was the second son of Frederick Sanger, a medical practitioner and his wife Cicely. He was educated at Bryanston School and then completed his Bachelor of Arts in natural sciences from St John's College, Cambridge in 1939. He originally intended to study medicine, but became interested in biochemistry as some of the leading biochemists in the world were at Cambridge at the time. He completed his PhD in 1943. He discovered the structure of proteins, most famously that of insulin. He also contributed to the determination of base sequences in DNA.</font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Research</span></h2> <p>Sanger determined the complete amino acid sequence of insulin in 1955. In doing so, he proved that proteins have definite structures. He began by degrading insulin into short fragments by mixing the trypsin enzyme (that hydrolyses the peptide/amide bonds between amino acids that make up the primary structure of proteins) with an insulin solution. He then undertook a form of chromatography on the mixture by applying a small sample of the mixture to one end of a sheet of filter paper. He passed a solvent through the filter paper in one direction, and passed an electric current through the paper in the opposite direction. Depending on their solubility and charge, the different fragments of insulin moved to different positions on the paper, creating a distinct pattern. Sanger called these patterns &ldquo;fingerprints&rdquo;. Like human fingerprints, these patterns were characteristic for each protein, and reproducible. He reassembled the short fragments into longer sequences to deduce the complete structure of insulin. Sanger concluded that the protein insulin had a precise amino acid sequence. It was this achievement that earned him his first Nobel prize in Chemistry in 1958.</p> <p>In 1975, he developed the chain termination method of DNA sequencing, also known as the <em>Dideoxy termination method</em> or the <em>Sanger method</em>.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-0">[1]</sup> Two years later he used his technique to successfully sequence the genome of the Phage &Phi;-X174; the first fully sequenced DNA-based genome. He did this entirely by hand. This has been of key importance in such projects as the Human Genome Project and earned him his second Nobel prize in Chemistry in 1980, together with Walter Gilbert. The only other laureates to have done so were Marie Curie, Linus Pauling and John Bardeen. He is the only person to receive both prizes in chemistry. In 1979, he was awarded the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University together with Walter Gilbert and Paul Berg, co-winners of the 1980 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.</p> <p>Sanger also produced a revolutionary way of transcribing DNA using ethanol as a buffer.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Later in life</span></h2> <p>Frederick Sanger retired in 1982. In 1992, the Wellcome Trust and the Medical Research Council founded the Sanger Centre (now the Sanger Institute), named after him. The Sanger Institute, located near Cambridge, England, is one of the world's most important centers for genome research and played a prominent role in sequencing the human genome.</p> <p>In 2007 the British Biochemical Society was given a grant by the Wellcome Trust to catalog and preserve the 35 laboratory notebooks in which Sanger recorded his remarkable research from 1944 to 1981. In reporting this matter, Science magazine noted that Sanger, &quot;the most self-effacing person you could hope to meet,&quot; now was spending his time gardening at his Cambridgeshire home.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-1">[2]</sup></p> <p>Even in retirement, Sanger used his extensive knowledge of DNA to aid modern scientists and professors in their work.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Awards and honours</span></h2> <ul> <li>Frederick Sanger, Esq. (13 August 1918-1943) </li> <li>Dr Frederick Sanger (1943-18 March 1954) </li> <li>Dr Frederick Sanger [OBE] for for help in the manufacture of cheese </li> <li>Dr Frederick Sanger, FRS (18 March 1954-1963) </li> <li>Dr Frederick Sanger, CBE, FRS (1963-1981) </li> <li>Dr Frederick Sanger, CH, CBE, FRS (1981-11 February 1986) </li> <li>Dr Frederick Sanger, OM, CH, CBE, FRS (11 February 1986-present) </li> <li>1958 Nobel Prize for &quot;work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin&quot; </li> <li>1980 Nobel Prize for &quot;contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids&quot; </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <div class="references-small"> <ol class="references"> <li id="_note-0"><strong>^</strong> Sanger F, Nicklen S, Coulson AR., DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1977 Dec;74(12):5463-7 </li> <li id="_note-1"><strong>^</strong> &quot;A Life in Science&quot; from the &quot;Newsmakers&quot; page edited by Yudhijit Bhattachjee, Science 317: 879, 2007 </li> </ol> </div> <p><a id="External_links" name="External_links"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/">The Sanger Institute</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/Info/Intro/sanger.shtml" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/Info/Intro/sanger.shtml">About Fred Sanger, biography from the Sanger Institute</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://almaz.com/nobel/chemistry/1958a.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://almaz.com/nobel/chemistry/1958a.html">About the 1958 Nobel Prize</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://almaz.com/nobel/chemistry/1980c.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://almaz.com/nobel/chemistry/1980c.html">About the 1980 Nobel Prize</a> </li> <li><a title="Association of Biomolecular Resource Facilities" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Biomolecular_Resource_Facilities">Association of Biomolecular Resource Facilities</a> 1994 Award </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.vega.org.uk/series/facetoface/sanger/index.php" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.vega.org.uk/series/facetoface/sanger/index.php">Fred Sanger</a> Freeview Video Documentary by The Vega Science Trust </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.npg.org.uk/live/search/person.asp?search=ss&amp;sText=Sanger&amp;LinkID=mp06016" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.npg.org.uk/live/search/person.asp?search=ss&amp;sText=Sanger&amp;LinkID=mp06016">National Portrait Gallery</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1980/sanger-autobio.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1980/sanger-autobio.html">Autobiography</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.cumc.columbia.edu/horwitz/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cumc.columbia.edu/horwitz/">The Official Site of Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize</a> </li> <li>[http://www.vega.org.uk/video/programme/18 Interview with Sanger] </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> 778df19291cf7d8bdc9c3cfaffe6ddcdb149ced5 2094 2008-07-31T08:13:53Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font size="3"><strong>Frederick Sanger</strong>, OM, CH, CBE, FRS (born 13 August 1918) is an English biochemist and a two time Nobel laureate in chemistry. He is the fourth person in the world to have been awarded two Nobel Prizes.</font></p> <p><font size="3">&quot;...The human genome sequence is of no commercial value in itself. It must be kept freely available so that many scientists of differing expertise can work on it to advance medicine. ...&quot;</font></p> <p><span class="mw-headline"><font size="5">Early years</font></span></p> <p><font size="3">Sanger was born on August 13, 1918, in Rendcomb, a small village in Gloucestershire. He was the second son of Frederick Sanger, a medical practitioner and his wife Cicely. He was educated at Bryanston School and then completed his Bachelor of Arts in natural sciences from St John's College, Cambridge in 1939. He originally intended to study medicine, but became interested in biochemistry as some of the leading biochemists in the world were at Cambridge at the time. He completed his PhD in 1943. He discovered the structure of proteins, most famously that of insulin. He also contributed to the determination of base sequences in DNA.</font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span class="mw-headline"><font size="5">Research</font></span></p> <p>Sanger determined the complete amino acid sequence of insulin in 1955. In doing so, he proved that proteins have definite structures. He began by degrading insulin into short fragments by mixing the trypsin enzyme (that hydrolyses the peptide/amide bonds between amino acids that make up the primary structure of proteins) with an insulin solution. He then undertook a form of chromatography on the mixture by applying a small sample of the mixture to one end of a sheet of filter paper. He passed a solvent through the filter paper in one direction, and passed an electric current through the paper in the opposite direction. Depending on their solubility and charge, the different fragments of insulin moved to different positions on the paper, creating a distinct pattern. Sanger called these patterns &ldquo;fingerprints&rdquo;. Like human fingerprints, these patterns were characteristic for each protein, and reproducible. He reassembled the short fragments into longer sequences to deduce the complete structure of insulin. Sanger concluded that the protein insulin had a precise amino acid sequence. It was this achievement that earned him his first Nobel prize in Chemistry in 1958.</p> <p>In 1975, he developed the chain termination method of DNA sequencing, also known as the <em>Dideoxy termination method</em> or the <em>Sanger method</em>.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-0">[1]</sup> Two years later he used his technique to successfully sequence the genome of the Phage &Phi;-X174; the first fully sequenced DNA-based genome. He did this entirely by hand. This has been of key importance in such projects as the Human Genome Project and earned him his second Nobel prize in Chemistry in 1980, together with Walter Gilbert. The only other laureates to have done so were Marie Curie, Linus Pauling and John Bardeen. He is the only person to receive both prizes in chemistry. In 1979, he was awarded the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University together with Walter Gilbert and Paul Berg, co-winners of the 1980 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.</p> <p>Sanger also produced a revolutionary way of transcribing DNA using ethanol as a buffer.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span class="mw-headline"><font size="5">Later in life</font></span></p> <p>Frederick Sanger retired in 1982. In 1992, the Wellcome Trust and the Medical Research Council founded the Sanger Centre (now the Sanger Institute), named after him. The Sanger Institute, located near Cambridge, England, is one of the world's most important centers for genome research and played a prominent role in sequencing the human genome.</p> <p>In 2007 the British Biochemical Society was given a grant by the Wellcome Trust to catalog and preserve the 35 laboratory notebooks in which Sanger recorded his remarkable research from 1944 to 1981. In reporting this matter, Science magazine noted that Sanger, &quot;the most self-effacing person you could hope to meet,&quot; now was spending his time gardening at his Cambridgeshire home.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-1">[2]</sup></p> <p>Even in retirement, Sanger used his extensive knowledge of DNA to aid modern scientists and professors in their work.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span class="mw-headline"><font size="5">Awards and honours</font></span></p> <ul> <li>Frederick Sanger, Esq. (13 August 1918-1943) </li> <li>Dr Frederick Sanger (1943-18 March 1954) </li> <li>Dr Frederick Sanger [OBE] for for help in the manufacture of cheese </li> <li>Dr Frederick Sanger, FRS (18 March 1954-1963) </li> <li>Dr Frederick Sanger, CBE, FRS (1963-1981) </li> <li>Dr Frederick Sanger, CH, CBE, FRS (1981-11 February 1986) </li> <li>Dr Frederick Sanger, OM, CH, CBE, FRS (11 February 1986-present) </li> <li>1958 Nobel Prize for &quot;work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin&quot; </li> <li>1980 Nobel Prize for &quot;contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids&quot; </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span class="mw-headline"><font size="5">References</font></span></p> <div class="references-small"> <ol class="references"> <li id="_note-0"><strong>^</strong> Sanger F, Nicklen S, Coulson AR., DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1977 Dec;74(12):5463-7 </li> <li id="_note-1"><strong>^</strong> &quot;A Life in Science&quot; from the &quot;Newsmakers&quot; page edited by Yudhijit Bhattachjee, Science 317: 879, 2007 </li> </ol> </div> <p><a id="External_links" name="External_links"></a></p> <p><span class="mw-headline"><font size="5">External links</font></span></p> <ul> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/">The Sanger Institute</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/Info/Intro/sanger.shtml" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/Info/Intro/sanger.shtml">About Fred Sanger, biography from the Sanger Institute</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://almaz.com/nobel/chemistry/1958a.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://almaz.com/nobel/chemistry/1958a.html">About the 1958 Nobel Prize</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://almaz.com/nobel/chemistry/1980c.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://almaz.com/nobel/chemistry/1980c.html">About the 1980 Nobel Prize</a> </li> <li><a title="Association of Biomolecular Resource Facilities" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Biomolecular_Resource_Facilities">Association of Biomolecular Resource Facilities</a> 1994 Award </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.vega.org.uk/series/facetoface/sanger/index.php" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.vega.org.uk/series/facetoface/sanger/index.php">Fred Sanger</a> Freeview Video Documentary by The Vega Science Trust </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.npg.org.uk/live/search/person.asp?search=ss&amp;sText=Sanger&amp;LinkID=mp06016" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.npg.org.uk/live/search/person.asp?search=ss&amp;sText=Sanger&amp;LinkID=mp06016">National Portrait Gallery</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1980/sanger-autobio.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1980/sanger-autobio.html">Autobiography</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.cumc.columbia.edu/horwitz/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cumc.columbia.edu/horwitz/">The Official Site of Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize</a> </li> <li>[http://www.vega.org.uk/video/programme/18 Interview with Sanger] </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> 035b0623998d38c2bfae962b771f03fb25f0dd5e 2095 2008-07-31T08:14:04Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font size="3"><strong>Frederick Sanger</strong>, OM, CH, CBE, FRS (born 13 August 1918) is an English biochemist and a two time Nobel laureate in chemistry. He is the fourth person in the world to have been awarded two Nobel Prizes.</font></p> <p><font size="3"><strong>&quot;...The human genome sequence is of no commercial value in itself. It must be kept freely available so that many scientists of differing expertise can work on it to advance medicine. ...&quot;<br /> </strong></font></p> <p><span class="mw-headline"><font size="5">Early years</font></span></p> <p><font size="3">Sanger was born on August 13, 1918, in Rendcomb, a small village in Gloucestershire. He was the second son of Frederick Sanger, a medical practitioner and his wife Cicely. He was educated at Bryanston School and then completed his Bachelor of Arts in natural sciences from St John's College, Cambridge in 1939. He originally intended to study medicine, but became interested in biochemistry as some of the leading biochemists in the world were at Cambridge at the time. He completed his PhD in 1943. He discovered the structure of proteins, most famously that of insulin. He also contributed to the determination of base sequences in DNA.</font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span class="mw-headline"><font size="5">Research</font></span></p> <p>Sanger determined the complete amino acid sequence of insulin in 1955. In doing so, he proved that proteins have definite structures. He began by degrading insulin into short fragments by mixing the trypsin enzyme (that hydrolyses the peptide/amide bonds between amino acids that make up the primary structure of proteins) with an insulin solution. He then undertook a form of chromatography on the mixture by applying a small sample of the mixture to one end of a sheet of filter paper. He passed a solvent through the filter paper in one direction, and passed an electric current through the paper in the opposite direction. Depending on their solubility and charge, the different fragments of insulin moved to different positions on the paper, creating a distinct pattern. Sanger called these patterns &ldquo;fingerprints&rdquo;. Like human fingerprints, these patterns were characteristic for each protein, and reproducible. He reassembled the short fragments into longer sequences to deduce the complete structure of insulin. Sanger concluded that the protein insulin had a precise amino acid sequence. It was this achievement that earned him his first Nobel prize in Chemistry in 1958.</p> <p>In 1975, he developed the chain termination method of DNA sequencing, also known as the <em>Dideoxy termination method</em> or the <em>Sanger method</em>.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-0">[1]</sup> Two years later he used his technique to successfully sequence the genome of the Phage &Phi;-X174; the first fully sequenced DNA-based genome. He did this entirely by hand. This has been of key importance in such projects as the Human Genome Project and earned him his second Nobel prize in Chemistry in 1980, together with Walter Gilbert. The only other laureates to have done so were Marie Curie, Linus Pauling and John Bardeen. He is the only person to receive both prizes in chemistry. In 1979, he was awarded the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University together with Walter Gilbert and Paul Berg, co-winners of the 1980 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.</p> <p>Sanger also produced a revolutionary way of transcribing DNA using ethanol as a buffer.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span class="mw-headline"><font size="5">Later in life</font></span></p> <p>Frederick Sanger retired in 1982. In 1992, the Wellcome Trust and the Medical Research Council founded the Sanger Centre (now the Sanger Institute), named after him. The Sanger Institute, located near Cambridge, England, is one of the world's most important centers for genome research and played a prominent role in sequencing the human genome.</p> <p>In 2007 the British Biochemical Society was given a grant by the Wellcome Trust to catalog and preserve the 35 laboratory notebooks in which Sanger recorded his remarkable research from 1944 to 1981. In reporting this matter, Science magazine noted that Sanger, &quot;the most self-effacing person you could hope to meet,&quot; now was spending his time gardening at his Cambridgeshire home.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-1">[2]</sup></p> <p>Even in retirement, Sanger used his extensive knowledge of DNA to aid modern scientists and professors in their work.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span class="mw-headline"><font size="5">Awards and honours</font></span></p> <ul> <li>Frederick Sanger, Esq. (13 August 1918-1943) </li> <li>Dr Frederick Sanger (1943-18 March 1954) </li> <li>Dr Frederick Sanger [OBE] for for help in the manufacture of cheese </li> <li>Dr Frederick Sanger, FRS (18 March 1954-1963) </li> <li>Dr Frederick Sanger, CBE, FRS (1963-1981) </li> <li>Dr Frederick Sanger, CH, CBE, FRS (1981-11 February 1986) </li> <li>Dr Frederick Sanger, OM, CH, CBE, FRS (11 February 1986-present) </li> <li>1958 Nobel Prize for &quot;work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin&quot; </li> <li>1980 Nobel Prize for &quot;contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids&quot; </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span class="mw-headline"><font size="5">References</font></span></p> <div class="references-small"> <ol class="references"> <li id="_note-0"><strong>^</strong> Sanger F, Nicklen S, Coulson AR., DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1977 Dec;74(12):5463-7 </li> <li id="_note-1"><strong>^</strong> &quot;A Life in Science&quot; from the &quot;Newsmakers&quot; page edited by Yudhijit Bhattachjee, Science 317: 879, 2007 </li> </ol> </div> <p><a id="External_links" name="External_links"></a></p> <p><span class="mw-headline"><font size="5">External links</font></span></p> <ul> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/">The Sanger Institute</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/Info/Intro/sanger.shtml" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/Info/Intro/sanger.shtml">About Fred Sanger, biography from the Sanger Institute</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://almaz.com/nobel/chemistry/1958a.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://almaz.com/nobel/chemistry/1958a.html">About the 1958 Nobel Prize</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://almaz.com/nobel/chemistry/1980c.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://almaz.com/nobel/chemistry/1980c.html">About the 1980 Nobel Prize</a> </li> <li><a title="Association of Biomolecular Resource Facilities" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Biomolecular_Resource_Facilities">Association of Biomolecular Resource Facilities</a> 1994 Award </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.vega.org.uk/series/facetoface/sanger/index.php" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.vega.org.uk/series/facetoface/sanger/index.php">Fred Sanger</a> Freeview Video Documentary by The Vega Science Trust </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.npg.org.uk/live/search/person.asp?search=ss&amp;sText=Sanger&amp;LinkID=mp06016" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.npg.org.uk/live/search/person.asp?search=ss&amp;sText=Sanger&amp;LinkID=mp06016">National Portrait Gallery</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1980/sanger-autobio.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1980/sanger-autobio.html">Autobiography</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.cumc.columbia.edu/horwitz/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cumc.columbia.edu/horwitz/">The Official Site of Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize</a> </li> <li>[http://www.vega.org.uk/video/programme/18 Interview with Sanger] </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> 2a1b444903a021c69763dc1d7aee2611b6b553ed 2096 2008-07-31T08:14:12Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font size="3"><strong>Frederick Sanger</strong>, OM, CH, CBE, FRS (born 13 August 1918) is an English biochemist and a two time Nobel laureate in chemistry. He is the fourth person in the world to have been awarded two Nobel Prizes.</font></p> <p><font size="3"><strong>&quot;...The human genome sequence is of no commercial value in itself. It must be kept freely available so that many scientists of differing expertise can work on it to advance medicine. ...&quot;<br /> </strong></font></p> <p><span class="mw-headline"><font size="5"><br /> Early years</font></span></p> <p><font size="3">Sanger was born on August 13, 1918, in Rendcomb, a small village in Gloucestershire. He was the second son of Frederick Sanger, a medical practitioner and his wife Cicely. He was educated at Bryanston School and then completed his Bachelor of Arts in natural sciences from St John's College, Cambridge in 1939. He originally intended to study medicine, but became interested in biochemistry as some of the leading biochemists in the world were at Cambridge at the time. He completed his PhD in 1943. He discovered the structure of proteins, most famously that of insulin. He also contributed to the determination of base sequences in DNA.</font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span class="mw-headline"><font size="5">Research</font></span></p> <p>Sanger determined the complete amino acid sequence of insulin in 1955. In doing so, he proved that proteins have definite structures. He began by degrading insulin into short fragments by mixing the trypsin enzyme (that hydrolyses the peptide/amide bonds between amino acids that make up the primary structure of proteins) with an insulin solution. He then undertook a form of chromatography on the mixture by applying a small sample of the mixture to one end of a sheet of filter paper. He passed a solvent through the filter paper in one direction, and passed an electric current through the paper in the opposite direction. Depending on their solubility and charge, the different fragments of insulin moved to different positions on the paper, creating a distinct pattern. Sanger called these patterns &ldquo;fingerprints&rdquo;. Like human fingerprints, these patterns were characteristic for each protein, and reproducible. He reassembled the short fragments into longer sequences to deduce the complete structure of insulin. Sanger concluded that the protein insulin had a precise amino acid sequence. It was this achievement that earned him his first Nobel prize in Chemistry in 1958.</p> <p>In 1975, he developed the chain termination method of DNA sequencing, also known as the <em>Dideoxy termination method</em> or the <em>Sanger method</em>.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-0">[1]</sup> Two years later he used his technique to successfully sequence the genome of the Phage &Phi;-X174; the first fully sequenced DNA-based genome. He did this entirely by hand. This has been of key importance in such projects as the Human Genome Project and earned him his second Nobel prize in Chemistry in 1980, together with Walter Gilbert. The only other laureates to have done so were Marie Curie, Linus Pauling and John Bardeen. He is the only person to receive both prizes in chemistry. In 1979, he was awarded the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University together with Walter Gilbert and Paul Berg, co-winners of the 1980 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.</p> <p>Sanger also produced a revolutionary way of transcribing DNA using ethanol as a buffer.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span class="mw-headline"><font size="5">Later in life</font></span></p> <p>Frederick Sanger retired in 1982. In 1992, the Wellcome Trust and the Medical Research Council founded the Sanger Centre (now the Sanger Institute), named after him. The Sanger Institute, located near Cambridge, England, is one of the world's most important centers for genome research and played a prominent role in sequencing the human genome.</p> <p>In 2007 the British Biochemical Society was given a grant by the Wellcome Trust to catalog and preserve the 35 laboratory notebooks in which Sanger recorded his remarkable research from 1944 to 1981. In reporting this matter, Science magazine noted that Sanger, &quot;the most self-effacing person you could hope to meet,&quot; now was spending his time gardening at his Cambridgeshire home.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-1">[2]</sup></p> <p>Even in retirement, Sanger used his extensive knowledge of DNA to aid modern scientists and professors in their work.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span class="mw-headline"><font size="5">Awards and honours</font></span></p> <ul> <li>Frederick Sanger, Esq. (13 August 1918-1943) </li> <li>Dr Frederick Sanger (1943-18 March 1954) </li> <li>Dr Frederick Sanger [OBE] for for help in the manufacture of cheese </li> <li>Dr Frederick Sanger, FRS (18 March 1954-1963) </li> <li>Dr Frederick Sanger, CBE, FRS (1963-1981) </li> <li>Dr Frederick Sanger, CH, CBE, FRS (1981-11 February 1986) </li> <li>Dr Frederick Sanger, OM, CH, CBE, FRS (11 February 1986-present) </li> <li>1958 Nobel Prize for &quot;work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin&quot; </li> <li>1980 Nobel Prize for &quot;contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids&quot; </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span class="mw-headline"><font size="5">References</font></span></p> <div class="references-small"> <ol class="references"> <li id="_note-0"><strong>^</strong> Sanger F, Nicklen S, Coulson AR., DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1977 Dec;74(12):5463-7 </li> <li id="_note-1"><strong>^</strong> &quot;A Life in Science&quot; from the &quot;Newsmakers&quot; page edited by Yudhijit Bhattachjee, Science 317: 879, 2007 </li> </ol> </div> <p><a id="External_links" name="External_links"></a></p> <p><span class="mw-headline"><font size="5">External links</font></span></p> <ul> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/">The Sanger Institute</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/Info/Intro/sanger.shtml" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/Info/Intro/sanger.shtml">About Fred Sanger, biography from the Sanger Institute</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://almaz.com/nobel/chemistry/1958a.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://almaz.com/nobel/chemistry/1958a.html">About the 1958 Nobel Prize</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://almaz.com/nobel/chemistry/1980c.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://almaz.com/nobel/chemistry/1980c.html">About the 1980 Nobel Prize</a> </li> <li><a title="Association of Biomolecular Resource Facilities" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Biomolecular_Resource_Facilities">Association of Biomolecular Resource Facilities</a> 1994 Award </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.vega.org.uk/series/facetoface/sanger/index.php" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.vega.org.uk/series/facetoface/sanger/index.php">Fred Sanger</a> Freeview Video Documentary by The Vega Science Trust </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.npg.org.uk/live/search/person.asp?search=ss&amp;sText=Sanger&amp;LinkID=mp06016" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.npg.org.uk/live/search/person.asp?search=ss&amp;sText=Sanger&amp;LinkID=mp06016">National Portrait Gallery</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1980/sanger-autobio.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1980/sanger-autobio.html">Autobiography</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.cumc.columbia.edu/horwitz/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cumc.columbia.edu/horwitz/">The Official Site of Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize</a> </li> <li>[http://www.vega.org.uk/video/programme/18 Interview with Sanger] </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> 26e01c66a8b38b87d72ffa60843fa94a5ab83ce8 0 1620 2098 2008-08-01T14:49:12Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">After so many years of the post-genomics era, at last, we are getting close to the genomics era.</font>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <br /> 0e6719457ecd4f750eb0a03a56352f49825347ae 0 1614 2099 2008-08-01T14:49:55Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5">Full Genomics</font><br /> <br /> <font size="3">Full genome sequences and the sequencing technology do not mean full genomics.<br /> <br /> Genomics is about bioinformatic processing and application of informatics to genome sequences. What bioinformatics can extract and transfer to the people is the key in doing genomics.<br /> <br /> Personal genomics technologies and openfree genomics culture can provide people with next generation applications.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> </font> ecd201cd9ebb2c30960d9900eb200947be2ac3d4 0 1498 2100 2008-08-01T14:51:21Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font size="3"><strong>Genomics</strong> is the omics study of genes of individual organisms,&nbsp;populations, and species. <br /> </font></p> <p><font size="3">It is also a paradigm of performing biological science that deviates from&nbsp;investigating single genes, their functions, and roles. <br /> </font></p> <p><font size="3">The main reason of an independent biological discipline is that it deals with very large sets of genetic information to automatically analyze information using interaction and network concepts. Genomics inevitably employs high performance computing and bioinformatics technologies.</font><br /> </p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4"><br /> </font></span></p> <p><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">History of the field</font></span></strong></p> <p><font size="3">Genomics was practically founded by Fred Sanger group in 1970s when they developed&nbsp;a gene sequencing technique and completed the first genomes; namely bacteriophage &Phi;-X174; (5,368 bp),&nbsp;the human mitochondrial genome, and lamda virus.</font></p> <p><font size="3">In 1972, Walter Fiers and his team at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology of the University of Ghent (Ghent, Belgium) were the first to determine the sequence of a gene: the gene for Bacteriophage MS2 coat protein.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-0">[1]</sup> In 1976, the team determined the complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-1">[2]</sup> The first DNA-based genome to be sequenced in its entirety was that of bacteriophage &Phi;-X174; (5,368 bp), sequenced by Frederick Sanger in 1977<sup class="reference" id="_ref-2">[3]</sup>. The first free-living organism to be sequenced was that of <em>Haemophilus influenzae</em> (1.8 Mb) in 1995, and since then genomes are being sequenced at a rapid pace. A rough draft of the human genome was completed by Sanger centre and the Human Genome Project in early 2001.</font></p> <p><font size="3">As of September 2007, the complete sequence was known of about 1879 viruses <sup class="reference" id="_ref-3">[4]</sup>, 577 bacterial species and roughly 23 eukaryote organisms, of which about half are fungi. <sup class="reference" id="_ref-4">[5]</sup> Most of the bacteria whose genomes have been completely sequenced are problematic disease-causing agents, such as <em>Haemophilus influenzae</em>. Of the other sequenced species, most were chosen because they were well-studied model organisms or promised to become good models. Yeast (<em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em>) has long been an important model organism for the eukaryotic cell, while the fruit fly <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> has been a very important tool (notably in early pre-molecular genetics). The worm <em>Caenorhabditis elegans</em> is an often used simple model for multicellular organisms. The zebrafish <em>Brachydanio rerio</em> is used for many developmental studies on the molecular level and the flower <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em> is a model organism for flowering plants. The Japanese pufferfish (<em>Takifugu rubripes</em>) and the spotted green pufferfish (<em>Tetraodon nigroviridis</em>) are interesting because of their small and compact genomes, containing very little non-coding DNA compared to most species. <sup class="reference" id="_ref-5">[6]</sup> <sup class="reference" id="_ref-6">[7]</sup> The mammals dog (<em>Canis familiaris</em>), <sup class="reference" id="_ref-7">[8]</sup> brown rat (<em>Rattus norvegicus</em>), mouse (<em>Mus musculus</em>), and chimpanzee (<em>Pan troglodytes</em>) are all important model animals in medical research.</font></p> <p><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">Bacteriophage Genomics</font></span></strong></p> <p><font size="3">Bacteriophages have played and continue to play a key role in bacterial genetics and molecular biology. Historically, they were used to define gene structure and gene regulation. Also the first genome to be sequenced was a bacteriophage. However, bacteriophage research did not lead the genomics revolution, which is clearly dominated by bacterial genomics. Only very recently has the study of bacteriophage genomes become prominent, thereby enabling researchers to understand the mechanisms underlying phage evolution. Bacteriophage genome sequences can be obtained through direct sequencing of isolated bacteriophages, but can also be derived as part of microbial genomes. Analysis of bacterial genomes has shown that a substantial amount of microbial DNA consists of prophage sequences and prophage-like elements. A detailed database mining of these sequences offers insights into the role of prophages in shaping the bacterial genome.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-McGrath_0">[9]</sup></font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">Cyanobacteria Genomics</font></span></strong></p> <p><font size="3">At present there are 24 cyanobacteria for which a total genome sequence is available. 15 of these cyanobacteria come from the marine environment. These are six <em>Prochlorococcus</em><em>Synechococcus</em> strains, <em>Trichodesmium erythraeum</em> IMS101 and <em>Crocosphaera watsonii</em> [[WH8501. Several studies have demonstrated how these sequences could be used very successfully to infer important ecological and physiological characteristics of marine cyanobacteria. However, there are many more genome projects currently in progress, amongst those there are further <em>Prochlorococcus</em> and marine <em>Synechococcus</em> isolates, <em>Acaryochloris</em> and <em>Prochloron</em>, the N₂-fixing filamentous cyanobacteria <em>Nodularia spumigena</em>, <em>Lyngbya aestuarii</em> and <em>Lyngbya majuscula</em>, as well as bacteriophages infecting marine cyanobaceria. Thus, the growing body of genome information can also be tapped in a more general way to address global problems by applying a comparative approach. Some new and exciting examples of progress in this field are the identification of genes for regulatory RNAs, insights into the evolutionary origin of photosynthesis, or estimation of the contribution of horizontal gene transfer to the genomes that have been analyzed.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-Herrero_0">[10]</sup></font> strains, seven marine </p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">See also</font></span></strong></p> <ul> <li><font size="3">[[Pangenomics]] and [[Pangenome]]</font> </li> <li><font size="3">[[Personal Genome Project]]</font> </li> <li><font size="3">[[Omics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Proteomics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Interactomics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Functional genomics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Computational genomics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Nitrogenomics]]</font> </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">References</font></span></strong></p> <ol class="references"> <li id="_note-0"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-0">^</a></strong> Min Jou W, Haegeman G, Ysebaert M, Fiers W., Nucleotide sequence of the gene coding for the bacteriophage MS2 coat protein, Nature. 1972 May 12;237(5350):82-8 </font></li> <li id="_note-1"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-1">^</a></strong> Fiers W et al., Complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA - primary and secondary structure of replicase gene, Nature, 260, 500-507, 1976 </font></li> <li id="_note-2"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-2">^</a></strong> Sanger F, Air GM, Barrell BG, Brown NL, Coulson AR, Fiddes CA, Hutchison CA, Slocombe PM, Smith M., Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA, Nature. 1977 Feb 24;265(5596):687-95 </font></li> <li id="_note-3"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-3">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/VIRUSES/virostat.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/VIRUSES/virostat.html"><em>The Viral Genomes Resource</em>, NCBI Friday, 14 September, 2007</a></font> </li> <li id="_note-4"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-4">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/static/gpstat.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/static/gpstat.html"><em>Genome Project Statistic</em>, NCBI Friday, 14 September, 2007</a></font> </li> <li id="_note-5"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-5">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3760766.stm" rel="nofollow" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3760766.stm">BBC article <em>Human gene number slashed</em> from Wednesday, 20 October, 2004</a></font> </li> <li id="_note-6"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-6">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2003/10/16/pufferfish_fruitfly/index.shtml" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2003/10/16/pufferfish_fruitfly/index.shtml">CBSE News, Thursday October 16, 2003</a></font> </li> <li id="_note-7"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-7">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.genome.gov/12511476" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.gov/12511476">NHGRI, pressrelease of the publishing of the dog genome</a></font> </li> <li id="_note-McGrath"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-McGrath_0">^</a></strong> <cite class="book" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Mc Grath S and van Sinderen D (editors). (2007). <em><a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage">Bacteriophage: Genetics and Molecular Biology</a></em>, 1st ed., Caister Academic Press. <a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage">ISBN 978-1-904455-14-1</a> .</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Bacteriophage%3A+Genetics+and+Molecular+Biology&amp;rft.au=Mc+Grath+S+and+van+Sinderen+D+%28editors%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fphage">&nbsp;</span></font> </li> <li id="_note-Herrero"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-Herrero_0">^</a></strong> <cite class="book" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Herrero A and Flores E (editor). (2008). <em><a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan">The Cyanobacteria: Molecular Biology, Genomics and Evolution</a></em>, 1st ed., Caister Academic Press. <a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan">ISBN 978-1-904455-15-8</a> .</cite></font><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cyanobacteria%3A+Molecular+Biology%2C+Genomics+and+Evolution&amp;rft.au=Herrero+A+and+Flores+E+%28editor%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fcyan"><font size="3"> </font><br /> </span></li> </ol> 8a203e6e88156599433abd28b7649aaa5fd6806f 2113 2008-08-06T04:26:26Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font size="3"><strong>Genomics</strong> is the omics study of genes of individual organisms,&nbsp;populations, and species. <br /> </font></p> <p><font size="3">It is also a paradigm of performing biological science that deviates from&nbsp;investigating single genes, their functions, and roles. <br /> </font></p> <p><font size="3">The main reason of an independent biological discipline is that it deals with very large sets of genetic information to automatically analyze information using interaction and network concepts. Genomics inevitably employs high performance computing and bioinformatics technologies.</font><br /> </p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4"><br /> </font></span></p> <p><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">History of the field</font></span></strong></p> <p><font size="3">Genomics was practically founded by Fred Sanger group in 1970s when they developed&nbsp;a gene sequencing technique and completed the first genomes; namely bacteriophage &Phi;-X174; (5,368 bp),&nbsp;the human mitochondrial genome, and lamda virus.</font></p> <p><font size="3">In 1972, Walter Fiers and his team at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology of the University of Ghent (Ghent, Belgium) were the first to determine the sequence of a gene: the gene for Bacteriophage MS2 coat protein.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-0">[1]</sup> In 1976, the team determined the complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-1">[2]</sup> The first DNA-based genome to be sequenced in its entirety was that of bacteriophage &Phi;-X174; (5,368 bp), sequenced by Frederick Sanger in 1977<sup class="reference" id="_ref-2">[3]</sup>. The first free-living organism to be sequenced was that of <em>Haemophilus influenzae</em> (1.8 Mb) in 1995, and since then genomes are being sequenced at a rapid pace. A rough draft of the human genome was completed by Sanger centre and the Human Genome Project in early 2001.</font></p> <p><font size="3">As of September 2007, the complete sequence was known of about 1879 viruses <sup class="reference" id="_ref-3">[4]</sup>, 577 bacterial species and roughly 23 eukaryote organisms, of which about half are fungi. <sup class="reference" id="_ref-4">[5]</sup> Most of the bacteria whose genomes have been completely sequenced are problematic disease-causing agents, such as <em>Haemophilus influenzae</em>. Of the other sequenced species, most were chosen because they were well-studied model organisms or promised to become good models. Yeast (<em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em>) has long been an important model organism for the eukaryotic cell, while the fruit fly <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> has been a very important tool (notably in early pre-molecular genetics). The worm <em>Caenorhabditis elegans</em> is an often used simple model for multicellular organisms. The zebrafish <em>Brachydanio rerio</em> is used for many developmental studies on the molecular level and the flower <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em> is a model organism for flowering plants. The Japanese pufferfish (<em>Takifugu rubripes</em>) and the spotted green pufferfish (<em>Tetraodon nigroviridis</em>) are interesting because of their small and compact genomes, containing very little non-coding DNA compared to most species. <sup class="reference" id="_ref-5">[6]</sup> <sup class="reference" id="_ref-6">[7]</sup> The mammals dog (<em>Canis familiaris</em>), <sup class="reference" id="_ref-7">[8]</sup> brown rat (<em>Rattus norvegicus</em>), mouse (<em>Mus musculus</em>), and chimpanzee (<em>Pan troglodytes</em>) are all important model animals in medical research.</font></p> <p><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">Bacteriophage Genomics</font></span></strong></p> <p><font size="3">Bacteriophages have played and continue to play a key role in bacterial genetics and molecular biology. Historically, they were used to define gene structure and gene regulation. Also the first genome to be sequenced was a bacteriophage. However, bacteriophage research did not lead the genomics revolution, which is clearly dominated by bacterial genomics. Only very recently has the study of bacteriophage genomes become prominent, thereby enabling researchers to understand the mechanisms underlying phage evolution. Bacteriophage genome sequences can be obtained through direct sequencing of isolated bacteriophages, but can also be derived as part of microbial genomes. Analysis of bacterial genomes has shown that a substantial amount of microbial DNA consists of prophage sequences and prophage-like elements. A detailed database mining of these sequences offers insights into the role of prophages in shaping the bacterial genome.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-McGrath_0">[9]</sup></font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">Cyanobacteria Genomics</font></span></strong></p> <p><font size="3">At present there are 24 cyanobacteria for which a total genome sequence is available. 15 of these cyanobacteria come from the marine environment. These are six <em>Prochlorococcus</em><em>Synechococcus</em> strains, <em>Trichodesmium erythraeum</em> IMS101 and <em>Crocosphaera watsonii</em> [[WH8501. Several studies have demonstrated how these sequences could be used very successfully to infer important ecological and physiological characteristics of marine cyanobacteria. However, there are many more genome projects currently in progress, amongst those there are further <em>Prochlorococcus</em> and marine <em>Synechococcus</em> isolates, <em>Acaryochloris</em> and <em>Prochloron</em>, the N₂-fixing filamentous cyanobacteria <em>Nodularia spumigena</em>, <em>Lyngbya aestuarii</em> and <em>Lyngbya majuscula</em>, as well as bacteriophages infecting marine cyanobaceria. Thus, the growing body of genome information can also be tapped in a more general way to address global problems by applying a comparative approach. Some new and exciting examples of progress in this field are the identification of genes for regulatory RNAs, insights into the evolutionary origin of photosynthesis, or estimation of the contribution of horizontal gene transfer to the genomes that have been analyzed.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-Herrero_0">[10]</sup></font></p> <p><font size="4">[[Genome sequencing and genomics]]</font></p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">See also</font></span></strong></p> <ul> <li><font size="3">[[Pangenomics]] and [[Pangenome]]</font> </li> <li><font size="3">[[Personal Genome Project]]</font> </li> <li><font size="3">[[Omics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Proteomics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Interactomics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Functional genomics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Computational genomics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Nitrogenomics]]</font> </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">References</font></span></strong></p> <ol class="references"> <li id="_note-0"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-0">^</a></strong> Min Jou W, Haegeman G, Ysebaert M, Fiers W., Nucleotide sequence of the gene coding for the bacteriophage MS2 coat protein, Nature. 1972 May 12;237(5350):82-8 </font></li> <li id="_note-1"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-1">^</a></strong> Fiers W et al., Complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA - primary and secondary structure of replicase gene, Nature, 260, 500-507, 1976 </font></li> <li id="_note-2"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-2">^</a></strong> Sanger F, Air GM, Barrell BG, Brown NL, Coulson AR, Fiddes CA, Hutchison CA, Slocombe PM, Smith M., Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA, Nature. 1977 Feb 24;265(5596):687-95 </font></li> <li id="_note-3"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-3">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/VIRUSES/virostat.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/VIRUSES/virostat.html"><em>The Viral Genomes Resource</em>, NCBI Friday, 14 September, 2007</a></font> </li> <li id="_note-4"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-4">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/static/gpstat.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/static/gpstat.html"><em>Genome Project Statistic</em>, NCBI Friday, 14 September, 2007</a></font> </li> <li id="_note-5"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-5">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3760766.stm" rel="nofollow" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3760766.stm">BBC article <em>Human gene number slashed</em> from Wednesday, 20 October, 2004</a></font> </li> <li id="_note-6"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-6">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2003/10/16/pufferfish_fruitfly/index.shtml" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2003/10/16/pufferfish_fruitfly/index.shtml">CBSE News, Thursday October 16, 2003</a></font> </li> <li id="_note-7"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-7">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.genome.gov/12511476" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.gov/12511476">NHGRI, pressrelease of the publishing of the dog genome</a></font> </li> <li id="_note-McGrath"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-McGrath_0">^</a></strong> <cite class="book" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Mc Grath S and van Sinderen D (editors). (2007). <em><a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage">Bacteriophage: Genetics and Molecular Biology</a></em>, 1st ed., Caister Academic Press. <a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage">ISBN 978-1-904455-14-1</a> .</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Bacteriophage%3A+Genetics+and+Molecular+Biology&amp;rft.au=Mc+Grath+S+and+van+Sinderen+D+%28editors%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fphage">&nbsp;</span></font> </li> <li id="_note-Herrero"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-Herrero_0">^</a></strong> <cite class="book" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Herrero A and Flores E (editor). (2008). <em><a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan">The Cyanobacteria: Molecular Biology, Genomics and Evolution</a></em>, 1st ed., Caister Academic Press. <a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan">ISBN 978-1-904455-15-8</a> .</cite></font><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cyanobacteria%3A+Molecular+Biology%2C+Genomics+and+Evolution&amp;rft.au=Herrero+A+and+Flores+E+%28editor%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fcyan"><font size="3"> </font><br /> </span></li> </ol> 8bd599c05419c0e579f068a044cf3c90c7e95a89 0 1621 2103 2008-08-04T01:34:57Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font size="5">Genomics Programs </font><font size="3">(please put any program that is useful for genomics)<br /> </font><br /> <br /> </p> c3f44e120147607f43ec0264244630ceee8c93eb 2106 2008-08-04T01:37:24Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font size="5">Genomics Programs </font><font size="3">(please put any program that is useful for genomics)<br /> </font><br /> <br /> &nbsp; <table cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="100%" summary="" border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td><font size="2"><strong><font size="3">[[Genome alignement programs]]</font>&nbsp; </strong></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3"><strong>[[Genome visualization programs]]</strong></font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> a8c047a36def3ed1109f9b0d75b6b5a687489519 2107 2008-08-04T01:37:31Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font size="5">Genomics Programs </font><font size="3">(please put any program that is useful for genomics)<br /> </font><br /> &nbsp; <table cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="100%" summary="" border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td><font size="2"><strong><font size="3">[[Genome alignement programs]]</font>&nbsp; </strong></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3"><strong>[[Genome visualization programs]]</strong></font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> ebc1171188eb1b04df57a29a4b8836595dbf4dc0 0 1622 2108 2008-08-04T01:40:12Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki [[SOAP]]<br /> [[Maq]]<br /> [[ELAND]]<br /> [[BLAT]]<br /> [[BLAST]]<br /> 858cc287d087b0776544a873de360469044d8837 0 1623 2109 2008-08-04T01:45:48Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="3">SOAP is a program for efficient gapped and ungapped alignment of short oligonucleotides onto reference sequences.&nbsp;It is designed to handle&nbsp;large amounts of short reads generated by parallel sequencing using Illumina-Solexa sequencers. SOAP is compatible with numerous applications, including single-read&nbsp;and pair-end resequencing, small RNA discovery, and mRNA tag sequence mapping. SOAP is a command-driven program. It supports multi-threaded parallel computing, and has a batch module for multiple query sets.</font><br /> <br /> Availability: <a href="http://soap.genomics.org.cn">http://soap.genomics.org.cn</a><br /> Contact: <a href="mailto:soap@genomics.org.cn">soap@genomics.org.cn</a> 6f90b5db9449f0339972578aa02522b7011e7186 0 1624 2110 2008-08-04T01:46:30Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <table cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="100%" summary="" border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td>[[Celera]]</td> <td>[[23andme.com]]</td> <td>&nbsp;[[U.S. Genomics]]</td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;[[Affymetrix]], [[Nimblegen]]</td> <td>[[decodeme.com]]</td> <td>&nbsp;[[Illumina]]</td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;[[NanoGen]]</td> <td>[[navigenics.com]]</td> <td>&nbsp;[[Agowa]]</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[Personal Genome Companies]]</td> <td>[[Knome.com]]&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;[[Decode]]</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> d32d6b0c7086a7dc6c84637ceb6ca558a6f39506 0 1625 2111 2008-08-04T01:47:03Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <table cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="100%" summary="" border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td>[[Bioinformatics]]</td> <td>[[Sequencing]]</td> <td>[[Omics]]</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[BioPipelines]]</td> <td>[[GRID technology]]</td> <td>[[BioEngine]]</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[Biomatics]]</td> <td>[[SNP chip]]</td> <td>[[BioComputing]]</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> 1b3c75d5f8c909820f3f6fd760eaaaaeea9b9961 0 1626 2112 2008-08-04T01:47:24Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki &nbsp; <table cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="100%" summary="" border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td><font size="2"><strong>&nbsp;[[You!]]</strong></font></td> <td><strong><font size="2">&nbsp;[[Fred Sanger]]</font></strong></td> <td><font size="2"><strong>&nbsp;[[George Church]]</strong></font></td> <td><strong><font size="2"></font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> ccde75b6adef94399c2c3d74fb115bc4c02f2874 0 1627 2114 2008-08-06T04:27:34Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">Genome sequencing is NOT genomics.<br /> <br /> Human genome project is in fact, quite expensive <strong>&quot;[[Caucasian Genome Sequencing Project]]</strong>&quot;.</font><br /> <br /> 27e63c746bcf0f7b8b99462c4cfe0bd4affceeac 0 1628 2115 2008-08-06T04:37:20Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>HGP (Human Genome Project) was a project initiated by US government and researchers.&nbsp;<br /> Although it is called the HGP, in fact, it is more like a very expensive Caucasian Genome <strong>Sequencing</strong> Project.<br /> <br /> It was too political and driven by commericial logics that were not necessarily in accordance with scientific and technological principles in using money.<br /> <br /> While [[$0 Genomics Project|$0 Genom<strong>ics </strong>Project]]<strong>&nbsp;is </strong>about understanding the genome.<br /> <br /> </p> 40a23aa1d93bba5e95c7c86bfbd8388ebd3c8f96 0 1629 2119 2008-08-06T04:39:32Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font size="4"></font></p> 1d01b58d490ee58183612130a0dec9c75041439d 2120 2008-08-06T04:40:07Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font size="4"><font size="6"><strong>$0 Genomics Project</strong> <strong>for genomic equality</strong><br /> </font><font size="3">(aka: [[Free Genomics Project]])</font><font size="5">&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </font><font size="4">$0 Genomics project is a project launched by Genomics.org</font><br /> <br /> <font color="#800000" size="3"><strong>$0 genomics project is a &quot;world project&quot;. We aim to make all the governments, biocompanies, and institutes to partcipate in this to make&nbsp;all the&nbsp;human genome information free.</strong>&nbsp;<br /> </font><br /> <font size="3"><br /> It is to collect personal genome information for free and distribute&nbsp;genomics information&nbsp;free of charge.&nbsp;<br /> It is a zero-cost gen<strong>omics</strong> project.<br /> <br /> Governments and companies can pay for the genotyping cost and people let the world access the personal genome information without any restriction.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> All the $0 geonmics participants get all the personal genomics information for free from Genomics.org.<br /> <br /> There are people who have published personal genomic information.&nbsp;<br /> If you have your own genome information acquired by full genome sequencing, SNP chips and other genome chips, you can provide the information to genomics.org.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> It is an <em>openfree</em> <font color="#339966">B</font><font color="#ff0000">i</font><font color="#0000ff">O</font> project.<br /> <br /> </font><font size="3"><strong><br /> <font size="4"><font size="5">Why $0 genomics project?</font><br /> </font><br /> Genomic equality<br /> </strong><br /> Genome information should be free for all and the benefit of free genomics should be shared by people with little money and access to information.<br /> <br /> </font><font size="3"><strong>Faster technology development<br /> </strong>If most of the governments in the world collaborate and support free genome sequencing, biocompanies will get huge benefits and they can accelerate the tech. dev.<br /> <br /> <strong><font size="5">How does it work?</font><br /> </strong><br /> <strong><font color="#ff0000" size="4">The first step:</font></strong><br /> <strong>1. [[Please click here and sign your name to petition the governments of the world to sequence genomes free of charge]]</strong><br /> <font size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp; - Your signatures will help people understand the importance of genomic equality philosophically, socially, and financially.<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp; - We can persuade governments, UN, large companies, and trusts to perform genomics project as the world community project.<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp; - [[Openletter to the world for&nbsp;genomic equality]]<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp; - If we have&nbsp;a global participation from the early stage of personal genomics, we can discuss ethical and equality issues&nbsp;from the beginning.</font><br /> <br /> <strong><font color="#ff6600">The second step:<br /> </font>2. [[Mapping the population stratification with government and company funds for free genotyping throughout the world]]<br /> </strong><font size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp; - Equal opportunities are given to people throughout the world regardless of racial, financial, and political backgrounds.<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp; - Human beings help to other human beings in understanding the whole <em>Homo sapiens</em> with equal contribution and feeling of sharing.</font><br /> <br /> <strong><font color="#339966">The third step:</font><br /> 3. [[Pinpointing persons who represent in the population clusters and genotype them for their families and groups]]<br /> </strong><font size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp; - This way, we make sure that the free genome project evenly genotype populations throughout the world.<br /> </font><font size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp; - [[Comparing 7 billion human genomes with computers]] without sequencing 7 billion humans.<br /> </font>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </font><font size="4"><strong>List of Companies that we target for contribution<br /> </strong></font><font size="3">[[Pfizer]]&nbsp; [[Merck]]&nbsp; [[23andme.com]]&nbsp; [[Decodeme.com]]</font><br /> <br /> <strong><font size="4"><br /> <font size="5">Who do the $0 Genomics project?<br /> </font>[[You, us, and the future generations]]<br /> <br /> </font><font size="5">External Links<br /> </font></strong><font size="3">$0 personal genomics home site is: http://personalgenome.net</font><br /> <br /> </font></p> <hr /> <p>[[Donate your genome]]<br /> </p> 79bdea04ce2276f25b64f74f1c432ac3bbc40468 0 1630 2122 2008-08-06T04:48:31Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font size="5">The &quot;Human Genome Project&quot; (HGP)</font><br /> <br /> <font size="4">It did contributed much to biology. However, the amount of money used and the way it was done (process) were not the best example of performing scientific projects.<br /> <br /> 1. Was it really a 'human' project?&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> No, it was not for the whole humanity. How much consideration was put in for&nbsp;all ethnic groups? It is more a &quot;Caucasian Genome <strong>Sequencing</strong> Project&quot;.<br /> <br /> 2. Was it scientific?<br /> No, it was more commercially driven with commerical promises that eventually helped the biological stock market disaster and giving bad names to biological ventures.<br /> <br /> 3. Was it so meaningful?<br /> If $3 USD was used not for 'sequencing' but for actually understanding the human genomes, it would have been much more meaningful.<br /> Genome Sequencing Project is not necessarily 'genomics'. It is a small part of it.</font>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <font size="4">4. Was it sound in principle?<br /> It seems it was&nbsp;full of hype and big egos involving an old technology accompanied by huge amount of money by fairly new comers of the field.<br /> <br /> 5. Is it useful?<br /> Yes.&nbsp;As it is free (instead owned by a company).<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> </font></p> f714e311439b8d6478a2c35b18463e520c53f29c 2123 2008-08-06T04:48:42Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font size="5">The &quot;Human Genome Project&quot; (HGP)</font><br /> <br /> <font size="4">It did contributed much to biology. However, the amount of money used and the way it was done (process) were not the best example of performing scientific projects.<br /> <br /> 1. Was it really a 'human' project?&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> No, it was not for the whole humanity. How much consideration was put in for&nbsp;all ethnic groups? It is more a &quot;Caucasian Genome <strong>Sequencing</strong> Project&quot;.<br /> <br /> 2. Was it scientific?<br /> No, it was more commercially driven with commerical promises that eventually helped the biological stock market disaster and giving bad names to biological ventures.<br /> <br /> 3. Was it so meaningful?<br /> If $3 USD was used not for 'sequencing' but for actually understanding the human genomes, it would have been much more meaningful.<br /> Genome Sequencing Project is not necessarily 'genomics'. It is a small part of it.</font>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <font size="4">4. Was it sound in principle?<br /> It seems it was&nbsp;full of hype and big egos involving an old technology accompanied by huge amount of money by fairly new comers of the field.<br /> <br /> 5. Is it useful?<br /> Yes.&nbsp;As it is free (instead being owned by a company).<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> </font></p> 217a38617fa5b5cd4e03dffba06c2bcc69ff1213 2124 2008-08-06T04:49:03Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font size="5">The &quot;Human Genome Project&quot; (HGP)</font><br /> <br /> <font size="4">It did contributed much to biology. However, the amount of money used and the way it was done (process) were not the best example of performing scientific projects.<br /> <br /> 1. Was it really a 'human' project?&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> No, it was not for the whole humanity. How much consideration was put in for&nbsp;all ethnic groups? It is more a &quot;Caucasian Genome <strong>Sequencing</strong> Project&quot;.<br /> <br /> 2. Was it very scientific?<br /> No, it was more commercially driven with commerical promises that eventually helped the biological stock market disaster and giving bad names to biological ventures.<br /> <br /> 3. Was it so meaningful?<br /> If $3 USD was used not for 'sequencing' but for actually understanding the human genomes, it would have been much more meaningful.<br /> Genome Sequencing Project is not necessarily 'genomics'. It is a small part of it.</font>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <font size="4">4. Was it sound in principle?<br /> It seems it was&nbsp;full of hype and big egos involving an old technology accompanied by huge amount of money by fairly new comers of the field.<br /> <br /> 5. Is it useful?<br /> Yes.&nbsp;As it is free (instead being owned by a company).<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> </font></p> 8ed06667cf0b0f48416dc6cc660e11cd961f57d9 0 1631 2125 2008-08-06T04:49:49Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki Please put down a title and opinions on the title here.<br /> <br /> 8ed10cc04718b0684c7e2e32ab6534df40468772 2126 2008-08-06T04:50:17Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">Please put down a title and opinions on the title here.</font><br /> <br /> [[About Human Genome Project]] 0008184537d4829286740df6eadc5d547483bf97 0 1572 2128 2008-08-21T15:37:44Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font size="5">Research Journals about Genomics</font><br /> <br /> <a href="http://www.adis.com/"><font color="#003399">American Journal of Pharmacogenomics</font></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.openmindjournals.com/bioinformatics.html"><font color="#003399">Applied Bioinformatics</font></a><br /> <a href="http://www.openmindjournals.com/genomics.html"><font color="#003399">Applied Genomics &amp; Proteomics</font></a><br /> <a href="http://bioinformatics.oupjournals.org/"><font color="#003399">Bioinformatics</font></a>&nbsp;<br /> [http://www.bii.in/journal/BIIJOURNAL/default.aspx Bioinformatics Trends]<br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.biotechniques.com/"><font color="#003399">Biotechniques</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.liebertpub.com/dna/default1.asp"><font color="#003399">DNA and Cell Biology</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://link.springer.de/journals/chromosoma"><font color="#003399">Chromosoma</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.wiley.co.uk/wileychi/genomics/cfg.html"><font color="#003399">Comparative and Functional Genomics</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.karger.com/journals/cpu/cpu_jh.htm"><font color="#003399">ComPlexUs</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.liebertpub.com/CMB/default1.asp"><font color="#003399">Computational Biology</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://link.springer.de/journals/curr-genet"><font color="#003399">Current Genetics</font></a>&nbsp;<br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.liebertpub.com/DNA/default1.asp"><font color="#003399">DNA and Cell Biology</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.drugdiscoverytoday.com/"><font color="#003399">Drug Discovery Today</font></a> <br /> <a href="http://ejbiotechnology.info/"><font color="#003399">Electronic Journal of Biotechnology</font></a><br /> <a target="new" href="http://link.springer.de/journals/fig"><font color="#003399">Functional &amp; Integrative Genomics</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.elsevier.nl/inca/publications/store/5/0/6/0/3/3/"><font color="#003399">Gene</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.blackwell-science.com/~cgilib/jnlpage.bin?Journal=GTC&amp;File=GTC&amp;Page=aims"><font color="#003399">Genes to Cells</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.genesdev.org/"><font color="#003399">Genes &amp; Development</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.genetics.org/"><font color="#003399">Genetics</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.liebertpub.com/GTE/default1.asp"><font color="#003399">Genetic Testing</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.nrc.ca/cgi-bin/cisti/journals/rp/rp2_desc_e?gen"><font color="#003399">Genome</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://genomebiology.com/start.asp"><font color="#003399">GenomeBiology</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://aspbs.com/genomelett/"><font color="#003399">Genome Letters</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.genome.org/"><font color="#003399">Genome Research</font></a>&nbsp;<br /> [http://www.genome-technology.com/ Genome-technology.com]: Genome Technology Online.<br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.academicpress.com/genomics"><font color="#003399">Genomics</font></a> : <img style="CLEAR: left; FLOAT: right; MARGIN: 5px 15px 10px" height="86" alt="Genomics" onerror="this.src='/framework_images/empty.gif'" src="http://www.elsevier.com/framework_products/images/38/622838.gif" width="76" border="0" /><strong>Visit <span class="verdana11Orange"><a href="http://www.elseviergenomics.com/" target="_blank">www.elseviergenomics.com</a></span>.</strong> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://hmg.oupjournals.org/"><font color="#003399">Human Molecular Genetics</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.interscience.wiley.com/jpages/1059-7794/"><font color="#003399">Human Mutations</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.immunity.com/"><font color="#003399">Immunity</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.bioinfo.de/isb/"><font color="#003399">In Silico Biology</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.liebertpub.com/IVT/default1.asp"><font color="#003399">In Vitro &amp; Molecular Toxicology</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.ncgr.org/jag/"><font color="#003399">Journal of Agricultural Genomics</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://link.springer.de/link/service/journals/10060/index.htm"><font color="#003399">Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology</font></a> <br /> <a href="http://journals.worldscientific.com/jbcb/jbcb.shtml"><font color="#003399">Journal of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology</font></a><br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.liebertpub.com/CMB/default1.asp"><font color="#003399">Journal of Computational Biology</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.idealibrary.com/links/toc/jmbi"><font color="#003399">Journal of Molecular Biology</font></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.elsevier.nl/locate/inca/525012"><font color="#003399">Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling</font></a><br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.ccc.uni-erlangen.de/jmolmod/index.html"><font color="#003399">Journal of Molecular Modeling</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://pubs.acs.org/journals/jprobs/"><font color="#003399">Journal of Proteome Research</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://link.springer.de/journals/mgenome"><font color="#003399">Mammalian Genome</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.molbiolcell.org/"><font color="#003399">Molecular Biology of the Cell</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.mcponline.org/"><font color="#003399">Molecular &amp; Cellular Proteomics</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.molecule.org/"><font color="#003399">Molecular Cell</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://link.springer.de/journals/mol-genet-genomics"><font color="#003399">Molecular Genetics and Genomics</font></a> <br /> <a href="http://authors.elsevier.com/JournalDetail.html?PubID=622922&amp;Precis=DESC"><font color="#003399">Molecular Therapy</font></a><br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.nar.oupjournals.org/"><font color="#003399">Nucleic Acid Research</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.liebertpub.com/OMI/default1.asp"><font color="#003399">OMICS: A Journal of Integrative Biology</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.cpb.uokhsc.edu/ojvr/bioinfo.htm"><font color="#003399">Online Journal of Bioinformatics</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.naturesj.com/tpj/index.html"><font color="#003399">The Pharmacogenomics Journal</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://physiolgenomics.physiology.org/"><font color="#003399">Physiological Genomics</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://journals.wiley.com/0887-3585/"><font color="#003399">Proteins</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.prosci.org/"><font color="#003399">Protein Science</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/jtoc?ID=76510741"><font color="#003399">Proteomics</font></a> <br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.pnas.org/"><font color="#003399">Proccedings of the National Academy Science</font></a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://journals.bmn.com/journals/list/latest?jcode=jstr"><font color="#003399">Structure</font></a><br /> <a href="http://www.liebertpub.com/zeb/"><font color="#003399">Zebrafish</font></a> </font></p> 148ad57c5303bd2be2dc545a1f99fdc6c8e10ac2 0 1632 2130 2008-08-31T15:47:39Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <table cellpadding="0" width="700"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="smallblk" valign="top" width="209" height="65"><a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#aero"><em>Aeropyrum pernix</em> </a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#agro"><em>Agrobacterium tumefaciens</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#anab"><em>Anabaena</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#anop"><em>Anopheles gambiae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#apis_mellifera"><em>Apis mellifera</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#aqui"><em>Aquifex aeolicus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#arab"><em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#arch"><em>Archaeoglobus fulgidus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#ashbya_gossypii"><em>Ashbya gossypii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bacianth"><em>Bacillus anthracis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bacc"><em>Bacillus cereus</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bacihalo"><em>Bacillus halodurans</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bacillus_licheniformis"><em>Bacillus licheniformis</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bacisub"><em>Bacillus subtilis</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bacteroides_fragilis"><em>Bacteroides fragilis</em> </a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bacth"><em>Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron</em> </a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bartonella_henselae"><em>Bartonella henselae</em> </a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bartonella_quintana"><em>Bartonella quintana</em> </a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bdellovibrio_bacteriovorus"><em>Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bifi"><em>Bifidobacterium longum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bloc"><em>Blochmannia floridanus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bord1"><em>Bordetella bronchiseptica</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bord2"><em>Bordetella parapertussis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bord3"><em>Bordetella pertussis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#borr"><em>Borrelia burgdorferi</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#brad"><em>Bradyrhizobium japonicum</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bruc"><em>Brucella melitensis</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#brucs"><em>Brucella suis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#buch"><em>Buchnera aphidicola</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#burkholderia_mallei"><em>Burkholderia mallei</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#burkholderia_pseudomallei"><em>Burkholderia pseudomallei</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#caenorhabditis_briggsae"><em>Caenorhabditis briggsae</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#caen"><em>Caenorhabditis elegans</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#camp"><em>Campylobacter jejuni</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#candida_glabrata"><em>Candida glabrata</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#canis_familiaris"><em>Canis familiaris</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#caul"><em>Caulobacter crescentus</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#chlam"><em>Chlamydia muridarum</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#chlat"><em>Chlamydia trachomatis</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#chlac"><em>Chlamydophila caviae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#chlap"><em>Chlamydophila pneumoniae</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#chltep"><em>Chlorobium tepidum</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#chromobacterium_violaceum"><em>Chromobacterium violaceum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#cion"><em>Ciona intestinalis</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#closa"><em>Clostridium acetobutylicum</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#closp"><em>Clostridium perfringens</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#clost"><em>Clostridium tetani</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#corynebacterium_diphtheriae"><em>Corynebacterium diphtheriae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#cory"><em>Corynebacterium efficiens</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#coxb"><em>Coxiella burnetii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#cryptosporidium_hominis"><em>Cryptosporidium hominis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#cryptosporidium_parvum"><em>Cryptosporidium parvum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#cyanidioschyzon_merolae"><em>Cyanidioschyzon merolae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#debaryomyces_hansenii"><em>Debaryomyces hansenii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#dein"><em>Deinococcus radiodurans</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#desulfotalea_psychrophila"><em>Desulfotalea psychrophila</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#desulfovibrio_vulgaris"><em>Desulfovibrio vulgaris</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#dros"><em>Drosophila melanogaster</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#ence"><em>Encephalitozoon cuniculi</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#ente"><em>Enterococcus faecalis</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#erwinia_carotovora"><em>Erwinia carotovora</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#esch"><em>Escherichia coli</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#fuso"><em>Fusobacterium nucleatum</em></a> <br /> </td> <td class="smallblk" valign="top" width="231" height="65"><a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#gallus_gallus"><em>Gallus gallus</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#geobacter_sulfurreducens"><em>Geobacter sulfurreducens</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#gloeobacter_violaceus"><em>Gloeobacter violaceus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#guil"><em>Guillardia theta</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#haemd"><em>Haemophilus ducreyi</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#haem"><em>Haemophilus influenzae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#halo"><em>Halobacterium</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#helih"><em>Helicobacter hepaticus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#heli"><em>Helicobacter pylori</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#homo"><em>Homo sapiens</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#kluyveromyces_waltii"><em>Kluyveromyces waltii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#lactobacillus_johnsonii"><em>Lactobacillus johnsonii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#lacb"><em>Lactobacillus plantarum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#legionella_pneumophila"><em>Legionella pneumophila</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#leifsonia_xyli"><em>Leifsonia xyli</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#lact"><em>Lactococcus lactis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#lepto"><em>Leptospira interrogans</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#listi"><em>Listeria innocua</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#listm"><em>Listeria monocytogenes</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#magna"><em>Magnaporthe grisea</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mannheimia_succiniciproducens"><em>Mannheimia succiniciproducens</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mesoplasma_florum"><em>Mesoplasma florum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#meso"><em>Mesorhizobium loti</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#methb"><em>Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#methbur"><em>Methanococcoides burtonii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#methj"><em>Methanococcus jannaschii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#methanococcus_maripaludis"><em>Methanococcus maripaludis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#methfri"><em>Methanogenium frigidum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#methp"><em>Methanopyrus kandleri</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#methsa"><em>Methanosarcina acetivorans</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#methsm"><em>Methanosarcina mazei</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#methylococcus_capsulatus"><em>Methylococcus capsulatus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mouse"><em>Mus musculus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycob"><em>Mycobacterium bovis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycol"><em>Mycobacterium leprae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycop"><em>Mycobacterium paratuberculosis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycot"><em>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycopga"><em>Mycoplasma gallisepticum </em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycopg"><em>Mycoplasma genitalium</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycoplasma_mycoides"><em>Mycoplasma mycoides</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycoppe"><em>Mycoplasma penetrans</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycoppn"><em>Mycoplasma pneumoniae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycoppu"><em>Mycoplasma pulmonis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycoplasma_mobile"><em>Mycoplasma mobile</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#nanoarchaeum_equitans"><em>Nanoarchaeum equitans</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#neiss"><em>Neisseria meningitidis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#neuro"><em>Neurospora crassa</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#nitro"><em>Nitrosomonas europaea</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#nocardia_farcinica"><em>Nocardia farcinica</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#ocea"><em>Oceanobacillus iheyensis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#onions_yellows_phytoplasma"><em>Onions yellows phytoplasma</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#oryz"><em>Oryza sativa</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#pan_troglodytes"><em>Pan troglodytes</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#past"><em>Pasteurella multocida</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#phanerochaete_chrysosporium"><em>Phanerochaete chrysosporium</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#photo"><em>Photorhabdus luminescens</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#picrophilus_torridus"><em>Picrophilus torridus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#plasf"><em>Plasmodium falciparum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#plasy"><em>Plasmodium yoelii yoelii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#populus_trichocarpa"><em>Populus trichocarpa</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#porphy_gin"><em>Porphyromonas gingivalis</em></a> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#proc"><em>Prochlorococcus marinus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#propionibacterium_acnes"><em>Propionibacterium acnes</em></a><br /> </td> <td class="smallblk" valign="top" width="250" height="65"><a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#protochlamydia_amoebophila"><em>Protochlamydia amoebophila</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#pseuda"><em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#pseudp"><em>Pseudomonas putida</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#psyrin"><em>Pseudomonas syringae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#pyrobac"><em>Pyrobaculum aerophilum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#pyrocaby"><em>Pyrococcus abyssi</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#pyrocfur"><em>Pyrococcus furiosus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#pyroch"><em>Pyrococcus horikoshii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#pyrolobus_fumarii"><em>Pyrolobus fumarii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#rals"><em>Ralstonia solanacearum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#rattus_norvegicus"><em>Rattus norvegicus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#rhod"><em>Rhodopirellula baltica</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#rhodopseudomonas_palustris"><em>Rhodopseudomonas palustris</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#rickc"><em>Rickettsia conorii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#rickettsia_typhi"><em>Rickettsia typhi</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#rickp"><em>Rickettsia prowazekii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#ricks"><em>Rickettsia sibirica</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#sacc"><em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#saccharopolyspora_erythraea"><em>Saccharopolyspora erythraea</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#salmtyp"><em>Salmonella enterica</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#salmtypm"><em>Salmonella typhimurium</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#schizpo"><em>Schizosaccharomyces pombe</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#shew"><em>Shewanella oneidensis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#shig"><em>Shigella flexneria</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#sinor"><em>Sinorhizobium meliloti</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#staphaur"><em>Staphylococcus aureus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#stapep"><em>Staphylococcus epidermidis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#strepa"><em>Streptococcus agalactiae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#strepm"><em>Streptococcus mutans</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#strepp"><em>Streptococcus pneumoniae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#streppyo"><em>Streptococcus pyogenes</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#streptococcus_thermophilus"><em>Streptococcus thermophilus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#saver"><em>Streptomyces avermitilis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#scoe"><em>Streptomyces coelicolor</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#sulf"><em>Sulfolobus solfataricus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#sulftoko"><em>Sulfolobus tokodaii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#synec"><em>Synechococcus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#syne"><em>Synechocystis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#takifugu"><em>Takifugu rubripes</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#tetraodon_nigroviridis"><em>Tetraodon nigroviridis</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#thalassiosira_pseudonana"><em>Thalassiosira pseudonana</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#thermoana"><em>Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#thermoacid"><em>Thermoplasma acidophilum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#thermovol"><em>Thermoplasma volcanium</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#thermosy"><em>Thermosynechococcus elongatus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#thermotmari"><em>Thermotagoa maritima</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#thermus_thermophilus"><em>Thermus thermophilus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#treponema_denticola"><em>Treponema denticola</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#trep"><em>Treponema pallidum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#twhip"><em>Tropheryma whipplei</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#urea"><em>Ureaplasma urealyticum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#vibr"><em>Vibrio cholerae</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#vibp"><em>Vibrio parahaemolyticus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#vibrv"><em>Vibrio vulnificus</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#wiggle"><em>Wigglesworthia glossinidia</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#wolbachia_pipientis"><em>Wolbachia pipientis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#wolinella_succinogenes"><em>Wolinella succinogenes</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#xantax"><em>Xanthomonas axonopodis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#xancamp"><em>Xanthomonas campestris</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#xyel"><em>Xylella fastidiosa</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#yarrowia lipolytica"><em>Yarrowia lipolytica</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#yersinia_pseudotuberculosis"><em>Yersinia pseudotuberculosis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#yers"><em>Yersinia pestis</em></a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> de7ffff9ccb70f7994416f3024f60c86c7b12be5 2131 2008-08-31T15:48:30Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki List from GenomeNewsNetwork<br> <table cellpadding="0" width="700"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="smallblk" valign="top" width="209" height="65"><a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#aero"><em>Aeropyrum pernix</em> </a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#agro"><em>Agrobacterium tumefaciens</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#anab"><em>Anabaena</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#anop"><em>Anopheles gambiae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#apis_mellifera"><em>Apis mellifera</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#aqui"><em>Aquifex aeolicus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#arab"><em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#arch"><em>Archaeoglobus fulgidus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#ashbya_gossypii"><em>Ashbya gossypii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bacianth"><em>Bacillus anthracis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bacc"><em>Bacillus cereus</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bacihalo"><em>Bacillus halodurans</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bacillus_licheniformis"><em>Bacillus licheniformis</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bacisub"><em>Bacillus subtilis</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bacteroides_fragilis"><em>Bacteroides fragilis</em> </a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bacth"><em>Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron</em> </a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bartonella_henselae"><em>Bartonella henselae</em> </a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bartonella_quintana"><em>Bartonella quintana</em> </a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bdellovibrio_bacteriovorus"><em>Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bifi"><em>Bifidobacterium longum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bloc"><em>Blochmannia floridanus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bord1"><em>Bordetella bronchiseptica</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bord2"><em>Bordetella parapertussis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bord3"><em>Bordetella pertussis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#borr"><em>Borrelia burgdorferi</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#brad"><em>Bradyrhizobium japonicum</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bruc"><em>Brucella melitensis</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#brucs"><em>Brucella suis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#buch"><em>Buchnera aphidicola</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#burkholderia_mallei"><em>Burkholderia mallei</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#burkholderia_pseudomallei"><em>Burkholderia pseudomallei</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#caenorhabditis_briggsae"><em>Caenorhabditis briggsae</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#caen"><em>Caenorhabditis elegans</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#camp"><em>Campylobacter jejuni</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#candida_glabrata"><em>Candida glabrata</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#canis_familiaris"><em>Canis familiaris</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#caul"><em>Caulobacter crescentus</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#chlam"><em>Chlamydia muridarum</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#chlat"><em>Chlamydia trachomatis</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#chlac"><em>Chlamydophila caviae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#chlap"><em>Chlamydophila pneumoniae</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#chltep"><em>Chlorobium tepidum</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#chromobacterium_violaceum"><em>Chromobacterium violaceum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#cion"><em>Ciona intestinalis</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#closa"><em>Clostridium acetobutylicum</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#closp"><em>Clostridium perfringens</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#clost"><em>Clostridium tetani</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#corynebacterium_diphtheriae"><em>Corynebacterium diphtheriae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#cory"><em>Corynebacterium efficiens</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#coxb"><em>Coxiella burnetii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#cryptosporidium_hominis"><em>Cryptosporidium hominis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#cryptosporidium_parvum"><em>Cryptosporidium parvum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#cyanidioschyzon_merolae"><em>Cyanidioschyzon merolae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#debaryomyces_hansenii"><em>Debaryomyces hansenii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#dein"><em>Deinococcus radiodurans</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#desulfotalea_psychrophila"><em>Desulfotalea psychrophila</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#desulfovibrio_vulgaris"><em>Desulfovibrio vulgaris</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#dros"><em>Drosophila melanogaster</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#ence"><em>Encephalitozoon cuniculi</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#ente"><em>Enterococcus faecalis</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#erwinia_carotovora"><em>Erwinia carotovora</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#esch"><em>Escherichia coli</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#fuso"><em>Fusobacterium nucleatum</em></a> <br /> </td> <td class="smallblk" valign="top" width="231" height="65"><a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#gallus_gallus"><em>Gallus gallus</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#geobacter_sulfurreducens"><em>Geobacter sulfurreducens</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#gloeobacter_violaceus"><em>Gloeobacter violaceus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#guil"><em>Guillardia theta</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#haemd"><em>Haemophilus ducreyi</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#haem"><em>Haemophilus influenzae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#halo"><em>Halobacterium</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#helih"><em>Helicobacter hepaticus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#heli"><em>Helicobacter pylori</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#homo"><em>Homo sapiens</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#kluyveromyces_waltii"><em>Kluyveromyces waltii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#lactobacillus_johnsonii"><em>Lactobacillus johnsonii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#lacb"><em>Lactobacillus plantarum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#legionella_pneumophila"><em>Legionella pneumophila</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#leifsonia_xyli"><em>Leifsonia xyli</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#lact"><em>Lactococcus lactis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#lepto"><em>Leptospira interrogans</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#listi"><em>Listeria innocua</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#listm"><em>Listeria monocytogenes</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#magna"><em>Magnaporthe grisea</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mannheimia_succiniciproducens"><em>Mannheimia succiniciproducens</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mesoplasma_florum"><em>Mesoplasma florum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#meso"><em>Mesorhizobium loti</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#methb"><em>Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#methbur"><em>Methanococcoides burtonii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#methj"><em>Methanococcus jannaschii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#methanococcus_maripaludis"><em>Methanococcus maripaludis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#methfri"><em>Methanogenium frigidum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#methp"><em>Methanopyrus kandleri</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#methsa"><em>Methanosarcina acetivorans</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#methsm"><em>Methanosarcina mazei</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#methylococcus_capsulatus"><em>Methylococcus capsulatus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mouse"><em>Mus musculus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycob"><em>Mycobacterium bovis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycol"><em>Mycobacterium leprae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycop"><em>Mycobacterium paratuberculosis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycot"><em>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycopga"><em>Mycoplasma gallisepticum </em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycopg"><em>Mycoplasma genitalium</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycoplasma_mycoides"><em>Mycoplasma mycoides</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycoppe"><em>Mycoplasma penetrans</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycoppn"><em>Mycoplasma pneumoniae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycoppu"><em>Mycoplasma pulmonis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycoplasma_mobile"><em>Mycoplasma mobile</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#nanoarchaeum_equitans"><em>Nanoarchaeum equitans</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#neiss"><em>Neisseria meningitidis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#neuro"><em>Neurospora crassa</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#nitro"><em>Nitrosomonas europaea</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#nocardia_farcinica"><em>Nocardia farcinica</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#ocea"><em>Oceanobacillus iheyensis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#onions_yellows_phytoplasma"><em>Onions yellows phytoplasma</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#oryz"><em>Oryza sativa</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#pan_troglodytes"><em>Pan troglodytes</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#past"><em>Pasteurella multocida</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#phanerochaete_chrysosporium"><em>Phanerochaete chrysosporium</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#photo"><em>Photorhabdus luminescens</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#picrophilus_torridus"><em>Picrophilus torridus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#plasf"><em>Plasmodium falciparum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#plasy"><em>Plasmodium yoelii yoelii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#populus_trichocarpa"><em>Populus trichocarpa</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#porphy_gin"><em>Porphyromonas gingivalis</em></a> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#proc"><em>Prochlorococcus marinus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#propionibacterium_acnes"><em>Propionibacterium acnes</em></a><br /> </td> <td class="smallblk" valign="top" width="250" height="65"><a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#protochlamydia_amoebophila"><em>Protochlamydia amoebophila</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#pseuda"><em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#pseudp"><em>Pseudomonas putida</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#psyrin"><em>Pseudomonas syringae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#pyrobac"><em>Pyrobaculum aerophilum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#pyrocaby"><em>Pyrococcus abyssi</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#pyrocfur"><em>Pyrococcus furiosus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#pyroch"><em>Pyrococcus horikoshii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#pyrolobus_fumarii"><em>Pyrolobus fumarii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#rals"><em>Ralstonia solanacearum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#rattus_norvegicus"><em>Rattus norvegicus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#rhod"><em>Rhodopirellula baltica</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#rhodopseudomonas_palustris"><em>Rhodopseudomonas palustris</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#rickc"><em>Rickettsia conorii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#rickettsia_typhi"><em>Rickettsia typhi</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#rickp"><em>Rickettsia prowazekii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#ricks"><em>Rickettsia sibirica</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#sacc"><em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#saccharopolyspora_erythraea"><em>Saccharopolyspora erythraea</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#salmtyp"><em>Salmonella enterica</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#salmtypm"><em>Salmonella typhimurium</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#schizpo"><em>Schizosaccharomyces pombe</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#shew"><em>Shewanella oneidensis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#shig"><em>Shigella flexneria</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#sinor"><em>Sinorhizobium meliloti</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#staphaur"><em>Staphylococcus aureus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#stapep"><em>Staphylococcus epidermidis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#strepa"><em>Streptococcus agalactiae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#strepm"><em>Streptococcus mutans</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#strepp"><em>Streptococcus pneumoniae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#streppyo"><em>Streptococcus pyogenes</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#streptococcus_thermophilus"><em>Streptococcus thermophilus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#saver"><em>Streptomyces avermitilis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#scoe"><em>Streptomyces coelicolor</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#sulf"><em>Sulfolobus solfataricus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#sulftoko"><em>Sulfolobus tokodaii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#synec"><em>Synechococcus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#syne"><em>Synechocystis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#takifugu"><em>Takifugu rubripes</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#tetraodon_nigroviridis"><em>Tetraodon nigroviridis</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#thalassiosira_pseudonana"><em>Thalassiosira pseudonana</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#thermoana"><em>Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#thermoacid"><em>Thermoplasma acidophilum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#thermovol"><em>Thermoplasma volcanium</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#thermosy"><em>Thermosynechococcus elongatus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#thermotmari"><em>Thermotagoa maritima</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#thermus_thermophilus"><em>Thermus thermophilus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#treponema_denticola"><em>Treponema denticola</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#trep"><em>Treponema pallidum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#twhip"><em>Tropheryma whipplei</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#urea"><em>Ureaplasma urealyticum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#vibr"><em>Vibrio cholerae</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#vibp"><em>Vibrio parahaemolyticus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#vibrv"><em>Vibrio vulnificus</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#wiggle"><em>Wigglesworthia glossinidia</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#wolbachia_pipientis"><em>Wolbachia pipientis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#wolinella_succinogenes"><em>Wolinella succinogenes</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#xantax"><em>Xanthomonas axonopodis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#xancamp"><em>Xanthomonas campestris</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#xyel"><em>Xylella fastidiosa</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#yarrowia lipolytica"><em>Yarrowia lipolytica</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#yersinia_pseudotuberculosis"><em>Yersinia pseudotuberculosis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#yers"><em>Yersinia pestis</em></a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> e1b3731daa55318b5dc35bf80f70b7b2539c4c09 2132 2008-08-31T15:51:55Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="3">As of early 2008, there are over 4600 genomes fully sequenced.<br /> </font><br /> <font size="4">[[List of fully sequenced genomes]]</font> (please add if you find a missing one)<br /> <br /> <font size="3"><img alt="" src="/FCKeditor/editor/images/smiley/msn/lightbulb.gif" />List from GenomeNewsNetwork</font><br /> <table cellpadding="0" width="700"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="smallblk" valign="top" width="209" height="65"><a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#aero"><em>Aeropyrum pernix</em> </a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#agro"><em>Agrobacterium tumefaciens</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#anab"><em>Anabaena</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#anop"><em>Anopheles gambiae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#apis_mellifera"><em>Apis mellifera</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#aqui"><em>Aquifex aeolicus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#arab"><em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#arch"><em>Archaeoglobus fulgidus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#ashbya_gossypii"><em>Ashbya gossypii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bacianth"><em>Bacillus anthracis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bacc"><em>Bacillus cereus</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bacihalo"><em>Bacillus halodurans</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bacillus_licheniformis"><em>Bacillus licheniformis</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bacisub"><em>Bacillus subtilis</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bacteroides_fragilis"><em>Bacteroides fragilis</em> </a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bacth"><em>Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron</em> </a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bartonella_henselae"><em>Bartonella henselae</em> </a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bartonella_quintana"><em>Bartonella quintana</em> </a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bdellovibrio_bacteriovorus"><em>Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bifi"><em>Bifidobacterium longum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bloc"><em>Blochmannia floridanus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bord1"><em>Bordetella bronchiseptica</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bord2"><em>Bordetella parapertussis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bord3"><em>Bordetella pertussis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#borr"><em>Borrelia burgdorferi</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#brad"><em>Bradyrhizobium japonicum</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bruc"><em>Brucella melitensis</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#brucs"><em>Brucella suis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#buch"><em>Buchnera aphidicola</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#burkholderia_mallei"><em>Burkholderia mallei</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#burkholderia_pseudomallei"><em>Burkholderia pseudomallei</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#caenorhabditis_briggsae"><em>Caenorhabditis briggsae</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#caen"><em>Caenorhabditis elegans</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#camp"><em>Campylobacter jejuni</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#candida_glabrata"><em>Candida glabrata</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#canis_familiaris"><em>Canis familiaris</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#caul"><em>Caulobacter crescentus</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#chlam"><em>Chlamydia muridarum</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#chlat"><em>Chlamydia trachomatis</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#chlac"><em>Chlamydophila caviae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#chlap"><em>Chlamydophila pneumoniae</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#chltep"><em>Chlorobium tepidum</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#chromobacterium_violaceum"><em>Chromobacterium violaceum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#cion"><em>Ciona intestinalis</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#closa"><em>Clostridium acetobutylicum</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#closp"><em>Clostridium perfringens</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#clost"><em>Clostridium tetani</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#corynebacterium_diphtheriae"><em>Corynebacterium diphtheriae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#cory"><em>Corynebacterium efficiens</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#coxb"><em>Coxiella burnetii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#cryptosporidium_hominis"><em>Cryptosporidium hominis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#cryptosporidium_parvum"><em>Cryptosporidium parvum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#cyanidioschyzon_merolae"><em>Cyanidioschyzon merolae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#debaryomyces_hansenii"><em>Debaryomyces hansenii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#dein"><em>Deinococcus radiodurans</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#desulfotalea_psychrophila"><em>Desulfotalea psychrophila</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#desulfovibrio_vulgaris"><em>Desulfovibrio vulgaris</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#dros"><em>Drosophila melanogaster</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#ence"><em>Encephalitozoon cuniculi</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#ente"><em>Enterococcus faecalis</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#erwinia_carotovora"><em>Erwinia carotovora</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#esch"><em>Escherichia coli</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#fuso"><em>Fusobacterium nucleatum</em></a> <br /> </td> <td class="smallblk" valign="top" width="231" height="65"><a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#gallus_gallus"><em>Gallus gallus</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#geobacter_sulfurreducens"><em>Geobacter sulfurreducens</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#gloeobacter_violaceus"><em>Gloeobacter violaceus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#guil"><em>Guillardia theta</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#haemd"><em>Haemophilus ducreyi</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#haem"><em>Haemophilus influenzae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#halo"><em>Halobacterium</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#helih"><em>Helicobacter hepaticus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#heli"><em>Helicobacter pylori</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#homo"><em>Homo sapiens</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#kluyveromyces_waltii"><em>Kluyveromyces waltii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#lactobacillus_johnsonii"><em>Lactobacillus johnsonii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#lacb"><em>Lactobacillus plantarum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#legionella_pneumophila"><em>Legionella pneumophila</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#leifsonia_xyli"><em>Leifsonia xyli</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#lact"><em>Lactococcus lactis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#lepto"><em>Leptospira interrogans</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#listi"><em>Listeria innocua</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#listm"><em>Listeria monocytogenes</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#magna"><em>Magnaporthe grisea</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mannheimia_succiniciproducens"><em>Mannheimia succiniciproducens</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mesoplasma_florum"><em>Mesoplasma florum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#meso"><em>Mesorhizobium loti</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#methb"><em>Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#methbur"><em>Methanococcoides burtonii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#methj"><em>Methanococcus jannaschii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#methanococcus_maripaludis"><em>Methanococcus maripaludis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#methfri"><em>Methanogenium frigidum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#methp"><em>Methanopyrus kandleri</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#methsa"><em>Methanosarcina acetivorans</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#methsm"><em>Methanosarcina mazei</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#methylococcus_capsulatus"><em>Methylococcus capsulatus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mouse"><em>Mus musculus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycob"><em>Mycobacterium bovis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycol"><em>Mycobacterium leprae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycop"><em>Mycobacterium paratuberculosis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycot"><em>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycopga"><em>Mycoplasma gallisepticum </em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycopg"><em>Mycoplasma genitalium</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycoplasma_mycoides"><em>Mycoplasma mycoides</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycoppe"><em>Mycoplasma penetrans</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycoppn"><em>Mycoplasma pneumoniae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycoppu"><em>Mycoplasma pulmonis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycoplasma_mobile"><em>Mycoplasma mobile</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#nanoarchaeum_equitans"><em>Nanoarchaeum equitans</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#neiss"><em>Neisseria meningitidis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#neuro"><em>Neurospora crassa</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#nitro"><em>Nitrosomonas europaea</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#nocardia_farcinica"><em>Nocardia farcinica</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#ocea"><em>Oceanobacillus iheyensis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#onions_yellows_phytoplasma"><em>Onions yellows phytoplasma</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#oryz"><em>Oryza sativa</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#pan_troglodytes"><em>Pan troglodytes</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#past"><em>Pasteurella multocida</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#phanerochaete_chrysosporium"><em>Phanerochaete chrysosporium</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#photo"><em>Photorhabdus luminescens</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#picrophilus_torridus"><em>Picrophilus torridus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#plasf"><em>Plasmodium falciparum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#plasy"><em>Plasmodium yoelii yoelii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#populus_trichocarpa"><em>Populus trichocarpa</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#porphy_gin"><em>Porphyromonas gingivalis</em></a> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#proc"><em>Prochlorococcus marinus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#propionibacterium_acnes"><em>Propionibacterium acnes</em></a><br /> </td> <td class="smallblk" valign="top" width="250" height="65"><a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#protochlamydia_amoebophila"><em>Protochlamydia amoebophila</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#pseuda"><em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#pseudp"><em>Pseudomonas putida</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#psyrin"><em>Pseudomonas syringae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#pyrobac"><em>Pyrobaculum aerophilum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#pyrocaby"><em>Pyrococcus abyssi</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#pyrocfur"><em>Pyrococcus furiosus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#pyroch"><em>Pyrococcus horikoshii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#pyrolobus_fumarii"><em>Pyrolobus fumarii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#rals"><em>Ralstonia solanacearum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#rattus_norvegicus"><em>Rattus norvegicus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#rhod"><em>Rhodopirellula baltica</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#rhodopseudomonas_palustris"><em>Rhodopseudomonas palustris</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#rickc"><em>Rickettsia conorii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#rickettsia_typhi"><em>Rickettsia typhi</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#rickp"><em>Rickettsia prowazekii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#ricks"><em>Rickettsia sibirica</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#sacc"><em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#saccharopolyspora_erythraea"><em>Saccharopolyspora erythraea</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#salmtyp"><em>Salmonella enterica</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#salmtypm"><em>Salmonella typhimurium</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#schizpo"><em>Schizosaccharomyces pombe</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#shew"><em>Shewanella oneidensis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#shig"><em>Shigella flexneria</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#sinor"><em>Sinorhizobium meliloti</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#staphaur"><em>Staphylococcus aureus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#stapep"><em>Staphylococcus epidermidis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#strepa"><em>Streptococcus agalactiae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#strepm"><em>Streptococcus mutans</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#strepp"><em>Streptococcus pneumoniae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#streppyo"><em>Streptococcus pyogenes</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#streptococcus_thermophilus"><em>Streptococcus thermophilus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#saver"><em>Streptomyces avermitilis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#scoe"><em>Streptomyces coelicolor</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#sulf"><em>Sulfolobus solfataricus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#sulftoko"><em>Sulfolobus tokodaii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#synec"><em>Synechococcus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#syne"><em>Synechocystis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#takifugu"><em>Takifugu rubripes</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#tetraodon_nigroviridis"><em>Tetraodon nigroviridis</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#thalassiosira_pseudonana"><em>Thalassiosira pseudonana</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#thermoana"><em>Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#thermoacid"><em>Thermoplasma acidophilum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#thermovol"><em>Thermoplasma volcanium</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#thermosy"><em>Thermosynechococcus elongatus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#thermotmari"><em>Thermotagoa maritima</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#thermus_thermophilus"><em>Thermus thermophilus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#treponema_denticola"><em>Treponema denticola</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#trep"><em>Treponema pallidum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#twhip"><em>Tropheryma whipplei</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#urea"><em>Ureaplasma urealyticum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#vibr"><em>Vibrio cholerae</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#vibp"><em>Vibrio parahaemolyticus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#vibrv"><em>Vibrio vulnificus</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#wiggle"><em>Wigglesworthia glossinidia</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#wolbachia_pipientis"><em>Wolbachia pipientis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#wolinella_succinogenes"><em>Wolinella succinogenes</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#xantax"><em>Xanthomonas axonopodis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#xancamp"><em>Xanthomonas campestris</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#xyel"><em>Xylella fastidiosa</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#yarrowia lipolytica"><em>Yarrowia lipolytica</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#yersinia_pseudotuberculosis"><em>Yersinia pseudotuberculosis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#yers"><em>Yersinia pestis</em></a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> 78000f4f065d662fbb29c9412f06bb4aa7363780 2135 2008-08-31T15:57:32Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="3"><font color="#ff0000" size="4"><strong>As of early 2008, there are over 4600 genomes fully sequenced.</strong></font><br /> <br /> <font color="#993300"><strong><img alt="" src="/FCKeditor/editor/images/smiley/msn/lightbulb.gif" />&nbsp;For&nbsp;an efficient trackinig of&nbsp;sequencing projects, we would like you to&nbsp;inform/register your sequencing projects in Genomics.org.<br /> </strong></font></font><br /> <font size="4">[[List of fully sequenced genomes]]</font> (please add if you find a missing one)<br /> <br /> <font size="3"><img alt="" src="/FCKeditor/editor/images/smiley/msn/lightbulb.gif" />List from GenomeNewsNetwork</font><br /> <table cellpadding="0" width="700"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="smallblk" valign="top" width="209" height="65"><a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#aero"><em>Aeropyrum pernix</em> </a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#agro"><em>Agrobacterium tumefaciens</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#anab"><em>Anabaena</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#anop"><em>Anopheles gambiae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#apis_mellifera"><em>Apis mellifera</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#aqui"><em>Aquifex aeolicus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#arab"><em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#arch"><em>Archaeoglobus fulgidus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#ashbya_gossypii"><em>Ashbya gossypii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bacianth"><em>Bacillus anthracis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bacc"><em>Bacillus cereus</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bacihalo"><em>Bacillus halodurans</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bacillus_licheniformis"><em>Bacillus licheniformis</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bacisub"><em>Bacillus subtilis</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bacteroides_fragilis"><em>Bacteroides fragilis</em> </a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bacth"><em>Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron</em> </a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bartonella_henselae"><em>Bartonella henselae</em> </a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bartonella_quintana"><em>Bartonella quintana</em> </a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bdellovibrio_bacteriovorus"><em>Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bifi"><em>Bifidobacterium longum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bloc"><em>Blochmannia floridanus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bord1"><em>Bordetella bronchiseptica</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bord2"><em>Bordetella parapertussis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bord3"><em>Bordetella pertussis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#borr"><em>Borrelia burgdorferi</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#brad"><em>Bradyrhizobium japonicum</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bruc"><em>Brucella melitensis</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#brucs"><em>Brucella suis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#buch"><em>Buchnera aphidicola</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#burkholderia_mallei"><em>Burkholderia mallei</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#burkholderia_pseudomallei"><em>Burkholderia pseudomallei</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#caenorhabditis_briggsae"><em>Caenorhabditis briggsae</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#caen"><em>Caenorhabditis elegans</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#camp"><em>Campylobacter jejuni</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#candida_glabrata"><em>Candida glabrata</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#canis_familiaris"><em>Canis familiaris</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#caul"><em>Caulobacter crescentus</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#chlam"><em>Chlamydia muridarum</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#chlat"><em>Chlamydia trachomatis</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#chlac"><em>Chlamydophila caviae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#chlap"><em>Chlamydophila pneumoniae</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#chltep"><em>Chlorobium tepidum</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#chromobacterium_violaceum"><em>Chromobacterium violaceum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#cion"><em>Ciona intestinalis</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#closa"><em>Clostridium acetobutylicum</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#closp"><em>Clostridium perfringens</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#clost"><em>Clostridium tetani</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#corynebacterium_diphtheriae"><em>Corynebacterium diphtheriae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#cory"><em>Corynebacterium efficiens</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#coxb"><em>Coxiella burnetii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#cryptosporidium_hominis"><em>Cryptosporidium hominis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#cryptosporidium_parvum"><em>Cryptosporidium parvum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#cyanidioschyzon_merolae"><em>Cyanidioschyzon merolae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#debaryomyces_hansenii"><em>Debaryomyces hansenii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#dein"><em>Deinococcus radiodurans</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#desulfotalea_psychrophila"><em>Desulfotalea psychrophila</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#desulfovibrio_vulgaris"><em>Desulfovibrio vulgaris</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#dros"><em>Drosophila melanogaster</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#ence"><em>Encephalitozoon cuniculi</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#ente"><em>Enterococcus faecalis</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#erwinia_carotovora"><em>Erwinia carotovora</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#esch"><em>Escherichia coli</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#fuso"><em>Fusobacterium nucleatum</em></a> <br /> </td> <td class="smallblk" valign="top" width="231" height="65"><a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#gallus_gallus"><em>Gallus gallus</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#geobacter_sulfurreducens"><em>Geobacter sulfurreducens</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#gloeobacter_violaceus"><em>Gloeobacter violaceus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#guil"><em>Guillardia theta</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#haemd"><em>Haemophilus ducreyi</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#haem"><em>Haemophilus influenzae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#halo"><em>Halobacterium</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#helih"><em>Helicobacter hepaticus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#heli"><em>Helicobacter pylori</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#homo"><em>Homo sapiens</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#kluyveromyces_waltii"><em>Kluyveromyces waltii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#lactobacillus_johnsonii"><em>Lactobacillus johnsonii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#lacb"><em>Lactobacillus plantarum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#legionella_pneumophila"><em>Legionella pneumophila</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#leifsonia_xyli"><em>Leifsonia xyli</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#lact"><em>Lactococcus lactis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#lepto"><em>Leptospira interrogans</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#listi"><em>Listeria innocua</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#listm"><em>Listeria monocytogenes</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#magna"><em>Magnaporthe grisea</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mannheimia_succiniciproducens"><em>Mannheimia succiniciproducens</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mesoplasma_florum"><em>Mesoplasma florum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#meso"><em>Mesorhizobium loti</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#methb"><em>Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#methbur"><em>Methanococcoides burtonii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#methj"><em>Methanococcus jannaschii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#methanococcus_maripaludis"><em>Methanococcus maripaludis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#methfri"><em>Methanogenium frigidum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#methp"><em>Methanopyrus kandleri</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#methsa"><em>Methanosarcina acetivorans</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#methsm"><em>Methanosarcina mazei</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#methylococcus_capsulatus"><em>Methylococcus capsulatus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mouse"><em>Mus musculus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycob"><em>Mycobacterium bovis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycol"><em>Mycobacterium leprae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycop"><em>Mycobacterium paratuberculosis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycot"><em>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycopga"><em>Mycoplasma gallisepticum </em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycopg"><em>Mycoplasma genitalium</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycoplasma_mycoides"><em>Mycoplasma mycoides</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycoppe"><em>Mycoplasma penetrans</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycoppn"><em>Mycoplasma pneumoniae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycoppu"><em>Mycoplasma pulmonis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycoplasma_mobile"><em>Mycoplasma mobile</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#nanoarchaeum_equitans"><em>Nanoarchaeum equitans</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#neiss"><em>Neisseria meningitidis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#neuro"><em>Neurospora crassa</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#nitro"><em>Nitrosomonas europaea</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#nocardia_farcinica"><em>Nocardia farcinica</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#ocea"><em>Oceanobacillus iheyensis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#onions_yellows_phytoplasma"><em>Onions yellows phytoplasma</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#oryz"><em>Oryza sativa</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#pan_troglodytes"><em>Pan troglodytes</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#past"><em>Pasteurella multocida</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#phanerochaete_chrysosporium"><em>Phanerochaete chrysosporium</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#photo"><em>Photorhabdus luminescens</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#picrophilus_torridus"><em>Picrophilus torridus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#plasf"><em>Plasmodium falciparum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#plasy"><em>Plasmodium yoelii yoelii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#populus_trichocarpa"><em>Populus trichocarpa</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#porphy_gin"><em>Porphyromonas gingivalis</em></a> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#proc"><em>Prochlorococcus marinus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#propionibacterium_acnes"><em>Propionibacterium acnes</em></a><br /> </td> <td class="smallblk" valign="top" width="250" height="65"><a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#protochlamydia_amoebophila"><em>Protochlamydia amoebophila</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#pseuda"><em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#pseudp"><em>Pseudomonas putida</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#psyrin"><em>Pseudomonas syringae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#pyrobac"><em>Pyrobaculum aerophilum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#pyrocaby"><em>Pyrococcus abyssi</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#pyrocfur"><em>Pyrococcus furiosus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#pyroch"><em>Pyrococcus horikoshii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#pyrolobus_fumarii"><em>Pyrolobus fumarii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#rals"><em>Ralstonia solanacearum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#rattus_norvegicus"><em>Rattus norvegicus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#rhod"><em>Rhodopirellula baltica</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#rhodopseudomonas_palustris"><em>Rhodopseudomonas palustris</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#rickc"><em>Rickettsia conorii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#rickettsia_typhi"><em>Rickettsia typhi</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#rickp"><em>Rickettsia prowazekii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#ricks"><em>Rickettsia sibirica</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#sacc"><em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#saccharopolyspora_erythraea"><em>Saccharopolyspora erythraea</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#salmtyp"><em>Salmonella enterica</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#salmtypm"><em>Salmonella typhimurium</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#schizpo"><em>Schizosaccharomyces pombe</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#shew"><em>Shewanella oneidensis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#shig"><em>Shigella flexneria</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#sinor"><em>Sinorhizobium meliloti</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#staphaur"><em>Staphylococcus aureus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#stapep"><em>Staphylococcus epidermidis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#strepa"><em>Streptococcus agalactiae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#strepm"><em>Streptococcus mutans</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#strepp"><em>Streptococcus pneumoniae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#streppyo"><em>Streptococcus pyogenes</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#streptococcus_thermophilus"><em>Streptococcus thermophilus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#saver"><em>Streptomyces avermitilis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#scoe"><em>Streptomyces coelicolor</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#sulf"><em>Sulfolobus solfataricus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#sulftoko"><em>Sulfolobus tokodaii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#synec"><em>Synechococcus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#syne"><em>Synechocystis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#takifugu"><em>Takifugu rubripes</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#tetraodon_nigroviridis"><em>Tetraodon nigroviridis</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#thalassiosira_pseudonana"><em>Thalassiosira pseudonana</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#thermoana"><em>Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#thermoacid"><em>Thermoplasma acidophilum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#thermovol"><em>Thermoplasma volcanium</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#thermosy"><em>Thermosynechococcus elongatus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#thermotmari"><em>Thermotagoa maritima</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#thermus_thermophilus"><em>Thermus thermophilus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#treponema_denticola"><em>Treponema denticola</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#trep"><em>Treponema pallidum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#twhip"><em>Tropheryma whipplei</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#urea"><em>Ureaplasma urealyticum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#vibr"><em>Vibrio cholerae</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#vibp"><em>Vibrio parahaemolyticus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#vibrv"><em>Vibrio vulnificus</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#wiggle"><em>Wigglesworthia glossinidia</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#wolbachia_pipientis"><em>Wolbachia pipientis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#wolinella_succinogenes"><em>Wolinella succinogenes</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#xantax"><em>Xanthomonas axonopodis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#xancamp"><em>Xanthomonas campestris</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#xyel"><em>Xylella fastidiosa</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#yarrowia lipolytica"><em>Yarrowia lipolytica</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#yersinia_pseudotuberculosis"><em>Yersinia pseudotuberculosis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#yers"><em>Yersinia pestis</em></a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> 978a6c7d2dd3f0a43142e5caf502f001b8fc89d5 0 1633 2137 2008-08-31T15:58:40Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong><font color="#ff0000" size="4">As of early 2008, there are over 4600 genomes fully sequenced.<br /> <br /> </font></strong><strong><font color="#ff0000" size="4"><img alt="" src="/FCKeditor/editor/images/smiley/msn/lightbulb.gif" /></font><font color="#993300">&nbsp;For&nbsp;an efficient trackinig of&nbsp;sequencing projects, we would like you to&nbsp;inform/register your sequencing projects in Genomics.org.<br /> </font><br /> <font size="4">[[List of fully sequenced genomes]]</font> (please add if you find a missing one)<br /> <br /> <font size="3"><img alt="" src="/FCKeditor/editor/images/smiley/msn/lightbulb.gif" />List from GenomeNewsNetwork</font><br /> <table cellpadding="0" width="700"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="smallblk" valign="top" width="209" height="65"><a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#aero"><font color="#810081"><em>Aeropyrum pernix</em> </font></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#agro"><em>Agrobacterium tumefaciens</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#anab"><em>Anabaena</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#anop"><em>Anopheles gambiae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#apis_mellifera"><em>Apis mellifera</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#aqui"><em>Aquifex aeolicus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#arab"><em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#arch"><em>Archaeoglobus fulgidus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#ashbya_gossypii"><em>Ashbya gossypii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bacianth"><em>Bacillus anthracis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bacc"><em>Bacillus cereus</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bacihalo"><em>Bacillus halodurans</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bacillus_licheniformis"><em>Bacillus licheniformis</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bacisub"><em>Bacillus subtilis</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bacteroides_fragilis"><em>Bacteroides fragilis</em> </a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bacth"><em>Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron</em> </a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bartonella_henselae"><em>Bartonella henselae</em> </a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bartonella_quintana"><em>Bartonella quintana</em> </a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bdellovibrio_bacteriovorus"><em>Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bifi"><em>Bifidobacterium longum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bloc"><em>Blochmannia floridanus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bord1"><em>Bordetella bronchiseptica</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bord2"><em>Bordetella parapertussis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bord3"><em>Bordetella pertussis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#borr"><em>Borrelia burgdorferi</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#brad"><em>Bradyrhizobium japonicum</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bruc"><em>Brucella melitensis</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#brucs"><em>Brucella suis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#buch"><em>Buchnera aphidicola</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#burkholderia_mallei"><em>Burkholderia mallei</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#burkholderia_pseudomallei"><em>Burkholderia pseudomallei</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#caenorhabditis_briggsae"><em>Caenorhabditis briggsae</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#caen"><em>Caenorhabditis elegans</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#camp"><em>Campylobacter jejuni</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#candida_glabrata"><em>Candida glabrata</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#canis_familiaris"><em>Canis familiaris</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#caul"><em>Caulobacter crescentus</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#chlam"><em>Chlamydia muridarum</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#chlat"><em>Chlamydia trachomatis</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#chlac"><em>Chlamydophila caviae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#chlap"><em>Chlamydophila pneumoniae</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#chltep"><em>Chlorobium tepidum</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#chromobacterium_violaceum"><em>Chromobacterium violaceum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#cion"><em>Ciona intestinalis</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#closa"><em>Clostridium acetobutylicum</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#closp"><em>Clostridium perfringens</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#clost"><em>Clostridium tetani</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#corynebacterium_diphtheriae"><em>Corynebacterium diphtheriae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#cory"><em>Corynebacterium efficiens</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#coxb"><em>Coxiella burnetii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#cryptosporidium_hominis"><em>Cryptosporidium hominis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#cryptosporidium_parvum"><em>Cryptosporidium parvum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#cyanidioschyzon_merolae"><em>Cyanidioschyzon merolae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#debaryomyces_hansenii"><em>Debaryomyces hansenii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#dein"><em>Deinococcus radiodurans</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#desulfotalea_psychrophila"><em>Desulfotalea psychrophila</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#desulfovibrio_vulgaris"><em>Desulfovibrio vulgaris</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#dros"><em>Drosophila melanogaster</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#ence"><em>Encephalitozoon cuniculi</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#ente"><em>Enterococcus faecalis</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#erwinia_carotovora"><em>Erwinia carotovora</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#esch"><em>Escherichia coli</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#fuso"><em>Fusobacterium nucleatum</em></a> <br /> </td> <td class="smallblk" valign="top" width="231" height="65"><a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#gallus_gallus"><em>Gallus gallus</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#geobacter_sulfurreducens"><em>Geobacter sulfurreducens</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#gloeobacter_violaceus"><em>Gloeobacter violaceus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#guil"><em>Guillardia theta</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#haemd"><em>Haemophilus ducreyi</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#haem"><em>Haemophilus influenzae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#halo"><em>Halobacterium</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#helih"><em>Helicobacter hepaticus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#heli"><em>Helicobacter pylori</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#homo"><em>Homo sapiens</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#kluyveromyces_waltii"><em>Kluyveromyces waltii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#lactobacillus_johnsonii"><em>Lactobacillus johnsonii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#lacb"><em>Lactobacillus plantarum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#legionella_pneumophila"><em>Legionella pneumophila</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#leifsonia_xyli"><em>Leifsonia xyli</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#lact"><em>Lactococcus lactis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#lepto"><em>Leptospira interrogans</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#listi"><em>Listeria innocua</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#listm"><em>Listeria monocytogenes</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#magna"><em>Magnaporthe grisea</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mannheimia_succiniciproducens"><em>Mannheimia succiniciproducens</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mesoplasma_florum"><em>Mesoplasma florum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#meso"><em>Mesorhizobium loti</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#methb"><em>Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#methbur"><em>Methanococcoides burtonii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#methj"><em>Methanococcus jannaschii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#methanococcus_maripaludis"><em>Methanococcus maripaludis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#methfri"><em>Methanogenium frigidum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#methp"><em>Methanopyrus kandleri</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#methsa"><em>Methanosarcina acetivorans</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#methsm"><em>Methanosarcina mazei</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#methylococcus_capsulatus"><em>Methylococcus capsulatus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mouse"><em>Mus musculus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycob"><em>Mycobacterium bovis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycol"><em>Mycobacterium leprae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycop"><em>Mycobacterium paratuberculosis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycot"><em>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycopga"><em>Mycoplasma gallisepticum </em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycopg"><em>Mycoplasma genitalium</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycoplasma_mycoides"><em>Mycoplasma mycoides</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycoppe"><em>Mycoplasma penetrans</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycoppn"><em>Mycoplasma pneumoniae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycoppu"><em>Mycoplasma pulmonis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycoplasma_mobile"><em>Mycoplasma mobile</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#nanoarchaeum_equitans"><em>Nanoarchaeum equitans</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#neiss"><em>Neisseria meningitidis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#neuro"><em>Neurospora crassa</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#nitro"><em>Nitrosomonas europaea</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#nocardia_farcinica"><em>Nocardia farcinica</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#ocea"><em>Oceanobacillus iheyensis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#onions_yellows_phytoplasma"><em>Onions yellows phytoplasma</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#oryz"><em>Oryza sativa</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#pan_troglodytes"><em>Pan troglodytes</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#past"><em>Pasteurella multocida</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#phanerochaete_chrysosporium"><em>Phanerochaete chrysosporium</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#photo"><em>Photorhabdus luminescens</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#picrophilus_torridus"><em>Picrophilus torridus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#plasf"><em>Plasmodium falciparum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#plasy"><em>Plasmodium yoelii yoelii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#populus_trichocarpa"><em>Populus trichocarpa</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#porphy_gin"><em>Porphyromonas gingivalis</em></a> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#proc"><em>Prochlorococcus marinus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#propionibacterium_acnes"><em>Propionibacterium acnes</em></a><br /> </td> <td class="smallblk" valign="top" width="250" height="65"><a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#protochlamydia_amoebophila"><em>Protochlamydia amoebophila</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#pseuda"><em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#pseudp"><em>Pseudomonas putida</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#psyrin"><em>Pseudomonas syringae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#pyrobac"><em>Pyrobaculum aerophilum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#pyrocaby"><em>Pyrococcus abyssi</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#pyrocfur"><em>Pyrococcus furiosus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#pyroch"><em>Pyrococcus horikoshii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#pyrolobus_fumarii"><em>Pyrolobus fumarii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#rals"><em>Ralstonia solanacearum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#rattus_norvegicus"><em>Rattus norvegicus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#rhod"><em>Rhodopirellula baltica</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#rhodopseudomonas_palustris"><em>Rhodopseudomonas palustris</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#rickc"><em>Rickettsia conorii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#rickettsia_typhi"><em>Rickettsia typhi</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#rickp"><em>Rickettsia prowazekii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#ricks"><em>Rickettsia sibirica</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#sacc"><em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#saccharopolyspora_erythraea"><em>Saccharopolyspora erythraea</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#salmtyp"><em>Salmonella enterica</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#salmtypm"><em>Salmonella typhimurium</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#schizpo"><em>Schizosaccharomyces pombe</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#shew"><em>Shewanella oneidensis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#shig"><em>Shigella flexneria</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#sinor"><em>Sinorhizobium meliloti</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#staphaur"><em>Staphylococcus aureus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#stapep"><em>Staphylococcus epidermidis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#strepa"><em>Streptococcus agalactiae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#strepm"><em>Streptococcus mutans</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#strepp"><em>Streptococcus pneumoniae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#streppyo"><em>Streptococcus pyogenes</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#streptococcus_thermophilus"><em>Streptococcus thermophilus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#saver"><em>Streptomyces avermitilis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#scoe"><em>Streptomyces coelicolor</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#sulf"><em>Sulfolobus solfataricus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#sulftoko"><em>Sulfolobus tokodaii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#synec"><em>Synechococcus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#syne"><em>Synechocystis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#takifugu"><em>Takifugu rubripes</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#tetraodon_nigroviridis"><em>Tetraodon nigroviridis</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#thalassiosira_pseudonana"><em>Thalassiosira pseudonana</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#thermoana"><em>Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#thermoacid"><em>Thermoplasma acidophilum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#thermovol"><em>Thermoplasma volcanium</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#thermosy"><em>Thermosynechococcus elongatus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#thermotmari"><em>Thermotagoa maritima</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#thermus_thermophilus"><em>Thermus thermophilus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#treponema_denticola"><em>Treponema denticola</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#trep"><em>Treponema pallidum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#twhip"><em>Tropheryma whipplei</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#urea"><em>Ureaplasma urealyticum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#vibr"><em>Vibrio cholerae</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#vibp"><em>Vibrio parahaemolyticus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#vibrv"><em>Vibrio vulnificus</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#wiggle"><em>Wigglesworthia glossinidia</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#wolbachia_pipientis"><em>Wolbachia pipientis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#wolinella_succinogenes"><em>Wolinella succinogenes</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#xantax"><em>Xanthomonas axonopodis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#xancamp"><em>Xanthomonas campestris</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#xyel"><em>Xylella fastidiosa</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#yarrowia lipolytica"><em>Yarrowia lipolytica</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#yersinia_pseudotuberculosis"><em>Yersinia pseudotuberculosis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#yers"><em>Yersinia pestis</em></a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </strong> b6bd4ea3220288d5e826f175dbb94a9a6b9fe32d 2138 2008-08-31T16:00:21Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong><font color="#ff0000" size="4">As of early 2008, there are over 4600 genomes/chromosomes/plasmids sequenced.<br /> <br /> </font></strong><strong><font color="#ff0000" size="4"><img alt="" src="/FCKeditor/editor/images/smiley/msn/lightbulb.gif" /></font><font color="#993300">&nbsp;For&nbsp;an efficient trackinig of&nbsp;sequencing projects, we would like you to&nbsp;inform/register your sequencing projects in Genomics.org.<br /> </font><br /> <font size="4">[[List of fully sequenced genomes]]</font> (please add if you find a missing one)<br /> <br /> <font size="3"><img alt="" src="/FCKeditor/editor/images/smiley/msn/lightbulb.gif" />List from GenomeNewsNetwork</font><br /> <table cellpadding="0" width="700"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="smallblk" valign="top" width="209" height="65"><a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#aero"><font color="#810081"><em>Aeropyrum pernix</em> </font></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#agro"><em>Agrobacterium tumefaciens</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#anab"><em>Anabaena</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#anop"><em>Anopheles gambiae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#apis_mellifera"><em>Apis mellifera</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#aqui"><em>Aquifex aeolicus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#arab"><em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#arch"><em>Archaeoglobus fulgidus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#ashbya_gossypii"><em>Ashbya gossypii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bacianth"><em>Bacillus anthracis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bacc"><em>Bacillus cereus</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bacihalo"><em>Bacillus halodurans</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bacillus_licheniformis"><em>Bacillus licheniformis</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bacisub"><em>Bacillus subtilis</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bacteroides_fragilis"><em>Bacteroides fragilis</em> </a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bacth"><em>Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron</em> </a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bartonella_henselae"><em>Bartonella henselae</em> </a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bartonella_quintana"><em>Bartonella quintana</em> </a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bdellovibrio_bacteriovorus"><em>Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bifi"><em>Bifidobacterium longum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bloc"><em>Blochmannia floridanus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bord1"><em>Bordetella bronchiseptica</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bord2"><em>Bordetella parapertussis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bord3"><em>Bordetella pertussis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#borr"><em>Borrelia burgdorferi</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#brad"><em>Bradyrhizobium japonicum</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bruc"><em>Brucella melitensis</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#brucs"><em>Brucella suis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#buch"><em>Buchnera aphidicola</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#burkholderia_mallei"><em>Burkholderia mallei</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#burkholderia_pseudomallei"><em>Burkholderia pseudomallei</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#caenorhabditis_briggsae"><em>Caenorhabditis briggsae</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#caen"><em>Caenorhabditis elegans</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#camp"><em>Campylobacter jejuni</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#candida_glabrata"><em>Candida glabrata</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#canis_familiaris"><em>Canis familiaris</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#caul"><em>Caulobacter crescentus</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#chlam"><em>Chlamydia muridarum</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#chlat"><em>Chlamydia trachomatis</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#chlac"><em>Chlamydophila caviae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#chlap"><em>Chlamydophila pneumoniae</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#chltep"><em>Chlorobium tepidum</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#chromobacterium_violaceum"><em>Chromobacterium violaceum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#cion"><em>Ciona intestinalis</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#closa"><em>Clostridium acetobutylicum</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#closp"><em>Clostridium perfringens</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#clost"><em>Clostridium tetani</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#corynebacterium_diphtheriae"><em>Corynebacterium diphtheriae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#cory"><em>Corynebacterium efficiens</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#coxb"><em>Coxiella burnetii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#cryptosporidium_hominis"><em>Cryptosporidium hominis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#cryptosporidium_parvum"><em>Cryptosporidium parvum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#cyanidioschyzon_merolae"><em>Cyanidioschyzon merolae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#debaryomyces_hansenii"><em>Debaryomyces hansenii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#dein"><em>Deinococcus radiodurans</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#desulfotalea_psychrophila"><em>Desulfotalea psychrophila</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#desulfovibrio_vulgaris"><em>Desulfovibrio vulgaris</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#dros"><em>Drosophila melanogaster</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#ence"><em>Encephalitozoon cuniculi</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#ente"><em>Enterococcus faecalis</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#erwinia_carotovora"><em>Erwinia carotovora</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#esch"><em>Escherichia coli</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#fuso"><em>Fusobacterium nucleatum</em></a> <br /> </td> <td class="smallblk" valign="top" width="231" height="65"><a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#gallus_gallus"><em>Gallus gallus</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#geobacter_sulfurreducens"><em>Geobacter sulfurreducens</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#gloeobacter_violaceus"><em>Gloeobacter violaceus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#guil"><em>Guillardia theta</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#haemd"><em>Haemophilus ducreyi</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#haem"><em>Haemophilus influenzae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#halo"><em>Halobacterium</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#helih"><em>Helicobacter hepaticus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#heli"><em>Helicobacter pylori</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#homo"><em>Homo sapiens</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#kluyveromyces_waltii"><em>Kluyveromyces waltii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#lactobacillus_johnsonii"><em>Lactobacillus johnsonii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#lacb"><em>Lactobacillus plantarum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#legionella_pneumophila"><em>Legionella pneumophila</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#leifsonia_xyli"><em>Leifsonia xyli</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#lact"><em>Lactococcus lactis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#lepto"><em>Leptospira interrogans</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#listi"><em>Listeria innocua</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#listm"><em>Listeria monocytogenes</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#magna"><em>Magnaporthe grisea</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mannheimia_succiniciproducens"><em>Mannheimia succiniciproducens</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mesoplasma_florum"><em>Mesoplasma florum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#meso"><em>Mesorhizobium loti</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#methb"><em>Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#methbur"><em>Methanococcoides burtonii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#methj"><em>Methanococcus jannaschii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#methanococcus_maripaludis"><em>Methanococcus maripaludis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#methfri"><em>Methanogenium frigidum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#methp"><em>Methanopyrus kandleri</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#methsa"><em>Methanosarcina acetivorans</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#methsm"><em>Methanosarcina mazei</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#methylococcus_capsulatus"><em>Methylococcus capsulatus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mouse"><em>Mus musculus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycob"><em>Mycobacterium bovis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycol"><em>Mycobacterium leprae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycop"><em>Mycobacterium paratuberculosis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycot"><em>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycopga"><em>Mycoplasma gallisepticum </em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycopg"><em>Mycoplasma genitalium</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycoplasma_mycoides"><em>Mycoplasma mycoides</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycoppe"><em>Mycoplasma penetrans</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycoppn"><em>Mycoplasma pneumoniae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycoppu"><em>Mycoplasma pulmonis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycoplasma_mobile"><em>Mycoplasma mobile</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#nanoarchaeum_equitans"><em>Nanoarchaeum equitans</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#neiss"><em>Neisseria meningitidis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#neuro"><em>Neurospora crassa</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#nitro"><em>Nitrosomonas europaea</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#nocardia_farcinica"><em>Nocardia farcinica</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#ocea"><em>Oceanobacillus iheyensis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#onions_yellows_phytoplasma"><em>Onions yellows phytoplasma</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#oryz"><em>Oryza sativa</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#pan_troglodytes"><em>Pan troglodytes</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#past"><em>Pasteurella multocida</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#phanerochaete_chrysosporium"><em>Phanerochaete chrysosporium</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#photo"><em>Photorhabdus luminescens</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#picrophilus_torridus"><em>Picrophilus torridus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#plasf"><em>Plasmodium falciparum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#plasy"><em>Plasmodium yoelii yoelii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#populus_trichocarpa"><em>Populus trichocarpa</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#porphy_gin"><em>Porphyromonas gingivalis</em></a> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#proc"><em>Prochlorococcus marinus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#propionibacterium_acnes"><em>Propionibacterium acnes</em></a><br /> </td> <td class="smallblk" valign="top" width="250" height="65"><a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#protochlamydia_amoebophila"><em>Protochlamydia amoebophila</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#pseuda"><em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#pseudp"><em>Pseudomonas putida</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#psyrin"><em>Pseudomonas syringae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#pyrobac"><em>Pyrobaculum aerophilum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#pyrocaby"><em>Pyrococcus abyssi</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#pyrocfur"><em>Pyrococcus furiosus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#pyroch"><em>Pyrococcus horikoshii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#pyrolobus_fumarii"><em>Pyrolobus fumarii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#rals"><em>Ralstonia solanacearum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#rattus_norvegicus"><em>Rattus norvegicus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#rhod"><em>Rhodopirellula baltica</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#rhodopseudomonas_palustris"><em>Rhodopseudomonas palustris</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#rickc"><em>Rickettsia conorii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#rickettsia_typhi"><em>Rickettsia typhi</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#rickp"><em>Rickettsia prowazekii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#ricks"><em>Rickettsia sibirica</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#sacc"><em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#saccharopolyspora_erythraea"><em>Saccharopolyspora erythraea</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#salmtyp"><em>Salmonella enterica</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#salmtypm"><em>Salmonella typhimurium</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#schizpo"><em>Schizosaccharomyces pombe</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#shew"><em>Shewanella oneidensis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#shig"><em>Shigella flexneria</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#sinor"><em>Sinorhizobium meliloti</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#staphaur"><em>Staphylococcus aureus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#stapep"><em>Staphylococcus epidermidis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#strepa"><em>Streptococcus agalactiae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#strepm"><em>Streptococcus mutans</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#strepp"><em>Streptococcus pneumoniae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#streppyo"><em>Streptococcus pyogenes</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#streptococcus_thermophilus"><em>Streptococcus thermophilus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#saver"><em>Streptomyces avermitilis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#scoe"><em>Streptomyces coelicolor</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#sulf"><em>Sulfolobus solfataricus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#sulftoko"><em>Sulfolobus tokodaii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#synec"><em>Synechococcus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#syne"><em>Synechocystis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#takifugu"><em>Takifugu rubripes</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#tetraodon_nigroviridis"><em>Tetraodon nigroviridis</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#thalassiosira_pseudonana"><em>Thalassiosira pseudonana</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#thermoana"><em>Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#thermoacid"><em>Thermoplasma acidophilum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#thermovol"><em>Thermoplasma volcanium</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#thermosy"><em>Thermosynechococcus elongatus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#thermotmari"><em>Thermotagoa maritima</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#thermus_thermophilus"><em>Thermus thermophilus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#treponema_denticola"><em>Treponema denticola</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#trep"><em>Treponema pallidum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#twhip"><em>Tropheryma whipplei</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#urea"><em>Ureaplasma urealyticum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#vibr"><em>Vibrio cholerae</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#vibp"><em>Vibrio parahaemolyticus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#vibrv"><em>Vibrio vulnificus</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#wiggle"><em>Wigglesworthia glossinidia</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#wolbachia_pipientis"><em>Wolbachia pipientis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#wolinella_succinogenes"><em>Wolinella succinogenes</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#xantax"><em>Xanthomonas axonopodis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#xancamp"><em>Xanthomonas campestris</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#xyel"><em>Xylella fastidiosa</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#yarrowia lipolytica"><em>Yarrowia lipolytica</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#yersinia_pseudotuberculosis"><em>Yersinia pseudotuberculosis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#yers"><em>Yersinia pestis</em></a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </strong> b58282d8a369ac456bb080699b8d6ab00a3dbfee 0 1604 2139 2008-08-31T16:03:00Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong></strong> <h3>Who sequenced the human(Caucasian) genome?</h3> Human Genome Project&nbsp;was funded at many laboratories around the U.S. by the Department of Energy (DOE), the National Institutes of Health (NIH), or both.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> A list of the major U.S. Human Genome Project&nbsp;sites&nbsp;is here ([[Human Genome Project Sequencing Sites]]). <p>Other researchers at numerous colleges, universities, and laboratories throughout the United States have also received DOE and NIH funding for human genome research. At any given time, the DOE Human Genome Program has funded about 100 separate principal investigators. For DOE-funded projects, see <a href="http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/research/research.shtml">Research</a>. To see a list of NIH-funded projects, visit their grants <a href="http://www.genome.gov/Grants/">database</a>. </p> <p>In addition, many large and small private U.S. companies are conducting genome research. For more on the genomics research partnership between the public and private sectors, see the <a href="http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/project/privatesector.shtml">Human Genome Project and the Private Sector Fact Sheet</a>. At least 18 other countries have participated in the Human Genome Project. See the <a href="http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/research/centers.shtml">list</a>.</p> 570ef803e5b9d9b4896807bf8e60de222eaf2033 2141 2008-08-31T16:03:42Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong></strong> <h3>Who sequenced the human(Caucasian) genome?</h3> Human Genome Project&nbsp;was funded at many laboratories around the U.S. by the Department of Energy (DOE), the National Institutes of Health (NIH), or both.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> A list of the major U.S. Human Genome Project&nbsp;sites&nbsp;is here ([[Human Genome Project Sequencing Sites]]). <p>Other researchers at numerous colleges, universities, and laboratories throughout the United States have also received DOE and NIH funding for human genome research. At any given time, the DOE Human Genome Program has funded about 100 separate principal investigators. For DOE-funded projects, see <a href="http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/research/research.shtml">Research</a>. To see a list of NIH-funded projects, visit their grants <a href="http://www.genome.gov/Grants/">database</a>. </p> <p>In addition, many large and small private U.S. companies are conducting genome research. For more on the genomics research partnership between the public and private sectors, see the <a href="http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/project/privatesector.shtml">Human Genome Project and the Private Sector Fact Sheet</a>. At least 18 other countries have participated in the Human Genome Project. See the <a href="http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/research/centers.shtml">list</a>.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Genomics basics]]</p> 64edd2255bfdba4ddc10cd563408d8a993d40f0a 0 1606 2140 2008-08-31T16:03:25Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font size="5">DNA sequencing process</font><br /> <br /> <font size="3">1. Mapping<br /> 2. Library creation<br /> 3. Template preparation<br /> 4. Gel electrophoresis<br /> 5. Pre-finishing and Finishing<br /> 6. Data editiing and annotation<br /> <br /> [[Genomics basics]]</font></p> a45cbd78f1df033889071e2a5a86c9b595f154d8 0 1634 2142 2008-09-07T15:44:45Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <a href="http://www.kogo.or.kr">http://www.kogo.or.kr</a><br /> <br /> 4c2f1d642d584805e5762b72298d0e84bb3dd47c 0 1629 2143 2008-09-07T15:45:46Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font size="4"><font size="6"><strong>$0 Genomics Project</strong> <strong>for genomic equality</strong><br /> </font><font size="3">(aka: [[Free Genomics Project]])</font><font size="5">&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </font><font size="4">$0 Genomics project is a project launched by Genomics.org</font><br /> <br /> <font color="#800000" size="3"><strong>Free Genomics Project is a &quot;world project&quot;. We aim to make all the governments, biocompanies, and institutes to partcipate in this to make&nbsp;all the&nbsp;human genome information free.</strong>&nbsp;<br /> </font><br /> <font size="3"><br /> It is to collect personal genome information for free and distribute&nbsp;genomics information&nbsp;free of charge.&nbsp;<br /> It is a zero-cost gen<strong>omics</strong> project.<br /> <br /> Governments and companies can pay for the genotyping cost and people let the world access the personal genome information without any restriction.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> All the $0 geonmics participants get all the personal genomics information for free from Genomics.org.<br /> <br /> There are people who have published personal genomic information.&nbsp;<br /> If you have your own genome information acquired by full genome sequencing, SNP chips and other genome chips, you can provide the information to genomics.org.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> It is an <em>openfree</em> <font color="#339966">B</font><font color="#ff0000">i</font><font color="#0000ff">O</font> project.<br /> <br /> </font><font size="3"><strong><br /> <font size="4"><font size="5">Why $0 genomics project?</font><br /> </font><br /> Genomic equality<br /> </strong><br /> Genome information should be free for all and the benefit of free genomics should be shared by people with little money and access to information.<br /> <br /> </font><font size="3"><strong>Faster technology development<br /> </strong>If most of the governments in the world collaborate and support free genome sequencing, biocompanies will get huge benefits and they can accelerate the tech. dev.<br /> <br /> <strong><font size="5">How does it work?</font><br /> </strong><br /> <strong><font color="#ff0000" size="4">The first step:</font></strong><br /> <strong>1. [[Please click here and sign your name to petition the governments of the world to sequence genomes free of charge]]</strong><br /> <font size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp; - Your signatures will help people understand the importance of genomic equality philosophically, socially, and financially.<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp; - We can persuade governments, UN, large companies, and trusts to perform genomics project as the world community project.<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp; - [[Openletter to the world for&nbsp;genomic equality]]<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp; - If we have&nbsp;a global participation from the early stage of personal genomics, we can discuss ethical and equality issues&nbsp;from the beginning.</font><br /> <br /> <strong><font color="#ff6600">The second step:<br /> </font>2. [[Mapping the population stratification with government and company funds for free genotyping throughout the world]]<br /> </strong><font size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp; - Equal opportunities are given to people throughout the world regardless of racial, financial, and political backgrounds.<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp; - Human beings help to other human beings in understanding the whole <em>Homo sapiens</em> with equal contribution and feeling of sharing.</font><br /> <br /> <strong><font color="#339966">The third step:</font><br /> 3. [[Pinpointing persons who represent in the population clusters and genotype them for their families and groups]]<br /> </strong><font size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp; - This way, we make sure that the free genome project evenly genotype populations throughout the world.<br /> </font><font size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp; - [[Comparing 7 billion human genomes with computers]] without sequencing 7 billion humans.<br /> </font>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </font><font size="4"><strong>List of Companies that we target for contribution<br /> </strong></font><font size="3">[[Pfizer]]&nbsp; [[Merck]]&nbsp; [[23andme.com]]&nbsp; [[Decodeme.com]]</font><br /> <br /> <strong><font size="4"><br /> <font size="5">Who do the $0 Genomics project?<br /> </font>[[You, us, and the future generations]]<br /> <br /> </font><font size="5">External Links<br /> </font></strong><font size="3">$0 personal genomics home site is: http://personalgenome.net</font><br /> <br /> </font></p> <hr /> <p>[[Donate your genome]]<br /> </p> 9fc1bf87bf4003101f54e1253461909e46c85d90 2197 2008-11-24T21:27:12Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font size="4"><font size="6"><strong>$0 Genom<font color="#ff0000">ics</font> Project</strong> <strong>for genomic equality</strong><br /> </font><font size="3">(aka: [[Free Genomics Project]])</font><font size="5">&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </font><font size="4">$0 Genomics project is a project launched by Genomics.org</font><br /> <br /> <font color="#800000" size="3"><strong>Free Genomics Project is a &quot;world project&quot;. We aim to make all the governments, biocompanies, and institutes to partcipate in this to make&nbsp;all the&nbsp;human genome information free.</strong>&nbsp;<br /> </font><br /> <font size="3"><br /> It is to collect personal genome information for free and distribute&nbsp;genomics information&nbsp;free of charge.&nbsp;<br /> It is a zero-cost gen<strong>omics</strong> project.<br /> <br /> Governments and companies can pay for the genotyping cost and people let the world access the personal genome information without any restriction.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> All the $0 geonmics participants get all the personal genomics information for free from Genomics.org.<br /> <br /> There are people who have published personal genomic information.&nbsp;<br /> If you have your own genome information acquired by full genome sequencing, SNP chips and other genome chips, you can provide the information to genomics.org.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> It is an <em>openfree</em> <font color="#339966">B</font><font color="#ff0000">i</font><font color="#0000ff">O</font> project.<br /> <br /> </font><font size="3"><strong><br /> <font size="4"><font size="5">Why $0 genomics project?</font><br /> </font><br /> Genomic equality<br /> </strong><br /> Genome information should be free for all and the benefit of free genomics should be shared by people with little money and access to information.<br /> <br /> </font><font size="3"><strong>Faster technology development<br /> </strong>If most of the governments in the world collaborate and support free genome sequencing, biocompanies will get huge benefits and they can accelerate the tech. dev.<br /> <br /> <strong><font size="5">How does it work?</font><br /> </strong><br /> <strong><font color="#ff0000" size="4">The first step:</font></strong><br /> <strong>1. [[Please click here and sign your name to petition the governments of the world to sequence genomes free of charge]]</strong><br /> <font size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp; - Your signatures will help people understand the importance of genomic equality philosophically, socially, and financially.<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp; - We can persuade governments, UN, large companies, and trusts to perform genomics project as the world community project.<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp; - [[Openletter to the world for&nbsp;genomic equality]]<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp; - If we have&nbsp;a global participation from the early stage of personal genomics, we can discuss ethical and equality issues&nbsp;from the beginning.</font><br /> <br /> <strong><font color="#ff6600">The second step:<br /> </font>2. [[Mapping the population stratification with government and company funds for free genotyping throughout the world]]<br /> </strong><font size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp; - Equal opportunities are given to people throughout the world regardless of racial, financial, and political backgrounds.<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp; - Human beings help to other human beings in understanding the whole <em>Homo sapiens</em> with equal contribution and feeling of sharing.</font><br /> <br /> <strong><font color="#339966">The third step:</font><br /> 3. [[Pinpointing persons who represent in the population clusters and genotype them for their families and groups]]<br /> </strong><font size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp; - This way, we make sure that the free genome project evenly genotype populations throughout the world.<br /> </font><font size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp; - [[Comparing 7 billion human genomes with computers]] without sequencing 7 billion humans.<br /> </font>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </font><font size="4"><strong>List of Companies that we target for contribution<br /> </strong></font><font size="3">[[Pfizer]]&nbsp; [[Merck]]&nbsp; [[23andme.com]]&nbsp; [[Decodeme.com]]</font><br /> <br /> <strong><font size="4"><br /> <font size="5">Who do the $0 Genomics project?<br /> </font>[[You, us, and the future generations]]<br /> <br /> </font><font size="5">External Links<br /> </font></strong><font size="3">$0 personal genomics home site is: http://personalgenome.net</font><br /> <br /> </font></p> <hr /> <p>[[Donate your genome]]<br /> </p> 331cf567d092cfd11dfb7476c81452f8af87ea6b 0 1596 2144 2008-09-15T03:19:27Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="3"><font size="5"><strong>You are genomics people.</strong><br /> </font><br /> You contain almost complete genetic information of the whole human species in your body right now.&nbsp;<br /> Actually, trillions of copies of them.<br /> <br /> You are the very genomics entity of <em>Homo sapiens</em>.<br /> <br /> It is you. Nearly the whole human species in terms of information.<br /> <br /> Doing genomics is about understanding billions of years of information condensation in the universe. Perhaps the most beautiful information architecture in the universe is you.<br /> <br /> There is every&nbsp; reason why you need to do genomics.<br /> <br /> Let's do it together with other humans with fun, equality, and&nbsp;minimum amount of money.</font><br /> <br /> <font size="4"><br /> <font size="5"><strong>How can you contribute to free genomics?<br /> </strong></font><br /> 1) [[Please_click_here_and_sign_your_name_to_petition_the_governments_of_the_world_to_sequence_genomes_free_of_charge|You can participate in petitioning for free genome project]]<br /> 2) You can donate your [[genotype information]] to Genomics.org.<br /> </font><br /> <hr /> [[Genomics basics]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <br /> <font size="4">External Links<br /> </font>[http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/project/about.shtml About the Human Genome Project]] from ORNL.gov, USA.<br /> [http://informatome.org Informatome.org]<br /> f4ff2181bf8683d565bbb89f95b80fd41f8eb569 2182 2008-11-09T03:22:47Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="3"><font size="5"><strong>You are genomics people.</strong><br /> </font><br /> You contain almost complete genetic information of the whole human species in your body right now.&nbsp;<br /> Actually, trillions of copies of them.<br /> <br /> You are the very genomics entity of <em>Homo sapiens</em>.<br /> <br /> It is you. Nearly the whole human species in terms of information.<br /> <br /> Doing genomics is about understanding billions of years of information condensation in the universe. Perhaps the most beautiful information architecture in the universe is you.<br /> <br /> There is every&nbsp; reason why you need to do genomics.<br /> <br /> Let's do it together with other humans with fun, equality, and&nbsp;minimum amount of money.</font><br /> <br /> <font size="4"><br /> <font size="5"><strong>How can you contribute to free genomics?<br /> </strong></font><br /> 1) [[Please_click_here_and_sign_your_name_to_petition_the_governments_of_the_world_to_sequence_genomes_free_of_charge|You can participate in petitioning for free genome project]]<br /> 2) You can donate your [[genotype information]] to Genomics.org.<br /> </font><br /> <hr /> [[Genomics basics]]&nbsp; [[BioOriginality Principle]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <font size="4">External Links<br /> </font>[http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/project/about.shtml About the Human Genome Project]] from ORNL.gov, USA.<br /> [http://informatome.org Informatome.org] a05512aa92c4fd4b8bad22396514a21bc18bce0e 0 1635 2147 2008-09-16T23:05:28Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>Microbiomics and Microbiome<br /> <br /> Personal Genomics<br /> <br /> </p> 857976260050c64f9662aac883e5c85bd98be25c 0 1595 2148 2008-09-16T23:06:37Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>(1954- ) is an American molecular geneticist.&nbsp;He is perhaps one of the most influential scientist in genomics if not the most.<br /> <br /> He is currently Professor of Genetics <sup class="reference" id="_ref-0">[1]</sup> at Harvard Medical School and Professor of Health Sciences &amp; Technology <sup class="reference" id="_ref-HST_0">[2]</sup> at Harvard and MIT. With Walter Gilbert he developed the first direct genomic sequencing method in 1984<sup class="reference" id="_ref-1">[3]</sup> and helped initiate the Human Genome Project in 1984 <sup class="reference" id="_ref-2">[4]</sup> while he was a Research Scientist at newly-formed Biogen Inc. He invented the broadly-applied concepts of molecular multiplexing and tags<sup class="reference" id="_ref-3">[5]</sup>, homologous recombination methods <sup class="reference" id="_ref-4">[6]</sup>, and DNA array synthesizers. Technology transfer of automated sequencing &amp; software to Genome Therapeutics Corp. resulted in the first commercial genome sequence, (the human pathogen, <em>Helicobacter pylori</em>) in 1994 <sup class="reference" id="_ref-NG_0">[7]</sup>. He initiated the Personal Genome Project (PGP) <sup class="reference" id="_ref-5">[8]</sup> in 2005 and research on synthetic biology. He is director of the U.S. Department of Energy Center on Bioenergy at Harvard &amp; MIT <sup class="reference" id="_ref-6">[9]</sup> and director of the National Institutes of Health (NHGRI) Center of Excellence in Genomic Science at Harvard, MIT &amp; Washington University <sup class="reference" id="_ref-7">[10]</sup>. He has been advisor to 22 companies, most recently co-founding (with Joseph Jacobson, Jay Keasling, and Drew Endy) Codon Devices, a biotech startup dedicated to synthetic biology<sup class="reference" id="_ref-8">[11]</sup> and (with Chris Somerville) founding LS9, which is focused on biofuels <sup class="reference" id="_ref-9">[12]</sup>. He is a senior editor for Nature EMBO Molecular Systems Biology.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <font size="5">See also<br /> </font>[[Personal Genome Project]]</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church George Church in Wikipedia.org] </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://arep.med.harvard.edu/" rel="nofollow" href="http://arep.med.harvard.edu/">Church Lab webpage</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://arep.med.harvard.edu/Polonator/" rel="nofollow" href="http://arep.med.harvard.edu/Polonator/">New Polony DNA Sequencing Methods</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://edge.org/3rd_culture/bios/church.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://edge.org/3rd_culture/bios/church.html">Biosketch on Edge.org</a> </li> </ul> <p><a id="References" name="References"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <div> <ol class="references"> <li id="_note-0"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church#_ref-0">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://genetics.med.harvard.edu/faculty.htm#C" rel="nofollow" href="http://genetics.med.harvard.edu/faculty.htm#C">HMS Genetics Faculty</a> </li> <li id="_note-HST"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church#_ref-HST_0">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://hst.mit.edu/servlet/ControllerServlet?handler=PeopleHandler&amp;action=viewOne&amp;id=HST000211" rel="nofollow" href="http://hst.mit.edu/servlet/ControllerServlet?handler=PeopleHandler&amp;action=viewOne&amp;id=HST000211">HST</a> </li> <li id="_note-1"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church#_ref-1">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Church GM, Gilbert W (1984). &quot;Genomic Sequencing&quot;. <em>Proc Nat Acad Sci USA</em> <strong>81</strong>: 1991-5. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=6326095" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=6326095">PMID 6326095</a>.</cite> </li> <li id="_note-2"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church#_ref-2">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Cook-Deegan RM (1989). &quot;The Alta summit, December 1984&quot;. <em>Genomics</em> <strong>5</strong>: 661-3. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=2613249" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=2613249">PMID 2613249</a>.</cite> </li> <li id="_note-3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church#_ref-3">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Church GM, Kieffer-Higgins S. (1984). &quot;Multiplex Sequencing&quot;. <em>Science</em> <strong>240</strong>: 185-8. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=3353714" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=3353714">PMID 3353714</a>.</cite> </li> <li id="_note-4"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church#_ref-4">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Link AJ, Phillips D, Church GM (1997). &quot;Methods for generating precise deletions and insertions in the genome of wild-type <em>Escherichia coli</em>: application to open reading frame characterization&quot;. <em>J Bacteriol.</em> <strong>179</strong>: 6228-37. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=9335267" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=9335267">PMID 9335267</a>.</cite> </li> <li id="_note-NG"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church#_ref-NG_0">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">(1996) &quot;Capitalizing on the genome&quot;. <em>Nature Genetics</em> <strong>13</strong>: 1. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=8673083" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=8673083">PMID 8673083</a>.</cite><a class="external autonumber" title="http://www.nature.com/ng/wilma/v13n1.867861436.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/ng/wilma/v13n1.867861436.html">[1]</a> </li> <li id="_note-5"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church#_ref-5">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Church GM (2005). &quot;The personal genome project&quot;. <em>Mol Syst Biol.</em> <strong>1</strong>: 0030. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=16729065" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=16729065">PMID 16729065</a>.</cite> </li> <li id="_note-6"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church#_ref-6">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://arep.med.harvard.edu/DOEGTL/" rel="nofollow" href="http://arep.med.harvard.edu/DOEGTL/">DOE Genomes to Life Center</a> </li> <li id="_note-7"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church#_ref-7">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.genome.gov/12511135" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.gov/12511135">Centers of Excellence in Genomic Science Awards</a> </li> <li id="_note-8"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church#_ref-8">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Herper M (2006). &quot;Photoshop For DNA&quot;. <em>Forbes</em>.</cite><a class="external autonumber" title="http://www.forbes.com/sciencesandmedicine/2005/06/01/cx_mh_0601dna.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.forbes.com/sciencesandmedicine/2005/06/01/cx_mh_0601dna.html">[2]</a> </li> <li id="_note-9"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church#_ref-9">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://sanfrancisco.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/stories/2007/03/12/daily3.html?b=1173672000%5e1430618&amp;surround=etf" rel="nofollow" href="http://sanfrancisco.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/stories/2007/03/12/daily3.html?b=1173672000%5e1430618&amp;surround=etf">San Francisco Business Times - March 12, 2007</a> </li> </ol> </div> <p><br /> </p> 283f5bd426073a2f11d7d34214515b4a6d46ca0b 0 1501 2149 2008-09-16T23:15:02Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong><font size="4">You can get the whole genetic map and sequences of you.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> It means that you can store nearly everything about your genetic information in a PC.</font></strong><br /> <br /> <font color="#ff0000" size="3"><strong>However, the price for now it too high. By 2012, the price will go down to around $1,000 USD.</strong></font><br /> <br /> <strong>The Genomics recipe for having your own set of Genetic material&nbsp;:</strong><br /> <br /> 1) Take small amount of blood from your body<br /> 2) Do sequencing after amplifying the amount of genetic material (i.e., your genome parts)<br /> 3) Assemble all the genetic parts of your genome&nbsp;<br /> 4) Store the information in such a way that bioinformaists can analyze hundreds of aspects of your genome.<br /> 5) Applying bioinformatics software to find interesting things such as relatedness, geneology, disease susceptability, and visualizing the whole genome.<br /> 6) Finding critical information on yourself as a biological being.<br /> <br /> There will be thousands of companies by 2010 that try to help you get and see your own genomes.<br /> <br /> <hr /> [[Genomics basics]]<br /> <br /> <font size="5">External links</font><br /> [http://personalgenomics.org PersonalGenomics.org]<br /> 835ffcb6e12ea5132e2e268f8d095b074663fcd9 0 1636 2150 2008-09-21T18:28:09Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki KOGO<br /> <br /> Korean Genome Organization<br /> [[16th KOGO conference 2007]] 63eda8ce1f98fc0c9f27661b7f1a71981a6c30f5 2206 2008-11-28T00:33:35Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki KOGO<br /> <br /> <span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Tahoma&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="mailto:kogo@kogo.or.kr">kogo@kogo.or.kr</a><br /> </span><br /> Korean Genome Organization<br /> [[16th KOGO conference 2007]] c96d42c1f111b54b58aa80619585a2b729e936f6 0 1637 2151 2008-09-21T18:28:24Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="바탕">The 16^th <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Korea</st1:place></st1:country-region> Genome Organization Conference<o:p></o:p></font></span></strong></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="바탕">KOGO 2007 Annual Meeting<o:p></o:p></font></span></strong></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="바탕">September 13-14, 2007<o:p></o:p></font></span></strong></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><font face="바탕"><st1:placename w:st="on"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Seoul</span></strong></st1:placename><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> <st1:placename w:st="on">National</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">University</st1:placetype>, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Seoul</st1:city>, <st1:country-region w:st="on">Korea</st1:country-region></st1:place><o:p></o:p></span></strong></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><o:p><font face="바탕" size="2">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></strong></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="바탕">Meeting Title : Omics to Industry <o:p></o:p></font></span></strong></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><font face="바탕" size="2">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">I. Plenary Lecture </span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">구성 </span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="2"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 바탕"><font face="바탕">PL 1: Prof. Sumio Sugano(</font></span><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #112331; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">University of Tokyo</span></st1:city><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #112331; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">, </span><st1:country-region w:st="on"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 바탕"><font face="바탕">Japan</font></span></st1:country-region></st1:place><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 바탕"><font face="바탕">) <o:p></o:p></font></span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 40pt; TEXT-INDENT: 40pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&ldquo; Comparative study of alternative promoters of human and mouse genes. &rdquo;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 바탕"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="2"><font face="바탕"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 바탕">PL 2:<span style="COLOR: black"> Prof</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #112331; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">. Sue Rhee(</span></font></font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #112331; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">Carnegie Institution, Stanford, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #112331; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma"><font size="2"><font face="바탕">U.S.A)<o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 80pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #112331; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">&ldquo; Developing and exploring systems biological approaches to unravel how plants respond to environmental stresses. &rdquo;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 바탕"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="2"><font face="바탕"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 바탕">PL 3: <span style="COLOR: black">Dr. Koichi Kawakami(</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">National Institute of <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Genetics</st1:city>, <st1:country-region w:st="on"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">Japan</span></st1:country-region></st1:place><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 바탕"> <o:p></o:p></span></font></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 40pt; TEXT-INDENT: 40pt"><font size="2"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: 바탕">&ldquo;</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="바탕"> Transposon-mediated gene and enhancer trapping in zebrafish. </font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: 바탕">&rdquo;</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 바탕"><o:p><font face="바탕" size="2">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt -9pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">II. Symposium Session </span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">구성 </span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 20pt 0pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 20.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">S1. Medical Genomics<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>Organizer &amp; Chair : </span><st1:personname w:st="on"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">오범석</span></st1:personname><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"> 박사님<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .67"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 1 : Alan F. Scott </span>박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>존스홉킨스 의대<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 19.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 1.97"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span>Trend in high-throughout genotyping for disease association studies<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .67"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 2 : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">정연준</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>가톨릭대학교<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 62pt; TEXT-INDENT: -25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: -2.5; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 3.7gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>Whole-genome CNV profile of Koreans: the valuable Resource for disease association studies<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .67"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 3 : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">이종영</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>국립보건연구원<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 40pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">Whole-genome association studies with the type 2 diabetes mellitus using the STR markers<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 44.95pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 44.95pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-family: 바탕"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">-<span style="FONT: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 4 : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">이민구</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>연세대학교<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 26.95pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>Genetic Variations of ABC Transporters in Korean<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">S2. Plant Functional Genomics and Mushroom <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: 185pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: right; mso-char-indent-count: 18.5; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.03gd" align="right"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">Organizer:</span><st1:personname w:st="on"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">박범석</span></st1:personname><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">/ Chair : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">김호일</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .67"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 1 : </span>공원식 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>농업과학기술원<span lang="EN-US">) <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 37pt; TEXT-INDENT: -10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: -1.0; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.7gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">Studies on Structural and Functional Genomics of Winter Mushroom, <em>Flammulina velutipes</em></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .67"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 2 : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">임명호</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>농업생명공학연구원<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .5; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.03gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">Transcriptome Profiling of Developing Brassica Using KBGP-24K Microarray<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: 5pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .5; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.03gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 3 : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">남백희</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>명지대학교<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: 5pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .5; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.03gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 4 : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">안진흥</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>포항공과대학교<span lang="EN-US">) <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: 19.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.19; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.03gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">Rice functional genomics by T-DNA insertional mutagenesis</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.03gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.03gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">S3. Statistical Genetics and Genomics<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>Organizer &amp; Chair : </span><st1:personname w:st="on"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">박태성</span></st1:personname><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"> 박사님<span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: 5pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .5; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.03gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 1 : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">이은경</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>마케팅랩<span lang="EN-US">) <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 40pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">A tool for the exploratory multivariate analysis of systems biology data<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .67"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 2 : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">김호</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>서울대학교<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .5; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.03gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><font size="3"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1">&nbsp; </span></font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">Design and Analysis of Genetic Twin Studies</span><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .67"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 3 : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">이승연</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>세종대학교<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 37.95pt; TEXT-INDENT: -11.65pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: -.97; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.63gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">Log-linear model based multifactor dimensionality reduction method to detect gene-gene interactions<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: 5pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .5; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.03gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 4 : </span>김진흠 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>수원대학교<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 40pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">일배체형에 기초한 고혈압과<span lang="EN-US"> AGT </span>유전자의 연관성 분석<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: 5pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .5; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.03gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 5 : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">강선정</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>삼성생명과학연구소<span lang="EN-US">) <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 40pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">What SNP genotyping errors are most costly for genetic association studies <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">S4. Proteomics<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>Organizer:</span><st1:personname w:st="on"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">남명진</span></st1:personname><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">/ Chair : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">박영목</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .67"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 1 : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">이봉희</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>가천의대<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .67"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>Stem cell proteomics<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .67"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 2 : </span>성제경 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>서울 수의대<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: 16.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 1.67; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.03gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span>Proteomics in animal model<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .67"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 3 : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">남명진</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>가천의대<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 19.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 1.97"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">Discovery of cancer biomarker<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .67"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 4 : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">설동근</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>고려대학교<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 40pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">Development of low molecule weight human plasma proteins<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .67"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 5 : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">강인철</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>호서대학교<span lang="EN-US">)</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 40pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">Protein Chip-Based Proteomics Research</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">S5. Bioinformatics/Systems Biology<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>Organizer &amp; Chair : </span><st1:personname w:st="on"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">이상혁</span></st1:personname><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"> 박사님<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 44.95pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 44.95pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-family: 바탕"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">-<span style="FONT: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 1 : Prof. Hsuan-Cheng Huang(National Yang-Ming University, Taiwan)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 26.95pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>Essential core of protein interaction network<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 44.95pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 44.95pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-family: 바탕"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">-<span style="FONT: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 2 : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">윤석준</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>숙명여자대학교<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .67"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>Gene-specific large scale analysis of microarray gene expression data<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .67"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span>- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사 <span lang="EN-US">3 : </span>최선심 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>강원대학교<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .67"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>Analyses of the human genome through evolutionary genomics<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: 11.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 1.17; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.03gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사 <span lang="EN-US">4 : </span>김희발 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>서울대학교<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: 11.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 1.17; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.03gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>Identification of domestication genes in animals, plants, and microbes<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: 5pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .5; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.03gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사 <span lang="EN-US">5 : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">황대희</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>포항공과대학교<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: 5pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .5; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.03gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>A systems medicine approach to complex diseases: its application to prion disease<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: 11.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 1.17; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.03gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.03gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">S6. Pharmacogenomics and toxicogenomics associated with human disease and personalized therapy<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>Organizer &amp; Chair : </span><st1:personname w:st="on"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">신재국</span></st1:personname><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">박사님<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .67"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 1 : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">박지영</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>고려대학교<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .5; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.03gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><font size="3"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1">&nbsp; </span></font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">Clinical Relevance of CYP3A5 Pharmacogenetics<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .67"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 2 : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">이상섭</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>인제대학교<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .5; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.03gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><font size="3"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1">&nbsp; </span></font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">Pharmacogenetics of nuclear receptors</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">　 <span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: 5pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .5; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.03gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 3 : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">김주한</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>서울대학교<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 40pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">Bioinformatics methods for genotoxicity evaluation and carcinogenecity<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: 5pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .5; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.03gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 4 : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">윤석주</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>한국화학연구원<span lang="EN-US">) <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 40pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">Toxicogenomics for genomic biomarker discovery<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">S7.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"> New Technologies in Genome Research</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"> (Solexa, Roche, etc) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: 260pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 26.0; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.03gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">Organizer &amp; Chair : </span><st1:personname w:st="on"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">김종일</span></st1:personname><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"> 박사님<span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 53.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 53.25pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-family: 바탕"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">-<span style="FONT: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">Macrogen Inc.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 53.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 53.25pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-family: 바탕"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">-<span style="FONT: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">Roche Diagnostics <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Korea</st1:place></st1:country-region><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 53.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 53.25pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-family: 바탕"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">-<span style="FONT: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">BMS<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">S8. Microbial Genomics &ndash;Sequences to Systems<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: 125pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 12.5; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.03gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>Organizer:</span><st1:personname w:st="on"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">김지현</span></st1:personname><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">/ Chair : </span>김선창 박사님<span lang="EN-US">, </span>이용환 박사님<span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .67"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 1 : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">김지현</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>한국생명공학연구원<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="hstyle0" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><font size="2"><font face="바탕"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>Omics analysis and experimental evolution of Escherichia coli B</font></font></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: 5pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .5; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.03gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 2 : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">김희남</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>고려대학교<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="hstyle0" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 40pt"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="바탕" size="2">Pathogenomics, virulence, and antivirulence of Burkholderia species</font></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .67"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 3 : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">김익상</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>서울대학교<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 40pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><strong><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #112331; FONT-FAMILY: 굴림; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma">쯔쯔가무시병균</span></strong><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #112331; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"> Orientia tsutsugamushi</span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #112331; FONT-FAMILY: 굴림; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma">의</span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #112331; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"> </span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #112331; FONT-FAMILY: 굴림; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma">유전체</span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #112331; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"> </span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #112331; FONT-FAMILY: 굴림; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma">해독</span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #112331; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"> </span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #112331; FONT-FAMILY: 굴림; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma">및</span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #112331; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"> </span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #112331; FONT-FAMILY: 굴림; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma">병원성</span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #112331; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"> </span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #112331; FONT-FAMILY: 굴림; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma">분석</span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 26.3pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 4 : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">허광래</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>한국생명공학연구원<span lang="EN-US">) <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="hstyle0" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 40pt"><font size="2"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="바탕">Construction of systematic deletion mutants of fission yeast and its applications </font></span><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: #112331; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span><o:p></o:p></span></strong></font></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 26.3pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">9. Functional Genomics in Animal Models<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: 250pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 25.0; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.03gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">Organizer &amp; Chair : </span><st1:personname w:st="on"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">김철희</span></st1:personname><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"> 박사님<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .67"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 1 : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">박해철</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>고려대학교<span lang="EN-US">) <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: 16.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 1.67; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.03gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span>Neural stem cell research in zebrafish<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .67"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 2 : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">이한웅</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>연세대학교<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .67"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>Asc-2 is implicated in dilated cardiomyopathy<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .67"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 3 : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">박승우</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>연세대학교<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .67"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>Towards establishment of zebrafish pancreatic cancer model for small molecular <span style="mso-tab-count: 1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>drug screening<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .67"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 4 : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">이원재</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>이화여자대학교<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .67"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>The in vivo value of gut immune regulation in Drosophila<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 44.95pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 44.95pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-family: 바탕"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">-<span style="FONT: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 5 : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">이준호</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>서울대학교<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 35pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 3.5"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>Functional genomics in C. elegans<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .67; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.03gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">S10. Oral Presentation of Poster Session (</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">포스터 중 선별된 연구주제<span lang="EN-US">): organizer-</span>학술<span lang="EN-US"> (</span>이종극<span lang="EN-US">&amp;</span>김영주학술위원<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="굴림"><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black">III. Biginner&rsquo;s Genomic Tools Workshop : </span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black">별도 등록<span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></font></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 74.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: -44.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="굴림"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black">1.&nbsp;Introduction to Biostatistics : </span><st1:personname w:st="on"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black">박태성</span></st1:personname><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black"> 교수님<span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></font></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 74.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: -44.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="굴림"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black">2.&nbsp;Genomic Sequencing &amp; Microarray : </span><st1:personname w:st="on"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black">임용표</span></st1:personname><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black"> 교수님<span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></font></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 74.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: -44.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="굴림"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black">3.&nbsp;Functional screeninghuman genes in zebrafish : </span><st1:personname w:st="on"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black">김철희</span></st1:personname><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black"> 교수님<span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></font></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 74.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: -44.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="굴림"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black">4.&nbsp;Introduction to SNPs : </span><st1:personname w:st="on"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black">김영주</span></st1:personname><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black"> 박사님<span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></font></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 38.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black"><o:p><font face="굴림">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 38.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black"><font face="굴림">기타<span lang="EN-US"> : Poster Viewing Session (</span>매일 오후<span lang="EN-US"> 3-<st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" hour="16" minute="0">4<span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">시</span></span></st1:time>: 1</span>시간<span lang="EN-US">) <o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 38.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black"><o:p><font face="굴림">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="굴림"><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black">IV. Industry Workshop</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black"> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 38.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black"><font face="굴림">1. Industry Workshop A: Seoulin Bioscience, Co. <o:p></o:p></font></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 38.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black"><font face="굴림">2. Industry Workshop B: DNA- Link, Co. <o:p></o:p></font></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 38.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black"><font face="굴림">3. Industry Workshop C: BIONEER, Co.<o:p></o:p></font></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 38.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black"><font face="굴림">4. Industry Workshop D: The <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Korean</st1:placename> <st1:placename w:st="on">BioInformation</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">Center</st1:placetype></st1:place> <o:p></o:p></font></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 38.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black"><o:p><font face="굴림">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 한컴바탕; mso-hansi-font-family: 굴림; mso-bidi-font-family: 굴림"><o:p><font face="굴림">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18.65pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18.65pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18.65pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18.65pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18.65pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18.65pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18.65pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18.65pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18.65pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18.65pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18.65pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18.65pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18.65pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18.65pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18.65pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18.65pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18.65pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18.65pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">September 13 (THU) , 2007</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <div align="center"> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 474.65pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-border-insideh: .25pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .25pt solid windowtext" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="633" border="1"> <tbody> <tr style="HEIGHT: 3.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: silver; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 74pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 3.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="99"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">Time<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: silver; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 157.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 3.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="210"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">Hall A<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: silver; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 162pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 3.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="216"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">Hall B<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: silver; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 80.9pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 3.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="108"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">Poster<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="HEIGHT: 18.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; page-break-inside: avoid"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #d2dfdf; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 74pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 18.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="99"> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9.15pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" hour="8" minute="30"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">8:30</span></st1:time><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"> - <st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" hour="10" minute="20">10:20</st1:time><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #ffcc99; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 157.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 18.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="210"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">Education Session 1. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">Introduction to Biostatistics<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #ffcc99; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 162pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 18.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="216"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">Education Session 2<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">Genomic Sequencing &amp; Microarray</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #ff99cc; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 80.9pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 18.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="108" rowspan="6"> <p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="HEIGHT: 23.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2; page-break-inside: avoid"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #d2dfdf; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 74pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 23.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="99"> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9.15pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" hour="10" minute="30"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">10:30</span></st1:time><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"> - <st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" hour="10" minute="40">10:40</st1:time><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #ffff99; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 157.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 23.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="210"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">Opening Ceremony<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #ffff99; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 162pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 23.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="216"> <p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="HEIGHT: 37.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3; page-break-inside: avoid"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #d2dfdf; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 74pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 37.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="99"> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9.15pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" hour="10" minute="40"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">10:40</span></st1:time><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"> &ndash; <span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span><st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" hour="12" minute="30">12:30</st1:time><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #ffff99; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 157.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 37.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="210"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">S1 <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">Medical Genomics<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #ffff99; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 162pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 37.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="216"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">S2<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">Plant Functional Genomics and Mushroom<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="HEIGHT: 37.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4; page-break-inside: avoid"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #d2dfdf; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 74pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 37.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="99"> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9.15pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" hour="12" minute="30"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">12:30</span></st1:time><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"> - <st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" hour="13" minute="30">13:30</st1:time><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #cc99ff; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 157.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 37.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="210"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;">CE1<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Book Antiqua'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Book Antiqua'"><font face="굴림">서린</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Book Antiqua'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Book Antiqua'"><font face="굴림">바이오사이언스</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;"> Workshop <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #cc99ff; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 162pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 37.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="216"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;">CE2<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">DNA- Link </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;">Workshop</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="HEIGHT: 29.6pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5; page-break-inside: avoid"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #d2dfdf; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 74pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 29.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="99"> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9.15pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" hour="13" minute="30"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">13:30</span></st1:time><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"> &ndash; <st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" hour="14" minute="30">14:30</st1:time><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: lime; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 157.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 29.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="210"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; WORD-BREAK: keep-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 120%; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><font size="2"><font face="바탕"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 120%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">PL1 : Dr. </span><span lang="EN-US">Sumio Sugano</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 120%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></font></font></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #e6e6e6; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 162pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 29.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="216"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="HEIGHT: 37.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6; page-break-inside: avoid"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #d2dfdf; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 74pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 37.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="99"> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9.15pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" hour="14" minute="30"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">14:30</span></st1:time><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"> &ndash; <st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" hour="16" minute="0">16:00</st1:time><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #ffff99; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 157.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 37.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="210"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">S3<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">Statistical Genetics and Genomics </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #ffff99; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 162pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 37.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="216"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">S4<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">Proteomics</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="HEIGHT: 25.85pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7; page-break-inside: avoid"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #d2dfdf; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 74pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 25.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="99"> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9.15pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" hour="16" minute="0"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">16:00</span></st1:time><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"> &ndash; <st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" hour="17" minute="0">17:00</st1:time><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #e6e6e6; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 157.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 25.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="210"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black"><font face="굴림">Poster Viewing Session</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span>&amp; </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">Coffee Break<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #e6e6e6; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 162pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 25.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="216"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black"><font face="굴림">Poster Viewing Session</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span>&amp; </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">Coffee Break<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #ff99cc; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 80.9pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 25.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="108"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; WORD-BREAK: keep-all; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"><font size="2"><font face="바탕">Poster Open<o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="HEIGHT: 12.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8; page-break-inside: avoid"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #d2dfdf; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 74pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 12.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="99"> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9.15pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" hour="17" minute="0"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">17:00</span></st1:time><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"> - <st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" hour="18" minute="30">18:30</st1:time><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #ffff99; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 157.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 12.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="210"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">S5<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">Bioinformatics/<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">Systems biology </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #ffff99; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 162pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 12.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="216"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">S6<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">Pharmacogenomics and toxicogenomics associated with human disease and personalized therapy</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;"> <span style="COLOR: black"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #ff99cc; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 80.9pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 12.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="108" rowspan="2"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; WORD-BREAK: keep-all; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"><o:p><font face="바탕" size="2">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="HEIGHT: 25.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9; page-break-inside: avoid; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #d2dfdf; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 74pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 25.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="99"> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9.15pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" hour="18" minute="30"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">18:30</span></st1:time><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"> &ndash; <st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" hour="19" minute="30">19:30</st1:time><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #ccffff; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 157.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 25.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="210"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">Reception<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #e6e6e6; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 162pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 25.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="216"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18.65pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">Registration: <st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" hour="8" minute="0">8:00</st1:time>-<st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" hour="12" minute="0">12:00</st1:time> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18.65pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">September 14 (FRI), 2007</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <div align="center"> <table style="WIDTH: 468.15pt; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="624" border="0" class="MsoNormalTable"> <tbody> <tr style="HEIGHT: 3.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: silver; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 3.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="100"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">Time<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: silver; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 152.85pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 3.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="204"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">Hall A<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: silver; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 162.65pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 3.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="217"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">Hall B<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: silver; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 77.65pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 3.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="104"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">Poster<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="HEIGHT: 25.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; page-break-inside: avoid"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #d2dfdf; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 25.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="100"> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9.15pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" hour="8" minute="30"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">8:30</span></st1:time><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"> - <st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" hour="10" minute="20">10:20</st1:time><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #ffcc99; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 152.85pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 25.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="204"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">Education Session 3. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕">Functional screening&nbsp;of human genes in zebrafish </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #ffcc99; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 162.65pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 25.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="217"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">Education Session 4. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">Introduction to SNPs <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #ff99cc; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 77.65pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 25.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="104" rowspan="5"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="HEIGHT: 32.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2; page-break-inside: avoid"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #d2dfdf; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; HEIGHT: 32.2pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="100"> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9.15pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" hour="10" minute="30"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">10:30</span></st1:time><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"> - <st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" hour="11" minute="30">11:30</st1:time><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: lime; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 152.85pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; HEIGHT: 32.2pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="204"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">PL2:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #112331; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"> Dr. Sue Rhee</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #e6e6e6; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 162.65pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 32.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="217"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="HEIGHT: 37.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3; page-break-inside: avoid"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #d2dfdf; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 37.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="100"> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9.15pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" hour="11" minute="30"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">11:30</span></st1:time><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"> &ndash; <st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" hour="13" minute="0">13:00</st1:time><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #ffff99; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 152.85pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 37.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="204"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">S7<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">New Technologies in Genome Research</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #ffff99; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 162.65pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 37.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="217"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">S8<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">Microbial Genomics <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">&ndash;Sequences to Systems<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="HEIGHT: 37.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4; page-break-inside: avoid"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #d2dfdf; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 37.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="100"> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9.15pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" hour="13" minute="0"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">13:00</span></st1:time><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"> - <st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" hour="14" minute="0">14:00</st1:time><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #cc99ff; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 152.85pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 37.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="204"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">CE3<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">Bioneer Workshop<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #cc99ff; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 162.65pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 37.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="217"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">CE4<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Book Antiqua'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Book Antiqua'"><font face="굴림">국가생물자원정보관리센터</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"> Workshop<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="HEIGHT: 31.7pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5; page-break-inside: avoid"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #d2dfdf; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 31.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="100"> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9.15pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" hour="14" minute="0"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">14:00</span></st1:time><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"> &ndash; <st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" hour="15" minute="0">15:00</st1:time><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: lime; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 152.85pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 31.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="204"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">PL3 : Dr. Koichi Kawakami<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #e6e6e6; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 162.65pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 31.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="217"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="HEIGHT: 22.65pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6; page-break-inside: avoid"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #d2dfdf; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 22.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="100"> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9.15pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" hour="15" minute="0"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">15:00</span></st1:time><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"> &ndash; <st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" hour="16" minute="0">16:00</st1:time><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #e6e6e6; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 152.85pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 22.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="204"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black"><font face="굴림">Poster Viewing Session</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span>&amp; </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">Coffee Break</span><font face="굴림"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #e6e6e6; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 162.65pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 22.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="217"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black"><font face="굴림">Poster Viewing Session</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span>&amp; </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">Coffee Break</span><font face="굴림"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #ff99cc; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 77.65pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 22.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; WORD-BREAK: keep-all; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"><font size="2"><font face="바탕">Poster Open<o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="HEIGHT: 46.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7; page-break-inside: avoid"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #d2dfdf; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 46.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="100"> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9.15pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" hour="16" minute="0"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">16:00</span></st1:time><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"> &ndash; <st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" hour="17" minute="30">17:30</st1:time><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #ffff99; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 152.85pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 46.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="204"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">S9<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">Functional Genomics in <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">Animal Models<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #ffff99; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 162.65pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 46.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="217"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">S10<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 굴림; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 굴림"><font size="2">Oral presentation of poster session<o:p></o:p></font></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #ff99cc; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 77.65pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; HEIGHT: 46.95pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; WORD-BREAK: keep-all; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"><o:p><font face="바탕" size="2">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="HEIGHT: 34.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8; page-break-inside: avoid; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #d2dfdf; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 34.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="100"> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9.15pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" hour="17" minute="30"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">17:30</span></st1:time><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"> - <st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" hour="18" minute="0">18:00</st1:time><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #ccffff; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 152.85pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 34.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="204"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">Ceremony for Poster <span style="BACKGROUND: #ccffff">Awards and Closing Remarks</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #e6e6e6; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 162.65pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 34.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="217"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #ff99cc; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 77.65pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 34.75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; WORD-BREAK: keep-all; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"><o:p><font face="바탕" size="2">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18.65pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">Plenary Lecturer: 1 hour including 50 min for talk and 10 min for question and answer <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 10pt"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="바탕" size="2">Symposia: 25 min for foreign speakers, 15 min for domestic speakers</font></span></p> c57b3b77152ccdc4cd6b728b8859d9b6cdb888c4 2152 2008-09-21T18:29:43Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="바탕">The 16^th <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Korea</st1:place></st1:country-region> Genome Organization Conference<o:p></o:p></font></span></strong></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="바탕">KOGO 2007 Annual Meeting<o:p></o:p></font></span></strong></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="바탕">September 13-14, 2007<o:p></o:p></font></span></strong></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><font face="바탕"><st1:placename w:st="on"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Seoul</span></strong></st1:placename><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> <st1:placename w:st="on">National</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">University</st1:placetype>, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Seoul</st1:city>, <st1:country-region w:st="on">Korea</st1:country-region></st1:place><o:p></o:p></span></strong></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><o:p><font face="바탕" size="2">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></strong></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="바탕">Meeting Title : Omics to Industry <o:p></o:p></font></span></strong></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><font face="바탕" size="2">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">I. Plenary Lecture </span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">구성 </span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="2"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 바탕"><font face="바탕">PL 1: Prof. Sumio Sugano(</font></span><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #112331; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">University of Tokyo</span></st1:city><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #112331; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">, </span><st1:country-region w:st="on"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 바탕"><font face="바탕">Japan</font></span></st1:country-region></st1:place><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 바탕"><font face="바탕">) <o:p></o:p></font></span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 40pt; TEXT-INDENT: 40pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&ldquo; Comparative study of alternative promoters of human and mouse genes. &rdquo;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 바탕"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="2"><font face="바탕"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 바탕">PL 2:<span style="COLOR: black"> Prof</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #112331; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">. Sue Rhee(</span></font></font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #112331; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">Carnegie Institution, Stanford, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #112331; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma"><font size="2"><font face="바탕">U.S.A)<o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 80pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #112331; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">&ldquo; Developing and exploring systems biological approaches to unravel how plants respond to environmental stresses. &rdquo;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 바탕"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="2"><font face="바탕"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 바탕">PL 3: <span style="COLOR: black">Dr. Koichi Kawakami(</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">National Institute of <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Genetics</st1:city>, <st1:country-region w:st="on"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">Japan</span></st1:country-region></st1:place><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 바탕"> <o:p></o:p></span></font></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 40pt; TEXT-INDENT: 40pt"><font size="2"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: 바탕">&ldquo;</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="바탕"> Transposon-mediated gene and enhancer trapping in zebrafish. </font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: 바탕">&rdquo;</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 바탕"><o:p><font face="바탕" size="2">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt -9pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">II. Symposium Session </span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">구성 </span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 20pt 0pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 20.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">S1. Medical Genomics<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>Organizer &amp; Chair : </span><st1:personname w:st="on"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">오범석</span></st1:personname><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"> 박사님<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .67"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 1 : Alan F. Scott </span>박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>존스홉킨스 의대<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 19.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 1.97"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span>Trend in high-throughout genotyping for disease association studies<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .67"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 2 : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">정연준</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>가톨릭대학교<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 62pt; TEXT-INDENT: -25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: -2.5; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 3.7gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>Whole-genome CNV profile of Koreans: the valuable Resource for disease association studies<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .67"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 3 : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">이종영</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>국립보건연구원<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 40pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">Whole-genome association studies with the type 2 diabetes mellitus using the STR markers<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 44.95pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 44.95pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-family: 바탕"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">-<span style="FONT: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 4 : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">이민구</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>연세대학교<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 26.95pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>Genetic Variations of ABC Transporters in Korean<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">S2. Plant Functional Genomics and Mushroom <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: 185pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: right; mso-char-indent-count: 18.5; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.03gd" align="right"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">Organizer:</span><st1:personname w:st="on"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">박범석</span></st1:personname><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">/ Chair : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">김호일</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .67"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 1 : </span>공원식 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>농업과학기술원<span lang="EN-US">) <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 37pt; TEXT-INDENT: -10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: -1.0; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.7gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">Studies on Structural and Functional Genomics of Winter Mushroom, <em>Flammulina velutipes</em></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .67"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 2 : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">임명호</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>농업생명공학연구원<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .5; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.03gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">Transcriptome Profiling of Developing Brassica Using KBGP-24K Microarray<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: 5pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .5; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.03gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 3 : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">남백희</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>명지대학교<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: 5pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .5; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.03gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 4 : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">안진흥</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>포항공과대학교<span lang="EN-US">) <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: 19.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.19; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.03gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">Rice functional genomics by T-DNA insertional mutagenesis</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.03gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.03gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">S3. Statistical Genetics and Genomics<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>Organizer &amp; Chair : </span><st1:personname w:st="on"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">박태성</span></st1:personname><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"> 박사님<span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: 5pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .5; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.03gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 1 : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">이은경</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>마케팅랩<span lang="EN-US">) <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 40pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">A tool for the exploratory multivariate analysis of systems biology data<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .67"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 2 : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">김호</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>서울대학교<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .5; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.03gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><font size="3"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1">&nbsp; </span></font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">Design and Analysis of Genetic Twin Studies</span><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .67"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 3 : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">이승연</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>세종대학교<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 37.95pt; TEXT-INDENT: -11.65pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: -.97; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.63gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">Log-linear model based multifactor dimensionality reduction method to detect gene-gene interactions<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: 5pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .5; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.03gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 4 : </span>김진흠 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>수원대학교<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 40pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">일배체형에 기초한 고혈압과<span lang="EN-US"> AGT </span>유전자의 연관성 분석<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: 5pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .5; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.03gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 5 : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">강선정</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>삼성생명과학연구소<span lang="EN-US">) <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 40pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">What SNP genotyping errors are most costly for genetic association studies <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">S4. Proteomics<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>Organizer:</span><st1:personname w:st="on"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">남명진</span></st1:personname><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">/ Chair : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">박영목</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .67"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 1 : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">이봉희</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>가천의대<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .67"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>Stem cell proteomics<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .67"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 2 : </span>성제경 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>서울 수의대<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: 16.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 1.67; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.03gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span>Proteomics in animal model<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .67"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 3 : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">남명진</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>가천의대<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 19.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 1.97"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">Discovery of cancer biomarker<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .67"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 4 : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">설동근</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>고려대학교<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 40pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">Development of low molecule weight human plasma proteins<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .67"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 5 : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">강인철</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>호서대학교<span lang="EN-US">)</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 40pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">Protein Chip-Based Proteomics Research</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">S5. Bioinformatics/Systems Biology<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>Organizer &amp; Chair : </span><st1:personname w:st="on"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">이상혁</span></st1:personname><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"> 박사님<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 44.95pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 44.95pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-family: 바탕"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">-<span style="FONT: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 1 : Prof. Hsuan-Cheng Huang(National Yang-Ming University, Taiwan)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 26.95pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>Essential core of protein interaction network<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 44.95pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 44.95pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-family: 바탕"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">-<span style="FONT: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 2 : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">윤석준</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>숙명여자대학교<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .67"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>Gene-specific large scale analysis of microarray gene expression data<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .67"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span>- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사 <span lang="EN-US">3 : </span>최선심 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>강원대학교<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .67"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>Analyses of the human genome through evolutionary genomics<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: 11.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 1.17; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.03gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사 <span lang="EN-US">4 : </span>김희발 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>서울대학교<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: 11.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 1.17; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.03gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>Identification of domestication genes in animals, plants, and microbes<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: 5pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .5; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.03gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사 <span lang="EN-US">5 : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">황대희</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>포항공과대학교<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: 5pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .5; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.03gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>A systems medicine approach to complex diseases: its application to prion disease<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: 11.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 1.17; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.03gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.03gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">S6. Pharmacogenomics and toxicogenomics associated with human disease and personalized therapy<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>Organizer &amp; Chair : </span><st1:personname w:st="on"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">신재국</span></st1:personname><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">박사님<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .67"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 1 : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">박지영</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>고려대학교<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .5; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.03gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><font size="3"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1">&nbsp; </span></font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">Clinical Relevance of CYP3A5 Pharmacogenetics<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .67"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 2 : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">이상섭</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>인제대학교<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .5; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.03gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><font size="3"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1">&nbsp; </span></font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">Pharmacogenetics of nuclear receptors</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">　 <span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: 5pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .5; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.03gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 3 : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">김주한</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>서울대학교<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 40pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">Bioinformatics methods for genotoxicity evaluation and carcinogenecity<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: 5pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .5; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.03gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 4 : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">윤석주</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>한국화학연구원<span lang="EN-US">) <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 40pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">Toxicogenomics for genomic biomarker discovery<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">S7.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"> New Technologies in Genome Research</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"> (Solexa, Roche, etc) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: 260pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 26.0; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.03gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">Organizer &amp; Chair : </span><st1:personname w:st="on"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">김종일</span></st1:personname><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"> 박사님<span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 53.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 53.25pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-family: 바탕"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">-<span style="FONT: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">Macrogen Inc.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 53.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 53.25pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-family: 바탕"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">-<span style="FONT: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">Roche Diagnostics <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Korea</st1:place></st1:country-region><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 53.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 53.25pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-family: 바탕"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">-<span style="FONT: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">BMS<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">S8. Microbial Genomics &ndash;Sequences to Systems<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: 125pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 12.5; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.03gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>Organizer:</span><st1:personname w:st="on"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">김지현</span></st1:personname><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">/ Chair : </span>김선창 박사님<span lang="EN-US">, </span>이용환 박사님<span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .67"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 1 : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">김지현</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>한국생명공학연구원<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="hstyle0" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><font size="2"><font face="바탕"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>Omics analysis and experimental evolution of Escherichia coli B</font></font></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: 5pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .5; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.03gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 2 : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">김희남</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>고려대학교<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="hstyle0" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 40pt"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="바탕" size="2">Pathogenomics, virulence, and antivirulence of Burkholderia species</font></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .67"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 3 : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">김익상</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>서울대학교<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 40pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><strong><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #112331; FONT-FAMILY: 굴림; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma">쯔쯔가무시병균</span></strong><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #112331; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"> Orientia tsutsugamushi</span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #112331; FONT-FAMILY: 굴림; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma">의</span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #112331; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"> </span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #112331; FONT-FAMILY: 굴림; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma">유전체</span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #112331; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"> </span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #112331; FONT-FAMILY: 굴림; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma">해독</span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #112331; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"> </span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #112331; FONT-FAMILY: 굴림; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma">및</span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #112331; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"> </span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #112331; FONT-FAMILY: 굴림; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma">병원성</span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #112331; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"> </span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #112331; FONT-FAMILY: 굴림; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma">분석</span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 26.3pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 4 : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">허광래</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>한국생명공학연구원<span lang="EN-US">) <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="hstyle0" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 40pt"><font size="2"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="바탕">Construction of systematic deletion mutants of fission yeast and its applications </font></span><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: #112331; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span><o:p></o:p></span></strong></font></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 26.3pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">9. Functional Genomics in Animal Models<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: 250pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 25.0; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.03gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">Organizer &amp; Chair : </span><st1:personname w:st="on"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">김철희</span></st1:personname><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"> 박사님<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .67"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 1 : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">박해철</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>고려대학교<span lang="EN-US">) <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: 16.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 1.67; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.03gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span>Neural stem cell research in zebrafish<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .67"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 2 : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">이한웅</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>연세대학교<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .67"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>Asc-2 is implicated in dilated cardiomyopathy<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .67"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 3 : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">박승우</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>연세대학교<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .67"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>Towards establishment of zebrafish pancreatic cancer model for small molecular <span style="mso-tab-count: 1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>drug screening<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .67"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 4 : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">이원재</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>이화여자대학교<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .67"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>The in vivo value of gut immune regulation in Drosophila<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 44.95pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 44.95pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-family: 바탕"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">-<span style="FONT: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 5 : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">이준호</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>서울대학교<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 35pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 3.5"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>Functional genomics in C. elegans<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .67; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.03gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">S10. Oral Presentation of Poster Session (</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">포스터 중 선별된 연구주제<span lang="EN-US">): organizer-</span>학술<span lang="EN-US"> (</span>이종극<span lang="EN-US">&amp;</span>김영주학술위원<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="굴림"><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black">III. Biginner&rsquo;s Genomic Tools Workshop : </span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black">별도 등록<span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></font></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 74.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: -44.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="굴림"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black">1.&nbsp;Introduction to Biostatistics : </span><st1:personname w:st="on"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black">박태성</span></st1:personname><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black"> 교수님<span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></font></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 74.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: -44.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="굴림"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black">2.&nbsp;Genomic Sequencing &amp; Microarray : </span><st1:personname w:st="on"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black">임용표</span></st1:personname><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black"> 교수님<span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></font></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 74.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: -44.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="굴림"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black">3.&nbsp;Functional screeninghuman genes in zebrafish : </span><st1:personname w:st="on"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black">김철희</span></st1:personname><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black"> 교수님<span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></font></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 74.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: -44.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="굴림"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black">4.&nbsp;Introduction to SNPs : </span><st1:personname w:st="on"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black">김영주</span></st1:personname><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black"> 박사님<span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></font></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 38.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black"><o:p><font face="굴림">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 38.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black"><font face="굴림">기타<span lang="EN-US"> : Poster Viewing Session (</span>매일 오후<span lang="EN-US"> 3-<st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" minute="0" hour="16">4<span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">시</span></span></st1:time>: 1</span>시간<span lang="EN-US">) <o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 38.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black"><o:p><font face="굴림">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="굴림"><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black">IV. Industry Workshop</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black"> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 38.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black"><font face="굴림">1. Industry Workshop A: Seoulin Bioscience, Co. <o:p></o:p></font></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 38.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black"><font face="굴림">2. Industry Workshop B: DNA- Link, Co. <o:p></o:p></font></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 38.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black"><font face="굴림">3. Industry Workshop C: BIONEER, Co.<o:p></o:p></font></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 38.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black"><font face="굴림">4. Industry Workshop D: The <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Korean</st1:placename> <st1:placename w:st="on">BioInformation</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">Center</st1:placetype></st1:place> <o:p></o:p></font></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 38.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black"><o:p><font face="굴림">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 한컴바탕; mso-hansi-font-family: 굴림; mso-bidi-font-family: 굴림"><o:p><font face="굴림">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18.65pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18.65pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18.65pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18.65pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18.65pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18.65pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18.65pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18.65pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18.65pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18.65pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18.65pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18.65pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18.65pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18.65pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18.65pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18.65pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18.65pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18.65pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">September 13 (THU) , 2007</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <div align="center"> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 474.65pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-border-insideh: .25pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .25pt solid windowtext" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="633" border="1"> <tbody> <tr style="HEIGHT: 3.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: silver; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 74pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 3.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="99"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">Time<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: silver; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 157.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 3.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="210"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">Hall A<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: silver; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 162pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 3.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="216"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">Hall B<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: silver; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 80.9pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 3.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="108"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">Poster<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="HEIGHT: 18.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; page-break-inside: avoid"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #d2dfdf; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 74pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 18.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="99"> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9.15pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" minute="30" hour="8"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">8:30</span></st1:time><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"> - <st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" minute="20" hour="10">10:20</st1:time><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #ffcc99; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 157.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 18.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="210"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">Education Session 1. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">Introduction to Biostatistics<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #ffcc99; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 162pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 18.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="216"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">Education Session 2<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">Genomic Sequencing &amp; Microarray</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #ff99cc; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 80.9pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 18.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="108" rowspan="6"> <p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="HEIGHT: 23.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2; page-break-inside: avoid"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #d2dfdf; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 74pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 23.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="99"> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9.15pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" minute="30" hour="10"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">10:30</span></st1:time><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"> - <st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" minute="40" hour="10">10:40</st1:time><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #ffff99; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 157.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 23.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="210"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">Opening Ceremony<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #ffff99; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 162pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 23.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="216"> <p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="HEIGHT: 37.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3; page-break-inside: avoid"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #d2dfdf; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 74pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 37.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="99"> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9.15pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" minute="40" hour="10"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">10:40</span></st1:time><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"> &ndash; <span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span><st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" minute="30" hour="12">12:30</st1:time><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #ffff99; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 157.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 37.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="210"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">S1 <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">Medical Genomics<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #ffff99; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 162pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 37.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="216"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">S2<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">Plant Functional Genomics and Mushroom<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="HEIGHT: 37.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4; page-break-inside: avoid"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #d2dfdf; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 74pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 37.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="99"> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9.15pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" minute="30" hour="12"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">12:30</span></st1:time><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"> - <st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" minute="30" hour="13">13:30</st1:time><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #cc99ff; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 157.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 37.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="210"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;">CE1<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Book Antiqua'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Book Antiqua'"><font face="굴림">서린</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Book Antiqua'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Book Antiqua'"><font face="굴림">바이오사이언스</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;"> Workshop <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #cc99ff; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 162pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 37.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="216"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;">CE2<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">DNA- Link </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;">Workshop</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="HEIGHT: 29.6pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5; page-break-inside: avoid"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #d2dfdf; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 74pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 29.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="99"> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9.15pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" minute="30" hour="13"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">13:30</span></st1:time><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"> &ndash; <st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" minute="30" hour="14">14:30</st1:time><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: lime; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 157.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 29.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="210"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; WORD-BREAK: keep-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 120%; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><font size="2"><font face="바탕"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 120%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">PL1 : Dr. </span><span lang="EN-US">Sumio Sugano</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 120%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></font></font></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #e6e6e6; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 162pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 29.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="216"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="HEIGHT: 37.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6; page-break-inside: avoid"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #d2dfdf; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 74pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 37.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="99"> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9.15pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" minute="30" hour="14"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">14:30</span></st1:time><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"> &ndash; <st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" minute="0" hour="16">16:00</st1:time><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #ffff99; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 157.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 37.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="210"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">S3<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">Statistical Genetics and Genomics </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #ffff99; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 162pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 37.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="216"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">S4<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">Proteomics</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="HEIGHT: 25.85pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7; page-break-inside: avoid"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #d2dfdf; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 74pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 25.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="99"> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9.15pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" minute="0" hour="16"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">16:00</span></st1:time><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"> &ndash; <st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" minute="0" hour="17">17:00</st1:time><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #e6e6e6; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 157.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 25.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="210"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black"><font face="굴림">Poster Viewing Session</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span>&amp; </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">Coffee Break<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #e6e6e6; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 162pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 25.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="216"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black"><font face="굴림">Poster Viewing Session</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span>&amp; </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">Coffee Break<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #ff99cc; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 80.9pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 25.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="108"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; WORD-BREAK: keep-all; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"><font size="2"><font face="바탕">Poster Open<o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="HEIGHT: 12.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8; page-break-inside: avoid"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #d2dfdf; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 74pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 12.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="99"> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9.15pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" minute="0" hour="17"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">17:00</span></st1:time><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"> - <st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" minute="30" hour="18">18:30</st1:time><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #ffff99; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 157.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 12.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="210"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">S5<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">Bioinformatics/<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">Systems biology </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #ffff99; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 162pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 12.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="216"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">S6<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">Pharmacogenomics and toxicogenomics associated with human disease and personalized therapy</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;"> <span style="COLOR: black"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #ff99cc; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 80.9pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 12.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="108" rowspan="2"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; WORD-BREAK: keep-all; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"><o:p><font face="바탕" size="2">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="HEIGHT: 25.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9; page-break-inside: avoid; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #d2dfdf; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 74pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 25.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="99"> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9.15pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" minute="30" hour="18"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">18:30</span></st1:time><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"> &ndash; <st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" minute="30" hour="19">19:30</st1:time><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #ccffff; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 157.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 25.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="210"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">Reception<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #e6e6e6; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 162pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 25.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="216"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18.65pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">Registration: <st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" minute="0" hour="8">8:00</st1:time>-<st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" minute="0" hour="12">12:00</st1:time> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18.65pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">September 14 (FRI), 2007</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <div align="center"> <table style="WIDTH: 468.15pt; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="624" border="0" class="MsoNormalTable"> <tbody> <tr style="HEIGHT: 3.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: silver; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 3.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="100"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">Time<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: silver; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 152.85pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 3.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="204"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">Hall A<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: silver; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 162.65pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 3.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="217"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">Hall B<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: silver; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 77.65pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 3.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="104"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">Poster<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="HEIGHT: 25.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; page-break-inside: avoid"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #d2dfdf; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 25.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="100"> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9.15pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" minute="30" hour="8"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">8:30</span></st1:time><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"> - <st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" minute="20" hour="10">10:20</st1:time><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #ffcc99; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 152.85pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 25.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="204"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">Education Session 3. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕">Functional screening&nbsp;of human genes in zebrafish </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #ffcc99; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 162.65pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 25.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="217"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">Education Session 4. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">Introduction to SNPs <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #ff99cc; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 77.65pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 25.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="104" rowspan="5"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="HEIGHT: 32.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2; page-break-inside: avoid"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #d2dfdf; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; HEIGHT: 32.2pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="100"> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9.15pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" minute="30" hour="10"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">10:30</span></st1:time><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"> - <st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" minute="30" hour="11">11:30</st1:time><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: lime; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 152.85pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; HEIGHT: 32.2pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="204"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">PL2:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #112331; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"> Dr. Sue Rhee</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #e6e6e6; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 162.65pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 32.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="217"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="HEIGHT: 37.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3; page-break-inside: avoid"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #d2dfdf; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 37.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="100"> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9.15pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" minute="30" hour="11"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">11:30</span></st1:time><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"> &ndash; <st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" minute="0" hour="13">13:00</st1:time><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #ffff99; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 152.85pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 37.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="204"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">S7<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">New Technologies in Genome Research</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #ffff99; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 162.65pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 37.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="217"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">S8<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">Microbial Genomics <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">&ndash;Sequences to Systems<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="HEIGHT: 37.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4; page-break-inside: avoid"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #d2dfdf; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 37.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="100"> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9.15pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" minute="0" hour="13"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">13:00</span></st1:time><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"> - <st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" minute="0" hour="14">14:00</st1:time><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #cc99ff; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 152.85pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 37.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="204"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">CE3<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">Bioneer Workshop<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #cc99ff; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 162.65pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 37.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="217"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">CE4<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Book Antiqua'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Book Antiqua'"><font face="굴림">국가생물자원정보관리센터</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"> Workshop<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="HEIGHT: 31.7pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5; page-break-inside: avoid"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #d2dfdf; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 31.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="100"> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9.15pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" minute="0" hour="14"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">14:00</span></st1:time><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"> &ndash; <st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" minute="0" hour="15">15:00</st1:time><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: lime; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 152.85pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 31.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="204"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">PL3 : Dr. Koichi Kawakami<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #e6e6e6; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 162.65pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 31.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="217"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="HEIGHT: 22.65pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6; page-break-inside: avoid"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #d2dfdf; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 22.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="100"> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9.15pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" minute="0" hour="15"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">15:00</span></st1:time><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"> &ndash; <st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" minute="0" hour="16">16:00</st1:time><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #e6e6e6; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 152.85pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 22.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="204"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black"><font face="굴림">Poster Viewing Session</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span>&amp; </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">Coffee Break</span><font face="굴림"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #e6e6e6; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 162.65pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 22.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="217"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black"><font face="굴림">Poster Viewing Session</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span>&amp; </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">Coffee Break</span><font face="굴림"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #ff99cc; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 77.65pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 22.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; WORD-BREAK: keep-all; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"><font size="2"><font face="바탕">Poster Open<o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="HEIGHT: 46.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7; page-break-inside: avoid"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #d2dfdf; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 46.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="100"> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9.15pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" minute="0" hour="16"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">16:00</span></st1:time><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"> &ndash; <st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" minute="30" hour="17">17:30</st1:time><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #ffff99; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 152.85pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 46.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="204"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">S9<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">Functional Genomics in <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">Animal Models<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #ffff99; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 162.65pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 46.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="217"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">S10<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 굴림; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 굴림"><font size="2">Oral presentation of poster session<o:p></o:p></font></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #ff99cc; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 77.65pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; HEIGHT: 46.95pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; WORD-BREAK: keep-all; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"><o:p><font face="바탕" size="2">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="HEIGHT: 34.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8; page-break-inside: avoid; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #d2dfdf; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 34.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="100"> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9.15pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" minute="30" hour="17"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">17:30</span></st1:time><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"> - <st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" minute="0" hour="18">18:00</st1:time><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #ccffff; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 152.85pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 34.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="204"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">Ceremony for Poster <span style="BACKGROUND: #ccffff">Awards and Closing Remarks</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #e6e6e6; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 162.65pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 34.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="217"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #ff99cc; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 77.65pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 34.75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; WORD-BREAK: keep-all; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"><o:p><font face="바탕" size="2">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18.65pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">Plenary Lecturer: 1 hour including 50 min for talk and 10 min for question and answer <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 10pt"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="바탕" size="2">Symposia: 25 min for foreign speakers, 15 min for domestic speakers</font></span></p> d84bd8c01a4d3fca940f299d1d539e77f4180abd 2153 2008-09-21T18:30:25Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="바탕"><o:p></o:p></font></span></strong></p> <span lang="EN-US"><o:p><font face="바탕" size="2"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="바탕">The 16^th <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Korea</st1:place></st1:country-region> Genome Organization Conference<o:p></o:p></font></span></strong></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="바탕">KOGO 2007 Annual Meeting<o:p></o:p></font></span></strong></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="바탕">September 13-14, 2007<o:p></o:p></font></span></strong></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><font face="바탕"><st1:placename w:st="on"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Seoul</span></strong></st1:placename><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> <st1:placename w:st="on">National</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">University</st1:placetype>, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Seoul</st1:city>, <st1:country-region w:st="on">Korea</st1:country-region></st1:place><o:p></o:p></span></strong></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><o:p><font face="바탕" size="2">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></strong></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="left"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="바탕">Meeting Title : Omics to Industry&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></font></span></strong><br /> <br /> <br /> &nbsp;</p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">I. Plenary Lecture </span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">구성 </span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="2"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 바탕"><font face="바탕">PL 1: Prof. Sumio Sugano(</font></span><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #112331; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">University of Tokyo</span></st1:city><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #112331; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">, </span><st1:country-region w:st="on"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 바탕"><font face="바탕">Japan</font></span></st1:country-region></st1:place><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 바탕"><font face="바탕">) <o:p></o:p></font></span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 40pt; TEXT-INDENT: 40pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&ldquo; Comparative study of alternative promoters of human and mouse genes. &rdquo;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 바탕"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="2"><font face="바탕"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 바탕">PL 2:<span style="COLOR: black"> Prof</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #112331; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">. Sue Rhee(</span></font></font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #112331; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">Carnegie Institution, Stanford, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #112331; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma"><font size="2"><font face="바탕">U.S.A)<o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 80pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #112331; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">&ldquo; Developing and exploring systems biological approaches to unravel how plants respond to environmental stresses. &rdquo;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 바탕"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="2"><font face="바탕"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 바탕">PL 3: <span style="COLOR: black">Dr. Koichi Kawakami(</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">National Institute of <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Genetics</st1:city>, <st1:country-region w:st="on"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">Japan</span></st1:country-region></st1:place><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 바탕"> <o:p></o:p></span></font></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 40pt; TEXT-INDENT: 40pt"><font size="2"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: 바탕">&ldquo;</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="바탕"> Transposon-mediated gene and enhancer trapping in zebrafish. </font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: 바탕">&rdquo;</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 바탕"><o:p><font face="바탕" size="2">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt -9pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">II. Symposium Session </span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">구성 </span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 20pt 0pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 20.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">S1. Medical Genomics<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>Organizer &amp; Chair : </span><st1:personname w:st="on"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">오범석</span></st1:personname><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"> 박사님<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .67"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 1 : Alan F. Scott </span>박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>존스홉킨스 의대<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 19.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 1.97"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span>Trend in high-throughout genotyping for disease association studies<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .67"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 2 : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">정연준</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>가톨릭대학교<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 62pt; TEXT-INDENT: -25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: -2.5; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 3.7gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>Whole-genome CNV profile of Koreans: the valuable Resource for disease association studies<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .67"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 3 : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">이종영</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>국립보건연구원<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 40pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">Whole-genome association studies with the type 2 diabetes mellitus using the STR markers<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 44.95pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 44.95pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-family: 바탕"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">-<span style="FONT: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 4 : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">이민구</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>연세대학교<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 26.95pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>Genetic Variations of ABC Transporters in Korean<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">S2. Plant Functional Genomics and Mushroom <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: 185pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: right; mso-char-indent-count: 18.5; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.03gd" align="right"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">Organizer:</span><st1:personname w:st="on"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">박범석</span></st1:personname><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">/ Chair : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">김호일</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .67"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 1 : </span>공원식 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>농업과학기술원<span lang="EN-US">) <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 37pt; TEXT-INDENT: -10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: -1.0; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.7gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">Studies on Structural and Functional Genomics of Winter Mushroom, <em>Flammulina velutipes</em></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .67"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 2 : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">임명호</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>농업생명공학연구원<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .5; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.03gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">Transcriptome Profiling of Developing Brassica Using KBGP-24K Microarray<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: 5pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .5; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.03gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 3 : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">남백희</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>명지대학교<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: 5pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .5; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.03gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 4 : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">안진흥</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>포항공과대학교<span lang="EN-US">) <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: 19.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.19; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.03gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">Rice functional genomics by T-DNA insertional mutagenesis</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.03gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.03gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">S3. Statistical Genetics and Genomics<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>Organizer &amp; Chair : </span><st1:personname w:st="on"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">박태성</span></st1:personname><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"> 박사님<span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: 5pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .5; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.03gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 1 : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">이은경</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>마케팅랩<span lang="EN-US">) <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 40pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">A tool for the exploratory multivariate analysis of systems biology data<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .67"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 2 : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">김호</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>서울대학교<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .5; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.03gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><font size="3"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1">&nbsp; </span></font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">Design and Analysis of Genetic Twin Studies</span><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .67"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 3 : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">이승연</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>세종대학교<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 37.95pt; TEXT-INDENT: -11.65pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: -.97; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.63gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">Log-linear model based multifactor dimensionality reduction method to detect gene-gene interactions<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: 5pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .5; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.03gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 4 : </span>김진흠 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>수원대학교<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 40pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">일배체형에 기초한 고혈압과<span lang="EN-US"> AGT </span>유전자의 연관성 분석<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: 5pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .5; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.03gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 5 : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">강선정</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>삼성생명과학연구소<span lang="EN-US">) <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 40pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">What SNP genotyping errors are most costly for genetic association studies <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">S4. Proteomics<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>Organizer:</span><st1:personname w:st="on"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">남명진</span></st1:personname><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">/ Chair : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">박영목</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .67"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 1 : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">이봉희</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>가천의대<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .67"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>Stem cell proteomics<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .67"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 2 : </span>성제경 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>서울 수의대<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: 16.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 1.67; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.03gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span>Proteomics in animal model<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .67"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 3 : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">남명진</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>가천의대<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 19.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 1.97"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">Discovery of cancer biomarker<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .67"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 4 : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">설동근</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>고려대학교<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 40pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">Development of low molecule weight human plasma proteins<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .67"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 5 : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">강인철</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>호서대학교<span lang="EN-US">)</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 40pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">Protein Chip-Based Proteomics Research</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">S5. Bioinformatics/Systems Biology<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>Organizer &amp; Chair : </span><st1:personname w:st="on"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">이상혁</span></st1:personname><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"> 박사님<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 44.95pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 44.95pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-family: 바탕"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">-<span style="FONT: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 1 : Prof. Hsuan-Cheng Huang(National Yang-Ming University, Taiwan)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 26.95pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>Essential core of protein interaction network<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 44.95pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 44.95pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-family: 바탕"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">-<span style="FONT: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 2 : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">윤석준</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>숙명여자대학교<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .67"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>Gene-specific large scale analysis of microarray gene expression data<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .67"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span>- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사 <span lang="EN-US">3 : </span>최선심 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>강원대학교<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .67"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>Analyses of the human genome through evolutionary genomics<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: 11.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 1.17; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.03gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사 <span lang="EN-US">4 : </span>김희발 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>서울대학교<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: 11.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 1.17; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.03gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>Identification of domestication genes in animals, plants, and microbes<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: 5pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .5; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.03gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사 <span lang="EN-US">5 : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">황대희</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>포항공과대학교<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: 5pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .5; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.03gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>A systems medicine approach to complex diseases: its application to prion disease<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: 11.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 1.17; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.03gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.03gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">S6. Pharmacogenomics and toxicogenomics associated with human disease and personalized therapy<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>Organizer &amp; Chair : </span><st1:personname w:st="on"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">신재국</span></st1:personname><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">박사님<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .67"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 1 : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">박지영</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>고려대학교<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .5; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.03gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><font size="3"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1">&nbsp; </span></font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">Clinical Relevance of CYP3A5 Pharmacogenetics<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .67"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 2 : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">이상섭</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>인제대학교<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .5; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.03gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><font size="3"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1">&nbsp; </span></font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">Pharmacogenetics of nuclear receptors</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">　 <span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: 5pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .5; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.03gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 3 : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">김주한</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>서울대학교<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 40pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">Bioinformatics methods for genotoxicity evaluation and carcinogenecity<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: 5pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .5; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.03gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 4 : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">윤석주</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>한국화학연구원<span lang="EN-US">) <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 40pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">Toxicogenomics for genomic biomarker discovery<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">S7.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"> New Technologies in Genome Research</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"> (Solexa, Roche, etc) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: 260pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 26.0; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.03gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">Organizer &amp; Chair : </span><st1:personname w:st="on"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">김종일</span></st1:personname><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"> 박사님<span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 53.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 53.25pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-family: 바탕"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">-<span style="FONT: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">Macrogen Inc.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 53.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 53.25pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-family: 바탕"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">-<span style="FONT: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">Roche Diagnostics <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Korea</st1:place></st1:country-region><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 53.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 53.25pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-family: 바탕"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">-<span style="FONT: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">BMS<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">S8. Microbial Genomics &ndash;Sequences to Systems<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: 125pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 12.5; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.03gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>Organizer:</span><st1:personname w:st="on"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">김지현</span></st1:personname><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">/ Chair : </span>김선창 박사님<span lang="EN-US">, </span>이용환 박사님<span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .67"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 1 : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">김지현</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>한국생명공학연구원<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="hstyle0" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><font size="2"><font face="바탕"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>Omics analysis and experimental evolution of Escherichia coli B</font></font></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: 5pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .5; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.03gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 2 : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">김희남</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>고려대학교<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="hstyle0" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 40pt"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="바탕" size="2">Pathogenomics, virulence, and antivirulence of Burkholderia species</font></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .67"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 3 : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">김익상</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>서울대학교<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 40pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><strong><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #112331; FONT-FAMILY: 굴림; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma">쯔쯔가무시병균</span></strong><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #112331; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"> Orientia tsutsugamushi</span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #112331; FONT-FAMILY: 굴림; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma">의</span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #112331; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"> </span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #112331; FONT-FAMILY: 굴림; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma">유전체</span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #112331; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"> </span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #112331; FONT-FAMILY: 굴림; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma">해독</span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #112331; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"> </span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #112331; FONT-FAMILY: 굴림; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma">및</span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #112331; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"> </span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #112331; FONT-FAMILY: 굴림; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma">병원성</span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #112331; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"> </span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #112331; FONT-FAMILY: 굴림; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma">분석</span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 26.3pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 4 : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">허광래</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>한국생명공학연구원<span lang="EN-US">) <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="hstyle0" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 40pt"><font size="2"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="바탕">Construction of systematic deletion mutants of fission yeast and its applications </font></span><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: #112331; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span><o:p></o:p></span></strong></font></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 26.3pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">9. Functional Genomics in Animal Models<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: 250pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 25.0; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.03gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">Organizer &amp; Chair : </span><st1:personname w:st="on"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">김철희</span></st1:personname><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"> 박사님<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .67"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 1 : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">박해철</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>고려대학교<span lang="EN-US">) <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: 16.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 1.67; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.03gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span>Neural stem cell research in zebrafish<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .67"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 2 : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">이한웅</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>연세대학교<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .67"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>Asc-2 is implicated in dilated cardiomyopathy<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .67"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 3 : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">박승우</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>연세대학교<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .67"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>Towards establishment of zebrafish pancreatic cancer model for small molecular <span style="mso-tab-count: 1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>drug screening<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .67"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">- </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 4 : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">이원재</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>이화여자대학교<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .67"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>The in vivo value of gut immune regulation in Drosophila<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 44.95pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 44.95pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-family: 바탕"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">-<span style="FONT: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">발표 연사<span lang="EN-US"> 5 : </span><st1:personname w:st="on">이준호</st1:personname> 박사님<span lang="EN-US">(</span>서울대학교<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 35pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 3.5"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>Functional genomics in C. elegans<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: .67; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.03gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">S10. Oral Presentation of Poster Session (</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">포스터 중 선별된 연구주제<span lang="EN-US">): organizer-</span>학술<span lang="EN-US"> (</span>이종극<span lang="EN-US">&amp;</span>김영주학술위원<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="굴림"><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black">III. Biginner&rsquo;s Genomic Tools Workshop : </span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black">별도 등록<span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></font></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 74.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: -44.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="굴림"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black">1.&nbsp;Introduction to Biostatistics : </span><st1:personname w:st="on"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black">박태성</span></st1:personname><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black"> 교수님<span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></font></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 74.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: -44.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="굴림"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black">2.&nbsp;Genomic Sequencing &amp; Microarray : </span><st1:personname w:st="on"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black">임용표</span></st1:personname><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black"> 교수님<span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></font></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 74.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: -44.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="굴림"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black">3.&nbsp;Functional screeninghuman genes in zebrafish : </span><st1:personname w:st="on"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black">김철희</span></st1:personname><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black"> 교수님<span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></font></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 74.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: -44.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="굴림"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black">4.&nbsp;Introduction to SNPs : </span><st1:personname w:st="on"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black">김영주</span></st1:personname><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black"> 박사님<span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></font></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 38.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black"><o:p><font face="굴림">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 38.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black"><font face="굴림">기타<span lang="EN-US"> : Poster Viewing Session (</span>매일 오후<span lang="EN-US"> 3-<st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" minute="0" hour="16">4<span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">시</span></span></st1:time>: 1</span>시간<span lang="EN-US">) <o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 38.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black"><o:p><font face="굴림">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="굴림"><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black">IV. Industry Workshop</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black"> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 38.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black"><font face="굴림">1. Industry Workshop A: Seoulin Bioscience, Co. <o:p></o:p></font></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 38.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black"><font face="굴림">2. Industry Workshop B: DNA- Link, Co. <o:p></o:p></font></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 38.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black"><font face="굴림">3. Industry Workshop C: BIONEER, Co.<o:p></o:p></font></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 38.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black"><font face="굴림">4. Industry Workshop D: The <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Korean</st1:placename> <st1:placename w:st="on">BioInformation</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">Center</st1:placetype></st1:place> <o:p></o:p></font></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 38.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black"><o:p><font face="굴림">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 한컴바탕; mso-hansi-font-family: 굴림; mso-bidi-font-family: 굴림"><o:p><font face="굴림">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18.65pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18.65pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18.65pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18.65pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18.65pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18.65pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18.65pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18.65pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18.65pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18.65pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18.65pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18.65pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18.65pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18.65pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18.65pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18.65pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18.65pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18.65pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">September 13 (THU) , 2007</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <div align="center"> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 474.65pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-border-insideh: .25pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .25pt solid windowtext" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="633" border="1"> <tbody> <tr style="HEIGHT: 3.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: silver; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 74pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 3.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="99"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">Time<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: silver; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 157.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 3.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="210"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">Hall A<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: silver; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 162pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 3.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="216"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">Hall B<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: silver; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 80.9pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 3.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="108"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">Poster<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="HEIGHT: 18.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; page-break-inside: avoid"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #d2dfdf; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 74pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 18.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="99"> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9.15pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" minute="30" hour="8"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">8:30</span></st1:time><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"> - <st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" minute="20" hour="10">10:20</st1:time><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #ffcc99; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 157.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 18.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="210"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">Education Session 1. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">Introduction to Biostatistics<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #ffcc99; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 162pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 18.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="216"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">Education Session 2<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">Genomic Sequencing &amp; Microarray</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #ff99cc; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 80.9pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 18.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="108" rowspan="6"> <p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="HEIGHT: 23.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2; page-break-inside: avoid"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #d2dfdf; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 74pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 23.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="99"> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9.15pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" minute="30" hour="10"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">10:30</span></st1:time><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"> - <st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" minute="40" hour="10">10:40</st1:time><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #ffff99; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 157.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 23.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="210"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">Opening Ceremony<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #ffff99; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 162pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 23.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="216"> <p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="HEIGHT: 37.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3; page-break-inside: avoid"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #d2dfdf; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 74pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 37.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="99"> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9.15pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" minute="40" hour="10"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">10:40</span></st1:time><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"> &ndash; <span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span><st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" minute="30" hour="12">12:30</st1:time><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #ffff99; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 157.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 37.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="210"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">S1 <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">Medical Genomics<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #ffff99; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 162pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 37.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="216"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">S2<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">Plant Functional Genomics and Mushroom<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="HEIGHT: 37.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4; page-break-inside: avoid"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #d2dfdf; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 74pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 37.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="99"> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9.15pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" minute="30" hour="12"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">12:30</span></st1:time><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"> - <st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" minute="30" hour="13">13:30</st1:time><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #cc99ff; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 157.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 37.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="210"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;">CE1<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Book Antiqua'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Book Antiqua'"><font face="굴림">서린</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Book Antiqua'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Book Antiqua'"><font face="굴림">바이오사이언스</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;"> Workshop <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #cc99ff; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 162pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 37.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="216"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;">CE2<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">DNA- Link </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;">Workshop</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="HEIGHT: 29.6pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5; page-break-inside: avoid"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #d2dfdf; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 74pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 29.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="99"> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9.15pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" minute="30" hour="13"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">13:30</span></st1:time><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"> &ndash; <st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" minute="30" hour="14">14:30</st1:time><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: lime; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 157.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 29.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="210"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; WORD-BREAK: keep-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 120%; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><font size="2"><font face="바탕"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 120%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">PL1 : Dr. </span><span lang="EN-US">Sumio Sugano</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 120%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></font></font></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #e6e6e6; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 162pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 29.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="216"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="HEIGHT: 37.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6; page-break-inside: avoid"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #d2dfdf; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 74pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 37.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="99"> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9.15pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" minute="30" hour="14"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">14:30</span></st1:time><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"> &ndash; <st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" minute="0" hour="16">16:00</st1:time><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #ffff99; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 157.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 37.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="210"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">S3<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">Statistical Genetics and Genomics </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #ffff99; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 162pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 37.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="216"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">S4<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">Proteomics</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="HEIGHT: 25.85pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7; page-break-inside: avoid"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #d2dfdf; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 74pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 25.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="99"> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9.15pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" minute="0" hour="16"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">16:00</span></st1:time><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"> &ndash; <st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" minute="0" hour="17">17:00</st1:time><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #e6e6e6; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 157.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 25.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="210"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black"><font face="굴림">Poster Viewing Session</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span>&amp; </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">Coffee Break<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #e6e6e6; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 162pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 25.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="216"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black"><font face="굴림">Poster Viewing Session</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span>&amp; </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">Coffee Break<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #ff99cc; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 80.9pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 25.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="108"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; WORD-BREAK: keep-all; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"><font size="2"><font face="바탕">Poster Open<o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="HEIGHT: 12.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8; page-break-inside: avoid"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #d2dfdf; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 74pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 12.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="99"> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9.15pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" minute="0" hour="17"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">17:00</span></st1:time><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"> - <st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" minute="30" hour="18">18:30</st1:time><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #ffff99; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 157.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 12.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="210"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">S5<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">Bioinformatics/<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">Systems biology </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #ffff99; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 162pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 12.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="216"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">S6<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕">Pharmacogenomics and toxicogenomics associated with human disease and personalized therapy</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;"> <span style="COLOR: black"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #ff99cc; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 80.9pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 12.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="108" rowspan="2"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; WORD-BREAK: keep-all; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"><o:p><font face="바탕" size="2">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="HEIGHT: 25.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9; page-break-inside: avoid; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #d2dfdf; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 74pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 25.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="99"> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9.15pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" minute="30" hour="18"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">18:30</span></st1:time><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"> &ndash; <st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" minute="30" hour="19">19:30</st1:time><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #ccffff; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 157.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 25.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="210"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">Reception<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #e6e6e6; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 162pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 25.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="216"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18.65pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">Registration: <st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" minute="0" hour="8">8:00</st1:time>-<st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" minute="0" hour="12">12:00</st1:time> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18.65pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">September 14 (FRI), 2007</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <div align="center"> <table style="WIDTH: 468.15pt; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="624" border="0" class="MsoNormalTable"> <tbody> <tr style="HEIGHT: 3.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: silver; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 3.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="100"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">Time<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: silver; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 152.85pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 3.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="204"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">Hall A<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: silver; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 162.65pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 3.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="217"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">Hall B<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: silver; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 77.65pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 3.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="104"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">Poster<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="HEIGHT: 25.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; page-break-inside: avoid"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #d2dfdf; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 25.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="100"> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9.15pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" minute="30" hour="8"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">8:30</span></st1:time><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"> - <st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" minute="20" hour="10">10:20</st1:time><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #ffcc99; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 152.85pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 25.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="204"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">Education Session 3. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕">Functional screening&nbsp;of human genes in zebrafish </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #ffcc99; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 162.65pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 25.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="217"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">Education Session 4. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">Introduction to SNPs <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #ff99cc; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 77.65pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 25.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="104" rowspan="5"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="HEIGHT: 32.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2; page-break-inside: avoid"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #d2dfdf; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; HEIGHT: 32.2pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="100"> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9.15pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" minute="30" hour="10"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">10:30</span></st1:time><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"> - <st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" minute="30" hour="11">11:30</st1:time><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: lime; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 152.85pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; HEIGHT: 32.2pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="204"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">PL2:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #112331; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"> Dr. Sue Rhee</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #e6e6e6; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 162.65pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 32.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="217"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="HEIGHT: 37.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3; page-break-inside: avoid"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #d2dfdf; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 37.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="100"> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9.15pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" minute="30" hour="11"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">11:30</span></st1:time><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"> &ndash; <st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" minute="0" hour="13">13:00</st1:time><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #ffff99; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 152.85pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 37.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="204"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">S7<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">New Technologies in Genome Research</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #ffff99; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 162.65pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 37.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="217"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">S8<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">Microbial Genomics <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">&ndash;Sequences to Systems<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="HEIGHT: 37.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4; page-break-inside: avoid"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #d2dfdf; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 37.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="100"> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9.15pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" minute="0" hour="13"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">13:00</span></st1:time><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"> - <st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" minute="0" hour="14">14:00</st1:time><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #cc99ff; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 152.85pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 37.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="204"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">CE3<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">Bioneer Workshop<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #cc99ff; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 162.65pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 37.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="217"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">CE4<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Book Antiqua'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Book Antiqua'"><font face="굴림">국가생물자원정보관리센터</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"> Workshop<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="HEIGHT: 31.7pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5; page-break-inside: avoid"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #d2dfdf; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 31.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="100"> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9.15pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" minute="0" hour="14"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">14:00</span></st1:time><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"> &ndash; <st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" minute="0" hour="15">15:00</st1:time><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: lime; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 152.85pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 31.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="204"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">PL3 : Dr. Koichi Kawakami<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #e6e6e6; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 162.65pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 31.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="217"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="HEIGHT: 22.65pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6; page-break-inside: avoid"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #d2dfdf; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 22.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="100"> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9.15pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" minute="0" hour="15"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">15:00</span></st1:time><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"> &ndash; <st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" minute="0" hour="16">16:00</st1:time><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #e6e6e6; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 152.85pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 22.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="204"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black"><font face="굴림">Poster Viewing Session</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span>&amp; </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">Coffee Break</span><font face="굴림"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #e6e6e6; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 162.65pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 22.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="217"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black"><font face="굴림">Poster Viewing Session</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span>&amp; </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">Coffee Break</span><font face="굴림"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #ff99cc; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 77.65pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 22.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; WORD-BREAK: keep-all; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"><font size="2"><font face="바탕">Poster Open<o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="HEIGHT: 46.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7; page-break-inside: avoid"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #d2dfdf; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 46.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="100"> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9.15pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" minute="0" hour="16"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">16:00</span></st1:time><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"> &ndash; <st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" minute="30" hour="17">17:30</st1:time><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #ffff99; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 152.85pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 46.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="204"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">S9<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">Functional Genomics in <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">Animal Models<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #ffff99; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 162.65pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 46.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="217"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">S10<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 굴림; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 굴림"><font size="2">Oral presentation of poster session<o:p></o:p></font></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #ff99cc; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 77.65pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; HEIGHT: 46.95pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; WORD-BREAK: keep-all; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"><o:p><font face="바탕" size="2">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="HEIGHT: 34.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8; page-break-inside: avoid; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #d2dfdf; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 34.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="100"> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9.15pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" minute="30" hour="17"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">17:30</span></st1:time><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"> - <st1:time w:st="on" o:ls="trans" minute="0" hour="18">18:00</st1:time><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #ccffff; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 152.85pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 34.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="204"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">Ceremony for Poster <span style="BACKGROUND: #ccffff">Awards and Closing Remarks</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #e6e6e6; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 162.65pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 34.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="217"> <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BACKGROUND: #ff99cc; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 77.65pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 34.75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .25pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .25pt" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; WORD-BREAK: keep-all; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt"><o:p><font face="바탕" size="2">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18.65pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt">Plenary Lecturer: 1 hour including 50 min for talk and 10 min for question and answer <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 10pt"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="바탕" size="2">Symposia: 25 min for foreign speakers, 15 min for domestic speakers</font></span></p> </font></o:p></span> d0aa8a15fb85800f500fe8fb6326310123877736 0 1498 2154 2008-09-21T18:36:49Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font size="3"><strong>Genomics</strong> is the omics study of genes of individual organisms,&nbsp;populations, and species. <br /> </font></p> <p><font size="3">It is also a paradigm of performing biological science that deviates from&nbsp;investigating single genes, their functions, and roles. <br /> </font></p> <p><font size="3">The main reason of an independent biological discipline is that it deals with very large sets of genetic information to automatically analyze information using interaction and network concepts. Genomics inevitably employs high performance computing and bioinformatics technologies.</font><br /> </p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4"><br /> </font></span></p> <p><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">History of the field</font></span></strong></p> <p><font size="3">Genomics was practically founded by Fred Sanger group in 1970s when they developed&nbsp;a gene sequencing technique and completed the first genomes; namely bacteriophage &Phi;-X174; (5,368 bp),&nbsp;the human mitochondrial genome, and lamda virus.</font></p> <p><font size="3">In 1972, Walter Fiers and his team at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology of the University of Ghent (Ghent, Belgium) were the first to determine the sequence of a gene: the gene for Bacteriophage MS2 coat protein.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-0">[1]</sup> In 1976, the team determined the complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-1">[2]</sup> The first DNA-based genome to be sequenced in its entirety was that of bacteriophage &Phi;-X174; (5,368 bp), sequenced by Frederick Sanger in 1977<sup class="reference" id="_ref-2">[3]</sup>. The first free-living organism to be sequenced was that of <em>Haemophilus influenzae</em> (1.8 Mb) in 1995, and since then genomes are being sequenced at a rapid pace. A rough draft of the human genome was completed by Sanger centre and the Human Genome Project in early 2001.</font></p> <p><font size="3">As of September 2007, the complete sequence was known of about 1879 viruses <sup class="reference" id="_ref-3">[4]</sup>, 577 bacterial species and roughly 23 eukaryote organisms, of which about half are fungi. <sup class="reference" id="_ref-4">[5]</sup> Most of the bacteria whose genomes have been completely sequenced are problematic disease-causing agents, such as <em>Haemophilus influenzae</em>. Of the other sequenced species, most were chosen because they were well-studied model organisms or promised to become good models. Yeast (<em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em>) has long been an important model organism for the eukaryotic cell, while the fruit fly <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> has been a very important tool (notably in early pre-molecular genetics). The worm <em>Caenorhabditis elegans</em> is an often used simple model for multicellular organisms. The zebrafish <em>Brachydanio rerio</em> is used for many developmental studies on the molecular level and the flower <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em> is a model organism for flowering plants. The Japanese pufferfish (<em>Takifugu rubripes</em>) and the spotted green pufferfish (<em>Tetraodon nigroviridis</em>) are interesting because of their small and compact genomes, containing very little non-coding DNA compared to most species. <sup class="reference" id="_ref-5">[6]</sup> <sup class="reference" id="_ref-6">[7]</sup> The mammals dog (<em>Canis familiaris</em>), <sup class="reference" id="_ref-7">[8]</sup> brown rat (<em>Rattus norvegicus</em>), mouse (<em>Mus musculus</em>), and chimpanzee (<em>Pan troglodytes</em>) are all important model animals in medical research.</font></p> <p><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">Bacteriophage Genomics</font></span></strong></p> <p><font size="3">Bacteriophages have played and continue to play a key role in bacterial genetics and molecular biology. Historically, they were used to define gene structure and gene regulation. Also the first genome to be sequenced was a bacteriophage. However, bacteriophage research did not lead the genomics revolution, which is clearly dominated by bacterial genomics. Only very recently has the study of bacteriophage genomes become prominent, thereby enabling researchers to understand the mechanisms underlying phage evolution. Bacteriophage genome sequences can be obtained through direct sequencing of isolated bacteriophages, but can also be derived as part of microbial genomes. Analysis of bacterial genomes has shown that a substantial amount of microbial DNA consists of prophage sequences and prophage-like elements. A detailed database mining of these sequences offers insights into the role of prophages in shaping the bacterial genome.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-McGrath_0">[9]</sup></font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">Cyanobacteria Genomics</font></span></strong></p> <p><font size="3">At present there are 24 cyanobacteria for which a total genome sequence is available. 15 of these cyanobacteria come from the marine environment. These are six <em>Prochlorococcus</em><em>Synechococcus</em> strains, <em>Trichodesmium erythraeum</em> IMS101 and <em>Crocosphaera watsonii</em> [[WH8501. Several studies have demonstrated how these sequences could be used very successfully to infer important ecological and physiological characteristics of marine cyanobacteria. However, there are many more genome projects currently in progress, amongst those there are further <em>Prochlorococcus</em> and marine <em>Synechococcus</em> isolates, <em>Acaryochloris</em> and <em>Prochloron</em>, the N₂-fixing filamentous cyanobacteria <em>Nodularia spumigena</em>, <em>Lyngbya aestuarii</em> and <em>Lyngbya majuscula</em>, as well as bacteriophages infecting marine cyanobaceria. Thus, the growing body of genome information can also be tapped in a more general way to address global problems by applying a comparative approach. Some new and exciting examples of progress in this field are the identification of genes for regulatory RNAs, insights into the evolutionary origin of photosynthesis, or estimation of the contribution of horizontal gene transfer to the genomes that have been analyzed.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-Herrero_0">[10]</sup></font></p> <p><font size="4">[[Genome sequencing and genomics]]</font></p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">See also</font></span></strong></p> <ul> <li><font size="3">[[Pangenomics]] and [[Pangenome]]</font> </li> <li><font size="3">[[Personal Genome Project]]</font> </li> <li><font size="3">[[Omics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Proteomics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Interactomics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Functional genomics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Computational genomics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Nitrogenomics]]</font> </li> <li><font size="3">[[Pathogenomics]]</font></li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">References</font></span></strong></p> <ol class="references"> <li id="_note-0"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-0">^</a></strong> Min Jou W, Haegeman G, Ysebaert M, Fiers W., Nucleotide sequence of the gene coding for the bacteriophage MS2 coat protein, Nature. 1972 May 12;237(5350):82-8 </font></li> <li id="_note-1"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-1">^</a></strong> Fiers W et al., Complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA - primary and secondary structure of replicase gene, Nature, 260, 500-507, 1976 </font></li> <li id="_note-2"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-2">^</a></strong> Sanger F, Air GM, Barrell BG, Brown NL, Coulson AR, Fiddes CA, Hutchison CA, Slocombe PM, Smith M., Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA, Nature. 1977 Feb 24;265(5596):687-95 </font></li> <li id="_note-3"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-3">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/VIRUSES/virostat.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/VIRUSES/virostat.html"><em>The Viral Genomes Resource</em>, NCBI Friday, 14 September, 2007</a></font> </li> <li id="_note-4"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-4">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/static/gpstat.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/static/gpstat.html"><em>Genome Project Statistic</em>, NCBI Friday, 14 September, 2007</a></font> </li> <li id="_note-5"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-5">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3760766.stm" rel="nofollow" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3760766.stm">BBC article <em>Human gene number slashed</em> from Wednesday, 20 October, 2004</a></font> </li> <li id="_note-6"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-6">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2003/10/16/pufferfish_fruitfly/index.shtml" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2003/10/16/pufferfish_fruitfly/index.shtml">CBSE News, Thursday October 16, 2003</a></font> </li> <li id="_note-7"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-7">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.genome.gov/12511476" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.gov/12511476">NHGRI, pressrelease of the publishing of the dog genome</a></font> </li> <li id="_note-McGrath"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-McGrath_0">^</a></strong> <cite class="book" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Mc Grath S and van Sinderen D (editors). (2007). <em><a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage">Bacteriophage: Genetics and Molecular Biology</a></em>, 1st ed., Caister Academic Press. <a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage">ISBN 978-1-904455-14-1</a> .</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Bacteriophage%3A+Genetics+and+Molecular+Biology&amp;rft.au=Mc+Grath+S+and+van+Sinderen+D+%28editors%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fphage">&nbsp;</span></font> </li> <li id="_note-Herrero"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-Herrero_0">^</a></strong> <cite class="book" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Herrero A and Flores E (editor). (2008). <em><a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan">The Cyanobacteria: Molecular Biology, Genomics and Evolution</a></em>, 1st ed., Caister Academic Press. <a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan">ISBN 978-1-904455-15-8</a> .</cite></font><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cyanobacteria%3A+Molecular+Biology%2C+Genomics+and+Evolution&amp;rft.au=Herrero+A+and+Flores+E+%28editor%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fcyan"><font size="3"> </font><br /> </span></li> </ol> fad7beb873a7221b9e0332b814c427630201aa12 2158 2008-10-13T13:58:07Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font size="3"><strong>Genomics</strong> is the omics study of genes of individual organisms,&nbsp;populations, and species. <br /> </font></p> <p><font size="3">It is also a paradigm of performing biological science that deviates from&nbsp;investigating single genes, their functions, and roles. <br /> </font></p> <p><font size="3">The main reason of an independent biological discipline is that it deals with very large sets of genetic information to automatically analyze information using interaction and network concepts. Genomics inevitably employs high performance computing and bioinformatics technologies.</font><br /> </p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">&nbsp; </font></span></p> <div v:shape="_x0000_s1026"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 32pt"><font color="#339966" size="5">&quot;[[Genome sequencing is not Genomics]]&quot;</font></span></div> <p><br /> </p> <p><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">History of the field</font></span></strong></p> <p><font size="3">Genomics was practically founded by Fred Sanger group in 1970s when they developed&nbsp;a gene sequencing technique and completed the first genomes; namely bacteriophage &Phi;-X174; (5,368 bp),&nbsp;the human mitochondrial genome, and lamda virus.</font></p> <p><font size="3">In 1972, Walter Fiers and his team at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology of the University of Ghent (Ghent, Belgium) were the first to determine the sequence of a gene: the gene for Bacteriophage MS2 coat protein.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-0">[1]</sup> In 1976, the team determined the complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-1">[2]</sup> The first DNA-based genome to be sequenced in its entirety was that of bacteriophage &Phi;-X174; (5,368 bp), sequenced by Frederick Sanger in 1977<sup class="reference" id="_ref-2">[3]</sup>. The first free-living organism to be sequenced was that of <em>Haemophilus influenzae</em> (1.8 Mb) in 1995, and since then genomes are being sequenced at a rapid pace. A rough draft of the human genome was completed by Sanger centre and the Human Genome Project in early 2001.</font></p> <p><font size="3">As of September 2007, the complete sequence was known of about 1879 viruses <sup class="reference" id="_ref-3">[4]</sup>, 577 bacterial species and roughly 23 eukaryote organisms, of which about half are fungi. <sup class="reference" id="_ref-4">[5]</sup> Most of the bacteria whose genomes have been completely sequenced are problematic disease-causing agents, such as <em>Haemophilus influenzae</em>. Of the other sequenced species, most were chosen because they were well-studied model organisms or promised to become good models. Yeast (<em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em>) has long been an important model organism for the eukaryotic cell, while the fruit fly <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> has been a very important tool (notably in early pre-molecular genetics). The worm <em>Caenorhabditis elegans</em> is an often used simple model for multicellular organisms. The zebrafish <em>Brachydanio rerio</em> is used for many developmental studies on the molecular level and the flower <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em> is a model organism for flowering plants. The Japanese pufferfish (<em>Takifugu rubripes</em>) and the spotted green pufferfish (<em>Tetraodon nigroviridis</em>) are interesting because of their small and compact genomes, containing very little non-coding DNA compared to most species. <sup class="reference" id="_ref-5">[6]</sup> <sup class="reference" id="_ref-6">[7]</sup> The mammals dog (<em>Canis familiaris</em>), <sup class="reference" id="_ref-7">[8]</sup> brown rat (<em>Rattus norvegicus</em>), mouse (<em>Mus musculus</em>), and chimpanzee (<em>Pan troglodytes</em>) are all important model animals in medical research.</font></p> <p><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">Bacteriophage Genomics</font></span></strong></p> <p><font size="3">Bacteriophages have played and continue to play a key role in bacterial genetics and molecular biology. Historically, they were used to define gene structure and gene regulation. Also the first genome to be sequenced was a bacteriophage. However, bacteriophage research did not lead the genomics revolution, which is clearly dominated by bacterial genomics. Only very recently has the study of bacteriophage genomes become prominent, thereby enabling researchers to understand the mechanisms underlying phage evolution. Bacteriophage genome sequences can be obtained through direct sequencing of isolated bacteriophages, but can also be derived as part of microbial genomes. Analysis of bacterial genomes has shown that a substantial amount of microbial DNA consists of prophage sequences and prophage-like elements. A detailed database mining of these sequences offers insights into the role of prophages in shaping the bacterial genome.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-McGrath_0">[9]</sup></font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">Cyanobacteria Genomics</font></span></strong></p> <p><font size="3">At present there are 24 cyanobacteria for which a total genome sequence is available. 15 of these cyanobacteria come from the marine environment. These are six <em>Prochlorococcus</em><em>Synechococcus</em> strains, <em>Trichodesmium erythraeum</em> IMS101 and <em>Crocosphaera watsonii</em> [[WH8501. Several studies have demonstrated how these sequences could be used very successfully to infer important ecological and physiological characteristics of marine cyanobacteria. However, there are many more genome projects currently in progress, amongst those there are further <em>Prochlorococcus</em> and marine <em>Synechococcus</em> isolates, <em>Acaryochloris</em> and <em>Prochloron</em>, the N₂-fixing filamentous cyanobacteria <em>Nodularia spumigena</em>, <em>Lyngbya aestuarii</em> and <em>Lyngbya majuscula</em>, as well as bacteriophages infecting marine cyanobaceria. Thus, the growing body of genome information can also be tapped in a more general way to address global problems by applying a comparative approach. Some new and exciting examples of progress in this field are the identification of genes for regulatory RNAs, insights into the evolutionary origin of photosynthesis, or estimation of the contribution of horizontal gene transfer to the genomes that have been analyzed.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-Herrero_0">[10]</sup></font></p> <p><font size="4">[[Genome sequencing and genomics]]</font></p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">See also</font></span></strong></p> <ul> <li><font size="3">[[Pangenomics]] and [[Pangenome]]</font> </li> <li><font size="3">[[Personal Genome Project]]</font> </li> <li><font size="3">[[Omics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Proteomics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Interactomics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Functional genomics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Computational genomics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Nitrogenomics]]</font> </li> <li><font size="3">[[Pathogenomics]]</font> </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">References</font></span></strong></p> <ol class="references"> <li id="_note-0"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-0">^</a></strong> Min Jou W, Haegeman G, Ysebaert M, Fiers W., Nucleotide sequence of the gene coding for the bacteriophage MS2 coat protein, Nature. 1972 May 12;237(5350):82-8 </font></li> <li id="_note-1"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-1">^</a></strong> Fiers W et al., Complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA - primary and secondary structure of replicase gene, Nature, 260, 500-507, 1976 </font></li> <li id="_note-2"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-2">^</a></strong> Sanger F, Air GM, Barrell BG, Brown NL, Coulson AR, Fiddes CA, Hutchison CA, Slocombe PM, Smith M., Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA, Nature. 1977 Feb 24;265(5596):687-95 </font></li> <li id="_note-3"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-3">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/VIRUSES/virostat.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/VIRUSES/virostat.html"><em>The Viral Genomes Resource</em>, NCBI Friday, 14 September, 2007</a></font> </li> <li id="_note-4"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-4">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/static/gpstat.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/static/gpstat.html"><em>Genome Project Statistic</em>, NCBI Friday, 14 September, 2007</a></font> </li> <li id="_note-5"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-5">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3760766.stm" rel="nofollow" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3760766.stm">BBC article <em>Human gene number slashed</em> from Wednesday, 20 October, 2004</a></font> </li> <li id="_note-6"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-6">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2003/10/16/pufferfish_fruitfly/index.shtml" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2003/10/16/pufferfish_fruitfly/index.shtml">CBSE News, Thursday October 16, 2003</a></font> </li> <li id="_note-7"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-7">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.genome.gov/12511476" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.gov/12511476">NHGRI, pressrelease of the publishing of the dog genome</a></font> </li> <li id="_note-McGrath"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-McGrath_0">^</a></strong> <cite class="book" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Mc Grath S and van Sinderen D (editors). (2007). <em><a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage">Bacteriophage: Genetics and Molecular Biology</a></em>, 1st ed., Caister Academic Press. <a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage">ISBN 978-1-904455-14-1</a> .</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Bacteriophage%3A+Genetics+and+Molecular+Biology&amp;rft.au=Mc+Grath+S+and+van+Sinderen+D+%28editors%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fphage">&nbsp;</span></font> </li> <li id="_note-Herrero"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-Herrero_0">^</a></strong> <cite class="book" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Herrero A and Flores E (editor). (2008). <em><a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan">The Cyanobacteria: Molecular Biology, Genomics and Evolution</a></em>, 1st ed., Caister Academic Press. <a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan">ISBN 978-1-904455-15-8</a> .</cite></font><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cyanobacteria%3A+Molecular+Biology%2C+Genomics+and+Evolution&amp;rft.au=Herrero+A+and+Flores+E+%28editor%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fcyan"><font size="3"> </font><br /> </span></li> </ol> 2f5fe290538777c3f196bd45f1a25bf407849f8d 0 1638 2157 2008-09-25T06:56:50Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">Genome and related omes projects</font><br /> <br /> [[Human Genome Project]]<br /> [[Personal Genome Project]]<br /> [[Human Microbiome Project]]<br /> [[Human Variome Project]]<br /> [[Asian Variome Project]]<br /> 4d60756b8d32b17cffa6f74562d50cdce1f1d0e3 0 1641 2161 2008-10-13T14:04:19Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki Jong Bhak<br /> <br /> Jong is a bioinformatist. He is also a biosopher.<br /> <br /> Email: jong.bhak@gmail.com<br /> ee4f6e1ce26d0cba5e31a15854bc6ce6ed01e5d6 2162 2008-10-13T14:05:37Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki Jong Bhak<br /> <br /> Jong is a bioinformatist. He is also a biosopher.<br /> http://jongbhak.com<br /> <br /> Email: jong.bhak@gmail.com<br /> eacf2f7c7b20311e554a3b47a4e027e8b0ba2299 0 1642 2166 2008-10-13T14:49:53Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p class="content">Complete Genomics claims to have developed a third-generation sequencing platform.</p> <p class="content">It is capable of generating genomic data at an unprecedented level of throughput and at low cost ($5000 per genome in 2009)<br /> </p> <p class="content">The company is deploying this platform through its commercial-scale, fully automated genome center and offering a comprehensive human genome sequencing service. <br /> </p> <p class="content">This service will enable its customers to characterize the full spectrum of genetic variants in large numbers of human subjects. This ability to conduct large-scale human genome studies will enable medical researchers to elucidate further the genetic underpinnings of complex diseases and drug responses. </p> <p class="content">At the heart of Complete Genomics&rsquo; <a href="/technology/technicalDetails.aspx">sequencing platform</a> are technological advances in libraries, arrays, sequencing assay, instruments and software, integrated into a comprehensive sequencing system specifically designed for large-scale studies of complete human genomes. <br /> </p> <p class="content">[http://completegenomicsinc.com CompleteGenpmicsInc.com]</p> <p class="content"><br /> </p> bb4b334ac8c00da97cd2ce4e0677d68381d6d905 2167 2008-10-13T14:51:42Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p class="content">Complete Genomics claims to have developed a third-generation sequencing platform.</p> <p class="content">It is capable of generating genomic data at an unprecedented level of throughput and at low cost ($5000 per genome in 2009)<br /> </p> <p class="content">The company is deploying this platform through its commercial-scale, fully automated genome center and offering a comprehensive human genome sequencing service. <br /> </p> <p class="content">This service will enable its customers to characterize the full spectrum of genetic variants in large numbers of human subjects. This ability to conduct large-scale human genome studies will enable medical researchers to elucidate further the genetic underpinnings of complex diseases and drug responses. </p> <p class="content">At the heart of Complete Genomics&rsquo; <a href="/technology/technicalDetails.aspx">sequencing platform</a> are technological advances in libraries, arrays, sequencing assay, instruments and software, integrated into a comprehensive sequencing system specifically designed for large-scale studies of complete human genomes. <br /> </p> <p class="content">[http://completegenomicsinc.com CompleteGenpmicsInc.com]</p> <p class="content">&nbsp;</p> <p class="subtitle"><strong>Corporate Headquarters</strong></p> <p class="content">Complete Genomics, Inc.<br /> 2071 Stierlin Court<br /> Mountain View, CA 94043<br /> Phone: +1.650.943.2800<br /> Email: <a href="mailto:info@completegenomics.com">info@completegenomics.com</a></p> <p class="content"><strong>October 06. 2008</strong> </p> <ul class="uli"> <li>New York Times: <a target="_blank" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/06/business/06gene.html?hp">Dawn of Low-Price Mapping Could Broaden DNA Uses</a> </li> <li>Technology Review: <a target="_blank" href="http://www.technologyreview.com/biomedicine/21466/">Five Thousand Bucks for Your Genome: A new sequencing service could change the face of human genomics</a> </li> <li>Bio-IT World: <a target="_blank" href="http://www.bio-itworld.com/headlines/2008/oct06/complete-genomics-1000-dollar-genome.html">Complete Genomics Service Targets $1000 Genome by Spring 2009</a> </li> <li>Bio-IT World: <a target="_blank" href="http://www.bio-itworld.com/headlines/2008/oct06/complete-genomics-dna-nanoballs.html">DNA Nanoballs, Petabytes of Data Mark Complete Genomics Platform</a> </li> <li>International Herald Tribune: <a target="_blank" href="#">Dawn of low-price mapping could broaden DNA uses</a> </li> <li>Seattle Times: <a target="_blank" href="http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/businesstechnology/2008231287_btbriefs06.html">Technology Briefs: Biotechnology</a> </li> <li>Genetic Engineering &amp; Biotechnology News: <a target="_blank" href="http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/10/06/business/06gene.php">Complete Genomics Kicks Off Sequencing Business through Deal with ISB</a> </li> <li>Xconomy: <a target="_blank" href="http://www.xconomy.com/seattle/2008/10/06/isb-complete-genomics-form-partnership-to-sequence-multiple-human-genomes/">ISB, Complete Genomics Form Partnership To Sequence Multiple Human Genomes</a> </li> <li>Nature News: <a target="_blank" href="http://www.nature.com/news/2008/081006/full/news.2008.1151.html">$5,000 genome next year, company promises: Complete Genomics is about to release fast, cheap sequencing into a competitive market</a> </li> <li>Monsters &amp; Critics: <a target="_blank" href="http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/business/news/article_1435105.php/Company_to_offer_low_price_for_complete_genetic_blueprint_">Business News: Company to offer low price for complete genetic blueprint</a> </li> <li>ABC News: <a href="http://www.abcnews.go.com/Technology/story?id=5964421&amp;page=1">Five Thousand Bucks for Your Genome</a> </li> <li>Genome Technology Online: <a target="_blank" href="http://www.genome-technology.com/issues/blog/general/149844-1.html">Complete Genomics Makes Its Debut</a> </li> <li>Genome Web Daily News: <a href="http://www.genomeweb.com/issues/news/149838-1.html">Complete Genomics, ISB To Collaborate on Genome Studies; Firm Targets $5K Genome for 2009</a> </li> <li>Silicon Valley / San Jose Business Journal: <a target="_blank" href="http://sanjose.bizjournals.com/sanjose/stories/2008/10/06/daily15.html?b=1223265600%5e1712406&amp;surround=etf">Complete Genomics emerges from stealth</a> </li> </ul> <p class="content"><strong>October 07. 2008</strong> </p> <ul class="uli"> <li>InSequence: <a target="_blank" href="http://www.in-sequence.com/issues/2_40/features/149874-1.html?CMP=OTC-RSS">Complete Genomics to Offer $5,000 Human Genome as a Service Business in Q2 2009</a> </li> <li>Xconomy: <a target="_blank" href="http://www.xconomy.com/san-diego/2008/10/07/ovp-enterprise-partners-see-big-opportunity-in-5000-human-genome-sequencing/">OVP, Enterprise Partners See Big Opportunity in $5,000 Human Genome Sequencing</a> </li> <li>FierceBioResearcher: <a target="_blank" href="http://www.fiercebioresearcher.com/story/start-offer-genome-sequencing-bargain-rate/2008-10-07-0">Start-up to offer genome sequencing at bargain rate</a> </li> <li>OBBeC (UK): <a target="_blank" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/06/business/06gene.html?hp">Sequence Your Genome for Only $5,000</a> </li> <li>United Press International: <a target="_blank" href="http://www.upi.com/Science_News/2008/10/06/Company_to_offer_5000_gene_mapping/UPI-43561223341924/">Company to offer $5,000 gene mapping</a> </li> <li>SmartBrief: <a target="_blank" href="http://www.smartbrief.com/news/entrepreneurs/storyDetails.jsp?issueid=69CC6077-E6AF-49CE-B2C8-E7B3782F1E3E&amp;copyid=6DB4A55A-9277-459F-AEF5-456B8C4BD799">Discount-priced genetics</a></li> </ul> <p class="content"> </p> 7c8eaef9cda38683392272102661677f257afb03 2168 2008-10-13T14:52:33Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p class="content">Complete Genomics claims to have developed a third-generation sequencing platform.</p> <p class="content">It is capable of generating genomic data at an unprecedented level of throughput and at low cost ($5000 per genome in 2009)<br /> </p> <p class="content">The company is deploying this platform through its commercial-scale, fully automated genome center and offering a comprehensive human genome sequencing service. <br /> </p> <p class="content">This service will enable its customers to characterize the full spectrum of genetic variants in large numbers of human subjects. This ability to conduct large-scale human genome studies will enable medical researchers to elucidate further the genetic underpinnings of complex diseases and drug responses. </p> <p class="content">At the heart of Complete Genomics&rsquo; <a href="/technology/technicalDetails.aspx">sequencing platform</a> are technological advances in libraries, arrays, sequencing assay, instruments and software, integrated into a comprehensive sequencing system specifically designed for large-scale studies of complete human genomes. <br /> </p> <p class="content">[http://completegenomicsinc.com CompleteGenpmicsInc.com]</p> <p class="content">&nbsp;</p> <p class="subtitle"><strong>Corporate Headquarters</strong></p> <p class="content">Complete Genomics, Inc.<br /> 2071 Stierlin Court<br /> Mountain View, CA 94043<br /> Phone: +1.650.943.2800<br /> Email: <a href="mailto:info@completegenomics.com">info@completegenomics.com</a></p> <p class="content"><a href="mailto:info@completegenomics.com"><br /> </a></p> <p class="content"><strong>News about Complete Genomics Inc. sequencing technology: October 07. 2008</strong> </p> <ul class="uli"> <li>InSequence: <a href="http://www.in-sequence.com/issues/2_40/features/149874-1.html?CMP=OTC-RSS" target="_blank">Complete Genomics to Offer $5,000 Human Genome as a Service Business in Q2 2009</a> </li> <li>Xconomy: <a href="http://www.xconomy.com/san-diego/2008/10/07/ovp-enterprise-partners-see-big-opportunity-in-5000-human-genome-sequencing/" target="_blank">OVP, Enterprise Partners See Big Opportunity in $5,000 Human Genome Sequencing</a> </li> <li>FierceBioResearcher: <a href="http://www.fiercebioresearcher.com/story/start-offer-genome-sequencing-bargain-rate/2008-10-07-0" target="_blank">Start-up to offer genome sequencing at bargain rate</a> </li> <li>OBBeC (UK): <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/06/business/06gene.html?hp" target="_blank">Sequence Your Genome for Only $5,000</a> </li> <li>United Press International: <a href="http://www.upi.com/Science_News/2008/10/06/Company_to_offer_5000_gene_mapping/UPI-43561223341924/" target="_blank">Company to offer $5,000 gene mapping</a> </li> <li>SmartBrief: <a href="http://www.smartbrief.com/news/entrepreneurs/storyDetails.jsp?issueid=69CC6077-E6AF-49CE-B2C8-E7B3782F1E3E&amp;copyid=6DB4A55A-9277-459F-AEF5-456B8C4BD799" target="_blank">Discount-priced genetics</a></li> </ul> <p class="content"><strong>News about Complete Genomics Inc. sequencing technology: October 06. 2008</strong> </p> <ul class="uli"> <li>New York Times: <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/06/business/06gene.html?hp" target="_blank">Dawn of Low-Price Mapping Could Broaden DNA Uses</a> </li> <li>Technology Review: <a href="http://www.technologyreview.com/biomedicine/21466/" target="_blank">Five Thousand Bucks for Your Genome: A new sequencing service could change the face of human genomics</a> </li> <li>Bio-IT World: <a href="http://www.bio-itworld.com/headlines/2008/oct06/complete-genomics-1000-dollar-genome.html" target="_blank">Complete Genomics Service Targets $1000 Genome by Spring 2009</a> </li> <li>Bio-IT World: <a href="http://www.bio-itworld.com/headlines/2008/oct06/complete-genomics-dna-nanoballs.html" target="_blank">DNA Nanoballs, Petabytes of Data Mark Complete Genomics Platform</a> </li> <li>International Herald Tribune: <a href="#" target="_blank">Dawn of low-price mapping could broaden DNA uses</a> </li> <li>Seattle Times: <a href="http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/businesstechnology/2008231287_btbriefs06.html" target="_blank">Technology Briefs: Biotechnology</a> </li> <li>Genetic Engineering &amp; Biotechnology News: <a href="http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/10/06/business/06gene.php" target="_blank">Complete Genomics Kicks Off Sequencing Business through Deal with ISB</a> </li> <li>Xconomy: <a href="http://www.xconomy.com/seattle/2008/10/06/isb-complete-genomics-form-partnership-to-sequence-multiple-human-genomes/" target="_blank">ISB, Complete Genomics Form Partnership To Sequence Multiple Human Genomes</a> </li> <li>Nature News: <a href="http://www.nature.com/news/2008/081006/full/news.2008.1151.html" target="_blank">$5,000 genome next year, company promises: Complete Genomics is about to release fast, cheap sequencing into a competitive market</a> </li> <li>Monsters &amp; Critics: <a href="http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/business/news/article_1435105.php/Company_to_offer_low_price_for_complete_genetic_blueprint_" target="_blank">Business News: Company to offer low price for complete genetic blueprint</a> </li> <li>ABC News: <a href="http://www.abcnews.go.com/Technology/story?id=5964421&amp;page=1">Five Thousand Bucks for Your Genome</a> </li> <li>Genome Technology Online: <a href="http://www.genome-technology.com/issues/blog/general/149844-1.html" target="_blank">Complete Genomics Makes Its Debut</a> </li> <li>Genome Web Daily News: <a href="http://www.genomeweb.com/issues/news/149838-1.html">Complete Genomics, ISB To Collaborate on Genome Studies; Firm Targets $5K Genome for 2009</a> </li> <li>Silicon Valley / San Jose Business Journal: <a href="http://sanjose.bizjournals.com/sanjose/stories/2008/10/06/daily15.html?b=1223265600%5e1712406&amp;surround=etf" target="_blank">Complete Genomics emerges from stealth</a> </li> </ul> <br /> <p class="content"> </p> d408c644d3fb34566c7ddacfc90bd2b62696859f 0 1644 2177 2008-11-08T08:28:31Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v456/n7218/full/nature07484.html">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v456/n7218/full/nature07484.html</a><br /> <br /> BGI of China, in Beijing, has published a paper on a Chinese person. It is a diploid genome sequence. The genome was sequenced to 36-fold average coverage using Solexa machines. They used&nbsp;the NCBI human reference to reach to to 99.97% coverage. They identified approximately 3 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) inside this region. 13.6% of them were not in the NCBI's dbSNP database.&nbsp;They also carried out heterozygote phasing and haplotype prediction against HapMap Chinese (CHB) and Japanse (JPT) haplotypes, sequence comparison with the two&nbsp;caucasion individual genomes (J. D. Watson and J. C. Venter), and structural variation identification.&nbsp;<br /> 9b16816579e8a0a668765ad7d5fdf67e1eadf881 2195 2008-11-23T22:19:05Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v456/n7218/full/nature07484.html">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v456/n7218/full/nature07484.html</a><br /> <br /> BGI of China, in Beijing, has published a paper on a Chinese person. It is a diploid genome sequence. The genome was sequenced to 36-fold average coverage using Solexa machines. They used&nbsp;the NCBI human reference to reach to to 99.97% coverage. They identified approximately 3 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) inside this region. 13.6% of them were not in the NCBI's dbSNP database.&nbsp;They also carried out heterozygote phasing and haplotype prediction against HapMap Chinese (CHB) and Japanse (JPT) haplotypes, sequence comparison with the two&nbsp;caucasion individual genomes (J. D. Watson and J. C. Venter), and structural variation identification.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <br /> <strong>Summary<br /> </strong>[[The diploid genome sequence of a Chinese individual was sequenced]], BGI, China<br /> 25283fab7159581c740800c4bc1bc2748a2b9f2a 2196 2008-11-23T22:19:59Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v456/n7218/full/nature07484.html">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v456/n7218/full/nature07484.html</a><br /> <br /> BGI of China, in Beijing, has published a paper on a Chinese person. It is a diploid genome sequence. The genome was sequenced to 36-fold average coverage using Solexa machines. They used&nbsp;the NCBI human reference to reach to to 99.97% coverage. They identified approximately 3 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) inside this region. 13.6% of them were not in the NCBI's dbSNP database.&nbsp;They also carried out heterozygote phasing and haplotype prediction against HapMap Chinese (CHB) and Japanse (JPT) haplotypes, sequence comparison with the two&nbsp;caucasion individual genomes (J. D. Watson and J. C. Venter), and structural variation identification.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <br /> <strong>Summary<br /> </strong>[[The diploid genome sequence of a Chinese individual was sequenced]], BGI, China<br /> <br /> <br /> <strong>News links</strong><br /> [http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-01/07/content_7377618.htm Chinese scientists sequence 1st volunteer's genome]<br /> 3b17e8a301adf559573540df9ef0933c83f8c965 0 1645 2179 2008-11-08T12:51:54Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <a href="http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/rfa-files/RFA-HG-09-001.html">http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/rfa-files/RFA-HG-09-001.html</a><br /> <br /> <div class="Section1"> <p class="regulartext"><span class="heading1"><a name="PartI"></a>Part I Overview Information&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></p> <hr align="center" width="100%" noshade="noshade" size="2" /> <p><span class="heading3">Department of Health and Human Services</span> <br /> <br /> <span class="heading3">Participating Organizations</span> <br /> <span class="regulartext">National Institutes of Health (NIH),</span><span class="regulartext"> (<a href="http://www.nih.gov/">http://www.nih.gov</a>)</span> <br /> <br /> <span class="heading3">Components of Participating Organizations</span> <br /> <span class="regulartext">National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), </span>&nbsp;<span class="regulartext">(<a href="http://www.nhgri.nih.gov/">http://www.nhgri.nih.gov</a>)</span><br /> <br /> <span class="heading3">Title:</span> <span class="addtitle1">1000 Genomes Project Data Processing (U01)</span> <br /> </p> <p class="regulartext"><span class="heading3">Announcement Type</span> <br /> <span class="regulartext">New</span> <br /> <br /> <span class="heading3">Request For Applications (RFA) Number:</span>&nbsp; <span class="addtitle1">RFA-HG-09-001</span> <br /> <br /> <span class="heading3">Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance Number(s)</span> <br /> <span class="regulartext">93.172</span> </p> <p class="regulartext"><a name="KeyDates"><font color="#000000"><span class="heading3">Key Dates</span> </font></a><span class="regulartext">&nbsp;</span><br /> <span class="regulartext">Release Date: November 4, 2008 </span>&nbsp;<br /> <span class="regulartext">Letters of Intent Receipt Date: </span><span class="regulartext">December 12, 2008</span> <br /> <span class="regulartext">Application Receipt Date:</span><span class="regulartext"> </span><span class="regulartext">January 12, 2009</span> <br /> <span class="regulartext">Peer Review Dates:&nbsp; </span><span class="regulartext">February-March, 2009</span><span class="regulartext"> </span><br /> <span class="regulartext">Council Review Date:</span> <span class="regulartext">May 2009</span><br /> <span class="regulartext">Earliest Anticipated Start Date:</span> <span class="regulartext">July 2009</span> <br /> <span class="regulartext">Additional Information To Be Available Date (Url Activation Date):</span> <span class="regulartext">Not applicable</span> <br /> <span class="regulartext">Expiration Date:</span> <span class="regulartext">January 13, 2009</span> </p> <p class="regulartext"><span class="heading3">Due Dates for E.O. 12372 </span><br /> <br /> <span class="regulartext">Not Applicable</span> </p> <p class="regulartext"><span class="heading2">Additional Overview Content</span> <br /> <br /> <span class="heading3">Executive Summary </span></p> <ul> <li><span class="regulartextChar1"><strong>Purpose</strong></span><strong>.</strong>&nbsp; The international 1000 Genomes Project is designed to produce a new high-resolution resource on human genetic variation to support genome-wide association studies and other studies of human disease and biology.&nbsp; This FOA solicits proposals to continue to develop, evaluate, and implement the methods needed to monitor data quality, to produce a basic set of derived data types from the sequence data, to integrate those data, and to develop new tools for additional data analysis to produce the final Project dataset.&nbsp; Projects funded under this FOA will be expected to participate in the highly collaborative international consortium that is carrying out the 1000 Genomes Project. </li> <li><span class="regulartext"><strong>Mechanism of Suppor</strong></span><span class="regulartext"><strong>t. </strong></span>This FOA will utilize the U01 cooperative agreement <span class="regulartextChar1">grant mechanism.</span><span class="adddataChar"> </span></li> <li><span class="regulartext"><strong>Funds Available and Anticipated Number of Awards.</strong></span><span class="regulartext"><strong> </strong></span><span class="regulartext">The </span>total amount of funding that the NHGRI expects to award through this announcement is up to $3 million for each of two years.&nbsp; It is anticipated that about 4-6 awards will be made. </li> <li><span class="regulartextChar1"><strong>Budget and Project Period. </strong></span>&nbsp;An application submitted for this FOA may request a project period of up to two years and direct costs of up to $500,000 per year. </li> <li><strong>Application Research Plan Component Length: </strong><span class="regulartext">The page limit is&nbsp; 25 pages for Items 2-5 of the Research Plan.</span> </li> <li><strong>Eligible Institutions/Organizations.</strong> <span class="regulartext">Institutions/organizations listed in <a href="http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/rfa-files/RFA-HG-09-001.html#SectionIII1A">Section III, 1.A.</a> are eligible to apply.</span> </li> <li><span class="regulartextChar1"><strong>Eligible </strong></span><span class="regulartext"><strong>Project Directors/Principal Investigators (PDs/PIs).</strong></span><span> I<span class="regulartext">ndividuals with the skills, knowledge, and resources necessary to carry out the proposed research are invited to work with their institution/organization to develop an application for support. Individuals from underrepresented racial and ethnic groups as well as individuals with disabilities are always encouraged to apply for NIH support. </span></span></li> <li><span class="regulartext"><strong>Number of Applications.</strong></span><span class="regulartext"> </span><span>Applicants may submit more than one application, provided they are scientifically distinct. </span></li> <li><strong>Resubmissions.&nbsp; </strong><span class="regulartext">Resubmission applications are not permitted in response to this FOA.</span> </li> <li><span class="regulartextChar1"><strong>Renewals.</strong></span><span class="heading4"><span> </span></span><span class="regulartext">Renewal applications are not permitted in response to this FOA.</span><span> </span><span class="regulartext"><span>&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li><span class="regulartext"><strong>Special Date(s). </strong></span><span class="regulartextChar1">This FOA uses non-standard due dates. See </span><span class="regulartext"><a href="http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/rfa-files/RFA-HG-09-001.html#KeyDates">Receipt, Review and Anticipated Start Dates</a>. </span></li> <li><span class="regulartextChar1"><strong><span>Application Materials. </span></strong></span><span class="regulartextChar1">See </span><span><a href="http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/rfa-files/RFA-HG-09-001.html#SectionIV1">Section IV.1</a></span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span> </span></span><span class="regulartextChar1">for application materials. </span></li> <li><strong>Hearing Impaired.</strong>&nbsp; Telecommunications for the hearing impaired are available at: TTY 301-451-5936. </li> </ul> <p class="regulartext"><span class="heading2">Table of Contents </span></p> <hr align="center" width="100%" noshade="noshade" size="2" /> <p class="regulartext"><span class="regulartext"><a href="http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/rfa-files/RFA-HG-09-001.html#PartI">Part I Overview Information</a></span><br /> <br /> <span class="regulartext"><a href="http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/rfa-files/RFA-HG-09-001.html#PartII">Part II Full Text of Announcement</a></span><br /> <br /> <span class="regulartext"><a href="http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/rfa-files/RFA-HG-09-001.html#SectionI">Section I. Funding Opportunity Description</a> </span><br /> <span class="regulartext">1. Research Objectives </span><br /> <br /> <span class="regulartext"><a href="http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/rfa-files/RFA-HG-09-001.html#SectionII">Section II. Award Information</a> </span><br /> <span class="regulartext">1. Mechanism(s) of Support </span><br /> <span class="regulartext">2. Funds Available </span><br /> <br /> <span class="regulartext"><a href="http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/rfa-files/RFA-HG-09-001.html#SectionIII">Section III. Eligibility Information</a> </span><br /> <span class="regulartext">1. Eligible Applicants </span><br /> <span class="regulartext">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A. Eligible Institutions </span><br /> <span class="regulartext">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;B. Eligible Individuals </span><br /> <span class="regulartext">2.Cost Sharing or Matching</span><br /> <span class="regulartext">3. Other - Special Eligibility Criteria </span><br /> <br /> <span class="regulartext"><a href="http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/rfa-files/RFA-HG-09-001.html#SectionIV">Section IV. Application and Submission Information</a> </span><br /> <span class="regulartext">1. Address to Request Application Information </span><br /> <span class="regulartext">2. Content and Form of Application Submission </span><br /> <span class="regulartext">3. Submission Dates and Times</span><br /> <span class="regulartext">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A. Receipt, Review and Anticipated Start Dates </span><br /> <span class="regulartext">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1. Letter of Intent </span><br /> <span class="regulartext">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;B. Sending an Application to the NIH </span><br /> <span class="regulartext">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;C. Application Processing</span><br /> <span class="regulartext">&nbsp;&nbsp; D.&nbsp; Application Assignment </span><br /> <span class="regulartext">4. Intergovernmental Review </span><br /> <span class="regulartext">5. Funding Restrictions</span><br /> <span class="regulartext">6. Other Submission Requirements and Information</span><br /> <br /> <span class="regulartext"><a href="http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/rfa-files/RFA-HG-09-001.html#SectionV">Section V. Application Review Information</a> </span><br /> <span class="regulartext">1. Criteria </span><br /> <span class="regulartext">2. Review and Selection Process</span><br /> <span class="regulartext">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A. Additional Review Criteria </span><br /> <span class="regulartext">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;B. Additional Review Considerations </span><br /> <span class="regulartext">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;C. Resource Sharing Plan(s) </span><br /> <span class="regulartext">3. Anticipated Announcement and Award Dates </span><br /> <br /> <span class="regulartext"><a href="http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/rfa-files/RFA-HG-09-001.html#SectionVI">Section VI. Award Administration Information</a> </span><br /> <span class="regulartext">1. Award Notices </span><br /> <span class="regulartext">2. Administrative and National Policy Requirements </span><br /> <span class="regulartext">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A. Cooperative Agreement Terms and Conditions of Award </span><br /> <span class="regulartext">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1. Principal Investigator Rights and Responsibilities </span><br /> <span class="regulartext">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;2. NIH Responsibilities </span><br /> <span class="regulartext">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 3. Collaborative Responsibilities </span><br /> <span class="regulartext">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 4. Arbitration Process </span><br /> <span class="regulartext">3. Reporting </span><br /> <br /> <span class="regulartext"><a href="http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/rfa-files/RFA-HG-09-001.html#SectionVII">Section VII. Agency Contact(s)</a> </span><br /> <span class="regulartext">1. Scientific/Research Contact(s) </span><br /> <span class="regulartext">2. Peer Review Contact(s) </span><br /> <span class="regulartext">3. Financial/ Grants Management Contact(s) </span><br /> <br /> <span class="regulartext"><a href="http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/rfa-files/RFA-HG-09-001.html#SectionVIII">Section VIII. Other Information - Required Federal Citations</a> </span><br /> <br /> <a name="PartII"></a><span class="heading1">Part II - Full Text of Announcement</span></p> <hr align="center" width="100%" noshade="noshade" size="2" /> <p class="regulartext"><a name="SectionI"></a><span class="heading2"><span>Section</span></span><span class="heading2"> I. Funding Opportunity Description</span> </p> <hr align="center" width="100%" noshade="noshade" size="2" /> <p class="regulartext"><span class="heading3">1. Research Objectives</span></p> <p class="regulartext"><strong>Background</strong></p> <p class="regulartext">In the last two years, genome-wide association (GWA) studies have been successful in finding hundreds of variants that are associated with diseases or other traits.&nbsp; These discoveries became possible because of the availability of a large catalog of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across the human genome and the development of dense genotyping microarrays.&nbsp; These arrays are based on data from the International HapMap Project that show the pattern of variation across the genome.&nbsp; The arrays allow genotyping to be done in case and control samples at sufficient resolution to find regions of the genome that are associated with particular diseases or other traits.&nbsp; </p> <p class="regulartext">This approach can provide only a general genomic location for the actual disease-causing or risk-elevating variants.&nbsp; The arrays type only a fraction of the variants found in the genome, because the HapMap data consist mostly of variants with a frequency of at least 5%.&nbsp; However, many other variants, both SNP and structural, also occur in any genomic region, and variants with lower frequencies also contribute to disease risk.&nbsp; Thus the initial follow-up to a GWA study finding that a region is associated with a disease or other trait is to try to discover all the other, untyped, variants in the region.&nbsp;&nbsp; Even then, it is usually not clear which genes and variants in the region causally contribute to the disease risk, because generally many variants in a region are statistically associated with each other.&nbsp; Thus, finding the full set of variants in the region is necessary, but determining which variants and genes cause the disease risk requires additional, functional studies to analyze their potential roles.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </p> <p class="regulartext">The international 1000 Genomes Project (www.1000genomes.org) is designed to support GWA studies by providing a public resource of almost all genetic variants across the human genome with a frequency of 1% or higher, and of genetic variants with even lower frequencies in gene regions.&nbsp; When the 1000 Genomes resource is available, investigators will not have to take the time and expense to follow up a GWA study by sequencing the regions of interest; they will be able to look in a public database and find an almost complete catalog of the variants in those regions, including almost all of the ones that functionally cause the increased disease risk.&nbsp; </p> <p class="regulartext">The 1000 Genomes Project has developed rapidly since its adoption at an international meeting in September of 2007.&nbsp; It will be the first large-scale project to use the next-generation sequencing platforms for extensive human resequencing.&nbsp; The sequence data for the Project will be generated at the NHGRI-funded centers at the Baylor College of Medicine, the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, and Washington University in St. Louis, as well as centers at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, the Beijing Genomics Institute Shenzhen, the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Applied Biosystems, Illumina, and Roche.&nbsp;&nbsp; </p> <p class="regulartext">The strategy initially proposed for the 1000 Genomes Project is to sequence the genomes of 1200-1500 individuals to a depth of coverage of at least 4X (haploid equivalents) across the genome and 12X in gene regions.&nbsp; To test the value of this approach and to address several other issues related to the design of the full-scale effort, the Project has begun with three pilot projects.&nbsp; Sequence data production for the pilot projects started in January 2008 and should be finished early in 2009.&nbsp; The data from these pilots will be analyzed, and the design for the full-scale project will be developed by early 2009.&nbsp; Sequencing for the full-scale project should start in the fall of 2008 and continue for about two years, through about the end of 2010.&nbsp; The entire sequence dataset is anticipated to be at least 20 Terabases, a massive amount of data.&nbsp; </p> <p class="regulartext">The 1000 Genomes Project dataset has been identified as a community resource, as described in the proceedings of the Meeting on Sharing Data from Large-Scale Biological Research Projects (http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/doc_wtd003208.html).&nbsp; The Project plans to release the raw sequence data and many processed data types publicly, quickly, and on a regular basis.&nbsp; The sequencing centers already send the raw sequence reads regularly to the Project&rsquo;s Data Coordination Center (DCC), provided jointly by the European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI) and the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) of NIH, which quickly deposits them in the public Short-Read Archive database.&nbsp; </p> <p class="regulartext">Because the next-generation sequencing platforms are in an early stage for production use, a number of analytical methods are still being developed to use the raw sequence reads to produce the derived data types that most users will need.&nbsp; Some of these methods, such as generating data quality scores, will apply to many types of sequencing projects.&nbsp; Others, such as combining data across samples, will be more specific to the 1000 Genomes Project.&nbsp; Data-processing pipelines are currently being developed that will allow the DCC to use the sequence reads to provide several derived data types, such as read alignments, SNPs and structural variants, and genotypes of individual samples, along with their quality measures.&nbsp; When the Project has produced the full 1000 Genomes dataset, many other types of analyses will be needed to characterize it and make it more useful for the research community.&nbsp; The Project plans to release publicly the software that will be used to produce the various data types and analyze the dataset.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </p> <p class="regulartext">All of the data processing activities for the 1000 Genomes Project are being coordinated through the Project&rsquo;s Production, Analysis, and Data Processing Groups, working with the DCC.&nbsp; Some of the participating research groups have funding from NIH or elsewhere to work on specific analyses.&nbsp; Other critical analysis work, however, is as yet unfunded. </p> <p class="regulartext"><strong>Objectives of This Research Program </strong></p> <p class="regulartext">This FOA and its companion FOA (<a href="http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/rfa-files/RFA-HG-09-002.html">RFA-HG-09-002</a>)aim to address the analysis needs of the 1000 Genomes Project on two timescales:&nbsp; </p> <p class="regulartext">1.&nbsp; This FOA (RFA-HG-09-001 &ldquo;<span class="regulartext">1000 Genomes Project Data Processing&rdquo;)</span> solicits proposals to perform the analyses needed to produce the 1000 Genomes dataset.&nbsp; It calls for proposals to carry out the analysis work needed to process the primary sequence data to produce the full derived Project dataset.</p> <p class="regulartext">This FOA solicits proposals to continue to develop, evaluate, and implement the methods needed to produce the derived data types from the sequence data, monitor the quality of the data, integrate the data types, develop the tools needed to work with the data, and develop new processes as needed to produce the full derived Project dataset.&nbsp; </p> <p class="regulartext">Because of the timing of this FOA, the initial software pipelines for the DCC to process the data will already have been set up when the awards are made.&nbsp; The two-year award period (July 2009 to June 2011) should allow for the development and implementation of the processes needed to produce the several derived data types on a regular basis.&nbsp; The sequencing is anticipated to be finished before these awards end, so that the full derived dataset can be produced using the entire set of Project sequence data.&nbsp; </p> <p class="regulartext">2.&nbsp; The companion FOA (<a href="http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/rfa-files/RFA-HG-09-002.html">RFA-HG-09-002</a> &ldquo;<span class="regulartext">1000 Genomes Project Dataset Analysis</span>&rdquo;), in contrast, solicits proposals to analyze the full Project dataset, after it has been produced by work funded through (this) RFA-HG-09-001.&nbsp; The companion <a href="http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/rfa-files/RFA-HG-09-002.html">RFA-HG-09-002</a> calls for proposals to carry out the analysis work needed to maximize the value of the full 1000 Genomes Project dataset to the general research community.</p> <p class="regulartext">The companion FOA solicits proposals to characterize the dataset, provide additional derived data types, perform global analyses on the data, and develop better tools for using the dataset to study biomedical and biological research problems. </p> <p class="regulartext">Because of the timing of the companion FOA, awardees will start to work with the dataset in about April 2010, before it is complete.&nbsp; This will allow them time to become familiar with the data, develop the methods using subsets of the data, and then be ready to analyze the full dataset when it becomes available, which is anticipated to be roughly in early 2011.&nbsp; Awardees will then have about a year to perform the analyses on the data.&nbsp; These awards are being made for only two years because it will be important to provide these characterizations, analyses, and tools rapidly so that the research community will be able to make full use of the 1000 Genomes resource as soon as possible. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <p class="regulartext"><strong>Research Scope</strong></p> <p class="regulartext">Applicants for this FOA should propose to (a) improve the methods used by the data-processing pipelines that have already been implemented, either at the DCC or by a group participating in the 1000 Genomes Project, or (b) develop new methods for processing the data.&nbsp; They should also propose to develop the software to implement these methods, including documentation.&nbsp; Software developed by awardees should be modular, so that it can work as a stand-alone package.&nbsp; When possible, the software should use standard formats for data input and output, to facilitate its use and incorporation into central pipelines.&nbsp; These standard formats should be ones that the Project has already decided on, or, if new standard formats are needed, ones that the awardees develop in close collaboration with others in the Project Analysis Group and the DCC.&nbsp; The DCC is responsible for incorporating any software into its pipelines.&nbsp; Awardees will also be responsible for monitoring the Project data produced using their methods, and making adjustments to the methods as needed to correct problems or make improvements. </p> <p class="regulartext">As part of developing the data processing methods, awardees may generate resource datasets, such as simulated datasets, test datasets, or annotated validation datasets, that would be useful to others in the Project or more broadly. These datasets should be released publicly at the time that they are used to develop or analyze the main Project dataset.</p> <p class="regulartext"><span class="regulartext">Examples of research topics for this FOA include, but are not limited</span><span class="regulartext"> to, those listed below:&nbsp; </span>&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <p class="regulartext">1. Monitor data quality.&nbsp; Each sequencing center will monitor the quality of its own data.&nbsp; However, methods will need to be developed to monitor the quality of the sequence data in a standard way on an ongoing basis during the 1000 Genomes Project to ensure that the quality is consistent across the different platforms and the centers that will be producing data, and to facilitate the combination of the data from different sources.&nbsp; Long reads and paired-end data from some platforms will make up for some of the limitations of the short-read data, and the coverage of the various types of sequence data will need to be continually monitored across the genome, particularly for structurally complex regions.&nbsp; This monitoring will ensure that the data quality remains high and adequate for the goals of the Project.&nbsp; </p> <p class="regulartext">2.&nbsp; Validate variants.&nbsp; The sequencing centers will validate samples of variants of different frequencies and types by genotyping or additional sequencing to provide experimental estimates of false positive and negative rates.&nbsp; These validation experiments will need to be designed (e.g., the number of variants to be tested of each type will need to be determined), and the validation experiments will need to be interpreted.&nbsp; </p> <p class="regulartext">3.&nbsp; Combine data across samples.&nbsp; The central analytical method of the Project will be to combine data from low sequence coverage of many samples to find almost all of the variants that are present, including those with low frequencies.&nbsp; This combining of data across samples and use of the entire dataset means that, although individual samples will not be genotyped with high confidence, the variants will be found with high confidence.&nbsp; Methods for combining data across samples will need to be fully developed, applied to the large amounts of data that will be produced, and evaluated for effectiveness across the genome and in gene regions.&nbsp; Achievement of the depth of coverage that provides sufficiently accurate variant discovery will need to be monitored to determine when the Project has reached its goals.&nbsp; </p> <p class="regulartext">4.&nbsp; Produce genotypes, haplotypes, and other derived data types for release to the community.&nbsp; The methods for calling bases and structural variants will need to be fully implemented and improved as more data become available, as will methods used to produce genotypes, haplotypes, and LD patterns.&nbsp; </p> <p class="regulartext">5.&nbsp; Integrate data types.&nbsp; Methods will need to be developed to integrate data on SNPs and structural variants into one map, and place them on the same set of haplotypes.&nbsp; Other data types may also need to be integrated. </p> <p class="regulartext">6.&nbsp; Develop tools to work with the data to produce the final dataset.&nbsp; The massive amounts of data to be produced will require new tools to visualize, simulate, and summarize the data.&nbsp; </p> <p class="regulartext">As much as possible, the methods developed should apply to the entire genome or the entire set of gene regions, using all the samples.&nbsp; This FOA will not support the use of 1000 Genomes data for the analysis of the genetics of specific human diseases or other phenotypes.&nbsp; </p> <p class="regulartext"><span class="regulartext">See <a href="http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/rfa-files/RFA-HG-09-001.html#SectionVIII">Section VIII, Other Information - Required Federal Citations</a>, </span><span class="regulartext">for policies related to this announcement.</span> <br /> <br /> <a name="SectionII"></a><span class="heading2">Section II. Award Information</span></p> <hr align="center" width="100%" noshade="noshade" size="2" /> <p class="regulartext"><span class="heading3">1. Mechanism of Support</span> <br /> <br /> <span class="regulartext">This FOA uses &ldquo;Just-in-Time&rdquo; information concepts.&nbsp;It also uses non-modular budget formats described in the PHS 398 application instructions (see </span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="http://grants.nih.gov/grants/funding/phs398/phs398.html">http://grants.nih.gov/grants/funding/phs398/phs398.html</a></span><span class="regulartext">).&nbsp; </span></p> <p class="regulartext"><span class="regulartext">This</span> funding opportunity will use <span class="regulartext">a U01 cooperative agreement award mechanism. In the cooperative agreement mechanism, the Project Director/Principal Investigator (PD/PI) retains the primary responsibility and dominant role for planning, directing, and executing the proposed project, with NIH staff being substantially involved as a partner with the Principal Investigator, as described under the <a href="http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/rfa-files/RFA-HG-09-001.html#SectionVI2">Section VI. 2. Administrative Requirements</a>, &quot;Cooperative Agreement Terms and Conditions of Award&quot;.</span>&nbsp;&nbsp; </p> <p class="regulartext"><span class="regulartext">Plans beyond the current funding opportunity are indefinite.</span> </p> <p class="regulartext"><span class="heading3">2. Funds Available </span><br /> <br /> </p> <ul type="disc"> <li class="regulartext">The total amount of funding that the NHGRI expects to award through this announcement is up to $3 million for each of two years. </li> <li class="regulartext">It is anticipated that about 4-6 awards will be made. </li> <li class="regulartext">An application submitted for this FOA may request a project period of up to two years and direct costs of up to $500,000 per year. </li> </ul> <p><span class="regulartext">Beca</span><span class="regulartext">use the nature and scope of the proposed research will vary from application to application, it is anticipated that the size and duration of each award will also vary. Although the financial plans of the IC(s) provide support for this program, awards pursuant to this funding opportunity are contingent upon the availability of funds and the receipt of a sufficient number of meritorious applications.</span> <br /> <br /> <span class="regulartext">Facilities and administrative costs requested by consortium participants are not included in the direct cost limitation, see <a href="http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/NOT-OD-05-004.html">NOT-OD-05-004</a>.</span> </p> <p class="regulartext">NIH grants policies as described in the <a href="http://grants.nih.gov/grants/policy/nihgps_2003/">NIH Grants Policy Statement</a> will apply to the applications submitted and awards made in response to this FOA.</p> <p class="regulartext"><span class="heading2"><a name="SectionIII"></a>Section III. Eligibility Information</span></p> <hr align="center" width="100%" noshade="noshade" size="2" /> <p class="regulartext"><span class="heading3">1. Eligible Applicants</span><span class="heading3"> <br /> </span></p> <p class="regulartext"><a name="SectionIII1A"><span class="heading4"><font color="#000000">1.A. Eligible Institutions </font></span></a><br /> <br /> <span class="regulartext">The following organizations/institutions are eligible to apply:</span> </p> <ul> <li><span class="regulartext">Public/State Controlled Institutions of Higher Education </span></li> <li><span class="regulartext">Private Institutions of Higher Education </span></li> <li><span class="regulartext"><span>Hispanic-serving Institutions</span></span> </li> <li><span class="regulartext"><span>Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs)</span></span> </li> <li><span class="regulartext"><span>Tribally Controlled Colleges and Universities (TCCUs) </span></span></li> <li><span class="regulartext"><span>Alaska</span></span><span class="regulartext"> Native and Native Hawaiian Serving Institutions</span> </li> <li><span class="regulartext">Nonprofits with 501(c)(3) IRS Status (Other than Institutions of Higher Education) </span></li> <li><span class="regulartext">Nonprofits without 501(c)(3) IRS Status (Other than Institutions of Higher Education) </span></li> <li><span class="regulartext">Small Businesses </span></li> <li><span class="regulartext">For-Profit Organizations (Other than Small Businesses) </span></li> <li><span class="regulartext">State Governments </span></li> <li><span class="regulartext">Indian/Native American Tribal Governments (Federally Recognized) </span></li> <li><span class="regulartext">Indian/Native American Tribally Designated Organizations</span> </li> <li><span class="regulartext">County</span><span class="regulartext"><span> Governments</span></span> </li> <li><span class="regulartext">City or Township Governments</span> </li> <li><span class="regulartext">Special District Governments</span> </li> <li><span class="regulartext"><span>U.S.</span></span><span class="regulartext"> Territory or Possession</span> </li> <li><span class="regulartext"><span>Indian/Native American Tribal Governments (Other than Federally Recognized)</span></span> </li> <li><span class="regulartext"><span>Regional Organizations</span></span> </li> <li><span class="regulartext">Others:&nbsp; </span> <ul> <li><span class="regulartext">Eligible Agencies of the Federal Government</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <p class="regulartext">Foreign institutions are not eligible for awards under this program, as primary awardees or under subcontracts</p> <p class="regulartextChar"><span class="heading4">1.B. Eligible Individuals </span></p> <p class="regulartext"><span class="regulartext">Any individual</span><span class="adddataChar"> </span><span class="regulartext">with the skills, knowledge, and resources necessary to carry out the proposed research as the PD/PI is invited to work with his/her institution to develop an application for support. Individuals from underrepresented racial and ethnic groups as well as individuals with disabilities are always encouraged to apply for NIH support.</span> </p> <p class="regulartext"><span class="heading3">2. Cost Sharing or Matching</span> <br /> </p> <p class="regulartext"><span class="regulartext">This program does not require cost sharing as defined in the current </span><span class="regulartextChar1"><em><a href="http://grants.nih.gov/grants/policy/nihgps_2003/nihgps_Part2.htm#matching_or_cost_sharing">NIH Grants Policy Statement</a></em></span><span class="regulartext">.</span> <br /> <br /> <span class="heading3">3. Other-Special Eligibility Criteria </span><br /> </p> <p class="regulartext"><span class="regulartext">Applicants are not permitted to submit a resubmission application in response to this FOA.</span></p> <p class="regulartext"><span class="regulartext">Renewal applications are not permitted in response to this FOA.&nbsp; </span></p> <p class="regulartext"><span class="regulartext">Applicants may submit more than one application, provided each application is scientifically distinct.</span></p> <p class="regulartext"><span class="heading2"><a name="SectionIV"></a>Section IV. Application and Submission Information</span></p> <hr align="center" width="100%" noshade="noshade" size="2" /> <p class="regulartext"><span class="heading3">1. Address to Request Application Information </span><br /> <br /> <span class="regulartext">The PHS 398 application instructions are available at <a href="http://grants.nih.gov/grants/funding/phs398/phs398.html">http://grants.nih.gov/grants/funding/phs398/phs398.html</a> in an interactive format. Applicants must use the currently approved version of the PHS 398. For further assistance contact GrantsInfo, Telephone (301) 435-0714, Email: <a href="mailto:GrantsInfo@nih.gov">GrantsInfo@nih.gov</a>.</span><br /> <br /> <span class="regulartext">Telecommunications for the hearing impaired: TTY 301-451-5936.</span> <br /> <br /> <span class="heading3">2. Content and Form of Application Submission </span><br /> <br /> <span class="regulartext">Applications must be prepared using the most current PHS 398 research grant application instructions and forms. Applications must have a D&amp;B Data Universal Numbering System (DUNS) number as the universal identifier when applying for Federal grants or cooperative agreements. The D&amp;B number can be obtained by calling (866) 705-5711 or through the web site at <a title="Link to Non-U.S. Government Site" href="http://www.dnb.com/us/">http://www.dnb.com/us/</a>. The D&amp;B number should be entered on line 11 of the face page of the PHS 398 form. </span><br /> <br /> <span class="regulartext">The title and number of this funding opportunity must be typed in item (box) 2 only of the face page of the application form and the YES box must be checked. </span><br /> <br /> Additional information is available in the <a href="http://grants.nih.gov/grants/funding/phs398/phs398.html">PHS 398 grant application instructions</a>.</p> <p class="regulartext"><span class="heading3">3. Submission Dates and Times</span> <br /> <br /> <span class="regulartext">Applications must be received on or before the receipt date described below (<a href="http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/rfa-files/RFA-HG-09-001.html#SectionIV3A">Section IV.3.A</a>). Submission times N/A. </span><br /> <br /> <a name="SectionIV3A"></a><span class="heading4">3.A. Receipt, Review and Anticipated Start Dates </span><br /> <span class="regulartext">Letters of Intent Receipt Date: </span><span class="regulartext">December 12, 2008</span><br /> <span class="regulartext">Application </span><span class="regulartext">Receipt</span><span class="regulartext"> Date: </span><span class="regulartext">January 12, 2009</span><br /> <span class="regulartext">Peer Review Dates: February-March 2009 </span><br /> <span class="regulartext">Council Review Date: </span><span class="regulartext">May 2009</span><br /> <span class="regulartext">Earliest Anticipated Start Date: </span><span class="regulartext">July 2009</span><br /> </p> <p class="regulartext"><span class="heading4">3.A.1. Letter of Intent </span><br /> </p> <p class="regulartext"><span class="regulartext">Prospective applicants are asked to submit a letter of intent that includes the following information:</span> </p> <ul type="disc"> <li class="regulartext">Descriptive title of proposed research </li> <li class="regulartext">Name, address, and telephone number of the Principal Investigator </li> <li class="regulartext">Names of other key personnel </li> <li class="regulartext">Participating institutions </li> <li class="regulartext">Number and title of this funding opportunity </li> </ul> <p><span class="regulartext">Although a letter of intent is not required, is not binding, and does not enter into the review of a subsequent application, the information that it contains allows IC staff to estimate the potential review workload and plan the review. </span><br /> <br /> <span class="regulartext">The letter of intent is to be sent by the date listed in <a href="http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/rfa-files/RFA-HG-09-001.html#SectionIV3A">Section IV.3.A.</a></span></p> <p><span class="regulartext">The letter of intent should be sent to:</span> <br /> <br /> <span class="regulartext">Lisa D. Brooks, Ph.D. </span><br /> NHGRI<span class="regulartext"> </span><br /> 5635 Fishers Lane, Suite 4076 <span class="regulartext">&nbsp;</span><br /> <span class="regulartext">Bethesda, MD 20892-9305 </span><br /> <span class="regulartext">(301) 435-5544 </span><br /> <a href="mailto:lisa.brooks@nih.gov">lisa.brooks@nih.gov</a><br /> <br /> <span class="heading4">3.B. Sending an Application to the NIH </span><br /> <br /> <span class="regulartext">Applications must be prepared using the forms found in the PHS 398 instructions for preparing a research grant application. Submit a signed, typewritten original of the application, including the checklist, and three signed photocopies in one package to: </span><br /> <br /> <span class="regulartext">Center for Scientific Review </span><br /> <span class="regulartext">National Institutes of Health </span><br /> <span class="regulartext">6701 Rockledge Drive, Room 1040, MSC 7710 </span><br /> <span class="regulartext">Bethesda, MD 20892-7710 (U.S. Postal Service Express or regular mail) </span><br /> <span class="regulartext">Bethesda, MD 20817 (for express/courier service; non-USPS service) </span></p> <p><span class="regulartext">Personal deliveries of applications are no longer permitted (see <a href="http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/NOT-OD-03-040.html">http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/NOT-OD-03-040.html</a>). </span><br /> <br /> <span class="regulartext">At the time of submission,</span><span class="regulartext"> two additional copies of the application and all copies of the appendix material must be sent to:</span> </p> <p class="regulartext">Rudy Pozzatti<span class="regulartext">, Ph.D.</span><br /> NHGRI Review Branch<br /> 5635 Fishers Lane<br /> Suite 4076, MSC 9306<br /> Bethesda, MD&nbsp; 20892-9306<br /> (For courier service use Rockville, MD 20852)<br /> 301-496-7531<br /> <a href="mailto:rp7s@nih.gov">rp7s@nih.gov</a></p> <p><span class="heading4"><a name="SectionIV3C"></a>3.C. Application Processing</span> <br /> <br /> <span class="regulartext">Applications must be </span><span class="regulartext"><strong>received on or before the application receipt date) </strong></span><span class="regulartext">described above (<a href="http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/rfa-files/RFA-HG-09-001.html#SectionIV3A">Section IV.3.A.</a>). If an application is received after that date, the application may be delayed in the review process or not reviewed.&nbsp; Upon receipt, applications will be evaluated for completeness by the CSR and for responsiveness by the reviewing Institute Incomplete and/or non-responsive applications will not be reviewed. </span></p> <p><span class="regulartext">The NIH will not accept any application in response to this funding opportunity that is essentially the same as one currently pending initial review, unless the applicant withdraws the pending application. However, when a previously unfunded application, originally submitted as an investigator-initiated application, is to be submitted in response to a funding opportunity, it is to be prepared as a NEW application. That is, the application for the funding opportunity must not include an Introduction describing the changes and improvements made, and the text must not be marked to indicate the changes from the previous unfunded version of the application. </span></p> <p><span class="regulartext">Information on the status of an application should be checked by the Principal Investigator in the eRA Commons at: <a href="https://commons.era.nih.gov/commons/">https://commons.era.nih.gov/commons/</a>.</span></p> <p><span class="heading3">4. Intergovernmental Review </span></p> <p><span class="regulartext">This initiative is not subject to <a href="http://grants.nih.gov/grants/policy/nihgps_2003/NIHGPS_Part9.htm#_Toc54600164">intergovernmental review</a>.</span> <br /> <br /> <a name="SectionIV5"></a><span class="heading3">5. Funding Restrictions </span><br /> <br /> <span class="regulartext">All NIH awards are subject to the terms and conditions, cost principles, and other considerations described in the NIH Grants Policy Statement. The Grants Policy Statement can be found at <em><a href="http://grants1.nih.gov/grants/policy/nihgps_2003/index.htm">NIH Grants Policy Statement</a></em>. </span><br /> </p> <p><span class="regulartext">Pre-award costs are allowable. A grantee may, at its own risk and without NIH prior approval, incur obligations and expenditures to cover costs up to 90 days before the beginning date of the initial budget period of a new award if such costs: 1) are necessary to conduct the project, and 2) would be allowable under the grant, if awarded, without NIH prior approval. If specific expenditures would otherwise require prior approval, the grantee must obtain NIH approval before incurring the cost. NIH prior approval is required for any costs to be incurred more than 90 days before the beginning date of the initial budget period of a new award. </span><br /> <br /> <span class="regulartext">The incurrence of pre-award costs in anticipation of a competing or non-competing award imposes no obligation on NIH either to make the award or to increase the amount of the approved budget if an award is made for less than the amount anticipated and is inadequate to cover the pre-award costs incurred. NIH expects the grantee to be fully aware that pre-award costs result in borrowing against future support and that such borrowing must not impair the grantee's ability to accomplish the project objectives in the approved time frame or in any way adversely affect the conduct of the project (see NIH Grants Policy Statement <a href="http://grants.nih.gov/grants/policy/nihgps_2003/NIHGPS_Part6.htm">http://grants.nih.gov/grants/policy/nihgps_2003/NIHGPS_Part6.htm</a>.) </span><br /> <br /> <span class="heading3"><a name="SectionIV6"></a>6. Other Submission Requirements and Information</span></p> <p><span class="regulartext">Applicants should describe their familiarity with the 1000 Genomes data and their expertise with analyses of 1000 Genomes data or similar data.&nbsp; They should describe any analyses or methods they have developed that are being used by the Project.&nbsp; They should describe how the proposed analyses would coordinate with analyses already being done by the Project.&nbsp; See www.1000genomes.org for a list of analyses currently being done by the Project.</span></p> <p class="regulartext"><span class="regulartext">Applicants should describe how they will develop the methods and the software to run the methods.&nbsp; They should describe the input and output data types and formats.&nbsp; They should explain how they will transfer the software to the DCC and work with the DCC to implement the methods.&nbsp; </span>Alternatively, if applicants propose that the DCC should not run a particular data processing step centrally, they should justify why they or some other group should run that step, <span class="regulartext">and explain how they would transfer the processed dataset to the DCC. </span></p> <p class="regulartext"><span class="regulartext">Applicants should describe any resource datasets (e.g., simulated data) that they would develop, </span>and explain how they would disseminate them.&nbsp;&nbsp; </p> <p class="regulartext"><span class="regulartext">Applicants should describe the computing resources that are needed for the development work and what resources they have available.&nbsp; </span></p> <p class="regulartext"><span class="regulartext">The Project has regular conference calls and meetings.&nbsp; Applicants should request funds over the two years to attend Project meetings once in the U.K., in May 2010 and May 2011 at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, and prior to the 2009 and 2010 meetings of the American Society of Human Genetics.</span></p> <p class="regulartext"><span class="regulartext">Awardees must agree to the &quot;Cooperative Agreement Terms and Conditions of Award&quot; in <a href="http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/rfa-files/RFA-HG-09-001.html#SectionVI2A">Section VI.2.A</a> &quot;Award Administration Information&quot;. </span></p> <p class="regulartext"><span class="heading4">Research Plan Page Limitations</span></p> <p class="regulartext"><span class="regulartext">The page limit is the standard 25 pages.</span></p> <p class="regulartext"><span class="heading4">Appendix Materials</span></p> <p class="regulartext">All paper PHS 398 applications submitted <strong>must </strong>provide appendix material on CDs only. Include five identical CDs in the same package with the application.&nbsp; S<span class="regulartext">ee</span> <a href="http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/NOT-OD-08-031.html">http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/NOT-OD-08-031.html</a>.</p> <p class="regulartext"><span class="regulartext">Do not use the Appendix to circumvent the page limitations of the Research Plan component. An application that does not observe the required page limitations may be delayed in the review process.</span></p> <span class="heading4">Resource Sharing Plan(s)</span> <p class="regulartext">NIH considers the sharing of unique research resources developed through NIH-sponsored research an important means to enhance the value of, and advance research. When resources have been developed with NIH funds and the associated research findings published or provided to NIH, it is important that they be made readily available for research purposes to qualified individuals within the scientific community. <span class="regulartext">If the final data/resources are not amenable to sharing, this must be explained in Resource Sharing section of the application. See </span><a href="http://grants.nih.gov/grants/policy/data_sharing/data_sharing_faqs.htm">http://grants.nih.gov/grants/policy/data_sharing/data_sharing_faqs.htm</a>.</p> <p class="regulartext">(a) <em>Data Sharing Plan</em>: Regardless of the amount requested, investigators are expected to include a brief 1-paragraph description of how final research data will be shared, or explain why data-sharing is not possible.<span class="regulartext"> </span>Applicants are encouraged to discuss data-sharing plans with their NIH program contact. See <u><a title="blocked::#Policy_DataSharing#Policy_DataSharing #Policy_DataSharing" href="http://grants.nih.gov/grants/policy/data_sharing/">Data-Sharing Policy</a></u> or <a title="blocked::http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/NOT-OD-03-032.html http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/NOT-OD-03-032.html" href="http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/NOT-OD-03-032.html" target="_blank">http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/NOT-OD-03-032.html</a>.</p> <p class="regulartext">NHGRI has identified the 1000 Genomes Project as a community resource project.&nbsp; A primary objective of the 1000 Genomes Project is to maximize the public benefit of the data produced.&nbsp; NIH strongly endorses rapid release of genomic data and software as a general practice.&nbsp; <span class="regulartext">The 1000 Genomes Project aims to release all Project data rapidly before publication.&nbsp; The Project data produced by the sequencing centers and the data-processing pipelines of the DCC are not supported by this FOA.&nbsp; This RFA supports the development of the methods that will be used to produce the various processed data types from the sequence reads.&nbsp; </span></p> <p class="regulartext"><span class="regulartext">i.&nbsp; Methods and datasets:&nbsp; As awardees develop methods to process 1000 Genomes data, they may also generate resource datasets that would be of use to other researchers.&nbsp; Examples of such resource datasets include simulated data, test datasets, and annotated validation data.&nbsp; These datasets and descriptions of all the methods developed would be useful to the research community when the methods are implemented in the 1000 Genomes production pipelines (generally by the DCC but possibly by other groups).&nbsp; Applicants should describe the schedule for methods and resource dataset sharing, the formats of the datasets, the documentation to be provided, and the mode of data sharing (e.g., mailing a disk, posting on a web site, or providing the data and methods descriptions to the DCC or other database).&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></p> <p class="regulartext"><span class="regulartext">ii.&nbsp; Software:&nbsp; Applications that propose to develop software must include a dissemination plan, with appropriate timelines.&nbsp; There is no particular prescribed license for software produced through awards supported through this FOA, although open-source software sharing is strongly encouraged.&nbsp; NHGRI has goals for software dissemination, and reviewers will be instructed to evaluate the dissemination plan relative to these goals:</span></p> <p class="regulartext"><span class="regulartext">1. The software, including the source code, should be freely available to the broad research community.</span></p> <p class="regulartext"><span class="regulartext">2. The terms of software availability should permit the commercialization of enhanced or customized versions of the software, and incorporation of the software or pieces of it into other software packages.</span></p> <p class="regulartext"><span class="regulartext">3. To preserve utility to the community, the software should be transferable so that another group could continue development if the original investigators were unwilling or unable to do so.</span></p> <p class="regulartext"><span class="regulartext">4. The terms of software availability should allow researchers to modify the source code and to share modifications with other colleagues.&nbsp; An awardee should be responsible for creating the original and subsequent &ldquo;official&rdquo; versions of a piece of software, and should provide a plan to manage the dissemination, adoption of improvements, or customizations of that software by others.&nbsp; This plan should include a method to distribute other user's contributions such as extensions, compatible modules, or plug-ins.</span></p> <p class="regulartext">&nbsp;(b) <em>Sharing Model Organisms</em>: Regardless of the amount requested, all applications where the development of model organisms is anticipated are expected<strong><em> </em></strong>to include a description of a specific plan for sharing and distributing unique model organisms and related resources, or state appropriate reasons why such sharing is restricted or not possible. See <a title="blocked::#Policy_ModelOrgSharing#Policy_ModelOrgS #Policy_ModelOrgSharing" href="http://grants.nih.gov/grants/policy/model_organism/index.htm">Sharing Model Organisms Policy</a>, and <a title="blocked::http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/NOT-OD-04-042.html http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/NOT-OD-04-042.html" href="http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/NOT-OD-04-042.html" target="_blank">NIH Guide NOT-OD-04-042</a>.</p> <p class="regulartext">(c)<em> Genome-Wide Association Studies (</em>G<em>WAS</em><em>): </em>Regardless of the amount requested, applicants seeking funding for a genome-<em>w</em>ide association study are expected to provide a plan for submission of GWAS data to the NIH-designated<strong><em> </em></strong>GWAS data repository, or provide an appropriate explanation why submission to the repository is not possible.&nbsp; A genome-wide association study is defined as any study of genetic variation across the entire genome that is designed to identify genetic associations with observable traits (such as blood pressure or weight) or the presence or absence of a disease or condition.&nbsp; For further information see Policy for Sharing of Data Obtained in NIH Supported or Conducted Genome-Wide Association Studies, <span class="MsoHyperlink"><a title="blocked::http://www.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/NOT-OD-07-088.html http://www.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/NOT-OD-07-088.html" href="http://www.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/NOT-OD-07-088.html">NIH Guide NOT-OD-07-088</a></span>, and <span class="MsoHyperlink"><a title="blocked::http://grants.nih.gov/grants/gwas/ http://grants.nih.gov/grants/gwas/" href="http://grants.nih.gov/grants/gwas/">http://grants.nih.gov/grants/gwas/</a></span>.</p> <p><a name="SectionV"></a><span class="heading2">Section V. Application Review Information</span></p> <hr align="center" width="100%" noshade="noshade" size="2" /> <p class="regulartext"><span class="heading3">1. Criteria</span> <br /> <br /> <span class="regulartext">Only the review criteria described below will be considered in the review process.</span><br /> <br /> <span class="heading3">2. Review and Selection Process </span><br /> <br /> Applications that are complete<span class="regulartextChar1"> and responsive to the FOA will be</span> evaluated for scientific and technical merit by an appropriate peer review group convened <span class="regulartext">by </span><span class="regulartext">NHGRI</span><span class="regulartext"> and in accordance with NIH peer review procedures (<a href="http://grants1.nih.gov/grants/peer/">http://grants1.nih.gov/grants/peer/</a>), using the review criteria stated below.</span></p> <p class="MsoCommentText"><span class="regulartext">As part of the scientific peer review, all applications will:</span> </p> <ul type="disc"> <li class="regulartext">Undergo a selection process in which only those applications deemed to have the highest scientific and technical merit, generally the top half of applications under review, will be discussed and assigned a priority score. </li> <li class="regulartext">Receive a written critique. </li> <li class="regulartext">Receive a second level of review by the Advisory Council for Human Genome Research.<span class="regulartext"><span> </span></span></li> </ul> <p class="regulartext"><span class="regulartext">The following will be considered in making funding decisions:</span> </p> <ul type="disc"> <li class="regulartext">Scientific and technical merit of the proposed project as determined by peer review </li> <li class="regulartext">Availability of funds </li> <li class="regulartext">Relevance of the proposed project to program priorities </li> <li class="regulartext"><span class="regulartext">Importance and general usefulness of the proposed analyses</span><span> </span></li> <li class="regulartext"><span class="regulartext">Balance among areas of analysis</span> </li> <li class="regulartext"><span class="regulartext">Need for support for the proposed analyses</span> </li> <li class="regulartext"><span class="regulartext">Willingness of the applicant to work cooperatively with researchers in the rest of the 1000 Genomes Project</span> </li> <li class="regulartext"><span class="regulartext">Quality of the plans to release datasets and share methods and software </span></li> </ul> <p class="regulartext"><span class="regulartext">The goals of NIH supported research are to advance our understanding of biological systems, to improve the control of disease, and to enhance health. In their written critiques, reviewers will be asked to comment on each of the following criteria in order to judge the likelihood that the proposed research will have a substantial impact on the pursuit of these goals. Each of these criteria will be addressed and considered in assigning the overall score, weighting them as appropriate for each application. Note that an application does not need to be strong in all categories to be judged likely to have major scientific impact and thus deserve a meritorious priority score. For example, an investigator may propose to carry out important work that by its nature is not innovative but is essential to move a field forward. </span><br /> <br /> <strong>Significance:</strong><span class="regulartext"> Does this study address an important problem? If the aims of the application are achieved, how will scientific knowledge or clinical practice be advanced? What will be the effect of these studies on the concepts, methods, technologies, treatments, services, or preventative interventions that drive this field?</span> &nbsp;<span class="regulartext">Will the proposed analyses be useful for a large part of the community of users of the dataset?</span><br /> <br /> <strong>Approach:</strong><span class="regulartext"> Are the conceptual or clinical framework, design, methods, and analyses adequately developed, well integrated, well reasoned, and appropriate to the aims of the project? Does the applicant acknowledge potential problem areas and consider alternative tactics?&nbsp; </span><span class="regulartext">Are the approaches integrated with other analyses for the Project?</span>&nbsp; Are the plans for sharing the methods, software, and any datasets adequate and appropriate for the Project? <br /> <br /> <strong>Innovation:</strong><span class="regulartext"> Is the project original and innovative? For example: Does the project challenge existing paradigms or clinical practice; address an innovative hypothesis or critical barrier to progress in the field? Does the project develop or employ novel concepts, approaches, methodologies, tools, or technologies for this area? </span>&nbsp;<span class="regulartext">Is the level of innovation appropriate for the role of the proposed analyses in the Project?</span> <br /> <br /> <strong>Investigators:</strong><span class="regulartext"> Are the investigators appropriately trained and well suited to carry out this work? Is the work proposed appropriate to the experience level of the principal investigator and other researchers? Does the investigative team bring complementary and integrated expertise to the project (if applicable)?</span><span class="regulartext"> </span>&nbsp;Do the investigators have experience in working cooperatively with others and sharing data and methods in a timely manner?<br /> <br /> <strong>Environment:</strong><span class="regulartext"> Does the scientific environment in which the work will be done contribute to the probability of success? Do the proposed studies benefit from unique features of the scientific environment, or subject populations, or employ useful collaborative arrangements? Is there evidence of institutional support?</span> &nbsp;</p> <p class="regulartext"><span class="heading4">2.A. Additional Review Criteria: </span><br /> <br /> <span class="regulartext">In addition to the above criteria, the following items will continue to be considered in the determination of scientific merit and the rating: </span><br /> <br /> <strong>Protection of Human Subjects from Research Risk:</strong><span class="regulartext"> The involvement of human subjects and protections from research risk relating to their participation in the proposed research will be assessed (see the Research Plan section on Human Subjects in the PHS 398 instructions).</span> </p> <p class="regulartext"><strong>Inclusion of Women, Minorities and Children in Research: </strong><span class="regulartext">The adequacy of plans to include subjects from both genders, all racial and ethnic groups (and subgroups), and children as appropriate for the scientific goals of the research will be assessed. Plans for the recruitment and retention of subjects will also be evaluated (see the Research Plan section on Human Subjects in the PHS 398 instructions).</span>&nbsp; </p> <p class="regulartext"><strong>Care and Use of Vertebrate Animals in Research: </strong><span class="regulartext">If vertebrate animals are to be used in the project, the five points described in the Vertebrate Animals section of the Research Plan will be assessed.</span> <br /> <br /> <strong>Biohazards:</strong><span class="regulartext"> If materials or procedures are proposed that are potentially hazardous to research personnel and/or the environment, determine if the proposed protection is adequate. </span><br /> <br /> <span class="heading4">2.B. Additional Review Considerations </span><br /> <br /> <span class="regulartext"><strong>Budget:</strong></span><span class="regulartext"> The reasonableness of the proposed budget and the requested period of support in relation to the proposed research. The priority score should not be affected by the evaluation of the budget.</span> <br /> </p> <p class="regulartext"><span class="heading4">2.C. Resource Sharing Plan(s)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></p> <p class="regulartext"><span class="regulartext">When relevant, reviewers will be instructed to comment on the reasonableness of the following Resource Sharing Plans, or the rationale for not sharing the following types of resources. However, reviewers will not factor the proposed resource sharing plan(s) into the determination of scientific merit or priority score, unless noted otherwise in the FOA. Program staff within the IC will be responsible for monitoring the resource sharing. </span></p> <ul type="square"> <li class="regulartext">Data Sharing Plan. [<a href="http://grants.nih.gov/grants/policy/data_sharing/data_sharing_guidance.htm">http://grants.nih.gov/grants/policy/data_sharing/data_sharing_guidance.htm</a>]<span class="regulartext">&nbsp; </span></li> <li>Sharing Model Organisms. [<a href="http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/NOT-OD-04-042.html">http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/NOT-OD-04-042.html</a>] </li> <li class="regulartext"><span>Genome Wide Association Studies (</span>GWAS). [<a href="http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/NOT-OD-07-088.html">http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/NOT-OD-07-088.html</a><span>]</span> </li> </ul> <p class="regulartext">All applications must include a plan for sharing research data.&nbsp; All investigators responding to this funding opportunity should include a description of how methods, datasets, and software will be shared, or explain why data sharing is not possible.&nbsp; However, rapid release of the methods, datasets, and software would benefit the scientific user community because of the scope of this community resource project. </p> <p class="regulartext"><strong>Data Sharing Plans:</strong>&nbsp; For this FOA, the reasonableness of the plans for sharing methods, datasets, and software or the rationale for not sharing them will be assessed by the reviewers.&nbsp; Reviewers will factor the proposed data sharing plan into the determination of scientific merit and the priority score.&nbsp; The adequacy of the sharing plans will be considered by Program staff of the funding organization when making recommendations about funding applications.&nbsp; Program staff may negotiate modifications of the sharing plans with the awardee before recommending funding of an application.&nbsp; The final version of the sharing plans will become a condition of the award of the grant.&nbsp; The funding organization will be responsible for monitoring the data sharing policy.</p> <p class="regulartext"><span class="heading3">3. Anticipated Announcement and Award Dates</span> <br /> <br /> <span class="regulartext">It is anticipated that applications will be reviewed early in 2009 and that awards will be made in the summer of 2009.</span> <br /> <br /> <a name="SectionVI"></a><span class="heading2">Section VI. Award Administration Information</span></p> <hr align="center" width="100%" noshade="noshade" size="2" /> <p class="regulartext"><span class="heading3">1. Award Notices </span><br /> <br /> <span class="regulartext">After the peer review of the application is completed, the PD/PI will be able to access his or her Summary Statement (written critique) via the <a href="https://commons.era.nih.gov/commons/">eRA Commons</a>.</span></p> <p class="regulartext"><span class="regulartext">If the application is under consideration for funding, NIH will request &quot;just-in-time&quot; information from the applicant. For details, applicants may refer to the </span><em><a href="http://grants.nih.gov/grants/policy/nihgps_2003/NIHGPS_part4.htm">NIH Grants Policy Statement Part II: Terms and Conditions of NIH Grant Awards, Subpart A: General</a>.</em><span class="regulartext"> </span><br /> </p> <p class="regulartext"><span class="regulartext">A formal notification in the form of a Notice of&nbsp;Award (NoA) will be provided to the applicant organization. The NoA signed by the grants management officer is the authorizing document. Once all administrative and programmatic issues have been resolved, the NoA will be generated via email notification from the awarding component to the grantee business official (designated in item 12 on the Application Face Page). If a grantee is not email enabled, a hard copy of the NoA will be mailed to the business official.</span><br /> <br /> <span class="regulartext">Selection of an application for award is not an authorization to begin performance. Any costs incurred before receipt of the NoA are at the recipient's risk. These costs may be reimbursed only to the extent considered allowable pre-award costs. See Also <a href="http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/rfa-files/RFA-HG-09-001.html#SectionIV5">Section IV.5. Funding Restrictions</a>. </span><br /> <br /> <a name="SectionVI2"></a><span class="heading3">2. Administrative and National Policy Requirements </span><br /> </p> <p class="regulartext">Samples:&nbsp; <span class="regulartext">The samples to be used by the 1000 Genomes Project will have been decided on by the Project.&nbsp; They include many samples from both sexes, most racial groups, and several ethnic groups, as well as some children (although subject age is not scientifically relevant for this study).&nbsp; Awardees will analyze publicly available data from anonymized subjects, so the research is not considered to be on human subjects.&nbsp; </span><br /> </p> <p class="regulartext"><span class="regulartext">Intellectual property:&nbsp; </span>A primary objective of the 1000 Genomes Project is to maximize the public benefit of the data produced.&nbsp; Accordingly, awardees<strong> </strong>should manage intellectual property (IP) and data in a way that achieves this goal.&nbsp; For the 1000 Genomes Project, awardees are expected to contribute to the generation of a large collection of data that will serve as a foundation for the scientific community to develop future diagnostics, therapeutics, and other medical applications. To achieve the objective of producing and broadly sharing the resources generated by the 1000 Genomes Project, applicants should develop a comprehensive IP and data management strategy that is consistent with the NIH Research Tools Policy (<a href="http://ott.od.nih.gov/policy/research_tool.html">http://ott.od.nih.gov/policy/research_tool.html</a>).&nbsp; Examples that applicants may wish to consider include the recommendations cited in NIH&rsquo;s Best Practices for the Licensing of Genomic Inventions (<a href="http://www.ott.nih.gov/policy/genomic_invention.html">http://www.ott.nih.gov/policy/genomic_invention.html</a>).&nbsp; Program staff may negotiate modifications of the IP management plan with the awardee before recommending funding of an application.&nbsp; The final version of the IP management plan will become part of the Terms and Conditions of the award. </p> <p class="regulartext"><span class="regulartext">All NIH grant and cooperative agreement awards include the NIH Grants Policy Statement as part of the NoA. For these terms of award, see the NIH Grants Policy Statement Part II: Terms and Conditions of NIH Grant Awards, Subpart A: General (<a href="http://grants.nih.gov/grants/policy/nihgps_2003/NIHGPS_Part4.htm">http://grants.nih.gov/grants/policy/nihgps_2003/NIHGPS_Part4.htm</a>) and Part II Terms and Conditions of NIH Grant Awards, Subpart B: Terms and Conditions for Specific Types of Grants, Grantees, and Activities (<a href="http://grants.nih.gov/grants/policy/nihgps_2003/NIHGPS_part9.htm">http://grants.nih.gov/grants/policy/nihgps_2003/NIHGPS_part9.htm</a>).</span> <br /> </p> <p class="regulartext"><span class="regulartext">The following Terms and Conditions will be incorporated into the award statement and will be provided to the Principal Investigator as well as to the appropriate institutional official, at the time of award.</span></p> <p class="regulartext"><span class="heading4">2.A. Cooperative Agreement Terms and Conditions of Award </span><br /> <br /> <span class="regulartext">The following special terms of award are in addition to, and not in lieu of, otherwise applicable OMB administrative guidelines, HHS grant administration regulations at 45 CFR Parts 74 and 92 (Part 92 is applicable when State and local Governments are eligible to apply), and other HHS, PHS, and NIH grant administration policies.</span><br /> <br /> <span class="regulartext">The administrative and funding instrument used for this program will be the cooperative agreement an &quot;assistance&quot; mechanism (rather than an &quot;acquisition&quot; mechanism), in which substantial NIH programmatic involvement with the awardees is anticipated during the performance of the activities. Under the cooperative agreement, the NIH purpose is to support and stimulate the recipients' activities by involvement in and otherwise working jointly with the award recipients in a partnership role; it is not to assume direction, prime responsibility, or a dominant role in the activities. Consistent with this concept, the dominant role and prime responsibility resides with the awardees for the project as a whole, although specific tasks and activities may be shared among the awardees and the NIH as defined below. </span><br /> <br /> <span class="heading4">2. A.1. Principal Investigator Rights and Responsibilities</span> <br /> </p> <p><span class="regulartext">The Principal Investigator will have the primary responsibility for </span>defining the details for the project within the guidelines of RFA HG-09-001 and for performing the scientific activities.&nbsp; The P.I. will agree to accept close coordination, cooperation, and participation of NIH staff in those aspects of scientific and technical management of the project as described under &quot;NIH Program Staff Responsibilities&quot;. </p> <p>The P.I. of a 1000 Genomes data processing research group will: </p> <ul> <li>Determine experimental approaches, design protocols, set project milestones, and conduct the work. </li> <li>Ensure that the appropriate analyses are developed, evaluated, and chosen for implementation. </li> <li>Coordinate the processing of particular data types with groups working with related data, both in the Project and outside of it. </li> <li>Monitor those data types during the production of the full-scale dataset. </li> <li>Work with the DCC and other databases to ensure that data processing pipelines function properly, and make modifications as needed. </li> <li>Ensure that the data produced as part of this project, as well as any resource datasets produced as part of developing the methods for data processing, are released to the Project DCC by procedures developed by the Steering Committee and the Analysis Group. </li> <li>Ensure that software developed as part of this project is made freely available to the broad research community.&nbsp; </li> <li>Adhere to the NHGRI policies regarding intellectual property and other policies that might be established during the course of this activity. </li> <li>Submit periodic progress reports in a standard format, as agreed upon by the Steering Committee and the Analysis Group. </li> <li>Accept and implement the common guidelines and procedures approved by the Steering Committee and Analysis Group. </li> <li>Accept and participate in the cooperative nature of the group. </li> <li>Attend Steering Committee and Analysis Group calls and meetings. </li> <li>Coordinate and collaborate with other U.S. and international groups working on the 1000 Genomes Project. </li> </ul> <p class="regulartextChar"><span class="regulartext">Awardees will retain custody of and have primary rights to the data and software developed under these awards, subject to Government rights of access consistent with current HHS, PHS, and NIH policies. </span><br /> <br /> <span class="heading4">2. A.2. NIH Responsibilities</span> <br /> <br /> The NIH Program Director is a scientist of the NHGRI extramural staff who will provide normal stewardship of the award and, in addition, will have substantial scientific and programmatic involvement during the conduct of this activity through technical assistance, advice, and coordination.&nbsp; However, the role of NIH staff will be to facilitate and not to direct the activities.&nbsp; It is anticipated that decisions in all activities will be reached by consensus of the 1000 Genomes Steering Committee and Analysis Group and that NIH staff will be given the opportunity to offer input to this process.&nbsp; The NIH Program Director will participate as a member of the Steering Committee and Analysis Group and will have one vote.&nbsp; The NIH Program Director will have the following substantial involvement: </p> <ul> <li>Participate with the other Steering Committee and Analysis Group members in the group process of setting research priorities, deciding optimal research approaches and protocol designs, and contributing to the adjustment of research protocols or approaches as warranted.&nbsp; The NIH Program Director will assist and facilitate the group process and not direct it. </li> <li>Serve as a liaison, helping to coordinate activities among and for the awardees, including acting as a liaison to the NHGRI and the other Institutes and Centers of the NIH, and as an information resource about extramural genome research activities.&nbsp; </li> <li>Attend all Steering Committee and Analysis Group meetings as a voting member and assist in developing operating guidelines, quality control procedures, and consistent policies for dealing with recurrent situations that require coordinated action.&nbsp; The NIH Program Director will be responsible for scheduling the time and preparing concise summaries of the Steering Committee and Analysis Group meetings </li> <li>Report periodically on the progress of the 1000 Genomes Project to the Directors of the NHGRI and other NIH Institutes and Centers. </li> <li>Serve on subcommittees of the Steering Committee and the Analysis Group, as appropriate. </li> <li>Assist awardees in the development, if needed, of policies for dealing with situations that require coordinated action. </li> <li>Provide advice in the management and technical performance of the investigation. </li> <li>Assist in promoting the availability of the 1000 Genomes and related resources developed in the course of this project to the scientific community at large. </li> <li>Retain the option to recommend the withholding or reduction of support from any analysis group funded under this FOA that substantially fails to achieve its goals, fails to remain state of the art in its capabilities, or fails to comply with the Terms and Conditions of the award. </li> <li>Participate in data analyses, interpretations, and, where warranted, co-authorship of the publication of results of studies conducted through the 1000 Genomes Consortium. </li> </ul> <p class="regulartextChar"><span class="heading4">2.A.3. Collaborative Responsibilities&nbsp; </span></p> <p>The 1000 Genomes Steering Committee will continue to serve as the main governing board of the 1000 Genomes Consortium.&nbsp; It includes the co-chairs of the Project as well as the co-chairs of all the working groups, a representative from each sequencing center, and some additional members, including the NHGRI Program Director.&nbsp; Almost all calls of the Steering Committee are open to all Project participants.&nbsp; The 1000 Genomes Analysis Group includes all the participants in the Project working on data processing and analyses, as well as the NIH Program Director.&nbsp; The P.I. from each awarded cooperative agreement as well as his/her relevant staff would be added to the Analysis Group.&nbsp; The Steering Committee and Analysis Group may add additional members.&nbsp; Other government staff may attend the Steering Committee and Analysis Group calls and meetings if their expertise is required for specific discussions.&nbsp; </p> <p class="regulartextChar">To address particular issues, the Steering Committee and Analysis Group may establish groups as needed, which would include representatives from the grantees and the funding agencies, and possibly other experts.&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class="regulartext">Each awardee P.I. will have one vote on the Analysis Group.&nbsp; Awardees will be required to accept and implement </span>the common guidelines, procedures, and<span class="regulartext"> policies approved by the Steering Committee and the Analysis Group. </span><br /> <br /> <span class="heading4">2.A.4. Arbitration Process </span><br /> <br /> <span class="regulartext">Any disagreements that may arise in scientific or programmatic matters (within the scope of the award) between award recipients and the NIH may be brought to arbitration. An Arbitration Panel composed of three members will be convened. It will have three members: a designee of the Steering Committee chosen without NIH staff voting, one NIH designee, and a third designee with expertise in the relevant area who is chosen by the other two; in the case of individual disagreement, the first member may be chosen by the individual awardee. This special arbitration procedure in no way affects the awardee's right to appeal an adverse action that is otherwise appealable in accordance with PHS regulations 42 CFR Part 50, Subpart D and HHS regulations 45 CFR Part 16.</span> </p> <p class="regulartextChar"><a name="SectionVI3"></a><span class="heading3">3. Reporting </span><br /> <br /> Awardees will be required to report progress on a regular basis to the Analysis Group, in a way that the Analysis Group decides on.</p> <p class="regulartext"><span class="regulartext">Awardees will be required to submit the <a href="http://grants.nih.gov/grants/funding/2590/2590.htm">Non-Competing Continuation Grant Progress Report (PHS 2590)</a> annually and financial statements as required in the <em><a href="http://grants1.nih.gov/grants/policy/nihgps_2003/index.htm">NIH Grants Policy Statement.</a></em> </span></p> <p class="regulartext">A final progress report, invention statement, and Financial Status Report are required when an award is relinquished when a recipient changes institutions or when an award is terminated.</p> <p class="regulartext"><a name="SectionVII"></a><span class="heading2">Section VII. Agency Contacts </span></p> <hr align="center" width="100%" noshade="noshade" size="2" /> <p class="regulartext"><span class="regulartext">We encourage your inquiries concerning this funding opportunity and welcome the opportunity to answer questions from potential applicants. Inquiries may fall into three areas: scientific/research, peer review, and financial or grants management issues:</span> <br /> <br /> <span class="heading3">1. Scientific/Research Contacts: </span><br /> <br /> <span class="regulartext">Lisa D. Brooks, Ph.D. </span><br /> NHGRI<span class="regulartext"> </span><br /> 5635 Fishers Lane, Suite 4076 <span class="regulartext">&nbsp;</span><br /> <span class="regulartext">Bethesda</span><span class="regulartext">, MD 20892-9305 </span><br /> <span class="regulartext">(301) 435-5544 </span><br /> <a href="mailto:lisa.brooks@nih.gov">lisa.brooks@nih.gov</a><br /> <br /> <span class="heading3">2. Peer Review Contacts: </span><br /> </p> <p class="regulartext">Rudy Pozzatti<span class="regulartext">, Ph.D.</span><br /> NHGRI Review Branch<br /> 5635 Fishers Lane<br /> Suite 4076, MSC 9306<br /> Bethesda, MD&nbsp; 20892-9306<br /> (For courier service use Rockville, MD 20852)<br /> 301-496-7531<br /> <a href="mailto:rp7s@nih.gov">rp7s@nih.gov</a></p> <p class="regulartext"><span class="heading3">3. Financial or Grants Management Contacts: </span><br /> <br /> <span class="regulartext">Ms. Cheryl Chick </span><br /> NHGRI<span class="regulartext"> </span><br /> 5635 Fishers Lane, Suite 4076 <br /> <span class="regulartext">Bethesda</span><span class="regulartext">, MD 20892-9306</span><span class="regulartext"> </span><br /> <span class="regulartext">(301) 435-7858 </span><br /> <a href="mailto:chickc@mail.nih.gov">chickc@mail.nih.gov</a><br /> </p> <p class="regulartext"><span class="heading2"><a name="SectionVIII"></a>Section VIII. Other Information</span></p> <hr align="center" width="100%" noshade="noshade" size="2" /> <p class="regulartext"><span class="heading3">Required Federal Citations </span><br /> <br /> <span class="regulartext"><strong>Use of Animals in Research:</strong></span> <br /> <span class="regulartext">Recipients of PHS support for activities involving live, vertebrate animals must comply with PHS Policy on Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (<a href="http://grants.nih.gov/grants/olaw/references/PHSPolicyLabAnimals.pdf">http://grants.nih.gov/grants/olaw/references/PHSPolicyLabAnimals.pdf</a>) as mandated by the Health Research Extension Act of 1985 (<a href="http://grants.nih.gov/grants/olaw/references/hrea1985.htm">http://grants.nih.gov/grants/olaw/references/hrea1985.htm</a>), and the USDA Animal Welfare Regulations (<a href="http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/legislat/usdaleg1.htm">http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/legislat/usdaleg1.htm</a>) as applicable. </span><br /> <br /> <span class="regulartext"><strong>Human Subjects Protection:</strong></span> <br /> <span class="regulartext">Federal regulations (45CFR46) require that applications and proposals involving human subjects must be evaluated with reference to the risks to the subjects, the adequacy of protection against these risks, the potential benefits of the research to the subjects and others, and the importance of the knowledge gained or to be gained (<a href="http://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/humansubjects/guidance/45cfr46.htm">http://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/humansubjects/guidance/45cfr46.htm</a>). </span><br /> <br /> <span class="regulartext"><strong>Data and Safety Monitoring Plan:</strong></span> <br /> <span class="regulartext">Data and safety monitoring is required for all types of clinical trials, including physiologic toxicity and dose-finding studies (phase I); efficacy studies (Phase II); efficacy, effectiveness and comparative trials (Phase III). Monitoring should be commensurate with risk. The establishment of data and safety monitoring boards (DSMBs) is required for multi-site clinical trials involving interventions that entail potential risks to the participants (NIH Policy for Data and Safety Monitoring, NIH Guide for Grants and Contracts, <a href="http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/not98-084.html">http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/not98-084.html</a>). </span><br /> <br /> <span class="regulartext"><strong>Sharing Research Data:</strong></span> <br /> <span class="regulartext">Investigators submitting an NIH application seeking $500,000 or more in direct costs in any single year are expected to include a plan for data sharing or state why this is not possible (<a href="http://grants.nih.gov/grants/policy/data_sharing">http://grants.nih.gov/grants/policy/data_sharing</a>).</span><br /> <br /> <span class="regulartext">Investigators should seek guidance from their institutions, on issues related to institutional policies and local IRB rules, as well as local, State and Federal laws and regulations, including the Privacy Rule. Reviewers will consider the data sharing plan but will not factor the plan into the determination of the scientific merit or the priority score. </span><br /> <br /> <span class="regulartextChar1"><strong>Policy for Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS):</strong></span><br /> <span class="regulartext">NIH is interested in advancing genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to identify common genetic factors that influence health and disease through a centralized GWAS data repository. For the purposes of this policy, a genome-wide association study is defined as any study of genetic variation across the entire human genome that is designed to identify genetic associations with observable traits (such as blood pressure or weight), or the presence or absence of a disease or condition. All applications, regardless of the amount requested, proposing a genome-wide association study are expected to provide a plan for submission of GWAS data to the NIH-designated GWAS data repository, or provide an appropriate explanation why submission to the repository is not possible. Data repository management (submission and access) is governed by the Policy for Sharing of Data Obtained in NIH Supported or Conducted Genome-Wide Association Studies, <a href="http://www.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/NOT-OD-07-088.html">NIH Guide NOT-OD-07-088</a>. For additional information, see </span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="http://grants.nih.gov/grants/gwas/">http://grants.nih.gov/grants/gwas/</a></span></p> <p class="regulartext"><span class="regulartext"><strong>Access to Research Data through the Freedom of Information Act:</strong></span> <br /> <span class="regulartext">The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Circular A-110 has been revised to provide access to research data through the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) under some circumstances. Data that are (1) first produced in a project that is supported in whole or in part with Federal funds and (2) cited publicly and officially by a Federal agency in support of an action that has the force and effect of law (i.e., a regulation) may be accessed through FOIA. It is important for applicants to understand the basic scope of this amendment. NIH has provided guidance at <a href="http://grants.nih.gov/grants/policy/a110/a110_guidance_dec1999.htm">http://grants.nih.gov/grants/policy/a110/a110_guidance_dec1999.htm</a>. Applicants may wish to place data collected under this funding opportunity in a public archive, which can provide protections for the data and manage the distribution for an indefinite period of time. If so, the application should include a description of the archiving plan in the study design and include information about this in the budget justification section of the application. In addition, applicants should think about how to structure informed consent statements and other human subjects procedures given the potential for wider use of data collected under this award.</span> <br /> <br /> <span class="regulartext"><strong>Sharing of Model Organisms:</strong></span> <br /> <span class="regulartext">NIH is committed to support efforts that encourage sharing of important research resources including the sharing of model organisms for biomedical research (see <a href="http://grants.nih.gov/grants/policy/model_organism/index.htm">http://grants.nih.gov/grants/policy/model_organism/index.htm</a>). At the same time the NIH recognizes the rights of grantees and contractors to elect and retain title to subject inventions developed with Federal funding pursuant to the Bayh Dole Act (see the NIH Grants Policy Statement <a href="http://grants.nih.gov/grants/policy/nihgps_2003/index.htm">http://grants.nih.gov/grants/policy/nihgps_2003/index.htm</a>). All investigators submitting an NIH application or contract proposal, beginning with the October 1, 2004 receipt date, are expected to include in the application/proposal a description of a specific plan for sharing and distributing unique model organism research resources generated using NIH funding or state why such sharing is restricted or not possible. This will permit other researchers to benefit from the resources developed with public funding. The inclusion of a model organism sharing plan is not subject to a cost threshold in any year and is expected to be included in all applications where the development of model organisms is anticipated. </span><br /> <br /> <span class="regulartext"><strong>Inclusion of Women And Minorities in Clinical Research:</strong></span> <br /> <span class="regulartext">It is the policy of the NIH that women and members of minority groups and their sub-populations must be included in all NIH-supported clinical research projects unless a clear and compelling justification is provided indicating that inclusion is inappropriate with respect to the health of the subjects or the purpose of the research. This policy results from the NIH Revitalization Act of 1993 (Section 492B of Public Law 103-43). All investigators proposing clinical research should read the &quot;NIH Guidelines for Inclusion of Women and Minorities as Subjects in Clinical Research (<a href="http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/NOT-OD-02-001.html">http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/NOT-OD-02-001.html</a>); a complete copy of the updated Guidelines is available at <a href="http://grants.nih.gov/grants/funding/women_min/guidelines_amended_10_2001.htm">http://grants.nih.gov/grants/funding/women_min/guidelines_amended_10_2001.htm</a>. The amended policy incorporates: the use of an NIH definition of clinical research; updated racial and ethnic categories in compliance with the new OMB standards; clarification of language governing NIH-defined Phase III clinical trials consistent with the new PHS Form 398; and updated roles and responsibilities of NIH staff and the extramural community. The policy continues to require for all NIH-defined Phase III clinical trials that: a) all applications or proposals and/or protocols must provide a description of plans to conduct analyses, as appropriate, to address differences by sex/gender and/or racial/ethnic groups, including subgroups if applicable; and b) investigators must report annual accrual and progress in conducting analyses, as appropriate, by sex/gender and/or racial/ethnic group differences. </span><br /> <br /> <span class="regulartext"><strong>Inclusion of Children as Participants in Clinical Research:</strong></span> <br /> <span class="regulartext">The NIH maintains a policy that children (i.e., individuals under the age of 21) must be included in all clinical research, conducted or supported by the NIH, unless there are scientific and ethical reasons not to include them. </span><br /> <br /> <span class="regulartext">All investigators proposing research involving human subjects should read the &quot;NIH Policy and Guidelines&quot; on the inclusion of children as participants in research involving human subjects (<a href="http://grants.nih.gov/grants/funding/children/children.htm">http://grants.nih.gov/grants/funding/children/children.htm</a>). </span><br /> <br /> <span class="regulartext"><strong>Required Education on the Protection of Human Subject Participants:</strong></span> <br /> <span class="regulartext">NIH policy requires education on the protection of human subject participants for all investigators submitting NIH applications for research involving human subjects and individuals designated as key personnel. The policy is available at <a href="http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/NOT-OD-00-039.html">http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/NOT-OD-00-039.html</a>. </span><br /> <br /> <span class="regulartext"><strong>Human Embryonic Stem Cells (hESC):</strong></span> <br /> <span class="regulartext">Criteria for federal funding of research on hESCs can be found at <a href="http://stemcells.nih.gov/index.asp">http://stemcells.nih.gov/index.asp</a> and at <a href="http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/NOT-OD-02-005.html">http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/NOT-OD-02-005.html</a>. Only research using hESC lines that are registered in the NIH Human Embryonic Stem Cell Registry will be eligible for Federal funding (<a href="http://escr.nih.gov/">http://escr.nih.gov</a>). It is the responsibility of the applicant to provide in the project description and elsewhere in the application as appropriate, the official NIH identifier(s) for the hESC line(s) to be used in the proposed research. Applications that do not provide this information will be returned without review.</span> <br /> <br /> <span class="regulartext"><strong>NIH Public Access Policy Requirement:</strong></span> <br /> <span class="regulartext">In accordance with the NIH Public Access Policy (</span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/NOT-OD-08-033.html">http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/NOT-OD-08-033.html</a></span><span class="regulartext">) investigators must submit or have submitted for them their final, peer-reviewed manuscripts that arise from NIH funds and are accepted for publication as of April 7, 2008 to <a href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/">PubMed Central</a> (<a href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/</a>), to be made publicly available no later than 12 months after publication. As of May 27, 2008, investigators must include the PubMed Central reference number when citing an article in NIH applications, proposals, and progress reports that fall under the policy, and was authored or co-authored by the investigator or arose from the investigator&rsquo;s NIH award.&nbsp; For more information, see the Public Access webpage at </span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="http://publicaccess.nih.gov/">http://publicaccess.nih.gov/</a></span><span class="regulartext">. </span></p> <p class="regulartext"><span class="regulartext"><strong>Standards for Privacy of Individually Identifiable Health Information:</strong></span> <br /> <span class="regulartext">The Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) issued final modification to the &quot;Standards for Privacy of Individually Identifiable Health Information&quot;, the &quot;Privacy Rule&quot;, on August 14, 2002. The Privacy Rule is a federal regulation under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 that governs the protection of individually identifiable health information, and is administered and enforced by the DHHS Office for Civil Rights (OCR). </span><br /> <br /> <span class="regulartext">Decisions about applicability and implementation of the Privacy Rule reside with the researcher and his/her institution. The OCR website (<a href="http://www.hhs.gov/ocr/">http://www.hhs.gov/ocr/</a>) provides information on the Privacy Rule, including a complete Regulation Text and a set of decision tools on &quot;Am I a covered entity?&quot; Information on the impact of the HIPAA Privacy Rule on NIH processes involving the review, funding, and progress monitoring of grants, cooperative agreements, and research contracts can be found at <a href="http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/NOT-OD-03-025.html">http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/NOT-OD-03-025.html</a>. </span><br /> <br /> <span class="regulartext"><strong>URLs in NIH Grant Applications or Appendices:</strong></span> <br /> All applications and proposals for NIH funding must be self-contained within specified page limitations. For publications listed in the appendix and/or Progress report, internet addresses (URLs) <strong>must</strong> be used for <strong>publicly</strong> accessible on-line journal articles.&nbsp; Unless otherwise specified in <strong>this</strong> solicitation, Internet addresses (URLs) should <strong>not</strong> be used to provide any <strong>other</strong> information necessary for the review because reviewers are under no obligation to view the Internet sites. Furthermore, we caution reviewers that their anonymity may be compromised when they directly access an Internet site.</p> <p class="regulartext"><span class="regulartext"><strong>Healthy People 2010:</strong></span> <br /> <span class="regulartext">The Public Health Service (PHS) is committed to achieving the health promotion and disease prevention objectives of &quot;Healthy People 2010,&quot; a PHS-led national activity for setting priority areas. This FOA is related to one or more of the priority areas. Potential applicants may obtain a copy of &quot;Healthy People 2010&quot; at <a href="http://www.health.gov/healthypeople">http://www.health.gov/healthypeople</a>.</span> <br /> <br /> <span class="regulartext"><strong>Authority and Regulations:</strong></span> <span class="regulartext">This program is described in the Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance at </span><span class="regulartext"><a href="http://www.cfda.gov/">http://www.cfda.gov/</a></span><span class="regulartext"> and is not subject to the intergovernmental review requirements of Executive Order 12372. Awards are made under the authorization of Sections 301 and 405 of the Public Health Service Act as amended (42 USC 241 and 284) and under Federal Regulations 42 CFR 52 and 45 CFR Parts 74 and 92. All awards are subject to the terms and conditions, cost principles, and other considerations described in the NIH Grants Policy Statement. </span><span class="regulartext">The NIH Grants Policy Statement can be found at <a href="http://grants.nih.gov/grants/policy/policy.htm">http://grants.nih.gov/grants/policy/policy.htm</a>. </span><br /> <br /> <span class="regulartext">The PHS strongly encourages all grant recipients to provide a smoke-free workplace and discourage the use of all tobacco products. In addition, Public Law 103-227, the Pro-Children Act of 1994, prohibits smoking in certain facilities (or in some cases, any portion of a facility) in which regular or routine education, library, day care, health care, or early childhood development services are provided to children. This is consistent with the PHS mission to protect and advance the physical and mental health of the American people.</span> <br /> <br /> <span class="regulartext"><strong>Loan Repayment Programs:</strong></span> <br /> <span class="regulartext">NIH encourages applications for educational loan repayment from qualified health professionals who have made a commitment to pursue a research career involving clinical, pediatric, contraception, infertility, and health disparities related areas. The LRP is an important component of NIH's efforts to recruit and retain the next generation of researchers by providing the means for developing a research career unfettered by the burden of student loan debt. Note that an NIH grant is not required for eligibility and concurrent career award and LRP applications are encouraged. The periods of career award and LRP award may overlap providing the LRP recipient with the required commitment of time and effort, as LRP awardees must commit at least 50% of their time (at least 20 hours per week based on a 40 hour week) for two years to the research. For further information, please see: <a href="http://www.lrp.nih.gov/">http://www.lrp.nih.gov</a>.</span><br /> </p> </div> <p>&nbsp;</p> <hr /> <p><a href="http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/WeeklyIndex.cfm?WeekEnding=11-07-08">Weekly TOC for this Announcement</a><br /> <a href="http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/index.html">NIH Funding Opportunities and Notices</a> <!-- Start DHHSFooter.cfm 3/13/2008--><br /> <br /> </p> <hr /> <table align="center"> <tbody> <tr> <td><a href="http://grants.nih.gov/grants/oer.htm"><img height="60" alt="Office of Extramural Research (OER) - Home Page" src="http://grants.nih.gov/images7/Logo.gif" width="58" border="0" long="" desc="Logo,- blue and green swirls surrounding the words 'OER'" /></a> </td> <td><font face="Arial" size="-1">Office of Extramural<br /> Research (OER)</font> </td> <td width="20">&nbsp;</td> <td><a href="http://www.nih.gov/"><img alt="National Institutes of Health (NIH) - Home Page" src="http://grants.nih.gov/images7/nih_sm.gif" border="0" long="" desc="Logo,- two parallel bands forming a triangular shape, not unlike a coat-hanger, encircled by the words: National Institutes of Health" /></a> </td> <td><font face="Arial" size="-1">National Institutes of Health (NIH)<br /> 9000 Rockville Pike<br /> Bethesda, Maryland 20892</font> </td> <td width="20">&nbsp;</td> <td><a href="http://www.hhs.gov/"><img height="37" alt="Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) - Home Page" src="http://grants.nih.gov/images7/dhhs_sm.gif" width="36" border="0" long="" desc="Logo, circular in shape, depicting an American eagle in-flight with stylized profiles of human faces appearing on the trailing edge of the wings. The perimeter of the logo is encircled with the words 'Department of Health and Human Services U S A'" /></a> </td> <td valign="middle"><font face="Arial" size="-1">Department of Health<br /> and Human Services (HHS)</font> </td> <td width="20">&nbsp;</td> <td><a href="http://www.usa.gov/"><img alt="USA.gov - Government Made Easy" src="http://grants.nih.gov/images7/USA_Gov_logo.gif" border="0" long="" desc="Logo,- the words 'USA.gov - Government Made Easy' with single streaking star above the logo" /></a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> 715dd142e19d981c93e9fed22bff4f0af4d3aabc 0 1566 2180 2008-11-09T00:25:22Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong><font size="3">Courses in Genomics</font><br /> </strong><br /> <table width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="1" summary=""> <tbody> <tr> <td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://www.dnai.org/index.html"><font size="2">DNA Interactive</font></a><br /> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"><font size="2">DNA Inteactive (DNAi.org) </font><font size="1">by Cold Spring Harbor Lab. Funded by HHMI.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Quick <a href="http://www.genomatix.de/training/tasks.html"><font size="2">Genomics&nbsp;Tasks<br /> </font></a></td> <td><font size="2">by [[Genomatix Inc. in Germany]].&nbsp;&nbsp;Munich.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://www.bio.vu.nl/vakgroepen/mcp/genomics/ Genomics Tutorials from VU.NL]</td> <td><font size="2"> <p><font face="Comic Sans MS" size="3">Genomics Course homepage from <font size="1"><em><font color="#5e88de">vrije</font></em><font face="Comic Sans MS"> Universiteit </font><font face="Comic Sans MS" color="#5e88de"><em>amsterdam</em></font></font></font></p> </font></td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://bip.weizmann.ac.il/course/evogen/evogen2003/Evolution/evolution.html Evolutionary Genomics Intro]</td> <td>Evolutionary Genomics Course. Weizman Inst. Israel.<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.bio.davidson.edu/courses/genomics/front/surfingenomics.html"><font size="2">Genomics Web</font></a></td> <td><font size="2">A genomics course developed by Dr. Campbell at Davidson University</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.siam.org/meetings/an98/course2.htm"><font size="2" color="#810081">Computational Genomics</font></a></td> <td><font size="2">Introduction to Computational Genomics. [[University of Toronto]], Canada . July 12, 1998</font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <br /> <br /> <strong><font size="3">Colleges providing Genomics courses.<br /> <br /> </font></strong> <table width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="1" summary=""> <tbody> <tr> <td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://clavius.bc.edu/~marth/BI820/" rel="nofollow" title="http://clavius.bc.edu/~marth/BI820/" class="external text">BI820 Boston Biology College</a></td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"><font size="2">BIO820: Seminar in Quantitative and Computational Problems in Genomics</font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <br /> <strong><font size="3"><br /> Genomics &amp; Proteomics PodCast<br /> </font></strong> <p>Genetic Engineering News - Biotechnology from Bench to Business: <a href="http://www.genengnews.com/genCasts.aspx">http://www.genengnews.com/genCasts.aspx</a></p> <p>Genome.gov: 2006 DNA Day Webcast and Podcast: Genomics: Towards a Healthier You: <a href="http://www.genome.gov/19016617">http://www.genome.gov/19016617</a></p> <p>NIH: Functional Genomics of Critical Illness and Injury (2003): <a href="http://www.strategicresults.com/fg3/">http://www.strategicresults.com/fg3/</a></p> <p>NIH: VideoCasting: Current Topics in Genome Analysis: <a href="http://videocast.nih.gov/pastevents.asp?c=7">http://videocast.nih.gov/pastevents.asp?c=7</a></p> <p>NIH: VideoCasting: Human Genome: <a href="http://videocast.nih.gov/pastevents.asp?c=35">http://videocast.nih.gov/pastevents.asp?c=35</a></p> <p>NIH: VideoCasting: National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI): <a href="http://videocast.nih.gov/pastevents.asp?c=33">http://videocast.nih.gov/pastevents.asp?c=33</a></p> <p>NIH: VideoCasting: Proteomics: <a href="http://videocast.nih.gov/pastevents.asp?c=36">http://videocast.nih.gov/pastevents.asp?c=36</a></p> <p>Genomics &amp; Proteomics Magazine: <a href="http://www.genpromag.com/">http://www.genpromag.com/</a><br /> <br /> Effective strategies for Whole Genomic Amplification of Single-Cell DNA: <a href="http://www.genpromag.com/WGADNA/">http://www.genpromag.com/WGADNA/</a></p> <p>Howard Hughes Medical institute: Biointeractive: Lectures on Science Webcasts: <a href="http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/lectures/">http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/lectures/</a></p> <p>Howard Hughes Medical Institute: Biointeractive: Scanning Life's Matrix, genes, proteins, and small molecules (Genomics and Chemical Genetics series): <a href="http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/genomics/lectures.html">http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/genomics/lectures.html</a><br /> Lecture 1: Reading Genes and Genomes by Eric S. Lander, Ph.D.: <a href="http://www.hhmi.org/lectures/webcast/ondemand/02webcast1/index.html">http://www.hhmi.org/lectures/webcast/ondemand/02webcast1/index.html</a><br /> Lecture 2: Probing Genes and Genomes by Stuart L. Schreiber, Ph.D.: <a href="http://www.hhmi.org/lectures/webcast/ondemand/02webcast2/index.html">http://www.hhmi.org/lectures/webcast/ondemand/02webcast2/index.html</a><br /> Lecture 3: Human Genetics: A New Guide for Medicine by Eric S. Lander, Ph.D.: <a href="http://www.hhmi.org/lectures/webcast/ondemand/02webcast3/index.html">http://www.hhmi.org/lectures/webcast/ondemand/02webcast3/index.html</a><br /> Lecture 4: Chemical Genomics: New Tools for Medicine by Stuart L. Schreiber, Ph.D.: <a href="http://www.hhmi.org/lectures/webcast/ondemand/02webcast4/index.html">http://www.hhmi.org/lectures/webcast/ondemand/02webcast4/index.html</a></p> <p>NHLBI: Cardiogenomics: Genomics and Genetic Epidemiology:General Principles and Application to Disease Studies: <a href="http://www.you-niversity.com/youtools/companies/viewArchives.asp?affiliateId=37">http://www.you-niversity.com/youtools/companies/viewArchives.asp?affiliateId=37</a></p> <br /> <strong><font size="3"> <br /> </font></strong> d98ad767b6242eeb5e0a4c51f734a42e74c27a0c 0 1503 2181 2008-11-09T03:21:08Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5"><strong>BioOriginality Principle.<br /> <br /> </strong></font><font size="3">BioOriginality states that any original information materials are in fact the product of previous data, information and knowledge.&nbsp;<br /> Therefore, the origin of any kind of mental work can not be claimed and dedicated solely to one person.<br /> <br /> This in practical terms means that there is<strong> no &quot;founding father&quot;</strong> for knowledge.&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> The term BioOriginality is tightly associated with <a title="BioLicense" href="http://biolicense.org/index.php/BioLicense">BioLicense</a>.<br /> <br /> In practice, if any web site, media,&nbsp;or an intellectual project on Earth&nbsp;is under BioLicense (hence under BioOriginality Principle), there is no <strong>'original'</strong> founder.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> Any present and future person/people is the &quot;<a title="Perpetual founder" href="http://biolicense.org/index.php/Perpetual_founder">perpetual founder</a>&quot; of the project. For example, the original BioPerl project license said that anyone who edited a single character of the BioPerl module becomes the owner and main participant of the BioPerl. Any active person in such a project is effectively the founder (as intellectual properties keep changing and even evolving).<br /> <br /> <strong>BioLicense is under BioLicense</strong>.&nbsp;<br /> Therefore, the founder of BioLicense, and any other projects that uses BioLicense,&nbsp;is YOU who is reading and contributing in anyway and affects the world in an indirect and direct way in the future.</font>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <strong><font size="5">See also</font></strong><br /> <font size="3">[http://biosophy.org/index.php/Biooriginality Biooriginality]: This is the prime site for biooriginality concept.<br /> [http://synthetivity.com Synthetivity.com]: Synthetivity is a term to replace creativity. Nothing is created in this universe but only synthesized.<br /> </font>[[BioLeader]]<br /> <br /> <hr /> [http://biopedia.org Biopedia.org] | [http://freescience.net FreeScience.net] | [http://biojustice.org Biojustice.org] | [http://biosociety.org Biosociety.org] 89cad4ae1dec419a4af8ce1e65f0c13eb4ba2009 0 1646 2183 2008-11-09T03:23:12Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <title></title> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/FCKeditor/editor/css/fck_editorarea.css" /><font size="5"><strong>BioOriginality Principle.<br /> <br /> </strong></font><font size="3">BioOriginality states that any original information materials are in fact the product of previous data, information and knowledge.&nbsp;<br /> Therefore, the origin of any kind of mental work can not be claimed and dedicated solely to one person.<br /> <br /> This in practical terms means that there is<strong> no &quot;founding father&quot;</strong> for knowledge.&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> The term BioOriginality is tightly associated with <a href="http://biolicense.org/index.php/BioLicense" title="BioLicense">BioLicense</a>.<br /> <br /> In practice, if any web site, media,&nbsp;or an intellectual project on Earth&nbsp;is under BioLicense (hence under BioOriginality Principle), there is no <strong>'original'</strong> founder.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> Any present and future person/people is the &quot;<a href="http://biolicense.org/index.php/Perpetual_founder" title="Perpetual founder">perpetual founder</a>&quot; of the project. For example, the original BioPerl project license said that anyone who edited a single character of the BioPerl module becomes the owner and main participant of the BioPerl. Any active person in such a project is effectively the founder (as intellectual properties keep changing and even evolving).<br /> <br /> <strong>BioLicense is under BioLicense</strong>.&nbsp;<br /> Therefore, the founder of BioLicense, and any other projects that uses BioLicense,&nbsp;is YOU who is reading and contributing in anyway and affects the world in an indirect and direct way in the future.</font>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <strong><font size="5">See also</font></strong><br /> <font size="3">[http://biosophy.org/index.php/Biooriginality Biooriginality]: This is the prime site for biooriginality concept.<br /> [http://synthetivity.com Synthetivity.com]: Synthetivity is a term to replace creativity. Nothing is created in this universe but only synthesized.</font><br /> <br /> <hr /> [http://biopedia.org Biopedia.org] | [http://freescience.net FreeScience.net] | [http://biojustice.org Biojustice.org] | [http://biosociety.org Biosociety.org] e068d11a63085bebd135f51cd7939eaf99af22bd 2184 2008-11-09T03:23:34Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong>BioOriginality Principle.<br /> <br /> </strong></font><font size="3">BioOriginality states that any original information materials are in fact the product of previous data, information and knowledge.&nbsp;<br /> Therefore, the origin of any kind of mental work can not be claimed and dedicated solely to one person.<br /> <br /> This in practical terms means that there is<strong> no &quot;founding father&quot;</strong> for knowledge.&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> The term BioOriginality is tightly associated with <a title="BioLicense" href="http://biolicense.org/index.php/BioLicense">BioLicense</a>.<br /> <br /> In practice, if any web site, media,&nbsp;or an intellectual project on Earth&nbsp;is under BioLicense (hence under BioOriginality Principle), there is no <strong>'original'</strong> founder.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> Any present and future person/people is the &quot;<a title="Perpetual founder" href="http://biolicense.org/index.php/Perpetual_founder">perpetual founder</a>&quot; of the project. For example, the original BioPerl project license said that anyone who edited a single character of the BioPerl module becomes the owner and main participant of the BioPerl. Any active person in such a project is effectively the founder (as intellectual properties keep changing and even evolving).<br /> <br /> <strong>BioLicense is under BioLicense</strong>.&nbsp;<br /> Therefore, the founder of BioLicense, and any other projects that uses BioLicense,&nbsp;is YOU who is reading and contributing in anyway and affects the world in an indirect and direct way in the future.</font>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <strong><font size="5">See also</font></strong><br /> <font size="3">[http://biosophy.org/index.php/Biooriginality Biooriginality]: This is the prime site for biooriginality concept.<br /> [http://synthetivity.com Synthetivity.com]: Synthetivity is a term to replace creativity. Nothing is created in this universe but only synthesized.</font><br /> <br /> <hr /> [http://biopedia.org Biopedia.org] | [http://freescience.net FreeScience.net] | [http://biojustice.org Biojustice.org] | [http://biosociety.org Biosociety.org] ff9d3e978274fb8fdf18f1ad22663c1865efa821 2185 2008-11-09T03:23:57Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong>BioOriginality Principle.<br /> <br /> </strong>BioOriginality states that any original information materials are in fact the product of previous data, information and knowledge.&nbsp;<br /> Therefore, the origin of any kind of mental work can not be claimed and dedicated solely to one person.<br /> <br /> This in practical terms means that there is<strong> no &quot;founding father&quot;</strong> for knowledge.&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> The term BioOriginality is tightly associated with <a href="http://biolicense.org/index.php/BioLicense" title="BioLicense">BioLicense</a>.<br /> <br /> In practice, if any web site, media,&nbsp;or an intellectual project on Earth&nbsp;is under BioLicense (hence under BioOriginality Principle), there is no <strong>'original'</strong> founder.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> Any present and future person/people is the &quot;<a href="http://biolicense.org/index.php/Perpetual_founder" title="Perpetual founder">perpetual founder</a>&quot; of the project. For example, the original BioPerl project license said that anyone who edited a single character of the BioPerl module becomes the owner and main participant of the BioPerl. Any active person in such a project is effectively the founder (as intellectual properties keep changing and even evolving).<br /> <br /> <strong>BioLicense is under BioLicense</strong>.&nbsp;<br /> Therefore, the founder of BioLicense, and any other projects that uses BioLicense,&nbsp;is YOU who is reading and contributing in anyway and affects the world in an indirect and direct way in the future.</font>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <strong><font size="5">See also</font></strong><br /> <font size="3">[http://biosophy.org/index.php/Biooriginality Biooriginality]: This is the prime site for biooriginality concept.<br /> [http://synthetivity.com Synthetivity.com]: Synthetivity is a term to replace creativity. Nothing is created in this universe but only synthesized.</font><br /> <br /> <hr /> [http://biopedia.org Biopedia.org] | [http://freescience.net FreeScience.net] | [http://biojustice.org Biojustice.org] | [http://biosociety.org Biosociety.org] 6a395860e8294f737a394dec3073b3a32e74c4c6 2186 2008-11-09T03:24:12Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong><font size="4">BioOriginality Principle.</font><br /> <br /> BioOriginality </strong>states that any original information materials are in fact the product of previous data, information and knowledge.&nbsp;<br /> Therefore, the origin of any kind of mental work can not be claimed and dedicated solely to one person.<br /> <br /> This in practical terms means that there is<strong> no &quot;founding father&quot;</strong> for knowledge.&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> The term BioOriginality is tightly associated with <a title="BioLicense" href="http://biolicense.org/index.php/BioLicense">BioLicense</a>.<br /> <br /> In practice, if any web site, media,&nbsp;or an intellectual project on Earth&nbsp;is under BioLicense (hence under BioOriginality Principle), there is no <strong>'original'</strong> founder.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> Any present and future person/people is the &quot;<a title="Perpetual founder" href="http://biolicense.org/index.php/Perpetual_founder">perpetual founder</a>&quot; of the project. For example, the original BioPerl project license said that anyone who edited a single character of the BioPerl module becomes the owner and main participant of the BioPerl. Any active person in such a project is effectively the founder (as intellectual properties keep changing and even evolving).<br /> <br /> <strong>BioLicense is under BioLicense</strong>.&nbsp;<br /> Therefore, the founder of BioLicense, and any other projects that uses BioLicense,&nbsp;is YOU who is reading and contributing in anyway and affects the world in an indirect and direct way in the future.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <strong><font size="5">See also</font></strong><br /> <font size="3">[http://biosophy.org/index.php/Biooriginality Biooriginality]: This is the prime site for biooriginality concept.<br /> [http://synthetivity.com Synthetivity.com]: Synthetivity is a term to replace creativity. Nothing is created in this universe but only synthesized.</font><br /> <br /> <hr /> [http://biopedia.org Biopedia.org] | [http://freescience.net FreeScience.net] | [http://biojustice.org Biojustice.org] | [http://biosociety.org Biosociety.org] 41792e44b3f435b1b70405881a4d86568c0845d2 0 1630 2187 2008-11-09T10:21:04Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font size="5">The &quot;Human Genome Project&quot; (HGP)</font><br /> <br /> <font size="4">It did contributed much to biology. However, the amount of money used and the way it was done (process) were not the best example of performing scientific projects.<br /> <br /> 1. Was it really a 'human' project?&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> No, it was not for the whole humanity. How much consideration was put in for&nbsp;all ethnic groups? It is more of a &quot;Caucasian Genome <strong>Sequencing</strong> Project&quot;.<br /> <br /> 2. Was it very scientific?<br /> No, it was more commercially driven with commerical promises that eventually helped the biological stock market disaster and giving bad names to biological ventures.<br /> <br /> 3. Was it so meaningful?<br /> If $3 USD was used not for 'sequencing' but for actually understanding the human genomes, it would have been much more meaningful.<br /> Genome Sequencing Project is not necessarily 'genomics'. It is a small part of it.</font>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <font size="4">4. Was it sound in principle?<br /> It seems it was&nbsp;full of hype and big egos involving an old technology accompanied by huge amount of money by fairly new comers of the field.<br /> <br /> 5. Is it useful?<br /> Yes.&nbsp;As it is free (instead being owned by a company).<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> </font></p> d9d2b0a4eb8b01d40c08c07b524385a438690fb3 2189 2008-11-09T11:01:25Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font size="5">The &quot;Human Genome Project&quot; (HGP)</font><br /> <br /> <font size="4">It did contribute much to biology. However, the amount of money used and the way it was done (process) were not the best example of performing scientific projects.<br /> <br /> 1. Was it really a 'human' project?&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> No, it was not for the whole humanity. How much consideration was put in for&nbsp;all ethnic groups? It is more of a &quot;Caucasian Genome <strong>Sequencing</strong> Project&quot;.<br /> <br /> 2. Was it very scientific?<br /> No, it was more commercially driven with commerical promises that eventually helped the biological stock market disaster and giving bad names to biological ventures.<br /> <br /> 3. Was it so meaningful?<br /> If $3 USD was used not for 'sequencing' but for actually understanding the human genomes, it would have been much more meaningful.<br /> Genome Sequencing Project is not necessarily 'genomics'. It is a small part of it.</font>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <font size="4">4. Was it sound in principle?<br /> It seems it was&nbsp;full of hype and big egos involving an old technology accompanied by huge amount of money by fairly new comers of the field.<br /> <br /> 5. Is it useful?<br /> Yes.&nbsp;As it is free (instead being owned by a company).<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> </font></p> 2fd1713c535e047c5377c250d0b2e05851bb1ee3 0 1615 2188 2008-11-09T11:01:04Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki Open letter to the world for genomic equality<br /> <br /> <br /> Dear Everyone on Earth,<br /> <br /> The genome information is the most fundamental element of a human being and life forms on Earth. It defines anyone in the world most definitely and critically.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> There are many things in life that are not equally given to everyone on Earth. Certain things such as education is so critical it often determines the fate of people. Genome information and its usage to a person is important to a person. It lets the person know his/her potential, health, and origin.<br /> <br /> Due to different backgrounds of people, our societies provide people with different levels of information and opportunity in terms of genome information. Some people have already their full genome information. Some have their genotype information through SNP chips.<br /> <br /> I would like to suggest that everyone on Earth trys to provide the next generations of humans an equal stand on their genome information by facilitating cheap and public genome sequencing and genomics analysis regardless of nationalities, races, and financial backgrounds.<br /> <br /> To achieve that we need an international consensus and proposal to UN, governments, charities, and institutes. We need to state the importance of genomic equality in terms of sequencing opportunity, openfree analysis tools, public usage of data, and ethical guidelines for maximum usage of the data for individuals.<br /> <br /> <br /> Jong Bhak,<br /> c0ea79f63435af54942d4bb4065b213c39403105 0 1647 2192 2008-11-23T21:56:51Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki 20081106: The diploid genome sequence of a Chinese individual was sequenced, BGI, China<br /> c50b5db2485c1c8a1a2ee0a6b16063a5149bf5c3 2193 2008-11-23T21:59:06Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki 20081106: [[The diploid genome sequence of a Chinese individual was sequenced]], BGI, China<br /> 5982844d134b4160d09a27f969dca56d991cc67b 0 1648 2194 2008-11-23T22:18:02Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki Accession number: [[ERA000005]]<br /> <br /> Eight single-end and two paired-end libraries.<br /> <br /> Illumina Genome Analysers&nbsp;<br /> <br /> The read lengths averaged 35&nbsp;base pairs&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 2 paired-end libraries had a span size of 135&nbsp;bp and 440&nbsp;bp<br /> <br /> 3.3 billion reads&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 117.7&nbsp;gigabases (Gb) of sequence. 72&nbsp;Gb from single-end reads and 45.7&nbsp;Gb from paired-end reads.<br /> <br /> Program used: Short Oligonucleotide Alignment Program (SOAP)<br /> <br /> 102.9&nbsp;Gb of sequence (87.4% of all data) was properly aligned to the NCBI human reference genome (build 36.1; hereafter called NCBI36).&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 36-fold average coverage of NCBI36<br /> <br /> The effective genome coverage of the single- and paired-end sequencing was 22.5-fold and 13.5-fold, respectively.<br /> <br /> 99.97% of NCBI36 (excluding Ns, which are undetermined sequence of the reference genome) was covered by at least one uniquely or repeatedly aligned read (uniquely aligned reads had only one best hit on NBCI36; repeatedly aligned reads had multiple possible alignments; see Methods for details).<br /> <br /> Average per-nucleotide difference of 1.45% from the NCBI36 sequence<br /> <br /> YH genome consensus sequence covered 92% of the NCBI36 sequence (92.6% of the autosomes; 83.1% of the sex chromosomes),&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <strong>SNPs<br /> </strong>3.07 million SNPs.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> The remaining 8% of the reference sequence was composed of either repetitive sequence (6.6%) that did not have any uniquely mapped reads or sequence that didn't pass our filtering steps (1.4%).<br /> <br /> 2.26 million (73.5%) of the YH SNPs were present in dbSNP as validated SNPs, and 0.4 million (12.9%) were present as non-validated SNPs. <br /> 0.42 million SNPs were novel&nbsp;<br /> <br /> They also did Illumina 1M BeadChip for genotyping<br /> <br /> They&nbsp;used polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and traditional Sanger sequencing technology on a subset of the inconsistent SNPs and small indels to determine whether they conformed to the genotyping or GA sequencing results&nbsp;<br /> <br /> The use of paired-end reads as opposed to single-end reads further reduces SNP calling errors. Of note, SNP calling errors of homozygous and heterozygous SNPs differ significantly.<br /> <br /> Unique to the 3 genomes sequenced: for YH, 978,370 (31.8%) SNPs; for Venter, 924,333 (30.1%); and for Watson, 1,096,873 (33.0%)<br /> <br /> <strong>For Indels</strong><br /> <p class="norm">For indel identification,&nbsp;they required at least 3 pairs of reads to define an indel. They only considered paired-end read-gapped alignments that had insertion or deletion sizes of 3&nbsp;bp or less to avoid creating alignment errors. Confining indel size was necessary to obtain the best detection accuracy given our short-read sequencing strategy. From this analysis, they identified a total of 135,262 indels.<br /> <br /> Most (59.1%) of the indels were novel&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <br /> <strong>Depth effect on genome sequencing</strong><br /> To determine what sequencing depth provides the best genome coverage and lowest SNP-calling error rates for a diploid human genome, they randomly extracted subsets of reads with different average depths from all the mapped reads on chromosome 12, which has a relatively moderate number of repeats.&nbsp;<br /> SNPs were identified using GA sequencing and then compared with the genotyping data.&nbsp;<br /> They applied the same filtering steps as used in SNP identification.<br /> <br /> At a depth greater than 10-fold, the assembled consensus covered 83.63% of the NCBI reference genome using single-end reads and 95.88% coverage using paired-end reads. Thus, greater sequencing depth provides only a small increase in genome coverage.<br /> <br /> <br /> <strong>Evolution and selection<br /> </strong>Alleles that are identical between two random individuals are more likely to be the most common type of allele in the population<br /> </p> <strong>Ancestry</strong><br /> The YH individual was estimated to share alleles (thus ancestry) at 94.12% with the Asian, 4.12% with the European and 1.76% with the African populations<br /> <br /> effective Chinese population size is about 5,700<br /> <br /> &nbsp;3,300 for the effective human population size<br /> <br /> <br /> <h3 class="sectitle1">References</h3> <ol class="norm"> <li id="B1"><a name="B1"><!-- . --></a>International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium <span class="atl">Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome</span>. <span class="journalname">Nature</span> <span class="journalnumber">409</span>, 860&ndash;921 (<span class="cite-month-year">2001</span>)&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a class="reftxt" title="Article on Article - Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome" href="http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/35057062"><font color="#000080">Article</font></a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a class="reftxt" title="Article on PubMed - Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?holding=npg&amp;cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;list_uids=11237011&amp;dopt=Abstract"><font color="#000080">PubMed</font></a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a class="reftxt" title="Article on ISI - Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome" href="http://links.isiglobalnet2.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?&amp;GWVersion=2&amp;SrcAuth=Nature&amp;SrcApp=Nature&amp;DestLinkType=FullRecord&amp;KeyUT=000166938800058&amp;DestApp=WOS_CPL"><font color="#000080">ISI</font></a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a class="reftxt" title="Article on ChemPort - Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome" href="http://chemport.cas.org/cgi-bin/sdcgi?APP=ftslink&amp;action=reflink&amp;origin=npg&amp;version=1.0&amp;coi=1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXhsFCjtLc%3D&amp;pissn=0028-0836&amp;pyear=2008&amp;md5=16804645ac48159a2bb691b516d74b1f"><font color="#000080">ChemPort</font></a>&nbsp;| </li> <li id="B2"><a name="B2"><!-- . --></a>Venter, J. C. <em>et al.</em> <span class="atl">The sequence of the human genome</span>. <span class="journalname">Science</span> <span class="journalnumber">291</span>, 1304&ndash;1351 (<span class="cite-month-year">2001</span>)&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a class="reftxt" title="The sequence of the human genome" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1058040"><font color="#000080">Article</font></a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a class="reftxt" title="Article on PubMed - The sequence of the human genome" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?holding=npg&amp;cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;list_uids=11181995&amp;dopt=Abstract"><font color="#000080">PubMed</font></a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a class="reftxt" title="Article on ISI - The sequence of the human genome" href="http://links.isiglobalnet2.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?&amp;GWVersion=2&amp;SrcAuth=Nature&amp;SrcApp=Nature&amp;DestLinkType=FullRecord&amp;KeyUT=000166993400041&amp;DestApp=WOS_CPL"><font color="#000080">ISI</font></a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a class="reftxt" title="Article on ChemPort - The sequence of the human genome" href="http://chemport.cas.org/cgi-bin/sdcgi?APP=ftslink&amp;action=reflink&amp;origin=npg&amp;version=1.0&amp;coi=1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXhtlSgsbo%3D&amp;pissn=0028-0836&amp;pyear=2008&amp;md5=892be801971de2b1598ae0f6aec59208"><font color="#000080">ChemPort</font></a>&nbsp;| </li> <li id="B3"><a name="B3"><!-- . --></a>Levy, S. <em>et al.</em> <span class="atl">The diploid genome sequence of an individual human</span>. <span class="journalname">PLoS Biol.</span> <span class="journalnumber">5</span>, e254 (<span class="cite-month-year">2007</span>)&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a class="reftxt" title="The diploid genome sequence of an individual human" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0050254"><font color="#000080">Article</font></a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a class="reftxt" title="Article on PubMed - The diploid genome sequence of an individual human" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?holding=npg&amp;cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;list_uids=17803354&amp;dopt=Abstract"><font color="#000080">PubMed</font></a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a class="reftxt" title="Article on ChemPort - The diploid genome sequence of an individual human" href="http://chemport.cas.org/cgi-bin/sdcgi?APP=ftslink&amp;action=reflink&amp;origin=npg&amp;version=1.0&amp;coi=1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhsVersr3O&amp;pissn=0028-0836&amp;pyear=2008&amp;md5=b4938e2a9bc6e279a985b911918b7393"><font color="#000080">ChemPort</font></a>&nbsp;| </li> <li id="B4"><a name="B4"><!-- . --></a>Wheeler, D. A. <em>et al.</em> <span class="atl">The complete genome of an individual by massively parallel DNA sequencing</span>. <span class="journalname">Nature</span> <span class="journalnumber">452</span>, 872&ndash;876 (<span class="cite-month-year">2008</span>)&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a class="reftxt" title="Article on Article - The complete genome of an individual by massively parallel DNA sequencing" href="http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/nature06884"><font color="#000080">Article</font></a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a class="reftxt" title="Article on PubMed - The complete genome of an individual by massively parallel DNA sequencing" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?holding=npg&amp;cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;list_uids=18421352&amp;dopt=Abstract"><font color="#000080">PubMed</font></a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a class="reftxt" title="Article on ChemPort - The complete genome of an individual by massively parallel DNA sequencing" href="http://chemport.cas.org/cgi-bin/sdcgi?APP=ftslink&amp;action=reflink&amp;origin=npg&amp;version=1.0&amp;coi=1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXkvVSisL0%3D&amp;pissn=0028-0836&amp;pyear=2008&amp;md5=68215543253d6f11ff5a44d6344886dc"><font color="#000080">ChemPort</font></a>&nbsp;| </li> <li id="B5"><a name="B5"><!-- . --></a>Church, G. M. <span class="atl">The personal genome project</span>. <span class="journalname">Mol. Syst. Biol.</span> <span class="journalnumber">1</span> doi: doi:10.1038/msb4100040 (<span class="cite-month-year">2005</span>)&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a class="reftxt" title="Article on Article - The personal genome project" href="http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/msb4100040"><font color="#000080">Article</font></a>&nbsp;| </li> <li id="B6"><a name="B6"><!-- . --></a>Li, R., Li, Y., Kristiansen, K. &amp; Wang, J. <span class="atl">SOAP: short oligonucleotide alignment program</span>. <span class="journalname">Bioinformatics</span> <span class="journalnumber">24</span>, 713&ndash;714 (<span class="cite-month-year">2008</span>)&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a class="reftxt" title="SOAP: short oligonucleotide alignment program" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btn025"><font color="#000080">Article</font></a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a class="reftxt" title="Article on PubMed - SOAP: short oligonucleotide alignment program" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?holding=npg&amp;cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;list_uids=18227114&amp;dopt=Abstract"><font color="#000080">PubMed</font></a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a class="reftxt" title="Article on ChemPort - SOAP: short oligonucleotide alignment program" href="http://chemport.cas.org/cgi-bin/sdcgi?APP=ftslink&amp;action=reflink&amp;origin=npg&amp;version=1.0&amp;coi=1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXislKlt7Y%3D&amp;pissn=0028-0836&amp;pyear=2008&amp;md5=73f2da3078abb8557955d35a2b944407"><font color="#000080">ChemPort</font></a>&nbsp;| </li> <li id="B7"><a name="B7"><!-- . --></a>Sherry, S. T. <em>et al.</em> <span class="atl">dbSNP: the NCBI database of genetic variation</span>. <span class="journalname">Nucleic Acids Res.</span> <span class="journalnumber">29</span>, 308&ndash;311 (<span class="cite-month-year">2001</span>)&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a class="reftxt" title="dbSNP: the NCBI database of genetic variation" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/NAR/29.1.308"><font color="#000080">Article</font></a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a class="reftxt" title="Article on PubMed - dbSNP: the NCBI database of genetic variation" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?holding=npg&amp;cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;list_uids=11125122&amp;dopt=Abstract"><font color="#000080">PubMed</font></a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a class="reftxt" title="Article on ISI - dbSNP: the NCBI database of genetic variation" href="http://links.isiglobalnet2.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?&amp;GWVersion=2&amp;SrcAuth=Nature&amp;SrcApp=Nature&amp;DestLinkType=FullRecord&amp;KeyUT=000166360300086&amp;DestApp=WOS_CPL"><font color="#000080">ISI</font></a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a class="reftxt" title="Article on ChemPort - dbSNP: the NCBI database of genetic variation" href="http://chemport.cas.org/cgi-bin/sdcgi?APP=ftslink&amp;action=reflink&amp;origin=npg&amp;version=1.0&amp;coi=1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXjtlWmtb0%3D&amp;pissn=0028-0836&amp;pyear=2008&amp;md5=371b80a1cbe5223c3ecf1a7dc465805b"><font color="#000080">ChemPort</font></a>&nbsp;| </li> <li id="B8"><a name="B8"><!-- . --></a>Iafrate, A. J. <em>et al.</em> <span class="atl">Detection of large-scale variation in the human genome</span>. <span class="journalname">Nature Genet.</span> <span class="journalnumber">36</span>, 949&ndash;951 (<span class="cite-month-year">2004</span>)&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a class="reftxt" title="Article on Article - Detection of large-scale variation in the human genome" href="http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/ng1416"><font color="#000080">Article</font></a>&nbsp;| </li> <li id="B9"><a name="B9"><!-- . --></a>Korbel, J. O. <em>et al.</em> <span class="atl">Paired-end mapping reveals extensive structural variation in the human genome</span>. <span class="journalname">Science</span> <span class="journalnumber">318</span>, 420&ndash;426 (<span class="cite-month-year">2007</span>)&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a class="reftxt" title="Paired-end mapping reveals extensive structural variation in the human genome" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1149504"><font color="#000080">Article</font></a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a class="reftxt" title="Article on PubMed - Paired-end mapping reveals extensive structural variation in the human genome" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?holding=npg&amp;cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;list_uids=17901297&amp;dopt=Abstract"><font color="#000080">PubMed</font></a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a class="reftxt" title="Article on ChemPort - Paired-end mapping reveals extensive structural variation in the human genome" href="http://chemport.cas.org/cgi-bin/sdcgi?APP=ftslink&amp;action=reflink&amp;origin=npg&amp;version=1.0&amp;coi=1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhtFOjtbzL&amp;pissn=0028-0836&amp;pyear=2008&amp;md5=6d553c65f3880200e2fca11f3e013884"><font color="#000080">ChemPort</font></a>&nbsp;| </li> <li id="B10"><a name="B10"><!-- . --></a>Kidd, J. M. <em>et al.</em> <span class="atl">Mapping and sequencing of structural variation from eight human genomes</span>. <span class="journalname">Nature</span> <span class="journalnumber">453</span>, 56&ndash;64 (<span class="cite-month-year">2008</span>)&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a class="reftxt" title="Article on Article - Mapping and sequencing of structural variation from eight human genomes" href="http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/nature06862"><font color="#000080">Article</font></a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a class="reftxt" title="Article on PubMed - Mapping and sequencing of structural variation from eight human genomes" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?holding=npg&amp;cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;list_uids=18451855&amp;dopt=Abstract"><font color="#000080">PubMed</font></a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a class="reftxt" title="Article on ChemPort - Mapping and sequencing of structural variation from eight human genomes" href="http://chemport.cas.org/cgi-bin/sdcgi?APP=ftslink&amp;action=reflink&amp;origin=npg&amp;version=1.0&amp;coi=1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXltlansrg%3D&amp;pissn=0028-0836&amp;pyear=2008&amp;md5=6ff7a71471b535ee5c73bbedbb2757ed"><font color="#000080">ChemPort</font></a>&nbsp;| </li> <li id="B11"><a name="B11"><!-- . --></a>Bovee, D. <em>et al.</em> <span class="atl">Closing gaps in the human genome with fosmid resources generated from multiple individuals</span>. <span class="journalname">Nature Genet.</span> <span class="journalnumber">40</span>, 96&ndash;101 (<span class="cite-month-year">2008</span>)&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a class="reftxt" title="Article on Article - Closing gaps in the human genome with fosmid resources generated from multiple individuals" href="http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/ng.2007.34"><font color="#000080">Article</font></a>&nbsp;| </li> <li id="B12"><a name="B12"><!-- . --></a>Zerbino, D. R. &amp; Birney, E. <span class="atl">Velvet: algorithms for <em>de novo</em> short read assembly using de Bruijn graphs</span>. <span class="journalname">Genome Res.</span> <span class="journalnumber">18</span>, 821&ndash;829 (<span class="cite-month-year">2008</span>)&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a class="reftxt" title="Velvet: algorithms for de novo short read assembly using de Bruijn graphs" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gr.074492.107"><font color="#000080">Article</font></a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a class="reftxt" title="Article on PubMed - Velvet: algorithms for de novo short read assembly using de Bruijn graphs" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?holding=npg&amp;cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;list_uids=18349386&amp;dopt=Abstract"><font color="#000080">PubMed</font></a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a class="reftxt" title="Article on ChemPort - Velvet: algorithms for de novo short read assembly using de Bruijn graphs" href="http://chemport.cas.org/cgi-bin/sdcgi?APP=ftslink&amp;action=reflink&amp;origin=npg&amp;version=1.0&amp;coi=1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXlslChsLg%3D&amp;pissn=0028-0836&amp;pyear=2008&amp;md5=3f444ac9b7b5841f92e82a010a335b2e"><font color="#000080">ChemPort</font></a>&nbsp;| </li> <li id="B13"><a name="B13"><!-- . --></a>Stephens, M., Smith, N. J. &amp; Donnelly, P. <span class="atl">A new statistical method for haplotype reconstruction from population data</span>. <span class="journalname">Am. J. Hum. Genet.</span> <span class="journalnumber">68</span>, 978&ndash;989 (<span class="cite-month-year">2001</span>)&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a class="reftxt" title="A new statistical method for haplotype reconstruction from population data" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/319501"><font color="#000080">Article</font></a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a class="reftxt" title="Article on PubMed - A new statistical method for haplotype reconstruction from population data" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?holding=npg&amp;cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;list_uids=11254454&amp;dopt=Abstract"><font color="#000080">PubMed</font></a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a class="reftxt" title="Article on ISI - A new statistical method for haplotype reconstruction from population data" href="http://links.isiglobalnet2.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?&amp;GWVersion=2&amp;SrcAuth=Nature&amp;SrcApp=Nature&amp;DestLinkType=FullRecord&amp;KeyUT=000167666000019&amp;DestApp=WOS_CPL"><font color="#000080">ISI</font></a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a class="reftxt" title="Article on ChemPort - A new statistical method for haplotype reconstruction from population data" href="http://chemport.cas.org/cgi-bin/sdcgi?APP=ftslink&amp;action=reflink&amp;origin=npg&amp;version=1.0&amp;coi=1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M3kslWgsA%3D%3D&amp;pissn=0028-0836&amp;pyear=2008&amp;md5=548dad2cd8460907eae9950b14459f30"><font color="#000080">ChemPort</font></a>&nbsp;| </li> <li id="B14"><a name="B14"><!-- . --></a>Tang, H., Peng, J., Wang, P. &amp; Risch, N. J. <span class="atl">Estimation of individual admixture: analytical and study design considerations</span>. <span class="journalname">Genet. Epidemiol.</span> <span class="journalnumber">28</span>, 289&ndash;301 (<span class="cite-month-year">2005</span>)&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a class="reftxt" title="Estimation of individual admixture: analytical and study design considerations" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gepi.20064"><font color="#000080">Article</font></a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a class="reftxt" title="Article on PubMed - Estimation of individual admixture: analytical and study design considerations" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?holding=npg&amp;cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;list_uids=15712363&amp;dopt=Abstract"><font color="#000080">PubMed</font></a>&nbsp;| </li> <li id="B15"><a name="B15"><!-- . --></a>Wright, S. <span class="atl">Evolution in Mendelian populations</span>. <span class="journalname">Genetics</span> <span class="journalnumber">16</span>, 97&ndash;159 (<span class="cite-month-year">1931</span>)&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a class="reftxt" title="Article on PubMed - Evolution in Mendelian populations" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?holding=npg&amp;cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;list_uids=17246615&amp;dopt=Abstract"><font color="#000080">PubMed</font></a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a class="reftxt" title="Article on ChemPort - Evolution in Mendelian populations" href="http://chemport.cas.org/cgi-bin/sdcgi?APP=ftslink&amp;action=reflink&amp;origin=npg&amp;version=1.0&amp;coi=1:STN:280:DC%2BD2s%2FmsVGqsw%3D%3D&amp;pissn=0028-0836&amp;pyear=2008&amp;md5=ae66dc91b6a968c5c07e939a17910e73"><font color="#000080">ChemPort</font></a>&nbsp;| </li> <li id="B16"><a name="B16"><!-- . --></a>Noonan, J. P. <em>et al.</em> <span class="atl">Sequencing and analysis of Neanderthal genomic DNA</span>. <span class="journalname">Science</span> <span class="journalnumber">314</span>, 1113&ndash;1118 (<span class="cite-month-year">2006</span>)&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a class="reftxt" title="Sequencing and analysis of Neanderthal genomic DNA" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1131412"><font color="#000080">Article</font></a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a class="reftxt" title="Article on PubMed - Sequencing and analysis of Neanderthal genomic DNA" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?holding=npg&amp;cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;list_uids=17110569&amp;dopt=Abstract"><font color="#000080">PubMed</font></a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a class="reftxt" title="Article on ISI - Sequencing and analysis of Neanderthal genomic DNA" href="http://links.isiglobalnet2.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?&amp;GWVersion=2&amp;SrcAuth=Nature&amp;SrcApp=Nature&amp;DestLinkType=FullRecord&amp;KeyUT=000242045800035&amp;DestApp=WOS_CPL"><font color="#000080">ISI</font></a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a class="reftxt" title="Article on ChemPort - Sequencing and analysis of Neanderthal genomic DNA" href="http://chemport.cas.org/cgi-bin/sdcgi?APP=ftslink&amp;action=reflink&amp;origin=npg&amp;version=1.0&amp;coi=1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xht1SmtrnJ&amp;pissn=0028-0836&amp;pyear=2008&amp;md5=4eda24b384baa70480ce132bd43bca1f"><font color="#000080">ChemPort</font></a>&nbsp;| </li> <li id="B17"><a name="B17"><!-- . --></a>Tenesa, A. <em>et al.</em> <span class="atl">Recent human effective population size estimated from linkage disequilibrium</span>. <span class="journalname">Genome Res.</span> <span class="journalnumber">17</span>, 520&ndash;526 (<span class="cite-month-year">2007</span>)&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a class="reftxt" title="Recent human effective population size estimated from linkage disequilibrium" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gr.6023607"><font color="#000080">Article</font></a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a class="reftxt" title="Article on PubMed - Recent human effective population size estimated from linkage disequilibrium" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?holding=npg&amp;cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;list_uids=17351134&amp;dopt=Abstract"><font color="#000080">PubMed</font></a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a class="reftxt" title="Article on ChemPort - Recent human effective population size estimated from linkage disequilibrium" href="http://chemport.cas.org/cgi-bin/sdcgi?APP=ftslink&amp;action=reflink&amp;origin=npg&amp;version=1.0&amp;coi=1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXktFGntrw%3D&amp;pissn=0028-0836&amp;pyear=2008&amp;md5=c497b70051817a5a93cef5fdfa8e07e1"><font color="#000080">ChemPort</font></a>&nbsp;| </li> <li id="B18"><a name="B18"><!-- . --></a>McKusick, V. A. <span class="atl">Mendelian Inheritance in Man and its online version, OMIM</span>. <span class="journalname">Am. J. Hum. Genet.</span> <span class="journalnumber">80</span>, 588&ndash;604 (<span class="cite-month-year">2007</span>)&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a class="reftxt" title="Mendelian Inheritance in Man and its online version, OMIM" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/514346"><font color="#000080">Article</font></a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a class="reftxt" title="Article on PubMed - Mendelian Inheritance in Man and its online version, OMIM" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?holding=npg&amp;cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;list_uids=17357067&amp;dopt=Abstract"><font color="#000080">PubMed</font></a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a class="reftxt" title="Article on ChemPort - Mendelian Inheritance in Man and its online version, OMIM" href="http://chemport.cas.org/cgi-bin/sdcgi?APP=ftslink&amp;action=reflink&amp;origin=npg&amp;version=1.0&amp;coi=1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXktVOju7k%3D&amp;pissn=0028-0836&amp;pyear=2008&amp;md5=9c31001c34b7a5a4ed03f6d6155f557b"><font color="#000080">ChemPort</font></a>&nbsp;| </li> <li id="B19"><a name="B19"><!-- . --></a>Coon, K. D. <em>et al.</em> <span class="atl">A high-density whole-genome association study reveals that APOE is the major susceptibility gene for sporadic late-onset Alzheimer's disease</span>. <span class="journalname">J. Clin. Psychiatry</span> <span class="journalnumber">68</span>, 613&ndash;618 (<span class="cite-month-year">2007</span>)&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a class="reftxt" title="Article on PubMed - A high-density whole-genome association study reveals that APOE is the major susceptibility gene for sporadic late-onset Alzheimer/'s disease" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?holding=npg&amp;cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;list_uids=17474819&amp;dopt=Abstract"><font color="#000080">PubMed</font></a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a class="reftxt" title="Article on ISI - A high-density whole-genome association study reveals that APOE is the major susceptibility gene for sporadic late-onset Alzheimer/'s disease" href="http://links.isiglobalnet2.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?&amp;GWVersion=2&amp;SrcAuth=Nature&amp;SrcApp=Nature&amp;DestLinkType=FullRecord&amp;KeyUT=000245876000018&amp;DestApp=WOS_CPL"><font color="#000080">ISI</font></a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a class="reftxt" title="Article on ChemPort - A high-density whole-genome association study reveals that APOE is the major susceptibility gene for sporadic late-onset Alzheimer/'s disease" href="http://chemport.cas.org/cgi-bin/sdcgi?APP=ftslink&amp;action=reflink&amp;origin=npg&amp;version=1.0&amp;coi=1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXlsF2ksrw%3D&amp;pissn=0028-0836&amp;pyear=2008&amp;md5=028157882b1bc67a9895c03ce52bf2b0"><font color="#000080">ChemPort</font></a>&nbsp;| </li> <li id="B20"><a name="B20"><!-- . --></a>Rogaeva, E. <em>et al.</em> <span class="atl">The neuronal sortilin-related receptor SORL1 is genetically associated with Alzheimer disease</span>. <span class="journalname">Nature Genet.</span> <span class="journalnumber">39</span>, 168&ndash;177 (<span class="cite-month-year">2007</span>)&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a class="reftxt" title="Article on Article - The neuronal sortilin-related receptor SORL1 is genetically associated with Alzheimer disease" href="http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/ng1943"><font color="#000080">Article</font></a>&nbsp;|<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> </li> </ol> 566e45d1ddb13b4e722bf32a06979108b32f7a23 0 1626 2204 2008-11-28T00:33:11Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki &nbsp; <table cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="100%" summary="" border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td><font size="2"><strong>&nbsp;[[You!]]</strong></font></td> <td><strong><font size="2">&nbsp;[[Fred Sanger]]</font></strong></td> <td><font size="2"><strong>&nbsp;[[George Church]]</strong></font></td> <td><strong><font size="2"></font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <br /> <hr /> [[Genomics academic societies]] 1ab0cc3229152d720a55fa9f1632ff426df49302 0 1649 2205 2008-11-28T00:33:24Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>[[KOGO]]: Korean Genome Organization<br /> </p> 4ea06c4c85bf52e575ad221e7954dff3d2ec6a2f 0 1624 2207 2008-12-03T13:10:18Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <table cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="100%" summary="" border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td>[[Celera]]</td> <td>[[23andme.com]]</td> <td>&nbsp;[[U.S. Genomics]]</td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;[[Affymetrix]], [[Nimblegen]]</td> <td>[[decodeme.com]]</td> <td>&nbsp;[[Illumina]]</td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;[[NanoGen]]</td> <td>[[navigenics.com]]</td> <td>&nbsp;[[Agowa]]</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[Personal Genome Companies]]</td> <td>[[Knome.com]]&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;[[Decode]]</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 38pt"><span lang="EN-US"><span>-<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">DNAdirect <a href="http://www.dnadirect.com/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow"><span class="yshortcuts" id="lw_1228313181_3">http://www.dnadirect.com/</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 38pt"><span lang="EN-US"><span>-<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">SeqWright <a href="http://www.seqwright.com/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow"><span class="yshortcuts" id="lw_1228313181_4">http://www.seqwright.com/</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 38pt"><span lang="EN-US"><span>-<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">DNATraits <a href="http://www.dnatraits.com/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow"><span class="yshortcuts" id="lw_1228313181_5">http://www.dnatraits.com/</span></a></span></p> 20260a3cda68642a2936cd2df2e9e8ecf3eeac66 0 1650 2209 2008-12-04T21:01:39Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki Gacheon Medical School's Lee Gilyeo Cancer Diabetes Research Institute announces a Korean genome sequence.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 7cd01bbe2af821ef7492c29e3215ec39fbc2b44a 2210 2008-12-04T21:01:58Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki Gacheon Medical School's Lee Gilyeo Cancer Diabetes Research Institute announces a Korean human genome sequence.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <br /> c9515e7937eda7925722f0c8267480d405a9223c 0 1534 2211 2008-12-09T04:02:27Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font size="4">Sequencing technology<br /> Sequencing companies<br /> </font>[[Sequencing assembly program]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> </p> <hr /> <font size="6">What is sequencing?<br /> <br /> </font>In genetics and biochemistry, <strong>sequencing</strong> means to determine the primary structure (or primary sequence) of an unbranched biopolymer. Sequencing results in a symbolic linear depiction known as a <strong>sequence</strong> which succinctly summarizes much of the atomic-level structure of the sequenced molecule. <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">[[DNA sequencing]]</span></h2> <p>DNA sequencing is the process of determining the nucleotide order of a given <font color="#810081">DNA</font> fragment. Thus far, most DNA sequencing has been performed using the chain termination method developed by Frederick Sanger. This technique uses sequence-specific termination of a DNA synthesis reaction using modified nucleotide substrates. However, new sequencing technologies such as Pyrosequencing are gaining an increasing share of the sequencing market. More genome data is being produced by pyrosequencing than Sanger DNA sequencing these days. Pyrosequencing has enabled rapid genome sequencing. Bacterial genome can be sequenced in a single run with several X coverage with this technique. This technique was also used to sequence the genome of James Watson recently.</p> <p>The sequence of DNA encodes the necessary information for living things to survive and reproduce. Determining the sequence is therefore useful in 'pure' research into why and how organisms live, as well as in applied subjects. Because of the key nature of DNA to living things, knowledge of DNA sequence may come in useful in practically any biological research. For example, in medicine it can be used to identify, diagnose and potentially develop treatments for genetic diseases. Similarly, research into pathogens may lead to treatments for contagious diseases. Biotechnology is a burgeoning discipline, with the potential for many useful products and services.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Sanger sequencing</span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 162px"><img class="thumbimage" height="332" alt="Part of a radioactively labelled sequencing gel" width="160" border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Sequencing.jpg" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify" style="FLOAT: right"><img height="11" alt="" width="15" src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></div> Part of a radioactively labelled sequencing gel</div> </div> </div> <p>In chain terminator sequencing (Sanger sequencing), extension is initiated at a specific site on the template DNA by using a short oligonucleotide 'primer' complementary to the template at that region. The oligonucleotide primer is extended using a DNA polymerase, an enzyme that replicates DNA. Included with the primer and DNA polymerase are the four deoxynucleotide bases (DNA building blocks), along with a low concentration of a chain terminating nucleotide (most commonly a <strong>di-</strong>deoxynucleotide). Limited incorporation of the chain terminating nucleotide by the DNA polymerase results in a series of related DNA fragments that are terminated only at positions where that particular nucleotide is used. The fragments are then size-separated by electrophoresis in a slab polyacrylamide gel, or more commonly now, in a narrow glass tube (capillary) filled with a viscous polymer.</p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 182px"><img class="thumbimage" height="42" alt="View of the start of an example dye-terminator read (click to expand)" width="180" border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Sanger_sequencing_read_display.gif/180px-Sanger_sequencing_read_display.gif" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify" style="FLOAT: right"><img height="11" alt="" width="15" src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></div> View of the start of an example dye-terminator read (click to expand)</div> </div> </div> <p>An alternative to the labelling of the primer is to label the terminators instead, commonly called 'dye terminator sequencing'. The major advantage of this approach is the complete sequencing set can be performed in a single reaction, rather than the four needed with the labeled-primer approach. This is accomplished by labelling each of the dideoxynucleotide chain-terminators with a separate fluorescent dye, which fluoresces at a different wavelength. This method is easier and quicker than the dye primer approach, but may produce more uneven data peaks (different heights), due to a template dependent difference in the incorporation of the large dye chain-terminators. This problem has been significantly reduced with the introduction of new enzymes and dyes that minimize incorporation variability.</p> <p>This method is now used for the vast majority of sequencing reactions as it is both simpler and cheaper. The major reason for this is that the primers do not have to be separately labelled (which can be a significant expense for a single-use custom primer), although this is less of a concern with frequently used 'universal' primers.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Pyrosequencing</span></h3> <p>Pyrosequencing, which was originally developed by Mostafa Ronaghi, has been commercialized by Biotage (for low throughput sequencing) and 454 Life Sciences (for high-throughput sequencing). The latter platform sequences roughly 100 megabases in a 7-hour run with a single machine. In the array-based method (commercialized by 454 Life Sciences), single-stranded DNA is annealed to beads and amplified via emPCR. These DNA-bound beads are then placed into wells on a fiber-optic chip along with enzymes which produce light in the presence of ATP. When free nucleotides are washed over this chip, light is produced as ATP is generated when nucleotides join with their complementary base pairs. Addition of one (or more) nucleotide(s) results in a reaction that generates a light signal that is recorded by the CCD camera in the instrument. The signal strength is proportional to the number of nucleotides, for example, homopolymer stretches, incorporated in a single nucleotide flow. [1]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">RNA sequencing</span></h2> <p><font color="#810081">RNA</font> is less stable in the cell, and also more prone to nuclease attack experimentally. As RNA is generated by transcription from DNA, the information is already present in the cell's DNA. However, it is sometimes desirable to sequence RNA molecules. In particular, in Eukaryotes RNA molecules are not necessarily co-linear with their DNA template, as introns are excised. To sequence RNA, the usual method is first to reverse transcribe the sample to generate DNA fragments. This can then be sequenced as described above.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Protein sequencing</span></h2> <p>Methods for performing protein sequencing include:</p> <ul> <li>Edman degradation </li> <li>Peptide mass fingerprinting </li> <li>Mass spectrometry </li> <li>Protease digests </li> </ul> <p>If the gene encoding the protein can be identified it is currently much easier to sequence the DNA and infer the protein sequence. Determining part of a protein's amino-acid sequence (often one end) by one of the above methods may be sufficient to enable the identification of a clone carrying the gene.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Polysaccharide sequencing</span></h2> <p>Though polysaccharides are also biopolymers, it is not so common to talk of 'sequencing' a polysaccharide, for several reasons. Although many polysaccharides are linear, many have branches. Many different units (individual monosaccharides) can be used, and bonded in different ways. However, the main theoretical reason is that whereas the other polymers listed here are primarily generated in a 'template-dependent' manner by one processive enzyme, each individual join in a polysaccharide may be formed by a different enzyme. In many cases the assembly is not uniquely specified; depending on which enzyme acts, one of several different units may be incorporated. This can lead to a family of similar molecules being formed. This is particularly true for plant polysaccharides. Methods for the structure determination of oligosaccharides and polysaccharides include NMR spectroscopy and methylation analysis<sup class="reference" id="_ref-0">[1]</sup>.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">See also</span></h2> <ul> <li>Genetic code </li> <li>Sequence motif </li> <li>[http://sequenceome.org Sequenceome.org] </li> <li>[http://glycome.net Glycome.net] </li> </ul> <p><a id="References" name="References"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <div class="references-small"> <ol class="references"> <li id="_note-0"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequencing#_ref-0">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.stenutz.eu/sop" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.stenutz.eu/sop">A practical guide to structural analysis of carbohydrates</a> </li> </ol> </div> 76d6d428393498e0cc91bff37df41f45a703cdf5 0 1651 2212 2008-12-09T04:02:45Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki MAQ: <a href="http://maq.sourceforge.net/">http://maq.sourceforge.net/</a> 7bee5ec96a8e21bef86968e488e17b945a559695 0 1652 2215 2008-12-14T01:02:36Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <span class="atl"><strong>[[The complete genome of an individual by massively parallel DNA sequencing. 2008 Nature]]</strong></span> <p class="aug">&nbsp;</p> 1ebf75ccb69f7a4cf57e2af70a9a1639dd636929 2219 2008-12-14T01:08:03Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <span class="atl"><strong>[[The complete genome of an individual by massively parallel DNA sequencing. 2008 Nature]]</strong></span>&nbsp;<br /> <p class="aug"><strong>[[The Diploid Genome Sequence of an Individual Human. 2007 Plos Biology]]<br /> &nbsp;</strong></p> 1f518c8744245405a2cd4948119fa93bc2c1257a 0 1653 2216 2008-12-14T01:02:56Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p class="aug">David A. Wheeler, Maithreyan Srinivasan, Michael Egholm, Yufeng Shen, Lei Chen, Amy McGuire, Wen He, Yi-Ju Chen, Vinod Makhijani, G. Thomas Roth, Xavier Gomes, Karrie Tartaro, Faheem Niazi, Cynthia L. Turcotte, Gerard P. Irzyk, James R. Lupski, Craig Chinault, Xing-zhi Song, Yue Liu, Ye Yuan, Lynne Nazareth, Xiang Qin, Donna M. Muzny, Marcel Margulies, George M. Weinstock, Richard A. Gibbs, Jonathan M. Rothberg<br /> <br /> <span class="journalname">Nature </span><span class="journalnumber">452</span>, 872 - 876 (17 Apr 2008), doi: 10.1038/nature06884, Letter<br /> </p> <p class="lead">The association of genetic variation with disease and drug response, and improvements in nucleic acid technologies, have given great optimism for the impact of 'genomic medicine'. However, the formidable size of the diploid human genome^{<a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v452/n7189/full/nature06884.html#B1">1</a>}, approximately 6&nbsp;gigabases, has prevented the routine application of sequencing methods to deciphering complete individual human genomes. To realize the full potential of genomics for human health, this limitation must be overcome. Here we report the DNA sequence of a diploid genome of a single individual, James D. Watson, sequenced to 7.4-fold redundancy in two months using massively parallel sequencing in picolitre-size reaction vessels. This sequence was completed in two months at approximately one-hundredth of the cost of traditional capillary electrophoresis methods. Comparison of the sequence to the reference genome led to the identification of 3.3&nbsp;million single nucleotide polymorphisms, of which 10,654 cause amino-acid substitution within the coding sequence. In addition, we accurately identified small-scale (2&ndash;40,000 base pair (bp)) insertion and deletion polymorphism as well as copy number variation resulting in the large-scale gain and loss of chromosomal segments ranging from 26,000 to 1.5&nbsp;million base pairs. Overall, these results agree well with recent results of sequencing of a single individual^{<a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v452/n7189/full/nature06884.html#B2">2</a>} by traditional methods. However, in addition to being faster and significantly less expensive, this sequencing technology avoids the arbitrary loss of genomic sequences inherent in random shotgun sequencing by bacterial cloning because it amplifies DNA in a cell-free system. As a result, we further demonstrate the acquisition of novel human sequence, including novel genes not previously identified by traditional genomic sequencing. This is the first genome sequenced by next-generation technologies. Therefore it is a pilot for the future challenges of 'personalized genome sequencing'.</p> be2735514aba85e6ad649464ee7aa7d7a1dee638 2217 2008-12-14T01:03:21Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p class="aug">David A. Wheeler, Maithreyan Srinivasan, Michael Egholm, Yufeng Shen, Lei Chen, Amy McGuire, Wen He, Yi-Ju Chen, Vinod Makhijani, G. Thomas Roth, Xavier Gomes, Karrie Tartaro, Faheem Niazi, Cynthia L. Turcotte, Gerard P. Irzyk, James R. Lupski, Craig Chinault, Xing-zhi Song, Yue Liu, Ye Yuan, Lynne Nazareth, Xiang Qin, Donna M. Muzny, Marcel Margulies, George M. Weinstock, Richard A. Gibbs, Jonathan M. Rothberg<br /> <br /> <span class="journalname">Nature </span><span class="journalnumber">452</span>, 872 - 876 (17 Apr 2008), doi: 10.1038/nature06884, Letter<br /> </p> <p class="lead">The association of genetic variation with disease and drug response, and improvements in nucleic acid technologies, have given great optimism for the impact of 'genomic medicine'. However, the formidable size of the diploid human genome^{<a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v452/n7189/full/nature06884.html#B1">1</a>}, approximately 6&nbsp;gigabases, has prevented the routine application of sequencing methods to deciphering complete individual human genomes. To realize the full potential of genomics for human health, this limitation must be overcome. Here we report the DNA sequence of a diploid genome of a single individual, James D. Watson, sequenced to 7.4-fold redundancy in two months using massively parallel sequencing in picolitre-size reaction vessels. This sequence was completed in two months at approximately one-hundredth of the cost of traditional capillary electrophoresis methods. Comparison of the sequence to the reference genome led to the identification of 3.3&nbsp;million single nucleotide polymorphisms, of which 10,654 cause amino-acid substitution within the coding sequence. In addition, we accurately identified small-scale (2&ndash;40,000 base pair (bp)) insertion and deletion polymorphism as well as copy number variation resulting in the large-scale gain and loss of chromosomal segments ranging from 26,000 to 1.5&nbsp;million base pairs. Overall, these results agree well with recent results of sequencing of a single individual^{<a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v452/n7189/full/nature06884.html#B2">2</a>} by traditional methods. However, in addition to being faster and significantly less expensive, this sequencing technology avoids the arbitrary loss of genomic sequences inherent in random shotgun sequencing by bacterial cloning because it amplifies DNA in a cell-free system. As a result, we further demonstrate the acquisition of novel human sequence, including novel genes not previously identified by traditional genomic sequencing. This is the first genome sequenced by next-generation technologies. Therefore it is a pilot for the future challenges of 'personalized genome sequencing'.<br /> <br /> <hr /> <br /> [[Genomics Major Paper Publication]]</p> 3dca00e4000f19986a48ff0075521e2faa355aef 2218 2008-12-14T01:04:01Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p class="aug">David A. Wheeler, Maithreyan Srinivasan, Michael Egholm, Yufeng Shen, Lei Chen, Amy McGuire, Wen He, Yi-Ju Chen, Vinod Makhijani, G. Thomas Roth, Xavier Gomes, Karrie Tartaro, Faheem Niazi, Cynthia L. Turcotte, Gerard P. Irzyk, James R. Lupski, Craig Chinault, Xing-zhi Song, Yue Liu, Ye Yuan, Lynne Nazareth, Xiang Qin, Donna M. Muzny, Marcel Margulies, George M. Weinstock, Richard A. Gibbs, Jonathan M. Rothberg<br /> <br /> <span class="journalname">Nature </span><span class="journalnumber">452</span>, 872 - 876 (17 Apr 2008), doi: 10.1038/nature06884, Letter<br /> </p> <p class="lead">The association of genetic variation with disease and drug response, and improvements in nucleic acid technologies, have given great optimism for the impact of 'genomic medicine'. However, the formidable size of the diploid human genome^{<a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v452/n7189/full/nature06884.html#B1">1</a>}, approximately 6&nbsp;gigabases, has prevented the routine application of sequencing methods to deciphering complete individual human genomes. To realize the full potential of genomics for human health, this limitation must be overcome. Here we report the DNA sequence of a diploid genome of a single individual, James D. Watson, sequenced to 7.4-fold redundancy in two months using massively parallel sequencing in picolitre-size reaction vessels. This sequence was completed in two months at approximately one-hundredth of the cost of traditional capillary electrophoresis methods. Comparison of the sequence to the reference genome led to the identification of 3.3&nbsp;million single nucleotide polymorphisms, of which 10,654 cause amino-acid substitution within the coding sequence. In addition, we accurately identified small-scale (2&ndash;40,000 base pair (bp)) insertion and deletion polymorphism as well as copy number variation resulting in the large-scale gain and loss of chromosomal segments ranging from 26,000 to 1.5&nbsp;million base pairs. Overall, these results agree well with recent results of sequencing of a single individual^{<a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v452/n7189/full/nature06884.html#B2">2</a>} by traditional methods. However, in addition to being faster and significantly less expensive, this sequencing technology avoids the arbitrary loss of genomic sequences inherent in random shotgun sequencing by bacterial cloning because it amplifies DNA in a cell-free system. As a result, we further demonstrate the acquisition of novel human sequence, including novel genes not previously identified by traditional genomic sequencing. This is the first genome sequenced by next-generation technologies. Therefore it is a pilot for the future challenges of 'personalized genome sequencing'.<br /> <br /> [http://jimwatsonsequence.cshl.edu JimWatsonSequence.cshl.edu]<br /> </p> <hr /> <br /> [[Genomics Major Paper Publication]] <p>&nbsp;</p> ba853bd5101735424877091e3ce1a29f3a733ff0 0 1654 2220 2008-12-14T01:08:48Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki The Diploid Genome Sequence of an Individual Human&nbsp;<br /> <br /> Samuel Levy1*, Granger Sutton1, Pauline C. Ng1, Lars Feuk2, Aaron L. Halpern1, Brian P. Walenz1, Nelson Axelrod1, Jiaqi Huang1, Ewen F. Kirkness1, Gennady Denisov1, Yuan Lin1, Jeffrey R. MacDonald2, Andy Wing Chun Pang2, Mary Shago2, Timothy B. Stockwell1, Alexia Tsiamouri1, Vineet Bafna3, Vikas Bansal3, Saul A. Kravitz1, Dana A. Busam1, Karen Y. Beeson1, Tina C. McIntosh1, Karin A. Remington1, Josep F. Abril4, John Gill1, Jon Borman1, Yu-Hui Rogers1, Marvin E. Frazier1, Stephen W. Scherer2, Robert L. Strausberg1, J. Craig Venter1&nbsp;<br /> <br /> Presented here is a genome sequence of an individual human. It was produced from <img src="http://biology.plosjournals.org/charent/iso_characters_mixed/lowercase/sim.gif" border="0" alt="" />32 million random DNA fragments, sequenced by Sanger dideoxy technology and assembled into 4,528 scaffolds, comprising 2,810 million bases (Mb) of contiguous sequence with approximately 7.5-fold coverage for any given region. We developed a modified version of the Celera assembler to facilitate the identification and comparison of alternate alleles within this individual diploid genome. Comparison of this genome and the National Center for Biotechnology Information human reference assembly revealed more than 4.1 million DNA variants, encompassing 12.3 Mb. These variants (of which 1,288,319 were novel) included 3,213,401 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 53,823 block substitutions (2&ndash;206 bp), 292,102 heterozygous insertion/deletion events (indels)(1&ndash;571 bp), 559,473 homozygous indels (1&ndash;82,711 bp), 90 inversions, as well as numerous segmental duplications and copy number variation regions. Non-SNP DNA variation accounts for 22% of all events identified in the donor, however they involve 74% of all variant bases. This suggests an important role for non-SNP genetic alterations in defining the diploid genome structure. Moreover, 44% of genes were heterozygous for one or more variants. Using a novel haplotype assembly strategy, we were able to span 1.5 Gb of genome sequence in segments &gt;200 kb, providing further precision to the diploid nature of the genome. These data depict a definitive molecular portrait of a diploid human genome that provides a starting point for future genome comparisons and enables an era of individualized genomic information.<br /> <br /> d10fbec61c4a79fde9657665b0548172c02716fe 0 1654 2221 2008-12-14T01:09:13Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki The Diploid Genome Sequence of an Individual Human&nbsp;<br /> <br /> Samuel Levy1*, Granger Sutton1, Pauline C. Ng1, Lars Feuk2, Aaron L. Halpern1, Brian P. Walenz1, Nelson Axelrod1, Jiaqi Huang1, Ewen F. Kirkness1, Gennady Denisov1, Yuan Lin1, Jeffrey R. MacDonald2, Andy Wing Chun Pang2, Mary Shago2, Timothy B. Stockwell1, Alexia Tsiamouri1, Vineet Bafna3, Vikas Bansal3, Saul A. Kravitz1, Dana A. Busam1, Karen Y. Beeson1, Tina C. McIntosh1, Karin A. Remington1, Josep F. Abril4, John Gill1, Jon Borman1, Yu-Hui Rogers1, Marvin E. Frazier1, Stephen W. Scherer2, Robert L. Strausberg1, J. Craig Venter1&nbsp;<br /> <br /> Presented here is a genome sequence of an individual human. It was produced from <img alt="" border="0" src="http://biology.plosjournals.org/charent/iso_characters_mixed/lowercase/sim.gif" />32 million random DNA fragments, sequenced by Sanger dideoxy technology and assembled into 4,528 scaffolds, comprising 2,810 million bases (Mb) of contiguous sequence with approximately 7.5-fold coverage for any given region. We developed a modified version of the Celera assembler to facilitate the identification and comparison of alternate alleles within this individual diploid genome. Comparison of this genome and the National Center for Biotechnology Information human reference assembly revealed more than 4.1 million DNA variants, encompassing 12.3 Mb. These variants (of which 1,288,319 were novel) included 3,213,401 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 53,823 block substitutions (2&ndash;206 bp), 292,102 heterozygous insertion/deletion events (indels)(1&ndash;571 bp), 559,473 homozygous indels (1&ndash;82,711 bp), 90 inversions, as well as numerous segmental duplications and copy number variation regions. Non-SNP DNA variation accounts for 22% of all events identified in the donor, however they involve 74% of all variant bases. This suggests an important role for non-SNP genetic alterations in defining the diploid genome structure. Moreover, 44% of genes were heterozygous for one or more variants. Using a novel haplotype assembly strategy, we were able to span 1.5 Gb of genome sequence in segments &gt;200 kb, providing further precision to the diploid nature of the genome. These data depict a definitive molecular portrait of a diploid human genome that provides a starting point for future genome comparisons and enables an era of individualized genomic information.<br /> <br /> <hr /> [[Genomics Major Paper Publication]] 8519f93a8796823761def53e841845bffb072e0c 0 1652 2222 2008-12-14T01:15:47Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <span class="atl"><strong>2008: [[The complete genome of an individual by massively parallel DNA sequencing. 2008 Nature]]</strong></span>&nbsp;<br /> <p class="aug"><strong>2007: [[The Diploid Genome Sequence of an Individual Human. 2007 Plos Biology]]<br /> <br /> 1977: [[Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA. 1977 Nature]]<br /> <br /> &nbsp;</strong></p> 601efcfa66c05ce89889f965467dc50dffe1ba38 2226 2008-12-14T01:23:09Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <span class="atl"><strong>2008: [[The complete genome of an individual by massively parallel DNA sequencing. 2008 Nature]]</strong></span>&nbsp;<br /> <p class="aug"><strong>2007: [[The Diploid Genome Sequence of an Individual Human. 2007 Plos Biology]]<br /> <br /> 2006: [[Polony DNA sequencing. 2006 Curr Protoc Mol Biol.]]<br /> <br /> 1977: [[Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA. 1977 Nature]]<br /> <br /> &nbsp;</strong></p> b8834ab4d6ef6f363c3bb300558bb421e34c5481 0 1655 2223 2008-12-14T01:16:17Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA.<br /> <br /> <strong>Sanger F</strong>, <strong>Air GM</strong>, <strong>Barrell BG</strong>, <strong>Brown NL</strong>, <strong>Coulson AR</strong>, <strong>Fiddes CA</strong>, <strong>Hutchison CA</strong>, <strong>Slocombe PM</strong>, <strong>Smith M</strong>.<br /> <br /> <span title="Nature."><a href="javascript:AL_get(this, 'jour', 'Nature.');">Nature.</a></span> 1977 Feb 24;265(5596):687-95. 840e4b15cd4e4af9a0437aa6a207541a24fe8fb1 2224 2008-12-14T01:17:08Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA.<br /> <br /> <strong>Sanger F</strong>, <strong>Air GM</strong>, <strong>Barrell BG</strong>, <strong>Brown NL</strong>, <strong>Coulson AR</strong>, <strong>Fiddes CA</strong>, <strong>Hutchison CA</strong>, <strong>Slocombe PM</strong>, <strong>Smith M</strong>.<br /> <br /> <span title="Nature."><a href="javascript:AL_get(this, 'jour', 'Nature.');">Nature.</a></span> 1977 Feb 24;265(5596):687-95.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <br /> <p class="abstract">A DNA sequence for the genome of bacteriophage phi X174 of approximately 5,375 nucleotides has been determined using the rapid and simple 'plus and minus' method. The sequence identifies many of the features responsible for the production of the proteins of the nine known genes of the organism, including initiation and termination sites for the proteins and RNAs. Two pairs of genes are coded by the same region of DNA using different reading frames.</p> <p class="pmid">PMID: 870828 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]</p> 25f3dff5fcd2d1ebcb131327f3f22cc12e76459c 2225 2008-12-14T01:20:10Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA.<br /> <br /> <strong>Sanger F</strong>, <strong>Air GM</strong>, <strong>Barrell BG</strong>, <strong>Brown NL</strong>, <strong>Coulson AR</strong>, <strong>Fiddes CA</strong>, <strong>Hutchison CA</strong>, <strong>Slocombe PM</strong>, <strong>Smith M</strong>.<br /> <br /> <span title="Nature."><a href="javascript:AL_get(this, 'jour', 'Nature.');">Nature.</a></span> 1977 Feb 24;265(5596):687-95.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <br /> <p class="abstract">A DNA sequence for the genome of bacteriophage phi X174 of approximately 5,375 nucleotides has been determined using the rapid and simple 'plus and minus' method. The sequence identifies many of the features responsible for the production of the proteins of the nine known genes of the organism, including initiation and termination sites for the proteins and RNAs. Two pairs of genes are coded by the same region of DNA using different reading frames.</p> <p class="pmid">PMID: 870828 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]<br /> <br /> <hr /> <br /> [[Genomics Major Paper Publication]]</p> a81ea8387f76eb7080dc91a80754f37425a68b36 0 1656 2227 2008-12-14T01:24:02Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong>Polony DNA sequencing.</strong><br /> <br /> <br /> Porreca GJ, Shendure J, Church GM.<br /> <br /> <span title="Current protocols in molecular biology / edited by Frederick M. Ausubel ... [et al.]."><a href="javascript:AL_get(this, 'jour', 'Curr Protoc Mol Biol.');">Curr Protoc Mol Biol.</a></span> 2006 Nov;Chapter 7:Unit 7.8.<br /> <br /> <p class="affiliation">Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.</p> <p class="abstract">Polony DNA sequencing provides an inexpensive, accurate, high-throughput way to resequence genomes of interest by comparison to a reference genome. Mate-paired in vitro shotgun genomic libraries are produced and clonally amplified on microbeads by emulsion PCR. These serve as templates for sequencing by fluorescent nonamer ligation reactions on a microscope slide. Each sequencing run results in millions of 26-bp reads that can be aligned to the reference genome, allowing the identification of differences between sequences.</p> <p class="pmid">PMID: 18265387 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]<br /> <br /> <hr /> <br /> </p> b9c5d76bfd4b24c391eb4812bffcf31cde8e0667 0 1657 2233 2008-12-16T00:48:28Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong>[[Personal genomics, bioinformatics,&nbsp;and variomics]]: 20081212</strong><br /> 7b6d9cf8c6edcadd5ecccba9fb6c54d91c9b1a68 0 1658 2234 2008-12-16T00:49:24Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">&nbsp;</font> <div style="WORD-BREAK: keep-all; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt">Personal genomics, bioinformatics, and variomics</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Jong Bhak, Ho Ghang, Rohit Reja,&nbsp;and Sangsoo Kim</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> <br /> KOBIC (Korean Bioinformation Center), KRIBB, Daejeon, Korea.</span></div> <div style="WORD-BREAK: keep-all; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><a href="mailto:jongbhak@yahoo.com"><font color="#0000ff">jongbhak@yahoo.com</font></a>, </span></div> <div style="WORD-BREAK: keep-all; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Abstract</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> There are at least five complete genome sequences available&nbsp;in 2008. It is known that there are over 15,000,000 genetic variants called SNPs in&nbsp;the dbSNP&nbsp;database. The cost of a full genome sequencing in 2009&nbsp;will be&nbsp;claimed to be less than $5000 USD.&nbsp;The genomics era has arrived in 2008. This review introduces&nbsp;technologies, bioinformatics,&nbsp;genomics visions, and variomics projects. Variomics is&nbsp;the&nbsp;study of the total genetic variation in an individual and&nbsp;populations.&nbsp;Research on&nbsp;genetic variation is the most&nbsp;valuable among many genomics research branches.&nbsp;Genomics and variomics projects will change biology and the society so dramatically that biology will become an everyday technology as personal computers and the internet. Biorevolution is the term that can adequately describe this change.<br /> <br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Introduction</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Since the launch of the human genome project (HGP)&nbsp;in 1990 by NIH of USA, researchers have been developing faster DNA sequencers </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Shendure, Mitra et al. 2004; Chan 2005; Metzker 2005; Gupta 2008; Mardis 2008)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. HGP was said to be led by James Watson who modelled DNA in Cambridge, UK in 1953. In 2003, the international human genome sequencing consortium held a press conference to announce the completion of the human genome </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(2004)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. In 2008, after 55 years, his complete genome sequence was publicized by using 454 DNA sequencers developed by a company </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Wheeler, Srinivasan et al. 2008)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">.&nbsp;In 2007, Craig Venter of former Celera founder published his own personal genome in Plost Biology </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Levy, Sutton et al. 2007)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">.&nbsp;We are entering the personalized biology era with the advent of next generation sequencing technologies.<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">DNA sequencing</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The first breakthrough in genome sequencing came from Watson's&nbsp;colleague in Cambridge, Fred Sanger. In 1977, Sanger and his team produced the first useful DNA sequencing method and publicized the first complete genome </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Sanger, Air et al. 1977)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. It was a tiny virus genome known as phi X 174. Soon after phi X 174, he published the first complete organelle genome which was mitochondrion </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Anderson, Bankier et al. 1981)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. By 1998, researchers in the US evaluated multiplex genome sequencing technologies and were aware that one person's whole genome could be sequenced in one day using contemporary technologies. George Church was the Ph.D. student of Walter Gilbert who received a Nobel prize with Sanger for developing a sequencing method. Gilbert's method was not used much. However, his colleague Church kept developing sequencing methods. One of them is based on Polony idea </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Porreca, Shendure et al. 2006)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. This technology is used by KNOME Inc. that is a full genome sequencing company. Genome sequencing technology&nbsp;is moving forward to the level where computer CPUs are universally used. DNA sequencing is one of the most important industrial technology in biology due to its perpetual use and new applications in the future.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Personal Genomics</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> In 2009, genome sequencing technologies will achieve one person's whole genome per day in terms of DNA fragments sequenced. Personal genomics is a new term that utilizes such fast sequencers. In 2008, the cost for one personal genome is less than $300,000 USD. If the cost goes down below $1,000 USD, the impact of personal genomics is predicted to be the largest ever in biology&nbsp;on common people's life.&nbsp;PGP (Personal Genome Project) is a project to sequence as many people as possible with low costs </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Church 2005)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. Google Inc. and Church group are working together to sequence 100,000 people's genetic regions of DNA. In Saudi Arabia, the government is planning to sequence 100 Arabic people. In Europe, there are various groups of people and nations who have been genotyping the populations. Especially, Iceland has been successful in that effort by utilizing their well-kept genealogical data encompassing 100,000s people. In Asia, Jeongsun Seo of Seoul National University has been working on East Asia Genome Project in the past years. His group collected thousands of samples from Mongolian tribes with a gigantic genealogical tree among them </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Macrogen)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. Seo is planning on sequencing at least 100 Korean genomes working with Church and Green Cross Inc. of Korea. The aim of Seo's genome project is produce a resource for the East Asians as well as Koreans. He is presently sequencing at least two Korean people. In China, Beijing Genome Institute has been successful in terms of sequencing. Their first achievement came from a plant genome, rice. After rice, they launched a 99 Han Chinese genome sequencing project. In Nov. 2008, they published their first Chinese genome in a magazine, Nature. In Dec. 2008, another Korean group Lee Gilyeo Cancer and Diabetes Institute and Korean Bioinformation Center (KOBIC) made a Korean genome sequence public. The genome was sequenced by Solexa paired-end sequencer and comparative genomics analyses and SNP data were uploaded as a public resource for everyone.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Genome revolution&nbsp;</span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> </span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">These public genome data alongside previous known Craig Venter's and James Watson's mark that full genome sequences are not in academic domain anymore. Anyone who has money and will can sequence human genomes. This 'genomic revolution' will eventually lead to the 'BioRevolution' in terms of making the most essential human information completely mapped and publically available. These are revolutionary because humans can now engineer themselves with a map or a blue print not directly relying on trial and error style conventional evolutionary methods. This indicates that evolution went into a conscious level of driving evolution. It is almost designing the evolution using computers.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Genomes and personalized medicine</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The consequences of such biorevolution where genomic information is utilized by scientists to engineers all kinds of biological processes including evolution itself will bring us the personalized medicine. The essence of personalized medicine is that enzymes in our tissues such as cytochrome p450 have distinct differences among individuals and populations. Certain drugs produce different responses in individuals.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Cytochrome p450 family example</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The cytochrome P450 (CYP) family of liver enzymes&nbsp;are responsible for breaking down more than 30 different classes of drugs during phase I of drug metabolism. Structural and SNP variations of the&nbsp;genes that code for these enzymes can influence their ability to metabolize certain drugs. Based upon this, a population can be categorized into four major types of drug metabolizers: </span></div> <ul type="disc"> <li style="WORD-BREAK: keep-all; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Extensive metabolizers: The&nbsp;individuals that can be administered with normal drug dosage </span></li> <li style="WORD-BREAK: keep-all; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Intermediate metabolizers&nbsp;: The individuals that metabolizes drug with a rate slower thsan the normal rate. </span></li> <li style="WORD-BREAK: keep-all; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Poor metabolizers: The individuals with poor metabolizing rate.Drugs make accumulate and cause serious adverse effects. </span></li> <li style="WORD-BREAK: keep-all; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Ultra metabolizers: Individuals with metabolizing rate faster than extensive metabolizers.They may experience no effect of drug activity. </span></li> </ul> <div style="WORD-BREAK: keep-all; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Variomics</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The most important scientific data out of personal genomes is detecting precise sequence differences among individuals. Such differences have many types.&nbsp;There are structural differences between chromosomes. There can be insertions and deletions of DNA segments. There are certain fragments that appear as repeats in genomes. Mapping all these structural genetic variations can be briefly termed as 'variomics'. A variome is the totality of genetic variation found in an individual, a population, and a species. Among all the variations we know,&nbsp;the most common one is single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP).&nbsp;In Korea, mapping the variome has been pursued relatively early and there are several groups who are mapping the genetic variations. KOBIC has several very early stage, if not the earliest in the world, variome servers; <a href="http://variome.net/"><font color="#800080">http://variome.net</font></a> and <a href="http://variomics.net/"><font color="#0000ff">http://variomics.net</font></a>. Along with SNP variation, the copy number variation (CNV) is also important. Some recent reports tell us that CNVs can be as variable as or even more variable than SNPs that are simple DNA base changes in populations. Yeonjun Chung of Catholic University of Korea has been mapping CNVs among Korean people.</span></div> <div style="WORD-BREAK: keep-all; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">In early 2005, the US FDA cleared the AmpliChip^&reg; CYP450 Test, which measures variations in two genes of the CYP450 enzyme system: CYP2D6 and CYP2C19. The Roche AmpliChip CYP450 Test is intended to identify a patient's CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotype from genomic DNA extracted from a whole blood sample. Information about CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotype may be used as an aid to clinicians in determining therapeutic strategy and treatment dose for therapeutics that are metabolized by the CYP2D6 or CYP2C19 gene product</span></div> <div style="WORD-BREAK: keep-all; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric" align="left"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Human Variome Project (HVP)</span></strong></div> <div style="WORD-BREAK: keep-all; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">As an international collaboration, headed by Richard Cotton, HVP was launched in 2006 (<a href="http://humanvariomeproject.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://humanvariomeproject.org</font></a>)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Ring, Kwok et al. 2006)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. HVP aims to link clinicians who have been working on rare diseases, molecular biologists, and bioinformaticists. Their aim is to link medical information with genotype information. Succinctly this process is called genotype to phenotype mapping. As several full human genome sequences are already available, mapping phenotypes to the full genomes will be the major challenge of biology in the next 20 years.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Asian Variome Project (AVP)</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Alongside and with the associations of eIMBL, A-IMBN, and HVP, a variome project that tries to map Asian population variome was launched in 2008. This was a group effort of Korean researchers who have been interested in genome sequences,&nbsp;SNPs, and CNVs. They have formed a Korean Variome Consortium (KOVAC: <a href="http://variome.kr/"><font color="#0000ff">http://variome.kr</font></a>) and supported AVP as one of the first projects. eIMBL that is the virtual lab network of Asia linking key biologists groups modeled after EMBL has acquired $80,000 USD in 2008 to support AVP. eIMBL aims to establish a virtual bioinformatics center in Asia pacific region that links many bioinformation processing scientists in Asia.<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Bioinformatics for personal genomes and variomes</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Bioinformatics is the key in personal genome projects and variome projects. Bioinformatics is not a set of tools but it is a proper scientific discipline. It regards life as a gigantic information processing phenomenon and tries to map its components and the emerging networks of the components. Bioinformatics in 2008 is driving biology into an information science. Most biology researches are now with massive amount of data that can not be processed by hand. Nearly all the biological research outcomes in the next&nbsp;five years will have some form of high throughput data such as genome sequences, microarray data, proteome analyses, SNPs, epigenome chips, and large scale phenotype mapping. Bioinformatics tools in genomics and variomics can be found from various internet resources. There are various bioinformatics hubs such as NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information), EBI (European Bioinformatics Institute), DDBJ (Databank of Japan), and KOBIC.&nbsp;Some&nbsp;others are: Bioinformatics Organization (<a href="http://bioinformatics.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://Bioinformatics.Org</font></a>), EMBnet (<a href="http://www.embnet.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://www.embnet.org/</font></a>), and&nbsp;The International Society for Computational Biology (<a href="http://iscb.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://iscb.org</font></a>). The following are major bioinformatics journals<br /> <br /> Algorithms in Molecular Biology (http://www.almob.org/)<br /> Bioinformatics (http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/)<br /> BMC Bioinformatics (http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcbioinformatics)<br /> Briefings in Bioinformatics (http://bib.oxfordjournals.org/)<br /> Genome Research&nbsp;(http://genome.cshlp.org/)<br /> Genomics and Informatics (<a href="http://kogo.or.kr/"><font color="#0000ff">http://kogo.or.kr</font></a>)<br /> The International Journal of Biostatistics (http://www.bepress.com/ijb/)<br /> Journal of Computational Biology (http://www.liebertpub.com/Products/Product.aspx?pid=31&amp;AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1)<br /> Cancer Informatics (http://www.la-press.com/journal.php?pa=description&amp;journal_id=10)<br /> Molecular Systems Biology (http://www.nature.com/msb/index.html<br /> PLoS Computational Biology (http://www.ploscompbiol.org/home.action)<br /> International Journal of Bioinformatics Research and Applications (http://www.inderscience.com/browse/index.php?journalcode=ijbra)<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Sequencing DNA, Metagenomics, and Ecogenomics</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Next generation sequencing methods are not only mapping genomes. They can be used to map the environment. It is called ecogenomics. Environment to humans can be various microbial, plant, and animal interactions around us. Especially, microbial interaction is critical to our health. Gut bacteria are natural environment to us. Metagenomics is a methodology that sequences the whole set of microbes in our food tract. Researchers are realizing that human genome is complemented by such environmental genomes. A new term, 'ecogenomics' is now used to describe these concepts. Metagenomics and ecogenomics are for mapping the variation of environmental genetic factors.<br /> <br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Mapping expression using DNA sequencing</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> DNA sequencing technology&nbsp;used to be&nbsp;for mapping genotypes. However, they are now used to map expression levels in cells. Cells produce various RNAs. mRNA is the most abundant and important. In the past, microarray and DNA chips were used for measuring expression levels. They are not accurate and it takes many bioinformatic adjustments before it becomes reliable expression data. New sequencing technologies can measure expression levels much more accurately. By sequencing the RNAs, we can now quantify the mRNA levels by precisely knowing the RNA sequences. Sequencing technologies will restructure the expression analyses in the future.</span></div> <div><strong><font size="2">Conclusion</font></strong><br /> <font size="2">In 2009 and onwards, personal genome projects will produce unprecedented amount of biological data. New bioinformatics technologies will be required to handle them. New sequencing technologies will drive the next decades of biology and transform the medical practices in hospitals within the next decades. Fast sequencing unexpectedly brought us interesting applications such as metagenomics and ecogenomics. </font><font size="2">We examined the current trends in genomics and variomics.</font><br /> <br /> </div> <div><font size="2"><strong>References</strong></font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">(2004). &quot;Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome.&quot; <u>Nature</u> <strong>431</strong>(7011): 931-45.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Anderson, S., A. T. Bankier, et al. (1981). &quot;Sequence and organization of the human mitochondrial genome.&quot; <u>Nature</u> <strong>290</strong>(5806): 457-65.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Chan, E. Y. (2005). &quot;Advances in sequencing technology.&quot; <u>Mutat Res</u> <strong>573</strong>(1-2): 13-40.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Church, G. M. (2005). &quot;The personal genome project.&quot; <u>Mol Syst Biol</u> <strong>1</strong>: 2005 0030.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Gupta, P. K. (2008). &quot;Single-molecule DNA sequencing technologies for future genomics research.&quot; <u>Trends Biotechnol</u> <strong>26</strong>(11): 602-11.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Levy, S., G. Sutton, et al. (2007). &quot;The diploid genome sequence of an individual human.&quot; <u>PLoS Biol</u> <strong>5</strong>(10): e254.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Macrogen. from </font><a href="http://www.macrogen.co.kr/eng/macrogen/state.jsp"><font color="#0000ff" size="2">http://www.macrogen.co.kr/eng/macrogen/state.jsp</font></a><font size="2">.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Mardis, E. R. (2008). &quot;The impact of next-generation sequencing technology on genetics.&quot; <u>Trends Genet</u> <strong>24</strong>(3): 133-41.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Metzker, M. L. (2005). &quot;Emerging technologies in DNA sequencing.&quot; <u>Genome Res</u> <strong>15</strong>(12): 1767-76.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Porreca, G. J., J. Shendure, et al. (2006). &quot;Polony DNA sequencing.&quot; <u>Curr Protoc Mol Biol</u> <strong>Chapter 7</strong>: Unit 7 8.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Ring, H. Z., P. Y. Kwok, et al. (2006). &quot;Human Variome Project: an international collaboration to catalogue human genetic variation.&quot; <u>Pharmacogenomics</u> <strong>7</strong>(7): 969-72.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Sanger, F., G. M. Air, et al. (1977). &quot;Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA.&quot; <u>Nature</u> <strong>265</strong>(5596): 687-95.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Shendure, J., R. D. Mitra, et al. (2004). &quot;Advanced sequencing technologies: methods and goals.&quot; <u>Nat Rev Genet</u> <strong>5</strong>(5): 335-44.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Wheeler, D. A., M. Srinivasan, et al. (2008). &quot;The complete genome of an individual by massively parallel DNA sequencing.&quot; <u>Nature</u> <strong>452</strong>(7189): 872-6.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt">&nbsp;</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> 2dcc68540acf152e2b891981dfe203809c53d3d1 2235 2008-12-16T01:02:19Z Kangho11 6 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">&nbsp;</font> <div align="left" style=""><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Personal genomics, bioinformatics, and variomics</span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Jong Bhak, Ho Ghang, Rohit Reja,&nbsp;and Sangsoo Kim</span></strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><br /> <br /> KOBIC (Korean Bioinformation Center), KRIBB, Daejeon, Korea.</span></div> <div align="left" style=""><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><a href="mailto:jongbhak@yahoo.com"><font color="#0000ff">jongbhak@yahoo.com</font></a>, </span></div> <div align="left" style=""><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><br /> </span><strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Abstract</span></strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><br /> There are at least five complete genome sequences available&nbsp;in 2008. It is known that there are over 15,000,000 genetic variants called SNPs in&nbsp;the dbSNP&nbsp;database. The cost of a full genome sequencing in 2009&nbsp;will be&nbsp;claimed to be less than $5000 USD.&nbsp;The genomics era has arrived in 2008. This review introduces&nbsp;technologies, bioinformatics,&nbsp;genomics visions, and variomics projects. Variomics is&nbsp;the&nbsp;study of the total genetic variation in an individual and&nbsp;populations.&nbsp;Research on&nbsp;genetic variation is the most&nbsp;valuable among many genomics research branches.&nbsp;Genomics and variomics projects will change biology and the society so dramatically that biology will become an everyday technology as personal computers and the internet. Biorevolution is the term that can adequately describe this change.<br /> <br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Introduction</span></strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><br /> Since the launch of the human genome project (HGP)&nbsp;in 1990 by NIH of USA, researchers have been developing faster DNA sequencers </span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">(Shendure, Mitra et al. 2004; Chan 2005; Metzker 2005; Gupta 2008; Mardis 2008)</span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">. HGP was said to be led by James Watson who modeled DNA in Cambridge, UK in 1953. In 2003, the international human genome sequencing consortium held a press conference to announce the completion of the human genome </span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">(2004)</span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">. In 2008, after 55 years, his complete genome sequence was publicized by using 454 DNA sequencers developed by a company </span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">(Wheeler, Srinivasan et al. 2008)</span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">.&nbsp;In 2007, Craig Venter of former Celera founder published his own personal genome in Plost Biology </span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">(Levy, Sutton et al. 2007)</span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">.&nbsp;We are entering the personalized biology era with the advent of next generation sequencing technologies.<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;">DNA sequencing</span></strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><br /> The first breakthrough in genome sequencing came from Watson's&nbsp;colleague in Cambridge, Fred Sanger. In 1977, Sanger and his team produced the first useful DNA sequencing method and publicized the first complete genome </span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">(Sanger, Air et al. 1977)</span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">. It was a tiny virus genome known as phi X 174. Soon after phi X 174, he published the first complete organelle genome which was mitochondrion </span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">(Anderson, Bankier et al. 1981)</span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">. By 1998, researchers in the US evaluated multiplex genome sequencing technologies and were aware that one person's whole genome could be sequenced in one day using contemporary technologies. George Church was the Ph.D. student of Walter Gilbert who received a Nobel Prize with Sanger for developing a sequencing method. Gilbert's method was not used much. However, his colleague Church kept developing sequencing methods. One of them is based on Polony idea </span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">(Porreca, Shendure et al. 2006)</span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">. This technology is used by KNOME Inc. that is a full genome sequencing company. Genome sequencing technology&nbsp;is moving forward to the level where computer CPUs are universally used. DNA sequencing is one of the most important industrial technology in biology due to its perpetual use and new applications in the future.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Personal Genomics</span></strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><br /> In 2009, genome sequencing technologies will achieve one person's whole genome per day in terms of DNA fragments sequenced. Personal genomics is a new term that utilizes such fast sequencers. In 2008, the cost for one personal genome is less than $300,000 USD. If the cost goes down below $1,000 USD, the impact of personal genomics is predicted to be the largest ever in biology&nbsp;on common people's life.&nbsp;PGP (Personal Genome Project) is a project to sequence as many people as possible with low costs </span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">(Church 2005)</span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">. Google Inc. and Church group are working together to sequence 100,000 people's genetic regions of DNA. In Saudi Arabia, the government is planning to sequence 100 Arabic people. In Europe, there are various groups of people and nations who have been genotyping the populations. Especially, Iceland has been successful in that effort by utilizing their well-kept genealogical data encompassing 100,000s people. In Asia, Jeongsun Seo of Seoul National University has been working on East Asia Genome Project in the past years. His group collected thousands of samples from Mongolian tribes with a gigantic genealogical tree among them </span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">(Macrogen)</span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">. Seo is planning on sequencing at least 100 Korean genomes working with Church and Green Cross Inc. of Korea. The aim of Seo's genome project is produce a resource for the East Asians as well as Koreans. He is presently sequencing at least two Korean people. In China, Beijing Genome Institute has been successful in terms of sequencing. Their first achievement came from a plant genome, rice. After rice, they launched a 99 Han Chinese genome sequencing project. In Nov. 2008, they published their first Chinese genome in a magazine, Nature. In Dec. 2008, another Korean group Lee Gilyeo Cancer and Diabetes Institute and Korean Bioinformation Center (KOBIC) made a Korean genome sequence public. The genome was sequenced by Solexa paired-end sequencer and comparative genomics analyses and SNP data were uploaded as a public resource for everyone.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Genome revolution&nbsp;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><br /> </span></strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;">These public genome data alongside previous known Craig Venter's and James Watson's mark that full genome sequences are not in academic domain anymore. Anyone who has money and will can sequence human genomes. This 'genomic revolution' will eventually lead to the 'BioRevolution' in terms of making the most essential human information completely mapped and publically available. These are revolutionary because humans can now engineer themselves with a map or a blue print not directly relying on trial and error style conventional evolutionary methods. This indicates that evolution went into a conscious level of driving evolution. It is almost designing the evolution using computers.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Genomes and personalized medicine</span></strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><br /> The consequences of such biorevolution where genomic information is utilized by scientists to engineers all kinds of biological processes including evolution itself will bring us the personalized medicine. The essence of personalized medicine is that enzymes in our tissues such as cytochrome p450 have distinct differences among individuals and populations. Certain drugs produce different responses in individuals.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Cytochrome p450 family example</span></strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><br /> The cytochrome P450 (CYP) family of liver enzymes&nbsp;are responsible for breaking down more than 30 different classes of drugs during phase I of drug metabolism. Structural and SNP variations of the&nbsp;genes that code for these enzymes can influence their ability to metabolize certain drugs. Based upon this, a population can be categorized into four major types of drug metabolizers: </span></div> <ul type="disc"> <li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Extensive metabolizers: The&nbsp;individuals that can be administered with normal drug dosage </span></li> <li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Intermediate metabolizers&nbsp;: The individuals that metabolizes drug with a rate slower thsan the normal rate. </span></li> <li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Poor metabolizers: The individuals with poor metabolizing rate.Drugs make accumulate and cause serious adverse effects. </span></li> <li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Ultra metabolizers: Individuals with metabolizing rate faster than extensive metabolizers.They may experience no effect of drug activity. </span></li> </ul> <div align="left" style=""><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><br /> </span><strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Variomics</span></strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><br /> The most important scientific data out of personal genomes is detecting precise sequence differences among individuals. Such differences have many types.&nbsp;There are structural differences between chromosomes. There can be insertions and deletions of DNA segments. There are certain fragments that appear as repeats in genomes. Mapping all these structural genetic variations can be briefly termed as 'variomics'. A variome is the totality of genetic variation found in an individual, a population, and a species. Among all the variations we know,&nbsp;the most common one is single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP).&nbsp;In Korea, mapping the variome has been pursued relatively early and there are several groups who are mapping the genetic variations. KOBIC has several very early stage, if not the earliest in the world, variome servers; <a href="http://variome.net/"><font color="#800080">http://variome.net</font></a> and <a href="http://variomics.net/"><font color="#0000ff">http://variomics.net</font></a>. Along with SNP variation, the copy number variation (CNV) is also important. Some recent reports tell us that CNVs can be as variable as or even more variable than SNPs that are simple DNA base changes in populations. Yeonjun Chung of Catholic University of Korea has been mapping CNVs among Korean people.</span></div> <div align="left" style=""><span style="font-size: 9pt;">In early 2005, the US FDA cleared the AmpliChip^&reg; CYP450 Test, which measures variations in two genes of the CYP450 enzyme system: CYP2D6 and CYP2C19. The Roche AmpliChip CYP450 Test is intended to identify a patient's CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotype from genomic DNA extracted from a whole blood sample. Information about CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotype may be used as an aid to clinicians in determining therapeutic strategy and treatment dose for therapeutics that are metabolized by the CYP2D6 or CYP2C19 gene product</span></div> <div align="left" style=""><strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Human Variome Project (HVP)</span></strong></div> <div align="left" style=""><span style="font-size: 9pt;">As an international collaboration, headed by Richard Cotton, HVP was launched in 2006 (<a href="http://humanvariomeproject.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://humanvariomeproject.org</font></a>)</span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">(Ring, Kwok et al. 2006)</span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">. HVP aims to link clinicians who have been working on rare diseases, molecular biologists, and bioinformaticists. Their aim is to link medical information with genotype information. Succinctly this process is called genotype to phenotype mapping. As several full human genome sequences are already available, mapping phenotypes to the full genomes will be the major challenge of biology in the next 20 years.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Asian Variome Project (AVP)</span></strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><br /> Alongside and with the associations of eIMBL, A-IMBN, and HVP, a variome project that tries to map Asian population variome was launched in 2008. This was a group effort of Korean researchers who have been interested in genome sequences,&nbsp;SNPs, and CNVs. They have formed a Korean Variome Consortium (KOVAC: <a href="http://variome.kr/"><font color="#0000ff">http://variome.kr</font></a>) and supported AVP as one of the first projects. eIMBL that is the virtual lab network of Asia linking key biologists groups modeled after EMBL has acquired $80,000 USD in 2008 to support AVP. eIMBL aims to establish a virtual bioinformatics center in Asia pacific region that links many bioinformation processing scientists in Asia.<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Bioinformatics for personal genomes and variomes</span></strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><br /> Bioinformatics is the key in personal genome projects and variome projects. Bioinformatics is not a set of tools but it is a proper scientific discipline. It regards life as a gigantic information processing phenomenon and tries to map its components and the emerging networks of the components. Bioinformatics in 2008 is driving biology into an information science. Most biology researches are now with massive amount of data that can not be processed by hand. Nearly all the biological research outcomes in the next&nbsp;five years will have some form of high throughput data such as genome sequences, microarray data, proteome analyses, SNPs, epigenome chips, and large scale phenotype mapping. Bioinformatics tools in genomics and variomics can be found from various internet resources. There are various bioinformatics hubs such as NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information), EBI (European Bioinformatics Institute), DDBJ (Databank of Japan), and KOBIC.&nbsp;Some&nbsp;others are: Bioinformatics Organization (<a href="http://bioinformatics.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://Bioinformatics.Org</font></a>), EMBnet (<a href="http://www.embnet.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://www.embnet.org/</font></a>), and&nbsp;The International Society for Computational Biology (<a href="http://iscb.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://iscb.org</font></a>). The following are major bioinformatics journals<br /> <br /> Algorithms in Molecular Biology (http://www.almob.org/)<br /> Bioinformatics (http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/)<br /> BMC Bioinformatics (http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcbioinformatics)<br /> Briefings in Bioinformatics (http://bib.oxfordjournals.org/)<br /> Genome Research&nbsp;(http://genome.cshlp.org/)<br /> Genomics and Informatics (<a href="http://kogo.or.kr/"><font color="#0000ff">http://kogo.or.kr</font></a>)<br /> The International Journal of Biostatistics (http://www.bepress.com/ijb/)<br /> Journal of Computational Biology (http://www.liebertpub.com/Products/Product.aspx?pid=31&amp;AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1)<br /> Cancer Informatics (http://www.la-press.com/journal.php?pa=description&amp;journal_id=10)<br /> Molecular Systems Biology (http://www.nature.com/msb/index.html<br /> PLoS Computational Biology (http://www.ploscompbiol.org/home.action)<br /> International Journal of Bioinformatics Research and Applications (http://www.inderscience.com/browse/index.php?journalcode=ijbra)<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Sequencing DNA, Metagenomics, and Ecogenomics</span></strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><br /> Next generation sequencing methods are not only mapping genomes. They can be used to map the environment. It is called ecogenomics. Environment to humans can be various microbial, plant, and animal interactions around us. Especially, microbial interaction is critical to our health. Gut bacteria are natural environment to us. Metagenomics is a methodology that sequences the whole set of microbes in our food tract. Researchers are realizing that human genome is complemented by such environmental genomes. A new term, 'ecogenomics' is now used to describe these concepts. Metagenomics and ecogenomics are for mapping the variation of environmental genetic factors.<br /> <br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Mapping expression using DNA sequencing</span></strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><br /> DNA sequencing technology&nbsp;used to be&nbsp;for mapping genotypes. However, they are now used to map expression levels in cells. Cells produce various RNAs. mRNA is the most abundant and important. In the past, microarray and DNA chips were used for measuring expression levels. They are not accurate and it takes many bioinformatic adjustments before it becomes reliable expression data. New sequencing technologies can measure expression levels much more accurately. By sequencing the RNAs, we can now quantify the mRNA levels by precisely knowing the RNA sequences. Sequencing technologies will restructure the expression analyses in the future.</span></div> <div><strong><font size="2">Conclusion</font></strong><br /> <font size="2">In 2009 and onwards, personal genome projects will produce unprecedented amount of biological data. New bioinformatics technologies will be required to handle them. New sequencing technologies will drive the next decades of biology and transform the medical practices in hospitals within the next decades. Fast sequencing unexpectedly brought us interesting applications such as metagenomics and ecogenomics. </font><font size="2">We examined the current trends in genomics and variomics.</font><br /> <br /> </div> <div><font size="2"><strong>References</strong></font></div> <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><font size="2">(2004). &quot;Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome.&quot; <u>Nature</u> <strong>431</strong>(7011): 931-45.</font></div> <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><font size="2">Anderson, S., A. T. Bankier, et al. (1981). &quot;Sequence and organization of the human mitochondrial genome.&quot; <u>Nature</u> <strong>290</strong>(5806): 457-65.</font></div> <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><font size="2">Chan, E. Y. (2005). &quot;Advances in sequencing technology.&quot; <u>Mutat Res</u> <strong>573</strong>(1-2): 13-40.</font></div> <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><font size="2">Church, G. M. (2005). &quot;The personal genome project.&quot; <u>Mol Syst Biol</u> <strong>1</strong>: 2005 0030.</font></div> <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><font size="2">Gupta, P. K. (2008). &quot;Single-molecule DNA sequencing technologies for future genomics research.&quot; <u>Trends Biotechnol</u> <strong>26</strong>(11): 602-11.</font></div> <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><font size="2">Levy, S., G. Sutton, et al. (2007). &quot;The diploid genome sequence of an individual human.&quot; <u>PLoS Biol</u> <strong>5</strong>(10): e254.</font></div> <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><font size="2">Macrogen Inc.. from </font><a href="http://www.macrogen.co.kr/eng/macrogen/state.jsp"><font size="2" color="#0000ff">http://www.macrogen.co.kr/eng/macrogen/state.jsp</font></a><font size="2">.</font></div> <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><font size="2">Mardis, E. R. (2008). &quot;The impact of next-generation sequencing technology on genetics.&quot; <u>Trends Genet</u> <strong>24</strong>(3): 133-41.</font></div> <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><font size="2">Metzker, M. L. (2005). &quot;Emerging technologies in DNA sequencing.&quot; <u>Genome Res</u> <strong>15</strong>(12): 1767-76.</font></div> <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><font size="2">Porreca, G. J., J. Shendure, et al. (2006). &quot;Polony DNA sequencing.&quot; <u>Curr Protoc Mol Biol</u> <strong>Chapter 7</strong>: Unit 7 8.</font></div> <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><font size="2">Ring, H. Z., P. Y. Kwok, et al. (2006). &quot;Human Variome Project: an international collaboration to catalogue human genetic variation.&quot; <u>Pharmacogenomics</u> <strong>7</strong>(7): 969-72.</font></div> <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><font size="2">Sanger, F., G. M. Air, et al. (1977). &quot;Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA.&quot; <u>Nature</u> <strong>265</strong>(5596): 687-95.</font></div> <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><font size="2">Shendure, J., R. D. Mitra, et al. (2004). &quot;Advanced sequencing technologies: methods and goals.&quot; <u>Nat Rev Genet</u> <strong>5</strong>(5): 335-44.</font></div> <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><font size="2">Wheeler, D. A., M. Srinivasan, et al. (2008). &quot;The complete genome of an individual by massively parallel DNA sequencing.&quot; <u>Nature</u> <strong>452</strong>(7189): 872-6.</font></div> <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;">&nbsp;</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> 38351f78e22c4dafc4a8db5d65b8e260ce1af291 2236 2008-12-16T01:02:52Z Sskimb 38 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">&nbsp;</font> <div align="left" style=""><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Personal genomics, bioinformatics, and variomics</span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Jong Bhak, Ho Ghang, Rohit Reja,&nbsp;and Sangsoo Kim</span></strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><br /> <br /> KOBIC (Korean Bioinformation Center), KRIBB, Daejeon, Korea.</span></div> <div align="left" style=""><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><a href="mailto:jongbhak@yahoo.com"><font color="#0000ff">jongbhak@yahoo.com</font></a>, </span></div> <div align="left" style=""><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><br /> </span><strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Abstract</span></strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><br /> There are at least five complete genome sequences available&nbsp;in 2008. It is known that there are over 15,000,000 genetic variants called SNPs in&nbsp;the dbSNP&nbsp;database. The cost of a full genome sequencing in 2009&nbsp;will be&nbsp;claimed to be less than $5000 USD.&nbsp;The genomics era has arrived in 2008. This review introduces&nbsp;technologies, bioinformatics,&nbsp;genomics visions, and variomics projects. Variomics is&nbsp;the&nbsp;study of the total genetic variation in an individual and&nbsp;populations.&nbsp;Research on&nbsp;genetic variation is the most&nbsp;valuable among many genomics research branches.&nbsp;Genomics and variomics projects will change biology and the society so dramatically that biology will become an everyday technology as personal computers and the internet. Biorevolution is the term that can adequately describe this change.<br /> <br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Introduction</span></strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><br /> Since the launch of the human genome project (HGP)&nbsp;in 1990 by NIH of USA, researchers have been developing faster DNA sequencers </span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">(Shendure, Mitra et al. 2004; Chan 2005; Metzker 2005; Gupta 2008; Mardis 2008)</span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">. HGP was said to be led by James Watson who modeled DNA in Cambridge, UK in 1953. In 2003, the international human genome sequencing consortium held a press conference to announce the completion of the human genome </span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">(2004)</span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">. In 2008, after 55 years, his complete genome sequence was publicized by using 454 DNA sequencers developed by a company </span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">(Wheeler, Srinivasan et al. 2008)</span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">.&nbsp;In 2007, Craig Venter of former Celera founder published his own personal genome in Plost Biology </span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">(Levy, Sutton et al. 2007)</span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">.&nbsp;We are entering the personalized biology era with the advent of next generation sequencing technologies.<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;">DNA sequencing</span></strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><br /> The first breakthrough in genome sequencing came from Watson's&nbsp;colleague in Cambridge, Fred Sanger. In 1977, Sanger and his team produced the first useful DNA sequencing method and publicized the first complete genome </span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">(Sanger, Air et al. 1977)</span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">. It was a tiny virus genome known as phi X 174. Soon after phi X 174, he published the first complete organelle genome which was mitochondrion </span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">(Anderson, Bankier et al. 1981)</span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">. By 1998, researchers in the US evaluated multiplex genome sequencing technologies and were aware that one person's whole genome could be sequenced in one day using contemporary technologies. George Church was the Ph.D. student of Walter Gilbert who received a Nobel Prize with Sanger for developing a sequencing method. Gilbert's method was not used much. However, his colleague Church kept developing sequencing methods. One of them is based on Polony idea </span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">(Porreca, Shendure et al. 2006)</span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">. This technology is used by KNOME Inc. that is a full genome sequencing company. Genome sequencing technology&nbsp;is moving forward to the level where computer CPUs are universally used. DNA sequencing is one of the most important industrial technology in biology due to its perpetual use and new applications in the future.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Personal Genomics</span></strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><br /> In 2009, genome sequencing technologies will achieve one person's whole genome per day in terms of DNA fragments sequenced. Personal genomics is a new term that utilizes such fast sequencers. In 2008, the cost for one personal genome is less than $300,000 USD. If the cost goes down below $1,000 USD, the impact of personal genomics is predicted to be the largest ever in biology&nbsp;on common people's life.&nbsp;PGP (Personal Genome Project) is a project to sequence as many people as possible with low costs </span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">(Church 2005)</span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">. Google Inc. and Church group are working together to sequence 100,000 people's genetic regions of DNA. In Saudi Arabia, the government is planning to sequence 100 Arabic people. In Europe, there are various groups of people and nations who have been genotyping the populations. Especially, Iceland has been successful in that effort by utilizing their well-kept genealogical data encompassing 100,000s people. In Asia, Jeongsun Seo of Seoul National University has been working on East Asia Genome Project in the past years. His group collected thousands of samples from Mongolian tribes with a gigantic genealogical tree among them </span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">(Macrogen)</span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">. Seo is planning on sequencing at least 100 Korean genomes working with Church and Green Cross Inc. of Korea. The aim of Seo's genome project is produce a resource for the East Asians as well as Koreans. He is presently sequencing at least two Korean people. In China, Beijing Genome Institute has been successful in terms of sequencing. Their first achievement came from a plant genome, rice. After rice, they launched a 99 Han Chinese genome sequencing project. In Nov. 2008, they published their first Chinese genome in a magazine, Nature. In Dec. 2008, another Korean group Lee Gilyeo Cancer and Diabetes Institute and Korean Bioinformation Center (KOBIC) made a Korean genome sequence public. The genome was sequenced by Solexa paired-end sequencer and comparative genomics analyses and SNP data were uploaded as a public resource for everyone.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Genome revolution&nbsp;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><br /> </span></strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;">These public genome data alongside previous known Craig Venter's and James Watson's mark that full genome sequences are not in academic domain anymore. Anyone who has money and will can sequence human genomes. This 'genomic revolution' will eventually lead to the 'BioRevolution' in terms of making the most essential human information completely mapped and publically available. These are revolutionary because humans can now engineer themselves with a map or a blue print not directly relying on trial and error style conventional evolutionary methods. This indicates that evolution went into a conscious level of driving evolution. It is almost designing the evolution using computers.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Genomes and personalized medicine</span></strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><br /> The consequences of such biorevolution where genomic information is utilized by scientists to engineers all kinds of biological processes including evolution itself will bring us the personalized medicine. The essence of personalized medicine is that enzymes in our tissues such as cytochrome p450 have distinct differences among individuals and populations. Certain drugs produce different responses in individuals.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Cytochrome p450 family example</span></strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><br /> The cytochrome P450 (CYP) family of liver enzymes&nbsp;are responsible for breaking down more than 30 different classes of drugs during phase I of drug metabolism. Structural and SNP variations of the&nbsp;genes that code for these enzymes can influence their ability to metabolize certain drugs. Based upon this, a population can be categorized into four major types of drug metabolizers: </span></div> <ul type="disc"> <li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Extensive metabolizers: The&nbsp;individuals that can be administered with normal drug dosage </span></li> <li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Intermediate metabolizers&nbsp;: The individuals that metabolizes drug with a rate slower thsan the normal rate. </span></li> <li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Poor metabolizers: The individuals with poor metabolizing rate.Drugs make accumulate and cause serious adverse effects. </span></li> <li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Ultra metabolizers: Individuals with metabolizing rate faster than extensive metabolizers.They may experience no effect of drug activity. </span></li> </ul> <div align="left" style=""><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><br /> </span><strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Variomics</span></strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><br /> The most important scientific data out of personal genomes is detecting precise sequence differences among individuals. Such differences have many types.&nbsp;There are structural differences between chromosomes. There can be insertions and deletions of DNA segments. There are certain fragments that appear as repeats in genomes. Mapping all these structural genetic variations can be briefly termed as 'variomics'. A variome is the totality of genetic variation found in an individual, a population, and a species. Among all the variations we know,&nbsp;the most common one is single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP).&nbsp;In Korea, mapping the variome has been pursued relatively early and there are several groups who are mapping the genetic variations. KOBIC has several very early stage, if not the earliest in the world, variome servers; <a href="http://variome.net/"><font color="#800080">http://variome.net</font></a> and <a href="http://variomics.net/"><font color="#0000ff">http://variomics.net</font></a>. Along with SNP variation, the copy number variation (CNV) is also important. Some recent reports tell us that CNVs can be as variable as or even more variable than SNPs that are simple DNA base changes in populations. Yeonjun Chung of Catholic University of Korea has been mapping CNVs among Korean people.</span></div> <div align="left" style=""><span style="font-size: 9pt;">In early 2005, the US FDA cleared the AmpliChip^&reg; CYP450 Test, which measures variations in two genes of the CYP450 enzyme system: CYP2D6 and CYP2C19. The Roche AmpliChip CYP450 Test is intended to identify a patient's CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotype from genomic DNA extracted from a whole blood sample. Information about CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotype may be used as an aid to clinicians in determining therapeutic strategy and treatment dose for therapeutics that are metabolized by the CYP2D6 or CYP2C19 gene product</span></div> <div align="left" style=""><strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Human Variome Project (HVP)</span></strong></div> <div align="left" style=""><span style="font-size: 9pt;">As an international collaboration, headed by Richard Cotton, HVP was launched in 2006 (<a href="http://humanvariomeproject.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://humanvariomeproject.org</font></a>)</span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">(Ring, Kwok et al. 2006)</span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">. HVP aims to link clinicians who have been working on rare diseases, molecular biologists, and bioinformaticists. Their aim is to link medical information with genotype information. Succinctly this process is called genotype to phenotype mapping. As several full human genome sequences are already available, mapping phenotypes to the full genomes will be the major challenge of biology in the next 20 years.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Asian Variome Project (AVP)</span></strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><br /> Alongside and with the associations of eIMBL, A-IMBN, and HVP, a variome project that tries to map Asian population variome was launched in 2008. This was a group effort of Korean researchers who have been interested in genome sequences,&nbsp;SNPs, and CNVs. They have formed a Korean Variome Consortium (KOVAC: <a href="http://variome.kr/"><font color="#0000ff">http://variome.kr</font></a>) and supported AVP as one of the first projects. eIMBL that is the virtual lab network of Asia linking key biologists groups modeled after EMBL has acquired $80,000 USD in 2008 to support AVP. eIMBL aims to establish a virtual bioinformatics center in Asia pacific region that links many bioinformation processing scientists in Asia.<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Bioinformatics for personal genomes and variomes</span></strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><br /> Bioinformatics is the key in personal genome projects and variome projects. Bioinformatics is not a set of tools but it is a proper scientific discipline. It regards life as a gigantic information processing phenomenon and tries to map its components and the emerging networks of the components. Bioinformatics in 2008 is driving biology into an information science. Most biology researches are now with massive amount of data that can not be processed by hand. Nearly all the biological research outcomes in the next&nbsp;five years will have some form of high throughput data such as genome sequences, microarray data, proteome analyses, SNPs, epigenome chips, and large scale phenotype mapping. Bioinformatics tools in genomics and variomics can be found from various internet resources. There are various bioinformatics hubs such as NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information), EBI (European Bioinformatics Institute), DDBJ (Databank of Japan), and KOBIC.&nbsp;Some&nbsp;others are: Bioinformatics Organization (<a href="http://bioinformatics.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://Bioinformatics.Org</font></a>), EMBnet (<a href="http://www.embnet.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://www.embnet.org/</font></a>), and&nbsp;The International Society for Computational Biology (<a href="http://iscb.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://iscb.org</font></a>). The following are major bioinformatics journals<br /> <br /> Algorithms in Molecular Biology (http://www.almob.org/)<br /> Bioinformatics (http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/)<br /> BMC Bioinformatics (http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcbioinformatics)<br /> Briefings in Bioinformatics (http://bib.oxfordjournals.org/)<br /> Genome Research&nbsp;(http://genome.cshlp.org/)<br /> Genomics and Informatics (<a href="http://kogo.or.kr/"><font color="#0000ff">http://kogo.or.kr</font></a>)<br /> The International Journal of Biostatistics (http://www.bepress.com/ijb/)<br /> Journal of Computational Biology (http://www.liebertpub.com/Products/Product.aspx?pid=31&amp;AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1)<br /> Cancer Informatics (http://www.la-press.com/journal.php?pa=description&amp;journal_id=10)<br /> Molecular Systems Biology (http://www.nature.com/msb/index.html<br /> PLoS Computational Biology (http://www.ploscompbiol.org/home.action)<br /> International Journal of Bioinformatics Research and Applications (http://www.inderscience.com/browse/index.php?journalcode=ijbra)<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Sequencing DNA, Metagenomics, and Ecogenomics</span></strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><br /> Next generation sequencing methods are not only mapping genomes. They can be used to map the environment. It is called ecogenomics. Environment to humans can be various microbial, plant, and animal interactions around us. Especially, microbial interaction is critical to our health. Gut bacteria are natural environment to us. Metagenomics is a methodology that sequences the whole set of microbes in our food tract. Researchers are realizing that human genome is complemented by such environmental genomes. A new term, 'ecogenomics' is now used to describe these concepts. Metagenomics and ecogenomics are for mapping the variation of environmental genetic factors.<br /> <br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Mapping expression using DNA sequencing</span></strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><br /> DNA sequencing technology&nbsp;used to be&nbsp;for mapping genotypes. However, they are now used to map expression levels in cells. Cells produce various RNAs. mRNA is the most abundant and important. In the past, microarray and DNA chips were used for measuring expression levels. They are not accurate and it takes many bioinformatic adjustments before it becomes reliable expression data. New sequencing technologies can measure expression levels much more accurately. By sequencing the RNAs, we can now quantify the mRNA levels by precisely knowing the RNA sequences. Sequencing technologies will restructure the expression analyses in the future.</span></div> <div><strong><font size="2">Conclusion</font></strong><br /> <font size="2">In 2009 and onwards, personal genome projects will produce unprecedented amount of biological data. New bioinformatics technologies will be required to handle them. New sequencing technologies will drive the next decades of biology and transform the medical practices in hospitals within the next decades. Fast sequencing unexpectedly brought us interesting applications such as metagenomics and ecogenomics. </font><font size="2">We examined the current trends in genomics and variomics.</font><br /> <br /> </div> <div><font size="2"><strong>References</strong></font></div> <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><font size="2">(2004). &quot;Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome.&quot; <u>Nature</u> <strong>431</strong>(7011): 931-45.</font></div> <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><font size="2">Anderson, S., A. T. Bankier, et al. (1981). &quot;Sequence and organization of the human mitochondrial genome.&quot; <u>Nature</u> <strong>290</strong>(5806): 457-65.</font></div> <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><font size="2">Chan, E. Y. (2005). &quot;Advances in sequencing technology.&quot; <u>Mutat Res</u> <strong>573</strong>(1-2): 13-40.</font></div> <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><font size="2">Church, G. M. (2005). &quot;The personal genome project.&quot; <u>Mol Syst Biol</u> <strong>1</strong>: 2005 0030.</font></div> <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><font size="2">Gupta, P. K. (2008). &quot;Single-molecule DNA sequencing technologies for future genomics research.&quot; <u>Trends Biotechnol</u> <strong>26</strong>(11): 602-11.</font></div> <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><font size="2">Levy, S., G. Sutton, et al. (2007). &quot;The diploid genome sequence of an individual human.&quot; <u>PLoS Biol</u> <strong>5</strong>(10): e254.</font></div> <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><font size="2">Macrogen Inc.. from </font><a href="http://www.macrogen.co.kr/eng/macrogen/state.jsp"><font color="#0000ff" size="2">http://www.macrogen.co.kr/eng/macrogen/state.jsp</font></a><font size="2">.</font></div> <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><font size="2">Mardis, E. R. (2008). &quot;The impact of next-generation sequencing technology on genetics.&quot; <u>Trends Genet</u> <strong>24</strong>(3): 133-41.</font></div> <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><font size="2">Metzker, M. L. (2005). &quot;Emerging technologies in DNA sequencing.&quot; <u>Genome Res</u> <strong>15</strong>(12): 1767-76.</font></div> <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><font size="2">Porreca, G. J., J. Shendure, et al. (2006). &quot;Polony DNA sequencing.&quot; <u>Curr Protoc Mol Biol</u> <strong>Chapter 7</strong>: Unit 7 8.</font></div> <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><font size="2">Ring, H. Z., P. Y. Kwok, et al. (2006). &quot;Human Variome Project: an international collaboration to catalogue human genetic variation.&quot; <u>Pharmacogenomics</u> <strong>7</strong>(7): 969-72.</font></div> <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><font size="2">Sanger, F., G. M. Air, et al. (1977). &quot;Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA.&quot; <u>Nature</u> <strong>265</strong>(5596): 687-95.</font></div> <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><font size="2">Shendure, J., R. D. Mitra, et al. (2004). &quot;Advanced sequencing technologies: methods and goals.&quot; <u>Nat Rev Genet</u> <strong>5</strong>(5): 335-44.</font></div> <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><font size="2">Wheeler, D. A., M. Srinivasan, et al. (2008). &quot;The complete genome of an individual by massively parallel DNA sequencing.&quot; <u>Nature</u> <strong>452</strong>(7189): 872-6.</font></div> <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;">&nbsp;</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> 98e1f404393183a9b9711d4d5092d8da7036b0c4 2237 2008-12-16T01:04:33Z Kangho11 6 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">&nbsp;</font> <div align="left" style=""><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Personal genomics, bioinformatics, and variomics</span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Jong Bhak, Ho Ghang, Rohit Reja,&nbsp;and Sangsoo Kim</span></strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><br /> <br /> KOBIC (Korean Bioinformation Center), KRIBB, Daejeon, Korea.</span></div> <div align="left" style=""><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><a href="mailto:jongbhak@yahoo.com"><font color="#0000ff">jongbhak@yahoo.com</font></a>, </span></div> <div align="left" style=""><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><br /> </span><strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Abstract</span></strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><br /> There are at least five complete genome sequences available&nbsp;in 2008. It is known that there are over 15,000,000 genetic variants called SNPs in&nbsp;the dbSNP&nbsp;database. The cost of a full genome sequencing in 2009&nbsp;will be&nbsp;claimed to be less than $5000 USD.&nbsp;The genomics era has arrived in 2008. This review introduces&nbsp;technologies, bioinformatics,&nbsp;genomics visions, and variomics projects. Variomics is&nbsp;the&nbsp;study of the total genetic variation in an individual and&nbsp;populations.&nbsp;Research on&nbsp;genetic variation is the most&nbsp;valuable among many genomics research branches.&nbsp;Genomics and variomics projects will change biology and the society so dramatically that biology will become an everyday technology as personal computers and the internet. Biorevolution is the term that can adequately describe this change.<br /> <br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Introduction</span></strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><br /> Since the launch of the human genome project (HGP)&nbsp;in 1990 by NIH of USA, researchers have been developing faster DNA sequencers </span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">(Shendure, Mitra et al. 2004; Chan 2005; Metzker 2005; Gupta 2008; Mardis 2008)</span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">. HGP was said to be led by James Watson who modeled DNA in Cambridge, UK in 1953. In 2003, the international human genome sequencing consortium held a press conference to announce the completion of the human genome </span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">(2004)</span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">. In 2008, after 55 years, his complete genome sequence was publicized by using 454 DNA sequencers developed by a company </span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">(Wheeler, Srinivasan et al. 2008)</span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">.&nbsp;In 2007, Craig Venter of former Celera founder published his own personal genome in PLoS Biology </span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">(Levy, Sutton et al. 2007)</span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">.&nbsp;We are entering the personalized biology era with the advent of next generation sequencing technologies.<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;">DNA sequencing</span></strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><br /> The first breakthrough in genome sequencing came from Watson's&nbsp;colleague in Cambridge, Fred Sanger. In 1977, Sanger and his team produced the first useful DNA sequencing method and publicized the first complete genome </span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">(Sanger, Air et al. 1977)</span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">. It was a tiny virus genome known as phi X 174. Soon after phi X 174, he published the first complete organelle genome which was mitochondrion </span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">(Anderson, Bankier et al. 1981)</span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">. By 1998, researchers in the US evaluated multiplex genome sequencing technologies and were aware that one person's whole genome could be sequenced in one day using contemporary technologies. George Church was the Ph.D. student of Walter Gilbert who received a Nobel Prize with Sanger for developing a sequencing method. Gilbert's method was not used much. However, his colleague Church kept developing sequencing methods. One of them is based on Polony idea </span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">(Porreca, Shendure et al. 2006)</span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">. This technology is used by KNOME Inc. that is a full genome sequencing company. Genome sequencing technology&nbsp;is moving forward to the level where computer CPUs are universally used. DNA sequencing is one of the most important industrial technology in biology due to its perpetual use and new applications in the future.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Personal Genomics</span></strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><br /> In 2009, genome sequencing technologies will achieve one person's whole genome per day in terms of DNA fragments sequenced. Personal genomics is a new term that utilizes such fast sequencers. In 2008, the cost for one personal genome is less than $300,000 USD. If the cost goes down below $1,000 USD, the impact of personal genomics is predicted to be the largest ever in biology&nbsp;on common people's life.&nbsp;PGP (Personal Genome Project) is a project to sequence as many people as possible with low costs </span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">(Church 2005)</span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">. Google Inc. and Church group are working together to sequence 100,000 people's genetic regions of DNA. In Saudi Arabia, the government is planning to sequence 100 Arabic people. In Europe, there are various groups of people and nations who have been genotyping the populations. Especially, Iceland has been successful in that effort by utilizing their well-kept genealogical data encompassing 100,000s people. In Asia, Jeongsun Seo of Seoul National University has been working on East Asia Genome Project in the past years. His group collected thousands of samples from Mongolian tribes with a gigantic genealogical tree among them </span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">(Macrogen)</span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">. Seo is planning on sequencing at least 100 Korean genomes working with Church and Green Cross Inc. of Korea. The aim of Seo's genome project is produce a resource for the East Asians as well as Koreans. He is presently sequencing at least two Korean people. In China, Beijing Genome Institute has been successful in terms of sequencing. Their first achievement came from a plant genome, rice. After rice, they launched a 99 Han Chinese genome sequencing project. In Nov. 2008, they published their first Chinese genome in a magazine, Nature. In Dec. 2008, another Korean group Lee Gilyeo Cancer and Diabetes Institute and Korean Bioinformation Center (KOBIC) made a Korean genome sequence public. The genome was sequenced by Solexa paired-end sequencer and comparative genomics analyses and SNP data were uploaded as a public resource for everyone.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Genome revolution&nbsp;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><br /> </span></strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;">These public genome data alongside previous known Craig Venter's and James Watson's mark that full genome sequences are not in academic domain anymore. Anyone who has money and will can sequence human genomes. This 'genomic revolution' will eventually lead to the 'BioRevolution' in terms of making the most essential human information completely mapped and publically available. These are revolutionary because humans can now engineer themselves with a map or a blue print not directly relying on trial and error style conventional evolutionary methods. This indicates that evolution went into a conscious level of driving evolution. It is almost designing the evolution using computers.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Genomes and personalized medicine</span></strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><br /> The consequences of such biorevolution where genomic information is utilized by scientists to engineers all kinds of biological processes including evolution itself will bring us the personalized medicine. The essence of personalized medicine is that enzymes in our tissues such as cytochrome p450 have distinct differences among individuals and populations. Certain drugs produce different responses in individuals.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Cytochrome p450 family example</span></strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><br /> The cytochrome P450 (CYP) family of liver enzymes&nbsp;are responsible for breaking down more than 30 different classes of drugs during phase I of drug metabolism. Structural and SNP variations of the&nbsp;genes that code for these enzymes can influence their ability to metabolize certain drugs. Based upon this, a population can be categorized into four major types of drug metabolizers: </span></div> <ul type="disc"> <li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Extensive metabolizers: The&nbsp;individuals that can be administered with normal drug dosage </span></li> <li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Intermediate metabolizers&nbsp;: The individuals that metabolizes drug with a rate slower thsan the normal rate. </span></li> <li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Poor metabolizers: The individuals with poor metabolizing rate.Drugs make accumulate and cause serious adverse effects. </span></li> <li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Ultra metabolizers: Individuals with metabolizing rate faster than extensive metabolizers.They may experience no effect of drug activity. </span></li> </ul> <div align="left" style=""><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><br /> </span><strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Variomics</span></strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><br /> The most important scientific data out of personal genomes is detecting precise sequence differences among individuals. Such differences have many types.&nbsp;There are structural differences between chromosomes. There can be insertions and deletions of DNA segments. There are certain fragments that appear as repeats in genomes. Mapping all these structural genetic variations can be briefly termed as 'variomics'. A variome is the totality of genetic variation found in an individual, a population, and a species. Among all the variations we know,&nbsp;the most common one is single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP).&nbsp;In Korea, mapping the variome has been pursued relatively early and there are several groups who are mapping the genetic variations. KOBIC has several very early stage, if not the earliest in the world, variome servers; <a href="http://variome.net/"><font color="#800080">http://variome.net</font></a> and <a href="http://variomics.net/"><font color="#0000ff">http://variomics.net</font></a>. Along with SNP variation, the copy number variation (CNV) is also important. Some recent reports tell us that CNVs can be as variable as or even more variable than SNPs that are simple DNA base changes in populations. Yeonjun Chung of Catholic University of Korea has been mapping CNVs among Korean people.</span></div> <div align="left" style=""><span style="font-size: 9pt;">In early 2005, the US FDA cleared the AmpliChip^&reg; CYP450 Test, which measures variations in two genes of the CYP450 enzyme system: CYP2D6 and CYP2C19. The Roche AmpliChip CYP450 Test is intended to identify a patient's CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotype from genomic DNA extracted from a whole blood sample. Information about CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotype may be used as an aid to clinicians in determining therapeutic strategy and treatment dose for therapeutics that are metabolized by the CYP2D6 or CYP2C19 gene product</span></div> <div align="left" style=""><strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Human Variome Project (HVP)</span></strong></div> <div align="left" style=""><span style="font-size: 9pt;">As an international collaboration, headed by Richard Cotton, HVP was launched in 2006 (<a href="http://humanvariomeproject.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://humanvariomeproject.org</font></a>)</span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">(Ring, Kwok et al. 2006)</span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">. HVP aims to link clinicians who have been working on rare diseases, molecular biologists, and bioinformaticists. Their aim is to link medical information with genotype information. Succinctly this process is called genotype to phenotype mapping. As several full human genome sequences are already available, mapping phenotypes to the full genomes will be the major challenge of biology in the next 20 years.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Asian Variome Project (AVP)</span></strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><br /> Alongside and with the associations of eIMBL, A-IMBN, and HVP, a variome project that tries to map Asian population variome was launched in 2008. This was a group effort of Korean researchers who have been interested in genome sequences,&nbsp;SNPs, and CNVs. They have formed a Korean Variome Consortium (KOVAC: <a href="http://variome.kr/"><font color="#0000ff">http://variome.kr</font></a>) and supported AVP as one of the first projects. eIMBL that is the virtual lab network of Asia linking key biologists groups modeled after EMBL has acquired $80,000 USD in 2008 to support AVP. eIMBL aims to establish a virtual bioinformatics center in Asia pacific region that links many bioinformation processing scientists in Asia.<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Bioinformatics for personal genomes and variomes</span></strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><br /> Bioinformatics is the key in personal genome projects and variome projects. Bioinformatics is not a set of tools but it is a proper scientific discipline. It regards life as a gigantic information processing phenomenon and tries to map its components and the emerging networks of the components. Bioinformatics in 2008 is driving biology into an information science. Most biology researches are now with massive amount of data that can not be processed by hand. Nearly all the biological research outcomes in the next&nbsp;five years will have some form of high throughput data such as genome sequences, microarray data, proteome analyses, SNPs, epigenome chips, and large scale phenotype mapping. Bioinformatics tools in genomics and variomics can be found from various internet resources. There are various bioinformatics hubs such as NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information), EBI (European Bioinformatics Institute), DDBJ (Databank of Japan), and KOBIC.&nbsp;Some&nbsp;others are: Bioinformatics Organization (<a href="http://bioinformatics.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://Bioinformatics.Org</font></a>), EMBnet (<a href="http://www.embnet.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://www.embnet.org/</font></a>), and&nbsp;The International Society for Computational Biology (<a href="http://iscb.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://iscb.org</font></a>). The following are major bioinformatics journals<br /> <br /> Algorithms in Molecular Biology (http://www.almob.org/)<br /> Bioinformatics (http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/)<br /> BMC Bioinformatics (http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcbioinformatics)<br /> Briefings in Bioinformatics (http://bib.oxfordjournals.org/)<br /> Genome Research&nbsp;(http://genome.cshlp.org/)<br /> Genomics and Informatics (<a href="http://kogo.or.kr/"><font color="#0000ff">http://kogo.or.kr</font></a>)<br /> The International Journal of Biostatistics (http://www.bepress.com/ijb/)<br /> Journal of Computational Biology (http://www.liebertpub.com/Products/Product.aspx?pid=31&amp;AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1)<br /> Cancer Informatics (http://www.la-press.com/journal.php?pa=description&amp;journal_id=10)<br /> Molecular Systems Biology (http://www.nature.com/msb/index.html<br /> PLoS Computational Biology (http://www.ploscompbiol.org/home.action)<br /> International Journal of Bioinformatics Research and Applications (http://www.inderscience.com/browse/index.php?journalcode=ijbra)<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Sequencing DNA, Metagenomics, and Ecogenomics</span></strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><br /> Next generation sequencing methods are not only mapping genomes. They can be used to map the environment. It is called ecogenomics. Environment to humans can be various microbial, plant, and animal interactions around us. Especially, microbial interaction is critical to our health. Gut bacteria are natural environment to us. Metagenomics is a methodology that sequences the whole set of microbes in our food tract. Researchers are realizing that human genome is complemented by such environmental genomes. A new term, 'ecogenomics' is now used to describe these concepts. Metagenomics and ecogenomics are for mapping the variation of environmental genetic factors.<br /> <br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Mapping expression using DNA sequencing</span></strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><br /> DNA sequencing technology&nbsp;used to be&nbsp;for mapping genotypes. However, they are now used to map expression levels in cells. Cells produce various RNAs. mRNA is the most abundant and important. In the past, microarray and DNA chips were used for measuring expression levels. They are not accurate and it takes many bioinformatic adjustments before it becomes reliable expression data. New sequencing technologies can measure expression levels much more accurately. By sequencing the RNAs, we can now quantify the mRNA levels by precisely knowing the RNA sequences. Sequencing technologies will restructure the expression analyses in the future.</span></div> <div><strong><font size="2">Conclusion</font></strong><br /> <font size="2">In 2009 and onwards, personal genome projects will produce unprecedented amount of biological data. New bioinformatics technologies will be required to handle them. New sequencing technologies will drive the next decades of biology and transform the medical practices in hospitals within the next decades. Fast sequencing unexpectedly brought us interesting applications such as metagenomics and ecogenomics. </font><font size="2">We examined the current trends in genomics and variomics.</font><br /> <br /> </div> <div><font size="2"><strong>References</strong></font></div> <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><font size="2">(2004). &quot;Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome.&quot; <u>Nature</u> <strong>431</strong>(7011): 931-45.</font></div> <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><font size="2">Anderson, S., A. T. Bankier, et al. (1981). &quot;Sequence and organization of the human mitochondrial genome.&quot; <u>Nature</u> <strong>290</strong>(5806): 457-65.</font></div> <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><font size="2">Chan, E. Y. (2005). &quot;Advances in sequencing technology.&quot; <u>Mutat Res</u> <strong>573</strong>(1-2): 13-40.</font></div> <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><font size="2">Church, G. M. (2005). &quot;The personal genome project.&quot; <u>Mol Syst Biol</u> <strong>1</strong>: 2005 0030.</font></div> <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><font size="2">Gupta, P. K. (2008). &quot;Single-molecule DNA sequencing technologies for future genomics research.&quot; <u>Trends Biotechnol</u> <strong>26</strong>(11): 602-11.</font></div> <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><font size="2">Levy, S., G. Sutton, et al. (2007). &quot;The diploid genome sequence of an individual human.&quot; <u>PLoS Biol</u> <strong>5</strong>(10): e254.</font></div> <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><font size="2">Macrogen Inc.. from </font><a href="http://www.macrogen.co.kr/eng/macrogen/state.jsp"><font size="2" color="#0000ff">http://www.macrogen.co.kr/eng/macrogen/state.jsp</font></a><font size="2">.</font></div> <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><font size="2">Mardis, E. R. (2008). &quot;The impact of next-generation sequencing technology on genetics.&quot; <u>Trends Genet</u> <strong>24</strong>(3): 133-41.</font></div> <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><font size="2">Metzker, M. L. (2005). &quot;Emerging technologies in DNA sequencing.&quot; <u>Genome Res</u> <strong>15</strong>(12): 1767-76.</font></div> <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><font size="2">Porreca, G. J., J. Shendure, et al. (2006). &quot;Polony DNA sequencing.&quot; <u>Curr Protoc Mol Biol</u> <strong>Chapter 7</strong>: Unit 7 8.</font></div> <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><font size="2">Ring, H. Z., P. Y. Kwok, et al. (2006). &quot;Human Variome Project: an international collaboration to catalogue human genetic variation.&quot; <u>Pharmacogenomics</u> <strong>7</strong>(7): 969-72.</font></div> <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><font size="2">Sanger, F., G. M. Air, et al. (1977). &quot;Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA.&quot; <u>Nature</u> <strong>265</strong>(5596): 687-95.</font></div> <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><font size="2">Shendure, J., R. D. Mitra, et al. (2004). &quot;Advanced sequencing technologies: methods and goals.&quot; <u>Nat Rev Genet</u> <strong>5</strong>(5): 335-44.</font></div> <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><font size="2">Wheeler, D. A., M. Srinivasan, et al. (2008). &quot;The complete genome of an individual by massively parallel DNA sequencing.&quot; <u>Nature</u> <strong>452</strong>(7189): 872-6.</font></div> <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;">&nbsp;</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> 78273e0cb217d831add580bf04a555b9da5d0d8f 2238 2008-12-16T01:06:39Z Kangho11 6 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">&nbsp;</font> <div align="left" style=""><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Personal genomics, bioinformatics, and variomics</span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Jong Bhak, Ho Ghang, Rohit Reja,&nbsp;and Sangsoo Kim</span></strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><br /> <br /> KOBIC (Korean Bioinformation Center), KRIBB, Daejeon, Korea.</span></div> <div align="left" style=""><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><a href="mailto:jongbhak@yahoo.com"><font color="#0000ff">jongbhak@yahoo.com</font></a>, </span></div> <div align="left" style=""><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><br /> </span><strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Abstract</span></strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><br /> There are at least five complete genome sequences available&nbsp;in 2008. It is known that there are over 15,000,000 genetic variants called SNPs in&nbsp;the dbSNP&nbsp;database. The cost of a full genome sequencing in 2009&nbsp;will be&nbsp;claimed to be less than $5000 USD.&nbsp;The genomics era has arrived in 2008. This review introduces&nbsp;technologies, bioinformatics,&nbsp;genomics visions, and variomics projects. Variomics is&nbsp;the&nbsp;study of the total genetic variation in an individual and&nbsp;populations.&nbsp;Research on&nbsp;genetic variation is the most&nbsp;valuable among many genomics research branches.&nbsp;Genomics and variomics projects will change biology and the society so dramatically that biology will become an everyday technology as personal computers and the internet. Biorevolution is the term that can adequately describe this change.<br /> <br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Introduction</span></strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><br /> Since the launch of the human genome project (HGP)&nbsp;in 1990 by NIH of USA, researchers have been developing faster DNA sequencers </span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">(Shendure, Mitra et al. 2004; Chan 2005; Metzker 2005; Gupta 2008; Mardis 2008)</span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">. HGP was said to be led by James Watson who modeled DNA in Cambridge, UK in 1953. In 2003, the international human genome sequencing consortium held a press conference to announce the completion of the human genome </span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">(2004)</span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">. In 2008, after 55 years, his complete genome sequence was publicized by using 454 DNA sequencers developed by a company </span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">(Wheeler, Srinivasan et al. 2008)</span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">.&nbsp;In 2007, Craig Venter of former Celera founder published his own personal genome in PLoS Biology </span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">(Levy, Sutton et al. 2007)</span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">.&nbsp;We are entering the personalized biology era with the advent of next generation sequencing technologies.<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;">DNA sequencing</span></strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><br /> The first breakthrough in genome sequencing came from Watson's&nbsp;colleague in Cambridge, Fred Sanger. In 1977, Sanger and his team produced the first useful DNA sequencing method and publicized the first complete genome </span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">(Sanger, Air et al. 1977)</span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">. It was a tiny virus genome known as phi X 174. Soon after phi X 174, he published the first complete organelle genome which was mitochondrion </span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">(Anderson, Bankier et al. 1981)</span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">. By 1998, researchers in the US evaluated multiplex genome sequencing technologies and were aware that one person's whole genome could be sequenced in one day using contemporary technologies. George Church was the Ph.D. student of Walter Gilbert who received a Nobel Prize with Sanger for developing a sequencing method. Gilbert's method was not used much. However, his colleague Church kept developing sequencing methods. One of them is based on Polony idea </span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">(Porreca, Shendure et al. 2006)</span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">. This technology is used by KNOME Inc. that is a full genome sequencing company. Genome sequencing technology&nbsp;is moving forward to the level where computer CPUs are universally used. DNA sequencing is one of the most important industrial technologies in biology due to its perpetual use and new applications in the future.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Personal Genomics</span></strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><br /> In 2009, genome sequencing technologies will achieve one person's whole genome per day in terms of DNA fragments sequenced. Personal genomics is a new term that utilizes such fast sequencers. In 2008, the cost for one personal genome is less than $300,000 USD. If the cost goes down below $1,000 USD, the impact of personal genomics is predicted to be the largest ever in biology&nbsp;on common people's life.&nbsp;PGP (Personal Genome Project) is a project to sequence as many people as possible with low costs </span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">(Church 2005)</span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">. Google Inc. and Church group are working together to sequence 100,000 people's genetic regions of DNA. In Saudi Arabia, the government is planning to sequence 100 Arabic people. In Europe, there are various groups of people and nations who have been genotyping the populations. Especially, Iceland has been successful in that effort by utilizing their well-kept genealogical data encompassing 100,000s people. In Asia, Jeongsun Seo of Seoul National University has been working on East Asia Genome Project in the past years. His group collected thousands of samples from Mongolian tribes with a gigantic genealogical tree among them </span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">(Macrogen)</span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">. Seo is planning on sequencing at least 100 Korean genomes working with Church and Green Cross Inc. of Korea. The aim of Seo's genome project is produce a resource for the East Asians as well as Koreans. He is presently sequencing at least two Korean people. In China, Beijing Genome Institute has been successful in terms of sequencing. Their first achievement came from a plant genome, rice. After rice, they launched a 99 Han Chinese genome sequencing project. In Nov. 2008, they published their first Chinese genome in a magazine, Nature. In Dec. 2008, another Korean group Lee Gilyeo Cancer and Diabetes Institute and Korean Bioinformation Center (KOBIC) made a Korean genome sequence public. The genome was sequenced by Solexa paired-end sequencer and comparative genomics analyses and SNP data were uploaded as a public resource for everyone.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Genome revolution&nbsp;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><br /> </span></strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;">These public genome data alongside previous known Craig Venter's and James Watson's mark that full genome sequences are not in academic domain anymore. Anyone who has money and will can sequence human genomes. This 'genomic revolution' will eventually lead to the 'BioRevolution' in terms of making the most essential human information completely mapped and publically available. These are revolutionary because humans can now engineer themselves with a map or a blue print not directly relying on trial and error style conventional evolutionary methods. This indicates that evolution went into a conscious level of driving evolution. It is almost designing the evolution using computers.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Genomes and personalized medicine</span></strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><br /> The consequences of such biorevolution where genomic information is utilized by scientists to engineers all kinds of biological processes including evolution itself will bring us the personalized medicine. The essence of personalized medicine is that enzymes in our tissues such as cytochrome p450 have distinct differences among individuals and populations. Certain drugs produce different responses in individuals.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Cytochrome p450 family example</span></strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><br /> The cytochrome P450 (CYP) family of liver enzymes&nbsp;are responsible for breaking down more than 30 different classes of drugs during phase I of drug metabolism. Structural and SNP variations of the&nbsp;genes that code for these enzymes can influence their ability to metabolize certain drugs. Based upon this, a population can be categorized into four major types of drug metabolizers: </span></div> <ul type="disc"> <li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Extensive metabolizers: The&nbsp;individuals that can be administered with normal drug dosage </span></li> <li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Intermediate metabolizers&nbsp;: The individuals that metabolizes drug with a rate slower than the normal rate. </span></li> <li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Poor metabolizers: The individuals with poor metabolizing rate. Drugs make accumulate and cause serious adverse effects. </span></li> <li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Ultra metabolizers: Individuals with metabolizing rate faster than extensive metabolizers. They may experience no effect of drug activity. </span></li> </ul> <div align="left" style=""><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><br /> </span><strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Variomics</span></strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><br /> The most important scientific data out of personal genomes is detecting precise sequence differences among individuals. Such differences have many types.&nbsp;There are structural differences between chromosomes. There can be insertions and deletions of DNA segments. There are certain fragments that appear as repeats in genomes. Mapping all these structural genetic variations can be briefly termed as 'variomics'. A variome is the totality of genetic variation found in an individual, a population, and a species. Among all the variations we know,&nbsp;the most common one is single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP).&nbsp;In Korea, mapping the variome has been pursued relatively early and there are several groups who are mapping the genetic variations. KOBIC has several very early stage, if not the earliest in the world, variome servers; <a href="http://variome.net/"><font color="#800080">http://variome.net</font></a> and <a href="http://variomics.net/"><font color="#0000ff">http://variomics.net</font></a>. Along with SNP variation, the copy number variation (CNV) is also important. Some recent reports tell us that CNVs can be as variable as or even more variable than SNPs that are simple DNA base changes in populations. Yeonjun Chung of Catholic University of Korea has been mapping CNVs among Korean people.</span></div> <div align="left" style=""><span style="font-size: 9pt;">In early 2005, the US FDA cleared the AmpliChip^&reg; CYP450 Test, which measures variations in two genes of the CYP450 enzyme system: CYP2D6 and CYP2C19. The Roche AmpliChip CYP450 Test is intended to identify a patient's CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotype from genomic DNA extracted from a whole blood sample. Information about CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotype may be used as an aid to clinicians in determining therapeutic strategy and treatment dose for therapeutics that are metabolized by the CYP2D6 or CYP2C19 gene product</span></div> <div align="left" style=""><strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Human Variome Project (HVP)</span></strong></div> <div align="left" style=""><span style="font-size: 9pt;">As an international collaboration, headed by Richard Cotton, HVP was launched in 2006 (<a href="http://humanvariomeproject.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://humanvariomeproject.org</font></a>)</span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">(Ring, Kwok et al. 2006)</span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">. HVP aims to link clinicians who have been working on rare diseases, molecular biologists, and bioinformaticists. Their aim is to link medical information with genotype information. Succinctly this process is called genotype to phenotype mapping. As several full human genome sequences are already available, mapping phenotypes to the full genomes will be the major challenge of biology in the next 20 years.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Asian Variome Project (AVP)</span></strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><br /> Alongside and with the associations of eIMBL, A-IMBN, and HVP, a variome project that tries to map Asian population variome was launched in 2008. This was a group effort of Korean researchers who have been interested in genome sequences,&nbsp;SNPs, and CNVs. They have formed a Korean Variome Consortium (KOVAC: <a href="http://variome.kr/"><font color="#0000ff">http://variome.kr</font></a>) and supported AVP as one of the first projects. eIMBL that is the virtual lab network of Asia linking key biologists groups modeled after EMBL has acquired $80,000 USD in 2008 to support AVP. eIMBL aims to establish a virtual bioinformatics center in Asia pacific region that links many bioinformation processing scientists in Asia.<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Bioinformatics for personal genomes and variomes</span></strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><br /> Bioinformatics is the key in personal genome projects and variome projects. Bioinformatics is not a set of tools but it is a proper scientific discipline. It regards life as a gigantic information processing phenomenon and tries to map its components and the emerging networks of the components. Bioinformatics in 2008 is driving biology into an information science. Most biology researches are now with massive amount of data that can not be processed by hand. Nearly all the biological research outcomes in the next&nbsp;five years will have some form of high throughput data such as genome sequences, microarray data, proteome analyses, SNPs, epigenome chips, and large scale phenotype mapping. Bioinformatics tools in genomics and variomics can be found from various internet resources. There are various bioinformatics hubs such as NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information), EBI (European Bioinformatics Institute), DDBJ (Databank of Japan), and KOBIC.&nbsp;Some&nbsp;others are: Bioinformatics Organization (<a href="http://bioinformatics.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://Bioinformatics.Org</font></a>), EMBnet (<a href="http://www.embnet.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://www.embnet.org/</font></a>), and&nbsp;The International Society for Computational Biology (<a href="http://iscb.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://iscb.org</font></a>). The following are major bioinformatics journals<br /> <br /> Algorithms in Molecular Biology (http://www.almob.org/)<br /> Bioinformatics (http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/)<br /> BMC Bioinformatics (http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcbioinformatics)<br /> Briefings in Bioinformatics (http://bib.oxfordjournals.org/)<br /> Genome Research&nbsp;(http://genome.cshlp.org/)<br /> Genomics and Informatics (<a href="http://kogo.or.kr/"><font color="#0000ff">http://kogo.or.kr</font></a>)<br /> The International Journal of Biostatistics (http://www.bepress.com/ijb/)<br /> Journal of Computational Biology (http://www.liebertpub.com/Products/Product.aspx?pid=31&amp;AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1)<br /> Cancer Informatics (http://www.la-press.com/journal.php?pa=description&amp;journal_id=10)<br /> Molecular Systems Biology (http://www.nature.com/msb/index.html<br /> PLoS Computational Biology (http://www.ploscompbiol.org/home.action)<br /> International Journal of Bioinformatics Research and Applications (http://www.inderscience.com/browse/index.php?journalcode=ijbra)<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Sequencing DNA, Metagenomics, and Ecogenomics</span></strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><br /> Next generation sequencing methods are not only mapping genomes. They can be used to map the environment. It is called ecogenomics. Environment to humans can be various microbial, plant, and animal interactions around us. Especially, microbial interaction is critical to our health. Gut bacteria are natural environment to us. Metagenomics is a methodology that sequences the whole set of microbes in our food tract. Researchers are realizing that human genome is complemented by such environmental genomes. A new term, 'ecogenomics' is now used to describe these concepts. Metagenomics and ecogenomics are for mapping the variation of environmental genetic factors.<br /> <br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Mapping expression using DNA sequencing</span></strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><br /> DNA sequencing technology&nbsp;used to be&nbsp;for mapping genotypes. However, they are now used to map expression levels in cells. Cells produce various RNAs. mRNA is the most abundant and important. In the past, microarray and DNA chips were used for measuring expression levels. They are not accurate and it takes many bioinformatic adjustments before it becomes reliable expression data. New sequencing technologies can measure expression levels much more accurately. By sequencing the RNAs, we can now quantify the mRNA levels by precisely knowing the RNA sequences. Sequencing technologies will restructure the expression analyses in the future.</span></div> <div><strong><font size="2">Conclusion</font></strong><br /> <font size="2">In 2009 and onwards, personal genome projects will produce unprecedented amount of biological data. New bioinformatics technologies will be required to handle them. New sequencing technologies will drive the next decades of biology and transform the medical practices in hospitals within the next decades. Fast sequencing unexpectedly brought us interesting applications such as metagenomics and ecogenomics. </font><font size="2">We examined the current trends in genomics and variomics.</font><br /> <br /> </div> <div><font size="2"><strong>References</strong></font></div> <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><font size="2">(2004). &quot;Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome.&quot; <u>Nature</u> <strong>431</strong>(7011): 931-45.</font></div> <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><font size="2">Anderson, S., A. T. Bankier, et al. (1981). &quot;Sequence and organization of the human mitochondrial genome.&quot; <u>Nature</u> <strong>290</strong>(5806): 457-65.</font></div> <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><font size="2">Chan, E. Y. (2005). &quot;Advances in sequencing technology.&quot; <u>Mutat Res</u> <strong>573</strong>(1-2): 13-40.</font></div> <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><font size="2">Church, G. M. (2005). &quot;The personal genome project.&quot; <u>Mol Syst Biol</u> <strong>1</strong>: 2005 0030.</font></div> <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><font size="2">Gupta, P. K. (2008). &quot;Single-molecule DNA sequencing technologies for future genomics research.&quot; <u>Trends Biotechnol</u> <strong>26</strong>(11): 602-11.</font></div> <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><font size="2">Levy, S., G. Sutton, et al. (2007). &quot;The diploid genome sequence of an individual human.&quot; <u>PLoS Biol</u> <strong>5</strong>(10): e254.</font></div> <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><font size="2">Macrogen Inc.. from </font><a href="http://www.macrogen.co.kr/eng/macrogen/state.jsp"><font size="2" color="#0000ff">http://www.macrogen.co.kr/eng/macrogen/state.jsp</font></a><font size="2">.</font></div> <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><font size="2">Mardis, E. R. (2008). &quot;The impact of next-generation sequencing technology on genetics.&quot; <u>Trends Genet</u> <strong>24</strong>(3): 133-41.</font></div> <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><font size="2">Metzker, M. L. (2005). &quot;Emerging technologies in DNA sequencing.&quot; <u>Genome Res</u> <strong>15</strong>(12): 1767-76.</font></div> <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><font size="2">Porreca, G. J., J. Shendure, et al. (2006). &quot;Polony DNA sequencing.&quot; <u>Curr Protoc Mol Biol</u> <strong>Chapter 7</strong>: Unit 7 8.</font></div> <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><font size="2">Ring, H. Z., P. Y. Kwok, et al. (2006). &quot;Human Variome Project: an international collaboration to catalogue human genetic variation.&quot; <u>Pharmacogenomics</u> <strong>7</strong>(7): 969-72.</font></div> <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><font size="2">Sanger, F., G. M. Air, et al. (1977). &quot;Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA.&quot; <u>Nature</u> <strong>265</strong>(5596): 687-95.</font></div> <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><font size="2">Shendure, J., R. D. Mitra, et al. (2004). &quot;Advanced sequencing technologies: methods and goals.&quot; <u>Nat Rev Genet</u> <strong>5</strong>(5): 335-44.</font></div> <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><font size="2">Wheeler, D. A., M. Srinivasan, et al. (2008). &quot;The complete genome of an individual by massively parallel DNA sequencing.&quot; <u>Nature</u> <strong>452</strong>(7189): 872-6.</font></div> <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;">&nbsp;</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> 62a48bbef09ff4e7ca89888a2a7e694bbd7856c4 2239 2008-12-16T08:15:41Z Sskimb 38 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">&nbsp;</font> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt">Personal genomics, bioinformatics, and variomics</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Jong Bhak, Ho Ghang, Rohit Reja,&nbsp;and Sangsoo Kim</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> <br /> KOBIC (Korean Bioinformation Center), KRIBB, Daejeon, Korea.</span></div> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><a href="mailto:jongbhak@yahoo.com"><font color="#0000ff">jongbhak@yahoo.com</font></a>, sskimb@ssu.ac.kr</span></div> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Abstract</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> There are at least five complete genome sequences available&nbsp;in 2008. It is known that there are over 15,000,000 genetic variants called SNPs in&nbsp;the dbSNP&nbsp;database. The cost of a full genome sequencing in 2009&nbsp;will be&nbsp;claimed to be less than $5000 USD.&nbsp;The genomics era has arrived in 2008. This review introduces&nbsp;technologies, bioinformatics,&nbsp;genomics visions, and variomics projects. Variomics is&nbsp;the&nbsp;study of the total genetic variation in an individual and&nbsp;populations.&nbsp;Research on&nbsp;genetic variation is the most&nbsp;valuable among many genomics research branches.&nbsp;Genomics and variomics projects will change biology and the society so dramatically that biology will become an everyday technology as personal computers and the internet. Biorevolution is the term that can adequately describe this change.<br /> <br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Introduction</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Since the launch of the human genome project (HGP)&nbsp;in 1990 by NIH of USA, researchers have been developing faster DNA sequencers </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Shendure, Mitra et al. 2004; Chan 2005; Metzker 2005; Gupta 2008; Mardis 2008)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. HGP was said to be led by James Watson who modeled DNA in Cambridge, UK in 1953. In 2003, the international human genome sequencing consortium held a press conference to announce the completion of the human genome </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(2004)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. In 2008, after 55 years, his complete genome sequence was publicized by using 454 DNA sequencers developed by a company </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Wheeler, Srinivasan et al. 2008)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">.&nbsp;In 2007, Craig Venter of former Celera founder published his own personal genome in PLoS Biology </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Levy, Sutton et al. 2007)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">.&nbsp;We are entering the personalized biology era with the advent of next generation sequencing technologies.<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">DNA sequencing</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The first breakthrough in genome sequencing came from Watson's&nbsp;colleague in Cambridge, Fred Sanger. In 1977, Sanger and his team produced the first useful DNA sequencing method and publicized the first complete genome </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Sanger, Air et al. 1977)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. It was a tiny virus genome known as phi X 174. Soon after phi X 174, he published the first complete organelle genome which was mitochondrion </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Anderson, Bankier et al. 1981)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. By 1998, researchers in the US evaluated multiplex genome sequencing technologies and were aware that one person's whole genome could be sequenced in one day using contemporary technologies. George Church was the Ph.D. student of Walter Gilbert who received a Nobel Prize with Sanger for developing a sequencing method. Gilbert's method was not used much. However, his colleague Church kept developing sequencing methods. One of them is based on Polony idea </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Porreca, Shendure et al. 2006)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. This technology is used by KNOME Inc. that is a full genome sequencing company. Genome sequencing technology&nbsp;is moving forward to the level where computer CPUs are universally used. DNA sequencing is one of the most important industrial technologies in biology due to its perpetual use and new applications in the future.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Personal Genomics</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> In 2009, genome sequencing technologies will achieve one person's whole genome per day in terms of DNA fragments sequenced. Personal genomics is a new term that utilizes such fast sequencers. In 2008, the cost for one personal genome is less than $300,000 USD. If the cost goes down below $1,000 USD, the impact of personal genomics is predicted to be the largest ever in biology&nbsp;on common people's life.&nbsp;PGP (Personal Genome Project) is a project to sequence as many people as possible with low costs </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Church 2005)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. Google Inc. and Church group are working together to sequence 100,000 people's genetic regions of DNA. In Saudi Arabia, the government is planning to sequence 100 Arabic people. In Europe, there are various groups of people and nations who have been genotyping the populations. Especially, Iceland has been successful in that effort by utilizing their well-kept genealogical data encompassing 100,000s people. In Asia, Jeongsun Seo of Seoul National University has been working on East Asia Genome Project in the past years. His group collected thousands of samples from Mongolian tribes with a gigantic genealogical tree among them </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Macrogen)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. Seo is planning on sequencing at least 100 Korean genomes working with Church and Green Cross Inc. of Korea. The aim of Seo's genome project is produce a resource for the East Asians as well as Koreans. He is presently sequencing at least two Korean people. In China, Beijing Genome Institute has been successful in terms of sequencing. Their first achievement came from a plant genome, rice. After rice, they launched a 99 Han Chinese genome sequencing project. In Nov. 2008, they published their first Chinese genome in a magazine, Nature. In Dec. 2008, another Korean group Lee Gilyeo Cancer and Diabetes Institute and Korean Bioinformation Center (KOBIC) made a Korean genome sequence public. The genome was sequenced by Solexa paired-end sequencer and comparative genomics analyses and SNP data were uploaded as a public resource for everyone.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Genome revolution&nbsp;</span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> </span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">These public genome data alongside previous known Craig Venter's and James Watson's mark that full genome sequences are not in academic domain anymore. Anyone who has money and will can sequence human genomes. This 'genomic revolution' will eventually lead to the 'BioRevolution' in terms of making the most essential human information completely mapped and publically available. These are revolutionary because humans can now engineer themselves with a map or a blue print not directly relying on trial and error style conventional evolutionary methods. This indicates that evolution went into a conscious level of driving evolution. It is almost designing the evolution using computers.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Genomes and personalized medicine</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The consequences of such biorevolution where genomic information is utilized by scientists to engineers all kinds of biological processes including evolution itself will bring us the personalized medicine. The essence of personalized medicine is that enzymes in our tissues such as cytochrome p450 have distinct differences among individuals and populations. Certain drugs produce different responses in individuals.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Cytochrome p450 family example</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The cytochrome P450 (CYP) family of liver enzymes&nbsp;are responsible for breaking down more than 30 different classes of drugs during phase I of drug metabolism. Structural and SNP variations of the&nbsp;genes that code for these enzymes can influence their ability to metabolize certain drugs. Based upon this, a population can be categorized into four major types of drug metabolizers: </span></div> <ul type="disc"> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Extensive metabolizers: The&nbsp;individuals that can be administered with normal drug dosage </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Intermediate metabolizers&nbsp;: The individuals that metabolizes drug with a rate slower than the normal rate. </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Poor metabolizers: The individuals with poor metabolizing rate. Drugs make accumulate and cause serious adverse effects. </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Ultra metabolizers: Individuals with metabolizing rate faster than extensive metabolizers. They may experience no effect of drug activity. </span></li> </ul> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Variomics</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The most important scientific data out of personal genomes is detecting precise sequence differences among individuals. Such differences have many types.&nbsp;There are structural differences between chromosomes. There can be insertions and deletions of DNA segments. There are certain fragments that appear as repeats in genomes. Mapping all these structural genetic variations can be briefly termed as 'variomics'. A variome is the totality of genetic variation found in an individual, a population, and a species. Among all the variations we know,&nbsp;the most common one is single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP).&nbsp;In Korea, mapping the variome has been pursued relatively early and there are several groups who are mapping the genetic variations. KOBIC has several very early stage, if not the earliest in the world, variome servers; <a href="http://variome.net/"><font color="#800080">http://variome.net</font></a> and <a href="http://variomics.net/"><font color="#0000ff">http://variomics.net</font></a>. Along with SNP variation, the copy number variation (CNV) is also important. Some recent reports tell us that CNVs can be as variable as or even more variable than SNPs that are simple DNA base changes in populations. Yeonjun Chung of Catholic University of Korea has been mapping CNVs among Korean people.</span></div> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">In early 2005, the US FDA cleared the AmpliChip^&reg; CYP450 Test, which measures variations in two genes of the CYP450 enzyme system: CYP2D6 and CYP2C19. The Roche AmpliChip CYP450 Test is intended to identify a patient's CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotype from genomic DNA extracted from a whole blood sample. Information about CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotype may be used as an aid to clinicians in determining therapeutic strategy and treatment dose for therapeutics that are metabolized by the CYP2D6 or CYP2C19 gene product</span></div> <div align="left"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Human Variome Project (HVP)</span></strong></div> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">As an international collaboration, headed by Richard Cotton, HVP was launched in 2006 (<a href="http://humanvariomeproject.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://humanvariomeproject.org</font></a>)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Ring, Kwok et al. 2006)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. HVP aims to link clinicians who have been working on rare diseases, molecular biologists, and bioinformaticists. Their aim is to link medical information with genotype information. Succinctly this process is called genotype to phenotype mapping. As several full human genome sequences are already available, mapping phenotypes to the full genomes will be the major challenge of biology in the next 20 years.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Asian Variome Project (AVP)</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Alongside and with the associations of eIMBL, A-IMBN, and HVP, a variome project that tries to map Asian population variome was launched in 2008. This was a group effort of Korean researchers who have been interested in genome sequences,&nbsp;SNPs, and CNVs. They have formed a Korean Variome Consortium (KOVAC: <a href="http://variome.kr/"><font color="#0000ff">http://variome.kr</font></a>) and supported AVP as one of the first projects. eIMBL that is the virtual lab network of Asia linking key biologists groups modeled after EMBL has acquired $80,000 USD in 2008 to support AVP. eIMBL aims to establish a virtual bioinformatics center in Asia pacific region that links many bioinformation processing scientists in Asia.<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Bioinformatics for personal genomes and variomes</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Bioinformatics is the key in personal genome projects and variome projects. Bioinformatics is not a set of tools but it is a proper scientific discipline. It regards life as a gigantic information processing phenomenon and tries to map its components and the emerging networks of the components. Bioinformatics in 2008 is driving biology into an information science. Most biology researches are now with massive amount of data that can not be processed by hand. Nearly all the biological research outcomes in the next&nbsp;five years will have some form of high throughput data such as genome sequences, microarray data, proteome analyses, SNPs, epigenome chips, and large scale phenotype mapping. Bioinformatics tools in genomics and variomics can be found from various internet resources. There are various bioinformatics hubs such as NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information), EBI (European Bioinformatics Institute), DDBJ (Databank of Japan), and KOBIC.&nbsp;Some&nbsp;others are: Bioinformatics Organization (<a href="http://bioinformatics.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://Bioinformatics.Org</font></a>), EMBnet (<a href="http://www.embnet.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://www.embnet.org/</font></a>), and&nbsp;The International Society for Computational Biology (<a href="http://iscb.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://iscb.org</font></a>). The following are major bioinformatics journals<br /> <br /> Algorithms in Molecular Biology (http://www.almob.org/)<br /> Bioinformatics (http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/)<br /> BMC Bioinformatics (http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcbioinformatics)<br /> Briefings in Bioinformatics (http://bib.oxfordjournals.org/)<br /> Genome Research&nbsp;(http://genome.cshlp.org/)<br /> Genomics and Informatics (<a href="http://kogo.or.kr/"><font color="#0000ff">http://kogo.or.kr</font></a>)<br /> The International Journal of Biostatistics (http://www.bepress.com/ijb/)<br /> Journal of Computational Biology (http://www.liebertpub.com/Products/Product.aspx?pid=31&amp;AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1)<br /> Cancer Informatics (http://www.la-press.com/journal.php?pa=description&amp;journal_id=10)<br /> Molecular Systems Biology (http://www.nature.com/msb/index.html<br /> PLoS Computational Biology (http://www.ploscompbiol.org/home.action)<br /> International Journal of Bioinformatics Research and Applications (http://www.inderscience.com/browse/index.php?journalcode=ijbra)<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Sequencing DNA, Metagenomics, and Ecogenomics</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Next generation sequencing methods are not only mapping genomes. They can be used to map the environment. It is called ecogenomics. Environment to humans can be various microbial, plant, and animal interactions around us. Especially, microbial interaction is critical to our health. Gut bacteria are natural environment to us. Metagenomics is a methodology that sequences the whole set of microbes in our food tract. Researchers are realizing that human genome is complemented by such environmental genomes. A new term, 'ecogenomics' is now used to describe these concepts. Metagenomics and ecogenomics are for mapping the variation of environmental genetic factors.<br /> <br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Mapping expression using DNA sequencing</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> DNA sequencing technology&nbsp;used to be&nbsp;for mapping genotypes. However, they are now used to map expression levels in cells. Cells produce various RNAs. mRNA is the most abundant and important. In the past, microarray and DNA chips were used for measuring expression levels. They are not accurate and it takes many bioinformatic adjustments before it becomes reliable expression data. New sequencing technologies can measure expression levels much more accurately. By sequencing the RNAs, we can now quantify the mRNA levels by precisely knowing the RNA sequences. Sequencing technologies will restructure the expression analyses in the future.</span></div> <div><strong><font size="2">Conclusion</font></strong><br /> <font size="2">In 2009 and onwards, personal genome projects will produce unprecedented amount of biological data. New bioinformatics technologies will be required to handle them. New sequencing technologies will drive the next decades of biology and transform the medical practices in hospitals within the next decades. Fast sequencing unexpectedly brought us interesting applications such as metagenomics and ecogenomics. </font><font size="2">We examined the current trends in genomics and variomics.</font><br /> <br /> </div> <div><font size="2"><strong>References</strong></font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">(2004). &quot;Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome.&quot; <u>Nature</u> <strong>431</strong>(7011): 931-45.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Anderson, S., A. T. Bankier, et al. (1981). &quot;Sequence and organization of the human mitochondrial genome.&quot; <u>Nature</u> <strong>290</strong>(5806): 457-65.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Chan, E. Y. (2005). &quot;Advances in sequencing technology.&quot; <u>Mutat Res</u> <strong>573</strong>(1-2): 13-40.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Church, G. M. (2005). &quot;The personal genome project.&quot; <u>Mol Syst Biol</u> <strong>1</strong>: 2005 0030.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Gupta, P. K. (2008). &quot;Single-molecule DNA sequencing technologies for future genomics research.&quot; <u>Trends Biotechnol</u> <strong>26</strong>(11): 602-11.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Levy, S., G. Sutton, et al. (2007). &quot;The diploid genome sequence of an individual human.&quot; <u>PLoS Biol</u> <strong>5</strong>(10): e254.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Macrogen Inc.. from </font><a href="http://www.macrogen.co.kr/eng/macrogen/state.jsp"><font color="#0000ff" size="2">http://www.macrogen.co.kr/eng/macrogen/state.jsp</font></a><font size="2">.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Mardis, E. R. (2008). &quot;The impact of next-generation sequencing technology on genetics.&quot; <u>Trends Genet</u> <strong>24</strong>(3): 133-41.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Metzker, M. L. (2005). &quot;Emerging technologies in DNA sequencing.&quot; <u>Genome Res</u> <strong>15</strong>(12): 1767-76.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Porreca, G. J., J. Shendure, et al. (2006). &quot;Polony DNA sequencing.&quot; <u>Curr Protoc Mol Biol</u> <strong>Chapter 7</strong>: Unit 7 8.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Ring, H. Z., P. Y. Kwok, et al. (2006). &quot;Human Variome Project: an international collaboration to catalogue human genetic variation.&quot; <u>Pharmacogenomics</u> <strong>7</strong>(7): 969-72.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Sanger, F., G. M. Air, et al. (1977). &quot;Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA.&quot; <u>Nature</u> <strong>265</strong>(5596): 687-95.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Shendure, J., R. D. Mitra, et al. (2004). &quot;Advanced sequencing technologies: methods and goals.&quot; <u>Nat Rev Genet</u> <strong>5</strong>(5): 335-44.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Wheeler, D. A., M. Srinivasan, et al. (2008). &quot;The complete genome of an individual by massively parallel DNA sequencing.&quot; <u>Nature</u> <strong>452</strong>(7189): 872-6.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt">&nbsp;</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> 9d8699bfed5fe5f844bf678ea0255e8263bb98db 2240 2008-12-16T08:50:53Z Sskimb 38 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">&nbsp;</font> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt">Personal genomics, bioinformatics, and variomics</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Jong Bhak, Ho Ghang, Rohit Reja,&nbsp;and Sangsoo Kim</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> <br /> KOBIC (Korean Bioinformation Center), KRIBB, Daejeon, Korea. Dept. of Bioinformatics, Soongsil Univ., Seoul, Korea.</span></div> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><a href="mailto:jongbhak@yahoo.com"><font color="#0000ff">jongbhak@yahoo.com</font></a>, sskimb@ssu.ac.kr</span></div> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Abstract</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> There are at least five complete genome sequences available&nbsp;in 2008. It is known that there are over 15,000,000 genetic variants called SNPs in&nbsp;the dbSNP&nbsp;database. The cost of a full genome sequencing in 2009&nbsp;will be&nbsp;claimed to be less than $5000 USD.&nbsp;The genomics era has arrived in 2008. This review introduces&nbsp;technologies, bioinformatics,&nbsp;genomics visions, and variomics projects. Variomics is&nbsp;the&nbsp;study of the total genetic variation in an individual and&nbsp;populations.&nbsp;Research on&nbsp;genetic variation is the most&nbsp;valuable among many genomics research branches.&nbsp;Genomics and variomics projects will change biology and the society so dramatically that biology will become an everyday technology as personal computers and the internet. 'BioRevolution' is the term that can adequately describe this change.<br /> <br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Introduction</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Since the launch of the Human Genome Project (HGP)&nbsp;in 1990 by NIH of USA, researchers have been developing faster DNA sequencers </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Shendure, Mitra et al. 2004; Chan 2005; Metzker 2005; Gupta 2008; Mardis 2008)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. HGP was said to be led by James Watson who modeled DNA in Cambridge, UK in 1953. In 2003, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium held a press conference to announce the completion of the human genome </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(IHGSC 2004)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. In 2008, after 55 years, his complete genome sequence was publicized by using 454 DNA sequencers developed by a company </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Wheeler, Srinivasan et al. 2008)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">.&nbsp;In 2007, Craig Venter of former Celera founder published his own personal genome in PLoS Biology </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Levy, Sutton et al. 2007)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">.&nbsp;We are entering the personalized biology era with the advent of next generation sequencing technologies.<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">DNA sequencing</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The first breakthrough in genome sequencing came from Watson's&nbsp;colleague in Cambridge, Fred Sanger. In 1977, Sanger and his team produced the first useful DNA sequencing method and publicized the first complete genome </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Sanger, Air et al. 1977)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. It was a tiny virus genome known as phi X 174. Soon after phi X 174, he published the first complete organelle genome which was mitochondrion </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Anderson, Bankier et al. 1981)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. By 1998, researchers in the US evaluated multiplex genome sequencing technologies and were aware that one person's whole genome could be sequenced in one day using contemporary technologies. George Church was the Ph.D. student of Walter Gilbert who received a Nobel Prize with Sanger for developing a sequencing method. Gilbert's method was not used much. However, his colleague Church kept developing sequencing methods. One of them is based on Polony idea </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Porreca, Shendure et al. 2006)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. This technology is used by KNOME Inc. that is a full genome sequencing company. Genome sequencing technology&nbsp;is moving forward to the level as computer CPUs are universally used. DNA sequencing is one of the most important industrial technologies in biology due to its perpetual use and new applications in the future.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Personal Genomics</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> In 2009, genome sequencing technologies will achieve one person's whole genome per day in terms of DNA fragments sequenced. Personal genomics is a new term that utilizes such fast sequencers. In 2008, the cost for one personal genome is less than $300,000 USD. If the cost goes down below $1,000 USD, the impact of personal genomics is predicted to be the largest ever in biology&nbsp;on common people's life.&nbsp;PGP (Personal Genome Project) is a project to sequence as many people as possible with low costs </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Church 2005)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. Google Inc. and Church group are working together to sequence 100,000 people's genetic regions of DNA. In Saudi Arabia, the government is planning to sequence 100 Arabic people. In Europe, there are various groups of people and nations who have been genotyping the populations. Especially, Iceland has been successful in that effort by utilizing their well-kept genealogical data encompassing 100,000s people. In Asia, Jeongsun Seo of Seoul National University has been working on East Asia Genome Project in the past years. His group collected thousands of samples from Mongolian tribes with a gigantic genealogical tree among them </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Macrogen)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. Seo is planning on sequencing at least 100 Korean genomes working with Church and Green Cross Inc. of Korea. The aim of Seo's genome project is produce a resource for the East Asians as well as Koreans. He is presently sequencing at least two Korean people. In China, Beijing Genome Institute has been successful in terms of sequencing. Their first achievement came from a plant genome, rice. After rice, they launched a 99 Han Chinese genome sequencing project. In Nov. 2008, they published their first Chinese genome in a magazine, Nature. In Dec. 2008, another Korean group Lee Gilyeo Cancer and Diabetes Institute and Korean Bioinformation Center (KOBIC) made a Korean genome sequence public. The genome was sequenced by Solexa paired-end sequencer and comparative genomics analyses and SNP data were uploaded as a public resource for everyone.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Genome revolution&nbsp;</span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> </span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">These public genome data alongside previous known Craig Venter's and James Watson's mark that full genome sequences are not in academic domain anymore. Anyone who has money and will can sequence human genomes. This 'genomic revolution' will eventually lead to the 'BioRevolution' in terms of making the most essential human information completely mapped and publically available. These are revolutionary because humans can now engineer themselves with a map or a blue print not directly relying on trial and error style conventional evolutionary methods. This indicates that evolution went into a conscious level of driving evolution. It is almost designing the evolution using computers.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Genomes and personalized medicine</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The consequences of such biorevolution where genomic information is utilized by scientists to engineers all kinds of biological processes including evolution itself will bring us the personalized medicine. The essence of personalized medicine is that enzymes in our tissues such as cytochrome p450 have distinct differences among individuals and populations. Certain drugs produce different responses in individuals.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Cytochrome p450 family example</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The cytochrome P450 (CYP) family of liver enzymes&nbsp;are responsible for breaking down more than 30 different classes of drugs during phase I of drug metabolism. Structural and SNP variations of the&nbsp;genes that code for these enzymes can influence their ability to metabolize certain drugs. Based upon this, a population can be categorized into four major types of drug metabolizers: </span></div> <ul type="disc"> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Extensive metabolizers: The&nbsp;individuals that can be administered with normal drug dosage </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Intermediate metabolizers&nbsp;: The individuals that metabolizes drug with a rate slower than the normal rate. </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Poor metabolizers: The individuals with poor metabolizing rate. Drugs make accumulate and cause serious adverse effects. </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Ultra metabolizers: Individuals with metabolizing rate faster than extensive metabolizers. They may experience no effect of drug activity. </span></li> </ul> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Variomics</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The most important scientific data out of personal genomes is detecting precise sequence differences among individuals. Such differences have many types.&nbsp;There are structural differences between chromosomes. There can be insertions and deletions of DNA segments. There are certain fragments that appear as repeats in genomes. Mapping all these structural genetic variations can be briefly termed as 'variomics'. A variome is the totality of genetic variation found in an individual, a population, and a species. Among all the variations we know,&nbsp;the most common one is single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP).&nbsp;In Korea, mapping the variome has been pursued relatively early and there are several groups who are mapping the genetic variations. KOBIC has several very early stage, if not the earliest in the world, variome servers; <a href="http://variome.net/"><font color="#800080">http://variome.net</font></a> and <a href="http://variomics.net/"><font color="#0000ff">http://variomics.net</font></a>. Along with SNP variation, the copy number variation (CNV) is also important. Some recent reports tell us that CNVs can be as variable as or even more variable than SNPs that are simple DNA base changes in populations. Yeonjun Chung of Catholic University of Korea has been mapping CNVs among Korean people.</span></div> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">In early 2005, the US FDA cleared the AmpliChip^&reg; CYP450 Test, which measures variations in two genes of the CYP450 enzyme system: CYP2D6 and CYP2C19. The Roche AmpliChip CYP450 Test is intended to identify a patient's CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotype from genomic DNA extracted from a whole blood sample. Information about CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotype may be used as an aid to clinicians in determining therapeutic strategy and treatment dose for therapeutics that are metabolized by the CYP2D6 or CYP2C19 gene product</span></div> <div align="left"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Human Variome Project (HVP)</span></strong></div> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">As an international collaboration, headed by Richard Cotton, HVP was launched in 2006 (<a href="http://humanvariomeproject.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://humanvariomeproject.org</font></a>)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Ring, Kwok et al. 2006)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. HVP aims to link clinicians who have been working on rare diseases, molecular biologists, and bioinformaticists. Their aim is to link medical information with genotype information. Succinctly this process is called genotype to phenotype mapping. As several full human genome sequences are already available, mapping phenotypes to the full genomes will be the major challenge of biology in the next 20 years.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Asian Variome Project (AVP)</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Alongside and with the associations of eIMBL, A-IMBN, and HVP, a variome project that tries to map Asian population variome was launched in 2008. This was a group effort of Korean researchers who have been interested in genome sequences,&nbsp;SNPs, and CNVs. They have formed a Korean Variome Consortium (KOVAC: <a href="http://variome.kr/"><font color="#0000ff">http://variome.kr</font></a>) and supported AVP as one of the first projects. eIMBL that is the virtual lab network of Asia linking key biologists groups modeled after EMBL has acquired $80,000 USD in 2008 to support AVP. eIMBL aims to establish a virtual bioinformatics center in Asia pacific region that links many bioinformation processing scientists in Asia.<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Bioinformatics for personal genomes and variomes</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Bioinformatics is the key in personal genome projects and variome projects. Bioinformatics is not a set of tools but it is a proper scientific discipline. It regards life as a gigantic information processing phenomenon and tries to map its components and the emerging networks of the components. Bioinformatics in 2008 is driving biology into an information science. Most biology researches are now with massive amount of data that can not be processed by hand. Nearly all the biological research outcomes in the next&nbsp;five years will have some form of high throughput data such as genome sequences, microarray data, proteome analyses, SNPs, epigenome chips, and large scale phenotype mapping. Bioinformatics tools in genomics and variomics can be found from various internet resources. There are various bioinformatics hubs such as NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information), EBI (European Bioinformatics Institute), DDBJ (Databank of Japan), and KOBIC.&nbsp;Some&nbsp;others are: Bioinformatics Organization (<a href="http://bioinformatics.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://Bioinformatics.Org</font></a>), EMBnet (<a href="http://www.embnet.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://www.embnet.org/</font></a>), and&nbsp;The International Society for Computational Biology (<a href="http://iscb.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://iscb.org</font></a>). The following are major bioinformatics journals<br /> <br /> Algorithms in Molecular Biology (http://www.almob.org/)<br /> Bioinformatics (http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/)<br /> BMC Bioinformatics (http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcbioinformatics)<br /> Briefings in Bioinformatics (http://bib.oxfordjournals.org/)<br /> Genome Research&nbsp;(http://genome.cshlp.org/)<br /> Genomics and Informatics (<a href="http://kogo.or.kr/"><font color="#0000ff">http://kogo.or.kr</font></a>)<br /> The International Journal of Biostatistics (http://www.bepress.com/ijb/)<br /> Journal of Computational Biology (http://www.liebertpub.com/Products/Product.aspx?pid=31&amp;AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1)<br /> Cancer Informatics (http://www.la-press.com/journal.php?pa=description&amp;journal_id=10)<br /> Molecular Systems Biology (http://www.nature.com/msb/index.html<br /> PLoS Computational Biology (http://www.ploscompbiol.org/home.action)<br /> International Journal of Bioinformatics Research and Applications (http://www.inderscience.com/browse/index.php?journalcode=ijbra)<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Sequencing DNA, Metagenomics, and Ecogenomics</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Next generation sequencing methods are not only mapping genomes. They can be used to map the environment. It is called ecogenomics. Environment to humans can be various microbial, plant, and animal interactions around us. Especially, microbial interaction is critical to our health. Gut bacteria are natural environment to us. Metagenomics is a methodology that sequences the whole set of microbes in our food tract. Researchers are realizing that human genome is complemented by such environmental genomes. A new term, 'ecogenomics' is now used to describe these concepts. Metagenomics and ecogenomics are for mapping the variation of environmental genetic factors.<br /> <br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Mapping expression using DNA sequencing</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> DNA sequencing technology&nbsp;used to be&nbsp;for mapping genotypes. However, they are now used to map expression levels in cells. Cells produce various RNAs. mRNA is the most abundant and important. In the past, microarray and DNA chips were used for measuring expression levels. They are not accurate and it takes many bioinformatic adjustments before it becomes reliable expression data. New sequencing technologies can measure expression levels much more accurately. By sequencing the RNAs, we can now quantify the mRNA levels by precisely knowing the RNA sequences. Sequencing technologies will restructure the expression analyses in the future.</span></div> <div><strong><font size="2">Conclusion</font></strong><br /> <font size="2">In 2009 and onwards, personal genome projects will produce unprecedented amount of biological data. New bioinformatics technologies will be required to handle them. New sequencing technologies will drive the next decades of biology and transform the medical practices in hospitals within the next decades. Fast sequencing unexpectedly brought us interesting applications such as metagenomics and ecogenomics. </font><font size="2">We examined the current trends in genomics and variomics.</font><br /> <br /> </div> <div><font size="2"><strong>References</strong></font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">IHGSC (2004). &quot;Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome.&quot; <u>Nature</u> <strong>431</strong>(7011): 931-45.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Anderson, S., A. T. Bankier, et al. (1981). &quot;Sequence and organization of the human mitochondrial genome.&quot; <u>Nature</u> <strong>290</strong>(5806): 457-65.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Chan, E. Y. (2005). &quot;Advances in sequencing technology.&quot; <u>Mutat Res</u> <strong>573</strong>(1-2): 13-40.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Church, G. M. (2005). &quot;The personal genome project.&quot; <u>Mol Syst Biol</u> <strong>1</strong>: 2005 0030.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Gupta, P. K. (2008). &quot;Single-molecule DNA sequencing technologies for future genomics research.&quot; <u>Trends Biotechnol</u> <strong>26</strong>(11): 602-11.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Levy, S., G. Sutton, et al. (2007). &quot;The diploid genome sequence of an individual human.&quot; <u>PLoS Biol</u> <strong>5</strong>(10): e254.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Macrogen Inc.. from </font><a href="http://www.macrogen.co.kr/eng/macrogen/state.jsp"><font color="#0000ff" size="2">http://www.macrogen.co.kr/eng/macrogen/state.jsp</font></a><font size="2">.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Mardis, E. R. (2008). &quot;The impact of next-generation sequencing technology on genetics.&quot; <u>Trends Genet</u> <strong>24</strong>(3): 133-41.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Metzker, M. L. (2005). &quot;Emerging technologies in DNA sequencing.&quot; <u>Genome Res</u> <strong>15</strong>(12): 1767-76.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Porreca, G. J., J. Shendure, et al. (2006). &quot;Polony DNA sequencing.&quot; <u>Curr Protoc Mol Biol</u> <strong>Chapter 7</strong>: Unit 7 8.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Ring, H. Z., P. Y. Kwok, et al. (2006). &quot;Human Variome Project: an international collaboration to catalogue human genetic variation.&quot; <u>Pharmacogenomics</u> <strong>7</strong>(7): 969-72.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Sanger, F., G. M. Air, et al. (1977). &quot;Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA.&quot; <u>Nature</u> <strong>265</strong>(5596): 687-95.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Shendure, J., R. D. Mitra, et al. (2004). &quot;Advanced sequencing technologies: methods and goals.&quot; <u>Nat Rev Genet</u> <strong>5</strong>(5): 335-44.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Wheeler, D. A., M. Srinivasan, et al. (2008). &quot;The complete genome of an individual by massively parallel DNA sequencing.&quot; <u>Nature</u> <strong>452</strong>(7189): 872-6.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt">&nbsp;</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> 43c4e5856a045e8d6adb3f10fcf81b7ecdeb63cb 2241 2008-12-16T08:53:34Z Sskimb 38 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">&nbsp;</font> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt">Personal genomics, bioinformatics, and variomics</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Jong Bhak, Ho Ghang, Rohit Reja,&nbsp;and Sangsoo Kim</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> <br /> KOBIC (Korean Bioinformation Center), KRIBB, Daejeon, Korea. Dept. of Bioinformatics, Soongsil Univ., Seoul, Korea.</span></div> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><a href="mailto:jongbhak@yahoo.com"><font color="#0000ff">jongbhak@yahoo.com</font></a>, sskimb@ssu.ac.kr</span></div> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Abstract</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> There are at least five complete genome sequences available&nbsp;in 2008. It is known that there are over 15,000,000 genetic variants called SNPs in&nbsp;the dbSNP&nbsp;database. The cost of a full genome sequencing in 2009&nbsp;will be&nbsp;claimed to be less than $5000 USD.&nbsp;The genomics era has arrived in 2008. This review introduces&nbsp;technologies, bioinformatics,&nbsp;genomics visions, and variomics projects. Variomics is&nbsp;the&nbsp;study of the total genetic variation in an individual and&nbsp;populations.&nbsp;Research on&nbsp;genetic variation is the most&nbsp;valuable among many genomics research branches.&nbsp;Genomics and variomics projects will change biology and the society so dramatically that biology will become an everyday technology as personal computers and the internet. 'BioRevolution' is the term that can adequately describe this change.<br /> <br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Introduction</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Since the launch of the Human Genome Project (HGP)&nbsp;in 1990 by NIH of USA, researchers have been developing faster DNA sequencers </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Shendure, Mitra et al. 2004; Chan 2005; Metzker 2005; Gupta 2008; Mardis 2008)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. HGP was said to be led by James Watson who modeled DNA in Cambridge, UK in 1953. In 2003, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium held a press conference to announce the completion of the human genome </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(IHGSC 2004)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. In 2008, after 55 years, his complete genome sequence was publicized by using 454 DNA sequencers developed by a company </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Wheeler, Srinivasan et al. 2008)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">.&nbsp;In 2007, Craig Venter of former Celera founder published his own personal genome in PLoS Biology </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Levy, Sutton et al. 2007)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">.&nbsp;We are entering the personalized biology era with the advent of next generation sequencing technologies.<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">DNA sequencing</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The first breakthrough in genome sequencing came from Watson's&nbsp;colleague in Cambridge, Fred Sanger. In 1977, Sanger and his team produced the first useful DNA sequencing method and publicized the first complete genome </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Sanger, Air et al. 1977)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. It was a tiny virus genome known as phi X 174. Soon after phi X 174, he published the first complete organelle genome which was mitochondrion </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Anderson, Bankier et al. 1981)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. By 1998, researchers in the US evaluated multiplex genome sequencing technologies and were aware that one person's whole genome could be sequenced in one day using contemporary technologies. George Church was the Ph.D. student of Walter Gilbert who received a Nobel Prize with Sanger for developing a sequencing method. Gilbert's method was not used much. However, his colleague Church kept developing sequencing methods. One of them is based on Polony idea </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Porreca, Shendure et al. 2006)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. This technology is used by KNOME Inc. that is a full genome sequencing company. Genome sequencing technology&nbsp;is moving forward to the level as computer CPUs are universally used. DNA sequencing is one of the most important industrial technologies in biology due to its perpetual use and new applications in the future.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Personal Genomics</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> In 2009, genome sequencing technologies will achieve one person's whole genome per day in terms of DNA fragments sequenced. Personal genomics is a new term that utilizes such fast sequencers. In 2008, the cost for one personal genome is less than $300,000 USD. If the cost goes down below $1,000 USD, the impact of personal genomics is predicted to be the largest ever in biology&nbsp;on common people's life.&nbsp;PGP (Personal Genome Project) is a project to sequence as many people as possible with low costs </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Church 2005)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. Google Inc. and Church group are working together to sequence 100,000 people's genetic regions of DNA. In Saudi Arabia, the government is planning to sequence 100 Arabic people. In Europe, there are various groups of people and nations who have been genotyping the populations. Especially, Iceland has been successful in that effort by utilizing their well-kept genealogical data encompassing 100,000s people. In Asia, Jeongsun Seo of Seoul National University has been working on East Asia Genome Project in the past years. His group collected thousands of samples from Mongolian tribes with a gigantic genealogical tree among them </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Park et al. 2008; Sung et al. 2008)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. Seo is planning on sequencing at least 100 Korean genomes in collaboration with Church and Green Cross Inc. of Korea. The aim of Seo's genome project is produce a resource for the East Asians as well as Koreans. He is presently sequencing at least two Korean people. In China, Beijing Genome Institute has been successful in terms of sequencing. Their first achievement came from a plant genome, rice. After rice, they launched a 99 Han Chinese genome sequencing project. In Nov. 2008, they published their first Chinese genome in a magazine, Nature. In Dec. 2008, another Korean group Lee Gilyeo Cancer and Diabetes Institute and Korean Bioinformation Center (KOBIC) made a Korean genome sequence public. The genome was sequenced by Solexa paired-end sequencer and comparative genomics analyses and SNP data were uploaded as a public resource for everyone.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Genome revolution&nbsp;</span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> </span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">These public genome data alongside previously known Craig Venter's and James Watson's mark that full genome sequences are not in academic domain anymore. Anyone who has money and will can sequence human genomes. This 'genomic revolution' will eventually lead to the 'BioRevolution' in terms of making the most essential human information completely mapped and publically available. These are revolutionary because humans can now engineer themselves with a map or a blue print not directly relying on trial and error style conventional evolutionary methods. This indicates that evolution went into a conscious level of driving evolution. It is almost designing the evolution using computers.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Genomes and personalized medicine</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The consequences of 'BioRevolution' where genomic information is utilized by scientists to engineers all kinds of biological processes including evolution itself will bring us the personalized medicine. The essence of personalized medicine is that enzymes in our tissues such as cytochrome p450 have distinct differences among individuals and populations. Certain drugs produce different responses in individuals.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Cytochrome p450 family example</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The cytochrome P450 (CYP) family of liver enzymes&nbsp;are responsible for breaking down more than 30 different classes of drugs during phase I of drug metabolism. Structural and SNP variations of the&nbsp;genes that code for these enzymes can influence their ability to metabolize certain drugs. Based upon this, a population can be categorized into four major types of drug metabolizers: </span></div> <ul type="disc"> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Extensive metabolizers: The&nbsp;individuals that can be administered with normal drug dosage </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Intermediate metabolizers&nbsp;: The individuals that metabolizes drug with a rate slower than the normal rate. </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Poor metabolizers: The individuals with poor metabolizing rate. Drugs make accumulate and cause serious adverse effects. </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Ultra metabolizers: Individuals with metabolizing rate faster than extensive metabolizers. They may experience no effect of drug activity. </span></li> </ul> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Variomics</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The most important scientific data out of personal genomes is detecting precise sequence differences among individuals. Such differences have many types.&nbsp;There are structural differences between chromosomes. There can be insertions and deletions of DNA segments. There are certain fragments that appear as repeats in genomes. Mapping all these structural genetic variations can be briefly termed as 'variomics'. A variome is the totality of genetic variation found in an individual, a population, and a species. Among all the variations we know,&nbsp;the most common one is single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP).&nbsp;In Korea, mapping the variome has been pursued relatively early and there are several groups who are mapping the genetic variations. KOBIC has several very early stage, if not the earliest in the world, variome servers; <a href="http://variome.net/"><font color="#800080">http://variome.net</font></a> and <a href="http://variomics.net/"><font color="#0000ff">http://variomics.net</font></a>. Along with SNP variation, the copy number variation (CNV) is also important. Some recent reports tell us that CNVs can be as variable as or even more variable than SNPs that are simple DNA base changes in populations. Yeonjun Chung of Catholic University of Korea has been mapping CNVs among Korean people.</span></div> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">In early 2005, the US FDA cleared the AmpliChip^&reg; CYP450 Test, which measures variations in two genes of the CYP450 enzyme system: CYP2D6 and CYP2C19. The Roche AmpliChip CYP450 Test is intended to identify a patient's CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotype from genomic DNA extracted from a whole blood sample. Information about CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotype may be used as an aid to clinicians in determining therapeutic strategy and treatment dose for therapeutics that are metabolized by the CYP2D6 or CYP2C19 gene product</span></div> <div align="left"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Human Variome Project (HVP)</span></strong></div> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">As an international collaboration, headed by Richard Cotton, HVP was launched in 2006 (<a href="http://humanvariomeproject.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://humanvariomeproject.org</font></a>)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Ring, Kwok et al. 2006)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. HVP aims to link clinicians who have been working on rare diseases, molecular biologists, and bioinformaticists. Their aim is to link medical information with genotype information. Succinctly this process is called genotype to phenotype mapping. As several full human genome sequences are already available, mapping phenotypes to the full genomes will be the major challenge of biology in the next 20 years.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Asian Variome Project (AVP)</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Alongside and with the associations of eIMBL, A-IMBN, and HVP, a variome project that tries to map Asian population variome was launched in 2008. This was a group effort of Korean researchers who have been interested in genome sequences,&nbsp;SNPs, and CNVs. They have formed a Korean Variome Consortium (KOVAC: <a href="http://variome.kr/"><font color="#0000ff">http://variome.kr</font></a>) and supported AVP as one of the first projects. eIMBL that is the virtual lab network of Asia linking key biologists groups modeled after EMBL has acquired $80,000 USD in 2008 to support AVP. eIMBL aims to establish a virtual bioinformatics center in Asia pacific region that links many bioinformation processing scientists in Asia.<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Bioinformatics for personal genomes and variomes</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Bioinformatics is the key in personal genome projects and variome projects. Bioinformatics is not a set of tools but it is a proper scientific discipline. It regards life as a gigantic information processing phenomenon and tries to map its components and the emerging networks of the components. Bioinformatics in 2008 is driving biology into an information science. Most biology researches are now with massive amount of data that can not be processed by hand. Nearly all the biological research outcomes in the next&nbsp;five years will have some form of high throughput data such as genome sequences, microarray data, proteome analyses, SNPs, epigenome chips, and large scale phenotype mapping. Bioinformatics tools in genomics and variomics can be found from various internet resources. There are various bioinformatics hubs such as NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information), EBI (European Bioinformatics Institute), DDBJ (Databank of Japan), and KOBIC.&nbsp;Some&nbsp;others are: Bioinformatics Organization (<a href="http://bioinformatics.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://Bioinformatics.Org</font></a>), EMBnet (<a href="http://www.embnet.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://www.embnet.org/</font></a>), and&nbsp;The International Society for Computational Biology (<a href="http://iscb.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://iscb.org</font></a>). The following are major bioinformatics journals<br /> <br /> Algorithms in Molecular Biology (http://www.almob.org/)<br /> Bioinformatics (http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/)<br /> BMC Bioinformatics (http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcbioinformatics)<br /> Briefings in Bioinformatics (http://bib.oxfordjournals.org/)<br /> Genome Research&nbsp;(http://genome.cshlp.org/)<br /> Genomics and Informatics (<a href="http://kogo.or.kr/"><font color="#0000ff">http://kogo.or.kr</font></a>)<br /> The International Journal of Biostatistics (http://www.bepress.com/ijb/)<br /> Journal of Computational Biology (http://www.liebertpub.com/Products/Product.aspx?pid=31&amp;AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1)<br /> Cancer Informatics (http://www.la-press.com/journal.php?pa=description&amp;journal_id=10)<br /> Molecular Systems Biology (http://www.nature.com/msb/index.html<br /> PLoS Computational Biology (http://www.ploscompbiol.org/home.action)<br /> International Journal of Bioinformatics Research and Applications (http://www.inderscience.com/browse/index.php?journalcode=ijbra)<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Sequencing DNA, Metagenomics, and Ecogenomics</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Next generation sequencing methods are not only mapping genomes. They can be used to map the environment. It is called ecogenomics. Environment to humans can be various microbial, plant, and animal interactions around us. Especially, microbial interaction is critical to our health. Gut bacteria are natural environment to us. Metagenomics is a methodology that sequences the whole set of microbes in our food tract. Researchers are realizing that human genome is complemented by such environmental genomes. A new term, 'ecogenomics' is now used to describe these concepts. Metagenomics and ecogenomics are for mapping the variation of environmental genetic factors.<br /> <br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Mapping expression using DNA sequencing</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> DNA sequencing technology&nbsp;used to be&nbsp;for mapping genotypes. However, they are now used to map expression levels in cells. Cells produce various RNAs. mRNA is the most abundant and important. In the past, microarray and DNA chips were used for measuring expression levels. They are not accurate and it takes many bioinformatic adjustments before it becomes reliable expression data. New sequencing technologies can measure expression levels much more accurately. By sequencing the RNAs, we can now quantify the mRNA levels by precisely knowing the RNA sequences. Sequencing technologies will restructure the expression analyses in the future.</span></div> <div><strong><font size="2">Conclusion</font></strong><br /> <font size="2">In 2009 and onwards, personal genome projects will produce unprecedented amount of biological data. New bioinformatics technologies will be required to handle them. New sequencing technologies will drive the next decades of biology and transform the medical practices in hospitals within the next decades. Fast sequencing unexpectedly brought us interesting applications such as metagenomics and ecogenomics. </font><font size="2">We examined the current trends in genomics and variomics.</font><br /> <br /> </div> <div><font size="2"><strong>References</strong></font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">IHGSC (2004). &quot;Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome.&quot; <u>Nature</u> <strong>431</strong>(7011): 931-45.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Anderson, S., A. T. Bankier, et al. (1981). &quot;Sequence and organization of the human mitochondrial genome.&quot; <u>Nature</u> <strong>290</strong>(5806): 457-65.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Chan, E. Y. (2005). &quot;Advances in sequencing technology.&quot; <u>Mutat Res</u> <strong>573</strong>(1-2): 13-40.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Church, G. M. (2005). &quot;The personal genome project.&quot; <u>Mol Syst Biol</u> <strong>1</strong>: 2005 0030.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Gupta, P. K. (2008). &quot;Single-molecule DNA sequencing technologies for future genomics research.&quot; <u>Trends Biotechnol</u> <strong>26</strong>(11): 602-11.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Levy, S., G. Sutton, et al. (2007). &quot;The diploid genome sequence of an individual human.&quot; <u>PLoS Biol</u> <strong>5</strong>(10): e254.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Macrogen Inc.. from </font><a href="http://www.macrogen.co.kr/eng/macrogen/state.jsp"><font color="#0000ff" size="2">http://www.macrogen.co.kr/eng/macrogen/state.jsp</font></a><font size="2">.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Mardis, E. R. (2008). &quot;The impact of next-generation sequencing technology on genetics.&quot; <u>Trends Genet</u> <strong>24</strong>(3): 133-41.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Metzker, M. L. (2005). &quot;Emerging technologies in DNA sequencing.&quot; <u>Genome Res</u> <strong>15</strong>(12): 1767-76.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Porreca, G. J., J. Shendure, et al. (2006). &quot;Polony DNA sequencing.&quot; <u>Curr Protoc Mol Biol</u> <strong>Chapter 7</strong>: Unit 7 8.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Ring, H. Z., P. Y. Kwok, et al. (2006). &quot;Human Variome Project: an international collaboration to catalogue human genetic variation.&quot; <u>Pharmacogenomics</u> <strong>7</strong>(7): 969-72.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Sanger, F., G. M. Air, et al. (1977). &quot;Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA.&quot; <u>Nature</u> <strong>265</strong>(5596): 687-95.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Shendure, J., R. D. Mitra, et al. (2004). &quot;Advanced sequencing technologies: methods and goals.&quot; <u>Nat Rev Genet</u> <strong>5</strong>(5): 335-44.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Wheeler, D. A., M. Srinivasan, et al. (2008). &quot;The complete genome of an individual by massively parallel DNA sequencing.&quot; <u>Nature</u> <strong>452</strong>(7189): 872-6.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt">&nbsp;</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> a75893c386e8605cb218504e1b87d2a154acef66 2242 2008-12-16T08:56:25Z Sskimb 38 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">&nbsp;</font> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt">Personal genomics, bioinformatics, and variomics</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Jong Bhak, Ho Ghang, Rohit Reja,&nbsp;and Sangsoo Kim</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> <br /> KOBIC (Korean Bioinformation Center), KRIBB, Daejeon, Korea. Dept. of Bioinformatics, Soongsil Univ., Seoul, Korea.</span></div> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><a href="mailto:jongbhak@yahoo.com"><font color="#0000ff">jongbhak@yahoo.com</font></a>, sskimb@ssu.ac.kr</span></div> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Abstract</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> There are at least five complete genome sequences available&nbsp;in 2008. It is known that there are over 15,000,000 genetic variants called SNPs in&nbsp;the dbSNP&nbsp;database. The cost of a full genome sequencing in 2009&nbsp;will be&nbsp;claimed to be less than $5000 USD.&nbsp;The genomics era has arrived in 2008. This review introduces&nbsp;technologies, bioinformatics,&nbsp;genomics visions, and variomics projects. Variomics is&nbsp;the&nbsp;study of the total genetic variation in an individual and&nbsp;populations.&nbsp;Research on&nbsp;genetic variation is the most&nbsp;valuable among many genomics research branches.&nbsp;Genomics and variomics projects will change biology and the society so dramatically that biology will become an everyday technology as personal computers and the internet. 'BioRevolution' is the term that can adequately describe this change.<br /> <br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Introduction</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Since the launch of the Human Genome Project (HGP)&nbsp;in 1990 by NIH of USA, researchers have been developing faster DNA sequencers </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Shendure, Mitra et al. 2004; Chan 2005; Metzker 2005; Gupta 2008; Mardis 2008)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. HGP was said to be led by James Watson who modeled DNA in Cambridge, UK in 1953. In 2003, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium held a press conference to announce the completion of the human genome </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(IHGSC 2004)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. In 2008, after 55 years, his complete genome sequence was publicized by using 454 DNA sequencers developed by a company </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Wheeler, Srinivasan et al. 2008)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">.&nbsp;In 2007, Craig Venter of former Celera founder published his own personal genome in PLoS Biology </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Levy, Sutton et al. 2007)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">.&nbsp;We are entering the personalized biology era with the advent of next generation sequencing technologies.<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">DNA sequencing</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The first breakthrough in genome sequencing came from Watson's&nbsp;colleague in Cambridge, Fred Sanger. In 1977, Sanger and his team produced the first useful DNA sequencing method and publicized the first complete genome </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Sanger, Air et al. 1977)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. It was a tiny virus genome known as phi X 174. Soon after phi X 174, he published the first complete organelle genome which was mitochondrion </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Anderson, Bankier et al. 1981)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. By 1998, researchers in the US evaluated multiplex genome sequencing technologies and were aware that one person's whole genome could be sequenced in one day using contemporary technologies. George Church was the Ph.D. student of Walter Gilbert who received a Nobel Prize with Sanger for developing a sequencing method. Gilbert's method was not used much. However, his colleague Church kept developing sequencing methods. One of them is based on Polony idea </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Porreca, Shendure et al. 2006)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. This technology is used by KNOME Inc. that is a full genome sequencing company. Genome sequencing technology&nbsp;is moving forward to the level as computer CPUs are universally used. DNA sequencing is one of the most important industrial technologies in biology due to its perpetual use and new applications in the future.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Personal Genomics</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> In 2009, genome sequencing technologies will achieve one person's whole genome per day in terms of DNA fragments sequenced. Personal genomics is a new term that utilizes such fast sequencers. In 2008, the cost for one personal genome is less than $300,000 USD. If the cost goes down below $1,000 USD, the impact of personal genomics is predicted to be the largest ever in biology&nbsp;on common people's life.&nbsp;PGP (Personal Genome Project) is a project to sequence as many people as possible with low costs </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Church 2005)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. Google Inc. and Church group are working together to sequence 100,000 people's genetic regions of DNA. In Saudi Arabia, the government is planning to sequence 100 Arabic people. In Europe, there are various groups of people and nations who have been genotyping the populations. Especially, Iceland has been successful in that effort by utilizing their well-kept genealogical data encompassing 100,000s people. In Asia, Jeongsun Seo of Seoul National University has been working on East Asia Genome Project in the past years. His group collected thousands of samples from Mongolian tribes with a gigantic genealogical tree among them </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Park et al. 2008; Sung et al. 2008)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. Seo is planning on sequencing at least 100 Korean genomes in collaboration with Church and Green Cross Inc. of Korea. The aim of Seo's genome project is produce a resource for the East Asians as well as Koreans. He is presently sequencing at least two Korean people. In China, Beijing Genome Institute has been successful in terms of sequencing. Their first achievement came from a plant genome, rice. After rice, they launched a 99 Han Chinese genome sequencing project. In Nov. 2008, they published their first Chinese genome in a magazine, Nature. In Dec. 2008, another Korean group Lee Gilyeo Cancer and Diabetes Institute and Korean Bioinformation Center (KOBIC) made a Korean genome sequence public. The genome was sequenced by Solexa paired-end sequencer and comparative genomics analyses and SNP data were uploaded as a public resource for everyone.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Genome revolution&nbsp;</span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> </span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">These public genome data alongside previously known Craig Venter's and James Watson's mark that full genome sequences are not in academic domain anymore. Anyone who has money and will can sequence human genomes. This 'genomic revolution' will eventually lead to the 'BioRevolution' in terms of making the most essential human information completely mapped and publically available. These are revolutionary because humans can now engineer themselves with a map or a blue print not directly relying on trial and error style conventional evolutionary methods. This indicates that evolution went into a conscious level of driving evolution. It is almost designing the evolution using computers.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Genomes and personalized medicine</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The consequences of 'BioRevolution' where genomic information is utilized by scientists to engineers all kinds of biological processes including evolution itself will bring us the personalized medicine. The essence of personalized medicine is that enzymes in our tissues such as cytochrome p450 have distinct differences among individuals and populations. Certain drugs produce different responses in individuals.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Cytochrome p450 family example</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The cytochrome P450 (CYP) family of liver enzymes&nbsp;are responsible for breaking down more than 30 different classes of drugs during phase I of drug metabolism. Structural and SNP variations of the&nbsp;genes that code for these enzymes can influence their ability to metabolize certain drugs. Based upon this, a population can be categorized into four major types of drug metabolizers: </span></div> <ul type="disc"> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Extensive metabolizers: The&nbsp;individuals that can be administered with normal drug dosage </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Intermediate metabolizers&nbsp;: The individuals that metabolizes drug with a rate slower than the normal rate. </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Poor metabolizers: The individuals with poor metabolizing rate. Drugs make accumulate and cause serious adverse effects. </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Ultra metabolizers: Individuals with metabolizing rate faster than extensive metabolizers. They may experience no effect of drug activity. </span></li> </ul> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Variomics</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The most important scientific data out of personal genomes is detecting precise sequence differences among individuals. Such differences have many types.&nbsp;There are structural differences between chromosomes. There can be insertions and deletions of DNA segments. There are certain fragments that appear as repeats in genomes. Mapping all these structural genetic variations can be briefly termed as 'variomics'. A variome is the totality of genetic variation found in an individual, a population, and a species. Among all the variations we know,&nbsp;the most common one is single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP).&nbsp;In Korea, mapping the variome has been pursued relatively early and there are several groups who are mapping the genetic variations. KOBIC has several very early stage, if not the earliest in the world, variome servers; <a href="http://variome.net/"><font color="#800080">http://variome.net</font></a> and <a href="http://variomics.net/"><font color="#0000ff">http://variomics.net</font></a>. Along with SNP variation, the copy number variation (CNV) is also important. Some recent reports tell us that CNVs can be as variable as or even more variable than SNPs that are simple DNA base changes in populations. Yeonjun Chung of Catholic University of Korea has been mapping CNVs among Korean people.</span></div> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">In early 2005, the US FDA cleared the AmpliChip^&reg; CYP450 Test, which measures variations in two genes of the CYP450 enzyme system: CYP2D6 and CYP2C19. The Roche AmpliChip CYP450 Test is intended to identify a patient's CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotype from genomic DNA extracted from a whole blood sample. Information about CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotype may be used as an aid to clinicians in determining therapeutic strategy and treatment dose for therapeutics that are metabolized by the CYP2D6 or CYP2C19 gene product</span></div> <div align="left"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Human Variome Project (HVP)</span></strong></div> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">As an international collaboration, headed by Richard Cotton, HVP was launched in 2006 (<a href="http://humanvariomeproject.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://humanvariomeproject.org</font></a>)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Ring, Kwok et al. 2006)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. HVP aims to link clinicians who have been working on rare diseases, molecular biologists, and bioinformaticists. Their aim is to link medical information with genotype information. Succinctly this process is called genotype to phenotype mapping. As several full human genome sequences are already available, mapping phenotypes to the full genomes will be the major challenge of biology in the next 20 years.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Asian Variome Project (AVP)</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Alongside and with the associations of eIMBL, A-IMBN, and HVP, a variome project that tries to map Asian population variome was launched in 2008. This was a group effort of Korean researchers who have been interested in genome sequences,&nbsp;SNPs, and CNVs. They have formed a Korean Variome Consortium (KOVAC: <a href="http://variome.kr/"><font color="#0000ff">http://variome.kr</font></a>) and supported AVP as one of the first projects. eIMBL that is the virtual lab network of Asia linking key biologists groups modeled after EMBL has acquired $80,000 USD in 2008 to support AVP. eIMBL aims to establish a virtual bioinformatics center in Asia pacific region that links many bioinformation processing scientists in Asia.<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Bioinformatics for personal genomes and variomes</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Bioinformatics is the key in personal genome projects and variome projects. Bioinformatics is not a set of tools but it is a proper scientific discipline. It regards life as a gigantic information processing phenomenon and tries to map its components and the emerging networks of the components. Bioinformatics in 2008 is driving biology into an information science. Most biology researches are now with massive amount of data that can not be processed by hand. Nearly all the biological research outcomes in the next&nbsp;five years will have some form of high throughput data such as genome sequences, microarray data, proteome analyses, SNPs, epigenome chips, and large scale phenotype mapping. Bioinformatics tools in genomics and variomics can be found from various internet resources. There are various bioinformatics hubs such as NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information), EBI (European Bioinformatics Institute), DDBJ (Databank of Japan), and KOBIC.&nbsp;Some&nbsp;others are: Bioinformatics Organization (<a href="http://bioinformatics.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://Bioinformatics.Org</font></a>), EMBnet (<a href="http://www.embnet.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://www.embnet.org/</font></a>), and&nbsp;The International Society for Computational Biology (<a href="http://iscb.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://iscb.org</font></a>). The following are major bioinformatics journals<br /> <br /> Algorithms in Molecular Biology (http://www.almob.org/)<br /> Bioinformatics (http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/)<br /> BMC Bioinformatics (http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcbioinformatics)<br /> Briefings in Bioinformatics (http://bib.oxfordjournals.org/)<br /> Genome Research&nbsp;(http://genome.cshlp.org/)<br /> Genomics and Informatics (<a href="http://kogo.or.kr/"><font color="#0000ff">http://kogo.or.kr</font></a>)<br /> The International Journal of Biostatistics (http://www.bepress.com/ijb/)<br /> Journal of Computational Biology (http://www.liebertpub.com/Products/Product.aspx?pid=31&amp;AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1)<br /> Cancer Informatics (http://www.la-press.com/journal.php?pa=description&amp;journal_id=10)<br /> Molecular Systems Biology (http://www.nature.com/msb/index.html<br /> PLoS Computational Biology (http://www.ploscompbiol.org/home.action)<br /> International Journal of Bioinformatics Research and Applications (http://www.inderscience.com/browse/index.php?journalcode=ijbra)<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Sequencing DNA, Metagenomics, and Ecogenomics</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Next generation sequencing methods are not only mapping genomes. They can be used to map the environment. It is called ecogenomics. Environment to humans can be various microbial, plant, and animal interactions around us. Especially, microbial interaction is critical to our health. Gut bacteria are natural environment to us. Metagenomics is a methodology that sequences the whole set of microbes in our food tract. Researchers are realizing that human genome is complemented by such environmental genomes. A new term, 'ecogenomics' is now used to describe these concepts. Metagenomics and ecogenomics are for mapping the variation of environmental genetic factors.<br /> <br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Mapping expression using DNA sequencing</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> DNA sequencing technology&nbsp;used to be&nbsp;for mapping genotypes. However, they are now used to map expression levels in cells. Cells produce various RNAs. mRNA is the most abundant and important. In the past, microarray and DNA chips were used for measuring expression levels. They are not accurate and it takes many bioinformatic adjustments before it becomes reliable expression data. New sequencing technologies can measure expression levels much more accurately. By sequencing the RNAs, we can now quantify the mRNA levels by precisely knowing the RNA sequences. Sequencing technologies will restructure the expression analyses in the future.</span></div> <div><strong><font size="2">Conclusion</font></strong><br /> <font size="2">In 2009 and onwards, personal genome projects will produce unprecedented amount of biological data. New bioinformatics technologies will be required to handle them. New sequencing technologies will drive the next decades of biology and transform the medical practices in hospitals within the next decades. Fast sequencing unexpectedly brought us interesting applications such as metagenomics and ecogenomics. </font><font size="2">We examined the current trends in genomics and variomics.</font><br /> <br /> </div> <div><font size="2"><strong>References</strong></font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">IHGSC (2004). &quot;Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome.&quot; <u>Nature</u> <strong>431</strong>(7011): 931-45.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Anderson, S., A. T. Bankier, et al. (1981). &quot;Sequence and organization of the human mitochondrial genome.&quot; <u>Nature</u> <strong>290</strong>(5806): 457-65.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Chan, E. Y. (2005). &quot;Advances in sequencing technology.&quot; <u>Mutat Res</u> <strong>573</strong>(1-2): 13-40.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Church, G. M. (2005). &quot;The personal genome project.&quot; <u>Mol Syst Biol</u> <strong>1</strong>: 2005 0030.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Gupta, P. K. (2008). &quot;Single-molecule DNA sequencing technologies for future genomics research.&quot; <u>Trends Biotechnol</u> <strong>26</strong>(11): 602-11.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Levy, S., G. Sutton, et al. (2007). &quot;The diploid genome sequence of an individual human.&quot; <u>PLoS Biol</u> <strong>5</strong>(10): e254.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Macrogen Inc.. from </font><a href="http://www.macrogen.co.kr/eng/macrogen/state.jsp"><font color="#0000ff" size="2">http://www.macrogen.co.kr/eng/macrogen/state.jsp</font></a><font size="2">.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Mardis, E. R. (2008). &quot;The impact of next-generation sequencing technology on genetics.&quot; <u>Trends Genet</u> <strong>24</strong>(3): 133-41.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Metzker, M. L. (2005). &quot;Emerging technologies in DNA sequencing.&quot; <u>Genome Res</u> <strong>15</strong>(12): 1767-76.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Porreca, G. J., J. Shendure, et al. (2006). &quot;Polony DNA sequencing.&quot; <u>Curr Protoc Mol Biol</u> <strong>Chapter 7</strong>: Unit 7 8.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Ring, H. Z., P. Y. Kwok, et al. (2006). &quot;Human Variome Project: an international collaboration to catalogue human genetic variation.&quot; <u>Pharmacogenomics</u> <strong>7</strong>(7): 969-72.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Sanger, F., G. M. Air, et al. (1977). &quot;Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA.&quot; <u>Nature</u> <strong>265</strong>(5596): 687-95.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Shendure, J., R. D. Mitra, et al. (2004). &quot;Advanced sequencing technologies: methods and goals.&quot; <u>Nat Rev Genet</u> <strong>5</strong>(5): 335-44.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Wheeler, D. A., M. Srinivasan, et al. (2008). &quot;The complete genome of an individual by massively parallel DNA sequencing.&quot; <u>Nature</u> <strong>452</strong>(7189): 872-6.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt">&nbsp;</div> <div><font color="#ff6600">Park, H. et al. (2008). &quot;Genome-wide Linkage Study for Plasma HDL Cholesterol Level in an Isolated Population of Mongolia.&quot; Genomics &amp; Informatics 6(1): 8-13.<br /> Sung, J. et al. (2008). &quot;Inbreeding Coefficients in Two Isolated Mongolian Populations - GENDISCAN Study.' Genomics &amp; Informatics 6(1): 14-17.</font></div> c4e42c69cdd384c5a25c476711520d54bde438da 2243 2008-12-16T09:05:48Z Sskimb 38 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">&nbsp;</font> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt">Personal genomics, bioinformatics, and variomics</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Jong Bhak, Ho Ghang, Rohit Reja,&nbsp;and Sangsoo Kim</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> <br /> KOBIC (Korean Bioinformation Center), KRIBB, Daejeon, Korea. Dept. of Bioinformatics, Soongsil Univ., Seoul, Korea.</span></div> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><a href="mailto:jongbhak@yahoo.com"><font color="#0000ff">jongbhak@yahoo.com</font></a>, sskimb@ssu.ac.kr</span></div> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Abstract</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> There are at least five complete genome sequences available&nbsp;in 2008. It is known that there are over 15,000,000 genetic variants called SNPs in&nbsp;the dbSNP&nbsp;database. The cost of a full genome sequencing in 2009&nbsp;will be&nbsp;claimed to be less than $5000 USD.&nbsp;The genomics era has arrived in 2008. This review introduces&nbsp;technologies, bioinformatics,&nbsp;genomics visions, and variomics projects. Variomics is&nbsp;the&nbsp;study of the total genetic variation in an individual and&nbsp;populations.&nbsp;Research on&nbsp;genetic variation is the most&nbsp;valuable among many genomics research branches.&nbsp;Genomics and variomics projects will change biology and the society so dramatically that biology will become an everyday technology as personal computers and the internet. 'BioRevolution' is the term that can adequately describe this change.<br /> <br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Introduction</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Since the launch of the Human Genome Project (HGP)&nbsp;in 1990 by NIH of USA, researchers have been developing faster DNA sequencers </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Shendure, Mitra et al. 2004; Chan 2005; Metzker 2005; Gupta 2008; Mardis 2008)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. HGP was said to be led by James Watson who modeled DNA in Cambridge, UK in 1953. In 2003, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium held a press conference to announce the completion of the human genome </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(IHGSC 2004)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. In 2008, after 55 years, his complete genome sequence was publicized by using 454 DNA sequencers developed by a company </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Wheeler, Srinivasan et al. 2008)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">.&nbsp;In 2007, Craig Venter of former Celera founder published his own personal genome in PLoS Biology </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Levy, Sutton et al. 2007)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">.&nbsp;We are entering the personalized biology era with the advent of next generation sequencing technologies.<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">DNA sequencing</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The first breakthrough in genome sequencing came from Watson's&nbsp;colleague in Cambridge, Fred Sanger. In 1977, Sanger and his team produced the first useful DNA sequencing method and publicized the first complete genome </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Sanger, Air et al. 1977)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. It was a tiny virus genome known as phi X 174. Soon after phi X 174, he published the first complete organelle genome which was mitochondrion </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Anderson, Bankier et al. 1981)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. By 1998, researchers in the US evaluated multiplex genome sequencing technologies and were aware that one person's whole genome could be sequenced in one day using contemporary technologies. George Church was the Ph.D. student of Walter Gilbert who received a Nobel Prize with Sanger for developing a sequencing method. Gilbert's method was not used much. However, his colleague Church kept developing sequencing methods. One of them is based on Polony idea </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Porreca, Shendure et al. 2006)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. This technology is used by KNOME Inc. that is a full genome sequencing company. Genome sequencing technology&nbsp;is moving forward to the level as computer CPUs are universally used. DNA sequencing is one of the most important industrial technologies in biology due to its perpetual use and new applications in the future.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Personal Genomics</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> In 2009, genome sequencing technologies will achieve one person's whole genome per day in terms of DNA fragments sequenced. Personal genomics is a new term that utilizes such fast sequencers. In 2008, the cost for one personal genome is less than $300,000 USD. If the cost goes down below $1,000 USD, the impact of personal genomics is predicted to be the largest ever in biology&nbsp;on common people's life.&nbsp;PGP (Personal Genome Project) is a project to sequence as many people as possible with low costs </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Church 2005)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. Google Inc. and Church group are working together to sequence 100,000 people's genetic regions of DNA. In Saudi Arabia, the government is planning to sequence 100 Arabic people. In Europe, there are various groups of people and nations who have been genotyping the populations. Especially, Iceland has been successful in that effort by utilizing their well-kept genealogical data encompassing 100,000s people. In Asia, Jeongsun Seo of Seoul National University has been working on East Asia Genome Project in the past years. His group collected thousands of samples from Mongolian tribes with a gigantic genealogical tree among them </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Park et al. 2008; Sung et al. 2008)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. Seo is planning on sequencing at least 100 Korean genomes in collaboration with Church and Green Cross Inc. of Korea. The aim of Seo's genome project is to produce a resource for the East Asians as well as Koreans. He is presently sequencing at least two Korean people. In China, Beijing Genome Institute has been successful in terms of sequencing. Their first achievement came from a plant genome, rice. After rice, they launched a 99 Han Chinese genome sequencing project. In Nov. 2008, they published their first Chinese genome in a magazine, Nature. In Dec. 2008, another Korean group Lee Gilyeo Cancer and Diabetes Institute and Korean Bioinformation Center (KOBIC) made a Korean genome sequence public. The genome was sequenced by Solexa paired-end sequencer and comparative genomics analyses and SNP data were uploaded as a public resource for everyone.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Genome revolution&nbsp;</span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> </span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">These public genome data alongside previously known Craig Venter's and James Watson's mark that full genome sequences are not in academic domain anymore. Anyone who has money and will can sequence human genomes. This 'genomic revolution' will eventually lead to the 'BioRevolution' in terms of making the most essential human information completely mapped and publically available. These are revolutionary because humans can now engineer themselves with a map or a blue print not directly relying on trial and error style conventional evolutionary methods. This indicates that evolution went into a conscious level of driving evolution. It is almost designing the evolution using computers.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Genomes and personalized medicine</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The consequences of 'BioRevolution' where genomic information is utilized by scientists to engineers all kinds of biological processes including evolution itself will bring us the personalized medicine. The essence of personalized medicine is that enzymes in our tissues such as cytochrome P450 have distinct differences among individuals and populations. Certain drugs produce different responses in individuals.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Cytochrome p450 family example</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The cytochrome P450 (CYP) family of liver enzymes&nbsp;are responsible for breaking down more than 30 different classes of drugs during phase I of drug metabolism. Structural and SNP variations of the&nbsp;genes that code for these enzymes can influence their ability to metabolize certain drugs. Based upon this, a population can be categorized into four major types of drug metabolizers: </span></div> <ul type="disc"> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Extensive metabolizers: The&nbsp;individuals that can be administered with normal drug dosage </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Intermediate metabolizers&nbsp;: The individuals that metabolizes drug with a rate slower than the normal rate. </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Poor metabolizers: The individuals with poor metabolizing rate. Drugs make accumulate and cause serious adverse effects. </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Ultra metabolizers: Individuals with metabolizing rate faster than extensive metabolizers. They may experience no effect of drug activity. </span></li> </ul> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Variomics</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The most important scientific data out of personal genomes are the precise sequence differences among individuals. Such differences have many types.&nbsp;There are structural differences between chromosomes. There can be insertions and deletions of DNA segments. There are certain fragments that appear as repeats in genomes. Mapping all these structural genetic variations can be briefly termed as 'variomics'. A variome is the totality of genetic variation found in an individual, a population, and a species. Among all the variations we know,&nbsp;the most common one is single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP).&nbsp;In Korea, mapping the variome has been pursued relatively early and there are several groups who are mapping the genetic variations. KOBIC has several very early stage, if not the earliest in the world, variome servers; <a href="http://variome.net/"><font color="#800080">http://variome.net</font></a> and <a href="http://variomics.net/"><font color="#0000ff">http://variomics.net</font></a>. Along with SNP variation, the copy number variation (CNV) is also important. Some recent reports tell us that CNVs can be as variable as or even more variable than SNPs that are simple DNA base changes in populations. Yeun-Jun Chung of Catholic University of Korea has been mapping CNVs among Korean people.</span></div> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">In early 2005, the US FDA cleared the AmpliChip^&reg; CYP450 Test, which measures variations in two genes of the CYP450 enzyme system: CYP2D6 and CYP2C19. The Roche AmpliChip CYP450 Test is intended to identify a patient's CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotype from genomic DNA extracted from a whole blood sample. Information about CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotype may be used as an aid to clinicians in determining therapeutic strategy and treatment dose for therapeutics that are metabolized by the CYP2D6 or CYP2C19 gene product</span></div> <div align="left"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Human Variome Project (HVP)</span></strong></div> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">As an international collaboration, headed by Richard Cotton, HVP was launched in 2006 (<a href="http://humanvariomeproject.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://humanvariomeproject.org</font></a>)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Ring, Kwok et al. 2006)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. HVP aims to link clinicians who have been working on rare diseases, molecular biologists, and bioinformaticists. Their aim is to link medical information with genotype information. Succinctly this process is called genotype to phenotype mapping. As several full human genome sequences are already available, mapping phenotypes to the full genomes will be the major challenge of biology in the next 20 years.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Asian Variome Project (AVP)</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Alongside and with the associations of eIMBL, A-IMBN, and HVP, a variome project that tries to map Asian population variome was launched in 2008. This was a group effort of Korean researchers who have been interested in genome sequences,&nbsp;SNPs, and CNVs. They have formed a Korean Variome Consortium (KOVAC: <a href="http://variome.kr/"><font color="#0000ff">http://variome.kr</font></a>) and supported AVP as one of the first projects. eIMBL that is the virtual lab network of Asia linking key biologists groups modeled after EMBL has acquired $80,000 USD in 2008 to support AVP. eIMBL aims to establish a virtual bioinformatics center in Asia pacific region that links many bioinformation processing scientists in Asia.<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Bioinformatics for personal genomes and variomes</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Bioinformatics is the key in personal genome projects and variome projects. Bioinformatics is not a set of tools but it is a proper scientific discipline. It regards life as a gigantic information processing phenomenon and tries to map its components and the emerging networks of the components. Bioinformatics in 2008 is driving biology into an information science. Most biology researches are now with massive amount of data that can not be processed by hand. Nearly all the biological research outcomes in the next&nbsp;five years will have some form of high throughput data such as genome sequences, microarray data, proteome analyses, SNPs, epigenome chips, and large scale phenotype mapping. Bioinformatics tools in genomics and variomics can be found from various internet resources. There are various bioinformatics hubs such as NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information), EBI (European Bioinformatics Institute), DDBJ (Databank of Japan), and KOBIC.&nbsp;Some&nbsp;others are: Bioinformatics Organization (<a href="http://bioinformatics.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://Bioinformatics.Org</font></a>), EMBnet (<a href="http://www.embnet.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://www.embnet.org/</font></a>), and&nbsp;The International Society for Computational Biology (<a href="http://iscb.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://iscb.org</font></a>). The following are major bioinformatics journals<br /> <br /> Algorithms in Molecular Biology (http://www.almob.org/)<br /> Bioinformatics (http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/)<br /> BMC Bioinformatics (http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcbioinformatics)<br /> Briefings in Bioinformatics (http://bib.oxfordjournals.org/)<br /> Genome Research&nbsp;(http://genome.cshlp.org/)<br /> Genomics and Informatics (<a href="http://kogo.or.kr/"><font color="#0000ff">http://kogo.or.kr</font></a>)<br /> The International Journal of Biostatistics (http://www.bepress.com/ijb/)<br /> Journal of Computational Biology (http://www.liebertpub.com/Products/Product.aspx?pid=31&amp;AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1)<br /> Cancer Informatics (http://www.la-press.com/journal.php?pa=description&amp;journal_id=10)<br /> Molecular Systems Biology (http://www.nature.com/msb/index.html<br /> PLoS Computational Biology (http://www.ploscompbiol.org/home.action)<br /> International Journal of Bioinformatics Research and Applications (http://www.inderscience.com/browse/index.php?journalcode=ijbra)<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Sequencing DNA, Metagenomics, and Ecogenomics</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Next generation sequencing methods are not only mapping genomes. They can be used to map the environment. It is called ecogenomics. Environment to humans can be various microbial, plant, and animal interactions around us. Especially, microbial interaction is critical to our health. Gut bacteria are natural environment to us. Metagenomics is a methodology that sequences the whole set of microbes in our food tract. Researchers are realizing that human genome is complemented by such environmental genomes. A new term, 'ecogenomics' is now used to describe these concepts. Metagenomics and ecogenomics are for mapping the variation of environmental genetic factors.<br /> <br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Mapping expression using DNA sequencing</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> DNA sequencing technology&nbsp;used to be&nbsp;for mapping genotypes. However, they are now used to map expression levels in cells. Cells produce various RNAs. mRNA is the most abundant and important. In the past, microarray and DNA chips were used for measuring expression levels. They are not accurate and it takes many bioinformatic adjustments before it becomes reliable expression data. New sequencing technologies can measure expression levels much more accurately. By sequencing the RNAs, we can now quantify the mRNA levels by precisely knowing the RNA sequences. Sequencing technologies will restructure the expression analyses in the future.</span></div> <div><strong><font size="2">Conclusion</font></strong><br /> <font size="2">In 2009 and onwards, personal genome projects will produce unprecedented amount of biological data. New bioinformatics technologies will be required to handle them. New sequencing technologies will drive the next decades of biology and transform the medical practices in hospitals within the next decades. Fast sequencing unexpectedly brought us interesting applications such as metagenomics and ecogenomics. </font><font size="2">We examined the current trends in genomics and variomics.</font><br /> <br /> </div> <div><font size="2"><strong>References</strong></font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">IHGSC (2004). &quot;Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome.&quot; <u>Nature</u> <strong>431</strong>(7011): 931-45.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Anderson, S., A. T. Bankier, et al. (1981). &quot;Sequence and organization of the human mitochondrial genome.&quot; <u>Nature</u> <strong>290</strong>(5806): 457-65.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Chan, E. Y. (2005). &quot;Advances in sequencing technology.&quot; <u>Mutat Res</u> <strong>573</strong>(1-2): 13-40.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Church, G. M. (2005). &quot;The personal genome project.&quot; <u>Mol Syst Biol</u> <strong>1</strong>: 2005 0030.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Gupta, P. K. (2008). &quot;Single-molecule DNA sequencing technologies for future genomics research.&quot; <u>Trends Biotechnol</u> <strong>26</strong>(11): 602-11.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Levy, S., G. Sutton, et al. (2007). &quot;The diploid genome sequence of an individual human.&quot; <u>PLoS Biol</u> <strong>5</strong>(10): e254.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Macrogen Inc.. from </font><a href="http://www.macrogen.co.kr/eng/macrogen/state.jsp"><font color="#0000ff" size="2">http://www.macrogen.co.kr/eng/macrogen/state.jsp</font></a><font size="2">.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Mardis, E. R. (2008). &quot;The impact of next-generation sequencing technology on genetics.&quot; <u>Trends Genet</u> <strong>24</strong>(3): 133-41.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Metzker, M. L. (2005). &quot;Emerging technologies in DNA sequencing.&quot; <u>Genome Res</u> <strong>15</strong>(12): 1767-76.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Porreca, G. J., J. Shendure, et al. (2006). &quot;Polony DNA sequencing.&quot; <u>Curr Protoc Mol Biol</u> <strong>Chapter 7</strong>: Unit 7 8.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Ring, H. Z., P. Y. Kwok, et al. (2006). &quot;Human Variome Project: an international collaboration to catalogue human genetic variation.&quot; <u>Pharmacogenomics</u> <strong>7</strong>(7): 969-72.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Sanger, F., G. M. Air, et al. (1977). &quot;Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA.&quot; <u>Nature</u> <strong>265</strong>(5596): 687-95.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Shendure, J., R. D. Mitra, et al. (2004). &quot;Advanced sequencing technologies: methods and goals.&quot; <u>Nat Rev Genet</u> <strong>5</strong>(5): 335-44.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Wheeler, D. A., M. Srinivasan, et al. (2008). &quot;The complete genome of an individual by massively parallel DNA sequencing.&quot; <u>Nature</u> <strong>452</strong>(7189): 872-6.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt">&nbsp;</div> <div><font color="#ff6600">Park, H. et al. (2008). &quot;Genome-wide Linkage Study for Plasma HDL Cholesterol Level in an Isolated Population of Mongolia.&quot; Genomics &amp; Informatics 6(1): 8-13.<br /> Sung, J. et al. (2008). &quot;Inbreeding Coefficients in Two Isolated Mongolian Populations - GENDISCAN Study.' Genomics &amp; Informatics 6(1): 14-17.<br /> Kim, T-M. et al. (2008). &quot;Copy Number Variations in the Human Genome: Potential Source for Individual Diversity and Disease Association Studies.&quot; 6(1): 1-7.</font></div> 12135042b2d4e9194189dc6c428b5f023d98f2a3 2244 2008-12-16T09:14:07Z Sskimb 38 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">&nbsp;</font> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt">Personal genomics, bioinformatics, and variomics</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Jong Bhak, Ho Ghang, Rohit Reja,&nbsp;and Sangsoo Kim</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> <br /> KOBIC (Korean Bioinformation Center), KRIBB, Daejeon, Korea. Dept. of Bioinformatics, Soongsil Univ., Seoul, Korea.</span></div> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><a href="mailto:jongbhak@yahoo.com"><font color="#0000ff">jongbhak@yahoo.com</font></a>, sskimb@ssu.ac.kr</span></div> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Abstract</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> There are at least five complete genome sequences available&nbsp;in 2008. It is known that there are over 15,000,000 genetic variants called SNPs in&nbsp;the dbSNP&nbsp;database. The cost of a full genome sequencing in 2009&nbsp;will be&nbsp;claimed to be less than $5000 USD.&nbsp;The genomics era has arrived in 2008. This review introduces&nbsp;technologies, bioinformatics,&nbsp;genomics visions, and variomics projects. Variomics is&nbsp;the&nbsp;study of the total genetic variation in an individual and&nbsp;populations.&nbsp;Research on&nbsp;genetic variation is the most&nbsp;valuable among many genomics research branches.&nbsp;Genomics and variomics projects will change biology and the society so dramatically that biology will become an everyday technology as personal computers and the internet. 'BioRevolution' is the term that can adequately describe this change.<br /> <br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Introduction</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Since the launch of the Human Genome Project (HGP)&nbsp;in 1990 by NIH of USA, researchers have been developing faster DNA sequencers </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Shendure, Mitra et al. 2004; Chan 2005; Metzker 2005; Gupta 2008; Mardis 2008)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. HGP was said to be led by James Watson who modeled DNA in Cambridge, UK in 1953. In 2003, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium held a press conference to announce the completion of the human genome </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(IHGSC 2004)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. In 2008, after 55 years, his complete genome sequence was publicized by using 454 DNA sequencers developed by a company </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Wheeler, Srinivasan et al. 2008)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">.&nbsp;In 2007, Craig Venter of former Celera founder published his own personal genome in PLoS Biology </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Levy, Sutton et al. 2007)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">.&nbsp;We are entering the personalized biology era with the advent of next generation sequencing technologies.<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">DNA sequencing</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The first breakthrough in genome sequencing came from Watson's&nbsp;colleague in Cambridge, Fred Sanger. In 1977, Sanger and his team produced the first useful DNA sequencing method and publicized the first complete genome </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Sanger, Air et al. 1977)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. It was a tiny virus genome known as phi X 174. Soon after phi X 174, he published the first complete organelle genome which was mitochondrion </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Anderson, Bankier et al. 1981)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. By 1998, researchers in the US evaluated multiplex genome sequencing technologies and were aware that one person's whole genome could be sequenced in one day using contemporary technologies. George Church was the Ph.D. student of Walter Gilbert who received a Nobel Prize with Sanger for developing a sequencing method. Gilbert's method was not used much. However, his colleague Church kept developing sequencing methods. One of them is based on Polony idea </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Porreca, Shendure et al. 2006)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. This technology is used by KNOME Inc. that is a full genome sequencing company. Genome sequencing technology&nbsp;is moving forward to the level as computer CPUs are universally used. DNA sequencing is one of the most important industrial technologies in biology due to its perpetual use and new applications in the future.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Personal Genomics</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> In 2009, genome sequencing technologies will achieve one person's whole genome per day in terms of DNA fragments sequenced. Personal genomics is a new term that utilizes such fast sequencers. In 2008, the cost for one personal genome is less than $300,000 USD. If the cost goes down below $1,000 USD, the impact of personal genomics is predicted to be the largest ever in biology&nbsp;on common people's life.&nbsp;PGP (Personal Genome Project) is a project to sequence as many people as possible with low costs </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Church 2005)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. Google Inc. and Church group are working together to sequence 100,000 people's genetic regions of DNA. In Saudi Arabia, the government is planning to sequence 100 Arabic people. In Europe, there are various groups of people and nations who have been genotyping the populations. Especially, Iceland has been successful in that effort by utilizing their well-kept genealogical data encompassing 100,000s people. In Asia, Jeongsun Seo of Seoul National University has been working on East Asia Genome Project in the past years. His group collected thousands of samples from Mongolian tribes with a gigantic genealogical tree among them <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">(</font><a href="http://www.macrogen.co.kr/eng/macrogen/state.jsp"><font color="#0000ff" size="2">http://www.macrogen.co.kr/eng/macrogen/state.jsp</font></a><font size="2">)</font></div> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Park et al. 2008; Sung et al. 2008)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. Seo is planning on sequencing at least 100 Korean genomes in collaboration with Church and Green Cross Inc. of Korea. The aim of Seo's genome project is to produce a resource for the East Asians as well as Koreans. He is presently sequencing at least two Korean people. In China, Beijing Genome Institute has been successful in terms of sequencing. Their first achievement came from a plant genome, rice. After rice, they launched a 99 Han Chinese genome sequencing project. In Nov. 2008, they published their first Chinese genome in a magazine, Nature. In Dec. 2008, another Korean group Lee Gilyeo Cancer and Diabetes Institute and Korean Bioinformation Center (KOBIC) made a Korean genome sequence public. The genome was sequenced by Solexa paired-end sequencer and comparative genomics analyses and SNP data were uploaded as a public resource for everyone.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Genome revolution&nbsp;</span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> </span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">These public genome data alongside previously known Craig Venter's and James Watson's mark that full genome sequences are not in academic domain anymore. Anyone who has money and will can sequence human genomes. This 'genomic revolution' will eventually lead to the 'BioRevolution' in terms of making the most essential human information completely mapped and publically available. These are revolutionary because humans can now engineer themselves with a map or a blue print not directly relying on trial and error style conventional evolutionary methods. This indicates that evolution went into a conscious level of driving evolution. It is almost designing the evolution using computers.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Genomes and personalized medicine</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The consequences of 'BioRevolution' where genomic information is utilized by scientists to engineers all kinds of biological processes including evolution itself will bring us the personalized medicine. The essence of personalized medicine is that enzymes in our tissues such as cytochrome P450 have distinct differences among individuals and populations. Certain drugs produce different responses in individuals.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Cytochrome p450 family example</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The cytochrome P450 (CYP) family of liver enzymes&nbsp;are responsible for breaking down more than 30 different classes of drugs during phase I of drug metabolism. Structural and SNP variations of the&nbsp;genes that code for these enzymes can influence their ability to metabolize certain drugs. Based upon this, a population can be categorized into four major types of drug metabolizers: </span></div> <ul type="disc"> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Extensive metabolizers: The&nbsp;individuals that can be administered with normal drug dosage </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Intermediate metabolizers&nbsp;: The individuals that metabolizes drug with a rate slower than the normal rate. </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Poor metabolizers: The individuals with poor metabolizing rate. Drugs make accumulate and cause serious adverse effects. </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Ultra metabolizers: Individuals with metabolizing rate faster than extensive metabolizers. They may experience no effect of drug activity. </span></li> </ul> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Variomics</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The most important scientific data out of personal genomes are the precise sequence differences among individuals. Such differences have many types.&nbsp;There are structural differences between chromosomes. There can be insertions and deletions of DNA segments. There are certain fragments that appear as repeats in genomes. Mapping all these structural genetic variations can be briefly termed as 'variomics'. A variome is the totality of genetic variation found in an individual, a population, and a species. Among all the variations we know,&nbsp;the most common one is single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP).&nbsp;In Korea, mapping the variome has been pursued relatively early and there are several groups who are mapping the genetic variations. KOBIC has several very early stage, if not the earliest in the world, variome servers; <a href="http://variome.net/"><font color="#800080">http://variome.net</font></a> and <a href="http://variomics.net/"><font color="#0000ff">http://variomics.net</font></a>. Along with SNP variation, the copy number variation (CNV) is also important. Some recent reports tell us that CNVs can be as variable as or even more variable than SNPs that are simple DNA base changes in populations. Yeun-Jun Chung of Catholic University of Korea has been mapping CNVs among Korean people (Kim et al. 2008).</span></div> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">In early 2005, the US FDA cleared the AmpliChip^&reg; CYP450 Test, which measures variations in two genes of the CYP450 enzyme system: CYP2D6 and CYP2C19. The Roche AmpliChip CYP450 Test is intended to identify a patient's CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotype from genomic DNA extracted from a whole blood sample. Information about CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotype may be used as an aid to clinicians in determining therapeutic strategy and treatment dose for therapeutics that are metabolized by the CYP2D6 or CYP2C19 gene product.<br /> </span></div> <div align="left"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Human Variome Project (HVP)</span></strong></div> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">As an international collaboration, headed by Richard Cotton, HVP was launched in 2006 (<a href="http://humanvariomeproject.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://humanvariomeproject.org</font></a>) </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Ring, Kwok et al. 2006)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. HVP aims to&nbsp;make clinicians who have been working on rare diseases, to work together with molecular biologists and bioinformaticians. Their goal is to link medical information with genotype information. Succinctly this process is called genotype to phenotype mapping. As several full human genome sequences are already available, mapping phenotypes to the full genomes will be the major challenge of biology in the next 20 years.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Asian Variome Project (AVP)</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Alongside and with the associations of eIMBL, A-IMBN, and HVP, a variome project that tries to map Asian population variome was launched in 2008. This was a group effort of Korean researchers who have been interested in genome sequences,&nbsp;SNPs, and CNVs. They have formed a Korean Variome Consortium (KOVAC: <a href="http://variome.kr/"><font color="#0000ff">http://variome.kr</font></a>) and supported AVP as one of the first projects. eIMBL that is the virtual lab network of Asia linking key biologists groups modeled after EMBL has acquired $80,000 USD in 2008 to support AVP. eIMBL aims to establish a virtual bioinformatics center in Asia pacific region that links many bioinformation processing scientists in Asia.<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Bioinformatics for personal genomes and variomes</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Bioinformatics is the key in personal genome projects and variome projects. Bioinformatics is not a set of tools but it is a proper scientific discipline. It regards life as a gigantic information processing phenomenon and tries to map its components and the emerging networks of the components. Bioinformatics in 2008 is driving biology into an information science. Most biology researches are now with massive amount of data that can not be processed by hand. Nearly all the biological research outcomes in the next&nbsp;five years will have some form of high throughput data such as genome sequences, microarray data, proteome analyses, SNPs, epigenome chips, and large scale phenotype mapping. Bioinformatics tools in genomics and variomics can be found from various internet resources. There are various bioinformatics hubs such as NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information), EBI (European Bioinformatics Institute), DDBJ (Databank of Japan), and KOBIC.&nbsp;Some&nbsp;others are: Bioinformatics Organization (<a href="http://bioinformatics.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://Bioinformatics.Org</font></a>), EMBnet (<a href="http://www.embnet.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://www.embnet.org/</font></a>), and&nbsp;The International Society for Computational Biology (<a href="http://iscb.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://iscb.org</font></a>). The following are major bioinformatics journals<br /> <br /> Algorithms in Molecular Biology (http://www.almob.org/)<br /> Bioinformatics (http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/)<br /> BMC Bioinformatics (http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcbioinformatics)<br /> Briefings in Bioinformatics (http://bib.oxfordjournals.org/)<br /> Genome Research&nbsp;(http://genome.cshlp.org/)<br /> Genomics and Informatics (<a href="http://kogo.or.kr/"><font color="#0000ff">http://kogo.or.kr</font></a>)<br /> The International Journal of Biostatistics (http://www.bepress.com/ijb/)<br /> Journal of Computational Biology (http://www.liebertpub.com/Products/Product.aspx?pid=31&amp;AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1)<br /> Cancer Informatics (http://www.la-press.com/journal.php?pa=description&amp;journal_id=10)<br /> Molecular Systems Biology (http://www.nature.com/msb/index.html<br /> PLoS Computational Biology (http://www.ploscompbiol.org/home.action)<br /> International Journal of Bioinformatics Research and Applications (http://www.inderscience.com/browse/index.php?journalcode=ijbra)<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Sequencing DNA, Metagenomics, and Ecogenomics</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Next generation sequencing methods are not only mapping genomes. They can be used to map the environment. It is called ecogenomics. Environment to humans can be various microbial, plant, and animal interactions around us. Especially, microbial interaction is critical to our health. Gut bacteria are natural environment to us. Metagenomics is a methodology that sequences the whole set of microbes in our food tract. Researchers are realizing that human genome is complemented by such environmental genomes. A new term, 'ecogenomics' is now used to describe these concepts. Metagenomics and ecogenomics are for mapping the variation of environmental genetic factors.<br /> <br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Mapping expression using DNA sequencing</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> DNA sequencing technology&nbsp;used to be&nbsp;for mapping genotypes. However, they are now used to map expression levels in cells. Cells produce various RNAs. mRNA is the most abundant and important. In the past, microarray and DNA chips were used for measuring expression levels. They are not accurate and it takes many bioinformatic adjustments before it becomes reliable expression data. New sequencing technologies can measure expression levels much more accurately. By sequencing the RNAs, we can now quantify the mRNA levels by precisely knowing the RNA sequences. Sequencing technologies will restructure the expression analyses in the future.</span></div> <div><strong><font size="2">Conclusion</font></strong><br /> <font size="2">In 2009 and onwards, personal genome projects will produce unprecedented amount of biological data. New bioinformatics technologies will be required to handle them. New sequencing technologies will drive the next decades of biology and transform the medical practices in hospitals within the next decades. Fast sequencing unexpectedly brought us interesting applications such as metagenomics and ecogenomics. </font><font size="2">We examined the current trends in genomics and variomics.</font><br /> <br /> </div> <div><font size="2"><strong>References</strong></font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">IHGSC (2004). &quot;Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome.&quot; <u>Nature</u> <strong>431</strong>(7011): 931-45.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Anderson, S., A. T. Bankier, et al. (1981). &quot;Sequence and organization of the human mitochondrial genome.&quot; <u>Nature</u> <strong>290</strong>(5806): 457-65.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Chan, E. Y. (2005). &quot;Advances in sequencing technology.&quot; <u>Mutat Res</u> <strong>573</strong>(1-2): 13-40.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Church, G. M. (2005). &quot;The personal genome project.&quot; <u>Mol Syst Biol</u> <strong>1</strong>: 2005 0030.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Gupta, P. K. (2008). &quot;Single-molecule DNA sequencing technologies for future genomics research.&quot; <u>Trends Biotechnol</u> <strong>26</strong>(11): 602-11.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Levy, S., G. Sutton, et al. (2007). &quot;The diploid genome sequence of an individual human.&quot; <u>PLoS Biol</u> <strong>5</strong>(10): e254.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Mardis, E. R. (2008). &quot;The impact of next-generation sequencing technology on genetics.&quot; <u>Trends Genet</u> <strong>24</strong>(3): 133-41.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Metzker, M. L. (2005). &quot;Emerging technologies in DNA sequencing.&quot; <u>Genome Res</u> <strong>15</strong>(12): 1767-76.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Porreca, G. J., J. Shendure, et al. (2006). &quot;Polony DNA sequencing.&quot; <u>Curr Protoc Mol Biol</u> <strong>Chapter 7</strong>: Unit 7 8.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Ring, H. Z., P. Y. Kwok, et al. (2006). &quot;Human Variome Project: an international collaboration to catalogue human genetic variation.&quot; <u>Pharmacogenomics</u> <strong>7</strong>(7): 969-72.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Sanger, F., G. M. Air, et al. (1977). &quot;Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA.&quot; <u>Nature</u> <strong>265</strong>(5596): 687-95.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Shendure, J., R. D. Mitra, et al. (2004). &quot;Advanced sequencing technologies: methods and goals.&quot; <u>Nat Rev Genet</u> <strong>5</strong>(5): 335-44.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Wheeler, D. A., M. Srinivasan, et al. (2008). &quot;The complete genome of an individual by massively parallel DNA sequencing.&quot; <u>Nature</u> <strong>452</strong>(7189): 872-6.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt">&nbsp;</div> <div><font color="#ff6600">Park, H. et al. (2008). &quot;Genome-wide Linkage Study for Plasma HDL Cholesterol Level in an Isolated Population of Mongolia.&quot; Genomics &amp; Informatics 6(1): 8-13.<br /> Sung, J. et al. (2008). &quot;Inbreeding Coefficients in Two Isolated Mongolian Populations - GENDISCAN Study.' Genomics &amp; Informatics 6(1): 14-17.<br /> Kim, T-M. et al. (2008). &quot;Copy Number Variations in the Human Genome: Potential Source for Individual Diversity and Disease Association Studies.&quot; 6(1): 1-7.</font></div> 2c71fc35a5e08153d5fb513751e61705d40c301f 2245 2008-12-16T09:18:07Z Sskimb 38 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">&nbsp;</font> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt">Personal genomics, bioinformatics, and variomics</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Jong Bhak, Ho Ghang, Rohit Reja,&nbsp;and Sangsoo Kim</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> <br /> KOBIC (Korean Bioinformation Center), KRIBB, Daejeon, Korea. Dept. of Bioinformatics, Soongsil Univ., Seoul, Korea.</span></div> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><a href="mailto:jongbhak@yahoo.com"><font color="#0000ff">jongbhak@yahoo.com</font></a>, sskimb@ssu.ac.kr</span></div> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Abstract</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> There are at least five complete genome sequences available&nbsp;in 2008. It is known that there are over 15,000,000 genetic variants called SNPs in&nbsp;the dbSNP&nbsp;database. The cost of a full genome sequencing in 2009&nbsp;will be&nbsp;claimed to be less than $5000 USD.&nbsp;The genomics era has arrived in 2008. This review introduces&nbsp;technologies, bioinformatics,&nbsp;genomics visions, and variomics projects. Variomics is&nbsp;the&nbsp;study of the total genetic variation in an individual and&nbsp;populations.&nbsp;Research on&nbsp;genetic variation is the most&nbsp;valuable among many genomics research branches.&nbsp;Genomics and variomics projects will change biology and the society so dramatically that biology will become an everyday technology as personal computers and the internet. 'BioRevolution' is the term that can adequately describe this change.<br /> <br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Introduction</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Since the launch of the Human Genome Project (HGP)&nbsp;in 1990 by NIH of USA, researchers have been developing faster DNA sequencers </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Shendure, Mitra et al. 2004; Chan 2005; Metzker 2005; Gupta 2008; Mardis 2008)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. HGP was said to be led by James Watson who modeled DNA in Cambridge, UK in 1953. In 2003, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium held a press conference to announce the completion of the human genome </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(IHGSC 2004)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. In 2008, after 55 years, his complete genome sequence was publicized by using 454 DNA sequencers developed by a company </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Wheeler, Srinivasan et al. 2008)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">.&nbsp;In 2007, Craig Venter of former Celera founder published his own personal genome in PLoS Biology </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Levy, Sutton et al. 2007)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">.&nbsp;We are entering the personalized biology era with the advent of next generation sequencing technologies.<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">DNA sequencing</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The first breakthrough in genome sequencing came from Watson's&nbsp;colleague in Cambridge, Fred Sanger. In 1977, Sanger and his team produced the first useful DNA sequencing method and publicized the first complete genome </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Sanger, Air et al. 1977)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. It was a tiny virus genome known as phi X 174. Soon after phi X 174, he published the first complete organelle genome which was mitochondrion </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Anderson, Bankier et al. 1981)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. By 1998, researchers in the US evaluated multiplex genome sequencing technologies and were aware that one person's whole genome could be sequenced in one day using contemporary technologies. George Church was the Ph.D. student of Walter Gilbert who received a Nobel Prize with Sanger for developing a sequencing method. Gilbert's method was not used much. However, his colleague Church kept developing sequencing methods. One of them is based on Polony idea </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Porreca, Shendure et al. 2006)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. This technology is used by KNOME Inc. that is a full genome sequencing company. Genome sequencing technology&nbsp;is moving forward to the level as computer CPUs are universally used. DNA sequencing is one of the most important industrial technologies in biology due to its perpetual use and new applications in the future.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Personal Genomics</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> In 2009, genome sequencing technologies will achieve one person's whole genome per day in terms of DNA fragments sequenced. Personal genomics is a new term that utilizes such fast sequencers. In 2008, the cost for one personal genome is less than $300,000 USD. If the cost goes down below $1,000 USD, the impact of personal genomics is predicted to be the largest ever in biology&nbsp;on common people's life.&nbsp;PGP (Personal Genome Project) is a project to sequence as many people as possible with low costs </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Church 2005)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. Google Inc. and Church group are working together to sequence 100,000 people's genetic regions of DNA. In Saudi Arabia, the government is planning to sequence 100 Arabic people. In Europe, there are various groups of people and nations who have been genotyping the populations. Especially, Iceland has been successful in that effort by utilizing their well-kept genealogical data encompassing 100,000s people. In Asia, Jeongsun Seo of Seoul National University has been working on East Asia Genome Project in the past years. His group collected thousands of samples from Mongolian tribes with a gigantic genealogical tree among them <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">(</font><a href="http://www.macrogen.co.kr/eng/macrogen/state.jsp"><font color="#0000ff" size="2">http://www.macrogen.co.kr/eng/macrogen/state.jsp</font></a><font size="2">)</font></div> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Park et al. 2008; Sung et al. 2008)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. Seo is planning on sequencing at least 100 Korean genomes in collaboration with Church and Green Cross Inc. of Korea. The aim of Seo's genome project is to produce a resource for the East Asians as well as Koreans. He is presently sequencing at least two Korean people. In China, Beijing Genome Institute has been successful in terms of sequencing. Their first achievement came from a plant genome, rice. After rice, they launched a 99 Han Chinese genome sequencing project. In Nov. 2008, they published their first Chinese genome in a magazine, Nature. In Dec. 2008, another Korean group Lee Gilyeo Cancer and Diabetes Institute and Korean Bioinformation Center (KOBIC) made a Korean genome sequence public. The genome was sequenced by Solexa paired-end sequencer and comparative genomics analyses and SNP data were uploaded as a public resource for everyone.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Genome revolution&nbsp;</span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> </span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">These public genome data alongside previously known Craig Venter's and James Watson's mark that full genome sequences are not in academic domain anymore. Anyone who has money and will can sequence human genomes. This 'genomic revolution' will eventually lead to the 'BioRevolution' in terms of making the most essential human information completely mapped and publically available. These are revolutionary because humans can now engineer themselves with a map or a blue print not directly relying on trial and error style conventional evolutionary methods. This indicates that evolution went into a conscious level of driving evolution. It is almost designing the evolution using computers.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Genomes and personalized medicine</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The consequences of 'BioRevolution' where genomic information is utilized by scientists to engineers all kinds of biological processes including evolution itself will bring us the personalized medicine. The essence of personalized medicine is that enzymes in our tissues such as cytochrome P450 have distinct differences among individuals and populations. Certain drugs produce different responses in individuals.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Cytochrome p450 family example</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The cytochrome P450 (CYP) family of liver enzymes&nbsp;are responsible for breaking down more than 30 different classes of drugs during phase I of drug metabolism. Structural and SNP variations of the&nbsp;genes that code for these enzymes can influence their ability to metabolize certain drugs. Based upon this, a population can be categorized into four major types of drug metabolizers: </span></div> <ul type="disc"> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Extensive metabolizers: The&nbsp;individuals that can be administered with normal drug dosage </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Intermediate metabolizers&nbsp;: The individuals that metabolizes drug with a rate slower than the normal rate. </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Poor metabolizers: The individuals with poor metabolizing rate. Drugs make accumulate and cause serious adverse effects. </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Ultra metabolizers: Individuals with metabolizing rate faster than extensive metabolizers. They may experience no effect of drug activity. </span></li> </ul> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Variomics</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The most important scientific data out of personal genomes are the precise sequence differences among individuals. Such differences have many types.&nbsp;There are structural differences between chromosomes. There can be insertions and deletions of DNA segments. There are certain fragments that appear as repeats in genomes. Mapping all these structural genetic variations can be briefly termed as 'variomics'. A variome is the totality of genetic variation found in an individual, a population, and a species. Among all the variations we know,&nbsp;the most common one is single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP).&nbsp;In Korea, mapping the variome has been pursued relatively early and there are several groups who are mapping the genetic variations. KOBIC has several very early stage, if not the earliest in the world, variome servers; <a href="http://variome.net/"><font color="#800080">http://variome.net</font></a> and <a href="http://variomics.net/"><font color="#0000ff">http://variomics.net</font></a>. Along with SNP variation, the copy number variation (CNV) is also important. Some recent reports tell us that CNVs can be as variable as or even more variable than SNPs that are simple DNA base changes in populations. Yeun-Jun Chung of Catholic University of Korea has been mapping CNVs among Korean people (Kim et al. 2008).</span></div> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">In early 2005, the US FDA cleared the AmpliChip^&reg; CYP450 Test, which measures variations in two genes of the CYP450 enzyme system: CYP2D6 and CYP2C19. The Roche AmpliChip CYP450 Test is intended to identify a patient's CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotype from genomic DNA extracted from a whole blood sample. Information about CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotype may be used as an aid to clinicians in determining therapeutic strategy and treatment dose for therapeutics that are metabolized by the CYP2D6 or CYP2C19 gene product.<br /> <br /> </span></div> <div align="left"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Human Variome Project (HVP)</span></strong></div> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">As an international collaboration, headed by Richard Cotton, HVP was launched in 2006 (<a href="http://humanvariomeproject.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://humanvariomeproject.org</font></a>) </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Ring, Kwok et al. 2006)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. HVP aims to&nbsp;make clinicians who have been working on rare diseases, to work together with molecular biologists and bioinformaticians. Their goal is to link medical information with genotype information. Succinctly this process is called genotype to phenotype mapping. As several full human genome sequences are already available, mapping phenotypes to the full genomes will be the major challenge of biology in the next 20 years.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Asian Variome Project (AVP)</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Alongside and with the associations of eIMBL, A-IMBN, and HVP, a variome project that tries to map Asian population variome was launched in 2008. This was a group effort of Korean researchers who have been interested in genome sequences,&nbsp;SNPs, and CNVs. They have formed a Korean Variome Consortium (KOVAC: <a href="http://variome.kr/"><font color="#0000ff">http://variome.kr</font></a>) and supported AVP as one of the first projects. eIMBL that is the virtual lab network of Asia linking key biologists groups modeled after EMBL has acquired $80,000 USD in 2008 to support AVP. eIMBL aims to establish a virtual bioinformatics center in Asia pacific region that links many bioinformation processing scientists in Asia.<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Bioinformatics for personal genomes and variomes</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Bioinformatics is the key in personal genome projects and variome projects. Bioinformatics is not a set of tools but it is a proper scientific discipline. It regards life as a gigantic information processing phenomenon and tries to map its components and the emerging networks of the components. Bioinformatics in 2008 is driving biology into an information science. Most biology researches are now with massive amount of data that can not be processed by hand. Nearly all the biological research outcomes in the next&nbsp;five years will have some form of high throughput data such as genome sequences, microarray data, proteome analyses, SNPs, epigenome chips, and large scale phenotype mapping. Bioinformatics tools in genomics and variomics can be found from various internet resources. There are various bioinformatics hubs such as NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information), EBI (European Bioinformatics Institute), DDBJ (Databank of Japan), and KOBIC.&nbsp;Some&nbsp;others are: Bioinformatics Organization (<a href="http://bioinformatics.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://Bioinformatics.Org</font></a>), EMBnet (<a href="http://www.embnet.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://www.embnet.org/</font></a>), and&nbsp;The International Society for Computational Biology (<a href="http://iscb.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://iscb.org</font></a>). The following are major bioinformatics journals<br /> <br /> Algorithms in Molecular Biology (http://www.almob.org/)<br /> Bioinformatics (http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/)<br /> BMC Bioinformatics (http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcbioinformatics)<br /> Briefings in Bioinformatics (http://bib.oxfordjournals.org/)<br /> Genome Research&nbsp;(http://genome.cshlp.org/)<br /> Genomics and Informatics (<a href="http://kogo.or.kr/"><font color="#0000ff">http://kogo.or.kr</font></a>)<br /> The International Journal of Biostatistics (http://www.bepress.com/ijb/)<br /> Journal of Computational Biology (http://www.liebertpub.com/Products/Product.aspx?pid=31&amp;AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1)<br /> Cancer Informatics (http://www.la-press.com/journal.php?pa=description&amp;journal_id=10)<br /> Molecular Systems Biology (http://www.nature.com/msb/index.html<br /> PLoS Computational Biology (http://www.ploscompbiol.org/home.action)<br /> International Journal of Bioinformatics Research and Applications (http://www.inderscience.com/browse/index.php?journalcode=ijbra)<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Sequencing DNA, Metagenomics, and Ecogenomics</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Next generation sequencing methods are not only mapping genomes. They can be used to map the environment. It is called ecogenomics. Environment to humans can be various microbial, plant, and animal interactions around us. Especially, microbial interaction is critical to our health. Gut bacteria are natural environment to us. Metagenomics is a methodology that sequences the whole set of microbes in our food tract. Researchers are realizing that human genome is complemented by such environmental genomes. A new term, 'ecogenomics' is now used to describe these concepts. Metagenomics and ecogenomics are for mapping the variation of environmental genetic factors.<br /> <br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Mapping expression using DNA sequencing</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> DNA sequencing technology&nbsp;used to be&nbsp;for mapping genotypes. However, they are now used to map expression levels in cells. Cells produce various RNAs. mRNA is the most abundant and important. In the past, microarray and DNA chips were used for measuring expression levels. They are not accurate and it takes many bioinformatic adjustments before it becomes reliable expression data. New sequencing technologies can measure expression levels much more accurately. By sequencing the RNAs, we can now quantify the mRNA levels by precisely knowing the RNA sequences. Sequencing technologies will restructure the expression analyses in the future.</span></div> <div><strong><font size="2">Conclusion</font></strong><br /> <font size="2">In 2009 and onwards, personal genome projects will produce unprecedented amount of biological data. New bioinformatics technologies will be required to handle them. New sequencing technologies will drive the next decades of biology and transform the medical practices in hospitals within the next decades. Fast sequencing unexpectedly brought us interesting applications such as metagenomics and ecogenomics. </font><font size="2">We examined the current trends in genomics and variomics.</font><br /> <br /> </div> <div><font size="2"><strong>References</strong></font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">IHGSC (2004). &quot;Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome.&quot; <u>Nature</u> <strong>431</strong>(7011): 931-45.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Anderson, S., A. T. Bankier, et al. (1981). &quot;Sequence and organization of the human mitochondrial genome.&quot; <u>Nature</u> <strong>290</strong>(5806): 457-65.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Chan, E. Y. (2005). &quot;Advances in sequencing technology.&quot; <u>Mutat Res</u> <strong>573</strong>(1-2): 13-40.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Church, G. M. (2005). &quot;The personal genome project.&quot; <u>Mol Syst Biol</u> <strong>1</strong>: 2005 0030.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Gupta, P. K. (2008). &quot;Single-molecule DNA sequencing technologies for future genomics research.&quot; <u>Trends Biotechnol</u> <strong>26</strong>(11): 602-11.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Levy, S., G. Sutton, et al. (2007). &quot;The diploid genome sequence of an individual human.&quot; <u>PLoS Biol</u> <strong>5</strong>(10): e254.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Mardis, E. R. (2008). &quot;The impact of next-generation sequencing technology on genetics.&quot; <u>Trends Genet</u> <strong>24</strong>(3): 133-41.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Metzker, M. L. (2005). &quot;Emerging technologies in DNA sequencing.&quot; <u>Genome Res</u> <strong>15</strong>(12): 1767-76.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Porreca, G. J., J. Shendure, et al. (2006). &quot;Polony DNA sequencing.&quot; <u>Curr Protoc Mol Biol</u> <strong>Chapter 7</strong>: Unit 7 8.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Ring, H. Z., P. Y. Kwok, et al. (2006). &quot;Human Variome Project: an international collaboration to catalogue human genetic variation.&quot; <u>Pharmacogenomics</u> <strong>7</strong>(7): 969-72.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Sanger, F., G. M. Air, et al. (1977). &quot;Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA.&quot; <u>Nature</u> <strong>265</strong>(5596): 687-95.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Shendure, J., R. D. Mitra, et al. (2004). &quot;Advanced sequencing technologies: methods and goals.&quot; <u>Nat Rev Genet</u> <strong>5</strong>(5): 335-44.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Wheeler, D. A., M. Srinivasan, et al. (2008). &quot;The complete genome of an individual by massively parallel DNA sequencing.&quot; <u>Nature</u> <strong>452</strong>(7189): 872-6.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt">&nbsp;</div> <div><font color="#ff6600">Park, H. et al. (2008). &quot;Genome-wide Linkage Study for Plasma HDL Cholesterol Level in an Isolated Population of Mongolia.&quot; Genomics &amp; Informatics 6(1): 8-13.<br /> Sung, J. et al. (2008). &quot;Inbreeding Coefficients in Two Isolated Mongolian Populations - GENDISCAN Study.' Genomics &amp; Informatics 6(1): 14-17.<br /> Kim, T-M. et al. (2008). &quot;Copy Number Variations in the Human Genome: Potential Source for Individual Diversity and Disease Association Studies.&quot; 6(1): 1-7.</font></div> 4c324ef119c90a45f055bcb25ad388450f574688 2246 2008-12-16T09:37:48Z Sskimb 38 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">&nbsp;</font> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt">Personal genomics, bioinformatics, and variomics</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Jong Bhak, Ho Ghang, Rohit Reja,&nbsp;and Sangsoo Kim</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> <br /> KOBIC (Korean Bioinformation Center), KRIBB, Daejeon, Korea. Dept. of Bioinformatics, Soongsil Univ., Seoul, Korea.<br /> <br /> Correspondence: </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><a href="mailto:jongbhak@yahoo.com"><font color="#0000ff">jongbhak@yahoo.com</font></a>, sskimb@ssu.ac.kr</span></div> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Abstract</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> There are at least five complete genome sequences available&nbsp;in 2008. It is known that there are over 15,000,000 genetic variants called SNPs in&nbsp;the dbSNP&nbsp;database. The cost of a full genome sequencing in 2009&nbsp;will be&nbsp;claimed to be less than $5000 USD.&nbsp;The genomics era has arrived in 2008. This review introduces&nbsp;technologies, bioinformatics,&nbsp;genomics visions, and variomics projects. Variomics is&nbsp;the&nbsp;study of the total genetic variation in an individual and&nbsp;populations.&nbsp;Research on&nbsp;genetic variation is the most&nbsp;valuable among many genomics research branches.&nbsp;Genomics and variomics projects will change biology and the society so dramatically that biology will become an everyday technology as personal computers and the internet. 'BioRevolution' is the term that can adequately describe this change.<br /> <br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Introduction</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Since the launch of the Human Genome Project (HGP)&nbsp;in 1990 by NIH of USA, researchers have been developing faster DNA sequencers </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Shendure, Mitra et al. 2004; Chan 2005; Metzker 2005; Gupta 2008; Mardis 2008)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. HGP was said to be led by James Watson who modeled DNA in Cambridge, UK in 1953. In 2003, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium held a press conference to announce the completion of the human genome </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(IHGSC 2004)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. In 2008, after 55 years, his complete genome sequence was publicized by using 454 DNA sequencers developed by a company </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Wheeler, Srinivasan et al. 2008)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">.&nbsp;In 2007, Craig Venter of former Celera founder published his own personal genome in PLoS Biology </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Levy, Sutton et al. 2007)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">.&nbsp;We are entering the personalized biology era with the advent of next generation sequencing technologies.<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">DNA sequencing</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The first breakthrough in genome sequencing came from Watson's&nbsp;colleague in Cambridge, Fred Sanger. In 1977, Sanger and his team produced the first useful DNA sequencing method and publicized the first complete genome </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Sanger, Air et al. 1977)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. It was a tiny virus genome known as phi X 174. Soon after phi X 174, he published the first complete organelle genome which was mitochondrion </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Anderson, Bankier et al. 1981)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. By 1998, researchers in the US evaluated multiplex genome sequencing technologies and were aware that one person's whole genome could be sequenced in one day using contemporary technologies. George Church was the Ph.D. student of Walter Gilbert who received a Nobel Prize with Sanger for developing a sequencing method. Gilbert's method was not used much. However, his colleague Church kept developing sequencing methods. One of them is based on Polony idea </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Porreca, Shendure et al. 2006)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. This technology is used by KNOME Inc. that is a full genome sequencing company. Genome sequencing technology&nbsp;is moving forward to the level as computer CPUs are universally used. DNA sequencing is one of the most important industrial technologies in biology due to its perpetual use and new applications in the future.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Personal Genomics</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> In 2009, genome sequencing technologies will achieve one person's whole genome per day in terms of DNA fragments sequenced. Personal genomics is a new term that utilizes such fast sequencers. In 2008, the cost for one personal genome is less than $300,000 USD. If the cost goes down below $1,000 USD, the impact of personal genomics is predicted to be the largest ever in biology&nbsp;on common people's life.&nbsp;PGP (Personal Genome Project) is a project to sequence as many people as possible with low costs </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Church 2005)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. Google Inc. and Church group are working together to sequence 100,000 people's genetic regions of DNA. In Saudi Arabia, the government is planning to sequence 100 Arabic people. In Europe, there are various groups of people and nations who have been genotyping the populations. Especially, Iceland has been successful in that effort by utilizing their well-kept genealogical data encompassing 100,000s people. In Asia, Jeongsun Seo of Seoul National University has been working on East Asia Genome Project in the past years. His group collected thousands of samples from Mongolian tribes with a gigantic genealogical tree among them <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">(</font><a href="http://www.macrogen.co.kr/eng/macrogen/state.jsp"><font color="#0000ff" size="2">http://www.macrogen.co.kr/eng/macrogen/state.jsp</font></a><font size="2">)</font></div> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Park et al. 2008; Sung et al. 2008)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. Seo is planning on sequencing at least 100 Korean genomes in collaboration with Church and Green Cross Inc. of Korea. The aim of Seo's genome project is to produce a resource for the East Asians as well as Koreans. He is presently sequencing at least two Korean people. In China, Beijing Genome Institute has been successful in terms of sequencing. Their first achievement came from a plant genome, rice. After rice, they launched a 99 Han Chinese genome sequencing project. In Nov. 2008, they published their first Chinese genome in a magazine, Nature. In Dec. 2008, another Korean group Lee Gilyeo Cancer and Diabetes Institute and Korean Bioinformation Center (KOBIC) made a Korean genome sequence public. The genome was sequenced by Solexa paired-end sequencer and comparative genomics analyses and SNP data were uploaded as a public resource for everyone.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Genome revolution&nbsp;</span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> </span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">These public genome data alongside previously known Craig Venter's and James Watson's mark that full genome sequences are not in academic domain anymore. Anyone who has money and will can sequence human genomes. This 'genomic revolution' will eventually lead to the 'BioRevolution' in terms of making the most essential human information completely mapped and publically available. These are revolutionary because humans can now engineer themselves with a map or a blue print not directly relying on trial and error style conventional evolutionary methods. This indicates that evolution went into a conscious level of driving evolution. It is almost designing the evolution using computers.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Genomes and personalized medicine</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The consequences of 'BioRevolution' where genomic information is utilized by scientists to engineers all kinds of biological processes including evolution itself will bring us the personalized medicine. The essence of personalized medicine is that enzymes in our tissues such as cytochrome P450 have distinct differences among individuals and populations. Certain drugs produce different responses in individuals.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Cytochrome p450 family example</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The cytochrome P450 (CYP) family of liver enzymes&nbsp;are responsible for breaking down more than 30 different classes of drugs during phase I of drug metabolism. Structural and SNP variations of the&nbsp;genes that code for these enzymes can influence their ability to metabolize certain drugs. Based upon this, a population can be categorized into four major types of drug metabolizers: </span></div> <ul type="disc"> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Extensive metabolizers: The&nbsp;individuals that can be administered with normal drug dosage </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Intermediate metabolizers&nbsp;: The individuals that metabolizes drug with a rate slower than the normal rate. </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Poor metabolizers: The individuals with poor metabolizing rate. Drugs make accumulate and cause serious adverse effects. </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Ultra metabolizers: Individuals with metabolizing rate faster than extensive metabolizers. They may experience no effect of drug activity. </span></li> </ul> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Variomics</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The most important scientific data out of personal genomes are the precise sequence differences among individuals. Such differences have many types.&nbsp;There are structural differences between chromosomes. There can be insertions and deletions of DNA segments. There are certain fragments that appear as repeats in genomes. Mapping all these structural genetic variations can be briefly termed as 'variomics'. A variome is the totality of genetic variation found in an individual, a population, and a species. Among all the variations we know,&nbsp;the most common one is single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP).&nbsp;In Korea, mapping the variome has been pursued relatively early and there are several groups who are mapping the genetic variations. KOBIC has several very early stage, if not the earliest in the world, variome servers; <a href="http://variome.net/"><font color="#800080">http://variome.net</font></a> and <a href="http://variomics.net/"><font color="#0000ff">http://variomics.net</font></a>. Along with SNP variation, the copy number variation (CNV) is also important. Some recent reports tell us that CNVs can be as variable as or even more variable than SNPs that are simple DNA base changes in populations. Yeun-Jun Chung of Catholic University of Korea has been mapping CNVs among Korean people (Kim et al. 2008).</span></div> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">In early 2005, the US FDA cleared the AmpliChip^&reg; CYP450 Test, which measures variations in two genes of the CYP450 enzyme system: CYP2D6 and CYP2C19. The Roche AmpliChip CYP450 Test is intended to identify a patient's CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotype from genomic DNA extracted from a whole blood sample. Information about CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotype may be used as an aid to clinicians in determining therapeutic strategy and treatment dose for therapeutics that are metabolized by the CYP2D6 or CYP2C19 gene product.<br /> <br /> </span></div> <div align="left"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Human Variome Project (HVP)</span></strong></div> <p align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">As an international collaboration, headed by Richard Cotton, HVP was launched in 2006 (<a href="http://humanvariomeproject.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://humanvariomeproject.org</font></a>) </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Ring, Kwok et al. 2006)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. HVP aims to&nbsp;make clinicians who have been working on rare diseases, to work together with molecular biologists and bioinformaticians. Their goal is to link medical information with genotype information. Succinctly this process is called genotype to phenotype mapping. As several full human genome sequences are already available, mapping phenotypes to the full genomes will be the major challenge of biology in the next 20 years.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Asian Variome Project (AVP)</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Alongside and with the associations of eIMBL, A-IMBN, and HVP, a variome project that tries to map Asian population variome was launched in 2008. This was a group effort of Korean researchers who have been interested in genome sequences,&nbsp;SNPs, and CNVs. They have formed a Korean Variome Consortium (KOVAC: <a href="http://variome.kr/"><font color="#0000ff">http://variome.kr</font></a>) and supported AVP as one of the first projects. eIMBL that is the virtual laboratory network of Asia linking key biology groups modeled after EMBL has acquired $80,000 USD in 2008 to support AVP. eIMBL aims to establish a virtual bioinformatics center in Asia Pacific region that links many bioinformation processing scientists in Asia.<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Bioinformatics for personal genomes and variomes</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Bioinformatics is the key in personal genome projects and variome projects. Bioinformatics is not a set of tools but it is a proper scientific discipline. It regards life as a gigantic information processing phenomenon and tries to map its components and to model the emerging networks of the components. Bioinformatics in 2008 is driving biology into an information science. Most biology researches are now with massive amount of data that cannot be processed by hand. Nearly all the biological research outcomes in the next&nbsp;five years will have some form of high throughput data such as genome sequences, microarray data, proteome analyses, SNPs, epigenome chips, and large scale phenotype mapping. Bioinformatics tools in genomics and variomics can be found from various internet resources. There are various bioinformatics hubs such as NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information), EBI (European Bioinformatics Institute), DDBJ (Databank of Japan), and KOBIC.&nbsp;Some&nbsp;others are: Bioinformatics Organization (<a href="http://bioinformatics.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://Bioinformatics.Org</font></a>), EMBnet (<a href="http://www.embnet.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://www.embnet.org/</font></a>), and&nbsp;The International Society for Computational Biology (<a href="http://iscb.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://iscb.org</font></a>). The following are major bioinformatics journals:<br /> <br /> Algorithms in Molecular Biology (http://www.almob.org/)<br /> Bioinformatics (http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/)<br /> BMC Bioinformatics (http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcbioinformatics)<br /> Briefings in Bioinformatics (http://bib.oxfordjournals.org/)<br /> Genome Research&nbsp;(http://genome.cshlp.org/)<br /> Genomics and Informatics (<a href="http://kogo.or.kr/"><font color="#0000ff">http://kogo.or.kr</font></a>)<br /> The International Journal of Biostatistics (http://www.bepress.com/ijb/)<br /> Journal of Computational Biology (http://www.liebertpub.com/Products/Product.aspx?pid=31&amp;AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1)<br /> Cancer Informatics (http://www.la-press.com/journal.php?pa=description&amp;journal_id=10)<br /> Molecular Systems Biology (http://www.nature.com/msb/index.html<br /> PLoS Computational Biology (http://www.ploscompbiol.org/home.action)<br /> International Journal of Bioinformatics Research and Applications (http://www.inderscience.com/browse/index.php?journalcode=ijbra)<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Sequencing DNA, Metagenomics, and Ecogenomics</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Next generation sequencing methods are not only mapping genomes. They can be used to map the environment. It is called ecogenomics. Environment to humans can be various microbial, plant, and animal interactions around us. Especially, microbial interaction is critical to our health. Gut bacteria are natural environment to us. Metagenomics is a methodology that sequences the whole set of microbes in our food tract. Researchers are realizing that human genome is complemented by such environmental genomes. A new term, 'ecogenomics' is now used to describe these concepts. Metagenomics and ecogenomics are for mapping the variation of environmental genetic factors.<br /> <br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Mapping expression using DNA sequencing</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> DNA sequencing technology&nbsp;used to be&nbsp;for mapping genotypes. However, they are now used to map expression levels in cells. Cells produce various RNAs. mRNA is the most abundant and important. In the past, microarray and DNA chips were used for measuring expression levels. They are not accurate and it takes many bioinformatic adjustments before it becomes reliable expression data. New sequencing technologies can measure expression levels much more accurately. By sequencing the RNAs, we can now quantify the mRNA levels by precisely knowing the RNA sequences. Sequencing technologies will restructure the expression analyses in the future.</span></p> <div><strong><font size="2">Conclusion</font></strong><br /> <font size="2">In 2009 and onwards, personal genome projects will produce unprecedented amount of biological data. New bioinformatics technologies will be required to handle them. New sequencing technologies will drive the next decades of biology and transform the medical practices in hospitals within the next decades. Fast sequencing unexpectedly brought us interesting applications such as metagenomics and ecogenomics. </font><font size="2">We have examined the current trends in genomics and variomics.</font><br /> <br /> </div> <div><font size="2"><strong>References</strong></font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">IHGSC (2004). Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome. <em>Nature</em> <strong>431</strong>(7011), 931-45.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Anderson, S., A. T. Bankier, et al. (1981). Sequence and organization of the human mitochondrial genome. <em>Nature</em> <strong>290</strong>(5806), 457-65.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Chan, E. Y. (2005). Advances in sequencing technology. <em>Mutat Res</em> <strong>573</strong>(1-2), 13-40.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Church, G. M. (2005). The personal genome project. <em>Mol Syst Biol</em> <strong>1,</strong> 2005.0030.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Gupta, P. K. (2008). Single-molecule DNA sequencing technologies for future genomics research. <em>Trends Biotechnol</em> <strong>26</strong>(11), 602-11.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Levy, S., G. Sutton, et al. (2007). The diploid genome sequence of an individual human. <em>PLoS Biol</em> <strong>5</strong>(10), e254.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Mardis, E. R. (2008). The impact of next-generation sequencing technology on genetics. <em>Trends Genet</em> <strong>24</strong>(3), 133-41.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Metzker, M. L. (2005). Emerging technologies in DNA sequencing. <em>Genome Res</em> <strong>15</strong>(12), 1767-76.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Porreca, G. J., J. Shendure, et al. (2006). Polony DNA sequencing. <em>Curr Protoc Mol Biol</em> <strong>Chapter 7</strong>: Unit 7 8.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Ring, H. Z., P. Y. Kwok, et al. (2006). Human Variome Project: an international collaboration to catalogue human genetic variation. <em>Pharmacogenomics</em> <strong>7</strong>(7), 969-72.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Sanger, F., G. M. Air, et al. (1977). Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA. <em>Nature</em> <strong>265</strong>(5596), 687-95.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Shendure, J., R. D. Mitra, et al. (2004). Advanced sequencing technologies: methods and goals. <u>Nat</u> <em>Rev Genet</em> <strong>5</strong>(5), 335-44.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Wheeler, D. A., M. Srinivasan, et al. (2008). The complete genome of an individual by massively parallel DNA sequencing. <em>Nature</em> <strong>452</strong>(7189), 872-6.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt">&nbsp;</div> <div><font color="#ff6600">Park, H. et al. (2008). &quot;Genome-wide Linkage Study for Plasma HDL Cholesterol Level in an Isolated Population of Mongolia.&quot; Genomics &amp; Informatics 6(1): 8-13.<br /> Sung, J. et al. (2008). &quot;Inbreeding Coefficients in Two Isolated Mongolian Populations - GENDISCAN Study.' Genomics &amp; Informatics 6(1): 14-17.<br /> Kim, T-M. et al. (2008). &quot;Copy Number Variations in the Human Genome: Potential Source for Individual Diversity and Disease Association Studies.&quot; 6(1): 1-7.</font></div> 6876de885bb743abc02f5d37fbc499843f9277a0 2247 2008-12-16T09:41:36Z Sskimb 38 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">&nbsp;</font> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt">Personal genomics, bioinformatics, and variomics</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Jong Bhak, Ho Ghang, Rohit Reja,&nbsp;and Sangsoo Kim</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> <br /> KOBIC (Korean Bioinformation Center), KRIBB, Daejeon, Korea. Dept. of Bioinformatics, Soongsil Univ., Seoul, Korea.<br /> <br /> Correspondence: </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><a href="mailto:jongbhak@yahoo.com"><font color="#0000ff">jongbhak@yahoo.com</font></a>, sskimb@ssu.ac.kr</span></div> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Abstract</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> There are at least five complete genome sequences available&nbsp;in 2008. It is known that there are over 15,000,000 genetic variants called SNPs in&nbsp;the dbSNP&nbsp;database. The cost of a full genome sequencing in 2009&nbsp;will be&nbsp;claimed to be less than $5000 USD.&nbsp;The genomics era has arrived in 2008. This review introduces&nbsp;technologies, bioinformatics,&nbsp;genomics visions, and variomics projects. Variomics is&nbsp;the&nbsp;study of the total genetic variation in an individual and&nbsp;populations.&nbsp;Research on&nbsp;genetic variation is the most&nbsp;valuable among many genomics research branches.&nbsp;Genomics and variomics projects will change biology and the society so dramatically that biology will become an everyday technology as personal computers and the internet. 'BioRevolution' is the term that can adequately describe this change.<br /> <br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Introduction</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Since the launch of the Human Genome Project (HGP)&nbsp;in 1990 by NIH of USA, researchers have been developing faster DNA sequencers </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Shendure, Mitra et al. 2004; Chan 2005; Metzker 2005; Gupta 2008; Mardis 2008)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. HGP was said to be led by James Watson who modeled DNA in Cambridge, UK in 1953. In 2003, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium held a press conference to announce the completion of the human genome </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(IHGSC 2004)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. In 2008, after 55 years, his complete genome sequence was publicized by using 454 DNA sequencers developed by a company </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Wheeler, Srinivasan et al. 2008)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">.&nbsp;In 2007, Craig Venter of former Celera founder published his own personal genome in PLoS Biology </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Levy, Sutton et al. 2007)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">.&nbsp;We are entering the personalized biology era with the advent of next generation sequencing technologies.<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">DNA sequencing</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The first breakthrough in genome sequencing came from Watson's&nbsp;colleague in Cambridge, Fred Sanger. In 1977, Sanger and his team produced the first useful DNA sequencing method and publicized the first complete genome </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Sanger, Air et al. 1977)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. It was a tiny virus genome known as phi X 174. Soon after phi X 174, he published the first complete organelle genome which was mitochondrion </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Anderson, Bankier et al. 1981)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. By 1998, researchers in the US evaluated multiplex genome sequencing technologies and were aware that one person's whole genome could be sequenced in one day using contemporary technologies. George Church was the Ph.D. student of Walter Gilbert who received a Nobel Prize with Sanger for developing a sequencing method. Gilbert's method was not used much. However, his colleague Church kept developing sequencing methods. One of them is based on Polony idea </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Porreca, Shendure et al. 2006)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. This technology is used by KNOME Inc. that is a full genome sequencing company. Genome sequencing technology&nbsp;is moving forward to the level as computer CPUs are universally used. DNA sequencing is one of the most important industrial technologies in biology due to its perpetual use and new applications in the future.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Personal Genomics</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> In 2009, genome sequencing technologies will achieve one person's whole genome per day in terms of DNA fragments sequenced. Personal genomics is a new term that utilizes such fast sequencers. In 2008, the cost for one personal genome is less than $300,000 USD. If the cost goes down below $1,000 USD, the impact of personal genomics is predicted to be the largest ever in biology&nbsp;on common people's life.&nbsp;PGP (Personal Genome Project) is a project to sequence as many people as possible with low costs </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Church 2005)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. Google Inc. and Church group are working together to sequence 100,000 people's genetic regions of DNA. In Saudi Arabia, the government is planning to sequence 100 Arabic people. In Europe, there are various groups of people and nations who have been genotyping the populations. Especially, Iceland has been successful in that effort by utilizing their well-kept genealogical data encompassing 100,000s people. In Asia, Jeongsun Seo of Seoul National University has been working on East Asia Genome Project in the past years. His group collected thousands of samples from Mongolian tribes with a gigantic genealogical tree among them <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">(</font><a href="http://www.macrogen.co.kr/eng/macrogen/state.jsp"><font color="#0000ff" size="2">http://www.macrogen.co.kr/eng/macrogen/state.jsp</font></a><font size="2">)</font></div> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Park et al. 2008; Sung et al. 2008)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. Seo is planning on sequencing at least 100 Korean genomes in collaboration with Church and Green Cross Inc. of Korea. The aim of Seo's genome project is to produce a resource for the East Asians as well as Koreans. He is presently sequencing at least two Korean people. In China, Beijing Genome Institute has been successful in terms of sequencing. Their first achievement came from a plant genome, rice. After rice, they launched a 99 Han Chinese genome sequencing project. In Nov. 2008, they published their first Chinese genome in a magazine, Nature. In Dec. 2008, another Korean group Lee Gilyeo Cancer and Diabetes Institute and Korean Bioinformation Center (KOBIC) made a Korean genome sequence public. The genome was sequenced by Solexa paired-end sequencer and comparative genomics analyses and SNP data were uploaded as a public resource for everyone.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Genome revolution&nbsp;</span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> </span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">These public genome data alongside previously known Craig Venter's and James Watson's mark that full genome sequences are not in academic domain anymore. Anyone who has money and will can sequence human genomes. This 'genomic revolution' will eventually lead to the 'BioRevolution' in terms of making the most essential human information completely mapped and publically available. These are revolutionary because humans can now engineer themselves with a map or a blue print not directly relying on trial and error style conventional evolutionary methods. This indicates that evolution went into a conscious level of driving evolution. It is almost designing the evolution using computers.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Genomes and personalized medicine</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The consequences of 'BioRevolution' where genomic information is utilized by scientists to engineers all kinds of biological processes including evolution itself will bring us the personalized medicine. The essence of personalized medicine is that enzymes in our tissues such as cytochrome P450 have distinct differences among individuals and populations. Certain drugs produce different responses in individuals.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Cytochrome p450 family example</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The cytochrome P450 (CYP) family of liver enzymes&nbsp;are responsible for breaking down more than 30 different classes of drugs during phase I of drug metabolism. Structural and SNP variations of the&nbsp;genes that code for these enzymes can influence their ability to metabolize certain drugs. Based upon this, a population can be categorized into four major types of drug metabolizers: </span></div> <ul type="disc"> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Extensive metabolizers: The&nbsp;individuals that can be administered with normal drug dosage </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Intermediate metabolizers&nbsp;: The individuals that metabolizes drug with a rate slower than the normal rate. </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Poor metabolizers: The individuals with poor metabolizing rate. Drugs make accumulate and cause serious adverse effects. </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Ultra metabolizers: Individuals with metabolizing rate faster than extensive metabolizers. They may experience no effect of drug activity. </span></li> </ul> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Variomics</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The most important scientific data out of personal genomes are the precise sequence differences among individuals. Such differences have many types.&nbsp;There are structural differences between chromosomes. There can be insertions and deletions of DNA segments. There are certain fragments that appear as repeats in genomes. Mapping all these structural genetic variations can be briefly termed as 'variomics'. A variome is the totality of genetic variation found in an individual, a population, and a species. Among all the variations we know,&nbsp;the most common one is single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP).&nbsp;In Korea, mapping the variome has been pursued relatively early and there are several groups who are mapping the genetic variations. KOBIC has several very early stage, if not the earliest in the world, variome servers; <a href="http://variome.net/"><font color="#800080">http://variome.net</font></a> and <a href="http://variomics.net/"><font color="#0000ff">http://variomics.net</font></a>. Along with SNP variation, the copy number variation (CNV) is also important. Some recent reports tell us that CNVs can be as variable as or even more variable than SNPs that are simple DNA base changes in populations. Yeun-Jun Chung of Catholic University of Korea has been mapping CNVs among Korean people (Kim et al. 2008).</span></div> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">In early 2005, the US FDA cleared the AmpliChip^&reg; CYP450 Test, which measures variations in two genes of the CYP450 enzyme system: CYP2D6 and CYP2C19. The Roche AmpliChip CYP450 Test is intended to identify a patient's CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotype from genomic DNA extracted from a whole blood sample. Information about CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotype may be used as an aid to clinicians in determining therapeutic strategy and treatment dose for therapeutics that are metabolized by the CYP2D6 or CYP2C19 gene product.<br /> <br /> </span></div> <div align="left"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Human Variome Project (HVP)</span></strong></div> <p align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">As an international collaboration, headed by Richard Cotton, HVP was launched in 2006 (<a href="http://humanvariomeproject.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://humanvariomeproject.org</font></a>) </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Ring, Kwok et al. 2006)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. HVP aims to&nbsp;make clinicians who have been working on rare diseases, to work together with molecular biologists and bioinformaticians. Their goal is to link medical information with genotype information. Succinctly this process is called genotype to phenotype mapping. As several full human genome sequences are already available, mapping phenotypes to the full genomes will be the major challenge of biology in the next 20 years.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Asian Variome Project (AVP)</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Alongside and with the associations of eIMBL, A-IMBN, and HVP, a variome project that tries to map Asian population variome was launched in 2008. This was a group effort of Korean researchers who have been interested in genome sequences,&nbsp;SNPs, and CNVs. They have formed a Korean Variome Consortium (KOVAC: <a href="http://variome.kr/"><font color="#0000ff">http://variome.kr</font></a>) and supported AVP as one of the first projects. eIMBL that is the virtual laboratory network of Asia linking key biology groups modeled after EMBL has acquired $80,000 USD in 2008 to support AVP. eIMBL aims to establish a virtual bioinformatics center in Asia Pacific region that links many bioinformation processing scientists in Asia.<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Bioinformatics for personal genomes and variomes</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Bioinformatics is the key in personal genome projects and variome projects. Bioinformatics is not a set of tools but it is a proper scientific discipline. It regards life as a gigantic information processing phenomenon and tries to map its components and to model the emerging networks of the components. Bioinformatics in 2008 is driving biology into an information science. Most biology researches are now with massive amount of data that cannot be processed by hand. Nearly all the biological research outcomes in the next&nbsp;five years will have some form of high throughput data such as genome sequences, microarray data, proteome analyses, SNPs, epigenome chips, and large scale phenotype mapping. Bioinformatics tools in genomics and variomics can be found from various internet resources. There are various bioinformatics hubs such as NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information), EBI (European Bioinformatics Institute), DDBJ (Databank of Japan), and KOBIC.&nbsp;Some&nbsp;others are: Bioinformatics Organization (<a href="http://bioinformatics.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://Bioinformatics.Org</font></a>), EMBnet (<a href="http://www.embnet.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://www.embnet.org/</font></a>), and&nbsp;The International Society for Computational Biology (<a href="http://iscb.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://iscb.org</font></a>). The following are major bioinformatics journals:<br /> <br /> Algorithms in Molecular Biology (http://www.almob.org/)<br /> Bioinformatics (http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/)<br /> BMC Bioinformatics (http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcbioinformatics)<br /> Briefings in Bioinformatics (http://bib.oxfordjournals.org/)<br /> Genome Research&nbsp;(http://genome.cshlp.org/)<br /> Genomics and Informatics (<a href="http://kogo.or.kr/"><font color="#0000ff">http://kogo.or.kr</font></a>)<br /> The International Journal of Biostatistics (http://www.bepress.com/ijb/)<br /> Journal of Computational Biology (http://www.liebertpub.com/Products/Product.aspx?pid=31&amp;AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1)<br /> Cancer Informatics (http://www.la-press.com/journal.php?pa=description&amp;journal_id=10)<br /> Molecular Systems Biology (http://www.nature.com/msb/index.html<br /> PLoS Computational Biology (http://www.ploscompbiol.org/home.action)<br /> International Journal of Bioinformatics Research and Applications (http://www.inderscience.com/browse/index.php?journalcode=ijbra)<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Sequencing DNA, Metagenomics, and Ecogenomics</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Next generation sequencing methods are not only mapping genomes. They can be used to map the environment. It is called ecogenomics. Environment to humans can be various microbial, plant, and animal interactions around us. Especially, microbial interaction is critical to our health. Gut bacteria are natural environment to us. Metagenomics is a methodology that sequences the whole set of microbes in our food tract. Researchers are realizing that human genome is complemented by such environmental genomes. A new term, 'ecogenomics' is now used to describe these concepts. Metagenomics and ecogenomics are for mapping the variation of environmental genetic factors.<br /> <br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Mapping expression using DNA sequencing</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> DNA sequencing technology&nbsp;used to be&nbsp;for mapping genotypes. However, they are now used to map expression levels in cells. Cells produce various RNAs. mRNA is the most abundant and important. In the past, microarray and DNA chips were used for measuring expression levels. They are not accurate and it takes many bioinformatic adjustments before it becomes reliable expression data. New sequencing technologies can measure expression levels much more accurately. By sequencing the RNAs, we can now quantify the mRNA levels by precisely knowing the RNA sequences. Sequencing technologies will restructure the expression analyses in the future.</span></p> <div><strong><font size="2">Conclusion</font></strong><br /> <font size="2">In 2009 and onwards, personal genome projects will produce unprecedented amount of biological data. New bioinformatics technologies will be required to handle them. New sequencing technologies will drive the next decades of biology and transform the medical practices in hospitals within the next decades. Fast sequencing unexpectedly brought us interesting applications such as metagenomics and ecogenomics. </font><font size="2">We have examined the current trends in genomics and variomics.</font><br /> <br /> </div> <div><font size="2"><strong>References</strong></font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">IHGSC (2004). Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome. <em>Nature</em> <strong>431</strong>(7011), 931-45.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Anderson, S., A. T. Bankier, et al. (1981). Sequence and organization of the human mitochondrial genome. <em>Nature</em> <strong>290</strong>(5806), 457-65.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Chan, E. Y. (2005). Advances in sequencing technology. <em>Mutat Res</em> <strong>573</strong>(1-2), 13-40.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Church, G. M. (2005). The personal genome project. <em>Mol Syst Biol</em> <strong>1,</strong> 2005.0030.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Gupta, P. K. (2008). Single-molecule DNA sequencing technologies for future genomics research. <em>Trends Biotechnol</em> <strong>26</strong>(11), 602-11.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Levy, S., G. Sutton, et al. (2007). The diploid genome sequence of an individual human. <em>PLoS Biol</em> <strong>5</strong>(10), e254.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Mardis, E. R. (2008). The impact of next-generation sequencing technology on genetics. <em>Trends Genet</em> <strong>24</strong>(3), 133-41.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Metzker, M. L. (2005). Emerging technologies in DNA sequencing. <em>Genome Res</em> <strong>15</strong>(12), 1767-76.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Porreca, G. J., J. Shendure, et al. (2006). Polony DNA sequencing. <em>Curr Protoc Mol Biol</em> <strong>Chapter 7</strong>: Unit 7 8.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Ring, H. Z., P. Y. Kwok, et al. (2006). Human Variome Project: an international collaboration to catalogue human genetic variation. <em>Pharmacogenomics</em> <strong>7</strong>(7), 969-72.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Sanger, F., G. M. Air, et al. (1977). Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA. <em>Nature</em> <strong>265</strong>(5596), 687-95.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Shendure, J., R. D. Mitra, et al. (2004). Advanced sequencing technologies: methods and goals. <u>Nat</u> <em>Rev Genet</em> <strong>5</strong>(5), 335-44.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Wheeler, D. A., M. Srinivasan, et al. (2008). The complete genome of an individual by massively parallel DNA sequencing. <em>Nature</em> <strong>452</strong>(7189), 872-6.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"> <font color="#ff6600">Park, H. et al. (2008). Genome-wide Linkage Study for Plasma HDL Cholesterol Level in an Isolated Population of Mongolia. Genomics &amp; Informatics 6(1): 8-13.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"> <font color="#ff6600"> Sung, J. et al. (2008). &quot;Inbreeding Coefficients in Two Isolated Mongolian Populations - GENDISCAN Study.' Genomics &amp; Informatics 6(1): 14-17.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"> <font color="#ff6600">Kim, T-M. et al. (2008). &quot;Copy Number Variations in the Human Genome: Potential Source for Individual Diversity and Disease Association Studies.&quot; 6(1): 1-7.</font></div> edd80d6e5c6be9d5254c31c48a6350cd3f7f2a5d 2248 2008-12-16T09:45:13Z Sskimb 38 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">&nbsp;</font> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt">Personal genomics, bioinformatics, and variomics</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Jong Bhak, Ho Ghang, Rohit Reja,&nbsp;and Sangsoo Kim</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> <br /> KOBIC (Korean Bioinformation Center), KRIBB, Daejeon, Korea. Dept. of Bioinformatics, Soongsil Univ., Seoul, Korea.<br /> <br /> Correspondence: </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><a href="mailto:jongbhak@yahoo.com"><font color="#0000ff">jongbhak@yahoo.com</font></a>, sskimb@ssu.ac.kr</span></div> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Abstract</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> There are at least five complete genome sequences available&nbsp;in 2008. It is known that there are over 15,000,000 genetic variants called SNPs in&nbsp;the dbSNP&nbsp;database. The cost of a full genome sequencing in 2009&nbsp;will be&nbsp;claimed to be less than $5000 USD.&nbsp;The genomics era has arrived in 2008. This review introduces&nbsp;technologies, bioinformatics,&nbsp;genomics visions, and variomics projects. Variomics is&nbsp;the&nbsp;study of the total genetic variation in an individual and&nbsp;populations.&nbsp;Research on&nbsp;genetic variation is the most&nbsp;valuable among many genomics research branches.&nbsp;Genomics and variomics projects will change biology and the society so dramatically that biology will become an everyday technology as personal computers and the internet. 'BioRevolution' is the term that can adequately describe this change.<br /> <br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Introduction</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Since the launch of the Human Genome Project (HGP)&nbsp;in 1990 by NIH of USA, researchers have been developing faster DNA sequencers </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Shendure, Mitra et al. 2004; Chan 2005; Metzker 2005; Gupta 2008; Mardis 2008)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. HGP was said to be led by James Watson who modeled DNA in Cambridge, UK in 1953. In 2003, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium held a press conference to announce the completion of the human genome </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(IHGSC 2004)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. In 2008, after 55 years, his complete genome sequence was publicized by using 454 DNA sequencers developed by a company </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Wheeler, Srinivasan et al. 2008)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">.&nbsp;In 2007, Craig Venter of former Celera founder published his own personal genome in PLoS Biology </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Levy, Sutton et al. 2007)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">.&nbsp;We are entering the personalized biology era with the advent of next generation sequencing technologies.<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">DNA sequencing</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The first breakthrough in genome sequencing came from Watson's&nbsp;colleague in Cambridge, Fred Sanger. In 1977, Sanger and his team produced the first useful DNA sequencing method and publicized the first complete genome </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Sanger, Air et al. 1977)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. It was a tiny virus genome known as phi X 174. Soon after phi X 174, he published the first complete organelle genome which was mitochondrion </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Anderson, Bankier et al. 1981)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. By 1998, researchers in the US evaluated multiplex genome sequencing technologies and were aware that one person's whole genome could be sequenced in one day using contemporary technologies. George Church was the Ph.D. student of Walter Gilbert who received a Nobel Prize with Sanger for developing a sequencing method. Gilbert's method was not used much. However, his colleague Church kept developing sequencing methods. One of them is based on Polony idea </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Porreca, Shendure et al. 2006)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. This technology is used by KNOME Inc. that is a full genome sequencing company. Genome sequencing technology&nbsp;is moving forward to the level as computer CPUs are universally used. DNA sequencing is one of the most important industrial technologies in biology due to its perpetual use and new applications in the future.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Personal Genomics</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> In 2009, genome sequencing technologies will achieve one person's whole genome per day in terms of DNA fragments sequenced. Personal genomics is a new term that utilizes such fast sequencers. In 2008, the cost for one personal genome is less than $300,000 USD. If the cost goes down below $1,000 USD, the impact of personal genomics is predicted to be the largest ever in biology&nbsp;on common people's life.&nbsp;PGP (Personal Genome Project) is a project to sequence as many people as possible with low costs </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Church 2005)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. Google Inc. and Church group are working together to sequence 100,000 people's genetic regions of DNA. In Saudi Arabia, the government is planning to sequence 100 Arabic people. In Europe, there are various groups of people and nations who have been genotyping the populations. Especially, Iceland has been successful in that effort by utilizing their well-kept genealogical data encompassing 100,000s people. In Asia, Jeongsun Seo of Seoul National University has been working on East Asia Genome Project in the past years. His group collected thousands of samples from Mongolian tribes with a gigantic genealogical tree among them <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">(</font><a href="http://www.macrogen.co.kr/eng/macrogen/state.jsp"><font color="#0000ff" size="2">http://www.macrogen.co.kr/eng/macrogen/state.jsp</font></a><font size="2">)</font></div> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Park et al. 2008; Sung et al. 2008)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. Seo is planning on sequencing at least 100 Korean genomes in collaboration with Church and Green Cross Inc. of Korea. The aim of Seo's genome project is to produce a resource for the East Asians as well as Koreans. He is presently sequencing at least two Korean people. In China, Beijing Genome Institute has been successful in terms of sequencing. Their first achievement came from a plant genome, rice. After rice, they launched a 99 Han Chinese genome sequencing project. In Nov. 2008, they published their first Chinese genome in a magazine, Nature. In Dec. 2008, another Korean group Lee Gilyeo Cancer and Diabetes Institute and Korean Bioinformation Center (KOBIC) made a Korean genome sequence public. The genome was sequenced by Solexa paired-end sequencer and comparative genomics analyses and SNP data were uploaded as a public resource for everyone.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Genome revolution&nbsp;</span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> </span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">These public genome data alongside previously known Craig Venter's and James Watson's mark that full genome sequences are not in academic domain anymore. Anyone who has money and will can sequence human genomes. This 'genomic revolution' will eventually lead to the 'BioRevolution' in terms of making the most essential human information completely mapped and publically available. These are revolutionary because humans can now engineer themselves with a map or a blue print not directly relying on trial and error style conventional evolutionary methods. This indicates that evolution went into a conscious level of driving evolution. It is almost designing the evolution using computers.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Genomes and personalized medicine</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The consequences of 'BioRevolution' where genomic information is utilized by scientists to engineers all kinds of biological processes including evolution itself will bring us the personalized medicine. The essence of personalized medicine is that enzymes in our tissues such as cytochrome P450 have distinct differences among individuals and populations. Certain drugs produce different responses in individuals.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Cytochrome p450 family example</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The cytochrome P450 (CYP) family of liver enzymes&nbsp;are responsible for breaking down more than 30 different classes of drugs during phase I of drug metabolism. Structural and SNP variations of the&nbsp;genes that code for these enzymes can influence their ability to metabolize certain drugs. Based upon this, a population can be categorized into four major types of drug metabolizers: </span></div> <ul type="disc"> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Extensive metabolizers: The&nbsp;individuals that can be administered with normal drug dosage </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Intermediate metabolizers&nbsp;: The individuals that metabolizes drug with a rate slower than the normal rate. </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Poor metabolizers: The individuals with poor metabolizing rate. Drugs make accumulate and cause serious adverse effects. </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Ultra metabolizers: Individuals with metabolizing rate faster than extensive metabolizers. They may experience no effect of drug activity. </span></li> </ul> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Variomics</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The most important scientific data out of personal genomes are the precise sequence differences among individuals. Such differences have many types.&nbsp;There are structural differences between chromosomes. There can be insertions and deletions of DNA segments. There are certain fragments that appear as repeats in genomes. Mapping all these structural genetic variations can be briefly termed as 'variomics'. A variome is the totality of genetic variation found in an individual, a population, and a species. Among all the variations we know,&nbsp;the most common one is single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP).&nbsp;In Korea, mapping the variome has been pursued relatively early and there are several groups who are mapping the genetic variations. KOBIC has several very early stage, if not the earliest in the world, variome servers; <a href="http://variome.net/"><font color="#800080">http://variome.net</font></a> and <a href="http://variomics.net/"><font color="#0000ff">http://variomics.net</font></a>. Along with SNP variation, the copy number variation (CNV) is also important. Some recent reports tell us that CNVs can be as variable as or even more variable than SNPs that are simple DNA base changes in populations. Yeun-Jun Chung of Catholic University of Korea has been mapping CNVs among Korean people (Kim et al. 2008).</span></div> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">In early 2005, the US FDA cleared the AmpliChip^&reg; CYP450 Test, which measures variations in two genes of the CYP450 enzyme system: CYP2D6 and CYP2C19. The Roche AmpliChip CYP450 Test is intended to identify a patient's CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotype from genomic DNA extracted from a whole blood sample. Information about CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotype may be used as an aid to clinicians in determining therapeutic strategy and treatment dose for therapeutics that are metabolized by the CYP2D6 or CYP2C19 gene product.<br /> <br /> </span></div> <div align="left"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Human Variome Project (HVP)</span></strong></div> <p align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">As an international collaboration, headed by Richard Cotton, HVP was launched in 2006 (<a href="http://humanvariomeproject.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://humanvariomeproject.org</font></a>) </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Ring, Kwok et al. 2006)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. HVP aims to&nbsp;make clinicians who have been working on rare diseases, to work together with molecular biologists and bioinformaticians. Their goal is to link medical information with genotype information. Succinctly this process is called genotype to phenotype mapping. As several full human genome sequences are already available, mapping phenotypes to the full genomes will be the major challenge of biology in the next 20 years.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Asian Variome Project (AVP)</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Alongside and with the associations of eIMBL, A-IMBN, and HVP, a variome project that tries to map Asian population variome was launched in 2008. This was a group effort of Korean researchers who have been interested in genome sequences,&nbsp;SNPs, and CNVs. They have formed a Korean Variome Consortium (KOVAC: <a href="http://variome.kr/"><font color="#0000ff">http://variome.kr</font></a>) and supported AVP as one of the first projects. eIMBL that is the virtual laboratory network of Asia linking key biology groups modeled after EMBL has acquired $80,000 USD in 2008 to support AVP. eIMBL aims to establish a virtual bioinformatics center in Asia Pacific region that links many bioinformation processing scientists in Asia.<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Bioinformatics for personal genomes and variomes</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Bioinformatics is the key in personal genome projects and variome projects. Bioinformatics is not a set of tools but it is a proper scientific discipline. It regards life as a gigantic information processing phenomenon and tries to map its components and to model the emerging networks of the components. Bioinformatics in 2008 is driving biology into an information science. Most biology researches are now with massive amount of data that cannot be processed by hand. Nearly all the biological research outcomes in the next&nbsp;five years will have some form of high throughput data such as genome sequences, microarray data, proteome analyses, SNPs, epigenome chips, and large scale phenotype mapping. Bioinformatics tools in genomics and variomics can be found from various internet resources. There are various bioinformatics hubs such as NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information), EBI (European Bioinformatics Institute), DDBJ (Databank of Japan), and KOBIC.&nbsp;Some&nbsp;others are: Bioinformatics Organization (<a href="http://bioinformatics.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://Bioinformatics.Org</font></a>), EMBnet (<a href="http://www.embnet.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://www.embnet.org/</font></a>), and&nbsp;The International Society for Computational Biology (<a href="http://iscb.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://iscb.org</font></a>). The following are major bioinformatics journals:<br /> <br /> Algorithms in Molecular Biology (http://www.almob.org/)<br /> Bioinformatics (http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/)<br /> BMC Bioinformatics (http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcbioinformatics)<br /> Briefings in Bioinformatics (http://bib.oxfordjournals.org/)<br /> Genome Research&nbsp;(http://genome.cshlp.org/)<br /> Genomics and Informatics (<a href="http://kogo.or.kr/"><font color="#0000ff">http://kogo.or.kr</font></a>)<br /> The International Journal of Biostatistics (http://www.bepress.com/ijb/)<br /> Journal of Computational Biology (http://www.liebertpub.com/Products/Product.aspx?pid=31&amp;AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1)<br /> Cancer Informatics (http://www.la-press.com/journal.php?pa=description&amp;journal_id=10)<br /> Molecular Systems Biology (http://www.nature.com/msb/index.html<br /> PLoS Computational Biology (http://www.ploscompbiol.org/home.action)<br /> International Journal of Bioinformatics Research and Applications (http://www.inderscience.com/browse/index.php?journalcode=ijbra)<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Sequencing DNA, Metagenomics, and Ecogenomics</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Next generation sequencing methods are not only mapping genomes. They can be used to map the environment. It is called ecogenomics. Environment to humans can be various microbial, plant, and animal interactions around us. Especially, microbial interaction is critical to our health. Gut bacteria are natural environment to us. Metagenomics is a methodology that sequences the whole set of microbes in our food tract. Researchers are realizing that human genome is complemented by such environmental genomes. A new term, 'ecogenomics' is now used to describe these concepts. Metagenomics and ecogenomics are for mapping the variation of environmental genetic factors.<br /> <br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Mapping expression using DNA sequencing</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> DNA sequencing technology&nbsp;used to be&nbsp;for mapping genotypes. However, they are now used to map expression levels in cells. Cells produce various RNAs. mRNA is the most abundant and important. In the past, microarray and DNA chips were used for measuring expression levels. They are not accurate and it takes many bioinformatic adjustments before it becomes reliable expression data. New sequencing technologies can measure expression levels much more accurately. By sequencing the RNAs, we can now quantify the mRNA levels by precisely knowing the RNA sequences. Sequencing technologies will restructure the expression analyses in the future.</span></p> <div><strong><font size="2">Conclusion</font></strong><br /> <font size="2">In 2009 and onwards, personal genome projects will produce unprecedented amount of biological data. New bioinformatics technologies will be required to handle them. New sequencing technologies will drive the next decades of biology and transform the medical practices in hospitals within the next decades. Fast sequencing unexpectedly brought us interesting applications such as metagenomics and ecogenomics. </font><font size="2">We have examined the current trends in genomics and variomics.</font><br /> <br /> </div> <div><font size="2"><strong>References</strong></font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">IHGSC (2004). Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome. <em>Nature</em> <strong>431</strong>(7011), 931-45.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Anderson, S., A. T. Bankier, et al. (1981). Sequence and organization of the human mitochondrial genome. <em>Nature</em> <strong>290</strong>(5806), 457-65.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Chan, E. Y. (2005). Advances in sequencing technology. <em>Mutat Res</em> <strong>573</strong>(1-2), 13-40.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Church, G. M. (2005). The personal genome project. <em>Mol Syst Biol</em> <strong>1,</strong> 2005.0030.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Gupta, P. K. (2008). Single-molecule DNA sequencing technologies for future genomics research. <em>Trends Biotechnol</em> <strong>26</strong>(11), 602-11.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Kim, T-M. et al. (2008). &quot;Copy Number Variations in the Human Genome: Potential Source for Individual Diversity and Disease Association Studies.&quot; 6(1): 1-7.</font></div><div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Levy, S., G. Sutton, et al. (2007). The diploid genome sequence of an individual human. <em>PLoS Biol</em> <strong>5</strong>(10), e254.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Mardis, E. R. (2008). The impact of next-generation sequencing technology on genetics. <em>Trends Genet</em> <strong>24</strong>(3), 133-41.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Metzker, M. L. (2005). Emerging technologies in DNA sequencing. <em>Genome Res</em> <strong>15</strong>(12), 1767-76.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2"> Park, H. et al. (2008). Genome-wide Linkage Study for Plasma HDL Cholesterol Level in an Isolated Population of Mongolia. Genomics &amp; Informatics 6(1): 8-13.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2"> Porreca, G. J., J. Shendure, et al. (2006). Polony DNA sequencing. <em>Curr Protoc Mol Biol</em> <strong>Chapter 7</strong>: Unit 7 8.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Ring, H. Z., P. Y. Kwok, et al. (2006). Human Variome Project: an international collaboration to catalogue human genetic variation. <em>Pharmacogenomics</em> <strong>7</strong>(7), 969-72.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Sanger, F., G. M. Air, et al. (1977). Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA. <em>Nature</em> <strong>265</strong>(5596), 687-95.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Shendure, J., R. D. Mitra, et al. (2004). Advanced sequencing technologies: methods and goals. <u>Nat</u> <em>Rev Genet</em> <strong>5</strong>(5), 335-44.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Sung, J. et al. (2008). &quot;Inbreeding Coefficients in Two Isolated Mongolian Populations - GENDISCAN Study.' Genomics &amp; Informatics 6(1): 14-17.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Wheeler, D. A., M. Srinivasan, et al. (2008). The complete genome of an individual by massively parallel DNA sequencing. <em>Nature</em> <strong>452</strong>(7189), 872-6.</font></div> d886525c7339a33a1d2bf9286ca168c2f16b0a18 2249 2008-12-16T09:53:03Z Sskimb 38 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">&nbsp;</font> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt">Personal genomics, bioinformatics, and variomics</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Jong Bhak, Ho Ghang, Rohit Reja,&nbsp;and Sangsoo Kim</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> <br /> KOBIC (Korean Bioinformation Center), KRIBB, Daejeon, Korea. Dept. of Bioinformatics, Soongsil Univ., Seoul, Korea.<br /> <br /> Correspondence: </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><a href="mailto:jongbhak@yahoo.com"><font color="#0000ff">jongbhak@yahoo.com</font></a>, sskimb@ssu.ac.kr</span></div> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Abstract</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> There are at least five complete genome sequences available&nbsp;in 2008. It is known that there are over 15,000,000 genetic variants called SNPs in&nbsp;the dbSNP&nbsp;database. The cost of a full genome sequencing in 2009&nbsp;will be&nbsp;claimed to be less than $5000 USD.&nbsp;The genomics era has arrived in 2008. This review introduces&nbsp;technologies, bioinformatics,&nbsp;genomics visions, and variomics projects. Variomics is&nbsp;the&nbsp;study of the total genetic variation in an individual and&nbsp;populations.&nbsp;Research on&nbsp;genetic variation is the most&nbsp;valuable among many genomics research branches.&nbsp;Genomics and variomics projects will change biology and the society so dramatically that biology will become an everyday technology as personal computers and the internet. 'BioRevolution' is the term that can adequately describe this change.<br /> <br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Introduction</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Since the launch of the Human Genome Project (HGP)&nbsp;in 1990 by NIH of USA, researchers have been developing faster DNA sequencers </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Shendure, Mitra et al. 2004; Chan 2005; Metzker 2005; Gupta 2008; Mardis 2008)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. HGP was said to be led by James Watson who modeled DNA in Cambridge, UK in 1953. In 2003, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium held a press conference to announce the completion of the human genome </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(IHGSC 2004)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. In 2008, after 55 years, his complete genome sequence was publicized by using 454 DNA sequencers developed by a company </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Wheeler, Srinivasan et al. 2008)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">.&nbsp;In 2007, Craig Venter of former Celera founder published his own personal genome in PLoS Biology </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Levy, Sutton et al. 2007)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">.&nbsp;We are entering the personalized biology era with the advent of next generation sequencing technologies.<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">DNA sequencing</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The first breakthrough in genome sequencing came from Watson's&nbsp;colleague in Cambridge, Fred Sanger. In 1977, Sanger and his team produced the first useful DNA sequencing method and publicized the first complete genome </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Sanger, Air et al. 1977)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. It was a tiny virus genome known as phi X 174. Soon after phi X 174, he published the first complete organelle genome which was mitochondrion </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Anderson, Bankier et al. 1981)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. By 1998, researchers in the US evaluated multiplex genome sequencing technologies and were aware that one person's whole genome could be sequenced in one day using contemporary technologies. George Church was the Ph.D. student of Walter Gilbert who received a Nobel Prize with Sanger for developing a sequencing method. Gilbert's method was not used much. However, his colleague Church kept developing sequencing methods. One of them is based on Polony idea </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Porreca, Shendure et al. 2006)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. This technology is used by KNOME Inc. that is a full genome sequencing company. Genome sequencing technology&nbsp;is moving forward to the level as computer CPUs are universally used. DNA sequencing is one of the most important industrial technologies in biology due to its perpetual use and new applications in the future.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Personal Genomics</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> In 2009, genome sequencing technologies will achieve one person's whole genome per day in terms of DNA fragments sequenced. Personal genomics is a new term that utilizes such fast sequencers. In 2008, the cost for one personal genome is less than $300,000 USD. If the cost goes down below $1,000 USD, the impact of personal genomics is predicted to be the largest ever in biology&nbsp;on common people's life.&nbsp;PGP (Personal Genome Project) is a project to sequence as many people as possible with low costs </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Church 2005)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. Google Inc. and Church group are working together to sequence 100,000 people's genetic regions of DNA. In Saudi Arabia, the government is planning to sequence 100 Arabic people. In Europe, there are various groups of people and nations who have been genotyping the populations. Especially, Iceland has been successful in that effort by utilizing their well-kept genealogical data encompassing 100,000s people. In Asia, Jeongsun Seo of Seoul National University has been working on East Asia Genome Project in the past years. His group collected thousands of samples from Mongolian tribes with a gigantic genealogical tree among them <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">(</font><a href="http://www.macrogen.co.kr/eng/macrogen/state.jsp"><font color="#0000ff" size="2">http://www.macrogen.co.kr/eng/macrogen/state.jsp</font></a><font size="2">)</font></div> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Park et al. 2008; Sung et al. 2008)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. Seo is planning on sequencing at least 100 Korean genomes in collaboration with Church and Green Cross Inc. of Korea. The aim of Seo's genome project is to produce a resource for the East Asians as well as Koreans. He is presently sequencing at least two Korean people. In China, Beijing Genome Institute has been successful in terms of sequencing. Their first achievement came from a plant genome, rice. After rice, they launched a 99 Han Chinese genome sequencing project. In Nov. 2008, they published their first Chinese genome in a magazine, Nature. In Dec. 2008, another Korean group Lee Gilyeo Cancer and Diabetes Institute and Korean Bioinformation Center (KOBIC) made a Korean genome sequence public. The genome was sequenced by Solexa paired-end sequencer and comparative genomics analyses and SNP data were uploaded as a public resource for everyone.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Genome revolution&nbsp;</span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> </span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">These public genome data alongside previously known Craig Venter's and James Watson's mark that full genome sequences are not in academic domain anymore. Anyone who has money and will can sequence human genomes. This 'genomic revolution' will eventually lead to the 'BioRevolution' in terms of making the most essential human information completely mapped and publically available. These are revolutionary because humans can now engineer themselves with a map or a blue print not directly relying on trial and error style conventional evolutionary methods. This indicates that evolution went into a conscious level of driving evolution. It is almost designing the evolution using computers.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Genomes and personalized medicine</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The consequences of 'BioRevolution' where genomic information is utilized by scientists to engineers all kinds of biological processes including evolution itself will bring us the personalized medicine. The essence of personalized medicine is that enzymes in our tissues such as cytochrome P450 have distinct differences among individuals and populations. Certain drugs produce different responses in individuals.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Cytochrome p450 family example</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The cytochrome P450 (CYP) family of liver enzymes&nbsp;are responsible for breaking down more than 30 different classes of drugs during phase I of drug metabolism. Structural and SNP variations of the&nbsp;genes that code for these enzymes can influence their ability to metabolize certain drugs. Based upon this, a population can be categorized into four major types of drug metabolizers: </span></div> <ul type="disc"> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Extensive metabolizers: The&nbsp;individuals that can be administered with normal drug dosage </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Intermediate metabolizers&nbsp;: The individuals that metabolizes drug with a rate slower than the normal rate. </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Poor metabolizers: The individuals with poor metabolizing rate. Drugs make accumulate and cause serious adverse effects. </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Ultra metabolizers: Individuals with metabolizing rate faster than extensive metabolizers. They may experience no effect of drug activity. </span></li> </ul> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Variomics</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The most important scientific data out of personal genomes are the precise sequence differences among individuals. Such differences have many types.&nbsp;There are structural differences between chromosomes. There can be insertions and deletions of DNA segments. There are certain fragments that appear as repeats in genomes. Mapping all these structural genetic variations can be briefly termed as 'variomics'. A variome is the totality of genetic variation found in an individual, a population, and a species. Among all the variations we know,&nbsp;the most common one is single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP).&nbsp;In Korea, mapping the variome has been pursued relatively early and there are several groups who are mapping the genetic variations. KOBIC has several very early stage, if not the earliest in the world, variome servers; <a href="http://variome.net/"><font color="#800080">http://variome.net</font></a> and <a href="http://variomics.net/"><font color="#0000ff">http://variomics.net</font></a>. Along with SNP variation, the copy number variation (CNV) is also important. Some recent reports tell us that CNVs can be as variable as or even more variable than SNPs that are simple DNA base changes in populations. Yeun-Jun Chung of Catholic University of Korea has been mapping CNVs among Korean people (Kim et al. 2008).</span></div> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">In early 2005, the US FDA cleared the AmpliChip^&reg; CYP450 Test, which measures variations in two genes of the CYP450 enzyme system: CYP2D6 and CYP2C19. The Roche AmpliChip CYP450 Test is intended to identify a patient's CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotype from genomic DNA extracted from a whole blood sample. Information about CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotype may be used as an aid to clinicians in determining therapeutic strategy and treatment dose for therapeutics that are metabolized by the CYP2D6 or CYP2C19 gene product.<br /> <br /> </span></div> <div align="left"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Human Variome Project (HVP)</span></strong></div> <p align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">As an international collaboration, headed by Richard Cotton, HVP was launched in 2006 (<a href="http://humanvariomeproject.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://humanvariomeproject.org</font></a>) </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Ring, Kwok et al. 2006)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. HVP aims to&nbsp;make clinicians who have been working on rare diseases, to work together with molecular biologists and bioinformaticians. Their goal is to link medical information with genotype information. Succinctly this process is called genotype to phenotype mapping. As several full human genome sequences are already available, mapping phenotypes to the full genomes will be the major challenge of biology in the next 20 years.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Asian Variome Project (AVP)</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Alongside and with the associations of eIMBL, A-IMBN, and HVP, a variome project that tries to map Asian population variome was launched in 2008. This was a group effort of Korean researchers who have been interested in genome sequences,&nbsp;SNPs, and CNVs. They have formed a Korean Variome Consortium (KOVAC: <a href="http://variome.kr/"><font color="#0000ff">http://variome.kr</font></a>) and supported AVP as one of the first projects. eIMBL that is the virtual laboratory network of Asia linking key biology groups modeled after EMBL has acquired $80,000 USD in 2008 to support AVP. eIMBL aims to establish a virtual bioinformatics center in Asia Pacific region that links many bioinformation processing scientists in Asia.<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Bioinformatics for personal genomes and variomes</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Bioinformatics is the key in personal genome projects and variome projects. Bioinformatics is not a set of tools but it is a proper scientific discipline. It regards life as a gigantic information processing phenomenon and tries to map its components and to model the emerging networks of the components. Bioinformatics in 2008 is driving biology into an information science. Most biology researches are now with massive amount of data that cannot be processed by hand. Nearly all the biological research outcomes in the next&nbsp;five years will have some form of high throughput data such as genome sequences, microarray data, proteome analyses, SNPs, epigenome chips, and large scale phenotype mapping. Bioinformatics tools in genomics and variomics can be found from various internet resources. There are various bioinformatics hubs such as NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information), EBI (European Bioinformatics Institute), DDBJ (Databank of Japan), and KOBIC.&nbsp;Some&nbsp;others are: Bioinformatics Organization (<a href="http://bioinformatics.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://Bioinformatics.Org</font></a>), EMBnet (<a href="http://www.embnet.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://www.embnet.org/</font></a>), and&nbsp;The International Society for Computational Biology (<a href="http://iscb.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://iscb.org</font></a>). The following are major bioinformatics journals:<br /> <br /> Algorithms in Molecular Biology (http://www.almob.org/)<br /> Bioinformatics (http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/)<br /> BMC Bioinformatics (http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcbioinformatics)<br /> Briefings in Bioinformatics (http://bib.oxfordjournals.org/)<br /> Genome Research&nbsp;(http://genome.cshlp.org/)<br /> Genomics and Informatics (<a href="http://kogo.or.kr/"><font color="#0000ff">http://kogo.or.kr</font></a>)<br /> The International Journal of Biostatistics (http://www.bepress.com/ijb/)<br /> Journal of Computational Biology (http://www.liebertpub.com/Products/Product.aspx?pid=31&amp;AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1)<br /> Cancer Informatics (http://www.la-press.com/journal.php?pa=description&amp;journal_id=10)<br /> Molecular Systems Biology (http://www.nature.com/msb/index.html<br /> PLoS Computational Biology (http://www.ploscompbiol.org/home.action)<br /> International Journal of Bioinformatics Research and Applications (http://www.inderscience.com/browse/index.php?journalcode=ijbra)<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Sequencing DNA, Metagenomics, and Ecogenomics</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Next generation sequencing methods are not only mapping genomes. They can be used to map the environment. It is called ecogenomics. Environment to humans can be various microbial, plant, and animal interactions around us. Especially, microbial interaction is critical to our health. Gut bacteria are natural environment to us. Metagenomics is a methodology that sequences the whole set of microbes in our food tract. Researchers are realizing that human genome is complemented by such environmental genomes. A new term, 'ecogenomics' is now used to describe these concepts. Metagenomics and ecogenomics are for mapping the variation of environmental genetic factors.<br /> <br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Mapping expression using DNA sequencing</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> DNA sequencing technology&nbsp;used to be&nbsp;for mapping genotypes. However, they are now used to map expression levels in cells. Cells produce various RNAs. mRNA is the most abundant and important. In the past, microarray and DNA chips were used for measuring expression levels. They are not accurate and it takes many bioinformatic adjustments before it becomes reliable expression data. New sequencing technologies can measure expression levels much more accurately. By sequencing the RNAs, we can now quantify the mRNA levels by precisely knowing the RNA sequences. Sequencing technologies will restructure the expression analyses in the future.</span></p> <div><strong><font size="2">Conclusion</font></strong><br /> <font size="2">In 2009 and onwards, personal genome projects will produce unprecedented amount of biological data. New bioinformatics technologies will be required to handle them. New sequencing technologies will drive the next decades of biology and transform the medical practices in hospitals within the next decades. Fast sequencing unexpectedly brought us interesting applications such as metagenomics and ecogenomics. </font><font size="2">We have examined the current trends in genomics and variomics.</font><br /> <br /> </div> <div><strong><font size="2">Acknowledgements</font></strong><br /> SK was supported by Soongsil University Reserach Fund.<br /> </div> <div><font size="2"><strong>References</strong></font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">IHGSC (2004). Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome. <em>Nature</em> 431(7011), 931-45.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Anderson, S., A. T. Bankier, <em>et al.</em> (1981). Sequence and organization of the human mitochondrial genome. <em>Nature</em> 290(5806), 457-65.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Chan, E. Y. (2005). Advances in sequencing technology. <em>Mutat. Res.</em> 573(1-2), 13-40.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Church, G. M. (2005). The personal genome project. <em>Mol. Syst. Biol.</em> 1<strong>,</strong> 2005.0030.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Gupta, P. K. (2008). Single-molecule DNA sequencing technologies for future genomics research. <em>Trends Biotechnol.</em> 26(11), 602-11.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Kim, T-M. <em>et al.</em> (2008). Copy Number Variations in the Human Genome: Potential Source for Individual Diversity and Disease Association Studies. <em>Genomics &amp; Informatics</em>&nbsp;6(1), 1-7.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Levy, S., G. Sutton, <em>et al</em>. (2007). The diploid genome sequence of an individual human. <em>PLoS Biol.</em> 5(10), e254.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Mardis, E. R. (2008). The impact of next-generation sequencing technology on genetics. <em>Trends Genet.</em> 24(3), 133-41.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Metzker, M. L. (2005). Emerging technologies in DNA sequencing. <em>Genome Res.</em> 15(12), 1767-76.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Park, H. <em>et al</em>. (2008). Genome-wide Linkage Study for Plasma HDL Cholesterol Level in an Isolated Population of Mongolia. <em>Genomics &amp; Informatics</em> 6(1), 8-13.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Porreca, G. J., J. Shendure, <em>et al</em>. (2006). Polony DNA sequencing. <em>Curr. Prot. Mol. Biol.</em> Chapter 7: Unit 7 8.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Ring, H. Z., P. Y. Kwok, <em>et al</em>. (2006). Human Variome Project: an international collaboration to catalogue human genetic variation. <em>Pharmacogenomics</em> 7(7), 969-72.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Sanger, F., G. M. Air, <em>et al</em>. (1977). Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA. <em>Nature</em> 265(5596), 687-95.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Shendure, J., R. D. Mitra, <em>et al</em>. (2004). Advanced sequencing technologies: methods and goals. <em>Nat.</em> <em>Rev. Genet.</em> 5(5), 335-44.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Sung, J. et al. (2008). Inbreeding Coefficients in Two Isolated Mongolian Populations - GENDISCAN Study. <em>Genomics &amp; Informatics</em> 6(1): 14-17.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Wheeler, D. A., M. Srinivasan, <em>et al</em>. (2008). The complete genome of an individual by massively parallel DNA sequencing. <em>Nature</em> 452(7189), 872-6.</font></div> 7e9e1281be451ce6671228c7e1fa0fed09c14f0e 2250 2008-12-16T09:53:57Z Sskimb 38 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">&nbsp;</font> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt">Personal genomics, bioinformatics, and variomics</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Jong Bhak, Ho Ghang, Rohit Reja,&nbsp;and Sangsoo Kim</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> <br /> KOBIC (Korean Bioinformation Center), KRIBB, Daejeon, Korea. Dept. of Bioinformatics, Soongsil Univ., Seoul, Korea.<br /> <br /> Correspondence: </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><a href="mailto:jongbhak@yahoo.com"><font color="#0000ff">jongbhak@yahoo.com</font></a>, sskimb@ssu.ac.kr</span></div> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Abstract</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> There are at least five complete genome sequences available&nbsp;in 2008. It is known that there are over 15,000,000 genetic variants called SNPs in&nbsp;the dbSNP&nbsp;database. The cost of a full genome sequencing in 2009&nbsp;will be&nbsp;claimed to be less than $5000 USD.&nbsp;The genomics era has arrived in 2008. This review introduces&nbsp;technologies, bioinformatics,&nbsp;genomics visions, and variomics projects. Variomics is&nbsp;the&nbsp;study of the total genetic variation in an individual and&nbsp;populations.&nbsp;Research on&nbsp;genetic variation is the most&nbsp;valuable among many genomics research branches.&nbsp;Genomics and variomics projects will change biology and the society so dramatically that biology will become an everyday technology as personal computers and the internet. 'BioRevolution' is the term that can adequately describe this change.<br /> <br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Introduction</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Since the launch of the Human Genome Project (HGP)&nbsp;in 1990 by NIH of USA, researchers have been developing faster DNA sequencers </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Shendure, Mitra et al. 2004; Chan 2005; Metzker 2005; Gupta 2008; Mardis 2008)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. HGP was said to be led by James Watson who modeled DNA in Cambridge, UK in 1953. In 2003, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium held a press conference to announce the completion of the human genome </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(IHGSC 2004)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. In 2008, after 55 years, his complete genome sequence was publicized by using 454 DNA sequencers developed by a company </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Wheeler, Srinivasan et al. 2008)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">.&nbsp;In 2007, Craig Venter of former Celera founder published his own personal genome in PLoS Biology </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Levy, Sutton et al. 2007)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">.&nbsp;We are entering the personalized biology era with the advent of next generation sequencing technologies.<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">DNA sequencing</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The first breakthrough in genome sequencing came from Watson's&nbsp;colleague in Cambridge, Fred Sanger. In 1977, Sanger and his team produced the first useful DNA sequencing method and publicized the first complete genome </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Sanger, Air et al. 1977)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. It was a tiny virus genome known as phi X 174. Soon after phi X 174, he published the first complete organelle genome which was mitochondrion </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Anderson, Bankier et al. 1981)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. By 1998, researchers in the US evaluated multiplex genome sequencing technologies and were aware that one person's whole genome could be sequenced in one day using contemporary technologies. George Church was the Ph.D. student of Walter Gilbert who received a Nobel Prize with Sanger for developing a sequencing method. Gilbert's method was not used much. However, his colleague Church kept developing sequencing methods. One of them is based on Polony idea </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Porreca, Shendure et al. 2006)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. This technology is used by KNOME Inc. that is a full genome sequencing company. Genome sequencing technology&nbsp;is moving forward to the level as computer CPUs are universally used. DNA sequencing is one of the most important industrial technologies in biology due to its perpetual use and new applications in the future.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Personal Genomics</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> In 2009, genome sequencing technologies will achieve one person's whole genome per day in terms of DNA fragments sequenced. Personal genomics is a new term that utilizes such fast sequencers. In 2008, the cost for one personal genome is less than $300,000 USD. If the cost goes down below $1,000 USD, the impact of personal genomics is predicted to be the largest ever in biology&nbsp;on common people's life.&nbsp;PGP (Personal Genome Project) is a project to sequence as many people as possible with low costs </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Church 2005)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. Google Inc. and Church group are working together to sequence 100,000 people's genetic regions of DNA. In Saudi Arabia, the government is planning to sequence 100 Arabic people. In Europe, there are various groups of people and nations who have been genotyping the populations. Especially, Iceland has been successful in that effort by utilizing their well-kept genealogical data encompassing 100,000s people. In Asia, Jeongsun Seo of Seoul National University has been working on East Asia Genome Project in the past years. His group collected thousands of samples from Mongolian tribes with a gigantic genealogical tree among them <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">(</font><a href="http://www.macrogen.co.kr/eng/macrogen/state.jsp"><font color="#0000ff" size="2">http://www.macrogen.co.kr/eng/macrogen/state.jsp</font></a><font size="2">)</font></div> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Park et al. 2008; Sung et al. 2008)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. Seo is planning on sequencing at least 100 Korean genomes in collaboration with Church and Green Cross Inc. of Korea. The aim of Seo's genome project is to produce a resource for the East Asians as well as Koreans. He is presently sequencing at least two Korean people. In China, Beijing Genome Institute has been successful in terms of sequencing. Their first achievement came from a plant genome, rice. After rice, they launched a 99 Han Chinese genome sequencing project. In Nov. 2008, they published their first Chinese genome in a magazine, Nature. In Dec. 2008, another Korean group Lee Gilyeo Cancer and Diabetes Institute and Korean Bioinformation Center (KOBIC) made a Korean genome sequence public. The genome was sequenced by Solexa paired-end sequencer and comparative genomics analyses and SNP data were uploaded as a public resource for everyone.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Genome revolution&nbsp;</span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> </span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">These public genome data alongside previously known Craig Venter's and James Watson's mark that full genome sequences are not in academic domain anymore. Anyone who has money and will can sequence human genomes. This 'genomic revolution' will eventually lead to the 'BioRevolution' in terms of making the most essential human information completely mapped and publically available. These are revolutionary because humans can now engineer themselves with a map or a blue print not directly relying on trial and error style conventional evolutionary methods. This indicates that evolution went into a conscious level of driving evolution. It is almost designing the evolution using computers.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Genomes and personalized medicine</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The consequences of 'BioRevolution' where genomic information is utilized by scientists to engineers all kinds of biological processes including evolution itself will bring us the personalized medicine. The essence of personalized medicine is that enzymes in our tissues such as cytochrome P450 have distinct differences among individuals and populations. Certain drugs produce different responses in individuals.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Cytochrome p450 family example</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The cytochrome P450 (CYP) family of liver enzymes&nbsp;are responsible for breaking down more than 30 different classes of drugs during phase I of drug metabolism. Structural and SNP variations of the&nbsp;genes that code for these enzymes can influence their ability to metabolize certain drugs. Based upon this, a population can be categorized into four major types of drug metabolizers: </span></div> <ul type="disc"> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Extensive metabolizers: The&nbsp;individuals that can be administered with normal drug dosage </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Intermediate metabolizers&nbsp;: The individuals that metabolizes drug with a rate slower than the normal rate. </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Poor metabolizers: The individuals with poor metabolizing rate. Drugs make accumulate and cause serious adverse effects. </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Ultra metabolizers: Individuals with metabolizing rate faster than extensive metabolizers. They may experience no effect of drug activity. </span></li> </ul> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Variomics</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The most important scientific data out of personal genomes are the precise sequence differences among individuals. Such differences have many types.&nbsp;There are structural differences between chromosomes. There can be insertions and deletions of DNA segments. There are certain fragments that appear as repeats in genomes. Mapping all these structural genetic variations can be briefly termed as 'variomics'. A variome is the totality of genetic variation found in an individual, a population, and a species. Among all the variations we know,&nbsp;the most common one is single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP).&nbsp;In Korea, mapping the variome has been pursued relatively early and there are several groups who are mapping the genetic variations. KOBIC has several very early stage, if not the earliest in the world, variome servers; <a href="http://variome.net/"><font color="#800080">http://variome.net</font></a> and <a href="http://variomics.net/"><font color="#0000ff">http://variomics.net</font></a>. Along with SNP variation, the copy number variation (CNV) is also important. Some recent reports tell us that CNVs can be as variable as or even more variable than SNPs that are simple DNA base changes in populations. Yeun-Jun Chung of Catholic University of Korea has been mapping CNVs among Korean people (Kim et al. 2008).</span></div> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">In early 2005, the US FDA cleared the AmpliChip^&reg; CYP450 Test, which measures variations in two genes of the CYP450 enzyme system: CYP2D6 and CYP2C19. The Roche AmpliChip CYP450 Test is intended to identify a patient's CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotype from genomic DNA extracted from a whole blood sample. Information about CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotype may be used as an aid to clinicians in determining therapeutic strategy and treatment dose for therapeutics that are metabolized by the CYP2D6 or CYP2C19 gene product.<br /> <br /> </span></div> <div align="left"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Human Variome Project (HVP)</span></strong></div> <p align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">As an international collaboration, headed by Richard Cotton, HVP was launched in 2006 (<a href="http://humanvariomeproject.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://humanvariomeproject.org</font></a>) </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Ring, Kwok et al. 2006)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. HVP aims to&nbsp;make clinicians who have been working on rare diseases, to work together with molecular biologists and bioinformaticians. Their goal is to link medical information with genotype information. Succinctly this process is called genotype to phenotype mapping. As several full human genome sequences are already available, mapping phenotypes to the full genomes will be the major challenge of biology in the next 20 years.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Asian Variome Project (AVP)</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Alongside and with the associations of eIMBL, A-IMBN, and HVP, a variome project that tries to map Asian population variome was launched in 2008. This was a group effort of Korean researchers who have been interested in genome sequences,&nbsp;SNPs, and CNVs. They have formed a Korean Variome Consortium (KOVAC: <a href="http://variome.kr/"><font color="#0000ff">http://variome.kr</font></a>) and supported AVP as one of the first projects. eIMBL that is the virtual laboratory network of Asia linking key biology groups modeled after EMBL has acquired $80,000 USD in 2008 to support AVP. eIMBL aims to establish a virtual bioinformatics center in Asia Pacific region that links many bioinformation processing scientists in Asia.<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Bioinformatics for personal genomes and variomes</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Bioinformatics is the key in personal genome projects and variome projects. Bioinformatics is not a set of tools but it is a proper scientific discipline. It regards life as a gigantic information processing phenomenon and tries to map its components and to model the emerging networks of the components. Bioinformatics in 2008 is driving biology into an information science. Most biology researches are now with massive amount of data that cannot be processed by hand. Nearly all the biological research outcomes in the next&nbsp;five years will have some form of high throughput data such as genome sequences, microarray data, proteome analyses, SNPs, epigenome chips, and large scale phenotype mapping. Bioinformatics tools in genomics and variomics can be found from various internet resources. There are various bioinformatics hubs such as NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information), EBI (European Bioinformatics Institute), DDBJ (Databank of Japan), and KOBIC.&nbsp;Some&nbsp;others are: Bioinformatics Organization (<a href="http://bioinformatics.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://Bioinformatics.Org</font></a>), EMBnet (<a href="http://www.embnet.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://www.embnet.org/</font></a>), and&nbsp;The International Society for Computational Biology (<a href="http://iscb.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://iscb.org</font></a>). The following are major bioinformatics journals:<br /> <br /> Algorithms in Molecular Biology (http://www.almob.org/)<br /> Bioinformatics (http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/)<br /> BMC Bioinformatics (http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcbioinformatics)<br /> Briefings in Bioinformatics (http://bib.oxfordjournals.org/)<br /> Genome Research&nbsp;(http://genome.cshlp.org/)<br /> Genomics and Informatics (<a href="http://kogo.or.kr/"><font color="#0000ff">http://kogo.or.kr</font></a>)<br /> The International Journal of Biostatistics (http://www.bepress.com/ijb/)<br /> Journal of Computational Biology (http://www.liebertpub.com/Products/Product.aspx?pid=31&amp;AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1)<br /> Cancer Informatics (http://www.la-press.com/journal.php?pa=description&amp;journal_id=10)<br /> Molecular Systems Biology (http://www.nature.com/msb/index.html<br /> PLoS Computational Biology (http://www.ploscompbiol.org/home.action)<br /> International Journal of Bioinformatics Research and Applications (http://www.inderscience.com/browse/index.php?journalcode=ijbra)<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Sequencing DNA, Metagenomics, and Ecogenomics</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Next generation sequencing methods are not only mapping genomes. They can be used to map the environment. It is called ecogenomics. Environment to humans can be various microbial, plant, and animal interactions around us. Especially, microbial interaction is critical to our health. Gut bacteria are natural environment to us. Metagenomics is a methodology that sequences the whole set of microbes in our food tract. Researchers are realizing that human genome is complemented by such environmental genomes. A new term, 'ecogenomics' is now used to describe these concepts. Metagenomics and ecogenomics are for mapping the variation of environmental genetic factors.<br /> <br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Mapping expression using DNA sequencing</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> DNA sequencing technology&nbsp;used to be&nbsp;for mapping genotypes. However, they are now used to map expression levels in cells. Cells produce various RNAs. mRNA is the most abundant and important. In the past, microarray and DNA chips were used for measuring expression levels. They are not accurate and it takes many bioinformatic adjustments before it becomes reliable expression data. New sequencing technologies can measure expression levels much more accurately. By sequencing the RNAs, we can now quantify the mRNA levels by precisely knowing the RNA sequences. Sequencing technologies will restructure the expression analyses in the future.</span></p> <div><strong><font size="2">Conclusion</font></strong><br /> <font size="2">In 2009 and onwards, personal genome projects will produce unprecedented amount of biological data. New bioinformatics technologies will be required to handle them. New sequencing technologies will drive the next decades of biology and transform the medical practices in hospitals within the next decades. Fast sequencing unexpectedly brought us interesting applications such as metagenomics and ecogenomics. </font><font size="2">We have examined the current trends in genomics and variomics.</font><br /> <br /> </div> <div><strong><font size="2">Acknowledgements</font></strong><br /> SK was supported by Soongsil University Reserach Fund.<br /><br /> </div> <div><font size="2"><strong>References</strong></font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">IHGSC (2004). Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome. <em>Nature</em> 431(7011), 931-45.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Anderson, S., A. T. Bankier, <em>et al.</em> (1981). Sequence and organization of the human mitochondrial genome. <em>Nature</em> 290(5806), 457-65.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Chan, E. Y. (2005). Advances in sequencing technology. <em>Mutat. Res.</em> 573(1-2), 13-40.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Church, G. M. (2005). The personal genome project. <em>Mol. Syst. Biol.</em> 1<strong>,</strong> 2005.0030.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Gupta, P. K. (2008). Single-molecule DNA sequencing technologies for future genomics research. <em>Trends Biotechnol.</em> 26(11), 602-11.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Kim, T-M. <em>et al.</em> (2008). Copy Number Variations in the Human Genome: Potential Source for Individual Diversity and Disease Association Studies. <em>Genomics &amp; Informatics</em>&nbsp;6(1), 1-7.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Levy, S., G. Sutton, <em>et al</em>. (2007). The diploid genome sequence of an individual human. <em>PLoS Biol.</em> 5(10), e254.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Mardis, E. R. (2008). The impact of next-generation sequencing technology on genetics. <em>Trends Genet.</em> 24(3), 133-41.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Metzker, M. L. (2005). Emerging technologies in DNA sequencing. <em>Genome Res.</em> 15(12), 1767-76.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Park, H. <em>et al</em>. (2008). Genome-wide Linkage Study for Plasma HDL Cholesterol Level in an Isolated Population of Mongolia. <em>Genomics &amp; Informatics</em> 6(1), 8-13.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Porreca, G. J., J. Shendure, <em>et al</em>. (2006). Polony DNA sequencing. <em>Curr. Prot. Mol. Biol.</em> Chapter 7: Unit 7 8.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Ring, H. Z., P. Y. Kwok, <em>et al</em>. (2006). Human Variome Project: an international collaboration to catalogue human genetic variation. <em>Pharmacogenomics</em> 7(7), 969-72.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Sanger, F., G. M. Air, <em>et al</em>. (1977). Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA. <em>Nature</em> 265(5596), 687-95.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Shendure, J., R. D. Mitra, <em>et al</em>. (2004). Advanced sequencing technologies: methods and goals. <em>Nat.</em> <em>Rev. Genet.</em> 5(5), 335-44.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Sung, J. et al. (2008). Inbreeding Coefficients in Two Isolated Mongolian Populations - GENDISCAN Study. <em>Genomics &amp; Informatics</em> 6(1): 14-17.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Wheeler, D. A., M. Srinivasan, <em>et al</em>. (2008). The complete genome of an individual by massively parallel DNA sequencing. <em>Nature</em> 452(7189), 872-6.</font></div> 9d17f69283de8ba2f29e7c7818d0dfc67e626fda 2251 2008-12-16T10:00:03Z Sskimb 38 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">&nbsp;</font> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt">Personal genomics, bioinformatics, and variomics</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Jong Bhak¹*, Ho Ghang¹, Rohit Reja¹,&nbsp;and Sangsoo Kim²*</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> <br /> <strong>¹</strong>KOBIC (Korean Bioinformation Center), KRIBB, Daejeon 305-806, Korea. <strong>²</strong>Dept. of Bioinformatics, Soongsil Univ., Seoul 156-743, Korea.<br /> <br /> *Corresponding authors: E-mail </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><a href="mailto:jongbhak@yahoo.com"><font color="#0000ff">jongbhak@yahoo.com</font></a>&nbsp;Tel +82-42-879-8500 Fax +82-42-879-8519 or E-mail &nbsp;<a href="mailto:sskimb@ssu.ac.kr">sskimb@ssu.ac.kr</a> Tel +82-2-820-0457 Fax +82-2-824-4383</span></div> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Abstract</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> There are at least five complete genome sequences available&nbsp;in 2008. It is known that there are over 15,000,000 genetic variants called SNPs in&nbsp;the dbSNP&nbsp;database. The cost of a full genome sequencing in 2009&nbsp;will be&nbsp;claimed to be less than $5000 USD.&nbsp;The genomics era has arrived in 2008. This review introduces&nbsp;technologies, bioinformatics,&nbsp;genomics visions, and variomics projects. Variomics is&nbsp;the&nbsp;study of the total genetic variation in an individual and&nbsp;populations.&nbsp;Research on&nbsp;genetic variation is the most&nbsp;valuable among many genomics research branches.&nbsp;Genomics and variomics projects will change biology and the society so dramatically that biology will become an everyday technology as personal computers and the internet. 'BioRevolution' is the term that can adequately describe this change.<br /> <br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Introduction</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Since the launch of the Human Genome Project (HGP)&nbsp;in 1990 by NIH of USA, researchers have been developing faster DNA sequencers </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Shendure, Mitra et al. 2004; Chan 2005; Metzker 2005; Gupta 2008; Mardis 2008)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. HGP was said to be led by James Watson who modeled DNA in Cambridge, UK in 1953. In 2003, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium held a press conference to announce the completion of the human genome </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(IHGSC 2004)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. In 2008, after 55 years, his complete genome sequence was publicized by using 454 DNA sequencers developed by a company </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Wheeler, Srinivasan et al. 2008)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">.&nbsp;In 2007, Craig Venter of former Celera founder published his own personal genome in PLoS Biology </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Levy, Sutton et al. 2007)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">.&nbsp;We are entering the personalized biology era with the advent of next generation sequencing technologies.<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">DNA sequencing</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The first breakthrough in genome sequencing came from Watson's&nbsp;colleague in Cambridge, Fred Sanger. In 1977, Sanger and his team produced the first useful DNA sequencing method and publicized the first complete genome </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Sanger, Air et al. 1977)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. It was a tiny virus genome known as phi X 174. Soon after phi X 174, he published the first complete organelle genome which was mitochondrion </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Anderson, Bankier et al. 1981)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. By 1998, researchers in the US evaluated multiplex genome sequencing technologies and were aware that one person's whole genome could be sequenced in one day using contemporary technologies. George Church was the Ph.D. student of Walter Gilbert who received a Nobel Prize with Sanger for developing a sequencing method. Gilbert's method was not used much. However, his colleague Church kept developing sequencing methods. One of them is based on Polony idea </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Porreca, Shendure et al. 2006)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. This technology is used by KNOME Inc. that is a full genome sequencing company. Genome sequencing technology&nbsp;is moving forward to the level as computer CPUs are universally used. DNA sequencing is one of the most important industrial technologies in biology due to its perpetual use and new applications in the future.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Personal Genomics</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> In 2009, genome sequencing technologies will achieve one person's whole genome per day in terms of DNA fragments sequenced. Personal genomics is a new term that utilizes such fast sequencers. In 2008, the cost for one personal genome is less than $300,000 USD. If the cost goes down below $1,000 USD, the impact of personal genomics is predicted to be the largest ever in biology&nbsp;on common people's life.&nbsp;PGP (Personal Genome Project) is a project to sequence as many people as possible with low costs </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Church 2005)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. Google Inc. and Church group are working together to sequence 100,000 people's genetic regions of DNA. In Saudi Arabia, the government is planning to sequence 100 Arabic people. In Europe, there are various groups of people and nations who have been genotyping the populations. Especially, Iceland has been successful in that effort by utilizing their well-kept genealogical data encompassing 100,000s people. In Asia, Jeongsun Seo of Seoul National University has been working on East Asia Genome Project in the past years. His group collected thousands of samples from Mongolian tribes with a gigantic genealogical tree among them <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">(</font><a href="http://www.macrogen.co.kr/eng/macrogen/state.jsp"><font color="#0000ff" size="2">http://www.macrogen.co.kr/eng/macrogen/state.jsp</font></a><font size="2">)</font></div> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Park et al. 2008; Sung et al. 2008)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. Seo is planning on sequencing at least 100 Korean genomes in collaboration with Church and Green Cross Inc. of Korea. The aim of Seo's genome project is to produce a resource for the East Asians as well as Koreans. He is presently sequencing at least two Korean people. In China, Beijing Genome Institute has been successful in terms of sequencing. Their first achievement came from a plant genome, rice. After rice, they launched a 99 Han Chinese genome sequencing project. In Nov. 2008, they published their first Chinese genome in a magazine, Nature. In Dec. 2008, another Korean group Lee Gilyeo Cancer and Diabetes Institute and Korean Bioinformation Center (KOBIC) made a Korean genome sequence public. The genome was sequenced by Solexa paired-end sequencer and comparative genomics analyses and SNP data were uploaded as a public resource for everyone.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Genome revolution&nbsp;</span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> </span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">These public genome data alongside previously known Craig Venter's and James Watson's mark that full genome sequences are not in academic domain anymore. Anyone who has money and will can sequence human genomes. This 'genomic revolution' will eventually lead to the 'BioRevolution' in terms of making the most essential human information completely mapped and publically available. These are revolutionary because humans can now engineer themselves with a map or a blue print not directly relying on trial and error style conventional evolutionary methods. This indicates that evolution went into a conscious level of driving evolution. It is almost designing the evolution using computers.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Genomes and personalized medicine</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The consequences of 'BioRevolution' where genomic information is utilized by scientists to engineers all kinds of biological processes including evolution itself will bring us the personalized medicine. The essence of personalized medicine is that enzymes in our tissues such as cytochrome P450 have distinct differences among individuals and populations. Certain drugs produce different responses in individuals.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Cytochrome p450 family example</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The cytochrome P450 (CYP) family of liver enzymes&nbsp;are responsible for breaking down more than 30 different classes of drugs during phase I of drug metabolism. Structural and SNP variations of the&nbsp;genes that code for these enzymes can influence their ability to metabolize certain drugs. Based upon this, a population can be categorized into four major types of drug metabolizers: </span></div> <ul type="disc"> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Extensive metabolizers: The&nbsp;individuals that can be administered with normal drug dosage </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Intermediate metabolizers&nbsp;: The individuals that metabolizes drug with a rate slower than the normal rate. </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Poor metabolizers: The individuals with poor metabolizing rate. Drugs make accumulate and cause serious adverse effects. </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Ultra metabolizers: Individuals with metabolizing rate faster than extensive metabolizers. They may experience no effect of drug activity. </span></li> </ul> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Variomics</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The most important scientific data out of personal genomes are the precise sequence differences among individuals. Such differences have many types.&nbsp;There are structural differences between chromosomes. There can be insertions and deletions of DNA segments. There are certain fragments that appear as repeats in genomes. Mapping all these structural genetic variations can be briefly termed as 'variomics'. A variome is the totality of genetic variation found in an individual, a population, and a species. Among all the variations we know,&nbsp;the most common one is single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP).&nbsp;In Korea, mapping the variome has been pursued relatively early and there are several groups who are mapping the genetic variations. KOBIC has several very early stage, if not the earliest in the world, variome servers; <a href="http://variome.net/"><font color="#800080">http://variome.net</font></a> and <a href="http://variomics.net/"><font color="#0000ff">http://variomics.net</font></a>. Along with SNP variation, the copy number variation (CNV) is also important. Some recent reports tell us that CNVs can be as variable as or even more variable than SNPs that are simple DNA base changes in populations. Yeun-Jun Chung of Catholic University of Korea has been mapping CNVs among Korean people (Kim et al. 2008).</span></div> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">In early 2005, the US FDA cleared the AmpliChip^&reg; CYP450 Test, which measures variations in two genes of the CYP450 enzyme system: CYP2D6 and CYP2C19. The Roche AmpliChip CYP450 Test is intended to identify a patient's CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotype from genomic DNA extracted from a whole blood sample. Information about CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotype may be used as an aid to clinicians in determining therapeutic strategy and treatment dose for therapeutics that are metabolized by the CYP2D6 or CYP2C19 gene product.<br /> <br /> </span></div> <div align="left"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Human Variome Project (HVP)</span></strong></div> <p align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">As an international collaboration, headed by Richard Cotton, HVP was launched in 2006 (<a href="http://humanvariomeproject.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://humanvariomeproject.org</font></a>) </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Ring, Kwok et al. 2006)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. HVP aims to&nbsp;make clinicians who have been working on rare diseases, to work together with molecular biologists and bioinformaticians. Their goal is to link medical information with genotype information. Succinctly this process is called genotype to phenotype mapping. As several full human genome sequences are already available, mapping phenotypes to the full genomes will be the major challenge of biology in the next 20 years.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Asian Variome Project (AVP)</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Alongside and with the associations of eIMBL, A-IMBN, and HVP, a variome project that tries to map Asian population variome was launched in 2008. This was a group effort of Korean researchers who have been interested in genome sequences,&nbsp;SNPs, and CNVs. They have formed a Korean Variome Consortium (KOVAC: <a href="http://variome.kr/"><font color="#0000ff">http://variome.kr</font></a>) and supported AVP as one of the first projects. eIMBL that is the virtual laboratory network of Asia linking key biology groups modeled after EMBL has acquired $80,000 USD in 2008 to support AVP. eIMBL aims to establish a virtual bioinformatics center in Asia Pacific region that links many bioinformation processing scientists in Asia.<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Bioinformatics for personal genomes and variomes</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Bioinformatics is the key in personal genome projects and variome projects. Bioinformatics is not a set of tools but it is a proper scientific discipline. It regards life as a gigantic information processing phenomenon and tries to map its components and to model the emerging networks of the components. Bioinformatics in 2008 is driving biology into an information science. Most biology researches are now with massive amount of data that cannot be processed by hand. Nearly all the biological research outcomes in the next&nbsp;five years will have some form of high throughput data such as genome sequences, microarray data, proteome analyses, SNPs, epigenome chips, and large scale phenotype mapping. Bioinformatics tools in genomics and variomics can be found from various internet resources. There are various bioinformatics hubs such as NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information), EBI (European Bioinformatics Institute), DDBJ (Databank of Japan), and KOBIC.&nbsp;Some&nbsp;others are: Bioinformatics Organization (<a href="http://bioinformatics.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://Bioinformatics.Org</font></a>), EMBnet (<a href="http://www.embnet.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://www.embnet.org/</font></a>), and&nbsp;The International Society for Computational Biology (<a href="http://iscb.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://iscb.org</font></a>). The following are major bioinformatics journals:<br /> <br /> Algorithms in Molecular Biology (http://www.almob.org/)<br /> Bioinformatics (http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/)<br /> BMC Bioinformatics (http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcbioinformatics)<br /> Briefings in Bioinformatics (http://bib.oxfordjournals.org/)<br /> Genome Research&nbsp;(http://genome.cshlp.org/)<br /> Genomics and Informatics (<a href="http://kogo.or.kr/"><font color="#0000ff">http://kogo.or.kr</font></a>)<br /> The International Journal of Biostatistics (http://www.bepress.com/ijb/)<br /> Journal of Computational Biology (http://www.liebertpub.com/Products/Product.aspx?pid=31&amp;AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1)<br /> Cancer Informatics (http://www.la-press.com/journal.php?pa=description&amp;journal_id=10)<br /> Molecular Systems Biology (http://www.nature.com/msb/index.html<br /> PLoS Computational Biology (http://www.ploscompbiol.org/home.action)<br /> International Journal of Bioinformatics Research and Applications (http://www.inderscience.com/browse/index.php?journalcode=ijbra)<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Sequencing DNA, Metagenomics, and Ecogenomics</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Next generation sequencing methods are not only mapping genomes. They can be used to map the environment. It is called ecogenomics. Environment to humans can be various microbial, plant, and animal interactions around us. Especially, microbial interaction is critical to our health. Gut bacteria are natural environment to us. Metagenomics is a methodology that sequences the whole set of microbes in our food tract. Researchers are realizing that human genome is complemented by such environmental genomes. A new term, 'ecogenomics' is now used to describe these concepts. Metagenomics and ecogenomics are for mapping the variation of environmental genetic factors.<br /> <br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Mapping expression using DNA sequencing</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> DNA sequencing technology&nbsp;used to be&nbsp;for mapping genotypes. However, they are now used to map expression levels in cells. Cells produce various RNAs. mRNA is the most abundant and important. In the past, microarray and DNA chips were used for measuring expression levels. They are not accurate and it takes many bioinformatic adjustments before it becomes reliable expression data. New sequencing technologies can measure expression levels much more accurately. By sequencing the RNAs, we can now quantify the mRNA levels by precisely knowing the RNA sequences. Sequencing technologies will restructure the expression analyses in the future.</span></p> <div><strong><font size="2">Conclusion</font></strong><br /> <font size="2">In 2009 and onwards, personal genome projects will produce unprecedented amount of biological data. New bioinformatics technologies will be required to handle them. New sequencing technologies will drive the next decades of biology and transform the medical practices in hospitals within the next decades. Fast sequencing unexpectedly brought us interesting applications such as metagenomics and ecogenomics. </font><font size="2">We have examined the current trends in genomics and variomics.</font><br /> <br /> </div> <div><strong><font size="2">Acknowledgements</font></strong><br /> SK was supported by Soongsil University Reserach Fund.<br /> <br /> </div> <div><font size="2"><strong>References</strong></font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">IHGSC (2004). Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome. <em>Nature</em> 431(7011), 931-45.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Anderson, S., A. T. Bankier, <em>et al.</em> (1981). Sequence and organization of the human mitochondrial genome. <em>Nature</em> 290(5806), 457-65.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Chan, E. Y. (2005). Advances in sequencing technology. <em>Mutat. Res.</em> 573(1-2), 13-40.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Church, G. M. (2005). The personal genome project. <em>Mol. Syst. Biol.</em> 1<strong>,</strong> 2005.0030.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Gupta, P. K. (2008). Single-molecule DNA sequencing technologies for future genomics research. <em>Trends Biotechnol.</em> 26(11), 602-11.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Kim, T-M. <em>et al.</em> (2008). Copy Number Variations in the Human Genome: Potential Source for Individual Diversity and Disease Association Studies. <em>Genomics &amp; Informatics</em>&nbsp;6(1), 1-7.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Levy, S., G. Sutton, <em>et al</em>. (2007). The diploid genome sequence of an individual human. <em>PLoS Biol.</em> 5(10), e254.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Mardis, E. R. (2008). The impact of next-generation sequencing technology on genetics. <em>Trends Genet.</em> 24(3), 133-41.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Metzker, M. L. (2005). Emerging technologies in DNA sequencing. <em>Genome Res.</em> 15(12), 1767-76.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Park, H. <em>et al</em>. (2008). Genome-wide Linkage Study for Plasma HDL Cholesterol Level in an Isolated Population of Mongolia. <em>Genomics &amp; Informatics</em> 6(1), 8-13.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Porreca, G. J., J. Shendure, <em>et al</em>. (2006). Polony DNA sequencing. <em>Curr. Prot. Mol. Biol.</em> Chapter 7: Unit 7 8.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Ring, H. Z., P. Y. Kwok, <em>et al</em>. (2006). Human Variome Project: an international collaboration to catalogue human genetic variation. <em>Pharmacogenomics</em> 7(7), 969-72.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Sanger, F., G. M. Air, <em>et al</em>. (1977). Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA. <em>Nature</em> 265(5596), 687-95.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Shendure, J., R. D. Mitra, <em>et al</em>. (2004). Advanced sequencing technologies: methods and goals. <em>Nat.</em> <em>Rev. Genet.</em> 5(5), 335-44.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Sung, J. et al. (2008). Inbreeding Coefficients in Two Isolated Mongolian Populations - GENDISCAN Study. <em>Genomics &amp; Informatics</em> 6(1): 14-17.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Wheeler, D. A., M. Srinivasan, <em>et al</em>. (2008). The complete genome of an individual by massively parallel DNA sequencing. <em>Nature</em> 452(7189), 872-6.</font></div> f714f3862428c50038703d14ac70783be634e098 2252 2008-12-16T10:09:29Z Sskimb 38 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">&nbsp;</font> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt">Personal genomics, bioinformatics, and variomics</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Jong Bhak¹*, Ho Ghang¹, Rohit Reja¹,&nbsp;and Sangsoo Kim²*</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> <br /> <strong>¹</strong>KOBIC (Korean Bioinformation Center), KRIBB, Daejeon 305-806, Korea. <strong>²</strong>Dept. of Bioinformatics, Soongsil Univ., Seoul 156-743, Korea.<br /> <br /> *Correspondence to: E-mail </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><a href="mailto:jongbhak@yahoo.com"><font color="#0000ff">jongbhak@yahoo.com</font></a>&nbsp;Tel +82-42-879-8500 Fax +82-42-879-8519 or E-mail &nbsp;<a href="mailto:sskimb@ssu.ac.kr">sskimb@ssu.ac.kr</a> Tel +82-2-820-0457 Fax +82-2-824-4383</span></div> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Abstract</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> There are at least five complete genome sequences available&nbsp;in 2008. It is known that there are over 15,000,000 genetic variants called SNPs in&nbsp;the dbSNP&nbsp;database. The cost of a full genome sequencing in 2009&nbsp;will be&nbsp;claimed to be less than $5000 USD.&nbsp;The genomics era has arrived in 2008. This review introduces&nbsp;technologies, bioinformatics,&nbsp;genomics visions, and variomics projects. Variomics is&nbsp;the&nbsp;study of the total genetic variation in an individual and&nbsp;populations.&nbsp;Research on&nbsp;genetic variation is the most&nbsp;valuable among many genomics research branches.&nbsp;Genomics and variomics projects will change biology and the society so dramatically that biology will become an everyday technology as personal computers and the internet. 'BioRevolution' is the term that can adequately describe this change.<br /> <br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Introduction</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Since the launch of the Human Genome Project (HGP)&nbsp;in 1990 by NIH of USA, researchers have been developing faster DNA sequencers </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Shendure, Mitra et al. 2004; Chan 2005; Metzker 2005; Gupta 2008; Mardis 2008)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. HGP was said to be led by James Watson who modeled DNA in Cambridge, UK in 1953. In 2003, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium held a press conference to announce the completion of the human genome </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(IHGSC 2004)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. In 2008, after 55 years, his complete genome sequence was publicized by using 454 DNA sequencers developed by a company </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Wheeler, Srinivasan et al. 2008)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">.&nbsp;In 2007, Craig Venter of former Celera founder published his own personal genome in PLoS Biology </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Levy, Sutton et al. 2007)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">.&nbsp;We are entering the personalized biology era with the advent of next generation sequencing technologies.<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">DNA sequencing</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The first breakthrough in genome sequencing came from Watson's&nbsp;colleague in Cambridge, Fred Sanger. In 1977, Sanger and his team produced the first useful DNA sequencing method and publicized the first complete genome </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Sanger, Air et al. 1977)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. It was a tiny virus genome known as phi X 174. Soon after phi X 174, he published the first complete organelle genome which was mitochondrion </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Anderson, Bankier et al. 1981)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. By 1998, researchers in the US evaluated multiplex genome sequencing technologies and were aware that one person's whole genome could be sequenced in one day using contemporary technologies. George Church was the Ph.D. student of Walter Gilbert who received a Nobel Prize with Sanger for developing a sequencing method. Gilbert's method was not used much. However, his colleague Church kept developing sequencing methods. One of them is based on Polony idea </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Porreca, Shendure et al. 2006)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. This technology is used by KNOME Inc. that is a full genome sequencing company. Genome sequencing technology&nbsp;is moving forward to the level as computer CPUs are universally used. DNA sequencing is one of the most important industrial technologies in biology due to its perpetual use and new applications in the future.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Personal Genomics</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> In 2009, genome sequencing technologies will achieve one person's whole genome per day in terms of DNA fragments sequenced. Personal genomics is a new term that utilizes such fast sequencers. In 2008, the cost for one personal genome is less than $300,000 USD. If the cost goes down below $1,000 USD, the impact of personal genomics is predicted to be the largest ever in biology&nbsp;on common people's life.&nbsp;PGP (Personal Genome Project) is a project to sequence as many people as possible with low costs </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Church 2005)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. Google Inc. and Church group are working together to sequence 100,000 people's genetic regions of DNA. In Saudi Arabia, the government is planning to sequence 100 Arabic people. In Europe, there are various groups of people and nations who have been genotyping the populations. Especially, Iceland has been successful in that effort by utilizing their well-kept genealogical data encompassing 100,000s people. In Asia, Jeongsun Seo of Seoul National University has been working on East Asia Genome Project in the past years. His group collected thousands of samples from Mongolian tribes with a gigantic genealogical tree among them <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">(</font><a href="http://www.macrogen.co.kr/eng/macrogen/state.jsp"><font color="#0000ff" size="2">http://www.macrogen.co.kr/eng/macrogen/state.jsp</font></a><font size="2">)</font></div> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Park et al. 2008; Sung et al. 2008)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. Seo is planning on sequencing at least 100 Korean genomes in collaboration with Church and Green Cross Inc. of Korea. The aim of Seo's genome project is to produce a resource for the East Asians as well as Koreans. He is presently sequencing at least two Korean people. In China, Beijing Genome Institute has been successful in terms of sequencing. Their first achievement came from a plant genome, rice. After rice, they launched a 99 Han Chinese genome sequencing project. In Nov. 2008, they published their first Chinese genome in a magazine, Nature. In Dec. 2008, another Korean group Lee Gilyeo Cancer and Diabetes Institute and Korean Bioinformation Center (KOBIC) made a Korean genome sequence public. The genome was sequenced by Solexa paired-end sequencer and comparative genomics analyses and SNP data were uploaded as a public resource for everyone.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Genome revolution&nbsp;</span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> </span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">These public genome data alongside previously known Craig Venter's and James Watson's mark that full genome sequences are not in academic domain anymore. Anyone who has money and will can sequence human genomes. This 'genomic revolution' will eventually lead to the 'BioRevolution' in terms of making the most essential human information completely mapped and publically available. These are revolutionary because humans can now engineer themselves with a map or a blue print not directly relying on trial and error style conventional evolutionary methods. This indicates that evolution went into a conscious level of driving evolution. It is almost designing the evolution using computers.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Genomes and personalized medicine</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The consequences of 'BioRevolution' where genomic information is utilized by scientists to engineers all kinds of biological processes including evolution itself will bring us the personalized medicine. The essence of personalized medicine is that enzymes in our tissues such as cytochrome P450 have distinct differences among individuals and populations. Certain drugs produce different responses in individuals.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Cytochrome p450 family example</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The cytochrome P450 (CYP) family of liver enzymes&nbsp;are responsible for breaking down more than 30 different classes of drugs during phase I of drug metabolism. Structural and SNP variations of the&nbsp;genes that code for these enzymes can influence their ability to metabolize certain drugs. Based upon this, a population can be categorized into four major types of drug metabolizers: </span></div> <ul type="disc"> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Extensive metabolizers: The&nbsp;individuals that can be administered with normal drug dosage </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Intermediate metabolizers&nbsp;: The individuals that metabolizes drug with a rate slower than the normal rate. </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Poor metabolizers: The individuals with poor metabolizing rate. Drugs make accumulate and cause serious adverse effects. </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Ultra metabolizers: Individuals with metabolizing rate faster than extensive metabolizers. They may experience no effect of drug activity. </span></li> </ul> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Variomics</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The most important scientific data out of personal genomes are the precise sequence differences among individuals. Such differences have many types.&nbsp;There are structural differences between chromosomes. There can be insertions and deletions of DNA segments. There are certain fragments that appear as repeats in genomes. Mapping all these structural genetic variations can be briefly termed as 'variomics'. A variome is the totality of genetic variation found in an individual, a population, and a species. Among all the variations we know,&nbsp;the most common one is single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP).&nbsp;In Korea, mapping the variome has been pursued relatively early and there are several groups who are mapping the genetic variations. KOBIC has several very early stage, if not the earliest in the world, variome servers; <a href="http://variome.net/"><font color="#800080">http://variome.net</font></a> and <a href="http://variomics.net/"><font color="#0000ff">http://variomics.net</font></a>. Along with SNP variation, the copy number variation (CNV) is also important. Some recent reports tell us that CNVs can be as variable as or even more variable than SNPs that are simple DNA base changes in populations. Yeun-Jun Chung of Catholic University of Korea has been mapping CNVs among Korean people (Kim et al. 2008).</span></div> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">In early 2005, the US FDA cleared the AmpliChip^&reg; CYP450 Test, which measures variations in two genes of the CYP450 enzyme system: CYP2D6 and CYP2C19. The Roche AmpliChip CYP450 Test is intended to identify a patient's CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotype from genomic DNA extracted from a whole blood sample. Information about CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotype may be used as an aid to clinicians in determining therapeutic strategy and treatment dose for therapeutics that are metabolized by the CYP2D6 or CYP2C19 gene product.<br /> <br /> </span></div> <div align="left"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Human Variome Project (HVP)</span></strong></div> <p align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">As an international collaboration, headed by Richard Cotton, HVP was launched in 2006 (<a href="http://humanvariomeproject.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://humanvariomeproject.org</font></a>) </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Ring, Kwok et al. 2006)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. HVP aims to&nbsp;make clinicians who have been working on rare diseases, to work together with molecular biologists and bioinformaticians. Their goal is to link medical information with genotype information. Succinctly this process is called genotype to phenotype mapping. As several full human genome sequences are already available, mapping phenotypes to the full genomes will be the major challenge of biology in the next 20 years.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Asian Variome Project (AVP)</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Alongside and with the associations of eIMBL, A-IMBN, and HVP, a variome project that tries to map Asian population variome was launched in 2008. This was a group effort of Korean researchers who have been interested in genome sequences,&nbsp;SNPs, and CNVs. They have formed a Korean Variome Consortium (KOVAC: <a href="http://variome.kr/"><font color="#0000ff">http://variome.kr</font></a>) and supported AVP as one of the first projects. eIMBL that is the virtual laboratory network of Asia linking key biology groups modeled after EMBL has acquired $80,000 USD in 2008 to support AVP. eIMBL aims to establish a virtual bioinformatics center in Asia Pacific region that links many bioinformation processing scientists in Asia.<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Bioinformatics for personal genomes and variomes</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Bioinformatics is the key in personal genome projects and variome projects. Bioinformatics is not a set of tools but it is a proper scientific discipline. It regards life as a gigantic information processing phenomenon and tries to map its components and to model the emerging networks of the components. Bioinformatics in 2008 is driving biology into an information science. Most biology researches are now with massive amount of data that cannot be processed by hand. Nearly all the biological research outcomes in the next&nbsp;five years will have some form of high throughput data such as genome sequences, microarray data, proteome analyses, SNPs, epigenome chips, and large scale phenotype mapping. Bioinformatics tools in genomics and variomics can be found from various internet resources. There are various bioinformatics hubs such as NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information), EBI (European Bioinformatics Institute), DDBJ (Databank of Japan), and KOBIC.&nbsp;Some&nbsp;others are: Bioinformatics Organization (<a href="http://bioinformatics.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://Bioinformatics.Org</font></a>), EMBnet (<a href="http://www.embnet.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://www.embnet.org/</font></a>), and&nbsp;The International Society for Computational Biology (<a href="http://iscb.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://iscb.org</font></a>). The following are major bioinformatics journals:<br /> <br /> Algorithms in Molecular Biology (http://www.almob.org/)<br /> Bioinformatics (http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/)<br /> BMC Bioinformatics (http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcbioinformatics)<br /> Briefings in Bioinformatics (http://bib.oxfordjournals.org/)<br /> Genome Research&nbsp;(http://genome.cshlp.org/)<br /> Genomics and Informatics (<a href="http://kogo.or.kr/"><font color="#0000ff">http://kogo.or.kr</font></a>)<br /> The International Journal of Biostatistics (http://www.bepress.com/ijb/)<br /> Journal of Computational Biology (http://www.liebertpub.com/Products/Product.aspx?pid=31&amp;AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1)<br /> Cancer Informatics (http://www.la-press.com/journal.php?pa=description&amp;journal_id=10)<br /> Molecular Systems Biology (http://www.nature.com/msb/index.html<br /> PLoS Computational Biology (http://www.ploscompbiol.org/home.action)<br /> International Journal of Bioinformatics Research and Applications (http://www.inderscience.com/browse/index.php?journalcode=ijbra)<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Sequencing DNA, Metagenomics, and Ecogenomics</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Next generation sequencing methods are not only mapping genomes. They can be used to map the environment. It is called ecogenomics. Environment to humans can be various microbial, plant, and animal interactions around us. Especially, microbial interaction is critical to our health. Gut bacteria are natural environment to us. Metagenomics is a methodology that sequences the whole set of microbes in our food tract. Researchers are realizing that human genome is complemented by such environmental genomes. A new term, 'ecogenomics' is now used to describe these concepts. Metagenomics and ecogenomics are for mapping the variation of environmental genetic factors.<br /> <br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Mapping expression using DNA sequencing</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> DNA sequencing technology&nbsp;used to be&nbsp;for mapping genotypes. However, they are now used to map expression levels in cells. Cells produce various RNAs. mRNA is the most abundant and important. In the past, microarray and DNA chips were used for measuring expression levels. They are not accurate and it takes many bioinformatic adjustments before it becomes reliable expression data. New sequencing technologies can measure expression levels much more accurately. By sequencing the RNAs, we can now quantify the mRNA levels by precisely knowing the RNA sequences. Sequencing technologies will restructure the expression analyses in the future.</span></p> <div><strong><font size="2">Conclusion</font></strong><br /> <font size="2">In 2009 and onwards, personal genome projects will produce unprecedented amount of biological data. New bioinformatics technologies will be required to handle them. New sequencing technologies will drive the next decades of biology and transform the medical practices in hospitals within the next decades. Fast sequencing unexpectedly brought us interesting applications such as metagenomics and ecogenomics. </font><font size="2">We have examined the current trends in genomics and variomics.</font><br /> <br /> </div> <div><strong><font size="2">Acknowledgements</font></strong><br /> <font size="2">SK was supported by Soongsil University Reserach Fund.</font><br /> <br /> </div> <div><font size="2"><strong>References</strong></font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">IHGSC (2004). Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome. <em>Nature</em> 431(7011), 931-45.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Anderson, S., A. T. Bankier, <em>et al.</em> (1981). Sequence and organization of the human mitochondrial genome. <em>Nature</em> 290(5806), 457-65.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Chan, E. Y. (2005). Advances in sequencing technology. <em>Mutat. Res.</em> 573(1-2), 13-40.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Church, G. M. (2005). The personal genome project. <em>Mol. Syst. Biol.</em> 1<strong>,</strong> 2005.0030.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Gupta, P. K. (2008). Single-molecule DNA sequencing technologies for future genomics research. <em>Trends Biotechnol.</em> 26(11), 602-11.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Kim, T-M. <em>et al.</em> (2008). Copy Number Variations in the Human Genome: Potential Source for Individual Diversity and Disease Association Studies. <em>Genomics &amp; Informatics</em>&nbsp;6(1), 1-7.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Levy, S., G. Sutton, <em>et al</em>. (2007). The diploid genome sequence of an individual human. <em>PLoS Biol.</em> 5(10), e254.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Mardis, E. R. (2008). The impact of next-generation sequencing technology on genetics. <em>Trends Genet.</em> 24(3), 133-41.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Metzker, M. L. (2005). Emerging technologies in DNA sequencing. <em>Genome Res.</em> 15(12), 1767-76.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Park, H. <em>et al</em>. (2008). Genome-wide Linkage Study for Plasma HDL Cholesterol Level in an Isolated Population of Mongolia. <em>Genomics &amp; Informatics</em> 6(1), 8-13.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Porreca, G. J., J. Shendure, <em>et al</em>. (2006). Polony DNA sequencing. <em>Curr. Prot. Mol. Biol.</em> Chapter 7: Unit 7 8.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Ring, H. Z., P. Y. Kwok, <em>et al</em>. (2006). Human Variome Project: an international collaboration to catalogue human genetic variation. <em>Pharmacogenomics</em> 7(7), 969-72.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Sanger, F., G. M. Air, <em>et al</em>. (1977). Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA. <em>Nature</em> 265(5596), 687-95.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Shendure, J., R. D. Mitra, <em>et al</em>. (2004). Advanced sequencing technologies: methods and goals. <em>Nat.</em> <em>Rev. Genet.</em> 5(5), 335-44.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Sung, J. et al. (2008). Inbreeding Coefficients in Two Isolated Mongolian Populations - GENDISCAN Study. <em>Genomics &amp; Informatics</em> 6(1): 14-17.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Wheeler, D. A., M. Srinivasan, <em>et al</em>. (2008). The complete genome of an individual by massively parallel DNA sequencing. <em>Nature</em> 452(7189), 872-6.</font></div> 65e83d25965479d9d056a102b9570dab85513c4e 2253 2008-12-16T10:14:58Z Sskimb 38 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">&nbsp;</font> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt">Personal genomics, bioinformatics, and variomics</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Jong Bhak¹*, Ho Ghang¹, Rohit Reja¹,&nbsp;and Sangsoo Kim²*</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> <br /> <strong>¹</strong>KOBIC (Korean Bioinformation Center), KRIBB, Daejeon 305-806, Korea. <strong>²</strong>Dept. of Bioinformatics, Soongsil Univ., Seoul 156-743, Korea.<br /> <br /> *Correspondence to: E-mail </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><a href="mailto:jongbhak@yahoo.com"><font color="#0000ff">jongbhak@yahoo.com</font></a>&nbsp;Tel +82-42-879-8500 Fax +82-42-879-8519 or E-mail &nbsp;<a href="mailto:sskimb@ssu.ac.kr">sskimb@ssu.ac.kr</a> Tel +82-2-820-0457 Fax +82-2-824-4383</span></div> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Abstract</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> There are at least five complete genome sequences available&nbsp;in 2008. It is known that there are over 15,000,000 genetic variants called SNPs in&nbsp;the dbSNP&nbsp;database. The cost of a full genome sequencing in 2009&nbsp;will be&nbsp;claimed to be less than $5000 USD.&nbsp;The genomics era has arrived in 2008. This review introduces&nbsp;technologies, bioinformatics,&nbsp;genomics visions, and variomics projects. Variomics is&nbsp;the&nbsp;study of the total genetic variation in an individual and&nbsp;populations.&nbsp;Research on&nbsp;genetic variation is the most&nbsp;valuable among many genomics research branches.&nbsp;Genomics and variomics projects will change biology and the society so dramatically that biology will become an everyday technology as personal computers and the internet. 'BioRevolution' is the term that can adequately describe this change.<br /> <br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Introduction</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Since the launch of the Human Genome Project (HGP)&nbsp;in 1990 by NIH of USA, researchers have been developing faster DNA sequencers </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Shendure, Mitra et al. 2004; Chan 2005; Metzker 2005; Gupta 2008; Mardis 2008)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. HGP was said to be led by James Watson who modeled DNA in Cambridge, UK in 1953. In 2003, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium held a press conference to announce the completion of the human genome </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(IHGSC 2004)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. In 2008, after 55 years, his complete genome sequence was publicized by using 454 DNA sequencers developed by a company </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Wheeler, Srinivasan et al. 2008)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">.&nbsp;In 2007, Craig Venter of former Celera founder published his own personal genome in PLoS Biology </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Levy, Sutton et al. 2007)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">.&nbsp;We are entering the personalized biology era with the advent of next generation sequencing technologies.<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">DNA sequencing</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The first breakthrough in genome sequencing came from Watson's&nbsp;colleague in Cambridge, Fred Sanger. In 1977, Sanger and his team produced the first useful DNA sequencing method and publicized the first complete genome </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Sanger, Air et al. 1977)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. It was a tiny virus genome known as phi X 174. Soon after phi X 174, he published the first complete organelle genome which was mitochondrion </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Anderson, Bankier et al. 1981)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. By 1998, researchers in the US evaluated multiplex genome sequencing technologies and were aware that one person's whole genome could be sequenced in one day using contemporary technologies. George Church was the Ph.D. student of Walter Gilbert who received a Nobel Prize with Sanger for developing a sequencing method. Gilbert's method was not used much. However, his colleague Church kept developing sequencing methods. One of them is based on Polony idea </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Porreca, Shendure et al. 2006)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. This technology is used by KNOME Inc. that is a full genome sequencing company. Genome sequencing technology&nbsp;is moving forward to the level as computer CPUs are universally used. DNA sequencing is one of the most important industrial technologies in biology due to its perpetual use and new applications in the future.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Personal Genomics</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> In 2009, genome sequencing technologies will achieve one person's whole genome per day in terms of DNA fragments sequenced. Personal genomics is a new term that utilizes such fast sequencers. In 2008, the cost for one personal genome is less than $300,000 USD. If the cost goes down below $1,000 USD, the impact of personal genomics is predicted to be the largest ever in biology&nbsp;on common people's life.&nbsp;PGP (Personal Genome Project) is a project to sequence as many people as possible with low costs </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Church 2005)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. Google Inc. and Church group are working together to sequence 100,000 people's genetic regions of DNA. In Saudi Arabia, the government is planning to sequence 100 Arabic people. In Europe, there are various groups of people and nations who have been genotyping the populations. Especially, Iceland has been successful in that effort by utilizing their well-kept genealogical data encompassing 100,000s people. In Asia, Jeongsun Seo of Seoul National University has been working on East Asia Genome Project in the past years. His group collected thousands of samples from Mongolian tribes with a gigantic genealogical tree among them <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">(</font><a href="http://www.macrogen.co.kr/eng/macrogen/state.jsp"><font color="#0000ff" size="2">http://www.macrogen.co.kr/eng/macrogen/state.jsp</font></a><font size="2">)</font></div> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Park et al. 2008; Sung et al. 2008)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. Seo is planning on sequencing at least 100 Korean genomes in collaboration with Church and Green Cross Inc. of Korea. The aim of Seo's genome project is to produce a resource for the East Asians as well as Koreans. He is presently sequencing at least two Korean people. In China, Beijing Genome Institute has been successful in terms of sequencing. Their first achievement came from a plant genome, rice. After rice, they launched a 99 Han Chinese genome sequencing project. In Nov. 2008, they published their first Chinese genome in a magazine, Nature. In Dec. 2008, another Korean group Lee Gilyeo Cancer and Diabetes Institute and Korean Bioinformation Center (KOBIC) made a Korean genome sequence public. The genome was sequenced by Solexa paired-end sequencer and comparative genomics analyses and SNP data were uploaded as a public resource for everyone.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Genome revolution&nbsp;</span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> </span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">These public genome data alongside previously known Craig Venter's and James Watson's mark that full genome sequences are not in academic domain anymore. Anyone who has money and will can sequence human genomes. This 'genomic revolution' will eventually lead to the 'BioRevolution' in terms of making the most essential human information completely mapped and publically available. These are revolutionary because humans can now engineer themselves with a map or a blue print not directly relying on trial and error style conventional evolutionary methods. This indicates that evolution went into a conscious level of driving evolution. It is almost designing the evolution using computers.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Genomes and personalized medicine</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The consequences of 'BioRevolution' where genomic information is utilized by scientists to engineers all kinds of biological processes including evolution itself will bring us the personalized medicine. The essence of personalized medicine is that enzymes in our tissues such as cytochrome P450 have distinct differences among individuals and populations. Certain drugs produce different responses in individuals.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Cytochrome p450 family example</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The cytochrome P450 (CYP) family of liver enzymes&nbsp;are responsible for breaking down more than 30 different classes of drugs during phase I of drug metabolism. Structural and SNP variations of the&nbsp;genes that code for these enzymes can influence their ability to metabolize certain drugs. Based upon this, a population can be categorized into four major types of drug metabolizers: </span></div> <ul type="disc"> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Extensive metabolizers: The&nbsp;individuals that can be administered with normal drug dosage </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Intermediate metabolizers&nbsp;: The individuals that metabolizes drug with a rate slower than the normal rate. </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Poor metabolizers: The individuals with poor metabolizing rate. Drugs make accumulate and cause serious adverse effects. </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Ultra metabolizers: Individuals with metabolizing rate faster than extensive metabolizers. They may experience no effect of drug activity. </span></li> </ul> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Variomics</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The most important scientific data out of personal genomes are the precise sequence differences among individuals. Such differences have many types.&nbsp;There are structural differences between chromosomes. There can be insertions and deletions of DNA segments. There are certain fragments that appear as repeats in genomes. Mapping all these structural genetic variations can be briefly termed as 'variomics'. A variome is the totality of genetic variation found in an individual, a population, and a species. Among all the variations we know,&nbsp;the most common one is single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP).&nbsp;In Korea, mapping the variome has been pursued relatively early and there are several groups who are mapping the genetic variations. KOBIC has several very early stage, if not the earliest in the world, variome servers; <a href="http://variome.net/"><font color="#800080">http://variome.net</font></a> and <a href="http://variomics.net/"><font color="#0000ff">http://variomics.net</font></a>. Along with SNP variation, the copy number variation (CNV) is also important. Some recent reports tell us that CNVs can be as variable as or even more variable than SNPs that are simple DNA base changes in populations. Yeun-Jun Chung of Catholic University of Korea has been mapping CNVs among Korean people (Kim et al. 2008).</span></div> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">In early 2005, the US FDA cleared the AmpliChip^&reg; CYP450 Test, which measures variations in two genes of the CYP450 enzyme system: CYP2D6 and CYP2C19. The Roche AmpliChip CYP450 Test is intended to identify a patient's CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotype from genomic DNA extracted from a whole blood sample. Information about CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotype may be used as an aid to clinicians in determining therapeutic strategy and treatment dose for therapeutics that are metabolized by the CYP2D6 or CYP2C19 gene product.<br /> <br /> </span></div> <div align="left"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Human Variome Project (HVP)</span></strong></div> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">As an international collaboration, headed by Richard Cotton, HVP was launched in 2006 (<a href="http://humanvariomeproject.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://humanvariomeproject.org</font></a>) </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Ring, Kwok et al. 2006)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. HVP aims to&nbsp;make clinicians who have been working on rare diseases, to work together with molecular biologists and bioinformaticians. Their goal is to link medical information with genotype information. Succinctly this process is called genotype to phenotype mapping. As several full human genome sequences are already available, mapping phenotypes to the full genomes will be the major challenge of biology in the next 20 years.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Asian Variome Project (AVP)</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Alongside and with the associations of eIMBL, A-IMBN, and HVP, a variome project that tries to map Asian population variome was launched in 2008. This was a group effort of Korean researchers who have been interested in genome sequences,&nbsp;SNPs, and CNVs. They have formed a Korean Variome Consortium (KOVAC: <a href="http://variome.kr/"><font color="#0000ff">http://variome.kr</font></a>) and supported AVP as one of the first projects. eIMBL that is the virtual laboratory network of Asia linking key biology groups modeled after EMBL has acquired $80,000 USD in 2008 to support AVP. eIMBL aims to establish a virtual bioinformatics center in Asia Pacific region that links many bioinformation processing scientists in Asia.<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Bioinformatics for personal genomes and variomes</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Bioinformatics is the key in personal genome projects and variome projects. Bioinformatics is not a set of tools but it is a proper scientific discipline. It regards life as a gigantic information processing phenomenon and tries to map its components and to model the emerging networks of the components. Bioinformatics in 2008 is driving biology into an information science. Most biology researches are now with massive amount of data that cannot be processed by hand. Nearly all the biological research outcomes in the next&nbsp;five years will have some form of high throughput data such as genome sequences, microarray data, proteome analyses, SNPs, epigenome chips, and large scale phenotype mapping. Bioinformatics tools in genomics and variomics can be found from various internet resources. There are various bioinformatics hubs such as NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information), EBI (European Bioinformatics Institute), DDBJ (Databank of Japan), and KOBIC.&nbsp;Some&nbsp;others are: Bioinformatics Organization (<a href="http://bioinformatics.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://Bioinformatics.Org</font></a>), EMBnet (<a href="http://www.embnet.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://www.embnet.org/</font></a>), and&nbsp;The International Society for Computational Biology (<a href="http://iscb.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://iscb.org</font></a>). The following are major bioinformatics journals:<br /> <br /> <ul type="disc"> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Algorithms in <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Molecular Biology (http://www.almob.org/)<br /></span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Bioinformatics (http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/)<br /></span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">BMC Bioinformatics (http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcbioinformatics)<br /></span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Briefings in Bioinformatics (http://bib.oxfordjournals.org/)<br /></span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Genome Research&nbsp;(http://genome.cshlp.org/)<br /></span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Genomics and Informatics (<a href="http://www.genominfo.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://www.genominfo.org</font></a>)<br /></span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">The International Journal of Biostatistics (http://www.bepress.com/ijb/)<br /></span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Journal of Computational Biology (http://www.liebertpub.com/Products/Product.aspx?pid=31&amp;AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1)<br /></span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Cancer Informatics (http://www.la-press.com/journal.php?pa=description&amp;journal_id=10)<br /></span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Molecular Systems Biology (http://www.nature.com/msb/index.html<br /></span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">PLoS Computational Biology (http://www.ploscompbiol.org/home.action)<br /></span></li> International Journal of Bioinformatics Research and Applications (http://www.inderscience.com/browse/index.php?journalcode=ijbra)<br /> <br /></span></li> </ul> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Sequencing DNA, Metagenomics, and Ecogenomics</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Next generation sequencing methods are not only mapping genomes. They can be used to map the environment. It is called ecogenomics. Environment to humans can be various microbial, plant, and animal interactions around us. Especially, microbial interaction is critical to our health. Gut bacteria are natural environment to us. Metagenomics is a methodology that sequences the whole set of microbes in our food tract. Researchers are realizing that human genome is complemented by such environmental genomes. A new term, 'ecogenomics' is now used to describe these concepts. Metagenomics and ecogenomics are for mapping the variation of environmental genetic factors.<br /> <br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Mapping expression using DNA sequencing</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> DNA sequencing technology&nbsp;used to be&nbsp;for mapping genotypes. However, they are now used to map expression levels in cells. Cells produce various RNAs. mRNA is the most abundant and important. In the past, microarray and DNA chips were used for measuring expression levels. They are not accurate and it takes many bioinformatic adjustments before it becomes reliable expression data. New sequencing technologies can measure expression levels much more accurately. By sequencing the RNAs, we can now quantify the mRNA levels by precisely knowing the RNA sequences. Sequencing technologies will restructure the expression analyses in the future.</span></p> <div><strong><font size="2">Conclusion</font></strong><br /> <font size="2">In 2009 and onwards, personal genome projects will produce unprecedented amount of biological data. New bioinformatics technologies will be required to handle them. New sequencing technologies will drive the next decades of biology and transform the medical practices in hospitals within the next decades. Fast sequencing unexpectedly brought us interesting applications such as metagenomics and ecogenomics. </font><font size="2">We have examined the current trends in genomics and variomics.</font><br /> <br /> </div> <div><strong><font size="2">Acknowledgements</font></strong><br /> <font size="2">SK was supported by Soongsil University Reserach Fund.</font><br /> <br /> </div> <div><font size="2"><strong>References</strong></font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">IHGSC (2004). Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome. <em>Nature</em> 431(7011), 931-45.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Anderson, S., A. T. Bankier, <em>et al.</em> (1981). Sequence and organization of the human mitochondrial genome. <em>Nature</em> 290(5806), 457-65.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Chan, E. Y. (2005). Advances in sequencing technology. <em>Mutat. Res.</em> 573(1-2), 13-40.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Church, G. M. (2005). The personal genome project. <em>Mol. Syst. Biol.</em> 1<strong>,</strong> 2005.0030.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Gupta, P. K. (2008). Single-molecule DNA sequencing technologies for future genomics research. <em>Trends Biotechnol.</em> 26(11), 602-11.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Kim, T-M. <em>et al.</em> (2008). Copy Number Variations in the Human Genome: Potential Source for Individual Diversity and Disease Association Studies. <em>Genomics &amp; Informatics</em>&nbsp;6(1), 1-7.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Levy, S., G. Sutton, <em>et al</em>. (2007). The diploid genome sequence of an individual human. <em>PLoS Biol.</em> 5(10), e254.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Mardis, E. R. (2008). The impact of next-generation sequencing technology on genetics. <em>Trends Genet.</em> 24(3), 133-41.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Metzker, M. L. (2005). Emerging technologies in DNA sequencing. <em>Genome Res.</em> 15(12), 1767-76.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Park, H. <em>et al</em>. (2008). Genome-wide Linkage Study for Plasma HDL Cholesterol Level in an Isolated Population of Mongolia. <em>Genomics &amp; Informatics</em> 6(1), 8-13.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Porreca, G. J., J. Shendure, <em>et al</em>. (2006). Polony DNA sequencing. <em>Curr. Prot. Mol. Biol.</em> Chapter 7: Unit 7 8.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Ring, H. Z., P. Y. Kwok, <em>et al</em>. (2006). Human Variome Project: an international collaboration to catalogue human genetic variation. <em>Pharmacogenomics</em> 7(7), 969-72.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Sanger, F., G. M. Air, <em>et al</em>. (1977). Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA. <em>Nature</em> 265(5596), 687-95.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Shendure, J., R. D. Mitra, <em>et al</em>. (2004). Advanced sequencing technologies: methods and goals. <em>Nat.</em> <em>Rev. Genet.</em> 5(5), 335-44.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Sung, J. et al. (2008). Inbreeding Coefficients in Two Isolated Mongolian Populations - GENDISCAN Study. <em>Genomics &amp; Informatics</em> 6(1): 14-17.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Wheeler, D. A., M. Srinivasan, <em>et al</em>. (2008). The complete genome of an individual by massively parallel DNA sequencing. <em>Nature</em> 452(7189), 872-6.</font></div> c0e77e0df8f5485e8fa68fe140515c86559ccf72 2254 2008-12-16T10:17:18Z Sskimb 38 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">&nbsp;</font> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt">Personal genomics, bioinformatics, and variomics</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Jong Bhak¹*, Ho Ghang¹, Rohit Reja¹,&nbsp;and Sangsoo Kim²*</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> <br /> <strong>¹</strong>KOBIC (Korean Bioinformation Center), KRIBB, Daejeon 305-806, Korea. <strong>²</strong>Dept. of Bioinformatics, Soongsil Univ., Seoul 156-743, Korea.<br /> <br /> *Correspondence to: E-mail </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><a href="mailto:jongbhak@yahoo.com"><font color="#0000ff">jongbhak@yahoo.com</font></a>&nbsp;Tel +82-42-879-8500 Fax +82-42-879-8519 or E-mail &nbsp;<a href="mailto:sskimb@ssu.ac.kr">sskimb@ssu.ac.kr</a> Tel +82-2-820-0457 Fax +82-2-824-4383</span></div> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Abstract</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> There are at least five complete genome sequences available&nbsp;in 2008. It is known that there are over 15,000,000 genetic variants called SNPs in&nbsp;the dbSNP&nbsp;database. The cost of a full genome sequencing in 2009&nbsp;will be&nbsp;claimed to be less than $5000 USD.&nbsp;The genomics era has arrived in 2008. This review introduces&nbsp;technologies, bioinformatics,&nbsp;genomics visions, and variomics projects. Variomics is&nbsp;the&nbsp;study of the total genetic variation in an individual and&nbsp;populations.&nbsp;Research on&nbsp;genetic variation is the most&nbsp;valuable among many genomics research branches.&nbsp;Genomics and variomics projects will change biology and the society so dramatically that biology will become an everyday technology as personal computers and the internet. 'BioRevolution' is the term that can adequately describe this change.<br /> <br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Introduction</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Since the launch of the Human Genome Project (HGP)&nbsp;in 1990 by NIH of USA, researchers have been developing faster DNA sequencers </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Shendure, Mitra et al. 2004; Chan 2005; Metzker 2005; Gupta 2008; Mardis 2008)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. HGP was said to be led by James Watson who modeled DNA in Cambridge, UK in 1953. In 2003, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium held a press conference to announce the completion of the human genome </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(IHGSC 2004)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. In 2008, after 55 years, his complete genome sequence was publicized by using 454 DNA sequencers developed by a company </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Wheeler, Srinivasan et al. 2008)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">.&nbsp;In 2007, Craig Venter of former Celera founder published his own personal genome in PLoS Biology </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Levy, Sutton et al. 2007)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">.&nbsp;We are entering the personalized biology era with the advent of next generation sequencing technologies.<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">DNA sequencing</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The first breakthrough in genome sequencing came from Watson's&nbsp;colleague in Cambridge, Fred Sanger. In 1977, Sanger and his team produced the first useful DNA sequencing method and publicized the first complete genome </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Sanger, Air et al. 1977)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. It was a tiny virus genome known as phi X 174. Soon after phi X 174, he published the first complete organelle genome which was mitochondrion </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Anderson, Bankier et al. 1981)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. By 1998, researchers in the US evaluated multiplex genome sequencing technologies and were aware that one person's whole genome could be sequenced in one day using contemporary technologies. George Church was the Ph.D. student of Walter Gilbert who received a Nobel Prize with Sanger for developing a sequencing method. Gilbert's method was not used much. However, his colleague Church kept developing sequencing methods. One of them is based on Polony idea </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Porreca, Shendure et al. 2006)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. This technology is used by KNOME Inc. that is a full genome sequencing company. Genome sequencing technology&nbsp;is moving forward to the level as computer CPUs are universally used. DNA sequencing is one of the most important industrial technologies in biology due to its perpetual use and new applications in the future.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Personal Genomics</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> In 2009, genome sequencing technologies will achieve one person's whole genome per day in terms of DNA fragments sequenced. Personal genomics is a new term that utilizes such fast sequencers. In 2008, the cost for one personal genome is less than $300,000 USD. If the cost goes down below $1,000 USD, the impact of personal genomics is predicted to be the largest ever in biology&nbsp;on common people's life.&nbsp;PGP (Personal Genome Project) is a project to sequence as many people as possible with low costs </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Church 2005)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. Google Inc. and Church group are working together to sequence 100,000 people's genetic regions of DNA. In Saudi Arabia, the government is planning to sequence 100 Arabic people. In Europe, there are various groups of people and nations who have been genotyping the populations. Especially, Iceland has been successful in that effort by utilizing their well-kept genealogical data encompassing 100,000s people. In Asia, Jeongsun Seo of Seoul National University has been working on East Asia Genome Project in the past years. His group collected thousands of samples from Mongolian tribes with a gigantic genealogical tree among them <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">(</font><a href="http://www.macrogen.co.kr/eng/macrogen/state.jsp"><font color="#0000ff" size="2">http://www.macrogen.co.kr/eng/macrogen/state.jsp</font></a><font size="2">)</font></div> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Park et al. 2008; Sung et al. 2008)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. Seo is planning on sequencing at least 100 Korean genomes in collaboration with Church and Green Cross Inc. of Korea. The aim of Seo's genome project is to produce a resource for the East Asians as well as Koreans. He is presently sequencing at least two Korean people. In China, Beijing Genome Institute has been successful in terms of sequencing. Their first achievement came from a plant genome, rice. After rice, they launched a 99 Han Chinese genome sequencing project. In Nov. 2008, they published their first Chinese genome in a magazine, Nature. In Dec. 2008, another Korean group Lee Gilyeo Cancer and Diabetes Institute and Korean Bioinformation Center (KOBIC) made a Korean genome sequence public. The genome was sequenced by Solexa paired-end sequencer and comparative genomics analyses and SNP data were uploaded as a public resource for everyone.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Genome revolution&nbsp;</span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> </span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">These public genome data alongside previously known Craig Venter's and James Watson's mark that full genome sequences are not in academic domain anymore. Anyone who has money and will can sequence human genomes. This 'genomic revolution' will eventually lead to the 'BioRevolution' in terms of making the most essential human information completely mapped and publically available. These are revolutionary because humans can now engineer themselves with a map or a blue print not directly relying on trial and error style conventional evolutionary methods. This indicates that evolution went into a conscious level of driving evolution. It is almost designing the evolution using computers.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Genomes and personalized medicine</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The consequences of 'BioRevolution' where genomic information is utilized by scientists to engineers all kinds of biological processes including evolution itself will bring us the personalized medicine. The essence of personalized medicine is that enzymes in our tissues such as cytochrome P450 have distinct differences among individuals and populations. Certain drugs produce different responses in individuals.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Cytochrome p450 family example</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The cytochrome P450 (CYP) family of liver enzymes&nbsp;are responsible for breaking down more than 30 different classes of drugs during phase I of drug metabolism. Structural and SNP variations of the&nbsp;genes that code for these enzymes can influence their ability to metabolize certain drugs. Based upon this, a population can be categorized into four major types of drug metabolizers: </span></div> <ul type="disc"> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Extensive metabolizers: The&nbsp;individuals that can be administered with normal drug dosage </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Intermediate metabolizers&nbsp;: The individuals that metabolizes drug with a rate slower than the normal rate. </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Poor metabolizers: The individuals with poor metabolizing rate. Drugs make accumulate and cause serious adverse effects. </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Ultra metabolizers: Individuals with metabolizing rate faster than extensive metabolizers. They may experience no effect of drug activity. </span></li> </ul> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Variomics</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The most important scientific data out of personal genomes are the precise sequence differences among individuals. Such differences have many types.&nbsp;There are structural differences between chromosomes. There can be insertions and deletions of DNA segments. There are certain fragments that appear as repeats in genomes. Mapping all these structural genetic variations can be briefly termed as 'variomics'. A variome is the totality of genetic variation found in an individual, a population, and a species. Among all the variations we know,&nbsp;the most common one is single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP).&nbsp;In Korea, mapping the variome has been pursued relatively early and there are several groups who are mapping the genetic variations. KOBIC has several very early stage, if not the earliest in the world, variome servers; <a href="http://variome.net/"><font color="#800080">http://variome.net</font></a> and <a href="http://variomics.net/"><font color="#0000ff">http://variomics.net</font></a>. Along with SNP variation, the copy number variation (CNV) is also important. Some recent reports tell us that CNVs can be as variable as or even more variable than SNPs that are simple DNA base changes in populations. Yeun-Jun Chung of Catholic University of Korea has been mapping CNVs among Korean people (Kim et al. 2008).</span></div> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">In early 2005, the US FDA cleared the AmpliChip^&reg; CYP450 Test, which measures variations in two genes of the CYP450 enzyme system: CYP2D6 and CYP2C19. The Roche AmpliChip CYP450 Test is intended to identify a patient's CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotype from genomic DNA extracted from a whole blood sample. Information about CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotype may be used as an aid to clinicians in determining therapeutic strategy and treatment dose for therapeutics that are metabolized by the CYP2D6 or CYP2C19 gene product.<br /> <br /> </span></div> <div align="left"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Human Variome Project (HVP)</span></strong></div> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">As an international collaboration, headed by Richard Cotton, HVP was launched in 2006 (<a href="http://humanvariomeproject.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://humanvariomeproject.org</font></a>) </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Ring, Kwok et al. 2006)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. HVP aims to&nbsp;make clinicians who have been working on rare diseases, to work together with molecular biologists and bioinformaticians. Their goal is to link medical information with genotype information. Succinctly this process is called genotype to phenotype mapping. As several full human genome sequences are already available, mapping phenotypes to the full genomes will be the major challenge of biology in the next 20 years.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Asian Variome Project (AVP)</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Alongside and with the associations of eIMBL, A-IMBN, and HVP, a variome project that tries to map Asian population variome was launched in 2008. This was a group effort of Korean researchers who have been interested in genome sequences,&nbsp;SNPs, and CNVs. They have formed a Korean Variome Consortium (KOVAC: <a href="http://variome.kr/"><font color="#0000ff">http://variome.kr</font></a>) and supported AVP as one of the first projects. eIMBL that is the virtual laboratory network of Asia linking key biology groups modeled after EMBL has acquired $80,000 USD in 2008 to support AVP. eIMBL aims to establish a virtual bioinformatics center in Asia Pacific region that links many bioinformation processing scientists in Asia.<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Bioinformatics for personal genomes and variomes</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Bioinformatics is the key in personal genome projects and variome projects. Bioinformatics is not a set of tools but it is a proper scientific discipline. It regards life as a gigantic information processing phenomenon and tries to map its components and to model the emerging networks of the components. Bioinformatics in 2008 is driving biology into an information science. Most biology researches are now with massive amount of data that cannot be processed by hand. Nearly all the biological research outcomes in the next&nbsp;five years will have some form of high throughput data such as genome sequences, microarray data, proteome analyses, SNPs, epigenome chips, and large scale phenotype mapping. Bioinformatics tools in genomics and variomics can be found from various internet resources. There are various bioinformatics hubs such as NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information), EBI (European Bioinformatics Institute), DDBJ (Databank of Japan), and KOBIC.&nbsp;Some&nbsp;others are: Bioinformatics Organization (<a href="http://bioinformatics.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://Bioinformatics.Org</font></a>), EMBnet (<a href="http://www.embnet.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://www.embnet.org/</font></a>), and&nbsp;The International Society for Computational Biology (<a href="http://iscb.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://iscb.org</font></a>). The following are major bioinformatics journals:<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Sequencing DNA, Metagenomics, and Ecogenomics</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Next generation sequencing methods are not only mapping genomes. They can be used to map the environment. It is called ecogenomics. Environment to humans can be various microbial, plant, and animal interactions around us. Especially, microbial interaction is critical to our health. Gut bacteria are natural environment to us. Metagenomics is a methodology that sequences the whole set of microbes in our food tract. Researchers are realizing that human genome is complemented by such environmental genomes. A new term, 'ecogenomics' is now used to describe these concepts. Metagenomics and ecogenomics are for mapping the variation of environmental genetic factors.<br /> <br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Mapping expression using DNA sequencing</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> DNA sequencing technology&nbsp;used to be&nbsp;for mapping genotypes. However, they are now used to map expression levels in cells. Cells produce various RNAs. mRNA is the most abundant and important. In the past, microarray and DNA chips were used for measuring expression levels. They are not accurate and it takes many bioinformatic adjustments before it becomes reliable expression data. New sequencing technologies can measure expression levels much more accurately. By sequencing the RNAs, we can now quantify the mRNA levels by precisely knowing the RNA sequences. Sequencing technologies will restructure the expression analyses in the future.</span> <p>&nbsp;</p> <div><strong><font size="2">Conclusion</font></strong><br /> <font size="2">In 2009 and onwards, personal genome projects will produce unprecedented amount of biological data. New bioinformatics technologies will be required to handle them. New sequencing technologies will drive the next decades of biology and transform the medical practices in hospitals within the next decades. Fast sequencing unexpectedly brought us interesting applications such as metagenomics and ecogenomics. </font><font size="2">We have examined the current trends in genomics and variomics.</font><br /> <br /> </div> <div><strong><font size="2">Acknowledgements</font></strong><br /> <font size="2">SK was supported by Soongsil University Reserach Fund.</font><br /> <br /> </div> <div><font size="2"><strong>References</strong></font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">IHGSC (2004). Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome. <em>Nature</em> 431(7011), 931-45.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Anderson, S., A. T. Bankier, <em>et al.</em> (1981). Sequence and organization of the human mitochondrial genome. <em>Nature</em> 290(5806), 457-65.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Chan, E. Y. (2005). Advances in sequencing technology. <em>Mutat. Res.</em> 573(1-2), 13-40.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Church, G. M. (2005). The personal genome project. <em>Mol. Syst. Biol.</em> 1<strong>,</strong> 2005.0030.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Gupta, P. K. (2008). Single-molecule DNA sequencing technologies for future genomics research. <em>Trends Biotechnol.</em> 26(11), 602-11.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Kim, T-M. <em>et al.</em> (2008). Copy Number Variations in the Human Genome: Potential Source for Individual Diversity and Disease Association Studies. <em>Genomics &amp; Informatics</em>&nbsp;6(1), 1-7.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Levy, S., G. Sutton, <em>et al</em>. (2007). The diploid genome sequence of an individual human. <em>PLoS Biol.</em> 5(10), e254.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Mardis, E. R. (2008). The impact of next-generation sequencing technology on genetics. <em>Trends Genet.</em> 24(3), 133-41.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Metzker, M. L. (2005). Emerging technologies in DNA sequencing. <em>Genome Res.</em> 15(12), 1767-76.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Park, H. <em>et al</em>. (2008). Genome-wide Linkage Study for Plasma HDL Cholesterol Level in an Isolated Population of Mongolia. <em>Genomics &amp; Informatics</em> 6(1), 8-13.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Porreca, G. J., J. Shendure, <em>et al</em>. (2006). Polony DNA sequencing. <em>Curr. Prot. Mol. Biol.</em> Chapter 7: Unit 7 8.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Ring, H. Z., P. Y. Kwok, <em>et al</em>. (2006). Human Variome Project: an international collaboration to catalogue human genetic variation. <em>Pharmacogenomics</em> 7(7), 969-72.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Sanger, F., G. M. Air, <em>et al</em>. (1977). Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA. <em>Nature</em> 265(5596), 687-95.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Shendure, J., R. D. Mitra, <em>et al</em>. (2004). Advanced sequencing technologies: methods and goals. <em>Nat.</em> <em>Rev. Genet.</em> 5(5), 335-44.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Sung, J. et al. (2008). Inbreeding Coefficients in Two Isolated Mongolian Populations - GENDISCAN Study. <em>Genomics &amp; Informatics</em> 6(1): 14-17.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Wheeler, D. A., M. Srinivasan, <em>et al</em>. (2008). The complete genome of an individual by massively parallel DNA sequencing. <em>Nature</em> 452(7189), 872-6.</font></div> </p> <ul type="disc"> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Algorithms in <span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Molecular Biology (http://www.almob.org/)<br /> </span></span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Bioinformatics (http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/)<br /> </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">BMC Bioinformatics (http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcbioinformatics)<br /> </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Briefings in Bioinformatics (http://bib.oxfordjournals.org/)<br /> </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Genome Research&nbsp;(http://genome.cshlp.org/)<br /> </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Genomics and Informatics (<a href="http://www.genominfo.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://www.genominfo.org</font></a>)<br /> </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">The International Journal of Biostatistics (http://www.bepress.com/ijb/)<br /> </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Journal of Computational Biology (http://www.liebertpub.com/Products/Product.aspx?pid=31&amp;AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1)<br /> </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Cancer Informatics (http://www.la-press.com/journal.php?pa=description&amp;journal_id=10)<br /> </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Molecular Systems Biology (http://www.nature.com/msb/index.html<br /> </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">PLoS Computational Biology (<a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/home.action">http://www.ploscompbiol.org/home.action</a>)</span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left">International Journal of Bioinformatics Research and Applications (http://www.inderscience.com/browse/index.php?journalcode=ijbra)<br /> <br /> </li> </ul> 17a7e6589989d7820a9f450149e69d4716c3391d 2255 2008-12-16T10:24:27Z Sskimb 38 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">&nbsp;</font> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt">Personal genomics, bioinformatics, and variomics</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Jong Bhak¹*, Ho Ghang¹, Rohit Reja¹,&nbsp;and Sangsoo Kim²*</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> <br /> <strong>¹</strong>KOBIC (Korean Bioinformation Center), KRIBB, Daejeon 305-806, Korea. <strong>²</strong>Dept. of Bioinformatics, Soongsil Univ., Seoul 156-743, Korea.<br /> <br /> *Correspondence to: E-mail </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><a href="mailto:jongbhak@yahoo.com"><font color="#0000ff">jongbhak@yahoo.com</font></a>&nbsp;Tel +82-42-879-8500 Fax +82-42-879-8519 or E-mail &nbsp;<a href="mailto:sskimb@ssu.ac.kr">sskimb@ssu.ac.kr</a> Tel +82-2-820-0457 Fax +82-2-824-4383</span></div> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Abstract</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> There are at least five complete genome sequences available&nbsp;in 2008. It is known that there are over 15,000,000 genetic variants called SNPs in&nbsp;the dbSNP&nbsp;database. The cost of a full genome sequencing in 2009&nbsp;will be&nbsp;claimed to be less than $5000 USD.&nbsp;The genomics era has arrived in 2008. This review introduces&nbsp;technologies, bioinformatics,&nbsp;genomics visions, and variomics projects. Variomics is&nbsp;the&nbsp;study of the total genetic variation in an individual and&nbsp;populations.&nbsp;Research on&nbsp;genetic variation is the most&nbsp;valuable among many genomics research branches.&nbsp;Genomics and variomics projects will change biology and the society so dramatically that biology will become an everyday technology as personal computers and the internet. 'BioRevolution' is the term that can adequately describe this change.<br /> <br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Introduction</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Since the launch of the Human Genome Project (HGP)&nbsp;in 1990 by NIH of USA, researchers have been developing faster DNA sequencers </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Shendure, Mitra et al. 2004; Chan 2005; Metzker 2005; Gupta 2008; Mardis 2008)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. HGP was said to be led by James Watson who modeled DNA in Cambridge, UK in 1953. In 2003, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium held a press conference to announce the completion of the human genome </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(IHGSC 2004)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. In 2008, after 55 years, his complete genome sequence was publicized by using 454 DNA sequencers developed by a company </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Wheeler, Srinivasan et al. 2008)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">.&nbsp;In 2007, Craig Venter of former Celera founder published his own personal genome in PLoS Biology </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Levy, Sutton et al. 2007)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">.&nbsp;We are entering the personalized biology era with the advent of next generation sequencing technologies.<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">DNA sequencing</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The first breakthrough in genome sequencing came from Watson's&nbsp;colleague in Cambridge, Fred Sanger. In 1977, Sanger and his team produced the first useful DNA sequencing method and publicized the first complete genome </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Sanger, Air et al. 1977)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. It was a tiny virus genome known as phi X 174. Soon after phi X 174, he published the first complete organelle genome which was mitochondrion </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Anderson, Bankier et al. 1981)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. By 1998, researchers in the US evaluated multiplex genome sequencing technologies and were aware that one person's whole genome could be sequenced in one day using contemporary technologies. George Church was the Ph.D. student of Walter Gilbert who received a Nobel Prize with Sanger for developing a sequencing method. Gilbert's method was not used much. However, his colleague Church kept developing sequencing methods. One of them is based on Polony idea </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Porreca, Shendure et al. 2006)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. This technology is used by KNOME Inc. that is a full genome sequencing company. Genome sequencing technology&nbsp;is moving forward to the level as computer CPUs are universally used. DNA sequencing is one of the most important industrial technologies in biology due to its perpetual use and new applications in the future.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Personal Genomics</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> In 2009, genome sequencing technologies will achieve one person's whole genome per day in terms of DNA fragments sequenced. Personal genomics is a new term that utilizes such fast sequencers. In 2008, the cost for one personal genome is less than $300,000 USD. If the cost goes down below $1,000 USD, the impact of personal genomics is predicted to be the largest ever in biology&nbsp;on common people's life.&nbsp;PGP (Personal Genome Project) is a project to sequence as many people as possible with low costs </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Church 2005)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. Google Inc. and Church group are working together to sequence 100,000 people's genetic regions of DNA. In Saudi Arabia, the government is planning to sequence 100 Arabic people. In Europe, there are various groups of people and nations who have been genotyping the populations. Especially, Iceland has been successful in that effort by utilizing their well-kept genealogical data encompassing 100,000s people. In Asia, Jeongsun Seo of Seoul National University has been working on East Asia Genome Project in the past years. His group collected thousands of samples from Mongolian tribes with a gigantic genealogical tree among them <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">(</font><a href="http://www.macrogen.co.kr/eng/macrogen/state.jsp"><font color="#0000ff" size="2">http://www.macrogen.co.kr/eng/macrogen/state.jsp</font></a><font size="2">)</font></div> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Park et al. 2008; Sung et al. 2008)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. Seo is planning on sequencing at least 100 Korean genomes in collaboration with Church and Green Cross Inc. of Korea. The aim of Seo's genome project is to produce a resource for the East Asians as well as Koreans. He is presently sequencing at least two Korean people. In China, Beijing Genome Institute has been successful in terms of sequencing. Their first achievement came from a plant genome, rice. After rice, they launched a 99 Han Chinese genome sequencing project. In Nov. 2008, they published their first Chinese genome in a magazine, Nature. In Dec. 2008, another Korean group Lee Gilyeo Cancer and Diabetes Institute and Korean Bioinformation Center (KOBIC) made a Korean genome sequence public. The genome was sequenced by Solexa paired-end sequencer and comparative genomics analyses and SNP data were uploaded as a public resource for everyone.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Genome revolution&nbsp;</span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> </span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">These public genome data alongside previously known Craig Venter's and James Watson's mark that full genome sequences are not in academic domain anymore. Anyone who has money and will can sequence human genomes. This 'genomic revolution' will eventually lead to the 'BioRevolution' in terms of making the most essential human information completely mapped and publically available. These are revolutionary because humans can now engineer themselves with a map or a blue print not directly relying on trial and error style conventional evolutionary methods. This indicates that evolution went into a conscious level of driving evolution. It is almost designing the evolution using computers.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Genomes and personalized medicine</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The consequences of 'BioRevolution' where genomic information is utilized by scientists to engineers all kinds of biological processes including evolution itself will bring us the personalized medicine. The essence of personalized medicine is that enzymes in our tissues such as cytochrome P450 have distinct differences among individuals and populations. Certain drugs produce different responses in individuals.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Cytochrome p450 family example</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The cytochrome P450 (CYP) family of liver enzymes&nbsp;are responsible for breaking down more than 30 different classes of drugs during phase I of drug metabolism. Structural and SNP variations of the&nbsp;genes that code for these enzymes can influence their ability to metabolize certain drugs. Based upon this, a population can be categorized into four major types of drug metabolizers: </span></div> <ul type="disc"> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Extensive metabolizers: The&nbsp;individuals that can be administered with normal drug dosage </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Intermediate metabolizers&nbsp;: The individuals that metabolizes drug with a rate slower than the normal rate. </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Poor metabolizers: The individuals with poor metabolizing rate. Drugs make accumulate and cause serious adverse effects. </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Ultra metabolizers: Individuals with metabolizing rate faster than extensive metabolizers. They may experience no effect of drug activity. </span></li> </ul> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Variomics</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The most important scientific data out of personal genomes are the precise sequence differences among individuals. Such differences have many types.&nbsp;There are structural differences between chromosomes. There can be insertions and deletions of DNA segments. There are certain fragments that appear as repeats in genomes. Mapping all these structural genetic variations can be briefly termed as 'variomics'. A variome is the totality of genetic variation found in an individual, a population, and a species. Among all the variations we know,&nbsp;the most common one is single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP).&nbsp;In Korea, mapping the variome has been pursued relatively early and there are several groups who are mapping the genetic variations. KOBIC has several very early stage, if not the earliest in the world, variome servers; <a href="http://variome.net/"><font color="#800080">http://variome.net</font></a> and <a href="http://variomics.net/"><font color="#0000ff">http://variomics.net</font></a>. Along with SNP variation, the copy number variation (CNV) is also important. Some recent reports tell us that CNVs can be as variable as or even more variable than SNPs that are simple DNA base changes in populations. Yeun-Jun Chung of Catholic University of Korea has been mapping CNVs among Korean people (Kim et al. 2008).</span></div> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">In early 2005, the US FDA cleared the AmpliChip^&reg; CYP450 Test, which measures variations in two genes of the CYP450 enzyme system: CYP2D6 and CYP2C19. The Roche AmpliChip CYP450 Test is intended to identify a patient's CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotype from genomic DNA extracted from a whole blood sample. Information about CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotype may be used as an aid to clinicians in determining therapeutic strategy and treatment dose for therapeutics that are metabolized by the CYP2D6 or CYP2C19 gene product.<br /> <br /> </span></div> <div align="left"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Human Variome Project (HVP)</span></strong></div> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">As an international collaboration, headed by Richard Cotton, HVP was launched in 2006 (<a href="http://humanvariomeproject.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://humanvariomeproject.org</font></a>) </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Ring, Kwok et al. 2006)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. HVP aims to&nbsp;make clinicians who have been working on rare diseases, to work together with molecular biologists and bioinformaticians. Their goal is to link medical information with genotype information. Succinctly this process is called genotype to phenotype mapping. As several full human genome sequences are already available, mapping phenotypes to the full genomes will be the major challenge of biology in the next 20 years.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Asian Variome Project (AVP)</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Alongside and with the associations of eIMBL, A-IMBN, and HVP, a variome project that tries to map Asian population variome was launched in 2008. This was a group effort of Korean researchers who have been interested in genome sequences,&nbsp;SNPs, and CNVs. They have formed a Korean Variome Consortium (KOVAC: <a href="http://variome.kr/"><font color="#0000ff">http://variome.kr</font></a>) and supported AVP as one of the first projects. eIMBL that is the virtual laboratory network of Asia linking key biology groups modeled after EMBL has acquired $80,000 USD in 2008 to support AVP. eIMBL aims to establish a virtual bioinformatics center in Asia Pacific region that links many bioinformation processing scientists in Asia.<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Bioinformatics for personal genomes and variomes</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Bioinformatics is the key in personal genome projects and variome projects. Bioinformatics is not a set of tools but it is a proper scientific discipline. It regards life as a gigantic information processing phenomenon and tries to map its components and to model the emerging networks of the components. Bioinformatics in 2008 is driving biology into an information science. Most biology researches are now with massive amount of data that cannot be processed by hand. Nearly all the biological research outcomes in the next&nbsp;five years will have some form of high throughput data such as genome sequences, microarray data, proteome analyses, SNPs, epigenome chips, and large scale phenotype mapping. Bioinformatics tools in genomics and variomics can be found from various internet resources. There are various bioinformatics hubs such as NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information), EBI (European Bioinformatics Institute), DDBJ (Databank of Japan), and KOBIC.&nbsp;Some&nbsp;others are: Bioinformatics Organization (<a href="http://bioinformatics.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://Bioinformatics.Org</font></a>), EMBnet (<a href="http://www.embnet.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://www.embnet.org/</font></a>), and&nbsp;The International Society for Computational Biology (<a href="http://iscb.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://iscb.org</font></a>). The following are major bioinformatics journals:<br /> <br /> <ul type="disc"> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Algorithms in <span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Molecular Biology (http://www.almob.org/) </span></span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Bioinformatics (http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/) </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">BMC Bioinformatics (http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcbioinformatics) </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Briefings in Bioinformatics (http://bib.oxfordjournals.org/) </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Genome Research&nbsp;(http://genome.cshlp.org/) </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Genomics and Informatics (<a href="http://www.genominfo.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://www.genominfo.org</font></a>) </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">The International Journal of Biostatistics (http://www.bepress.com/ijb/) </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Journal of Computational Biology (http://www.liebertpub.com/Products/Product.aspx?pid=31&amp;AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1) </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Cancer Informatics (http://www.la-press.com/journal.php?pa=description&amp;journal_id=10) </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Molecular Systems Biology (http://www.nature.com/msb/index.html </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">PLoS Computational Biology (<a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/home.action">http://www.ploscompbiol.org/home.action</a>)</span> </li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left">International Journal of Bioinformatics Research and Applications (http://www.inderscience.com/browse/index.php?journalcode=ijbra)</span> </li> </ul> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Sequencing DNA, Metagenomics, and Ecogenomics</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Next generation sequencing methods are not only mapping genomes. They can be used to map the environment. It is called ecogenomics. Environment to humans can be various microbial, plant, and animal interactions around us. Especially, microbial interaction is critical to our health. Gut bacteria are natural environment to us. Metagenomics is a methodology that sequences the whole set of microbes in our food tract. Researchers are realizing that human genome is complemented by such environmental genomes. A new term, 'ecogenomics' is now used to describe these concepts. Metagenomics and ecogenomics are for mapping the variation of environmental genetic factors.<br /> <br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Mapping expression using DNA sequencing</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> DNA sequencing technology&nbsp;used to be&nbsp;for mapping genotypes. However, they are now used to map expression levels in cells. Cells produce various RNAs. mRNA is the most abundant and important. In the past, microarray and DNA chips were used for measuring expression levels. They are not accurate and it takes many bioinformatic adjustments before it becomes reliable expression data. New sequencing technologies can measure expression levels much more accurately. By sequencing the RNAs, we can now quantify the mRNA levels by precisely knowing the RNA sequences. Sequencing technologies will restructure the expression analyses in the future.</span> </p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <div><strong><font size="2">Conclusion</font></strong><br /> <font size="2">In 2009 and onwards, personal genome projects will produce unprecedented amount of biological data. New bioinformatics technologies will be required to handle them. New sequencing technologies will drive the next decades of biology and transform the medical practices in hospitals within the next decades. Fast sequencing unexpectedly brought us interesting applications such as metagenomics and ecogenomics. </font><font size="2">We have examined the current trends in genomics and variomics.</font><br /> <br /> </div> <div><strong><font size="2">Acknowledgements</font></strong><br /> <font size="2">SK was supported by Soongsil University Reserach Fund.</font><br /> <br /> </div> <div><font size="2"><strong>References</strong></font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">IHGSC (2004). Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome. <em>Nature</em> 431(7011), 931-45.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Anderson, S., A. T. Bankier, <em>et al.</em> (1981). Sequence and organization of the human mitochondrial genome. <em>Nature</em> 290(5806), 457-65.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Chan, E. Y. (2005). Advances in sequencing technology. <em>Mutat. Res.</em> 573(1-2), 13-40.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Church, G. M. (2005). The personal genome project. <em>Mol. Syst. Biol.</em> 1<strong>,</strong> 2005.0030.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Gupta, P. K. (2008). Single-molecule DNA sequencing technologies for future genomics research. <em>Trends Biotechnol.</em> 26(11), 602-11.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Kim, T-M. <em>et al.</em> (2008). Copy Number Variations in the Human Genome: Potential Source for Individual Diversity and Disease Association Studies. <em>Genomics &amp; Informatics</em>&nbsp;6(1), 1-7.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Levy, S., G. Sutton, <em>et al</em>. (2007). The diploid genome sequence of an individual human. <em>PLoS Biol.</em> 5(10), e254.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Mardis, E. R. (2008). The impact of next-generation sequencing technology on genetics. <em>Trends Genet.</em> 24(3), 133-41.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Metzker, M. L. (2005). Emerging technologies in DNA sequencing. <em>Genome Res.</em> 15(12), 1767-76.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Park, H. <em>et al</em>. (2008). Genome-wide Linkage Study for Plasma HDL Cholesterol Level in an Isolated Population of Mongolia. <em>Genomics &amp; Informatics</em> 6(1), 8-13.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Porreca, G. J., J. Shendure, <em>et al</em>. (2006). Polony DNA sequencing. <em>Curr. Prot. Mol. Biol.</em> Chapter 7: Unit 7 8.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Ring, H. Z., P. Y. Kwok, <em>et al</em>. (2006). Human Variome Project: an international collaboration to catalogue human genetic variation. <em>Pharmacogenomics</em> 7(7), 969-72.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Sanger, F., G. M. Air, <em>et al</em>. (1977). Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA. <em>Nature</em> 265(5596), 687-95.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Shendure, J., R. D. Mitra, <em>et al</em>. (2004). Advanced sequencing technologies: methods and goals. <em>Nat.</em> <em>Rev. Genet.</em> 5(5), 335-44.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Sung, J. et al. (2008). Inbreeding Coefficients in Two Isolated Mongolian Populations - GENDISCAN Study. <em>Genomics &amp; Informatics</em> 6(1): 14-17.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Wheeler, D. A., M. Srinivasan, <em>et al</em>. (2008). The complete genome of an individual by massively parallel DNA sequencing. <em>Nature</em> 452(7189), 872-6.</font></div> <p>&nbsp;</p> 4f569aae833e91fc0d7eab42ef84734d9f922113 2256 2008-12-16T10:26:55Z Sskimb 38 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">&nbsp;</font> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt">Personal genomics, bioinformatics, and variomics</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Jong Bhak¹*, Ho Ghang¹, Rohit Reja¹,&nbsp;and Sangsoo Kim²*</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> <br /> <strong>¹</strong>KOBIC (Korean Bioinformation Center), KRIBB, Daejeon 305-806, Korea. <strong>²</strong>Dept. of Bioinformatics, Soongsil Univ., Seoul 156-743, Korea.<br /> <br /> *Correspondence to: E-mail </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><a href="mailto:jongbhak@yahoo.com"><font color="#0000ff">jongbhak@yahoo.com</font></a>&nbsp;Tel +82-42-879-8500 Fax +82-42-879-8519 or E-mail &nbsp;<a href="mailto:sskimb@ssu.ac.kr">sskimb@ssu.ac.kr</a> Tel +82-2-820-0457 Fax +82-2-824-4383</span></div> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Abstract</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> There are at least five complete genome sequences available&nbsp;in 2008. It is known that there are over 15,000,000 genetic variants called SNPs in&nbsp;the dbSNP&nbsp;database. The cost of a full genome sequencing in 2009&nbsp;will be&nbsp;claimed to be less than $5000 USD.&nbsp;The genomics era has arrived in 2008. This review introduces&nbsp;technologies, bioinformatics,&nbsp;genomics visions, and variomics projects. Variomics is&nbsp;the&nbsp;study of the total genetic variation in an individual and&nbsp;populations.&nbsp;Research on&nbsp;genetic variation is the most&nbsp;valuable among many genomics research branches.&nbsp;Genomics and variomics projects will change biology and the society so dramatically that biology will become an everyday technology as personal computers and the internet. 'BioRevolution' is the term that can adequately describe this change.<br /> <br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Introduction</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Since the launch of the Human Genome Project (HGP)&nbsp;in 1990 by NIH of USA, researchers have been developing faster DNA sequencers </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Shendure, Mitra et al. 2004; Chan 2005; Metzker 2005; Gupta 2008; Mardis 2008)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. HGP was said to be led by James Watson who modeled DNA in Cambridge, UK in 1953. In 2003, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium held a press conference to announce the completion of the human genome </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(IHGSC 2004)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. In 2008, after 55 years, his complete genome sequence was publicized by using 454 DNA sequencers developed by a company </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Wheeler, Srinivasan et al. 2008)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">.&nbsp;In 2007, Craig Venter of former Celera founder published his own personal genome in PLoS Biology </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Levy, Sutton et al. 2007)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">.&nbsp;We are entering the personalized biology era with the advent of next generation sequencing technologies.<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">DNA sequencing</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The first breakthrough in genome sequencing came from Watson's&nbsp;colleague in Cambridge, Fred Sanger. In 1977, Sanger and his team produced the first useful DNA sequencing method and publicized the first complete genome </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Sanger, Air et al. 1977)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. It was a tiny virus genome known as phi X 174. Soon after phi X 174, he published the first complete organelle genome which was mitochondrion </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Anderson, Bankier et al. 1981)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. By 1998, researchers in the US evaluated multiplex genome sequencing technologies and were aware that one person's whole genome could be sequenced in one day using contemporary technologies. George Church was the Ph.D. student of Walter Gilbert who received a Nobel Prize with Sanger for developing a sequencing method. Gilbert's method was not used much. However, his colleague Church kept developing sequencing methods. One of them is based on Polony idea </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Porreca, Shendure et al. 2006)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. This technology is used by KNOME Inc. that is a full genome sequencing company. Genome sequencing technology&nbsp;is moving forward to the level as computer CPUs are universally used. DNA sequencing is one of the most important industrial technologies in biology due to its perpetual use and new applications in the future.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Personal Genomics</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> In 2009, genome sequencing technologies will achieve one person's whole genome per day in terms of DNA fragments sequenced. Personal genomics is a new term that utilizes such fast sequencers. In 2008, the cost for one personal genome is less than $300,000 USD. If the cost goes down below $1,000 USD, the impact of personal genomics is predicted to be the largest ever in biology&nbsp;on common people's life.&nbsp;PGP (Personal Genome Project) is a project to sequence as many people as possible with low costs </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Church 2005)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. Google Inc. and Church group are working together to sequence 100,000 people's genetic regions of DNA. In Saudi Arabia, the government is planning to sequence 100 Arabic people. In Europe, there are various groups of people and nations who have been genotyping the populations. Especially, Iceland has been successful in that effort by utilizing their well-kept genealogical data encompassing 100,000s people. In Asia, Jeongsun Seo of Seoul National University has been working on East Asia Genome Project in the past years. His group collected thousands of samples from Mongolian tribes with a gigantic genealogical tree among them <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">(</font><a href="http://www.macrogen.co.kr/eng/macrogen/state.jsp"><font color="#0000ff" size="2">http://www.macrogen.co.kr/eng/macrogen/state.jsp</font></a><font size="2">)</font></div> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Park et al. 2008; Sung et al. 2008)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. Seo is planning on sequencing at least 100 Korean genomes in collaboration with Church and Green Cross Inc. of Korea. The aim of Seo's genome project is to produce a resource for the East Asians as well as Koreans. He is presently sequencing at least two Korean people. In China, Beijing Genome Institute has been successful in terms of sequencing. Their first achievement came from a plant genome, rice. After rice, they launched a 99 Han Chinese genome sequencing project. In Nov. 2008, they published their first Chinese genome in a magazine, Nature. In Dec. 2008, another Korean group Lee Gilyeo Cancer and Diabetes Institute and Korean Bioinformation Center (KOBIC) made a Korean genome sequence public. The genome was sequenced by Solexa paired-end sequencer and comparative genomics analyses and SNP data were uploaded as a public resource for everyone.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Genome revolution&nbsp;</span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> </span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">These public genome data alongside previously known Craig Venter's and James Watson's mark that full genome sequences are not in academic domain anymore. Anyone who has money and will can sequence human genomes. This 'genomic revolution' will eventually lead to the 'BioRevolution' in terms of making the most essential human information completely mapped and publically available. These are revolutionary because humans can now engineer themselves with a map or a blue print not directly relying on trial and error style conventional evolutionary methods. This indicates that evolution went into a conscious level of driving evolution. It is almost designing the evolution using computers.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Genomes and personalized medicine</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The consequences of 'BioRevolution' where genomic information is utilized by scientists to engineers all kinds of biological processes including evolution itself will bring us the personalized medicine. The essence of personalized medicine is that enzymes in our tissues such as cytochrome P450 have distinct differences among individuals and populations. Certain drugs produce different responses in individuals.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Cytochrome p450 family example</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The cytochrome P450 (CYP) family of liver enzymes&nbsp;are responsible for breaking down more than 30 different classes of drugs during phase I of drug metabolism. Structural and SNP variations of the&nbsp;genes that code for these enzymes can influence their ability to metabolize certain drugs. Based upon this, a population can be categorized into four major types of drug metabolizers: </span></div> <ul type="disc"> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Extensive metabolizers: The&nbsp;individuals that can be administered with normal drug dosage </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Intermediate metabolizers&nbsp;: The individuals that metabolizes drug with a rate slower than the normal rate. </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Poor metabolizers: The individuals with poor metabolizing rate. Drugs make accumulate and cause serious adverse effects. </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Ultra metabolizers: Individuals with metabolizing rate faster than extensive metabolizers. They may experience no effect of drug activity. </span></li> </ul> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Variomics</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The most important scientific data out of personal genomes are the precise sequence differences among individuals. Such differences have many types.&nbsp;There are structural differences between chromosomes. There can be insertions and deletions of DNA segments. There are certain fragments that appear as repeats in genomes. Mapping all these structural genetic variations can be briefly termed as 'variomics'. A variome is the totality of genetic variation found in an individual, a population, and a species. Among all the variations we know,&nbsp;the most common one is single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP).&nbsp;In Korea, mapping the variome has been pursued relatively early and there are several groups who are mapping the genetic variations. KOBIC has several very early stage, if not the earliest in the world, variome servers; <a href="http://variome.net/"><font color="#800080">http://variome.net</font></a> and <a href="http://variomics.net/"><font color="#0000ff">http://variomics.net</font></a>. Along with SNP variation, the copy number variation (CNV) is also important. Some recent reports tell us that CNVs can be as variable as or even more variable than SNPs that are simple DNA base changes in populations. Yeun-Jun Chung of Catholic University of Korea has been mapping CNVs among Korean people (Kim et al. 2008).</span></div> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">In early 2005, the US FDA cleared the AmpliChip^&reg; CYP450 Test, which measures variations in two genes of the CYP450 enzyme system: CYP2D6 and CYP2C19. The Roche AmpliChip CYP450 Test is intended to identify a patient's CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotype from genomic DNA extracted from a whole blood sample. Information about CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotype may be used as an aid to clinicians in determining therapeutic strategy and treatment dose for therapeutics that are metabolized by the CYP2D6 or CYP2C19 gene product.<br /> <br /> </span></div> <div align="left"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Human Variome Project (HVP)</span></strong></div> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">As an international collaboration, headed by Richard Cotton, HVP was launched in 2006 (<a href="http://humanvariomeproject.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://humanvariomeproject.org</font></a>) </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Ring, Kwok et al. 2006)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. HVP aims to&nbsp;make clinicians who have been working on rare diseases, to work together with molecular biologists and bioinformaticians. Their goal is to link medical information with genotype information. Succinctly this process is called genotype to phenotype mapping. As several full human genome sequences are already available, mapping phenotypes to the full genomes will be the major challenge of biology in the next 20 years.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Asian Variome Project (AVP)</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Alongside and with the associations of eIMBL, A-IMBN, and HVP, a variome project that tries to map Asian population variome was launched in 2008. This was a group effort of Korean researchers who have been interested in genome sequences,&nbsp;SNPs, and CNVs. They have formed a Korean Variome Consortium (KOVAC: <a href="http://variome.kr/"><font color="#0000ff">http://variome.kr</font></a>) and supported AVP as one of the first projects. eIMBL that is the virtual laboratory network of Asia linking key biology groups modeled after EMBL has acquired $80,000 USD in 2008 to support AVP. eIMBL aims to establish a virtual bioinformatics center in Asia Pacific region that links many bioinformation processing scientists in Asia.<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Bioinformatics for personal genomes and variomes</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Bioinformatics is the key in personal genome projects and variome projects. Bioinformatics is not a set of tools but it is a proper scientific discipline. It regards life as a gigantic information processing phenomenon and tries to map its components and to model the emerging networks of the components. Bioinformatics in 2008 is driving biology into an information science. Most biology researches are now with massive amount of data that cannot be processed by hand. Nearly all the biological research outcomes in the next&nbsp;five years will have some form of high throughput data such as genome sequences, microarray data, proteome analyses, SNPs, epigenome chips, and large scale phenotype mapping. Bioinformatics tools in genomics and variomics can be found from various internet resources. There are various bioinformatics hubs such as NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information), EBI (European Bioinformatics Institute), DDBJ (Databank of Japan), and KOBIC.&nbsp;Some&nbsp;others are: Bioinformatics Organization (<a href="http://bioinformatics.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://Bioinformatics.Org</font></a>), EMBnet (<a href="http://www.embnet.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://www.embnet.org/</font></a>), and&nbsp;The International Society for Computational Biology (<a href="http://iscb.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://iscb.org</font></a>). The following are major bioinformatics journals:<br /> <br /> </span> </p> <ul type="disc"> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Algorithms in <span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Molecular Biology (http://www.almob.org/) </span></span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Bioinformatics (http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/) </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">BMC Bioinformatics (http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcbioinformatics) </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Briefings in Bioinformatics (http://bib.oxfordjournals.org/) </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Genome Research&nbsp;(http://genome.cshlp.org/) </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Genomics and Informatics (<a href="http://www.genominfo.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://www.genominfo.org</font></a>) </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">The International Journal of Biostatistics (http://www.bepress.com/ijb/) </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Journal of Computational Biology (http://www.liebertpub.com/Products/Product.aspx?pid=31&amp;AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1) </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Cancer Informatics (http://www.la-press.com/journal.php?pa=description&amp;journal_id=10) </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Molecular Systems Biology (http://www.nature.com/msb/index.html </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">PLoS Computational Biology (<a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/home.action">http://www.ploscompbiol.org/home.action</a>)</span> </li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">International Journal of Bioinformatics Research and Applications (http://www.inderscience.com/browse/index.php?journalcode=ijbra)</span></li> </ul><br /> <strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Sequencing DNA, Metagenomics, and Ecogenomics</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Next generation sequencing methods are not only mapping genomes. They can be used to map the environment. It is called ecogenomics. Environment to humans can be various microbial, plant, and animal interactions around us. Especially, microbial interaction is critical to our health. Gut bacteria are natural environment to us. Metagenomics is a methodology that sequences the whole set of microbes in our food tract. Researchers are realizing that human genome is complemented by such environmental genomes. A new term, 'ecogenomics' is now used to describe these concepts. Metagenomics and ecogenomics are for mapping the variation of environmental genetic factors.<br /> <br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Mapping expression using DNA sequencing</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> DNA sequencing technology&nbsp;used to be&nbsp;for mapping genotypes. However, they are now used to map expression levels in cells. Cells produce various RNAs. mRNA is the most abundant and important. In the past, microarray and DNA chips were used for measuring expression levels. They are not accurate and it takes many bioinformatic adjustments before it becomes reliable expression data. New sequencing technologies can measure expression levels much more accurately. By sequencing the RNAs, we can now quantify the mRNA levels by precisely knowing the RNA sequences. Sequencing technologies will restructure the expression analyses in the future.</span> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <div><strong><font size="2">Conclusion</font></strong><br /> <font size="2">In 2009 and onwards, personal genome projects will produce unprecedented amount of biological data. New bioinformatics technologies will be required to handle them. New sequencing technologies will drive the next decades of biology and transform the medical practices in hospitals within the next decades. Fast sequencing unexpectedly brought us interesting applications such as metagenomics and ecogenomics. </font><font size="2">We have examined the current trends in genomics and variomics.</font><br /> <br /> </div> <div><strong><font size="2">Acknowledgements</font></strong><br /> <font size="2">SK was supported by Soongsil University Reserach Fund.</font><br /> <br /> </div> <div><font size="2"><strong>References</strong></font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">IHGSC (2004). Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome. <em>Nature</em> 431(7011), 931-45.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Anderson, S., A. T. Bankier, <em>et al.</em> (1981). Sequence and organization of the human mitochondrial genome. <em>Nature</em> 290(5806), 457-65.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Chan, E. Y. (2005). Advances in sequencing technology. <em>Mutat. Res.</em> 573(1-2), 13-40.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Church, G. M. (2005). The personal genome project. <em>Mol. Syst. Biol.</em> 1<strong>,</strong> 2005.0030.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Gupta, P. K. (2008). Single-molecule DNA sequencing technologies for future genomics research. <em>Trends Biotechnol.</em> 26(11), 602-11.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Kim, T-M. <em>et al.</em> (2008). Copy Number Variations in the Human Genome: Potential Source for Individual Diversity and Disease Association Studies. <em>Genomics &amp; Informatics</em>&nbsp;6(1), 1-7.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Levy, S., G. Sutton, <em>et al</em>. (2007). The diploid genome sequence of an individual human. <em>PLoS Biol.</em> 5(10), e254.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Mardis, E. R. (2008). The impact of next-generation sequencing technology on genetics. <em>Trends Genet.</em> 24(3), 133-41.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Metzker, M. L. (2005). Emerging technologies in DNA sequencing. <em>Genome Res.</em> 15(12), 1767-76.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Park, H. <em>et al</em>. (2008). Genome-wide Linkage Study for Plasma HDL Cholesterol Level in an Isolated Population of Mongolia. <em>Genomics &amp; Informatics</em> 6(1), 8-13.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Porreca, G. J., J. Shendure, <em>et al</em>. (2006). Polony DNA sequencing. <em>Curr. Prot. Mol. Biol.</em> Chapter 7: Unit 7 8.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Ring, H. Z., P. Y. Kwok, <em>et al</em>. (2006). Human Variome Project: an international collaboration to catalogue human genetic variation. <em>Pharmacogenomics</em> 7(7), 969-72.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Sanger, F., G. M. Air, <em>et al</em>. (1977). Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA. <em>Nature</em> 265(5596), 687-95.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Shendure, J., R. D. Mitra, <em>et al</em>. (2004). Advanced sequencing technologies: methods and goals. <em>Nat.</em> <em>Rev. Genet.</em> 5(5), 335-44.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Sung, J. et al. (2008). Inbreeding Coefficients in Two Isolated Mongolian Populations - GENDISCAN Study. <em>Genomics &amp; Informatics</em> 6(1): 14-17.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Wheeler, D. A., M. Srinivasan, <em>et al</em>. (2008). The complete genome of an individual by massively parallel DNA sequencing. <em>Nature</em> 452(7189), 872-6.</font></div> <p>&nbsp;</p> 8e4d975360fe520c6dbf77dc45fa7145839553f3 2271 2008-12-17T04:48:00Z Rejarohit 39 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">&nbsp;</font> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt">Personal genomics, bioinformatics, and variomics</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Jong Bhak¹*, Ho Ghang¹, Rohit Reja¹,&nbsp;and Sangsoo Kim²*</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> <br /> <strong>¹</strong>KOBIC (Korean Bioinformation Center), KRIBB, Daejeon 305-806, Korea. <strong>²</strong>Dept. of Bioinformatics, Soongsil Univ., Seoul 156-743, Korea.<br /> <br /> *Correspondence to: E-mail </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><a href="mailto:jongbhak@yahoo.com"><font color="#0000ff">jongbhak@yahoo.com</font></a>&nbsp;Tel +82-42-879-8500 Fax +82-42-879-8519 or E-mail &nbsp;<a href="mailto:sskimb@ssu.ac.kr">sskimb@ssu.ac.kr</a> Tel +82-2-820-0457 Fax +82-2-824-4383</span></div> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Abstract</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> There are at least five complete genome sequences available&nbsp;in 2008. It is known that there are over 15,000,000 genetic variants called SNPs in&nbsp;the dbSNP&nbsp;database. The cost of a full genome sequencing in 2009&nbsp;will be&nbsp;claimed to be less than $5000 USD.&nbsp;The genomics era has arrived in 2008. This review introduces&nbsp;technologies, bioinformatics,&nbsp;genomics visions, and variomics projects. Variomics is&nbsp;the&nbsp;study of the total genetic variation in an individual and&nbsp;populations.&nbsp;Research on&nbsp;genetic variation is the most&nbsp;valuable among many genomics research branches.&nbsp;Genomics and variomics projects will change biology and the society so dramatically that biology will become an everyday technology as personal computers and the internet. 'BioRevolution' is the term that can adequately describe this change.<br /> <br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Introduction</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Since the launch of the Human Genome Project (HGP)&nbsp;in 1990 by NIH of USA, researchers have been developing faster DNA sequencers </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Shendure, Mitra et al. 2004; Chan 2005; Metzker 2005; Gupta 2008; Mardis 2008)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. HGP was said to be led by James Watson who modeled DNA in Cambridge, UK in 1953. In 2003, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium held a press conference to announce the completion of the human genome </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(IHGSC 2004)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. In 2008, after 55 years, his complete genome sequence was publicized by using 454 DNA sequencers developed by a company </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Wheeler, Srinivasan et al. 2008)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">.&nbsp;In 2007, Craig Venter of former Celera founder published his own personal genome in PLoS Biology </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Levy, Sutton et al. 2007)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">.&nbsp;We are entering the personalized biology era with the advent of next generation sequencing technologies.<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">DNA sequencing</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The first breakthrough in genome sequencing came from Watson's&nbsp;colleague in Cambridge, Fred Sanger. In 1977, Sanger and his team produced the first useful DNA sequencing method and publicized the first complete genome </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Sanger, Air et al. 1977)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. It was a tiny virus genome known as phi X 174. Soon after phi X 174, he published the first complete organelle genome which was mitochondrion </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Anderson, Bankier et al. 1981)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. By 1998, researchers in the US evaluated multiplex genome sequencing technologies and were aware that one person's whole genome could be sequenced in one day using contemporary technologies. George Church was the Ph.D. student of Walter Gilbert who received a Nobel Prize with Sanger for developing a sequencing method. Gilbert's method was not used much. However, his colleague Church kept developing sequencing methods. One of them is based on Polony idea </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Porreca, Shendure et al. 2006)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. This technology is used by KNOME Inc. that is a full genome sequencing company. Genome sequencing technology&nbsp;is moving forward to the level as computer CPUs are universally used. DNA sequencing is one of the most important industrial technologies in biology due to its perpetual use and new applications in the future.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Personal Genomics</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> In 2009, genome sequencing technologies will achieve one person's whole genome per day in terms of DNA fragments sequenced. Personal genomics is a new term that utilizes such fast sequencers. In 2008, the cost for one personal genome is less than $300,000 USD. If the cost goes down below $1,000 USD, the impact of personal genomics is predicted to be the largest ever in biology&nbsp;on common people's life.&nbsp;PGP (Personal Genome Project) is a project to sequence as many people as possible with low costs </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Church 2005)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. Google Inc. and Church group are working together to sequence 100,000 people's genetic regions of DNA. In Saudi Arabia, the government is planning to sequence 100 Arabic people. In Europe, there are various groups of people and nations who have been genotyping the populations. Especially, Iceland has been successful in that effort by utilizing their well-kept genealogical data encompassing 100,000s people. In Asia, Jeongsun Seo of Seoul National University has been working on East Asia Genome Project in the past years. His group collected thousands of samples from Mongolian tribes with a gigantic genealogical tree among them <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">(</font><a href="http://www.macrogen.co.kr/eng/macrogen/state.jsp"><font color="#0000ff" size="2">http://www.macrogen.co.kr/eng/macrogen/state.jsp</font></a><font size="2">)</font></div> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Park et al. 2008; Sung et al. 2008)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. Seo is planning on sequencing at least 100 Korean genomes in collaboration with Church and Green Cross Inc. of Korea. The aim of Seo's genome project is to produce a resource for the East Asians as well as Koreans. He is presently sequencing at least two Korean people. In China, Beijing Genome Institute has been successful in terms of sequencing. Their first achievement came from a plant genome, rice. After rice, they launched a 99 Han Chinese genome sequencing project. In Nov. 2008, they published their first Chinese genome in a joural, Nature. In Dec. 2008, another Korean group Lee Gilyeo Cancer and Diabetes Institute and Korean Bioinformation Center (KOBIC) made a Korean genome sequence public. The genome was sequenced by Solexa paired-end sequencer and comparative genomics analyses and SNP data were uploaded as a public resource for everyone.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Genome revolution&nbsp;</span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> </span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">These public genome data alongside previously known Craig Venter's and James Watson's mark that full genome sequences are not in academic domain anymore. Anyone who has money and will can sequence human genomes. This 'genomic revolution' will eventually lead to the 'BioRevolution' in terms of making the most essential human information completely mapped and publically available. These are revolutionary because humans can now engineer themselves with a map or a blue print not directly relying on trial and error style conventional evolutionary methods. This indicates that evolution went into a conscious level of driving evolution. It is almost designing the evolution using computers.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Genomes and personalized medicine</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The consequences of 'BioRevolution' where genomic information is utilized by scientists to engineers all kinds of biological processes including evolution itself will bring us the personalized medicine. The essence of personalized medicine is that enzymes in our tissues such as cytochrome P450 have distinct differences among individuals and populations. Certain drugs produce different responses in individuals.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Cytochrome p450 family example</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The cytochrome P450 (CYP) family of liver enzymes&nbsp;are responsible for breaking down more than 30 different classes of drugs during phase I of drug metabolism. Structural and SNP variations of the&nbsp;genes that code for these enzymes can influence their ability to metabolize certain drugs. Based upon this, a population can be categorized into four major types of drug metabolizers: </span></div> <ul type="disc"> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Extensive metabolizers: The&nbsp;individuals that can be administered with normal drug dosage </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Intermediate metabolizers&nbsp;: The individuals that metabolizes drug with a rate slower than the normal rate. </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Poor metabolizers: The individuals with poor metabolizing rate. Drugs make accumulate and cause serious adverse effects. </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Ultra metabolizers: Individuals with metabolizing rate faster than extensive metabolizers. They may experience no effect of drug activity. </span></li> </ul> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Variomics</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The most important scientific data out of personal genomes are the precise sequence differences among individuals. Such differences have many types.&nbsp;There are structural differences between chromosomes. There can be insertions and deletions of DNA segments. There are certain fragments that appear as repeats in genomes. Mapping all these structural genetic variations can be briefly termed as 'variomics'. A variome is the totality of genetic variation found in an individual, a population, and a species. Among all the variations we know,&nbsp;the most common one is single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP).&nbsp;In Korea, mapping the variome has been pursued relatively early and there are several groups who are mapping the genetic variations. KOBIC has several very early stage, if not the earliest in the world, variome servers; <a href="http://variome.net/"><font color="#800080">http://variome.net</font></a> and <a href="http://variomics.net/"><font color="#0000ff">http://variomics.net</font></a>. Along with SNP variation, the copy number variation (CNV) is also important. Some recent reports tell us that CNVs can be as variable as or even more variable than SNPs that are simple DNA base changes in populations. Yeun-Jun Chung of Catholic University of Korea has been mapping CNVs among Korean people (Kim et al. 2008).</span></div> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">In early 2005, the US FDA cleared the AmpliChip^&reg; CYP450 Test, which measures variations in two genes of the CYP450 enzyme system: CYP2D6 and CYP2C19. The Roche AmpliChip CYP450 Test is intended to identify a patient's CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotype from genomic DNA extracted from a whole blood sample. Information about CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotype may be used as an aid to clinicians in determining therapeutic strategy and treatment dose for therapeutics that are metabolized by the CYP2D6 or CYP2C19 gene product.<br /> <br /> </span></div> <div align="left"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Human Variome Project (HVP)</span></strong></div> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">As an international collaboration, headed by Richard Cotton, HVP was launched in 2006 (<a href="http://humanvariomeproject.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://humanvariomeproject.org</font></a>) </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Ring, Kwok et al. 2006)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. HVP aims to&nbsp;make clinicians who have been working on rare diseases, to work together with molecular biologists and bioinformaticians. Their goal is to link medical information with genotype information. Succinctly this process is called genotype to phenotype mapping. As several full human genome sequences are already available, mapping phenotypes to the full genomes will be the major challenge of biology in the next 20 years.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Asian Variome Project (AVP)</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Alongside and with the associations of eIMBL, A-IMBN, and HVP, a variome project that tries to map Asian population variome was launched in 2008. This was a group effort of Korean researchers who have been interested in genome sequences,&nbsp;SNPs, and CNVs. They have formed a Korean Variome Consortium (KOVAC: <a href="http://variome.kr/"><font color="#0000ff">http://variome.kr</font></a>) and supported AVP as one of the first projects. eIMBL that is the virtual laboratory network of Asia linking key biology groups modeled after EMBL has acquired $80,000 USD in 2008 to support AVP. eIMBL aims to establish a virtual bioinformatics center in Asia Pacific region that links many bioinformation processing scientists in Asia.<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Bioinformatics for personal genomes and variomes</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Bioinformatics is the key in personal genome projects and variome projects. Bioinformatics is not a set of tools but it is a proper scientific discipline. It regards life as a gigantic information processing phenomenon and tries to map its components and to model the emerging networks of the components. Bioinformatics in 2008 is driving biology into an information science. Most biology researches are now with massive amount of data that cannot be processed by hand. Nearly all the biological research outcomes in the next&nbsp;five years will have some form of high throughput data such as genome sequences, microarray data, proteome analyses, SNPs, epigenome chips, and large scale phenotype mapping. Bioinformatics tools in genomics and variomics can be found from various internet resources. There are various bioinformatics hubs such as NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information), EBI (European Bioinformatics Institute), DDBJ (Databank of Japan), and KOBIC.&nbsp;Some&nbsp;others are: Bioinformatics Organization (<a href="http://bioinformatics.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://Bioinformatics.Org</font></a>), EMBnet (<a href="http://www.embnet.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://www.embnet.org/</font></a>), and&nbsp;The International Society for Computational Biology (<a href="http://iscb.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://iscb.org</font></a>). The following are major bioinformatics journals:<br /> <br /> </span></p> <ul type="disc"> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Algorithms in <span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Molecular Biology (http://www.almob.org/) </span></span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Bioinformatics (http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/) </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">BMC Bioinformatics (http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcbioinformatics) </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Briefings in Bioinformatics (http://bib.oxfordjournals.org/) </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Genome Research&nbsp;(http://genome.cshlp.org/) </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Genomics and Informatics (<a href="http://www.genominfo.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://www.genominfo.org</font></a>) </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">The International Journal of Biostatistics (http://www.bepress.com/ijb/) </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Journal of Computational Biology (http://www.liebertpub.com/Products/Product.aspx?pid=31&amp;AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1) </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Cancer Informatics (http://www.la-press.com/journal.php?pa=description&amp;journal_id=10) </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Molecular Systems Biology (http://www.nature.com/msb/index.html </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">PLoS Computational Biology (<a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/home.action">http://www.ploscompbiol.org/home.action</a>)</span> </li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">International Journal of Bioinformatics Research and Applications (http://www.inderscience.com/browse/index.php?journalcode=ijbra)</span> </li> </ul> <br /> <strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Sequencing DNA, Metagenomics, and Ecogenomics</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Next generation sequencing methods are not only mapping genomes. They can be used to map the environment. It is called ecogenomics. Environment to humans can be various microbial, plant, and animal interactions around us. Especially, microbial interaction is critical to our health. Gut bacteria are natural environment to us. Metagenomics is a methodology that sequences the whole set of microbes in our food tract. Researchers are realizing that human genome is complemented by such environmental genomes. A new term, 'ecogenomics' is now used to describe these concepts. Metagenomics and ecogenomics are for mapping the variation of environmental genetic factors.<br /> <br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Mapping expression using DNA sequencing</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> DNA sequencing technology&nbsp;used to be&nbsp;for mapping genotypes. However, they are now used to map expression levels in cells. Cells produce various RNAs. mRNA is the most abundant and important. In the past, microarray and DNA chips were used for measuring expression levels. They are not accurate and it takes many bioinformatic adjustments before it becomes reliable expression data. New sequencing technologies can measure expression levels much more accurately. By sequencing the RNAs, we can now quantify the mRNA levels by precisely knowing the RNA sequences. Sequencing technologies will restructure the expression analyses in the future.</span> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <div><strong><font size="2">Conclusion</font></strong><br /> <font size="2">In 2009 and onwards, personal genome projects will produce unprecedented amount of biological data. New bioinformatics technologies will be required to handle them. New sequencing technologies will drive the next decades of biology and transform the medical practices in hospitals within the next decades. Fast sequencing unexpectedly brought us interesting applications such as metagenomics and ecogenomics. </font><font size="2">We have examined the current trends in genomics and variomics.</font><br /> <br /> </div> <div><strong><font size="2">Acknowledgements</font></strong><br /> <font size="2">SK was supported by Soongsil University Reserach Fund.</font><br /> <br /> </div> <div><font size="2"><strong>References</strong></font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">IHGSC (2004). Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome. <em>Nature</em> 431(7011), 931-45.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Anderson, S., A. T. Bankier, <em>et al.</em> (1981). Sequence and organization of the human mitochondrial genome. <em>Nature</em> 290(5806), 457-65.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Chan, E. Y. (2005). Advances in sequencing technology. <em>Mutat. Res.</em> 573(1-2), 13-40.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Church, G. M. (2005). The personal genome project. <em>Mol. Syst. Biol.</em> 1<strong>,</strong> 2005.0030.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Gupta, P. K. (2008). Single-molecule DNA sequencing technologies for future genomics research. <em>Trends Biotechnol.</em> 26(11), 602-11.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Kim, T-M. <em>et al.</em> (2008). Copy Number Variations in the Human Genome: Potential Source for Individual Diversity and Disease Association Studies. <em>Genomics &amp; Informatics</em>&nbsp;6(1), 1-7.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Levy, S., G. Sutton, <em>et al</em>. (2007). The diploid genome sequence of an individual human. <em>PLoS Biol.</em> 5(10), e254.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Mardis, E. R. (2008). The impact of next-generation sequencing technology on genetics. <em>Trends Genet.</em> 24(3), 133-41.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Metzker, M. L. (2005). Emerging technologies in DNA sequencing. <em>Genome Res.</em> 15(12), 1767-76.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Park, H. <em>et al</em>. (2008). Genome-wide Linkage Study for Plasma HDL Cholesterol Level in an Isolated Population of Mongolia. <em>Genomics &amp; Informatics</em> 6(1), 8-13.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Porreca, G. J., J. Shendure, <em>et al</em>. (2006). Polony DNA sequencing. <em>Curr. Prot. Mol. Biol.</em> Chapter 7: Unit 7 8.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Ring, H. Z., P. Y. Kwok, <em>et al</em>. (2006). Human Variome Project: an international collaboration to catalogue human genetic variation. <em>Pharmacogenomics</em> 7(7), 969-72.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Sanger, F., G. M. Air, <em>et al</em>. (1977). Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA. <em>Nature</em> 265(5596), 687-95.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Shendure, J., R. D. Mitra, <em>et al</em>. (2004). Advanced sequencing technologies: methods and goals. <em>Nat.</em> <em>Rev. Genet.</em> 5(5), 335-44.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Sung, J. et al. (2008). Inbreeding Coefficients in Two Isolated Mongolian Populations - GENDISCAN Study. <em>Genomics &amp; Informatics</em> 6(1): 14-17.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Wheeler, D. A., M. Srinivasan, <em>et al</em>. (2008). The complete genome of an individual by massively parallel DNA sequencing. <em>Nature</em> 452(7189), 872-6.</font></div> <p>&nbsp;</p> 75e908d4de9f77f53c75fbe85a9af721eb44f0e7 2272 2008-12-18T03:25:47Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">&nbsp;</font> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt">Personal genomics, bioinformatics, and variomics</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Jong Bhak¹, Ho Ghang¹, Rohit Reja¹,&nbsp;and Sangsoo Kim²*</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> <br /> <strong>¹</strong>KOBIC (Korean Bioinformation Center), KRIBB, Daejeon 305-806, Korea. <strong>²</strong>Dept. of Bioinformatics, Soongsil Univ., Seoul 156-743, Korea.<br /> <br /> *Correspondence to: E-mail &nbsp;<a href="mailto:sskimb@ssu.ac.kr"><font color="#000080">sskimb@ssu.ac.kr</font></a> Tel +82-2-820-0457 Fax +82-2-824-4383 or E-mail </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><a href="mailto:jongbhak@yahoo.com"><font color="#0000ff">jongbhak@yahoo.com</font></a>&nbsp;Tel +82-42-879-8500 Fax +82-42-879-8519</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Abstract</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> There are at least five complete genome sequences available&nbsp;in 2008. It is known that there are over 15,000,000 genetic variants called SNPs in&nbsp;the dbSNP&nbsp;database. The cost of a full genome sequencing in 2009&nbsp;will be&nbsp;claimed to be less than $5000 USD.&nbsp;The genomics era has arrived in 2008. This review introduces&nbsp;technologies, bioinformatics,&nbsp;genomics visions, and variomics projects. Variomics is&nbsp;the&nbsp;study of the total genetic variation in an individual and&nbsp;populations.&nbsp;Research on&nbsp;genetic variation is the most&nbsp;valuable among many genomics research branches.&nbsp;Genomics and variomics projects will change biology and the society so dramatically that biology will become an everyday technology as personal computers and the internet. 'BioRevolution' is the term that can adequately describe this change.<br /> <br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Introduction</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Since the launch of the Human Genome Project (HGP)&nbsp;in 1990 by NIH of USA, researchers have been developing faster DNA sequencers </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Shendure, Mitra et al. 2004; Chan 2005; Metzker 2005; Gupta 2008; Mardis 2008)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. HGP was said to be led by James Watson who modeled DNA in Cambridge, UK in 1953. In 2003, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium held a press conference to announce the completion of the human genome </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(IHGSC 2004)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. In 2008, after 55 years, his complete genome sequence was publicized by using 454 DNA sequencers developed by a company </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Wheeler, Srinivasan et al. 2008)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">.&nbsp;In 2007, Craig Venter of former Celera founder published his own personal genome in PLoS Biology </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Levy, Sutton et al. 2007)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">.&nbsp;We are entering the personalized biology era with the advent of next generation sequencing technologies.<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">DNA sequencing</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The first breakthrough in genome sequencing came from Watson's&nbsp;colleague in Cambridge, Fred Sanger. In 1977, Sanger and his team produced the first useful DNA sequencing method and publicized the first complete genome </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Sanger, Air et al. 1977)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. It was a tiny virus genome known as phi X 174. Soon after phi X 174, he published the first complete organelle genome which was mitochondrion </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Anderson, Bankier et al. 1981)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. By 1998, researchers in the US evaluated multiplex genome sequencing technologies and were aware that one person's whole genome could be sequenced in one day using contemporary technologies. George Church was the Ph.D. student of Walter Gilbert who received a Nobel Prize with Sanger for developing a sequencing method. Gilbert's method was not used much. However, his colleague Church kept developing sequencing methods. One of them is based on Polony idea </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Porreca, Shendure et al. 2006)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. This technology is used by KNOME Inc. that is a full genome sequencing company. Genome sequencing technology&nbsp;is moving forward to the level as computer CPUs are universally used. DNA sequencing is one of the most important industrial technologies in biology due to its perpetual use and new applications in the future.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Personal Genomics</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> In 2009, genome sequencing technologies will achieve one person's whole genome per day in terms of DNA fragments sequenced. Personal genomics is a new term that utilizes such fast sequencers. In 2008, the cost for one personal genome is less than $300,000 USD. If the cost goes down below $1,000 USD, the impact of personal genomics is predicted to be the largest ever in biology&nbsp;on common people's life.&nbsp;PGP (Personal Genome Project) is a project to sequence as many people as possible with low costs </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Church 2005)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. Google Inc. and Church group are working together to sequence 100,000 people's genetic regions of DNA. In Saudi Arabia, the government is planning to sequence 100 Arabic people. In Europe, there are various groups of people and nations who have been genotyping the populations. Especially, Iceland has been successful in that effort by utilizing their well-kept genealogical data encompassing 100,000s people. In Asia, Jeongsun Seo of Seoul National University has been working on East Asia Genome Project in the past years. His group collected thousands of samples from Mongolian tribes with a gigantic genealogical tree among them </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Park et al. 2008; Sung et al. 2008)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. Seo is planning on sequencing at least 100 Korean genomes in collaboration with Church and Green Cross Inc. of Korea. The aim of Seo's genome project is to produce a resource for the East Asians as well as Koreans. He is presently sequencing at least two Korean people. In China, Beijing Genome Institute has been successful in terms of sequencing. Their first achievement came from a plant genome, rice. After rice, they launched a 99 Han Chinese genome sequencing project. In Nov. 2008, they published their first Chinese genome in a joural, Nature. In Dec. 2008, another Korean group Lee Gilyeo Cancer and Diabetes Institute and Korean Bioinformation Center (KOBIC) made a Korean genome sequence public. The genome was sequenced by Solexa paired-end sequencer and comparative genomics analyses and SNP data were uploaded as a public resource for everyone.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Genome revolution&nbsp;</span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> </span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">These public genome data alongside previously known Craig Venter's and James Watson's mark that full genome sequences are not in academic domain anymore. Anyone who has money and will can sequence human genomes. This 'genomic revolution' will eventually lead to the 'BioRevolution' in terms of making the most essential human information completely mapped and publically available. These are revolutionary because humans can now engineer themselves with a map or a blue print not directly relying on trial and error style conventional evolutionary methods. This indicates that evolution went into a conscious level of driving evolution. It is almost designing the evolution using computers.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Genomes and personalized medicine</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The consequences of 'BioRevolution' where genomic information is utilized by scientists to engineers all kinds of biological processes including evolution itself will bring us the personalized medicine. The essence of personalized medicine is that enzymes in our tissues such as cytochrome P450 have distinct differences among individuals and populations. Certain drugs produce different responses in individuals.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Cytochrome p450 family example</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The cytochrome P450 (CYP) family of liver enzymes&nbsp;are responsible for breaking down more than 30 different classes of drugs during phase I of drug metabolism. Structural and SNP variations of the&nbsp;genes that code for these enzymes can influence their ability to metabolize certain drugs. Based upon this, a population can be categorized into four major types of drug metabolizers: </span></div> <div align="left"> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">(</font><a href="http://www.macrogen.co.kr/eng/macrogen/state.jsp"><font color="#0000ff" size="2">http://www.macrogen.co.kr/eng/macrogen/state.jsp</font></a><font size="2">)</font></div> </div> <ul type="disc"> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Extensive metabolizers: The&nbsp;individuals that can be administered with normal drug dosage </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Intermediate metabolizers&nbsp;: The individuals that metabolizes drug with a rate slower than the normal rate. </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Poor metabolizers: The individuals with poor metabolizing rate. Drugs make accumulate and cause serious adverse effects. </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Ultra metabolizers: Individuals with metabolizing rate faster than extensive metabolizers. They may experience no effect of drug activity. </span></li> </ul> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Variomics</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The most important scientific data out of personal genomes are the precise sequence differences among individuals. Such differences have many types.&nbsp;There are structural differences between chromosomes. There can be insertions and deletions of DNA segments. There are certain fragments that appear as repeats in genomes. Mapping all these structural genetic variations can be briefly termed as 'variomics'. A variome is the totality of genetic variation found in an individual, a population, and a species. Among all the variations we know,&nbsp;the most common one is single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP).&nbsp;In Korea, mapping the variome has been pursued relatively early and there are several groups who are mapping the genetic variations. KOBIC has several very early stage, if not the earliest in the world, variome servers; <a href="http://variome.net/"><font color="#800080">http://variome.net</font></a> and <a href="http://variomics.net/"><font color="#0000ff">http://variomics.net</font></a>. Along with SNP variation, the copy number variation (CNV) is also important. Some recent reports tell us that CNVs can be as variable as or even more variable than SNPs that are simple DNA base changes in populations. Yeun-Jun Chung of Catholic University of Korea has been mapping CNVs among Korean people (Kim et al. 2008).</span></div> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">In early 2005, the US FDA cleared the AmpliChip^&reg; CYP450 Test, which measures variations in two genes of the CYP450 enzyme system: CYP2D6 and CYP2C19. The Roche AmpliChip CYP450 Test is intended to identify a patient's CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotype from genomic DNA extracted from a whole blood sample. Information about CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotype may be used as an aid to clinicians in determining therapeutic strategy and treatment dose for therapeutics that are metabolized by the CYP2D6 or CYP2C19 gene product.<br /> <br /> </span></div> <div align="left"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Human Variome Project (HVP)</span></strong></div> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">As an international collaboration, headed by Richard Cotton, HVP was launched in 2006 (<a href="http://humanvariomeproject.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://humanvariomeproject.org</font></a>) </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Ring, Kwok et al. 2006)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. HVP aims to&nbsp;make clinicians who have been working on rare diseases, to work together with molecular biologists and bioinformaticians. Their goal is to link medical information with genotype information. Succinctly this process is called genotype to phenotype mapping. As several full human genome sequences are already available, mapping phenotypes to the full genomes will be the major challenge of biology in the next 20 years.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Asian Variome Project (AVP)</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Alongside and with the associations of eIMBL, A-IMBN, and HVP, a variome project that tries to map Asian population variome was launched in 2008. This was a group effort of Korean researchers who have been interested in genome sequences,&nbsp;SNPs, and CNVs. They have formed a Korean Variome Consortium (KOVAC: <a href="http://variome.kr/"><font color="#0000ff">http://variome.kr</font></a>) and supported AVP as one of the first projects. eIMBL that is the virtual laboratory network of Asia linking key biology groups modeled after EMBL has acquired $80,000 USD in 2008 to support AVP. eIMBL aims to establish a virtual bioinformatics center in Asia Pacific region that links many bioinformation processing scientists in Asia.<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Bioinformatics for personal genomes and variomes</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Bioinformatics is the key in personal genome projects and variome projects. Bioinformatics is not a set of tools but it is a proper scientific discipline. It regards life as a gigantic information processing phenomenon and tries to map its components and to model the emerging networks of the components. Bioinformatics in 2008 is driving biology into an information science. Most biology researches are now with massive amount of data that cannot be processed by hand. Nearly all the biological research outcomes in the next&nbsp;five years will have some form of high throughput data such as genome sequences, microarray data, proteome analyses, SNPs, epigenome chips, and large scale phenotype mapping. Bioinformatics tools in genomics and variomics can be found from various internet resources. There are various bioinformatics hubs such as NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information), EBI (European Bioinformatics Institute), DDBJ (Databank of Japan), and KOBIC.&nbsp;Some&nbsp;others are: Bioinformatics Organization (<a href="http://bioinformatics.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://Bioinformatics.Org</font></a>), EMBnet (<a href="http://www.embnet.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://www.embnet.org/</font></a>), and&nbsp;The International Society for Computational Biology (<a href="http://iscb.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://iscb.org</font></a>). The following are major bioinformatics journals:<br /> <br /> </span></p> <ul type="disc"> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Algorithms in <span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Molecular Biology (http://www.almob.org/) </span></span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Bioinformatics (http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/) </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">BMC Bioinformatics (http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcbioinformatics) </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Briefings in Bioinformatics (http://bib.oxfordjournals.org/) </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Genome Research&nbsp;(http://genome.cshlp.org/) </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Genomics and Informatics (<a href="http://www.genominfo.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://www.genominfo.org</font></a>) </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">The International Journal of Biostatistics (http://www.bepress.com/ijb/) </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Journal of Computational Biology (http://www.liebertpub.com/Products/Product.aspx?pid=31&amp;AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1) </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Cancer Informatics (http://www.la-press.com/journal.php?pa=description&amp;journal_id=10) </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Molecular Systems Biology (http://www.nature.com/msb/index.html </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">PLoS Computational Biology (<a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/home.action">http://www.ploscompbiol.org/home.action</a>)</span> </li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">International Journal of Bioinformatics Research and Applications (http://www.inderscience.com/browse/index.php?journalcode=ijbra)</span> </li> </ul> <br /> <strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Sequencing DNA, Metagenomics, and Ecogenomics</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Next generation sequencing methods are not only mapping genomes. They can be used to map the environment. It is called ecogenomics. Environment to humans can be various microbial, plant, and animal interactions around us. Especially, microbial interaction is critical to our health. Gut bacteria are natural environment to us. Metagenomics is a methodology that sequences the whole set of microbes in our food tract. Researchers are realizing that human genome is complemented by such environmental genomes. A new term, 'ecogenomics' is now used to describe these concepts. Metagenomics and ecogenomics are for mapping the variation of environmental genetic factors.<br /> <br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Mapping expression using DNA sequencing</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> DNA sequencing technology&nbsp;used to be&nbsp;for mapping genotypes. However, they are now used to map expression levels in cells. Cells produce various RNAs. mRNA is the most abundant and important. In the past, microarray and DNA chips were used for measuring expression levels. They are not accurate and it takes many bioinformatic adjustments before it becomes reliable expression data. New sequencing technologies can measure expression levels much more accurately. By sequencing the RNAs, we can now quantify the mRNA levels by precisely knowing the RNA sequences. Sequencing technologies will restructure the expression analyses in the future.</span> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <div><strong><font size="2">Conclusion</font></strong><br /> <font size="2">In 2009 and onwards, personal genome projects will produce unprecedented amount of biological data. New bioinformatics technologies will be required to handle them. New sequencing technologies will drive the next decades of biology and transform the medical practices in hospitals within the next decades. Fast sequencing unexpectedly brought us interesting applications such as metagenomics and ecogenomics. </font><font size="2">We have examined the current trends in genomics and variomics.</font><br /> <br /> </div> <div><strong><font size="2">Acknowledgements</font></strong><br /> <font size="2">SK was supported by Soongsil University Reserach Fund.</font><br /> <br /> </div> <div><font size="2"><strong>References</strong></font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">IHGSC (2004). Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome. <em>Nature</em> 431(7011), 931-45.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Anderson, S., A. T. Bankier, <em>et al.</em> (1981). Sequence and organization of the human mitochondrial genome. <em>Nature</em> 290(5806), 457-65.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Chan, E. Y. (2005). Advances in sequencing technology. <em>Mutat. Res.</em> 573(1-2), 13-40.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Church, G. M. (2005). The personal genome project. <em>Mol. Syst. Biol.</em> 1<strong>,</strong> 2005.0030.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Gupta, P. K. (2008). Single-molecule DNA sequencing technologies for future genomics research. <em>Trends Biotechnol.</em> 26(11), 602-11.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Kim, T-M. <em>et al.</em> (2008). Copy Number Variations in the Human Genome: Potential Source for Individual Diversity and Disease Association Studies. <em>Genomics &amp; Informatics</em>&nbsp;6(1), 1-7.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Levy, S., G. Sutton, <em>et al</em>. (2007). The diploid genome sequence of an individual human. <em>PLoS Biol.</em> 5(10), e254.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Mardis, E. R. (2008). The impact of next-generation sequencing technology on genetics. <em>Trends Genet.</em> 24(3), 133-41.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Metzker, M. L. (2005). Emerging technologies in DNA sequencing. <em>Genome Res.</em> 15(12), 1767-76.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Park, H. <em>et al</em>. (2008). Genome-wide Linkage Study for Plasma HDL Cholesterol Level in an Isolated Population of Mongolia. <em>Genomics &amp; Informatics</em> 6(1), 8-13.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Porreca, G. J., J. Shendure, <em>et al</em>. (2006). Polony DNA sequencing. <em>Curr. Prot. Mol. Biol.</em> Chapter 7: Unit 7 8.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Ring, H. Z., P. Y. Kwok, <em>et al</em>. (2006). Human Variome Project: an international collaboration to catalogue human genetic variation. <em>Pharmacogenomics</em> 7(7), 969-72.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Sanger, F., G. M. Air, <em>et al</em>. (1977). Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA. <em>Nature</em> 265(5596), 687-95.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Shendure, J., R. D. Mitra, <em>et al</em>. (2004). Advanced sequencing technologies: methods and goals. <em>Nat.</em> <em>Rev. Genet.</em> 5(5), 335-44.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Sung, J. et al. (2008). Inbreeding Coefficients in Two Isolated Mongolian Populations - GENDISCAN Study. <em>Genomics &amp; Informatics</em> 6(1): 14-17.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Wheeler, D. A., M. Srinivasan, <em>et al</em>. (2008). The complete genome of an individual by massively parallel DNA sequencing. <em>Nature</em> 452(7189), 872-6.</font></div> <p>&nbsp;</p> 1ee197103b4bb3996d9a60a439542fbd061f564c 2273 2008-12-18T03:27:21Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">&nbsp;</font> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt">Personal genomics, bioinformatics, and variomics</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Jong Bhak¹, Ho Ghang¹, Rohit Reja¹,&nbsp;and Sangsoo Kim²*</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> <br /> <strong>¹</strong>KOBIC (Korean Bioinformation Center), KRIBB, Daejeon 305-806, Korea. <strong>²</strong>Dept. of Bioinformatics, Soongsil Univ., Seoul 156-743, Korea.<br /> <br /> *Correspondence to: E-mail &nbsp;<a href="mailto:sskimb@ssu.ac.kr"><font color="#000080">sskimb@ssu.ac.kr</font></a> Tel +82-2-820-0457 Fax +82-2-824-4383 or E-mail </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><a href="mailto:jongbhak@yahoo.com"><font color="#0000ff">jongbhak@yahoo.com</font></a>&nbsp;Tel +82-42-879-8500 Fax +82-42-879-8519</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Abstract</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> There are at least five complete genome sequences available&nbsp;in 2008. It is known that there are over 15,000,000 genetic variants called SNPs in&nbsp;the dbSNP&nbsp;database. The cost of a full genome sequencing in 2009&nbsp;will be&nbsp;claimed to be less than $5000 USD.&nbsp;The genomics era has arrived in 2008. This review introduces&nbsp;technologies, bioinformatics,&nbsp;genomics visions, and variomics projects. Variomics is&nbsp;the&nbsp;study of the total genetic variation in an individual and&nbsp;populations.&nbsp;Research on&nbsp;genetic variation is the most&nbsp;valuable among many genomics research branches.&nbsp;Genomics and variomics projects will change biology and the society so dramatically that biology will become an everyday technology as personal computers and the internet. 'BioRevolution' is the term that can adequately describe this change.<br /> <br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Introduction</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Since the launch of the Human Genome Project (HGP)&nbsp;in 1990 by NIH of USA, researchers have been developing faster DNA sequencers </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Shendure, Mitra et al. 2004; Chan 2005; Metzker 2005; Gupta 2008; Mardis 2008)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. HGP was said to be led by James Watson who modeled DNA in Cambridge, UK in 1953. In 2003, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium held a press conference to announce the completion of the human genome </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(IHGSC 2004)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. In 2008, after 55 years, his complete genome sequence was publicized by using 454 DNA sequencers developed by a company </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Wheeler, Srinivasan et al. 2008)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">.&nbsp;In 2007, Craig Venter of former Celera founder published his own personal genome in PLoS Biology </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Levy, Sutton et al. 2007)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">.&nbsp;We are entering the personalized biology era with the advent of next generation sequencing technologies.<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">DNA sequencing</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The first breakthrough in genome sequencing came from Watson's&nbsp;colleague in Cambridge, Fred Sanger. In 1977, Sanger and his team produced the first useful DNA sequencing method and publicized the first complete genome </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Sanger, Air et al. 1977)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. It was a tiny virus genome known as phi X 174. Soon after phi X 174, he published the first complete organelle genome which was a mitochondrion </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Anderson, Bankier et al. 1981)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. By 1998, researchers in the US evaluated multiplex genome sequencing technologies and were aware that one person's whole genome could be sequenced in one day using contemporary technologies. George Church was the Ph.D. student of Walter Gilbert who received a Nobel Prize with Sanger for developing a sequencing method. Gilbert's method was not used much. However, his colleague Church kept developing sequencing methods. One of them is based on Polony idea </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Porreca, Shendure et al. 2006)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. This technology is used by KNOME Inc. that is a full genome sequencing company. Genome sequencing technology&nbsp;is moving forward to the level as computer CPUs are universally used. DNA sequencing is one of the most important industrial technologies in biology due to its perpetual use and new applications in the future.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Personal Genomics</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> In 2009, genome sequencing technologies will achieve one person's whole genome per day in terms of DNA fragments sequenced. Personal genomics is a new term that utilizes such fast sequencers. In 2008, the cost for one personal genome is less than $300,000 USD. If the cost goes down below $1,000 USD, the impact of personal genomics is predicted to be the largest ever in biology&nbsp;on common people's life.&nbsp;PGP (Personal Genome Project) is a project to sequence as many people as possible with low costs </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Church 2005)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. Google Inc. and Church group are working together to sequence 100,000 people's genetic regions of DNA. In Saudi Arabia, the government is planning to sequence 100 Arabic people. In Europe, there are various groups of people and nations who have been genotyping the populations. Especially, Iceland has been successful in that effort by utilizing their well-kept genealogical data encompassing 100,000s people. In Asia, Jeongsun Seo of Seoul National University has been working on East Asia Genome Project in the past years. His group collected thousands of samples from Mongolian tribes with a gigantic genealogical tree among them </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Park et al. 2008; Sung et al. 2008)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. Seo is planning on sequencing at least 100 Korean genomes in collaboration with Church and Green Cross Inc. of Korea. The aim of Seo's genome project is to produce a resource for the East Asians as well as Koreans. He is presently sequencing at least two Korean people. In China, Beijing Genome Institute has been successful in terms of sequencing. Their first achievement came from a plant genome, rice. After rice, they launched a 99 Han Chinese genome sequencing project. In Nov. 2008, they published their first Chinese genome in a joural, Nature. In Dec. 2008, another Korean group Lee Gilyeo Cancer and Diabetes Institute and Korean Bioinformation Center (KOBIC) made a Korean genome sequence public. The genome was sequenced by Solexa paired-end sequencer and comparative genomics analyses and SNP data were uploaded as a public resource for everyone.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Genome revolution&nbsp;</span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> </span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">These public genome data alongside previously known Craig Venter's and James Watson's mark that full genome sequences are not in academic domain anymore. Anyone who has money and will can sequence human genomes. This 'genomic revolution' will eventually lead to the 'BioRevolution' in terms of making the most essential human information completely mapped and publically available. These are revolutionary because humans can now engineer themselves with a map or a blue print not directly relying on trial and error style conventional evolutionary methods. This indicates that evolution went into a conscious level of driving evolution. It is almost designing the evolution using computers.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Genomes and personalized medicine</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The consequences of 'BioRevolution' where genomic information is utilized by scientists to engineers all kinds of biological processes including evolution itself will bring us the personalized medicine. The essence of personalized medicine is that enzymes in our tissues such as cytochrome P450 have distinct differences among individuals and populations. Certain drugs produce different responses in individuals.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Cytochrome p450 family example</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The cytochrome P450 (CYP) family of liver enzymes&nbsp;are responsible for breaking down more than 30 different classes of drugs during phase I of drug metabolism. Structural and SNP variations of the&nbsp;genes that code for these enzymes can influence their ability to metabolize certain drugs. Based upon this, a population can be categorized into four major types of drug metabolizers: </span></div> <div align="left"> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">(</font><a href="http://www.macrogen.co.kr/eng/macrogen/state.jsp"><font color="#0000ff" size="2">http://www.macrogen.co.kr/eng/macrogen/state.jsp</font></a><font size="2">)</font></div> </div> <ul type="disc"> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Extensive metabolizers: The&nbsp;individuals that can be administered with normal drug dosage </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Intermediate metabolizers&nbsp;: The individuals that metabolizes drug with a rate slower than the normal rate. </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Poor metabolizers: The individuals with poor metabolizing rate. Drugs make accumulate and cause serious adverse effects. </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Ultra metabolizers: Individuals with metabolizing rate faster than extensive metabolizers. They may experience no effect of drug activity. </span></li> </ul> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Variomics</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The most important scientific data out of personal genomes are the precise sequence differences among individuals. Such differences have many types.&nbsp;There are structural differences between chromosomes. There can be insertions and deletions of DNA segments. There are certain fragments that appear as repeats in genomes. Mapping all these structural genetic variations can be briefly termed as 'variomics'. A variome is the totality of genetic variation found in an individual, a population, and a species. Among all the variations we know,&nbsp;the most common one is single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP).&nbsp;In Korea, mapping the variome has been pursued relatively early and there are several groups who are mapping the genetic variations. KOBIC has several very early stage, if not the earliest in the world, variome servers; <a href="http://variome.net/"><font color="#800080">http://variome.net</font></a> and <a href="http://variomics.net/"><font color="#0000ff">http://variomics.net</font></a>. Along with SNP variation, the copy number variation (CNV) is also important. Some recent reports tell us that CNVs can be as variable as or even more variable than SNPs that are simple DNA base changes in populations. Yeun-Jun Chung of Catholic University of Korea has been mapping CNVs among Korean people (Kim et al. 2008).</span></div> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">In early 2005, the US FDA cleared the AmpliChip^&reg; CYP450 Test, which measures variations in two genes of the CYP450 enzyme system: CYP2D6 and CYP2C19. The Roche AmpliChip CYP450 Test is intended to identify a patient's CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotype from genomic DNA extracted from a whole blood sample. Information about CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotype may be used as an aid to clinicians in determining therapeutic strategy and treatment dose for therapeutics that are metabolized by the CYP2D6 or CYP2C19 gene product.<br /> <br /> </span></div> <div align="left"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Human Variome Project (HVP)</span></strong></div> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">As an international collaboration, headed by Richard Cotton, HVP was launched in 2006 (<a href="http://humanvariomeproject.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://humanvariomeproject.org</font></a>) </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Ring, Kwok et al. 2006)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. HVP aims to&nbsp;make clinicians who have been working on rare diseases, to work together with molecular biologists and bioinformaticians. Their goal is to link medical information with genotype information. Succinctly this process is called genotype to phenotype mapping. As several full human genome sequences are already available, mapping phenotypes to the full genomes will be the major challenge of biology in the next 20 years.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Asian Variome Project (AVP)</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Alongside and with the associations of eIMBL, A-IMBN, and HVP, a variome project that tries to map Asian population variome was launched in 2008. This was a group effort of Korean researchers who have been interested in genome sequences,&nbsp;SNPs, and CNVs. They have formed a Korean Variome Consortium (KOVAC: <a href="http://variome.kr/"><font color="#0000ff">http://variome.kr</font></a>) and supported AVP as one of the first projects. eIMBL that is the virtual laboratory network of Asia linking key biology groups modeled after EMBL has acquired $80,000 USD in 2008 to support AVP. eIMBL aims to establish a virtual bioinformatics center in Asia Pacific region that links many bioinformation processing scientists in Asia.<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Bioinformatics for personal genomes and variomes</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Bioinformatics is the key in personal genome projects and variome projects. Bioinformatics is not a set of tools but it is a proper scientific discipline. It regards life as a gigantic information processing phenomenon and tries to map its components and to model the emerging networks of the components. Bioinformatics in 2008 is driving biology into an information science. Most biology researches are now with massive amount of data that cannot be processed by hand. Nearly all the biological research outcomes in the next&nbsp;five years will have some form of high throughput data such as genome sequences, microarray data, proteome analyses, SNPs, epigenome chips, and large scale phenotype mapping. Bioinformatics tools in genomics and variomics can be found from various internet resources. There are various bioinformatics hubs such as NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information), EBI (European Bioinformatics Institute), DDBJ (Databank of Japan), and KOBIC.&nbsp;Some&nbsp;others are: Bioinformatics Organization (<a href="http://bioinformatics.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://Bioinformatics.Org</font></a>), EMBnet (<a href="http://www.embnet.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://www.embnet.org/</font></a>), and&nbsp;The International Society for Computational Biology (<a href="http://iscb.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://iscb.org</font></a>). The following are major bioinformatics journals:<br /> <br /> </span></p> <ul type="disc"> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Algorithms in <span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Molecular Biology (http://www.almob.org/) </span></span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Bioinformatics (http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/) </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">BMC Bioinformatics (http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcbioinformatics) </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Briefings in Bioinformatics (http://bib.oxfordjournals.org/) </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Genome Research&nbsp;(http://genome.cshlp.org/) </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Genomics and Informatics (<a href="http://www.genominfo.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://www.genominfo.org</font></a>) </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">The International Journal of Biostatistics (http://www.bepress.com/ijb/) </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Journal of Computational Biology (http://www.liebertpub.com/Products/Product.aspx?pid=31&amp;AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1) </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Cancer Informatics (http://www.la-press.com/journal.php?pa=description&amp;journal_id=10) </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Molecular Systems Biology (http://www.nature.com/msb/index.html </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">PLoS Computational Biology (<a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/home.action">http://www.ploscompbiol.org/home.action</a>)</span> </li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">International Journal of Bioinformatics Research and Applications (http://www.inderscience.com/browse/index.php?journalcode=ijbra)</span> </li> </ul> <br /> <strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Sequencing DNA, Metagenomics, and Ecogenomics</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Next generation sequencing methods are not only mapping genomes. They can be used to map the environment. It is called ecogenomics. Environment to humans can be various microbial, plant, and animal interactions around us. Especially, microbial interaction is critical to our health. Gut bacteria are natural environment to us. Metagenomics is a methodology that sequences the whole set of microbes in our food tract. Researchers are realizing that human genome is complemented by such environmental genomes. A new term, 'ecogenomics' is now used to describe these concepts. Metagenomics and ecogenomics are for mapping the variation of environmental genetic factors.<br /> <br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Mapping expression using DNA sequencing</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> DNA sequencing technology&nbsp;used to be&nbsp;for mapping genotypes. However, they are now used to map expression levels in cells. Cells produce various RNAs. mRNA is the most abundant and important. In the past, microarray and DNA chips were used for measuring expression levels. They are not accurate and it takes many bioinformatic adjustments before it becomes reliable expression data. New sequencing technologies can measure expression levels much more accurately. By sequencing the RNAs, we can now quantify the mRNA levels by precisely knowing the RNA sequences. Sequencing technologies will restructure the expression analyses in the future.</span> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <div><strong><font size="2">Conclusion</font></strong><br /> <font size="2">In 2009 and onwards, personal genome projects will produce unprecedented amount of biological data. New bioinformatics technologies will be required to handle them. New sequencing technologies will drive the next decades of biology and transform the medical practices in hospitals within the next decades. Fast sequencing unexpectedly brought us interesting applications such as metagenomics and ecogenomics. </font><font size="2">We have examined the current trends in genomics and variomics.</font><br /> <br /> </div> <div><strong><font size="2">Acknowledgements</font></strong><br /> <font size="2">SK was supported by Soongsil University Reserach Fund.</font><br /> <br /> </div> <div><font size="2"><strong>References</strong></font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">IHGSC (2004). Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome. <em>Nature</em> 431(7011), 931-45.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Anderson, S., A. T. Bankier, <em>et al.</em> (1981). Sequence and organization of the human mitochondrial genome. <em>Nature</em> 290(5806), 457-65.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Chan, E. Y. (2005). Advances in sequencing technology. <em>Mutat. Res.</em> 573(1-2), 13-40.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Church, G. M. (2005). The personal genome project. <em>Mol. Syst. Biol.</em> 1<strong>,</strong> 2005.0030.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Gupta, P. K. (2008). Single-molecule DNA sequencing technologies for future genomics research. <em>Trends Biotechnol.</em> 26(11), 602-11.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Kim, T-M. <em>et al.</em> (2008). Copy Number Variations in the Human Genome: Potential Source for Individual Diversity and Disease Association Studies. <em>Genomics &amp; Informatics</em>&nbsp;6(1), 1-7.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Levy, S., G. Sutton, <em>et al</em>. (2007). The diploid genome sequence of an individual human. <em>PLoS Biol.</em> 5(10), e254.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Mardis, E. R. (2008). The impact of next-generation sequencing technology on genetics. <em>Trends Genet.</em> 24(3), 133-41.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Metzker, M. L. (2005). Emerging technologies in DNA sequencing. <em>Genome Res.</em> 15(12), 1767-76.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Park, H. <em>et al</em>. (2008). Genome-wide Linkage Study for Plasma HDL Cholesterol Level in an Isolated Population of Mongolia. <em>Genomics &amp; Informatics</em> 6(1), 8-13.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Porreca, G. J., J. Shendure, <em>et al</em>. (2006). Polony DNA sequencing. <em>Curr. Prot. Mol. Biol.</em> Chapter 7: Unit 7 8.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Ring, H. Z., P. Y. Kwok, <em>et al</em>. (2006). Human Variome Project: an international collaboration to catalogue human genetic variation. <em>Pharmacogenomics</em> 7(7), 969-72.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Sanger, F., G. M. Air, <em>et al</em>. (1977). Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA. <em>Nature</em> 265(5596), 687-95.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Shendure, J., R. D. Mitra, <em>et al</em>. (2004). Advanced sequencing technologies: methods and goals. <em>Nat.</em> <em>Rev. Genet.</em> 5(5), 335-44.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Sung, J. et al. (2008). Inbreeding Coefficients in Two Isolated Mongolian Populations - GENDISCAN Study. <em>Genomics &amp; Informatics</em> 6(1): 14-17.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Wheeler, D. A., M. Srinivasan, <em>et al</em>. (2008). The complete genome of an individual by massively parallel DNA sequencing. <em>Nature</em> 452(7189), 872-6.</font></div> <p>&nbsp;</p> 01f69a1529684cc073df85a9af1255f355c8ae58 2274 2008-12-18T03:33:32Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">&nbsp;</font> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt">Personal genomics, bioinformatics, and variomics</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Jong Bhak¹, Ho Ghang¹, Rohit Reja¹,&nbsp;and Sangsoo Kim²*</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> <br /> <strong>¹</strong>KOBIC (Korean Bioinformation Center), KRIBB, Daejeon 305-806, Korea. <strong>²</strong>Dept. of Bioinformatics, Soongsil Univ., Seoul 156-743, Korea.<br /> <br /> *Correspondence to: E-mail &nbsp;<a href="mailto:sskimb@ssu.ac.kr"><font color="#000080">sskimb@ssu.ac.kr</font></a> Tel +82-2-820-0457 Fax +82-2-824-4383 or E-mail </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><a href="mailto:jongbhak@yahoo.com"><font color="#0000ff">jongbhak@yahoo.com</font></a>&nbsp;Tel +82-42-879-8500 Fax +82-42-879-8519</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Abstract</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> There are at least five complete genome sequences available&nbsp;in 2008. It is known that there are over 15,000,000 genetic variants called SNPs in&nbsp;the dbSNP&nbsp;database. The cost of a full genome sequencing in 2009&nbsp;will be&nbsp;claimed to be less than $5000 USD.&nbsp;The genomics era has arrived in 2008. This review introduces&nbsp;technologies, bioinformatics,&nbsp;genomics visions, and variomics projects. Variomics is&nbsp;the&nbsp;study of the total genetic variation in an individual and&nbsp;populations.&nbsp;Research on&nbsp;genetic variation is the most&nbsp;valuable among many genomics research branches.&nbsp;Genomics and variomics projects will change biology and the society so dramatically that biology will become an everyday technology as personal computers and the internet. 'BioRevolution' is the term that can adequately describe this change.<br /> <br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Introduction</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Since the launch of the Human Genome Project (HGP)&nbsp;in 1990 by NIH of USA, researchers have been developing faster DNA sequencers </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Shendure, Mitra et al. 2004; Chan 2005; Metzker 2005; Gupta 2008; Mardis 2008)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. HGP was said to be led by James Watson who modeled DNA in Cambridge, UK in 1953. In 2003, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium held a press conference to announce the completion of the human genome </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(IHGSC 2004)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. In 2008, after 55 years, his complete genome sequence was publicized by using 454 DNA sequencers developed by a company </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Wheeler, Srinivasan et al. 2008)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">.&nbsp;In 2007, Craig Venter of former Celera founder published his own personal genome in PLoS Biology </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Levy, Sutton et al. 2007)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">.&nbsp;We are entering the personalized biology era with the advent of next generation sequencing technologies.<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">DNA sequencing</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The first breakthrough in genome sequencing came from Watson's&nbsp;colleague in Cambridge, Fred Sanger. In 1977, Sanger and his team produced the first useful DNA sequencing method and publicized the first complete genome </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Sanger, Air et al. 1977)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. It was a tiny virus genome known as phi X 174. Soon after phi X 174, he published the first complete organelle genome which was a mitochondrion </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Anderson, Bankier et al. 1981)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. By 1998, researchers in the US evaluated multiplex genome sequencing technologies and were aware that one person's whole genome could be sequenced in one day using contemporary technologies. George Church was the Ph.D. student of Walter Gilbert who received a Nobel Prize with Sanger for developing a sequencing method. Gilbert's method was not used much. However, his colleague Church kept developing sequencing methods. One of them is based on Polony idea </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Porreca, Shendure et al. 2006)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. This technology is used by KNOME Inc. that is a full genome sequencing company. Along with KNOME, other companies such as Complete Genomics are now producing DNA sequences cheaply and in an unprecedented capacity. The speed of sequencing is advancing many folds per year, much faster than semiconductor chips used in computer industries. Also, genome sequencing technology&nbsp;is becoming an everyday technology&nbsp;to the level as computer CPUs are universally used. In five years of time, experts predict that everyone in developed nations will have his or her own genome information if he/she wanted it. Due to its far reaching consequences in medicine, health, biology, nanotechnology, and information technology, DNA sequencing&nbsp;will become&nbsp;the most important industrial technology ever developed in the future.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Personal Genomics</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> In 2009, genome sequencing technologies will achieve one person's whole genome per day in terms of DNA fragments sequenced. Personal genomics is a new term that utilizes such fast sequencers. In 2008, the cost for one personal genome is less than $300,000 USD. If the cost goes down below $1,000 USD, the impact of personal genomics is predicted to be the largest ever in biology&nbsp;on common people's life.&nbsp;PGP (Personal Genome Project) is a project to sequence as many people as possible with low costs </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Church 2005)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. Google Inc. and Church group are working together to sequence 100,000 people's genetic regions of DNA. In Saudi Arabia, the government is planning to sequence 100 Arabic people. In Europe, there are various groups of people and nations who have been genotyping the populations. Especially, Iceland has been successful in that effort by utilizing their well-kept genealogical data encompassing 100,000s people. In Asia, Jeongsun Seo of Seoul National University has been working on East Asia Genome Project in the past years. His group collected thousands of samples from Mongolian tribes with a gigantic genealogical tree among them </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Park et al. 2008; Sung et al. 2008)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. Seo is planning on sequencing at least 100 Korean genomes in collaboration with Church and Green Cross Inc. of Korea. The aim of Seo's genome project is to produce a resource for the East Asians as well as Koreans. He is presently sequencing at least two Korean people. In China, Beijing Genome Institute has been successful in terms of sequencing. Their first achievement came from a plant genome, rice. After rice, they launched a 99 Han Chinese genome sequencing project. In Nov. 2008, they published their first Chinese genome in a joural, Nature. In Dec. 2008, another Korean group Lee Gilyeo Cancer and Diabetes Institute and Korean Bioinformation Center (KOBIC) made a Korean genome sequence public. The genome was sequenced by Solexa paired-end sequencer and comparative genomics analyses and SNP data were uploaded as a public resource for everyone.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Genome revolution&nbsp;</span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> </span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">These public genome data alongside previously known Craig Venter's and James Watson's mark that full genome sequences are not in academic domain anymore. Anyone who has money and will can sequence human genomes. This 'genomic revolution' will eventually lead to the 'BioRevolution' in terms of making the most essential human information completely mapped and publically available. These are revolutionary because humans can now engineer themselves with a map or a blue print not directly relying on trial and error style conventional evolutionary methods. This indicates that evolution went into a conscious level of driving evolution. It is almost designing the evolution using computers.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Genomes and personalized medicine</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The consequences of 'BioRevolution' where genomic information is utilized by scientists to engineers all kinds of biological processes including evolution itself will bring us the personalized medicine. The essence of personalized medicine is that enzymes in our tissues such as cytochrome P450 have distinct differences among individuals and populations. Certain drugs produce different responses in individuals.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Cytochrome p450 family example</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The cytochrome P450 (CYP) family of liver enzymes&nbsp;are responsible for breaking down more than 30 different classes of drugs during phase I of drug metabolism. Structural and SNP variations of the&nbsp;genes that code for these enzymes can influence their ability to metabolize certain drugs. Based upon this, a population can be categorized into four major types of drug metabolizers: </span></div> <div align="left"> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">(</font><a href="http://www.macrogen.co.kr/eng/macrogen/state.jsp"><font color="#0000ff" size="2">http://www.macrogen.co.kr/eng/macrogen/state.jsp</font></a><font size="2">)</font></div> </div> <ul type="disc"> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Extensive metabolizers: The&nbsp;individuals that can be administered with normal drug dosage </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Intermediate metabolizers&nbsp;: The individuals that metabolizes drug with a rate slower than the normal rate. </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Poor metabolizers: The individuals with poor metabolizing rate. Drugs make accumulate and cause serious adverse effects. </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Ultra metabolizers: Individuals with metabolizing rate faster than extensive metabolizers. They may experience no effect of drug activity. </span></li> </ul> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Variomics</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The most important scientific data out of personal genomes are the precise sequence differences among individuals. Such differences have many types.&nbsp;There are structural differences between chromosomes. There can be insertions and deletions of DNA segments. There are certain fragments that appear as repeats in genomes. Mapping all these structural genetic variations can be briefly termed as 'variomics'. A variome is the totality of genetic variation found in an individual, a population, and a species. Among all the variations we know,&nbsp;the most common one is single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP).&nbsp;In Korea, mapping the variome has been pursued relatively early and there are several groups who are mapping the genetic variations. KOBIC has several very early stage, if not the earliest in the world, variome servers; <a href="http://variome.net/"><font color="#800080">http://variome.net</font></a> and <a href="http://variomics.net/"><font color="#0000ff">http://variomics.net</font></a>. Along with SNP variation, the copy number variation (CNV) is also important. Some recent reports tell us that CNVs can be as variable as or even more variable than SNPs that are simple DNA base changes in populations. Yeun-Jun Chung of Catholic University of Korea has been mapping CNVs among Korean people (Kim et al. 2008).</span></div> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">In early 2005, the US FDA cleared the AmpliChip^&reg; CYP450 Test, which measures variations in two genes of the CYP450 enzyme system: CYP2D6 and CYP2C19. The Roche AmpliChip CYP450 Test is intended to identify a patient's CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotype from genomic DNA extracted from a whole blood sample. Information about CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotype may be used as an aid to clinicians in determining therapeutic strategy and treatment dose for therapeutics that are metabolized by the CYP2D6 or CYP2C19 gene product.<br /> <br /> </span></div> <div align="left"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Human Variome Project (HVP)</span></strong></div> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">As an international collaboration, headed by Richard Cotton, HVP was launched in 2006 (<a href="http://humanvariomeproject.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://humanvariomeproject.org</font></a>) </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Ring, Kwok et al. 2006)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. HVP aims to&nbsp;make clinicians who have been working on rare diseases, to work together with molecular biologists and bioinformaticians. Their goal is to link medical information with genotype information. Succinctly this process is called genotype to phenotype mapping. As several full human genome sequences are already available, mapping phenotypes to the full genomes will be the major challenge of biology in the next 20 years.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Asian Variome Project (AVP)</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Alongside and with the associations of eIMBL, A-IMBN, and HVP, a variome project that tries to map Asian population variome was launched in 2008. This was a group effort of Korean researchers who have been interested in genome sequences,&nbsp;SNPs, and CNVs. They have formed a Korean Variome Consortium (KOVAC: <a href="http://variome.kr/"><font color="#0000ff">http://variome.kr</font></a>) and supported AVP as one of the first projects. eIMBL that is the virtual laboratory network of Asia linking key biology groups modeled after EMBL has acquired $80,000 USD in 2008 to support AVP. eIMBL aims to establish a virtual bioinformatics center in Asia Pacific region that links many bioinformation processing scientists in Asia.<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Bioinformatics for personal genomes and variomes</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Bioinformatics is the key in personal genome projects and variome projects. Bioinformatics is not a set of tools but it is a proper scientific discipline. It regards life as a gigantic information processing phenomenon and tries to map its components and to model the emerging networks of the components. Bioinformatics in 2008 is driving biology into an information science. Most biology researches are now with massive amount of data that cannot be processed by hand. Nearly all the biological research outcomes in the next&nbsp;five years will have some form of high throughput data such as genome sequences, microarray data, proteome analyses, SNPs, epigenome chips, and large scale phenotype mapping. Bioinformatics tools in genomics and variomics can be found from various internet resources. There are various bioinformatics hubs such as NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information), EBI (European Bioinformatics Institute), DDBJ (Databank of Japan), and KOBIC.&nbsp;Some&nbsp;others are: Bioinformatics Organization (<a href="http://bioinformatics.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://Bioinformatics.Org</font></a>), EMBnet (<a href="http://www.embnet.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://www.embnet.org/</font></a>), and&nbsp;The International Society for Computational Biology (<a href="http://iscb.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://iscb.org</font></a>). The following are major bioinformatics journals:<br /> <br /> </span></p> <ul type="disc"> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Algorithms in <span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Molecular Biology (http://www.almob.org/) </span></span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Bioinformatics (http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/) </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">BMC Bioinformatics (http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcbioinformatics) </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Briefings in Bioinformatics (http://bib.oxfordjournals.org/) </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Genome Research&nbsp;(http://genome.cshlp.org/) </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Genomics and Informatics (<a href="http://www.genominfo.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://www.genominfo.org</font></a>) </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">The International Journal of Biostatistics (http://www.bepress.com/ijb/) </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Journal of Computational Biology (http://www.liebertpub.com/Products/Product.aspx?pid=31&amp;AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1) </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Cancer Informatics (http://www.la-press.com/journal.php?pa=description&amp;journal_id=10) </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Molecular Systems Biology (http://www.nature.com/msb/index.html </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">PLoS Computational Biology (<a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/home.action">http://www.ploscompbiol.org/home.action</a>)</span> </li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">International Journal of Bioinformatics Research and Applications (http://www.inderscience.com/browse/index.php?journalcode=ijbra)</span> </li> </ul> <br /> <strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Sequencing DNA, Metagenomics, and Ecogenomics</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Next generation sequencing methods are not only mapping genomes. They can be used to map the environment. It is called ecogenomics. Environment to humans can be various microbial, plant, and animal interactions around us. Especially, microbial interaction is critical to our health. Gut bacteria are natural environment to us. Metagenomics is a methodology that sequences the whole set of microbes in our food tract. Researchers are realizing that human genome is complemented by such environmental genomes. A new term, 'ecogenomics' is now used to describe these concepts. Metagenomics and ecogenomics are for mapping the variation of environmental genetic factors.<br /> <br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Mapping expression using DNA sequencing</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> DNA sequencing technology&nbsp;used to be&nbsp;for mapping genotypes. However, they are now used to map expression levels in cells. Cells produce various RNAs. mRNA is the most abundant and important. In the past, microarray and DNA chips were used for measuring expression levels. They are not accurate and it takes many bioinformatic adjustments before it becomes reliable expression data. New sequencing technologies can measure expression levels much more accurately. By sequencing the RNAs, we can now quantify the mRNA levels by precisely knowing the RNA sequences. Sequencing technologies will restructure the expression analyses in the future.</span> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <div><strong><font size="2">Conclusion</font></strong><br /> <font size="2">In 2009 and onwards, personal genome projects will produce unprecedented amount of biological data. New bioinformatics technologies will be required to handle them. New sequencing technologies will drive the next decades of biology and transform the medical practices in hospitals within the next decades. Fast sequencing unexpectedly brought us interesting applications such as metagenomics and ecogenomics. </font><font size="2">We have examined the current trends in genomics and variomics.</font><br /> <br /> </div> <div><strong><font size="2">Acknowledgements</font></strong><br /> <font size="2">SK was supported by Soongsil University Reserach Fund.</font><br /> <br /> </div> <div><font size="2"><strong>References</strong></font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">IHGSC (2004). Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome. <em>Nature</em> 431(7011), 931-45.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Anderson, S., A. T. Bankier, <em>et al.</em> (1981). Sequence and organization of the human mitochondrial genome. <em>Nature</em> 290(5806), 457-65.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Chan, E. Y. (2005). Advances in sequencing technology. <em>Mutat. Res.</em> 573(1-2), 13-40.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Church, G. M. (2005). The personal genome project. <em>Mol. Syst. Biol.</em> 1<strong>,</strong> 2005.0030.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Gupta, P. K. (2008). Single-molecule DNA sequencing technologies for future genomics research. <em>Trends Biotechnol.</em> 26(11), 602-11.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Kim, T-M. <em>et al.</em> (2008). Copy Number Variations in the Human Genome: Potential Source for Individual Diversity and Disease Association Studies. <em>Genomics &amp; Informatics</em>&nbsp;6(1), 1-7.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Levy, S., G. Sutton, <em>et al</em>. (2007). The diploid genome sequence of an individual human. <em>PLoS Biol.</em> 5(10), e254.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Mardis, E. R. (2008). The impact of next-generation sequencing technology on genetics. <em>Trends Genet.</em> 24(3), 133-41.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Metzker, M. L. (2005). Emerging technologies in DNA sequencing. <em>Genome Res.</em> 15(12), 1767-76.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Park, H. <em>et al</em>. (2008). Genome-wide Linkage Study for Plasma HDL Cholesterol Level in an Isolated Population of Mongolia. <em>Genomics &amp; Informatics</em> 6(1), 8-13.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Porreca, G. J., J. Shendure, <em>et al</em>. (2006). Polony DNA sequencing. <em>Curr. Prot. Mol. Biol.</em> Chapter 7: Unit 7 8.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Ring, H. Z., P. Y. Kwok, <em>et al</em>. (2006). Human Variome Project: an international collaboration to catalogue human genetic variation. <em>Pharmacogenomics</em> 7(7), 969-72.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Sanger, F., G. M. Air, <em>et al</em>. (1977). Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA. <em>Nature</em> 265(5596), 687-95.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Shendure, J., R. D. Mitra, <em>et al</em>. (2004). Advanced sequencing technologies: methods and goals. <em>Nat.</em> <em>Rev. Genet.</em> 5(5), 335-44.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Sung, J. et al. (2008). Inbreeding Coefficients in Two Isolated Mongolian Populations - GENDISCAN Study. <em>Genomics &amp; Informatics</em> 6(1): 14-17.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Wheeler, D. A., M. Srinivasan, <em>et al</em>. (2008). The complete genome of an individual by massively parallel DNA sequencing. <em>Nature</em> 452(7189), 872-6.</font></div> <p>&nbsp;</p> 04dd26205976e1aa5fea5e5ad1fb6492d8afa7e5 2275 2008-12-18T03:41:10Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">&nbsp;</font> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt">Personal genomics, bioinformatics, and variomics</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Jong Bhak¹, Ho Ghang¹, Rohit Reja¹,&nbsp;and Sangsoo Kim²*</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> <br /> <strong>¹</strong>KOBIC (Korean Bioinformation Center), KRIBB, Daejeon 305-806, Korea. <strong>²</strong>Dept. of Bioinformatics, Soongsil Univ., Seoul 156-743, Korea.<br /> <br /> *Correspondence to: E-mail &nbsp;<a href="mailto:sskimb@ssu.ac.kr"><font color="#000080">sskimb@ssu.ac.kr</font></a> Tel +82-2-820-0457 Fax +82-2-824-4383 or E-mail </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><a href="mailto:jongbhak@yahoo.com"><font color="#0000ff">jongbhak@yahoo.com</font></a>&nbsp;Tel +82-42-879-8500 Fax +82-42-879-8519</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Abstract</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> There are at least five complete genome sequences available&nbsp;in 2008. It is known that there are over 15,000,000 genetic variants called SNPs in&nbsp;the dbSNP&nbsp;database. The cost of a full genome sequencing in 2009&nbsp;will be&nbsp;claimed to be less than $5000 USD.&nbsp;The genomics era has arrived in 2008. This review introduces&nbsp;technologies, bioinformatics,&nbsp;genomics visions, and variomics projects. Variomics is&nbsp;the&nbsp;study of the total genetic variation in an individual and&nbsp;populations.&nbsp;Research on&nbsp;genetic variation is the most&nbsp;valuable among many genomics research branches.&nbsp;Genomics and variomics projects will change biology and the society so dramatically that biology will become an everyday technology as personal computers and the internet. 'BioRevolution' is the term that can adequately describe this change.<br /> <br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Introduction</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Since the launch of the Human Genome Project (HGP)&nbsp;in 1990 by NIH of USA, researchers have been developing faster DNA sequencers </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Shendure, Mitra et al. 2004; Chan 2005; Metzker 2005; Gupta 2008; Mardis 2008)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. HGP was said to be led by James Watson who modeled DNA in Cambridge, UK in 1953. In 2003, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium held a press conference to announce the completion of the human genome </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(IHGSC 2004)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. In 2008, after 55 years, his complete genome sequence was publicized by using 454 DNA sequencers developed by a company </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Wheeler, Srinivasan et al. 2008)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">.&nbsp;In 2007, Craig Venter of former Celera founder published his own personal genome in PLoS Biology </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Levy, Sutton et al. 2007)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">.&nbsp;We are entering the personalized biology era with the advent of next generation sequencing technologies.<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">DNA sequencing</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The first breakthrough in genome sequencing came from Watson's&nbsp;colleague in Cambridge, Fred Sanger. In 1977, Sanger and his team produced the first useful DNA sequencing method and publicized the first complete genome </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Sanger, Air et al. 1977)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. It was a tiny virus genome known as phi X 174. Soon after phi X 174, he published the first complete organelle genome which was a mitochondrion </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Anderson, Bankier et al. 1981)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. By 1998, researchers in the US evaluated multiplex genome sequencing technologies and were aware that one person's whole genome could be sequenced in one day using contemporary technologies. George Church was the Ph.D. student of Walter Gilbert who received a Nobel Prize with Sanger for developing a sequencing method. Gilbert's method was not used much. However, his colleague Church kept developing sequencing methods. One of them is based on Polony idea </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Porreca, Shendure et al. 2006)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. This technology is used by KNOME Inc. that is a full genome sequencing company. Along with KNOME, other companies such as Complete Genomics are now producing DNA sequences cheaply and in an unprecedented capacity. The speed of sequencing is advancing many folds per year, much faster than the cycle of semiconductor chips in computer industries. Also, genome sequencing technology&nbsp;is becoming an everyday technology&nbsp;to the level as computer CPUs are universally used. In five years of time, experts predict that everyone in developed nations will have his or her own genome information if he/she wanted it. Due to its far reaching consequences in medicine, health, biology, nanotechnology, and information technology, DNA sequencing&nbsp;will become&nbsp;the most important industrial technology ever developed in the next decades.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Personal Genomics</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> In 2009, genome sequencing technologies will achieve one person's whole genome per day in terms of DNA fragments sequenced. Personal genomics is a new term that utilizes such fast sequencers. In 2008, the cost for one personal genome is less than $350,000 USD. If the cost goes down below $1,000 USD, the impact of personal genomics is predicted to be the largest ever in biology&nbsp;on common people's life.&nbsp;Reflecting this technological advancement to the society is the PGP (Personal Genome Project), a project to sequence as many people as possible with lowest possible&nbsp;costs </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Church 2005)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. At present, Google Inc. and Church group are working together to sequence 100,000 people's genetic regions of DNA. In Saudi Arabia, the government is planning to sequence 100 Arabic people. In Europe, there are various groups of people and nations who have been genotyping the populations. Especially, Iceland has been successful in that effort by utilizing their well-kept genealogical data encompassing 100,000s people. In Asia, Jeongsun Seo of Seoul National University has been working on East Asia Genome Project in the past years. His group collected thousands of samples from Mongolian tribes with a gigantic genealogical tree among them </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Park et al. 2008; Sung et al. 2008)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. Seo is said to&nbsp;be sequencing at least 100 Korean genomes in collaboration with Church and Green Cross Inc. of Korea. The aim of Seo's genome project is to produce a resource for the East Asians as well as Koreans. He is presently sequencing at least two Korean people. In China, Beijing Genome Institute has been successful in terms of sequencing. Their first achievement came from a plant genome, rice. After rice, they launched a 100 Han Chinese genome sequencing project. In Nov. 2008, they published their first Chinese genome in a joural, Nature. In Dec. 2008, another Korean group, Lee Gilyeo Cancer and Diabetes Institute (LCDI)&nbsp;and Korean Bioinformation Center (KOBIC) made a Korean genome sequence public. The genome was sequenced by Solexa paired-end sequencer and comparative genomics analyses and SNP data were uploaded as a public resource for everyone.&nbsp;The time taken to analyze the 7.8x Korean genome took only one week using 150 computer CPUs to produce mapping DNA fragments to a reference genome, generate new SNP information, compare with other individual genomes, and map it with 1600 already known phehotype information from the public literature.<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Genome revolution&nbsp;</span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> </span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">These public genome data alongside previously known Craig Venter's and James Watson's mark that full genome sequences are not in academic domain anymore. Anyone who has money and will can sequence human genomes. This 'genomic revolution' will eventually lead to the 'BioRevolution' in terms of making the most essential human information completely mapped and publically available. These are revolutionary because humans can now engineer themselves with a map or a blue print not directly relying on trial and error style conventional evolutionary methods. This indicates that evolution went into a conscious level of driving evolution. It is almost designing the evolution using computers.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Genomes and personalized medicine</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The consequences of 'BioRevolution' where genomic information is utilized by scientists to engineers all kinds of biological processes including evolution itself will bring us the personalized medicine. The essence of personalized medicine is that enzymes in our tissues such as cytochrome P450 have distinct differences among individuals and populations. Certain drugs produce different responses in individuals.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Cytochrome p450 family example</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The cytochrome P450 (CYP) family of liver enzymes&nbsp;are responsible for breaking down more than 30 different classes of drugs during phase I of drug metabolism. Structural and SNP variations of the&nbsp;genes that code for these enzymes can influence their ability to metabolize certain drugs. Based upon this, a population can be categorized into four major types of drug metabolizers: </span></div> <div align="left"> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">(</font><a href="http://www.macrogen.co.kr/eng/macrogen/state.jsp"><font color="#0000ff" size="2">http://www.macrogen.co.kr/eng/macrogen/state.jsp</font></a><font size="2">)</font></div> </div> <ul type="disc"> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Extensive metabolizers: The&nbsp;individuals that can be administered with normal drug dosage </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Intermediate metabolizers&nbsp;: The individuals that metabolizes drug with a rate slower than the normal rate. </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Poor metabolizers: The individuals with poor metabolizing rate. Drugs make accumulate and cause serious adverse effects. </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Ultra metabolizers: Individuals with metabolizing rate faster than extensive metabolizers. They may experience no effect of drug activity. </span></li> </ul> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Variomics</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The most important scientific data out of personal genomes are the precise sequence differences among individuals. Such differences have many types.&nbsp;There are structural differences between chromosomes. There can be insertions and deletions of DNA segments. There are certain fragments that appear as repeats in genomes. Mapping all these structural genetic variations can be briefly termed as 'variomics'. A variome is the totality of genetic variation found in an individual, a population, and a species. Among all the variations we know,&nbsp;the most common one is single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP).&nbsp;In Korea, mapping the variome has been pursued relatively early and there are several groups who are mapping the genetic variations. KOBIC has several very early stage, if not the earliest in the world, variome servers; <a href="http://variome.net/"><font color="#800080">http://variome.net</font></a> and <a href="http://variomics.net/"><font color="#0000ff">http://variomics.net</font></a>. Along with SNP variation, the copy number variation (CNV) is also important. Some recent reports tell us that CNVs can be as variable as or even more variable than SNPs that are simple DNA base changes in populations. Yeun-Jun Chung of Catholic University of Korea has been mapping CNVs among Korean people (Kim et al. 2008).</span></div> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">In early 2005, the US FDA cleared the AmpliChip^&reg; CYP450 Test, which measures variations in two genes of the CYP450 enzyme system: CYP2D6 and CYP2C19. The Roche AmpliChip CYP450 Test is intended to identify a patient's CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotype from genomic DNA extracted from a whole blood sample. Information about CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotype may be used as an aid to clinicians in determining therapeutic strategy and treatment dose for therapeutics that are metabolized by the CYP2D6 or CYP2C19 gene product.<br /> <br /> </span></div> <div align="left"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Human Variome Project (HVP)</span></strong></div> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">As an international collaboration, headed by Richard Cotton, HVP was launched in 2006 (<a href="http://humanvariomeproject.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://humanvariomeproject.org</font></a>) </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Ring, Kwok et al. 2006)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. HVP aims to&nbsp;make clinicians who have been working on rare diseases, to work together with molecular biologists and bioinformaticians. Their goal is to link medical information with genotype information. Succinctly this process is called genotype to phenotype mapping. As several full human genome sequences are already available, mapping phenotypes to the full genomes will be the major challenge of biology in the next 20 years.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Asian Variome Project (AVP)</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Alongside and with the associations of eIMBL, A-IMBN, and HVP, a variome project that tries to map Asian population variome was launched in 2008. This was a group effort of Korean researchers who have been interested in genome sequences,&nbsp;SNPs, and CNVs. They have formed a Korean Variome Consortium (KOVAC: <a href="http://variome.kr/"><font color="#0000ff">http://variome.kr</font></a>) and supported AVP as one of the first projects. eIMBL that is the virtual laboratory network of Asia linking key biology groups modeled after EMBL has acquired $80,000 USD in 2008 to support AVP. eIMBL aims to establish a virtual bioinformatics center in Asia Pacific region that links many bioinformation processing scientists in Asia.<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Bioinformatics for personal genomes and variomes</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Bioinformatics is the key in personal genome projects and variome projects. Bioinformatics is not a set of tools but it is a proper scientific discipline. It regards life as a gigantic information processing phenomenon and tries to map its components and to model the emerging networks of the components. Bioinformatics in 2008 is driving biology into an information science. Most biology researches are now with massive amount of data that cannot be processed by hand. Nearly all the biological research outcomes in the next&nbsp;five years will have some form of high throughput data such as genome sequences, microarray data, proteome analyses, SNPs, epigenome chips, and large scale phenotype mapping. Bioinformatics tools in genomics and variomics can be found from various internet resources. There are various bioinformatics hubs such as NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information), EBI (European Bioinformatics Institute), DDBJ (Databank of Japan), and KOBIC.&nbsp;Some&nbsp;others are: Bioinformatics Organization (<a href="http://bioinformatics.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://Bioinformatics.Org</font></a>), EMBnet (<a href="http://www.embnet.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://www.embnet.org/</font></a>), and&nbsp;The International Society for Computational Biology (<a href="http://iscb.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://iscb.org</font></a>). The following are major bioinformatics journals:<br /> <br /> </span></p> <ul type="disc"> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Algorithms in <span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Molecular Biology (http://www.almob.org/) </span></span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Bioinformatics (http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/) </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">BMC Bioinformatics (http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcbioinformatics) </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Briefings in Bioinformatics (http://bib.oxfordjournals.org/) </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Genome Research&nbsp;(http://genome.cshlp.org/) </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Genomics and Informatics (<a href="http://www.genominfo.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://www.genominfo.org</font></a>) </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">The International Journal of Biostatistics (http://www.bepress.com/ijb/) </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Journal of Computational Biology (http://www.liebertpub.com/Products/Product.aspx?pid=31&amp;AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1) </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Cancer Informatics (http://www.la-press.com/journal.php?pa=description&amp;journal_id=10) </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Molecular Systems Biology (http://www.nature.com/msb/index.html </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">PLoS Computational Biology (<a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/home.action">http://www.ploscompbiol.org/home.action</a>)</span> </li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">International Journal of Bioinformatics Research and Applications (http://www.inderscience.com/browse/index.php?journalcode=ijbra)</span> </li> </ul> <br /> <strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Sequencing DNA, Metagenomics, and Ecogenomics</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Next generation sequencing methods are not only mapping genomes. They can be used to map the environment. It is called ecogenomics. Environment to humans can be various microbial, plant, and animal interactions around us. Especially, microbial interaction is critical to our health. Gut bacteria are natural environment to us. Metagenomics is a methodology that sequences the whole set of microbes in our food tract. Researchers are realizing that human genome is complemented by such environmental genomes. A new term, 'ecogenomics' is now used to describe these concepts. Metagenomics and ecogenomics are for mapping the variation of environmental genetic factors.<br /> <br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Mapping expression using DNA sequencing</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> DNA sequencing technology&nbsp;used to be&nbsp;for mapping genotypes. However, they are now used to map expression levels in cells. Cells produce various RNAs. mRNA is the most abundant and important. In the past, microarray and DNA chips were used for measuring expression levels. They are not accurate and it takes many bioinformatic adjustments before it becomes reliable expression data. New sequencing technologies can measure expression levels much more accurately. By sequencing the RNAs, we can now quantify the mRNA levels by precisely knowing the RNA sequences. Sequencing technologies will restructure the expression analyses in the future.</span> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <div><strong><font size="2">Conclusion</font></strong><br /> <font size="2">In 2009 and onwards, personal genome projects will produce unprecedented amount of biological data. New bioinformatics technologies will be required to handle them. New sequencing technologies will drive the next decades of biology and transform the medical practices in hospitals within the next decades. Fast sequencing unexpectedly brought us interesting applications such as metagenomics and ecogenomics. </font><font size="2">We have examined the current trends in genomics and variomics.</font><br /> <br /> </div> <div><strong><font size="2">Acknowledgements</font></strong><br /> <font size="2">SK was supported by Soongsil University Reserach Fund.</font><br /> <br /> </div> <div><font size="2"><strong>References</strong></font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">IHGSC (2004). Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome. <em>Nature</em> 431(7011), 931-45.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Anderson, S., A. T. Bankier, <em>et al.</em> (1981). Sequence and organization of the human mitochondrial genome. <em>Nature</em> 290(5806), 457-65.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Chan, E. Y. (2005). Advances in sequencing technology. <em>Mutat. Res.</em> 573(1-2), 13-40.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Church, G. M. (2005). The personal genome project. <em>Mol. Syst. Biol.</em> 1<strong>,</strong> 2005.0030.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Gupta, P. K. (2008). Single-molecule DNA sequencing technologies for future genomics research. <em>Trends Biotechnol.</em> 26(11), 602-11.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Kim, T-M. <em>et al.</em> (2008). Copy Number Variations in the Human Genome: Potential Source for Individual Diversity and Disease Association Studies. <em>Genomics &amp; Informatics</em>&nbsp;6(1), 1-7.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Levy, S., G. Sutton, <em>et al</em>. (2007). The diploid genome sequence of an individual human. <em>PLoS Biol.</em> 5(10), e254.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Mardis, E. R. (2008). The impact of next-generation sequencing technology on genetics. <em>Trends Genet.</em> 24(3), 133-41.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Metzker, M. L. (2005). Emerging technologies in DNA sequencing. <em>Genome Res.</em> 15(12), 1767-76.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Park, H. <em>et al</em>. (2008). Genome-wide Linkage Study for Plasma HDL Cholesterol Level in an Isolated Population of Mongolia. <em>Genomics &amp; Informatics</em> 6(1), 8-13.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Porreca, G. J., J. Shendure, <em>et al</em>. (2006). Polony DNA sequencing. <em>Curr. Prot. Mol. Biol.</em> Chapter 7: Unit 7 8.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Ring, H. Z., P. Y. Kwok, <em>et al</em>. (2006). Human Variome Project: an international collaboration to catalogue human genetic variation. <em>Pharmacogenomics</em> 7(7), 969-72.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Sanger, F., G. M. Air, <em>et al</em>. (1977). Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA. <em>Nature</em> 265(5596), 687-95.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Shendure, J., R. D. Mitra, <em>et al</em>. (2004). Advanced sequencing technologies: methods and goals. <em>Nat.</em> <em>Rev. Genet.</em> 5(5), 335-44.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Sung, J. et al. (2008). Inbreeding Coefficients in Two Isolated Mongolian Populations - GENDISCAN Study. <em>Genomics &amp; Informatics</em> 6(1): 14-17.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Wheeler, D. A., M. Srinivasan, <em>et al</em>. (2008). The complete genome of an individual by massively parallel DNA sequencing. <em>Nature</em> 452(7189), 872-6.</font></div> <p>&nbsp;</p> 82c01cd97aca3ac7f856bbf3f801e74f9b056b7d 2276 2008-12-18T03:57:50Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">&nbsp;</font> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt">Personal genomics, bioinformatics, and variomics</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Jong Bhak¹, Ho Ghang¹, Rohit Reja¹,&nbsp;and Sangsoo Kim²*</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> <br /> <strong>¹</strong>KOBIC (Korean Bioinformation Center), KRIBB, Daejeon 305-806, Korea. <strong>²</strong>Dept. of Bioinformatics, Soongsil Univ., Seoul 156-743, Korea.<br /> <br /> *Correspondence to: E-mail &nbsp;<a href="mailto:sskimb@ssu.ac.kr"><font color="#000080">sskimb@ssu.ac.kr</font></a> Tel +82-2-820-0457 Fax +82-2-824-4383 or E-mail </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><a href="mailto:jongbhak@yahoo.com"><font color="#0000ff">jongbhak@yahoo.com</font></a>&nbsp;Tel +82-42-879-8500 Fax +82-42-879-8519</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Abstract</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> There are at least five complete genome sequences available&nbsp;in 2008. It is known that there are over 15,000,000 genetic variants called SNPs in&nbsp;the dbSNP&nbsp;database. The cost of a full genome sequencing in 2009&nbsp;will be&nbsp;claimed to be less than $5000 USD.&nbsp;The genomics era has arrived in 2008. This review introduces&nbsp;technologies, bioinformatics,&nbsp;genomics visions, and variomics projects. Variomics is&nbsp;the&nbsp;study of the total genetic variation in an individual and&nbsp;populations.&nbsp;Research on&nbsp;genetic variation is the most&nbsp;valuable among many genomics research branches.&nbsp;Genomics and variomics projects will change biology and the society so dramatically that biology will become an everyday technology as personal computers and the internet. 'BioRevolution' is the term that can adequately describe this change.<br /> <br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Introduction</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Since the launch of the Human Genome Project (HGP)&nbsp;in 1990 by NIH of USA, researchers have been developing faster DNA sequencers </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Shendure, Mitra et al. 2004; Chan 2005; Metzker 2005; Gupta 2008; Mardis 2008)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. HGP was said to be led by James Watson who modeled DNA in Cambridge, UK in 1953. In 2003, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium held a press conference to announce the completion of the human genome </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(IHGSC 2004)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. In 2008, after 55 years, his complete genome sequence was publicized by using 454 DNA sequencers developed by a company </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Wheeler, Srinivasan et al. 2008)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">.&nbsp;In 2007, Craig Venter of former Celera founder published his own personal genome in PLoS Biology </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Levy, Sutton et al. 2007)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">.&nbsp;We are entering the personalized biology era with the advent of next generation sequencing technologies.<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">DNA sequencing</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The first breakthrough in genome sequencing came from Watson's&nbsp;colleague in Cambridge, Fred Sanger. In 1977, Sanger and his team produced the first useful DNA sequencing method and publicized the first complete genome </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Sanger, Air et al. 1977)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. It was a tiny virus genome known as phi X 174. Soon after phi X 174, he published the first complete organelle genome which was a mitochondrion </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Anderson, Bankier et al. 1981)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. By 1998, researchers in the US evaluated multiplex genome sequencing technologies and were aware that one person's whole genome could be sequenced in one day using contemporary technologies. George Church was the Ph.D. student of Walter Gilbert who received a Nobel Prize with Sanger for developing a sequencing method. Gilbert's method was not used much. However, his colleague Church kept developing sequencing methods. One of them is based on Polony idea </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Porreca, Shendure et al. 2006)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. This technology is used by KNOME Inc. that is a full genome sequencing company. Along with KNOME, other companies such as Complete Genomics are now producing DNA sequences cheaply and in an unprecedented capacity. The speed of sequencing is advancing many folds per year, much faster than the cycle of semiconductor chips in computer industries. Also, genome sequencing technology&nbsp;is becoming an everyday technology&nbsp;to the level as computer CPUs are universally used. In five years of time, experts predict that everyone in developed nations will have his or her own genome information if he/she wanted it. Due to its far reaching consequences in medicine, health, biology, nanotechnology, and information technology, DNA sequencing&nbsp;will become&nbsp;the most important industrial technology ever developed in the next decades.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Personal Genomics</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> In 2009, genome sequencing technologies will achieve one person's whole genome per day in terms of DNA fragments sequenced. Personal genomics is a new term that utilizes such fast sequencers. In 2008, the cost for one personal genome is less than $350,000 USD. If the cost goes down below $1,000 USD, the impact of personal genomics is predicted to be the largest ever in biology&nbsp;on common people's life.&nbsp;Reflecting this technological advancement to the society is the PGP (Personal Genome Project), a project to sequence as many people as possible with lowest possible&nbsp;costs </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Church 2005)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. At present, Google Inc. and Church group are working together to sequence 100,000 people's genetic regions of DNA. In Saudi Arabia, the government is planning to sequence 100 Arabic people. In Europe, there are various groups of people and nations who have been genotyping the populations. Especially, Iceland has been successful in that effort by utilizing their well-kept genealogical data encompassing 100,000s people. In Asia, Jeongsun Seo of Seoul National University has been working on East Asia Genome Project in the past years. His group collected thousands of samples from Mongolian tribes with a gigantic genealogical tree among them </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Park et al. 2008; Sung et al. 2008)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. Seo is said to&nbsp;be sequencing at least 100 Korean genomes in collaboration with Church and Green Cross Inc. of Korea. The aim of Seo's genome project is to produce a resource for the East Asians as well as Koreans. He is presently sequencing at least two Korean people. In China, Beijing Genome Institute has been successful in terms of sequencing. Their first achievement came from a plant genome, rice. After rice, they launched a 100 Han Chinese genome sequencing project. In Nov. 2008, they published their first Chinese genome in a joural, Nature. In Dec. 2008, another Korean group, Lee Gilyeo Cancer and Diabetes Institute (LCDI)&nbsp;and Korean Bioinformation Center (KOBIC) made a Korean genome sequence public. The genome was sequenced by Solexa paired-end sequencer and comparative genomics analyses and SNP data were uploaded as a public resource for everyone.&nbsp;The time taken to analyze the 7.8x Korean genome took only one week using 150 computer CPUs to produce mapping DNA fragments to a reference genome, generate new SNP information, compare with other individual genomes, and map it with 1600 already known phehotype information from the public literature.<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Genome Revolution&nbsp;</span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> </span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">These public genome data alongside previously known Craig Venter's and James Watson's mark that full genome sequences are not in academic domain anymore. Anyone who has money and will can sequence human genomes. This 'genomic revolution' will eventually lead to the 'BioRevolution' in terms of making the most essential human information completely mapped and publically available. These are revolutionary because humans can now engineer themselves with a map or a blue print not directly relying on trial and error style conventional evolutionary methods. This indicates that evolution went into a conscious level of driving evolution. It is almost designing the evolution using computers.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Genomes and Personalized Medicine</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The consequences of 'BioRevolution' where genomic information is utilized by scientists to engineers all kinds of biological processes including evolution itself will bring us the personalized medicine. The essence of personalized medicine is that enzymes in our tissues such as cytochrome P450 have distinct differences among individuals and populations. Certain drugs produce different responses in individuals.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Cytochrome p450 family example</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The cytochrome P450 (CYP) family of liver enzymes&nbsp;are responsible for breaking down more than 30 different classes of drugs during phase I of drug metabolism. Structural and SNP variations of the&nbsp;genes that code for these enzymes can influence their ability to metabolize certain drugs. Based upon this, a population can be categorized into four major types of drug metabolizers: </span></div> <div align="left"> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">(</font><a href="http://www.macrogen.co.kr/eng/macrogen/state.jsp"><font color="#0000ff" size="2">http://www.macrogen.co.kr/eng/macrogen/state.jsp</font></a><font size="2">)</font></div> </div> <ul type="disc"> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Extensive metabolizers: The&nbsp;individuals that can be administered with normal drug dosage </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Intermediate metabolizers&nbsp;: The individuals that metabolizes drug with a rate slower than the normal rate. </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Poor metabolizers: The individuals with poor metabolizing rate. Drugs make accumulate and cause serious adverse effects. </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Ultra metabolizers: Individuals with metabolizing rate faster than extensive metabolizers. They may experience no effect of drug activity. </span></li> </ul> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Variomics</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> The most important scientific data out of personal genomes are the precise sequence differences among individuals. Such differences have many types.&nbsp;There are structural differences between chromosomes. There can be insertions and deletions of DNA segments. There are certain fragments that appear as repeats in genomes. Mapping all these structural genetic variations can be briefly termed as 'variomics'. A variome is the totality of genetic variation found in an individual, a population, and a species. Among all the variations we know,&nbsp;the most common one is single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP).&nbsp;In Korea, mapping the variome has been pursued relatively early and there are several groups who are mapping the genetic variations. KOBIC has several very early stage, if not the earliest in the world, variome servers; <a href="http://variome.net/"><font color="#800080">http://variome.net</font></a> and <a href="http://variomics.net/"><font color="#0000ff">http://variomics.net</font></a>. Along with SNP variation, the copy number variation (CNV) is also important. Some recent reports tell us that CNVs can be as variable as or even more variable than SNPs that are simple DNA base changes in populations. Yeun-Jun Chung of Catholic University of Korea has been mapping CNVs among Korean people (Kim et al. 2008).</span></div> <div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">In early 2005, the US FDA cleared the AmpliChip^&reg; CYP450 Test, which measures variations in two genes of the CYP450 enzyme system: CYP2D6 and CYP2C19. The Roche AmpliChip CYP450 Test is intended to identify a patient's CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotype from genomic DNA extracted from a whole blood sample. Information about CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotype may be used as an aid to clinicians in determining therapeutic strategy and treatment dose for therapeutics that are metabolized by the CYP2D6 or CYP2C19 gene product.<br /> <br /> </span></div> <div align="left"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Human Variome Project (HVP)</span></strong></div> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">As an international collaboration, headed by Richard Cotton, HVP was launched in 2006 (<a href="http://humanvariomeproject.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://humanvariomeproject.org</font></a>) </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Ring, Kwok et al. 2006)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. HVP aims to&nbsp;make clinicians who have been working on rare diseases, to work together with molecular biologists and bioinformaticians. Their goal is to link medical information with genotype information. Succinctly this process is called genotype to phenotype mapping. As several full human genome sequences are already available, mapping phenotypes to the full genomes will be the major challenge of biology in the next 20 years.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Asian Variome Project (AVP)</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Alongside and with the associations of eIMBL, A-IMBN, and HVP, a variome project that tries to map Asian population variome was launched in 2008. This was a group effort of Korean researchers who have been interested in genome sequences,&nbsp;SNPs, and CNVs. They have formed a Korean Variome Consortium (KOVAC: <a href="http://variome.kr/"><font color="#0000ff">http://variome.kr</font></a>) and supported AVP as one of the first projects. eIMBL that is the virtual laboratory network of Asia linking key biology groups modeled after EMBL has acquired $80,000 USD in 2008 to support AVP. eIMBL aims to establish a virtual bioinformatics center in Asia Pacific region that links many bioinformation processing scientists in Asia.<br /> <br /> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><strong>Construction of Reference Genomes for the world.<br /> </strong></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Sanger center, EBI, NCBI and the genome center of the University of Washington have formed a consortium to produce a reference genome (<a href="http://referencegenome.org/"><font color="#000080">http://referencegenome.org</font></a>). Reference standard is the most important standard among all the standards.&nbsp;Providing an accurate reference genome to biologists is an important task. The first reference genome by the above consortium is based on Caucasian genomes. Due to the extent of SNPs and CNVs, it is necessary to construct reference genomes for diverse ethnic groups. In Korea, since 2006, the reference standard genome project has begun and produced the first draft for Koreans in Nov. 2008 using a male doner. Through the analysis, the Korean researchers in LDCI and KOBIC found that there is a strong justification for any nation to launch large scale genome projects to map population diversities. Even such&nbsp;close populations, the&nbsp;Korean and&nbsp;the Chinese, seemed to show a large quantity of SNP difference.</span><br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Bioinformatics for Personal Genomes and Variomes</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Bioinformatics is the key in personal genome projects and variome projects. Bioinformatics is not a set of tools but it is a proper scientific discipline. It regards life as a gigantic information processing phenomenon and tries to map its components and to model the emerging networks of the components. Bioinformatics in 2008 is driving biology into an information science. Most biology researches are now with massive amount of data that cannot be processed by hand. Nearly all the biological research outcomes in the next&nbsp;five years will have some form of high throughput data such as genome sequences, microarray data, proteome analyses, SNPs, epigenome chips, and large scale phenotype mapping. Bioinformatics tools in genomics and variomics can be found from various internet resources. There are various bioinformatics hubs such as NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information), EBI (European Bioinformatics Institute), DDBJ (Databank of Japan), and KOBIC.&nbsp;Some&nbsp;others are: Bioinformatics Organization (<a href="http://bioinformatics.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://Bioinformatics.Org</font></a>), EMBnet (<a href="http://www.embnet.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://www.embnet.org/</font></a>), and&nbsp;The International Society for Computational Biology (<a href="http://iscb.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://iscb.org</font></a>). The following are major bioinformatics journals:<br /> <br /> </span></p> <ul type="disc"> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Algorithms in <span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Molecular Biology (http://www.almob.org/) </span></span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Bioinformatics (http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/) </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">BMC Bioinformatics (http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcbioinformatics) </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Briefings in Bioinformatics (http://bib.oxfordjournals.org/) </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Genome Research&nbsp;(http://genome.cshlp.org/) </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Genomics and Informatics (<a href="http://www.genominfo.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://www.genominfo.org</font></a>) </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">The International Journal of Biostatistics (http://www.bepress.com/ijb/) </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Journal of Computational Biology (http://www.liebertpub.com/Products/Product.aspx?pid=31&amp;AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1) </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Cancer Informatics (http://www.la-press.com/journal.php?pa=description&amp;journal_id=10) </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Molecular Systems Biology (http://www.nature.com/msb/index.html </span></li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">PLoS Computational Biology (<a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/home.action">http://www.ploscompbiol.org/home.action</a>)</span> </li> <li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">International Journal of Bioinformatics Research and Applications (http://www.inderscience.com/browse/index.php?journalcode=ijbra)</span> </li> </ul> <br /> <strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Sequencing DNA, Metagenomics, and Ecogenomics</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> Next generation sequencing methods are not only mapping genomes. They can be used to map the environment. It is called ecogenomics. Environment to humans can be various microbial, plant, and animal interactions around us. Especially, microbial interaction is critical to our health. Gut bacteria are natural environment to us. Metagenomics is a methodology that sequences the whole set of microbes in our food tract. Researchers are realizing that human genome is complemented by such environmental genomes. A new term, 'ecogenomics' is now used to describe these concepts. Metagenomics and ecogenomics are for mapping the variation of environmental genetic factors.<br /> <br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Mapping expression using DNA sequencing</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> DNA sequencing technology&nbsp;used to be&nbsp;for mapping genotypes. However, they are now used to map expression levels in cells. Cells produce various RNAs. mRNA is the most abundant and important. In the past, microarray and DNA chips were used for measuring expression levels. They are not accurate and it takes many bioinformatic adjustments before it becomes reliable expression data. New sequencing technologies can measure expression levels much more accurately. By sequencing the RNAs, we can now quantify the mRNA levels by precisely knowing the RNA sequences. Sequencing technologies will restructure the expression analyses in the future.</span>&nbsp;<br /> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /> <br /> <strong>Linking Genome information On-line</strong><br /> Sequencing a genome is one thing but analyzing the whole genome is another thing. Therefore, a worldwide effort is required to link all the genome information for proper management and utilization. The internet is the best infrastructure for genome information exchange. Bioinformatics resources should be available as freely as possible for underdeveloped and developing nations. Genome sequencing and associated analysese should be done freely in certain instances by the support of local governments and international organizations. For maximum efficient, an adequote data and information license is also required. Some researchers propose an openfree sharing of bioinformatics analysis tools as&nbsp;well as the genome sequences (under proper permission).&nbsp;One of such as movement is Free Genomics (<a href="http://freegenomics.org">http://freegenomics.org</a>).&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span> <div><font size="2"><br /> <strong>Conclusion</strong></font><br /> <font size="2">In 2009 and onwards, personal genome projects will produce unprecedented amount of biological data. New bioinformatics technologies will be required to handle them. New sequencing technologies will drive the next decades of biology and transform the medical practices in hospitals. Fast sequencing unexpectedly brought us interesting applications such as metagenomics and ecogenomics. </font><font size="2">We have examined the current trends in genomics and variomics. </font><br /> </div> <div><strong><font size="2">Acknowledgements</font></strong><br /> <font size="2">SK was supported by Soongsil University Reserach Fund. </font><br /> <br /> </div> <div><font size="2"><strong>References</strong></font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">IHGSC (2004). Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome. <em>Nature</em> 431(7011), 931-45.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Anderson, S., A. T. Bankier, <em>et al.</em> (1981). Sequence and organization of the human mitochondrial genome. <em>Nature</em> 290(5806), 457-65.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Chan, E. Y. (2005). Advances in sequencing technology. <em>Mutat. Res.</em> 573(1-2), 13-40.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Church, G. M. (2005). The personal genome project. <em>Mol. Syst. Biol.</em> 1<strong>,</strong> 2005.0030.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Gupta, P. K. (2008). Single-molecule DNA sequencing technologies for future genomics research. <em>Trends Biotechnol.</em> 26(11), 602-11.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Kim, T-M. <em>et al.</em> (2008). Copy Number Variations in the Human Genome: Potential Source for Individual Diversity and Disease Association Studies. <em>Genomics &amp; Informatics</em>&nbsp;6(1), 1-7.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Levy, S., G. Sutton, <em>et al</em>. (2007). The diploid genome sequence of an individual human. <em>PLoS Biol.</em> 5(10), e254.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Mardis, E. R. (2008). The impact of next-generation sequencing technology on genetics. <em>Trends Genet.</em> 24(3), 133-41.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Metzker, M. L. (2005). Emerging technologies in DNA sequencing. <em>Genome Res.</em> 15(12), 1767-76.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Park, H. <em>et al</em>. (2008). Genome-wide Linkage Study for Plasma HDL Cholesterol Level in an Isolated Population of Mongolia. <em>Genomics &amp; Informatics</em> 6(1), 8-13.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Porreca, G. J., J. Shendure, <em>et al</em>. (2006). Polony DNA sequencing. <em>Curr. Prot. Mol. Biol.</em> Chapter 7: Unit 7 8.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Ring, H. Z., P. Y. Kwok, <em>et al</em>. (2006). Human Variome Project: an international collaboration to catalogue human genetic variation. <em>Pharmacogenomics</em> 7(7), 969-72.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Sanger, F., G. M. Air, <em>et al</em>. (1977). Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA. <em>Nature</em> 265(5596), 687-95.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Shendure, J., R. D. Mitra, <em>et al</em>. (2004). Advanced sequencing technologies: methods and goals. <em>Nat.</em> <em>Rev. Genet.</em> 5(5), 335-44.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Sung, J. et al. (2008). Inbreeding Coefficients in Two Isolated Mongolian Populations - GENDISCAN Study. <em>Genomics &amp; Informatics</em> 6(1): 14-17.</font></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">Wheeler, D. A., M. Srinivasan, <em>et al</em>. (2008). The complete genome of an individual by massively parallel DNA sequencing. <em>Nature</em> 452(7189), 872-6.</font></div> <p>&nbsp;</p> 94dfd29c69cf7894fbc7e6dd83f90575c4cf31aa 2279 2008-12-18T20:16:48Z Kangho11 6 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">&nbsp;</font> <div align="left"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Personal genomics, bioinformatics, and variomics</span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Jong Bhak¹, Ho Ghang¹, Rohit Reja¹,&nbsp;and Sangsoo Kim²*</span></strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><br /> <br /> <strong>¹</strong>KOBIC (Korean Bioinformation Center), KRIBB, Daejeon 305-806, Korea. <strong>²</strong>Dept. of Bioinformatics, Soongsil Univ., Seoul 156-743, Korea.<br /> <br /> *Correspondence to: E-mail &nbsp;<a href="mailto:sskimb@ssu.ac.kr"><font color="#000080">sskimb@ssu.ac.kr</font></a> Tel +82-2-820-0457 Fax +82-2-824-4383<br /> <br /> Running title: Genomics revolution achieved by cheap sequencing for common people<br /> <br /> </span><span style="font-size: 9pt;"> </span><strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><br /> </span></strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><strong>Abstract</strong><br /> In 2008 at least five complete genome sequences are available. It is known that there are over 15,000,000 genetic variants, called SNPs, in the dbSNP database. The cost of full genome sequencing in 2009 is claimed to be less than $5000 USD. The genomics era has arrived in 2008. This review introduces technologies, bioinformatics, genomics visions, and variomics projects. Variomics is the study of the total genetic variation in an individual and populations. Research on genetic variation is the most valuable among many genomics research branches. Genomics and variomics projects will change biology and the society so dramatically that biology will become an everyday technology like personal computers and the internet. 'BioRevolution' is the term that can adequately describe this change.<br /> &nbsp;<br /> <strong>Introduction</strong><br /> Since the launch of the Human Genome Project (HGP) in 1990 by NIH of USA, researchers have been developing faster DNA sequencers (Chan, 2005; Gupta, 2008; Mardis, 2008; Metzker, 2005; Shendure et al., 2004). HGP has been said to be led by James Watson who modeled DNA in Cambridge, UK in 1953. In 2003, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium held a press conference to announce the completion of the human genome (IHGSC, 2004). In 2008, after 55 years, Watson's complete genome sequence was publicized by using 454 DNA sequencers developed by a company rather than a research institute (Wheeler et al., 2008). In 2007, Craig Venter, a former Celera founder, published his own personal genome in PLoS Biology (Levy et al., 2007). We are entering the personalized biology era with the advent of next generation sequencing technologies.<br /> <br /> <strong>DNA sequencing</strong><br /> The first breakthrough in genome sequencing came from Watson's colleague, Fred Sanger, in Cambridge, UK. In 1977, Sanger and his team produced the first useful DNA sequencing method and publicized the first complete genome (Sanger et al., 1977). It was a tiny virus genome known as phi X 174. Soon after phi X 174, he published the first complete organelle genome which was a mitochondrion (Anderson et al., 1981). By 1998, researchers in the US evaluated multiplex genome sequencing technologies and were aware that one person's whole genome could be sequenced in a day using contemporary technologies. George Church was a Ph.D. student of Walter Gilbert who received a Nobel Prize with Sanger for developing a sequencing method. Gilbert's method was not widely used. However, his colleague Church continued to develop sequencing methods. One of them is based on the Polony idea (Porreca et al., 2006). This technology is used by KNOME Inc., a full genome sequencing company. Along with KNOME, other companies, such as Complete Genomics, are now producing DNA sequences cheaply and in an unprecedented capacity. The speed of sequencing is advancing many folds per year, much faster than the cycle of semiconductor chips in computer industries. Also, genome sequencing technology is becoming an everyday technology at the level as computer CPUs are universally used. In five years' time, experts predict that everyone in developed nations will be able to have his or her own genome information. Due to its far reaching consequences in medicine, health, biology, nanotechnology, and information technology, DNA sequencing will become the most important industrial technology ever developed during the next decades. &nbsp;<br /> <br /> <strong>Personal Genomics</strong><br /> In 2009, genome sequencing technologies will achieve one person's whole genome per day in terms of DNA fragments sequenced. Personal genomics is a new term that utilizes such fast sequencers. In 2008, the cost for one personal genome is less than $350,000 USD. If the cost goes down below $1,000 USD, the impact of personal genomics is predicted to be the largest ever in biology in common people's lives. Reflecting this technological advancement to society is the PGP (Personal Genome Project), a project to sequence as many people as possible with lowest possible cost (Church, 2005). At present, Google, Inc. and the Church group are working together to sequence 100,000 people's genetic regions of DNA. In Saudi Arabia, the government is planning to sequence 100 Arabic people's genome. In Europe, there are various groups of people and nations who have been genotyping those populations. Iceland has been especially successful in that effort by utilizing their well-kept genealogical data encompassing hundreds of thousands of people. In Asia, Jeongsun Seo of Seoul National University has been working on the East Asia Genome Project during the past several years. His group has collected thousands of samples from Mongolian tribes with a extremely large genealogical tree among them (Park et al., 2008; Sung et al., 2008). Seo is said to be sequencing at least 100 Korean genomes in collaboration with Church and Green Cross, Inc. of Korea. The aim of Seo's genome project is to produce a resource for East Asians. He is presently sequencing at least two Korean people. In China, Beijing Genome Institute has been successful in terms of sequencing. Their first achievement came from a plant genome, rice. After rice, they launched a 100 Han Chinese genome sequencing project. In Nov. 2008, they published their first Chinese genome in a journal, Nature. In Dec. 2008, another Korean group, Lee Gilyeo Cancer and Diabetes Institute (LCDI) and Korean Bioinformation Center (KOBIC) made a Korean genome sequence public. The genome was sequenced by Solexa paired-end sequencer, and comparative genomics analyses and SNP data were uploaded as a public resource. It took only one week to analyze the 7.8x Korean genome using 150 computer CPUs to produce mapping DNA fragments to a reference genome, generate new SNP information, compare that with other individual genomes, and map it with 1600 already known phenotype information from the public literature.<br /> &nbsp;<br /> <strong>Genome Revolution </strong><br /> These public genome data alongside previously known Craig Venter's and James Watson's mark that full genome sequences are not soley in academic domain anymore. Anyone who has money and the will can sequence human genomes. This 'genomic revolution' will eventually lead to the 'BioRevolution' in terms of making the most essential human information completely mapped and publically available. This is revolutionary, because humans can now engineer themselves with a map or a blue print not directly relying on trial and error style conventional evolutionary methods. This indicates that evolution has moved to a conscious level driving evolution. We are in effect designing evolution using computers. &nbsp;<br /> <br /> <strong>Genomes and Personalized Medicine</strong><br /> The consequences of 'BioRevolution' where genomic information is utilized by scientists to engineers all kinds of biological processes, including evolution itself, will bring us personalized medicine. The essence of personalized medicine is that enzymes in our tissues, such as cytochrome P450, have distinct differences among individuals and populations. Certain drugs produce different responses in individuals. <br /> <br /> <strong>Cytochrome p450 family example</strong><br /> The cytochrome P450 (CYP) family of liver enzymes is responsible for breaking down more than 30 different classes of drugs during Phase I of drug metabolism. Structural and SNP variations of the genes that code for these enzymes can influence their ability to metabolize certain drugs. Based upon this, a population can be categorized into four major types of drug metabolizers: <br /> &quot;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Extensive metabolizers: Individuals that can be administered with normal drug dosage <br /> &quot;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Intermediate metabolizers: Individuals that metabolize drugs with a&nbsp; slower than normal rate. <br /> &quot;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Poor metabolizers: Individuals with poor metabolizing rates. Drugs may accumulate and cause serious adverse effects. <br /> &quot;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Ultra metabolizers: Individuals with metabolizing rates even faster than extensive metabolizers. They may experience no effect of drug activity. <br /> <br /> In early 2005, the US FDA cleared the AmpliChip&reg; CYP450 Test, which measures variations in two genes of the CYP450 enzyme system: CYP2D6 and CYP2C19. The Roche AmpliChip CYP450 Test is intended to identify a patient's CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotype from genomic DNA extracted from a whole blood sample. Information about CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotype may be used as an aid to clinicians in determining therapeutic strategy and treatment dose for therapeutics that are metabolized by the CYP2D6 or CYP2C19 gene product.<br /> &nbsp;<br /> <strong>Variomics</strong><br /> The most important scientific data out of personal genomes are the precise sequence differences among individuals. Such differences have many types. There are structural differences among chromosomes. There can be insertions and deletions of DNA segments. There are certain fragments that appear as repeats in genomes. Mapping all these structural genetic variations can be briefly termed 'variomics'. A variome is the totality of genetic variation found in an individual, a population, and a species. Among all the variations we know, the most common is the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP). In Korea, mapping the variome has been pursued relatively early, and there are several groups who are mapping the genetic variations. KOBIC has several very early stage, if not the earliest in the world, variome servers: http://variome.net and http://variomics.net. Along with SNP variation, the copy number variation (CNV) is also important. Some recent reports tell us that CNVs can be as variable as or even more variable than SNPs that are simple DNA base changes in populations. Yeun-Jun Chung of the Catholic University of Korea has been mapping CNVs among Korean people (Kim et al., 2008).<br /> <br /> <strong>Human Variome Project (HVP)</strong><br /> As an international collaboration, headed by Richard Cotton, HVP was launched in 2006 (http://humanvariomeproject.org) (Ring et al., 2006). HVP aims to make clinicians who have been working on rare diseases, to work together with molecular biologists and bioinformaticians. Their goal is to link medical information with genotype information. Succinctly, this process is called genotype to phenotype mapping. As several full human genome sequences are already available, mapping phenotypes to full genomes will be the major challenge of biology in the next 20 years. <br /> <br /> <strong>Asian Variome Project (AVP)</strong><br /> Alongside and with the associations of eIMBL, A-IMBN, and HVP, a variome project that is working to map the Asian population variome was launched in 2008. This was a group effort by Korean researchers who have been interested in genome sequences, SNPs, and CNVs. They have formed the KOrean VAriome Consortium (KOVAC: http://variome.kr) and support AVP as one of the first projects. eIMBL, the virtual laboratory network of Asia linking key biology groups modeled after EMBL, has acquired $80,000 USD in 2008 to support AVP. eIMBL aims to establish a virtual bioinformatics center in the Asia Pacific region that will link many bioinformation processing scientists in Asia.<br /> <br /> <strong>Construction of Reference Genomes for the world</strong><br /> Sanger Center, EBI, NCBI, and the University of Washington Genome Center have formed a consortium to produce a reference genome (http://referencegenome.org). A reference standard is the most important standard among all the standards. Providing an accurate reference genome to biologists is an important task. The first reference genome by the above consortium is based on Caucasian genomes. Due to the extent of SNPs and CNVs, it is necessary to construct reference genomes for diverse ethnic groups. In Korea, since 2006, the reference standard genome project began and produced the first draft for Koreans in November, 2008, using a male donor. Through the bioinformatic analysis, the Korean researchers in LCDI and KOBIC found that there was a good justification for any nation to launch large scale genome projects to map population diversities. Even such close populations as Korean and the Chinese showed a large quantity of SNP differences.<br /> <br /> <strong>Bioinformatics for Personal Genomes and Variomes</strong><br /> Bioinformatics is the key in personal genome projects and variome projects. Bioinformatics is not merely a set of tools but a scientific discipline. It regards life as a gigantic information processing phenomenon and works to map its components and to model the emerging networks of the components. Bioinformatics in 2008 is driving biology into an information science. Most biology research projects produce massive amounts of data that cannot be processed by hand. Nearly all biological research outcomes in the next five years will have some form of high throughput data such as genome sequences, microarray data, proteome analyses, SNPs, epigenome chips, and large scale phenotype mapping. Bioinformatics tools in genomics and variomics can be found from various internet resources. There are several bioinformatics hubs such as NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information), EBI (European Bioinformatics Institute), DDBJ (Databank of Japan), and KOBIC. Some others are: Bioinformatics Organization (http://Bioinformatics.Org), EMBnet (http://www.embnet.org/), and The International Society for Computational Biology (http://iscb.org). <br /> <br /> The following are major bioinformatics journals:<br /> <br /> </span> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Algorithms in Molecular Biology (http://www.almob.org/) </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Bioinformatics (http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/) </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 9pt;">BMC Bioinformatics (http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcbioinformatics) </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Briefings in Bioinformatics (http://bib.oxfordjournals.org/) </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Genome Research (http://genome.cshlp.org/) </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Genomics and Informatics (http://www.genominfo.org) </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 9pt;">The International Journal of Biostatistics (http://www.bepress.com/ijb/) </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Journal of Computational Biology (http://www.liebertpub.com/Products/Product.aspx?pid=31&amp;AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1) </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Cancer Informatics (http://www.la-press.com/journal.php?pa=description&amp;journal_id=10) </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Molecular Systems Biology (http://www.nature.com/msb/index.html </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 9pt;">PLoS Computational Biology (http://www.ploscompbiol.org/home.action) </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 9pt;">International Journal of Bioinformatics Research and Applications (http://www.inderscience.com/browse/index.php?journalcode=ijbra) </span></li> </ul> <span style="font-size: 9pt;"><br /> <strong>Sequencing DNA, Metagenomics, and Ecogenomics</strong><br /> Next generation sequencing methods will not only map genomes. They will be used to map the environment. This is called ecogenomics. To humans the environment can mean various microbial, plant, and animal interactions around us. Microbial interaction is especially critical to our health. Gut bacteria are a natural environment within us. Metagenomics is a methodology that sequences the whole set of microbes in our food tract. Researchers are realizing that the human genome is complemented by such environmental genomes. A new term, 'ecogenomics' is now used to describe these concepts. Metagenomics and ecogenomics are for mapping the variations of environmental genetic factors.<br /> <br /> <strong>Mapping Expression using DNA sequencing</strong><br /> DNA sequencing technologies were mostly used for mapping genotypes. However, they are now used to map RNA expression levels in cells. Cells produce various types of RNA. mRNA is the most abundant and important. In the past, microarray and DNA chips were used to measure expression levels. They are not accurate and take many bioinformatic adjustments before producing reliable expression data. New sequencing technologies can measure expression levels much more accurately. By sequencing the RNAs, we can now quantify the expression levels by precisely knowing the RNA sequences. Sequencing technologies will restructure the expression analyses in the future. <br /> <br /> <strong>Linking Genome information On-line </strong><br /> Sequencing a genome is basically the production of data, whereas analyzing the whole genome takes human minds networking their hypotheses, proofs, and discoveries, i.e. genomics is a scientific endeavor beyond mechanical sequencing. Therefore, a worldwide effort is required to link all the genome information for proper management and utilization. The internet is the best infrastructure for genome information exchange. Bioinformatics resources should be available as freely as possible for all nations, including those underdeveloped and developing. Genome sequencing and associated analyses should be done freely in certain instances by the support of local governments and international organizations. For maximum efficiency, an adequate data and information license should also be required. Some researchers propose an openfree sharing of bioinformatics analysis tools, as well as the genome sequences (under proper permission). One such movement is Free Genomics (http://freegenomics.org). <br /> <br /> The following are on-line genomics sites.<br /> <br /> </span> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Genomics portal: http://genomics.org</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Personal Genome Project: http://personalgenomes.org</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 9pt;">openfree Genomics Project: http://personalgenome.net</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Personal Genome sequencing company: http://www.knome.com</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Personal Genome SNP typing: http://decodeme.com</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Google's Personal Genome Typing: http://23andme.com</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 9pt;">The Sanger Centre: http://sanger.ac.uk</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 9pt;">General Omics site: http://omics.org</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Korean Genome Data Site: http://koreagenome.org</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Korean Bioinformation Center: http://kobic.kr</span></li> </ul> <span style="font-size: 9pt;"><br /> <strong>Conclusion</strong><br /> We have examined the current trends in genomics and variomics. In 2009 and onwards, personal genome projects will produce an unprecedented amount of biological data. New bioinformatics technologies will be required to handle them. New sequencing technologies will drive the next decades of biology and transform medical practices. Fast sequencing brought us interesting and unexpected applications such as metagenomics and ecogenomics. <br /> <br /> <strong>Acknowledgements </strong><br /> SK was supported by Soongsil University Research Fund. JB, GH, and RR were supported by KRIBB/KOBIC fund from the MEST of Korea. The authors thank Maryana Bhak for editing the manuscript.<br /> <br /> <strong>References</strong><br /> Anderson, S., A. T. Bankier, B. G. Barrell, M. H. de Bruijn, A. R. Coulson, J. Drouin, I. C. Eperon, D. P. Nierlich, B. A. Roe, F. Sanger, P. H. Schreier, A. J. Smith, R. Staden, and I. G. Young. (1981). Sequence and organization of the human mitochondrial genome. Nature 290:457-65.<br /> Chan, E. Y. (2005). Advances in sequencing technology. Mutat Res 573:13-40.<br /> Church, G. M. (2005). The personal genome project. Mol Syst Biol 1:2005 0030.<br /> Gupta, P. K. (2008). Single-molecule DNA sequencing technologies for future genomics research. Trends Biotechnol 26:602-11.<br /> IHGSC. (2004). Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome. Nature 431:931-45.<br /> Kim, T.-M., S.-H. Yim, and Y. Chung. (2008). Copy Number Variations in the Human Genome: Potential Source for Individual Diversity and Disease Association Studies. Genomics &amp; Informatics 6(1):1-7.<br /> Levy, S., G. Sutton, P. C. Ng, L. Feuk, A. L. Halpern, B. P. Walenz, N. Axelrod, J. Huang, E. F. Kirkness, G. Denisov, Y. Lin, J. R. MacDonald, A. W. Pang, M. Shago, T. B. Stockwell, A. Tsiamouri, V. Bafna, V. Bansal, S. A. Kravitz, D. A. Busam, K. Y. Beeson, T. C. McIntosh, K. A. Remington, J. F. Abril, J. Gill, J. Borman, Y. H. Rogers, M. E. Frazier, S. W. Scherer, R. L. Strausberg, and J. C. Venter. (2007). The diploid genome sequence of an individual human. PLoS Biol 5:e254.<br /> Mardis, E. R. (2008). The impact of next-generation sequencing technology on genetics. Trends Genet 24:133-41.<br /> Metzker, M. L. (2005). Emerging technologies in DNA sequencing. Genome Res 15:1767-76.<br /> Park, H., K. J-H., S.-I. Cho, J. Sung, H.-L. Kim, Y. S. Ju, G. Bayasgalan, M.-K. Lee, and J.-S. Seo. (2008). Genome-wide Linkage Study for Plasma HDL Cholesterol Level in an Isolated Population of Mongolia. Genomics &amp; Informatics 6(1):8-13.<br /> Porreca, G. J., J. Shendure, and G. M. Church. (2006). Polony DNA sequencing. Curr Protoc Mol Biol Chapter 7:Unit 7 8.<br /> Ring, H. Z., P. Y. Kwok, and R. G. Cotton. (2006). Human Variome Project: an international collaboration to catalogue human genetic variation. Pharmacogenomics 7:969-72.<br /> Sanger, F., G. M. Air, B. G. Barrell, N. L. Brown, A. R. Coulson, C. A. Fiddes, C. A. Hutchison, P. M. Slocombe, and M. Smith. (1977). Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA. Nature 265:687-95.<br /> Shendure, J., R. D. Mitra, C. Varma, and G. M. Church. (2004). Advanced sequencing technologies: methods and goals. Nat Rev Genet 5:335-44.<br /> Sung, J., M. K. Lee, and J.-S. Seo. (2008). Inbreeding Coefficients in Two Isolated Mongolian Populations - GENDISCAN Study. Genomics &amp; Informatics 6(1).<br /> Wheeler, D. A., M. Srinivasan, M. Egholm, Y. Shen, L. Chen, A. McGuire, W. He, Y. J. Chen, V. Makhijani, G. T. Roth, X. Gomes, K. Tartaro, F. Niazi, C. L. Turcotte, G. P. Irzyk, J. R. Lupski, C. Chinault, X. Z. Song, Y. Liu, Y. Yuan, L. Nazareth, X. Qin, D. M. Muzny, M. Margulies, G. M. Weinstock, R. A. Gibbs, and J. M. Rothberg. (2008). The complete genome of an individual by massively parallel DNA sequencing. Nature 452:872-6.<br /> <br /> </span><strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><br /> </span></strong></div> 24d1d7b37bec104aeb379d5f3e186c0a918baa27 0 1650 2257 2008-12-16T18:12:56Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki Gacheon Medical School's Lee Gilyeo Cancer Diabetes Research Institute announces a Korean human genome sequence.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <a href="http://koreagenome.org/">http://koreagenome.org/</a><br /> <br /> The full genome sequence is available from <a href="ftp://ftp.kobic.re.kr/pub/PersonalGenomes/Korean/">ftp://ftp.kobic.re.kr/pub/PersonalGenomes/Korean/</a><br /> <br /> <a href="ftp://ftp.kobic.re.kr/pub/"></a> ae6d91fd54e965bee67e5691eae8fe45c678f348 2258 2008-12-16T18:13:16Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki Gacheon Medical School's Lee Gilyeo Cancer Diabetes Research Institute and KOBIC of KRIBB announced a Korean human genome sequence.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <a href="http://koreagenome.org/">http://koreagenome.org/</a><br /> <br /> The full genome sequence is available from <a href="ftp://ftp.kobic.re.kr/pub/PersonalGenomes/Korean/">ftp://ftp.kobic.re.kr/pub/PersonalGenomes/Korean/</a><br /> <br /> <a href="ftp://ftp.kobic.re.kr/pub/"></a> 7e984f95cb4afa05d1adac59c8180b1229343564 0 1659 2260 2008-12-16T18:16:58Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p class="orangeHeader"><a href="http://www.ontariogenomics.ca">http://www.ontariogenomics.ca</a></p> <strong>The Ontario Genomics Institute</strong> (OGI) was established in 2000 as a non-profit corporation with a mission to provide leadership for Ontario in helping build a globally-competitive life sciences sector by creating leverageable genomics resources with top-notch research. <p>OGI, one of six genome centres across Canada, is part of the new MaRS Discovery District, serving the innovation pipeline in Ontario. Working with Genome Canada, Ontario&rsquo;s Ministry of Research and Innovation (MRI), and other private and public sector partners, OGI currently oversees a $500 million portfolio of 33 leading-edge genomics and proteomics research projects as well as a world-class technology platform at The Centre for Applied Genomics (TCAG) based in Toronto.</p> <p>Ontario-led international projects, an important part of OGI&rsquo;s portfolio, are underway through: the Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC), a shared research initiative at the Universities of Oxford, Toronto and the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, Sweden; and the International Regulome Consortium (IRC), which includes scientists from Australia, Britain, Canada, France, the Netherlands, Singapore, and the U.S.; and a Genome Canada-Genoma Espa&ntilde;a initiative.</p> <p>OGI's three major roles are: </p> <ul> <li>Attracting investment for internationally recognized genomics-based or genomics-derived research that is of strategic importance to Ontario and all of the world, </li> <li>Accelerating the impact of genomics resources created through research to increase business development in Ontario, in Canada, and internationally, </li> <li>Increasing public awareness of genomics and its impact on society through education, dialogue on social and ethical issues, and public outreach programs. </li> </ul> 43026aa8cef97af92c7955573058accab97a8be7 2261 2008-12-16T18:17:38Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p class="orangeHeader"><a href="http://www.ontariogenomics.ca">http://www.ontariogenomics.ca</a></p> <strong>The Ontario Genomics Institute</strong> (OGI) was established in 2000 as a non-profit corporation with a mission to provide leadership for Ontario in helping build a globally-competitive life sciences sector by creating leverageable genomics resources with top-notch research. <p>OGI, one of six genome centres across Canada, is part of the new MaRS Discovery District, serving the innovation pipeline in Ontario. Working with Genome Canada, Ontario&rsquo;s Ministry of Research and Innovation (MRI), and other private and public sector partners, OGI currently oversees a $500 million portfolio of 33 leading-edge genomics and proteomics research projects as well as a world-class technology platform at The Centre for Applied Genomics (TCAG) based in Toronto.</p> <p>Ontario-led international projects, an important part of OGI&rsquo;s portfolio, are underway through: the Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC), a shared research initiative at the Universities of Oxford, Toronto and the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, Sweden; and the International Regulome Consortium (IRC), which includes scientists from Australia, Britain, Canada, France, the Netherlands, Singapore, and the U.S.; and a Genome Canada-Genoma Espa&ntilde;a initiative.</p> <p>OGI's three major roles are: </p> <ul> <li>Attracting investment for internationally recognized genomics-based or genomics-derived research that is of strategic importance to Ontario and all of the world, </li> <li>Accelerating the impact of genomics resources created through research to increase business development in Ontario, in Canada, and internationally, </li> <li>Increasing public awareness of genomics and its impact on society through education, dialogue on social and ethical issues, and public outreach programs. </li> </ul> <p class="orangeHeader"><strong>President and ceo. 2008</strong></p> <p><span class="blueSubHeader" style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Christian Burks, PhD</span><br /> President &amp; CEO<br /> Ontario Genomics Institute<br /> <a href="mailto:cburks@OntarioGenomics.ca"><font color="#192168">cburks@OntarioGenomics.ca</font></a><br /> 416-673-6598</p> 7f55d6b2f44e5a5f1b180c8885dcd70b3a226d80 2262 2008-12-16T18:18:39Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p class="orangeHeader"><a href="http://www.ontariogenomics.ca">http://www.ontariogenomics.ca</a></p> <strong>The Ontario Genomics Institute</strong> (OGI) was established in 2000 as a non-profit corporation with a mission to provide leadership for Ontario in helping build a globally-competitive life sciences sector by creating leverageable genomics resources with top-notch research. <p>OGI, one of six genome centres across Canada, is part of the new MaRS Discovery District, serving the innovation pipeline in Ontario. Working with Genome Canada, Ontario&rsquo;s Ministry of Research and Innovation (MRI), and other private and public sector partners, OGI currently oversees a $500 million portfolio of 33 leading-edge genomics and proteomics research projects as well as a world-class technology platform at The Centre for Applied Genomics (TCAG) based in Toronto.</p> <p>Ontario-led international projects, an important part of OGI&rsquo;s portfolio, are underway through: the Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC), a shared research initiative at the Universities of Oxford, Toronto and the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, Sweden; and the International Regulome Consortium (IRC), which includes scientists from Australia, Britain, Canada, France, the Netherlands, Singapore, and the U.S.; and a Genome Canada-Genoma Espa&ntilde;a initiative.</p> <p>OGI's three major roles are: </p> <ul> <li>Attracting investment for internationally recognized genomics-based or genomics-derived research that is of strategic importance to Ontario and all of the world, </li> <li>Accelerating the impact of genomics resources created through research to increase business development in Ontario, in Canada, and internationally, </li> <li>Increasing public awareness of genomics and its impact on society through education, dialogue on social and ethical issues, and public outreach programs. </li> </ul> <p><strong>Ontario Genomics Institute</strong><br /> <span class="greyBody">MaRS Centre, Heritage Building<br /> 101 College Street, Suite HL50<br /> Toronto, ON<br /> CANADA M5G 1L7<br /> Phone: 416-977-9582<br /> Fax: 416-977-8342<br /> E-mail: <a href="javascript:location='mailto:\u0069\u006e\u0066\u006f\u0040\u006f\u006e\u0074\u0061\u0072\u0069\u006f\u0067\u0065\u006e\u006f\u006d\u0069\u0063\u0073\u002e\u0063\u0061';void 0"> <script type="text/javascript">document.write('\u0069\u006e\u0066\u006f\u0040\u006f\u006e\u0074\u0061\u0072\u0069\u006f\u0067\u0065\u006e\u006f\u006d\u0069\u0063\u0073\u002e\u0063\u0061')</script> <font color="#192168">info@ontariogenomics.ca</font></a></span></p> <p class="orangeHeader"><br /> <strong>President and ceo. 2008<br /> <span class="blueSubHeader" style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Christian Burks, PhD</span></strong><br /> President &amp; CEO<br /> Ontario Genomics Institute<br /> <a href="mailto:cburks@OntarioGenomics.ca"><font color="#192168">cburks@OntarioGenomics.ca</font></a><br /> 416-673-6598</p> <br /> adfdcc30f3f3ca19d199b98d435015d512443228 2263 2008-12-16T18:18:50Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p class="orangeHeader"><a href="http://www.ontariogenomics.ca">http://www.ontariogenomics.ca</a></p> <strong>The Ontario Genomics Institute</strong> (OGI) was established in 2000 as a non-profit corporation with a mission to provide leadership for Ontario in helping build a globally-competitive life sciences sector by creating leverageable genomics resources with top-notch research. <p>OGI, one of six genome centres across Canada, is part of the new MaRS Discovery District, serving the innovation pipeline in Ontario. Working with Genome Canada, Ontario&rsquo;s Ministry of Research and Innovation (MRI), and other private and public sector partners, OGI currently oversees a $500 million portfolio of 33 leading-edge genomics and proteomics research projects as well as a world-class technology platform at The Centre for Applied Genomics (TCAG) based in Toronto.</p> <p>Ontario-led international projects, an important part of OGI&rsquo;s portfolio, are underway through: the Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC), a shared research initiative at the Universities of Oxford, Toronto and the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, Sweden; and the International Regulome Consortium (IRC), which includes scientists from Australia, Britain, Canada, France, the Netherlands, Singapore, and the U.S.; and a Genome Canada-Genoma Espa&ntilde;a initiative.</p> <p>OGI's three major roles are: </p> <ul> <li>Attracting investment for internationally recognized genomics-based or genomics-derived research that is of strategic importance to Ontario and all of the world, </li> <li>Accelerating the impact of genomics resources created through research to increase business development in Ontario, in Canada, and internationally, </li> <li>Increasing public awareness of genomics and its impact on society through education, dialogue on social and ethical issues, and public outreach programs. </li> </ul> <p><strong>Ontario Genomics Institute</strong><br /> <span class="greyBody">MaRS Centre, Heritage Building<br /> 101 College Street, Suite HL50<br /> Toronto, ON<br /> CANADA M5G 1L7<br /> Phone: 416-977-9582<br /> Fax: 416-977-8342<br /> E-mail: <script type="text/javascript">document.write('\u0069\u006e\u0066\u006f\u0040\u006f\u006e\u0074\u0061\u0072\u0069\u006f\u0067\u0065\u006e\u006f\u006d\u0069\u0063\u0073\u002e\u0063\u0061')</script><font color="#192168">info@ontariogenomics.ca</font></span></p> <p class="orangeHeader"><br /> <strong>President and ceo. 2008<br /> <span class="blueSubHeader" style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Christian Burks, PhD</span></strong><br /> President &amp; CEO<br /> Ontario Genomics Institute<br /> <font color="#192168">cburks@OntarioGenomics.ca</font><br /> 416-673-6598</p> <br /> cd8d86169bb3ab433dbf67e8e2350be931f5e5d7 2264 2008-12-16T18:19:22Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p class="orangeHeader"><a href="http://www.ontariogenomics.ca">http://www.ontariogenomics.ca</a></p> <strong>The Ontario Genomics Institute</strong> (OGI) was established in 2000 as a non-profit corporation with a mission to provide leadership for Ontario in helping build a globally-competitive life sciences sector by creating leverageable genomics resources with top-notch research. <p>OGI, one of six genome centres across Canada, is part of the new MaRS Discovery District, serving the innovation pipeline in Ontario. Working with Genome Canada, Ontario&rsquo;s Ministry of Research and Innovation (MRI), and other private and public sector partners, OGI currently oversees a $500 million portfolio of 33 leading-edge genomics and proteomics research projects as well as a world-class technology platform at The Centre for Applied Genomics (TCAG) based in Toronto.</p> <p>Ontario-led international projects, an important part of OGI&rsquo;s portfolio, are underway through: the Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC), a shared research initiative at the Universities of Oxford, Toronto and the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, Sweden; and the International Regulome Consortium (IRC), which includes scientists from Australia, Britain, Canada, France, the Netherlands, Singapore, and the U.S.; and a Genome Canada-Genoma Espa&ntilde;a initiative.</p> <p>OGI's three major roles are: </p> <ul> <li>Attracting investment for internationally recognized genomics-based or genomics-derived research that is of strategic importance to Ontario and all of the world, </li> <li>Accelerating the impact of genomics resources created through research to increase business development in Ontario, in Canada, and internationally, </li> <li>Increasing public awareness of genomics and its impact on society through education, dialogue on social and ethical issues, and public outreach programs. </li> </ul> <p><strong>Ontario Genomics Institute</strong><br /> <span class="greyBody">MaRS Centre, Heritage Building<br /> 101 College Street, Suite HL50<br /> Toronto, ON<br /> CANADA M5G 1L7<br /> Phone: 416-977-9582<br /> Fax: 416-977-8342<br /> E-mail: info@ontariogenomics.ca <p class="orangeHeader"><br /> <strong>President and ceo. 2008<br /> <span class="blueSubHeader" style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Christian Burks, PhD</span></strong><br /> President &amp; CEO<br /> Ontario Genomics Institute<br /> <font color="#192168">cburks@OntarioGenomics.ca</font><br /> 416-673-6598</p> <br /> 378350f720b5e9745130d0940ae5679b7b4a0e69 2265 2008-12-16T18:19:51Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p class="orangeHeader"><a href="http://www.ontariogenomics.ca">http://www.ontariogenomics.ca</a></p> <strong>The Ontario Genomics Institute</strong> (OGI) was established in 2000 as a non-profit corporation with a mission to provide leadership for Ontario in helping build a globally-competitive life sciences sector by creating leverageable genomics resources with top-notch research. <p>OGI, one of six genome centres across Canada, is part of the new MaRS Discovery District, serving the innovation pipeline in Ontario. Working with Genome Canada, Ontario&rsquo;s Ministry of Research and Innovation (MRI), and other private and public sector partners, OGI currently oversees a $500 million portfolio of 33 leading-edge genomics and proteomics research projects as well as a world-class technology platform at The Centre for Applied Genomics (TCAG) based in Toronto.</p> <p>Ontario-led international projects, an important part of OGI&rsquo;s portfolio, are underway through: the Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC), a shared research initiative at the Universities of Oxford, Toronto and the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, Sweden; and the International Regulome Consortium (IRC), which includes scientists from Australia, Britain, Canada, France, the Netherlands, Singapore, and the U.S.; and a Genome Canada-Genoma Espa&ntilde;a initiative.</p> <p>OGI's three major roles are: </p> <ul> <li>Attracting investment for internationally recognized genomics-based or genomics-derived research that is of strategic importance to Ontario and all of the world, </li> <li>Accelerating the impact of genomics resources created through research to increase business development in Ontario, in Canada, and internationally, </li> <li>Increasing public awareness of genomics and its impact on society through education, dialogue on social and ethical issues, and public outreach programs. </li> </ul> <p><strong>Ontario Genomics Institute</strong><br /> <span class="greyBody">MaRS Centre, Heritage Building<br /> 101 College Street, Suite HL50<br /> Toronto, ON<br /> CANADA M5G 1L7<br /> Phone: 416-977-9582<br /> Fax: 416-977-8342<br /> E-mail: info@ontariogenomics.ca </span></p><br> <strong>President and ceo. 2008<br /> <span class="blueSubHeader" style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Christian Burks, PhD</span></strong><br /> President &amp; CEO<br /> Ontario Genomics Institute<br /> <font color="#192168">cburks@OntarioGenomics.ca</font><br /> 416-673-6598</p> <br /> 0cb882c5bbc5f3d032fdda0f217acce0a2e6a747 0 1660 2267 2008-12-16T18:23:59Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">Genome and Genomics Art</font><br /> <br /> The artistic representation of genomes and genomics.<br /> 0605153cc3c4151fcfa00192994e832f8d78cbd7 0 1661 2268 2008-12-16T18:46:24Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki [http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/tech/2008/12/133_35578.html Korean Genome Publicized 20081204] 50f9c1098503d490e62ffccdb36553b7ec3fe446 2269 2008-12-16T18:46:40Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki 20081204 [http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/tech/2008/12/133_35578.html Korean Genome Publicized] dd9b2969f7e3597c86e768918c400973c57839d8 2270 2008-12-16T18:46:47Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki 20081204: [http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/tech/2008/12/133_35578.html Korean Genome Publicized] 648cb3fe04e7255450a508fbc5d2193c692be9f7 4 1500 2282 2008-12-24T20:53:43Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="3">Genomics.org is a portal site for enhancing the popularization of genomics application in societies.</font><br /> <br /> Genomics is particularly interested in common people understand and user genomics information in their everyday lives.<br /> <br /> The contents of Genomics.org is under BioLicense scheme. To know more about BioLicense, please visit: http://biolicense.org<br /> <br /> <font size="4">Genomics.org is dedicated to all the organisms on Earth.</font><br /> <br /> We aim to provide an [[openfree]] cyberspace to people, robots,&nbsp;and machines&nbsp;who want to know more about their biological identity.<br /> <br /> All the data, information, knowledge and multimedia on this sits is openfree under [[BioLicense]].<br /> <br /> Everyone and everything is welcome to share his/her/its information with others without any mental obstacles.<br /> <br /> <strong>How to contribute to Genomics.org project?</strong><br /> You can contribute your own genetic and genome information to any way you like. The only restriction is that any such material should not have any restriction in sharing with others.<br /> <br /> <strong>Who owns Genomics.org?<br /> </strong>It is you!<br /> <br /> <strong>Who are the founders of Genomics.org?<br /> </strong>It is you!&nbsp; <br /> Genomics.org is under [[BioOriginality]] principle. It means there is no one person or group who can claim the originality of the project.<br /> <br /> <hr width="100%" size="2" /> [http://biolicense.org/index.php/BioOriginality BioOriginality at BioLicense.org] <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> a73d73fbb72c67c7c89e4a7f288be7b02a9b34d4 0 1503 2283 2008-12-24T20:57:46Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5"><strong>BioOriginality Principle.<br /> <br /> </strong></font><font size="3">BioOriginality states that any original information materials are in fact the product of previous data, information and knowledge.&nbsp;<br /> Therefore, the origin of any kind of mental work can not be claimed and dedicated solely to one person.<br /> <font size="2"><em>* Here, bio means organic network transpassing time and space.</em></font><br /> <br /> This in practical terms means that there is<strong> no &quot;founding father&quot;</strong> for knowledge.&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> The term BioOriginality is tightly associated with <a title="BioLicense" href="http://biolicense.org/index.php/BioLicense">BioLicense</a>.<br /> <br /> In practice, if any web site, media,&nbsp;or an intellectual project on Earth&nbsp;is under BioLicense (hence under BioOriginality Principle), there is no <strong>'original'</strong> founder.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> Any present and future person/people is the &quot;<a title="Perpetual founder" href="http://biolicense.org/index.php/Perpetual_founder">perpetual founder</a>&quot; of the project. For example, the original BioPerl project license said that anyone who edited a single character of the BioPerl module becomes the owner and main participant of the BioPerl. Any active person in such a project is effectively the founder (as intellectual properties keep changing and even evolving).<br /> <br /> <strong>BioLicense is under BioLicense</strong>.&nbsp;<br /> Therefore, the founder of BioLicense, and any other projects that uses BioLicense,&nbsp;is YOU who is reading and contributing in anyway and affects the world in an indirect and direct way in the future.</font>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <strong><font size="5">See also</font></strong><br /> <font size="3">[http://biosophy.org/index.php/Biooriginality Biooriginality]: This is the prime site for biooriginality concept.<br /> [http://synthetivity.com Synthetivity.com]: Synthetivity is a term to replace creativity. Nothing is created in this universe but only synthesized.<br /> </font>[[BioLeader]]<br /> <br /> <hr /> [http://biopedia.org Biopedia.org] | [http://freescience.net FreeScience.net] | [http://biojustice.org Biojustice.org] | [http://biosociety.org Biosociety.org] 8e47be38b884ad4bbf40c9af2cbeed2082ef0de8 0 1665 2287 2009-01-05T13:43:48Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki A bioleader is an information processing object who/which voluntarily does much work on maintaining biological networks in the universe.<br /> <br /> Internet is one such biological network.<br /> <br /> [http://bioleader.com Bioleader.com]<br /> 9eaece851698107fc113114b417af4ec2ecfbb7b 0 1666 2288 2009-01-10T13:45:55Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><strong>Euchromatin</strong> is a lightly packed form of <a title="Chromatin" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatin"><font color="#000080">chromatin</font></a> that is rich in <a title="Gene" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"><font color="#000080">gene</font></a> concentration, and is often (but not always) under active <a title="Transcription (genetics)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_(genetics)"><font color="#000080">transcription</font></a>. Unlike <a title="Heterochromatin" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterochromatin"><font color="#000080">heterochromatin</font></a>, it is found in both <a class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryotes" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotes"><font color="#000080">eukaryotes</font></a> and <a class="mw-redirect" title="Prokaryotes" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokaryotes"><font color="#000080">prokaryotes</font></a>. Euchromatin comprises the most active portion of the genome within the cell nucleus.</p> <p><a id="Structure" name="Structure"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Structure</span></h2> <p>The structure of euchromatin is reminiscient of an unfolded set of beads along a string, where those beads represent <a class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleosomes" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleosomes"><font color="#000080">nucleosomes</font></a>. Nucleosomes consist of eight proteins known as <a class="mw-redirect" title="Histones" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histones"><font color="#000080">histones</font></a>, with approximately 147 <a class="mw-redirect" title="Base pairs" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_pairs"><font color="#000080">base pairs</font></a> of <a title="DNA" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA"><font color="#000080">DNA</font></a> wound around them; in euchromatin this wrapping is loose so that the raw DNA may be accessed. Each core histone possesses a `tail' structure which can vary in several ways; it is thought that these variations act as &quot;master control switches&quot; which determine the overall arrangement of the chromatin. In particular, it is believed that the presence of methylated lysine 4 on the histone tails acts as a general marker for euchromatin.</p> <p><a id="Appearance" name="Appearance"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Appearance</span></h2> <p>Euchromatin generally appears as light-colored bands when stained in <a class="new" title="GTG banding (page does not exist)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GTG_banding&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1"><font color="#000080">GTG banding</font></a> and observed under an <a title="Microscope" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscope"><font color="#000080">optical microscope</font></a>; in contrast to <a title="Heterochromatin" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterochromatin"><font color="#000080">heterochromatin</font></a>, which stains darkly. This lighter staining is due to the less compact structure of euchromatin. It should be noted that in <a class="mw-redirect" title="Prokaryotes" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokaryotes"><font color="#000080">prokaryotes</font></a>, euchromatin is the <em>only</em> form of chromatin present; this indicates that the heterochromatin structure evolved later along with the <a title="Cell nucleus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_nucleus"><font color="#000080">nucleus</font></a>, possibly as a mechanism to handle increasing genome size</p> <p><a id="Function" name="Function"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Function</span></h2> <p>Euchromatin participates in the active transcription of DNA to <a class="mw-redirect" title="MRNA" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRNA"><font color="#000080">mRNA</font></a> products. The unfolded structure allows gene regulatory proteins and <a title="RNA polymerase" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_polymerase"><font color="#000080">RNA polymerase</font></a> complexes to bind to the DNA sequence, which can then initiate the transcription process. Not all euchromatin is necessarily transcribed, but in general that which is not is transformed into <a title="Heterochromatin" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterochromatin"><font color="#000080">heterochromatin</font></a> to protect the genes while they are not in use. There is therefore a direct link to how actively productive a cell is and the amount of euchromatin that can be found in its nucleus. It is thought that the cell uses transformation from euchromatin into heterochromatin as a method of controlling gene expression and replication, since such processes behave differently on densely compacted chromatin- this is known as the `accessibility hypothesis'. One example of constitutive euchromatin that is 'always turned on' is <a class="mw-redirect" title="Housekeeping genes" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housekeeping_genes"><font color="#000080">housekeeping genes</font></a>, which codes for the proteins needed for basic functions of cell survival.</p> <p><a id="External_links_and_references" name="External_links_and_references"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">External links and references</span></h2> <p><a class="external free" title="http://www.euchromatin.net/" href="http://www.euchromatin.net/" rel="nofollow"><font color="#000080">http://www.euchromatin.net/</font></a></p> <ul> <li><a class="external text" title="http://chromatin.co.uk/Euchromatin.html" href="http://chromatin.co.uk/Euchromatin.html" rel="nofollow"><font color="#000080">Research news in Euchromatin</font></a> </li> <li><cite class="Journal" id="CITEREFZheng_C.2C_Hayes_J2003" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Zheng C, Hayes J (2003). &quot;Structures and interactions of the core histone tail domains.&quot;. <em>Biopolymers</em> <strong>68</strong> (4): 539&ndash;46. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#000080">doi</font></a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fbip.10303" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fbip.10303" rel="nofollow"><font color="#000080">10.1002/bip.10303</font></a></span>. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12666178" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12666178"><font color="#000080">PMID 12666178</font></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Structures+and+interactions+of+the+core+histone+tail+domains.&amp;rft.jtitle=Biopolymers&amp;rft.aulast=Zheng+C%2C+Hayes+J&amp;rft.au=Zheng+C%2C+Hayes+J&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=68&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=539%E2%80%9346&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1002%2Fbip.10303&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12666178&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Euchromatin"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li><cite class="Journal" id="CITEREFMuegge_K2003" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Muegge K (2003). &quot;Modifications of histone cores and tails in V(D)J recombination.&quot;. <em>Genome Biol</em> <strong>4</strong> (4): 211. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#000080">doi</font></a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2Fgb-2003-4-4-211" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2Fgb-2003-4-4-211" rel="nofollow"><font color="#000080">10.1186/gb-2003-4-4-211</font></a></span>. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12702201" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12702201"><font color="#000080">PMID 12702201</font></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Modifications+of+histone+cores+and+tails+in+V%28D%29J+recombination.&amp;rft.jtitle=Genome+Biol&amp;rft.aulast=Muegge+K&amp;rft.au=Muegge+K&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=4&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=211&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1186%2Fgb-2003-4-4-211&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12702201&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Euchromatin"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> <a class="external text" title="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=154571" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=154571" rel="nofollow"><font color="#000080">Article</font></a> </li> <li><a title="Boston University" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_University"><font color="#000080">Histology at BU</font></a> <em><a class="external text" title="http://www.bu.edu/histology/p/20102loa.htm" href="http://www.bu.edu/histology/p/20102loa.htm" rel="nofollow"><font color="#000080">20102loa</font></a></em> </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> 6449d527d7fe50bc276f074ce20adaf2f58c6b52 0 1667 2290 2009-01-10T14:35:31Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><strong>Psychogenomics</strong> is the genomics branch where psychological phenotypes are mapped to genotypes and genotypic variations such as SNPs and CNVs. Psychological and behavioral phenotypes are difficult to quantify. By using genotypes and their variations, it is possible to quantify medically and associate the genotypic elements to psychology.</p> <p>A psychological and behavioral disorder such as addiction can be traced to a set of genes and proteins. By applying next generation sequencers(NGS), researchers can map psychological features to genetic elements.</p> <p><a id="See_also" name="See_also"></a></p> <h3><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">See also</span></h3> <ul> <li>[[Personal genomics]]</li> <li>[[Personalized medicine]]</li> </ul> <br /> <strong>External sites</strong><br /> [[http://psychogenomics.org Psychogenomics.org] a1991ca4fa2af30ca7916c0c19a705ba03e199a0 0 1668 2291 2009-01-10T14:37:12Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><strong>Personal genomics</strong> is a branch of genomics where individual genomes are genotyped and analyzed using bioinformatics tools. It is also related to traditional population genetics. The genotyping stage can have many different experimental approaches including <a class="mw-redirect" title="Single nucleotide polymorphism" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_nucleotide_polymorphism">single nucleotide polymorphism</a> (SNP) chips (typically 0.02% of the genome), or partial or full <a title="DNA sequencing" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing">genome sequencing</a>. Once the genotypes are known, there are many bioinformatics analysis tools that can compare individual genomes and find disease association of the genes and loci. The most important aspect of personal genomics is that it leads to the personal medicine where patients can take genotype specific drugs for medical treatments.</p> <p>Personal genomics is not a single individual's vision or invention. Many researchers for decades anticipated this biological branch will eventually arrive with minimum cost of genotyping. Due to the advent of cheap and fast sequencers, full genome personal genomics is becoming a reality. However, there have been active early proponents of personal genomics projects such as <a title="George Church" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church">George Church</a> in Harvard Medical School.</p> <p><a title="Genomics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics">Genomics</a> used to mean academic research on consensus genomes which have been assembled from many different individuals of a particular species. The personal genomics changes this into customized bioinformatic discovery on individuals.</p> <table summary="Contents" class="toc" id="toc"> <tbody> <tr> <td><br /> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><a id="Use_of_personal_genomics_in_personalized_medicine" name="Use_of_personal_genomics_in_personalized_medicine"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">Use of personal genomics in personalized medicine</span></h2> <p>Personalized medicine is the use of the information produced by personal genomics techniques when deciding what medical treatments are appropriate for a particular individual.</p> <p>An example of the use of personalized medicine is in selecting which drug to prescribe to a patient. The drug should be chosen to maximize the probability of obtaining the desired result in the patient and minimizing the probability that the patient will experience side effects.</p> <p>The probabilities of obtaining the desired result and of experiencing side effects are both dependent on information that can be obtained by analysis of the patient&rsquo;s genome.</p> <p>Genomics is itself a rapidly developing field. As new techniques are developed in genomics it is likely that some of them will be applied in personal genomics and personalized medicine.</p> <p><a id="Cost_of_sequencing_an_individual.E2.80.99s_genome" name="Cost_of_sequencing_an_individual.E2.80.99s_genome"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">Cost of sequencing an individual&rsquo;s genome</span></h2> <p>There is currently great interest in personal genomics. This is being fuelled by the rapid drop in the cost of sequencing a human genome. This drop in cost is due to the continual development of new, faster, cheaper DNA sequencing technologies such as <a title="DNA sequencing" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#New_sequencing_methods">&quot;next generation DNA sequencing&quot;</a>.</p> <p>The National Human Genome Research Institute, part of the U.S. National Institute of Health has set a target to be able to sequence a human-sized genome for US$100,000 by 2009 and US$1,000 by 2014<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_genomics#cite_note-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup>. There is a widespread belief that within 10 years the cost of sequencing a human genome will fall to $1,000.</p> <p>There are 6 billion base pairs in the diploid human genome. Statistical analysis reveals that a coverage of approximately ten times is required to get coverage of both alleles in 90% human genome from 25 base-pair reads with shotgun sequencing<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_genomics#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup>. This means a total of 60 billion base pairs that must be sequenced. An <a title="Applied Biosystems" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_Biosystems">ABI SOLiD</a>, <a title="Illumina (company)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illumina_%28company%29">Illumina</a> or Helicos<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_genomics#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> sequencing machine can sequence 2 to 10 billion base pairs in each $8,000 to $18,000 run. The purchase cost, personnel costs and data processing costs must also be taken into account. Sequencing a human genome therefore costs approximately $300,000 in 2008.</p> <p>This cost is still too high for governments to introduce programs into health services to sequence the genomes of all individuals in a country. However, it may be viable when it falls below $1,000, and the cost of sequencing a human genome is dropping rapidly. For example, approximately 1 million babies are born in Canada each year. To sequence all of their genomes would cost approximately $1 billion per year, or just 1% of Canada&rsquo;s total healthcare budget.</p> <p><a id="Comparative_genomics" name="Comparative_genomics"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">Comparative genomics</span></h2> <p><a title="Comparative genomics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_genomics">Comparative genomics</a> analysis is concerned with characterising the differences and similarities between whole genomes. It may be applied to both genomes from individuals from different species or individuals from the same species, generally at lower cost than sequencing from scratch. In personal genomics and personalized medicine, we are concerned with comparing the genomes of different humans. It is likely that many of the techniques which are developed in comparative genomic analysis will be useful in personal genomics and personalized medicine. This includes rare and common <a class="mw-redirect" title="Single nucleotide polymorphisms" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_nucleotide_polymorphisms">Single nucleotide polymorphisms</a> (consisting substituting one base pair by another, for example CATGCCGG to CATGACGG), as well as insertion or deletion of one or many base pairs.</p> <p><a id="Personalized_medicine_services_already_available" name="Personalized_medicine_services_already_available"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline">Personalized medicine services already available</span></h2> <p>At least four companies which offer genome-wide personal genomics services already exist. They are likely to be the first of many.</p> <ul> <li><a title="23andMe" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/23andMe">23andMe</a> sells mail order kits for <a title="SNP genotyping" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNP_genotyping">SNP genotyping</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_genomics#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup>. The $399 kit contains everything a patient needs to take their own saliva sample. The patient then mails the sample to 23andMe who carry out microarray analysis on it. This provides genotype information for about 600,000 SNPs. This information is used to estimate the genetic risk of the patient for over 80 diseases as well as ancestry analyses.</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a title="DeCODE genetics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeCODE_genetics">deCODEme.com</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_genomics#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> offers a similar service to 23andMe, charging $985 to carry out an analysis of approximately 1 million SNPs and estimate the risk of 29 diseases.</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a title="Navigenics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigenics">Navigenics</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_genomics#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup>, began offering SNP-based genomic risk assessments as of April 2008. Navigenics is medically focused and emphasizes a clinician's and genetic counselor's role in interpreting results. Currently over 20 disease are offered for $2500, with more in the works. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_genomics#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup>. Navigenics uses Affymetrix Genome-Wide Human SNP Array 6.0 , which tests some 900,000 SNPs. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_genomics#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup></li> </ul> <ul> <li>Knome,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_genomics#cite_note-8"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> provides whole genome (98% genome) sequencing services for $350,000. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_genomics#cite_note-9"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_genomics#cite_note-10"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" title="http://www.promethease.com" class="external text" href="http://www.promethease.com/">Promethease</a> is a free program that uses all the information generated by companies like those mentioned above to prepare a personal report based on analyzing personal DNA data in light of all the information in <a rel="nofollow" title="http://www.SNPedia.com" class="external text" href="http://www.snpedia.com/">SNPedia</a>, the wiki of SNP data from scientific and medical articles</li> </ul> <p><a id="Ethical_issues" name="Ethical_issues"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">Ethical issues</span></h2> <p>While personalized medicine will certainly be a great asset to healthcare, it opens up several ethical issues which will need to be thought about carefully. No doubt there will be a huge amount of debate concerning the ethics of personalised medicine in the coming years.</p> <p><a title="Genetic discrimination" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_discrimination">Genetic discrimination</a> is discriminating on the grounds of information obtained from an individual&rsquo;s genome. Genetic non-discrimination laws have been enacted in most US states and, at the federal level, by the <a title="Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_Information_Nondiscrimination_Act">Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act</a> (GINA).</p> <p>The likelihood of an individual developing breast cancer is affected by which alleles they have of particular genes. Screening can reveal breast cancer in the early stages, allowing it to be successfully treated. 50% of breast cancers occur in the 12% of the population who are at greatest risk. This poses a very difficult question for health services: Is it ethical to deny somebody free screening for a disease if they are genetically at low risk of developing that disease?</p> <p><a id="See_also" name="See_also"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">See also</span></h2> <ul> <li><a title="Human genome map" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_genome_map">Human genome map</a></li> <li><a class="mw-redirect" title="Single nucleotide polymorphism" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_nucleotide_polymorphism">Single nucleotide polymorphism</a></li> <li><a title="Population genomics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_genomics">Population genomics</a></li> <li><a title="Bioinformatics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a></li> <li><a title="Genomics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics">Genomics</a></li> <li><a title="Systems biology" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_biology">Systems biology</a></li> <li><a class="mw-redirect" title="Transcriptomics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcriptomics">Transcriptomics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-redirect" title="Omics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omics">Omics</a></li> </ul> <p><a id="References" name="References"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <div class="references-small"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-0"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_genomics#cite_ref-0">^</a></strong> <a rel="nofollow" title="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/03/0307_060307_dna.html" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/03/0307_060307_dna.html">Coming Soon: Your Personal DNA Map?</a></li> <li id="cite_note-1"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_genomics#cite_ref-1">^</a></strong> <a rel="nofollow" title="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v452/n7189/extref/nature06884-s1.pdf" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v452/n7189/extref/nature06884-s1.pdf">Table 4. Fractions of Heterozygotes as a function of Shotgun coverage(redundancy)</a></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_genomics#cite_ref-2">^</a></strong> <a rel="nofollow" title="http://www.helicosbio.com/Technology/TrueSingleMoleculeSequencingtrade/tabid/64/Default.aspx" class="external text" href="http://www.helicosbio.com/Technology/TrueSingleMoleculeSequencingtrade/tabid/64/Default.aspx">True Single Molecule Sequencing (tSMS): Helicos BioSciences</a></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_genomics#cite_ref-3">^</a></strong> <a rel="nofollow" title="https://www.23andme.com/ourservice/process/" class="external text" href="https://www.23andme.com/ourservice/process/">23andMe - Our Service: How the Process Works</a></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_genomics#cite_ref-4">^</a></strong> <a rel="nofollow" title="http://www.decodeme.com/" class="external text" href="http://www.decodeme.com/">deCODEme, unlock your DNA</a></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_genomics#cite_ref-5">^</a></strong> <a rel="nofollow" title="http://www.navigenics.com/" class="external text" href="http://www.navigenics.com/">Navigenics - Personalized genetic health services</a></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_genomics#cite_ref-6">^</a></strong> <a rel="nofollow" title="http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/358/2/105" class="external text" href="http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/358/2/105">NEJM - Letting the Genome out of the Bottle - Will We Get Our Wish?</a></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_genomics#cite_ref-7">^</a></strong> <a rel="nofollow" title="http://www.navigenics.com/healthcompass/HowProcessWorks/" class="external free" href="http://www.navigenics.com/healthcompass/HowProcessWorks/">http://www.navigenics.com/healthcompass/HowProcessWorks/</a></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_genomics#cite_ref-8">^</a></strong> <a rel="nofollow" title="http://www.knome.com/" class="external text" href="http://www.knome.com/">Knome homepage</a></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_genomics#cite_ref-9">^</a></strong> <a rel="nofollow" title="http://www.knome.com/FAQ/tabid/51818/Default.aspx" class="external text" href="http://www.knome.com/FAQ/tabid/51818/Default.aspx">Knome FAQ</a></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_genomics#cite_ref-10">^</a></strong> <a rel="nofollow" title="http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/04/health/research/04geno.html?_r=1&amp;adxnnl=1&amp;oref=slogin&amp;adxnnlx=1217772475-+MgNWGgVZmU6mG58Fc5HJQ" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/04/health/research/04geno.html?_r=1&amp;adxnnl=1&amp;oref=slogin&amp;adxnnlx=1217772475-+MgNWGgVZmU6mG58Fc5HJQ">The DNA Age: Gene Map Becomes a Luxury Item, New York Times, March 2008</a></li> </ol> </div> <p><a id="External_links" name="External_links"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" title="http://personalgenome.org" class="external text" href="http://personalgenome.org/">Personalgenome.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" title="http://personalgenome.net" class="external text" href="http://personalgenome.net/">Personalgenome.net</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" title="http://genomics.org" class="external text" href="../../">Genomics.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" title="http://www.personomics.wordpress.com" class="external text" href="http://www.personomics.wordpress.com/">Personal Genomics Blog</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" title="http://www.snpedia.com" class="external text" href="http://www.snpedia.com/">SNPedia</a></li> </ul> 8d640ccf53bab483218fad4ec5f3d3158189d228 2292 2009-01-10T14:38:05Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><strong>Personal genomics</strong> is a branch of genomics where individual genomes are genotyped and analyzed using bioinformatics tools. It is also related to traditional population genetics. The genotyping stage can have many different experimental approaches including single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) chips (typically 0.02% of the genome), or partial or full genome sequencing. Once the genotypes are known, there are many bioinformatics analysis tools that can compare individual genomes and find disease association of the genes and loci. The most important aspect of personal genomics is that it leads to the personal medicine where patients can take genotype specific drugs for medical treatments.</p> <p>Personal genomics is not a single individual's vision or invention. Many researchers for decades anticipated this biological branch will eventually arrive with minimum cost of genotyping. Due to the advent of cheap and fast sequencers, full genome personal genomics is becoming a reality. However, there have been active early proponents of personal genomics projects such as George Church in Harvard Medical School.</p> <p>Genomics used to mean academic research on consensus genomes which have been assembled from many different individuals of a particular species. The personal genomics changes this into customized bioinformatic discovery on individuals.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">Use of personal genomics in personalized medicine</span></h2> <p>Personalized medicine is the use of the information produced by personal genomics techniques when deciding what medical treatments are appropriate for a particular individual.</p> <p>An example of the use of personalized medicine is in selecting which drug to prescribe to a patient. The drug should be chosen to maximize the probability of obtaining the desired result in the patient and minimizing the probability that the patient will experience side effects.</p> <p>The probabilities of obtaining the desired result and of experiencing side effects are both dependent on information that can be obtained by analysis of the patient&rsquo;s genome.</p> <p>Genomics is itself a rapidly developing field. As new techniques are developed in genomics it is likely that some of them will be applied in personal genomics and personalized medicine.</p> <p><a id="Cost_of_sequencing_an_individual.E2.80.99s_genome" name="Cost_of_sequencing_an_individual.E2.80.99s_genome"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">Cost of sequencing an individual&rsquo;s genome</span></h2> <p>There is currently great interest in personal genomics. This is being fuelled by the rapid drop in the cost of sequencing a human genome. This drop in cost is due to the continual development of new, faster, cheaper DNA sequencing technologies such as &quot;next generation DNA sequencing&quot;.</p> <p>The National Human Genome Research Institute, part of the U.S. National Institute of Health has set a target to be able to sequence a human-sized genome for US$100,000 by 2009 and US$1,000 by 2014<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></sup>. There is a widespread belief that within 10 years the cost of sequencing a human genome will fall to $1,000.</p> <p>There are 6 billion base pairs in the diploid human genome. Statistical analysis reveals that a coverage of approximately ten times is required to get coverage of both alleles in 90% human genome from 25 base-pair reads with shotgun sequencing<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></sup>. This means a total of 60 billion base pairs that must be sequenced. An ABI SOLiD, Illumina or Helicos<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></sup> sequencing machine can sequence 2 to 10 billion base pairs in each $8,000 to $18,000 run. The purchase cost, personnel costs and data processing costs must also be taken into account. Sequencing a human genome therefore costs approximately $300,000 in 2008.</p> <p>This cost is still too high for governments to introduce programs into health services to sequence the genomes of all individuals in a country. However, it may be viable when it falls below $1,000, and the cost of sequencing a human genome is dropping rapidly. For example, approximately 1 million babies are born in Canada each year. To sequence all of their genomes would cost approximately $1 billion per year, or just 1% of Canada&rsquo;s total healthcare budget.</p> <p><a id="Comparative_genomics" name="Comparative_genomics"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">Comparative genomics</span></h2> <p>Comparative genomics analysis is concerned with characterising the differences and similarities between whole genomes. It may be applied to both genomes from individuals from different species or individuals from the same species, generally at lower cost than sequencing from scratch. In personal genomics and personalized medicine, we are concerned with comparing the genomes of different humans. It is likely that many of the techniques which are developed in comparative genomic analysis will be useful in personal genomics and personalized medicine. This includes rare and common Single nucleotide polymorphisms (consisting substituting one base pair by another, for example CATGCCGG to CATGACGG), as well as insertion or deletion of one or many base pairs.</p> <p><a id="Personalized_medicine_services_already_available" name="Personalized_medicine_services_already_available"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">Personalized medicine services already available</span></h2> <p>At least four companies which offer genome-wide personal genomics services already exist. They are likely to be the first of many.</p> <ul> <li>23andMe sells mail order kits for SNP genotyping<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></sup>. The $399 kit contains everything a patient needs to take their own saliva sample. The patient then mails the sample to 23andMe who carry out microarray analysis on it. This provides genotype information for about 600,000 SNPs. This information is used to estimate the genetic risk of the patient for over 80 diseases as well as ancestry analyses. </li> </ul> <ul> <li>deCODEme.com<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></sup> offers a similar service to 23andMe, charging $985 to carry out an analysis of approximately 1 million SNPs and estimate the risk of 29 diseases. </li> </ul> <ul> <li>Navigenics<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></sup>, began offering SNP-based genomic risk assessments as of April 2008. Navigenics is medically focused and emphasizes a clinician's and genetic counselor's role in interpreting results. Currently over 20 disease are offered for $2500, with more in the works. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></sup>. Navigenics uses Affymetrix Genome-Wide Human SNP Array 6.0 , which tests some 900,000 SNPs. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></sup> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>Knome,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></sup> provides whole genome (98% genome) sequencing services for $350,000. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></sup> </li> <li>Promethease is a free program that uses all the information generated by companies like those mentioned above to prepare a personal report based on analyzing personal DNA data in light of all the information in SNPedia, the wiki of SNP data from scientific and medical articles </li> </ul> <p><a id="Ethical_issues" name="Ethical_issues"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">Ethical issues</span></h2> <p>While personalized medicine will certainly be a great asset to healthcare, it opens up several ethical issues which will need to be thought about carefully. No doubt there will be a huge amount of debate concerning the ethics of personalised medicine in the coming years.</p> <p>Genetic discrimination is discriminating on the grounds of information obtained from an individual&rsquo;s genome. Genetic non-discrimination laws have been enacted in most US states and, at the federal level, by the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA).</p> <p>The likelihood of an individual developing breast cancer is affected by which alleles they have of particular genes. Screening can reveal breast cancer in the early stages, allowing it to be successfully treated. 50% of breast cancers occur in the 12% of the population who are at greatest risk. This poses a very difficult question for health services: Is it ethical to deny somebody free screening for a disease if they are genetically at low risk of developing that disease?</p> <p><a id="See_also" name="See_also"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">See also</span></h2> <ul> <li>Human genome map </li> <li>Single nucleotide polymorphism </li> <li>Population genomics </li> <li>Bioinformatics </li> <li>Genomics </li> <li>Systems biology </li> <li>Transcriptomics </li> <li>Omics </li> </ul> <p><a id="References" name="References"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <div class="references-small"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-0"><strong>^</strong> Coming Soon: Your Personal DNA Map? </li> <li id="cite_note-1"><strong>^</strong> Table 4. Fractions of Heterozygotes as a function of Shotgun coverage(redundancy) </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><strong>^</strong> True Single Molecule Sequencing (tSMS): Helicos BioSciences </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><strong>^</strong> 23andMe - Our Service: How the Process Works </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><strong>^</strong> deCODEme, unlock your DNA </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><strong>^</strong> Navigenics - Personalized genetic health services </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><strong>^</strong> NEJM - Letting the Genome out of the Bottle - Will We Get Our Wish? </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><strong>^</strong> http://www.navigenics.com/healthcompass/HowProcessWorks/ </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><strong>^</strong> Knome homepage </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><strong>^</strong> Knome FAQ </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><strong>^</strong> The DNA Age: Gene Map Becomes a Luxury Item, New York Times, March 2008 </li> </ol> </div> <p><a id="External_links" name="External_links"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" title="http://personalgenome.org" rel="nofollow" href="http://personalgenome.org/">Personalgenome.org</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://personalgenome.net" rel="nofollow" href="http://personalgenome.net/">Personalgenome.net</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://genomics.org" rel="nofollow" href="../../">Genomics.org</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.personomics.wordpress.com" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.personomics.wordpress.com/">Personal Genomics Blog</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.snpedia.com" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.snpedia.com/">SNPedia</a> </li> <li>[http://psychogenomics.org Psychogenomics.org]</li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> 679cc3b16bfeb55a97adfe358cfc8c5747f40efc 2293 2009-01-10T14:38:33Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><strong>Personal genomics</strong> is a branch of genomics where individual genomes are genotyped and analyzed using bioinformatics tools. It is also related to traditional population genetics. The genotyping stage can have many different experimental approaches including single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) chips (typically 0.02% of the genome), or partial or full genome sequencing. Once the genotypes are known, there are many bioinformatics analysis tools that can compare individual genomes and find disease association of the genes and loci. The most important aspect of personal genomics is that it leads to the personal medicine where patients can take genotype specific drugs for medical treatments.</p> <p>Personal genomics is not a single individual's vision or invention. Many researchers for decades anticipated this biological branch will eventually arrive with minimum cost of genotyping. Due to the advent of cheap and fast sequencers, full genome personal genomics is becoming a reality. However, there have been active early proponents of personal genomics projects such as George Church in Harvard Medical School.</p> <p>Genomics used to mean academic research on consensus genomes which have been assembled from many different individuals of a particular species. The personal genomics changes this into customized bioinformatic discovery on individuals.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">Use of personal genomics in personalized medicine</span></h2> <p>Personalized medicine is the use of the information produced by personal genomics techniques when deciding what medical treatments are appropriate for a particular individual.</p> <p>An example of the use of personalized medicine is in selecting which drug to prescribe to a patient. The drug should be chosen to maximize the probability of obtaining the desired result in the patient and minimizing the probability that the patient will experience side effects.</p> <p>The probabilities of obtaining the desired result and of experiencing side effects are both dependent on information that can be obtained by analysis of the patient&rsquo;s genome.</p> <p>Genomics is itself a rapidly developing field. As new techniques are developed in genomics it is likely that some of them will be applied in personal genomics and personalized medicine.</p> <p><a id="Cost_of_sequencing_an_individual.E2.80.99s_genome" name="Cost_of_sequencing_an_individual.E2.80.99s_genome"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">Cost of sequencing an individual&rsquo;s genome</span></h2> <p>There is currently great interest in personal genomics. This is being fuelled by the rapid drop in the cost of sequencing a human genome. This drop in cost is due to the continual development of new, faster, cheaper DNA sequencing technologies such as &quot;next generation DNA sequencing&quot;.</p> <p>The National Human Genome Research Institute, part of the U.S. National Institute of Health has set a target to be able to sequence a human-sized genome for US$100,000 by 2009 and US$1,000 by 2014<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></sup>. There is a widespread belief that within 10 years the cost of sequencing a human genome will fall to $1,000.</p> <p>There are 6 billion base pairs in the diploid human genome. Statistical analysis reveals that a coverage of approximately ten times is required to get coverage of both alleles in 90% human genome from 25 base-pair reads with shotgun sequencing<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></sup>. This means a total of 60 billion base pairs that must be sequenced. An ABI SOLiD, Illumina or Helicos<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></sup> sequencing machine can sequence 2 to 10 billion base pairs in each $8,000 to $18,000 run. The purchase cost, personnel costs and data processing costs must also be taken into account. Sequencing a human genome therefore costs approximately $300,000 in 2008.</p> <p>This cost is still too high for governments to introduce programs into health services to sequence the genomes of all individuals in a country. However, it may be viable when it falls below $1,000, and the cost of sequencing a human genome is dropping rapidly. For example, approximately 1 million babies are born in Canada each year. To sequence all of their genomes would cost approximately $1 billion per year, or just 1% of Canada&rsquo;s total healthcare budget.</p> <p><a id="Comparative_genomics" name="Comparative_genomics"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">Comparative genomics</span></h2> <p>Comparative genomics analysis is concerned with characterising the differences and similarities between whole genomes. It may be applied to both genomes from individuals from different species or individuals from the same species, generally at lower cost than sequencing from scratch. In personal genomics and personalized medicine, we are concerned with comparing the genomes of different humans. It is likely that many of the techniques which are developed in comparative genomic analysis will be useful in personal genomics and personalized medicine. This includes rare and common Single nucleotide polymorphisms (consisting substituting one base pair by another, for example CATGCCGG to CATGACGG), as well as insertion or deletion of one or many base pairs.</p> <p><a id="Personalized_medicine_services_already_available" name="Personalized_medicine_services_already_available"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">Personalized medicine services already available</span></h2> <p>At least four companies which offer genome-wide personal genomics services already exist. They are likely to be the first of many.</p> <ul> <li>23andMe sells mail order kits for SNP genotyping<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></sup>. The $399 kit contains everything a patient needs to take their own saliva sample. The patient then mails the sample to 23andMe who carry out microarray analysis on it. This provides genotype information for about 600,000 SNPs. This information is used to estimate the genetic risk of the patient for over 80 diseases as well as ancestry analyses. </li> </ul> <ul> <li>deCODEme.com<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></sup> offers a similar service to 23andMe, charging $985 to carry out an analysis of approximately 1 million SNPs and estimate the risk of 29 diseases. </li> </ul> <ul> <li>Navigenics<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></sup>, began offering SNP-based genomic risk assessments as of April 2008. Navigenics is medically focused and emphasizes a clinician's and genetic counselor's role in interpreting results. Currently over 20 disease are offered for $2500, with more in the works. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></sup>. Navigenics uses Affymetrix Genome-Wide Human SNP Array 6.0 , which tests some 900,000 SNPs. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></sup> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>Knome,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></sup> provides whole genome (98% genome) sequencing services for $350,000. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></sup> </li> <li>Promethease is a free program that uses all the information generated by companies like those mentioned above to prepare a personal report based on analyzing personal DNA data in light of all the information in SNPedia, the wiki of SNP data from scientific and medical articles </li> </ul> <p><a id="Ethical_issues" name="Ethical_issues"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">Ethical issues</span></h2> <p>While personalized medicine will certainly be a great asset to healthcare, it opens up several ethical issues which will need to be thought about carefully. No doubt there will be a huge amount of debate concerning the ethics of personalised medicine in the coming years.</p> <p>Genetic discrimination is discriminating on the grounds of information obtained from an individual&rsquo;s genome. Genetic non-discrimination laws have been enacted in most US states and, at the federal level, by the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA).</p> <p>The likelihood of an individual developing breast cancer is affected by which alleles they have of particular genes. Screening can reveal breast cancer in the early stages, allowing it to be successfully treated. 50% of breast cancers occur in the 12% of the population who are at greatest risk. This poses a very difficult question for health services: Is it ethical to deny somebody free screening for a disease if they are genetically at low risk of developing that disease?</p> <p><a id="See_also" name="See_also"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">See also</span></h2> <ul> <li>Human genome map </li> <li>Single nucleotide polymorphism </li> <li>Population genomics </li> <li>Bioinformatics </li> <li>Genomics </li> <li>Systems biology </li> <li>Transcriptomics </li> <li>Omics </li> </ul> <p><a id="References" name="References"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <div class="references-small"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-0"><strong>^</strong> Coming Soon: Your Personal DNA Map? </li> <li id="cite_note-1"><strong>^</strong> Table 4. Fractions of Heterozygotes as a function of Shotgun coverage(redundancy) </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><strong>^</strong> True Single Molecule Sequencing (tSMS): Helicos BioSciences </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><strong>^</strong> 23andMe - Our Service: How the Process Works </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><strong>^</strong> deCODEme, unlock your DNA </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><strong>^</strong> Navigenics - Personalized genetic health services </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><strong>^</strong> NEJM - Letting the Genome out of the Bottle - Will We Get Our Wish? </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><strong>^</strong> http://www.navigenics.com/healthcompass/HowProcessWorks/ </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><strong>^</strong> Knome homepage </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><strong>^</strong> Knome FAQ </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><strong>^</strong> The DNA Age: Gene Map Becomes a Luxury Item, New York Times, March 2008 </li> </ol> </div> <p><a id="External_links" name="External_links"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" title="http://personalgenome.org" rel="nofollow" href="http://personalgenome.org/">Personalgenome.org</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://personalgenome.net" rel="nofollow" href="http://personalgenome.net/">Personalgenome.net</a> </li> <li>[http://publicgenomics.org Publicgenomics.org]</li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.personomics.wordpress.com" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.personomics.wordpress.com/">Personal Genomics Blog</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.snpedia.com" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.snpedia.com/">SNPedia</a> </li> <li>[http://psychogenomics.org Psychogenomics.org] </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> 7f882e9586fee8edbd9e8972154e4694053b07bd 0 1618 2298 2009-01-10T15:26:57Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <br /> <p><font size="3">Getting our own genome information should be free eventually.<br /> <br /> All the babies have the right to know their genome information.</font></p> Genome analysis tools are provided openfreely.<br /> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><br /> </p> <hr /> See also: [http://freegenome.org FreeGenome.org] 5ffafedd592460d5c8b8d8fa90099a73c8afa65a 0 1669 2303 2009-01-10T15:38:45Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki Demogenomics is the genomics study of human populations.<br /> <br /> It also means democratic genomics that endorses equal and fair genomics application to anyone on Earth regardless of his/her racial and social background. d460090d708f9ca2c287a578eeda5850521e5177 2305 2009-01-11T01:25:34Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki Demogenomics is the genomics study of human populations in a society, a country, and the world.<br /> <br /> It also means democratic genomics that endorses equal and fair genomics application to anyone on Earth regardless of his/her racial and social background.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <br /> <font size="3"><strong>See also</strong><br /> [[Demogenome]]</font><br /> <font size="3">Agrogenomics<br /> Autogenomics<br /> Chemicogenomics | Chemogenomics | Chemgenomics<br /> Demogenomics<br /> Ecogenomics<br /> Econogenomics<br /> Equigenomics<br /> Immunogenomics<br /> Metagenomics<br /> Microgenomics<br /> Mycogenomics<br /> Nanogenomics<br /> Neurogenomics<br /> Omnigenomics<br /> Oncogenomics<br /> Phytogenomics<br /> Psychogenomics<br /> Supergenomics<br /> <br /> <strong>External domains</strong><br /> [http://genomics.org Genomics.org]<br /> </font> ecb5dd20ede9e4c9011e340583609f99670d8942 2306 2009-01-11T01:29:05Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki Demogenomics is the genomics study of human populations in a society, a country, and the world.<br /> <br /> It also means democratic genomics that endorses equal and fair genomics application to anyone on Earth regardless of his/her racial and social background.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <br /> <font size="3"><strong>See also</strong><br /> [[Demogenome]]</font><br /> <font size="3">Agrogenomics<br /> Autogenomics<br /> Chemicogenomics | Chemogenomics | Chemgenomics<br /> Demogenomics<br /> Ecogenomics<br /> Econogenomics<br /> Equigenomics<br /> Ethnogenomics<br /> Immunogenomics<br /> Metagenomics<br /> Microgenomics<br /> Mycogenomics<br /> Nanogenomics<br /> Neurogenomics<br /> Omnigenomics<br /> Oncogenomics<br /> Phytogenomics<br /> Psychogenomics<br /> Supergenomics<br /> <br /> <strong>External domains</strong><br /> [http://genomics.org Genomics.org]<br /> </font> 70187c12b5ed4796b775d1c5aa9c924952ed5e38 2332 2009-01-11T05:48:59Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki Demogenomics is the genomics study of human populations in a society, a country, and the world.<br /> <br /> It also means democratic genomics that endorses equal and fair genomics application to anyone on Earth regardless of his/her racial, financial,&nbsp;and social background.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <br /> <font size="3"><strong>See also</strong><br /> [[Demogenome]]</font><br /> <font size="3">Agrogenomics<br /> Autogenomics<br /> Chemicogenomics | Chemogenomics | Chemgenomics<br /> Demogenomics<br /> Ecogenomics<br /> Econogenomics<br /> Equigenomics<br /> Ethnogenomics<br /> Immunogenomics<br /> Metagenomics<br /> Microgenomics<br /> Mycogenomics<br /> Nanogenomics<br /> Neurogenomics<br /> Omnigenomics<br /> Oncogenomics<br /> Phytogenomics<br /> Psychogenomics<br /> Supergenomics<br /> <br /> <strong>External domains</strong><br /> [http://genomics.org Genomics.org]<br /> </font> 08851736d5649cdd29dd5233b8c46bbae6db50d5 2333 2009-01-11T05:49:22Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki Demogenomics is the genomics study of human populations in a society, a country, and the world.<br /> <br /> It also means democratic genomics that endorses equal and fair genomics application to anyone on Earth regardless of his/her racial, financial,&nbsp;and social background.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <br /> <font size="3"><strong>See also</strong><br /> [[Demogenome]]</font><br /> <font size="3">Agrogenomics<br /> Autogenomics<br /> Chemicogenomics | Chemogenomics | Chemgenomics<br /> Demogenomics<br /> Ecogenomics<br /> Econogenomics<br /> Equigenomics<br /> Ethnogenomics<br /> Immunogenomics<br /> Metagenomics<br /> Microgenomics<br /> Mycogenomics<br /> Nanogenomics<br /> Neurogenomics<br /> Omnigenomics<br /> Oncogenomics<br /> Phytogenomics<br /> Psychogenomics<br /> Supergenomics<br /> <br /> <strong>External links</strong><br /> [http://omics.org Omics.org]<br /> </font> 45ee0ea83d2dbaebf08db9ce7e56892bcf838a9e 0 1670 2313 2009-01-11T02:21:22Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki Genomics history<br /> <br /> <br /> <hr /> [[History of Genomes]] ca0da803c86232f7e837beb77cc80ceae1457c74 6 1671 2314 2009-01-11T02:21:45Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 0 1672 2315 2009-01-11T02:22:17Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5">The History of Genomes on Earth</font><br /> <br /> [[Image:Geological time spiral free.png|1000px]] 0b3c193f3c25c095c8dac26ef843faef70f3a122 2316 2009-01-11T02:22:36Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5">The History of Genomes on Earth</font><br /> <br /> [[Image:Geological time spiral free.png|800px]] 3b1d05910fabbc1cf389fea93301b2ad111714af 0 1673 2320 2009-01-11T02:55:32Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><strong>Nutrigenomics</strong> is the study of molecular relationships between <font color="#002bb8">nutrition</font> and the response of <font color="#002bb8">genes</font>, with the aim of extrapolating how such subtle changes can affect <font color="#002bb8">human health</font>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><font color="#002bb8"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></font></sup> Nutrigenomics focuses on the effect of nutrients on the <font color="#5a3696">genome</font>, <font color="#002bb8">proteome</font>, and <font color="#002bb8">metabolome</font>. By determining the mechanism of the effects of <font color="#002bb8">nutrients</font> or the effects of a nutritional regime, Nutrigenomics tries to define the <font color="#002bb8">relationship</font> between these specific nutrients and specific nutrient regimes (diets) on human health. Nutrigenomics has been associated with the idea of personalized nutrition based on genotype. While there is hope that nutrigenomics will ultimately enable such personalised dietary advice, it is a science still in its infancy and its contribution to <font color="#002bb8">public health</font> over the next decade is thought to be minor.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-muller_1-0"><font color="#002bb8"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></font></sup></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Definitions</span></h2> <p>Nutrigenomics focuses on the effect of nutrients on the <font color="#5a3696">genome</font>, <font color="#002bb8">proteome</font>, and <font color="#002bb8">metabolome</font>. It is applying the sciences of <font color="#002bb8">genomics</font>, <font color="#002bb8">transcriptomics</font>, <font color="#002bb8">proteomics</font> and <font color="#002bb8">metabolomics</font> to human <font color="#002bb8">nutrition</font> in order to understand the <font color="#002bb8">relationship</font> between <font color="#002bb8">nutrition</font> and <font color="#002bb8">health</font>. Nutrigenomics is a new science and has several different definitions. Nutrigenomics has been defined as the application of high-throughput genomic tools in nutrition research.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-muller_1-1"><font color="#002bb8"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></font></sup> The term <font color="#002bb8">high throughput</font> tools in nutrigenomics refers to genetic tools that enable literally millions of genetic screening tests to be conducted at a single time. When such high throughput screening is applied in nutrition research, it allows the examination of how nutrients affect the thousands of genes present in the human genome. Nutrigenomics involves the characterization of <font color="#002bb8">gene products</font> and the physiological function and <font color="#002bb8">interactions</font> of these products. This includes how nutrients impact on the production and action of specific gene products and how these proteins in turn affect the response to nutrients. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><font color="#002bb8"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></font></sup></p> <p><font color="#002bb8"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Background and preventive health</span></h2> <p>Throughout the 20th century, <font color="#002bb8">nutritional science</font> focused on finding <font color="#002bb8">vitamins</font> and <font color="#002bb8">minerals</font>, defining their use and preventing the <font color="#002bb8">deficiency diseases</font> that they caused. As the nutrition related health problems of the <font color="#002bb8">developed world</font> shifted to <font color="#002bb8">overnutrition</font>, <font color="#002bb8">obesity</font> and <font color="#002bb8">type two diabetes</font>, the focus of <font color="#002bb8">modern medicine</font> and of nutritional science changed accordingly.</p> <p>In order to address the increasing <font color="#002bb8">incidence</font> of these diet-related-diseases, the role of diet and nutrition has been and continues to be extensively studied. To prevent the development of disease, nutrition research is investigating how nutrition can optimize and maintain cellular, tissue, organ and whole body <font color="#002bb8">homeostasis</font>. This requires understanding how nutrients act at the molecular level. This involves a multitude of nutrient-related interactions at the gene, protein and metabolic levels. As a result, nutrition research has shifted from <font color="#002bb8">epidemiology</font> and <font color="#002bb8">physiology</font> to <font color="#002bb8">molecular biology</font> and <font color="#002bb8">genetics</font><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-muller_1-2"><font color="#002bb8"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></font></sup> and nutrigenomics was born.</p> <p>The emergence and development of nutrigenomics has been possible due to powerful developments in <font color="#002bb8">genetic</font> <font color="#002bb8">research</font>. Inter-individual differences in genetics, or <font color="#002bb8">genetic variability</font>, which have an effect on metabolism and on phenotypes were recognized early in nutrition research, and such phenotypes were described. With the progress in genetics, biochemical disorders with a high nutritional <font color="#002bb8">relevance</font> were linked to a genetic origin. <font color="#002bb8">Genetic disorders</font> which cause pathological effects were described. Such genetic disorders include the polymorphism in the gene for the hormone <font color="#002bb8">Leptin</font> which results in gross obesity. Other gene <font color="#002bb8">polymorphisms</font> were described with consequences for human nutrition. The <font color="#002bb8">folate</font> metabolism is a good example, where a common polymorphism exists for the gene that encodes the <font color="#002bb8">methylene-tetrahydro-folate reductase (MTHFR)</font>.</p> <p>It was realized however, that there are possibly thousands of other gene polymorphisms which may result in minor deviations in nutritional biochemistry, where only marginal or additive effects would result from these deviations. The tools to study the physiological impact were not available at the time and are only now becoming available enabling the development of nutrigenomics. Such tools include those that measure the transcriptome - <font color="#002bb8">DNA microarray</font>, <font color="#002bb8">Exon</font> array, Tiling arrays, <font color="#002bb8">single nucleotide polymorphism</font> arrays and <font color="#002bb8">genotyping</font>. Tools that measure the <font color="#002bb8">proteome</font> are less developed. These include methods based on <font color="#002bb8">gel electrophoresis</font>, <font color="#002bb8">chromatography</font> and <font color="#002bb8">mass spectrometry</font>. Finally the tools that measure the <font color="#002bb8">metabolome</font> are also less developed and include methods based on <font color="#002bb8">nuclear magnetic resonance imaging</font> and <font color="#002bb8">mass spectrometry</font> often in combination with <font color="#002bb8">gas and liquid chromatography</font>.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Rationale and aims of nutrigenomics</span></h2> <p>In nutrigenomics, nutrients are seen as <font color="#002bb8">signals</font> that tell a specific <font color="#002bb8">cell</font> in the body about the <font color="#002bb8">diet</font>. The nutrients are detected by a sensor system in the cell. Such a sensory system works like <font color="#002bb8">sensory ecology</font> whereby the cell obtains information through the signal, the nutrient, about its environment, which is the <font color="#002bb8">diet</font>. The sensory system that interprets information from nutrients about the dietary environment include <font color="#002bb8">transcription factors</font> together with many additional proteins. Once the nutrient interacts with such a sensory system, it changes <font color="#002bb8">gene</font>, <font color="#002bb8">protein expression</font> and metabolite production in accordance with the level of nutrient it senses. As a result, different diets should elicit different patterns of gene and <font color="#002bb8">protein expression</font> and metabolite production. Nutrigenomics seeks to describe the patterns of these effects which have been referred to as <em>dietary signatures</em>. Such dietary signatures are examined in specific cells, tissues and organisms and in this way the manner by which nutrition influences <font color="#002bb8">homeostasis</font> is investigated. Genes which are affected by differing levels of nutrients need first to be identified and then their <font color="#002bb8">regulation</font> is studied. Differences in this regulation as a result of differences in genes between individuals are also studied. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-muller_1-3"><font color="#002bb8"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></font></sup></p> <p>It is hoped that by building up knowledge in this area, nutrigenomics will promote an increased understanding of how nutrition influences <font color="#002bb8">metabolic pathways</font> and homeostatic control, which will then be used to prevent the development of <font color="#002bb8">chronic</font> diet related diseases such as <font color="#002bb8">obesity</font> and <font color="#002bb8">type two diabetes</font>. Part of the approach of nutrigenomics involves finding <font color="#002bb8">markers</font> of the early phase of diet related diseases; this is the phase at which <font color="#002bb8">intervention</font> with nutrition can return the patient to <font color="#002bb8">health</font>. As nutrigenomics seeks to understand the effect of different <font color="#002bb8">genetic predispositions</font> in the development of such diseases, once a <font color="#002bb8">marker</font> has been found and measured in an individual, the extent to which they are <font color="#002bb8">susceptible</font> to the development of that disease will be quantified and personalized dietary recommendation can be given for that person.</p> <p>The aims of nutrigenomics also includes being able to demonstrate the effect of <font color="#002bb8">bioactive</font> food compounds on health and the effect of health foods on health, which should lead to the development of <font color="#002bb8">functional foods</font> that will keep people healthy according to their individual needs.</p> <p>Nutrigenomics is a rapidly emerging science still in its beginning stages. It is uncertain whether the tools to study protein expression and metabolite production have been developed to the point as to enable efficient and reliable measurements. Also once such research has been achieved, it will need to be integrated together in order to produce results and dietary recommendations. All of these technologies are still in the process of development.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <div class="references-small"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-0"><strong><font color="#002bb8">^</font></strong> Chavez A, Munoz de Chavez M (2003). &quot;<em>Nutrigenomics in public health nutrition:</em> short-term perspectives<em>&quot;. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 57(Suppl. 1)97-100</em> </li> <li id="cite_note-muller-1">^ ^{<em><strong><font color="#002bb8">a</font></strong></em>} ^{<em><strong><font color="#002bb8">b</font></strong></em>} ^{<em><strong><font color="#002bb8">c</font></strong></em>} ^{<em><strong><font color="#002bb8">d</font></strong></em>} M&uuml;ller M, Kersten S. (2003). &quot;<em>Nutrigenomics: Goals and Perspectives.</em>&quot;. Nature Reviews Genetics 4. 315 -322 </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><strong><font color="#002bb8">^</font></strong> Trayhurn P. (2003). &quot;<em>Nutritional genomics-&quot;Nutrigenomics&quot;</em>&quot;. British Journal Nutrition. 89:1-2 </li> </ol> </div> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Articles</span></h3> <ul> <li>Kaput J, Perlina A, Hatipoglu B, Bartholomew A, Nikolsky Y. <font color="#3366bb">&quot;Nutrigenomics: concepts and applications to pharmacogenomics and clinical medicine&quot;</font> Pharmacogenomics. 8(4) 2007 </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">See also</span></h2> <ul> <li><font color="#002bb8">Diet (nutrition)</font> </li> <li><font color="#002bb8">Nutritional genomics</font> </li> <li><font color="#002bb8">Public Health Genomics</font> </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" title="http://nutrigenomics.ucdavis.edu" rel="nofollow" href="http://nutrigenomics.ucdavis.edu/"><font color="#3366bb">Center for Nutritional Genomics, University of California, Davis multi-disciplinary research in nutritional genomics</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.nugo.org" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nugo.org/"><font color="#3366bb">NuGO - the European Nutrigenomics Organisation</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.nutrigenomics.org.nz" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nutrigenomics.org.nz/"><font color="#3366bb">The New Zealand Nutrigenomics Collaboration</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.isnn.info/isnn.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.isnn.info/isnn.html"><font color="#3366bb">ISNN - International Society of Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics</font></a> </li> </ul> <ul> <li><a class="external text" title="http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?Aktion=ShowPDF&amp;ProduktNr=223064&amp;ArtikelNr=59578&amp;filename=59578.pdf" rel="nofollow" href="http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?Aktion=ShowPDF&amp;ProduktNr=223064&amp;ArtikelNr=59578&amp;filename=59578.pdf"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Genetic Variation and Dietary Response&quot; from World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics, Vol. 80</font></a> </li> </ul> f8360111d133d01b5f57fe8b7e55690ef88f5613 2321 2009-01-11T02:55:48Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font color="#000000"><strong>Nutrigenomics</strong> is the study of molecular relationships between nutrition and the response of genes, with the aim of extrapolating how such subtle changes can affect human health.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></sup> Nutrigenomics focuses on the effect of nutrients on the genome, proteome, and metabolome. By determining the mechanism of the effects of nutrients or the effects of a nutritional regime, Nutrigenomics tries to define the relationship between these specific nutrients and specific nutrient regimes (diets) on human health. Nutrigenomics has been associated with the idea of personalized nutrition based on genotype. While there is hope that nutrigenomics will ultimately enable such personalised dietary advice, it is a science still in its infancy and its contribution to public health over the next decade is thought to be minor.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-muller_1-0"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Definitions</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000">Nutrigenomics focuses on the effect of nutrients on the genome, proteome, and metabolome. It is applying the sciences of genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics to human nutrition in order to understand the relationship between nutrition and health. Nutrigenomics is a new science and has several different definitions. Nutrigenomics has been defined as the application of high-throughput genomic tools in nutrition research.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-muller_1-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></sup> The term high throughput tools in nutrigenomics refers to genetic tools that enable literally millions of genetic screening tests to be conducted at a single time. When such high throughput screening is applied in nutrition research, it allows the examination of how nutrients affect the thousands of genes present in the human genome. Nutrigenomics involves the characterization of gene products and the physiological function and interactions of these products. This includes how nutrients impact on the production and action of specific gene products and how these proteins in turn affect the response to nutrients. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Background and preventive health</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000">Throughout the 20th century, nutritional science focused on finding vitamins and minerals, defining their use and preventing the deficiency diseases that they caused. As the nutrition related health problems of the developed world shifted to overnutrition, obesity and type two diabetes, the focus of modern medicine and of nutritional science changed accordingly.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">In order to address the increasing incidence of these diet-related-diseases, the role of diet and nutrition has been and continues to be extensively studied. To prevent the development of disease, nutrition research is investigating how nutrition can optimize and maintain cellular, tissue, organ and whole body homeostasis. This requires understanding how nutrients act at the molecular level. This involves a multitude of nutrient-related interactions at the gene, protein and metabolic levels. As a result, nutrition research has shifted from epidemiology and physiology to molecular biology and genetics<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-muller_1-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></sup> and nutrigenomics was born.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">The emergence and development of nutrigenomics has been possible due to powerful developments in genetic research. Inter-individual differences in genetics, or genetic variability, which have an effect on metabolism and on phenotypes were recognized early in nutrition research, and such phenotypes were described. With the progress in genetics, biochemical disorders with a high nutritional relevance were linked to a genetic origin. Genetic disorders which cause pathological effects were described. Such genetic disorders include the polymorphism in the gene for the hormone Leptin which results in gross obesity. Other gene polymorphisms were described with consequences for human nutrition. The folate metabolism is a good example, where a common polymorphism exists for the gene that encodes the methylene-tetrahydro-folate reductase (MTHFR).</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">It was realized however, that there are possibly thousands of other gene polymorphisms which may result in minor deviations in nutritional biochemistry, where only marginal or additive effects would result from these deviations. The tools to study the physiological impact were not available at the time and are only now becoming available enabling the development of nutrigenomics. Such tools include those that measure the transcriptome - DNA microarray, Exon array, Tiling arrays, single nucleotide polymorphism arrays and genotyping. Tools that measure the proteome are less developed. These include methods based on gel electrophoresis, chromatography and mass spectrometry. Finally the tools that measure the metabolome are also less developed and include methods based on nuclear magnetic resonance imaging and mass spectrometry often in combination with gas and liquid chromatography.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Rationale and aims of nutrigenomics</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000">In nutrigenomics, nutrients are seen as signals that tell a specific cell in the body about the diet. The nutrients are detected by a sensor system in the cell. Such a sensory system works like sensory ecology whereby the cell obtains information through the signal, the nutrient, about its environment, which is the diet. The sensory system that interprets information from nutrients about the dietary environment include transcription factors together with many additional proteins. Once the nutrient interacts with such a sensory system, it changes gene, protein expression and metabolite production in accordance with the level of nutrient it senses. As a result, different diets should elicit different patterns of gene and protein expression and metabolite production. Nutrigenomics seeks to describe the patterns of these effects which have been referred to as <em>dietary signatures</em>. Such dietary signatures are examined in specific cells, tissues and organisms and in this way the manner by which nutrition influences homeostasis is investigated. Genes which are affected by differing levels of nutrients need first to be identified and then their regulation is studied. Differences in this regulation as a result of differences in genes between individuals are also studied. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-muller_1-3"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">It is hoped that by building up knowledge in this area, nutrigenomics will promote an increased understanding of how nutrition influences metabolic pathways and homeostatic control, which will then be used to prevent the development of chronic diet related diseases such as obesity and type two diabetes. Part of the approach of nutrigenomics involves finding markers of the early phase of diet related diseases; this is the phase at which intervention with nutrition can return the patient to health. As nutrigenomics seeks to understand the effect of different genetic predispositions in the development of such diseases, once a marker has been found and measured in an individual, the extent to which they are susceptible to the development of that disease will be quantified and personalized dietary recommendation can be given for that person.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">The aims of nutrigenomics also includes being able to demonstrate the effect of bioactive food compounds on health and the effect of health foods on health, which should lead to the development of functional foods that will keep people healthy according to their individual needs.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Nutrigenomics is a rapidly emerging science still in its beginning stages. It is uncertain whether the tools to study protein expression and metabolite production have been developed to the point as to enable efficient and reliable measurements. Also once such research has been achieved, it will need to be integrated together in order to produce results and dietary recommendations. All of these technologies are still in the process of development.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">References</font></span></h2> <div class="references-small"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-0"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Chavez A, Munoz de Chavez M (2003). &quot;<em>Nutrigenomics in public health nutrition:</em> short-term perspectives<em>&quot;. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 57(Suppl. 1)97-100</em> </font></li> <li id="cite_note-muller-1"><font color="#000000">^ ^{<em><strong>a</strong></em>} ^{<em><strong>b</strong></em>} ^{<em><strong>c</strong></em>} ^{<em><strong>d</strong></em>} M&uuml;ller M, Kersten S. (2003). &quot;<em>Nutrigenomics: Goals and Perspectives.</em>&quot;. Nature Reviews Genetics 4. 315 -322 </font></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Trayhurn P. (2003). &quot;<em>Nutritional genomics-&quot;Nutrigenomics&quot;</em>&quot;. British Journal Nutrition. 89:1-2 </font></li> </ol> </div> <p><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Articles</font></span></h3> <ul> <li><font color="#000000">Kaput J, Perlina A, Hatipoglu B, Bartholomew A, Nikolsky Y. &quot;Nutrigenomics: concepts and applications to pharmacogenomics and clinical medicine&quot; Pharmacogenomics. 8(4) 2007 </font></li> </ul> <p><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">See also</font></span></h2> <ul> <li><font color="#000000">Diet (nutrition) </font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Nutritional genomics </font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Public Health Genomics </font></li> </ul> <p><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">External links</font></span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" title="http://nutrigenomics.ucdavis.edu" rel="nofollow" href="http://nutrigenomics.ucdavis.edu/"><font color="#000000">Center for Nutritional Genomics, University of California, Davis multi-disciplinary research in nutritional genomics</font></a><font color="#000000"> </font></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.nugo.org" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nugo.org/"><font color="#000000">NuGO - the European Nutrigenomics Organisation</font></a><font color="#000000"> </font></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.nutrigenomics.org.nz" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nutrigenomics.org.nz/"><font color="#000000">The New Zealand Nutrigenomics Collaboration</font></a><font color="#000000"> </font></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.isnn.info/isnn.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.isnn.info/isnn.html"><font color="#000000">ISNN - International Society of Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics</font></a><font color="#000000"> </font></li> </ul> <ul> <li><a class="external text" title="http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?Aktion=ShowPDF&amp;ProduktNr=223064&amp;ArtikelNr=59578&amp;filename=59578.pdf" rel="nofollow" href="http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?Aktion=ShowPDF&amp;ProduktNr=223064&amp;ArtikelNr=59578&amp;filename=59578.pdf"><font color="#000000">&quot;Genetic Variation and Dietary Response&quot; from World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics, Vol. 80</font></a><font color="#000000"> </font></li> </ul> af182b4fa08f809cc26001bf6d63928ede83b32a 0 1501 2323 2009-01-11T04:44:19Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong><font size="4">You can get the whole genetic map and sequences of you.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> It means that you can store nearly everything about your genetic information in a PC.</font></strong><br /> <br /> <font color="#ff0000" size="3"><strong>However, the price for now it too high. By 2012, the price will go down to around $1,000 USD.</strong></font><br /> <br /> <strong>The Genomics recipe for having your own set of Genetic material&nbsp;:</strong><br /> <br /> 1) Take small amount of blood from your body<br /> 2) Do sequencing after amplifying the amount of genetic material (i.e., your genome parts)<br /> 3) Assemble all the genetic parts of your genome&nbsp;<br /> 4) Store the information in such a way that bioinformaists can analyze hundreds of aspects of your genome.<br /> 5) Applying bioinformatics software to find interesting things such as relatedness, geneology, disease susceptability, and visualizing the whole genome.<br /> 6) Finding critical information on yourself as a biological being.<br /> <br /> There will be thousands of companies by 2010 that try to help you get and see your own genomes.<br /> <br /> <hr /> [[Genomics basics]]<br /> <br /> <font size="5">External links</font><br /> [http://personalgenome.org PersonalGenome.org]<br /> [http://knome.com Knome.com]<br /> <br /> ecef6e98cf483a1854d2b866aee9776928b8b71a 0 1674 2329 2009-01-11T04:54:11Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">Genomics.org is maintained by <strong>all of you.<br /> <br /> </strong>You can join [[BioFoundation]] if you put your name up for whatever reason. It does not let you have more responsibility and privilage, but you can let others know that you support openfree data, information, and knowledge sharing using the communication network such as the internet.<br /> <br /> <br /> </font> fc266232c9ce19c068c553fc0c92267fb7fc0c35 0 1675 2330 2009-01-11T04:57:21Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>[http://biofoundation.net BioFoundation.net]<br /> <br /> </p> 33e71ea2ef3f35ea03ebb210ddf7fadf7214c4b3 2331 2009-01-11T05:06:07Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#339966">B</font><font color="#ff0000">i</font><font color="#0000ff">o</font>Foundation.Net is an organization for maintaining data, information, and knowledge&nbsp;databases and servers for biological information objects in the universe.<br /> It uses BioLicense for all the information and materials collected and synthesized by information processing objects such as humans and computers.</span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small">It is an openfree organization with the least possible restrictions in participating in.</span></p> <p><br /> <span style="FONT-SIZE: small">It manages thousands of bio- internet domains called </span><a class="new" title="BiO Community Cluster" href="http://biofoundation.net/index.php?title=BiO_Community_Cluster&amp;action=edit"><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000080">BiO Community Cluster</font></span></a><span style="FONT-SIZE: small">.<br /> <br /> <font color="#339966">B</font><font color="#ff0000">i</font><font color="#0000ff">o</font>Foundation.Net runs internet domains that are relevant to every aspect of biological information processing in the universe. We discover, distribute, and manage biological knowledge in the openfree scheme.<br /> <br /> The home site of <font color="#339966">B</font><font color="#ff0000">i</font><font color="#0000ff">o</font>Foundation.Net is located on-line: </span><a class="external free" title="http://biofoundation.net" rel="nofollow" href="http://biofoundation.net/"><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000080">http://biofoundation.net</font></span></a><span style="FONT-SIZE: small">.</span><br /> <br /> <font size="3"><strong>Major Projects run by BioFoundation:<br /> </strong>1) <a class="new" title="Biosophy" href="http://biofoundation.net/index.php?title=Biosophy&amp;action=edit"><font color="#000080">Biosophy</font></a>: The highest philosophy construction project by BioFoundation.<br /> 2) <a class="new" title="Biomatics" href="http://biofoundation.net/index.php?title=Biomatics&amp;action=edit"><font color="#000080">Biomatics</font></a>: The technological and engineering branch to build bioinformation universe; &quot;Biouniverse&quot;.<br /> 3) <a class="new" title="Biosociety" href="http://biofoundation.net/index.php?title=Biosociety&amp;action=edit"><font color="#000080">Biosociety</font></a>: The society established by biosophy and biomatics.<br /> 4) <a class="new" title="BioLicense" href="http://biofoundation.net/index.php?title=BioLicense&amp;action=edit"><font color="#000080">BioLicense</font></a>: BioLicense is the license scheme for all the biomedical data, information, and knowledge.<br /> <br /> </font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><font size="3"><strong>Related Sites</strong></font></p> <p><font size="3">[http://BioFoundation.net BioFoundation.net]: The official&nbsp;hub site of BioFoundation.<br /> <a class="external text" title="http://biocentre.org" rel="nofollow" href="http://biocentre.org/"><font color="#000080">Biocentre.org</font></a></font></p> <p><br /> <br /> </p> 8f3570966a78e95b20556501263853f7221fe76e 0 1642 2334 2009-01-11T09:31:24Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p class="content">Complete Genomics claims to have developed a third-generation sequencing platform.</p> <p class="content">It is capable of generating genomic data at an unprecedented level of throughput and at low cost ($5000 per genome in 2009)<br /> </p> <p class="content">The company is deploying this platform through its commercial-scale, fully automated genome center and offering a comprehensive human genome sequencing service. <br /> </p> <p class="content">This service will enable its customers to characterize the full spectrum of genetic variants in large numbers of human subjects. This ability to conduct large-scale human genome studies will enable medical researchers to elucidate further the genetic underpinnings of complex diseases and drug responses. </p> <p class="content">At the heart of Complete Genomics&rsquo; <a href="/technology/technicalDetails.aspx">sequencing platform</a> are technological advances in libraries, arrays, sequencing assay, instruments and software, integrated into a comprehensive sequencing system specifically designed for large-scale studies of complete human genomes. <br /> </p> <p class="content">URL: [http://completegenomics.com CompleteGenpmicsInc.com]</p> <p class="content">&nbsp;</p> <p class="subtitle"><strong>Corporate Headquarters</strong></p> <p class="content">Complete Genomics, Inc.<br /> 2071 Stierlin Court<br /> Mountain View, CA 94043<br /> Phone: +1.650.943.2800<br /> Email: <a href="mailto:info@completegenomics.com">info@completegenomics.com</a></p> <p class="content"><a href="mailto:info@completegenomics.com"><br /> </a></p> <p class="content"><strong>News about Complete Genomics Inc. sequencing technology: October 07. 2008</strong> </p> <ul class="uli"> <li>InSequence: <a target="_blank" href="http://www.in-sequence.com/issues/2_40/features/149874-1.html?CMP=OTC-RSS">Complete Genomics to Offer $5,000 Human Genome as a Service Business in Q2 2009</a> </li> <li>Xconomy: <a target="_blank" href="http://www.xconomy.com/san-diego/2008/10/07/ovp-enterprise-partners-see-big-opportunity-in-5000-human-genome-sequencing/">OVP, Enterprise Partners See Big Opportunity in $5,000 Human Genome Sequencing</a> </li> <li>FierceBioResearcher: <a target="_blank" href="http://www.fiercebioresearcher.com/story/start-offer-genome-sequencing-bargain-rate/2008-10-07-0">Start-up to offer genome sequencing at bargain rate</a> </li> <li>OBBeC (UK): <a target="_blank" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/06/business/06gene.html?hp">Sequence Your Genome for Only $5,000</a> </li> <li>United Press International: <a target="_blank" href="http://www.upi.com/Science_News/2008/10/06/Company_to_offer_5000_gene_mapping/UPI-43561223341924/">Company to offer $5,000 gene mapping</a> </li> <li>SmartBrief: <a target="_blank" href="http://www.smartbrief.com/news/entrepreneurs/storyDetails.jsp?issueid=69CC6077-E6AF-49CE-B2C8-E7B3782F1E3E&amp;copyid=6DB4A55A-9277-459F-AEF5-456B8C4BD799">Discount-priced genetics</a></li> </ul> <p class="content"><strong>News about Complete Genomics Inc. sequencing technology: October 06. 2008</strong> </p> <ul class="uli"> <li>New York Times: <a target="_blank" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/06/business/06gene.html?hp">Dawn of Low-Price Mapping Could Broaden DNA Uses</a> </li> <li>Technology Review: <a target="_blank" href="http://www.technologyreview.com/biomedicine/21466/">Five Thousand Bucks for Your Genome: A new sequencing service could change the face of human genomics</a> </li> <li>Bio-IT World: <a target="_blank" href="http://www.bio-itworld.com/headlines/2008/oct06/complete-genomics-1000-dollar-genome.html">Complete Genomics Service Targets $1000 Genome by Spring 2009</a> </li> <li>Bio-IT World: <a target="_blank" href="http://www.bio-itworld.com/headlines/2008/oct06/complete-genomics-dna-nanoballs.html">DNA Nanoballs, Petabytes of Data Mark Complete Genomics Platform</a> </li> <li>International Herald Tribune: <a target="_blank" href="#">Dawn of low-price mapping could broaden DNA uses</a> </li> <li>Seattle Times: <a target="_blank" href="http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/businesstechnology/2008231287_btbriefs06.html">Technology Briefs: Biotechnology</a> </li> <li>Genetic Engineering &amp; Biotechnology News: <a target="_blank" href="http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/10/06/business/06gene.php">Complete Genomics Kicks Off Sequencing Business through Deal with ISB</a> </li> <li>Xconomy: <a target="_blank" href="http://www.xconomy.com/seattle/2008/10/06/isb-complete-genomics-form-partnership-to-sequence-multiple-human-genomes/">ISB, Complete Genomics Form Partnership To Sequence Multiple Human Genomes</a> </li> <li>Nature News: <a target="_blank" href="http://www.nature.com/news/2008/081006/full/news.2008.1151.html">$5,000 genome next year, company promises: Complete Genomics is about to release fast, cheap sequencing into a competitive market</a> </li> <li>Monsters &amp; Critics: <a target="_blank" href="http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/business/news/article_1435105.php/Company_to_offer_low_price_for_complete_genetic_blueprint_">Business News: Company to offer low price for complete genetic blueprint</a> </li> <li>ABC News: <a href="http://www.abcnews.go.com/Technology/story?id=5964421&amp;page=1">Five Thousand Bucks for Your Genome</a> </li> <li>Genome Technology Online: <a target="_blank" href="http://www.genome-technology.com/issues/blog/general/149844-1.html">Complete Genomics Makes Its Debut</a> </li> <li>Genome Web Daily News: <a href="http://www.genomeweb.com/issues/news/149838-1.html">Complete Genomics, ISB To Collaborate on Genome Studies; Firm Targets $5K Genome for 2009</a> </li> <li>Silicon Valley / San Jose Business Journal: <a target="_blank" href="http://sanjose.bizjournals.com/sanjose/stories/2008/10/06/daily15.html?b=1223265600%5e1712406&amp;surround=etf">Complete Genomics emerges from stealth</a> </li> </ul> <br /> <p class="content"> </p> c71f12ee681c1c463ca31d9e050c5303a7f9b1a0 0 1626 2335 2009-01-11T10:27:51Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki &nbsp;<br /> You can add your name in this page.<br /> <table width="100%" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="1" summary=""> <tbody> <tr> <td><font size="2"><strong>&nbsp;[[You!]]</strong></font></td> <td><strong><font size="2">&nbsp;[[Fred Sanger]]</font></strong></td> <td><font size="2"><strong>&nbsp;[[George Church]]</strong></font></td> <td><strong><font size="2"></font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <br /> Jong Bhak is interested in genome organization.<br /> <br /> <hr /> [[Genomics academic societies]] 910b672580e163bdef74a0205bfe66af52c30e6a 0 1676 2337 2009-01-12T14:08:08Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki Dr. Sungjin Kim's genome was fully sequenced by November 2008. His sequence was analyzed by KOBIC bioinformatics people and Dr. Ahn Sungmin.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> His full genome sequence of 7.8 fold of redundancy was freely publicized on Dec. 4th 2008.<br /> <br /> He is the first Korean person who published his full genome sequence.<br /> <br /> By Jan. 2009, his genome was sequenced around 13 fold redundancy by Lee Gilyeo Cancer and Diabetes Insititute of Korea.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> His genome sequence has been openfreely available in [[KOBIC ftp site]]. <br /> 39dbd137d3ca8590c0cda4561beb6088cfb2b3a9 2338 2009-01-12T14:08:42Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="3">Dr. Sungjin Kim's genome was fully sequenced by November 2008. His sequence was analyzed by KOBIC bioinformatics people and Dr. Ahn Sungmin.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> His full genome sequence of 7.8 fold of redundancy was freely publicized on Dec. 4th 2008.<br /> <br /> He is the first Korean person who published his full genome sequence.<br /> <br /> By Jan. 2009, his genome was sequenced around 13 fold redundancy by Lee Gilyeo Cancer and Diabetes Insititute of Korea.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> His genome sequence has been openfreely available in [[KOBIC ftp site]]: </font><a href="ftp://ftp.kobic.re.kr/pub/PersonalGenomes/Korean/"><font color="#002bb8" size="3">ftp://ftp.kobic.re.kr/pub/PersonalGenomes/Korean</font></a><br /> <br /> <br /> d5a753f9a10742e7e34872ec2183932bd7884a97 0 1677 2342 2009-01-16T03:24:05Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <br /> <br /> <div class="csc-header csc-header-n11"> <h1 style="TEXT-ALIGN: left">AriadneGenomics</h1> </div> <!-- Header: [end] --><!-- Text: [begin] --> <p class="bodytext">Ariadne was founded in 2002 with a unique combined experience in software development for genomics and proteomics with talents and expertise in algorithm design, commercial bioinformatics system construction and bench-level biological expertise.&nbsp; Ariadne headquarters is located in the Maryland I-270 Technology Corridor with sales offices in Massachusetts, Colorado, California, Europe. Ariadne also sells through distributors in Australia, South Korea, Japan, Singapore, and Taiwan.&nbsp; Ariadne has strengthened its business and product offerings through partnership with best-of-breed technology vendors including Affymetrix, IBM, Illumina, InforSense, Jubilant, KEGG, Spotfire, Prolexys, and Science AAAS. </p> <p class="bodytext"><a href="http://www.ariadnegenomics.com/downloads/Ariadne_Profile.pdf" target="_blank"><font color="#878700">Download Ariadne Company Profile<br /> </font></a><br /> [[http://Ariadnegenomics.com Ariadnegenomics.com]</p> 417b626dc2d0d971abfa026b0349c381676b36f4 2343 2009-01-16T03:24:11Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <br /> <br /> <div class="csc-header csc-header-n11"> <h1 style="TEXT-ALIGN: left">AriadneGenomics</h1> </div> <!-- Header: [end] --><!-- Text: [begin] --> <p class="bodytext">Ariadne was founded in 2002 with a unique combined experience in software development for genomics and proteomics with talents and expertise in algorithm design, commercial bioinformatics system construction and bench-level biological expertise.&nbsp; Ariadne headquarters is located in the Maryland I-270 Technology Corridor with sales offices in Massachusetts, Colorado, California, Europe. Ariadne also sells through distributors in Australia, South Korea, Japan, Singapore, and Taiwan.&nbsp; Ariadne has strengthened its business and product offerings through partnership with best-of-breed technology vendors including Affymetrix, IBM, Illumina, InforSense, Jubilant, KEGG, Spotfire, Prolexys, and Science AAAS. </p> <p class="bodytext"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ariadnegenomics.com/downloads/Ariadne_Profile.pdf"><font color="#878700">Download Ariadne Company Profile<br /> </font></a><br /> [http://Ariadnegenomics.com Ariadnegenomics.com]</p> acf8505abd209d8fad6264a61d22fd2725c65048 2344 2009-01-16T03:25:10Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <div class="csc-header csc-header-n11"> <h1 style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><font size="4">[[AriadneGenomics]]</font></h1> </div> <!-- Header: [end] --><!-- Text: [begin] --> <p class="bodytext">Ariadne was founded in 2002 with a unique combined experience in software development for genomics and proteomics with talents and expertise in algorithm design, commercial bioinformatics system construction and bench-level biological expertise.&nbsp; Ariadne headquarters is located in the Maryland I-270 Technology Corridor with sales offices in Massachusetts, Colorado, California, Europe. Ariadne also sells through distributors in Australia, South Korea, Japan, Singapore, and Taiwan.&nbsp; Ariadne has strengthened its business and product offerings through partnership with best-of-breed technology vendors including Affymetrix, IBM, Illumina, InforSense, Jubilant, KEGG, Spotfire, Prolexys, and Science AAAS. </p> <p class="bodytext"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ariadnegenomics.com/downloads/Ariadne_Profile.pdf"><font color="#878700">Download Ariadne Company Profile<br /> </font></a><br /> [http://Ariadnegenomics.com Ariadnegenomics.com]</p> 367abd1a25073bfe6e0236130d6b9db751af2f7f 2346 2009-01-16T03:25:29Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <div class="csc-header csc-header-n11"> <h1 style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><font size="4">[[AriadneGenomics]]</font></h1> </div> <!-- Header: [end] --><!-- Text: [begin] --> <p class="bodytext">&nbsp;</p> 5aa11d5064c5f1c03d2068f38182513ec8985dff 2353 2009-01-16T03:32:21Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <div class="csc-header csc-header-n11"> <h1 style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><font size="4"> <table border="1" cellspacing="1" summary="" cellpadding="1" width="100%"> <tbody> <tr> <td>&nbsp;[[Celera]]</td> <td>[[23andme.com]]</td> <td>&nbsp;[[U.S. Genomics]]</td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;[[Affymetrix]],</td> <td>[[decodeme.com]]</td> <td>&nbsp;[[Illumina]]</td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;[[NanoGen]]</td> <td>[[navigenics.com]]</td> <td>&nbsp;[[Agowa]]</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[Personal Genome Companies]]</td> <td>[[Knome.com]]&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;[[Decode]]</td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;[[Nimblegen]]</td> <td>[[DNAgenotek.com]]:Saliva DNA</td> <td>&nbsp;[[Microsoft]]</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <br /> [[AriadneGenomics]]<br /> </font></h1> </div> <!-- Header: [end] --><!-- Text: [begin] --> <p class="bodytext">&nbsp;</p> c60af8517f8db8b72dc28f2778d2dd4accd39a59 2354 2009-01-16T03:33:00Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <div class="csc-header csc-header-n11"> <h1 style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><font size="4">The Genomics Company List by Genomics.org<br /> <br /> <table border="1" cellspacing="1" summary="" cellpadding="1" width="100%"> <tbody> <tr> <td>&nbsp;<font size="3">[[Celera]]</font></td> <td><font size="3">[[23andme.com]]</font></td> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;[[U.S. Genomics]]</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;[[Affymetrix]],</font></td> <td><font size="3">[[decodeme.com]]</font></td> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;[[Illumina]]</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;[[NanoGen]]</font></td> <td><font size="3">[[navigenics.com]]</font></td> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;[[Agowa]]</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">[[Personal Genome Companies]]</font></td> <td><font size="3">[[Knome.com]]&nbsp;</font></td> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;[[Decode]]</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;[[Nimblegen]]</font></td> <td><font size="3">[[DNAgenotek.com]]:Saliva DNA</font></td> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;[[Microsoft]]</font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <br /> [[AriadneGenomics]]<br /> </font></h1> </div> <!-- Header: [end] --><!-- Text: [begin] --> <p class="bodytext">&nbsp;</p> 5a1f298d0a3ddd72bc41ac646686a9267b30f777 2355 2009-01-16T03:33:19Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <div class="csc-header csc-header-n11"> <h1 style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><font size="4">The Genomics Company List by Genomics.org<br /> <br /> <table border="1" cellspacing="1" summary="" cellpadding="1" width="100%"> <tbody> <tr> <td>&nbsp;<font size="3">[[Celera]]</font></td> <td><font size="3">[[23andme.com]]</font></td> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;[[U.S. Genomics]]</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;[[Affymetrix]],</font></td> <td><font size="3">[[decodeme.com]]</font></td> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;[[Illumina]]</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;[[NanoGen]]</font></td> <td><font size="3">[[navigenics.com]]</font></td> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;[[Agowa]]</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">[[Personal Genome Companies]]</font></td> <td><font size="3">[[Knome.com]]&nbsp;</font></td> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;[[Decode]]</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;[[Nimblegen]]</font></td> <td><font size="3">[[DNAgenotek.com]]:Saliva DNA</font></td> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;[[Microsoft]]</font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <br /> [[AriadneGenomics]]<br /> [[Rosetta Genomics]]<br /> <br /> </font></h1> </div> <!-- Header: [end] --><!-- Text: [begin] --> <p class="bodytext">&nbsp;</p> 2307a02cb1b54be5b5d431ad52fc5ba48b8f3509 0 1678 2345 2009-01-16T03:25:17Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <div class="csc-header csc-header-n2"> <h1>Contact Us</h1> </div> <!-- Header: [end] --><!-- Text: [begin] --> <h3>Ariadne Headquarters</h3> <p class="bodytext">9430 Key West Ave. #113<br /> Rockville, MD 20850<br /> Toll Free: (866) 340-5040<br /> Phone : (240) 453-6296<br /> Fax: (240) 453-9026<br /> <a class="internal-link" title="Opens internal link in current window" href="http://www.ariadnegenomics.com/company/contact-us/company/contact-us/driving-directions/" target="_top"><font color="#878700">Driving Directions</font></a> </p> <h3>Ariadne Europe</h3> <p class="bodytext">Calle Castello 71, 8A<br /> 28001 Madrid, Spain<br /> Tel/Fax : +34 914 357 098<br /> Cell : +34 619 050 231<br /> Contact : <a class="mail" title="Opens window for sending email" href="mailto:olivier@ariadnegenomics.com"><font color="#878700">Olivier Brun</font></a> </p> <p class="bodytext">&nbsp;</p> <!-- Text: [end] --><!-- CONTENT ELEMENT, uid:643/text [end] --><!-- CONTENT ELEMENT, uid:1148/html [begin] --><a id="c1148"></a><!-- Raw HTML content: [begin] --> <div class="shading2"><!-- Raw HTML content: [end] --><!-- CONTENT ELEMENT, uid:1148/html [end] --><!-- CONTENT ELEMENT, uid:1048/text [begin] --><a id="c1048"></a><!-- Header: [begin] --> <div class="csc-header csc-header-n4"> <h1>Inquiry</h1> </div> <!-- Header: [end] --><!-- Text: [begin] --> <p class="bodytext">To request a quote, receive information on products or technologies, or to schedule your own Web demonstration,&nbsp;complete the Form below for specific and prompt attention. For immediate attention between 9 AM and 5 PM Eastern Time Zone, please call or email: </p> <p class="bodytext">Toll Free: (866) 340-5040<br /> Phone : (240) 453-6296 <br /> Fax: (240) 453-9026</p> <ul> <li><a class="mail" title="Opens window for sending email" href="mailto:sales@ariadnegenomics.com"><font color="#878700">sales@ariadnegenomics.com</font></a> </li> <li><a href="mailto:info@ariadnegenomics.com"><font color="#878700">info@ariadnegenomics.com</font></a> </li> <li><a class="mail" title="Opens window for sending email" href="mailto:support@ariadnegenomics.com"><font color="#878700">support@ariadnegenomics.com</font></a>&nbsp;</li> </ul> <!-- Text: [end] --><!-- CONTENT ELEMENT, uid:1048/text [end] --><!-- CONTENT ELEMENT, uid:1158/html [begin] --></div> 25b297b11cd8fee6a8246b4d7d4baa85998d2cd9 2347 2009-01-16T03:25:43Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p class="bodytext">Ariadne was founded in 2002 with a unique combined experience in software development for genomics and proteomics with talents and expertise in algorithm design, commercial bioinformatics system construction and bench-level biological expertise.&nbsp; Ariadne headquarters is located in the Maryland I-270 Technology Corridor with sales offices in Massachusetts, Colorado, California, Europe. Ariadne also sells through distributors in Australia, South Korea, Japan, Singapore, and Taiwan.&nbsp; Ariadne has strengthened its business and product offerings through partnership with best-of-breed technology vendors including Affymetrix, IBM, Illumina, InforSense, Jubilant, KEGG, Spotfire, Prolexys, and Science AAAS. </p> <p class="bodytext"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ariadnegenomics.com/downloads/Ariadne_Profile.pdf"><font color="#878700">Download Ariadne Company Profile<br /> </font></a><br /> [http://Ariadnegenomics.com Ariadnegenomics.com]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <div class="csc-header csc-header-n2"> <h1>Contact Us</h1> </div> <!-- Header: [end] --><!-- Text: [begin] --> <h3>Ariadne Headquarters</h3> <p class="bodytext">9430 Key West Ave. #113<br /> Rockville, MD 20850<br /> Toll Free: (866) 340-5040<br /> Phone : (240) 453-6296<br /> Fax: (240) 453-9026<br /> <a class="internal-link" title="Opens internal link in current window" target="_top" href="http://www.ariadnegenomics.com/company/contact-us/company/contact-us/driving-directions/"><font color="#878700">Driving Directions</font></a> </p> <h3>Ariadne Europe</h3> <p class="bodytext">Calle Castello 71, 8A<br /> 28001 Madrid, Spain<br /> Tel/Fax : +34 914 357 098<br /> Cell : +34 619 050 231<br /> Contact : <a class="mail" title="Opens window for sending email" href="mailto:olivier@ariadnegenomics.com"><font color="#878700">Olivier Brun</font></a> </p> <p class="bodytext">&nbsp;</p> <!-- Text: [end] --><!-- CONTENT ELEMENT, uid:643/text [end] --><!-- CONTENT ELEMENT, uid:1148/html [begin] --><a id="c1148"></a><!-- Raw HTML content: [begin] --> <div class="shading2"><!-- Raw HTML content: [end] --><!-- CONTENT ELEMENT, uid:1148/html [end] --><!-- CONTENT ELEMENT, uid:1048/text [begin] --><a id="c1048"></a><!-- Header: [begin] --> <div class="csc-header csc-header-n4"> <h1>Inquiry</h1> </div> <!-- Header: [end] --><!-- Text: [begin] --> <p class="bodytext">To request a quote, receive information on products or technologies, or to schedule your own Web demonstration,&nbsp;complete the Form below for specific and prompt attention. For immediate attention between 9 AM and 5 PM Eastern Time Zone, please call or email: </p> <p class="bodytext">Toll Free: (866) 340-5040<br /> Phone : (240) 453-6296 <br /> Fax: (240) 453-9026</p> <ul> <li><a class="mail" title="Opens window for sending email" href="mailto:sales@ariadnegenomics.com"><font color="#878700">sales@ariadnegenomics.com</font></a> </li> <li><a href="mailto:info@ariadnegenomics.com"><font color="#878700">info@ariadnegenomics.com</font></a> </li> <li><a class="mail" title="Opens window for sending email" href="mailto:support@ariadnegenomics.com"><font color="#878700">support@ariadnegenomics.com</font></a>&nbsp; </li> </ul> <!-- Text: [end] --><!-- CONTENT ELEMENT, uid:1048/text [end] --><!-- CONTENT ELEMENT, uid:1158/html [begin] --></div> 2305b56511b3fcbbc8cb41b609b835f7d9b0439f 2348 2009-01-16T03:26:30Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p class="bodytext">Ariadne was founded in 2002 with a unique combined experience in software development for genomics and proteomics with talents and expertise in algorithm design, commercial bioinformatics system construction and bench-level biological expertise.&nbsp; Ariadne headquarters is located in the Maryland I-270 Technology Corridor with sales offices in Massachusetts, Colorado, California, Europe. Ariadne also sells through distributors in Australia, South Korea, Japan, Singapore, and Taiwan.&nbsp; Ariadne has strengthened its business and product offerings through partnership with best-of-breed technology vendors including Affymetrix, IBM, Illumina, InforSense, Jubilant, KEGG, Spotfire, Prolexys, and Science AAAS.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> [[Medscan]]</p> <p class="bodytext"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ariadnegenomics.com/downloads/Ariadne_Profile.pdf"><font color="#878700">Download Ariadne Company Profile<br /> </font></a><br /> [http://Ariadnegenomics.com Ariadnegenomics.com]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <div class="csc-header csc-header-n2"> <h1>Contact Us</h1> </div> <!-- Header: [end] --><!-- Text: [begin] --> <h3>Ariadne Headquarters</h3> <p class="bodytext">9430 Key West Ave. #113<br /> Rockville, MD 20850<br /> Toll Free: (866) 340-5040<br /> Phone : (240) 453-6296<br /> Fax: (240) 453-9026<br /> <a class="internal-link" title="Opens internal link in current window" target="_top" href="http://www.ariadnegenomics.com/company/contact-us/company/contact-us/driving-directions/"><font color="#878700">Driving Directions</font></a> </p> <h3>Ariadne Europe</h3> <p class="bodytext">Calle Castello 71, 8A<br /> 28001 Madrid, Spain<br /> Tel/Fax : +34 914 357 098<br /> Cell : +34 619 050 231<br /> Contact : <a class="mail" title="Opens window for sending email" href="mailto:olivier@ariadnegenomics.com"><font color="#878700">Olivier Brun</font></a> </p> <p class="bodytext">&nbsp;</p> <!-- Text: [end] --><!-- CONTENT ELEMENT, uid:643/text [end] --><!-- CONTENT ELEMENT, uid:1148/html [begin] --><a id="c1148"></a><!-- Raw HTML content: [begin] --> <div class="shading2"><!-- Raw HTML content: [end] --><!-- CONTENT ELEMENT, uid:1148/html [end] --><!-- CONTENT ELEMENT, uid:1048/text [begin] --><a id="c1048"></a><!-- Header: [begin] --> <div class="csc-header csc-header-n4"> <h1>Inquiry</h1> </div> <!-- Header: [end] --><!-- Text: [begin] --> <p class="bodytext">To request a quote, receive information on products or technologies, or to schedule your own Web demonstration,&nbsp;complete the Form below for specific and prompt attention. For immediate attention between 9 AM and 5 PM Eastern Time Zone, please call or email: </p> <p class="bodytext">Toll Free: (866) 340-5040<br /> Phone : (240) 453-6296 <br /> Fax: (240) 453-9026</p> <ul> <li><a class="mail" title="Opens window for sending email" href="mailto:sales@ariadnegenomics.com"><font color="#878700">sales@ariadnegenomics.com</font></a> </li> <li><a href="mailto:info@ariadnegenomics.com"><font color="#878700">info@ariadnegenomics.com</font></a> </li> <li><a class="mail" title="Opens window for sending email" href="mailto:support@ariadnegenomics.com"><font color="#878700">support@ariadnegenomics.com</font></a>&nbsp; </li> </ul> <!-- Text: [end] --><!-- CONTENT ELEMENT, uid:1048/text [end] --><!-- CONTENT ELEMENT, uid:1158/html [begin] --></div> 2e319719d0aa2b0086e1fbd8fdb2dab624ad7395 2351 2009-01-16T03:28:29Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p class="bodytext">Ariadne was founded in 2002.<br /> It has a unique combined experience in software development for genomics and proteomics with talents and expertise in algorithm design, commercial bioinformatics system construction and bench-level biological expertise.&nbsp;<br /> Ariadne headquarters is located in the Maryland I-270 Technology Corridor with sales offices in Massachusetts, Colorado, California, Europe.<br /> Ariadne also sells through distributors in Australia, South Korea, Japan, Singapore, and Taiwan.&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> Ariadne has strengthened its business and product offerings through partnership with best-of-breed technology vendors including Affymetrix, IBM, Illumina, InforSense, Jubilant, KEGG, Spotfire, Prolexys, and Science AAAS.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> [[Medscan]]</p> <p class="bodytext"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ariadnegenomics.com/downloads/Ariadne_Profile.pdf"><font color="#878700">Download Ariadne Company Profile<br /> </font></a><br /> [http://Ariadnegenomics.com Ariadnegenomics.com]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <div class="csc-header csc-header-n2"> <h1>Contact Us</h1> </div> <!-- Header: [end] --><!-- Text: [begin] --> <h3>Ariadne Headquarters</h3> <p class="bodytext">9430 Key West Ave. #113<br /> Rockville, MD 20850<br /> Toll Free: (866) 340-5040<br /> Phone : (240) 453-6296<br /> Fax: (240) 453-9026<br /> <a class="internal-link" title="Opens internal link in current window" target="_top" href="http://www.ariadnegenomics.com/company/contact-us/company/contact-us/driving-directions/"><font color="#878700">Driving Directions</font></a> </p> <h3>Ariadne Europe</h3> <p class="bodytext">Calle Castello 71, 8A<br /> 28001 Madrid, Spain<br /> Tel/Fax : +34 914 357 098<br /> Cell : +34 619 050 231<br /> Contact : <a class="mail" title="Opens window for sending email" href="mailto:olivier@ariadnegenomics.com"><font color="#878700">Olivier Brun</font></a> </p> <p class="bodytext">&nbsp;</p> <!-- Text: [end] --><!-- CONTENT ELEMENT, uid:643/text [end] --><!-- CONTENT ELEMENT, uid:1148/html [begin] --><a id="c1148"></a><!-- Raw HTML content: [begin] --> <div class="shading2"><!-- Raw HTML content: [end] --><!-- CONTENT ELEMENT, uid:1148/html [end] --><!-- CONTENT ELEMENT, uid:1048/text [begin] --><a id="c1048"></a><!-- Header: [begin] --> <div class="csc-header csc-header-n4"> <h1>Inquiry</h1> </div> <!-- Header: [end] --><!-- Text: [begin] --> <p class="bodytext">To request a quote, receive information on products or technologies, or to schedule your own Web demonstration,&nbsp;complete the Form below for specific and prompt attention. For immediate attention between 9 AM and 5 PM Eastern Time Zone, please call or email: </p> <p class="bodytext">Toll Free: (866) 340-5040<br /> Phone : (240) 453-6296 <br /> Fax: (240) 453-9026</p> <ul> <li><a class="mail" title="Opens window for sending email" href="mailto:sales@ariadnegenomics.com"><font color="#878700">sales@ariadnegenomics.com</font></a> </li> <li><a href="mailto:info@ariadnegenomics.com"><font color="#878700">info@ariadnegenomics.com</font></a> </li> <li><a class="mail" title="Opens window for sending email" href="mailto:support@ariadnegenomics.com"><font color="#878700">support@ariadnegenomics.com</font></a>&nbsp; </li> </ul> <!-- Text: [end] --><!-- CONTENT ELEMENT, uid:1048/text [end] --><!-- CONTENT ELEMENT, uid:1158/html [begin] --></div> 32171c7658728b33e9f5a5bd72cb7b51e3f0d5a5 0 1679 2349 2009-01-16T03:26:57Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p class="csc-header csc-header-n2">AriadneGenomics<br /> <br /> <font size="5">MedScan Technology</font></p> <!-- Header: [end] --><!-- Text: [begin] --> <p class="bodytext">MedScan is a fast and flexible biomedical information extraction technology. It uses dictionaries to identify individual biomedical terms (proteins, cellular processes, small molecules, diseases, etc) referred to in literature articles, and applies advanced natural language processing techniques to detect the relationships within the article and extract these terms and the relationships; the overall process of detection, identification, extraction and assembling, is termed Information Harvesting. </p> <p class="bodytext">Information extracted by MedScan represents the multiple aspects of protein function, including protein modification, cellular localization, protein-protein interactions, gene expression regulation, molecular transport and synthesis, as well as association with diseases, and regulation of various cellular processes. This scope can be broadened by modifying information extraction rules and the dictionaries. Dictionaries can be assembled on any topic or area that is represented in the literature you wish to harvest.</p> <!-- Text: [end] --><!-- CONTENT ELEMENT, uid:567/text [end] --><!-- CONTENT ELEMENT, uid:750/text [begin] --><a id="c750"></a><!-- Text: [begin] --> <p><font size="5">MedScan Features</font></p> <ul> <li>High accuracy of the extracted information based on advanced natural language processing (NLP) technology </li> <li>High-speed information processing </li> <li>Customizable dictionaries </li> <li>Customizable information extraction rules and patterns </li> <li>Multiple input formats: PubMed XML, HTML, Microsoft Word, plain text, some forms of PDF, archives. </li> <li>Advanced information filtering capabilities </li> <li>Integration with Pathway Studio software for visualization and analysis of the extracted information on a pathway diagram </li> <li>Integration with PubMed and Google search engines</li> </ul> <!-- Text: [end] --><!-- CONTENT ELEMENT, uid:750/text [end] --><!-- CONTENT ELEMENT, uid:597/text [begin] --><a id="c597"></a><!-- Text: [begin] --> <h3><a href="http://www.ariadnegenomics.com/technology-research/medscan/technology-research/publications/#category_anchor_1" target="_top"><font color="#878700">MedScan Publications</font></a></h3> <!-- Text: [end] --><!-- CONTENT ELEMENT, uid:597/text [end] --><!-- CONTENT ELEMENT, uid:752/html [begin] --> 11cf89a353d9fccedfed736760292f50b1d35ba7 2350 2009-01-16T03:27:04Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p class="csc-header csc-header-n2"><font size="5">AriadneGenomics</font><br /> <br /> <font size="5">MedScan Technology</font></p> <!-- Header: [end] --><!-- Text: [begin] --> <p class="bodytext">MedScan is a fast and flexible biomedical information extraction technology. It uses dictionaries to identify individual biomedical terms (proteins, cellular processes, small molecules, diseases, etc) referred to in literature articles, and applies advanced natural language processing techniques to detect the relationships within the article and extract these terms and the relationships; the overall process of detection, identification, extraction and assembling, is termed Information Harvesting. </p> <p class="bodytext">Information extracted by MedScan represents the multiple aspects of protein function, including protein modification, cellular localization, protein-protein interactions, gene expression regulation, molecular transport and synthesis, as well as association with diseases, and regulation of various cellular processes. This scope can be broadened by modifying information extraction rules and the dictionaries. Dictionaries can be assembled on any topic or area that is represented in the literature you wish to harvest.</p> <!-- Text: [end] --><!-- CONTENT ELEMENT, uid:567/text [end] --><!-- CONTENT ELEMENT, uid:750/text [begin] --><a id="c750"></a><!-- Text: [begin] --> <p><font size="5">MedScan Features</font></p> <ul> <li>High accuracy of the extracted information based on advanced natural language processing (NLP) technology </li> <li>High-speed information processing </li> <li>Customizable dictionaries </li> <li>Customizable information extraction rules and patterns </li> <li>Multiple input formats: PubMed XML, HTML, Microsoft Word, plain text, some forms of PDF, archives. </li> <li>Advanced information filtering capabilities </li> <li>Integration with Pathway Studio software for visualization and analysis of the extracted information on a pathway diagram </li> <li>Integration with PubMed and Google search engines </li> </ul> <!-- Text: [end] --><!-- CONTENT ELEMENT, uid:750/text [end] --><!-- CONTENT ELEMENT, uid:597/text [begin] --><a id="c597"></a><!-- Text: [begin] --> <h3><a target="_top" href="http://www.ariadnegenomics.com/technology-research/medscan/technology-research/publications/#category_anchor_1"><font color="#878700">MedScan Publications</font></a></h3> <!-- Text: [end] --><!-- CONTENT ELEMENT, uid:597/text [end] --><!-- CONTENT ELEMENT, uid:752/html [begin] --> 672e8b41b1ca5eac0efab4f938f1bef3a338d168 0 1680 2356 2009-01-16T03:33:58Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">Rosetta Genomics Overview</font> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Rosetta Genomics is a leading developer of microRNA-based diagnostic tests and therapeutic tools. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a recently discovered group of short (21&ndash;23 nucleotides in length), non-coding genes which regulate the expression of other genes. MicroRNAs have also been shown to have varying expression levels across various pathological conditions, and offer a new class of highly sensitive and tissue specific biomarkers. MicroRNA-based diagnostics may offer physicians and patients an objective tool to accurately identify cancer, predict outcomes and help guide treatment. <br /> <br /> Platform Technologies <br /> <br /> Backed by a strong IP portfolio, Rosetta Genomics&rsquo; scientists have developed proprietary platform technologies for the identification, extraction, quantification, and analysis of microRNAs from a wide range of sample types. These technologies enable the identification and advancement of multiple diagnostic projects addressing critical unmet needs in cancer, women&rsquo;s health and other indications. more <br /> <br /> Development Engine <br /> <br /> Based on our strong IP position which provides us access to hundreds of potential microRNAs biomarkers, our proprietary technologies, and our extensive network of collaborations, Rosetta Genomics has put in place a powerful development engine which can rapidly advance a wide range of microRNA-based tests. more <br /> <br /> Advancing Cutting Edge Molecular Diagnostics <br /> <br /> Rosetta Genomics&rsquo; proprietary technologies enable the development of a wide range of diagnostic tests for cancer and women&rsquo;s health indications. Rosetta genomics believes that utilizing microRNAs as biomarkers in the development of next generation molecular diagnostics, presents several advantages over other currently used methods: <br /> <br /> While many currently available cancer tests are largely qualitative and subjective, measuring microRNA expression levels in tissue samples offers quantitative, objective diagnosis. <br /> <br /> Rosetta Genomics&rsquo; proprietary technologies enable microRNAs to be profiled with high sensitivity and specificity. <br /> <br /> MicroRNAs are stable markers in many body fluids and tissue samples, making them an ideal platform for molecular diagnostics. <br /> <br /> MicroRNAs have been found to be stable in Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded (FFPE) samples. FFPE samples, which are kept at room temperature, are the most widely used method for preserving tumor tissue. This will allow physicians to send samples for microRNA profiling via regular mail, without the need for temperature control. <br /> more <br /> <br /> MicroRNA-based Therapeutics <br /> <br /> We seek to establish relationships with leading pharmaceutical companies and research institutions to develop microRNA-based products. In 2006, we joined forces with Isis Pharmaceuticals Inc. to develop a drug for liver cancer. With Isis, we have recently initiated in vivo studies on several microRNA targets, that, when inhibited, lead to a decrease in liver cancer cell growth. more <br /> <br /> About the Rosetta Stone <br /> <br /> Rosetta Genomics takes its name from the Rosetta Stone, a large ancient stone engraving discovered by Napoleon&rsquo;s troops in 1799 in a small village on the Nile Delta. The Rosetta Stone includes sections of carved text presented in three different ancient scripts, including ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphics. For the first time, thanks to the Rosetta Stone, researchers were able to decipher ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphics, thereby opening the Ancient World to modern eyes. <br /> As the Rosetta Stone helped to decode the meaning of ancient texts, so Rosetta Genomics is dedicated to unlocking the mysteries of microRNA, and more generally of the genetic code. We believe our efforts will help many others to understand this new &ldquo;language&rdquo; in healthcare and introduce a new generation of diagnostic and therapeutic products to improve human health. <br /> <br /> <br /> 30f741e23863c197ab92b85d25ec591a315f7a92 2357 2009-01-16T03:35:19Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4"><strong>Rosetta Genomics Overview <br /> </strong></font><br /> <br /> Rosetta Genomics is a developer of microRNA-based diagnostic tests and therapeutic tools.&nbsp;<br /> MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a recently discovered group of short (21&ndash;23 nucleotides in length), non-coding genes which regulate the expression of other genes.&nbsp;<br /> MicroRNAs have also been shown to have varying expression levels across various pathological conditions, and offer a new class of highly sensitive and tissue specific biomarkers. MicroRNA-based diagnostics may offer physicians and patients an objective tool to accurately identify cancer, predict outcomes and help guide treatment. <br /> <br /> <strong><font size="3">Rosetta Genomics Platform Technologies</font></strong> <br /> <br /> Backed by a strong IP portfolio, Rosetta Genomics&rsquo; scientists have developed proprietary platform technologies for the identification, extraction, quantification, and analysis of microRNAs from a wide range of sample types. These technologies enable the identification and advancement of multiple diagnostic projects addressing critical unmet needs in cancer, women&rsquo;s health and other indications. more <br /> <br /> <font size="3"><strong>Rosetta Genomics Development Engine</strong></font> <br /> <br /> Based on our strong IP position which provides us access to hundreds of potential microRNAs biomarkers, our proprietary technologies, and our extensive network of collaborations, Rosetta Genomics has put in place a powerful development engine which can rapidly advance a wide range of microRNA-based tests. more&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <br /> <font size="3"><strong>Rosetta Genomics Advancing Cutting Edge Molecular Diagnostics</strong></font> <br /> <br /> Rosetta Genomics&rsquo; proprietary technologies enable the development of a wide range of diagnostic tests for cancer and women&rsquo;s health indications. Rosetta genomics believes that utilizing microRNAs as biomarkers in the development of next generation molecular diagnostics, presents several advantages over other currently used methods: <br /> <br /> While many currently available cancer tests are largely qualitative and subjective, measuring microRNA expression levels in tissue samples offers quantitative, objective diagnosis. <br /> <br /> Rosetta Genomics&rsquo; proprietary technologies enable microRNAs to be profiled with high sensitivity and specificity. <br /> <br /> MicroRNAs are stable markers in many body fluids and tissue samples, making them an ideal platform for molecular diagnostics. <br /> <br /> MicroRNAs have been found to be stable in Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded (FFPE) samples. FFPE samples, which are kept at room temperature, are the most widely used method for preserving tumor tissue. This will allow physicians to send samples for microRNA profiling via regular mail, without the need for temperature control. <br /> more <br /> <br /> MicroRNA-based Therapeutics <br /> <br /> We seek to establish relationships with leading pharmaceutical companies and research institutions to develop microRNA-based products. In 2006, we joined forces with Isis Pharmaceuticals Inc. to develop a drug for liver cancer. With Isis, we have recently initiated in vivo studies on several microRNA targets, that, when inhibited, lead to a decrease in liver cancer cell growth. more <br /> <br /> About the Rosetta Stone <br /> <br /> Rosetta Genomics takes its name from the Rosetta Stone, a large ancient stone engraving discovered by Napoleon&rsquo;s troops in 1799 in a small village on the Nile Delta. The Rosetta Stone includes sections of carved text presented in three different ancient scripts, including ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphics. For the first time, thanks to the Rosetta Stone, researchers were able to decipher ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphics, thereby opening the Ancient World to modern eyes. <br /> As the Rosetta Stone helped to decode the meaning of ancient texts, so Rosetta Genomics is dedicated to unlocking the mysteries of microRNA, and more generally of the genetic code. We believe our efforts will help many others to understand this new &ldquo;language&rdquo; in healthcare and introduce a new generation of diagnostic and therapeutic products to improve human health. <br /> <br /> <br /> dac0575af10ea6273f3ccceba9a317bca8eca5c1 2358 2009-01-16T04:03:36Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4"><strong>Rosetta Genomics Overview <br /> </strong></font><br /> <br /> Rosetta Genomics is a developer of microRNA-based diagnostic tests and therapeutic tools.&nbsp;<br /> MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a recently discovered group of short (21&ndash;23 nucleotides in length), non-coding genes which regulate the expression of other genes.&nbsp;<br /> MicroRNAs have also been shown to have varying expression levels across various pathological conditions, and offer a new class of highly sensitive and tissue specific biomarkers. MicroRNA-based diagnostics may offer physicians and patients an objective tool to accurately identify cancer, predict outcomes and help guide treatment. <br /> <br /> <strong><font size="3">Rosetta Genomics Platform Technologies</font></strong> <br /> <br /> Backed by a strong IP portfolio, Rosetta Genomics&rsquo; scientists have developed proprietary platform technologies for the identification, extraction, quantification, and analysis of microRNAs from a wide range of sample types. These technologies enable the identification and advancement of multiple diagnostic projects addressing critical unmet needs in cancer, women&rsquo;s health and other indications. more <br /> <br /> <font size="3"><strong>Rosetta Genomics Development Engine</strong></font> <br /> <br /> Based on our strong IP position which provides us access to hundreds of potential microRNAs biomarkers, our proprietary technologies, and our extensive network of collaborations, Rosetta Genomics has put in place a powerful development engine which can rapidly advance a wide range of microRNA-based tests. more&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <br /> <font size="3"><strong>Rosetta Genomics Advancing Cutting Edge Molecular Diagnostics</strong></font> <br /> <br /> Rosetta Genomics&rsquo; proprietary technologies enable the development of a wide range of diagnostic tests for cancer and women&rsquo;s health indications. Rosetta genomics believes that utilizing microRNAs as biomarkers in the development of next generation molecular diagnostics, presents several advantages over other currently used methods: <br /> <br /> While many currently available cancer tests are largely qualitative and subjective, measuring microRNA expression levels in tissue samples offers quantitative, objective diagnosis. <br /> <br /> Rosetta Genomics&rsquo; proprietary technologies enable microRNAs to be profiled with high sensitivity and specificity. <br /> <br /> MicroRNAs are stable markers in many body fluids and tissue samples, making them an ideal platform for molecular diagnostics. <br /> <br /> MicroRNAs have been found to be stable in Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded (FFPE) samples. FFPE samples, which are kept at room temperature, are the most widely used method for preserving tumor tissue. This will allow physicians to send samples for microRNA profiling via regular mail, without the need for temperature control. <br /> more <br /> <br /> <font size="4"><strong>Rosetta Genomics MicroRNA-based Therapeutics</strong></font>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> They seek to establish relationships with leading pharmaceutical companies and research institutions to develop microRNA-based products.&nbsp;<br /> In 2006, they joined forces with [[Isis Pharmaceuticals Inc.]] to develop a drug for liver cancer.&nbsp;<br /> With Isis, we have recently initiated in vivo studies on several microRNA targets, that, when inhibited, lead to a decrease in liver cancer cell growth. more <br /> <br /> <font size="4">About the Rosetta Stone <br /> </font><br /> Rosetta Genomics takes its name from the Rosetta Stone, a large ancient stone engraving discovered by Napoleon&rsquo;s troops in 1799 in a small village on the Nile Delta. The Rosetta Stone includes sections of carved text presented in three different ancient scripts, including ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphics. For the first time, thanks to the Rosetta Stone, researchers were able to decipher ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphics, thereby opening the Ancient World to modern eyes. <br /> As the Rosetta Stone helped to decode the meaning of ancient texts, so Rosetta Genomics is dedicated to unlocking the mysteries of microRNA, and more generally of the genetic code. We believe our efforts will help many others to understand this new &ldquo;language&rdquo; in healthcare and introduce a new generation of diagnostic and therapeutic products to improve human health. <br /> <br /> <br /> fb7d02ab9fff2bc964097ad71d802b5a3d599e2d 2359 2009-01-16T04:04:15Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4"><strong>Rosetta Genomics Overview :</strong> <a href="http://www.rosettagenomics.com"><font size="3">http://www.rosettagenomics.com</font></a><br /> </font><br /> <br /> Rosetta Genomics is a developer of microRNA-based diagnostic tests and therapeutic tools.&nbsp;<br /> MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a recently discovered group of short (21&ndash;23 nucleotides in length), non-coding genes which regulate the expression of other genes.&nbsp;<br /> MicroRNAs have also been shown to have varying expression levels across various pathological conditions, and offer a new class of highly sensitive and tissue specific biomarkers. MicroRNA-based diagnostics may offer physicians and patients an objective tool to accurately identify cancer, predict outcomes and help guide treatment. <br /> <br /> <strong><font size="3">Rosetta Genomics Platform Technologies</font></strong> <br /> <br /> Backed by a strong IP portfolio, Rosetta Genomics&rsquo; scientists have developed proprietary platform technologies for the identification, extraction, quantification, and analysis of microRNAs from a wide range of sample types. These technologies enable the identification and advancement of multiple diagnostic projects addressing critical unmet needs in cancer, women&rsquo;s health and other indications. more <br /> <br /> <font size="3"><strong>Rosetta Genomics Development Engine</strong></font> <br /> <br /> Based on our strong IP position which provides us access to hundreds of potential microRNAs biomarkers, our proprietary technologies, and our extensive network of collaborations, Rosetta Genomics has put in place a powerful development engine which can rapidly advance a wide range of microRNA-based tests. more&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <br /> <font size="3"><strong>Rosetta Genomics Advancing Cutting Edge Molecular Diagnostics</strong></font> <br /> <br /> Rosetta Genomics&rsquo; proprietary technologies enable the development of a wide range of diagnostic tests for cancer and women&rsquo;s health indications. Rosetta genomics believes that utilizing microRNAs as biomarkers in the development of next generation molecular diagnostics, presents several advantages over other currently used methods: <br /> <br /> While many currently available cancer tests are largely qualitative and subjective, measuring microRNA expression levels in tissue samples offers quantitative, objective diagnosis. <br /> <br /> Rosetta Genomics&rsquo; proprietary technologies enable microRNAs to be profiled with high sensitivity and specificity. <br /> <br /> MicroRNAs are stable markers in many body fluids and tissue samples, making them an ideal platform for molecular diagnostics. <br /> <br /> MicroRNAs have been found to be stable in Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded (FFPE) samples. FFPE samples, which are kept at room temperature, are the most widely used method for preserving tumor tissue. This will allow physicians to send samples for microRNA profiling via regular mail, without the need for temperature control. <br /> more <br /> <br /> <font size="4"><strong>Rosetta Genomics MicroRNA-based Therapeutics</strong></font>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> They seek to establish relationships with leading pharmaceutical companies and research institutions to develop microRNA-based products.&nbsp;<br /> In 2006, they joined forces with [[Isis Pharmaceuticals Inc.]] to develop a drug for liver cancer.&nbsp;<br /> With Isis, we have recently initiated in vivo studies on several microRNA targets, that, when inhibited, lead to a decrease in liver cancer cell growth. more <br /> <br /> <font size="4">About the Rosetta Stone <br /> </font><br /> Rosetta Genomics takes its name from the Rosetta Stone, a large ancient stone engraving discovered by Napoleon&rsquo;s troops in 1799 in a small village on the Nile Delta. The Rosetta Stone includes sections of carved text presented in three different ancient scripts, including ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphics. For the first time, thanks to the Rosetta Stone, researchers were able to decipher ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphics, thereby opening the Ancient World to modern eyes. <br /> As the Rosetta Stone helped to decode the meaning of ancient texts, so Rosetta Genomics is dedicated to unlocking the mysteries of microRNA, and more generally of the genetic code. We believe our efforts will help many others to understand this new &ldquo;language&rdquo; in healthcare and introduce a new generation of diagnostic and therapeutic products to improve human health. <br /> <br /> <br /> 44669c1190aa8d3304254039b11b3f91365eab1e 0 1498 2360 2009-01-16T22:00:27Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font size="3"><strong>Genomics</strong> is the omics study of genes of individual organisms,&nbsp;populations, and species. <br /> </font></p> <p><font size="3">It is also a paradigm of performing biological science that deviates from&nbsp;investigating single genes, their functions, and roles. <br /> </font></p> <p><font size="3">The main reason of an independent biological discipline is that it deals with very large sets of genetic information to automatically analyze information using interaction and network concepts. Genomics inevitably employs high performance computing and bioinformatics technologies.</font><br /> </p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">&nbsp; </font></span></p> <div v:shape="_x0000_s1026"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 32pt"><font color="#339966" size="5">&quot;[[Genome sequencing is not Genomics]]&quot;</font></span></div> <p><br /> </p> <p><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">History of the field</font></span></strong></p> <p><font size="3">Genomics was practically founded by Fred Sanger group in 1970s when they developed&nbsp;a gene sequencing technique and completed the first genomes; namely bacteriophage &Phi;-X174; (5,368 bp),&nbsp;the human mitochondrial genome, and lamda virus.</font></p> <p><font size="3">In 1972, Walter Fiers and his team at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology of the University of Ghent (Ghent, Belgium) were the first to determine the sequence of a gene: the gene for Bacteriophage MS2 coat protein.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-0">[1]</sup> In 1976, the team determined the complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-1">[2]</sup> The first DNA-based genome to be sequenced in its entirety was that of bacteriophage &Phi;-X174; (5,368 bp), sequenced by Frederick Sanger in 1977<sup class="reference" id="_ref-2">[3]</sup>. The first free-living organism to be sequenced was that of <em>Haemophilus influenzae</em> (1.8 Mb) in 1995, and since then genomes are being sequenced at a rapid pace. A rough draft of the human genome was completed by Sanger centre and the Human Genome Project in early 2001.</font></p> <p><font size="3">As of September 2007, the complete sequence was known of about 1879 viruses <sup class="reference" id="_ref-3">[4]</sup>, 577 bacterial species and roughly 23 eukaryote organisms, of which about half are fungi. <sup class="reference" id="_ref-4">[5]</sup> Most of the bacteria whose genomes have been completely sequenced are problematic disease-causing agents, such as <em>Haemophilus influenzae</em>. Of the other sequenced species, most were chosen because they were well-studied model organisms or promised to become good models. Yeast (<em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em>) has long been an important model organism for the eukaryotic cell, while the fruit fly <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> has been a very important tool (notably in early pre-molecular genetics). The worm <em>Caenorhabditis elegans</em> is an often used simple model for multicellular organisms. The zebrafish <em>Brachydanio rerio</em> is used for many developmental studies on the molecular level and the flower <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em> is a model organism for flowering plants. The Japanese pufferfish (<em>Takifugu rubripes</em>) and the spotted green pufferfish (<em>Tetraodon nigroviridis</em>) are interesting because of their small and compact genomes, containing very little non-coding DNA compared to most species. <sup class="reference" id="_ref-5">[6]</sup> <sup class="reference" id="_ref-6">[7]</sup> The mammals dog (<em>Canis familiaris</em>), <sup class="reference" id="_ref-7">[8]</sup> brown rat (<em>Rattus norvegicus</em>), mouse (<em>Mus musculus</em>), and chimpanzee (<em>Pan troglodytes</em>) are all important model animals in medical research.</font></p> <p><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">Bacteriophage Genomics</font></span></strong></p> <p><font size="3">Bacteriophages have played and continue to play a key role in bacterial genetics and molecular biology. Historically, they were used to define gene structure and gene regulation. Also the first genome to be sequenced was a bacteriophage. However, bacteriophage research did not lead the genomics revolution, which is clearly dominated by bacterial genomics. Only very recently has the study of bacteriophage genomes become prominent, thereby enabling researchers to understand the mechanisms underlying phage evolution. Bacteriophage genome sequences can be obtained through direct sequencing of isolated bacteriophages, but can also be derived as part of microbial genomes. Analysis of bacterial genomes has shown that a substantial amount of microbial DNA consists of prophage sequences and prophage-like elements. A detailed database mining of these sequences offers insights into the role of prophages in shaping the bacterial genome.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-McGrath_0">[9]</sup></font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">Cyanobacteria Genomics</font></span></strong></p> <p><font size="3">At present there are 24 cyanobacteria for which a total genome sequence is available. 15 of these cyanobacteria come from the marine environment. These are six <em>Prochlorococcus</em><em>Synechococcus</em> strains, <em>Trichodesmium erythraeum</em> IMS101 and <em>Crocosphaera watsonii</em> [[WH8501. Several studies have demonstrated how these sequences could be used very successfully to infer important ecological and physiological characteristics of marine cyanobacteria. However, there are many more genome projects currently in progress, amongst those there are further <em>Prochlorococcus</em> and marine <em>Synechococcus</em> isolates, <em>Acaryochloris</em> and <em>Prochloron</em>, the N₂-fixing filamentous cyanobacteria <em>Nodularia spumigena</em>, <em>Lyngbya aestuarii</em> and <em>Lyngbya majuscula</em>, as well as bacteriophages infecting marine cyanobaceria. Thus, the growing body of genome information can also be tapped in a more general way to address global problems by applying a comparative approach. Some new and exciting examples of progress in this field are the identification of genes for regulatory RNAs, insights into the evolutionary origin of photosynthesis, or estimation of the contribution of horizontal gene transfer to the genomes that have been analyzed.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-Herrero_0">[10]</sup></font></p> <p><font size="4">[[Genome sequencing and genomics]]</font></p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">See also</font></span></strong></p> <ul> <li><font size="3">[[Pangenomics]] and [[Pangenome]]</font> </li> <li><font size="3">[[Personal Genome Project]]</font> </li> <li><font size="3">[[Omics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Proteomics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Interactomics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Functional genomics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Computational genomics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Nitrogenomics]]</font> </li> <li><font size="3">[[Pathogenomics]]</font> </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">References</font></span></strong></p> <ol class="references"> <li id="_note-0"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-0">^</a></strong> Min Jou W, Haegeman G, Ysebaert M, Fiers W., Nucleotide sequence of the gene coding for the bacteriophage MS2 coat protein, Nature. 1972 May 12;237(5350):82-8 </font></li> <li id="_note-1"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-1">^</a></strong> Fiers W et al., Complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA - primary and secondary structure of replicase gene, Nature, 260, 500-507, 1976 </font></li> <li id="_note-2"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-2">^</a></strong> Sanger F, Air GM, Barrell BG, Brown NL, Coulson AR, Fiddes CA, Hutchison CA, Slocombe PM, Smith M., Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA, Nature. 1977 Feb 24;265(5596):687-95 </font></li> <li id="_note-3"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-3">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/VIRUSES/virostat.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/VIRUSES/virostat.html"><em>The Viral Genomes Resource</em>, NCBI Friday, 14 September, 2007</a></font> </li> <li id="_note-4"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-4">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/static/gpstat.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/static/gpstat.html"><em>Genome Project Statistic</em>, NCBI Friday, 14 September, 2007</a></font> </li> <li id="_note-5"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-5">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3760766.stm" rel="nofollow" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3760766.stm">BBC article <em>Human gene number slashed</em> from Wednesday, 20 October, 2004</a></font> </li> <li id="_note-6"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-6">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2003/10/16/pufferfish_fruitfly/index.shtml" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2003/10/16/pufferfish_fruitfly/index.shtml">CBSE News, Thursday October 16, 2003</a></font> </li> <li id="_note-7"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-7">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.genome.gov/12511476" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.gov/12511476">NHGRI, pressrelease of the publishing of the dog genome</a></font> </li> <li id="_note-McGrath"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-McGrath_0">^</a></strong> <cite class="book" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Mc Grath S and van Sinderen D (editors). (2007). <em><a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage">Bacteriophage: Genetics and Molecular Biology</a></em>, 1st ed., Caister Academic Press. <a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage">ISBN 978-1-904455-14-1</a> .</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Bacteriophage%3A+Genetics+and+Molecular+Biology&amp;rft.au=Mc+Grath+S+and+van+Sinderen+D+%28editors%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fphage">&nbsp;</span></font> </li> <li id="_note-Herrero"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-Herrero_0">^</a></strong> <cite class="book" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Herrero A and Flores E (editor). (2008). <em><a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan">The Cyanobacteria: Molecular Biology, Genomics and Evolution</a></em>, 1st ed., Caister Academic Press. <a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan">ISBN 978-1-904455-15-8</a> .</cite></font><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cyanobacteria%3A+Molecular+Biology%2C+Genomics+and+Evolution&amp;rft.au=Herrero+A+and+Flores+E+%28editor%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fcyan"><font size="3"> </font><br /> </span></li> </ol> <p><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cyanobacteria%3A+Molecular+Biology%2C+Genomics+and+Evolution&amp;rft.au=Herrero+A+and+Flores+E+%28editor%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fcyan"><font size="5">Web links</font><br /> [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics Wikipedia Genomics link]</span></p> bbe10bc3491b88a500f51148e968d674ece42a05 0 1681 2362 2009-01-16T22:07:15Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki [http://www.elseviergenomics.com Elsevier Genomics Journal]<br /> <br /> The goal of <em>Genomics</em> is to promote the understanding of the structure, function, and evolution of genomes in all kingdoms of life and the application of genome sciences and technologies to challenging problems in biology and medicine.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> The scope of Genomics journal is broad and&nbsp;they welcome original, full-length, and timely papers in all of the following areas:&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 1) &nbsp;Comparative genomics analysis that yields valuable insights into conserved and divergent aspects of function, regulation, and evolution<br /> <br /> 2) [[Bioinformatics]] and [[computational biology]] with particular emphasis on data mining and improvements in data annotation and integration<br /> <br /> 3) Functional genomics approaches involving the use of large-scale and/or high-throughput methods to understand genome-scale function and regulation of [[transcriptome]]s and [[proteome]]s<br /> <br /> 4)&nbsp;Identification of genes involved in disease and complex traits, including responses to drugs and other [[xenobiotics]]<br /> <br /> 5)&nbsp;Significant advances in genetic and genomics technologies and their applications, including [[chemical genomics]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <strong>Editor-in-Chief (as of 2009)<br /> </strong>[[J. Quackenbush]]<br /> <br /> ISSN: 0888-7543 <br /> Imprint: ACADEMIC PRESS <br /> <br /> <br /> 2059aa679617e6f3f682bce7b37f192ea7055fce 0 1682 2363 2009-01-16T22:09:47Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki [http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcgenomics/ BMC Genomics URL]<br /> <br /> <em>BMC Genomics </em>is an open access journal publishing original peer-reviewed research articles in all aspects of genome-scale analysis, functional genomics, and proteomics. <em>BMC Genomics</em> (ISSN 1471-2164) is indexed/tracked/covered by PubMed, MEDLINE, BIOSIS, CAS, Scopus, EMBASE, Zoological Record, Thomson Reuters (ISI) and Google Scholar.<br /> <br /> cc02f4626e6b329cb7100a7ccd9ae69d6d0ee434 2365 2009-01-16T22:10:14Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:BMC genomics logo.gif]]<br /> <br /> [http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcgenomics/ BMC Genomics URL]<br /> <br /> <em>BMC Genomics </em>is an open access journal publishing original peer-reviewed research articles in all aspects of genome-scale analysis, functional genomics, and proteomics. <em>BMC Genomics</em> (ISSN 1471-2164) is indexed/tracked/covered by PubMed, MEDLINE, BIOSIS, CAS, Scopus, EMBASE, Zoological Record, Thomson Reuters (ISI) and Google Scholar.<br /> <br /> 9f1080c4c15689834481b1d665961336c4556029 6 1683 2364 2009-01-16T22:09:58Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 0 1684 2367 2009-01-16T22:11:50Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki [http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcmedgenomics/ BMC Medical Genomics]]<br /> <br /> <em>BMC Medical Genomics</em> is an open access journal publishing original peer-reviewed research articles in all aspects of functional genomics, genome structure, genome-scale population genetics, epigenomics, proteomics, systems analysis, and pharmacogenomics in relation to human health and disease. <em>BMC Medical Genomics</em> (ISSN 1755-8794) is indexed/tracked/covered by PubMed, BIOSIS, CAS and Google Scholar.<br /> <br /> 726848317ad2a1d2eb700798d028616b801a562b 2368 2009-01-16T22:11:57Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki [http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcmedgenomics/ BMC Medical Genomics]<br /> <br /> <em>BMC Medical Genomics</em> is an open access journal publishing original peer-reviewed research articles in all aspects of functional genomics, genome structure, genome-scale population genetics, epigenomics, proteomics, systems analysis, and pharmacogenomics in relation to human health and disease. <em>BMC Medical Genomics</em> (ISSN 1755-8794) is indexed/tracked/covered by PubMed, BIOSIS, CAS and Google Scholar.<br /> <br /> <br /> b20faa7ecce25995c185b0974b4da0d9aa4a0c56 0 1681 2371 2009-01-16T22:17:28Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki [http://www.elseviergenomics.com Elsevier Genomics Journal]<br /> <br /> [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/08887543&nbsp;ScienceDirect: Genomics]<br /> <br /> The goal of <em>Genomics</em> is to promote the understanding of the structure, function, and evolution of genomes in all kingdoms of life and the application of genome sciences and technologies to challenging problems in biology and medicine.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> The scope of Genomics journal is broad and&nbsp;they welcome original, full-length, and timely papers in all of the following areas:&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 1) &nbsp;Comparative genomics analysis that yields valuable insights into conserved and divergent aspects of function, regulation, and evolution<br /> <br /> 2) [[Bioinformatics]] and [[computational biology]] with particular emphasis on data mining and improvements in data annotation and integration<br /> <br /> 3) Functional genomics approaches involving the use of large-scale and/or high-throughput methods to understand genome-scale function and regulation of [[transcriptome]]s and [[proteome]]s<br /> <br /> 4)&nbsp;Identification of genes involved in disease and complex traits, including responses to drugs and other [[xenobiotics]]<br /> <br /> 5)&nbsp;Significant advances in genetic and genomics technologies and their applications, including [[chemical genomics]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <strong>Editor-in-Chief (as of 2009)<br /> </strong>[[J. Quackenbush]]<br /> <br /> ISSN: 0888-7543 <br /> Imprint: ACADEMIC PRESS <br /> <br /> <br /> 965df1152b7cd92ca98f1a86e76b3482fb5eb9d1 2372 2009-01-16T22:17:45Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki [http://www.elseviergenomics.com Elsevier Genomics Journal]<br /> <br /> [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/08887543&nbsp;ScienceDirect Genomics]<br /> <br /> The goal of <em>Genomics</em> is to promote the understanding of the structure, function, and evolution of genomes in all kingdoms of life and the application of genome sciences and technologies to challenging problems in biology and medicine.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> The scope of Genomics journal is broad and&nbsp;they welcome original, full-length, and timely papers in all of the following areas:&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 1) &nbsp;Comparative genomics analysis that yields valuable insights into conserved and divergent aspects of function, regulation, and evolution<br /> <br /> 2) [[Bioinformatics]] and [[computational biology]] with particular emphasis on data mining and improvements in data annotation and integration<br /> <br /> 3) Functional genomics approaches involving the use of large-scale and/or high-throughput methods to understand genome-scale function and regulation of [[transcriptome]]s and [[proteome]]s<br /> <br /> 4)&nbsp;Identification of genes involved in disease and complex traits, including responses to drugs and other [[xenobiotics]]<br /> <br /> 5)&nbsp;Significant advances in genetic and genomics technologies and their applications, including [[chemical genomics]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <strong>Editor-in-Chief (as of 2009)<br /> </strong>[[J. Quackenbush]]<br /> <br /> ISSN: 0888-7543 <br /> Imprint: ACADEMIC PRESS <br /> <br /> <br /> c869fb53987a08d3bcc6e558cfd0c5a4238ff08d 2373 2009-01-16T22:17:58Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki [http://www.elseviergenomics.com Elsevier Genomics Journal]<br /> <br /> [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/08887543&nbsp; ScienceDirectGenomics]<br /> <br /> The goal of <em>Genomics</em> is to promote the understanding of the structure, function, and evolution of genomes in all kingdoms of life and the application of genome sciences and technologies to challenging problems in biology and medicine.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> The scope of Genomics journal is broad and&nbsp;they welcome original, full-length, and timely papers in all of the following areas:&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 1) &nbsp;Comparative genomics analysis that yields valuable insights into conserved and divergent aspects of function, regulation, and evolution<br /> <br /> 2) [[Bioinformatics]] and [[computational biology]] with particular emphasis on data mining and improvements in data annotation and integration<br /> <br /> 3) Functional genomics approaches involving the use of large-scale and/or high-throughput methods to understand genome-scale function and regulation of [[transcriptome]]s and [[proteome]]s<br /> <br /> 4)&nbsp;Identification of genes involved in disease and complex traits, including responses to drugs and other [[xenobiotics]]<br /> <br /> 5)&nbsp;Significant advances in genetic and genomics technologies and their applications, including [[chemical genomics]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <strong>Editor-in-Chief (as of 2009)<br /> </strong>[[J. Quackenbush]]<br /> <br /> ISSN: 0888-7543 <br /> Imprint: ACADEMIC PRESS <br /> <br /> <br /> 4a299e50af31abb38995f85085501dc86c62e03c 0 1685 2375 2009-01-16T22:20:13Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <br /> The Open Genomics Journal is an Open Access online journal, which publishes research articles, reviews and letters in all areas of genetics and functional genomics. <br /> <br /> The Open Genomics Journal, a peer-reviewed journal, aims to provide the most complete and reliable source of information on current developments in the field. The emphasis will be on publishing quality papers rapidly and freely available to researchers worldwide.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <br /> URL: <a href="http://www.bentham.org/open/togenj/">http://www.bentham.org/open/togenj/</a><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <strong>Indexed in <br /> </strong>Chemical Abstracts, Google, Google Scholar, Open J-Gate, Genamics JournalSeek&nbsp;<br /> <br /> ISSN: 1875-693X<br /> 7a8df4ff9da4279181b192bc27ba6cd8b4043dd0 0 1686 2377 2009-01-16T22:31:37Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><strong>Genome Biology</strong> is a genomics journal published by BioMedCentral (BMC) Ltd. It is one of the major open access journal in Genomics.</p> <p><a id="External_links" name="External_links"></a></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">External links</span></h3> <ul> <li><a class="external text" title="http://genomebiology.com/" href="http://genomebiology.com/" rel="nofollow"><font color="#810081">GenomeBiology.com</font></a>: GenomeBiology home site </li> </ul> 3010e25d5e20f29d6958171b3b669789d87b4b9a 0 1687 2385 2009-01-16T22:46:47Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong>Public genomics</strong> is a genomics branch which is initiated by public organizations such as governments, discontrol centers, and UN. Public genomics is effectively the public facet of personal genomics. While personal genomics is more toward genomics resource personal and maximize the utility of genomics for the people, public genomics is toward to manage genome information and facilitate a more systematic and fair use of genome information in the society.<br /> <br /> 479be23ee04f81eace28c7970df912866cfc9f2b 0 1688 2388 2009-01-16T23:36:18Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><a href="http://genome-www.stanford.edu/">http://genome-www.stanford.edu/</a><br /> <br /> <font color="#556b2f">Hyperlinks to systematic analysis projects, resources, laboratories, and departments on genomes and genomics at </font><a href="http://db.yeastgenome.org/cgi-bin/redirect.pl?source=SGR-Home&amp;url=http://www.stanford.edu/">Stanford University</a>.</p> a7f761bdb2cc355a55bb5b334a46d56faa5d37c0 0 1689 2390 2009-01-16T23:39:24Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <a href="http://physiolgenomics.physiology.org/">http://physiolgenomics.physiology.org/</a><br /> <br /> <font size="4">See also<br /> </font>[[American Physiological Society]]<br /> e3d30697b3c07adb0f011e8664ec7cc834768702 0 1690 2391 2009-01-16T23:39:52Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <a href="http://www.the-aps.org/">http://www.the-aps.org/</a><br /> <br /> <br /> <p><strong>The American Physiological Society</strong>&nbsp; (APS) is a nonprofit devoted to fostering education, scientific research, and dissemination of information in the physiological sciences. The Society was founded in 1887 with 28 members. APS now has over 10,500 members. Most members have doctoral degrees in physiology and/or medicine (or other health professions).</p> <p>APS is governed by an elected Council consisting of a President, President-Elect, Past President, and nine Councillors. The National headquarters of the Society is based in Bethesda, Maryland, on the campus of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB). </p> <br /> 0598c13ed475e690a31b2c430e9a7596d9f5004d 0 1691 2395 2009-01-16T23:43:55Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <a href="http://genomics.xprize.org/">http://genomics.xprize.org/</a><br /> <br /> <h2>Who&nbsp;They Are</h2> <div class="node" id="node-23"> <div class="content"> <p>Archon X PRIZE for Genomics is the second prize from the <a class="pageLinks" href="http://www.xprize.org/" target="_blank">X PRIZE Foundation</a>.&nbsp;Their mission is to bring about radical breakthroughs for the benefit of humanity. </p> <p>Their&nbsp;strategy for fostering innovation is unique. Rather than awarding money to honor past achievements or directly funding research, the X PRIZE Foundation creates high profile competitions that attract and motivate creative solutions to the grand challenges of their time. </p> <p>The efficiency of an X PRIZE attracts both traditional entrepreneurs and maverick thinkers to compete outside the limitations of government and corporate bureaucracy. </p> <p>To learn more about the X PRIZE Foundation, <a class="pageLinks" href="http://www.xprize.org/" target="_blank">click here</a>.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </p> </div> </div> cfd31cdae6ddea247d8a89f811c277ac6e134a4e 0 1586 2396 2009-01-16T23:48:30Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong><font size="5">Genomics portals</font></strong><br /> <br /> <table style="WIDTH: 770px; HEIGHT: 62px" height="62" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="770" summary="" border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td>[http://123genomics.com 123genomics.com]</td> <td> <div align="center"><font class="size8 Helvetica8" face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" color="#d36100"><strong>A&nbsp;Genomics, Proteomics and Bioinformatics Knowledge Base</strong></font></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[Pedro's Biomolecular Research Tools]]</td> <td>&nbsp;Local copy of Pedro's Biomolecular Research Tools</td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;[http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/research_tools.html Pedro's Biomolecular Research Tools]<br /> </td> <td>&nbsp;Pedro's BioMolecular Research Tools: A Collection of WWW Links to Information&nbsp; &amp; Services Useful to Molecular Biologists</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[Science Magazine Functional Genomics Portal]]</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> c1a8a2e53ace44b079b6939bdae3f95607116308 2398 2009-01-16T23:49:20Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong><font size="5">Genomics portals</font></strong><br /> <br /> <table style="WIDTH: 770px; HEIGHT: 62px" height="62" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="770" summary="" border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td>[http://123genomics.com 123genomics.com]</td> <td> <div align="center"><font class="size8 Helvetica8" face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" color="#d36100"><strong>A&nbsp;Genomics, Proteomics and Bioinformatics Knowledge Base</strong></font></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[Pedro's Biomolecular Research Tools]]</td> <td>&nbsp;Local copy of Pedro's Biomolecular Research Tools</td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;[http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/research_tools.html Pedro's Biomolecular Research Tools]<br /> </td> <td>&nbsp;Pedro's BioMolecular Research Tools: A Collection of WWW Links to Information&nbsp; &amp; Services Useful to Molecular Biologists</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[Science Magazine Functional Genomics Portal]]</td> <td>&nbsp;Science magazine's Functional Genomics Portal</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> c17d7a41a62fc61f4bb2df393ece620937bfb71a 2399 2009-01-16T23:50:43Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong><font size="5">Genomics portals</font></strong><br /> <br /> <table style="WIDTH: 770px; HEIGHT: 62px" height="62" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="770" summary="" border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td>[http://123genomics.com 123genomics.com]</td> <td> <div align="center"><font class="size8 Helvetica8" face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" color="#d36100"><strong>A&nbsp;Genomics, Proteomics and Bioinformatics Knowledge Base</strong></font></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[Pedro's Biomolecular Research Tools]]</td> <td>&nbsp;Local copy of Pedro's Biomolecular Research Tools</td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;[http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/research_tools.html Pedro's Biomolecular Research Tools]<br /> </td> <td>&nbsp;Pedro's BioMolecular Research Tools: A Collection of WWW Links to Information&nbsp; &amp; Services Useful to Molecular Biologists</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[Science Magazine Functional Genomics Portal]]</td> <td>&nbsp;Science magazine's Functional Genomics Portal</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[Genomics.co.uk]]</td> <td>UK based genomics related portal. With some patents information</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> 0c68f5c949bc90f36c34540306cc743b8a2f4d84 0 1692 2397 2009-01-16T23:48:51Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/feature/plus/sfg/">http://www.sciencemag.org/feature/plus/sfg/</a> daf02fa6405d6603f855a5f5b483788703d30eed 0 1693 2400 2009-01-16T23:53:03Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <a href="http://www.genomics.co.uk/">http://www.genomics.co.uk/</a> b6abbfd8d74f74e5a6fb12f9a9ff2d149e7b286f 0 1694 2402 2009-01-16T23:54:22Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><strong>Synthetic genomics</strong> is a nascent field of synthetic biology that uses aspects of genetic modification on pre-existing life forms with the intent of producing some product or desired behavior on the part of the life form so created.</p> <p>Synthetic genomics is unlike genetic modification in the sense that it does not use naturally occurring genes in its life forms. It may make use of custom designed base pair series, though in a more expanded and presently unrealized sense synthetic genomics could utilize genetic codes that are not composed of the four base pairs of DNA that are currently used by life.</p> <p>The development of synthetic genomics is related to certain recent technical abilities and technologies in the field of genetics. The ability to construct long base pair chains cheaply and accurately on a large scale has allowed researchers to perform experiments on genomes that do not exist in nature. Coupled with the developments in protein folding models and decreasing computational costs the field synthetic genomics is beginning to enter a productive stage of vitality.</p> <p>Certain companies, such as Synthetic Genomics, have already been formed to take advantage of the many commercial uses of custom designed genomes.</p> <p><a id="External_links" name="External_links"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.nature.com/embor/journal/v5/n4/full/7400131.html" href="http://www.nature.com/embor/journal/v5/n4/full/7400131.html" rel="nofollow">A New Code For Life</a> - A brief survey on the field. </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.science.doe.gov/ober/berac/SynBio.pdf" href="http://www.science.doe.gov/ober/berac/SynBio.pdf" rel="nofollow">Synthetic Genomes: Technologies and Impact</a> - A 2004 study completed for the DOE on the subject.&nbsp;</li> <li>Syntheticgenomics.com: <a href="http://www.syntheticgenomics.com">http://www.syntheticgenomics.com</a></li> </ul> 571ec8cb1af869acd067a6bde963923a33bbc79c 0 1695 2405 2009-01-16T23:58:29Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><strong>Toxicogenomics</strong> is a field of science that deals with the collection, interpretation, and storage of information about gene and protein activity within particular cell or tissue of an organism in response to toxic substances. Toxicogenomics combines toxicology with <font color="#810081">genomics</font> or other high throughput molecular profiling technologies such as transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></sup>. Toxicogenomics endeavors to elucidate molecular mechanisms evolved in the expression of toxicity, and to derive molecular expression patterns (i.e., molecular biomarkers) that predict toxicity or the genetic susceptibility to it.</p> <p>This broad definition is supported by the United States Environmental Protection Agency stating that &quot;the term &quot;genomics&quot; encompasses a broader scope of scientific inquiry and associated technologies than when genomics was initially considered. A genome is the sum total of all an individual organism's genes. Thus, genomics is the study of all the genes of a cell, or tissue, at the DNA (genotype), mRNA (transcriptome), or protein (proteome) levels. Genomics methodologies are expected to provide valuable insights for evaluating how environmental stressors affect cellular/tissue function and how changes in gene expression may relate to adverse effects. However, the relationships between changes in gene expression and adverse effects are unclear at this time and may likely be difficult to elucidate.&quot;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></sup></p> <p>In pharmaceutical research toxicogenomics is more narrowly defined as the study of the structure and function of the genome as it responds to adverse xenobiotic exposure. It is the toxicological subdiscipline of pharmacogenomics, which is broadly defined as the study of inter-individual variations in whole-genome or candidate gene single-nucleotide polymorphism maps, haplotype markers, and alterations in gene expression that might correlate with drug responses (Lesko and Woodcock 2004, Lesko et al 2003). Though the term toxicogenomics first appeared in the literature in 1999 (Nuwaysir et al) it was already in common use within the pharmaceutical industry as its origin was driven by marketing strategies from vendor companies. The term is still not universal accepted, and others have offered alternative terms such as chemogenomics to describe essentially the same area (Fielden et al., 2005).</p> <p>The nature and complexity of the data (in volume and variability) demands highly developed processes for of automated handling and storage. The analysis usually involves a wide array of bioinformatics and statistics.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></sup>, regularly involving classification approaches<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></sup>.</p> <p>In pharmaceutical Drug discovery and development toxicogenomics is used to study adverse, i.e. toxic, effects, of pharmaceutical drugs in defined model systems in order to draw conclusions on the toxic risk to patients or the environment. Both the EPA and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration currently preclude basing regulatory decision making on genomics data alone. However, they do encourage the voluntary submission of well-documented, quality genomics data. Both agencies are considering the use of submitted data on a case-by-case basis for assessment purposes (e.g., to help elucidate mechanism of action or contribute to a weight-of-evidence approach) or for populating relevant comparative databases by encouraging parallel submissions of genomics data and traditional toxicologic test results.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></sup></p> <script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "show"; var tocHideText = "hide"; showTocToggle(); } //]]> </script> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Public Toxicogenomics Projects</span></h2> <ul> <li>Chemical Effects in Biological Systems (CEBS) - Project hosted by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) building a knowledgebase of toxicology studies including study design, clinical pathology, and histopathology and toxicogenomics data.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></sup> </li> <li>InnoMed PredTox assessing the value of combining results from omics technologies together with the results from more conventional toxicology methods in more informed decision making in preclinical safety evaluation.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Mattes_7-0"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></sup> </li> <li>Predictive Safety Testing Consortium aiming to identify and clinically qualify safety biomarkers for regulatory use as part of the FDA's Critical Path Initiative<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Mattes_7-1"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></sup> </li> <li>ToxCast program for Predicting Hazard, Characterizing Toxicity Pathways, and Prioritizing the Toxicity Testing of Environmental Chemicals at the United States Environmental Protection Agency<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></sup> </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <div class="references-small"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-0"><strong>^</strong> The National Academies Press: Communicating Toxicogenomics Information to Nonexperts: A Workshop Summary (2005) [1] </li> <li id="cite_note-1"><strong>^</strong> <cite class="book" id="CITEREFed._by_Hisham_K._Hamadeh.3B_Cynthia_A._Afshari.2004" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">ed. by Hisham K. Hamadeh; Cynthia A. Afshari. (2004). Hamadeh HK, Afshari CA. ed.. <em>Toxicogenomics: Principles and Applications</em>. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Liss. ISBN 0-471-43417-5.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Toxicogenomics%3A+Principles+and+Applications&amp;rft.aulast=ed.+by+Hisham+K.+Hamadeh%3B+Cynthia+A.+Afshari.&amp;rft.au=ed.+by+Hisham+K.+Hamadeh%3B+Cynthia+A.+Afshari.&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.place=Hoboken%2C+NJ&amp;rft.pub=Wiley-Liss&amp;rft.isbn=0-471-43417-5&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Toxicogenomics"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span><br /> <cite class="Journal" id="CITEREFOmenn_GS2004" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Omenn GS (November 2004). &quot;Book Review: Toxicogenomics: Principles and Applications&quot;. <em>Environ Health Perspect.</em> <strong>112</strong> (16): A962.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Book+Review%3A+Toxicogenomics%3A+Principles+and+Applications&amp;rft.jtitle=Environ+Health+Perspect.&amp;rft.aulast=Omenn+GS&amp;rft.au=Omenn+GS&amp;rft.date=November+2004&amp;rft.volume=112&amp;rft.issue=16&amp;rft.pages=A962&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Toxicogenomics"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><strong>^</strong> EPA Interim Genomics Policy </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><strong>^</strong> <cite class="Journal" id="CITEREFMattes_WB.2C_Pettit_SD.2C_Sansone_SA.2C_Bushel_PR.2C_Waters_MD2004" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Mattes WB, Pettit SD, Sansone SA, Bushel PR, Waters MD (March 2004). &quot;Database development in toxicogenomics: issues and efforts&quot;. <em>Environ. Health Perspect.</em> <strong>112</strong> (4): 495&ndash;505. PMID 15033600. PMC: 1241904<span class="printonly">. http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/txg/members/2004/6697/6697.html</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Database+development+in+toxicogenomics%3A+issues+and+efforts&amp;rft.jtitle=Environ.+Health+Perspect.&amp;rft.aulast=Mattes+WB%2C+Pettit+SD%2C+Sansone+SA%2C+Bushel+PR%2C+Waters+MD&amp;rft.au=Mattes+WB%2C+Pettit+SD%2C+Sansone+SA%2C+Bushel+PR%2C+Waters+MD&amp;rft.date=March+2004&amp;rft.volume=112&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=495%E2%80%93505&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15033600&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fehp.niehs.nih.gov%2Ftxg%2Fmembers%2F2004%2F6697%2F6697.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Toxicogenomics"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><strong>^</strong> <cite class="Journal" id="CITEREFEllinger-Ziegelbauer_H.2C_Gmuender_H.2C_Bandenburg_A.2C_Ahr_HJ2008" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Ellinger-Ziegelbauer H, Gmuender H, Bandenburg A, Ahr HJ (January 2008). &quot;Prediction of a carcinogenic potential of rat hepatocarcinogens using toxicogenomics analysis of short-term in vivo studies&quot;. <em>Mutat. Res.</em> <strong>637</strong> (1-2): 23&ndash;39. doi:<span class="neverexpand">10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2007.06.010</span>. PMID 17689568.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Prediction+of+a+carcinogenic+potential+of+rat+hepatocarcinogens+using+toxicogenomics+analysis+of+short-term+in+vivo+studies&amp;rft.jtitle=Mutat.+Res.&amp;rft.aulast=Ellinger-Ziegelbauer+H%2C+Gmuender+H%2C+Bandenburg+A%2C+Ahr+HJ&amp;rft.au=Ellinger-Ziegelbauer+H%2C+Gmuender+H%2C+Bandenburg+A%2C+Ahr+HJ&amp;rft.date=January+2008&amp;rft.volume=637&amp;rft.issue=1-2&amp;rft.pages=23%E2%80%9339&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.mrfmmm.2007.06.010&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17689568&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Toxicogenomics"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><strong>^</strong> <cite class="Journal" id="CITEREFCorvi_R.2C_Ahr_HJ.2C_Albertini_S.2C_.27.27et_al.27.272006" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Corvi R, Ahr HJ, Albertini S, <em>et al</em> (March 2006). &quot;Meeting report: Validation of toxicogenomics-based test systems: ECVAM-ICCVAM/NICEATM considerations for regulatory use&quot;. <em>Environ Health Perspect.</em> <strong>114</strong> (3): 420&ndash;9. PMID 16507466. PMC: 1392237<span class="printonly">. http://www.ehponline.org/members/2005/8247/8247.html</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Meeting+report%3A+Validation+of+toxicogenomics-based+test+systems%3A+ECVAM-ICCVAM%2FNICEATM+considerations+for+regulatory+use&amp;rft.jtitle=Environ+Health+Perspect.&amp;rft.aulast=Corvi+R%2C+Ahr+HJ%2C+Albertini+S%2C+%27%27et+al%27%27&amp;rft.au=Corvi+R%2C+Ahr+HJ%2C+Albertini+S%2C+%27%27et+al%27%27&amp;rft.date=March+2006&amp;rft.volume=114&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=420%E2%80%939&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16507466&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ehponline.org%2Fmembers%2F2005%2F8247%2F8247.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Toxicogenomics"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><strong>^</strong> <cite class="Journal" id="CITEREFCollins_BC.2C_Clarke_A.2C_Kitteringham_NR.2C_Gallagher_WM.2C_Pennington_SR2007" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Collins BC, Clarke A, Kitteringham NR, Gallagher WM, Pennington SR (October 2007). &quot;Use of proteomics for the discovery of early markers of drug toxicity&quot;. <em>Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol</em> <strong>3</strong> (5): 689&ndash;704. doi:<span class="neverexpand">10.1517/17425225.3.5.689</span>. PMID 17916055.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Use+of+proteomics+for+the+discovery+of+early+markers+of+drug+toxicity&amp;rft.jtitle=Expert+Opin+Drug+Metab+Toxicol&amp;rft.aulast=Collins+BC%2C+Clarke+A%2C+Kitteringham+NR%2C+Gallagher+WM%2C+Pennington+SR&amp;rft.au=Collins+BC%2C+Clarke+A%2C+Kitteringham+NR%2C+Gallagher+WM%2C+Pennington+SR&amp;rft.date=October+2007&amp;rft.volume=3&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=689%E2%80%93704&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1517%2F17425225.3.5.689&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17916055&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Toxicogenomics"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mattes-7">^ ^{<em><strong>a</strong></em>} ^{<em><strong>b</strong></em>} <cite class="Journal" id="CITEREFMattes_WB2008" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Mattes WB (2008). &quot;Public consortium efforts in toxicogenomics&quot;. <em>Methods Mol Biol.</em> <strong>460</strong>: 221&ndash;38. doi:<span class="neverexpand">10.1007/978-1-60327-048-9_11</span>. PMID 18449490.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Public+consortium+efforts+in+toxicogenomics&amp;rft.jtitle=Methods+Mol+Biol.&amp;rft.aulast=Mattes+WB&amp;rft.au=Mattes+WB&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=460&amp;rft.pages=221%E2%80%9338&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2F978-1-60327-048-9_11&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18449490&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Toxicogenomics"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><strong>^</strong> <cite class="Journal" id="CITEREFDix_DJ.2C_Houck_KA.2C_Martin_MT.2C_Richard_AM.2C_Setzer_RW.2C_Kavlock_RJ2007" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Dix DJ, Houck KA, Martin MT, Richard AM, Setzer RW, Kavlock RJ (January 2007). &quot;The ToxCast program for prioritizing toxicity testing of environmental chemicals&quot;. <em>Toxicol. Sci.</em> <strong>95</strong> (1): 5&ndash;12. doi:<span class="neverexpand">10.1093/toxsci/kfl103</span>. PMID 16963515.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+ToxCast+program+for+prioritizing+toxicity+testing+of+environmental+chemicals&amp;rft.jtitle=Toxicol.+Sci.&amp;rft.aulast=Dix+DJ%2C+Houck+KA%2C+Martin+MT%2C+Richard+AM%2C+Setzer+RW%2C+Kavlock+RJ&amp;rft.au=Dix+DJ%2C+Houck+KA%2C+Martin+MT%2C+Richard+AM%2C+Setzer+RW%2C+Kavlock+RJ&amp;rft.date=January+2007&amp;rft.volume=95&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=5%E2%80%9312&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Ftoxsci%2Fkfl103&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16963515&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Toxicogenomics"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> </ol> </div> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">See also</span></h2> <ul> <li>Comparative Toxicogenomics Database </li> <li><font color="#810081">Genomics</font> <ul> <li>Chemogenomics </li> <li>Structural genomics </li> <li>Pharmacogenetics </li> <li>Pharmacogenomics </li> </ul> </li> <li>Genevestigator </li> <li>InnoMed PredTox </li> <li>Toxicology </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" title="http://ctd.mdibl.org/" href="http://ctd.mdibl.org/" rel="nofollow">Comparative Toxicogenomics Database</a> - a public database that integrates toxicogenomic data for chemicals, genes, and diseases from the scientific literature. </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.ohsu.edu/croet/research/centers/toxicogenomics/whatis.html" href="http://www.ohsu.edu/croet/research/centers/toxicogenomics/whatis.html" rel="nofollow">Center for Research on Occupational and Environmental Toxicology</a> definition by the CROET Research Centers: (Neuro)toxicogenomics and Child Health Research Center. </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.innomed-predtox.com/" href="http://www.innomed-predtox.com/" rel="nofollow">InnoMed PredTox</a> - official project website </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.epa.gov/ncct/toxcast/" href="http://www.epa.gov/ncct/toxcast/" rel="nofollow">ToxCast</a> - official project website </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 8b9126291dc22a0d12c5994861b081cbaa011b86 2406 2009-01-16T23:58:40Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><strong>Toxicogenomics</strong> is a field of science that deals with the collection, interpretation, and storage of information about gene and protein activity within particular cell or tissue of an organism in response to toxic substances. Toxicogenomics combines toxicology with <font color="#810081">genomics</font> or other high throughput molecular profiling technologies such as transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></sup>. Toxicogenomics endeavors to elucidate molecular mechanisms evolved in the expression of toxicity, and to derive molecular expression patterns (i.e., molecular biomarkers) that predict toxicity or the genetic susceptibility to it.</p> <p>This broad definition is supported by the United States Environmental Protection Agency stating that &quot;the term &quot;genomics&quot; encompasses a broader scope of scientific inquiry and associated technologies than when genomics was initially considered. A genome is the sum total of all an individual organism's genes. Thus, genomics is the study of all the genes of a cell, or tissue, at the DNA (genotype), mRNA (transcriptome), or protein (proteome) levels. Genomics methodologies are expected to provide valuable insights for evaluating how environmental stressors affect cellular/tissue function and how changes in gene expression may relate to adverse effects. However, the relationships between changes in gene expression and adverse effects are unclear at this time and may likely be difficult to elucidate.&quot;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></sup></p> <p>In pharmaceutical research toxicogenomics is more narrowly defined as the study of the structure and function of the genome as it responds to adverse xenobiotic exposure. It is the toxicological subdiscipline of pharmacogenomics, which is broadly defined as the study of inter-individual variations in whole-genome or candidate gene single-nucleotide polymorphism maps, haplotype markers, and alterations in gene expression that might correlate with drug responses (Lesko and Woodcock 2004, Lesko et al 2003). Though the term toxicogenomics first appeared in the literature in 1999 (Nuwaysir et al) it was already in common use within the pharmaceutical industry as its origin was driven by marketing strategies from vendor companies. The term is still not universal accepted, and others have offered alternative terms such as chemogenomics to describe essentially the same area (Fielden et al., 2005).</p> <p>The nature and complexity of the data (in volume and variability) demands highly developed processes for of automated handling and storage. The analysis usually involves a wide array of bioinformatics and statistics.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></sup>, regularly involving classification approaches<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></sup>.</p> <p>In pharmaceutical Drug discovery and development toxicogenomics is used to study adverse, i.e. toxic, effects, of pharmaceutical drugs in defined model systems in order to draw conclusions on the toxic risk to patients or the environment. Both the EPA and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration currently preclude basing regulatory decision making on genomics data alone. However, they do encourage the voluntary submission of well-documented, quality genomics data. Both agencies are considering the use of submitted data on a case-by-case basis for assessment purposes (e.g., to help elucidate mechanism of action or contribute to a weight-of-evidence approach) or for populating relevant comparative databases by encouraging parallel submissions of genomics data and traditional toxicologic test results.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></sup></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Public Toxicogenomics Projects</span></h2> <ul> <li>Chemical Effects in Biological Systems (CEBS) - Project hosted by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) building a knowledgebase of toxicology studies including study design, clinical pathology, and histopathology and toxicogenomics data.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></sup> </li> <li>InnoMed PredTox assessing the value of combining results from omics technologies together with the results from more conventional toxicology methods in more informed decision making in preclinical safety evaluation.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Mattes_7-0"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></sup> </li> <li>Predictive Safety Testing Consortium aiming to identify and clinically qualify safety biomarkers for regulatory use as part of the FDA's Critical Path Initiative<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Mattes_7-1"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></sup> </li> <li>ToxCast program for Predicting Hazard, Characterizing Toxicity Pathways, and Prioritizing the Toxicity Testing of Environmental Chemicals at the United States Environmental Protection Agency<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></sup> </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <div class="references-small"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-0"><strong>^</strong> The National Academies Press: Communicating Toxicogenomics Information to Nonexperts: A Workshop Summary (2005) [1] </li> <li id="cite_note-1"><strong>^</strong> <cite class="book" id="CITEREFed._by_Hisham_K._Hamadeh.3B_Cynthia_A._Afshari.2004" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">ed. by Hisham K. Hamadeh; Cynthia A. Afshari. (2004). Hamadeh HK, Afshari CA. ed.. <em>Toxicogenomics: Principles and Applications</em>. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Liss. ISBN 0-471-43417-5.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Toxicogenomics%3A+Principles+and+Applications&amp;rft.aulast=ed.+by+Hisham+K.+Hamadeh%3B+Cynthia+A.+Afshari.&amp;rft.au=ed.+by+Hisham+K.+Hamadeh%3B+Cynthia+A.+Afshari.&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.place=Hoboken%2C+NJ&amp;rft.pub=Wiley-Liss&amp;rft.isbn=0-471-43417-5&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Toxicogenomics"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span><br /> <cite class="Journal" id="CITEREFOmenn_GS2004" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Omenn GS (November 2004). &quot;Book Review: Toxicogenomics: Principles and Applications&quot;. <em>Environ Health Perspect.</em> <strong>112</strong> (16): A962.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Book+Review%3A+Toxicogenomics%3A+Principles+and+Applications&amp;rft.jtitle=Environ+Health+Perspect.&amp;rft.aulast=Omenn+GS&amp;rft.au=Omenn+GS&amp;rft.date=November+2004&amp;rft.volume=112&amp;rft.issue=16&amp;rft.pages=A962&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Toxicogenomics"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><strong>^</strong> EPA Interim Genomics Policy </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><strong>^</strong> <cite class="Journal" id="CITEREFMattes_WB.2C_Pettit_SD.2C_Sansone_SA.2C_Bushel_PR.2C_Waters_MD2004" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Mattes WB, Pettit SD, Sansone SA, Bushel PR, Waters MD (March 2004). &quot;Database development in toxicogenomics: issues and efforts&quot;. <em>Environ. Health Perspect.</em> <strong>112</strong> (4): 495&ndash;505. PMID 15033600. PMC: 1241904<span class="printonly">. http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/txg/members/2004/6697/6697.html</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Database+development+in+toxicogenomics%3A+issues+and+efforts&amp;rft.jtitle=Environ.+Health+Perspect.&amp;rft.aulast=Mattes+WB%2C+Pettit+SD%2C+Sansone+SA%2C+Bushel+PR%2C+Waters+MD&amp;rft.au=Mattes+WB%2C+Pettit+SD%2C+Sansone+SA%2C+Bushel+PR%2C+Waters+MD&amp;rft.date=March+2004&amp;rft.volume=112&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=495%E2%80%93505&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15033600&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fehp.niehs.nih.gov%2Ftxg%2Fmembers%2F2004%2F6697%2F6697.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Toxicogenomics"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><strong>^</strong> <cite class="Journal" id="CITEREFEllinger-Ziegelbauer_H.2C_Gmuender_H.2C_Bandenburg_A.2C_Ahr_HJ2008" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Ellinger-Ziegelbauer H, Gmuender H, Bandenburg A, Ahr HJ (January 2008). &quot;Prediction of a carcinogenic potential of rat hepatocarcinogens using toxicogenomics analysis of short-term in vivo studies&quot;. <em>Mutat. Res.</em> <strong>637</strong> (1-2): 23&ndash;39. doi:<span class="neverexpand">10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2007.06.010</span>. PMID 17689568.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Prediction+of+a+carcinogenic+potential+of+rat+hepatocarcinogens+using+toxicogenomics+analysis+of+short-term+in+vivo+studies&amp;rft.jtitle=Mutat.+Res.&amp;rft.aulast=Ellinger-Ziegelbauer+H%2C+Gmuender+H%2C+Bandenburg+A%2C+Ahr+HJ&amp;rft.au=Ellinger-Ziegelbauer+H%2C+Gmuender+H%2C+Bandenburg+A%2C+Ahr+HJ&amp;rft.date=January+2008&amp;rft.volume=637&amp;rft.issue=1-2&amp;rft.pages=23%E2%80%9339&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.mrfmmm.2007.06.010&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17689568&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Toxicogenomics"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><strong>^</strong> <cite class="Journal" id="CITEREFCorvi_R.2C_Ahr_HJ.2C_Albertini_S.2C_.27.27et_al.27.272006" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Corvi R, Ahr HJ, Albertini S, <em>et al</em> (March 2006). &quot;Meeting report: Validation of toxicogenomics-based test systems: ECVAM-ICCVAM/NICEATM considerations for regulatory use&quot;. <em>Environ Health Perspect.</em> <strong>114</strong> (3): 420&ndash;9. PMID 16507466. PMC: 1392237<span class="printonly">. http://www.ehponline.org/members/2005/8247/8247.html</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Meeting+report%3A+Validation+of+toxicogenomics-based+test+systems%3A+ECVAM-ICCVAM%2FNICEATM+considerations+for+regulatory+use&amp;rft.jtitle=Environ+Health+Perspect.&amp;rft.aulast=Corvi+R%2C+Ahr+HJ%2C+Albertini+S%2C+%27%27et+al%27%27&amp;rft.au=Corvi+R%2C+Ahr+HJ%2C+Albertini+S%2C+%27%27et+al%27%27&amp;rft.date=March+2006&amp;rft.volume=114&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=420%E2%80%939&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16507466&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ehponline.org%2Fmembers%2F2005%2F8247%2F8247.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Toxicogenomics"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><strong>^</strong> <cite class="Journal" id="CITEREFCollins_BC.2C_Clarke_A.2C_Kitteringham_NR.2C_Gallagher_WM.2C_Pennington_SR2007" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Collins BC, Clarke A, Kitteringham NR, Gallagher WM, Pennington SR (October 2007). &quot;Use of proteomics for the discovery of early markers of drug toxicity&quot;. <em>Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol</em> <strong>3</strong> (5): 689&ndash;704. doi:<span class="neverexpand">10.1517/17425225.3.5.689</span>. PMID 17916055.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Use+of+proteomics+for+the+discovery+of+early+markers+of+drug+toxicity&amp;rft.jtitle=Expert+Opin+Drug+Metab+Toxicol&amp;rft.aulast=Collins+BC%2C+Clarke+A%2C+Kitteringham+NR%2C+Gallagher+WM%2C+Pennington+SR&amp;rft.au=Collins+BC%2C+Clarke+A%2C+Kitteringham+NR%2C+Gallagher+WM%2C+Pennington+SR&amp;rft.date=October+2007&amp;rft.volume=3&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=689%E2%80%93704&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1517%2F17425225.3.5.689&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17916055&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Toxicogenomics"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mattes-7">^ ^{<em><strong>a</strong></em>} ^{<em><strong>b</strong></em>} <cite class="Journal" id="CITEREFMattes_WB2008" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Mattes WB (2008). &quot;Public consortium efforts in toxicogenomics&quot;. <em>Methods Mol Biol.</em> <strong>460</strong>: 221&ndash;38. doi:<span class="neverexpand">10.1007/978-1-60327-048-9_11</span>. PMID 18449490.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Public+consortium+efforts+in+toxicogenomics&amp;rft.jtitle=Methods+Mol+Biol.&amp;rft.aulast=Mattes+WB&amp;rft.au=Mattes+WB&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=460&amp;rft.pages=221%E2%80%9338&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2F978-1-60327-048-9_11&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18449490&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Toxicogenomics"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><strong>^</strong> <cite class="Journal" id="CITEREFDix_DJ.2C_Houck_KA.2C_Martin_MT.2C_Richard_AM.2C_Setzer_RW.2C_Kavlock_RJ2007" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Dix DJ, Houck KA, Martin MT, Richard AM, Setzer RW, Kavlock RJ (January 2007). &quot;The ToxCast program for prioritizing toxicity testing of environmental chemicals&quot;. <em>Toxicol. Sci.</em> <strong>95</strong> (1): 5&ndash;12. doi:<span class="neverexpand">10.1093/toxsci/kfl103</span>. PMID 16963515.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+ToxCast+program+for+prioritizing+toxicity+testing+of+environmental+chemicals&amp;rft.jtitle=Toxicol.+Sci.&amp;rft.aulast=Dix+DJ%2C+Houck+KA%2C+Martin+MT%2C+Richard+AM%2C+Setzer+RW%2C+Kavlock+RJ&amp;rft.au=Dix+DJ%2C+Houck+KA%2C+Martin+MT%2C+Richard+AM%2C+Setzer+RW%2C+Kavlock+RJ&amp;rft.date=January+2007&amp;rft.volume=95&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=5%E2%80%9312&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Ftoxsci%2Fkfl103&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16963515&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Toxicogenomics"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> </ol> </div> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">See also</span></h2> <ul> <li>Comparative Toxicogenomics Database </li> <li><font color="#810081">Genomics</font> <ul> <li>Chemogenomics </li> <li>Structural genomics </li> <li>Pharmacogenetics </li> <li>Pharmacogenomics </li> </ul> </li> <li>Genevestigator </li> <li>InnoMed PredTox </li> <li>Toxicology </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" title="http://ctd.mdibl.org/" rel="nofollow" href="http://ctd.mdibl.org/">Comparative Toxicogenomics Database</a> - a public database that integrates toxicogenomic data for chemicals, genes, and diseases from the scientific literature. </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.ohsu.edu/croet/research/centers/toxicogenomics/whatis.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ohsu.edu/croet/research/centers/toxicogenomics/whatis.html">Center for Research on Occupational and Environmental Toxicology</a> definition by the CROET Research Centers: (Neuro)toxicogenomics and Child Health Research Center. </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.innomed-predtox.com/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.innomed-predtox.com/">InnoMed PredTox</a> - official project website </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.epa.gov/ncct/toxcast/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.epa.gov/ncct/toxcast/">ToxCast</a> - official project website </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> f18fba9b181efafd5c500cb4f7ee416d65d206c7 0 1696 2410 2009-01-17T00:41:42Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong>Acquired genetic mutation</strong>&nbsp;<br /> 202c4306c614543e9eb2f6fc53070f9e7053f85f 2412 2009-01-17T00:42:50Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong>[[External Genomics Glossary]]<br /> <br /> Acquired genetic mutation</strong>&nbsp;<br /> cb41f74fbc08d8579e4261328cb2c9150943c90d 0 1697 2413 2009-01-17T00:43:51Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki [http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/glossary/glossary.shtml ORNL Human Genome Glossary]<br /> [http://www.genomicglossaries.com/ CHI genomicglossaries.com]<br /> 283b36cf18677674ac48e578ccdaef74489570a8 0 1698 2416 2009-01-17T00:46:31Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <a href="http://www.integratedgenomics.com/">http://www.integratedgenomics.com/</a><br /> <br /> <p class="interiortxt">Founded in 1997, Chicago-based Integrated Genomics specializes in research in microbial genomics, biochemistry, and gene expression. Our scientists have broad experience in both<em> in silico</em> and wet lab sequencing, research and development with more than 100 relevant publications in these areas. Integrated Genomics has particularly long-standing relationships and active research in the area of lactic acid bacteria and pathogenic microbes, as well as a broad customer base across industry, academic and government institutions.</p> <p class="interiortxt">Integrated Genomics&rsquo; products and services are based on ERGO&trade;, our web-based genome analysis platform. ERGO&trade; integrates proprietary functional genomic data, metabolic reconstructions, expression profiling, and biochemical and microbiological data with publicly available information. Focused on microbial genomics, ERGO&trade; provides better and faster identification of gene function across all organisms.<br /> </p> <p class="interiortxt">Contact:</p> <p class="interiortxt">2201 W CAMPBELL PARK DR STE 15<br /> CHICAGO, IL 60612-3547 USA<br /> Phone 312-491-0846 <br /> Fax 312-491-0856 <br /> contact@integratedgenomics.com</p> <p class="interiortxt"><strong>Business Hours:</strong><br /> Monday to Friday from 9 a.m to 5 p.m. Central Standard Time.</p> <p class="interiortxt">&nbsp;</p> 66a93024c69f3ec4395042eb980ea8e062c2bb38 2418 2009-01-17T00:47:32Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <a href="http://www.integratedgenomics.com/">&nbsp;http://www.integratedgenomics.com/</a><br /> [[Image:Integrated genomics logo.gif|300px]]<br /> <p class="interiortxt">Founded in 1997, Chicago-based Integrated Genomics specializes in research in microbial genomics, biochemistry, and gene expression. Our scientists have broad experience in both<em> in silico</em> and wet lab sequencing, research and development with more than 100 relevant publications in these areas. Integrated Genomics has particularly long-standing relationships and active research in the area of lactic acid bacteria and pathogenic microbes, as well as a broad customer base across industry, academic and government institutions.</p> <p class="interiortxt">Integrated Genomics&rsquo; products and services are based on ERGO&trade;, our web-based genome analysis platform. ERGO&trade; integrates proprietary functional genomic data, metabolic reconstructions, expression profiling, and biochemical and microbiological data with publicly available information. Focused on microbial genomics, ERGO&trade; provides better and faster identification of gene function across all organisms.<br /> </p> <p class="interiortxt">Contact:</p> <p class="interiortxt">2201 W CAMPBELL PARK DR STE 15<br /> CHICAGO, IL 60612-3547 USA<br /> Phone 312-491-0846 <br /> Fax 312-491-0856 <br /> contact@integratedgenomics.com</p> <p class="interiortxt"><strong>Business Hours:</strong><br /> Monday to Friday from 9 a.m to 5 p.m. Central Standard Time.</p> <p class="interiortxt">&nbsp;</p> 5ef7510168d42779ae7e50aa3153d4c8eda81038 6 1699 2417 2009-01-17T00:47:06Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 0 1700 2426 2009-01-17T00:58:02Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <h2>NGI approach</h2> <p>NGI creates societal and economic value from genomics through a network of large-scale Genomics Centres that work on targeted programmes. These centres are consortiums of universities, research institutes, industry and societal organisations. </p> <p>The Genomics Centres cover the complete chain from basic science to applied research, development and finally valorisation of the results. Societal embedding and creating new economic activity is an integral part of the programme of each consortium. &nbsp;</p> <h2>NGI is funded by&nbsp;six ministries: </h2> <p><a class="link" href="http://www.minlnv.nl/" target="_blank">Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality</a> <br /> <a class="link" href="http://www.minez.nl/" target="_blank">Economic Affairs</a><br /> <a class="link" href="http://www.minocw.nl/english/index.html" target="_blank">Education, Culture and Science</a>&nbsp;<br /> <a class="link" href="http://www.minvws.nl/en/" target="_blank">Health, Welfare and Sport</a> <br /> <a class="link" href="http://www.vrom.nl/international/" target="_blank">Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment</a><br /> <a class="link" href="http://english.justitie.nl/" target="_blank">Justice</a>&nbsp;</p> <p>Additionally, NGI is affiliated to and closely collaborates with:<br /> <a class="link" href="http://www.nwo.nl/" target="_blank">Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO)</a> <a class="link" href="http://www.senternovem.nl/" target="_blank">SenterNovem</a> <br /> <a class="link" href="http://www.stw.nl/" target="_blank">Technology Foundation STW</a><br /> <br /> <font size="4">URL:</font><br /> <a href="http://www.genomics.nl">http://www.genomics.nl</a></p> 0c56efb1e32fa1bc989acd44e7bf118a9546ffed 0 1631 2428 2009-01-17T01:10:56Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">Please put down a title and opinions on the title here.</font><br /> <br /> [[About Human Genome Project]]&nbsp; 2008<br /> [[Personal genomics]]<br /> 7edfc8bb47fd1fb965935723e7642575e882a5bc 2429 2009-01-17T01:11:19Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">Please put down a title and opinions on the title here.</font><br /> <br /> [[About Human Genome Project]]&nbsp; 2008<br /> [[Personal genomics will become very personal?]]<br /> 173478bb2d749cd9ae6bef460b3be51ba096c122 0 1701 2432 2009-01-18T01:02:10Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5">Genomics Methods</font><br /> <br /> <hr /> <strong>External links for Genomics Methods</strong><br /> [http://www.bio.davidson.edu/COURSES/GENOMICS/methodslist.html Davidson.edu Genomics methods]<br /> b375e3c794b9babddea0e8a549ce0f8597659214 0 1702 2434 2009-01-18T01:04:57Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <a href="http://www.igb.uci.edu/">http://www.igb.uci.edu/</a><br /> <br /> <span class="bodyText">&nbsp; <p>The Institute for Genomics and Bioinformatics (IGB) was established in January 2001. As an Organized Research Unit, IGB.s UC charter was to create an organizational structure for interdisciplinary research in genomics and bioinformatics, which together were (and still are) catalyzing a revolution in the scientific understanding of biological genes, proteins, networks, and systems, and their medical implications. The Institute reports directly to the UCI Vice Chancellor of Research and Graduate Studies, in keeping with its interdisciplinary nature, and is currently housed in the Donald Bren School of Information and Computer Science building on the UC Irvine campus.</p> <p>IGB rapidly became well known for its ability to foster innovative interdisciplinary activities and attract third party funding. In 2002 the National Institutes of Health (NIH) awarded the Institute $4.3 million to consolidate UCI bioinformatics educational efforts into a comprehensive, campus-wide initiative. In 2004, the Biomedical Informatics Training (BIT) Program will graduate its first Ph.D. cross-trained in the life and computational sciences. In less than three years, IGB has attracted a total of $14.2 million in external funding from the National Institutes of Health, the National Science Foundation, and multiple UC sources. In fall 2003 alone, IGB was awarded an NSF Major Instrumentation (MRI) grant, an NSF Information Technology Research (ITR) grant, an NIH Frontiers in Integrative Biological Research (FIBR) grant, and an NIH Novel Technologies for In Vivo Imaging (R21 R33) grant. For more information about IGB.s latest grants and other news, see <a href="http://www.igb.uci.edu/?page=about&amp;subPage=news"><font color="#0066cc">News</font></a>.</p> <p>Since its inception, IGB.s programs, membership and staff have grown. Originally a loosely organized structure with a Director, one staff member, and a fluid group of affiliated researchers, in 2001 the Institute added four Program Areas and Leaders. In 2002, an Associate Director, an additional Program Leader, and two staff members were added to accommodate administrative needs and a growing scientific agenda. Today, IGB has seven core Program areas, representing increasing breadth and depth of collaborative interdisciplinary projects: Biomedical Engineering, Chemical Biology, Evolutionary Genomics, Functional Genomics, Human Genomics, Systems Biology, and Structural Genomics. For more information on IGB.s organizational structure, see <a href="http://www.igb.uci.edu/?page=people"><font color="#0066cc">People</font></a>.<br /> <br /> </p> </span> fc7ffd6520dc6c4223c957244b5242d4c7fb0e2f 0 1703 2435 2009-01-18T01:05:57Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sanger Centre]] <br /> [[JGI]] <br /> [[IGB at UCI]] <br /> 064262dcbd4f801ae15005c93011fb8e06fee7f6 2436 2009-01-18T01:06:50Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sanger Institute]] <br /> [[JGI]] <br /> [[IGB at UCI]] <br /> b0fdd2cd18155425e176a583ac2e6fd12cde399b 2440 2009-01-18T01:12:03Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sanger Institute]]&nbsp;<br /> [[Center for integrative genomics at Berkeley]]<br /> [[JGI]] <br /> [[IGB at UCI]] <br /> 44590d493ce1becda8d3d4188bec5f58d1e678b1 0 1704 2437 2009-01-18T01:07:20Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font color="#000000">The <strong>Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute</strong> (formerly the Sanger Centre) is a genome research centre in the Wellcome Trust Genome Campus in Cambridgeshire, England. It was set up in 1992 by the Wellcome Trust and the Medical Research Council, the purpose of which is stated as &quot;to further our knowledge of genomes, and in particular to play a substantial role in the sequencing and interpretation of the human genome. This information will underpin research on human biology and disease in this century and beyond&quot;<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></font></sup> and was named after the double Nobel Laureate biochemist Frederick Sanger. The Nobel Laureate John Sulston acted as director of the institute upon its inception until 2000.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Besides its involvement in a large number of genome sequencing projects, the institute hosts many different (large-scale) research projects and is regarded as a key player in the international research community.<sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><span style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since June 2008"><font size="2">[<em>citation needed</em>]</font></span></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">The projects include:</font></p> <ul> <li><font color="#000000">Human Genome Project<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></font></sup></font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Cancer Genome Project<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></font></sup></font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Genes to Cognition Project<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></font></sup></font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Ensembl The Ensembl Genome Browser</font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Pathogen Sequencing</font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Pfam<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18039703_4-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></font></sup> and Rfam<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18953034_5-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></font></sup></font></li> </ul> <p><font color="#000000">PhD students trained at the institute are registered at the University of Cambridge.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">References</font></span></h2> <div class="references-small"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-0"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> &quot;Sanger Institute - General Information&quot;. Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. Retrieved on 2008-06-24.</font></li> <li id="cite_note-1"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> &quot;Human Genome Project&quot;. Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. Retrieved on 2008-06-24.</font></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> &quot;Cancer Genome Project&quot;. Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. Retrieved on 2008-06-24.</font></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> &quot;G2C::Consortium&quot;. Genes to Cognition. Retrieved on 2008-06-24.</font></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18039703-4"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFFinn_RD.2C_Tate_J.2C_Mistry_J.2C_Coggill_PC.2C_Sammut_SJ.2C_Hotz_HR.2C_Ceric_G.2C_Forslund_K.2C_Eddy_SR.2C_Sonnhammer_EL.2C_Bateman_A2008" class="Journal">Finn RD, Tate J, Mistry J, Coggill PC, Sammut SJ, Hotz HR, Ceric G, Forslund K, Eddy SR, Sonnhammer EL, Bateman A (2008). &quot;The Pfam protein families database.&quot;. <em>Nucleic Acids Res</em> <strong>36</strong> (Database issue): D281-8. PMID 18039703.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+Pfam+protein+families+database.&amp;rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Res&amp;rft.aulast=Finn+RD%2C+Tate+J%2C+Mistry+J%2C+Coggill+PC%2C+Sammut+SJ%2C+Hotz+HR%2C+Ceric+G%2C+Forslund+K%2C+Eddy+SR%2C+Sonnhammer+EL%2C+Bateman+A&amp;rft.au=Finn+RD%2C+Tate+J%2C+Mistry+J%2C+Coggill+PC%2C+Sammut+SJ%2C+Hotz+HR%2C+Ceric+G%2C+Forslund+K%2C+Eddy+SR%2C+Sonnhammer+EL%2C+Bateman+A&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=36&amp;rft.issue=Database+issue&amp;rft.pages=D281-8&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18039703&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Sanger_Institute"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18953034-5"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFGardner_PP.2C_Daub_J.2C_Tate_JG.2C_Nawrocki_EP.2C_Kolbe_DL.2C_Lindgreen_S.2C_Wilkinson_AC.2C_Finn_RD.2C_Griffiths-Jones_S.2C_Eddy_SR.2C_Bateman_A2008" class="Journal">Gardner PP, Daub J, Tate JG, Nawrocki EP, Kolbe DL, Lindgreen S, Wilkinson AC, Finn RD, Griffiths-Jones S, Eddy SR, Bateman A (2008). &quot;Rfam: updates to the RNA families database.&quot;. <em>Nucleic Acids Res</em>. PMID 18953034.</cite></font><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Rfam%3A+updates+to+the+RNA+families+database.&amp;rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Res&amp;rft.aulast=Gardner+PP%2C+Daub+J%2C+Tate+JG%2C+Nawrocki+EP%2C+Kolbe+DL%2C+Lindgreen+S%2C+Wilkinson+AC%2C+Finn+RD%2C+Griffiths-Jones+S%2C+Eddy+SR%2C+Bateman+A&amp;rft.au=Gardner+PP%2C+Daub+J%2C+Tate+JG%2C+Nawrocki+EP%2C+Kolbe+DL%2C+Lindgreen+S%2C+Wilkinson+AC%2C+Finn+RD%2C+Griffiths-Jones+S%2C+Eddy+SR%2C+Bateman+A&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18953034&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Sanger_Institute"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> </ol> </div> <p><a id="External_links" name="External_links"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/" href="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">The Sanger Institute</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/Info/Intro/sanger.shtml" href="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/Info/Intro/sanger.shtml" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">About Fred Sanger, biography from the Sanger Institute</font></a></li> </ul> c4a36a005be71abdd631c40d6fa606e5407d0dc7 0 1705 2439 2009-01-18T01:10:07Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font color="#000000">The Beta Cell Biology Consortium (BCBC) is a team science initiative that was established by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) in 2001 (RFA DK-01-014), and competitively continued in 2005 (RFA&rsquo;s DK-01-17, DK-01-18). Currently, the BCBC consists of 29 scientists, the majority of whom participate as either Principal or Co-Principal Investigators on eight U-01 and two U-19 projects. In addition, scientists from two intramural NIDDK laboratories are involved.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Activities within the BCBC are overseen by both NIDDK staff members and participating scientists. A Steering Committee, which consists of all Principal Investigators, meets on a semi-annual basis. An Executive Committee meets monthly by teleconference. An External Advisory Board serves to provide objective scientific input and guidance. </font></p> <p><font color="#000000">A Coordinating Center located at Vanderbilt University provides the organizational infrastructure for the BCBC. Its primary objectives are to 1) facilitate interactions and communication by organizing meetings and retreats, distributing announcements, and maintaining a website with databases of vital research resources; 2) support research within the BCBC by organizing core facilities and, when necessary, developing new cores; 3) jumpstart new research by young investigators through a Pilot and Feasibility (P&amp;F) Grant Program; and 4) bring different groups of scientists together within the BCBC through a Program of Collaborative Bridging Projects. </font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Many of the BCBC investigator-initiated projects involve reagent-generating activities that will benefit the larger scientific community. The combination of programs and activities that, together comprise the BCBC, should accelerate the pace of major new discoveries and progress within the field of beta cell biology</font></p> 0ff4fa47e77fd7f3f63865e9ec466028da3a5ae6 0 1706 2441 2009-01-18T01:12:25Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <table class="contentpaneopen"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="contentheading" width="100%">Welcome to the Center for Integrative Genomics! </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table class="contentpaneopen"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" colspan="2"> <p>The <strong>Center for Integrative Genomics</strong> is a research center bringing together researchers from several traditionally isolated fields of study to analyze and compare the genome sequences of a broad spectrum of organisms to determine the mechanisms responsible for evolutionary diversity among animals, plants and microbes.</p> <p>Faculty at the Center are drawn from a number of academic departments at UC Berkeley and Lawrence Berkeley National Labs, including molecular and cellular biology, integrative biology, statistics, computer science, bioengineering, plant and microbial biology, biostatistics, mathematics, physics, and public health.</p> <p>One of the Center's primary objectives is to decode regulatory DNA - the regions of the genome that control gene expression - and the protein factors that bind to them. By understanding how a common set of genes is deployed differently in various organisms, we hope to reveal the mechanisms of evolution. Many of our projects involve the study of the organisms shown above. Click on one to find out more.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>Mailing address:<br /> UC Berkeley MCB<br /> CIG 142 LSA #3200<br /> Berkeley, CA 94720-3200 <br /> <br /> Fax: 510-643-5785</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> Center for Integrative Genomics! <br /> The Center for Integrative Genomics is a research center bringing together researchers from several traditionally isolated fields of study to analyze and compare the genome sequences of a broad spectrum of organisms to determine the mechanisms responsible for evolutionary diversity among animals, plants and microbes. <br /> <br /> Faculty at the Center are drawn from a number of academic departments at UC Berkeley and Lawrence Berkeley National Labs, including molecular and cellular biology, integrative biology, statistics, computer science, bioengineering, plant and microbial biology, biostatistics, mathematics, physics, and public health. <br /> <br /> One of the Center's primary objectives is to decode regulatory DNA - the regions of the genome that control gene expression - and the protein factors that bind to them. By understanding how a common set of genes is deployed differently in various organisms, we hope to reveal the mechanisms of evolution. Many of our projects involve the study of the organisms shown above. Click on one to find out more. <br /> <br /> <br /> Mailing address: <br /> UC Berkeley MCB <br /> CIG 142 LSA #3200 <br /> Berkeley, CA 94720-3200 <br /> <br /> Fax: 510-643-5785 <br /> <br /> <a href="http://cigbrowser.berkeley.edu/">http://cigbrowser.berkeley.edu/</a> 3543a50df1dc76aa1af886b28882b58bc0b0ad86 2442 2009-01-18T01:12:38Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki Center for Integrative Genomics! <br /> The Center for Integrative Genomics is a research center bringing together researchers from several traditionally isolated fields of study to analyze and compare the genome sequences of a broad spectrum of organisms to determine the mechanisms responsible for evolutionary diversity among animals, plants and microbes. <br /> <br /> Faculty at the Center are drawn from a number of academic departments at UC Berkeley and Lawrence Berkeley National Labs, including molecular and cellular biology, integrative biology, statistics, computer science, bioengineering, plant and microbial biology, biostatistics, mathematics, physics, and public health. <br /> <br /> One of the Center's primary objectives is to decode regulatory DNA - the regions of the genome that control gene expression - and the protein factors that bind to them. By understanding how a common set of genes is deployed differently in various organisms, we hope to reveal the mechanisms of evolution. Many of our projects involve the study of the organisms shown above. Click on one to find out more. <br /> <br /> <br /> Mailing address: <br /> UC Berkeley MCB <br /> CIG 142 LSA #3200 <br /> Berkeley, CA 94720-3200 <br /> <br /> Fax: 510-643-5785 <br /> <br /> <a href="http://cigbrowser.berkeley.edu/">http://cigbrowser.berkeley.edu/</a> 20a8577a8cc938782f2d32381f014d1d946a8b27 2443 2009-01-18T01:36:13Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki Center for Integrative Genomics! <br /> The Center for Integrative Genomics at Berkeley is a research center bringing together researchers from several traditionally isolated fields of study to analyze and compare the genome sequences of a broad spectrum of organisms to determine the mechanisms responsible for evolutionary diversity among animals, plants and microbes. <br /> <br /> Faculty at the Center are drawn from a number of academic departments at UC Berkeley and Lawrence Berkeley National Labs, including molecular and cellular biology, integrative biology, statistics, computer science, bioengineering, plant and microbial biology, biostatistics, mathematics, physics, and public health. <br /> <br /> One of the Center's primary objectives is to decode regulatory DNA - the regions of the genome that control gene expression - and the protein factors that bind to them. By understanding how a common set of genes is deployed differently in various organisms, we hope to reveal the mechanisms of evolution. Many of our projects involve the study of the organisms shown above. Click on one to find out more. <br /> <br /> <br /> Mailing address: <br /> UC Berkeley MCB <br /> CIG 142 LSA #3200 <br /> Berkeley, CA 94720-3200 <br /> <br /> Fax: 510-643-5785 <br /> <br /> <a href="http://cigbrowser.berkeley.edu/">http://cigbrowser.berkeley.edu/</a> c397fc03680f1b12df0f8fd5871dd102eafa7475 0 1650 2444 2009-01-20T22:06:17Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki Gacheon Medical School's Lee Gilyeo Cancer Diabetes Research Institute and [[KOBIC]] of KRIBB announced a Korean human genome sequence.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <a href="http://koreagenome.org/">http://koreagenome.org/</a><br /> <br /> The full genome sequence is available from <a href="ftp://ftp.kobic.re.kr/pub/PersonalGenomes/Korean/">ftp://ftp.kobic.re.kr/pub/PersonalGenomes/Korean/</a><br /> <br /> This is the fifth individual genome that is fully available on the net. Dr. Kim Sungjin's genome was sequenced who is the head of the LCDI (Lee Gilyeo Cancer Diabetes Inst.).<br /> <br /> The genome was analyzed by KOBIC using around 150 CPUs.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 1927574f16d347fe15d7d094cb7eb844455e98d8 0 1669 2445 2009-01-20T22:08:05Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki Demogenomics is the genomics study of human populations in a society, a country, and the world.<br /> <br /> It also means democratic genomics that endorses equal and fair genomics application to anyone on Earth regardless of his/her racial, financial,&nbsp;and social background.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <br /> <font size="3"><strong>See also</strong><br /> [[Demogenome]]</font><br /> <font size="3">Agrogenomics<br /> Autogenomics<br /> Chemicogenomics | Chemogenomics | Chemgenomics<br /> Demogenomics<br /> Ecogenomics<br /> Econogenomics<br /> Equigenomics<br /> Ethnogenomics<br /> Immunogenomics<br /> Metagenomics<br /> Microgenomics<br /> Mycogenomics<br /> Nanogenomics<br /> Neurogenomics<br /> Omnigenomics<br /> Oncogenomics<br /> Phytogenomics<br /> Psychogenomics<br /> Supergenomics<br /> <br /> <strong>External links</strong><br /> [http://omics.org Omics.org]<br /> [http://demogenomics.org Demogenomics.org]<br /> <br /> </font> a08e8b2110e5b9543523e4a59358a1c89201489e 2446 2009-01-20T22:09:57Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki Demogenomics is the genomics study of human populations in a society, a country, and the world. Demogenome is not a biological classification but a social and historical classification. Studying the human population in the USA is a demogenomics project while studying the ethnic diversity of Sout American Indian tribes is a [[phylogenomics]].<br /> <br /> It also means democratic genomics that endorses equal and fair genomics application to anyone on Earth regardless of his/her racial, financial,&nbsp;and social background.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <br /> <font size="3"><strong>See also</strong><br /> [[Demogenome]]</font><br /> <font size="3">Agrogenomics<br /> Autogenomics<br /> Chemicogenomics | Chemogenomics | Chemgenomics<br /> Demogenomics<br /> Ecogenomics<br /> Econogenomics<br /> Equigenomics<br /> Ethnogenomics<br /> Immunogenomics<br /> Metagenomics<br /> Microgenomics<br /> Mycogenomics<br /> Nanogenomics<br /> Neurogenomics<br /> Omnigenomics<br /> Oncogenomics<br /> Phylogenomics<br /> Phytogenomics<br /> Psychogenomics<br /> Supergenomics<br /> <br /> <strong>External links</strong><br /> [http://omics.org Omics.org]<br /> [http://demogenomics.org Demogenomics.org]<br /> <br /> </font> 9ab79df382e9d069ad88a33e23f6053fe6fbc147 0 1707 2450 2009-01-20T23:22:01Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Craig Venter's genome]]: Published in PlosBiology 2007 October. [http://koreangenome.org/images/d/dd/10.1371_journal.pbio.0050254-L.pdf PDF file] 3bda381b5220ed83bda6abf4424784678a13ee0d 2453 2009-01-20T23:45:07Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Craig Venter's genome]]: Published in PlosBiology 2007 October. [http://koreangenome.org/images/d/dd/10.1371_journal.pbio.0050254-L.pdf PDF file]&nbsp;<br /> [[Kim Sungjin's genome]]: The first Korean genome. Freely available from [[KOBIC]] ftp site. 8f323a395012dc8a538ade4a625d654d3b3232a7 2454 2009-01-20T23:46:08Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Craig Venter's genome]]: Published in PlosBiology 2007 October. [http://koreangenome.org/images/d/dd/10.1371_journal.pbio.0050254-L.pdf PDF file]&nbsp;<br /> [[James Watson's genome]]:&nbsp;The second Caucasian personal genome.<br /> [[Yang Huanming's genome]]: The first Chinese genome.<br /> [[Kim Sungjin's genome]]: The first Korean genome. Freely available from [[KOBIC]] ftp site. 57470f6d1dd0033389efe35b66e4cae44347a356 0 1708 2451 2009-01-20T23:38:27Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5">Craig Venter's genome</font><br /> <br /> Sequencer: Sanger dideoxy sequencing<br /> <br /> ~32,000,000 random DNA fragments<br /> 2,810,000,000 bases.<br /> 7.5 fold coverage.<br /> 4,100,000 DNA variants ==&gt; 12.3 mb<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1,288,319 were novel<br /> 3,213,401 SNPs were novel.<br /> 53,823 block substitutions,&nbsp;<br /> 90 inversions<br /> <br /> Venter was born on 14th Oct. 1946. Caucasian.<br /> <br /> <br /> 9c5761ca3150b070979c4cc20cfb3bc804dd2410 0 1709 2452 2009-01-20T23:41:28Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="3">Human Genomics</font><br /> <br /> dc72b5638a24bb8f427d17f005d9d99e26318895 0 1710 2457 2009-01-21T20:48:04Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>[[Daphnia Genomics Consortium (DGC)]]</p> 11be08961eda0409eaa35023e71ff4ff3b8312e3 0 1711 2459 2009-01-21T20:49:09Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong>Daphnia Genomics Consortium</strong><br /> <br /> The <em>Daphnia</em> Genomics Consortium (DGC) is an international <a href="/people/?page=network"><font color="#0066cc">network</font></a> of investigators committed to mounting the freshwater crustacean <em>Daphnia</em> as a <a href="/people/modelsystem/"><font color="#0066cc">model system for ecology, evolution and the environmental sciences</font></a>. At our first consortium meeting in 2002, a decision was made to initially focus most of the global efforts on the <em>D. pulex</em> complex, based on the broad set of genomic tools that have already been developed, but to also bring the distantly related congener <em>D. magna</em> on board as soon as possible. Five years later, we are in the process of analyzing the draft genome sequence assembly of the <em>D. pulex</em> genome and we are beginning the <em>D. magna</em> genome sequencing project. <p>Along with research activities, the DGC is: (1) coordinating efforts towards developing the <a href="https://dgc.cgb.indiana.edu/display/daphnia/The+utility+box+for+genomics" target="_blank"><font color="#0066cc"><em>Daphnia</em> genomic toolbox</font></a>, which will then be available for use by the general community; (2) facilitating collaborative cross-disciplinary investigations; (3) developing bioinformatic strategies for organizing the rapidly growing genome database; and (4) exploring emerging technologies to improve high throughput analyses of molecular and ecological samples. If we are to succeed in creating a new model system for modern life-sciences research, it will need to be a <a href="/people/network/"><font color="#0066cc">community-wide effort</font></a>. We hope that you will participate at some level. Membership is open to the research community - contact <a href="/people/contacts/6"><font color="#0066cc">John Colbourne</font></a>.<br /> <br /> </p> aa27639f3da684d9810fe9fa4bc4b0dcfa62ae78 2460 2009-01-21T20:50:24Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong>Daphnia Genomics Consortium<br /> </strong><br /> <a href="http://daphnia.cgb.indiana.edu/">http://daphnia.cgb.indiana.edu/</a><br /> <br /> The <em>Daphnia</em> Genomics Consortium (DGC) is an international <a href="/people/?page=network"><font color="#0066cc">network</font></a> of investigators committed to mounting the freshwater crustacean <em>Daphnia</em> as a <a href="/people/modelsystem/"><font color="#0066cc">model system for ecology, evolution and the environmental sciences</font></a>. At our first consortium meeting in 2002, a decision was made to initially focus most of the global efforts on the <em>D. pulex</em> complex, based on the broad set of genomic tools that have already been developed, but to also bring the distantly related congener <em>D. magna</em> on board as soon as possible. Five years later, we are in the process of analyzing the draft genome sequence assembly of the <em>D. pulex</em> genome and we are beginning the <em>D. magna</em> genome sequencing project. <p><br /> Along with research activities, the DGC is: (1) coordinating efforts towards developing the <a target="_blank" href="https://dgc.cgb.indiana.edu/display/daphnia/The+utility+box+for+genomics"><font color="#0066cc"><em>Daphnia</em> genomic toolbox</font></a>, which will then be available for use by the general community; (2) facilitating collaborative cross-disciplinary investigations; (3) developing bioinformatic strategies for organizing the rapidly growing genome database; and (4) exploring emerging technologies to improve high throughput analyses of molecular and ecological samples. If we are to succeed in creating a new model system for modern life-sciences research, it will need to be a <a href="/people/network/"><font color="#0066cc">community-wide effort</font></a>. We hope that you will participate at some level. Membership is open to the research community - contact <a href="/people/contacts/6"><font color="#0066cc">John Colbourne</font></a>.<br /> <br /> </p> 96ae135fca7f9c570a31f3ac9fd0362e2bc700f0 0 1711 2461 2009-01-21T20:51:10Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong>Daphnia Genomics Consortium<br /> </strong><br /> <a href="http://daphnia.cgb.indiana.edu/">http://daphnia.cgb.indiana.edu/</a><br /> <br /> [[What is a daphnia?]]<br /> <br /> The <em>Daphnia</em> Genomics Consortium (DGC) is an international <a href="/people/?page=network"><font color="#0066cc">network</font></a> of investigators committed to mounting the freshwater crustacean <em>Daphnia</em> as a <a href="/people/modelsystem/"><font color="#0066cc">model system for ecology, evolution and the environmental sciences</font></a>. At our first consortium meeting in 2002, a decision was made to initially focus most of the global efforts on the <em>D. pulex</em> complex, based on the broad set of genomic tools that have already been developed, but to also bring the distantly related congener <em>D. magna</em> on board as soon as possible. Five years later, we are in the process of analyzing the draft genome sequence assembly of the <em>D. pulex</em> genome and we are beginning the <em>D. magna</em> genome sequencing project. <p><br /> Along with research activities, the DGC is: (1) coordinating efforts towards developing the <a target="_blank" href="https://dgc.cgb.indiana.edu/display/daphnia/The+utility+box+for+genomics"><font color="#0066cc"><em>Daphnia</em> genomic toolbox</font></a>, which will then be available for use by the general community; (2) facilitating collaborative cross-disciplinary investigations; (3) developing bioinformatic strategies for organizing the rapidly growing genome database; and (4) exploring emerging technologies to improve high throughput analyses of molecular and ecological samples. If we are to succeed in creating a new model system for modern life-sciences research, it will need to be a <a href="/people/network/"><font color="#0066cc">community-wide effort</font></a>. We hope that you will participate at some level. Membership is open to the research community - contact <a href="/people/contacts/6"><font color="#0066cc">John Colbourne</font></a>.<br /> <br /> </p> f775c24242e14178873adaa83f561121890aa0e0 2465 2009-01-21T20:52:54Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong>Daphnia Genomics Consortium<br /> </strong><br /> <a href="http://daphnia.cgb.indiana.edu/">http://daphnia.cgb.indiana.edu/</a><br /> <br /> [[What is a daphnia?]]<br /> <br /> The <em>Daphnia</em> Genomics Consortium (DGC) is an international <a href="/people/?page=network"><font color="#0066cc">network</font></a> of investigators committed to mounting the freshwater crustacean <em>Daphnia.<br /> </em><br /> <br /> <br /> 34061750954c4b5b405244a7b0133553049d7843 2468 2009-01-21T20:54:10Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong>Daphnia Genomics Consortium<br /> </strong><br /> <a href="http://daphnia.cgb.indiana.edu/">http://daphnia.cgb.indiana.edu/</a><br /> <br /> [[What is a daphnia?]]<br /> <br /> [[Image:Daphnia magna01.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The <em>Daphnia</em> Genomics Consortium (DGC) is an international <a href="/people/?page=network"><font color="#0066cc">network</font></a> of investigators committed to mounting the freshwater crustacean <em>Daphnia.<br /> </em><br /> <br /> <br /> 01264b74f21ed80ea818c4977ef45b188c2cf8ea 0 1712 2462 2009-01-21T20:51:45Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><em><strong>Daphnia</strong></em> are small, planktonic crustaceans, between 0.2 and 5&nbsp;mm in length. <em>Daphnia</em> are members of the order Cladocera, and are one of the several small aquatic crustaceans commonly called water fleas because of their saltatory swimming style (although fleas are insects and thus only very distantly related). They live in various aquatic environments ranging from acidic swamps to freshwater lakes, ponds, streams and rivers.</p> <table id="toc" summary="Contents" class="toc"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2> <span class="toctoggle">[hide]</span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Biology</span></li> <li class="toclevel-1"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Reproduction</span></li> <li class="toclevel-1"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Lifespan</span></li> <li class="toclevel-1"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Uses</span></li> <li class="toclevel-1"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Ecology</span></li> <li class="toclevel-1"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "show"; var tocHideText = "hide"; showTocToggle(); } //]]> </script> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Biology</span></h2> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div style="WIDTH: 182px" class="thumbinner"><img class="thumbimage" border="0" alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Daphnia.png/180px-Daphnia.png" width="180" height="295" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><img alt="" src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" /></div> Anatomy of <em>Daphnia</em></div> </div> </div> <p>The division of the body into segments is nearly invisible. The head is fused, and is generally bent down towards the body with a visible notch separating the two. In most species the rest of the body is covered by a carapace, with a ventral gap in which the five or six pairs of legs lie. The most prominent features are the compound eyes, the second antennae, and a pair of abdominal setae. In many species, the carapace is translucent or nearly so and as a result they make excellent subjects for the microscope as one can observe the beating heart.</p> <p>Even under relatively low power microscopy, the feeding mechanism can be observed, with immature young moving in the brood-pouch; moreover, the eye being moved by the ciliary muscles can be seen, as well as blood corpuscles being pumped around the circulatory system by the simple heart. The heart is at the top of the back, just behind the head, and the average heart rate is approximately 180 bpm under normal conditions. <em>Daphnia</em>, like many animals, annre prone to alcohol intoxication, and make excellent subjects for studying the effects of the depressant on the nervous system &ndash; due to the translucent exoskeleton, and the visibly altered heart rate. They are tolerant of being observed live under a cover slip and appear to suffer no harm when returned to open water. This experiment can also be done using caffeine, nicotine or adrenaline and observing an increase in heart rate.</p> <p>A few <em>Daphnia</em> prey on tiny crustaceans and rotifers, but most are filter feeders, ingesting mainly unicellular algae and various sorts of organic detritus including protists and bacteria. They also eat forms of yeast, but mostly in laboratories or controlled environments. <em>Daphnia</em> can be kept easily on a diet of yeast. Beating of the legs produces a constant current through the carapace which brings such material into the digestive tract. The trapped food particles are formed into a food <em>bolus</em> which then moves down the digestive tract until voided through the anus located on the ventral surface of the terminal appendage. The first and second pair of legs are used in the organisms' filter feeding ensuring large unabsorbable particles are kept out while the other sets of legs create the stream of water rushing into the organism. Swimming, on the other hand, is powered mainly by the second set of antennae which are larger in size than the first set. The action of this second set of antennae is responsible for the jumping motion.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Reproduction</span></h2> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div style="WIDTH: 182px" class="thumbinner"><img class="thumbimage" border="0" alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Daphnid_GLERL_1.jpg/180px-Daphnid_GLERL_1.jpg" width="180" height="147" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><img alt="" src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" /></div> Resting egg pouch (ephippium) and the juvenile Daphnid that just hatched from it.</div> </div> </div> <p><em>Daphnia</em> reproduce parthenogenetically usually in the spring until the end of the summer. One or more juvenile animals are nurtured in the brood pouch inside the carapace. The newly hatched <em>Daphnia</em> must molt several times before they are fully grown into an adult usually after about two weeks. The young are small copies of the adult; there are no true nymphal or instar stages. The fully mature females are able to produce a new brood of young about every ten days under ideal conditions. The reproduction process continues while the environmental conditions continue to support their growth. When winter approaches or in drought conditions or at times of other harsh environmental conditions, production of new female generations cease and parthenogenic males are produced. However, even in harsh environmental conditions males may make up considerably less than half the population, in some species they are unknown entirely. Males are much smaller in size than the female and they typically possess a specialised abdominal appendage which is used in mating to grasp a female from behind and prise open her carapace and insert a spermatheca and thus fertilise the eggs. These fertilised eggs are termed winter eggs and are provided with extra shell layer called ephippium. The extra layer preserves and protects the egg inside from harsh environmental conditions until the more favourable times, such as spring, when the reproductive cycle is able to take place once again.</p> <p>In addition to the production of eggs capable of overwintering, this switch to sexual reproduction has also been proposed to allow greater offspring variation (through genetic recombination) which may be useful in varied or unpredictable conditions, this idea is often proposed under the name of the lottery model.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Lifespan</span></h2> <p>The lifespan of a <em>Daphnia</em> does not exceed one year and is largely temperature dependent. For example, individual organisms can live up to 108 days at 3&deg;C while some organisms live for only 29 days at 28&deg;C. A clear exception to this trend is during the winter time in which harsh conditions limit the population in which females have been recorded to live for over six months. These females generally grow at slower rate but in the end are larger than ones under normal conditions.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2>&nbsp;<span class="mw-headline">Uses</span></h2> <p>Sometimes <em>Daphnia</em> may be used in certain environments to test the effects of toxins on an ecosystem. This makes Daphnia an indicator species, particularly useful in that area because of its short lifespan and reproductive capabilities. They are often fed to tadpoles of small species of amphibians such as the African Dwarf Frog, Hymenochirus biettgeri. <em>Daphnia</em> are also a popular live food for tropical and marine fish keeping.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Ecology</span></h2> <p>Several water flea species are considered threatened. The following are listed as vulnerable by IUCN: <em>Daphnia nivalis</em>, <em>Daphnia coronata</em>, <em>Daphnia occidentalis</em>, and <em>Daphnia jollyi</em>. Some species are halophiles, and can be found in hypersaline lake environments.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" title="http://daphnia.cgb.indiana.edu/" href="http://daphnia.cgb.indiana.edu/" rel="nofollow"><font color="#800080">Daphnia Genomics Consortium</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://mblaquaculture.com/content/organisms/daphnids.php" href="http://mblaquaculture.com/content/organisms/daphnids.php" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">Daphnia Images and Information at MBL Aquaculture</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.caudata.org/daphnia/#anatomy" href="http://www.caudata.org/daphnia/#anatomy" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">Daphnia: An Aquarist's Guide</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.waterflea.org/" href="http://www.waterflea.org/" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">Waterflea.org: a Community resource for cladoceran biology</font></a></li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> b36cd949c49c936bd45a542507e5bee21628ddec 2463 2009-01-21T20:51:59Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><em><strong>Daphnia</strong></em> are small, planktonic crustaceans, between 0.2 and 5&nbsp;mm in length. <em>Daphnia</em> are members of the order Cladocera, and are one of the several small aquatic crustaceans commonly called water fleas because of their saltatory swimming style (although fleas are insects and thus only very distantly related). They live in various aquatic environments ranging from acidic swamps to freshwater lakes, ponds, streams and rivers.</p> <script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "show"; var tocHideText = "hide"; showTocToggle(); } //]]> </script> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Biology</span></h2> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div style="WIDTH: 182px" class="thumbinner"><img class="thumbimage" border="0" alt="" width="180" height="295" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Daphnia.png/180px-Daphnia.png" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></div> Anatomy of <em>Daphnia</em></div> </div> </div> <p>The division of the body into segments is nearly invisible. The head is fused, and is generally bent down towards the body with a visible notch separating the two. In most species the rest of the body is covered by a carapace, with a ventral gap in which the five or six pairs of legs lie. The most prominent features are the compound eyes, the second antennae, and a pair of abdominal setae. In many species, the carapace is translucent or nearly so and as a result they make excellent subjects for the microscope as one can observe the beating heart.</p> <p>Even under relatively low power microscopy, the feeding mechanism can be observed, with immature young moving in the brood-pouch; moreover, the eye being moved by the ciliary muscles can be seen, as well as blood corpuscles being pumped around the circulatory system by the simple heart. The heart is at the top of the back, just behind the head, and the average heart rate is approximately 180 bpm under normal conditions. <em>Daphnia</em>, like many animals, annre prone to alcohol intoxication, and make excellent subjects for studying the effects of the depressant on the nervous system &ndash; due to the translucent exoskeleton, and the visibly altered heart rate. They are tolerant of being observed live under a cover slip and appear to suffer no harm when returned to open water. This experiment can also be done using caffeine, nicotine or adrenaline and observing an increase in heart rate.</p> <p>A few <em>Daphnia</em> prey on tiny crustaceans and rotifers, but most are filter feeders, ingesting mainly unicellular algae and various sorts of organic detritus including protists and bacteria. They also eat forms of yeast, but mostly in laboratories or controlled environments. <em>Daphnia</em> can be kept easily on a diet of yeast. Beating of the legs produces a constant current through the carapace which brings such material into the digestive tract. The trapped food particles are formed into a food <em>bolus</em> which then moves down the digestive tract until voided through the anus located on the ventral surface of the terminal appendage. The first and second pair of legs are used in the organisms' filter feeding ensuring large unabsorbable particles are kept out while the other sets of legs create the stream of water rushing into the organism. Swimming, on the other hand, is powered mainly by the second set of antennae which are larger in size than the first set. The action of this second set of antennae is responsible for the jumping motion.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Reproduction</span></h2> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div style="WIDTH: 182px" class="thumbinner"><img class="thumbimage" border="0" alt="" width="180" height="147" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Daphnid_GLERL_1.jpg/180px-Daphnid_GLERL_1.jpg" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></div> Resting egg pouch (ephippium) and the juvenile Daphnid that just hatched from it.</div> </div> </div> <p><em>Daphnia</em> reproduce parthenogenetically usually in the spring until the end of the summer. One or more juvenile animals are nurtured in the brood pouch inside the carapace. The newly hatched <em>Daphnia</em> must molt several times before they are fully grown into an adult usually after about two weeks. The young are small copies of the adult; there are no true nymphal or instar stages. The fully mature females are able to produce a new brood of young about every ten days under ideal conditions. The reproduction process continues while the environmental conditions continue to support their growth. When winter approaches or in drought conditions or at times of other harsh environmental conditions, production of new female generations cease and parthenogenic males are produced. However, even in harsh environmental conditions males may make up considerably less than half the population, in some species they are unknown entirely. Males are much smaller in size than the female and they typically possess a specialised abdominal appendage which is used in mating to grasp a female from behind and prise open her carapace and insert a spermatheca and thus fertilise the eggs. These fertilised eggs are termed winter eggs and are provided with extra shell layer called ephippium. The extra layer preserves and protects the egg inside from harsh environmental conditions until the more favourable times, such as spring, when the reproductive cycle is able to take place once again.</p> <p>In addition to the production of eggs capable of overwintering, this switch to sexual reproduction has also been proposed to allow greater offspring variation (through genetic recombination) which may be useful in varied or unpredictable conditions, this idea is often proposed under the name of the lottery model.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Lifespan</span></h2> <p>The lifespan of a <em>Daphnia</em> does not exceed one year and is largely temperature dependent. For example, individual organisms can live up to 108 days at 3&deg;C while some organisms live for only 29 days at 28&deg;C. A clear exception to this trend is during the winter time in which harsh conditions limit the population in which females have been recorded to live for over six months. These females generally grow at slower rate but in the end are larger than ones under normal conditions.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2>&nbsp;<span class="mw-headline">Uses</span></h2> <p>Sometimes <em>Daphnia</em> may be used in certain environments to test the effects of toxins on an ecosystem. This makes Daphnia an indicator species, particularly useful in that area because of its short lifespan and reproductive capabilities. They are often fed to tadpoles of small species of amphibians such as the African Dwarf Frog, Hymenochirus biettgeri. <em>Daphnia</em> are also a popular live food for tropical and marine fish keeping.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Ecology</span></h2> <p>Several water flea species are considered threatened. The following are listed as vulnerable by IUCN: <em>Daphnia nivalis</em>, <em>Daphnia coronata</em>, <em>Daphnia occidentalis</em>, and <em>Daphnia jollyi</em>. Some species are halophiles, and can be found in hypersaline lake environments.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" title="http://daphnia.cgb.indiana.edu/" rel="nofollow" href="http://daphnia.cgb.indiana.edu/"><font color="#800080">Daphnia Genomics Consortium</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://mblaquaculture.com/content/organisms/daphnids.php" rel="nofollow" href="http://mblaquaculture.com/content/organisms/daphnids.php"><font color="#0066cc">Daphnia Images and Information at MBL Aquaculture</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.caudata.org/daphnia/#anatomy" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.caudata.org/daphnia/#anatomy"><font color="#0066cc">Daphnia: An Aquarist's Guide</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.waterflea.org/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.waterflea.org/"><font color="#0066cc">Waterflea.org: a Community resource for cladoceran biology</font></a> </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> 3b8cd01da68ea24423a2e65ef1ad52b380bea07b 2464 2009-01-21T20:52:07Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><em><strong>Daphnia</strong></em> are small, planktonic crustaceans, between 0.2 and 5&nbsp;mm in length. <em>Daphnia</em> are members of the order Cladocera, and are one of the several small aquatic crustaceans commonly called water fleas because of their saltatory swimming style (although fleas are insects and thus only very distantly related). They live in various aquatic environments ranging from acidic swamps to freshwater lakes, ponds, streams and rivers.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Biology</span></h2> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div style="WIDTH: 182px" class="thumbinner"><img class="thumbimage" border="0" alt="" width="180" height="295" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Daphnia.png/180px-Daphnia.png" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></div> Anatomy of <em>Daphnia</em></div> </div> </div> <p>The division of the body into segments is nearly invisible. The head is fused, and is generally bent down towards the body with a visible notch separating the two. In most species the rest of the body is covered by a carapace, with a ventral gap in which the five or six pairs of legs lie. The most prominent features are the compound eyes, the second antennae, and a pair of abdominal setae. In many species, the carapace is translucent or nearly so and as a result they make excellent subjects for the microscope as one can observe the beating heart.</p> <p>Even under relatively low power microscopy, the feeding mechanism can be observed, with immature young moving in the brood-pouch; moreover, the eye being moved by the ciliary muscles can be seen, as well as blood corpuscles being pumped around the circulatory system by the simple heart. The heart is at the top of the back, just behind the head, and the average heart rate is approximately 180 bpm under normal conditions. <em>Daphnia</em>, like many animals, annre prone to alcohol intoxication, and make excellent subjects for studying the effects of the depressant on the nervous system &ndash; due to the translucent exoskeleton, and the visibly altered heart rate. They are tolerant of being observed live under a cover slip and appear to suffer no harm when returned to open water. This experiment can also be done using caffeine, nicotine or adrenaline and observing an increase in heart rate.</p> <p>A few <em>Daphnia</em> prey on tiny crustaceans and rotifers, but most are filter feeders, ingesting mainly unicellular algae and various sorts of organic detritus including protists and bacteria. They also eat forms of yeast, but mostly in laboratories or controlled environments. <em>Daphnia</em> can be kept easily on a diet of yeast. Beating of the legs produces a constant current through the carapace which brings such material into the digestive tract. The trapped food particles are formed into a food <em>bolus</em> which then moves down the digestive tract until voided through the anus located on the ventral surface of the terminal appendage. The first and second pair of legs are used in the organisms' filter feeding ensuring large unabsorbable particles are kept out while the other sets of legs create the stream of water rushing into the organism. Swimming, on the other hand, is powered mainly by the second set of antennae which are larger in size than the first set. The action of this second set of antennae is responsible for the jumping motion.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Reproduction</span></h2> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div style="WIDTH: 182px" class="thumbinner"><img class="thumbimage" border="0" alt="" width="180" height="147" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Daphnid_GLERL_1.jpg/180px-Daphnid_GLERL_1.jpg" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></div> Resting egg pouch (ephippium) and the juvenile Daphnid that just hatched from it.</div> </div> </div> <p><em>Daphnia</em> reproduce parthenogenetically usually in the spring until the end of the summer. One or more juvenile animals are nurtured in the brood pouch inside the carapace. The newly hatched <em>Daphnia</em> must molt several times before they are fully grown into an adult usually after about two weeks. The young are small copies of the adult; there are no true nymphal or instar stages. The fully mature females are able to produce a new brood of young about every ten days under ideal conditions. The reproduction process continues while the environmental conditions continue to support their growth. When winter approaches or in drought conditions or at times of other harsh environmental conditions, production of new female generations cease and parthenogenic males are produced. However, even in harsh environmental conditions males may make up considerably less than half the population, in some species they are unknown entirely. Males are much smaller in size than the female and they typically possess a specialised abdominal appendage which is used in mating to grasp a female from behind and prise open her carapace and insert a spermatheca and thus fertilise the eggs. These fertilised eggs are termed winter eggs and are provided with extra shell layer called ephippium. The extra layer preserves and protects the egg inside from harsh environmental conditions until the more favourable times, such as spring, when the reproductive cycle is able to take place once again.</p> <p>In addition to the production of eggs capable of overwintering, this switch to sexual reproduction has also been proposed to allow greater offspring variation (through genetic recombination) which may be useful in varied or unpredictable conditions, this idea is often proposed under the name of the lottery model.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Lifespan</span></h2> <p>The lifespan of a <em>Daphnia</em> does not exceed one year and is largely temperature dependent. For example, individual organisms can live up to 108 days at 3&deg;C while some organisms live for only 29 days at 28&deg;C. A clear exception to this trend is during the winter time in which harsh conditions limit the population in which females have been recorded to live for over six months. These females generally grow at slower rate but in the end are larger than ones under normal conditions.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2>&nbsp;<span class="mw-headline">Uses</span></h2> <p>Sometimes <em>Daphnia</em> may be used in certain environments to test the effects of toxins on an ecosystem. This makes Daphnia an indicator species, particularly useful in that area because of its short lifespan and reproductive capabilities. They are often fed to tadpoles of small species of amphibians such as the African Dwarf Frog, Hymenochirus biettgeri. <em>Daphnia</em> are also a popular live food for tropical and marine fish keeping.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Ecology</span></h2> <p>Several water flea species are considered threatened. The following are listed as vulnerable by IUCN: <em>Daphnia nivalis</em>, <em>Daphnia coronata</em>, <em>Daphnia occidentalis</em>, and <em>Daphnia jollyi</em>. Some species are halophiles, and can be found in hypersaline lake environments.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" title="http://daphnia.cgb.indiana.edu/" rel="nofollow" href="http://daphnia.cgb.indiana.edu/"><font color="#800080">Daphnia Genomics Consortium</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://mblaquaculture.com/content/organisms/daphnids.php" rel="nofollow" href="http://mblaquaculture.com/content/organisms/daphnids.php"><font color="#0066cc">Daphnia Images and Information at MBL Aquaculture</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.caudata.org/daphnia/#anatomy" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.caudata.org/daphnia/#anatomy"><font color="#0066cc">Daphnia: An Aquarist's Guide</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.waterflea.org/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.waterflea.org/"><font color="#0066cc">Waterflea.org: a Community resource for cladoceran biology</font></a> </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> 1f56829f112b341bf157ef441c5c3fe6e459a37c 6 1713 2467 2009-01-21T20:53:53Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 0 1714 2470 2009-01-22T00:11:39Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Korean Genome Organization Meeting in Korea&nbsp;Jan. 14/15th Yong Pyung Ski resort]] 425fa8e0d0d4f1d3a44112108686fb4315d52a36 0 1715 2471 2009-01-22T00:12:07Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>Personal Genomics, Bioinformatics, and Variomics by Jong Bhak</p> 0988310f789a274ed6ea9a2434b3de7759040ab3 0 1716 2473 2009-01-23T21:54:07Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <a href="http://rice.genomics.org.cn/rice/index2.jsp">http://rice.genomics.org.cn/rice/index2.jsp</a><br /> <br /> 54769a94c368114291fffc908075bc730a2ff0b1 2475 2009-01-23T21:55:05Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <a href="http://rice.genomics.org.cn/rice/index2.jsp">http://rice.genomics.org.cn/rice/index2.jsp</a><br /> <br /> <br /> [[Rice genome]]<br /> <br /> c6adaabd22b21647b193bba24fba8a7e7d442189 0 1710 2474 2009-01-23T21:54:28Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>[[Daphnia Genomics Consortium (DGC)]]<br /> [[Rice Genome at BGI China]]</p> 74dd0414ebb188eab5b2bb4f0d61b6c11b9ed4f7 2480 2009-01-23T22:23:02Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>[[Daphnia Genomics Consortium (DGC)]]<br /> [[Rice Genome]]<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Rice Genome at BGI China]]</p> 4029986c2990840489b2c282a1932d330bff67a3 2486 2009-01-24T19:21:47Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>[[C. elegans Genomics]]<br /> </p> <p>[[Daphnia Genomics Consortium (DGC)]]<br /> [[Rice Genome]]<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Rice Genome at BGI China]]</p> 0af39a5ec8b492c2859e5ce3bbe9307a95ceb61f 0 1717 2476 2009-01-23T21:55:24Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki [http://rice.plantbiology.msu.edu/ Rice Genome Annotation Project at MSU.edu]<br /> <br /> 004b78556c839e7c289cd3a58eb231d6ef65dcc4 2477 2009-01-23T22:02:06Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>[[Rice Genome Annotation Project by Michigan State University funded by NSF of USA]]</p> <p>[http://rice.plantbiology.msu.edu/ Rice Genome Annotation Project at MSU.edu]<br /> <br /> </p> 65a429dc079062774b20e7d3e5361b98f8b0c0fa 2484 2009-01-23T22:24:31Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>[[Rice Genome Annotation Project by Michigan State University funded by NSF of USA]]</p> <p>[http://rice.plantbiology.msu.edu/ Rice Genome Annotation Project at MSU.edu]<br /> <br /> [http://www.sciencemag.org/feature/data/rice/index.dtl Science: The Rice Genome]<br /> <br /> </p> aace5a5a88df7a3c0fa84467baf21b4d2393b802 2485 2009-01-23T22:25:22Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>[[Rice Genome Annotation Project by Michigan State University funded by NSF of USA]]</p> <p>[http://rice.plantbiology.msu.edu/ Rice Genome Annotation Project at MSU.edu]<br /> <br /> [http://www.sciencemag.org/feature/data/rice/index.dtl Science: The Rice Genome]<br /> <br /> <strong>&nbsp; A Draft Sequence of the Rice Genome (<em>Oryza sativa</em> L. ssp. <em>indica</em>)</strong><br /> &nbsp; J. Yu <em>et al.</em>; <em>Science</em> <strong>296</strong>, 79 (2002)<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/296/5565/79"><font color="#000080">[Abstract]</font></a> <a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/296/5565/79"><font color="#000080">[Full Text]</font></a></p> <p><strong>&nbsp;&nbsp; A Draft Sequence of the Rice Genome (<em>Oryza sativa</em> L. ssp. <em>japonica</em>)</strong><br /> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; S. A. Goff <em>et al.</em>; <em>Science</em> <strong>296</strong>, 92 (2002)<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/296/5565/92"><font color="#000080">[Abstract]</font></a> <a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/296/5565/92"><font color="#000080">[Full Text]</font></a><br /> <br /> </p> 139227340b03ed4a3b063502f494568fae514974 0 1718 2478 2009-01-23T22:02:14Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong>Rice Genome Annotation Project by MSU of USA</strong> <br /> <br /> Michigan State University (MSU) has been funded by the [[National Science Foundation]]&nbsp;of USA&nbsp;to annotate the rice genome. The four year award began in January 2004.&nbsp;<br /> A summary of the project and its goals are listed below.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> As the project develops, they expanded their web pages to provide the community with more information on the deliverables and timelines for annotating the rice genome. <br /> <br /> Rice is a model species for the monocotyledonous plants and the cereals which are the greatest source of food for the world's population. While rice genome sequence is available through multiple sequencing projects, high quality, uniform annotation has not yet been generated. Without annotation, researchers will independently annotate regions of interest and be unable to efficiently data-mine the rice genome for relevant features. <br /> <br /> The objectives of this project were to provide high quality annotation for the rice genome. They refined and updated the gene models for the est. 40,000-60,000 total rice genes, provided standardized annotation for each model, link each model to functional annotation including expression data, gene ontologies, and tagged lines. <br /> <br /> They&nbsp;provided a resource to extend the annotation in the rice genome to other plant species by providing comparative alignments to other plant species.&nbsp;They aimed to&nbsp;provide training in bioinformatics to 60 plant scientists, leveraging&nbsp;their informatic efforts to a broader range of scientists.&nbsp;They&nbsp;developed an agricultural genomics lecture and teaching module for educating local high school students and teachers on the significance of agricultural genomics. <br /> <br /> This project&nbsp;was funded by the National Science Foundation Plant Genome Research Program # DBI-0321538. <br /> <br /> <strong>See also<br /> </strong>[http://genomics.org Genomics.org]<br /> dac2731c20b2f334be14aee23e70d0060b30cec6 0 1719 2481 2009-01-23T22:23:20Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki [http://www.sciencemag.org/feature/data/rice/index.dtl Science: The Rice Genome]<br /> bd769ab69b038a2818000be5d187376c411c7c20 2482 2009-01-23T22:23:57Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki # redirect [[Rice genome]] 3adbf38dad55cf49c09752c3b4c4536f2a1b9066 2483 2009-01-23T22:24:21Z J 2 Redirecting to [[Rice genome]] wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[Rice genome]] e4b01cb26c8f135a7f5021bb16c1fdbfb9df0be9 0 1720 2487 2009-01-24T19:22:10Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki [http://elegans.swmed.edu/genome.shtml SWmed.edu C. elegans genomics and genetics home page] f5b9d2a65c31a6ea583ae35b2757b647dd53dc37 2488 2009-01-24T19:23:05Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki [[What is a C. elegans?]]<br /> <br /> [http://elegans.swmed.edu/genome.shtml SWmed.edu C. elegans genomics and genetics home page] 67651249353540b4bf8239aa7b37a0a958ebecad 0 1721 2489 2009-01-24T19:23:56Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><em><strong>Caenorhabditis elegans</strong></em> (pronounced <span title="Pronunciation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English">/ˌsiːnoʊr&aelig;bˈdaɪt<s>ɪ</s>s ˈɛl<s>ɪ</s>g&aelig;nz/</a></span>) is a free-living, transparent <a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">nematode</a> (roundworm), about 1&nbsp;mm in length, which lives in temperate soil environments. Research into the <a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">molecular</a> and <a href="/wiki/Developmental_biology" title="Developmental biology">developmental biology</a> of <em>C. elegans</em> was begun in 1974 by <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner">Sydney Brenner</a> and it has since been used extensively as a <a href="/wiki/Model_organism" title="Model organism">model organism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-0" title=""><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <table summary="Contents" id="toc" class="toc"> <tbody> <tr> <td> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><a name="Biology" id="Biology"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">Biology</span></h2> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div style="width: 182px;" class="thumbinner"><a href="/wiki/File:CrawlingCelegans.gif" title="Movement of Wild-type C. elegans" class="image"><img width="180" height="95" border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/CrawlingCelegans.gif" alt="" class="thumbimage" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:CrawlingCelegans.gif" title="Enlarge" class="internal"><img width="15" height="11" src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" /></a></div> Movement of Wild-type <em>C. elegans</em></div> </div> </div> <p><em>C. elegans</em> is <a href="/wiki/Segmentation_(biology)" title="Segmentation (biology)">unsegmented</a>, <a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vermiform" title="wikt:vermiform" class="extiw">vermiform</a>, <a href="/wiki/Symmetry_(biology)#Bilateral_symmetry" title="Symmetry (biology)">bilaterally symmetrical</a>, with a <a href="/wiki/Cuticle" title="Cuticle">cuticle</a> integument, four main epidermal cords and a fluid-filled <a href="/wiki/Pseudocoelom" title="Pseudocoelom" class="mw-redirect">pseudocoelomate</a> cavity. Members of the species have many of the same organ systems as other animals. In the wild, they feed on bacteria that develop on decaying vegetable matter. Individuals of <em>C. elegans</em> are almost all <a href="/wiki/Hermaphrodite" title="Hermaphrodite">hermaphrodite</a>, with males comprising just 0.05% of the total population on average. The basic anatomy of <em>C. elegans</em> includes a mouth, <a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">pharynx</a>, intestine, <a href="/wiki/Gonad" title="Gonad">gonad</a>, and collagenous cuticle. Males have a single-lobed gonad, <a href="/wiki/Vas_deferens" title="Vas deferens">vas deferens</a>, and a tail specialized for mating. Hermaphrodites have two ovaries, oviducts, spermatheca, and a single uterus.</p> <p><em>C. elegans</em> eggs are laid by the hermaphrodite. After hatching, they pass through four <a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">larval</a> stages (L1-L4). When crowded or in the absence of food, <em>C. elegans</em> can enter an alternative third larval stage called the <a href="/wiki/Dauer_larva" title="Dauer larva">dauer</a> state. Dauer larvae are stress-resistant and do not age. Hermaphrodites produce all their sperm in the L4 stage (150 sperm per gonadal arm) and then switch over to producing oocytes. The sperm are stored in the same area of the gonad as the oocytes until the first oocyte pushes the sperm into the spermatheca (a kind of chamber where the oocytes become fertilized by the sperm).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1" title=""><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> The male can inseminate the hermaphrodite, which will use male sperm preferentially (both types of sperm are stored in the spermatheca). When self-inseminated the wild-type worm will lay approximately 300 eggs. When inseminated by a male, the number of progeny can exceed 1,000. At 20<a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">&deg;C</a>, the laboratory strain of <em>C. elegans</em> has an average life span of approximately 2&ndash;3 weeks and a generation time of approximately 4 days. Hermaphrodites can mate with males or self-fertilize.</p> <p><em>C. elegans</em> has five pairs of <a href="/wiki/Autosome" title="Autosome">autosomes</a> and one pair of <a href="/wiki/Sex_chromosome" title="Sex chromosome" class="mw-redirect">sex chromosomes</a>. Sex in <em>C. elegans</em> is based on an <a href="/wiki/X0_sex-determination_system" title="X0 sex-determination system">X0 sex-determination system</a>. Hermaphrodite <em>C. elegans</em> have a matched pair of sex chromosomes (XX); the rare males have only one sex chromosome (X0).</p> <p>It is interesting to note that <em>C. elegans</em> is one of the only forms of life not known to have a natural virus.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2" title=""><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="center"> <div class="thumb tnone"> <div style="width: 502px;" class="thumbinner"><a href="/wiki/File:C_elegans_anatomy.png" title="Longitudinal section through the hermaphrodite C. elegans." class="image"><img width="500" height="94" border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/C_elegans_anatomy.png/500px-C_elegans_anatomy.png" alt="" class="thumbimage" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:C_elegans_anatomy.png" title="Enlarge" class="internal"><img width="15" height="11" src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" /></a></div> Longitudinal section through the hermaphrodite <em>C. elegans.</em></div> </div> </div> </div> <p><a name="Laboratory_uses" id="Laboratory_uses"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">Laboratory uses</span></h2> <p><em>C. elegans</em> is studied as a <a href="/wiki/Model_organism" title="Model organism">model organism</a> for a variety of reasons. <a href="/wiki/Strain_(biology)" title="Strain (biology)">Strains</a> are cheap to breed and can be frozen. When subsequently thawed they remain viable, allowing long-term storage. Because the complete cell lineage of the species has been determined, <em>C. elegans</em> has proven especially useful for studying <a href="/wiki/Cellular_differentiation" title="Cellular differentiation">cellular differentiation</a>.</p> <p>From a research perspective, <em>C. elegans</em> has the advantage of being a <a href="/wiki/Multicellular" title="Multicellular" class="mw-redirect">multicellular</a> <a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">eukaryotic</a> organism that is simple enough to be studied in great detail. In addition, it is transparent facilitating the study of developmental processes in the intact organism. The developmental fate of every single <a href="/wiki/Somatic_cell" title="Somatic cell">somatic cell</a> (959 in the adult hermaphrodite; 1031 in the adult male) has been mapped out. These patterns of cell lineage are largely invariant between individuals, in contrast to mammals where cell development from the embryo is more largely dependent on cellular cues. In both sexes, a large number of additional cells (131 in the hermaphrodite, most of which would otherwise become <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neurons</a>), are eliminated by programmed cell death (<a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">apoptosis</a>).</p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width: 252px;" class="thumbinner"><a href="/wiki/File:C_elegans_stained.jpg" title="Wild-type C. elegans hermaphrodite stained to highlight the nuclei of all cells" class="image"><img width="250" height="345" border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/C_elegans_stained.jpg/250px-C_elegans_stained.jpg" alt="" class="thumbimage" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:C_elegans_stained.jpg" title="Enlarge" class="internal"><img width="15" height="11" src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" /></a></div> Wild-type <em>C. elegans</em> hermaphrodite stained to highlight the nuclei of all cells</div> </div> </div> <p>In addition, <em>C. elegans</em> is one of the simplest organisms with a <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a>. In the hermaphrodite, this comprises 302 <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neurons</a> whose pattern of connectivity has been completely mapped out, and shown to be a <a href="/wiki/Small-world_network" title="Small-world network">small-world network</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3" title=""><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> Research has explored the neural mechanisms responsible for several of the more interesting behaviors shown by <em>C. elegans</em>, including <a href="/wiki/Chemotaxis" title="Chemotaxis">chemotaxis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thermotaxis" title="Thermotaxis">thermotaxis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mechanotransduction" title="Mechanotransduction">mechanotransduction</a>, and male mating behavior.</p> <p>A useful feature of <em>C. elegans</em> is that it is relatively straightforward to disrupt the function of specific genes by <a href="/wiki/RNA_interference" title="RNA interference">RNA interference</a> (RNAi). <a href="/wiki/Gene_silencing" title="Gene silencing">Silencing</a> the function of a gene in this way can sometimes allow a researcher to infer what the function of that gene may be. The nematode can either be soaked in (or injected with) a solution of double stranded <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a>, the sequence of which is complementary to the sequence of the gene that the researcher wishes to disable. Alternatively, worms can be fed on genetically transformed <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> which <a href="/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">express</a> the double stranded RNA of interest.</p> <p><em>C. elegans</em> has also been useful in the study of <a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">meiosis</a>. As sperm and egg nuclei move down the length of the gonad, they undergo a temporal progression through meiotic events. This progression means that every nucleus at a given position in the gonad will be at roughly the same step in meiosis, eliminating the difficulties of heterogeneous populations of cells.</p> <p>The organism has also been identified as a model for <a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">nicotine</a> dependence as it has been found to experience the same symptoms humans experience when they <a href="/wiki/Smoking_cessation" title="Smoking cessation">quit smoking</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4" title=""><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>As for most model organisms, there is a dedicated online database for the species that is actively curated by scientists working in this field. The <a href="/wiki/Wormbase" title="Wormbase">WormBase</a> database attempts to collate all published information on <em>C. elegans</em> and other related nematodes. A reward of $5000 has been advertised on their website, for the finder of a new species of closely related nematode.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5" title=""><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> Such a discovery would broaden research opportunities with the worm.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6" title=""><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p><a name="Genome" id="Genome"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">Genome</span></h2> <p><em>C. elegans</em> was the first multicellular organism to have its <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genome</a> completely <a href="/wiki/Sequencing" title="Sequencing">sequenced</a>. The finished genome sequence was published in 1998,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7" title=""><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> although a number of small gaps were present (the last gap was finished by October 2002). The <em>C. elegans</em> genome sequence is approximately 100 million <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">base pairs</a> long and contains approximately 20,000 <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">genes</a>. The vast majority of these genes encode for <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a> but there are likely to be as many as 1,000 <a href="/wiki/RNA_gene" title="RNA gene" class="mw-redirect">RNA genes</a>. Scientific curators continue to appraise the set of known genes, such that new gene predictions continue to be added and incorrect ones modified or removed.</p> <p>In 2003, the genome sequence of the related nematode <em><a href="/wiki/Caenorhabditis_briggsae" title="Caenorhabditis briggsae">C. briggsae</a></em> was also determined, allowing researchers to study the comparative genomics of these two organisms.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8" title=""><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> Work is now ongoing to determine the genome sequences of more nematodes from the same <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> such as <em>C. remanei</em>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9" title=""><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> <em>C. japonica</em><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10" title=""><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup> and <em>C. brenneri</em>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11" title=""><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> These newer genome sequences are being determined by using the <a href="/wiki/Whole_genome_shotgun" title="Whole genome shotgun" class="mw-redirect">whole genome shotgun</a> technique which means that the resulting genome sequences are likely to not be as complete or accurate as <em>C. elegans</em> (which was sequenced using the 'hierarchical' or <a href="/wiki/Clone_(genetics)" title="Clone (genetics)" class="mw-redirect">clone</a>-by-clone approach).</p> <p>The official version of the <em>C. elegans</em> genome sequence continues to change as and when new evidence reveals errors in the original sequencing (<a href="/wiki/DNA_sequencing" title="DNA sequencing">DNA sequencing</a> is not an error-free process). Most changes are minor, adding or removing only a few <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">base pairs</a> (bp) of DNA. E.g. the WS169 release of <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.wormbase.org/" title="http://www.wormbase.org" class="external text">WormBase</a> (December 2006) lists a net gain of 6 bp to the genome sequence.<sup id="cite_ref-WS169_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WS169-12" title=""><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> Occasionally more extensive changes are made, e.g. the WS159 release of May 2006 added over 300 bp to the sequence.<sup id="cite_ref-WS159_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WS159-13" title=""><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p><a name="Evolution" id="Evolution"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">Evolution</span></h2> <p>It has been shown that a small number of conserved <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> sequences from <a href="/wiki/Sea_sponge" title="Sea sponge" class="mw-redirect">sponges</a> are more similar to humans than to <em>C. elegans</em>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14" title=""><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup> This suggests that there has been an accelerated rate of evolution in the <em>C. elegans</em> <a href="/wiki/Lineage_(evolution)" title="Lineage (evolution)">lineage</a>. The same study found that several <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetically" title="Phylogenetically" class="mw-redirect">phylogenetically</a> ancient genes are not present in <em>C. elegans</em>.</p> <p><a name="Scientific_community" id="Scientific_community"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">Scientific community</span></h2> <p>In 2002, the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a> was awarded to <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner">Sydney Brenner</a>, <a href="/wiki/H._Robert_Horvitz" title="H. Robert Horvitz">H. Robert Horvitz</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Sulston" title="John Sulston" class="mw-redirect">John Sulston</a> for their work on the genetics of organ development and <a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">programmed cell death</a> (PCD) in <em>C. elegans</em>. The 2006 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a> was awarded to <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Fire" title="Andrew Fire">Andrew Fire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Craig_C._Mello" title="Craig C. Mello" class="mw-redirect">Craig C. Mello</a>, for their discovery of <a href="/wiki/RNA_interference" title="RNA interference">RNA interference</a> in <em>C. elegans</em>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15" title=""><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup>. In 2008 <a href="/wiki/Martin_Chalfie" title="Martin Chalfie">Martin Chalfie</a> shared a <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a> for his work on <a href="/wiki/Green_fluorescent_protein" title="Green fluorescent protein">green fluorescent protein</a> (GFP) in <em>C. elegans</em>.</p> <p>Because all research into <em>C. elegans</em> essentially started with <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner">Sydney Brenner</a> in the 1970s, many scientists working in this field share a close connection to Brenner (they either worked as a <a href="/wiki/Post-doctoral" title="Post-doctoral" class="mw-redirect">post-doctoral</a> or <a href="/wiki/Post-graduate" title="Post-graduate" class="mw-redirect">post-graduate</a> researcher in Brenner's lab or in the lab of someone who previously worked with Brenner). Because most people who worked in his lab went on to establish their own worm research labs, there is now a fairly well documented 'lineage' of <em>C. elegans</em> scientists. This lineage was recorded in some detail at the 2003 International Worm Meeting and the results were stored in the <a href="/wiki/Wormbase" title="Wormbase">Wormbase</a> database.</p> <p><a name="In_the_media" id="In_the_media"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">In the media</span></h2> <p><em>C. elegans</em> made news when it was discovered that specimens had survived the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Columbia disaster">Space Shuttle <em>Columbia</em> disaster</a> in February 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16" title=""><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup> Later, in January 2009, it was announced that live samples of C.elegans from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nottingham" title="University of Nottingham">University of Nottingham</a> will spend two weeks on the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> as part of a project to explore the effects of <a href="/wiki/Zero_gravity" title="Zero gravity" class="mw-redirect">zero gravity</a> on muscle development and its physiology. The emphasis of the research will be on the genetic basis of <a href="/wiki/Muscle_atrophy" title="Muscle atrophy">muscle atrophy</a>. This has relevance to space travel, but also to individuals who are bed-ridden, <a href="/wiki/Geriatric" title="Geriatric" class="mw-redirect">geriatric</a> or <a href="/wiki/Diabetic" title="Diabetic" class="mw-redirect">diabetic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17" title=""><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p><a name="See_also" id="See_also"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">See also</span></h2> <ul> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_testing_on_invertebrates" title="Animal testing on invertebrates">Animal testing on invertebrates</a> </li> </ul> <p><a name="References" id="References"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <div class="references-small"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-0"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-0" title="">^</a></strong> <cite style="font-style: normal;" id="CITEREFBrenner.2C_S.1974" class="Journal">Brenner, S. (May 1974). &quot;<a rel="nofollow" href="http://dev.wormbase.org/papers/31_Brenner74.pdf" title="http://dev.wormbase.org/papers/31_Brenner74.pdf" class="external text">The Genetics of <em>Caenorhabditis elegans</em></a>&quot; (PDF). <em><a href="/wiki/Genetics_(journal)" title="Genetics (journal)">Genetics</a></em> <strong>77</strong>: 71&ndash;94<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" href="http://dev.wormbase.org/papers/31_Brenner74.pdf" title="http://dev.wormbase.org/papers/31_Brenner74.pdf" class="external free">http://dev.wormbase.org/papers/31_Brenner74.pdf</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+Genetics+of+%27%27Caenorhabditis+elegans%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BGenetics+%28journal%29%7CGenetics%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Brenner%2C+S.&amp;rft.au=Brenner%2C+S.&amp;rft.date=May+1974&amp;rft.volume=77&amp;rft.pages=71%E2%80%9394&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdev.wormbase.org%2Fpapers%2F31_Brenner74.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Caenorhabditis_elegans" class="Z3988"><span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-1" title="">^</a></strong> <cite style="font-style: normal;" id="CITEREFNayak.2C_S..2C_J._Goree_.26_T._Schedl2004" class="Journal">Nayak, S., J. Goree &amp; T. Schedl (2004). &quot;<a rel="nofollow" href="http://biology.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&amp;doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0030006" title="http://biology.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&amp;doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0030006" class="external text"><em>fog-2</em> and the Evolution of Self-Fertile Hermaphroditism in <em>Caenorhabditis</em></a>&quot;. <em><a href="/wiki/PLoS_Biology" title="PLoS Biology">PLoS Biology</a></em> <strong>3</strong> (1): e6. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0030006" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0030006" class="external text">10.1371/journal.pbio.0030006</a></span><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" href="http://biology.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&amp;doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0030006" title="http://biology.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&amp;doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0030006" class="external free">http://biology.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&amp;doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0030006</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=%27%27fog-2%27%27+and+the+Evolution+of+Self-Fertile+Hermaphroditism+in+%27%27Caenorhabditis%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BPLoS+Biology%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Nayak%2C+S.%2C+J.+Goree+%26+T.+Schedl&amp;rft.au=Nayak%2C+S.%2C+J.+Goree+%26+T.+Schedl&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=3&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=e6&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0030006&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiology.plosjournals.org%2Fperlserv%2F%3Frequest%3Dget-document%26doi%3D10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0030006&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Caenorhabditis_elegans" class="Z3988"><span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-2" title="">^</a></strong> <cite style="font-style: normal;" id="CITEREFShaham_S.2006" class="Journal">Shaham S. (March 14 2006). &quot;<a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1449626&amp;blobtype=pdf" title="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1449626&amp;blobtype=pdf" class="external text">Worming into the cell: Viral reproduction in Caenorhabditis elegans</a>&quot; (PDF). <em>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</em> <strong>103</strong> (11): 3955&ndash;56. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0600779103" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0600779103" class="external text">10.1073/pnas.0600779103</a></span>. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16537467" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16537467" class="external">PMID 16537467</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1449626&amp;blobtype=pdf" title="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1449626&amp;blobtype=pdf" class="external free">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1449626&amp;blobtype=pdf</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Worming+into+the+cell%3A+Viral+reproduction+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+USA&amp;rft.aulast=Shaham+S.&amp;rft.au=Shaham+S.&amp;rft.date=March+14+2006&amp;rft.volume=103&amp;rft.issue=11&amp;rft.pages=3955%E2%80%9356&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.0600779103&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16537467&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Fpicrender.fcgi%3Fartid%3D1449626%26blobtype%3Dpdf&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Caenorhabditis_elegans" class="Z3988"><span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-3" title="">^</a></strong> <cite style="font-style: normal;" id="CITEREFWatts_D._J._.26_S._H._Strogatz1998" class="Journal">Watts D. J. &amp; S. H. Strogatz (June 1998). &quot;<a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v393/n6684/abs/393440a0.html" title="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v393/n6684/abs/393440a0.html" class="external text">Collective dynamics of 'small-world' networks</a>&quot;. <em><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></em> <strong>393</strong> (6684): 440&ndash;442. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F30918" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F30918" class="external text">10.1038/30918</a></span><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v393/n6684/abs/393440a0.html" title="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v393/n6684/abs/393440a0.html" class="external free">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v393/n6684/abs/393440a0.html</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Collective+dynamics+of+%27small-world%27+networks&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BNature+%28journal%29%7CNature%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Watts+D.+J.+%26+S.+H.+Strogatz&amp;rft.au=Watts+D.+J.+%26+S.+H.+Strogatz&amp;rft.date=June+1998&amp;rft.volume=393&amp;rft.issue=6684&amp;rft.pages=440%E2%80%93442&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F30918&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv393%2Fn6684%2Fabs%2F393440a0.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Caenorhabditis_elegans" class="Z3988"><span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-4" title="">^</a></strong> <cite style="font-style: normal;" id="CITEREFFeng_et_al.2006" class="Journal">Feng et al. (November 2006). &quot;<a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cell.com/content/article/abstract?uid=PIIS0092867406012955" title="http://www.cell.com/content/article/abstract?uid=PIIS0092867406012955" class="external text">A C. elegans Model of Nicotine-Dependent Behavior: Regulation by TRP-Family Channels</a>&quot;. <em><a href="/wiki/Cell_(journal)" title="Cell (journal)">Cell</a></em> <strong>127</strong>: 621&ndash;633. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2006.09.035" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2006.09.035" class="external text">10.1016/j.cell.2006.09.035</a></span>. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17081982" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17081982" class="external">PMID 17081982</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cell.com/content/article/abstract?uid=PIIS0092867406012955" title="http://www.cell.com/content/article/abstract?uid=PIIS0092867406012955" class="external free">http://www.cell.com/content/article/abstract?uid=PIIS0092867406012955</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=A+C.+elegans+Model+of+Nicotine-Dependent+Behavior%3A+Regulation+by+TRP-Family+Channels&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BCell+%28journal%29%7CCell%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Feng+et+al.&amp;rft.au=Feng+et+al.&amp;rft.date=November+2006&amp;rft.volume=127&amp;rft.pages=621%E2%80%93633&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2006.09.035&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17081982&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2Fabstract%3Fuid%3DPIIS0092867406012955&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Caenorhabditis_elegans" class="Z3988"><span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-5" title="">^</a></strong> &quot;<a rel="nofollow" href="http://wormbase.org/external/2007/nematode_isolation_guide/nematode_isolation_guide.html" title="http://wormbase.org/external/2007/nematode_isolation_guide/nematode_isolation_guide.html" class="external text"><em>Caenorhabditis</em> isolation guide</a>&quot;. WormBase. Retrieved on 2007-08-30. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-6" title="">^</a></strong> <cite style="font-style: normal;" id="CITEREFDolgin2007" class="Journal">Dolgin, Elie (August 2007). &quot;Slime for a dime&quot;. <em><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></em> <strong>317</strong> (5842): 1157. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.317.5842.1157b" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.317.5842.1157b" class="external text">10.1126/science.317.5842.1157b</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Slime+for+a+dime&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BScience+%28journal%29%7CScience%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Dolgin&amp;rft.aufirst=Elie&amp;rft.au=Dolgin%2C+Elie&amp;rft.date=August+2007&amp;rft.volume=317&amp;rft.issue=5842&amp;rft.pages=1157&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.317.5842.1157b&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Caenorhabditis_elegans" class="Z3988"><span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-7" title="">^</a></strong> <cite style="font-style: normal;" id="CITEREFThe_.27.27C._elegans.27.27_Sequencing_Consortium1998" class="Journal">The <em>C. elegans</em> Sequencing Consortium (1998). &quot;<a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/282/5396/2012" title="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/282/5396/2012" class="external text">Genome sequence of the nematode <em>C. elegans</em>: a platform for investigating biology</a>&quot;. <em><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></em> <strong>282</strong>: 2012&ndash;2018. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.282.5396.2012" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.282.5396.2012" class="external text">10.1126/science.282.5396.2012</a></span>. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9851916" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9851916" class="external">PMID 9851916</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/282/5396/2012" title="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/282/5396/2012" class="external free">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/282/5396/2012</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+sequence+of+the+nematode+%27%27C.+elegans%27%27%3A+a+platform+for+investigating+biology&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BScience+%28journal%29%7CScience%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=The+%27%27C.+elegans%27%27+Sequencing+Consortium&amp;rft.au=The+%27%27C.+elegans%27%27+Sequencing+Consortium&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.volume=282&amp;rft.pages=2012%E2%80%932018&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.282.5396.2012&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/9851916&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F282%2F5396%2F2012&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Caenorhabditis_elegans" class="Z3988"><span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-8" title="">^</a></strong> <cite style="font-style: normal;" id="CITEREFStein.2C_L._D._.27.27et_al..27.272003" class="Journal">Stein, L. D. <em>et al.</em> (2003). &quot;The Genome Sequence of <em>Caenorhabditis briggsae</em>: A Platform for Comparative Genomics&quot;. <em><a href="/wiki/PLoS_Biology" title="PLoS Biology">PLoS Biology</a></em> <strong>1</strong>: 166&ndash;192. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0000045" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0000045" class="external text">10.1371/journal.pbio.0000045</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+Genome+Sequence+of+%27%27Caenorhabditis+briggsae%27%27%3A+A+Platform+for+Comparative+Genomics&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BPLoS+Biology%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Stein%2C+L.+D.+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Stein%2C+L.+D.+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft.pages=166%E2%80%93192&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0000045&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Caenorhabditis_elegans" class="Z3988"><span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-9" title="">^</a></strong> Genome Sequencing Center. &quot;<a rel="nofollow" href="http://genome.wustl.edu/genome.cgi?GENOME=Caenorhabditis%20remanei" title="http://genome.wustl.edu/genome.cgi?GENOME=Caenorhabditis%20remanei" class="external text"><em>Caenorhabditis remanei</em>: Background</a>&quot;. <a href="/wiki/Washington_University_School_of_Medicine" title="Washington University School of Medicine">Washington University School of Medicine</a>. Retrieved on 2008-07-11. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-10" title="">^</a></strong> Genome Sequencing Center. &quot;<a rel="nofollow" href="http://genome.wustl.edu/genome.cgi?GENOME=Caenorhabditis%20japonica" title="http://genome.wustl.edu/genome.cgi?GENOME=Caenorhabditis%20japonica" class="external text"><em>Caenorhabditis japonica</em>: Background</a>&quot;. <a href="/wiki/Washington_University_School_of_Medicine" title="Washington University School of Medicine">Washington University School of Medicine</a>. Retrieved on 2008-07-11. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-11" title="">^</a></strong> Genome Sequencing Center. &quot;<a rel="nofollow" href="http://genome.wustl.edu/genome.cgi?GENOME=Caenorhabditis%20brenneri" title="http://genome.wustl.edu/genome.cgi?GENOME=Caenorhabditis%20brenneri" class="external text"><em>Caenorhabditis brenneri</em>: Background</a>&quot;. <a href="/wiki/Washington_University_School_of_Medicine" title="Washington University School of Medicine">Washington University School of Medicine</a>. Retrieved on 2008-07-11. </li> <li id="cite_note-WS169-12"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-WS169_12-0" title="">^</a></strong> &quot;<a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.wormbase.org/wiki/index.php/WS169" title="http://www.wormbase.org/wiki/index.php/WS169" class="external text">WormBaseWiki WS169 release notes</a>&quot;. <a href="/wiki/Wormbase" title="Wormbase">Wormbase</a>. Retrieved on 2007-02-21. </li> <li id="cite_note-WS159-13"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-WS159_13-0" title="">^</a></strong> &quot;<a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.wormbase.org/wiki/index.php/WS159" title="http://www.wormbase.org/wiki/index.php/WS159" class="external text">WormBaseWiki WS159 release notes</a>&quot;. <a href="/wiki/Wormbase" title="Wormbase">Wormbase</a>. Retrieved on 2007-01-21. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-14" title="">^</a></strong> <cite style="font-style: normal;" id="CITEREFGamulin2000" class="Journal">Gamulin, V (December 2000). &quot;Sponge proteins are more similar to those of <em>Homo sapiens</em> than to <em>Caenorhabditis elegans</em>&quot;. <em>Biological Journal of the Linnean Society</em> (Academic Press) <strong>71</strong> (4): 821&ndash;828.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Sponge+proteins+are+more+similar+to+those+of+%27%27Homo+sapiens%27%27+than+to+%27%27Caenorhabditis+elegans%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=Biological+Journal+of+the+Linnean+Society&amp;rft.aulast=Gamulin&amp;rft.aufirst=V&amp;rft.au=Gamulin%2C+V&amp;rft.date=December+2000&amp;rft.volume=71&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=821%E2%80%93828&amp;rft.pub=Academic+Press&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Caenorhabditis_elegans" class="Z3988"><span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-15" title="">^</a></strong> <cite style="font-style: normal;" id="CITEREFFire_A.2C_Xu_S.2C_Montgomery_MK.2C_Kostas_SA.2C_Driver_SE.2C_Mello_CC1998" class="Journal">Fire A, Xu S, Montgomery MK, Kostas SA, Driver SE, Mello CC (February 1998). &quot;Potent and specific genetic interference by double-stranded RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans&quot;. <em>Nature</em> <strong>391</strong> (6669): 806&ndash;11. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F35888" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F35888" class="external text">10.1038/35888</a></span>. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9486653" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9486653" class="external">PMID 9486653</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Potent+and+specific+genetic+interference+by+double-stranded+RNA+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Fire+A%2C+Xu+S%2C+Montgomery+MK%2C+Kostas+SA%2C+Driver+SE%2C+Mello+CC&amp;rft.au=Fire+A%2C+Xu+S%2C+Montgomery+MK%2C+Kostas+SA%2C+Driver+SE%2C+Mello+CC&amp;rft.date=February+1998&amp;rft.volume=391&amp;rft.issue=6669&amp;rft.pages=806%E2%80%9311&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F35888&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/9486653&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Caenorhabditis_elegans" class="Z3988"><span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-16" title="">^</a></strong> &quot;<a rel="nofollow" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/2992123.stm" title="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/2992123.stm" class="external text">Worms survived Columbia disaster</a>&quot;, <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a> (2003-05-01)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on 11 July 2008</span>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;rft.type=newspaperArticle&amp;rft.subject=News&amp;rft.title=Worms+survived+Columbia+disaster&amp;rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fsci%2Ftech%2F2992123.stm&amp;rft.publisher=%5B%5BBBC+News%5D%5D&amp;rft.date=2003-05-01" class="Z3988"><span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-17" title="">^</a></strong> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/nottinghamshire/7835020.stm" title="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/nottinghamshire/7835020.stm" class="external free">http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/nottinghamshire/7835020.stm</a> </li> </ol> </div> <p><a name="Publications" id="Publications"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">Publications</span></h2> <ul> <li><cite style="font-style: normal;" id="CITEREFBird.2C_Jean.3B_Bird.2C_Alan_C.1991" class="book">Bird, Jean; Bird, Alan C. (1991). <em>The structure of nematodes</em>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Academic_Press" title="Academic Press">Academic Press</a>. pp.&nbsp;1, 69&ndash;70, 152&ndash;153, 165, 224&ndash;225. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0120996510" class="internal">ISBN 0-12-099651-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+structure+of+nematodes&amp;rft.aulast=Bird%2C+Jean%3B+Bird%2C+Alan+C.&amp;rft.au=Bird%2C+Jean%3B+Bird%2C+Alan+C.&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B1%2C+69%E2%80%9370%2C+152%E2%80%93153%2C+165%2C+224%E2%80%93225&amp;rft.place=Boston&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BAcademic+Press%5D%5D&amp;rft.isbn=0-12-099651-0&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Caenorhabditis_elegans" class="Z3988"><span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> </ul> <ul> <li><cite style="font-style: normal;" id="CITEREFHope.2C_Ian_A.1999" class="book">Hope, Ian A. (1999). <em>C. elegans: a practical approach</em>. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp.&nbsp;1&ndash;6. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0199637385" class="internal">ISBN 0-19-963738-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=C.+elegans%3A+a+practical+approach&amp;rft.aulast=Hope%2C+Ian+A.&amp;rft.au=Hope%2C+Ian+A.&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B1%E2%80%936&amp;rft.place=Oxford+%5BOxfordshire%5D&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BOxford+University+Press%5D%5D&amp;rft.isbn=0-19-963738-5&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Caenorhabditis_elegans" class="Z3988"><span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> </ul> <ul> <li><cite style="font-style: normal;" id="CITEREFRiddle.2C_D.L..2C_T._Blumenthal.2C_R._J._Meyer_.26_J._R._Priess1997" class="book">Riddle, D.L., T. Blumenthal, R. J. Meyer &amp; J. R. Priess (1997). <em><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=ce2" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=ce2" class="external text">C. elegans <em>II</em></a></em>. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York. pp.&nbsp;1&ndash;4, 679&ndash;683. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0879695323" class="internal">ISBN 0-87969-532-3</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=ce2" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=ce2" class="external free">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=ce2</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=%27%27C.+elegans%27%27+II&amp;rft.aulast=Riddle%2C+D.L.%2C+T.+Blumenthal%2C+R.+J.+Meyer+%26+J.+R.+Priess&amp;rft.au=Riddle%2C+D.L.%2C+T.+Blumenthal%2C+R.+J.+Meyer+%26+J.+R.+Priess&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B1%E2%80%934%2C+679%E2%80%93683&amp;rft.pub=Cold+Spring+Harbor+Laboratory+Press%2C+New+York&amp;rft.isbn=0-87969-532-3&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2Fbv.fcgi%3Frid%3Dce2&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Caenorhabditis_elegans" class="Z3988"><span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> </ul> <p><a name="Online_resources" id="Online_resources"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">Online resources</span></h2> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.wormbase.org/" title="http://www.wormbase.org" class="external text">WormBase</a> - an extensive online database covering the biology and genomics of <em>C. elegans</em> and other nematodes </li> <li><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.wormbook.org/" title="http://www.wormbook.org/" class="external text">WormBook</a> - a free online compendium of all aspects of <em>C. elegans</em> biology, including laboratory protocols </li> <li><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.wormatlas.org/" title="http://www.wormatlas.org" class="external text">Wormatlas</a> - an online database for behavioral and structural anatomy of <em>C. elegans</em> </li> <li><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/Projects/C_elegans" title="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/Projects/C_elegans" class="external text">Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute <em>C. elegans</em> page</a> - half of the genome sequence is still maintained by this institute </li> <li><a rel="nofollow" href="http://genome.wustl.edu/genome.cgi?GENOME=Caenorhabditis%20elegans" title="http://genome.wustl.edu/genome.cgi?GENOME=Caenorhabditis%20elegans" class="external text">WashU Genome Sequencing Center <em>C. elegans</em> page</a> - the institute maintaining the other half of the genome </li> <li><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/IEB/Research/Acembly/index.html?worm" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/IEB/Research/Acembly/index.html?worm" class="external text">AceView WormGenes</a> - another genome database for <em>C. elegans</em>, maintained at the NCBI </li> <li><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.tcnj.edu/~nayaklab" title="http://www.tcnj.edu/~nayaklab" class="external text">TCNJ Worm Lab</a> - Easy to follow protocols and pictures for <em>C. elegans</em> research. Made by undergrads for undergrads. </li> <li><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.wormclassroom.org/" title="http://www.wormclassroom.org" class="external text">Worm Classroom</a> - An education portal for <em>C. elegans</em> </li> <li><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.textpresso.org/" title="http://www.textpresso.org/" class="external text">Textpresso</a> - WormBase search engine </li> <li><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.bio.unc.edu/faculty/goldstein/lab/movies.html" title="http://www.bio.unc.edu/faculty/goldstein/lab/movies.html" class="external text"><em>C. elegans</em> movies</a> - Timelapse films made by <em>C. elegans</em> researchers worldwide </li> <li><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?call=bv.View..ShowTOC&amp;rid=ce2.TOC" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?call=bv.View..ShowTOC&amp;rid=ce2.TOC" class="external text"><em>C. elegans</em> II</a> - a free online textbook. </li> <li><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.silencinggenomes.org/" title="http://www.silencinggenomes.org" class="external text">Silencing Genomes</a> RNA interference (RNAi) experiments and bioinformatics in <em>C. elegans</em> for education. From the Dolan DNA Learning Center of Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. </li> <li><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ciml.univ-mrs.fr/EWBANK_jonathan/3D/mainpage.html" title="http://www.ciml.univ-mrs.fr/EWBANK_jonathan/3D/mainpage.html" class="external text">C.elegans 3D model by the Ewbank Lab</a> - Videos and photos that explain the basic anatomy of <em>C. elegans</em> </li> <li><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.wormtracker.de/" title="http://www.wormtracker.de/" class="external text">WormTracker</a> </li> </ul> <p><a name="Nobel_lectures" id="Nobel_lectures"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">Nobel lectures</span></h2> <ul> <li>Brenner S (2002) Nature's Gift to Science. In. <a rel="nofollow" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2002/brenner-lecture.pdf" title="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2002/brenner-lecture.pdf" class="external free">http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2002/brenner-lecture.pdf</a> </li> <li>Horvitz HR (2002) Worms, Life and Death. In. <a rel="nofollow" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2002/horvitz-lecture.pdf" title="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2002/horvitz-lecture.pdf" class="external free">http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2002/horvitz-lecture.pdf</a> </li> <li>Sulston JE (2002) The Cell Lineage and Beyond. In. <a rel="nofollow" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2002/sulston-lecture.pdf" title="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2002/sulston-lecture.pdf" class="external free">http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2002/sulston-lecture.pdf</a> </li> </ul> <p><a name="External_links" id="External_links"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/21/science/21find.html" title="http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/21/science/21find.html" class="external text">Nematodes With a Craving for Nicotine</a> </li> </ul> 88077ebe6d3ec62ec5005fc4fefe22c801327b9b 2490 2009-01-24T19:25:52Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font color="#000000"><em><strong>Caenorhabditis elegans</strong></em> (pronounced <span class="IPA" title="Pronunciation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˌsiːnoʊr&aelig;bˈdaɪt<s>ɪ</s>s ˈɛl<s>ɪ</s>g&aelig;nz/</span>) is a free-living, transparent nematode (roundworm), about 1&nbsp;mm in length, which lives in temperate soil environments. Research into the molecular and developmental biology of <em>C. elegans</em> was begun in 1974 by Sydney Brenner and it has since been used extensively as a model organism.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000"></font></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000"><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">C. elegans </font></span>Biology</font></span></h2> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 182px"><font color="#000000"><img class="thumbimage" height="95" alt="" width="180" border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/CrawlingCelegans.gif" /> </font> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><font color="#000000"><img height="11" alt="" width="15" src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></font></div> <font color="#000000">Movement of Wild-type <em>C. elegans</em></font></div> </div> </div> <p><font color="#000000"><em>C. elegans</em> is unsegmented, vermiform, bilaterally symmetrical, with a cuticle integument, four main epidermal cords and a fluid-filled pseudocoelomate cavity. Members of the species have many of the same organ systems as other animals. In the wild, they feed on bacteria that develop on decaying vegetable matter. Individuals of <em>C. elegans</em> are almost all hermaphrodite, with males comprising just 0.05% of the total population on average. The basic anatomy of <em>C. elegans</em> includes a mouth, pharynx, intestine, gonad, and collagenous cuticle. Males have a single-lobed gonad, vas deferens, and a tail specialized for mating. Hermaphrodites have two ovaries, oviducts, spermatheca, and a single uterus.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000"><em>C. elegans</em> eggs are laid by the hermaphrodite. After hatching, they pass through four larval stages (L1-L4). When crowded or in the absence of food, <em>C. elegans</em> can enter an alternative third larval stage called the dauer state. Dauer larvae are stress-resistant and do not age. Hermaphrodites produce all their sperm in the L4 stage (150 sperm per gonadal arm) and then switch over to producing oocytes. The sperm are stored in the same area of the gonad as the oocytes until the first oocyte pushes the sperm into the spermatheca (a kind of chamber where the oocytes become fertilized by the sperm).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></sup> The male can inseminate the hermaphrodite, which will use male sperm preferentially (both types of sperm are stored in the spermatheca). When self-inseminated the wild-type worm will lay approximately 300 eggs. When inseminated by a male, the number of progeny can exceed 1,000. At 20&deg;C, the laboratory strain of <em>C. elegans</em> has an average life span of approximately 2&ndash;3 weeks and a generation time of approximately 4 days. Hermaphrodites can mate with males or self-fertilize.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000"><em>C. elegans</em> has five pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes. Sex in <em>C. elegans</em> is based on an X0 sex-determination system. Hermaphrodite <em>C. elegans</em> have a matched pair of sex chromosomes (XX); the rare males have only one sex chromosome (X0).</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">It is interesting to note that <em>C. elegans</em> is one of the only forms of life not known to have a natural virus.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></sup></font></p> <div class="center"> <div class="thumb tnone"> <div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 502px"><font color="#000000"><img class="thumbimage" height="94" alt="" width="500" border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/C_elegans_anatomy.png/500px-C_elegans_anatomy.png" /> </font> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><font color="#000000"><img height="11" alt="" width="15" src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></font></div> <font color="#000000">Longitudinal section through the hermaphrodite <em>C. elegans.</em></font></div> </div> </div> </div> <p><font color="#000000"></font></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Laboratory uses</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000"><em>C. elegans</em> is studied as a model organism for a variety of reasons. Strains are cheap to breed and can be frozen. When subsequently thawed they remain viable, allowing long-term storage. Because the complete cell lineage of the species has been determined, <em>C. elegans</em> has proven especially useful for studying cellular differentiation.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">From a research perspective, <em>C. elegans</em> has the advantage of being a multicellular eukaryotic organism that is simple enough to be studied in great detail. In addition, it is transparent facilitating the study of developmental processes in the intact organism. The developmental fate of every single somatic cell (959 in the adult hermaphrodite; 1031 in the adult male) has been mapped out. These patterns of cell lineage are largely invariant between individuals, in contrast to mammals where cell development from the embryo is more largely dependent on cellular cues. In both sexes, a large number of additional cells (131 in the hermaphrodite, most of which would otherwise become neurons), are eliminated by programmed cell death (apoptosis).</font></p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 252px"><font color="#000000"><img class="thumbimage" height="345" alt="" width="250" border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/C_elegans_stained.jpg/250px-C_elegans_stained.jpg" /> </font> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><font color="#000000"><img height="11" alt="" width="15" src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></font></div> <font color="#000000">Wild-type <em>C. elegans</em> hermaphrodite stained to highlight the nuclei of all cells</font></div> </div> </div> <p><font color="#000000">In addition, <em>C. elegans</em> is one of the simplest organisms with a nervous system. In the hermaphrodite, this comprises 302 neurons whose pattern of connectivity has been completely mapped out, and shown to be a small-world network.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></sup> Research has explored the neural mechanisms responsible for several of the more interesting behaviors shown by <em>C. elegans</em>, including chemotaxis, thermotaxis, mechanotransduction, and male mating behavior.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">A useful feature of <em>C. elegans</em> is that it is relatively straightforward to disrupt the function of specific genes by RNA interference (RNAi). Silencing the function of a gene in this way can sometimes allow a researcher to infer what the function of that gene may be. The nematode can either be soaked in (or injected with) a solution of double stranded RNA, the sequence of which is complementary to the sequence of the gene that the researcher wishes to disable. Alternatively, worms can be fed on genetically transformed bacteria which express the double stranded RNA of interest.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000"><em>C. elegans</em> has also been useful in the study of meiosis. As sperm and egg nuclei move down the length of the gonad, they undergo a temporal progression through meiotic events. This progression means that every nucleus at a given position in the gonad will be at roughly the same step in meiosis, eliminating the difficulties of heterogeneous populations of cells.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">The organism has also been identified as a model for nicotine dependence as it has been found to experience the same symptoms humans experience when they quit smoking.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">As for most model organisms, there is a dedicated online database for the species that is actively curated by scientists working in this field. The WormBase database attempts to collate all published information on <em>C. elegans</em> and other related nematodes. A reward of $5000 has been advertised on their website, for the finder of a new species of closely related nematode.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></sup> Such a discovery would broaden research opportunities with the worm.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">C. elegans Genome</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000"><em>C. elegans</em> was the first multicellular organism to have its genome completely sequenced. The finished genome sequence was published in 1998,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></sup> although a number of small gaps were present (the last gap was finished by October 2002). The <em>C. elegans</em> genome sequence is approximately 100 million base pairs long and contains approximately 20,000 genes. The vast majority of these genes encode for proteins but there are likely to be as many as 1,000 RNA genes. Scientific curators continue to appraise the set of known genes, such that new gene predictions continue to be added and incorrect ones modified or removed.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">In 2003, the genome sequence of the related nematode <em>C. briggsae</em> was also determined, allowing researchers to study the comparative genomics of these two organisms.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></sup> Work is now ongoing to determine the genome sequences of more nematodes from the same genus such as <em>C. remanei</em>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></sup> <em>C. japonica</em><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></sup> and <em>C. brenneri</em>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></sup> These newer genome sequences are being determined by using the whole genome shotgun technique which means that the resulting genome sequences are likely to not be as complete or accurate as <em>C. elegans</em> (which was sequenced using the 'hierarchical' or clone-by-clone approach).</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">The official version of the <em>C. elegans</em> genome sequence continues to change as and when new evidence reveals errors in the original sequencing (DNA sequencing is not an error-free process). Most changes are minor, adding or removing only a few base pairs (bp) of DNA. E.g. the WS169 release of WormBase (December 2006) lists a net gain of 6 bp to the genome sequence.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-WS169_12-0"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></sup> Occasionally more extensive changes are made, e.g. the WS159 release of May 2006 added over 300 bp to the sequence.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-WS159_13-0"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000"><a id="Evolution" name="Evolution"></a></font></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000"><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">C. elegans </font></span>Evolution</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000">It has been shown that a small number of conserved protein sequences from sponges are more similar to humans than to <em>C. elegans</em>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></sup> This suggests that there has been an accelerated rate of evolution in the <em>C. elegans</em> lineage. The same study found that several phylogenetically ancient genes are not present in <em>C. elegans</em>.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000"><a id="Scientific_community" name="Scientific_community"></a></font></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000"><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">C. elegans </font></span>Scientific community</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000">In 2002, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Sydney Brenner, H. Robert Horvitz and John Sulston for their work on the genetics of organ development and programmed cell death (PCD) in <em>C. elegans</em>. The 2006 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Andrew Fire and Craig C. Mello, for their discovery of RNA interference in <em>C. elegans</em>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></sup>. In 2008 Martin Chalfie shared a Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on green fluorescent protein (GFP) in <em>C. elegans</em>.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Because all research into <em>C. elegans</em> essentially started with Sydney Brenner in the 1970s, many scientists working in this field share a close connection to Brenner (they either worked as a post-doctoral or post-graduate researcher in Brenner's lab or in the lab of someone who previously worked with Brenner). Because most people who worked in his lab went on to establish their own worm research labs, there is now a fairly well documented 'lineage' of <em>C. elegans</em> scientists. This lineage was recorded in some detail at the 2003 International Worm Meeting and the results were stored in the Wormbase database.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000"><a id="In_the_media" name="In_the_media"></a></font></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000"><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">C. elegans </font></span>In the media</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000"><em>C. elegans</em> made news when it was discovered that specimens had survived the Space Shuttle <em>Columbia</em> disaster in February 2003.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></sup> Later, in January 2009, it was announced that live samples of C.elegans from the University of Nottingham will spend two weeks on the International Space Station as part of a project to explore the effects of zero gravity on muscle development and its physiology. The emphasis of the research will be on the genetic basis of muscle atrophy. This has relevance to space travel, but also to individuals who are bed-ridden, geriatric or diabetic.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000"><a id="See_also" name="See_also"></a></font></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">See also about <span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">C. elegans </font></span></font></span></h2> <ul> <li><font color="#000000">Animal testing on invertebrates </font></li> </ul> <p><font color="#000000"><a id="References" name="References"></a></font></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000"><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">C. elegans </font></span>References</font></span></h2> <div class="references-small"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-0"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite class="Journal" id="CITEREFBrenner.2C_S.1974" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Brenner, S. (May 1974). &quot;The Genetics of <em>Caenorhabditis elegans</em>&quot; (PDF). <em>Genetics</em> <strong>77</strong>: 71&ndash;94<span class="printonly">. http://dev.wormbase.org/papers/31_Brenner74.pdf</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+Genetics+of+%27%27Caenorhabditis+elegans%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BGenetics+%28journal%29%7CGenetics%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Brenner%2C+S.&amp;rft.au=Brenner%2C+S.&amp;rft.date=May+1974&amp;rft.volume=77&amp;rft.pages=71%E2%80%9394&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdev.wormbase.org%2Fpapers%2F31_Brenner74.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Caenorhabditis_elegans"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </font></li> <li id="cite_note-1"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite class="Journal" id="CITEREFNayak.2C_S..2C_J._Goree_.26_T._Schedl2004" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Nayak, S., J. Goree &amp; T. Schedl (2004). &quot;<em>fog-2</em> and the Evolution of Self-Fertile Hermaphroditism in <em>Caenorhabditis</em>&quot;. <em>PLoS Biology</em> <strong>3</strong> (1): e6. doi:<span class="neverexpand">10.1371/journal.pbio.0030006</span><span class="printonly">. http://biology.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&amp;doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0030006</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=%27%27fog-2%27%27+and+the+Evolution+of+Self-Fertile+Hermaphroditism+in+%27%27Caenorhabditis%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BPLoS+Biology%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Nayak%2C+S.%2C+J.+Goree+%26+T.+Schedl&amp;rft.au=Nayak%2C+S.%2C+J.+Goree+%26+T.+Schedl&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=3&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=e6&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0030006&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiology.plosjournals.org%2Fperlserv%2F%3Frequest%3Dget-document%26doi%3D10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0030006&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Caenorhabditis_elegans"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </font></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite class="Journal" id="CITEREFShaham_S.2006" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Shaham S. (March 14 2006). &quot;Worming into the cell: Viral reproduction in Caenorhabditis elegans&quot; (PDF). <em>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</em> <strong>103</strong> (11): 3955&ndash;56. doi:<span class="neverexpand">10.1073/pnas.0600779103</span>. PMID 16537467<span class="printonly">. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1449626&amp;blobtype=pdf</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Worming+into+the+cell%3A+Viral+reproduction+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+USA&amp;rft.aulast=Shaham+S.&amp;rft.au=Shaham+S.&amp;rft.date=March+14+2006&amp;rft.volume=103&amp;rft.issue=11&amp;rft.pages=3955%E2%80%9356&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.0600779103&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16537467&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Fpicrender.fcgi%3Fartid%3D1449626%26blobtype%3Dpdf&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Caenorhabditis_elegans"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </font></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite class="Journal" id="CITEREFWatts_D._J._.26_S._H._Strogatz1998" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Watts D. J. &amp; S. H. Strogatz (June 1998). &quot;Collective dynamics of 'small-world' networks&quot;. <em>Nature</em> <strong>393</strong> (6684): 440&ndash;442. doi:<span class="neverexpand">10.1038/30918</span><span class="printonly">. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v393/n6684/abs/393440a0.html</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Collective+dynamics+of+%27small-world%27+networks&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BNature+%28journal%29%7CNature%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Watts+D.+J.+%26+S.+H.+Strogatz&amp;rft.au=Watts+D.+J.+%26+S.+H.+Strogatz&amp;rft.date=June+1998&amp;rft.volume=393&amp;rft.issue=6684&amp;rft.pages=440%E2%80%93442&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F30918&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv393%2Fn6684%2Fabs%2F393440a0.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Caenorhabditis_elegans"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </font></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite class="Journal" id="CITEREFFeng_et_al.2006" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Feng et al. (November 2006). &quot;A C. elegans Model of Nicotine-Dependent Behavior: Regulation by TRP-Family Channels&quot;. <em>Cell</em> <strong>127</strong>: 621&ndash;633. doi:<span class="neverexpand">10.1016/j.cell.2006.09.035</span>. PMID 17081982<span class="printonly">. http://www.cell.com/content/article/abstract?uid=PIIS0092867406012955</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=A+C.+elegans+Model+of+Nicotine-Dependent+Behavior%3A+Regulation+by+TRP-Family+Channels&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BCell+%28journal%29%7CCell%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Feng+et+al.&amp;rft.au=Feng+et+al.&amp;rft.date=November+2006&amp;rft.volume=127&amp;rft.pages=621%E2%80%93633&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2006.09.035&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17081982&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2Fabstract%3Fuid%3DPIIS0092867406012955&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Caenorhabditis_elegans"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </font></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> &quot;<em>Caenorhabditis</em> isolation guide&quot;. WormBase. Retrieved on 2007-08-30. </font></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite class="Journal" id="CITEREFDolgin2007" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Dolgin, Elie (August 2007). &quot;Slime for a dime&quot;. <em>Science</em> <strong>317</strong> (5842): 1157. doi:<span class="neverexpand">10.1126/science.317.5842.1157b</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Slime+for+a+dime&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BScience+%28journal%29%7CScience%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Dolgin&amp;rft.aufirst=Elie&amp;rft.au=Dolgin%2C+Elie&amp;rft.date=August+2007&amp;rft.volume=317&amp;rft.issue=5842&amp;rft.pages=1157&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.317.5842.1157b&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Caenorhabditis_elegans"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </font></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite class="Journal" id="CITEREFThe_.27.27C._elegans.27.27_Sequencing_Consortium1998" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">The <em>C. elegans</em> Sequencing Consortium (1998). &quot;Genome sequence of the nematode <em>C. elegans</em>: a platform for investigating biology&quot;. <em>Science</em> <strong>282</strong>: 2012&ndash;2018. doi:<span class="neverexpand">10.1126/science.282.5396.2012</span>. PMID 9851916<span class="printonly">. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/282/5396/2012</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+sequence+of+the+nematode+%27%27C.+elegans%27%27%3A+a+platform+for+investigating+biology&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BScience+%28journal%29%7CScience%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=The+%27%27C.+elegans%27%27+Sequencing+Consortium&amp;rft.au=The+%27%27C.+elegans%27%27+Sequencing+Consortium&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.volume=282&amp;rft.pages=2012%E2%80%932018&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.282.5396.2012&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/9851916&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F282%2F5396%2F2012&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Caenorhabditis_elegans"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </font></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite class="Journal" id="CITEREFStein.2C_L._D._.27.27et_al..27.272003" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Stein, L. D. <em>et al.</em> (2003). &quot;The Genome Sequence of <em>Caenorhabditis briggsae</em>: A Platform for Comparative Genomics&quot;. <em>PLoS Biology</em> <strong>1</strong>: 166&ndash;192. doi:<span class="neverexpand">10.1371/journal.pbio.0000045</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+Genome+Sequence+of+%27%27Caenorhabditis+briggsae%27%27%3A+A+Platform+for+Comparative+Genomics&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BPLoS+Biology%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Stein%2C+L.+D.+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Stein%2C+L.+D.+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft.pages=166%E2%80%93192&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0000045&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Caenorhabditis_elegans"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </font></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Genome Sequencing Center. &quot;<em>Caenorhabditis remanei</em>: Background&quot;. Washington University School of Medicine. Retrieved on 2008-07-11. </font></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Genome Sequencing Center. &quot;<em>Caenorhabditis japonica</em>: Background&quot;. Washington University School of Medicine. Retrieved on 2008-07-11. </font></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Genome Sequencing Center. &quot;<em>Caenorhabditis brenneri</em>: Background&quot;. Washington University School of Medicine. Retrieved on 2008-07-11. </font></li> <li id="cite_note-WS169-12"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> &quot;WormBaseWiki WS169 release notes&quot;. Wormbase. Retrieved on 2007-02-21. </font></li> <li id="cite_note-WS159-13"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> &quot;WormBaseWiki WS159 release notes&quot;. Wormbase. Retrieved on 2007-01-21. </font></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite class="Journal" id="CITEREFGamulin2000" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Gamulin, V (December 2000). &quot;Sponge proteins are more similar to those of <em>Homo sapiens</em> than to <em>Caenorhabditis elegans</em>&quot;. <em>Biological Journal of the Linnean Society</em> (Academic Press) <strong>71</strong> (4): 821&ndash;828.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Sponge+proteins+are+more+similar+to+those+of+%27%27Homo+sapiens%27%27+than+to+%27%27Caenorhabditis+elegans%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=Biological+Journal+of+the+Linnean+Society&amp;rft.aulast=Gamulin&amp;rft.aufirst=V&amp;rft.au=Gamulin%2C+V&amp;rft.date=December+2000&amp;rft.volume=71&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=821%E2%80%93828&amp;rft.pub=Academic+Press&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Caenorhabditis_elegans"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </font></li> <li id="cite_note-15"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite class="Journal" id="CITEREFFire_A.2C_Xu_S.2C_Montgomery_MK.2C_Kostas_SA.2C_Driver_SE.2C_Mello_CC1998" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Fire A, Xu S, Montgomery MK, Kostas SA, Driver SE, Mello CC (February 1998). &quot;Potent and specific genetic interference by double-stranded RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans&quot;. <em>Nature</em> <strong>391</strong> (6669): 806&ndash;11. doi:<span class="neverexpand">10.1038/35888</span>. PMID 9486653.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Potent+and+specific+genetic+interference+by+double-stranded+RNA+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Fire+A%2C+Xu+S%2C+Montgomery+MK%2C+Kostas+SA%2C+Driver+SE%2C+Mello+CC&amp;rft.au=Fire+A%2C+Xu+S%2C+Montgomery+MK%2C+Kostas+SA%2C+Driver+SE%2C+Mello+CC&amp;rft.date=February+1998&amp;rft.volume=391&amp;rft.issue=6669&amp;rft.pages=806%E2%80%9311&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F35888&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/9486653&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Caenorhabditis_elegans"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </font></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> &quot;Worms survived Columbia disaster&quot;, BBC News (2003-05-01)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on 11 July 2008</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;rft.type=newspaperArticle&amp;rft.subject=News&amp;rft.title=Worms+survived+Columbia+disaster&amp;rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fsci%2Ftech%2F2992123.stm&amp;rft.publisher=%5B%5BBBC+News%5D%5D&amp;rft.date=2003-05-01"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </font></li> <li id="cite_note-17"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/nottinghamshire/7835020.stm </font></li> </ol> </div> <p><font color="#000000"><a id="Publications" name="Publications"></a></font></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000"><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">C. elegans </font></span>Publications</font></span></h2> <ul> <li><font color="#000000"><cite class="book" id="CITEREFBird.2C_Jean.3B_Bird.2C_Alan_C.1991" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Bird, Jean; Bird, Alan C. (1991). <em>The structure of nematodes</em>. Boston: Academic Press. pp.&nbsp;1, 69&ndash;70, 152&ndash;153, 165, 224&ndash;225. ISBN 0-12-099651-0.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+structure+of+nematodes&amp;rft.aulast=Bird%2C+Jean%3B+Bird%2C+Alan+C.&amp;rft.au=Bird%2C+Jean%3B+Bird%2C+Alan+C.&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B1%2C+69%E2%80%9370%2C+152%E2%80%93153%2C+165%2C+224%E2%80%93225&amp;rft.place=Boston&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BAcademic+Press%5D%5D&amp;rft.isbn=0-12-099651-0&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Caenorhabditis_elegans"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </font></li> </ul> <ul> <li><font color="#000000"><cite class="book" id="CITEREFHope.2C_Ian_A.1999" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Hope, Ian A. (1999). <em>C. elegans: a practical approach</em>. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. pp.&nbsp;1&ndash;6. ISBN 0-19-963738-5.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=C.+elegans%3A+a+practical+approach&amp;rft.aulast=Hope%2C+Ian+A.&amp;rft.au=Hope%2C+Ian+A.&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B1%E2%80%936&amp;rft.place=Oxford+%5BOxfordshire%5D&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BOxford+University+Press%5D%5D&amp;rft.isbn=0-19-963738-5&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Caenorhabditis_elegans"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </font></li> </ul> <ul> <li><font color="#000000"><cite class="book" id="CITEREFRiddle.2C_D.L..2C_T._Blumenthal.2C_R._J._Meyer_.26_J._R._Priess1997" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Riddle, D.L., T. Blumenthal, R. J. Meyer &amp; J. R. Priess (1997). <em>C. elegans <em>II</em></em>. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York. pp.&nbsp;1&ndash;4, 679&ndash;683. ISBN 0-87969-532-3<span class="printonly">. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=ce2</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=%27%27C.+elegans%27%27+II&amp;rft.aulast=Riddle%2C+D.L.%2C+T.+Blumenthal%2C+R.+J.+Meyer+%26+J.+R.+Priess&amp;rft.au=Riddle%2C+D.L.%2C+T.+Blumenthal%2C+R.+J.+Meyer+%26+J.+R.+Priess&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B1%E2%80%934%2C+679%E2%80%93683&amp;rft.pub=Cold+Spring+Harbor+Laboratory+Press%2C+New+York&amp;rft.isbn=0-87969-532-3&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2Fbv.fcgi%3Frid%3Dce2&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Caenorhabditis_elegans"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </font></li> </ul> <p><font color="#000000"><a id="Online_resources" name="Online_resources"></a></font></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000"><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">C. elegans </font></span>Online resources</font></span></h2> <ul> <li><font color="#000000">WormBase - an extensive online database covering the biology and genomics of <em>C. elegans</em> and other nematodes </font></li> <li><font color="#000000">WormBook - a free online compendium of all aspects of <em>C. elegans</em> biology, including laboratory protocols </font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Wormatlas - an online database for behavioral and structural anatomy of <em>C. elegans</em> </font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute <em>C. elegans</em> page - half of the genome sequence is still maintained by this institute </font></li> <li><font color="#000000">WashU Genome Sequencing Center <em>C. elegans</em> page - the institute maintaining the other half of the genome </font></li> <li><font color="#000000">AceView WormGenes - another genome database for <em>C. elegans</em>, maintained at the NCBI </font></li> <li><font color="#000000">TCNJ Worm Lab - Easy to follow protocols and pictures for <em>C. elegans</em> research. Made by undergrads for undergrads. </font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Worm Classroom - An education portal for <em>C. elegans</em> </font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Textpresso - WormBase search engine </font></li> <li><font color="#000000"><em>C. elegans</em> movies - Timelapse films made by <em>C. elegans</em> researchers worldwide </font></li> <li><font color="#000000"><em>C. elegans</em> II - a free online textbook. </font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Silencing Genomes RNA interference (RNAi) experiments and bioinformatics in <em>C. elegans</em> for education. From the Dolan DNA Learning Center of Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. </font></li> <li><font color="#000000">C.elegans 3D model by the Ewbank Lab - Videos and photos that explain the basic anatomy of <em>C. elegans</em> </font></li> <li><font color="#000000">WormTracker </font></li> </ul> <p><font color="#000000"><a id="Nobel_lectures" name="Nobel_lectures"></a></font></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000"><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">C. elegans </font></span>Nobel lectures</font></span></h2> <ul> <li>Brenner S (2002) Nature's Gift to Science. In. <a class="external free" title="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2002/brenner-lecture.pdf" rel="nofollow" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2002/brenner-lecture.pdf">http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2002/brenner-lecture.pdf</a> </li> <li>Horvitz HR (2002) Worms, Life and Death. In. <a class="external free" title="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2002/horvitz-lecture.pdf" rel="nofollow" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2002/horvitz-lecture.pdf">http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2002/horvitz-lecture.pdf</a> </li> <li>Sulston JE (2002) The Cell Lineage and Beyond. In. <a class="external free" title="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2002/sulston-lecture.pdf" rel="nofollow" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2002/sulston-lecture.pdf">http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2002/sulston-lecture.pdf</a> </li> </ul> <p><a id="External_links" name="External_links"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">C. elegans </font></span>External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/21/science/21find.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/21/science/21find.html">Nematodes With a Craving for Nicotine</a> </li> </ul> 1de21c4540ba6cef6db159b8c65e3cf896f9a62a 2491 2009-01-24T19:28:05Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font color="#000000"><em><strong>Caenorhabditis elegans</strong></em> (pronounced <span class="IPA" title="Pronunciation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˌsiːnoʊr&aelig;bˈdaɪt<s>ɪ</s>s ˈɛl<s>ɪ</s>g&aelig;nz/</span>) is a free-living, transparent nematode (roundworm), about 1&nbsp;mm in length, which lives in temperate soil environments. Research into the molecular and developmental biology of <em>C. elegans</em> was begun in 1974 by Sydney Brenner and it has since been used extensively as a model organism.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000"></font></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000"><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">C. elegans </font></span>Biology</font></span></h2> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 182px"><font color="#000000"><img class="thumbimage" height="95" alt="" width="180" border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/CrawlingCelegans.gif" /> </font> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><font color="#000000"><img height="11" alt="" width="15" src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></font></div> <font color="#000000">Movement of Wild-type <em>C. elegans</em></font></div> </div> </div> <p><font color="#000000"><em>C. elegans</em> is unsegmented, vermiform, bilaterally symmetrical, with a cuticle integument, four main epidermal cords and a fluid-filled pseudocoelomate cavity. Members of the species have many of the same organ systems as other animals. In the wild, they feed on bacteria that develop on decaying vegetable matter. Individuals of <em>C. elegans</em> are almost all hermaphrodite, with males comprising just 0.05% of the total population on average. The basic anatomy of <em>C. elegans</em> includes a mouth, pharynx, intestine, gonad, and collagenous cuticle. Males have a single-lobed gonad, vas deferens, and a tail specialized for mating. Hermaphrodites have two ovaries, oviducts, spermatheca, and a single uterus.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000"><em>C. elegans</em> eggs are laid by the hermaphrodite. After hatching, they pass through four larval stages (L1-L4). When crowded or in the absence of food, <em>C. elegans</em> can enter an alternative third larval stage called the dauer state. Dauer larvae are stress-resistant and do not age. Hermaphrodites produce all their sperm in the L4 stage (150 sperm per gonadal arm) and then switch over to producing oocytes. The sperm are stored in the same area of the gonad as the oocytes until the first oocyte pushes the sperm into the spermatheca (a kind of chamber where the oocytes become fertilized by the sperm).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></sup> The male can inseminate the hermaphrodite, which will use male sperm preferentially (both types of sperm are stored in the spermatheca). When self-inseminated the wild-type worm will lay approximately 300 eggs. When inseminated by a male, the number of progeny can exceed 1,000. At 20&deg;C, the laboratory strain of <em>C. elegans</em> has an average life span of approximately 2&ndash;3 weeks and a generation time of approximately 4 days. Hermaphrodites can mate with males or self-fertilize.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000"><em>C. elegans</em> has five pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes. Sex in <em>C. elegans</em> is based on an X0 sex-determination system. Hermaphrodite <em>C. elegans</em> have a matched pair of sex chromosomes (XX); the rare males have only one sex chromosome (X0).</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">It is interesting to note that <em>C. elegans</em> is one of the only forms of life not known to have a natural virus.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></sup></font></p> <div class="center"> <div class="thumb tnone"> <div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 502px"><font color="#000000"><img class="thumbimage" height="94" alt="" width="500" border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/C_elegans_anatomy.png/500px-C_elegans_anatomy.png" /> </font> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><font color="#000000"><img height="11" alt="" width="15" src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></font></div> <font color="#000000">Longitudinal section through the hermaphrodite <em>C. elegans.</em></font></div> </div> </div> </div> <p><font color="#000000"></font></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000"><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">C. elegans </font></span>Laboratory uses</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000"><em>C. elegans</em> is studied as a model organism for a variety of reasons. Strains are cheap to breed and can be frozen. When subsequently thawed they remain viable, allowing long-term storage. Because the complete cell lineage of the species has been determined, <em>C. elegans</em> has proven especially useful for studying cellular differentiation.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">From a research perspective, <em>C. elegans</em> has the advantage of being a multicellular eukaryotic organism that is simple enough to be studied in great detail. In addition, it is transparent facilitating the study of developmental processes in the intact organism. The developmental fate of every single somatic cell (959 in the adult hermaphrodite; 1031 in the adult male) has been mapped out. These patterns of cell lineage are largely invariant between individuals, in contrast to mammals where cell development from the embryo is more largely dependent on cellular cues. In both sexes, a large number of additional cells (131 in the hermaphrodite, most of which would otherwise become neurons), are eliminated by programmed cell death (apoptosis).</font></p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 252px"><font color="#000000"><img class="thumbimage" height="345" alt="" width="250" border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/C_elegans_stained.jpg/250px-C_elegans_stained.jpg" /> </font> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><font color="#000000"><img height="11" alt="" width="15" src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></font></div> <font color="#000000">Wild-type <em>C. elegans</em> hermaphrodite stained to highlight the nuclei of all cells</font></div> </div> </div> <p><font color="#000000">In addition, <em>C. elegans</em> is one of the simplest organisms with a nervous system. In the hermaphrodite, this comprises 302 neurons whose pattern of connectivity has been completely mapped out, and shown to be a small-world network.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></sup> Research has explored the neural mechanisms responsible for several of the more interesting behaviors shown by <em>C. elegans</em>, including chemotaxis, thermotaxis, mechanotransduction, and male mating behavior.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">A useful feature of <em>C. elegans</em> is that it is relatively straightforward to disrupt the function of specific genes by RNA interference (RNAi). Silencing the function of a gene in this way can sometimes allow a researcher to infer what the function of that gene may be. The nematode can either be soaked in (or injected with) a solution of double stranded RNA, the sequence of which is complementary to the sequence of the gene that the researcher wishes to disable. Alternatively, worms can be fed on genetically transformed bacteria which express the double stranded RNA of interest.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000"><em>C. elegans</em> has also been useful in the study of meiosis. As sperm and egg nuclei move down the length of the gonad, they undergo a temporal progression through meiotic events. This progression means that every nucleus at a given position in the gonad will be at roughly the same step in meiosis, eliminating the difficulties of heterogeneous populations of cells.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">The organism has also been identified as a model for nicotine dependence as it has been found to experience the same symptoms humans experience when they quit smoking.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">As for most model organisms, there is a dedicated online database for the species that is actively curated by scientists working in this field. The WormBase database attempts to collate all published information on <em>C. elegans</em> and other related nematodes. A reward of $5000 has been advertised on their website, for the finder of a new species of closely related nematode.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></sup> Such a discovery would broaden research opportunities with the worm.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">C. elegans Genome and Genomics</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000"><strong><em>C. elegans</em> was the first multicellular organism to have its genome completely sequenced</strong>.&nbsp;<br /> The finished genome sequence was published in 1998,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></sup> although a number of small gaps were present (the last gap was finished by October 2002). The <em>C. elegans</em> genome sequence is approximately 100 million base pairs long and contains approximately <strong>20,000</strong> genes. The vast majority of these genes encode for proteins but there are likely to be as many as 1,000 RNA genes. Scientific curators continue to appraise the set of known genes, such that new gene predictions continue to be added and incorrect ones modified or removed.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">In 2003, the genome sequence of the related nematode <em>C. briggsae</em> was also determined, allowing researchers to study the comparative genomics of these two organisms.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></sup> Work is now ongoing to determine the genome sequences of more nematodes from the same genus such as <em>C. remanei</em>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></sup> <em>C. japonica</em><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></sup> and <em>C. brenneri</em>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></sup> These newer genome sequences are being determined by using the whole genome shotgun technique which means that the resulting genome sequences are likely to not be as complete or accurate as <em>C. elegans</em> (which was sequenced using the 'hierarchical' or clone-by-clone approach).</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">The official version of the <em>C. elegans</em> genome sequence continues to change as and when new evidence reveals errors in the original sequencing (DNA sequencing is not an error-free process). Most changes are minor, adding or removing only a few base pairs (bp) of DNA. E.g. the WS169 release of WormBase (December 2006) lists a net gain of 6 bp to the genome sequence.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-WS169_12-0"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></sup> Occasionally more extensive changes are made, e.g. the WS159 release of May 2006 added over 300 bp to the sequence.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-WS159_13-0"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000"></font></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000"><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">C. elegans </font></span>Evolution</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000">It has been shown that a small number of conserved protein sequences from sponges are more similar to humans than to <em>C. elegans</em>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></sup> This suggests that there has been an accelerated rate of evolution in the <em>C. elegans</em> lineage. The same study found that several phylogenetically ancient genes are not present in <em>C. elegans</em>.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000"></font></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000"><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">C. elegans </font></span>Scientific community</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000">In 2002, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Sydney Brenner, H. Robert Horvitz and John Sulston for their work on the genetics of organ development and programmed cell death (PCD) in <em>C. elegans</em>. The 2006 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Andrew Fire and Craig C. Mello, for their discovery of RNA interference in <em>C. elegans</em>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></sup>. In 2008 Martin Chalfie shared a Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on green fluorescent protein (GFP) in <em>C. elegans</em>.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Because all research into <em>C. elegans</em> essentially started with Sydney Brenner in the 1970s, many scientists working in this field share a close connection to Brenner (they either worked as a post-doctoral or post-graduate researcher in Brenner's lab or in the lab of someone who previously worked with Brenner). Because most people who worked in his lab went on to establish their own worm research labs, there is now a fairly well documented 'lineage' of <em>C. elegans</em> scientists. This lineage was recorded in some detail at the 2003 International Worm Meeting and the results were stored in the Wormbase database.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000"></font></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000"><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">C. elegans </font></span>In the media</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000"><em>C. elegans</em> made news when it was discovered that specimens had survived the Space Shuttle <em>Columbia</em> disaster in February 2003.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></sup> Later, in January 2009, it was announced that live samples of C.elegans from the University of Nottingham will spend two weeks on the International Space Station as part of a project to explore the effects of zero gravity on muscle development and its physiology. The emphasis of the research will be on the genetic basis of muscle atrophy. This has relevance to space travel, but also to individuals who are bed-ridden, geriatric or diabetic.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000"></font></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">See also about <span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">C. elegans </font></span></font></span></h2> <ul> <li><font color="#000000">Animal testing on invertebrates </font></li> </ul> <p><font color="#000000"></font></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000"><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">C. elegans </font></span>References</font></span></h2> <div class="references-small"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-0"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite class="Journal" id="CITEREFBrenner.2C_S.1974" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Brenner, S. (May 1974). &quot;The Genetics of <em>Caenorhabditis elegans</em>&quot; (PDF). <em>Genetics</em> <strong>77</strong>: 71&ndash;94<span class="printonly">. http://dev.wormbase.org/papers/31_Brenner74.pdf</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+Genetics+of+%27%27Caenorhabditis+elegans%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BGenetics+%28journal%29%7CGenetics%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Brenner%2C+S.&amp;rft.au=Brenner%2C+S.&amp;rft.date=May+1974&amp;rft.volume=77&amp;rft.pages=71%E2%80%9394&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdev.wormbase.org%2Fpapers%2F31_Brenner74.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Caenorhabditis_elegans"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </font></li> <li id="cite_note-1"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite class="Journal" id="CITEREFNayak.2C_S..2C_J._Goree_.26_T._Schedl2004" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Nayak, S., J. Goree &amp; T. Schedl (2004). &quot;<em>fog-2</em> and the Evolution of Self-Fertile Hermaphroditism in <em>Caenorhabditis</em>&quot;. <em>PLoS Biology</em> <strong>3</strong> (1): e6. doi:<span class="neverexpand">10.1371/journal.pbio.0030006</span><span class="printonly">. http://biology.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&amp;doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0030006</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=%27%27fog-2%27%27+and+the+Evolution+of+Self-Fertile+Hermaphroditism+in+%27%27Caenorhabditis%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BPLoS+Biology%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Nayak%2C+S.%2C+J.+Goree+%26+T.+Schedl&amp;rft.au=Nayak%2C+S.%2C+J.+Goree+%26+T.+Schedl&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=3&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=e6&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0030006&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiology.plosjournals.org%2Fperlserv%2F%3Frequest%3Dget-document%26doi%3D10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0030006&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Caenorhabditis_elegans"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </font></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite class="Journal" id="CITEREFShaham_S.2006" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Shaham S. (March 14 2006). &quot;Worming into the cell: Viral reproduction in Caenorhabditis elegans&quot; (PDF). <em>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</em> <strong>103</strong> (11): 3955&ndash;56. doi:<span class="neverexpand">10.1073/pnas.0600779103</span>. PMID 16537467<span class="printonly">. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1449626&amp;blobtype=pdf</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Worming+into+the+cell%3A+Viral+reproduction+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+USA&amp;rft.aulast=Shaham+S.&amp;rft.au=Shaham+S.&amp;rft.date=March+14+2006&amp;rft.volume=103&amp;rft.issue=11&amp;rft.pages=3955%E2%80%9356&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.0600779103&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16537467&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Fpicrender.fcgi%3Fartid%3D1449626%26blobtype%3Dpdf&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Caenorhabditis_elegans"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </font></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite class="Journal" id="CITEREFWatts_D._J._.26_S._H._Strogatz1998" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Watts D. J. &amp; S. H. Strogatz (June 1998). &quot;Collective dynamics of 'small-world' networks&quot;. <em>Nature</em> <strong>393</strong> (6684): 440&ndash;442. doi:<span class="neverexpand">10.1038/30918</span><span class="printonly">. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v393/n6684/abs/393440a0.html</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Collective+dynamics+of+%27small-world%27+networks&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BNature+%28journal%29%7CNature%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Watts+D.+J.+%26+S.+H.+Strogatz&amp;rft.au=Watts+D.+J.+%26+S.+H.+Strogatz&amp;rft.date=June+1998&amp;rft.volume=393&amp;rft.issue=6684&amp;rft.pages=440%E2%80%93442&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F30918&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv393%2Fn6684%2Fabs%2F393440a0.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Caenorhabditis_elegans"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </font></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite class="Journal" id="CITEREFFeng_et_al.2006" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Feng et al. (November 2006). &quot;A C. elegans Model of Nicotine-Dependent Behavior: Regulation by TRP-Family Channels&quot;. <em>Cell</em> <strong>127</strong>: 621&ndash;633. doi:<span class="neverexpand">10.1016/j.cell.2006.09.035</span>. PMID 17081982<span class="printonly">. http://www.cell.com/content/article/abstract?uid=PIIS0092867406012955</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=A+C.+elegans+Model+of+Nicotine-Dependent+Behavior%3A+Regulation+by+TRP-Family+Channels&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BCell+%28journal%29%7CCell%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Feng+et+al.&amp;rft.au=Feng+et+al.&amp;rft.date=November+2006&amp;rft.volume=127&amp;rft.pages=621%E2%80%93633&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2006.09.035&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17081982&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2Fabstract%3Fuid%3DPIIS0092867406012955&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Caenorhabditis_elegans"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </font></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> &quot;<em>Caenorhabditis</em> isolation guide&quot;. WormBase. Retrieved on 2007-08-30. </font></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite class="Journal" id="CITEREFDolgin2007" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Dolgin, Elie (August 2007). &quot;Slime for a dime&quot;. <em>Science</em> <strong>317</strong> (5842): 1157. doi:<span class="neverexpand">10.1126/science.317.5842.1157b</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Slime+for+a+dime&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BScience+%28journal%29%7CScience%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Dolgin&amp;rft.aufirst=Elie&amp;rft.au=Dolgin%2C+Elie&amp;rft.date=August+2007&amp;rft.volume=317&amp;rft.issue=5842&amp;rft.pages=1157&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.317.5842.1157b&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Caenorhabditis_elegans"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </font></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite class="Journal" id="CITEREFThe_.27.27C._elegans.27.27_Sequencing_Consortium1998" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">The <em>C. elegans</em> Sequencing Consortium (1998). &quot;Genome sequence of the nematode <em>C. elegans</em>: a platform for investigating biology&quot;. <em>Science</em> <strong>282</strong>: 2012&ndash;2018. doi:<span class="neverexpand">10.1126/science.282.5396.2012</span>. PMID 9851916<span class="printonly">. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/282/5396/2012</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+sequence+of+the+nematode+%27%27C.+elegans%27%27%3A+a+platform+for+investigating+biology&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BScience+%28journal%29%7CScience%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=The+%27%27C.+elegans%27%27+Sequencing+Consortium&amp;rft.au=The+%27%27C.+elegans%27%27+Sequencing+Consortium&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.volume=282&amp;rft.pages=2012%E2%80%932018&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.282.5396.2012&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/9851916&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F282%2F5396%2F2012&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Caenorhabditis_elegans"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </font></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite class="Journal" id="CITEREFStein.2C_L._D._.27.27et_al..27.272003" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Stein, L. D. <em>et al.</em> (2003). &quot;The Genome Sequence of <em>Caenorhabditis briggsae</em>: A Platform for Comparative Genomics&quot;. <em>PLoS Biology</em> <strong>1</strong>: 166&ndash;192. doi:<span class="neverexpand">10.1371/journal.pbio.0000045</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+Genome+Sequence+of+%27%27Caenorhabditis+briggsae%27%27%3A+A+Platform+for+Comparative+Genomics&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BPLoS+Biology%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Stein%2C+L.+D.+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Stein%2C+L.+D.+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft.pages=166%E2%80%93192&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0000045&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Caenorhabditis_elegans"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </font></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Genome Sequencing Center. &quot;<em>Caenorhabditis remanei</em>: Background&quot;. Washington University School of Medicine. Retrieved on 2008-07-11. </font></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Genome Sequencing Center. &quot;<em>Caenorhabditis japonica</em>: Background&quot;. Washington University School of Medicine. Retrieved on 2008-07-11. </font></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Genome Sequencing Center. &quot;<em>Caenorhabditis brenneri</em>: Background&quot;. Washington University School of Medicine. Retrieved on 2008-07-11. </font></li> <li id="cite_note-WS169-12"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> &quot;WormBaseWiki WS169 release notes&quot;. Wormbase. Retrieved on 2007-02-21. </font></li> <li id="cite_note-WS159-13"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> &quot;WormBaseWiki WS159 release notes&quot;. Wormbase. Retrieved on 2007-01-21. </font></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite class="Journal" id="CITEREFGamulin2000" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Gamulin, V (December 2000). &quot;Sponge proteins are more similar to those of <em>Homo sapiens</em> than to <em>Caenorhabditis elegans</em>&quot;. <em>Biological Journal of the Linnean Society</em> (Academic Press) <strong>71</strong> (4): 821&ndash;828.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Sponge+proteins+are+more+similar+to+those+of+%27%27Homo+sapiens%27%27+than+to+%27%27Caenorhabditis+elegans%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=Biological+Journal+of+the+Linnean+Society&amp;rft.aulast=Gamulin&amp;rft.aufirst=V&amp;rft.au=Gamulin%2C+V&amp;rft.date=December+2000&amp;rft.volume=71&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=821%E2%80%93828&amp;rft.pub=Academic+Press&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Caenorhabditis_elegans"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </font></li> <li id="cite_note-15"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite class="Journal" id="CITEREFFire_A.2C_Xu_S.2C_Montgomery_MK.2C_Kostas_SA.2C_Driver_SE.2C_Mello_CC1998" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Fire A, Xu S, Montgomery MK, Kostas SA, Driver SE, Mello CC (February 1998). &quot;Potent and specific genetic interference by double-stranded RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans&quot;. <em>Nature</em> <strong>391</strong> (6669): 806&ndash;11. doi:<span class="neverexpand">10.1038/35888</span>. PMID 9486653.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Potent+and+specific+genetic+interference+by+double-stranded+RNA+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Fire+A%2C+Xu+S%2C+Montgomery+MK%2C+Kostas+SA%2C+Driver+SE%2C+Mello+CC&amp;rft.au=Fire+A%2C+Xu+S%2C+Montgomery+MK%2C+Kostas+SA%2C+Driver+SE%2C+Mello+CC&amp;rft.date=February+1998&amp;rft.volume=391&amp;rft.issue=6669&amp;rft.pages=806%E2%80%9311&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F35888&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/9486653&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Caenorhabditis_elegans"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </font></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> &quot;Worms survived Columbia disaster&quot;, BBC News (2003-05-01)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on 11 July 2008</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;rft.type=newspaperArticle&amp;rft.subject=News&amp;rft.title=Worms+survived+Columbia+disaster&amp;rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fsci%2Ftech%2F2992123.stm&amp;rft.publisher=%5B%5BBBC+News%5D%5D&amp;rft.date=2003-05-01"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </font></li> <li id="cite_note-17"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/nottinghamshire/7835020.stm </font></li> </ol> </div> <p><font color="#000000"></font></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000"><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">C. elegans </font></span>Publications</font></span></h2> <ul> <li><font color="#000000"><cite class="book" id="CITEREFBird.2C_Jean.3B_Bird.2C_Alan_C.1991" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Bird, Jean; Bird, Alan C. (1991). <em>The structure of nematodes</em>. Boston: Academic Press. pp.&nbsp;1, 69&ndash;70, 152&ndash;153, 165, 224&ndash;225. ISBN 0-12-099651-0.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+structure+of+nematodes&amp;rft.aulast=Bird%2C+Jean%3B+Bird%2C+Alan+C.&amp;rft.au=Bird%2C+Jean%3B+Bird%2C+Alan+C.&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B1%2C+69%E2%80%9370%2C+152%E2%80%93153%2C+165%2C+224%E2%80%93225&amp;rft.place=Boston&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BAcademic+Press%5D%5D&amp;rft.isbn=0-12-099651-0&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Caenorhabditis_elegans"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </font></li> </ul> <ul> <li><font color="#000000"><cite class="book" id="CITEREFHope.2C_Ian_A.1999" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Hope, Ian A. (1999). <em>C. elegans: a practical approach</em>. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. pp.&nbsp;1&ndash;6. ISBN 0-19-963738-5.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=C.+elegans%3A+a+practical+approach&amp;rft.aulast=Hope%2C+Ian+A.&amp;rft.au=Hope%2C+Ian+A.&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B1%E2%80%936&amp;rft.place=Oxford+%5BOxfordshire%5D&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BOxford+University+Press%5D%5D&amp;rft.isbn=0-19-963738-5&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Caenorhabditis_elegans"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </font></li> </ul> <ul> <li><font color="#000000"><cite class="book" id="CITEREFRiddle.2C_D.L..2C_T._Blumenthal.2C_R._J._Meyer_.26_J._R._Priess1997" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Riddle, D.L., T. Blumenthal, R. J. Meyer &amp; J. R. Priess (1997). <em>C. elegans <em>II</em></em>. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York. pp.&nbsp;1&ndash;4, 679&ndash;683. ISBN 0-87969-532-3<span class="printonly">. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=ce2</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=%27%27C.+elegans%27%27+II&amp;rft.aulast=Riddle%2C+D.L.%2C+T.+Blumenthal%2C+R.+J.+Meyer+%26+J.+R.+Priess&amp;rft.au=Riddle%2C+D.L.%2C+T.+Blumenthal%2C+R.+J.+Meyer+%26+J.+R.+Priess&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B1%E2%80%934%2C+679%E2%80%93683&amp;rft.pub=Cold+Spring+Harbor+Laboratory+Press%2C+New+York&amp;rft.isbn=0-87969-532-3&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2Fbv.fcgi%3Frid%3Dce2&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Caenorhabditis_elegans"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </font></li> </ul> <p><font color="#000000"><a id="Online_resources" name="Online_resources"></a></font></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000"><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">C. elegans </font></span>Online resources</font></span></h2> <ul> <li><font color="#000000">WormBase - an extensive online database covering the biology and genomics of <em>C. elegans</em> and other nematodes </font></li> <li><font color="#000000">WormBook - a free online compendium of all aspects of <em>C. elegans</em> biology, including laboratory protocols </font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Wormatlas - an online database for behavioral and structural anatomy of <em>C. elegans</em> </font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute <em>C. elegans</em> page - half of the genome sequence is still maintained by this institute </font></li> <li><font color="#000000">WashU Genome Sequencing Center <em>C. elegans</em> page - the institute maintaining the other half of the genome </font></li> <li><font color="#000000">AceView WormGenes - another genome database for <em>C. elegans</em>, maintained at the NCBI </font></li> <li><font color="#000000">TCNJ Worm Lab - Easy to follow protocols and pictures for <em>C. elegans</em> research. Made by undergrads for undergrads. </font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Worm Classroom - An education portal for <em>C. elegans</em> </font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Textpresso - WormBase search engine </font></li> <li><font color="#000000"><em>C. elegans</em> movies - Timelapse films made by <em>C. elegans</em> researchers worldwide </font></li> <li><font color="#000000"><em>C. elegans</em> II - a free online textbook. </font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Silencing Genomes RNA interference (RNAi) experiments and bioinformatics in <em>C. elegans</em> for education. From the Dolan DNA Learning Center of Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. </font></li> <li><font color="#000000">C.elegans 3D model by the Ewbank Lab - Videos and photos that explain the basic anatomy of <em>C. elegans</em> </font></li> <li><font color="#000000">WormTracker </font></li> </ul> <p><font color="#000000"><a id="Nobel_lectures" name="Nobel_lectures"></a></font></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000"><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">C. elegans </font></span>Nobel lectures</font></span></h2> <ul> <li>Brenner S (2002) Nature's Gift to Science. In. <a class="external free" title="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2002/brenner-lecture.pdf" rel="nofollow" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2002/brenner-lecture.pdf">http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2002/brenner-lecture.pdf</a> </li> <li>Horvitz HR (2002) Worms, Life and Death. In. <a class="external free" title="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2002/horvitz-lecture.pdf" rel="nofollow" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2002/horvitz-lecture.pdf">http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2002/horvitz-lecture.pdf</a> </li> <li>Sulston JE (2002) The Cell Lineage and Beyond. In. <a class="external free" title="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2002/sulston-lecture.pdf" rel="nofollow" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2002/sulston-lecture.pdf">http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2002/sulston-lecture.pdf</a> </li> </ul> <p><a id="External_links" name="External_links"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">C. elegans </font></span>External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/21/science/21find.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/21/science/21find.html">Nematodes With a Craving for Nicotine</a> </li> </ul> 1ce4ff2f7386405ba5d31a55769f03d1c3cf037a 2492 2009-01-24T19:28:27Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font color="#000000"><em><strong>Caenorhabditis elegans</strong></em> (pronounced <span class="IPA" title="Pronunciation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˌsiːnoʊr&aelig;bˈdaɪt<s>ɪ</s>s ˈɛl<s>ɪ</s>g&aelig;nz/</span>) is a free-living, transparent nematode (roundworm), about 1&nbsp;mm in length, which lives in temperate soil environments. Research into the molecular and developmental biology of <em>C. elegans</em> was begun in 1974 by Sydney Brenner and it has since been used extensively as a model organism.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000"></font></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000"><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">C. elegans </font></span>Biology</font></span></h2> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 182px"><font color="#000000"><img class="thumbimage" height="95" alt="" width="180" border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/CrawlingCelegans.gif" /> </font> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><font color="#000000"><img height="11" alt="" width="15" src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></font></div> <font color="#000000">Movement of Wild-type <em>C. elegans</em></font></div> </div> </div> <p><font color="#000000"><em>C. elegans</em> is unsegmented, vermiform, bilaterally symmetrical, with a cuticle integument, four main epidermal cords and a fluid-filled pseudocoelomate cavity. Members of the species have many of the same organ systems as other animals. In the wild, they feed on bacteria that develop on decaying vegetable matter. Individuals of <em>C. elegans</em> are almost all hermaphrodite, with males comprising just 0.05% of the total population on average. The basic anatomy of <em>C. elegans</em> includes a mouth, pharynx, intestine, gonad, and collagenous cuticle. Males have a single-lobed gonad, vas deferens, and a tail specialized for mating. Hermaphrodites have two ovaries, oviducts, spermatheca, and a single uterus.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000"><em>C. elegans</em> eggs are laid by the hermaphrodite. After hatching, they pass through four larval stages (L1-L4). When crowded or in the absence of food, <em>C. elegans</em> can enter an alternative third larval stage called the dauer state. Dauer larvae are stress-resistant and do not age. Hermaphrodites produce all their sperm in the L4 stage (150 sperm per gonadal arm) and then switch over to producing oocytes. The sperm are stored in the same area of the gonad as the oocytes until the first oocyte pushes the sperm into the spermatheca (a kind of chamber where the oocytes become fertilized by the sperm).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></sup> The male can inseminate the hermaphrodite, which will use male sperm preferentially (both types of sperm are stored in the spermatheca). When self-inseminated the wild-type worm will lay approximately 300 eggs. When inseminated by a male, the number of progeny can exceed 1,000. At 20&deg;C, the laboratory strain of <em>C. elegans</em> has an average life span of approximately 2&ndash;3 weeks and a generation time of approximately 4 days. Hermaphrodites can mate with males or self-fertilize.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000"><em>C. elegans</em> has five pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes. Sex in <em>C. elegans</em> is based on an X0 sex-determination system. Hermaphrodite <em>C. elegans</em> have a matched pair of sex chromosomes (XX); the rare males have only one sex chromosome (X0).</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">It is interesting to note that <em>C. elegans</em> is one of the only forms of life not known to have a natural virus.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></sup></font></p> <div class="center"> <div class="thumb tnone"> <div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 502px"><font color="#000000"><img class="thumbimage" height="94" alt="" width="500" border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/C_elegans_anatomy.png/500px-C_elegans_anatomy.png" /> </font> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><font color="#000000"><img height="11" alt="" width="15" src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></font></div> <font color="#000000">Longitudinal section through the hermaphrodite <em>C. elegans.</em></font></div> </div> </div> </div> <p><font color="#000000"></font></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000"><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">C. elegans </font></span>Laboratory uses</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000"><em>C. elegans</em> is studied as a model organism for a variety of reasons. Strains are cheap to breed and can be frozen. When subsequently thawed they remain viable, allowing long-term storage. Because the complete cell lineage of the species has been determined, <em>C. elegans</em> has proven especially useful for studying cellular differentiation.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">From a research perspective, <em>C. elegans</em> has the advantage of being a multicellular eukaryotic organism that is simple enough to be studied in great detail. In addition, it is transparent facilitating the study of developmental processes in the intact organism. The developmental fate of every single somatic cell (959 in the adult hermaphrodite; 1031 in the adult male) has been mapped out. These patterns of cell lineage are largely invariant between individuals, in contrast to mammals where cell development from the embryo is more largely dependent on cellular cues. In both sexes, a large number of additional cells (131 in the hermaphrodite, most of which would otherwise become neurons), are eliminated by programmed cell death (apoptosis).</font></p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 252px"><font color="#000000"><img class="thumbimage" height="345" alt="" width="250" border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/C_elegans_stained.jpg/250px-C_elegans_stained.jpg" /> </font> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><font color="#000000"><img height="11" alt="" width="15" src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></font></div> <font color="#000000">Wild-type <em>C. elegans</em> hermaphrodite stained to highlight the nuclei of all cells</font></div> </div> </div> <p><font color="#000000">In addition, <em>C. elegans</em> is one of the simplest organisms with a nervous system. In the hermaphrodite, this comprises 302 neurons whose pattern of connectivity has been completely mapped out, and shown to be a small-world network.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></sup> Research has explored the neural mechanisms responsible for several of the more interesting behaviors shown by <em>C. elegans</em>, including chemotaxis, thermotaxis, mechanotransduction, and male mating behavior.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">A useful feature of <em>C. elegans</em> is that it is relatively straightforward to disrupt the function of specific genes by RNA interference (RNAi). Silencing the function of a gene in this way can sometimes allow a researcher to infer what the function of that gene may be. The nematode can either be soaked in (or injected with) a solution of double stranded RNA, the sequence of which is complementary to the sequence of the gene that the researcher wishes to disable. Alternatively, worms can be fed on genetically transformed bacteria which express the double stranded RNA of interest.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000"><em>C. elegans</em> has also been useful in the study of meiosis. As sperm and egg nuclei move down the length of the gonad, they undergo a temporal progression through meiotic events. This progression means that every nucleus at a given position in the gonad will be at roughly the same step in meiosis, eliminating the difficulties of heterogeneous populations of cells.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">The organism has also been identified as a model for nicotine dependence as it has been found to experience the same symptoms humans experience when they quit smoking.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">As for most model organisms, there is a dedicated online database for the species that is actively curated by scientists working in this field. The WormBase database attempts to collate all published information on <em>C. elegans</em> and other related nematodes. A reward of $5000 has been advertised on their website, for the finder of a new species of closely related nematode.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></sup> Such a discovery would broaden research opportunities with the worm.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">C. elegans Genome and [[C. elegans Genomics]]</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000"><strong><em>C. elegans</em> was the first multicellular organism to have its genome completely sequenced</strong>.&nbsp;<br /> The finished genome sequence was published in 1998,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></sup> although a number of small gaps were present (the last gap was finished by October 2002). The <em>C. elegans</em> genome sequence is approximately 100 million base pairs long and contains approximately <strong>20,000</strong> genes. The vast majority of these genes encode for proteins but there are likely to be as many as 1,000 RNA genes. Scientific curators continue to appraise the set of known genes, such that new gene predictions continue to be added and incorrect ones modified or removed.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">In 2003, the genome sequence of the related nematode <em>C. briggsae</em> was also determined, allowing researchers to study the comparative genomics of these two organisms.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></sup> Work is now ongoing to determine the genome sequences of more nematodes from the same genus such as <em>C. remanei</em>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></sup> <em>C. japonica</em><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></sup> and <em>C. brenneri</em>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></sup> These newer genome sequences are being determined by using the whole genome shotgun technique which means that the resulting genome sequences are likely to not be as complete or accurate as <em>C. elegans</em> (which was sequenced using the 'hierarchical' or clone-by-clone approach).</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">The official version of the <em>C. elegans</em> genome sequence continues to change as and when new evidence reveals errors in the original sequencing (DNA sequencing is not an error-free process). Most changes are minor, adding or removing only a few base pairs (bp) of DNA. E.g. the WS169 release of WormBase (December 2006) lists a net gain of 6 bp to the genome sequence.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-WS169_12-0"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></sup> Occasionally more extensive changes are made, e.g. the WS159 release of May 2006 added over 300 bp to the sequence.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-WS159_13-0"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000"></font></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000"><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">C. elegans </font></span>Evolution</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000">It has been shown that a small number of conserved protein sequences from sponges are more similar to humans than to <em>C. elegans</em>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></sup> This suggests that there has been an accelerated rate of evolution in the <em>C. elegans</em> lineage. The same study found that several phylogenetically ancient genes are not present in <em>C. elegans</em>.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000"></font></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000"><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">C. elegans </font></span>Scientific community</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000">In 2002, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Sydney Brenner, H. Robert Horvitz and John Sulston for their work on the genetics of organ development and programmed cell death (PCD) in <em>C. elegans</em>. The 2006 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Andrew Fire and Craig C. Mello, for their discovery of RNA interference in <em>C. elegans</em>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></sup>. In 2008 Martin Chalfie shared a Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on green fluorescent protein (GFP) in <em>C. elegans</em>.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Because all research into <em>C. elegans</em> essentially started with Sydney Brenner in the 1970s, many scientists working in this field share a close connection to Brenner (they either worked as a post-doctoral or post-graduate researcher in Brenner's lab or in the lab of someone who previously worked with Brenner). Because most people who worked in his lab went on to establish their own worm research labs, there is now a fairly well documented 'lineage' of <em>C. elegans</em> scientists. This lineage was recorded in some detail at the 2003 International Worm Meeting and the results were stored in the Wormbase database.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000"></font></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000"><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">C. elegans </font></span>In the media</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000"><em>C. elegans</em> made news when it was discovered that specimens had survived the Space Shuttle <em>Columbia</em> disaster in February 2003.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></sup> Later, in January 2009, it was announced that live samples of C.elegans from the University of Nottingham will spend two weeks on the International Space Station as part of a project to explore the effects of zero gravity on muscle development and its physiology. The emphasis of the research will be on the genetic basis of muscle atrophy. This has relevance to space travel, but also to individuals who are bed-ridden, geriatric or diabetic.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000"></font></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">See also about <span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">C. elegans </font></span></font></span></h2> <ul> <li><font color="#000000">Animal testing on invertebrates </font></li> </ul> <p><font color="#000000"></font></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000"><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">C. elegans </font></span>References</font></span></h2> <div class="references-small"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-0"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite class="Journal" id="CITEREFBrenner.2C_S.1974" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Brenner, S. (May 1974). &quot;The Genetics of <em>Caenorhabditis elegans</em>&quot; (PDF). <em>Genetics</em> <strong>77</strong>: 71&ndash;94<span class="printonly">. http://dev.wormbase.org/papers/31_Brenner74.pdf</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+Genetics+of+%27%27Caenorhabditis+elegans%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BGenetics+%28journal%29%7CGenetics%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Brenner%2C+S.&amp;rft.au=Brenner%2C+S.&amp;rft.date=May+1974&amp;rft.volume=77&amp;rft.pages=71%E2%80%9394&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdev.wormbase.org%2Fpapers%2F31_Brenner74.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Caenorhabditis_elegans"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </font></li> <li id="cite_note-1"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite class="Journal" id="CITEREFNayak.2C_S..2C_J._Goree_.26_T._Schedl2004" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Nayak, S., J. Goree &amp; T. Schedl (2004). &quot;<em>fog-2</em> and the Evolution of Self-Fertile Hermaphroditism in <em>Caenorhabditis</em>&quot;. <em>PLoS Biology</em> <strong>3</strong> (1): e6. doi:<span class="neverexpand">10.1371/journal.pbio.0030006</span><span class="printonly">. http://biology.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&amp;doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0030006</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=%27%27fog-2%27%27+and+the+Evolution+of+Self-Fertile+Hermaphroditism+in+%27%27Caenorhabditis%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BPLoS+Biology%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Nayak%2C+S.%2C+J.+Goree+%26+T.+Schedl&amp;rft.au=Nayak%2C+S.%2C+J.+Goree+%26+T.+Schedl&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=3&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=e6&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0030006&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiology.plosjournals.org%2Fperlserv%2F%3Frequest%3Dget-document%26doi%3D10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0030006&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Caenorhabditis_elegans"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </font></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite class="Journal" id="CITEREFShaham_S.2006" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Shaham S. (March 14 2006). &quot;Worming into the cell: Viral reproduction in Caenorhabditis elegans&quot; (PDF). <em>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</em> <strong>103</strong> (11): 3955&ndash;56. doi:<span class="neverexpand">10.1073/pnas.0600779103</span>. PMID 16537467<span class="printonly">. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1449626&amp;blobtype=pdf</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Worming+into+the+cell%3A+Viral+reproduction+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+USA&amp;rft.aulast=Shaham+S.&amp;rft.au=Shaham+S.&amp;rft.date=March+14+2006&amp;rft.volume=103&amp;rft.issue=11&amp;rft.pages=3955%E2%80%9356&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.0600779103&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16537467&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Fpicrender.fcgi%3Fartid%3D1449626%26blobtype%3Dpdf&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Caenorhabditis_elegans"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </font></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite class="Journal" id="CITEREFWatts_D._J._.26_S._H._Strogatz1998" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Watts D. J. &amp; S. H. Strogatz (June 1998). &quot;Collective dynamics of 'small-world' networks&quot;. <em>Nature</em> <strong>393</strong> (6684): 440&ndash;442. doi:<span class="neverexpand">10.1038/30918</span><span class="printonly">. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v393/n6684/abs/393440a0.html</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Collective+dynamics+of+%27small-world%27+networks&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BNature+%28journal%29%7CNature%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Watts+D.+J.+%26+S.+H.+Strogatz&amp;rft.au=Watts+D.+J.+%26+S.+H.+Strogatz&amp;rft.date=June+1998&amp;rft.volume=393&amp;rft.issue=6684&amp;rft.pages=440%E2%80%93442&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F30918&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv393%2Fn6684%2Fabs%2F393440a0.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Caenorhabditis_elegans"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </font></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite class="Journal" id="CITEREFFeng_et_al.2006" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Feng et al. (November 2006). &quot;A C. elegans Model of Nicotine-Dependent Behavior: Regulation by TRP-Family Channels&quot;. <em>Cell</em> <strong>127</strong>: 621&ndash;633. doi:<span class="neverexpand">10.1016/j.cell.2006.09.035</span>. PMID 17081982<span class="printonly">. http://www.cell.com/content/article/abstract?uid=PIIS0092867406012955</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=A+C.+elegans+Model+of+Nicotine-Dependent+Behavior%3A+Regulation+by+TRP-Family+Channels&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BCell+%28journal%29%7CCell%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Feng+et+al.&amp;rft.au=Feng+et+al.&amp;rft.date=November+2006&amp;rft.volume=127&amp;rft.pages=621%E2%80%93633&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2006.09.035&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17081982&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2Fabstract%3Fuid%3DPIIS0092867406012955&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Caenorhabditis_elegans"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </font></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> &quot;<em>Caenorhabditis</em> isolation guide&quot;. WormBase. Retrieved on 2007-08-30. </font></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite class="Journal" id="CITEREFDolgin2007" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Dolgin, Elie (August 2007). &quot;Slime for a dime&quot;. <em>Science</em> <strong>317</strong> (5842): 1157. doi:<span class="neverexpand">10.1126/science.317.5842.1157b</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Slime+for+a+dime&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BScience+%28journal%29%7CScience%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Dolgin&amp;rft.aufirst=Elie&amp;rft.au=Dolgin%2C+Elie&amp;rft.date=August+2007&amp;rft.volume=317&amp;rft.issue=5842&amp;rft.pages=1157&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.317.5842.1157b&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Caenorhabditis_elegans"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </font></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite class="Journal" id="CITEREFThe_.27.27C._elegans.27.27_Sequencing_Consortium1998" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">The <em>C. elegans</em> Sequencing Consortium (1998). &quot;Genome sequence of the nematode <em>C. elegans</em>: a platform for investigating biology&quot;. <em>Science</em> <strong>282</strong>: 2012&ndash;2018. doi:<span class="neverexpand">10.1126/science.282.5396.2012</span>. PMID 9851916<span class="printonly">. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/282/5396/2012</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+sequence+of+the+nematode+%27%27C.+elegans%27%27%3A+a+platform+for+investigating+biology&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BScience+%28journal%29%7CScience%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=The+%27%27C.+elegans%27%27+Sequencing+Consortium&amp;rft.au=The+%27%27C.+elegans%27%27+Sequencing+Consortium&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.volume=282&amp;rft.pages=2012%E2%80%932018&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.282.5396.2012&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/9851916&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F282%2F5396%2F2012&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Caenorhabditis_elegans"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </font></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite class="Journal" id="CITEREFStein.2C_L._D._.27.27et_al..27.272003" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Stein, L. D. <em>et al.</em> (2003). &quot;The Genome Sequence of <em>Caenorhabditis briggsae</em>: A Platform for Comparative Genomics&quot;. <em>PLoS Biology</em> <strong>1</strong>: 166&ndash;192. doi:<span class="neverexpand">10.1371/journal.pbio.0000045</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+Genome+Sequence+of+%27%27Caenorhabditis+briggsae%27%27%3A+A+Platform+for+Comparative+Genomics&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BPLoS+Biology%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Stein%2C+L.+D.+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Stein%2C+L.+D.+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft.pages=166%E2%80%93192&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0000045&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Caenorhabditis_elegans"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </font></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Genome Sequencing Center. &quot;<em>Caenorhabditis remanei</em>: Background&quot;. Washington University School of Medicine. Retrieved on 2008-07-11. </font></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Genome Sequencing Center. &quot;<em>Caenorhabditis japonica</em>: Background&quot;. Washington University School of Medicine. Retrieved on 2008-07-11. </font></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Genome Sequencing Center. &quot;<em>Caenorhabditis brenneri</em>: Background&quot;. Washington University School of Medicine. Retrieved on 2008-07-11. </font></li> <li id="cite_note-WS169-12"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> &quot;WormBaseWiki WS169 release notes&quot;. Wormbase. Retrieved on 2007-02-21. </font></li> <li id="cite_note-WS159-13"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> &quot;WormBaseWiki WS159 release notes&quot;. Wormbase. Retrieved on 2007-01-21. </font></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite class="Journal" id="CITEREFGamulin2000" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Gamulin, V (December 2000). &quot;Sponge proteins are more similar to those of <em>Homo sapiens</em> than to <em>Caenorhabditis elegans</em>&quot;. <em>Biological Journal of the Linnean Society</em> (Academic Press) <strong>71</strong> (4): 821&ndash;828.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Sponge+proteins+are+more+similar+to+those+of+%27%27Homo+sapiens%27%27+than+to+%27%27Caenorhabditis+elegans%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=Biological+Journal+of+the+Linnean+Society&amp;rft.aulast=Gamulin&amp;rft.aufirst=V&amp;rft.au=Gamulin%2C+V&amp;rft.date=December+2000&amp;rft.volume=71&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=821%E2%80%93828&amp;rft.pub=Academic+Press&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Caenorhabditis_elegans"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </font></li> <li id="cite_note-15"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite class="Journal" id="CITEREFFire_A.2C_Xu_S.2C_Montgomery_MK.2C_Kostas_SA.2C_Driver_SE.2C_Mello_CC1998" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Fire A, Xu S, Montgomery MK, Kostas SA, Driver SE, Mello CC (February 1998). &quot;Potent and specific genetic interference by double-stranded RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans&quot;. <em>Nature</em> <strong>391</strong> (6669): 806&ndash;11. doi:<span class="neverexpand">10.1038/35888</span>. PMID 9486653.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Potent+and+specific+genetic+interference+by+double-stranded+RNA+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Fire+A%2C+Xu+S%2C+Montgomery+MK%2C+Kostas+SA%2C+Driver+SE%2C+Mello+CC&amp;rft.au=Fire+A%2C+Xu+S%2C+Montgomery+MK%2C+Kostas+SA%2C+Driver+SE%2C+Mello+CC&amp;rft.date=February+1998&amp;rft.volume=391&amp;rft.issue=6669&amp;rft.pages=806%E2%80%9311&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F35888&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/9486653&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Caenorhabditis_elegans"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </font></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> &quot;Worms survived Columbia disaster&quot;, BBC News (2003-05-01)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on 11 July 2008</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;rft.type=newspaperArticle&amp;rft.subject=News&amp;rft.title=Worms+survived+Columbia+disaster&amp;rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fsci%2Ftech%2F2992123.stm&amp;rft.publisher=%5B%5BBBC+News%5D%5D&amp;rft.date=2003-05-01"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </font></li> <li id="cite_note-17"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/nottinghamshire/7835020.stm </font></li> </ol> </div> <p><font color="#000000"></font></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000"><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">C. elegans </font></span>Publications</font></span></h2> <ul> <li><font color="#000000"><cite class="book" id="CITEREFBird.2C_Jean.3B_Bird.2C_Alan_C.1991" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Bird, Jean; Bird, Alan C. (1991). <em>The structure of nematodes</em>. Boston: Academic Press. pp.&nbsp;1, 69&ndash;70, 152&ndash;153, 165, 224&ndash;225. ISBN 0-12-099651-0.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+structure+of+nematodes&amp;rft.aulast=Bird%2C+Jean%3B+Bird%2C+Alan+C.&amp;rft.au=Bird%2C+Jean%3B+Bird%2C+Alan+C.&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B1%2C+69%E2%80%9370%2C+152%E2%80%93153%2C+165%2C+224%E2%80%93225&amp;rft.place=Boston&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BAcademic+Press%5D%5D&amp;rft.isbn=0-12-099651-0&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Caenorhabditis_elegans"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </font></li> </ul> <ul> <li><font color="#000000"><cite class="book" id="CITEREFHope.2C_Ian_A.1999" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Hope, Ian A. (1999). <em>C. elegans: a practical approach</em>. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. pp.&nbsp;1&ndash;6. ISBN 0-19-963738-5.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=C.+elegans%3A+a+practical+approach&amp;rft.aulast=Hope%2C+Ian+A.&amp;rft.au=Hope%2C+Ian+A.&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B1%E2%80%936&amp;rft.place=Oxford+%5BOxfordshire%5D&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BOxford+University+Press%5D%5D&amp;rft.isbn=0-19-963738-5&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Caenorhabditis_elegans"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </font></li> </ul> <ul> <li><font color="#000000"><cite class="book" id="CITEREFRiddle.2C_D.L..2C_T._Blumenthal.2C_R._J._Meyer_.26_J._R._Priess1997" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Riddle, D.L., T. Blumenthal, R. J. Meyer &amp; J. R. Priess (1997). <em>C. elegans <em>II</em></em>. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York. pp.&nbsp;1&ndash;4, 679&ndash;683. ISBN 0-87969-532-3<span class="printonly">. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=ce2</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=%27%27C.+elegans%27%27+II&amp;rft.aulast=Riddle%2C+D.L.%2C+T.+Blumenthal%2C+R.+J.+Meyer+%26+J.+R.+Priess&amp;rft.au=Riddle%2C+D.L.%2C+T.+Blumenthal%2C+R.+J.+Meyer+%26+J.+R.+Priess&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B1%E2%80%934%2C+679%E2%80%93683&amp;rft.pub=Cold+Spring+Harbor+Laboratory+Press%2C+New+York&amp;rft.isbn=0-87969-532-3&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2Fbv.fcgi%3Frid%3Dce2&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Caenorhabditis_elegans"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </font></li> </ul> <p><font color="#000000"><a id="Online_resources" name="Online_resources"></a></font></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000"><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">C. elegans </font></span>Online resources</font></span></h2> <ul> <li><font color="#000000">WormBase - an extensive online database covering the biology and genomics of <em>C. elegans</em> and other nematodes </font></li> <li><font color="#000000">WormBook - a free online compendium of all aspects of <em>C. elegans</em> biology, including laboratory protocols </font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Wormatlas - an online database for behavioral and structural anatomy of <em>C. elegans</em> </font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute <em>C. elegans</em> page - half of the genome sequence is still maintained by this institute </font></li> <li><font color="#000000">WashU Genome Sequencing Center <em>C. elegans</em> page - the institute maintaining the other half of the genome </font></li> <li><font color="#000000">AceView WormGenes - another genome database for <em>C. elegans</em>, maintained at the NCBI </font></li> <li><font color="#000000">TCNJ Worm Lab - Easy to follow protocols and pictures for <em>C. elegans</em> research. Made by undergrads for undergrads. </font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Worm Classroom - An education portal for <em>C. elegans</em> </font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Textpresso - WormBase search engine </font></li> <li><font color="#000000"><em>C. elegans</em> movies - Timelapse films made by <em>C. elegans</em> researchers worldwide </font></li> <li><font color="#000000"><em>C. elegans</em> II - a free online textbook. </font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Silencing Genomes RNA interference (RNAi) experiments and bioinformatics in <em>C. elegans</em> for education. From the Dolan DNA Learning Center of Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. </font></li> <li><font color="#000000">C.elegans 3D model by the Ewbank Lab - Videos and photos that explain the basic anatomy of <em>C. elegans</em> </font></li> <li><font color="#000000">WormTracker </font></li> </ul> <p><font color="#000000"><a id="Nobel_lectures" name="Nobel_lectures"></a></font></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000"><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">C. elegans </font></span>Nobel lectures</font></span></h2> <ul> <li>Brenner S (2002) Nature's Gift to Science. In. <a class="external free" title="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2002/brenner-lecture.pdf" rel="nofollow" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2002/brenner-lecture.pdf">http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2002/brenner-lecture.pdf</a> </li> <li>Horvitz HR (2002) Worms, Life and Death. In. <a class="external free" title="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2002/horvitz-lecture.pdf" rel="nofollow" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2002/horvitz-lecture.pdf">http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2002/horvitz-lecture.pdf</a> </li> <li>Sulston JE (2002) The Cell Lineage and Beyond. In. <a class="external free" title="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2002/sulston-lecture.pdf" rel="nofollow" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2002/sulston-lecture.pdf">http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2002/sulston-lecture.pdf</a> </li> </ul> <p><a id="External_links" name="External_links"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">C. elegans </font></span>External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/21/science/21find.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/21/science/21find.html">Nematodes With a Craving for Nicotine</a> </li> </ul> 105785ae54a6b7915c14ee5f231a73e939ba57af 0 1722 2494 2009-01-24T19:56:48Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5">Genomics by Country</font><br /> <br /> Country specific genomics list:<br /> <table cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="100%" summary="" border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td><font size="2">&nbsp;[[British Genomics]]: Genomics in the UK</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="2">&nbsp;[[Canadian Genomics]]</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="2">&nbsp;[[Chinese Genomics]]</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="2">&nbsp;[[Korean Genomics]]:&nbsp; <a href="http://koreagenome.org">http://koreagenome.org</a>&nbsp; </font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="2">&nbsp;[[Netherlands Genomics]]</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="2">&nbsp;[[US Genomics]]: Genomics in the USA</font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> 1b39146bb068021807b2801fd398a952f8de5e07 0 1723 2495 2009-01-24T19:58:20Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5">Korean Genomics</font><br /> <br /> The first Korean Genome was publicized in Dec. 2008. The sequencing was carried out by Drs. Kim Sungjin and Ahn Sungmin group in LCDI (Lee Gilyeo Cancer and Diabetes Institute).<br /> The genomics analysis was&nbsp;done by [[KOBIC]] (Korean Bioinformation Center).&nbsp; 2f87508d82ffd1a41b62d8dee7adaec201455d61 2496 2009-01-24T20:07:30Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5">Korean Genomics</font><br /> <br /> The first Korean Genome was publicized in Dec. 2008. The sequencing was carried out by Drs. Kim Sungjin and Ahn Sungmin group in LCDI (Lee Gilyeo Cancer and Diabetes Institute).<br /> The genomics analysis was&nbsp;done by [[KOBIC]] (Korean Bioinformation Center).&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <strong>External links<br /> </strong>[http://koreangenomics.org Koreangenomics.org]<br /> 0cbabe85df82a19aadc4a29fd555f892d10264fa 0 1652 2497 2009-01-25T08:31:52Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <span class="atl"><strong>2008: [[An African,&nbsp;Yoruban male genome by Illumina. 2008 Nature]]<br /> 2008: [[The complete genome of an individual by massively parallel DNA sequencing. 2008 Nature]]</strong></span>&nbsp;<br /> <p class="aug"><strong>2007: [[The Diploid Genome Sequence of an Individual Human. 2007 Plos Biology]]<br /> <br /> 2006: [[Polony DNA sequencing. 2006 Curr Protoc Mol Biol.]]<br /> <br /> 1977: [[Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA. 1977 Nature]]<br /> <br /> &nbsp;</strong></p> 200533104492ee2d4dea6c2994f38d843ba50889 0 1724 2498 2009-01-25T08:37:23Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font face="AdvP4E954F" color="#292526" size="2"><font face="AdvP4E954F" color="#292526" size="2"><font face="AdvP4E954F" color="#292526" size="2"> <p align="left">Accurate whole human genome&nbsp;sequencing using reversible terminator chemistry<br /> <br /> <br /> They reported an approach that generates several billion bases of nucleotide sequence per experiment at a relatively low cost. Single molecules of DNA were attached to a flat surface, amplified </p> </font></font></font><font face="AdvP4E9564" color="#292526" size="2"><font face="AdvP4E9564" color="#292526" size="2"><font face="AdvP4E9564" color="#292526" size="2">in situ </font></font></font><font face="AdvP4E954F" color="#292526" size="2"><font face="AdvP4E954F" color="#292526" size="2"><font face="AdvP4E954F" color="#292526" size="2">and used as templates for synthetic sequencing with fluorescent reversible terminator deoxyribonucleotides.&nbsp;<br /> Images of the surface were analysed to generate high-quality sequence. They demonstrated the application of&nbsp;their approach to human genome sequencing on flow-sorted X chromosomes and then scaled the approach to determine the genome sequence of a male Yoruba from Ibadan, Nigeria.&nbsp;<br /> They built a consensus sequence from over </font></font></font><font face="AdvP4E954F" color="#292526" size="2"><font face="AdvP4E954F" color="#292526" size="2"><font face="AdvP4E954F" color="#292526" size="2">30 fold</font></font></font><font face="AdvP7DA6" color="#292526" size="2"><font face="AdvP7DA6" color="#292526" size="2"><font face="AdvP7DA6" color="#292526" size="2">&nbsp;</font></font></font><font face="AdvP4E954F" color="#292526" size="2"><font face="AdvP4E954F" color="#292526" size="2"><font face="AdvP4E954F" color="#292526" size="2">average depth of paired 35-base reads.&nbsp;They characterized&nbsp;4 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms and&nbsp;4 hundred thousand structural variants, many of which were previously unknown.&nbsp;Their approach&nbsp;was reported to be&nbsp;effective for accurate, rapid, and economical whole-genome re-sequencing and many other biomedical applications.<br /> <br /> </font></font></font> 578a3858d87ceafa0e78e99ead7651846abd6b58 2499 2009-01-25T08:38:51Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font face="AdvP4E954F" color="#292526" size="2"><font face="AdvP4E954F" color="#292526" size="2"><font face="AdvP4E954F" color="#292526" size="2"> <p align="left">Accurate whole human genome&nbsp;sequencing using reversible terminator chemistry<br /> <br /> <br /> They reported an approach that generates several billion bases of nucleotide sequence per experiment at a relatively low cost. Single molecules of DNA were attached to a flat surface, amplified </p> </font></font></font><font face="AdvP4E9564" color="#292526" size="2"><font face="AdvP4E9564" color="#292526" size="2"><font face="AdvP4E9564" color="#292526" size="2">in situ </font></font></font><font face="AdvP4E954F" color="#292526" size="2"><font face="AdvP4E954F" color="#292526" size="2"><font face="AdvP4E954F" color="#292526" size="2">and used as templates for synthetic sequencing with fluorescent reversible terminator deoxyribonucleotides.&nbsp;<br /> Images of the surface were analysed to generate high-quality sequence. They demonstrated the application of&nbsp;their approach to human genome sequencing on flow-sorted X chromosomes and then scaled the approach to determine the genome sequence of a male Yoruba from [[Ibadan]], Nigeria.&nbsp;<br /> They built a consensus sequence from over </font></font></font><font face="AdvP4E954F" color="#292526" size="2"><font face="AdvP4E954F" color="#292526" size="2"><font face="AdvP4E954F" color="#292526" size="2">30 fold</font></font></font><font face="AdvP7DA6" color="#292526" size="2"><font face="AdvP7DA6" color="#292526" size="2"><font face="AdvP7DA6" color="#292526" size="2">&nbsp;</font></font></font><font face="AdvP4E954F" color="#292526" size="2"><font face="AdvP4E954F" color="#292526" size="2"><font face="AdvP4E954F" color="#292526" size="2">average depth of paired 35-base reads.&nbsp;They characterized&nbsp;4 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms and&nbsp;4 hundred thousand structural variants, many of which were previously unknown.&nbsp;Their approach&nbsp;was reported to be&nbsp;effective for accurate, rapid, and economical whole-genome re-sequencing and many other biomedical applications.<br /> <br /> </font></font></font> 79c826563bac9980e54fc4f2be23e50b57c11643 2502 2009-01-25T08:50:03Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font face="AdvP4E954F" color="#292526" size="2"><font face="AdvP4E954F" color="#292526" size="2"><font face="AdvP4E954F" color="#292526" size="2"> <p align="left"><strong>Accurate whole human genome&nbsp;sequencing using reversible terminator chemistry</strong><br /> <br /> <br /> They reported an approach that generates several billion bases of nucleotide sequence per experiment at a relatively low cost. Single molecules of DNA were attached to a flat surface, amplified </p> </font></font></font><font face="AdvP4E9564" color="#292526" size="2"><font face="AdvP4E9564" color="#292526" size="2"><font face="AdvP4E9564" color="#292526" size="2">in situ </font></font></font><font face="AdvP4E954F" color="#292526" size="2"><font face="AdvP4E954F" color="#292526" size="2"><font face="AdvP4E954F" color="#292526" size="2">and used as templates for synthetic sequencing with fluorescent reversible terminator deoxyribonucleotides.&nbsp;<br /> Images of the surface were analysed to generate high-quality sequence. They demonstrated the application of&nbsp;their approach to human genome sequencing on flow-sorted X chromosomes and then scaled the approach to determine the genome sequence of a male Yoruba from [[Ibadan]], Nigeria.&nbsp;<br /> They built a consensus sequence from over </font></font></font><font face="AdvP4E954F" color="#292526" size="2"><font face="AdvP4E954F" color="#292526" size="2"><font face="AdvP4E954F" color="#292526" size="2">30 fold</font></font></font><font face="AdvP7DA6" color="#292526" size="2"><font face="AdvP7DA6" color="#292526" size="2"><font face="AdvP7DA6" color="#292526" size="2">&nbsp;</font></font></font><font face="AdvP4E954F" color="#292526" size="2"><font face="AdvP4E954F" color="#292526" size="2"><font face="AdvP4E954F" color="#292526" size="2">average depth of paired 35-base reads.&nbsp;They characterized&nbsp;4 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms and&nbsp;4 hundred thousand structural variants, many of which were previously unknown.&nbsp;Their approach&nbsp;was reported to be&nbsp;effective for accurate, rapid, and economical whole-genome re-sequencing and many other biomedical applications.<br /> <br /> </font></font></font> e87862811ff01088fde17d6a13681100288fd7fc 0 1725 2500 2009-01-25T08:39:43Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font color="#000000"><strong>Ibadan</strong> (&Igrave;l&uacute; &Egrave;b&aacute;-Ọd&agrave;n, the town at the junction of the savannah and the forest), the capital of Oyo State, is the third largest city in Nigeria by population (after Lagos and Kano), and the largest in geographical area. At independence, Ibadan was the largest and the most populous city in Nigeria and the third in Africa after Cairo and Johannesburg. It is located in south-western Nigeria, 78 miles inland from Lagos and is a prominent transit point between the coastal region and the areas to the north. Its population is 2,550,593<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></sup> according to 2006 census results, including 11 local government areas. The population of central Ibadan, including five LGA:s, is 1&nbsp;338&nbsp;659 according to census results for 2006, covering an area of 128 km&sup2;. Ibadan had been the centre of administration of the old Western Region, Nigeria since the days of the British colonial rule, and parts of the city's ancient protective walls still stand to this day. The principal inhabitants of the city are the Yoruba people.</font></p> <script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "show"; var tocHideText = "hide"; showTocToggle(); } //]]> </script> <p><font color="#000000"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">History</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000">Ibadan came into existence when Lagelu, the Jagun (commander-in-chief) of Ife and Yoruba's generalissimo, left Ile Ife with a handful of his people to found his own city, Eba Odan, which literally means 'between the forest and plains.' According to HRH Sir Isaac Babalola Akinyele, the late Olubadan (king) of Ibadan (Olu Ibadan means Lord of Ibadan), in his authoritative book on the history of Ibadan, <em>Iwe Itan Ibadan,</em> printed in 1911, the first city was destroyed due to an incident at an Egungun (masquerade) festival when an Egungun was accidentally disrobed and derisively mocked by women and children in an open marketplace full of people. In Yorubaland, it was an abomination for women to look an Egungun in the eye because the Egunguns were considered to be the dead forefathers who returned to the earth each year to bless their progeny. When the news reached Sango, the then Alaafin of Oyo, he commanded that Eba Odan be destroyed for committing such abominable act.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Lagelu was by now an old, frail man; he could not stop the destruction of his city, but he and some of his people survived the attack and fled to a nearby hill for sanctuary. On the hill they survived by eating oro fruit and snails; later, they cultivated the land and made corn and millets into pap meals known as <em>oori or eko</em>, which they ate with roasted snails. They improvised a bit by using the snail shells to drink the liquefied <em>eko.</em> Ultimately, Lagelu and his people came down from the hill and founded another city called Eba'dan. The new city instantly grew prosperous and became a commercial nerve centre. Shortly afterwards, Lagelu died, leaving behind a politically savvy people and a very stable community. The newly enthroned Olubadan made a friendly gesture to the Olowu of Owu by allowing Olowu to marry his only daughter, Nkan. Coming from a war campaign one day, the raging Odo Oba (River Oba) would not allow Olowu and his army to cross until a human sacrifice was performed to appease the angry river. The chosen sacrifice was Nkan. The Olubadan was infuriated at hearing of Nkan's death; he sent an emissary to inform the Alafin of Oyo. Yoruba kings and rulers such as Alake of Egba, Agura of Gbagura, Ooni of Ife, Awujale of Ijebu and others formed a formidable coalition with Eba'dan against the powerful Olowu of Owu. After the defeat of Owu, many of the warriors that participated in the coalition refused to go back to their towns and cities except the Ijebu warriors. They began attacking the neighboring towns and hamlets, and also marauded across Eba'dan thereby making the indigenes fearful of them. Finally, they took over the political landscape of Eba'dan and changed its name to <strong class="selflink">Ibadan</strong>, as we have come to know it.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Ibadan was historically an Egba town. The Egba occupants were forced to leave the town and moved to present-day Abeokuta under the leadership of Sodeke when the surge of Oyo refugees flocked into the towns as an aftermath of the fall of Oyo Kingdom.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Ibadan grew into an impressive and sprawling urban center so much that by the end of 1829, Ibadan dominated the Yor&ugrave;b&aacute; region militarily, politically and economically. The military sanctuary expanded even further when refugees began arriving in large numbers from northern Oyo following raids by Fulani warriors. After losing the northern portion of their region to the marauding Fulanis, many Oyo indigenes retreated deeper into the Ibadan environs. The Fulani Caliphate attempted to expand further into the southern region of modern-day Nigeria, but was decisively defeated by the armies of Ibadan in 1840. The Ibadan area became a British Protectorate in 1893 and by then the population had swelled to 120,000. The British developed the new colony to facilitate their commercial activities in the area, and Ibadan shortly grew into the major trading center that it is today.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Education</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000">The British also developed the academic infrastructure of the city. The first university to be set up in Nigeria was the University of Ibadan (established as a college of the University of London when it was founded in 1948, and was later converted into an autonomous university in 1962). It has the distinction of being one of the premier educational institutions in Africa. The Polytechnic Ibadan was the first technical institute and is considered to be the best in Nigeria. There are also numerous primary schools and secondary schools located in the city. Other noteworthy institutions in the city include the University College Hospital; the first teaching hospital in Nigeria, Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria and the internationally acclaimed International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA). Ibadan and its environs before the dissolution of the Western Region, Nigeria was the home of the most sophisticated and liberal scientific and cultural community on the continent of Africa; as personified by the immortalized Ibadan School.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">In 1853, the first Europeans to settle in Ibadan, Reverend Hinderer and his wife, started Ibadan's first Western schools. They built churches and schools and the first two-storey building in Ibadan, which can still be found today at Kudeti. The first pupils to attend an elementary school in Ibadan were Yejide (female) and Akinyele (male) -- the two children of an Ibadan high chief.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Transportation</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000">Ibadan has an airport, Ibadan Airport, and was served by the Ibadan Railway Station on the main railway line from Lagos to Kano.(No longer operating). Poorly-maintained roads are particularly problematic in the rainy season. What are called interstate highways in the United States are called carriageways in Nigeria. There are not many miles of divided highways in Ibadan. The primary routes go from Ibadan to Lagos and to Benin City. Adding to the weather and terrain, roads typically have few or no speed limit signs or warning signs to alert the motorist of curves, hills, intersections or problems with the road itself such as large potholes or eroded road beds.<sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since October 2007" style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap">[<em>citation needed</em>]</span></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">In-town transportation comes in a variety of forms. Modes of transportation include, taxis, taxi-vans commonly called <em>danfos</em>, private cars that are hired out by the day with a driver, personal family cars, scooters, and walking. All fares are negotiable depending upon the number in the party and the distance to be traveled.<sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since October 2007" style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap">[<em>citation needed</em>]</span></sup> The average taxi is a small car, which seats four people and the driver. A danfo is a van, meanwhile, which seats seven people and the driver. This does not mean that more people will not be accommodated; often both taxis and danfos carry as many passengers as can squeeze into the vehicle. Danfos have an additional staff member. He is the &quot;conductor,&quot; who arranges fare agreements and keeps track of delivery points. He is often to be seen holding onto the frame of the van while hanging out the door in order to locate potential fares.<sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since October 2007" style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap">[<em>citation needed</em>]</span></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Monuments, landmarks, and other locations</font></span></h2> <div class="center"> <div class="thumb tnone"> <div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 702px"><font color="#000000"><img class="thumbimage" height="233" alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b7/Ibadan.jpg/700px-Ibadan.jpg" width="700" border="0" /> </font> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><font color="#000000"><img height="11" alt="" src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></font></div> <font color="#000000">A panorama taken from Mapo Hill.</font></div> </div> </div> </div> <p><font color="#000000">There is a museum in the building of the Institute of African Studies, which exhibits several remarkable pre-historic bronze carvings and statues. The city has several well stocked libraries, and is home to the first television station in Africa. Dugbe Market is the nerve center of Ibadan's transport and trading network. The best method to move about the city is to use reference points and notable landmarks. The city also has a zoological garden located inside the University of Ibadan, and a botanical garden located at Agodi.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">The Bower Memorial Tower to the east on <strong>Oke A&agrave;re</strong> (Aare's Hill) (&quot;Aare&quot; in Yoruba means commander-in-chief or generalissimo), which can be seen from practically any point in the city; it also provides an excellent view of the whole city from the top. Another prominent landmark, Cocoa House, was the first skyscraper in Africa. It is one of the few skyscrapers in the city and is at the hub of Ibadan's commercial center. Other attractions include Mapo Hall -- the colonial style city hall -- perched on top of a hill, &quot;Oke Mapo,&quot; Mapo Hill (&quot;oke&quot; is hill in Yoruba), the Trans-Wonderland amusement park, the cultural centre Mokola and Liberty Stadium, Ibadan, the first stadium in Africa. The first citadel of higher learning, University of Ibadan (formerly the University College of Ibadan), and the first teaching hospital in Nigeria, University College Hospital, UCH, were both built in this ancient but, highly important city. Ibadan is also home to the legendary Shooting Stars FC -- a professional Football Club.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Economy</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000">With its strategic location on the non-operational railway line connecting Lagos to Kano, the city is a major center for trade in cassava, cocoa, cotton, timber, rubber, and palm oil. The main industries in the area include the processing of agricultural products; flour-milling, leather-working and furniture-making. There is abundance of clay, kaolin and aquamarine in its environs, and there are several cattle ranches, a dairy farm as well as a commercial abattoir in Ibadan.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">List of people from Ibadan</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000">Ibadan natives of note include:</font></p> <ul> <li><a title="Kase Lukman Lawal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kase_Lukman_Lawal"><font color="#000000">Kase Lukman Lawal</font></a><font color="#000000">, a </font><a class="mw-redirect" title="U.S." href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S."><font color="#000000">U.S.</font></a><font color="#000000">-based chemical engineer and oil tycoon </font></li> <li><a title="Raji Rasaki" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raji_Rasaki"><font color="#000000">Raji Rasaki</font></a><font color="#000000">, a retired army general and former military governor of </font><a title="Lagos State" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagos_State"><font color="#000000">Lagos State</font></a><font color="#000000"> </font></li> <li><a title="Richard Akinjide" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Akinjide"><font color="#000000">Richard Akinjide</font></a><font color="#000000">, a legal luminary and former attorney general &amp; minister of justice </font></li> <li><a class="mw-redirect" title="Alhaji Sikiru Ayinde Barrister" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhaji_Sikiru_Ayinde_Barrister"><font color="#000000">Alhaji Sikiru Ayinde Barrister</font></a><font color="#000000">, the creator of the </font><a title="Fuji music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuji_music"><font color="#000000">Fuji music</font></a><font color="#000000"> genre </font></li> <li><a class="new" title="Tajudeen Bioku (page does not exist)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tajudeen_Bioku&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1"><font color="#000000">Tajudeen Bioku</font></a><font color="#000000">, a </font><a class="mw-redirect" title="U.S." href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S."><font color="#000000">U.S.</font></a><font color="#000000">-based film writer/director </font></li> <li><a class="new" title="Dejo Raimi (page does not exist)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dejo_Raimi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1"><font color="#000000">Dejo Raimi</font></a><font color="#000000">, a thoracic surgeon and former secretary to the </font><a title="Oyo State" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyo_State"><font color="#000000">Oyo State</font></a><font color="#000000"> government </font></li> <li><a title="Tunde Nightingale" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunde_Nightingale"><font color="#000000">Tunde Nightingale</font></a><font color="#000000">, a pioneering </font><a title="Juju" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juju"><font color="#000000">juju</font></a><font color="#000000"> and </font><a title="Highlife" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highlife"><font color="#000000">highlife</font></a><font color="#000000"> musician </font></li> <li><a class="new" title="Kolapo Isola (page does not exist)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kolapo_Isola&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1"><font color="#000000">Kolapo Isola</font></a><font color="#000000">, a quantity surveyor and former governor of </font><a title="Oyo State" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyo_State"><font color="#000000">Oyo State</font></a><font color="#000000"> </font></li> <li><a class="mw-redirect" title="Alhaji Dauda Epo-Akara" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhaji_Dauda_Epo-Akara"><font color="#000000">Alhaji Dauda Epo-Akara</font></a><font color="#000000">, leader of a popular </font><a title="Were music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Were_music"><font color="#000000">were music</font></a><font color="#000000"> group </font></li> <li><a class="new" title="Omololu Olunloyo (page does not exist)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Omololu_Olunloyo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1"><font color="#000000">Omololu Olunloyo</font></a><font color="#000000">, a professor of mathematics and former governor of </font><a title="Oyo State" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyo_State"><font color="#000000">Oyo State</font></a><font color="#000000"> </font></li> <li><a title="Abass Akande Obesere" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abass_Akande_Obesere"><font color="#000000">Abass Akande Obesere</font></a><font color="#000000">, a popular </font><a title="Fuji music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuji_music"><font color="#000000">Fuji music</font></a><font color="#000000"> maestro </font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Taiwo and Kehinde Isaac-Akintoye, identical twin brothers of the pop group </font><a title="Twin-X" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin-X"><font color="#000000">Twin-X</font></a><font color="#000000"> </font></li> <li><a title="Alamu Atatalo" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamu_Atatalo"><font color="#000000">Alamu Atatalo</font></a><font color="#000000">, a popular </font><a title="Sekere" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekere"><font color="#000000">sekere</font></a><font color="#000000"> music pioneer </font></li> <li><a title="Adegoke Adelabu" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adegoke_Adelabu"><font color="#000000">Adegoke Adelabu</font></a><font color="#000000">, a fearless nationalist and pioneering politician </font></li> <li><a class="new" title="Adisa Akinloye (page does not exist)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adisa_Akinloye&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1"><font color="#000000">Adisa Akinloye</font></a><font color="#000000">, a foremost national politician </font></li> <li><a title="Bobby Ologun" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Ologun"><font color="#000000">Bobby Ologun</font></a><font color="#000000">, a </font><a title="K-1" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-1"><font color="#000000">K-1</font></a><font color="#000000"> fighter who is very popular in </font><a title="Japan" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"><font color="#000000">Japan</font></a><font color="#000000"> </font></li> <li><a title="Oluyole" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oluyole"><font color="#000000">Oluyole</font></a><font color="#000000">, an ancient military commander </font></li> <li><a title="Sade Adu" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sade_Adu"><font color="#000000">Sade Adu</font></a><font color="#000000">, frontwoman and lead vocalist of the English group </font><a title="Sade (band)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sade_(band)"><font color="#000000">Sade</font></a><font color="#000000"> </font></li> <li><a class="new" title="Alhaji Amuda Agboluaje (page does not exist)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alhaji_Amuda_Agboluaje&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1"><font color="#000000">Alhaji Amuda Agboluaje</font></a><font color="#000000">, a popular </font><a title="Sekere" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekere"><font color="#000000">sekere</font></a><font color="#000000"> singer </font></li> <li><a class="new" title="Alhaji Abdul Azeez Arisekola Alao (page does not exist)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alhaji_Abdul_Azeez_Arisekola_Alao&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1"><font color="#000000">Alhaji Abdul Azeez Arisekola Alao</font></a><font color="#000000">,Aare musulumi of Yorubaland,The pride lion of Ibadan, a powerful man of tradition and culture in Ibadan. </font></li> <li><a class="new" title="Lamidi Adedibu (page does not exist)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lamidi_Adedibu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1"><font color="#000000">Lamidi Adedibu</font></a><font color="#000000">, a controversial illiterate political strongman </font></li> <li><a class="new" title="Alhaja Humani Alaga of Ibadan (page does not exist)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alhaja_Humani_Alaga_of_Ibadan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1"><font color="#000000">Alhaja Humani Alaga of Ibadan</font></a><font color="#000000">, a powerful woman of Ibadan Founder of First women muslim school and first textile trader of Nigeria </font><a class="new" title="Alaga Ibadan (page does not exist)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alaga_Ibadan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1"><font color="#000000">Alaga Ibadan</font></a><font color="#000000"> Business Tycoon </font></li> <li><a class="new" title="Toyin Falola (page does not exist)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toyin_Falola&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1"><font color="#000000">Toyin Falola</font></a><font color="#000000">, a preeminent scholar on Africa and the Frances Higginbothom Nallen Centennial Professor in History at the University of Texas at Austin </font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Akinwumi Ogundiran, an author, a scholar on African Studies, Africana Professor and the incubent chair of the Department of Africana, </font><a title="University of North Carolina" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina"><font color="#000000">University of North Carolina</font></a><font color="#000000">, Charlotte. </font><a class="external autonumber" title="http://www.africana.uncc.edu/" href="http://www.africana.uncc.edu/" rel="nofollow"><font color="#000000">[1]</font></a><font color="#000000"> </font></li> <li><a title="Saffron (singer)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saffron_(singer)"><font color="#000000">Saffron</font></a><font color="#000000">, lead singer of </font><a title="Republica" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica"><font color="#000000">Republica</font></a><font color="#000000">, born Samatha Sprackling in Ibadan </font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Mrs. Julihana Olubisi Abu - An Ibadan based Teacher teaching for the 28th year within Oke Are and Oke Aremo ancient areas. </font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Mrs. Janet Olubanke Woranola- The wife of Ven. Joseph Olaniyi Woranola, the synod secretary of Ibadan Diocese, Church of Nigeria. </font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Aladefa Sports Family (Taiwo, Kenny, Yemi, Ayo, Tooke) - 2 Olympians, 3 African champions, Represents Nigeria at Olympics and various International competitions. All US educated. </font></li> </ul> d90493ebc3ea294274db359c255fa84aadc97c6d 2501 2009-01-25T08:40:01Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font color="#000000"><strong>Ibadan</strong> (&Igrave;l&uacute; &Egrave;b&aacute;-Ọd&agrave;n, the town at the junction of the savannah and the forest), the capital of Oyo State, is the third largest city in Nigeria by population (after Lagos and Kano), and the largest in geographical area. At independence, Ibadan was the largest and the most populous city in Nigeria and the third in Africa after Cairo and Johannesburg. It is located in south-western Nigeria, 78 miles inland from Lagos and is a prominent transit point between the coastal region and the areas to the north. Its population is 2,550,593<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></sup> according to 2006 census results, including 11 local government areas. The population of central Ibadan, including five LGA:s, is 1&nbsp;338&nbsp;659 according to census results for 2006, covering an area of 128 km&sup2;. Ibadan had been the centre of administration of the old Western Region, Nigeria since the days of the British colonial rule, and parts of the city's ancient protective walls still stand to this day. The principal inhabitants of the city are the Yoruba people.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">History</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000">Ibadan came into existence when Lagelu, the Jagun (commander-in-chief) of Ife and Yoruba's generalissimo, left Ile Ife with a handful of his people to found his own city, Eba Odan, which literally means 'between the forest and plains.' According to HRH Sir Isaac Babalola Akinyele, the late Olubadan (king) of Ibadan (Olu Ibadan means Lord of Ibadan), in his authoritative book on the history of Ibadan, <em>Iwe Itan Ibadan,</em> printed in 1911, the first city was destroyed due to an incident at an Egungun (masquerade) festival when an Egungun was accidentally disrobed and derisively mocked by women and children in an open marketplace full of people. In Yorubaland, it was an abomination for women to look an Egungun in the eye because the Egunguns were considered to be the dead forefathers who returned to the earth each year to bless their progeny. When the news reached Sango, the then Alaafin of Oyo, he commanded that Eba Odan be destroyed for committing such abominable act.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Lagelu was by now an old, frail man; he could not stop the destruction of his city, but he and some of his people survived the attack and fled to a nearby hill for sanctuary. On the hill they survived by eating oro fruit and snails; later, they cultivated the land and made corn and millets into pap meals known as <em>oori or eko</em>, which they ate with roasted snails. They improvised a bit by using the snail shells to drink the liquefied <em>eko.</em> Ultimately, Lagelu and his people came down from the hill and founded another city called Eba'dan. The new city instantly grew prosperous and became a commercial nerve centre. Shortly afterwards, Lagelu died, leaving behind a politically savvy people and a very stable community. The newly enthroned Olubadan made a friendly gesture to the Olowu of Owu by allowing Olowu to marry his only daughter, Nkan. Coming from a war campaign one day, the raging Odo Oba (River Oba) would not allow Olowu and his army to cross until a human sacrifice was performed to appease the angry river. The chosen sacrifice was Nkan. The Olubadan was infuriated at hearing of Nkan's death; he sent an emissary to inform the Alafin of Oyo. Yoruba kings and rulers such as Alake of Egba, Agura of Gbagura, Ooni of Ife, Awujale of Ijebu and others formed a formidable coalition with Eba'dan against the powerful Olowu of Owu. After the defeat of Owu, many of the warriors that participated in the coalition refused to go back to their towns and cities except the Ijebu warriors. They began attacking the neighboring towns and hamlets, and also marauded across Eba'dan thereby making the indigenes fearful of them. Finally, they took over the political landscape of Eba'dan and changed its name to <strong class="selflink">Ibadan</strong>, as we have come to know it.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Ibadan was historically an Egba town. The Egba occupants were forced to leave the town and moved to present-day Abeokuta under the leadership of Sodeke when the surge of Oyo refugees flocked into the towns as an aftermath of the fall of Oyo Kingdom.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Ibadan grew into an impressive and sprawling urban center so much that by the end of 1829, Ibadan dominated the Yor&ugrave;b&aacute; region militarily, politically and economically. The military sanctuary expanded even further when refugees began arriving in large numbers from northern Oyo following raids by Fulani warriors. After losing the northern portion of their region to the marauding Fulanis, many Oyo indigenes retreated deeper into the Ibadan environs. The Fulani Caliphate attempted to expand further into the southern region of modern-day Nigeria, but was decisively defeated by the armies of Ibadan in 1840. The Ibadan area became a British Protectorate in 1893 and by then the population had swelled to 120,000. The British developed the new colony to facilitate their commercial activities in the area, and Ibadan shortly grew into the major trading center that it is today.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Education</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000">The British also developed the academic infrastructure of the city. The first university to be set up in Nigeria was the University of Ibadan (established as a college of the University of London when it was founded in 1948, and was later converted into an autonomous university in 1962). It has the distinction of being one of the premier educational institutions in Africa. The Polytechnic Ibadan was the first technical institute and is considered to be the best in Nigeria. There are also numerous primary schools and secondary schools located in the city. Other noteworthy institutions in the city include the University College Hospital; the first teaching hospital in Nigeria, Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria and the internationally acclaimed International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA). Ibadan and its environs before the dissolution of the Western Region, Nigeria was the home of the most sophisticated and liberal scientific and cultural community on the continent of Africa; as personified by the immortalized Ibadan School.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">In 1853, the first Europeans to settle in Ibadan, Reverend Hinderer and his wife, started Ibadan's first Western schools. They built churches and schools and the first two-storey building in Ibadan, which can still be found today at Kudeti. The first pupils to attend an elementary school in Ibadan were Yejide (female) and Akinyele (male) -- the two children of an Ibadan high chief.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Transportation</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000">Ibadan has an airport, Ibadan Airport, and was served by the Ibadan Railway Station on the main railway line from Lagos to Kano.(No longer operating). Poorly-maintained roads are particularly problematic in the rainy season. What are called interstate highways in the United States are called carriageways in Nigeria. There are not many miles of divided highways in Ibadan. The primary routes go from Ibadan to Lagos and to Benin City. Adding to the weather and terrain, roads typically have few or no speed limit signs or warning signs to alert the motorist of curves, hills, intersections or problems with the road itself such as large potholes or eroded road beds.<sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since October 2007" style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap">[<em>citation needed</em>]</span></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">In-town transportation comes in a variety of forms. Modes of transportation include, taxis, taxi-vans commonly called <em>danfos</em>, private cars that are hired out by the day with a driver, personal family cars, scooters, and walking. All fares are negotiable depending upon the number in the party and the distance to be traveled.<sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since October 2007" style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap">[<em>citation needed</em>]</span></sup> The average taxi is a small car, which seats four people and the driver. A danfo is a van, meanwhile, which seats seven people and the driver. This does not mean that more people will not be accommodated; often both taxis and danfos carry as many passengers as can squeeze into the vehicle. Danfos have an additional staff member. He is the &quot;conductor,&quot; who arranges fare agreements and keeps track of delivery points. He is often to be seen holding onto the frame of the van while hanging out the door in order to locate potential fares.<sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since October 2007" style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap">[<em>citation needed</em>]</span></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Monuments, landmarks, and other locations</font></span></h2> <div class="center"> <div class="thumb tnone"> <div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 702px"><font color="#000000"><img class="thumbimage" height="233" alt="" width="700" border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b7/Ibadan.jpg/700px-Ibadan.jpg" /> </font> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><font color="#000000"><img height="11" alt="" width="15" src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></font></div> <font color="#000000">A panorama taken from Mapo Hill.</font></div> </div> </div> </div> <p><font color="#000000">There is a museum in the building of the Institute of African Studies, which exhibits several remarkable pre-historic bronze carvings and statues. The city has several well stocked libraries, and is home to the first television station in Africa. Dugbe Market is the nerve center of Ibadan's transport and trading network. The best method to move about the city is to use reference points and notable landmarks. The city also has a zoological garden located inside the University of Ibadan, and a botanical garden located at Agodi.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">The Bower Memorial Tower to the east on <strong>Oke A&agrave;re</strong> (Aare's Hill) (&quot;Aare&quot; in Yoruba means commander-in-chief or generalissimo), which can be seen from practically any point in the city; it also provides an excellent view of the whole city from the top. Another prominent landmark, Cocoa House, was the first skyscraper in Africa. It is one of the few skyscrapers in the city and is at the hub of Ibadan's commercial center. Other attractions include Mapo Hall -- the colonial style city hall -- perched on top of a hill, &quot;Oke Mapo,&quot; Mapo Hill (&quot;oke&quot; is hill in Yoruba), the Trans-Wonderland amusement park, the cultural centre Mokola and Liberty Stadium, Ibadan, the first stadium in Africa. The first citadel of higher learning, University of Ibadan (formerly the University College of Ibadan), and the first teaching hospital in Nigeria, University College Hospital, UCH, were both built in this ancient but, highly important city. Ibadan is also home to the legendary Shooting Stars FC -- a professional Football Club.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Economy</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000">With its strategic location on the non-operational railway line connecting Lagos to Kano, the city is a major center for trade in cassava, cocoa, cotton, timber, rubber, and palm oil. The main industries in the area include the processing of agricultural products; flour-milling, leather-working and furniture-making. There is abundance of clay, kaolin and aquamarine in its environs, and there are several cattle ranches, a dairy farm as well as a commercial abattoir in Ibadan.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">List of people from Ibadan</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000">Ibadan natives of note include:</font></p> <ul> <li><a title="Kase Lukman Lawal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kase_Lukman_Lawal"><font color="#000000">Kase Lukman Lawal</font></a><font color="#000000">, a </font><a class="mw-redirect" title="U.S." href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S."><font color="#000000">U.S.</font></a><font color="#000000">-based chemical engineer and oil tycoon </font></li> <li><a title="Raji Rasaki" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raji_Rasaki"><font color="#000000">Raji Rasaki</font></a><font color="#000000">, a retired army general and former military governor of </font><a title="Lagos State" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagos_State"><font color="#000000">Lagos State</font></a><font color="#000000"> </font></li> <li><a title="Richard Akinjide" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Akinjide"><font color="#000000">Richard Akinjide</font></a><font color="#000000">, a legal luminary and former attorney general &amp; minister of justice </font></li> <li><a class="mw-redirect" title="Alhaji Sikiru Ayinde Barrister" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhaji_Sikiru_Ayinde_Barrister"><font color="#000000">Alhaji Sikiru Ayinde Barrister</font></a><font color="#000000">, the creator of the </font><a title="Fuji music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuji_music"><font color="#000000">Fuji music</font></a><font color="#000000"> genre </font></li> <li><a class="new" title="Tajudeen Bioku (page does not exist)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tajudeen_Bioku&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1"><font color="#000000">Tajudeen Bioku</font></a><font color="#000000">, a </font><a class="mw-redirect" title="U.S." href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S."><font color="#000000">U.S.</font></a><font color="#000000">-based film writer/director </font></li> <li><a class="new" title="Dejo Raimi (page does not exist)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dejo_Raimi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1"><font color="#000000">Dejo Raimi</font></a><font color="#000000">, a thoracic surgeon and former secretary to the </font><a title="Oyo State" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyo_State"><font color="#000000">Oyo State</font></a><font color="#000000"> government </font></li> <li><a title="Tunde Nightingale" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunde_Nightingale"><font color="#000000">Tunde Nightingale</font></a><font color="#000000">, a pioneering </font><a title="Juju" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juju"><font color="#000000">juju</font></a><font color="#000000"> and </font><a title="Highlife" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highlife"><font color="#000000">highlife</font></a><font color="#000000"> musician </font></li> <li><a class="new" title="Kolapo Isola (page does not exist)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kolapo_Isola&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1"><font color="#000000">Kolapo Isola</font></a><font color="#000000">, a quantity surveyor and former governor of </font><a title="Oyo State" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyo_State"><font color="#000000">Oyo State</font></a><font color="#000000"> </font></li> <li><a class="mw-redirect" title="Alhaji Dauda Epo-Akara" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhaji_Dauda_Epo-Akara"><font color="#000000">Alhaji Dauda Epo-Akara</font></a><font color="#000000">, leader of a popular </font><a title="Were music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Were_music"><font color="#000000">were music</font></a><font color="#000000"> group </font></li> <li><a class="new" title="Omololu Olunloyo (page does not exist)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Omololu_Olunloyo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1"><font color="#000000">Omololu Olunloyo</font></a><font color="#000000">, a professor of mathematics and former governor of </font><a title="Oyo State" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyo_State"><font color="#000000">Oyo State</font></a><font color="#000000"> </font></li> <li><a title="Abass Akande Obesere" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abass_Akande_Obesere"><font color="#000000">Abass Akande Obesere</font></a><font color="#000000">, a popular </font><a title="Fuji music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuji_music"><font color="#000000">Fuji music</font></a><font color="#000000"> maestro </font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Taiwo and Kehinde Isaac-Akintoye, identical twin brothers of the pop group </font><a title="Twin-X" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin-X"><font color="#000000">Twin-X</font></a><font color="#000000"> </font></li> <li><a title="Alamu Atatalo" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamu_Atatalo"><font color="#000000">Alamu Atatalo</font></a><font color="#000000">, a popular </font><a title="Sekere" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekere"><font color="#000000">sekere</font></a><font color="#000000"> music pioneer </font></li> <li><a title="Adegoke Adelabu" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adegoke_Adelabu"><font color="#000000">Adegoke Adelabu</font></a><font color="#000000">, a fearless nationalist and pioneering politician </font></li> <li><a class="new" title="Adisa Akinloye (page does not exist)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adisa_Akinloye&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1"><font color="#000000">Adisa Akinloye</font></a><font color="#000000">, a foremost national politician </font></li> <li><a title="Bobby Ologun" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Ologun"><font color="#000000">Bobby Ologun</font></a><font color="#000000">, a </font><a title="K-1" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-1"><font color="#000000">K-1</font></a><font color="#000000"> fighter who is very popular in </font><a title="Japan" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"><font color="#000000">Japan</font></a><font color="#000000"> </font></li> <li><a title="Oluyole" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oluyole"><font color="#000000">Oluyole</font></a><font color="#000000">, an ancient military commander </font></li> <li><a title="Sade Adu" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sade_Adu"><font color="#000000">Sade Adu</font></a><font color="#000000">, frontwoman and lead vocalist of the English group </font><a title="Sade (band)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sade_(band)"><font color="#000000">Sade</font></a><font color="#000000"> </font></li> <li><a class="new" title="Alhaji Amuda Agboluaje (page does not exist)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alhaji_Amuda_Agboluaje&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1"><font color="#000000">Alhaji Amuda Agboluaje</font></a><font color="#000000">, a popular </font><a title="Sekere" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekere"><font color="#000000">sekere</font></a><font color="#000000"> singer </font></li> <li><a class="new" title="Alhaji Abdul Azeez Arisekola Alao (page does not exist)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alhaji_Abdul_Azeez_Arisekola_Alao&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1"><font color="#000000">Alhaji Abdul Azeez Arisekola Alao</font></a><font color="#000000">,Aare musulumi of Yorubaland,The pride lion of Ibadan, a powerful man of tradition and culture in Ibadan. </font></li> <li><a class="new" title="Lamidi Adedibu (page does not exist)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lamidi_Adedibu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1"><font color="#000000">Lamidi Adedibu</font></a><font color="#000000">, a controversial illiterate political strongman </font></li> <li><a class="new" title="Alhaja Humani Alaga of Ibadan (page does not exist)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alhaja_Humani_Alaga_of_Ibadan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1"><font color="#000000">Alhaja Humani Alaga of Ibadan</font></a><font color="#000000">, a powerful woman of Ibadan Founder of First women muslim school and first textile trader of Nigeria </font><a class="new" title="Alaga Ibadan (page does not exist)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alaga_Ibadan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1"><font color="#000000">Alaga Ibadan</font></a><font color="#000000"> Business Tycoon </font></li> <li><a class="new" title="Toyin Falola (page does not exist)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toyin_Falola&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1"><font color="#000000">Toyin Falola</font></a><font color="#000000">, a preeminent scholar on Africa and the Frances Higginbothom Nallen Centennial Professor in History at the University of Texas at Austin </font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Akinwumi Ogundiran, an author, a scholar on African Studies, Africana Professor and the incubent chair of the Department of Africana, </font><a title="University of North Carolina" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina"><font color="#000000">University of North Carolina</font></a><font color="#000000">, Charlotte. </font><a class="external autonumber" title="http://www.africana.uncc.edu/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.africana.uncc.edu/"><font color="#000000">[1]</font></a><font color="#000000"> </font></li> <li><a title="Saffron (singer)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saffron_(singer)"><font color="#000000">Saffron</font></a><font color="#000000">, lead singer of </font><a title="Republica" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica"><font color="#000000">Republica</font></a><font color="#000000">, born Samatha Sprackling in Ibadan </font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Mrs. Julihana Olubisi Abu - An Ibadan based Teacher teaching for the 28th year within Oke Are and Oke Aremo ancient areas. </font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Mrs. Janet Olubanke Woranola- The wife of Ven. Joseph Olaniyi Woranola, the synod secretary of Ibadan Diocese, Church of Nigeria. </font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Aladefa Sports Family (Taiwo, Kenny, Yemi, Ayo, Tooke) - 2 Olympians, 3 African champions, Represents Nigeria at Olympics and various International competitions. All US educated. </font></li> </ul> 384887708e8ef888380faa28d0e70f155479d883 0 1726 2514 2009-02-03T05:14:46Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki [http://www.genomeweb.com/informatics/jim-watson&rsquo;s-genome-e-mail-uc-irvine-team-develops-method-compress-genomic-data?emc=el&amp;m=302435&amp;l=9&amp;v=85e6408480 Genome compression by UCI computer scientists]<br /> bad6918836794d7bef9ed062eb4a3bcd9379179a 0 1727 2516 2009-02-12T11:06:00Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki Genome sequence mapping algorithms<br /> 21a86858b5e0978a6dde3f02a66c6638001318e1 2523 2009-02-13T01:26:44Z Pgkim75 42 wikitext text/x-wiki Genome sequence mapping algorithms<br /> <br /> Bioinformatics resources for the next-generation sequencing technology&nbsp;<br /> [http://www.sanger.ac.uk/Users/lh3/seq-nt.html] bd41db49ae6a232dfaea45f6ed69d57fe8064183 2524 2009-02-13T01:27:14Z Pgkim75 42 wikitext text/x-wiki Genome sequence mapping algorithms<br /> <br /> Bioinformatics resources for the next-generation sequencing technology&nbsp;[http://www.sanger.ac.uk/Users/lh3/seq-nt.html] ab73c1ee197c5075ac5bc3c92f40369a55a05378 2525 2009-02-13T01:29:52Z Pgkim75 42 wikitext text/x-wiki Genome sequence mapping algorithms<br /> <br /> [http://www.sanger.ac.uk/Users/lh3/seq-nt.html Bioinformatics resources for the next-generation sequencing technology&nbsp;]<br /> &nbsp; c0adf2b493a3fa7be25b063ea25745ce8fadde30 2526 2009-02-13T01:31:12Z Pgkim75 42 wikitext text/x-wiki Genome sequence mapping algorithms<br /> <br /> [http://www.sanger.ac.uk/Users/lh3/seq-nt.html Bioinformatics resources for the next-generation sequencing technology&nbsp;]<br /> <br /> [http://bioit.dbi.udel.edu/howto/eland Eland(Efficient Local Alignment of Nucleotide Data]<br /> &nbsp; 061e3d6eac93a481948d3068fa9ab9e3a3ef6b6b 2527 2009-02-13T01:31:24Z Pgkim75 42 wikitext text/x-wiki Genome sequence mapping algorithms<br /> <br /> [http://www.sanger.ac.uk/Users/lh3/seq-nt.html Bioinformatics resources for the next-generation sequencing technology&nbsp;]<br /> <br /> [http://bioit.dbi.udel.edu/howto/eland Eland(Efficient Local Alignment of Nucleotide Data)]<br /> &nbsp; 9e04734c710b52ccd3520858bfc7124c311f8ebf 2528 2009-02-13T01:32:17Z Pgkim75 42 wikitext text/x-wiki Genome sequence mapping algorithms<br /> <br /> [http://www.sanger.ac.uk/Users/lh3/seq-nt.html Bioinformatics resources for the next-generation sequencing technology&nbsp;]<br /> <br /> [http://bioit.dbi.udel.edu/howto/eland Eland(Efficient Local Alignment of Nucleotide Data)]<br /> <br /> [http://rulai.cshl.edu/rmap/ RMAP: A Program for mapping Solexa reads]<br /> &nbsp; 0496ff353e53de3d059edbd37a19ef8951d52af7 0 1728 2518 2009-02-12T11:17:14Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki Genome Research <br /> <br /> Genome Research is a research journal published by CSHL.<br /> <br /> In 2009, they had advertised for a special issue for personal genomes. The screen capture of it is here. e5b84c4ec4bf0d76d413ddc97ec2bcb1a661901a 2520 2009-02-12T11:17:54Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki Genome Research <br /> <br /> Genome Research is a research journal published by CSHL.<br /> <br /> In 2009, they had advertised for a special issue for personal genomes. The screen capture of it is here.<br /> [[Image:Genome research personal genomes special issue page 20090201.png]] 46ecde12ff08ce4dc32fbfef31f5f6c6a0fbd370 2521 2009-02-12T11:18:04Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki Genome Research <br /> <br /> Genome Research is a research journal published by CSHL.<br /> <br /> In 2009, they had advertised for a special issue for personal genomes. The screen capture of it is here.<br /> [[Image:Genome research personal genomes special issue page 20090201.png|400px]] b15734cbc54a32dabb1df94d4434fa9a7e1d10ae 6 1729 2519 2009-02-12T11:17:33Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 0 1501 2522 2009-02-12T11:20:51Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong><font size="4">You can get the whole genetic map and sequences of you.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> It means that you can store nearly everything about your genetic information in a PC.</font></strong><br /> <br /> <font size="3" color="#ff0000"><strong>However, the price for now it too high (about $300,000 in 2009). By 2012, the price will go down to around $1,000 USD.</strong></font> By 2016, the price will be below zero (i.e, you can sell your genome information if you want)<br /> <br /> <strong>The Genomics recipe for having your own set of Genetic material&nbsp;:</strong><br /> <br /> 1) Take small amount of blood from your body or spit saliva to a test tube.<br /> 2) Do sequencing after amplifying the amount of genetic material (i.e., your genome parts) using re-sequencing equipments.<br /> 3) Map the sequences to a reference genome and assemble all the genetic parts of your genome&nbsp;<br /> 4) Store the information in such a way that bioinformaists can analyze hundreds of aspects of your genome.<br /> 5) Applying bioinformatics software to find interesting things such as relatedness, geneology, disease susceptability, and visualizing the whole genome.<br /> 6) Finding critical information on yourself as a biological being.<br /> <br /> There will be thousands of companies by 2010 that try to help you get and see your own genomes.<br /> <br /> <hr /> [[Genomics basics]]<br /> <br /> <font size="5">External links</font><br /> [http://personalgenome.org PersonalGenome.org]<br /> [http://knome.com Knome.com]<br /> 50fa04c3ee2982b3ef1ac144bfc218fc0b7d0262 0 1727 2529 2009-02-13T01:36:22Z Pgkim75 42 wikitext text/x-wiki Genome sequence mapping algorithms<br /> <br /> [http://www.sanger.ac.uk/Users/lh3/seq-nt.html Bioinformatics resources for the next-generation sequencing technology&nbsp;]<br /> <br /> [http://bioit.dbi.udel.edu/howto/eland Eland(Efficient Local Alignment of Nucleotide Data)]<br /> <br /> [http://rulai.cshl.edu/rmap/ RMAP: A Program for mapping Solexa reads]<br /> <br /> [http://compbio.cs.toronto.edu/shrimp/ SHRiMP-SHort Read Mapping Package]<br /> <br /> [http://maq.sourceforge.net/index.shtml Maq: Mapping and Assembly with Qualities]<br /> <br /> [http://soap.genomics.org.cn/# SOAP-Short Oligonucleotide Analysis Package]<br /> <br /> [http://www.sanger.ac.uk/Software/analysis/SSAHA2/ SSAHA2(Sequence Search and Alignment by Hashing Algorithm)]<br /> &nbsp; 22f3689b9b61445b902893fee7acdde6c5d3bccc 0 1584 2530 2009-02-13T11:58:44Z Mfursov 44 a link to UGENE software tool was added wikitext text/x-wiki <strong><font size="5">Genomics Software<br /> <br /> </font>See also: [http://biosoftware.org Biosoftware.org]<br /> </strong><br /> <table height="1653" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="1" summary="" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <tbody> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.compbio.dundee.ac.uk/Software/Alscript/alscript.html"><font color="#810081">Alscript</font></a>&nbsp;<font color="#999999">by Barton Group</font></td> <td>Program to format multiple sequence alignments by Geof Barton group.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://engels.genetics.wisc.edu/amplify/"><font color="#810081">Amplify</font></a></td> <td>Amplify is a freeware Macintosh program for simulating and testing polymerase chain reactions (PCRs). </td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/biocat/index.html"><font color="#810081">Biocatalogue</font></a></td> <td>EBI software directory of general interest in molecular biology and genetics.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.bioexplorer.net/toolbar/"><font color="#810081">Bioexplorer Toolbar</font></a></td> <td>&nbsp;An easy toolbar for NCBI databases</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[BioJava]]</td> <td>&nbsp;Biological module for Java programming language.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[BioPAX]]</td> <td>&nbsp;Develop a common exchange format for biological pathways data.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.arc.unm.edu/~aroberts/main/free.htm"><font color="#810081">Biotech Resource</font></a><font color="#c0c0c0">&nbsp;at UNM.edu</font></td> <td>&nbsp;<font size="2" color="#000000">Free Software that is Relevant to the Molecular Biology and Structural Biology Fields</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[BioPerl]]</td> <td>&nbsp;BioPerl: biological module for Perl programming language.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[BioPHP]]</td> <td>&nbsp;BioPHP: biological module for PHP programming language.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[BioPython]]</td> <td>&nbsp;BioPython: biological module for Python programming language.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[BioRuby]]</td> <td>&nbsp;BioRuby: biological module for Ruby programming language</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/blast/">BLAST at NCBI</a></td> <td>&nbsp;Blast [[public domain]] software served by NCBI of USA.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;[http://www.ch.embnet.org/software/BOX_form.html BoxShade]</td> <td>&nbsp;Pretty Printing and Shading of Multiple-Alignment files from <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org">www.ch.embnet.org</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/CN3D/cn3d.shtml">Cn3D</a></td> <td>&nbsp;Application that allows to view 3D structures, at NCBI, NIH, USA.</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><a href="http://www.clcbio.com/index.php?area=software&amp;section=free">CLC Bio</a></td> <td valign="top">&nbsp;Basic bioinformatics analyses and data management - free download</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a href="http://compbio.ornl.gov/structure/domainparser/">DomainParser</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">&nbsp;A protein domain partition program</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.emboss.org/">EMBOSS</a></td> <td>&nbsp;EMBOSS is a package of free open source software for bioinformatic analyses</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.e-cell.org/">E-cell</a></td> <td>&nbsp;Simulating intracellular molecular processes of living cells project</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.extropia.com/applications.html">eXtropia</a></td> <td>&nbsp;Several free web tools</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="ftp://ftp.virginia.edu/pub/fasta/">Fasta</a></td> <td>&nbsp;Open source for Fasta</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://genamics.com/software/"><font color="#810081">Genamics</font></a></td> <td>&nbsp;Gen<font color="#ff0000">a</font>mics SoftwareSeek is a respository and database of freely-distributable and commercial tools for use in molecular biology and biochemistry</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.psc.edu/biomed/genedoc/" target="new"><font color="#810081">GeneDoc</font></a></td> <td><font color="#000000">&nbsp;Multiple sequence alignment editor, analyzer &amp; shading utility for windows</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://genesis.bbb.caltech.edu/GENESIS/genesis.html">Genesis</a></td> <td>&nbsp;Information about GEneral NEural SImulation System</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://globin.cse.psu.edu/">Globin</a></td> <td>&nbsp;Several free tools</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.gnu.org/">GNU</a></td> <td>&nbsp;Free software foundation - several opensource&nbsp;programming&nbsp;tools for free OS such as [[LINUX]].</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://hmmer.wustl.edu/">HMMER</a></td> <td>&nbsp;HMMER:&nbsp;Hidden Markov models for biological sequence analysis by Sean Eddy.&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://rsb.info.nih.gov/nih-image/">NIH Image</a></td> <td>&nbsp;Image analysis program for Macintosh from NIH</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.sequenom.com/genetic_systems/software/software_rt.php" title="Enhanced with automated teaching methods, MassARRAY RT software automatically aligns and calibrates SEQUENOM's SpectroCHIP and provides smart rastering of DNA samples in real time without user intervention. Smart rastering dramatically improves sample efficiency and reduces individual analysis times for improved data quality and sample throughput."><font size="-1">MassARRAY&trade; RT Software (Sequenom)</font></a>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gsf.de/biodv/matinspector.html" target="new">MatInspector</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">&nbsp;Detection of transcription factor binding sites</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.scriptarchive.com/">Matt's Script Archive</a></td> <td>&nbsp;Several free Perl scripts</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.mbshortcuts.com/software/index.htm">MB Shotcuts</a></td> <td>&nbsp;List of several free molecular biology softwares</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.arc.unm.edu/~aroberts/main/free.htm"><font color="#810081">MolBio Links</font></a></td> <td>&nbsp;Links to several molecular biology toos</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a href="http://iubio.bio.indiana.edu/IUBio-Software+Data/molbio/Listings.html">Molecular Biology</a></font></td> <td>&nbsp;List of many free software package for Mac and PC</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a href="http://theory.lcs.mit.edu/~elwolf/multicoil.html">Multicoil</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">&nbsp;Program to p</font>redict coiled coil regions in proteins</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://www.drive5.com/muscle/">MUSCLE</a></td> <td style="vertical-align: top;">&nbsp;Protein Multiple Sequence Alignment Software</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><a href="http://www.softgenetics.com/">MutationSurveyor</a><a href="http://www.softgenetics.com/"> &amp; MutationExplorer</a></td> <td valign="top">&nbsp;Analysis of DNA variants, SNPs and mutations</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.openinformatics.org/">Open Informatics</a></td> <td>&nbsp;Open source softwares</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.phrap.org/">Phred, Phrap &amp; Consed</a></td> <td>&nbsp;Sequence quality and assembly softwares</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://chum.gs.washington.edu/PolyPhred.html">PolyPhred</a></td> <td style="vertical-align: top;">&nbsp;Compares traces to identify heterozygous sites for SNPs</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><a href="http://physionet.org/">PhysioNet</a></td> <td valign="top">&nbsp;Collection of physiologic simulation software</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.chemicalgraphics.com/">PovChem</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">&nbsp;Visualization program for PDB protein structures</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.hgmp.mrc.ac.uk/CCP11/code_libraries.txt.html#21">Programming Libraries</a></td> <td>&nbsp;Bioinformatics Programming Libraries, links to lots of sites and source codes</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a href="http://compbio.ornl.gov/structure/prospect/" target="new">Prospect</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">&nbsp;A threading-based protein structure prediction system</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://lib.stat.cmu.edu/R/CRAN/">R - statistical package</a></td> <td>&nbsp;Statistical computing and graphics software</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a href="http://taxonomy.zoology.gla.ac.uk/rod/treeview.html" target="new">TreeView</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Tree drawing software for Apple Macintosh and Windows</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://sourceforge.net/softwaremap/trove_list.php?form_cat=252">SourceForge.net</a></td> <td>&nbsp;Several ready to use tool</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/pubseq/">Staden Package</a></td> <td>&nbsp;A excellent package for sequence analysis and assembly</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.ualberta.ca/~stothard/javascript/d_load.html">Sequence Manipulation</a></td> <td>&nbsp;Free suite of sequence manipulation tools</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://gi.biotec.or.th/resources/vartree VarTree]</td> <td>&nbsp;A Decision Tree Based Tool for Analyzing Gene-Gene Interaction</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://blast.wustl.edu/">WU-BLAST</a>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;Washington University BLAST archives</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="javascript:void(0);/*1234520926215*/">Unipro UGENE</a></td> <td>Integrated visual environment for popular command line bioinformatics tools like HMMER, MUSCLE, BLAST, repeats and restriction enzymes analysis etc.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> a7ce78d91d4bd528768e84b6979db2f00978f322 2531 2009-02-13T12:00:00Z Mfursov 44 UGENE link fixed wikitext text/x-wiki <strong><font size="5">Genomics Software<br /> <br /> </font>See also: [http://biosoftware.org Biosoftware.org]<br /> </strong><br /> <table height="1653" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="1" summary="" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <tbody> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.compbio.dundee.ac.uk/Software/Alscript/alscript.html"><font color="#810081">Alscript</font></a>&nbsp;<font color="#999999">by Barton Group</font></td> <td>Program to format multiple sequence alignments by Geof Barton group.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://engels.genetics.wisc.edu/amplify/"><font color="#810081">Amplify</font></a></td> <td>Amplify is a freeware Macintosh program for simulating and testing polymerase chain reactions (PCRs). </td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/biocat/index.html"><font color="#810081">Biocatalogue</font></a></td> <td>EBI software directory of general interest in molecular biology and genetics.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.bioexplorer.net/toolbar/"><font color="#810081">Bioexplorer Toolbar</font></a></td> <td>&nbsp;An easy toolbar for NCBI databases</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[BioJava]]</td> <td>&nbsp;Biological module for Java programming language.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[BioPAX]]</td> <td>&nbsp;Develop a common exchange format for biological pathways data.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.arc.unm.edu/~aroberts/main/free.htm"><font color="#810081">Biotech Resource</font></a><font color="#c0c0c0">&nbsp;at UNM.edu</font></td> <td>&nbsp;<font size="2" color="#000000">Free Software that is Relevant to the Molecular Biology and Structural Biology Fields</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[BioPerl]]</td> <td>&nbsp;BioPerl: biological module for Perl programming language.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[BioPHP]]</td> <td>&nbsp;BioPHP: biological module for PHP programming language.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[BioPython]]</td> <td>&nbsp;BioPython: biological module for Python programming language.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[BioRuby]]</td> <td>&nbsp;BioRuby: biological module for Ruby programming language</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/blast/">BLAST at NCBI</a></td> <td>&nbsp;Blast [[public domain]] software served by NCBI of USA.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;[http://www.ch.embnet.org/software/BOX_form.html BoxShade]</td> <td>&nbsp;Pretty Printing and Shading of Multiple-Alignment files from <a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org">www.ch.embnet.org</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/CN3D/cn3d.shtml">Cn3D</a></td> <td>&nbsp;Application that allows to view 3D structures, at NCBI, NIH, USA.</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><a href="http://www.clcbio.com/index.php?area=software&amp;section=free">CLC Bio</a></td> <td valign="top">&nbsp;Basic bioinformatics analyses and data management - free download</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a href="http://compbio.ornl.gov/structure/domainparser/">DomainParser</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">&nbsp;A protein domain partition program</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.emboss.org/">EMBOSS</a></td> <td>&nbsp;EMBOSS is a package of free open source software for bioinformatic analyses</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.e-cell.org/">E-cell</a></td> <td>&nbsp;Simulating intracellular molecular processes of living cells project</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.extropia.com/applications.html">eXtropia</a></td> <td>&nbsp;Several free web tools</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="ftp://ftp.virginia.edu/pub/fasta/">Fasta</a></td> <td>&nbsp;Open source for Fasta</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://genamics.com/software/"><font color="#810081">Genamics</font></a></td> <td>&nbsp;Gen<font color="#ff0000">a</font>mics SoftwareSeek is a respository and database of freely-distributable and commercial tools for use in molecular biology and biochemistry</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.psc.edu/biomed/genedoc/" target="new"><font color="#810081">GeneDoc</font></a></td> <td><font color="#000000">&nbsp;Multiple sequence alignment editor, analyzer &amp; shading utility for windows</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://genesis.bbb.caltech.edu/GENESIS/genesis.html">Genesis</a></td> <td>&nbsp;Information about GEneral NEural SImulation System</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://globin.cse.psu.edu/">Globin</a></td> <td>&nbsp;Several free tools</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.gnu.org/">GNU</a></td> <td>&nbsp;Free software foundation - several opensource&nbsp;programming&nbsp;tools for free OS such as [[LINUX]].</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://hmmer.wustl.edu/">HMMER</a></td> <td>&nbsp;HMMER:&nbsp;Hidden Markov models for biological sequence analysis by Sean Eddy.&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://rsb.info.nih.gov/nih-image/">NIH Image</a></td> <td>&nbsp;Image analysis program for Macintosh from NIH</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.sequenom.com/genetic_systems/software/software_rt.php" title="Enhanced with automated teaching methods, MassARRAY RT software automatically aligns and calibrates SEQUENOM's SpectroCHIP and provides smart rastering of DNA samples in real time without user intervention. Smart rastering dramatically improves sample efficiency and reduces individual analysis times for improved data quality and sample throughput."><font size="-1">MassARRAY&trade; RT Software (Sequenom)</font></a>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gsf.de/biodv/matinspector.html" target="new">MatInspector</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">&nbsp;Detection of transcription factor binding sites</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.scriptarchive.com/">Matt's Script Archive</a></td> <td>&nbsp;Several free Perl scripts</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.mbshortcuts.com/software/index.htm">MB Shotcuts</a></td> <td>&nbsp;List of several free molecular biology softwares</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.arc.unm.edu/~aroberts/main/free.htm"><font color="#810081">MolBio Links</font></a></td> <td>&nbsp;Links to several molecular biology toos</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a href="http://iubio.bio.indiana.edu/IUBio-Software+Data/molbio/Listings.html">Molecular Biology</a></font></td> <td>&nbsp;List of many free software package for Mac and PC</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a href="http://theory.lcs.mit.edu/~elwolf/multicoil.html">Multicoil</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">&nbsp;Program to p</font>redict coiled coil regions in proteins</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://www.drive5.com/muscle/">MUSCLE</a></td> <td style="vertical-align: top;">&nbsp;Protein Multiple Sequence Alignment Software</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><a href="http://www.softgenetics.com/">MutationSurveyor</a><a href="http://www.softgenetics.com/"> &amp; MutationExplorer</a></td> <td valign="top">&nbsp;Analysis of DNA variants, SNPs and mutations</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.openinformatics.org/">Open Informatics</a></td> <td>&nbsp;Open source softwares</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.phrap.org/">Phred, Phrap &amp; Consed</a></td> <td>&nbsp;Sequence quality and assembly softwares</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://chum.gs.washington.edu/PolyPhred.html">PolyPhred</a></td> <td style="vertical-align: top;">&nbsp;Compares traces to identify heterozygous sites for SNPs</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><a href="http://physionet.org/">PhysioNet</a></td> <td valign="top">&nbsp;Collection of physiologic simulation software</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.chemicalgraphics.com/">PovChem</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">&nbsp;Visualization program for PDB protein structures</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.hgmp.mrc.ac.uk/CCP11/code_libraries.txt.html#21">Programming Libraries</a></td> <td>&nbsp;Bioinformatics Programming Libraries, links to lots of sites and source codes</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a href="http://compbio.ornl.gov/structure/prospect/" target="new">Prospect</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">&nbsp;A threading-based protein structure prediction system</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://lib.stat.cmu.edu/R/CRAN/">R - statistical package</a></td> <td>&nbsp;Statistical computing and graphics software</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000"><a href="http://taxonomy.zoology.gla.ac.uk/rod/treeview.html" target="new">TreeView</a></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Tree drawing software for Apple Macintosh and Windows</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://sourceforge.net/softwaremap/trove_list.php?form_cat=252">SourceForge.net</a></td> <td>&nbsp;Several ready to use tool</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/pubseq/">Staden Package</a></td> <td>&nbsp;A excellent package for sequence analysis and assembly</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.ualberta.ca/~stothard/javascript/d_load.html">Sequence Manipulation</a></td> <td>&nbsp;Free suite of sequence manipulation tools</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://gi.biotec.or.th/resources/vartree VarTree]</td> <td>&nbsp;A Decision Tree Based Tool for Analyzing Gene-Gene Interaction</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://blast.wustl.edu/">WU-BLAST</a>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;Washington University BLAST archives</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[http://ugene.unipro.ru UGENE]<br /> </td> <td>Integrated visual environment for popular command line bioinformatics tools like HMMER, MUSCLE, BLAST, repeats and restriction enzymes analysis etc.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> 4696e4b7464f36be0c2bcdf425bad68e099a94d1 4 1730 2532 2009-02-15T11:47:08Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki All the contents of Genomics.org is public.<br /> <br /> Everything is open and free.<br /> <br /> 46959cc738b675950ab9bdfc9588e00762571bd4 4 1731 2533 2009-02-15T11:48:43Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>Everything in Genomics.org is open and free.<br /> <br /> The contents are the results of group brain called biobrain and everything here is not owned by anyone and does not reflect any one person's or one group's point of view.<br /> <br /> </p> f1e6e22fc0f8c3c661b0ff7380cdd0b76c8a24f6 2534 2009-02-15T11:49:01Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>Everything in Genomics.org is open and free.<br /> <br /> The contents are the results of group brain called biobrain and everything here is not owned by anyone and does not reflect any one person's or one group's point of view.<br /> <br /> <strong>See also<br /> </strong>[http://biolicense.org BioLicense.org]<br /> </p> 8558c8c5a5edf6c8a86e8e2e263258ad2962c350 0 1733 2539 2009-03-03T10:35:39Z Jongbhak 47 wikitext text/x-wiki http://koreagenome.org<br /> <br /> ftp://kobic.re.kr/<br /> 3f0977e0b8ec99c33d135729bdc666ea56132278 0 1734 2541 2009-03-03T10:37:30Z Jongbhak 47 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5"><font size="4"><strong>◇ </strong></font></font><font size="4"><strong>Data storage issues for sequenced personal genomes</strong></font><br /> <br /> <font size="5"><font size="4"><strong>◇ Ethical issues<br /> <br /> <br /> </strong></font></font><font size="5"><font size="4"><strong>◇ Analysis issues</strong></font></font><br /> a6fcaab3d6dbb694dbcca57b9968e1dfb66b81bb 2542 2009-03-03T10:38:37Z Jongbhak 47 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5"><font size="4"><strong>◇ </strong></font></font><font size="4"><strong>Data storage issues for sequenced personal genomes</strong></font><br /> The storage amount needed for personal genomes (by March 2009)<br /> <br /> 1. NCBI human reference genome (6GB)<br /> 2. Craig Venter (10Gb)<br /> 3. Watson (10Gb)<br /> 4. YH (2TB)<br /> 5. African (2TB)<br /> 6. Koref (2TB)<br /> 7. 1000 genome (5TB)<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; a. Pilot 1 : 180 (&gt;2X)<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; b. Pilot 2 : 6 (&gt;20X)<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; c. Pilot 3: 1500 (&gt;20X) <br /> total: 12TB<br /> <br /> <font size="5"><font size="4"><strong>◇ Ethical issues<br /> <br /> <br /> </strong></font></font><font size="5"><font size="4"><strong>◇ Analysis issues</strong></font></font> b428ae5c980c871d93211fed8bfcc3b75ccfb150 6 1736 2548 2009-03-15T19:29:16Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 6 1737 2550 2009-03-15T19:30:53Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 0 1738 2553 2009-03-15T19:33:44Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <table cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="100%" summary="" border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#eeeeee"><font size="2">[[Agrogenomics]]&nbsp; [[Anthropogenomics]]&nbsp; [[Autogenomics]]<br /> [[Chemicogenomics]] | [[Chemogenomics]] | [[Chemgenomics]]<br /> [[Demogenomics]]<br /> [[Ecogenomics]]&nbsp; [[Econogenomics]]&nbsp; [[Equigenomics]]&nbsp; [[Ethnogenomics]]&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Eugenomics]]<br /> [[Getontogenomics]]&nbsp; [[Gerogenomics]]<br /> [[Immunogenomics]]<br /> [[Metagenomics]]&nbsp; [[Microgenomics]]&nbsp; [[Mitogenomics]]&nbsp; [[Mycogenomics]]<br /> [[Nanogenomics]]&nbsp; [[Neurogenomics]]&nbsp; [[Nutrigenomics]] | [[Nutragenomics]]<br /> [[Omnigenomics]]&nbsp; [[Oncogenomics]]&nbsp; [[Osteogenomics]]<br /> [[Pangenomics]]&nbsp; [[Phylogenomics]]&nbsp; [[Phytogenomics]]&nbsp; [[Psychogenomics]]<br /> [[Supergenomics]]<br /> [[Toxicogenomics]]</font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> d5cef2944aef424abea28c6e367eff383a17c00a 0 1714 2554 2009-03-15T19:35:56Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki 20090403: [[eIMBL workshop on the Impact of Personal Genomics on Bioscience]]: Seoul Korea.<br /> 20090114: [[Korean Genome Organization Meeting in Korea&nbsp;Jan. 14/15th Yong Pyung Ski resort]] 38c75cb10601dfb0b71ee56da32731653417406f 6 1739 2555 2009-03-15T19:40:12Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 0 1740 2556 2009-03-15T19:40:28Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:EIMBL ABC workshop on personal genomics 20090403.pdf]]<br /> 02d7daa72143655b2ff3c077fe0f954fb1335f4a 0 1498 2557 2009-03-17T04:28:55Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font size="3"><strong>Genomics</strong> is the [[omics]] study of genes of individual organisms,&nbsp;populations, and species. <br /> </font></p> <p><font size="3">It is also a paradigm of performing biological science that deviates from&nbsp;investigating single genes, their functions, and roles. <br /> </font></p> <p><font size="3">The main reason of an independent biological discipline is that it deals with very large sets of genetic information to automatically analyze information using interaction and network concepts. Genomics inevitably employs high performance computing and bioinformatics technologies.</font><br /> </p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">&nbsp; </font></span></p> <div v:shape="_x0000_s1026"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 32pt"><font color="#339966" size="5">&quot;[[Genome sequencing is not Genomics]]&quot;</font></span></div> <p><br /> </p> <p><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">History of the field</font></span></strong></p> <p><font size="3">Genomics was practically founded by Fred Sanger group in 1970s when they developed&nbsp;a gene sequencing technique and completed the first genomes; namely bacteriophage &Phi;-X174; (5,368 bp),&nbsp;the human mitochondrial genome, and lamda virus.</font></p> <p><font size="3">In 1972, Walter Fiers and his team at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology of the University of Ghent (Ghent, Belgium) were the first to determine the sequence of a gene: the gene for Bacteriophage MS2 coat protein.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-0">[1]</sup> In 1976, the team determined the complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-1">[2]</sup> The first DNA-based genome to be sequenced in its entirety was that of bacteriophage &Phi;-X174; (5,368 bp), sequenced by Frederick Sanger in 1977<sup class="reference" id="_ref-2">[3]</sup>. The first free-living organism to be sequenced was that of <em>Haemophilus influenzae</em> (1.8 Mb) in 1995, and since then genomes are being sequenced at a rapid pace. A rough draft of the human genome was completed by Sanger centre and the Human Genome Project in early 2001.</font></p> <p><font size="3">As of September 2007, the complete sequence was known of about 1879 viruses <sup class="reference" id="_ref-3">[4]</sup>, 577 bacterial species and roughly 23 eukaryote organisms, of which about half are fungi. <sup class="reference" id="_ref-4">[5]</sup> Most of the bacteria whose genomes have been completely sequenced are problematic disease-causing agents, such as <em>Haemophilus influenzae</em>. Of the other sequenced species, most were chosen because they were well-studied model organisms or promised to become good models. Yeast (<em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em>) has long been an important model organism for the eukaryotic cell, while the fruit fly <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> has been a very important tool (notably in early pre-molecular genetics). The worm <em>Caenorhabditis elegans</em> is an often used simple model for multicellular organisms. The zebrafish <em>Brachydanio rerio</em> is used for many developmental studies on the molecular level and the flower <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em> is a model organism for flowering plants. The Japanese pufferfish (<em>Takifugu rubripes</em>) and the spotted green pufferfish (<em>Tetraodon nigroviridis</em>) are interesting because of their small and compact genomes, containing very little non-coding DNA compared to most species. <sup class="reference" id="_ref-5">[6]</sup> <sup class="reference" id="_ref-6">[7]</sup> The mammals dog (<em>Canis familiaris</em>), <sup class="reference" id="_ref-7">[8]</sup> brown rat (<em>Rattus norvegicus</em>), mouse (<em>Mus musculus</em>), and chimpanzee (<em>Pan troglodytes</em>) are all important model animals in medical research.</font></p> <p><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">Bacteriophage Genomics</font></span></strong></p> <p><font size="3">Bacteriophages have played and continue to play a key role in bacterial genetics and molecular biology. Historically, they were used to define gene structure and gene regulation. Also the first genome to be sequenced was a bacteriophage. However, bacteriophage research did not lead the genomics revolution, which is clearly dominated by bacterial genomics. Only very recently has the study of bacteriophage genomes become prominent, thereby enabling researchers to understand the mechanisms underlying phage evolution. Bacteriophage genome sequences can be obtained through direct sequencing of isolated bacteriophages, but can also be derived as part of microbial genomes. Analysis of bacterial genomes has shown that a substantial amount of microbial DNA consists of prophage sequences and prophage-like elements. A detailed database mining of these sequences offers insights into the role of prophages in shaping the bacterial genome.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-McGrath_0">[9]</sup></font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">Cyanobacteria Genomics</font></span></strong></p> <p><font size="3">At present there are 24 cyanobacteria for which a total genome sequence is available. 15 of these cyanobacteria come from the marine environment. These are six <em>Prochlorococcus</em><em>Synechococcus</em> strains, <em>Trichodesmium erythraeum</em> IMS101 and <em>Crocosphaera watsonii</em> [[WH8501. Several studies have demonstrated how these sequences could be used very successfully to infer important ecological and physiological characteristics of marine cyanobacteria. However, there are many more genome projects currently in progress, amongst those there are further <em>Prochlorococcus</em> and marine <em>Synechococcus</em> isolates, <em>Acaryochloris</em> and <em>Prochloron</em>, the N₂-fixing filamentous cyanobacteria <em>Nodularia spumigena</em>, <em>Lyngbya aestuarii</em> and <em>Lyngbya majuscula</em>, as well as bacteriophages infecting marine cyanobaceria. Thus, the growing body of genome information can also be tapped in a more general way to address global problems by applying a comparative approach. Some new and exciting examples of progress in this field are the identification of genes for regulatory RNAs, insights into the evolutionary origin of photosynthesis, or estimation of the contribution of horizontal gene transfer to the genomes that have been analyzed.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-Herrero_0">[10]</sup></font></p> <p><font size="4">[[Genome sequencing and genomics]]</font></p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">See also</font></span></strong></p> <ul> <li><font size="3">[[Pangenomics]] and [[Pangenome]]</font> </li> <li><font size="3">[[Personal Genome Project]]</font> </li> <li><font size="3">[[Omics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Proteomics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Interactomics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Functional genomics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Computational genomics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Nitrogenomics]]</font> </li> <li><font size="3">[[Pathogenomics]]</font> </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">References</font></span></strong></p> <ol class="references"> <li id="_note-0"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-0">^</a></strong> Min Jou W, Haegeman G, Ysebaert M, Fiers W., Nucleotide sequence of the gene coding for the bacteriophage MS2 coat protein, Nature. 1972 May 12;237(5350):82-8 </font></li> <li id="_note-1"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-1">^</a></strong> Fiers W et al., Complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA - primary and secondary structure of replicase gene, Nature, 260, 500-507, 1976 </font></li> <li id="_note-2"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-2">^</a></strong> Sanger F, Air GM, Barrell BG, Brown NL, Coulson AR, Fiddes CA, Hutchison CA, Slocombe PM, Smith M., Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA, Nature. 1977 Feb 24;265(5596):687-95 </font></li> <li id="_note-3"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-3">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/VIRUSES/virostat.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/VIRUSES/virostat.html"><em>The Viral Genomes Resource</em>, NCBI Friday, 14 September, 2007</a></font> </li> <li id="_note-4"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-4">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/static/gpstat.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/static/gpstat.html"><em>Genome Project Statistic</em>, NCBI Friday, 14 September, 2007</a></font> </li> <li id="_note-5"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-5">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3760766.stm" rel="nofollow" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3760766.stm">BBC article <em>Human gene number slashed</em> from Wednesday, 20 October, 2004</a></font> </li> <li id="_note-6"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-6">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2003/10/16/pufferfish_fruitfly/index.shtml" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2003/10/16/pufferfish_fruitfly/index.shtml">CBSE News, Thursday October 16, 2003</a></font> </li> <li id="_note-7"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-7">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.genome.gov/12511476" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.gov/12511476">NHGRI, pressrelease of the publishing of the dog genome</a></font> </li> <li id="_note-McGrath"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-McGrath_0">^</a></strong> <cite class="book" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Mc Grath S and van Sinderen D (editors). (2007). <em><a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage">Bacteriophage: Genetics and Molecular Biology</a></em>, 1st ed., Caister Academic Press. <a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage">ISBN 978-1-904455-14-1</a> .</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Bacteriophage%3A+Genetics+and+Molecular+Biology&amp;rft.au=Mc+Grath+S+and+van+Sinderen+D+%28editors%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fphage">&nbsp;</span></font> </li> <li id="_note-Herrero"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-Herrero_0">^</a></strong> <cite class="book" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Herrero A and Flores E (editor). (2008). <em><a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan">The Cyanobacteria: Molecular Biology, Genomics and Evolution</a></em>, 1st ed., Caister Academic Press. <a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan">ISBN 978-1-904455-15-8</a> .</cite></font><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cyanobacteria%3A+Molecular+Biology%2C+Genomics+and+Evolution&amp;rft.au=Herrero+A+and+Flores+E+%28editor%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fcyan"><font size="3"> </font><br /> </span></li> </ol> <p><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cyanobacteria%3A+Molecular+Biology%2C+Genomics+and+Evolution&amp;rft.au=Herrero+A+and+Flores+E+%28editor%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fcyan"><font size="5">Web links</font><br /> [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics Wikipedia Genomics link]</span></p> 9374237d20f60620f2cb7d2416c80362807b70b5 2558 2009-03-17T04:37:41Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font size="3"><strong>Genomics</strong> is the [[omics]] study of [[gene]]s of individual organisms,&nbsp;populations, and species. <br /> </font></p> <p><font size="3">It is also a paradigm of performing biological science that deviates from&nbsp;investigating single genes, their functions, and roles. <br /> </font></p> <p><font size="3">The main reason of an independent biological discipline is that it deals with very large sets of genetic information to automatically analyze information using interaction and network concepts. Genomics inevitably employs high performance computing and bioinformatics technologies.</font><br /> </p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">&nbsp; </font></span></p> <div v:shape="_x0000_s1026"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 32pt"><font color="#339966" size="5">&quot;[[Genome sequencing is not Genomics]]&quot;</font></span></div> <p><br /> </p> <p><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">History of the field</font></span></strong></p> <p><font size="3">Genomics was practically founded by Fred Sanger group in 1970s when they developed&nbsp;a gene sequencing technique and completed the first genomes; namely bacteriophage &Phi;-X174; (5,368 bp),&nbsp;the human mitochondrial genome, and lamda virus.</font></p> <p><font size="3">In 1972, Walter Fiers and his team at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology of the University of Ghent (Ghent, Belgium) were the first to determine the sequence of a gene: the gene for Bacteriophage MS2 coat protein.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-0">[1]</sup> In 1976, the team determined the complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-1">[2]</sup> The first DNA-based genome to be sequenced in its entirety was that of bacteriophage &Phi;-X174; (5,368 bp), sequenced by Frederick Sanger in 1977<sup class="reference" id="_ref-2">[3]</sup>. The first free-living organism to be sequenced was that of <em>Haemophilus influenzae</em> (1.8 Mb) in 1995, and since then genomes are being sequenced at a rapid pace. A rough draft of the human genome was completed by Sanger centre and the Human Genome Project in early 2001.</font></p> <p><font size="3">As of September 2007, the complete sequence was known of about 1879 viruses <sup class="reference" id="_ref-3">[4]</sup>, 577 bacterial species and roughly 23 eukaryote organisms, of which about half are fungi. <sup class="reference" id="_ref-4">[5]</sup> Most of the bacteria whose genomes have been completely sequenced are problematic disease-causing agents, such as <em>Haemophilus influenzae</em>. Of the other sequenced species, most were chosen because they were well-studied model organisms or promised to become good models. Yeast (<em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em>) has long been an important model organism for the eukaryotic cell, while the fruit fly <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> has been a very important tool (notably in early pre-molecular genetics). The worm <em>Caenorhabditis elegans</em> is an often used simple model for multicellular organisms. The zebrafish <em>Brachydanio rerio</em> is used for many developmental studies on the molecular level and the flower <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em> is a model organism for flowering plants. The Japanese pufferfish (<em>Takifugu rubripes</em>) and the spotted green pufferfish (<em>Tetraodon nigroviridis</em>) are interesting because of their small and compact genomes, containing very little non-coding DNA compared to most species. <sup class="reference" id="_ref-5">[6]</sup> <sup class="reference" id="_ref-6">[7]</sup> The mammals dog (<em>Canis familiaris</em>), <sup class="reference" id="_ref-7">[8]</sup> brown rat (<em>Rattus norvegicus</em>), mouse (<em>Mus musculus</em>), and chimpanzee (<em>Pan troglodytes</em>) are all important model animals in medical research.</font></p> <p><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">Bacteriophage Genomics</font></span></strong></p> <p><font size="3">Bacteriophages have played and continue to play a key role in bacterial genetics and molecular biology. Historically, they were used to define gene structure and gene regulation. Also the first genome to be sequenced was a bacteriophage. However, bacteriophage research did not lead the genomics revolution, which is clearly dominated by bacterial genomics. Only very recently has the study of bacteriophage genomes become prominent, thereby enabling researchers to understand the mechanisms underlying phage evolution. Bacteriophage genome sequences can be obtained through direct sequencing of isolated bacteriophages, but can also be derived as part of microbial genomes. Analysis of bacterial genomes has shown that a substantial amount of microbial DNA consists of prophage sequences and prophage-like elements. A detailed database mining of these sequences offers insights into the role of prophages in shaping the bacterial genome.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-McGrath_0">[9]</sup></font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">Cyanobacteria Genomics</font></span></strong></p> <p><font size="3">At present there are 24 cyanobacteria for which a total genome sequence is available. 15 of these cyanobacteria come from the marine environment. These are six <em>Prochlorococcus</em><em>Synechococcus</em> strains, <em>Trichodesmium erythraeum</em> IMS101 and <em>Crocosphaera watsonii</em> [[WH8501. Several studies have demonstrated how these sequences could be used very successfully to infer important ecological and physiological characteristics of marine cyanobacteria. However, there are many more genome projects currently in progress, amongst those there are further <em>Prochlorococcus</em> and marine <em>Synechococcus</em> isolates, <em>Acaryochloris</em> and <em>Prochloron</em>, the N₂-fixing filamentous cyanobacteria <em>Nodularia spumigena</em>, <em>Lyngbya aestuarii</em> and <em>Lyngbya majuscula</em>, as well as bacteriophages infecting marine cyanobaceria. Thus, the growing body of genome information can also be tapped in a more general way to address global problems by applying a comparative approach. Some new and exciting examples of progress in this field are the identification of genes for regulatory RNAs, insights into the evolutionary origin of photosynthesis, or estimation of the contribution of horizontal gene transfer to the genomes that have been analyzed.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-Herrero_0">[10]</sup></font></p> <p><font size="4">[[Genome sequencing and genomics]]</font></p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">See also</font></span></strong></p> <ul> <li><font size="3">[[Pangenomics]] and [[Pangenome]]</font> </li> <li><font size="3">[[Personal Genome Project]]</font> </li> <li><font size="3">[[Omics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Proteomics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Interactomics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Functional genomics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Computational genomics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Nitrogenomics]]</font> </li> <li><font size="3">[[Pathogenomics]]</font> </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">References</font></span></strong></p> <ol class="references"> <li id="_note-0"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-0">^</a></strong> Min Jou W, Haegeman G, Ysebaert M, Fiers W., Nucleotide sequence of the gene coding for the bacteriophage MS2 coat protein, Nature. 1972 May 12;237(5350):82-8 </font></li> <li id="_note-1"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-1">^</a></strong> Fiers W et al., Complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA - primary and secondary structure of replicase gene, Nature, 260, 500-507, 1976 </font></li> <li id="_note-2"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-2">^</a></strong> Sanger F, Air GM, Barrell BG, Brown NL, Coulson AR, Fiddes CA, Hutchison CA, Slocombe PM, Smith M., Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA, Nature. 1977 Feb 24;265(5596):687-95 </font></li> <li id="_note-3"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-3">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/VIRUSES/virostat.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/VIRUSES/virostat.html"><em>The Viral Genomes Resource</em>, NCBI Friday, 14 September, 2007</a></font> </li> <li id="_note-4"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-4">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/static/gpstat.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/static/gpstat.html"><em>Genome Project Statistic</em>, NCBI Friday, 14 September, 2007</a></font> </li> <li id="_note-5"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-5">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3760766.stm" rel="nofollow" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3760766.stm">BBC article <em>Human gene number slashed</em> from Wednesday, 20 October, 2004</a></font> </li> <li id="_note-6"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-6">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2003/10/16/pufferfish_fruitfly/index.shtml" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2003/10/16/pufferfish_fruitfly/index.shtml">CBSE News, Thursday October 16, 2003</a></font> </li> <li id="_note-7"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-7">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.genome.gov/12511476" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.gov/12511476">NHGRI, pressrelease of the publishing of the dog genome</a></font> </li> <li id="_note-McGrath"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-McGrath_0">^</a></strong> <cite class="book" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Mc Grath S and van Sinderen D (editors). (2007). <em><a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage">Bacteriophage: Genetics and Molecular Biology</a></em>, 1st ed., Caister Academic Press. <a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage">ISBN 978-1-904455-14-1</a> .</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Bacteriophage%3A+Genetics+and+Molecular+Biology&amp;rft.au=Mc+Grath+S+and+van+Sinderen+D+%28editors%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fphage">&nbsp;</span></font> </li> <li id="_note-Herrero"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-Herrero_0">^</a></strong> <cite class="book" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Herrero A and Flores E (editor). (2008). <em><a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan">The Cyanobacteria: Molecular Biology, Genomics and Evolution</a></em>, 1st ed., Caister Academic Press. <a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan">ISBN 978-1-904455-15-8</a> .</cite></font><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cyanobacteria%3A+Molecular+Biology%2C+Genomics+and+Evolution&amp;rft.au=Herrero+A+and+Flores+E+%28editor%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fcyan"><font size="3"> </font><br /> </span></li> </ol> <p><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cyanobacteria%3A+Molecular+Biology%2C+Genomics+and+Evolution&amp;rft.au=Herrero+A+and+Flores+E+%28editor%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fcyan"><font size="5">Web links</font><br /> [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics Wikipedia Genomics link]</span></p> 1212c3465d05f66bb7623149e87addabead4c455 0 1741 2559 2009-03-17T04:38:06Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki A gene is the basic unit of heredity in a biological information processing organisms. Genes are information objects that build and maintain their cells and pass genetic information to offspring by utilizing energy. In general terms, a gene is a segment of nucleic acid that, taken as a whole, specifies a trait. The colloquial usage of the term gene often refers to the scientific concept of an allele. bdf3cf6551c89ccfbe0ce45c0c2f9e0c722f34f7 2560 2009-03-17T04:38:28Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="3">A gene is the basic unit of heredity in a biological information processing organisms.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> Genes are information objects that build and maintain their cells and pass genetic information to offspring by utilizing energy.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> In general terms, a gene is a segment of nucleic acid that, taken as a whole, specifies a trait.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> The colloquial usage of the term gene often refers to the scientific concept of an allele.</font>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 888a9206df0a32cc4c56c622d9b212fdcdc98ad5 0 1742 2561 2009-03-26T20:46:13Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>Genomis related books<br /> <br /> <strong>Online books<br /> </strong>[http://genomebook.org Genomebook]<br /> <br /> </p> 12c324df911395169d337368d43d5c3eb08c8797 0 1650 2565 2009-04-21T17:45:23Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">The first Korean Genome Announced (2008. Dec. 4th)</font><br /> <br /> Gacheon Medical School's Lee Gilyeo Cancer Diabetes Research Institute and [[KOBIC]] of KRIBB announced a Korean human genome sequence.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <a href="http://koreagenome.org/">http://koreagenome.org/</a><br /> <br /> The first&nbsp;full genome sequence is available from <a href="ftp://ftp.kobic.re.kr/pub/PersonalGenomes/Korean/">ftp://ftp.kobic.re.kr/pub/PersonalGenomes/Korean/</a><br /> <br /> This is the fifth individual genome that is fully available on the net. Dr. Kim Seong-jin's genome was sequenced who is the head of the LCDI (Lee Gilyeo Cancer Diabetes Inst.).<br /> <br /> The genome was analyzed by KOBIC using around 150 CPUs.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 737b0316d4c83bcefd7e441ec2a22b29556439e2 0 1744 2568 2009-04-28T17:23:46Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">Jason Bobe</font>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> He is the director of Personal Genome Project community.<br /> 4587738f3459663d89583a7223efff6255f6ae79 0 1745 2570 2009-04-29T13:28:06Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki [[GWAS study on 10,000 Korean people 20090426]] b604f2c884c8e769cbaf92ef8566558aa665b0e3 0 1746 2571 2009-04-29T13:28:14Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p id="cite"><span class="journalname">Nature Genetics</span> <br /> Published online: 26 April 2009 | <span class="doi"><abbr title="Digital Object Identifier">:10.1038/ng.357</abbr>:10.1038/ng.357</span></p> <p id="errorcor">&nbsp;</p> <h2 id="atl">A large-scale genome-wide association study of Asian populations uncovers genetic factors influencing eight quantitative traits</h2> <p id="aug">Yoon Shin Cho^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>}, Min Jin Go^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>}, Young Jin Kim^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>}, Jee Yeon Heo^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>}, Ji Hee Oh^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>}, Hyo-Jeong Ban^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>}, Dankyu Yoon^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a2"><font color="#0066cc">2</font></a>}, Mi Hee Lee^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>}, Dong-Joon Kim^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>}, Miey Park^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>}, Seung-Hun Cha^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>}, Jun-Woo Kim^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>}, Bok-Ghee Han^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>}, Haesook Min^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>}, Younjhin Ahn^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>}, Man Suk Park^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>}, Hye Ree Han^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>}, Hye-Yoon Jang^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a3"><font color="#0066cc">3</font></a>}, Eun Young Cho^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a3"><font color="#0066cc">3</font></a>}, Jong-Eun Lee^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a3"><font color="#0066cc">3</font></a>}, Nam H Cho^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a4"><font color="#0066cc">4</font></a>}, Chol Shin^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a5"><font color="#0066cc">5</font></a>}, Taesung Park^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a2"><font color="#0066cc">2</font></a>,}^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a6"><font color="#0066cc">6</font></a>}, Ji Wan Park^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a7"><font color="#0066cc">7</font></a>}, Jong-Keuk Lee^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a8"><font color="#0066cc">8</font></a>}, Lon Cardon^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a9"><font color="#0066cc">9</font></a>}, Geraldine Clarke^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a10"><font color="#0066cc">10</font></a>}, Mark I McCarthy^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a10"><font color="#0066cc">10</font></a>,}^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a11"><font color="#0066cc">11</font></a>}, Jong-Young Lee^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>}, Jong-Koo Lee^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a12"><font color="#0066cc">12</font></a>}, Bermseok Oh^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>,}^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a13"><font color="#0066cc">13</font></a>} &amp; Hyung-Lae Kim^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>}</p> <p class="caff"><font color="#0066cc"></font></p> <font color="#0066cc"><hr class="separator" /> </font> <div id="abs"> <h3 class="hidden">Abstract</h3> <p class="lead">To identify genetic factors influencing quantitative traits of biomedical importance, we conducted a genome-wide association study in 8,842 samples from population-based cohorts recruited in Korea. For height and body mass index, most variants detected overlapped those reported in European samples. For the other traits examined, replication of promising GWAS signals in 7,861 independent Korean samples identified six previously unknown loci. For pulse rate, signals reaching genome-wide significance mapped to chromosomes 1q32 (rs12731740, <em>P</em> = 2.9 <img style="BORDER-RIGHT: 0pt; BORDER-TOP: 0pt; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; BORDER-LEFT: 0pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0pt" alt="times" src="http://www.nature.com/__chars/math/special/times/black/med/base/glyph.gif" /> 10^-9) and 6q22 (rs12110693, <em>P</em> = 1.6 <img style="BORDER-RIGHT: 0pt; BORDER-TOP: 0pt; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; BORDER-LEFT: 0pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0pt" alt="times" src="http://www.nature.com/__chars/math/special/times/black/med/base/glyph.gif" /> 10^-9), with the latter <img style="BORDER-RIGHT: 0pt; BORDER-TOP: 0pt; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline; BORDER-LEFT: 0pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0pt" alt="approx" src="http://www.nature.com/__chars/math/special/sim/black/med/base/glyph.gif" />400 kb from the coding sequence of <em>GJA1</em>. For systolic blood pressure, the most compelling association involved chromosome 12q21 and variants near the <em>ATP2B1</em> gene (rs17249754, <em>P</em> = 1.3 <img style="BORDER-RIGHT: 0pt; BORDER-TOP: 0pt; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; BORDER-LEFT: 0pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0pt" alt="times" src="http://www.nature.com/__chars/math/special/times/black/med/base/glyph.gif" /> 10^-7). For waist-hip ratio, variants on chromosome 12q24 (rs2074356, <em>P</em> = 7.8 <img style="BORDER-RIGHT: 0pt; BORDER-TOP: 0pt; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; BORDER-LEFT: 0pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0pt" alt="times" src="http://www.nature.com/__chars/math/special/times/black/med/base/glyph.gif" /> 10^-12) showed convincing associations, although no regional transcript has strong biological candidacy. Finally, we identified two loci influencing bone mineral density at multiple sites. On chromosome 7q31, rs7776725 (within the <em>FAM3C</em> gene) was associated with bone density at the radius (<em>P</em> = 1.0 <img style="BORDER-RIGHT: 0pt; BORDER-TOP: 0pt; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; BORDER-LEFT: 0pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0pt" alt="times" src="http://www.nature.com/__chars/math/special/times/black/med/base/glyph.gif" /> 10^-11), tibia (<em>P</em> = 1.6 <img style="BORDER-RIGHT: 0pt; BORDER-TOP: 0pt; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; BORDER-LEFT: 0pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0pt" alt="times" src="http://www.nature.com/__chars/math/special/times/black/med/base/glyph.gif" /> 10^-6) and heel (<em>P</em> = 1.9 <img style="BORDER-RIGHT: 0pt; BORDER-TOP: 0pt; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; BORDER-LEFT: 0pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0pt" alt="times" src="http://www.nature.com/__chars/math/special/times/black/med/base/glyph.gif" /> 10^-10). On chromosome 7p14, rs1721400 (mapping close to <em>SFRP4</em>, a frizzled protein gene) showed consistent associations at the same three sites (<em>P</em> = 2.2 <img style="BORDER-RIGHT: 0pt; BORDER-TOP: 0pt; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; BORDER-LEFT: 0pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0pt" alt="times" src="http://www.nature.com/__chars/math/special/times/black/med/base/glyph.gif" /> 10^-3, <em>P</em> = 1.4 <img style="BORDER-RIGHT: 0pt; BORDER-TOP: 0pt; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; BORDER-LEFT: 0pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0pt" alt="times" src="http://www.nature.com/__chars/math/special/times/black/med/base/glyph.gif" /> 10^-7 and <em>P</em> = 6.0 <img style="BORDER-RIGHT: 0pt; BORDER-TOP: 0pt; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; BORDER-LEFT: 0pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0pt" alt="times" src="http://www.nature.com/__chars/math/special/times/black/med/base/glyph.gif" /> 10^-4, respectively). This large-scale GWA analysis of well-characterized Korean population-based samples highlights previously unknown biological pathways.</p> </div> <a class="backtotop" href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#top"><font color="#0066cc">Top<span class="hidden"> of page</span></font></a><font color="#0066cc"><hr class="separator" /> </font> <div class="aff-bottom" id="affiliations-notes"> <ol class="decimal"> <li id="a1">Center for Genome Science, National Institute of Health, Seoul, Korea.</li> <li id="a2">Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.</li> <li id="a3">DNA Link, Seoul, Korea.</li> <li id="a4">Department of Preventive Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.</li> <li id="a5">Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Korea.</li> <li id="a6">Department of Statistics, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.</li> <li id="a7">Department of Medical Genetics, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea.</li> <li id="a8">Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.</li> <li id="a9">GlaxoSmithKline, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.</li> <li id="a10">Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.</li> <li id="a11">Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK.</li> <li id="a12">Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Seoul, Korea.</li> <li id="a13">Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea.</li> </ol> <p class="caff">Correspondence to: Hyung-Lae Kim^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>} e-mail:&nbsp;<a href="mailto:hyung505@nih.go.kr"><font color="#0066cc">hyung505@nih.go.kr</font></a> </p> <p class="caff">Correspondence to: Bermseok Oh^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>,}^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a13"><font color="#0066cc">13</font></a>} e-mail:&nbsp;<a href="mailto:ohbs@khu.ac.kr"><font color="#0066cc">ohbs@khu.ac.kr</font></a> </p> </div> 692da82e3ed2e49c315f824186d320a30a2884ff 2572 2009-04-29T13:28:59Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p id="cite"><span class="journalname">Nature Genetics</span> <br /> Published online: 26 April 2009 <p id="errorcor">&nbsp;</p> <h2 id="atl">A large-scale genome-wide association study of Asian populations uncovers genetic factors influencing eight quantitative traits</h2> <p id="aug">Yoon Shin Cho^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>}, Min Jin Go^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>}, Young Jin Kim^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>}, Jee Yeon Heo^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>}, Ji Hee Oh^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>}, Hyo-Jeong Ban^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>}, Dankyu Yoon^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a2"><font color="#0066cc">2</font></a>}, Mi Hee Lee^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>}, Dong-Joon Kim^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>}, Miey Park^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>}, Seung-Hun Cha^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>}, Jun-Woo Kim^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>}, Bok-Ghee Han^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>}, Haesook Min^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>}, Younjhin Ahn^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>}, Man Suk Park^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>}, Hye Ree Han^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>}, Hye-Yoon Jang^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a3"><font color="#0066cc">3</font></a>}, Eun Young Cho^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a3"><font color="#0066cc">3</font></a>}, Jong-Eun Lee^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a3"><font color="#0066cc">3</font></a>}, Nam H Cho^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a4"><font color="#0066cc">4</font></a>}, Chol Shin^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a5"><font color="#0066cc">5</font></a>}, Taesung Park^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a2"><font color="#0066cc">2</font></a>,}^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a6"><font color="#0066cc">6</font></a>}, Ji Wan Park^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a7"><font color="#0066cc">7</font></a>}, Jong-Keuk Lee^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a8"><font color="#0066cc">8</font></a>}, Lon Cardon^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a9"><font color="#0066cc">9</font></a>}, Geraldine Clarke^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a10"><font color="#0066cc">10</font></a>}, Mark I McCarthy^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a10"><font color="#0066cc">10</font></a>,}^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a11"><font color="#0066cc">11</font></a>}, Jong-Young Lee^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>}, Jong-Koo Lee^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a12"><font color="#0066cc">12</font></a>}, Bermseok Oh^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>,}^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a13"><font color="#0066cc">13</font></a>} &amp; Hyung-Lae Kim^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>}</p> <p class="caff"><font color="#0066cc"></font></p> <font color="#0066cc"><hr class="separator" /> </font> <div id="abs"> <h3 class="hidden">Abstract</h3> <p class="lead">To identify genetic factors influencing quantitative traits of biomedical importance, we conducted a genome-wide association study in 8,842 samples from population-based cohorts recruited in Korea. For height and body mass index, most variants detected overlapped those reported in European samples. For the other traits examined, replication of promising GWAS signals in 7,861 independent Korean samples identified six previously unknown loci. For pulse rate, signals reaching genome-wide significance mapped to chromosomes 1q32 (rs12731740, <em>P</em> = 2.9 <img style="BORDER-RIGHT: 0pt; BORDER-TOP: 0pt; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; BORDER-LEFT: 0pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0pt" alt="times" src="http://www.nature.com/__chars/math/special/times/black/med/base/glyph.gif" /> 10^-9) and 6q22 (rs12110693, <em>P</em> = 1.6 <img style="BORDER-RIGHT: 0pt; BORDER-TOP: 0pt; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; BORDER-LEFT: 0pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0pt" alt="times" src="http://www.nature.com/__chars/math/special/times/black/med/base/glyph.gif" /> 10^-9), with the latter <img style="BORDER-RIGHT: 0pt; BORDER-TOP: 0pt; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline; BORDER-LEFT: 0pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0pt" alt="approx" src="http://www.nature.com/__chars/math/special/sim/black/med/base/glyph.gif" />400 kb from the coding sequence of <em>GJA1</em>. For systolic blood pressure, the most compelling association involved chromosome 12q21 and variants near the <em>ATP2B1</em> gene (rs17249754, <em>P</em> = 1.3 <img style="BORDER-RIGHT: 0pt; BORDER-TOP: 0pt; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; BORDER-LEFT: 0pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0pt" alt="times" src="http://www.nature.com/__chars/math/special/times/black/med/base/glyph.gif" /> 10^-7). For waist-hip ratio, variants on chromosome 12q24 (rs2074356, <em>P</em> = 7.8 <img style="BORDER-RIGHT: 0pt; BORDER-TOP: 0pt; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; BORDER-LEFT: 0pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0pt" alt="times" src="http://www.nature.com/__chars/math/special/times/black/med/base/glyph.gif" /> 10^-12) showed convincing associations, although no regional transcript has strong biological candidacy. Finally, we identified two loci influencing bone mineral density at multiple sites. On chromosome 7q31, rs7776725 (within the <em>FAM3C</em> gene) was associated with bone density at the radius (<em>P</em> = 1.0 <img style="BORDER-RIGHT: 0pt; BORDER-TOP: 0pt; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; BORDER-LEFT: 0pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0pt" alt="times" src="http://www.nature.com/__chars/math/special/times/black/med/base/glyph.gif" /> 10^-11), tibia (<em>P</em> = 1.6 <img style="BORDER-RIGHT: 0pt; BORDER-TOP: 0pt; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; BORDER-LEFT: 0pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0pt" alt="times" src="http://www.nature.com/__chars/math/special/times/black/med/base/glyph.gif" /> 10^-6) and heel (<em>P</em> = 1.9 <img style="BORDER-RIGHT: 0pt; BORDER-TOP: 0pt; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; BORDER-LEFT: 0pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0pt" alt="times" src="http://www.nature.com/__chars/math/special/times/black/med/base/glyph.gif" /> 10^-10). On chromosome 7p14, rs1721400 (mapping close to <em>SFRP4</em>, a frizzled protein gene) showed consistent associations at the same three sites (<em>P</em> = 2.2 <img style="BORDER-RIGHT: 0pt; BORDER-TOP: 0pt; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; BORDER-LEFT: 0pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0pt" alt="times" src="http://www.nature.com/__chars/math/special/times/black/med/base/glyph.gif" /> 10^-3, <em>P</em> = 1.4 <img style="BORDER-RIGHT: 0pt; BORDER-TOP: 0pt; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; BORDER-LEFT: 0pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0pt" alt="times" src="http://www.nature.com/__chars/math/special/times/black/med/base/glyph.gif" /> 10^-7 and <em>P</em> = 6.0 <img style="BORDER-RIGHT: 0pt; BORDER-TOP: 0pt; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; BORDER-LEFT: 0pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0pt" alt="times" src="http://www.nature.com/__chars/math/special/times/black/med/base/glyph.gif" /> 10^-4, respectively). This large-scale GWA analysis of well-characterized Korean population-based samples highlights previously unknown biological pathways.</p> </div> <a class="backtotop" href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#top"><font color="#0066cc">Top<span class="hidden"> of page</span></font></a><font color="#0066cc"><hr class="separator" /> </font> <div class="aff-bottom" id="affiliations-notes"> <ol class="decimal"> <li id="a1">Center for Genome Science, National Institute of Health, Seoul, Korea. </li> <li id="a2">Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea. </li> <li id="a3">DNA Link, Seoul, Korea. </li> <li id="a4">Department of Preventive Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea. </li> <li id="a5">Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Korea. </li> <li id="a6">Department of Statistics, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea. </li> <li id="a7">Department of Medical Genetics, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea. </li> <li id="a8">Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. </li> <li id="a9">GlaxoSmithKline, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. </li> <li id="a10">Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. </li> <li id="a11">Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK. </li> <li id="a12">Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Seoul, Korea. </li> <li id="a13">Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea. </li> </ol> <p class="caff">Correspondence to: Hyung-Lae Kim^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>} e-mail:&nbsp;<a href="mailto:hyung505@nih.go.kr"><font color="#0066cc">hyung505@nih.go.kr</font></a> </p> <p class="caff">Correspondence to: Bermseok Oh^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>,}^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a13"><font color="#0066cc">13</font></a>} e-mail:&nbsp;<a href="mailto:ohbs@khu.ac.kr"><font color="#0066cc">ohbs@khu.ac.kr</font></a> </p> </div> fe207efb05822f0ddb89988fb2846485e640b18d 2573 2009-04-29T13:29:30Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p id="cite"><span class="journalname">Nature Genetics</span> <br /> Published online: 26 April 2009 </p> <h2 id="atl">A large-scale genome-wide association study of Asian populations uncovers genetic factors influencing eight quantitative traits</h2> <p id="aug">Yoon Shin Cho^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>}, Min Jin Go^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>}, Young Jin Kim^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>}, Jee Yeon Heo^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>}, Ji Hee Oh^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>}, Hyo-Jeong Ban^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>}, Dankyu Yoon^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a2"><font color="#0066cc">2</font></a>}, Mi Hee Lee^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>}, Dong-Joon Kim^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>}, Miey Park^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>}, Seung-Hun Cha^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>}, Jun-Woo Kim^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>}, Bok-Ghee Han^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>}, Haesook Min^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>}, Younjhin Ahn^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>}, Man Suk Park^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>}, Hye Ree Han^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>}, Hye-Yoon Jang^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a3"><font color="#0066cc">3</font></a>}, Eun Young Cho^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a3"><font color="#0066cc">3</font></a>}, Jong-Eun Lee^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a3"><font color="#0066cc">3</font></a>}, Nam H Cho^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a4"><font color="#0066cc">4</font></a>}, Chol Shin^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a5"><font color="#0066cc">5</font></a>}, Taesung Park^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a2"><font color="#0066cc">2</font></a>,}^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a6"><font color="#0066cc">6</font></a>}, Ji Wan Park^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a7"><font color="#0066cc">7</font></a>}, Jong-Keuk Lee^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a8"><font color="#0066cc">8</font></a>}, Lon Cardon^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a9"><font color="#0066cc">9</font></a>}, Geraldine Clarke^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a10"><font color="#0066cc">10</font></a>}, Mark I McCarthy^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a10"><font color="#0066cc">10</font></a>,}^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a11"><font color="#0066cc">11</font></a>}, Jong-Young Lee^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>}, Jong-Koo Lee^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a12"><font color="#0066cc">12</font></a>}, Bermseok Oh^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>,}^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a13"><font color="#0066cc">13</font></a>} &amp; Hyung-Lae Kim^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>}</p> <p class="caff"><font color="#0066cc"></font></p> <font color="#0066cc"><hr class="separator" /> </font> <div id="abs"> <h3 class="hidden">Abstract</h3> <p class="lead">To identify genetic factors influencing quantitative traits of biomedical importance, we conducted a genome-wide association study in 8,842 samples from population-based cohorts recruited in Korea. For height and body mass index, most variants detected overlapped those reported in European samples. For the other traits examined, replication of promising GWAS signals in 7,861 independent Korean samples identified six previously unknown loci. For pulse rate, signals reaching genome-wide significance mapped to chromosomes 1q32 (rs12731740, <em>P</em> = 2.9 <img style="BORDER-RIGHT: 0pt; BORDER-TOP: 0pt; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; BORDER-LEFT: 0pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0pt" alt="times" src="http://www.nature.com/__chars/math/special/times/black/med/base/glyph.gif" /> 10^-9) and 6q22 (rs12110693, <em>P</em> = 1.6 <img style="BORDER-RIGHT: 0pt; BORDER-TOP: 0pt; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; BORDER-LEFT: 0pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0pt" alt="times" src="http://www.nature.com/__chars/math/special/times/black/med/base/glyph.gif" /> 10^-9), with the latter <img style="BORDER-RIGHT: 0pt; BORDER-TOP: 0pt; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline; BORDER-LEFT: 0pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0pt" alt="approx" src="http://www.nature.com/__chars/math/special/sim/black/med/base/glyph.gif" />400 kb from the coding sequence of <em>GJA1</em>. For systolic blood pressure, the most compelling association involved chromosome 12q21 and variants near the <em>ATP2B1</em> gene (rs17249754, <em>P</em> = 1.3 <img style="BORDER-RIGHT: 0pt; BORDER-TOP: 0pt; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; BORDER-LEFT: 0pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0pt" alt="times" src="http://www.nature.com/__chars/math/special/times/black/med/base/glyph.gif" /> 10^-7). For waist-hip ratio, variants on chromosome 12q24 (rs2074356, <em>P</em> = 7.8 <img style="BORDER-RIGHT: 0pt; BORDER-TOP: 0pt; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; BORDER-LEFT: 0pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0pt" alt="times" src="http://www.nature.com/__chars/math/special/times/black/med/base/glyph.gif" /> 10^-12) showed convincing associations, although no regional transcript has strong biological candidacy. Finally, we identified two loci influencing bone mineral density at multiple sites. On chromosome 7q31, rs7776725 (within the <em>FAM3C</em> gene) was associated with bone density at the radius (<em>P</em> = 1.0 <img style="BORDER-RIGHT: 0pt; BORDER-TOP: 0pt; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; BORDER-LEFT: 0pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0pt" alt="times" src="http://www.nature.com/__chars/math/special/times/black/med/base/glyph.gif" /> 10^-11), tibia (<em>P</em> = 1.6 <img style="BORDER-RIGHT: 0pt; BORDER-TOP: 0pt; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; BORDER-LEFT: 0pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0pt" alt="times" src="http://www.nature.com/__chars/math/special/times/black/med/base/glyph.gif" /> 10^-6) and heel (<em>P</em> = 1.9 <img style="BORDER-RIGHT: 0pt; BORDER-TOP: 0pt; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; BORDER-LEFT: 0pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0pt" alt="times" src="http://www.nature.com/__chars/math/special/times/black/med/base/glyph.gif" /> 10^-10). On chromosome 7p14, rs1721400 (mapping close to <em>SFRP4</em>, a frizzled protein gene) showed consistent associations at the same three sites (<em>P</em> = 2.2 <img style="BORDER-RIGHT: 0pt; BORDER-TOP: 0pt; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; BORDER-LEFT: 0pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0pt" alt="times" src="http://www.nature.com/__chars/math/special/times/black/med/base/glyph.gif" /> 10^-3, <em>P</em> = 1.4 <img style="BORDER-RIGHT: 0pt; BORDER-TOP: 0pt; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; BORDER-LEFT: 0pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0pt" alt="times" src="http://www.nature.com/__chars/math/special/times/black/med/base/glyph.gif" /> 10^-7 and <em>P</em> = 6.0 <img style="BORDER-RIGHT: 0pt; BORDER-TOP: 0pt; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; BORDER-LEFT: 0pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0pt" alt="times" src="http://www.nature.com/__chars/math/special/times/black/med/base/glyph.gif" /> 10^-4, respectively). This large-scale GWA analysis of well-characterized Korean population-based samples highlights previously unknown biological pathways.</p> </div> <a class="backtotop" href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#top"><font color="#0066cc">Top<span class="hidden"> of page</span></font></a><font color="#0066cc"><hr class="separator" /> </font> <div class="aff-bottom" id="affiliations-notes"> <ol class="decimal"> <li id="a1">Center for Genome Science, National Institute of Health, Seoul, Korea. </li> <li id="a2">Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea. </li> <li id="a3">DNA Link, Seoul, Korea. </li> <li id="a4">Department of Preventive Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea. </li> <li id="a5">Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Korea. </li> <li id="a6">Department of Statistics, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea. </li> <li id="a7">Department of Medical Genetics, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea. </li> <li id="a8">Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. </li> <li id="a9">GlaxoSmithKline, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. </li> <li id="a10">Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. </li> <li id="a11">Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK. </li> <li id="a12">Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Seoul, Korea. </li> <li id="a13">Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea. </li> </ol> <p class="caff">Correspondence to: Hyung-Lae Kim^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>} e-mail:&nbsp;<a href="mailto:hyung505@nih.go.kr"><font color="#0066cc">hyung505@nih.go.kr</font></a> </p> <p class="caff">Correspondence to: Bermseok Oh^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>,}^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a13"><font color="#0066cc">13</font></a>} e-mail:&nbsp;<a href="mailto:ohbs@khu.ac.kr"><font color="#0066cc">ohbs@khu.ac.kr</font></a> </p> </div> b5c871fa1384990fcc6b48b9bb1ebbd1b1f5feef 2574 2009-04-29T13:31:16Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p id="cite"><span class="journalname">Nature Genetics</span> Published online: 26 April 2009&nbsp; (한국인 10,000 명 코호트를 이용한 유전체와 발현형질 연관연구)</p> <h2 id="atl">A large-scale genome-wide association study of Asian populations uncovers genetic factors influencing eight quantitative traits</h2> <p id="aug">Yoon Shin Cho^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>}, Min Jin Go^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>}, Young Jin Kim^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>}, Jee Yeon Heo^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>}, Ji Hee Oh^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>}, Hyo-Jeong Ban^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>}, Dankyu Yoon^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a2"><font color="#0066cc">2</font></a>}, Mi Hee Lee^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>}, Dong-Joon Kim^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>}, Miey Park^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>}, Seung-Hun Cha^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>}, Jun-Woo Kim^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>}, Bok-Ghee Han^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>}, Haesook Min^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>}, Younjhin Ahn^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>}, Man Suk Park^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>}, Hye Ree Han^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>}, Hye-Yoon Jang^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a3"><font color="#0066cc">3</font></a>}, Eun Young Cho^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a3"><font color="#0066cc">3</font></a>}, Jong-Eun Lee^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a3"><font color="#0066cc">3</font></a>}, Nam H Cho^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a4"><font color="#0066cc">4</font></a>}, Chol Shin^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a5"><font color="#0066cc">5</font></a>}, Taesung Park^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a2"><font color="#0066cc">2</font></a>,}^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a6"><font color="#0066cc">6</font></a>}, Ji Wan Park^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a7"><font color="#0066cc">7</font></a>}, Jong-Keuk Lee^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a8"><font color="#0066cc">8</font></a>}, Lon Cardon^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a9"><font color="#0066cc">9</font></a>}, Geraldine Clarke^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a10"><font color="#0066cc">10</font></a>}, Mark I McCarthy^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a10"><font color="#0066cc">10</font></a>,}^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a11"><font color="#0066cc">11</font></a>}, Jong-Young Lee^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>}, Jong-Koo Lee^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a12"><font color="#0066cc">12</font></a>}, Bermseok Oh^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>,}^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a13"><font color="#0066cc">13</font></a>} &amp; Hyung-Lae Kim^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>}</p> <p class="caff"><font color="#0066cc"></font></p> <font color="#0066cc"><hr class="separator" /> </font> <div id="abs"> <h3 class="hidden">Abstract</h3> <p class="lead">To identify genetic factors influencing quantitative traits of biomedical importance, we conducted a genome-wide association study in 8,842 samples from population-based cohorts recruited in Korea. For height and body mass index, most variants detected overlapped those reported in European samples. For the other traits examined, replication of promising GWAS signals in 7,861 independent Korean samples identified six previously unknown loci. For pulse rate, signals reaching genome-wide significance mapped to chromosomes 1q32 (rs12731740, <em>P</em> = 2.9 <img style="BORDER-RIGHT: 0pt; BORDER-TOP: 0pt; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; BORDER-LEFT: 0pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0pt" alt="times" src="http://www.nature.com/__chars/math/special/times/black/med/base/glyph.gif" /> 10^-9) and 6q22 (rs12110693, <em>P</em> = 1.6 <img style="BORDER-RIGHT: 0pt; BORDER-TOP: 0pt; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; BORDER-LEFT: 0pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0pt" alt="times" src="http://www.nature.com/__chars/math/special/times/black/med/base/glyph.gif" /> 10^-9), with the latter <img style="BORDER-RIGHT: 0pt; BORDER-TOP: 0pt; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline; BORDER-LEFT: 0pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0pt" alt="approx" src="http://www.nature.com/__chars/math/special/sim/black/med/base/glyph.gif" />400 kb from the coding sequence of <em>GJA1</em>. For systolic blood pressure, the most compelling association involved chromosome 12q21 and variants near the <em>ATP2B1</em> gene (rs17249754, <em>P</em> = 1.3 <img style="BORDER-RIGHT: 0pt; BORDER-TOP: 0pt; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; BORDER-LEFT: 0pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0pt" alt="times" src="http://www.nature.com/__chars/math/special/times/black/med/base/glyph.gif" /> 10^-7). For waist-hip ratio, variants on chromosome 12q24 (rs2074356, <em>P</em> = 7.8 <img style="BORDER-RIGHT: 0pt; BORDER-TOP: 0pt; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; BORDER-LEFT: 0pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0pt" alt="times" src="http://www.nature.com/__chars/math/special/times/black/med/base/glyph.gif" /> 10^-12) showed convincing associations, although no regional transcript has strong biological candidacy. Finally, we identified two loci influencing bone mineral density at multiple sites. On chromosome 7q31, rs7776725 (within the <em>FAM3C</em> gene) was associated with bone density at the radius (<em>P</em> = 1.0 <img style="BORDER-RIGHT: 0pt; BORDER-TOP: 0pt; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; BORDER-LEFT: 0pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0pt" alt="times" src="http://www.nature.com/__chars/math/special/times/black/med/base/glyph.gif" /> 10^-11), tibia (<em>P</em> = 1.6 <img style="BORDER-RIGHT: 0pt; BORDER-TOP: 0pt; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; BORDER-LEFT: 0pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0pt" alt="times" src="http://www.nature.com/__chars/math/special/times/black/med/base/glyph.gif" /> 10^-6) and heel (<em>P</em> = 1.9 <img style="BORDER-RIGHT: 0pt; BORDER-TOP: 0pt; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; BORDER-LEFT: 0pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0pt" alt="times" src="http://www.nature.com/__chars/math/special/times/black/med/base/glyph.gif" /> 10^-10). On chromosome 7p14, rs1721400 (mapping close to <em>SFRP4</em>, a frizzled protein gene) showed consistent associations at the same three sites (<em>P</em> = 2.2 <img style="BORDER-RIGHT: 0pt; BORDER-TOP: 0pt; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; BORDER-LEFT: 0pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0pt" alt="times" src="http://www.nature.com/__chars/math/special/times/black/med/base/glyph.gif" /> 10^-3, <em>P</em> = 1.4 <img style="BORDER-RIGHT: 0pt; BORDER-TOP: 0pt; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; BORDER-LEFT: 0pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0pt" alt="times" src="http://www.nature.com/__chars/math/special/times/black/med/base/glyph.gif" /> 10^-7 and <em>P</em> = 6.0 <img style="BORDER-RIGHT: 0pt; BORDER-TOP: 0pt; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; BORDER-LEFT: 0pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0pt" alt="times" src="http://www.nature.com/__chars/math/special/times/black/med/base/glyph.gif" /> 10^-4, respectively). This large-scale GWA analysis of well-characterized Korean population-based samples highlights previously unknown biological pathways.</p> </div> <a class="backtotop" href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#top"><font color="#0066cc">Top<span class="hidden"> of page</span></font></a><font color="#0066cc"><hr class="separator" /> </font> <div class="aff-bottom" id="affiliations-notes"> <ol class="decimal"> <li id="a1">Center for Genome Science, National Institute of Health, Seoul, Korea. </li> <li id="a2">Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea. </li> <li id="a3">DNA Link, Seoul, Korea. </li> <li id="a4">Department of Preventive Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea. </li> <li id="a5">Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Korea. </li> <li id="a6">Department of Statistics, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea. </li> <li id="a7">Department of Medical Genetics, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea. </li> <li id="a8">Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. </li> <li id="a9">GlaxoSmithKline, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. </li> <li id="a10">Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. </li> <li id="a11">Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK. </li> <li id="a12">Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Seoul, Korea. </li> <li id="a13">Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea. </li> </ol> <p class="caff">Correspondence to: Hyung-Lae Kim^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>} e-mail:&nbsp;<a href="mailto:hyung505@nih.go.kr"><font color="#0066cc">hyung505@nih.go.kr</font></a> </p> <p class="caff">Correspondence to: Bermseok Oh^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>,}^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.357.html#a13"><font color="#0066cc">13</font></a>} e-mail:&nbsp;<a href="mailto:ohbs@khu.ac.kr"><font color="#0066cc">ohbs@khu.ac.kr</font></a> </p> </div> 10888c56ca43ca1ef78594aa434e86158c87436c 0 1723 2575 2009-04-29T14:05:25Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="6"><strong>Korean Genomics</strong></font><br /> <br /> <font size="3">The first Korean Genome was publicized in Dec. 2008. The sequencing was carried out by Drs. Kim Seongjin and Ahn Sungmin group in LCDI (Lee Gilyeo Cancer and Diabetes Institute). <br /> The genomics analysis was&nbsp;done by [[KOBIC]] (Korean Bioinformation Center) of KRIBB.<br /> </font><br /> <strong><font size="5">External links</font><br /> </strong>[http://koreangenomics.org Koreangenomics.org]<br /> [http://koreangenome.kr KoreanGenome.kr]<br /> [http://koreagenome.kr KoreaGenome.kr]<br /> <br /> ee636da57df438fe2d3efa06edb3cc4a7fa2016a 0 1600 2576 2009-05-03T23:17:59Z ElterCnava 52 wikitext text/x-wiki http://www.textdombaseltli.com fab54c05c834e6a18c7f7b7c700aa16ae4131723 0 1747 2578 2009-05-07T23:28:23Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p class="leadin">JMP is a business division of SAS, the leader in business intelligence and analytics. SAS software answers strategic business questions no one else can -- enabling you to control costs, drive revenue, achieve capital efficiency and lead with confidence. For more than a quarter of the century, SAS has continued an uninterrupted commitment to solving world class business problems.</p> <p>SAS commits substantial resources and research to the JMP product. John Sall, Executive Vice President of SAS, leads the JMP software development team. The SAS commitment to accuracy, value, and quality is evident in every JMP software release. JMP training, technical support, contracts, licensing, distribution and all customer-related activities are provided through SAS worldwide.<br /> <br /> JMP Genomics 4 makes it easier to explore your genomics data from every angle. JMP Genomics 4 offers new features for all types of users: statistical geneticists, biologists, bioinformatics experts and statisticians.<br /> <br /> <a href="http://www.jmp.com/">http://www.jmp.com/</a><br /> <br /> </p> 64545e5eb8ace4b3e85e7f86edae1c97f3fd1ae0 0 1748 2581 2009-05-07T23:31:43Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <div id="pagetitle"> <h3>&nbsp;SOL Genomics Network</h3> </div> <div class="indentedcontent"> <p>The SOL Genomics Network (SGN) is a clade oriented database dedicated to the biology of the Solanaceae family which includes a large number of closely related and many agronomically important species such as tomato, potato, tobacco, eggplant, pepper, and the ornamental <em>Petunia hybrida</em>.</p> <p>SGN is part of the International Solanaceae Initiative (SOL), which has the long-term goal of creating a network of resources and information to address key questions in plant adaptation and diversification.</p> <p>A key problem of the post-genomic era is the linking of the phenome to the genome, and SGN allows to track and help discover new such linkages.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <br /> <a href="http://sgn.cornell.edu/">http://sgn.cornell.edu/</a><br /> <br /> </p> <div class="subheading"><a href="http://www.sol2009.org/"><font color="#0066cc">SOL 2009 Meeting</font></a> </div> <div class="boxsubcontent">The <a href="http://www.sol2009.org/"><font color="#0066cc">meeting for the Solanaceae community</font></a><br /> Nov 8-13, 2009<br /> New Delhi, India<br /> </div> </div> a3db94eea8cf07a15c3342d37594f0e5e4b680e3 0 1749 2586 2009-05-07T23:37:46Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/guide/cow/">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/guide/cow/</a><br /> <br /> <br /> <a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/current.dtl">http://www.sciencemag.org/current.dtl</a><br /> <br /> 11b830146e6eebee357c8df4cba36175fabed1cd 2588 2009-05-07T23:39:18Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/guide/cow/">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/guide/cow/</a><br /> <br /> <br /> <a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/current.dtl">http://www.sciencemag.org/current.dtl</a>&nbsp; [[Image:Cow genome science cover.gif|100px]]<br /> <br /> a37659eb5c027f6a038e735fac5569868be80afd 2589 2009-05-07T23:39:25Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/guide/cow/">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/guide/cow/</a><br /> <br /> <br /> <a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/current.dtl">http://www.sciencemag.org/current.dtl</a>&nbsp; [[Image:Cow genome science cover.gif|50px]]<br /> <br /> dfaf17490f8457f9bf3c3d29df47c58cb29c0590 6 1750 2587 2009-05-07T23:38:56Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 0 1751 2590 2009-05-08T21:57:04Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>[[Bioinformatics]] ([[생정보학]]): &ldquo;생정보학은 과학의 한분야로서 생명현상과 [[생물자원]]을 정보처리현상이라고 가정하고, 정보처리에 필요한 에너지를 어떻게 처리하는가를 밝혀 내기위해, 철학, 수학,&nbsp;물리학,&nbsp;전산학등의 기술을 사용하여 생물학 데이터를 분석하는 학문이다.&rdquo; 간단히 말해서 생물학 데이타를 분석하여 [[생명은 무엇인가]]를 연구하는 학문이다. </p> <ul> <li>생정보학의 정의는 http://bioinformatics.ws [[그물터]]에서 찾을 수 있다. </li> </ul> <p>영어로된 정의: [[Bioinformatics]] is a discipline of [[science]] and [[engineering]] that analyses, seeks understanding and models the whole life as an information processing phoenomenon by utilizing energy with methods from [[philosophy]], [[mathematics]] and computer science using biological experimental data. 짧은 생정보학의 정의는 &quot;생정보학이 생물학이고 생물학이 생정보학이다&quot;. 이것은 생물학이 보기와는 다르게, 정보처리를 연구하는 학문이라는 견지의 정의이다. * [[생정보학, 생물정보학등의 이름 번역에 대해서]] '''[[What is bioinformatics?]]''' </p> <p><strong><font size="3">생정보학의 분야들 </font></strong><small><strong><font size="3">(Field of bioinformatics)</font></strong><font size="2"> </font></small></p> <ul> <li>[[유전체학]] : [http://bio.cc/Genomics Genomics 들어가기] </li> <li>[[단백체학]] : [http://bio.cc/Proteomics Proteomics 들어가기] </li> <li>[[상호작용체학]] : [http://interactomics.org Interactomics 들어가기] </li> <li>[[Expressomics|발현체학]] : [http://expressomics.org Expressomics 들어가기] </li> <li>[[Functomics|기능체학]] : [http://functomics.org Functomics 들어가기] </li> <li>[[Textomics|문헌체학]] : [http://textomics.org Textomics] </li> <li>[[Sequenceomics|서열체학]] : [http://sequenceomics.org Sequenceomics] </li> <li>[[Structomics|구조체학]] : [http://structomics.org Structomics ] </li> <li>[[Transposomics|전이체학]] : [http://transposomics.org Transposomics] </li> <li>[[Evolomics|진화체학]]: [http://evolomics.org Evolome] </li> </ul> <p><strong><font size="3">대상별 체학분야들</font></strong></p> <ul> <li>[[식물체학]] </li> <li>[[동물체학]] </li> <li>[[세포체학]] </li> </ul> <p>[[생정공학]]: BiOmatics is an engineering discipline that networks [[biology]], [[philosophy]], [[mathematics]], [[informatics]], and [[mechanics]] to control all the biological information objects. Biological Information Object Mechanics Applied to Topological Innovation of Complex computational Systems </p> <p><strong><font size="3">생정보학알고리듬들 (Bioinformatics algorithms)</font></strong></p> <ul> <li>[[다이내믹프로그래밍]], [[Comparative modelling]], [[Rasmol]] </li> <li>[[구조비교프로그램]] </li> </ul> <p><strong><font size="3">생정보학 저널들</font></strong></p> <ul> <li>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.gpbjournal.org/"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.gpbjournal.org</font></a> </li> </ul> <p><strong><font size="3">한국의 생정보학 실험실들 <small>(labs of bioinformatics)</small></font></strong></p> <p>[[생정보연구실]], [[생정공학연구실]] </p> <p><strong><font size="3">한국의 생정보학 연구자들 <small>(Korean Bioinformatics researchers)</small></font></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;[[생정보연구자]] | [http://biopeople.org BioPeople]</p> <p><strong><font size="3">외국생정보연구자 <small>(International Bioinformatics researchers)</small></font></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;[[외국생정보연구자]] </p> <p>&nbsp;[[쿄토대학 바이오인포메틱스센터]] </p> <p><strong><font size="3">[[생정보학 데이타베이스]]들 <small>(Bioinformatics Databases)</small></font></strong></p> <p>서열 [[데이타베이스]]들. </p> <p><strong><font size="3">[[생정보학 프로젝트들]]</font></strong></p> <p>[[BioLinux]]&nbsp; | [[Protein Geneology]]<br /> </p> <p><strong><font size="3">생정보학 회사들 <small>(Bioinformatics Companies</small></font></strong></p> <p>[http://oitek.com OITEK] * [http://www.in-silico.com/ In-silico.com] | [[엔솔테크]] | [[스몰소프트]] | [[IDR Korea]] | [[Macrogen]] | [[이즈텍]]</p> <p><strong><font size="3">생정보학교육자료들</font></strong></p> <ul> <li><font size="2">[[생정보학책|Bioinformatics Book]] | [[생정보학책들]]</font> </li> </ul> <p><strong><font size="3">관련사이트들 <small>(Related Links)</small></font></strong></p> <ul> <li>[http://bio.cc BiO] | [http://www.tein2.net/ TEIN] * ''생정보학과 바이오인포메틱스'',&nbsp; </li> <li>''생정보학 심층보고서'', [http://bio.cc/Publish/Report/park_kosen_report.pdf 생정보학 심층보고서] </li> <li>[[BIT 강국 대한민국]] </li> </ul> <p>[[바이오인포메틱스]], [[Genetic code]], [[생정보학책]] | [[생정공학]], [[생물용어사전]], [[Genome]], [[Transcriptome]], [[Expressome]], [[Regulome]], [[Functome]], [[Phenome]], [[Ecome]], [[Textome]], [[Protein]], [[Deenay]], [[Arenay]] | [[체학]]</p> e11b6b0b7acccfaa36436c6422dc6e30d30e2b94 2591 2009-05-08T21:57:44Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>[[Bioinformatics]] ([[생정보학]]):&nbsp;<br /> <br /> &ldquo;생정보학은 과학의 한분야로서 생명현상과 [[생물자원]]을 정보처리현상이라고 가정하고, 정보처리에 필요한 에너지를 어떻게 처리하는가를 밝혀 내기위해, 철학, 수학,&nbsp;물리학,&nbsp;전산학등의 기술을 사용하여 생물학 데이터를 분석하는 학문이다.&rdquo; 간단히 말해서 생물학 데이타를 분석하여 [[생명은 무엇인가]]를 연구하는 학문이다. </p> <ul> <li>생정보학의 정의는 http://bioinformatics.ws 에서 찾을 수 있다. </li> </ul> <p>영어로된 정의: [[Bioinformatics]] is a discipline of [[science]] and [[engineering]] that analyses, seeks understanding and models the whole life as an information processing phoenomenon by utilizing energy with methods from [[philosophy]], [[mathematics]] and computer science using biological experimental data. 짧은 생정보학의 정의는 &quot;생정보학이 생물학이고 생물학이 생정보학이다&quot;. 이것은 생물학이 보기와는 다르게, 정보처리를 연구하는 학문이라는 견지의 정의이다. * [[생정보학, 생물정보학등의 이름 번역에 대해서]] '''[[What is bioinformatics?]]''' </p> <p><strong><font size="3">생정보학의 분야들 </font></strong><small><strong><font size="3">(Field of bioinformatics)</font></strong><font size="2"> </font></small></p> <ul> <li>[[유전체학]] : [http://bio.cc/Genomics Genomics 들어가기] </li> <li>[[단백체학]] : [http://bio.cc/Proteomics Proteomics 들어가기] </li> <li>[[상호작용체학]] : [http://interactomics.org Interactomics 들어가기] </li> <li>[[Expressomics|발현체학]] : [http://expressomics.org Expressomics 들어가기] </li> <li>[[Functomics|기능체학]] : [http://functomics.org Functomics 들어가기] </li> <li>[[Textomics|문헌체학]] : [http://textomics.org Textomics] </li> <li>[[Sequenceomics|서열체학]] : [http://sequenceomics.org Sequenceomics] </li> <li>[[Structomics|구조체학]] : [http://structomics.org Structomics ] </li> <li>[[Transposomics|전이체학]] : [http://transposomics.org Transposomics] </li> <li>[[Evolomics|진화체학]]: [http://evolomics.org Evolome] </li> </ul> <p><strong><font size="3">대상별 체학분야들</font></strong></p> <ul> <li>[[식물체학]] </li> <li>[[동물체학]] </li> <li>[[세포체학]] </li> </ul> <p>[[생정공학]]: BiOmatics is an engineering discipline that networks [[biology]], [[philosophy]], [[mathematics]], [[informatics]], and [[mechanics]] to control all the biological information objects. Biological Information Object Mechanics Applied to Topological Innovation of Complex computational Systems </p> <p><strong><font size="3">생정보학알고리듬들 (Bioinformatics algorithms)</font></strong></p> <ul> <li>[[다이내믹프로그래밍]], [[Comparative modelling]], [[Rasmol]] </li> <li>[[구조비교프로그램]] </li> </ul> <p><strong><font size="3">생정보학 저널들</font></strong></p> <ul> <li>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.gpbjournal.org/"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.gpbjournal.org</font></a> </li> </ul> <p><strong><font size="3">한국의 생정보학 실험실들 <small>(labs of bioinformatics)</small></font></strong></p> <p>[[생정보연구실]], [[생정공학연구실]] </p> <p><strong><font size="3">한국의 생정보학 연구자들 <small>(Korean Bioinformatics researchers)</small></font></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;[[생정보연구자]] | [http://biopeople.org BioPeople]</p> <p><strong><font size="3">외국생정보연구자 <small>(International Bioinformatics researchers)</small></font></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;[[외국생정보연구자]] </p> <p>&nbsp;[[쿄토대학 바이오인포메틱스센터]] </p> <p><strong><font size="3">[[생정보학 데이타베이스]]들 <small>(Bioinformatics Databases)</small></font></strong></p> <p>서열 [[데이타베이스]]들. </p> <p><strong><font size="3">[[생정보학 프로젝트들]]</font></strong></p> <p>[[BioLinux]]&nbsp; | [[Protein Geneology]]<br /> </p> <p><strong><font size="3">생정보학 회사들 <small>(Bioinformatics Companies</small></font></strong></p> <p>[http://oitek.com OITEK] * [http://www.in-silico.com/ In-silico.com] | [[엔솔테크]] | [[스몰소프트]] | [[IDR Korea]] | [[Macrogen]] | [[이즈텍]]</p> <p><strong><font size="3">생정보학교육자료들</font></strong></p> <ul> <li><font size="2">[[생정보학책|Bioinformatics Book]] | [[생정보학책들]]</font> </li> </ul> <p><strong><font size="3">관련사이트들 <small>(Related Links)</small></font></strong></p> <ul> <li>[http://bio.cc BiO] | [http://www.tein2.net/ TEIN] * ''생정보학과 바이오인포메틱스'',&nbsp; </li> <li>''생정보학 심층보고서'', [http://bio.cc/Publish/Report/park_kosen_report.pdf 생정보학 심층보고서] </li> <li>[[BIT 강국 대한민국]] </li> </ul> <p>[[바이오인포메틱스]], [[Genetic code]], [[생정보학책]] | [[생정공학]], [[생물용어사전]], [[Genome]], [[Transcriptome]], [[Expressome]], [[Regulome]], [[Functome]], [[Phenome]], [[Ecome]], [[Textome]], [[Protein]], [[Deenay]], [[Arenay]] | [[체학]]</p> b13182f081fc5db48ea7b257a067bafece974dbd 2592 2009-05-08T22:01:03Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>[[Bioinformatics]] ([[생정보학]]):&nbsp;<br /> </p> <div><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; COLOR: black">생정보학</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; COLOR: black">혹은</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; COLOR: black">생명정보학은</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; COLOR: black">생명과학의</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; COLOR: black">한</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; COLOR: black">분야로서</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; COLOR: black">생명현상을</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; COLOR: black">정보처리현상이라고</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; COLOR: black">가정하고</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; COLOR: black">, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; COLOR: black">정보처리에</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; COLOR: black">필요한</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; COLOR: black">물리</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; COLOR: black">화학적</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; COLOR: black">에너지를</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; COLOR: black">어떻게</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; COLOR: black">생명체들이</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; COLOR: black">처리하는가를</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; COLOR: black">밝혀내기</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; COLOR: black">위해</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; COLOR: black">, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; COLOR: black">수학</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; COLOR: black">,&nbsp;</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; COLOR: black">물리학</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; COLOR: black">,&nbsp;</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; COLOR: black">전산학분야의</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; COLOR: black">기술을</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; COLOR: black">사용하여</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; COLOR: black">생명의료</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; COLOR: black">데이터를</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; COLOR: black">분석하는</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; COLOR: black">학문이다</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; COLOR: black">. </span></div> <ul> <li>생정보학의 정의는 http://bioinformatics.ws 에서 찾을 수 있다. </li> </ul> <p>영어로된 정의: [[Bioinformatics]] is a discipline of [[science]] and [[engineering]] that analyses, seeks understanding and models the whole life as an information processing phoenomenon by utilizing energy with methods from [[philosophy]], [[mathematics]] and computer science using biological experimental data. 짧은 생정보학의 정의는 &quot;생정보학이 생물학이고 생물학이 생정보학이다&quot;. 이것은 생물학이 보기와는 다르게, 정보처리를 연구하는 학문이라는 견지의 정의이다. * [[생정보학, 생물정보학등의 이름 번역에 대해서]] '''[[What is bioinformatics?]]''' </p> <p><strong><font size="3">생정보학의 분야들 </font></strong><small><strong><font size="3">(Field of bioinformatics)</font></strong><font size="2"> </font></small></p> <ul> <li>[[유전체학]] : [http://bio.cc/Genomics Genomics 들어가기] </li> <li>[[단백체학]] : [http://bio.cc/Proteomics Proteomics 들어가기] </li> <li>[[상호작용체학]] : [http://interactomics.org Interactomics 들어가기] </li> <li>[[Expressomics|발현체학]] : [http://expressomics.org Expressomics 들어가기] </li> <li>[[Functomics|기능체학]] : [http://functomics.org Functomics 들어가기] </li> <li>[[Textomics|문헌체학]] : [http://textomics.org Textomics] </li> <li>[[Sequenceomics|서열체학]] : [http://sequenceomics.org Sequenceomics] </li> <li>[[Structomics|구조체학]] : [http://structomics.org Structomics ] </li> <li>[[Transposomics|전이체학]] : [http://transposomics.org Transposomics] </li> <li>[[Evolomics|진화체학]]: [http://evolomics.org Evolome] </li> </ul> <p><strong><font size="3">대상별 체학분야들</font></strong></p> <ul> <li>[[식물체학]] </li> <li>[[동물체학]] </li> <li>[[세포체학]] </li> </ul> <p>[[생정공학]]: BiOmatics is an engineering discipline that networks [[biology]], [[philosophy]], [[mathematics]], [[informatics]], and [[mechanics]] to control all the biological information objects. Biological Information Object Mechanics Applied to Topological Innovation of Complex computational Systems </p> <p><strong><font size="3">생정보학알고리듬들 (Bioinformatics algorithms)</font></strong></p> <ul> <li>[[다이내믹프로그래밍]], [[Comparative modelling]], [[Rasmol]] </li> <li>[[구조비교프로그램]] </li> </ul> <p><strong><font size="3">생정보학 저널들</font></strong></p> <ul> <li>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.gpbjournal.org/"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.gpbjournal.org</font></a> </li> </ul> <p><strong><font size="3">한국의 생정보학 실험실들 <small>(labs of bioinformatics)</small></font></strong></p> <p>[[생정보연구실]], [[생정공학연구실]] </p> <p><strong><font size="3">한국의 생정보학 연구자들 <small>(Korean Bioinformatics researchers)</small></font></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;[[생정보연구자]] | [http://biopeople.org BioPeople]</p> <p><strong><font size="3">외국생정보연구자 <small>(International Bioinformatics researchers)</small></font></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;[[외국생정보연구자]] </p> <p>&nbsp;[[쿄토대학 바이오인포메틱스센터]] </p> <p><strong><font size="3">[[생정보학 데이타베이스]]들 <small>(Bioinformatics Databases)</small></font></strong></p> <p>서열 [[데이타베이스]]들. </p> <p><strong><font size="3">[[생정보학 프로젝트들]]</font></strong></p> <p>[[BioLinux]]&nbsp; | [[Protein Geneology]]<br /> </p> <p><strong><font size="3">생정보학 회사들 <small>(Bioinformatics Companies</small></font></strong></p> <p>[http://oitek.com OITEK] * [http://www.in-silico.com/ In-silico.com] | [[엔솔테크]] | [[스몰소프트]] | [[IDR Korea]] | [[Macrogen]] | [[이즈텍]]</p> <p><strong><font size="3">생정보학교육자료들</font></strong></p> <ul> <li><font size="2">[[생정보학책|Bioinformatics Book]] | [[생정보학책들]]</font> </li> </ul> <p><strong><font size="3">관련사이트들 <small>(Related Links)</small></font></strong></p> <ul> <li>[http://bio.cc BiO] | [http://www.tein2.net/ TEIN] * ''생정보학과 바이오인포메틱스'',&nbsp; </li> <li>''생정보학 심층보고서'', [http://bio.cc/Publish/Report/park_kosen_report.pdf 생정보학 심층보고서] </li> <li>[[BIT 강국 대한민국]] </li> </ul> <p>[[바이오인포메틱스]], [[Genetic code]], [[생정보학책]] | [[생정공학]], [[생물용어사전]], [[Genome]], [[Transcriptome]], [[Expressome]], [[Regulome]], [[Functome]], [[Phenome]], [[Ecome]], [[Textome]], [[Protein]], [[Deenay]], [[Arenay]] | [[체학]]</p> 87f8b0b71975423db49460dd239974f2900d6a7f 2593 2009-05-08T22:01:14Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>[[Bioinformatics]] ([[생정보학]]):&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </p> <div><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; COLOR: black">생정보학</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; COLOR: black">혹은</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; COLOR: black">생명정보학은</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; COLOR: black">생명과학의</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; COLOR: black">한</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; COLOR: black">분야로서</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; COLOR: black">생명현상을</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; COLOR: black">정보처리현상이라고</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; COLOR: black">가정하고</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; COLOR: black">, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; COLOR: black">정보처리에</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; COLOR: black">필요한</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; COLOR: black">물리</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; COLOR: black">화학적</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; COLOR: black">에너지를</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; COLOR: black">어떻게</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; COLOR: black">생명체들이</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; COLOR: black">처리하는가를</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; COLOR: black">밝혀내기</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; COLOR: black">위해</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; COLOR: black">, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; COLOR: black">수학</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; COLOR: black">,&nbsp;</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; COLOR: black">물리학</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; COLOR: black">,&nbsp;</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; COLOR: black">전산학분야의</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; COLOR: black">기술을</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; COLOR: black">사용하여</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; COLOR: black">생명의료</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; COLOR: black">데이터를</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; COLOR: black">분석하는</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; COLOR: black">학문이다</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; COLOR: black">. </span></div> <ul> <li>생정보학의 정의는 http://bioinformatics.ws 에서 찾을 수 있다. </li> </ul> <p>영어로된 정의: [[Bioinformatics]] is a discipline of [[science]] and [[engineering]] that analyses, seeks understanding and models the whole life as an information processing phoenomenon by utilizing energy with methods from [[philosophy]], [[mathematics]] and computer science using biological experimental data. 짧은 생정보학의 정의는 &quot;생정보학이 생물학이고 생물학이 생정보학이다&quot;. 이것은 생물학이 보기와는 다르게, 정보처리를 연구하는 학문이라는 견지의 정의이다. * [[생정보학, 생물정보학등의 이름 번역에 대해서]] '''[[What is bioinformatics?]]''' </p> <p><strong><font size="3">생정보학의 분야들 </font></strong><small><strong><font size="3">(Field of bioinformatics)</font></strong><font size="2"> </font></small></p> <ul> <li>[[유전체학]] : [http://bio.cc/Genomics Genomics 들어가기] </li> <li>[[단백체학]] : [http://bio.cc/Proteomics Proteomics 들어가기] </li> <li>[[상호작용체학]] : [http://interactomics.org Interactomics 들어가기] </li> <li>[[Expressomics|발현체학]] : [http://expressomics.org Expressomics 들어가기] </li> <li>[[Functomics|기능체학]] : [http://functomics.org Functomics 들어가기] </li> <li>[[Textomics|문헌체학]] : [http://textomics.org Textomics] </li> <li>[[Sequenceomics|서열체학]] : [http://sequenceomics.org Sequenceomics] </li> <li>[[Structomics|구조체학]] : [http://structomics.org Structomics ] </li> <li>[[Transposomics|전이체학]] : [http://transposomics.org Transposomics] </li> <li>[[Evolomics|진화체학]]: [http://evolomics.org Evolome] </li> </ul> <p><strong><font size="3">대상별 체학분야들</font></strong></p> <ul> <li>[[식물체학]] </li> <li>[[동물체학]] </li> <li>[[세포체학]] </li> </ul> <p>[[생정공학]]: BiOmatics is an engineering discipline that networks [[biology]], [[philosophy]], [[mathematics]], [[informatics]], and [[mechanics]] to control all the biological information objects. Biological Information Object Mechanics Applied to Topological Innovation of Complex computational Systems </p> <p><strong><font size="3">생정보학알고리듬들 (Bioinformatics algorithms)</font></strong></p> <ul> <li>[[다이내믹프로그래밍]], [[Comparative modelling]], [[Rasmol]] </li> <li>[[구조비교프로그램]] </li> </ul> <p><strong><font size="3">생정보학 저널들</font></strong></p> <ul> <li>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.gpbjournal.org/"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.gpbjournal.org</font></a> </li> </ul> <p><strong><font size="3">한국의 생정보학 실험실들 <small>(labs of bioinformatics)</small></font></strong></p> <p>[[생정보연구실]], [[생정공학연구실]] </p> <p><strong><font size="3">한국의 생정보학 연구자들 <small>(Korean Bioinformatics researchers)</small></font></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;[[생정보연구자]] | [http://biopeople.org BioPeople]</p> <p><strong><font size="3">외국생정보연구자 <small>(International Bioinformatics researchers)</small></font></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;[[외국생정보연구자]] </p> <p>&nbsp;[[쿄토대학 바이오인포메틱스센터]] </p> <p><strong><font size="3">[[생정보학 데이타베이스]]들 <small>(Bioinformatics Databases)</small></font></strong></p> <p>서열 [[데이타베이스]]들. </p> <p><strong><font size="3">[[생정보학 프로젝트들]]</font></strong></p> <p>[[BioLinux]]&nbsp; | [[Protein Geneology]]<br /> </p> <p><strong><font size="3">생정보학 회사들 <small>(Bioinformatics Companies</small></font></strong></p> <p>[http://oitek.com OITEK] * [http://www.in-silico.com/ In-silico.com] | [[엔솔테크]] | [[스몰소프트]] | [[IDR Korea]] | [[Macrogen]] | [[이즈텍]]</p> <p><strong><font size="3">생정보학교육자료들</font></strong></p> <ul> <li><font size="2">[[생정보학책|Bioinformatics Book]] | [[생정보학책들]]</font> </li> </ul> <p><strong><font size="3">관련사이트들 <small>(Related Links)</small></font></strong></p> <ul> <li>[http://bio.cc BiO] | [http://www.tein2.net/ TEIN] * ''생정보학과 바이오인포메틱스'',&nbsp; </li> <li>''생정보학 심층보고서'', [http://bio.cc/Publish/Report/park_kosen_report.pdf 생정보학 심층보고서] </li> <li>[[BIT 강국 대한민국]] </li> </ul> <p>[[바이오인포메틱스]], [[Genetic code]], [[생정보학책]] | [[생정공학]], [[생물용어사전]], [[Genome]], [[Transcriptome]], [[Expressome]], [[Regulome]], [[Functome]], [[Phenome]], [[Ecome]], [[Textome]], [[Protein]], [[Deenay]], [[Arenay]] | [[체학]]</p> 49bf5115eaf486283aeea44448820320d43038a6 0 1661 2594 2009-05-27T10:21:37Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki 20090526: The first Korean Genome Sequence analysis result published in [http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2009/05/26/gr.092197.109.full.pdf+html Genome Research article]<br /> 20081204: [http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/tech/2008/12/133_35578.html Korean Genome Publicized] 60c114a0b99d95a7bad792b397e388b154e03fb4 2595 2009-06-02T01:39:36Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki 20090526: The first Korean Genome Sequence analysis result published in [http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2009/05/26/gr.092197.109.full.pdf+html Genome Research article]<br /> 20081204: [http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/tech/2008/12/133_35578.html Korean Genome Publicized]&nbsp;<br /> 2007: [http://www.khanews.com/inews/view_print.asp?idx=33957&amp;menuid=4&amp;menuid2=0 복지부 유전체 사업 갈팡질팡]<br /> a983f5e2c2a36260123f1d938cceffc1cfae7484 2596 2009-06-06T13:03:52Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki 20090601: [[Microsoft buys Rosetta Biosoftware from Merck. Merck becomes the client of Microsoft.<br /> 20090526: The first Korean Genome Sequence analysis result published in [http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2009/05/26/gr.092197.109.full.pdf+html Genome Research article]<br /> 20081204: [http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/tech/2008/12/133_35578.html Korean Genome Publicized]&nbsp;<br /> 2007: [http://www.khanews.com/inews/view_print.asp?idx=33957&amp;menuid=4&amp;menuid2=0 복지부 유전체 사업 갈팡질팡]<br /> e5314f71d66f6f37846f11cf67caacd9c7930a92 2597 2009-06-06T13:04:02Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki 20090601: Microsoft buys Rosetta Biosoftware from Merck. Merck becomes the client of Microsoft.<br /> 20090526: The first Korean Genome Sequence analysis result published in [http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2009/05/26/gr.092197.109.full.pdf+html Genome Research article]<br /> 20081204: [http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/tech/2008/12/133_35578.html Korean Genome Publicized]&nbsp;<br /> 2007: [http://www.khanews.com/inews/view_print.asp?idx=33957&amp;menuid=4&amp;menuid2=0 복지부 유전체 사업 갈팡질팡]<br /> 410f6c2e52fda6b7063d5c0763ba1e83b7733ed4 2601 2009-06-06T13:09:44Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki 20090601: Microsoft buys Rosetta Biosoftware from Merck. Merck becomes the client of Microsoft.<br /> 20090526: The first Korean Genome Sequence analysis result published in [http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2009/05/26/gr.092197.109.full.pdf+html Genome Research article]<br /> 20081204: [http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/tech/2008/12/133_35578.html Korean Genome Publicized]&nbsp;<br /> 2007: [http://www.khanews.com/inews/view_print.asp?idx=33957&amp;menuid=4&amp;menuid2=0 복지부 유전체 사업 갈팡질팡]<br /> <br /> <hr /> [[Biotechnology News Sites]]<br /> <br /> aee6c9dfdf68faf8a40ecba61a97919d34fb190d 0 1752 2599 2009-06-06T13:07:16Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <a href="http://www.microsoft.com/amalga/products/microsoftamalgalifesciences/default.mspx">http://www.microsoft.com/amalga/products/microsoftamalgalifesciences/default.mspx</a> 02dd3db227fd8b14d6e27724a66e003186b08e8f 2600 2009-06-06T13:08:22Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <a href="http://www.microsoft.com/amalga/products/microsoftamalgalifesciences/default.mspx">http://www.microsoft.com/amalga/products/microsoftamalgalifesciences/default.mspx</a>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <p><strong>Microsoft Amalga</strong> (formerly known as Azyxxi) is a unified health enterprise platform designed to retrieve and display patient information from many sources, including scanned documents, electrocardiograms, X-rays, MRI scans and other medical imaging procedures, lab results, dictated reports of surgery, as well as patient demographics and contact information. It was developed by doctors and researchers at the Washington Hospital Center emergency department in 1996, and in 2006 it was acquired by the Microsoft Health Solutions Group, as part of a plan to enter the fast-growing market for health care information technology. It has since been adopted at a number of leading hospitals and health systems across the country including Johns Hopkins Hospital, St Joseph Health System, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Georgetown University Hospital and five other hospitals in the MedStar Health group, a nonprofit network in the Baltimore-Washington, D.C. area. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><font color="#800080"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></font></sup></p> <p>Amalga can be used to tie together many unrelated medical systems using a wide variety of data types in order to provide an immediate, updated composite portrait of the patient&rsquo;s healthcare history. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><font color="#800080"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></font></sup> All of Amalga&rsquo;s components are integrated using middleware software that allows the creation of standard approaches and tools to interface with the many software and hardware systems found in hospitals. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><font color="#800080"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></font></sup> A physician using Amalga can obtain within seconds a patient's past and present hospital records, medication and allergy lists, lab studies, and views of relevant X-rays, CT Scans, and other clips and images, all organized into one customized format to highlight the most critical information for that user. In clinical use since 1996, Amalga has the ability to manage more than 40 terabytes of data and provide real-time access to more than 12,000 data elements associated with a given patient.</p> <p>The system was first implemented by the Washington Hospital Center emergency department to reduce average waiting times. Since then it has also been used by the District of Columbia Department of Health for management of such mass-casualty incidents as a bioterrorism attack and in a variety of other settings in Arizona, Maryland, and Virginia. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><font color="#800080"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></font></sup> The Cleveland Clinic recently installed the system in a pilot project as an imaging and data integration system. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><font color="#800080"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></font></sup> Besides clinical data, Amalga is also designed to collect financial and operational data for hospital administrators.</p> <p>Amalga currently runs on Microsoft Windows Server operating system and uses SQL Server 2005 as the data store. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"><font color="#800080"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></font></sup></p> <p>At the time of acquisition, Microsoft hired Dr. Craig F. Feied, principal designer of the software, and 40 members of the development team at Washington Hospital Center. Dr. Mark Smith, who helped design the system, remained at Washington Hospital Center as director of the emergency department.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"><font color="#800080"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></font></sup> Since then the Amalga team has grown to include 115 members.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">See also</span></h2> <ul> <li>Electronic medical record </li> <li>Electronic health record </li> <li>Health informatics </li> </ul> <p><a id="External_links" name="External_links"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.microsoft.com/amalga/products/microsoftamalga/default.mspx" href="http://www.microsoft.com/amalga/products/microsoftamalga/default.mspx" rel="nofollow">Microsoft Amalga Home Page</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.whcenter.org/" href="http://www.whcenter.org/" rel="nofollow">Washington Hospital Center</a> </li> </ul> 305e9ad137a04a97e9e5fc7127a30b3afb28bbb1 0 1753 2602 2009-06-06T13:10:00Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span class="link-title"><span lang="EN" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Trebuchet MS'; mso-ansi-language: EN"><a href="http://news.biocompare.com/"><font color="#000000">Biocompare - Life Science News</font></a></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span class="link-title"><span lang="EN" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Trebuchet MS'; mso-ansi-language: EN"><a href="http://www.bio-itworld.com/"><font color="#000000">Bio-IT World</font></a><font color="#000000"> </font></span></span></p> <span class="link-title"><span lang="EN" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Trebuchet MS'; mso-ansi-language: EN"><!--l namespace prefix="o" ns="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:offic--><o p=""></o> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Trebuchet MS'"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/news/rss/"><font color="#000000">BioMed Central Newsfeed</font></a><br /> <a href="http://www.bioscorpio.com/"><font color="#000000">BioScorpio</font></a><o p=""></o></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Trebuchet MS'"><a href="http://www.biospace.com/company_profile.aspx?CompanyId=572820"><font color="#000000">Biospace</font></a><o p=""></o></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Trebuchet MS'"><a href="http://biotech.blogs.ca/"><font color="#000000">BioTech - Blogs.ca</font></a><font color="#000000"> <br /> </font><a href="http://www.biotechnology-investor.com/"><font color="#000000">Biotechnology Investors' Forum</font></a><font color="#000000"> <br /> </font><a href="http://www.bioworld.com/"><font color="#000000">Bioworld Online</font></a><o p=""></o></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Trebuchet MS'"><a href="http://strategis.ic.gc.ca/engdoc/main.html" target="new"><font color="#000000">Business Info (Canada)</font></a><o p=""></o></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Trebuchet MS'"><a href="http://home.businesswire.com/portal/site/home/"><font color="#000000">Business Wire</font></a><o p=""></o></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Trebuchet MS'"><a href="http://www.cato.com/fyi/calendarRss10.rdf"><font color="#000000">Cato Biotech Calendar</font></a><font color="#000000"> <o p=""></o></font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Trebuchet MS'"><a href="http://www.cato.com/biotech/directoryRss10.rdf"><font color="#000000">Cato Biotech Directory</font></a><font color="#000000"> <o p=""></o></font></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #494949; FONT-FAMILY: 'Trebuchet MS'; mso-ansi-language: EN"><a href="http://www.checkbiotech.org/"><font color="#000000">Checkbiotech</font></a><o p=""></o></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span class="link-title"><span lang="EN" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Trebuchet MS'; mso-ansi-language: EN"><a href="http://www.colorbasepair.com/index.html"><font color="#000000">Color Base Pair</font></a><font color="#000000"> </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Trebuchet MS'"><br /> <a href="http://www.drugandmarket.com/" target="new"><font color="#000000">Drug &amp; Market Development Publications</font></a><font color="#000000"> </font></span><span lang="EN" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Trebuchet MS'; mso-ansi-language: EN"><o p=""></o></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Trebuchet MS'"><a href="http://www.ey.com/global/gcr.nsf/US/Welcome-Health_Care-Ernst_&amp;_Young_LLP" target="new"><font color="#000000">Ernst &amp; Young Helath Sciences</font></a><font color="#000000"> <o p=""></o></font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span class="link-title"><span lang="EN" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Trebuchet MS'; mso-ansi-language: EN"><a href="http://www.eurekalert.org/bysubject/biology.php"><font color="#000000">Eureka Alert</font></a><font color="#000000"> <o p=""></o></font></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span class="link-title"><span lang="EN" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Trebuchet MS'; mso-ansi-language: EN"><a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/"><font color="#000000">Genome News Network</font></a><font color="#000000"> <o p=""></o></font></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span class="link-title"><span lang="EN" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Trebuchet MS'; mso-ansi-language: EN"><a href="http://www.genomeweb.com/"><font color="#000000">Genome Web</font></a><font color="#000000"> </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Trebuchet MS'"><br /> <a href="http://www.worldfundsonline.com/funds/genomics/"><font color="#000000">Genomics Fund</font></a><o p=""></o></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Trebuchet MS'"><a href="http://gmptrainingsystems.blogspot.com/"><font color="#000000">GMP Training and Implementation Tips</font></a><font color="#000000"> <o p=""></o></font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Trebuchet MS'"><font color="#000000">Informa Healthcare<o p=""></o></font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Trebuchet MS'"><a href="http://www.informedinvestors.com/"><font color="#000000">Informed Investors&rsquo; Forum</font></a><font color="#000000"> <o p=""></o></font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Trebuchet MS'"><a href="http://www.palgrave-journals.com/jcb/index.html"><font color="#000000">Journals of Commercial Biotechnology</font></a><o p=""></o></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Trebuchet MS'"><a href="http://www.lifesciencesworld.com/"><font color="#000000">LifeSciencesWorld</font></a><o p=""></o></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Trebuchet MS'"><a href="http://www.medscape.com/home"><font color="#000000">Medscape</font></a><o p=""></o></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Trebuchet MS'"><a href="http://medserv.no/index.php"><font color="#000000">Medserv Medical News</font></a><o p=""></o></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Trebuchet MS'"><a href="http://www.soapbox.com/english_exec/v?op=d&amp;d=109&amp;a=MEM0000000061&amp;c=287"><font color="#000000">Motley Fool</font></a><font color="#000000"> <o p=""></o></font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Trebuchet MS'"><a href="http://www.pharmaceutical-business-review.com/"><font color="#000000">Pharmaceutical Business Review</font></a><br /> <a href="http://www.pharmalinx.com/"><font color="#000000">PharmaLinx</font></a><br /> <a href="http://www.marketresearch.com/product/display.asp?productid=859168&amp;g=1"><font color="#000000">PharmaWatch</font></a><o p=""></o></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Trebuchet MS'"><a href="http://www.prnewswire.com/health/index.shtml" target="new"><font color="#000000">PR News Wire</font></a><font color="#000000"> <o p=""></o></font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Trebuchet MS'"><a href="http://www.prwebdirect.com/"><font color="#000000">PR Web</font></a><font color="#000000"> <o p=""></o></font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Trebuchet MS'"><a href="http://www.scienceblog.com/cms/index.php"><font color="#000000">Science Blog</font></a><o p=""></o></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span class="link-title"><span lang="EN" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Trebuchet MS'; mso-ansi-language: EN"><a href="http://science.bio.org/all.news.html"><font color="#000000">Science.bio.org News</font></a><font color="#000000"> </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Trebuchet MS'"><br /> <a href="http://www.pjbpubs.com/scrip_reports/index.htm"><font color="#000000">Scrip_Reports</font></a><o p=""></o></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span class="link-title"><span lang="EN" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Trebuchet MS'; mso-ansi-language: EN"><a href="http://snowdeal.org/section/informatics/"><font color="#000000">snowdeal.org &gt; {bio,medical}informatics</font></a><font color="#000000"> <o p=""></o></font></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span class="link-title"><span lang="EN" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Trebuchet MS'; mso-ansi-language: EN"><a href="http://www.the-scientist.com/"><font color="#000000">The Scientist</font></a><font color="#000000"> <o p=""></o></font></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Trebuchet MS'"><a href="http://bioinformatics.ubc.ca/"><font color="#000000">UBC Bioinformatics Center</font></a><o p=""></o></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Trebuchet MS'"><a href="http://www.wisi.com/"><font color="#000000">Wright Investors&rsquo; Service</font></a><o p=""></o></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Trebuchet MS'"><a href="http://biz.yahoo.com/ic/515.html"><font color="#000000">Yahoo Biotech Industry News</font></a><o p=""></o></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Trebuchet MS'"><a href="http://www.agweb.com/Default.aspx"><font color="#000000">Agweb</font></a><o p=""></o></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Trebuchet MS'"><a href="http://www.eurobiotechnews.eu/index.php?id=25"><font color="#000000">European Biotechnology Science and Industry News</font></a><o p=""></o></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Trebuchet MS'"><a href="http://wistechnology.com/"><font color="#000000">Wisconsin Technology Network</font></a></span></p> </span></span> 3c8f4307d3bf283f1ef1fc7ed1112360993225c9 2603 2009-06-06T13:10:32Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span class="link-title"><span lang="EN" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Trebuchet MS'; mso-ansi-language: EN"><a href="http://news.biocompare.com/"><font color="#000000">Biocompare - Life Science News</font></a></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span class="link-title"><span lang="EN" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Trebuchet MS'; mso-ansi-language: EN"><a href="http://www.bio-itworld.com/"><font color="#000000">Bio-IT World</font></a><font color="#000000"> </font></span></span></p> <span class="link-title"><span lang="EN" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Trebuchet MS'; mso-ansi-language: EN"><!--l namespace prefix="o" ns="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:offic--><o p=""></o> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Trebuchet MS'"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/news/rss/"><font color="#000000">BioMed Central Newsfeed</font></a><br /> <a href="http://www.bioscorpio.com/"><font color="#000000">BioScorpio</font></a><o p=""></o></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Trebuchet MS'"><a href="http://www.biospace.com/company_profile.aspx?CompanyId=572820"><font color="#000000">Biospace</font></a><o p=""></o></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Trebuchet MS'"><a href="http://biotech.blogs.ca/"><font color="#000000">BioTech - Blogs.ca</font></a><font color="#000000"> <br /> </font><a href="http://www.biotechnology-investor.com/"><font color="#000000">Biotechnology Investors' Forum</font></a><font color="#000000"> <br /> </font><a href="http://www.bioworld.com/"><font color="#000000">Bioworld Online</font></a><o p=""></o></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Trebuchet MS'"><a target="new" href="http://strategis.ic.gc.ca/engdoc/main.html"><font color="#000000">Business Info (Canada)</font></a><o p=""></o></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Trebuchet MS'"><a href="http://home.businesswire.com/portal/site/home/"><font color="#000000">Business Wire</font></a><o p=""></o></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Trebuchet MS'"><a href="http://www.cato.com/fyi/calendarRss10.rdf"><font color="#000000">Cato Biotech Calendar</font></a><font color="#000000"> <o p=""></o></font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Trebuchet MS'"><a href="http://www.cato.com/biotech/directoryRss10.rdf"><font color="#000000">Cato Biotech Directory</font></a><font color="#000000"> <o p=""></o></font></span></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #494949; FONT-FAMILY: 'Trebuchet MS'; mso-ansi-language: EN"><a href="http://www.checkbiotech.org/"><font color="#000000">Checkbiotech</font></a><o p=""></o></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span class="link-title"><span lang="EN" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Trebuchet MS'; mso-ansi-language: EN"><a href="http://www.colorbasepair.com/index.html"><font color="#000000">Color Base Pair</font></a><font color="#000000"> </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Trebuchet MS'"><br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.drugandmarket.com/"><font color="#000000">Drug &amp; Market Development Publications</font></a><font color="#000000"> </font></span><span lang="EN" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Trebuchet MS'; mso-ansi-language: EN"><o p=""></o></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Trebuchet MS'"><a target="new" href="http://www.ey.com/global/gcr.nsf/US/Welcome-Health_Care-Ernst_&amp;_Young_LLP"><font color="#000000">Ernst &amp; Young Helath Sciences</font></a><font color="#000000"> <o p=""></o></font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span class="link-title"><span lang="EN" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Trebuchet MS'; mso-ansi-language: EN"><a href="http://www.eurekalert.org/bysubject/biology.php"><font color="#000000">Eureka Alert</font></a><font color="#000000"> <o p=""></o></font></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span class="link-title"><span lang="EN" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Trebuchet MS'; mso-ansi-language: EN"><a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/"><font color="#000000">Genome News Network</font></a><font color="#000000"> <o p=""></o></font></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span class="link-title"><span lang="EN" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Trebuchet MS'; mso-ansi-language: EN"><a href="http://www.genomeweb.com/"><font color="#000000">Genome Web</font></a><font color="#000000"> </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Trebuchet MS'"><br /> <a href="http://www.worldfundsonline.com/funds/genomics/"><font color="#000000">Genomics Fund</font></a><o p=""></o></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Trebuchet MS'"><a href="http://gmptrainingsystems.blogspot.com/"><font color="#000000">GMP Training and Implementation Tips</font></a><font color="#000000"> <o p=""></o></font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Trebuchet MS'"><font color="#000000">Informa Healthcare<o p=""></o></font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Trebuchet MS'"><a href="http://www.informedinvestors.com/"><font color="#000000">Informed Investors&rsquo; Forum</font></a><font color="#000000"> <o p=""></o></font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Trebuchet MS'"><a href="http://www.palgrave-journals.com/jcb/index.html"><font color="#000000">Journals of Commercial Biotechnology</font></a><o p=""></o></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Trebuchet MS'"><a href="http://www.lifesciencesworld.com/"><font color="#000000">LifeSciencesWorld</font></a><o p=""></o></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Trebuchet MS'"><a href="http://www.medscape.com/home"><font color="#000000">Medscape</font></a><o p=""></o></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Trebuchet MS'"><a href="http://medserv.no/index.php"><font color="#000000">Medserv Medical News</font></a><o p=""></o></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Trebuchet MS'"><a href="http://www.soapbox.com/english_exec/v?op=d&amp;d=109&amp;a=MEM0000000061&amp;c=287"><font color="#000000">Motley Fool</font></a><font color="#000000"> <o p=""></o></font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Trebuchet MS'"><a href="http://www.pharmaceutical-business-review.com/"><font color="#000000">Pharmaceutical Business Review</font></a><br /> <a href="http://www.pharmalinx.com/"><font color="#000000">PharmaLinx</font></a><br /> <a href="http://www.marketresearch.com/product/display.asp?productid=859168&amp;g=1"><font color="#000000">PharmaWatch</font></a><o p=""></o></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Trebuchet MS'"><a target="new" href="http://www.prnewswire.com/health/index.shtml"><font color="#000000">PR News Wire</font></a><font color="#000000"> <o p=""></o></font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Trebuchet MS'"><a href="http://www.prwebdirect.com/"><font color="#000000">PR Web</font></a><font color="#000000"> <o p=""></o></font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Trebuchet MS'"><a href="http://www.scienceblog.com/cms/index.php"><font color="#000000">Science Blog</font></a><o p=""></o></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span class="link-title"><span lang="EN" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Trebuchet MS'; mso-ansi-language: EN"><a href="http://science.bio.org/all.news.html"><font color="#000000">Science.bio.org News</font></a><font color="#000000"> </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Trebuchet MS'"><br /> <a href="http://www.pjbpubs.com/scrip_reports/index.htm"><font color="#000000">Scrip_Reports</font></a><o p=""></o></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span class="link-title"><span lang="EN" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Trebuchet MS'; mso-ansi-language: EN"><a href="http://snowdeal.org/section/informatics/"><font color="#000000">snowdeal.org &gt; {bio,medical}informatics</font></a><font color="#000000"> <o p=""></o></font></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span class="link-title"><span lang="EN" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Trebuchet MS'; mso-ansi-language: EN"><a href="http://www.the-scientist.com/"><font color="#000000">The Scientist</font></a><font color="#000000"> <o p=""></o></font></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Trebuchet MS'"><a href="http://bioinformatics.ubc.ca/"><font color="#000000">UBC Bioinformatics Center</font></a><o p=""></o></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Trebuchet MS'"><a href="http://www.wisi.com/"><font color="#000000">Wright Investors&rsquo; Service</font></a><o p=""></o></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Trebuchet MS'"><a href="http://biz.yahoo.com/ic/515.html"><font color="#000000">Yahoo Biotech Industry News</font></a><o p=""></o></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Trebuchet MS'"><a href="http://www.agweb.com/Default.aspx"><font color="#000000">Agweb</font></a><o p=""></o></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Trebuchet MS'"><a href="http://www.eurobiotechnews.eu/index.php?id=25"><font color="#000000">European Biotechnology Science and Industry News</font></a><o p=""></o></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Trebuchet MS'"><a href="http://wistechnology.com/"><font color="#000000">Wisconsin Technology Network</font></a></span></p> </span></span> 3383e8a530b83dfc7d14c6576e5958903cf54ec4 2604 2009-06-06T13:11:53Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <div><span><a href="http://news.biocompare.com/"><font color="#000000">Biocompare - Life Science News</font></a></span></div> <div><span><a href="http://www.bio-itworld.com/"><font color="#000000">Bio-IT World</font></a></span></div> <p><span><span><!--l namespace prefix="o" ns="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:offic--></span></span></p> <div><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/news/rss/"><font color="#000000">BioMed Central Newsfeed</font></a><br /> <a href="http://www.bioscorpio.com/"><font color="#000000">BioScorpio</font></a></div> <div><a href="http://www.biospace.com/company_profile.aspx?CompanyId=572820"><font color="#000000">Biospace</font></a></div> <div><a href="http://biotech.blogs.ca/"><font color="#000000">BioTech - Blogs.ca</font></a><font color="#000000"> <br /> </font><a href="http://www.biotechnology-investor.com/"><font color="#000000">Biotechnology Investors' Forum</font></a><font color="#000000"> <br /> </font><a href="http://www.bioworld.com/"><font color="#000000">Bioworld Online</font></a></div> <div><a target="new" href="http://strategis.ic.gc.ca/engdoc/main.html"><font color="#000000">Business Info (Canada)</font></a></div> <div><a href="http://home.businesswire.com/portal/site/home/"><font color="#000000">Business Wire</font></a></div> <div><a href="http://www.cato.com/fyi/calendarRss10.rdf"><font color="#000000">Cato Biotech Calendar</font></a></div> <div><a href="http://www.cato.com/biotech/directoryRss10.rdf"><font color="#000000">Cato Biotech Directory</font></a></div> <div><a href="http://www.checkbiotech.org/"><font color="#000000">Checkbiotech</font></a></div> <div><span><a href="http://www.colorbasepair.com/index.html"><font color="#000000">Color Base Pair</font></a></span><br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.drugandmarket.com/"><font color="#000000">Drug &amp; Market Development Publications</font></a></div> <div><a target="new" href="http://www.ey.com/global/gcr.nsf/US/Welcome-Health_Care-Ernst_&amp;_Young_LLP"><font color="#000000">Ernst &amp; Young Helath Sciences</font></a></div> <div><span><a href="http://www.eurekalert.org/bysubject/biology.php"><font color="#000000">Eureka Alert</font></a></span></div> <div><span><a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/"><font color="#000000">Genome News Network</font></a></span></div> <div><span><a href="http://www.genomeweb.com/"><font color="#000000">Genome Web</font></a></span><br /> <a href="http://www.worldfundsonline.com/funds/genomics/"><font color="#000000">Genomics Fund</font></a></div> <div><a href="http://gmptrainingsystems.blogspot.com/"><font color="#000000">GMP Training and Implementation Tips</font></a></div> <div><font color="#000000">Informa Healthcare</font></div> <div><a href="http://www.informedinvestors.com/"><font color="#000000">Informed Investors&rsquo; Forum</font></a></div> <div><a href="http://www.palgrave-journals.com/jcb/index.html"><font color="#000000">Journals of Commercial Biotechnology</font></a></div> <div><a href="http://www.lifesciencesworld.com/"><font color="#000000">LifeSciencesWorld</font></a></div> <div><a href="http://www.medscape.com/home"><font color="#000000">Medscape</font></a></div> <div><a href="http://medserv.no/index.php"><font color="#000000">Medserv Medical News</font></a></div> <div><a href="http://www.soapbox.com/english_exec/v?op=d&amp;d=109&amp;a=MEM0000000061&amp;c=287"><font color="#000000">Motley Fool</font></a></div> <div><a href="http://www.pharmaceutical-business-review.com/"><font color="#000000">Pharmaceutical Business Review</font></a><br /> <a href="http://www.pharmalinx.com/"><font color="#000000">PharmaLinx</font></a><br /> <a href="http://www.marketresearch.com/product/display.asp?productid=859168&amp;g=1"><font color="#000000">PharmaWatch</font></a></div> <div><a target="new" href="http://www.prnewswire.com/health/index.shtml"><font color="#000000">PR News Wire</font></a></div> <div><a href="http://www.prwebdirect.com/"><font color="#000000">PR Web</font></a></div> <div><a href="http://www.scienceblog.com/cms/index.php"><font color="#000000">Science Blog</font></a></div> <div><span><a href="http://science.bio.org/all.news.html"><font color="#000000">Science.bio.org News</font></a></span><br /> <a href="http://www.pjbpubs.com/scrip_reports/index.htm"><font color="#000000">Scrip_Reports</font></a></div> <div><span><a href="http://snowdeal.org/section/informatics/"><font color="#000000">snowdeal.org &gt; {bio,medical}informatics</font></a></span></div> <div><span><a href="http://www.the-scientist.com/"><font color="#000000">The Scientist</font></a></span></div> <div><a href="http://bioinformatics.ubc.ca/"><font color="#000000">UBC Bioinformatics Center</font></a></div> <div><a href="http://www.wisi.com/"><font color="#000000">Wright Investors&rsquo; Service</font></a></div> <div><a href="http://biz.yahoo.com/ic/515.html"><font color="#000000">Yahoo Biotech Industry News</font></a></div> <div><a href="http://www.agweb.com/Default.aspx"><font color="#000000">Agweb</font></a></div> <div><a href="http://www.eurobiotechnews.eu/index.php?id=25"><font color="#000000">European Biotechnology Science and Industry News</font></a></div> <div><a href="http://wistechnology.com/"><font color="#000000">Wisconsin Technology Network</font></a></div> feb21c49dff60f3714f9b3b26f32bf8330b52d45 2605 2009-06-06T13:12:20Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <div><span><a href="http://news.biocompare.com/"><font color="#000000" size="3">Biocompare - Life Science News</font></a></span></div> <div><span><a href="http://www.bio-itworld.com/"><font color="#000000" size="3">Bio-IT World</font></a></span></div> <p><span><span><!--l namespace prefix="o" ns="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:offic--><font size="3"></font></span></span></p> <div><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/news/rss/"><font color="#000000" size="3">BioMed Central Newsfeed</font></a><br /> <a href="http://www.bioscorpio.com/"><font color="#000000" size="3">BioScorpio</font></a></div> <div><a href="http://www.biospace.com/company_profile.aspx?CompanyId=572820"><font color="#000000" size="3">Biospace</font></a><br /> </div> <div><a href="http://biotech.blogs.ca/"><font color="#000000" size="3">BioTech - Blogs.ca</font></a><font color="#000000" size="3"> <br /> </font><a href="http://www.biotechnology-investor.com/"><font color="#000000" size="3">Biotechnology Investors' Forum</font></a><font color="#000000" size="3"> <br /> </font><a href="http://www.bioworld.com/"><font color="#000000" size="3">Bioworld Online</font></a></div> <div><a target="new" href="http://strategis.ic.gc.ca/engdoc/main.html"><font color="#000000" size="3">Business Info (Canada)</font></a></div> <div><a href="http://home.businesswire.com/portal/site/home/"><font color="#000000" size="3">Business Wire</font></a></div> <div><a href="http://www.cato.com/fyi/calendarRss10.rdf"><font color="#000000" size="3">Cato Biotech Calendar</font></a></div> <div><a href="http://www.cato.com/biotech/directoryRss10.rdf"><font color="#000000" size="3">Cato Biotech Directory</font></a></div> <div><a href="http://www.checkbiotech.org/"><font color="#000000" size="3">Checkbiotech</font></a></div> <div><span><a href="http://www.colorbasepair.com/index.html"><font color="#000000" size="3">Color Base Pair</font></a></span><br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.drugandmarket.com/"><font color="#000000" size="3">Drug &amp; Market Development Publications</font></a></div> <div><a target="new" href="http://www.ey.com/global/gcr.nsf/US/Welcome-Health_Care-Ernst_&amp;_Young_LLP"><font color="#000000" size="3">Ernst &amp; Young Helath Sciences</font></a></div> <div><span><a href="http://www.eurekalert.org/bysubject/biology.php"><font color="#000000" size="3">Eureka Alert</font></a></span></div> <div><span><a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/"><font color="#000000" size="3">Genome News Network</font></a></span></div> <div><span><a href="http://www.genomeweb.com/"><font color="#000000" size="3">Genome Web</font></a></span><br /> <a href="http://www.worldfundsonline.com/funds/genomics/"><font color="#000000" size="3">Genomics Fund</font></a></div> <div><a href="http://gmptrainingsystems.blogspot.com/"><font color="#000000" size="3">GMP Training and Implementation Tips</font></a></div> <div><font color="#000000" size="3">Informa Healthcare</font></div> <div><a href="http://www.informedinvestors.com/"><font color="#000000" size="3">Informed Investors&rsquo; Forum</font></a></div> <div><a href="http://www.palgrave-journals.com/jcb/index.html"><font color="#000000" size="3">Journals of Commercial Biotechnology</font></a></div> <div><a href="http://www.lifesciencesworld.com/"><font color="#000000" size="3">LifeSciencesWorld</font></a></div> <div><a href="http://www.medscape.com/home"><font color="#000000" size="3">Medscape</font></a></div> <div><a href="http://medserv.no/index.php"><font color="#000000" size="3">Medserv Medical News</font></a></div> <div><a href="http://www.soapbox.com/english_exec/v?op=d&amp;d=109&amp;a=MEM0000000061&amp;c=287"><font color="#000000" size="3">Motley Fool</font></a></div> <div><a href="http://www.pharmaceutical-business-review.com/"><font color="#000000" size="3">Pharmaceutical Business Review</font></a><br /> <a href="http://www.pharmalinx.com/"><font color="#000000" size="3">PharmaLinx</font></a><br /> <a href="http://www.marketresearch.com/product/display.asp?productid=859168&amp;g=1"><font color="#000000" size="3">PharmaWatch</font></a></div> <div><a target="new" href="http://www.prnewswire.com/health/index.shtml"><font color="#000000" size="3">PR News Wire</font></a></div> <div><a href="http://www.prwebdirect.com/"><font color="#000000" size="3">PR Web</font></a></div> <div><a href="http://www.scienceblog.com/cms/index.php"><font color="#000000" size="3">Science Blog</font></a></div> <div><span><a href="http://science.bio.org/all.news.html"><font color="#000000" size="3">Science.bio.org News</font></a></span><br /> <a href="http://www.pjbpubs.com/scrip_reports/index.htm"><font color="#000000" size="3">Scrip_Reports</font></a></div> <div><span><a href="http://snowdeal.org/section/informatics/"><font color="#000000" size="3">snowdeal.org &gt; {bio,medical}informatics</font></a></span></div> <div><span><a href="http://www.the-scientist.com/"><font color="#000000" size="3">The Scientist</font></a></span></div> <div><a href="http://bioinformatics.ubc.ca/"><font color="#000000" size="3">UBC Bioinformatics Center</font></a></div> <div><a href="http://www.wisi.com/"><font color="#000000" size="3">Wright Investors&rsquo; Service</font></a></div> <div><a href="http://biz.yahoo.com/ic/515.html"><font color="#000000" size="3">Yahoo Biotech Industry News</font></a></div> <div><a href="http://www.agweb.com/Default.aspx"><font color="#000000" size="3">Agweb</font></a></div> <div><a href="http://www.eurobiotechnews.eu/index.php?id=25"><font color="#000000" size="3">European Biotechnology Science and Industry News</font></a></div> <div><a href="http://wistechnology.com/"><font color="#000000" size="3">Wisconsin Technology Network</font></a></div> 9e7e824dbf39844eaee4e3af61abbff95864ee45 0 1661 2606 2009-06-06T13:17:06Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki 20090603: [[Neanderthal genome sequeced by MPI Germany and Roche]]<br /> 20090601: Microsoft buys Rosetta Biosoftware from Merck. Merck becomes the client of Microsoft.<br /> 20090526: The first Korean Genome Sequence analysis result published in [http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2009/05/26/gr.092197.109.full.pdf+html Genome Research article]<br /> 20081204: [http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/tech/2008/12/133_35578.html Korean Genome Publicized]&nbsp;<br /> 2007: [http://www.khanews.com/inews/view_print.asp?idx=33957&amp;menuid=4&amp;menuid2=0 복지부 유전체 사업 갈팡질팡]<br /> <br /> <hr /> [[Biotechnology News Sites]]<br /> <br /> d4ad4bee210ee9cac71c17be16983eeb5113999e 2641 2009-07-17T06:42:46Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki [http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/ GenomeNewsNetwork.org]<br /> <br /> <hr /> [[Biotechnology News Sites]]<br /> <br /> 9ddff8383759ddf7a86da3cb28a6a18300f7d497 2642 2009-07-17T06:43:25Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki [http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/ GenomeNewsNetwork.org]<br /> [http://www.generef.com/genomics.news.html GeneRef.com/GenomicsNews]<br /> <br /> <hr /> [[Biotechnology News Sites]]<br /> <br /> 294453d21d60d6ace25934ad5ac4fd1716cd6e7e 2643 2009-07-17T06:44:02Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki [http://www.genomeweb.com/ GenomeWeb.com]<br /> [http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/ GenomeNewsNetwork.org]<br /> [http://www.generef.com/genomics.news.html GeneRef.com/GenomicsNews]<br /> <br /> <hr /> [[Biotechnology News Sites]]<br /> <br /> 3913071dfb36efec2c9c4e73d9f69d3d77bfe09b 2644 2009-07-17T06:46:03Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki [http://www.genomeweb.com/ GenomeWeb.com]<br /> [http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/ GenomeNewsNetwork.org]<br /> [http://www.generef.com/genomics.news.html GeneRef.com/GenomicsNews]<br /> [http://ec.europa.eu/research/health/genomics/newsletter/issue2/flashnews_en.htm EU genomics News]<br /> <br /> <hr /> [[Biotechnology News Sites]]<br /> <br /> 32772e2ffcdb915ce1e029967d84f00e8f17c082 2654 2009-07-18T23:59:25Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki [http://www.genomeweb.com/ GenomeWeb.com]<br /> [http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/ GenomeNewsNetwork.org]<br /> [http://www.generef.com/genomics.news.html GeneRef.com/GenomicsNews]<br /> [http://ec.europa.eu/research/health/genomics/newsletter/issue2/flashnews_en.htm EU genomics News]<br /> <br /> <hr /> [[Biotechnology News Sites]]&nbsp;<br /> <hr /> [[Genomics News Archive]]<br /> <br /> 36eb13bd5144bbd470b606e02d6236652738801f 0 1754 2607 2009-06-06T13:17:31Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <h1 class="home-title"><font size="2">Neanderthal Genome Sequenced using DNA from 38,000 Year Old Bones<br /> <br /> <a href="http://www.darkdaily.com/ebriefings/neanderthalgenome-sequenced-using-dna-from-38000-year-old-bones">http://www.darkdaily.com/ebriefings/neanderthalgenome-sequenced-using-dna-from-38000-year-old-bones</a></font></h1> c2cbd960f9f2e17f2f74c97f350d24d11b59aa2f 0 1755 2608 2009-06-06T13:20:36Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p class="text"><em><strong>BioWorld^&reg; Today,</strong></em> the newspaper of record for the biotechnology industry, is read by biotechnology professionals worldwide for its hard-hitting, objective news reporting. BioWorld Today is delivered by fax and e-mail every business morning, and is also found exclusively online at www.bioworld.com. The BioWorld Online web site has been internationally recognized as the most comprehensive resource for strategic biotechnology news and information available today. In addition to original daily news reporting, BioWorld offers an extensive searchable database with more than 17 years of biotechnology archives. This site is not only a great source for insightful, up-to-the-minute news coverage, but a veritable library of information on the developments of the industry as well. With a quick search, BioWorld subscribers have instant access to a wealth of biotechnology market intelligence from every biotech hotspot around the globe.</p> <p class="text"><strong>BioWorld</strong> publishes information that is researched and written by the top business and science reporters in the industry. With nearly 20 writers spread throughout eight countries, BioWorld covers news on public companies and hard-to-find information on private companies. Our seasoned reporters get the inside scoop on what's happening within the corporate walls, on regulatory issues in Washington and elsewhere, and on scientific breakthroughs worldwide. This news coverage of the biotechnology industry is 100 percent original and available only at BioWorld.</p> a5323d6d88a8c57b030240ecafe075fb78110349 2609 2009-06-06T13:20:51Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p class="text"><em><strong>BioWorld^&reg; Today,</strong></em> the newspaper of record for the biotechnology industry, is read by biotechnology professionals worldwide for its hard-hitting, objective news reporting. BioWorld Today is delivered by fax and e-mail every business morning, and is also found exclusively online at www.bioworld.com. The BioWorld Online web site has been internationally recognized as the most comprehensive resource for strategic biotechnology news and information available today. In addition to original daily news reporting, BioWorld offers an extensive searchable database with more than 17 years of biotechnology archives. This site is not only a great source for insightful, up-to-the-minute news coverage, but a veritable library of information on the developments of the industry as well. With a quick search, BioWorld subscribers have instant access to a wealth of biotechnology market intelligence from every biotech hotspot around the globe.</p> <p class="text"><strong>BioWorld</strong> publishes information that is researched and written by the top business and science reporters in the industry. With nearly 20 writers spread throughout eight countries, BioWorld covers news on public companies and hard-to-find information on private companies. Our seasoned reporters get the inside scoop on what's happening within the corporate walls, on regulatory issues in Washington and elsewhere, and on scientific breakthroughs worldwide. This news coverage of the biotechnology industry is 100 percent original and available only at BioWorld.<br /> <br /> <a href="http://www.bioworld.com/servlet/com.accumedia.web.Dispatcher?next=aboutUs">http://www.bioworld.com/servlet/com.accumedia.web.Dispatcher?next=aboutUs</a></p> d7971e046b08a84a712fde7b896a775a37f8b9a4 0 1508 2610 2009-06-08T10:29:09Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="3">Bioinformatics is a discipline of science that analyses, seeks understanding, and models the whole life as an evolving information processing phenomenon&nbsp;for maximizing energy&nbsp;utilization. <br /> It is a multidisciplinary science that uses methods and principles from philosophy, mathematics, and computer science for analyzing biological experimental data.<br /> <br /> Bioinformatics is the core analysis tool of genomics. <br /> <br /> Bioinformatic pipelines are automated analysis tools for all aspects of the genome.<br /> <br /> [[Short read nucleotide sequence mapping algorithms]]<br /> <br /> <br /> </font> <ul> <li><font size="3">[[Bioinformatics Company List]]: (See also: http://biocompany.net)</font> </li> <li><font size="3">[[Bioinformatics portal sites]]</font> </li> </ul> <br /> <hr size="2" width="100%" /> [http://bioinformatics.ws Bioinformatics Wiki Site]<font size="3"> <br /> </font> f0d7eced7561ed3b0e0cb147daba5a35a18293f6 0 1756 2611 2009-06-08T10:29:29Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki [[BOAT algorithm]]: <span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang="EN-GB">http://boat.cbi.pku.edu.cn</span> 0b8a8db3cf0bf8abdbde3f9db8a22116477ed2f7 0 1757 2612 2009-06-08T13:32:56Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang="EN-GB">Basic Oligonucleotide Alignment Tool</span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang="EN-GB">&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span> 651d748032052b83e0f9f01fd3be7cc668e4ce92 0 1650 2613 2009-06-08T23:45:45Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">The first Korean Genome Announced (2008. Dec. 4th)</font><br /> <br /> Gacheon Medical School's Lee Gilyeo Cancer Diabetes Research Institute and [[KOBIC]] of KRIBB announced a Korean human genome sequence.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <a href="http://koreagenome.org/">http://koreagenome.org/</a><br /> <br /> The first&nbsp;full genome sequence is available from <a href="ftp://ftp.kobic.re.kr/pub/PersonalGenomes/Korean/">ftp://ftp.kobic.re.kr/pub/PersonalGenomes/Korean/</a><br /> <br /> This is the fifth individual genome that is fully available on the net. Dr. Kim Seong-jin's genome was sequenced who is the head of the LCDI (Lee Gilyeo Cancer Diabetes Inst.).<br /> <br /> The genome was analyzed by KOBIC using around 150 CPUs.<br /> <br /> <br /> <hr /> <font size="3">The first Korean Genome was published in Genome Research in May 2009.</font><br /> <br /> <a href="http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2009/05/26/gr.092197.109.full.pdf+html">http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2009/05/26/gr.092197.109.full.pdf+html</a><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> fcbea16438985e82a0a1cd94026a3e7fb289aff8 2614 2009-06-08T23:47:40Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">The first Korean Genome Announced (2008. Dec. 4th)</font><br /> <br /> Gacheon Medical School's Lee Gilyeo Cancer Diabetes Research Institute and [[KOBIC]] of KRIBB announced a Korean human genome sequence.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <a href="http://koreagenome.org/">http://koreagenome.org/</a><br /> <br /> The first&nbsp;full genome sequence is available from <a href="ftp://ftp.kobic.re.kr/pub/PersonalGenomes/Korean/">ftp://ftp.kobic.re.kr/pub/PersonalGenomes/Korean/</a><br /> <br /> This is the fifth individual genome that is fully available on the net. Dr. Kim Seong-jin's genome was sequenced who is the head of the LCDI (Lee Gilyeo Cancer Diabetes Inst.).<br /> <br /> The genome was analyzed by KOBIC using around 150 CPUs.<br /> <br /> <br /> <hr /> <font size="3">The first Korean Genome was published in Genome Research in May 2009.</font><br /> <br /> <a href="http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2009/05/26/gr.092197.109.full.pdf+html">http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2009/05/26/gr.092197.109.full.pdf+html</a><br /> [http://www.genomeweb.com/dxpgx/european-genetics-group-offers-draft-genetic-testing-oversight?emc=el&amp;m=410159&amp;l=6&amp;v=85e6408480 Genomeweb.com News about Korean genome]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 57f3e72039afc5d2169b6021d2bd05923b0bc461 2615 2009-07-05T07:06:34Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">The first Korean Genome Announced (2008. Dec. 4th)</font><br /> <br /> Gacheon Medical School's Lee Gilyeo Cancer Diabetes Research Institute and [[KOBIC]] of KRIBB announced a Korean human genome sequence.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <a href="http://koreagenome.org/">http://koreagenome.org/</a><br /> <br /> The first&nbsp;full genome sequence is available from <a href="ftp://ftp.kobic.re.kr/pub/PersonalGenomes/Korean/">ftp://ftp.kobic.re.kr/pub/PersonalGenomes/Korean/</a><br /> <br /> This is the fifth individual genome that is fully available on the net. Dr. Kim Seong-jin's genome was sequenced who is the head of the LCDI (Lee Gilyeo Cancer Diabetes Inst.).<br /> <br /> The genome was analyzed by KOBIC using around 150 CPUs.<br /> <br /> <br /> <hr /> <font size="3">The first Korean Genome was published in Genome Research in May 2009.</font><br /> <br /> <a href="http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2009/06/24/gr.092197.109.full.pdf+html">http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2009/06/24/gr.092197.109.full.pdf+html</a><br /> <a href="http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2009/05/26/gr.092197.109.full.pdf+html"></a><br /> [http://www.genomeweb.com/dxpgx/european-genetics-group-offers-draft-genetic-testing-oversight?emc=el&amp;m=410159&amp;l=6&amp;v=85e6408480 Genomeweb.com News about Korean genome]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> d1226c3219d8bf9a3b4144eee26703f826ccc726 0 1758 2618 2009-07-13T11:04:15Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Genomic linkage map of the human blood fluke <em>Schistosoma mansoni]]: </em>20090630, <em>Genome Biology</em> 2009, <strong>10</strong><strong>:</strong>R71<span class="pseudotab">doi:10.1186/gb-2009-10-6-r71</span> 8d0640201cfb3186a26c6f3c5fd7ed21fe0ed8e0 2619 2009-07-13T11:04:27Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Genomic linkage map of the human blood fluke <em>Schistosoma mansoni</em>]]: 20090630, <em>Genome Biology</em> 2009, <strong>10</strong><strong>:</strong>R71<span class="pseudotab">doi:10.1186/gb-2009-10-6-r71</span> 90b2d1f5240de43ec9b10d21cead35cc5532b67e 2620 2009-07-13T11:04:40Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Genomic linkage map of the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni]]: 20090630, <em>Genome Biology</em> 2009, <strong>10</strong><strong>:</strong>R71<span class="pseudotab">doi:10.1186/gb-2009-10-6-r71</span> 9e43d2bc62ec5623c67d86eabe3417f80a6be30a 2623 2009-07-13T11:06:29Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki 20090630: [[Genomic linkage map of the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni]]:&nbsp; <em>Genome Biology</em> 2009, <strong>10</strong><strong>:</strong>R71<span class="pseudotab">doi:10.1186/gb-2009-10-6-r71</span> e645e1871998e5c099075544bb8206c86e4da36e 2639 2009-07-17T06:41:38Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki 20090630: [[Genomic linkage map of the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni]]:&nbsp; <em>Genome Biology</em> 2009, <strong>10</strong><strong>:</strong>R71<span class="pseudotab">doi:10.1186/gb-2009-10-6-r71</span>&nbsp;<br /> 20090603: [[Neanderthal genome sequeced by MPI Germany and Roche]]<br /> 20090601: Microsoft buys Rosetta Biosoftware from Merck. Merck becomes the client of Microsoft.<br /> 20090526: The first Korean Genome Sequence analysis result published in [http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2009/05/26/gr.092197.109.full.pdf+html Genome Research article]<br /> 20081204: [http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/tech/2008/12/133_35578.html Korean Genome Publicized]&nbsp;<br /> 2007: [http://www.khanews.com/inews/view_print.asp?idx=33957&amp;menuid=4&amp;menuid2=0 복지부 유전체 사업 갈팡질팡]<br /> <br /> <hr /> [[Biotechnology News Sites]]<br /> <br /> 0567884aa46d96fd721266e9544b5e6d7baf3dfc 2640 2009-07-17T06:41:49Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">20090630: [[Genomic linkage map of the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni]]:&nbsp; <em>Genome Biology</em> 2009, <strong>10</strong><strong>:</strong>R71<span class="pseudotab">doi:10.1186/gb-2009-10-6-r71</span>&nbsp;<br /> 20090603: [[Neanderthal genome sequeced by MPI Germany and Roche]]<br /> 20090601: Microsoft buys Rosetta Biosoftware from Merck. Merck becomes the client of Microsoft.<br /> 20090526: The first Korean Genome Sequence analysis result published in [http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2009/05/26/gr.092197.109.full.pdf+html Genome Research article]<br /> 20081204: [http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/tech/2008/12/133_35578.html Korean Genome Publicized]&nbsp;<br /> 2007: [http://www.khanews.com/inews/view_print.asp?idx=33957&amp;menuid=4&amp;menuid2=0 복지부 유전체 사업 갈팡질팡]<br /> <br /> <hr /> [[Biotechnology News Sites]]<br /> <br /> </font> 291322e8a7307b81df8b783eac7a0c30a5b6c7d7 2645 2009-07-17T06:47:10Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">20090716: <!-- a href=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl?z2090023735&amp;z=950242273 target=_parent><b>Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</b></a --><a href="http://www.bioportfolio.co.uk/cgi-bin/dialogserver.exe?CMD=hit.displayMdoc&amp;ID=3022030&amp;HITNO=2&amp;MSIZE=634&amp;LANGUAGE=en&amp;FILE=doc.NEWSFEED&amp;SAVEQUERY00=Genomics&amp;SAVEPROP00=L%3den&amp;SAVEDB=news&amp;SAVEORGANISE_CODED=R:date&amp;R=3022030&amp;THISHREF=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl%3fz2090023735%26amp%3bz%3d950242273&amp;THEHOST=site d.moreover.com" target="_parent"><strong><font color="#0066cc" size="2">Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</font></strong></a><font size="2"> </font><br /> 20090630: [[Genomic linkage map of the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni]]:&nbsp; <em>Genome Biology</em> 2009, <strong>10</strong><strong>:</strong>R71<span class="pseudotab">doi:10.1186/gb-2009-10-6-r71</span>&nbsp;<br /> 20090603: [[Neanderthal genome sequeced by MPI Germany and Roche]]<br /> 20090601: Microsoft buys Rosetta Biosoftware from Merck. Merck becomes the client of Microsoft.<br /> 20090526: The first Korean Genome Sequence analysis result published in [http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2009/05/26/gr.092197.109.full.pdf+html Genome Research article]<br /> 20081204: [http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/tech/2008/12/133_35578.html Korean Genome Publicized]&nbsp;<br /> 2007: [http://www.khanews.com/inews/view_print.asp?idx=33957&amp;menuid=4&amp;menuid2=0 복지부 유전체 사업 갈팡질팡]<br /> <br /> <hr /> [[Biotechnology News Sites]]<br /> <br /> </font> 05c4fa5f8fe0ad99b7204bbddd89298656849a88 2646 2009-07-17T06:48:27Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">20090716: <!-- a href=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl?z2090023735&amp;z=950242273 target=_parent><b>Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</b></a --><a target="_parent" click="" c.moreover.com="" href="http://www.bioportfolio.co.uk/cgi-bin/dialogserver.exe?CMD=hit.displayMdoc&amp;ID=3022030&amp;HITNO=2&amp;MSIZE=634&amp;LANGUAGE=en&amp;FILE=doc.NEWSFEED&amp;SAVEQUERY00=Genomics&amp;SAVEPROP00=L%3den&amp;SAVEDB=news&amp;SAVEORGANISE_CODED=R:date&amp;R=3022030&amp;THISHREF=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl%3fz2090023735%26amp%3bz%3d950242273&amp;THEHOST=site d.moreover.com"><strong><font color="#0066cc" size="2">Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</font></strong></a><font size="2">&nbsp;<br /> </font>20090714: OryzaSNP Consortium IDs Thousands of Variants in Rice Genome: [http://www.genomeweb.com/arrays/oryzasnp-consortium-ids-thousands-variants-rice-genome] <br /> 20090630: [[Genomic linkage map of the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni]]:&nbsp; <em>Genome Biology</em> 2009, <strong>10</strong><strong>:</strong>R71<span class="pseudotab">doi:10.1186/gb-2009-10-6-r71</span>&nbsp;<br /> 20090603: [[Neanderthal genome sequeced by MPI Germany and Roche]]<br /> 20090601: Microsoft buys Rosetta Biosoftware from Merck. Merck becomes the client of Microsoft.<br /> 20090526: The first Korean Genome Sequence analysis result published in [http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2009/05/26/gr.092197.109.full.pdf+html Genome Research article]<br /> 20081204: [http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/tech/2008/12/133_35578.html Korean Genome Publicized]&nbsp;<br /> 2007: [http://www.khanews.com/inews/view_print.asp?idx=33957&amp;menuid=4&amp;menuid2=0 복지부 유전체 사업 갈팡질팡]<br /> <br /> <hr /> [[Biotechnology News Sites]]<br /> <br /> </font> 58436e56eadbf9066bd972611d89b75a8a779e29 2647 2009-07-17T06:52:40Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">20090716: Genomes Of Parasitic Flatworms Decoded: <em>Schistosoma mansoni</em> and <em>Schistosoma japonicum</em> [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090715131439.htm]<br /> 20090716: <!-- a href=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl?z2090023735&amp;z=950242273 target=_parent><b>Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</b></a --><a target="_parent" click="" c.moreover.com="" href="http://www.bioportfolio.co.uk/cgi-bin/dialogserver.exe?CMD=hit.displayMdoc&amp;ID=3022030&amp;HITNO=2&amp;MSIZE=634&amp;LANGUAGE=en&amp;FILE=doc.NEWSFEED&amp;SAVEQUERY00=Genomics&amp;SAVEPROP00=L%3den&amp;SAVEDB=news&amp;SAVEORGANISE_CODED=R:date&amp;R=3022030&amp;THISHREF=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl%3fz2090023735%26amp%3bz%3d950242273&amp;THEHOST=site d.moreover.com"><strong><font color="#0066cc" size="2">Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</font></strong></a><font size="2">&nbsp;<br /> </font>20090714: OryzaSNP Consortium IDs Thousands of Variants in Rice Genome: [http://www.genomeweb.com/arrays/oryzasnp-consortium-ids-thousands-variants-rice-genome] <br /> 20090630: [[Genomic linkage map of the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni]]:&nbsp; <em>Genome Biology</em> 2009, <strong>10</strong><strong>:</strong>R71<span class="pseudotab">doi:10.1186/gb-2009-10-6-r71</span>&nbsp;<br /> 20090603: [[Neanderthal genome sequeced by MPI Germany and Roche]]<br /> 20090601: Microsoft buys Rosetta Biosoftware from Merck. Merck becomes the client of Microsoft.<br /> 20090526: The first Korean Genome Sequence analysis result published in [http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2009/05/26/gr.092197.109.full.pdf+html Genome Research article]<br /> 20081204: [http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/tech/2008/12/133_35578.html Korean Genome Publicized]&nbsp;<br /> 2007: [http://www.khanews.com/inews/view_print.asp?idx=33957&amp;menuid=4&amp;menuid2=0 복지부 유전체 사업 갈팡질팡]<br /> <br /> <hr /> [[Biotechnology News Sites]]<br /> <br /> </font> da84c0f5339d4714f9938c5466d5e2cd31502996 2648 2009-07-17T06:52:53Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4"><font size="3">20090716: Genomes Of Parasitic Flatworms Decoded: <em>Schistosoma mansoni</em> and <em>Schistosoma japonicum</em> [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090715131439.htm]<br /> 20090716: <!-- a href=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl?z2090023735&amp;z=950242273 target=_parent><b>Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</b></a --></font><a target="_parent" click="" c.moreover.com="" href="http://www.bioportfolio.co.uk/cgi-bin/dialogserver.exe?CMD=hit.displayMdoc&amp;ID=3022030&amp;HITNO=2&amp;MSIZE=634&amp;LANGUAGE=en&amp;FILE=doc.NEWSFEED&amp;SAVEQUERY00=Genomics&amp;SAVEPROP00=L%3den&amp;SAVEDB=news&amp;SAVEORGANISE_CODED=R:date&amp;R=3022030&amp;THISHREF=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl%3fz2090023735%26amp%3bz%3d950242273&amp;THEHOST=site d.moreover.com"><strong><font color="#0066cc" size="3">Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</font></strong></a><font size="3">&nbsp;<br /> 20090714: OryzaSNP Consortium IDs Thousands of Variants in Rice Genome: [http://www.genomeweb.com/arrays/oryzasnp-consortium-ids-thousands-variants-rice-genome] <br /> 20090630: [[Genomic linkage map of the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni]]:&nbsp; <em>Genome Biology</em> 2009, <strong>10</strong><strong>:</strong>R71<span class="pseudotab">doi:10.1186/gb-2009-10-6-r71</span>&nbsp;<br /> 20090603: [[Neanderthal genome sequeced by MPI Germany and Roche]]<br /> 20090601: Microsoft buys Rosetta Biosoftware from Merck. Merck becomes the client of Microsoft.<br /> 20090526: The first Korean Genome Sequence analysis result published in [http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2009/05/26/gr.092197.109.full.pdf+html Genome Research article]<br /> 20081204: [http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/tech/2008/12/133_35578.html Korean Genome Publicized]&nbsp;<br /> 2007: [http://www.khanews.com/inews/view_print.asp?idx=33957&amp;menuid=4&amp;menuid2=0 복지부 유전체 사업 갈팡질팡]</font><br /> <br /> <hr /> [[Biotechnology News Sites]]<br /> <br /> </font> 4106013e20ccd5b8e3e0e094cfe1ca94e981814f 2649 2009-07-18T06:34:27Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4"><font size="3">20090716: Celera Pushes Boundaries with Automated Workflows [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/17/celera-pushes-boundaries.html]<br /> 20090716: Genomes Of Parasitic Flatworms Decoded: <em>Schistosoma mansoni</em> and <em>Schistosoma japonicum</em> [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090715131439.htm]<br /> 20090716: <!-- a href=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl?z2090023735&amp;z=950242273 target=_parent><b>Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</b></a --></font><a target="_parent" c.moreover.com="" click="" href="http://www.bioportfolio.co.uk/cgi-bin/dialogserver.exe?CMD=hit.displayMdoc&amp;ID=3022030&amp;HITNO=2&amp;MSIZE=634&amp;LANGUAGE=en&amp;FILE=doc.NEWSFEED&amp;SAVEQUERY00=Genomics&amp;SAVEPROP00=L%3den&amp;SAVEDB=news&amp;SAVEORGANISE_CODED=R:date&amp;R=3022030&amp;THISHREF=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl%3fz2090023735%26amp%3bz%3d950242273&amp;THEHOST=site d.moreover.com"><strong><font color="#0066cc" size="3">Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</font></strong></a><font size="3">&nbsp;<br /> 20090714: OryzaSNP Consortium IDs Thousands of Variants in Rice Genome: [http://www.genomeweb.com/arrays/oryzasnp-consortium-ids-thousands-variants-rice-genome] <br /> 20090630: [[Genomic linkage map of the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni]]:&nbsp; <em>Genome Biology</em> 2009, <strong>10</strong><strong>:</strong>R71<span class="pseudotab">doi:10.1186/gb-2009-10-6-r71</span>&nbsp;<br /> 20090603: [[Neanderthal genome sequeced by MPI Germany and Roche]]<br /> 20090601: Microsoft buys Rosetta Biosoftware from Merck. Merck becomes the client of Microsoft.<br /> 20090526: The first Korean Genome Sequence analysis result published in [http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2009/05/26/gr.092197.109.full.pdf+html Genome Research article]<br /> 20081204: [http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/tech/2008/12/133_35578.html Korean Genome Publicized]&nbsp;<br /> 2007: [http://www.khanews.com/inews/view_print.asp?idx=33957&amp;menuid=4&amp;menuid2=0 복지부 유전체 사업 갈팡질팡]</font><br /> <br /> <hr /> [[Biotechnology News Sites]]<br /> <br /> </font> c28ba75d7c81998815278099776f74306d078373 2650 2009-07-18T06:34:46Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4"><font size="3">20090716: Celera Uses&nbsp;Automated Workflows for Genomics [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/17/celera-pushes-boundaries.html]<br /> 20090716: Genomes Of Parasitic Flatworms Decoded: <em>Schistosoma mansoni</em> and <em>Schistosoma japonicum</em> [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090715131439.htm]<br /> 20090716: <!-- a href=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl?z2090023735&amp;z=950242273 target=_parent><b>Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</b></a --></font><a target="_parent" c.moreover.com="" click="" href="http://www.bioportfolio.co.uk/cgi-bin/dialogserver.exe?CMD=hit.displayMdoc&amp;ID=3022030&amp;HITNO=2&amp;MSIZE=634&amp;LANGUAGE=en&amp;FILE=doc.NEWSFEED&amp;SAVEQUERY00=Genomics&amp;SAVEPROP00=L%3den&amp;SAVEDB=news&amp;SAVEORGANISE_CODED=R:date&amp;R=3022030&amp;THISHREF=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl%3fz2090023735%26amp%3bz%3d950242273&amp;THEHOST=site d.moreover.com"><strong><font color="#0066cc" size="3">Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</font></strong></a><font size="3">&nbsp;<br /> 20090714: OryzaSNP Consortium IDs Thousands of Variants in Rice Genome: [http://www.genomeweb.com/arrays/oryzasnp-consortium-ids-thousands-variants-rice-genome] <br /> 20090630: [[Genomic linkage map of the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni]]:&nbsp; <em>Genome Biology</em> 2009, <strong>10</strong><strong>:</strong>R71<span class="pseudotab">doi:10.1186/gb-2009-10-6-r71</span>&nbsp;<br /> 20090603: [[Neanderthal genome sequeced by MPI Germany and Roche]]<br /> 20090601: Microsoft buys Rosetta Biosoftware from Merck. Merck becomes the client of Microsoft.<br /> 20090526: The first Korean Genome Sequence analysis result published in [http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2009/05/26/gr.092197.109.full.pdf+html Genome Research article]<br /> 20081204: [http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/tech/2008/12/133_35578.html Korean Genome Publicized]&nbsp;<br /> 2007: [http://www.khanews.com/inews/view_print.asp?idx=33957&amp;menuid=4&amp;menuid2=0 복지부 유전체 사업 갈팡질팡]</font><br /> <br /> <hr /> [[Biotechnology News Sites]]<br /> <br /> </font> 348afb7f721fce49df20a05fd41279deb56f2b0e 2651 2009-07-18T06:36:09Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4"><font size="3">20090716: Celera Uses&nbsp;Automated Workflows for Genomics [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/17/celera-pushes-boundaries.html]<br /> 20090716: Genomes Of Parasitic Flatworms Decoded: <em>Schistosoma mansoni</em> and <em>Schistosoma japonicum</em> [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090715131439.htm]<br /> 20090716: <!-- a href=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl?z2090023735&amp;z=950242273 target=_parent><b>Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</b></a --></font><a target="_parent" c.moreover.com="" click="" href="http://www.bioportfolio.co.uk/cgi-bin/dialogserver.exe?CMD=hit.displayMdoc&amp;ID=3022030&amp;HITNO=2&amp;MSIZE=634&amp;LANGUAGE=en&amp;FILE=doc.NEWSFEED&amp;SAVEQUERY00=Genomics&amp;SAVEPROP00=L%3den&amp;SAVEDB=news&amp;SAVEORGANISE_CODED=R:date&amp;R=3022030&amp;THISHREF=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl%3fz2090023735%26amp%3bz%3d950242273&amp;THEHOST=site d.moreover.com"><strong><font color="#0066cc" size="3">Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</font></strong></a><font size="3">&nbsp;<br /> 20090715: [[Pathway Genomics]] starts the Direct-to-Consumer Genomics service as 23andme and Decodeme [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/15/pathway-consumer-genomics.html]<br /> 20090714: OryzaSNP Consortium IDs Thousands of Variants in Rice Genome: [http://www.genomeweb.com/arrays/oryzasnp-consortium-ids-thousands-variants-rice-genome] <br /> 20090630: [[Genomic linkage map of the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni]]:&nbsp; <em>Genome Biology</em> 2009, <strong>10</strong><strong>:</strong>R71<span class="pseudotab">doi:10.1186/gb-2009-10-6-r71</span>&nbsp;<br /> 20090603: [[Neanderthal genome sequeced by MPI Germany and Roche]]<br /> 20090601: Microsoft buys Rosetta Biosoftware from Merck. Merck becomes the client of Microsoft.<br /> 20090526: The first Korean Genome Sequence analysis result published in [http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2009/05/26/gr.092197.109.full.pdf+html Genome Research article]<br /> 20081204: [http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/tech/2008/12/133_35578.html Korean Genome Publicized]&nbsp;<br /> 2007: [http://www.khanews.com/inews/view_print.asp?idx=33957&amp;menuid=4&amp;menuid2=0 복지부 유전체 사업 갈팡질팡]</font><br /> <br /> <hr /> [[Biotechnology News Sites]]<br /> <br /> </font> 2c1b1385d52f7ac1688e33dbe5aaeec17da38c44 2653 2009-07-18T23:59:02Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4"><font size="3">20090716: Celera Uses&nbsp;Automated Workflows for Genomics [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/17/celera-pushes-boundaries.html]<br /> 20090716: Genomes Of Parasitic Flatworms Decoded: <em>Schistosoma mansoni</em> and <em>Schistosoma japonicum</em> [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090715131439.htm]<br /> 20090716: <!-- a href=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl?z2090023735&amp;z=950242273 target=_parent><b>Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</b></a --></font><a target="_parent" click="" c.moreover.com="" href="http://www.bioportfolio.co.uk/cgi-bin/dialogserver.exe?CMD=hit.displayMdoc&amp;ID=3022030&amp;HITNO=2&amp;MSIZE=634&amp;LANGUAGE=en&amp;FILE=doc.NEWSFEED&amp;SAVEQUERY00=Genomics&amp;SAVEPROP00=L%3den&amp;SAVEDB=news&amp;SAVEORGANISE_CODED=R:date&amp;R=3022030&amp;THISHREF=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl%3fz2090023735%26amp%3bz%3d950242273&amp;THEHOST=site d.moreover.com"><strong><font color="#0066cc" size="3">Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</font></strong></a><font size="3">&nbsp;<br /> 20090715: [[Pathway Genomics]] starts the Direct-to-Consumer Genomics service as 23andme and Decodeme [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/15/pathway-consumer-genomics.html]<br /> 20090714: OryzaSNP Consortium IDs Thousands of Variants in Rice Genome: [http://www.genomeweb.com/arrays/oryzasnp-consortium-ids-thousands-variants-rice-genome] <br /> 20090630: [[Genomic linkage map of the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni]]:&nbsp; <em>Genome Biology</em> 2009, <strong>10</strong><strong>:</strong>R71<span class="pseudotab">doi:10.1186/gb-2009-10-6-r71</span>&nbsp;<br /> 20090603: [[Neanderthal genome sequeced by MPI Germany and Roche]]<br /> 20090601: Microsoft buys Rosetta Biosoftware from Merck. Merck becomes the client of Microsoft.<br /> 20090526: The first Korean Genome Sequence analysis result published in [http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2009/05/26/gr.092197.109.full.pdf+html Genome Research article]<br /> 20081204: [http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/tech/2008/12/133_35578.html Korean Genome Publicized]&nbsp;<br /> 2007: [http://www.khanews.com/inews/view_print.asp?idx=33957&amp;menuid=4&amp;menuid2=0 복지부 유전체 사업 갈팡질팡]</font><br /> <br /> <hr /> [[Genomics News Links]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Biotechnology News Sites]]<br /> <br /> </font> e556f5b8352685b00d8205abeff07d6cb98630a0 2655 2009-07-19T00:01:21Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4"><font size="3">20090716: Navigenics Lowers Health Compass Price to $999 USD. [http://www.genomeweb.com/dxpgx/navigenics-lowers-health-compass-price-1k]<br /> 20090716: Celera Uses&nbsp;Automated Workflows for Genomics [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/17/celera-pushes-boundaries.html]<br /> 20090716: Genomes Of Parasitic Flatworms Decoded: <em>Schistosoma mansoni</em> and <em>Schistosoma japonicum</em> [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090715131439.htm]<br /> 20090716: <!-- a href=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl?z2090023735&amp;z=950242273 target=_parent><b>Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</b></a --></font><a target="_parent" c.moreover.com="" click="" href="http://www.bioportfolio.co.uk/cgi-bin/dialogserver.exe?CMD=hit.displayMdoc&amp;ID=3022030&amp;HITNO=2&amp;MSIZE=634&amp;LANGUAGE=en&amp;FILE=doc.NEWSFEED&amp;SAVEQUERY00=Genomics&amp;SAVEPROP00=L%3den&amp;SAVEDB=news&amp;SAVEORGANISE_CODED=R:date&amp;R=3022030&amp;THISHREF=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl%3fz2090023735%26amp%3bz%3d950242273&amp;THEHOST=site d.moreover.com"><strong><font color="#0066cc" size="3">Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</font></strong></a><font size="3">&nbsp;<br /> 20090715: [[Pathway Genomics]] starts the Direct-to-Consumer Genomics service as 23andme and Decodeme [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/15/pathway-consumer-genomics.html]<br /> 20090714: OryzaSNP Consortium IDs Thousands of Variants in Rice Genome: [http://www.genomeweb.com/arrays/oryzasnp-consortium-ids-thousands-variants-rice-genome] <br /> 20090630: [[Genomic linkage map of the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni]]:&nbsp; <em>Genome Biology</em> 2009, <strong>10</strong><strong>:</strong>R71<span class="pseudotab">doi:10.1186/gb-2009-10-6-r71</span>&nbsp;<br /> 20090603: [[Neanderthal genome sequeced by MPI Germany and Roche]]<br /> 20090601: Microsoft buys Rosetta Biosoftware from Merck. Merck becomes the client of Microsoft.<br /> 20090526: The first Korean Genome Sequence analysis result published in [http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2009/05/26/gr.092197.109.full.pdf+html Genome Research article]<br /> 20081204: [http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/tech/2008/12/133_35578.html Korean Genome Publicized]&nbsp;<br /> 2007: [http://www.khanews.com/inews/view_print.asp?idx=33957&amp;menuid=4&amp;menuid2=0 복지부 유전체 사업 갈팡질팡]</font><br /> <br /> <hr /> [[Genomics News Links]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Biotechnology News Sites]]<br /> <br /> </font> eef2b4a990eda97f4eb25c2d27c943673f0fdb85 2656 2009-07-19T00:03:24Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4"><font size="3">20090716: Navigenics Lowers Health Compass Price to $999 USD. [http://www.genomeweb.com/dxpgx/navigenics-lowers-health-compass-price-1k]<br /> 20090716: Celera Uses&nbsp;Automated Workflows for Genomics [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/17/celera-pushes-boundaries.html]<br /> 20090716: Genomes Of Parasitic Flatworms Decoded: <em>Schistosoma mansoni</em> and <em>Schistosoma japonicum</em> [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090715131439.htm]<br /> 20090716: <!-- a href=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl?z2090023735&amp;z=950242273 target=_parent><b>Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</b></a --></font><a target="_parent" c.moreover.com="" click="" href="http://www.bioportfolio.co.uk/cgi-bin/dialogserver.exe?CMD=hit.displayMdoc&amp;ID=3022030&amp;HITNO=2&amp;MSIZE=634&amp;LANGUAGE=en&amp;FILE=doc.NEWSFEED&amp;SAVEQUERY00=Genomics&amp;SAVEPROP00=L%3den&amp;SAVEDB=news&amp;SAVEORGANISE_CODED=R:date&amp;R=3022030&amp;THISHREF=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl%3fz2090023735%26amp%3bz%3d950242273&amp;THEHOST=site d.moreover.com"><strong><font color="#0066cc" size="3">Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</font></strong></a><font size="3">&nbsp;<br /> 20090715: [[Pathway Genomics]] starts the Direct-to-Consumer Genomics service as 23andme and Decodeme [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/15/pathway-consumer-genomics.html]<br /> 20090714: OryzaSNP Consortium IDs Thousands of Variants in Rice Genome: [http://www.genomeweb.com/arrays/oryzasnp-consortium-ids-thousands-variants-rice-genome] <br /> 20090630: [[Genomic linkage map of the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni]]:&nbsp; <em>Genome Biology</em> 2009, <strong>10</strong><strong>:</strong>R71<span class="pseudotab">doi:10.1186/gb-2009-10-6-r71</span>&nbsp;<br /> 20090616: Illumina Launches Personal Genome-Sequencing Service Using Genome Analyzer II. <br /> 20090603: [[Neanderthal genome sequeced by MPI Germany and Roche]]<br /> 20090601: Microsoft buys Rosetta Biosoftware from Merck. Merck becomes the client of Microsoft.<br /> 20090526: The first Korean Genome Sequence analysis result published in [http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2009/05/26/gr.092197.109.full.pdf+html Genome Research article]<br /> 20081204: [http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/tech/2008/12/133_35578.html Korean Genome Publicized]&nbsp;<br /> 2007: [http://www.khanews.com/inews/view_print.asp?idx=33957&amp;menuid=4&amp;menuid2=0 복지부 유전체 사업 갈팡질팡]</font><br /> <br /> <hr /> [[Genomics News Links]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Biotechnology News Sites]]<br /> <br /> </font> 06dd32d3657ab888ef93a775db78cb1cb572243c 2657 2009-07-19T00:05:20Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4"><font size="3">20090716: Navigenics Lowers Health Compass Price to $999 USD. [http://www.genomeweb.com/dxpgx/navigenics-lowers-health-compass-price-1k]<br /> 20090716: Celera Uses&nbsp;Automated Workflows for Genomics [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/17/celera-pushes-boundaries.html]<br /> 20090716: Genomes Of Parasitic Flatworms Decoded: <em>Schistosoma mansoni</em> and <em>Schistosoma japonicum</em> [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090715131439.htm]<br /> 20090716: <!-- a href=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl?z2090023735&amp;z=950242273 target=_parent><b>Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</b></a --></font><a target="_parent" c.moreover.com="" click="" href="http://www.bioportfolio.co.uk/cgi-bin/dialogserver.exe?CMD=hit.displayMdoc&amp;ID=3022030&amp;HITNO=2&amp;MSIZE=634&amp;LANGUAGE=en&amp;FILE=doc.NEWSFEED&amp;SAVEQUERY00=Genomics&amp;SAVEPROP00=L%3den&amp;SAVEDB=news&amp;SAVEORGANISE_CODED=R:date&amp;R=3022030&amp;THISHREF=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl%3fz2090023735%26amp%3bz%3d950242273&amp;THEHOST=site d.moreover.com"><strong><font color="#0066cc" size="3">Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</font></strong></a><font size="3">&nbsp;<br /> 20090715: [[Pathway Genomics]] starts the Direct-to-Consumer Genomics service as 23andme and Decodeme [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/15/pathway-consumer-genomics.html]<br /> 20090714: OryzaSNP Consortium IDs Thousands of Variants in Rice Genome: [http://www.genomeweb.com/arrays/oryzasnp-consortium-ids-thousands-variants-rice-genome] <br /> 20090630: [[Genomic linkage map of the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni]]:&nbsp; <em>Genome Biology</em> 2009, <strong>10</strong><strong>:</strong>R71<span class="pseudotab">doi:10.1186/gb-2009-10-6-r71</span>&nbsp;<br /> 20090616: Illumina Launches Personal Genome-Sequencing Service Using Genome Analyzer II. [[http://scienceblogs.com/geneticfuture/2009/06/illumina_launches_personal_gen.php]<br /> 20090603: [[Neanderthal genome sequeced by MPI Germany and Roche]]<br /> 20090601: Microsoft buys Rosetta Biosoftware from Merck. Merck becomes the client of Microsoft.<br /> 20090526: The first Korean Genome Sequence analysis result published in [http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2009/05/26/gr.092197.109.full.pdf+html Genome Research article]<br /> 20081204: [http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/tech/2008/12/133_35578.html Korean Genome Publicized]&nbsp;<br /> 2007: [http://www.khanews.com/inews/view_print.asp?idx=33957&amp;menuid=4&amp;menuid2=0 복지부 유전체 사업 갈팡질팡]</font><br /> <br /> <hr /> [[Genomics News Links]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Biotechnology News Sites]]<br /> <br /> </font> 5addf5a285b062e403d730fdd99aef2926059a4c 2658 2009-07-19T00:05:29Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4"><font size="3">20090716: Navigenics Lowers Health Compass Price to $999 USD. [http://www.genomeweb.com/dxpgx/navigenics-lowers-health-compass-price-1k]<br /> 20090716: Celera Uses&nbsp;Automated Workflows for Genomics [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/17/celera-pushes-boundaries.html]<br /> 20090716: Genomes Of Parasitic Flatworms Decoded: <em>Schistosoma mansoni</em> and <em>Schistosoma japonicum</em> [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090715131439.htm]<br /> 20090716: <!-- a href=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl?z2090023735&amp;z=950242273 target=_parent><b>Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</b></a --></font><a target="_parent" c.moreover.com="" click="" href="http://www.bioportfolio.co.uk/cgi-bin/dialogserver.exe?CMD=hit.displayMdoc&amp;ID=3022030&amp;HITNO=2&amp;MSIZE=634&amp;LANGUAGE=en&amp;FILE=doc.NEWSFEED&amp;SAVEQUERY00=Genomics&amp;SAVEPROP00=L%3den&amp;SAVEDB=news&amp;SAVEORGANISE_CODED=R:date&amp;R=3022030&amp;THISHREF=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl%3fz2090023735%26amp%3bz%3d950242273&amp;THEHOST=site d.moreover.com"><strong><font color="#0066cc" size="3">Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</font></strong></a><font size="3">&nbsp;<br /> 20090715: [[Pathway Genomics]] starts the Direct-to-Consumer Genomics service as 23andme and Decodeme [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/15/pathway-consumer-genomics.html]<br /> 20090714: OryzaSNP Consortium IDs Thousands of Variants in Rice Genome: [http://www.genomeweb.com/arrays/oryzasnp-consortium-ids-thousands-variants-rice-genome] <br /> 20090630: [[Genomic linkage map of the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni]]:&nbsp; <em>Genome Biology</em> 2009, <strong>10</strong><strong>:</strong>R71<span class="pseudotab">doi:10.1186/gb-2009-10-6-r71</span>&nbsp;<br /> 20090616: Illumina Launches Personal Genome-Sequencing Service Using Genome Analyzer II. [http://scienceblogs.com/geneticfuture/2009/06/illumina_launches_personal_gen.php]<br /> 20090603: [[Neanderthal genome sequeced by MPI Germany and Roche]]<br /> 20090601: Microsoft buys Rosetta Biosoftware from Merck. Merck becomes the client of Microsoft.<br /> 20090526: The first Korean Genome Sequence analysis result published in [http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2009/05/26/gr.092197.109.full.pdf+html Genome Research article]<br /> 20081204: [http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/tech/2008/12/133_35578.html Korean Genome Publicized]&nbsp;<br /> 2007: [http://www.khanews.com/inews/view_print.asp?idx=33957&amp;menuid=4&amp;menuid2=0 복지부 유전체 사업 갈팡질팡]</font><br /> <br /> <hr /> [[Genomics News Links]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Biotechnology News Sites]]<br /> <br /> </font> c33fda3a4fb004681e5953196e9883ed04537187 2659 2009-07-19T05:10:37Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4"><font size="3">20090716: Navigenics Lowers Health Compass Price to $999 USD. [http://www.genomeweb.com/dxpgx/navigenics-lowers-health-compass-price-1k]<br /> 20090716: Celera Uses&nbsp;Automated Workflows for Genomics [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/17/celera-pushes-boundaries.html]<br /> 20090716: Genomes Of Parasitic Flatworms Decoded: <em>Schistosoma mansoni</em> and <em>Schistosoma japonicum</em> [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090715131439.htm]<br /> 20090716: <!-- a href=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl?z2090023735&amp;z=950242273 target=_parent><b>Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</b></a --></font><a target="_parent" click="" c.moreover.com="" href="http://www.bioportfolio.co.uk/cgi-bin/dialogserver.exe?CMD=hit.displayMdoc&amp;ID=3022030&amp;HITNO=2&amp;MSIZE=634&amp;LANGUAGE=en&amp;FILE=doc.NEWSFEED&amp;SAVEQUERY00=Genomics&amp;SAVEPROP00=L%3den&amp;SAVEDB=news&amp;SAVEORGANISE_CODED=R:date&amp;R=3022030&amp;THISHREF=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl%3fz2090023735%26amp%3bz%3d950242273&amp;THEHOST=site d.moreover.com"><strong><font color="#0066cc" size="3">Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</font></strong></a><font size="3">&nbsp;<br /> 20090715: [[Pathway Genomics]] starts the Direct-to-Consumer Genomics service as 23andme and Decodeme [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/15/pathway-consumer-genomics.html]<br /> 20090714: OryzaSNP Consortium IDs Thousands of Variants in Rice Genome: [http://www.genomeweb.com/arrays/oryzasnp-consortium-ids-thousands-variants-rice-genome]&nbsp;<br /> 20090709: The second Korean pesonal genome was published<br /> 20090630: [[Genomic linkage map of the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni]]:&nbsp; <em>Genome Biology</em> 2009, <strong>10</strong><strong>:</strong>R71<span class="pseudotab">doi:10.1186/gb-2009-10-6-r71</span>&nbsp;<br /> 20090616: Illumina Launches Personal Genome-Sequencing Service Using Genome Analyzer II. [http://scienceblogs.com/geneticfuture/2009/06/illumina_launches_personal_gen.php]<br /> 20090603: [[Neanderthal genome sequeced by MPI Germany and Roche]]<br /> 20090601: Microsoft buys Rosetta Biosoftware from Merck. Merck becomes the client of Microsoft.<br /> 20090526: The first Korean Genome Sequence analysis result published in [http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2009/05/26/gr.092197.109.full.pdf+html Genome Research article]<br /> 20081204: [http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/tech/2008/12/133_35578.html Korean Genome Publicized]&nbsp;<br /> 2007: [http://www.khanews.com/inews/view_print.asp?idx=33957&amp;menuid=4&amp;menuid2=0 복지부 유전체 사업 갈팡질팡]</font><br /> <br /> <hr /> [[Genomics News Links]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Biotechnology News Sites]]<br /> <br /> </font> e8c14d1d9589f3833a0031ef31af4bc3549ee1c4 2660 2009-07-19T05:11:16Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4"><font size="3">20090716: Navigenics Lowers Health Compass Price to $999 USD. [http://www.genomeweb.com/dxpgx/navigenics-lowers-health-compass-price-1k]<br /> 20090716: Celera Uses&nbsp;Automated Workflows for Genomics [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/17/celera-pushes-boundaries.html]<br /> 20090716: Genomes Of Parasitic Flatworms Decoded: <em>Schistosoma mansoni</em> and <em>Schistosoma japonicum</em> [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090715131439.htm]<br /> 20090716: <!-- a href=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl?z2090023735&amp;z=950242273 target=_parent><b>Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</b></a --></font><a target="_parent" click="" c.moreover.com="" href="http://www.bioportfolio.co.uk/cgi-bin/dialogserver.exe?CMD=hit.displayMdoc&amp;ID=3022030&amp;HITNO=2&amp;MSIZE=634&amp;LANGUAGE=en&amp;FILE=doc.NEWSFEED&amp;SAVEQUERY00=Genomics&amp;SAVEPROP00=L%3den&amp;SAVEDB=news&amp;SAVEORGANISE_CODED=R:date&amp;R=3022030&amp;THISHREF=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl%3fz2090023735%26amp%3bz%3d950242273&amp;THEHOST=site d.moreover.com"><strong><font color="#0066cc" size="3">Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</font></strong></a><font size="3">&nbsp;<br /> 20090715: [[Pathway Genomics]] starts the Direct-to-Consumer Genomics service as 23andme and Decodeme [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/15/pathway-consumer-genomics.html]<br /> 20090714: OryzaSNP Consortium IDs Thousands of Variants in Rice Genome: [http://www.genomeweb.com/arrays/oryzasnp-consortium-ids-thousands-variants-rice-genome]&nbsp;<br /> 20090709: The second Korean pesonal genome was published by a team of Korean and US researchers (Macrogen and Seoul University Medical School)<br /> 20090630: [[Genomic linkage map of the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni]]:&nbsp; <em>Genome Biology</em> 2009, <strong>10</strong><strong>:</strong>R71<span class="pseudotab">doi:10.1186/gb-2009-10-6-r71</span>&nbsp;<br /> 20090616: Illumina Launches Personal Genome-Sequencing Service Using Genome Analyzer II. [http://scienceblogs.com/geneticfuture/2009/06/illumina_launches_personal_gen.php]<br /> 20090603: [[Neanderthal genome sequeced by MPI Germany and Roche]]<br /> 20090601: Microsoft buys Rosetta Biosoftware from Merck. Merck becomes the client of Microsoft.<br /> 20090526: The first Korean Genome Sequence analysis result published in [http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2009/05/26/gr.092197.109.full.pdf+html Genome Research article]<br /> 20081204: [http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/tech/2008/12/133_35578.html Korean Genome Publicized]&nbsp;<br /> 2007: [http://www.khanews.com/inews/view_print.asp?idx=33957&amp;menuid=4&amp;menuid2=0 복지부 유전체 사업 갈팡질팡]</font><br /> <br /> <hr /> [[Genomics News Links]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Biotechnology News Sites]]<br /> <br /> </font> 8ce4fd44edc9c389f9c71940579603b94c10a0fa 2662 2009-07-19T05:13:17Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4"><font size="3">20090716: Navigenics Lowers Health Compass Price to $999 USD. [http://www.genomeweb.com/dxpgx/navigenics-lowers-health-compass-price-1k]<br /> 20090716: Celera Uses&nbsp;Automated Workflows for Genomics [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/17/celera-pushes-boundaries.html]<br /> 20090716: Genomes Of Parasitic Flatworms Decoded: <em>Schistosoma mansoni</em> and <em>Schistosoma japonicum</em> [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090715131439.htm]<br /> <strong>20090716</strong>: <!-- a href=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl?z2090023735&amp;z=950242273 target=_parent><b>Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</b></a --></font><a target="_parent" click="" c.moreover.com="" href="http://www.bioportfolio.co.uk/cgi-bin/dialogserver.exe?CMD=hit.displayMdoc&amp;ID=3022030&amp;HITNO=2&amp;MSIZE=634&amp;LANGUAGE=en&amp;FILE=doc.NEWSFEED&amp;SAVEQUERY00=Genomics&amp;SAVEPROP00=L%3den&amp;SAVEDB=news&amp;SAVEORGANISE_CODED=R:date&amp;R=3022030&amp;THISHREF=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl%3fz2090023735%26amp%3bz%3d950242273&amp;THEHOST=site d.moreover.com"><strong><font color="#0066cc" size="3">Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</font></strong></a><font size="3">&nbsp;<br /> <strong>20090715</strong>: [[Pathway Genomics]] starts the Direct-to-Consumer Genomics service as 23andme and Decodeme [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/15/pathway-consumer-genomics.html]<br /> <strong>20090714</strong>: OryzaSNP Consortium IDs Thousands of Variants in Rice Genome: [http://www.genomeweb.com/arrays/oryzasnp-consortium-ids-thousands-variants-rice-genome]&nbsp;<br /> <strong>20090709</strong>: The second Korean pesonal genome was published by a team of Korean and US researchers (Macrogen and Seoul University Medical School)<br /> <strong>20090630</strong>: [[Genomic linkage map of the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni]]:&nbsp; <em>Genome Biology</em> 2009, <strong>10</strong><strong>:</strong>R71<span class="pseudotab">doi:10.1186/gb-2009-10-6-r71</span>&nbsp;<br /> <strong>20090616</strong>: Illumina Launches Personal Genome-Sequencing Service Using Genome Analyzer II. [http://scienceblogs.com/geneticfuture/2009/06/illumina_launches_personal_gen.php]<br /> <strong>20090603</strong>: [[Neanderthal genome sequeced by MPI Germany and Roche]]<br /> <strong>20090601</strong>: Microsoft buys Rosetta Biosoftware from Merck. Merck becomes the client of Microsoft.<br /> <strong>20090526</strong>: The first Korean Genome Sequence analysis result published in [http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2009/05/26/gr.092197.109.full.pdf+html Genome Research article]<br /> <strong>20081204</strong>: [http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/tech/2008/12/133_35578.html Korean Genome Publicized]&nbsp;<br /> 2007: [http://www.khanews.com/inews/view_print.asp?idx=33957&amp;menuid=4&amp;menuid2=0 복지부 유전체 사업 갈팡질팡]</font><br /> <br /> <hr /> [[Genomics News Links]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Biotechnology News Sites]]<br /> <br /> </font> 1c7af0e18b63a663e0fdd08f50c03f2622bbe0c3 0 1759 2621 2009-07-13T11:05:33Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <h4><a href="http://genomebiology.com/2009/10/6/R71">http://genomebiology.com/2009/10/6/R71</a><br /> <br /> <h1>Genomic linkage map of the human blood fluke <em>Schistosoma mansoni</em></h1> <p class="authors"><strong>Charles D Criscione</strong> <a href="http://genomebiology.com/logon/logon.asp?msg=ce"></a>, <strong>Claudia LL Valentim</strong> <a href="http://genomebiology.com/logon/logon.asp?msg=ce"></a>, <strong>Hirohisa Hirai</strong> <a href="http://genomebiology.com/logon/logon.asp?msg=ce"></a>, <strong>Philip T LoVerde</strong>&nbsp;<a href="http://genomebiology.com/logon/logon.asp?msg=ce"></a> and <strong>Timothy JC Anderson</strong> <a href="http://genomebiology.com/logon/logon.asp?msg=ce"></a></p> <p><em>Genome Biology</em> 2009, <strong>10</strong><strong>:</strong>R71<span class="pseudotab">doi:10.1186/gb-2009-10-6-r71</span></p> <br /> Background</h4> <p>Schistosoma mansoni is a blood fluke that infects ~90 million people. The complete life cycle can be maintained in the laboratory making this one of the few experimentally tractable human helminth infections and a rich literature reveals heritable variation in important biomedical traits such as virulence, host-specificity, transmission and drug resistance. However, there is a current lack of tools needed to study molecular, quantitative, and population genetics. Our goal was to construct genetic linkage map for S. mansoni, and thus provide a new resource that will help stimulate research on this neglected pathogen.</p> <h4>Results</h4> <p>We genotyped grandparents, parents and 88 progeny to construct a 5.6cM linkage map containing 243 microsatellites positioned on 203 of the largest scaffolds in the genome sequence. The map allows 70% of the estimated 300Mb genome to be ordered on chromosomes, and highlights where scaffolds have been incorrectly assembled. The markers fall into 8 main linkage groups, consistent with 7 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes, and we were able to anchor linkage groups to chromosomes using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). The genome measures 1228.6cM. Marker segregation reveals higher female recombination, confirms ZW inheritance patterns, and identifies recombination hotspots and regions of segregation distortion.</p> <h4>Conclusion</h4> <p>The genetic linkage map presented here is the first for S. mansoni and first for a species in the phylum Platyhelminthes. The map provides the critical tool necessary for quantitative genetic analysis, aids genome assembly, and furnishes a framework for comparative flatworm genomics and field-based molecular epidemiological studies.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </p> fecb619cc1e6529661acd3f8b8a606f999228714 2622 2009-07-13T11:06:09Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <h4><a href="http://genomebiology.com/2009/10/6/R71">http://genomebiology.com/2009/10/6/R71</a><br /> <br /> <h1>Genomic linkage map of the human blood fluke <em>Schistosoma mansoni</em></h1> <p class="authors"><strong>Charles D Criscione</strong> <a href="http://genomebiology.com/logon/logon.asp?msg=ce"></a>, <strong>Claudia LL Valentim</strong> <a href="http://genomebiology.com/logon/logon.asp?msg=ce"></a>, <strong>Hirohisa Hirai</strong> <a href="http://genomebiology.com/logon/logon.asp?msg=ce"></a>, <strong>Philip T LoVerde</strong>&nbsp;<a href="http://genomebiology.com/logon/logon.asp?msg=ce"></a> and <strong>Timothy JC Anderson</strong> <a href="http://genomebiology.com/logon/logon.asp?msg=ce"></a></p> <p><em>Genome Biology</em> 2009, <strong>10</strong><strong>:</strong>R71<span class="pseudotab">doi:10.1186/gb-2009-10-6-r71</span></p> <br /> Background</h4> <p>Schistosoma mansoni is a blood fluke that infects ~90 million people. The complete life cycle can be maintained in the laboratory making this one of the few experimentally tractable human helminth infections and a rich literature reveals heritable variation in important biomedical traits such as virulence, host-specificity, transmission and drug resistance. However, there is a current lack of tools needed to study molecular, quantitative, and population genetics. Our goal was to construct genetic linkage map for S. mansoni, and thus provide a new resource that will help stimulate research on this neglected pathogen.</p> <h4>Results</h4> <p>We genotyped grandparents, parents and 88 progeny to construct a 5.6cM linkage map containing 243 microsatellites positioned on 203 of the largest scaffolds in the genome sequence. The map allows 70% of the estimated 300Mb genome to be ordered on chromosomes, and highlights where scaffolds have been incorrectly assembled. The markers fall into 8 main linkage groups, consistent with 7 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes, and we were able to anchor linkage groups to chromosomes using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). The genome measures 1228.6cM. Marker segregation reveals higher female recombination, confirms ZW inheritance patterns, and identifies recombination hotspots and regions of segregation distortion.</p> <h4>Conclusion</h4> <p>The genetic linkage map presented here is the first for S. mansoni and first for a species in the phylum Platyhelminthes. The map provides the critical tool necessary for quantitative genetic analysis, aids genome assembly, and furnishes a framework for comparative flatworm genomics and field-based molecular epidemiological studies.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Genomics News Archive]]<br /> </p> 540b0d629ab0f1759e0aec89384c6a0ed526a535 0 1760 2625 2009-07-13T11:10:28Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">Japanese Genomics</font><br /> <br /> [[GenomeNet]]: from KEGG people ebbf0d76f70e54c76469d01d352daab3d9fc12de 0 1761 2626 2009-07-13T11:11:46Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki GenomeNet is a Japanese network of database and computational services for genome research and related research areas in biomedical sciences, operated by the <a href="http://www.bic.kyoto-u.ac.jp/"><font color="#0066cc">Kyoto University Bioinformatics Center</font></a>. <br /> <br /> GenomeNet was established in September 1991 under the Human Genome Program of the then Ministry of Education, Science and Culture (Monbusho). The GenomeNet service has been developed by the <a href="http://kanehisa.kuicr.kyoto-u.ac.jp/"><font color="#0066cc">Kanehisa Laboratory</font></a> in Kyoto University as part of the research projects. See the <a href="http://kanehisa.kuicr.kyoto-u.ac.jp/archive.html"><font color="#0066cc">archive</font></a> of the Kanehisa Laboratory.&nbsp;<br /> <!-- end --><br /> [[KEGG]]: [http://www.genome.jp/en/gn_kegg.html KEGG English site directly] b4841ea600ae768d899eea60f8af93f73e0dc0fd 0 1762 2627 2009-07-13T11:12:05Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <a href="/kegg/"><font color="#0066cc">KEGG</font></a> is a database of biological systems, consisting of genetic building blocks of genes and proteins (KEGG GENES), chemical building blocks of both endogenous and exogenous substances (KEGG LIGAND), molecular wiring diagrams of interaction and reaction networks (KEGG PATHWAY), and hierarchies and relationships of various biological objects (KEGG BRITE). KEGG provides a reference knowledge base for linking genomes to biological systems and also to environments by the processes of PATHWAY mapping and BRITE mapping. 25152067f6f41e8321794e533a5028ca29fb6803 0 1763 2629 2009-07-13T11:17:29Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5">Yeast Genome and Genomics</font><br /> <br /> [[Yeastgenome.org]]: SGD in Stanford University. 1326758f6de0c8b1d28e823985a8d422cb87c310 0 1764 2630 2009-07-13T11:18:51Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <blockquote>SGD<font size="-2">^TM</font> is a scientific database of the molecular biology and genetics of the yeast <em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae,</em> which is commonly known as baker's or budding yeast.<br /> <br /> </blockquote> 2bdb815a26489cb58022092468558bf0962042d2 0 1765 2631 2009-07-13T11:20:45Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki Genevestigator is a reference <strong>expression database and meta-analysis system</strong>. It allows biologists to study the expression and regulation of genes in a broad variety of contexts by summarizing information from hundreds of microarray experiments into easily interpretable results. A user-friendly interface allows you to visualize gene expression in many different tissues, at multiple developmental stages, or in response to large sets of stimuli, diseases, drug treatments, or genetic modifications. This type of meta-analysis is core to understanding the spatio-temporal-response regulation of genes, to identify or validate biomarkers, and to find out which subnetworks are commonly affected in different diseases and conditions.<br /> <br /> <p align="left">The Genevestigator developer team is composed of biologists, computer scientists, and mathematicians. We work together to develop software solutions in the interdisciplinary fields of functional genomics and systems biology.</p> <div align="left">The following laboratories from ETH Zurich have contributed to building Genevestigator:</div> <div align="left">&nbsp;</div> <div align="left"><a href="http://www.pb.ethz.ch/" target="_blank"><font color="#0066cc">Gruissem Laboratory</font></a> </div> <div align="left"> <p><a href="http://www.ti.inf.ethz.ch/pw/" target="_blank"><font color="#0066cc">Widmayer Laboratory</font></a><br /> </p> </div> <div align="left"><font color="#0066cc"></font></div> <div align="left">&nbsp;</div> <div align="left">From these labs, the following persons have at some point in time contributed to software development and/or curation (in alphabetical order):</div> <div align="left">&nbsp;</div> <div align="left">Bleuler Stefan</div> <div align="left">Duemmler Dominique</div> <div align="left">Hirsch-Hoffmann Matthias&nbsp;</div> <div align="left">Hruz Tomas&nbsp;</div> <div align="left">Keldermann Karsten</div> <div align="left">Laule Kirsten</div> <div align="left">Laule Oliver</div> <div align="left">Oertle Lukas</div> <div align="left">Szabo Gabor</div> <div align="left">von Rohr Peter</div> <div align="left">Wessendorp Frans</div> <div align="left">Wyss Markus</div> <div align="left">Zimmermann Philip</div> <div align="left">&nbsp;</div> <div align="left">Some persons have supported the project by other means:</div> <div align="left">&nbsp;</div> <div align="left">Gruissem Wilhelm&nbsp;</div> <div align="left">Hruzova Katarina&nbsp;</div> <div align="left">Hennig Lars</div> <div align="left">Vranova Eva</div> <div align="left">Widmayer Peter&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20090712<br /> </div> cb475056bd79c604133f329b164c0fc4b30f8d3a 0 1766 2633 2009-07-15T04:22:22Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki J. Craig Venter Institute<br /> <br /> [[About JCVI]]<br /> c6e5051a77afd22c0b0a91dc37ff8202abbb86bf 0 1767 2634 2009-07-15T04:22:44Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <div class="csc-header csc-header-n1" _extended="true"> <h1 class="csc-firstHeader" _extended="true">About the J. Craig Venter Institute</h1> </div> <!-- Header: [end] --><!-- Text: [begin] --> <p class="bodytext" _extended="true"><a href="http://www.jcvi.org/cms/about/overview/">http://www.jcvi.org/cms/about/overview/</a><br /> <br /> The J. Craig Venter Institute was formed in October 2006 through the merger of several affiliated and legacy organizations &mdash; The Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR) and The Center for the Advancement of Genomics (TCAG), The J. Craig Venter Science Foundation, The Joint Technology Center, and the Institute for Biological Energy Alternatives (IBEA). Today all these organizations have become one large multidisciplinary genomic-focused organization. With more than 400 scientists and staff, more than 250,000 square feet of laboratory space, and locations in Rockville, Maryland and San Diego, California, the new JCVI is a world leader in genomic research.</p> <!-- Text: [end] --><!-- CONTENT ELEMENT, uid:149/text [end] --><!-- CONTENT ELEMENT, uid:150/text [begin] --><a id="c150" _extended="true"></a><!-- Text: [begin] --> <p class="header1" _extended="true">History</p> <p class="bodytext" _extended="true">For more than two decades Dr. J. Craig Venter and his research teams have been pioneers in genomic research. The revolution began in 1991 when at the National Institutes of Health Dr. Venter and his team developed expressed sequence tags (ESTs), a new technique to rapidly discover genes. Dr. Venter and his colleagues then started a new kind of not for profit research institute, The Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR). With the freedom to pursue any number of exciting avenues in the burgeoning field of genomics, the team decided to use their new computing and computational tools, as well as new DNA sequencing technology, to sequence the first free living organism, <em _extended="true">Haemophilus influenzae</em> in 1995. With this advance, the floodgates of genomics were opened. TIGR went on to sequence and analyze more than 50 microbial genomes. Dr. Venter and some from his team moved into mammalian genomics and sequenced some of the most important model organisms including the fruit fly, mouse and rat. The world&rsquo;s attention was perhaps most keenly focused on the sequencing and analysis of one genome &mdash; the human &mdash; which was published in 2001 by Dr. Venter and his team at Celera Genomics. </p> <p class="bodytext" _extended="true">At the JCVI, we&rsquo;re not content to rest on our laurels. In the past three years teams have been engaged in some of the most fruitful and exciting research in the biological sciences. We&rsquo;ve recently published the first diploid human genome and the initial results of our global ocean sampling expedition which uncovered more than six million new genes and thousands of new protein families from organisms found in sea water. Teams have also sequenced the microbial flora found in human environments such as the vagina, oral cavity and human gut. We&rsquo;re making steady progress in our quest to create a synthetic chromosome and organism having successfully transformed one species of bacteria into another. We&rsquo;ve also sequenced a variety of important infectious disease agents such as the mosquito species, <em _extended="true">Aedes aegypti</em>, and we are working to understand the evolution of several viral genomes such as influenza and coronavirus in our quest to help alleviate the scourge of infectious disease around the world. These are just a few of the many research areas our team is tackling as we seek to make a worldwide impact with our science.</p> 22597edd3ded6e36e365980226ebbd7a29a937cb 0 1768 2638 2009-07-15T04:27:45Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki BGI Purchases an Additional 12 Illumina Genome Analyzers, Expanding Their Shenzhen and Hong Kong Branches<br /> <br /> <a href="http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS86855+20-Apr-2009+BW20090420">http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS86855+20-Apr-2009+BW20090420</a> 116d9529311fb0b9f14ae2dee2ed11739ec27214 0 1769 2652 2009-07-18T23:58:02Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <a href="http://www.pathway.com">http://www.pathway.com</a><br /> <br /> <h4>Address:</h4> <p>Pathway Genomics Corporation<br /> 4045 Sorrento Valley Blvd.<br /> San Diego, CA 92121<br /> </p> <h4>Telephone:</h4> <p>877-505-7374<br /> (Monday - Friday, 8am - 5pm, Pacific Standard Time)<br /> </p> 4fea69a20aadcd91b68aa15fed4a9eeda2d6ba46 0 1770 2661 2009-07-19T05:11:56Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <a href="http://www.iscb.org/">http://www.iscb.org/</a><br /> <br /> <h1>About ISCB</h1> <p>The International Society for Computational Biology (ISCB) serves over 2500 members from nearly 70 countries around the world by addressing scientific policies, providing access to high quality publications, organizing meetings, and serving as a portal to information about training, education, employment and news from related fields.&nbsp; ISCB hosts annual meetings, including ISMB, the world's longest running and largest bioinformatics conference (held jointly with ECCB every other year in Europe), affiliates with several other significant meetings of our science, has two official journals of the highest impact factors in the Mathematical &amp; Computational Biology category, and has affiliations in place with several other publications for the benefit of our members.<br /> <br /> ISCB is incorporated in the United States as a 501(c)(3) non-profit corporation, and registered in the state of California as a Charitable Trust. Now hosted at the San Diego Supercomputer Center at University of California, San Diego, the Society was officially formed in 1997 as an outgrowth of the International Conference on Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology (ISMB). From humble beginnings, both ISCB's membership and ISMB's annual attendance have kept pace with the overall growth experienced in the field of bioinformatics/computational biology.</p> <p><br /> For the complete story from conception to present day please visit the History link. Additional links provide copies of documents that detail the legal structure of ISCB, which may prove interesting to our current and prospective members, as well as be of some use to regional groups around the world wanting to form national or regional societies and not knowing how to begin. And finally, activities over the years are documented in the Newsletter Archives. We encourage you to peruse all of these links for a perspective on where we've been and where you might help lead us in the years ahead.</p> 7c7ad9656af3c0072d081eaab291a160c8ac3051 0 1771 2673 2009-07-20T01:16:35Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki [[$0 Genome Project]]<br /> [[Personal Genome Project]]<br /> [[Free Genomics Project]] (Also known as Personal Genom<font color="#ff0000">ics</font> Project)<br /> <br /> 9defc6d4de35bbac5925ac8506b2a7562af404bc 0 1618 2674 2009-07-20T01:19:14Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <br /> <p><font size="3">Getting our own genome information should be free eventually.<br /> <br /> All the babies have the right to know their genome information and no-cost analysis tools.</font></p> <font size="3">Genome analysis tools are provided openfreely.<br /> </font> <p><font size="3">FGP is&nbsp;the same as PGxP (Personal Genom<font color="#ff0000">ics</font> Project) different from Personal Genome Project of George Church.</font></p> <p><font size="3">FGP is initiated by [[BiO Center]]. BiO center is a virtual on-line center for free information exchange in the universe. The first target is free exchange for all the biological information.<br /> </font></p> <hr /> See also: [http://freegenome.org FreeGenome.org] 24194bdc12501fc93d52cb92d6e936724d57952d 2677 2009-07-20T01:20:41Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <br /> <p><font size="3">Getting our own genome information should be free eventually.<br /> <br /> All the babies have the right to know their genome information and no-cost analysis tools.</font></p> <font size="3">Genome analysis tools are provided openfreely.<br /> </font> <p><font size="3">FGP is&nbsp;the same as PGxP (Personal Genom<font color="#ff0000">ics</font> Project) different from Personal Genome Project of George Church.</font></p> <p><font size="3">FGP is initiated by [[BiO Centre]]. BiO center is a virtual on-line center for free information exchange in the universe. The first target is free exchange for all the biological information.<br /> </font></p> <hr /> See also: [http://freegenome.org FreeGenome.org] 82cd944f9caed7307339a327ed261e5065ac581e 0 1772 2675 2009-07-20T01:20:04Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki BiO Center is a openfree community of scientists and philosopher.<br /> <br /> [http://biocentre.org Biocentre.org]<br /> 5a5b94120bb3c0f7b5ce681f3d2a633051f28151 2676 2009-07-20T01:20:27Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki BiO Centre or BiO Center is a openfree community of scientists and philosopher.<br /> <br /> [http://biocentre.org Biocentre.org]<br /> 0dbd47d93480ffbf26f0639672925474d61c4968 0 1773 2678 2009-07-20T01:21:03Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki &quot;BiO Centre&quot; or&nbsp;BiO Center is a openfree community of scientists and philosopher.<br /> <br /> [http://biocentre.org Biocentre.org]<br /> 477bb88c27daa95bd175378c7c0714e42e8832b0 0 1661 2679 2009-07-23T07:14:26Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki [http://www.genomeweb.com/ GenomeWeb.com]<br /> [http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/ GenomeNewsNetwork.org]<br /> [http://www.generef.com/genomics.news.html GeneRef.com/GenomicsNews]<br /> [http://ec.europa.eu/research/health/genomics/newsletter/issue2/flashnews_en.htm EU genomics News]<br /> [http://www.sciencemag.org/feature/plus/sfg/ Science journal Functional Genomics News page]<br /> <br /> <hr /> [[Biotechnology News Sites]]&nbsp;<br /> <hr /> [[Genomics News Archive]]<br /> <br /> 352abece7b6ccaaf750beb4f0e98484e4ec4f8c7 2713 2009-08-01T11:49:29Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki [http://www.genomeweb.com/ GenomeWeb.com]<br /> [http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/ GenomeNewsNetwork.org]<br /> [http://www.generef.com/genomics.news.html GeneRef.com/GenomicsNews]<br /> [http://ec.europa.eu/research/health/genomics/newsletter/issue2/flashnews_en.htm EU genomics News]<br /> [http://www.sciencemag.org/feature/plus/sfg/ Science journal Functional Genomics News page]<br /> <br /> <hr /> [[Biotechnology News Sites]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Science News Sites]]<br /> <hr /> [[Genomics News Archive]]<br /> <br /> bdbdde176eae929288fefd5acc603e935e489a8f 0 1774 2681 2009-07-23T07:17:48Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><strong>Full genome sequencing (FGS)</strong>, also known as <strong>whole genome sequencing</strong>, <strong>complete genome sequencing</strong>, or <strong>entire genome sequencing</strong>, is a laboratory process that determines the complete <font color="#0066cc">DNA</font> sequence of an organism's <font color="#0066cc">genome</font> at a single time. This entails sequencing all of an organism's <font color="#0066cc">chromosomal</font> DNA as well as DNA contained in the <font color="#0066cc">mitochondria</font> or <font color="#0066cc">chloroplast</font>, depending respectively on whether the organism is an animal or plant. Almost any biological sample&mdash;even a very small amount of DNA or <font color="#0066cc">ancient DNA</font>&mdash;can provide the genetic material necessary for full genome sequencing. Such samples may include saliva, <font color="#0066cc">epithelial cells</font>, <font color="#0066cc">bone marrow</font>, hair (as long as the hair contains a <font color="#0066cc">hair follicle</font>), seeds, plant leaves, or anything else that has DNA-containing cells. Because the sequence data that is produced can be quite large (for example, there are approximately six billion <font color="#0066cc">base pairs</font> in each human diploid genome), genomic data is stored electronically and requires a large amount of computing power and storage capacity. Full genome sequencing would have been nearly impossible before the advent of the <font color="#0066cc">microprocessor</font>, <font color="#0066cc">computers</font>, and the <font color="#0066cc">Information Age</font>.</p> <p>Full genome sequencing should thus not be confused with <font color="#0066cc">DNA profiling</font>. The latter only determines the likelihood that genetic material came from a particular individual or group and does not contain additional information on genetic relationships, origin or suspectability on specific diseases. <sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></font></font></sup>. It is also distinct from <font color="#0066cc">SNP genotyping</font> which covers less than 0.1% of the genome. Almost all truly complete genomes are of microbes, the term &quot;full genome&quot; is sometimes used loosely to mean &quot;greater than 95%&quot;. The remainder of this article focuses on nearly complete human genomes.</p> <p>Full genome sequencing only refers to the laboratory process of deducing a person's entire genetic code and, on its own, may not contain any clinical assessment or useful clinical information. However, this may change over time as a large number of scientific studies continue to be published detailing clear associations between specific genetic variants and disease.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17554300_1-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></font></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid17898773_2-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></font></font></sup></p> <p>The first nearly complete human genomes sequenced were <font color="#0066cc">J. Craig Venter</font>'s (caucasian male at 7.5-fold average coverage) <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></font></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></font></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid17803354_5-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></font></font></sup> and <font color="#0066cc">James Watson</font>'s (caucasian male at 7.4-fold).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></font></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></font></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></font></font></sup>, a Han Chinese (YH at 36-fold) <sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></font></font></sup>, a Yoruban from Nigeria (at 30-fold) <sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></font></font></sup>, a female leukemia patient (at 33 and 14-fold coverage for tumor and normal tissues)<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></font></font></sup>, and Seong-Jin Kim (Korean at 29-fold) <sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></font></font></sup>. Other full genomes have been sequenced but not published, and as of June 2009, <font color="#0066cc">commercialization</font> of full genome sequencing is in an early stage and growing rapidly.</p> <p><font color="#0066cc"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">New techniques</span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="WIDTH: 182px" class="thumbinner"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/ABI_PRISM_3100_Genetic_Analyzer_3.jpg/180px-ABI_PRISM_3100_Genetic_Analyzer_3.jpg" width="180" height="135" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><img alt="" src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" /></div> An ABI PRISM 3100 Genetic Analyzer. Sequencers automate the process of sequencing the genome.</div> </div> </div> <p>One possible way to accomplish the cost-effective <font color="#0066cc">high-throughput sequencing</font> necessary to accomplish full genome sequencing is by using <font color="#0066cc">Nanopore</font> technology, which is a patented technology held by Harvard University and <font color="#0066cc">Oxford Nanopore Technologies</font> and licensed to biotechnology companies.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></font></font></sup> To facilitate their full genome sequencing initiatives, <font color="#0066cc">Illumina</font> licensed nanopore sequencing technology from <font color="#0066cc">Oxford Nanopore Technologies</font> and <font color="#0066cc">Sequenom</font> licensed the technology from Harvard University.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></font></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></font></font></sup> Another possible way to accomplish cost-effective high-throughput sequencing is by utilizing <font color="#0066cc">fluorophore</font> technology. Pacific Biosciences is currently using this approach in their SMRT (single molecule real time) DNA sequencing technology.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></font></font></sup> Complete Genomics is developing DNA Nanoball (DNB) technology that are arranged on self-assembling arrays.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></font></font></sup> <font color="#0066cc">Pyrosequencing</font> is a method of <font color="#0066cc">DNA sequencing</font> based on the sequencing by synthesis principle.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></font></font></sup> The technique was developed by <font color="#0066cc">P&aring;l Nyr&eacute;n</font> and his student <font color="#0066cc">Mostafa Ronaghi</font> at the <font color="#0066cc">Royal Institute of Technology</font> in Stockholm in 1996,<sup id="cite_ref-RonachiScience_19-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></font></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid8923969_20-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></font></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid17185753_21-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></font></font></sup> and is currently being used by <font color="#0066cc">454 Life Sciences</font> in their effort to deliver an affordable, fast and highly accurate full genome sequencing platform.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></font></font></sup></p> <p><font color="#0066cc" size="2"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Older techniques</span></h2> <p>Full genome sequencing of the entire human genome was first accomplished in 2000 partly through the use of <font color="#0066cc">shotgun sequencing</font> technology. While full genome shotgun sequencing for small (4000&ndash;7000 <font color="#0066cc">base pair</font>) genomes was already in use in 1979,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid461197_23-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></font></font></sup> broader application benefited from pairwise end sequencing, known colloquially as <em>double-barrel shotgun sequencing</em>. As sequencing projects began to take on longer and more complicated genomes, multiple groups began to realize that useful information could be obtained by sequencing both ends of a fragment of DNA. Although sequencing both ends of the same fragment and keeping track of the paired data was more cumbersome than sequencing a single end of two distinct fragments, the knowledge that the two sequences were oriented in opposite directions and were about the length of a fragment apart from each other was valuable in reconstructing the sequence of the original target fragment.</p> <p>The first published description of the use of paired ends was in 1990 as part of the sequencing of the human <font color="#0066cc">HPRT</font> locus,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></font></font></sup> although the use of paired ends was limited to closing gaps after the application of a traditional shotgun sequencing approach. The first theoretical description of a pure pairwise end sequencing strategy, assuming fragments of constant length, was in 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid2341149_25-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></font></font></sup> In 1995 Roach et al.introduced the innovation of using fragments of varying sizes,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid7601461_26-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></font></font></sup> and demonstrated that a pure pairwise end-sequencing strategy would be possible on large targets. The strategy was subsequently adopted by <font color="#0066cc">The Institute for Genomic Research</font> (TIGR) to sequence the entire genome of the bacterium <em><font color="#0066cc">Haemophilus influenzae</font></em> in 1995,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid7542800_27-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></font></font></sup> and then by <font color="#0066cc">Celera Genomics</font> to sequence the entire fruit fly genome in 2000,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></font></font></sup> and subsequently the entire human genome. <font color="#0066cc">Applied Biosystems</font>, now called <font color="#0066cc">Life Technologies</font>, manufactured the shotgun sequencers utilized by both Celera Genomics and The Human Genome Project.</p> <p>While shotgun sequencing was one of the first approaches utilized to successfully sequence the full genome of a human, it is too expensive and requires too long of a turn-around-time to be utilized for commercial purposes. Because of this, shotgun sequencing technology, even though it is still relatively 'new', is being displaced by technologies like pyrosequencing, SMRT sequencing, and nanopore technology.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19193124_29-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></font></font></sup></p> <p><font color="#0066cc" size="2"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Race to commercialization</span></h2> <p>In October 2006, the <font color="#0066cc">X Prize Foundation</font>, working in collaboration with the J. Craig Venter Science Foundation, established the <font color="#0066cc">Archon X Prize</font> for Genomics,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></font></font></sup> intending to award <font color="#0066cc">US$</font>10&nbsp;million to &quot;the first Team that can build a device and use it to sequence 100 human genomes within 10 days or less, with an accuracy of no more than one error in every 100,000 bases sequenced, with sequences accurately covering at least 98% of the genome, and at a recurring cost of no more than $10,000&nbsp;per genome.&quot;<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></font></font></sup> However, higher accuracy rates (or confirmatory methods) are desirable for some clinical applications. An error rate of 1&nbsp;in 100,000&nbsp;bases, out of a total of six billion bases in the human diploid genome, would mean about 60,000&nbsp;errors per genome, which is a significant number of false positives and negatives. For the latter it is not known where the errors occur . The error rates required for widespread clinical use, such as <font color="#0066cc">Predictive Medicine</font><sup id="cite_ref-pmid17055251_32-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></font></font></sup> is currently set by over 1400 clinical single gene sequencing tests <sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></font></font></sup> (for example, errors in <font color="#0066cc">BRCA1</font> gene for <font color="#0066cc">breast cancer</font> risk analysis). As of June 2009, the <font color="#0066cc">Archon X Prize</font> for Genomics remains unclaimed.</p> <p>In 2007, <font color="#0066cc">Applied Biosystems</font> started selling a new type of sequencer called SOLiD System, with the first sale to <font color="#0066cc">Helicos Biosciences</font> in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>35<span>]</span></font></font></sup> Helicos stated that, utilizing the new sequencers, they will attempt to provide a full genome sequencing service with a target price of $72,000 per sample.<sup id="cite_ref-pagewanted1_35-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>36<span>]</span></font></font></sup> However, this price point is still too high some applications, and is only competitive to DNA arrays (at $500 per sample) in cases where more than 0.1% of the genome is desired.</p> <p>In 2008 and 2009, both public and private companies have emerged that are now in a competitive race to be the <font color="#0066cc">first mover</font> to provide a full genome sequencing platform that is commercially robust for both research and clinical use,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>37<span>]</span></font></font></sup> including <font color="#0066cc">Illumina</font>,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>38<span>]</span></font></font></sup> <font color="#0066cc">Sequenom</font>,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>39<span>]</span></font></font></sup> <font color="#0066cc">454 Life Sciences</font>,<sup id="cite_ref-genengnews1_39-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></font></font></sup> <font color="#0066cc">Pacific Biosciences</font>,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>41<span>]</span></font></font></sup> <font color="#0066cc">Complete Genomics</font>,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>42<span>]</span></font></font></sup> <font color="#0066cc">Intelligent Bio-Systems</font>,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>43<span>]</span></font></font></sup> <font color="#0066cc">Genome Corp</font>.,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>44<span>]</span></font></font></sup> and <font color="#0066cc">Helicos BioScience</font><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>45<span>]</span></font></font></sup>. These companies are heavily financed and backed by venture capitalists, hedge funds, investment banks and, in the case of Illumina, Sequenom and 454, heavy re-investment of revenue into research and development, mergers and acquisitions, and licensing initiatives.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>46<span>]</span></font></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>47<span>]</span></font></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>48<span>]</span></font></font></sup></p> <p>In the race to commercialize full genome sequencing, companies have made claims about being able to offer a service at a specific time for a specific price that have turned out to not be true. Intelligent Bio-Systems stated in November 2007 that by the end of 2008 they would release a platform capable of a providing a $5,000 full genome sequence, but, as of March 2009, no such platform has yet to be released.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>49<span>]</span></font></font></sup></p> <p>Pacific Biosciences stated that they will start selling their full genome sequencers in early 2010. While they didn't disclose the cost to sequence a single genome, they did state they may not release their second-generation machine capable of a $1,000 genome until 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-pagewanted1_35-1" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>36<span>]</span></font></font></sup> Complete Genomics, however, stated that they'll be able to provide a $5,000&nbsp;full genome sequencing service by the summer of 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>50<span>]</span></font></font></sup> The <font color="#0066cc">accuracy</font>, <font color="#0066cc">precision</font>, and <font color="#0066cc">reproducibility</font> of both Pacific Biosciences and Complete Genomics technology, however, is still unknown.</p> <p>A <font color="#0066cc">personal genomics</font> company located in Massachusetts, Knome.com, currently provides genome sequencing services but the cost is about $99,500 per genome (down from $350,000 per genome initially),<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>51<span>]</span></font></font></sup> the turn-around time is unknown, the accuracy is unknown, and the number of people was limited to 20 for the first year, and is still considered early stage <font color="#0066cc">commercialization</font> of full genome sequencing, focusing on wealthy customers.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>52<span>]</span></font></font></sup></p> <p>As of January 2009, there are no indications that any of these companies have been hindered by the global recession. And thus, the race appears to be proceeding forward at full speed. <sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>53<span>]</span></font></font></sup></p> <p>At the end of February 2009, Complete Genomics released a full sequence of a human genome that was sequenced using their service. The data indicates that Complete Genomics' full genome sequencing service accuracy is just under 99.99%, meaning that there is an error in one out of every ten thousand base pairs. This means that their full sequence of the human genome will contain approximately 80,000-100,000 <font color="#0066cc">false positive</font> errors in each genome. However, this accuracy rate was based on Complete Genomics' sequence that was completed utilizing a 90x depth of coverage (each base in the genome was sequenced 90 times) while their commercialized sequence is reported to be only 40x, so the accuracy may be substantially lower unless they can find some way to improve it before their first service release planned for the summer 2009. This accuracy rate may be acceptable for research purposes, and clinical use would require confirmation by other methods of any reportable alleles.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>54<span>]</span></font></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>55<span>]</span></font></font></sup> In March 2009, it was announced that Complete Genomics has signed a deal with the <font color="#0066cc">Broad Institute</font> to sequence cancer patient's genomes and will be sequencing five full genomes to start.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>56<span>]</span></font></font></sup> In April 2009, Complete Genomics announced that it plans to sequence 1,000 full genome's between June 2009 and the end of the year and that they plan to be able to sequence one million full genomes <em>per year</em> by 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>57<span>]</span></font></font></sup> Complete Genomics plans to officially launch in June 2009, although it is unknown if their lab will have received <font color="#0066cc">CLIA</font>-certification by that time.</p> <p>In June 2009, <font color="#0066cc">Illumina</font> announced that they were launching their own Personal Full Genome Sequencing Service at a depth of 30X for $48,000 per genome.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>58<span>]</span></font></font></sup> This is still expensive for widespread consumer use, but the price may decrease substantially over the next few years as they realize economies of scale and given the competition with other companies such as Complete Genomics.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>59<span>]</span></font></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>60<span>]</span></font></font></sup> Jay Flatley, Illumina's President &amp; CEO, stated that &quot;during the next five years, perhaps markedly sooner,&quot; the price point for full genome sequencing will fall from $48,000 to under $1,000.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>61<span>]</span></font></font></sup> Illumina has already signed agreements to supply full genome sequencing services to multiple direct-to-consumer personal genomics companies.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Disruptive technology</span></h2> <p>Full genome sequencing provides information on a genome that is orders of magnitude larger than that provided by the current leader in sequencing technology, DNA arrays. For humans, DNA arrays currently provides genotypic information on up to one million genetic variants,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>62<span>]</span></font></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid18803882_62-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>63<span>]</span></font></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>64<span>]</span></font></font></sup> while full genome sequencing will provide information on all six billion bases in the human genome, or 3,000&nbsp;times more data. Because of this, full genome sequencing is considered <font color="#0066cc">disruptive</font> to the DNA array markets as the accuracy of both range from 99.98% to 99.999% (in non-repetitive DNA regions) and their cost of $5000 per 6 billion base pairs is competitive (for some applications) with DNA arrays ($500&nbsp;per 1 million basepairs).<sup id="cite_ref-genengnews1_39-1" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></font></font></sup> <font color="#0066cc">Agilent</font>, another established DNA array manufacturer, is working on targeted (selective region) genome sequencing technologies<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>65<span>]</span></font></font></sup>. It is thought that <font color="#0066cc">Affymetrix</font>, the pioneer of array technology in the 1990s, has fallen behind due to significant corporate and stock turbulence and is currently not working on any known full genome sequencing approach.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>66<span>]</span></font></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>67<span>]</span></font></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid17108930_67-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>68<span>]</span></font></font></sup> It is unknown what will happen to the DNA array market once full genome sequencing becomes commercially widespread, especially as companies and laboratories providing this disruptive technology start to realize <font color="#0066cc">economies of scale</font>. It is postulated, however, that this new technology may significantly diminish the total market size for arrays and any other sequencing technology once it becomes commonplace for individuals and newborns to have their full genomes sequenced.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18846083_68-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>69<span>]</span></font></font></sup></p> <p><font color="#0066cc" size="2"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Societal impact</span></h2> <div class="rellink">Further information: <font color="#0066cc">Personal genomics - predictive medicine services already available</font></div> <p>Inexpensive, time-efficient full genome sequencing will be a major accomplishment not only for the field of <font color="#0066cc">Genomics</font>, but for the entire human <font color="#0066cc">civilization</font> because, for the first time, individuals will be able to have their entire genome sequenced. Utilizing this information, it is speculated that health care professionals, such as physicians and <font color="#0066cc">genetic counselors</font>, will eventually be able to use genomic information to predict what diseases a person may get in the future and attempt to either minimize the impact of that disease or avoid it altogether through the implementation of personalized, <font color="#0066cc">preventive medicine</font>. Full genome sequencing will allow <font color="#0066cc">health care professionals</font> to analyze the entire human genome of an individual and therefore detect all disease-related genetic variants, regardless of the genetic variant's prevalence or frequency. This will enable the rapidly emerging medical fields of <font color="#0066cc">Predictive Medicine</font> and <font color="#0066cc">Personalized Medicine</font> and will mark a significant leap forward for the clinical genetic revolution. Full genome sequencing is clearly of great importance for research into the basis of genetic disease. However, it should be recognized that despite advancements in genome sequencing technology, incomplete understanding of the significance of individual variants or combinations of variants will limit the widespread usefulness of full genome sequencing in medicine until its clinical utility can be demonstrated.</p> <p>Illumina's CEO, Jay Flatley, stated in February 2009 that &quot;A complete DNA read-out for every newborn will be technically feasible and affordable in less than five years, promising a revolution in healthcare&quot; and that &quot;by 2019 it will have become routine to map infants' genes when they are born.&quot;<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>70<span>]</span></font></font></sup> However, this potential use of genome sequencing runs counter to established norms for <font color="#0066cc">genetic testing</font> of asymptomatic minors that have been well established in the field of <font color="#0066cc">genetic counseling</font>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>71<span>]</span></font></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>72<span>]</span></font></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>73<span>]</span></font></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>74<span>]</span></font></font></sup></p> <p><font color="#0066cc" size="2"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">See also</span></h2> <ul> <li><font color="#0066cc">DNA microarray</font></li> <li><font color="#0066cc">DNA profiling</font></li> <li><font color="#0066cc">Medical genetics</font></li> <li><font color="#0066cc">Human Genome Project</font></li> <li><font color="#0066cc">Personal Genome Project</font></li> <li><font color="#0066cc">List of sequenced eukaryotic genomes</font></li> <li><font color="#0066cc">List of sequenced bacterial genomes</font></li> <li><font color="#0066cc">List of sequenced archaeal genomes</font></li> </ul> <p><a id="References" name="References"><font color="#0066cc"></font></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <div style="-moz-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em" class="references-small references-column-width"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-0"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-0"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> Kijk magazine, 01 January 2009</li> <li id="cite_note-pmid17554300-1"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-pmid17554300_1-0"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">&quot;Genome-wide association study of 14,000 cases of seven common diseases and 3,000 shared controls&quot;. <em>Nature</em> <strong>447</strong> (7145): 661&ndash;78. June 2007. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0066cc">doi</font></a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature05911" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature05911" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">10.1038/nature05911</font></a></span>. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17554300" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17554300"><font color="#0066cc">PMID 17554300</font></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome-wide+association+study+of+14%2C000+cases+of+seven+common+diseases+and+3%2C000+shared+controls&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.date=June+2007&amp;rft.volume=447&amp;rft.issue=7145&amp;rft.pages=661%E2%80%9378&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnature05911&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17554300&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid17898773-2"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-pmid17898773_2-0"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFMailman_MD.2C_Feolo_M.2C_Jin_Y.2C_Kimura_M.2C_Tryka_K.2C_Bagoutdinov_R.2C_Hao_L.2C_Kiang_A.2C_Paschall_J.2C_Phan_L.2C_Popova_N.2C_Pretel_S.2C_Ziyabari_L.2C_Lee_M.2C_Shao_Y.2C_Wang_ZY.2C_Sirotkin_K.2C_Ward_M.2C_Kholodov_M.2C_Zbicz_K.2C_Beck_J.2C_Kimelman_M.2C_Shevelev_S.2C_Preuss_D.2C_Yaschenko_E.2C_Graeff_A.2C_Ostell_J.2C_Sherry_ST2007">Mailman MD, Feolo M, Jin Y, Kimura M, Tryka K, Bagoutdinov R, Hao L, Kiang A, Paschall J, Phan L, Popova N, Pretel S, Ziyabari L, Lee M, Shao Y, Wang ZY, Sirotkin K, Ward M, Kholodov M, Zbicz K, Beck J, Kimelman M, Shevelev S, Preuss D, Yaschenko E, Graeff A, Ostell J, Sherry ST (October 2007). &quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2031016" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2031016" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">The NCBI dbGaP database of genotypes and phenotypes</font></a>&quot;. <em>Nat. Genet.</em> <strong>39</strong> (10): 1181&ndash;6. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0066cc">doi</font></a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fng1007-1181" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fng1007-1181" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">10.1038/ng1007-1181</font></a></span>. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17898773" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17898773"><font color="#0066cc">PMID 17898773</font></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+NCBI+dbGaP+database+of+genotypes+and+phenotypes&amp;rft.jtitle=Nat.+Genet.&amp;rft.aulast=Mailman+MD%2C+Feolo+M%2C+Jin+Y%2C+Kimura+M%2C+Tryka+K%2C+Bagoutdinov+R%2C+Hao+L%2C+Kiang+A%2C+Paschall+J%2C+Phan+L%2C+Popova+N%2C+Pretel+S%2C+Ziyabari+L%2C+Lee+M%2C+Shao+Y%2C+Wang+ZY%2C+Sirotkin+K%2C+Ward+M%2C+Kholodov+M%2C+Zbicz+K%2C+Beck+J%2C+Kimelman+M%2C+Shevelev+S%2C+Preuss+D%2C+Yaschenko+E%2C+Graeff+A%2C+Ostell+J%2C+Sherry+ST&amp;rft.au=Mailman+MD%2C+Feolo+M%2C+Jin+Y%2C+Kimura+M%2C+Tryka+K%2C+Bagoutdinov+R%2C+Hao+L%2C+Kiang+A%2C+Paschall+J%2C+Phan+L%2C+Popova+N%2C+Pretel+S%2C+Ziyabari+L%2C+Lee+M%2C+Shao+Y%2C+Wang+ZY%2C+Sirotkin+K%2C+Ward+M%2C+Kholodov+M%2C+Zbicz+K%2C+Beck+J%2C+Kimelman+M%2C+Shevelev+S%2C+Preuss+D%2C+Yaschenko+E%2C+Graeff+A%2C+Ostell+J%2C+Sherry+ST&amp;rft.date=October+2007&amp;rft.volume=39&amp;rft.issue=10&amp;rft.pages=1181%E2%80%936&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fng1007-1181&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17898773&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-3"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFWade2007" class="news">Wade, Nicholas (September 4, 2007). &quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/04/science/04vent.html" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/04/science/04vent.html" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">In the Genome Race, the Sequel Is Personal</font></a>&quot;. New York Times<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/04/science/04vent.html" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/04/science/04vent.html" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/04/science/04vent.html</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on February 22, 2009</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=In+the+Genome+Race%2C+the+Sequel+Is+Personal&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Wade&amp;rft.aufirst=Nicholas&amp;rft.au=Wade%2C+Nicholas&amp;rft.date=September+4%2C+2007&amp;rft.pub=New+York+Times&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F09%2F04%2Fscience%2F04vent.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-4"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFNature" class="web">Nature. &quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v449/n7158/full/449006a.html" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v449/n7158/full/449006a.html" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">Access&nbsp;: All about Craig: the first 'full' genome sequence</font></a>&quot;. Nature<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v449/n7158/full/449006a.html" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v449/n7158/full/449006a.html" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v449/n7158/full/449006a.html</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on 2009-02-24</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Access+%3A+All+about+Craig%3A+the+first+%27full%27+genome+sequence&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Nature&amp;rft.au=Nature&amp;rft.pub=Nature&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv449%2Fn7158%2Ffull%2F449006a.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid17803354-5"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-pmid17803354_5-0"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFLevy_S.2C_Sutton_G.2C_Ng_PC.2C_Feuk_L.2C_Halpern_AL.2C_Walenz_BP.2C_Axelrod_N.2C_Huang_J.2C_Kirkness_EF.2C_Denisov_G.2C_Lin_Y.2C_MacDonald_JR.2C_Pang_AW.2C_Shago_M.2C_Stockwell_TB.2C_Tsiamouri_A.2C_Bafna_V.2C_Bansal_V.2C_Kravitz_SA.2C_Busam_DA.2C_Beeson_KY.2C_McIntosh_TC.2C_Remington_KA.2C_Abril_JF.2C_Gill_J.2C_Borman_J.2C_Rogers_YH.2C_Frazier_ME.2C_Scherer_SW.2C_Strausberg_RL.2C_Venter_JC2007">Levy S, Sutton G, Ng PC, Feuk L, Halpern AL, Walenz BP, Axelrod N, Huang J, Kirkness EF, Denisov G, Lin Y, MacDonald JR, Pang AW, Shago M, Stockwell TB, Tsiamouri A, Bafna V, Bansal V, Kravitz SA, Busam DA, Beeson KY, McIntosh TC, Remington KA, Abril JF, Gill J, Borman J, Rogers YH, Frazier ME, Scherer SW, Strausberg RL, Venter JC (September 2007). &quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1964779" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1964779" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">The diploid genome sequence of an individual human</font></a>&quot;. <em>PLoS Biol.</em> <strong>5</strong> (10): e254. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0066cc">doi</font></a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0050254" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0050254" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">10.1371/journal.pbio.0050254</font></a></span>. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17803354" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17803354"><font color="#0066cc">PMID 17803354</font></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+diploid+genome+sequence+of+an+individual+human&amp;rft.jtitle=PLoS+Biol.&amp;rft.aulast=Levy+S%2C+Sutton+G%2C+Ng+PC%2C+Feuk+L%2C+Halpern+AL%2C+Walenz+BP%2C+Axelrod+N%2C+Huang+J%2C+Kirkness+EF%2C+Denisov+G%2C+Lin+Y%2C+MacDonald+JR%2C+Pang+AW%2C+Shago+M%2C+Stockwell+TB%2C+Tsiamouri+A%2C+Bafna+V%2C+Bansal+V%2C+Kravitz+SA%2C+Busam+DA%2C+Beeson+KY%2C+McIntosh+TC%2C+Remington+KA%2C+Abril+JF%2C+Gill+J%2C+Borman+J%2C+Rogers+YH%2C+Frazier+ME%2C+Scherer+SW%2C+Strausberg+RL%2C+Venter+JC&amp;rft.au=Levy+S%2C+Sutton+G%2C+Ng+PC%2C+Feuk+L%2C+Halpern+AL%2C+Walenz+BP%2C+Axelrod+N%2C+Huang+J%2C+Kirkness+EF%2C+Denisov+G%2C+Lin+Y%2C+MacDonald+JR%2C+Pang+AW%2C+Shago+M%2C+Stockwell+TB%2C+Tsiamouri+A%2C+Bafna+V%2C+Bansal+V%2C+Kravitz+SA%2C+Busam+DA%2C+Beeson+KY%2C+McIntosh+TC%2C+Remington+KA%2C+Abril+JF%2C+Gill+J%2C+Borman+J%2C+Rogers+YH%2C+Frazier+ME%2C+Scherer+SW%2C+Strausberg+RL%2C+Venter+JC&amp;rft.date=September+2007&amp;rft.volume=5&amp;rft.issue=10&amp;rft.pages=e254&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0050254&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17803354&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-6"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFWade2007" class="web">Wade, Wade (June 1, 2007). &quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/06/01/america/dna.php" href="http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/06/01/america/dna.php" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">DNA pioneer Watson gets own genome map</font></a>&quot;. International Herald Tribune<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/06/01/america/dna.php" href="http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/06/01/america/dna.php" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/06/01/america/dna.php</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on February 22, 2009</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=DNA+pioneer+Watson+gets+own+genome+map&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Wade&amp;rft.aufirst=Wade&amp;rft.au=Wade%2C+Wade&amp;rft.date=June+1%2C+2007&amp;rft.pub=International+Herald+Tribune&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iht.com%2Farticles%2F2007%2F06%2F01%2Famerica%2Fdna.php&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-7"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFWade2007" class="news">Wade, Nicholas (May 31, 2007). &quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/31/science/31cnd-gene.html" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/31/science/31cnd-gene.html" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">Genome of DNA Pioneer Is Deciphered</font></a>&quot;. New York Times<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/31/science/31cnd-gene.html" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/31/science/31cnd-gene.html" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/31/science/31cnd-gene.html</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on February 21, 2009</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Genome+of+DNA+Pioneer+Is+Deciphered&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Wade&amp;rft.aufirst=Nicholas&amp;rft.au=Wade%2C+Nicholas&amp;rft.date=May+31%2C+2007&amp;rft.pub=New+York+Times&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F05%2F31%2Fscience%2F31cnd-gene.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-8"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFWheeler_DA.2C_Srinivasan_M.2C_Egholm_M.2C_Shen_Y.2C_Chen_L.2C_McGuire_A.2C_He_W.2C_Chen_YJ.2C_Makhijani_V.2C_Roth_GT.2C_Gomes_X.2C_Tartaro_K.2C_Niazi_F.2C_Turcotte_CL.2C_Irzyk_GP.2C_Lupski_JR.2C_Chinault_C.2C_Song_XZ.2C_Liu_Y.2C_Yuan_Y.2C_Nazareth_L.2C_Qin_X.2C_Muzny_DM.2C_Margulies_M.2C_Weinstock_GM.2C_Gibbs_RA.2C_Rothberg_JM.2008">Wheeler DA, Srinivasan M, Egholm M, Shen Y, Chen L, McGuire A, He W, Chen YJ, Makhijani V, Roth GT, Gomes X, Tartaro K, Niazi F, Turcotte CL, Irzyk GP, Lupski JR, Chinault C, Song XZ, Liu Y, Yuan Y, Nazareth L, Qin X, Muzny DM, Margulies M, Weinstock GM, Gibbs RA, Rothberg JM. (2008). &quot;The complete genome of an individual by massively parallel DNA sequencing&quot;. <em>Nature</em> <strong>452</strong>: 872&ndash;6.. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18421352" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18421352"><font color="#0066cc">PMID 18421352</font></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+complete+genome+of+an+individual+by+massively+parallel+DNA+sequencing&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Wheeler+DA%2C+Srinivasan+M%2C+Egholm+M%2C+Shen+Y%2C+Chen+L%2C+McGuire+A%2C+He+W%2C+Chen+YJ%2C+Makhijani+V%2C+Roth+GT%2C+Gomes+X%2C+Tartaro+K%2C+Niazi+F%2C+Turcotte+CL%2C+Irzyk+GP%2C+Lupski+JR%2C+Chinault+C%2C+Song+XZ%2C+Liu+Y%2C+Yuan+Y%2C+Nazareth+L%2C+Qin+X%2C+Muzny+DM%2C+Margulies+M%2C+Weinstock+GM%2C+Gibbs+RA%2C+Rothberg+JM.&amp;rft.au=Wheeler+DA%2C+Srinivasan+M%2C+Egholm+M%2C+Shen+Y%2C+Chen+L%2C+McGuire+A%2C+He+W%2C+Chen+YJ%2C+Makhijani+V%2C+Roth+GT%2C+Gomes+X%2C+Tartaro+K%2C+Niazi+F%2C+Turcotte+CL%2C+Irzyk+GP%2C+Lupski+JR%2C+Chinault+C%2C+Song+XZ%2C+Liu+Y%2C+Yuan+Y%2C+Nazareth+L%2C+Qin+X%2C+Muzny+DM%2C+Margulies+M%2C+Weinstock+GM%2C+Gibbs+RA%2C+Rothberg+JM.&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=452&amp;rft.pages=872%E2%80%936.&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18421352&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-9"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFWang_J.2C_et_al.2008">Wang J, et al. (2008). &quot;The diploid genome sequence of an Asian individual&quot;. <em>Nature</em> <strong>456</strong>: 60&ndash;65. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18987735" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18987735"><font color="#0066cc">PMID 18987735</font></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+diploid+genome+sequence+of+an+Asian+individual&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Wang+J%2C+et+al.&amp;rft.au=Wang+J%2C+et+al.&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=456&amp;rft.pages=60%E2%80%9365&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18987735&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-10"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFBentley_DR.2C_Balasubramanian_S.2C_et_al.2008">Bentley DR, Balasubramanian S, et al. (2008). &quot;Accurate whole human genome sequencing using reversible terminator chemistry&quot;. <em>Nature</em> <strong>456</strong>: 53&ndash;9. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18987734" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18987734"><font color="#0066cc">PMID 18987734</font></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Accurate+whole+human+genome+sequencing+using+reversible+terminator+chemistry&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Bentley+DR%2C+Balasubramanian+S%2C+et+al.&amp;rft.au=Bentley+DR%2C+Balasubramanian+S%2C+et+al.&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=456&amp;rft.pages=53%E2%80%939&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18987734&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-11"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFLey_TJ.2C_Mardis_ER.2C_Ding_L.2C_Fulton_B.2C_McLellan_MD.2C_Chen_K.2C_Dooling_D.2C_Dunford-Shore_BH.2C_McGrath_S.2C_Hickenbotham_M.2C_Cook_L.2C_Abbott_R.2C_Larson_DE.2C_Koboldt.0ADC.2C_Pohl_C.2C_Smith_S.2C_Hawkins_A.2C_Abbott_S.2C_Locke_D.2C_Hillier_LW.2C_Miner_T.2C_Fulton_L.2C.0AMagrini_V.2C_Wylie_T.2C_Glasscock_J.2C_Conyers_J.2C_Sander_N.2C_Shi_X.2C_Osborne_JR.2C_Minx_P.2C_.0AGordon_D.2C_Chinwalla_A.2C_Zhao_Y.2C_Ries_RE.2C_Payton_JE.2C_Westervelt_P.2C_Tomasson_MH.2C.0AWatson_M.2C_Baty_J.2C_Ivanovich_J.2C_Heath_S.2C_Shannon_WD.2C_Nagarajan_R.2C_Walter_MJ.2C_Link_.0ADC.2C_Graubert_TA.2C_DiPersio_JF.2C_Wilson_RK.2008">Ley TJ, Mardis ER, Ding L, Fulton B, McLellan MD, Chen K, Dooling D, Dunford-Shore BH, McGrath S, Hickenbotham M, Cook L, Abbott R, Larson DE, Koboldt DC, Pohl C, Smith S, Hawkins A, Abbott S, Locke D, Hillier LW, Miner T, Fulton L, Magrini V, Wylie T, Glasscock J, Conyers J, Sander N, Shi X, Osborne JR, Minx P, Gordon D, Chinwalla A, Zhao Y, Ries RE, Payton JE, Westervelt P, Tomasson MH, Watson M, Baty J, Ivanovich J, Heath S, Shannon WD, Nagarajan R, Walter MJ, Link DC, Graubert TA, DiPersio JF, Wilson RK. (2008). &quot;DNA sequencing of a cytogenetically normal acute myeloid leukaemia genome&quot;. <em>Nature</em> <strong>456</strong>: 66&ndash;72. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18987736" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18987736"><font color="#0066cc">PMID 18987736</font></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=DNA+sequencing+of+a+cytogenetically+normal+acute+myeloid+leukaemia+genome&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Ley+TJ%2C+Mardis+ER%2C+Ding+L%2C+Fulton+B%2C+McLellan+MD%2C+Chen+K%2C+Dooling+D%2C+Dunford-Shore+BH%2C+McGrath+S%2C+Hickenbotham+M%2C+Cook+L%2C+Abbott+R%2C+Larson+DE%2C+Koboldt%0ADC%2C+Pohl+C%2C+Smith+S%2C+Hawkins+A%2C+Abbott+S%2C+Locke+D%2C+Hillier+LW%2C+Miner+T%2C+Fulton+L%2C%0AMagrini+V%2C+Wylie+T%2C+Glasscock+J%2C+Conyers+J%2C+Sander+N%2C+Shi+X%2C+Osborne+JR%2C+Minx+P%2C+%0AGordon+D%2C+Chinwalla+A%2C+Zhao+Y%2C+Ries+RE%2C+Payton+JE%2C+Westervelt+P%2C+Tomasson+MH%2C%0AWatson+M%2C+Baty+J%2C+Ivanovich+J%2C+Heath+S%2C+Shannon+WD%2C+Nagarajan+R%2C+Walter+MJ%2C+Link+%0ADC%2C+Graubert+TA%2C+DiPersio+JF%2C+Wilson+RK.&amp;rft.au=Ley+TJ%2C+Mardis+ER%2C+Ding+L%2C+Fulton+B%2C+McLellan+MD%2C+Chen+K%2C+Dooling+D%2C+Dunford-Shore+BH%2C+McGrath+S%2C+Hickenbotham+M%2C+Cook+L%2C+Abbott+R%2C+Larson+DE%2C+Koboldt%0ADC%2C+Pohl+C%2C+Smith+S%2C+Hawkins+A%2C+Abbott+S%2C+Locke+D%2C+Hillier+LW%2C+Miner+T%2C+Fulton+L%2C%0AMagrini+V%2C+Wylie+T%2C+Glasscock+J%2C+Conyers+J%2C+Sander+N%2C+Shi+X%2C+Osborne+JR%2C+Minx+P%2C+%0AGordon+D%2C+Chinwalla+A%2C+Zhao+Y%2C+Ries+RE%2C+Payton+JE%2C+Westervelt+P%2C+Tomasson+MH%2C%0AWatson+M%2C+Baty+J%2C+Ivanovich+J%2C+Heath+S%2C+Shannon+WD%2C+Nagarajan+R%2C+Walter+MJ%2C+Link+%0ADC%2C+Graubert+TA%2C+DiPersio+JF%2C+Wilson+RK.&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=456&amp;rft.pages=66%E2%80%9372&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18987736&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-12"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-12"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFAhn_SM.2C_Kim_TH.2C_Lee_S.2C_Kim_D.2C_Ghang_H.2C_Kim_D.2C_Kim_BC.2C_Kim_SY.2C_Kim_WY.2C_Kim_C.2C_Park_D.2C_Lee_YS.2C_Kim_S.2C_Reja_R.2C_Jho_S.2C_Kim_CG.2C_Cha_JY.2C_Kim_KH.2C_Lee_B.2C_Bhak_J.2C_Kim_SJ2009">Ahn SM, Kim TH, Lee S, Kim D, Ghang H, Kim D, Kim BC, Kim SY, Kim WY, Kim C, Park D, Lee YS, Kim S, Reja R, Jho S, Kim CG, Cha JY, Kim KH, Lee B, Bhak J, Kim SJ (2009). &quot;The first Korean genome sequence and analysis: Full genome sequencing for a socio-ethnic group&quot;. <em>Genome Research</em>. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19470904" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19470904"><font color="#0066cc">PMID 19470904</font></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+first+Korean+genome+sequence+and+analysis%3A+Full+genome+sequencing+for+a%0Asocio-ethnic+group&amp;rft.jtitle=Genome+Research&amp;rft.aulast=Ahn+SM%2C+Kim+TH%2C+Lee+S%2C+Kim+D%2C+Ghang+H%2C+Kim+D%2C+Kim+BC%2C+Kim+SY%2C+Kim+WY%2C+Kim+C%2C+Park+D%2C+Lee+YS%2C+Kim+S%2C+Reja+R%2C+Jho+S%2C+Kim+CG%2C+Cha+JY%2C+Kim+KH%2C+Lee+B%2C+Bhak+J%2C+Kim+SJ&amp;rft.au=Ahn+SM%2C+Kim+TH%2C+Lee+S%2C+Kim+D%2C+Ghang+H%2C+Kim+D%2C+Kim+BC%2C+Kim+SY%2C+Kim+WY%2C+Kim+C%2C+Park+D%2C+Lee+YS%2C+Kim+S%2C+Reja+R%2C+Jho+S%2C+Kim+CG%2C+Cha+JY%2C+Kim+KH%2C+Lee+B%2C+Bhak+J%2C+Kim+SJ&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/19470904&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-13"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-13"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="web">&quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.nanotechwire.com/news.asp?nid=6428" href="http://www.nanotechwire.com/news.asp?nid=6428" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">Harvard University and Oxford Nanopore Technologies Announce Licence Agreement to Advance Nanopore DNA Sequencing and other Applications</font></a>&quot;. Nanotechwire. August 5, 2008<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://www.nanotechwire.com/news.asp?nid=6428" href="http://www.nanotechwire.com/news.asp?nid=6428" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.nanotechwire.com/news.asp?nid=6428</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on February 23, 2009</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Harvard+University+and+Oxford+Nanopore+Technologies+Announce+Licence+Agreement+to+Advance+Nanopore+DNA+Sequencing+and+other+Applications&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=August+5%2C+2008&amp;rft.pub=Nanotechwire&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nanotechwire.com%2Fnews.asp%3Fnid%3D6428&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-14"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="news">&quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS49869+12-Jan-2009+BW20090112" href="http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS49869+12-Jan-2009+BW20090112" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">Illumina and Oxford Nanopore Enter into Broad Commercialization Agreement</font></a>&quot;. Reuters. January 12, 2009<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS49869+12-Jan-2009+BW20090112" href="http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS49869+12-Jan-2009+BW20090112" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS49869+12-Jan-2009+BW20090112</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on February 23, 2009</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Illumina+and+Oxford+Nanopore+Enter+into+Broad+Commercialization+Agreement&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=January+12%2C+2009&amp;rft.pub=Reuters&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FpressRelease%2FidUS49869%2B12-Jan-2009%2BBW20090112&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-15"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-15"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" title="http://www..com/sequenom-licenses-nanopore-technology-harvard-develop-third-generation-sequencer" href="http://www..com/sequenom-licenses-nanopore-technology-harvard-develop-third-generation-sequencer" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">http://www..com/sequenom-licenses-nanopore-technology-harvard-develop-third-generation-sequencer</font></a></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-16"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="news">&quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.pacificbiosciences.com/index.php?q=technology-introduction" href="http://www.pacificbiosciences.com/index.php?q=technology-introduction" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">Single Molecule Real Time (SMRT) DNA Sequencing</font></a>&quot;. Pacific Biosciences<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://www.pacificbiosciences.com/index.php?q=technology-introduction" href="http://www.pacificbiosciences.com/index.php?q=technology-introduction" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.pacificbiosciences.com/index.php?q=technology-introduction</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on February 23, 2009</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Single+Molecule+Real+Time+%28SMRT%29+DNA+Sequencing&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.pub=Pacific+Biosciences&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pacificbiosciences.com%2Findex.php%3Fq%3Dtechnology-introduction&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-17"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-17"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="news">&quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.completegenomicsinc.com/pages/materials/CompleteGenomicsTechnologyPaper.pdf" href="http://www.completegenomicsinc.com/pages/materials/CompleteGenomicsTechnologyPaper.pdf" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">Complete Human Genome Sequencing Technology Overview</font></a>&quot;. Complete Genomics. 2009<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://www.completegenomicsinc.com/pages/materials/CompleteGenomicsTechnologyPaper.pdf" href="http://www.completegenomicsinc.com/pages/materials/CompleteGenomicsTechnologyPaper.pdf" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.completegenomicsinc.com/pages/materials/CompleteGenomicsTechnologyPaper.pdf</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on February 23, 2009</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Complete+Human+Genome+Sequencing+Technology+Overview&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.pub=Complete+Genomics&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.completegenomicsinc.com%2Fpages%2Fmaterials%2FCompleteGenomicsTechnologyPaper.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-18"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-18"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="web">&quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v6/n11/glossary/nrg1709_glossary.html" href="http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v6/n11/glossary/nrg1709_glossary.html" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">Definition of pyrosequencing from the Nature Reviews Genetics Glossary</font></a>&quot;<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v6/n11/glossary/nrg1709_glossary.html" href="http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v6/n11/glossary/nrg1709_glossary.html" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v6/n11/glossary/nrg1709_glossary.html</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on 2008-10-28</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Definition+of+pyrosequencing+from+the+Nature+Reviews+Genetics+Glossary&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnrg%2Fjournal%2Fv6%2Fn11%2Fglossary%2Fnrg1709_glossary.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-RonachiScience-19"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-RonachiScience_19-0"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFRonaghi_M.2C_Uhl.C3.A9n_M.2C_Nyr.C3.A9n_P1998">Ronaghi M, Uhl&eacute;n M, Nyr&eacute;n P (July 1998). &quot;A sequencing method based on real-time pyrophosphate&quot;. <em>Science (journal)</em> <strong>281</strong> (5375): 363, 365. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0066cc">doi</font></a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.281.5375.363" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.281.5375.363" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">10.1126/science.281.5375.363</font></a></span>. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9705713" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9705713"><font color="#0066cc">PMID 9705713</font></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=A+sequencing+method+based+on+real-time+pyrophosphate&amp;rft.jtitle=Science+%28journal%29&amp;rft.aulast=Ronaghi+M%2C+Uhl%C3%A9n+M%2C+Nyr%C3%A9n+P&amp;rft.au=Ronaghi+M%2C+Uhl%C3%A9n+M%2C+Nyr%C3%A9n+P&amp;rft.date=July+1998&amp;rft.volume=281&amp;rft.issue=5375&amp;rft.pages=363%2C+365&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.281.5375.363&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/9705713&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid8923969-20"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-pmid8923969_20-0"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFRonaghi_M.2C_Karamohamed_S.2C_Pettersson_B.2C_Uhl.C3.A9n_M.2C_Nyr.C3.A9n_P1996">Ronaghi M, Karamohamed S, Pettersson B, Uhl&eacute;n M, Nyr&eacute;n P (November 1996). &quot;Real-time DNA sequencing using detection of pyrophosphate release&quot;. <em>Anal. Biochem.</em> <strong>242</strong> (1): 84&ndash;9. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0066cc">doi</font></a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1006%2Fabio.1996.0432" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1006%2Fabio.1996.0432" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">10.1006/abio.1996.0432</font></a></span>. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8923969" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8923969"><font color="#0066cc">PMID 8923969</font></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Real-time+DNA+sequencing+using+detection+of+pyrophosphate+release&amp;rft.jtitle=Anal.+Biochem.&amp;rft.aulast=Ronaghi+M%2C+Karamohamed+S%2C+Pettersson+B%2C+Uhl%C3%A9n+M%2C+Nyr%C3%A9n+P&amp;rft.au=Ronaghi+M%2C+Karamohamed+S%2C+Pettersson+B%2C+Uhl%C3%A9n+M%2C+Nyr%C3%A9n+P&amp;rft.date=November+1996&amp;rft.volume=242&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=84%E2%80%939&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1006%2Fabio.1996.0432&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/8923969&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid17185753-21"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-pmid17185753_21-0"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFNyr.C3.A9n_P2007">Nyr&eacute;n P (2007). &quot;The history of pyrosequencing&quot;. <em>Methods Mol. Biol.</em> <strong>373</strong>: 1&ndash;14. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17185753" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17185753"><font color="#0066cc">PMID 17185753</font></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+history+of+pyrosequencing&amp;rft.jtitle=Methods+Mol.+Biol.&amp;rft.aulast=Nyr%C3%A9n+P&amp;rft.au=Nyr%C3%A9n+P&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.volume=373&amp;rft.pages=1%E2%80%9314&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17185753&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-22"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-22"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" title="http://files.shareholder.com/downloads/CRGN/0x0x53381/386c4aaa-f36e-4b7a-9ff0-c06e61fad31f/211559.pdf" href="http://files.shareholder.com/downloads/CRGN/0x0x53381/386c4aaa-f36e-4b7a-9ff0-c06e61fad31f/211559.pdf" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">http://files.shareholder.com/downloads/CRGN/0x0x53381/386c4aaa-f36e-4b7a-9ff0-c06e61fad31f/211559.pdf</font></a></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid461197-23"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-pmid461197_23-0"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFStaden_R1979">Staden R (June 1979). &quot;<a class="external text" title="http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=461197" href="http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=461197" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">A strategy of DNA sequencing employing computer programs</font></a>&quot;. <em>Nucleic Acids Res.</em> <strong>6</strong> (7): 2601&ndash;10. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/461197" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/461197"><font color="#0066cc">PMID 461197</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0066cc">PMC</font></a>: <a class="external text" title="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=327874" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=327874" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">327874</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=461197" href="http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=461197" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=461197</font></a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=A+strategy+of+DNA+sequencing+employing+computer+programs&amp;rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Res.&amp;rft.aulast=Staden+R&amp;rft.au=Staden+R&amp;rft.date=June+1979&amp;rft.volume=6&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.pages=2601%E2%80%9310&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/461197&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnar.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D461197&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-24"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-24"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFEdwardsCaskey.2C_T1991">Edwards, A; Caskey, T (1991). &quot;Closure strategies for random DNA sequencing&quot;. <em>Methods: A Companion to Methods in Enzymology</em> <strong>3</strong> (1): 41&ndash;47. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0066cc">doi</font></a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS1046-2023%2805%2980162-8" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS1046-2023%2805%2980162-8" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">10.1016/S1046-2023(05)80162-8</font></a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Closure+strategies+for+random+DNA+sequencing&amp;rft.jtitle=Methods%3A+A+Companion+to+Methods+in+Enzymology&amp;rft.aulast=Edwards&amp;rft.aufirst=A&amp;rft.au=Edwards%2C+A&amp;rft.au=Caskey%2C+T&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.volume=3&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=41%E2%80%9347&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2FS1046-2023%2805%2980162-8&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid2341149-25"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-pmid2341149_25-0"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFEdwards_A.2C_Voss_H.2C_Rice_P.2C_Civitello_A.2C_Stegemann_J.2C_Schwager_C.2C_Zimmermann_J.2C_Erfle_H.2C_Caskey_CT.2C_Ansorge_W1990">Edwards A, Voss H, Rice P, Civitello A, Stegemann J, Schwager C, Zimmermann J, Erfle H, Caskey CT, Ansorge W (April 1990). &quot;Automated DNA sequencing of the human HPRT locus&quot;. <em>Genomics</em> <strong>6</strong> (4): 593&ndash;608. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0066cc">doi</font></a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0888-7543%2890%2990493-E" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0888-7543%2890%2990493-E" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">10.1016/0888-7543(90)90493-E</font></a></span>. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2341149" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2341149"><font color="#0066cc">PMID 2341149</font></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Automated+DNA+sequencing+of+the+human+HPRT+locus&amp;rft.jtitle=Genomics&amp;rft.aulast=Edwards+A%2C+Voss+H%2C+Rice+P%2C+Civitello+A%2C+Stegemann+J%2C+Schwager+C%2C+Zimmermann+J%2C+Erfle+H%2C+Caskey+CT%2C+Ansorge+W&amp;rft.au=Edwards+A%2C+Voss+H%2C+Rice+P%2C+Civitello+A%2C+Stegemann+J%2C+Schwager+C%2C+Zimmermann+J%2C+Erfle+H%2C+Caskey+CT%2C+Ansorge+W&amp;rft.date=April+1990&amp;rft.volume=6&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=593%E2%80%93608&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2F0888-7543%2890%2990493-E&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/2341149&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid7601461-26"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-pmid7601461_26-0"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFRoach_JC.2C_Boysen_C.2C_Wang_K.2C_Hood_L1995">Roach JC, Boysen C, Wang K, Hood L (March 1995). &quot;Pairwise end sequencing: a unified approach to genomic mapping and sequencing&quot;. <em>Genomics</em> <strong>26</strong> (2): 345&ndash;53. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0066cc">doi</font></a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0888-7543%2895%2980219-C" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0888-7543%2895%2980219-C" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">10.1016/0888-7543(95)80219-C</font></a></span>. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7601461" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7601461"><font color="#0066cc">PMID 7601461</font></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Pairwise+end+sequencing%3A+a+unified+approach+to+genomic+mapping+and+sequencing&amp;rft.jtitle=Genomics&amp;rft.aulast=Roach+JC%2C+Boysen+C%2C+Wang+K%2C+Hood+L&amp;rft.au=Roach+JC%2C+Boysen+C%2C+Wang+K%2C+Hood+L&amp;rft.date=March+1995&amp;rft.volume=26&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=345%E2%80%9353&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2F0888-7543%2895%2980219-C&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/7601461&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid7542800-27"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-pmid7542800_27-0"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFFleischmann_RD.2C_Adams_MD.2C_White_O.2C_Clayton_RA.2C_Kirkness_EF.2C_Kerlavage_AR.2C_Bult_CJ.2C_Tomb_JF.2C_Dougherty_BA.2C_Merrick_JM1995">Fleischmann RD, Adams MD, White O, Clayton RA, Kirkness EF, Kerlavage AR, Bult CJ, Tomb JF, Dougherty BA, Merrick JM (July 1995). &quot;Whole-genome random sequencing and assembly of Haemophilus influenzae Rd&quot;. <em>Science (journal)</em> <strong>269</strong> (5223): 496&ndash;512. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0066cc">doi</font></a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.7542800" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.7542800" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">10.1126/science.7542800</font></a></span>. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7542800" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7542800"><font color="#0066cc">PMID 7542800</font></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Whole-genome+random+sequencing+and+assembly+of+Haemophilus+influenzae+Rd&amp;rft.jtitle=Science+%28journal%29&amp;rft.aulast=Fleischmann+RD%2C+Adams+MD%2C+White+O%2C+Clayton+RA%2C+Kirkness+EF%2C+Kerlavage+AR%2C+Bult+CJ%2C+Tomb+JF%2C+Dougherty+BA%2C+Merrick+JM&amp;rft.au=Fleischmann+RD%2C+Adams+MD%2C+White+O%2C+Clayton+RA%2C+Kirkness+EF%2C+Kerlavage+AR%2C+Bult+CJ%2C+Tomb+JF%2C+Dougherty+BA%2C+Merrick+JM&amp;rft.date=July+1995&amp;rft.volume=269&amp;rft.issue=5223&amp;rft.pages=496%E2%80%93512&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.7542800&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/7542800&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-28"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-28"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFAdamset_al.2009">Adams, MD; et al. (2000). &quot;The genome sequence of Drosophila melanogaster&quot;. <em>Science</em> <strong>287</strong> (5461): 2185&ndash;95. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0066cc">doi</font></a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.287.5461.2185" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.287.5461.2185" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">10.1126/science.287.5461.2185</font></a></span>. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10731132" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10731132"><font color="#0066cc">PMID 10731132</font></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+genome+sequence+of+Drosophila+melanogaster&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Adams&amp;rft.aufirst=MD&amp;rft.au=Adams%2C+MD&amp;rft.au=et+al.&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.volume=287&amp;rft.issue=5461&amp;rft.pages=2185%E2%80%9395&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.287.5461.2185&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/10731132&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid19193124-29"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-pmid19193124_29-0"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFMukhopadhyay_R2009">Mukhopadhyay R (February 2009). &quot;DNA sequencers: the next generation&quot;. <em>Anal. Chem.</em>. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0066cc">doi</font></a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fac802712u" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fac802712u" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">10.1021/ac802712u</font></a></span>. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19193124" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19193124"><font color="#0066cc">PMID 19193124</font></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=DNA+sequencers%3A+the+next+generation&amp;rft.jtitle=Anal.+Chem.&amp;rft.aulast=Mukhopadhyay+R&amp;rft.au=Mukhopadhyay+R&amp;rft.date=February+2009&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1021%2Fac802712u&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/19193124&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-30"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-30"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFCarlson2007" class="web">Carlson, Rob (2007-01-02). &quot;<a class="external text" title="http://synthesis.cc/2007/01/a-few-thoughts-on-rapid-genome-sequencing-and-the-archon-prize.html" href="http://synthesis.cc/2007/01/a-few-thoughts-on-rapid-genome-sequencing-and-the-archon-prize.html" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">A Few Thoughts on Rapid Genome Sequencing and The Archon Prize - synthesis</font></a>&quot;. Synthesis.cc<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://synthesis.cc/2007/01/a-few-thoughts-on-rapid-genome-sequencing-and-the-archon-prize.html" href="http://synthesis.cc/2007/01/a-few-thoughts-on-rapid-genome-sequencing-and-the-archon-prize.html" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">http://synthesis.cc/2007/01/a-few-thoughts-on-rapid-genome-sequencing-and-the-archon-prize.html</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on 2009-02-23</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=A+Few+Thoughts+on+Rapid+Genome+Sequencing+and+The+Archon+Prize+-+synthesis&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Carlson&amp;rft.aufirst=Rob&amp;rft.au=Carlson%2C+Rob&amp;rft.date=2007-01-02&amp;rft.pub=Synthesis.cc&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsynthesis.cc%2F2007%2F01%2Fa-few-thoughts-on-rapid-genome-sequencing-and-the-archon-prize.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-31"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-31"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://genomics.xprize.org/genomics/archon-x-prize-for-genomics/prize-overview" href="http://genomics.xprize.org/genomics/archon-x-prize-for-genomics/prize-overview" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">&quot;PRIZE Overview: Archon X PRIZE for Genomics&quot;</font></a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-pmid17055251-32"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-pmid17055251_32-0"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFBentley_DR2006">Bentley DR (December 2006). &quot;Whole-genome re-sequencing&quot;. <em>Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev.</em> <strong>16</strong> (6): 545&ndash;52. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0066cc">doi</font></a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gde.2006.10.009" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gde.2006.10.009" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">10.1016/j.gde.2006.10.009</font></a></span>. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17055251" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17055251"><font color="#0066cc">PMID 17055251</font></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Whole-genome+re-sequencing&amp;rft.jtitle=Curr.+Opin.+Genet.+Dev.&amp;rft.aulast=Bentley+DR&amp;rft.au=Bentley+DR&amp;rft.date=December+2006&amp;rft.volume=16&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=545%E2%80%9352&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.gde.2006.10.009&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17055251&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-33"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-33"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="web">&quot;<a class="external text" title="http://genetests.org" href="http://genetests.org" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">GeneTests.org</font></a>&quot;<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://genetests.org" href="http://genetests.org" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">http://genetests.org</font></a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=GeneTests.org&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgenetests.org&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-34"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-34"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="web">&quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.gizmag.com/go/8248/" href="http://www.gizmag.com/go/8248/" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">SOLiD System - a next-gen DNA sequencing platform announced</font></a>&quot;. Gizmag.com. 2007-10-27<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://www.gizmag.com/go/8248/" href="http://www.gizmag.com/go/8248/" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.gizmag.com/go/8248/</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on 2009-02-24</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=SOLiD+System+-+a+next-gen+DNA+sequencing+platform+announced&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=2007-10-27&amp;rft.pub=Gizmag.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gizmag.com%2Fgo%2F8248%2F&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pagewanted1-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pagewanted1_35-0">^{<em><strong><font color="#0066cc" size="2">a</font></strong></em>}</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pagewanted1_35-1">^{<em><strong><font color="#0066cc" size="2">b</font></strong></em>}</a> <a class="external free" title="http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/09/business/09genome.html?pagewanted=print" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/09/business/09genome.html?pagewanted=print" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/09/business/09genome.html?pagewanted=print</font></a></li> <li id="cite_note-36"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-36"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="web">&quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.genengnews.com/articles/chitem.aspx?aid=939&amp;chid=1" href="http://www.genengnews.com/articles/chitem.aspx?aid=939&amp;chid=1" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">Article&nbsp;: Race to Cut Whole Genome Sequencing Costs Genetic Engineering &amp; Biotechnology News - Biotechnology from Bench to Business</font></a>&quot;. Genengnews.com<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://www.genengnews.com/articles/chitem.aspx?aid=939&amp;chid=1" href="http://www.genengnews.com/articles/chitem.aspx?aid=939&amp;chid=1" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.genengnews.com/articles/chitem.aspx?aid=939&amp;chid=1</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on 2009-02-23</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Article+%3A+Race+to+Cut+Whole+Genome+Sequencing+Costs+Genetic+Engineering+%26+Biotechnology+News+-+Biotechnology+from+Bench+to+Business&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.pub=Genengnews.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genengnews.com%2Farticles%2Fchitem.aspx%3Faid%3D939%26chid%3D1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-37"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-37"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="web">&quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.eyeondna.com/2008/02/11/whole-genome-sequencing-costs-continue-to-drop/" href="http://www.eyeondna.com/2008/02/11/whole-genome-sequencing-costs-continue-to-drop/" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">Whole Genome Sequencing Costs Continue to Drop</font></a>&quot;. Eyeondna.com<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://www.eyeondna.com/2008/02/11/whole-genome-sequencing-costs-continue-to-drop/" href="http://www.eyeondna.com/2008/02/11/whole-genome-sequencing-costs-continue-to-drop/" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.eyeondna.com/2008/02/11/whole-genome-sequencing-costs-continue-to-drop/</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on 2009-02-23</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Whole+Genome+Sequencing+Costs+Continue+to+Drop&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.pub=Eyeondna.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eyeondna.com%2F2008%2F02%2F11%2Fwhole-genome-sequencing-costs-continue-to-drop%2F&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-38"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-38"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFSan_Diego.2FOrange_County_Technology_News" class="web">San Diego/Orange County Technology News. &quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.freshnews.com/news/biotech-biomedical/article_39927.html" href="http://www.freshnews.com/news/biotech-biomedical/article_39927.html" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">Sequenom to Develop Third-Generation Nanopore-Based Single Molecule Sequencing Technology</font></a>&quot;. Freshnews.com<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://www.freshnews.com/news/biotech-biomedical/article_39927.html" href="http://www.freshnews.com/news/biotech-biomedical/article_39927.html" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.freshnews.com/news/biotech-biomedical/article_39927.html</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on 2009-02-24</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Sequenom+to+Develop+Third-Generation+Nanopore-Based+Single+Molecule+Sequencing+Technology&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=San+Diego%2FOrange+County+Technology+News&amp;rft.au=San+Diego%2FOrange+County+Technology+News&amp;rft.pub=Freshnews.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freshnews.com%2Fnews%2Fbiotech-biomedical%2Farticle_39927.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-genengnews1-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-genengnews1_39-0">^{<em><strong><font color="#0066cc" size="2">a</font></strong></em>}</a> <a href="#cite_ref-genengnews1_39-1">^{<em><strong><font color="#0066cc" size="2">b</font></strong></em>}</a> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="web">&quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.genengnews.com/articles/chitem.aspx?aid=658&amp;chid=2" href="http://www.genengnews.com/articles/chitem.aspx?aid=658&amp;chid=2" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">Article&nbsp;: Whole Genome Sequencing in 24 Hours Genetic Engineering &amp; Biotechnology News - Biotechnology from Bench to Business</font></a>&quot;. Genengnews.com<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://www.genengnews.com/articles/chitem.aspx?aid=658&amp;chid=2" href="http://www.genengnews.com/articles/chitem.aspx?aid=658&amp;chid=2" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.genengnews.com/articles/chitem.aspx?aid=658&amp;chid=2</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on 2009-02-23</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Article+%3A+Whole+Genome+Sequencing+in+24+Hours+Genetic+Engineering+%26+Biotechnology+News+-+Biotechnology+from+Bench+to+Business&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.pub=Genengnews.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genengnews.com%2Farticles%2Fchitem.aspx%3Faid%3D658%26chid%3D2&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-40"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-40"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="web">&quot;<a class="external text" title="http://venturebeat.com/2008/02/10/pacific-bio-lifts-the-veil-on-its-high-speed-genome-sequencing-effort/" href="http://venturebeat.com/2008/02/10/pacific-bio-lifts-the-veil-on-its-high-speed-genome-sequencing-effort/" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">Pacific Bio lifts the veil on its high-speed genome-sequencing effort</font></a>&quot;. VentureBeat<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://venturebeat.com/2008/02/10/pacific-bio-lifts-the-veil-on-its-high-speed-genome-sequencing-effort/" href="http://venturebeat.com/2008/02/10/pacific-bio-lifts-the-veil-on-its-high-speed-genome-sequencing-effort/" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">http://venturebeat.com/2008/02/10/pacific-bio-lifts-the-veil-on-its-high-speed-genome-sequencing-effort/</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on 2009-02-23</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Pacific+Bio+lifts+the+veil+on+its+high-speed+genome-sequencing+effort&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.pub=VentureBeat&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fventurebeat.com%2F2008%2F02%2F10%2Fpacific-bio-lifts-the-veil-on-its-high-speed-genome-sequencing-effort%2F&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-41"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-41"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="web">&quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.bio-itworld.com/headlines/2008/oct06/complete-genomics-dna-nanoballs.html" href="http://www.bio-itworld.com/headlines/2008/oct06/complete-genomics-dna-nanoballs.html" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">Bio-IT World</font></a>&quot;. Bio-IT World. 2008-10-06<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://www.bio-itworld.com/headlines/2008/oct06/complete-genomics-dna-nanoballs.html" href="http://www.bio-itworld.com/headlines/2008/oct06/complete-genomics-dna-nanoballs.html" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.bio-itworld.com/headlines/2008/oct06/complete-genomics-dna-nanoballs.html</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on 2009-02-23</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Bio-IT+World&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=2008-10-06&amp;rft.pub=Bio-IT+World&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bio-itworld.com%2Fheadlines%2F2008%2Foct06%2Fcomplete-genomics-dna-nanoballs.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-42"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-42"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" title="http://nextbigfuture.com/2008/03/genome-sequencing-costs-continue-to.html" href="http://nextbigfuture.com/2008/03/genome-sequencing-costs-continue-to.html" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">http://nextbigfuture.com/2008/03/genome-sequencing-costs-continue-to.html</font></a></li> <li id="cite_note-43"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-43"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" title="http://www.pbn.com/stories/29333.html" href="http://www.pbn.com/stories/29333.html" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.pbn.com/stories/29333.html</font></a></li> <li id="cite_note-44"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-44"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" title="http://www.xconomy.com/boston/2008/04/22/with-new-machine-helicos-brings-personal-genome-sequencing-a-step-closer/" href="http://www.xconomy.com/boston/2008/04/22/with-new-machine-helicos-brings-personal-genome-sequencing-a-step-closer/" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.xconomy.com/boston/2008/04/22/with-new-machine-helicos-brings-personal-genome-sequencing-a-step-closer/</font></a></li> <li id="cite_note-45"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-45"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFJuly_14.2C_2008_.26.238212.3B_11:19am_ET2008" class="web">July 14, 2008 &mdash; 11:19am ET (2008-07-14). &quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.fiercebiotech.com/story/pacific-biosciences-garners-100m-sequencing-tech/2008-07-14" href="http://www.fiercebiotech.com/story/pacific-biosciences-garners-100m-sequencing-tech/2008-07-14" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">Pacific Biosciences gains $100M for sequencing tech</font></a>&quot;. FierceBiotech<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://www.fiercebiotech.com/story/pacific-biosciences-garners-100m-sequencing-tech/2008-07-14" href="http://www.fiercebiotech.com/story/pacific-biosciences-garners-100m-sequencing-tech/2008-07-14" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.fiercebiotech.com/story/pacific-biosciences-garners-100m-sequencing-tech/2008-07-14</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on 2009-02-23</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Pacific+Biosciences+gains+%24100M+for+sequencing+tech&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=July+14%2C+2008+%26%238212%3B+11%3A19am+ET&amp;rft.au=July+14%2C+2008+%26%238212%3B+11%3A19am+ET&amp;rft.date=2008-07-14&amp;rft.pub=FierceBiotech&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fiercebiotech.com%2Fstory%2Fpacific-biosciences-garners-100m-sequencing-tech%2F2008-07-14&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-46"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-46"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="web">&quot;<a class="external text" title="http://sanjose.bizjournals.com/sanjose/stories/2009/02/09/story1.html?b=1234155600^1773923" href="http://sanjose.bizjournals.com/sanjose/stories/2009/02/09/story1.html?b=1234155600^1773923" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">Complete Genomics brings radical reduction in cost - Silicon Valley / San Jose Business Journal:</font></a>&quot;. Sanjose.bizjournals.com<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://sanjose.bizjournals.com/sanjose/stories/2009/02/09/story1.html?b=1234155600^1773923" href="http://sanjose.bizjournals.com/sanjose/stories/2009/02/09/story1.html?b=1234155600^1773923" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">http://sanjose.bizjournals.com/sanjose/stories/2009/02/09/story1.html?b=1234155600^1773923</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on 2009-02-23</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Complete+Genomics+brings+radical+reduction+in+cost+-+Silicon+Valley+%2F+San+Jose+Business+Journal%3A&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.pub=Sanjose.bizjournals.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsanjose.bizjournals.com%2Fsanjose%2Fstories%2F2009%2F02%2F09%2Fstory1.html%3Fb%3D1234155600%5E1773923&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-47"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-47"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="web">&quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.bio-itworld.com/issues/2007/nov/sequenom-nanopore-technology/" href="http://www.bio-itworld.com/issues/2007/nov/sequenom-nanopore-technology/" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">Bio-IT World</font></a>&quot;. Bio-IT World<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://www.bio-itworld.com/issues/2007/nov/sequenom-nanopore-technology/" href="http://www.bio-itworld.com/issues/2007/nov/sequenom-nanopore-technology/" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.bio-itworld.com/issues/2007/nov/sequenom-nanopore-technology/</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on 2009-02-24</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Bio-IT+World&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.pub=Bio-IT+World&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bio-itworld.com%2Fissues%2F2007%2Fnov%2Fsequenom-nanopore-technology%2F&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-48"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-48"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" title="http://venturebeat.com/tag/cointelligent-bio-systems/" href="http://venturebeat.com/tag/cointelligent-bio-systems/" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">http://venturebeat.com/tag/cointelligent-bio-systems/</font></a></li> <li id="cite_note-49"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-49"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="web">&quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.technologyreview.com/biomedicine/21466/" href="http://www.technologyreview.com/biomedicine/21466/" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">Five Thousand Bucks for Your Genome</font></a>&quot;. Technology Review. 2008-10-20<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://www.technologyreview.com/biomedicine/21466/" href="http://www.technologyreview.com/biomedicine/21466/" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.technologyreview.com/biomedicine/21466/</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on 2009-02-23</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Five+Thousand+Bucks+for+Your+Genome&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=2008-10-20&amp;rft.pub=Technology+Review&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.technologyreview.com%2Fbiomedicine%2F21466%2F&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-50"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-50"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601124&amp;sid=aEUlnq6ltPpQ" href="http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601124&amp;sid=aEUlnq6ltPpQ" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">Complete Genomics Drives Down Cost of Genome Sequence to $5,000</font></a></li> <li id="cite_note-51"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-51"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREF28_January_20082008" class="web">28 January 2008 (2008-01-28). &quot;<a class="external text" title="http://springwise.com/lifestyle_leisure/premium_genome_mapping_service/" href="http://springwise.com/lifestyle_leisure/premium_genome_mapping_service/" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">Premium genome mapping service: Knome</font></a>&quot;. Springwise<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://springwise.com/lifestyle_leisure/premium_genome_mapping_service/" href="http://springwise.com/lifestyle_leisure/premium_genome_mapping_service/" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">http://springwise.com/lifestyle_leisure/premium_genome_mapping_service/</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on 2009-02-23</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Premium+genome+mapping+service%3A+Knome&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=28+January+2008&amp;rft.au=28+January+2008&amp;rft.date=2008-01-28&amp;rft.pub=Springwise&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspringwise.com%2Flifestyle_leisure%2Fpremium_genome_mapping_service%2F&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-52"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-52"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" title="http://www.twine.com/item/11rf6j5mx-84/technology-review-recession-resistant-medicine" href="http://www.twine.com/item/11rf6j5mx-84/technology-review-recession-resistant-medicine" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.twine.com/item/11rf6j5mx-84/technology-review-recession-resistant-medicine</font></a></li> <li id="cite_note-53"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-53"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" title="http://www.completegenomics.com/dataRelease/sequencingResults.aspx" href="http://www.completegenomics.com/dataRelease/sequencingResults.aspx" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.completegenomics.com/dataRelease/sequencingResults.aspx</font></a></li> <li id="cite_note-54"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-54"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" title="http://scienceblogs.com/geneticfuture/2009/03/broad_institute_complete_genomics.php" href="http://scienceblogs.com/geneticfuture/2009/03/broad_institute_complete_genomics.php" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">http://scienceblogs.com/geneticfuture/2009/03/broad_institute_complete_genomics.php</font></a></li> <li id="cite_note-55"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-55"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" title="http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/03/03/09/complete-genomic-broad-institute-cancer-collaboration.html" href="http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/03/03/09/complete-genomic-broad-institute-cancer-collaboration.html" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/03/03/09/complete-genomic-broad-institute-cancer-collaboration.html</font></a></li> <li id="cite_note-56"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-56"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" title="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7954968.stm" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7954968.stm" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7954968.stm</font></a></li> <li id="cite_note-57"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-57"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" title="http://www.everygenome.com" href="http://www.everygenome.com" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.everygenome.com</font></a></li> <li id="cite_note-58"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-58"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" title="http://news.moneycentral.msn.com/provider/providerarticle.aspx?feed=BW&amp;date=20090610&amp;id=9999448" href="http://news.moneycentral.msn.com/provider/providerarticle.aspx?feed=BW&amp;date=20090610&amp;id=9999448" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">http://news.moneycentral.msn.com/provider/providerarticle.aspx?feed=BW&amp;date=20090610&amp;id=9999448</font></a></li> <li id="cite_note-59"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-59"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" title="http://scienceblogs.com/geneticfuture/2009/06/illumina_launches_personal_gen.php" href="http://scienceblogs.com/geneticfuture/2009/06/illumina_launches_personal_gen.php" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">http://scienceblogs.com/geneticfuture/2009/06/illumina_launches_personal_gen.php</font></a></li> <li id="cite_note-60"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-60"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" title="http://mobihealthnews.com/2658/illumina-demos-concept-iphone-app-for-genetic-data-sharing/" href="http://mobihealthnews.com/2658/illumina-demos-concept-iphone-app-for-genetic-data-sharing/" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">http://mobihealthnews.com/2658/illumina-demos-concept-iphone-app-for-genetic-data-sharing/</font></a></li> <li id="cite_note-61"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-61"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="web">&quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.gladstone.ucsf.edu/gladstone/site/genomicscore/section/1919" href="http://www.gladstone.ucsf.edu/gladstone/site/genomicscore/section/1919" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">Genomics Core</font></a>&quot;. Gladstone.ucsf.edu<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://www.gladstone.ucsf.edu/gladstone/site/genomicscore/section/1919" href="http://www.gladstone.ucsf.edu/gladstone/site/genomicscore/section/1919" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.gladstone.ucsf.edu/gladstone/site/genomicscore/section/1919</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on 2009-02-23</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Genomics+Core&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.pub=Gladstone.ucsf.edu&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gladstone.ucsf.edu%2Fgladstone%2Fsite%2Fgenomicscore%2Fsection%2F1919&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18803882-62"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18803882_62-0"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFNishida_N.2C_Koike_A.2C_Tajima_A.2C_Ogasawara_Y.2C_Ishibashi_Y.2C_Uehara_Y.2C_Inoue_I.2C_Tokunaga_K2008">Nishida N, Koike A, Tajima A, Ogasawara Y, Ishibashi Y, Uehara Y, Inoue I, Tokunaga K (2008). &quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2566316" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2566316" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">Evaluating the performance of Affymetrix SNP Array 6.0 platform with 400 Japanese individuals</font></a>&quot;. <em>BMC Genomics</em> <strong>9</strong>: 431. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0066cc">doi</font></a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2164-9-431" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2164-9-431" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">10.1186/1471-2164-9-431</font></a></span>. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18803882" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18803882"><font color="#0066cc">PMID 18803882</font></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Evaluating+the+performance+of+Affymetrix+SNP+Array+6.0+platform+with+400+Japanese+individuals&amp;rft.jtitle=BMC+Genomics&amp;rft.aulast=Nishida+N%2C+Koike+A%2C+Tajima+A%2C+Ogasawara+Y%2C+Ishibashi+Y%2C+Uehara+Y%2C+Inoue+I%2C+Tokunaga+K&amp;rft.au=Nishida+N%2C+Koike+A%2C+Tajima+A%2C+Ogasawara+Y%2C+Ishibashi+Y%2C+Uehara+Y%2C+Inoue+I%2C+Tokunaga+K&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=9&amp;rft.pages=431&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1186%2F1471-2164-9-431&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18803882&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-63"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-63"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFPetrone" class="web">Petrone, Justin. &quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.genomeweb.com/arrays/illumina-decode-build-1m-snp-chip-q2-launch-coincide-release-affys-60-snp-array" href="http://www.genomeweb.com/arrays/illumina-decode-build-1m-snp-chip-q2-launch-coincide-release-affys-60-snp-array" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">Illumina, DeCode Build 1M SNP Chip; Q2 Launch to Coincide with Release of Affy's 6.0 SNP Array | BioArray News | Arrays</font></a>&quot;. GenomeWeb<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://www.genomeweb.com/arrays/illumina-decode-build-1m-snp-chip-q2-launch-coincide-release-affys-60-snp-array" href="http://www.genomeweb.com/arrays/illumina-decode-build-1m-snp-chip-q2-launch-coincide-release-affys-60-snp-array" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.genomeweb.com/arrays/illumina-decode-build-1m-snp-chip-q2-launch-coincide-release-affys-60-snp-array</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on 2009-02-23</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Illumina%2C+DeCode+Build+1M+SNP+Chip%3B+Q2+Launch+to+Coincide+with+Release+of+Affy%27s+6.0+SNP+Array+%26%23124%3B+BioArray+News+%26%23124%3B+Arrays&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Petrone&amp;rft.aufirst=Justin&amp;rft.au=Petrone%2C+Justin&amp;rft.pub=GenomeWeb&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genomeweb.com%2Farrays%2Fillumina-decode-build-1m-snp-chip-q2-launch-coincide-release-affys-60-snp-array&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-64"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-64"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="web">&quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.chem.agilent.com/en-US/PressReleases/Pages/PRCA08032.aspx" href="http://www.chem.agilent.com/en-US/PressReleases/Pages/PRCA08032.aspx" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">Agilent Technologies Announces Licensing Agreement with Broad Institute to Develop Genome-Partitioning Kits to Streamline Next-Generation Sequencing</font></a>&quot;<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://www.chem.agilent.com/en-US/PressReleases/Pages/PRCA08032.aspx" href="http://www.chem.agilent.com/en-US/PressReleases/Pages/PRCA08032.aspx" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.chem.agilent.com/en-US/PressReleases/Pages/PRCA08032.aspx</font></a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Agilent+Technologies+Announces+Licensing+Agreement+with+Broad+Institute+to+Develop+Genome-Partitioning+Kits+to+Streamline+Next-Generation+Sequencing&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chem.agilent.com%2Fen-US%2FPressReleases%2FPages%2FPRCA08032.aspx&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-65"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-65"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="web">&quot;<a class="external text" title="http://sacramento.bizjournals.com/sacramento/stories/2008/07/21/daily52.html" href="http://sacramento.bizjournals.com/sacramento/stories/2008/07/21/daily52.html" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">Affymetrix stock slumps 30% on forecast - Sacramento Business Journal:</font></a>&quot;. Sacramento.bizjournals.com. 2008-07-25<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://sacramento.bizjournals.com/sacramento/stories/2008/07/21/daily52.html" href="http://sacramento.bizjournals.com/sacramento/stories/2008/07/21/daily52.html" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">http://sacramento.bizjournals.com/sacramento/stories/2008/07/21/daily52.html</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on 2009-02-23</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Affymetrix+stock+slumps+30%25+on+forecast+-+Sacramento+Business+Journal%3A&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=2008-07-25&amp;rft.pub=Sacramento.bizjournals.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsacramento.bizjournals.com%2Fsacramento%2Fstories%2F2008%2F07%2F21%2Fdaily52.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-66"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-66"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFBluis2006" class="web">Bluis, John (2006-04-24). &quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.fool.com/investing/high-growth/2006/04/24/affymetrix-gets-chipped-again.aspx" href="http://www.fool.com/investing/high-growth/2006/04/24/affymetrix-gets-chipped-again.aspx" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">Affymetrix Gets Chipped Again</font></a>&quot;. Fool.com<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://www.fool.com/investing/high-growth/2006/04/24/affymetrix-gets-chipped-again.aspx" href="http://www.fool.com/investing/high-growth/2006/04/24/affymetrix-gets-chipped-again.aspx" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.fool.com/investing/high-growth/2006/04/24/affymetrix-gets-chipped-again.aspx</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on 2009-02-23</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Affymetrix+Gets+Chipped+Again&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Bluis&amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;rft.au=Bluis%2C+John&amp;rft.date=2006-04-24&amp;rft.pub=Fool.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fool.com%2Finvesting%2Fhigh-growth%2F2006%2F04%2F24%2Faffymetrix-gets-chipped-again.aspx&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid17108930-67"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-pmid17108930_67-0"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">&quot;The chips are down&quot;. <em>Nature</em> <strong>444</strong> (7117): 256&ndash;7. November 2006. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0066cc">doi</font></a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F444256a" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F444256a" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">10.1038/444256a</font></a></span>. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17108930" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17108930"><font color="#0066cc">PMID 17108930</font></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+chips+are+down&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.date=November+2006&amp;rft.volume=444&amp;rft.issue=7117&amp;rft.pages=256%E2%80%937&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F444256a&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17108930&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18846083-68"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18846083_68-0"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFCoombs_A2008">Coombs A (October 2008). &quot;The sequencing shakeup&quot;. <em>Nat. Biotechnol.</em> <strong>26</strong> (10): 1109&ndash;12. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0066cc">doi</font></a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnbt1008-1109" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnbt1008-1109" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">10.1038/nbt1008-1109</font></a></span>. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18846083" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18846083"><font color="#0066cc">PMID 18846083</font></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+sequencing+shakeup&amp;rft.jtitle=Nat.+Biotechnol.&amp;rft.aulast=Coombs+A&amp;rft.au=Coombs+A&amp;rft.date=October+2008&amp;rft.volume=26&amp;rft.issue=10&amp;rft.pages=1109%E2%80%9312&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnbt1008-1109&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18846083&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-69"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-69"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFHenderson" class="news">Henderson, Mark. &quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/science/article5689052.ece" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/science/article5689052.ece" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">Genetic mapping of babies by 2019 will transform preventive medicine</font></a>&quot;. Times Online<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/science/article5689052.ece" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/science/article5689052.ece" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/science/article5689052.ece</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on 2009-02-23</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Genetic+mapping+of+babies+by+2019+will+transform+preventive+medicine&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Henderson&amp;rft.aufirst=Mark&amp;rft.au=Henderson%2C+Mark&amp;rft.pub=Times+Online&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fscience%2Farticle5689052.ece&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-70"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-70"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFMcCabe_LL.2C_McCabe_ER2001">McCabe LL, McCabe ER (June 2001). &quot;Postgenomic medicine. Presymptomatic testing for prediction and prevention&quot;. <em>Clin Perinatol</em> <strong>28</strong> (2): 425&ndash;34. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11499063" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11499063"><font color="#0066cc">PMID 11499063</font></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Postgenomic+medicine.+Presymptomatic+testing+for+prediction+and+prevention&amp;rft.jtitle=Clin+Perinatol&amp;rft.aulast=McCabe+LL%2C+McCabe+ER&amp;rft.au=McCabe+LL%2C+McCabe+ER&amp;rft.date=June+2001&amp;rft.volume=28&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=425%E2%80%9334&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11499063&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-71"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-71"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFNelson_RM.2C_Botkjin_JR.2C_Kodish_ED.2C_.27.27et_al..27.272001">Nelson RM, Botkjin JR, Kodish ED, <em>et al.</em> (June 2001). &quot;Ethical issues with genetic testing in pediatrics&quot;. <em>Pediatrics</em> <strong>107</strong> (6): 1451&ndash;5. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11389275" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11389275"><font color="#0066cc">PMID 11389275</font></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Ethical+issues+with+genetic+testing+in+pediatrics&amp;rft.jtitle=Pediatrics&amp;rft.aulast=Nelson+RM%2C+Botkjin+JR%2C+Kodish+ED%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Nelson+RM%2C+Botkjin+JR%2C+Kodish+ED%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=June+2001&amp;rft.volume=107&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=1451%E2%80%935&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11389275&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-72"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-72"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFBorry_P.2C_Fryns_JP.2C_Schotsmans_P.2C_Dierickx_K2006">Borry P, Fryns JP, Schotsmans P, Dierickx K (February 2006). &quot;Carrier testing in minors: a systematic review of guidelines and position papers&quot;. <em>Eur. J. Hum. Genet.</em> <strong>14</strong> (2): 133&ndash;8. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0066cc">doi</font></a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.ejhg.5201509" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.ejhg.5201509" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201509</font></a></span>. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16267502" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16267502"><font color="#0066cc">PMID 16267502</font></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Carrier+testing+in+minors%3A+a+systematic+review+of+guidelines+and+position+papers&amp;rft.jtitle=Eur.+J.+Hum.+Genet.&amp;rft.aulast=Borry+P%2C+Fryns+JP%2C+Schotsmans+P%2C+Dierickx+K&amp;rft.au=Borry+P%2C+Fryns+JP%2C+Schotsmans+P%2C+Dierickx+K&amp;rft.date=February+2006&amp;rft.volume=14&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=133%E2%80%938&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fsj.ejhg.5201509&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16267502&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-73"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-73"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFBorry_P.2C_Stultiens_L.2C_Nys_H.2C_Cassiman_JJ.2C_Dierickx_K2006">Borry P, Stultiens L, Nys H, Cassiman JJ, Dierickx K (November 2006). &quot;Presymptomatic and predictive genetic testing in minors: a systematic review of guidelines and position papers&quot;. <em>Clin. Genet.</em> <strong>70</strong> (5): 374&ndash;81. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0066cc">doi</font></a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1399-0004.2006.00692.x" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1399-0004.2006.00692.x" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">10.1111/j.1399-0004.2006.00692.x</font></a></span>. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17026616" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17026616"><font color="#0066cc">PMID 17026616</font></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Presymptomatic+and+predictive+genetic+testing+in+minors%3A+a+systematic+review+of+guidelines+and+position+papers&amp;rft.jtitle=Clin.+Genet.&amp;rft.aulast=Borry+P%2C+Stultiens+L%2C+Nys+H%2C+Cassiman+JJ%2C+Dierickx+K&amp;rft.au=Borry+P%2C+Stultiens+L%2C+Nys+H%2C+Cassiman+JJ%2C+Dierickx+K&amp;rft.date=November+2006&amp;rft.volume=70&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=374%E2%80%9381&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1111%2Fj.1399-0004.2006.00692.x&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17026616&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> </ol> </div> <p><a id="External_links" name="External_links"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" title="http://genomics.xprize.org/" href="http://genomics.xprize.org/" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">Archon X Prize for Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://jimwatsonsequence.cshl.edu/cgi-perl/gbrowse/jwsequence/" href="http://jimwatsonsequence.cshl.edu/cgi-perl/gbrowse/jwsequence/" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">James Watson's Personal Genome Sequence</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.illumina.com" href="http://www.illumina.com" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">Illumina's Website</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.sequenom.com" href="http://www.sequenom.com" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">Sequenom's Website</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.454.com/" href="http://www.454.com/" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">454 Life Science's Website</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.pacificbiosciences.com/index.php" href="http://www.pacificbiosciences.com/index.php" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">Pacific Biosciences' Website</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.completegenomicsinc.com/" href="http://www.completegenomicsinc.com/" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">Complete Genomics' Website</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.intelligentbiosystems.com/" href="http://www.intelligentbiosystems.com/" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">Intelligent Bio-System's Website</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.helicosbio.com/" href="http://www.helicosbio.com/" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">Helicos BioScience's Website</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://genomecorp.com/" href="http://genomecorp.com/" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">Genome Corp's Website</font></a></li> </ul> 7c01e1d3e4213e881d87642a0da58ebb00af0bc0 2682 2009-07-23T07:18:25Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><strong>Full genome <font color="#000000">sequencing (FGS)</font></strong><font color="#000000">, also known as <strong>whole genome sequencing</strong>, <strong>complete genome sequencing</strong>, or <strong>entire genome sequencing</strong>, is a laboratory process that determines the complete DNA sequence of an organism's genome at a single time. This entails sequencing all of an organism's chromosomal DNA as well as DNA contained in the mitochondria or chloroplast, depending respectively on whether the organism is an animal or plant. Almost any biological sample&mdash;even a very small amount of DNA or ancient DNA&mdash;can provide the genetic material necessary for full genome sequencing. Such samples may include saliva, epithelial cells, bone marrow, hair (as long as the hair contains a hair follicle), seeds, plant leaves, or anything else that has DNA-containing cells. Because the sequence data that is produced can be quite large (for example, there are approximately six billion base pairs in each human diploid genome), genomic data is stored electronically and requires a large amount of computing power and storage capacity. Full genome sequencing would have been nearly impossible before the advent of the microprocessor, computers, and the Information Age.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Full genome sequencing should thus not be confused with DNA profiling. The latter only determines the likelihood that genetic material came from a particular individual or group and does not contain additional information on genetic relationships, origin or suspectability on specific diseases. <sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></font></sup>. It is also distinct from SNP genotyping which covers less than 0.1% of the genome. Almost all truly complete genomes are of microbes, the term &quot;full genome&quot; is sometimes used loosely to mean &quot;greater than 95%&quot;. The remainder of this article focuses on nearly complete human genomes.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Full genome sequencing only refers to the laboratory process of deducing a person's entire genetic code and, on its own, may not contain any clinical assessment or useful clinical information. However, this may change over time as a large number of scientific studies continue to be published detailing clear associations between specific genetic variants and disease.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17554300_1-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid17898773_2-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">The first nearly complete human genomes sequenced were J. Craig Venter's (caucasian male at 7.5-fold average coverage) <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid17803354_5-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></font></sup> and James Watson's (caucasian male at 7.4-fold).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></font></sup>, a Han Chinese (YH at 36-fold) <sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></font></sup>, a Yoruban from Nigeria (at 30-fold) <sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></font></sup>, a female leukemia patient (at 33 and 14-fold coverage for tumor and normal tissues)<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></font></sup>, and Seong-Jin Kim (Korean at 29-fold) <sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></font></sup>. Other full genomes have been sequenced but not published, and as of June 2009, commercialization of full genome sequencing is in an early stage and growing rapidly.</font></p> <p><font color="#0066cc"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">New techniques</span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="WIDTH: 182px" class="thumbinner"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="180" height="135" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/ABI_PRISM_3100_Genetic_Analyzer_3.jpg/180px-ABI_PRISM_3100_Genetic_Analyzer_3.jpg" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></div> An ABI PRISM 3100 Genetic Analyzer. Sequencers automate the process of sequencing the genome.</div> </div> </div> <p><font color="#000000">One possible way to accomplish the cost-effective high-throughput sequencing necessary to accomplish full genome sequencing is by using Nanopore technology, which is a patented technology held by Harvard University and Oxford Nanopore Technologies and licensed to biotechnology companies.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></font></sup> To facilitate their full genome sequencing initiatives, Illumina licensed nanopore sequencing technology from Oxford Nanopore Technologies and Sequenom licensed the technology from Harvard University.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></font></sup> Another possible way to accomplish cost-effective high-throughput sequencing is by utilizing fluorophore technology. Pacific Biosciences is currently using this approach in their SMRT (single molecule real time) DNA sequencing technology.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></font></sup> Complete Genomics is developing DNA Nanoball (DNB) technology that are arranged on self-assembling arrays.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></font></sup> Pyrosequencing is a method of DNA sequencing based on the sequencing by synthesis principle.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></font></sup> The technique was developed by P&aring;l Nyr&eacute;n and his student Mostafa Ronaghi at the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm in 1996,<sup id="cite_ref-RonachiScience_19-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid8923969_20-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid17185753_21-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></font></sup> and is currently being used by 454 Life Sciences in their effort to deliver an affordable, fast and highly accurate full genome sequencing platform.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000" size="2"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Older techniques</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000">Full genome sequencing of the entire human genome was first accomplished in 2000 partly through the use of shotgun sequencing technology. While full genome shotgun sequencing for small (4000&ndash;7000 base pair) genomes was already in use in 1979,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid461197_23-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></font></sup> broader application benefited from pairwise end sequencing, known colloquially as <em>double-barrel shotgun sequencing</em>. As sequencing projects began to take on longer and more complicated genomes, multiple groups began to realize that useful information could be obtained by sequencing both ends of a fragment of DNA. Although sequencing both ends of the same fragment and keeping track of the paired data was more cumbersome than sequencing a single end of two distinct fragments, the knowledge that the two sequences were oriented in opposite directions and were about the length of a fragment apart from each other was valuable in reconstructing the sequence of the original target fragment.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">The first published description of the use of paired ends was in 1990 as part of the sequencing of the human HPRT locus,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></font></sup> although the use of paired ends was limited to closing gaps after the application of a traditional shotgun sequencing approach. The first theoretical description of a pure pairwise end sequencing strategy, assuming fragments of constant length, was in 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid2341149_25-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></font></sup> In 1995 Roach et al.introduced the innovation of using fragments of varying sizes,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid7601461_26-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></font></sup> and demonstrated that a pure pairwise end-sequencing strategy would be possible on large targets. The strategy was subsequently adopted by The Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR) to sequence the entire genome of the bacterium <em>Haemophilus influenzae</em> in 1995,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid7542800_27-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></font></sup> and then by Celera Genomics to sequence the entire fruit fly genome in 2000,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></font></sup> and subsequently the entire human genome. Applied Biosystems, now called Life Technologies, manufactured the shotgun sequencers utilized by both Celera Genomics and The Human Genome Project.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">While shotgun sequencing was one of the first approaches utilized to successfully sequence the full genome of a human, it is too expensive and requires too long of a turn-around-time to be utilized for commercial purposes. Because of this, shotgun sequencing technology, even though it is still relatively 'new', is being displaced by technologies like pyrosequencing, SMRT sequencing, and nanopore technology.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19193124_29-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000" size="2"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Race to commercialization</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000">In October 2006, the X Prize Foundation, working in collaboration with the J. Craig Venter Science Foundation, established the Archon X Prize for Genomics,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></font></sup> intending to award US$10&nbsp;million to &quot;the first Team that can build a device and use it to sequence 100 human genomes within 10 days or less, with an accuracy of no more than one error in every 100,000 bases sequenced, with sequences accurately covering at least 98% of the genome, and at a recurring cost of no more than $10,000&nbsp;per genome.&quot;<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></font></sup> However, higher accuracy rates (or confirmatory methods) are desirable for some clinical applications. An error rate of 1&nbsp;in 100,000&nbsp;bases, out of a total of six billion bases in the human diploid genome, would mean about 60,000&nbsp;errors per genome, which is a significant number of false positives and negatives. For the latter it is not known where the errors occur . The error rates required for widespread clinical use, such as Predictive Medicine<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17055251_32-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></font></sup> is currently set by over 1400 clinical single gene sequencing tests <sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></font></sup> (for example, errors in BRCA1 gene for breast cancer risk analysis). As of June 2009, the Archon X Prize for Genomics remains unclaimed.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">In 2007, Applied Biosystems started selling a new type of sequencer called SOLiD System, with the first sale to Helicos Biosciences in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>35<span>]</span></font></sup> Helicos stated that, utilizing the new sequencers, they will attempt to provide a full genome sequencing service with a target price of $72,000 per sample.<sup id="cite_ref-pagewanted1_35-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>36<span>]</span></font></sup> However, this price point is still too high some applications, and is only competitive to DNA arrays (at $500 per sample) in cases where more than 0.1% of the genome is desired.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">In 2008 and 2009, both public and private companies have emerged that are now in a competitive race to be the first mover to provide a full genome sequencing platform that is commercially robust for both research and clinical use,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>37<span>]</span></font></sup> including Illumina,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>38<span>]</span></font></sup> Sequenom,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>39<span>]</span></font></sup> 454 Life Sciences,<sup id="cite_ref-genengnews1_39-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></font></sup> Pacific Biosciences,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>41<span>]</span></font></sup> Complete Genomics,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>42<span>]</span></font></sup> Intelligent Bio-Systems,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>43<span>]</span></font></sup> Genome Corp.,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>44<span>]</span></font></sup> and Helicos BioScience<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>45<span>]</span></font></sup>. These companies are heavily financed and backed by venture capitalists, hedge funds, investment banks and, in the case of Illumina, Sequenom and 454, heavy re-investment of revenue into research and development, mergers and acquisitions, and licensing initiatives.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>46<span>]</span></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>47<span>]</span></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>48<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">In the race to commercialize full genome sequencing, companies have made claims about being able to offer a service at a specific time for a specific price that have turned out to not be true. Intelligent Bio-Systems stated in November 2007 that by the end of 2008 they would release a platform capable of a providing a $5,000 full genome sequence, but, as of March 2009, no such platform has yet to be released.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>49<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Pacific Biosciences stated that they will start selling their full genome sequencers in early 2010. While they didn't disclose the cost to sequence a single genome, they did state they may not release their second-generation machine capable of a $1,000 genome until 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-pagewanted1_35-1" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>36<span>]</span></font></sup> Complete Genomics, however, stated that they'll be able to provide a $5,000&nbsp;full genome sequencing service by the summer of 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>50<span>]</span></font></sup> The accuracy, precision, and reproducibility of both Pacific Biosciences and Complete Genomics technology, however, is still unknown.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">A personal genomics company located in Massachusetts, Knome.com, currently provides genome sequencing services but the cost is about $99,500 per genome (down from $350,000 per genome initially),<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>51<span>]</span></font></sup> the turn-around time is unknown, the accuracy is unknown, and the number of people was limited to 20 for the first year, and is still considered early stage commercialization of full genome sequencing, focusing on wealthy customers.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>52<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">As of January 2009, there are no indications that any of these companies have been hindered by the global recession. And thus, the race appears to be proceeding forward at full speed. <sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>53<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">At the end of February </font><font color="#000000">2009, Complete Genomics released a full sequence of a human genome that was sequenced using their service. The data indicates that Complete Genomics' full genome sequencing service accuracy is just under 99.99%, meaning that there is an error in one out of every ten thousand base pairs. This means that their full sequence of the human genome will contain approximately 80,000-100,000 false positive errors in each genome. However, this accuracy rate was based on Complete Genomics' sequence that was completed utilizing a 90x depth of coverage (each base in the genome was sequenced 90 times) while their commercialized sequence is reported to be only 40x, so the accuracy may be substantially lower unless they can find some way to improve it before their first service release planned for the summer 2009. This accuracy rate may be acceptable for research purposes, and clinical use would require confirmation by other methods of any reportable alleles.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>54<span>]</span></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>55<span>]</span></font></sup> In March 2009, it was announced that Complete Genomics has signed a deal with the Broad Institute to sequence cancer patient's genomes and will be sequencing five full genomes to start.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>56<span>]</span></font></sup> In April 2009, Complete Genomics announced that it plans to sequence 1,000 full genome's between June 2009 and the end of the year and that they plan to be able to sequence one million full genomes <em>per year</em> by 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>57<span>]</span></font></sup> Complete Genomics plans to officially launch in June 2009, although it is unknown if their lab will have received CLIA-certification by that time.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">In June 2009, Illumina announced that they were launching their own Personal Full Genome Sequencing Service at a depth of 30X for $48,000 per genome.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>58<span>]</span></font></sup> This is still expensive for </font><font color="#000000">widespread consumer use, but the price may decrease substantially over the next few years as they realize economies of scale and given the competition with other companies such as Complete Genomics.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>59<span>]</span></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>60<span>]</span></font></sup> Jay Flatley, Illumina's President &amp; CEO, stated that &quot;during the next five years, perhaps markedly sooner,&quot; the price point for full genome sequencing will fall from $48,000 to under $1,000.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>61<span>]</span></font></sup> Illumina has already signed agreements to supply full genome sequencing services to multiple direct-to-consumer personal genomics companies.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Disruptive technology</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000">Full genome sequencing provides information on a genome that is orders of magnitude larger than that provided by the current leader in sequencing technology, DNA arrays. For humans, DNA arrays currently provides genotypic information on up to one million genetic variants,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>62<span>]</span></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid18803882_62-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>63<span>]</span></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>64<span>]</span></font></sup> while full genome sequencing will provide information on all six billion bases in the human genome, or 3,000&nbsp;times more data. Because of this, full genome sequencing is considered disruptive to the DNA array markets as the accuracy of both range from 99.98% to 99.999% (in non-repetitive DNA regions) and their cost of $5000 per 6 billion base pairs is competitive (for some applications) with DNA arrays ($500&nbsp;per 1 million basepairs).<sup id="cite_ref-genengnews1_39-1" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></font></sup> Agilent, another established DNA array manufacturer, is working on targeted (selective region) genome sequencing technologies<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>65<span>]</span></font></sup>. It is thought that Affymetrix, the pioneer of array technology in the 1990s, has fallen behind due to significant corporate and stock turbulence and is currently not working on any known full genome sequencing approach.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>66<span>]</span></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>67<span>]</span></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid17108930_67-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>68<span>]</span></font></sup> It is unknown what will happen to the DNA array market once full genome sequencing becomes commercially widespread, especially as companies and laboratories providing this disruptive technology start to realize economies of scale. It is postulated, however, that this new technology may significantly diminish the total market size for arrays and any other sequencing technology once it becomes commonplace for individuals and newborns to have their full genomes sequenced.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18846083_68-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>69<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000" size="2"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Societal impact</font></span></h2> <div class="rellink"><font color="#000000">Further information: Personal genomics - predictive medicine services already available</font></div> <p><font color="#000000">Inexpensive, time-efficient full genome sequencing will be a major accomplishment not only for the field of Genomics, but for the entire human civilization because, for the first time, individuals will be able to have their entire genome sequenced. Utilizing this information, it is speculated that health care professionals, such as physicians and genetic counselors, will eventually be able to use genomic information to predict what diseases a person may get in the future and attempt to either minimize the impact of that disease or avoid it altogether through the implementation of personalized, preventive medicine. Full genome sequencing will allow health care professionals to analyze the entire human genome of an individual and therefore detect all disease-related genetic variants, regardless of the genetic variant's prevalence or frequency. This will enable the rapidly emerging medical fields of Predictive Medicine and Personalized Medicine and will mark a significant leap forward for the clinical genetic revolution. Full genome sequencing is clearly of great importance for research into the basis of genetic disease. However, it should be recognized that despite advancements in genome sequencing technology, incomplete understanding of the significance of individual variants or combinations of variants will limit the widespread usefulness of full genome sequencing in medicine until its clinical utility can be demonstrated.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Illumina's CEO, Jay Flatley, stated in February 2009 that &quot;A complete DNA read-out for every newborn will be technically feasible and affordable in less than five years, promising a revolution in healthcare&quot; and that &quot;by 2019 it will have become routine to map infants' genes when they are born.&quot;<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>70<span>]</span></font></sup> However, this potential use of genome sequencing runs counter to established norms for genetic testing of asymptomatic minors that have been well established in the field of genetic counseling.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>71<span>]</span></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>72<span>]</span></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>73<span>]</span></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>74<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000" size="2"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">See also</font></span></h2> <ul> <li><font color="#000000">DNA microarray </font></li> <li><font color="#000000">DNA profiling </font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Medical genetics </font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Human Genome Project </font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Personal Genome Project </font></li> <li><font color="#000000">List of sequenced eukaryotic genomes </font></li> <li><font color="#000000">List of sequenced bacterial genomes </font></li> <li><font color="#000000">List of sequenced archaeal genomes </font></li> </ul> <p><font color="#000000"><a id="References" name="References"><font color="#0066cc"></font></a></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">References</font></span></h2> <div style="-moz-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em" class="references-small references-column-width"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-0"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-0"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> Kijk magazine, 01 January 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid17554300-1"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-pmid17554300_1-0"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">&quot;Genome-wide association study of 14,000 cases of seven common diseases and 3,000 shared controls&quot;. <em>Nature</em> <strong>447</strong> (7145): 661&ndash;78. June 2007. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0066cc">doi</font></a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature05911" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature05911"><font color="#0066cc">10.1038/nature05911</font></a></span>. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17554300" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17554300"><font color="#0066cc">PMID 17554300</font></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome-wide+association+study+of+14%2C000+cases+of+seven+common+diseases+and+3%2C000+shared+controls&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.date=June+2007&amp;rft.volume=447&amp;rft.issue=7145&amp;rft.pages=661%E2%80%9378&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnature05911&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17554300&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid17898773-2"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-pmid17898773_2-0"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFMailman_MD.2C_Feolo_M.2C_Jin_Y.2C_Kimura_M.2C_Tryka_K.2C_Bagoutdinov_R.2C_Hao_L.2C_Kiang_A.2C_Paschall_J.2C_Phan_L.2C_Popova_N.2C_Pretel_S.2C_Ziyabari_L.2C_Lee_M.2C_Shao_Y.2C_Wang_ZY.2C_Sirotkin_K.2C_Ward_M.2C_Kholodov_M.2C_Zbicz_K.2C_Beck_J.2C_Kimelman_M.2C_Shevelev_S.2C_Preuss_D.2C_Yaschenko_E.2C_Graeff_A.2C_Ostell_J.2C_Sherry_ST2007">Mailman MD, Feolo M, Jin Y, Kimura M, Tryka K, Bagoutdinov R, Hao L, Kiang A, Paschall J, Phan L, Popova N, Pretel S, Ziyabari L, Lee M, Shao Y, Wang ZY, Sirotkin K, Ward M, Kholodov M, Zbicz K, Beck J, Kimelman M, Shevelev S, Preuss D, Yaschenko E, Graeff A, Ostell J, Sherry ST (October 2007). &quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2031016" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2031016"><font color="#0066cc">The NCBI dbGaP database of genotypes and phenotypes</font></a>&quot;. <em>Nat. Genet.</em> <strong>39</strong> (10): 1181&ndash;6. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0066cc">doi</font></a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fng1007-1181" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fng1007-1181"><font color="#0066cc">10.1038/ng1007-1181</font></a></span>. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17898773" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17898773"><font color="#0066cc">PMID 17898773</font></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+NCBI+dbGaP+database+of+genotypes+and+phenotypes&amp;rft.jtitle=Nat.+Genet.&amp;rft.aulast=Mailman+MD%2C+Feolo+M%2C+Jin+Y%2C+Kimura+M%2C+Tryka+K%2C+Bagoutdinov+R%2C+Hao+L%2C+Kiang+A%2C+Paschall+J%2C+Phan+L%2C+Popova+N%2C+Pretel+S%2C+Ziyabari+L%2C+Lee+M%2C+Shao+Y%2C+Wang+ZY%2C+Sirotkin+K%2C+Ward+M%2C+Kholodov+M%2C+Zbicz+K%2C+Beck+J%2C+Kimelman+M%2C+Shevelev+S%2C+Preuss+D%2C+Yaschenko+E%2C+Graeff+A%2C+Ostell+J%2C+Sherry+ST&amp;rft.au=Mailman+MD%2C+Feolo+M%2C+Jin+Y%2C+Kimura+M%2C+Tryka+K%2C+Bagoutdinov+R%2C+Hao+L%2C+Kiang+A%2C+Paschall+J%2C+Phan+L%2C+Popova+N%2C+Pretel+S%2C+Ziyabari+L%2C+Lee+M%2C+Shao+Y%2C+Wang+ZY%2C+Sirotkin+K%2C+Ward+M%2C+Kholodov+M%2C+Zbicz+K%2C+Beck+J%2C+Kimelman+M%2C+Shevelev+S%2C+Preuss+D%2C+Yaschenko+E%2C+Graeff+A%2C+Ostell+J%2C+Sherry+ST&amp;rft.date=October+2007&amp;rft.volume=39&amp;rft.issue=10&amp;rft.pages=1181%E2%80%936&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fng1007-1181&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17898773&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-3"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFWade2007" class="news">Wade, Nicholas (September 4, 2007). &quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/04/science/04vent.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/04/science/04vent.html"><font color="#0066cc">In the Genome Race, the Sequel Is Personal</font></a>&quot;. New York Times<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/04/science/04vent.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/04/science/04vent.html"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/04/science/04vent.html</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on February 22, 2009</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=In+the+Genome+Race%2C+the+Sequel+Is+Personal&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Wade&amp;rft.aufirst=Nicholas&amp;rft.au=Wade%2C+Nicholas&amp;rft.date=September+4%2C+2007&amp;rft.pub=New+York+Times&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F09%2F04%2Fscience%2F04vent.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-4"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFNature" class="web">Nature. &quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v449/n7158/full/449006a.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v449/n7158/full/449006a.html"><font color="#0066cc">Access&nbsp;: All about Craig: the first 'full' genome sequence</font></a>&quot;. Nature<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v449/n7158/full/449006a.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v449/n7158/full/449006a.html"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v449/n7158/full/449006a.html</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on 2009-02-24</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Access+%3A+All+about+Craig%3A+the+first+%27full%27+genome+sequence&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Nature&amp;rft.au=Nature&amp;rft.pub=Nature&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv449%2Fn7158%2Ffull%2F449006a.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid17803354-5"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-pmid17803354_5-0"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFLevy_S.2C_Sutton_G.2C_Ng_PC.2C_Feuk_L.2C_Halpern_AL.2C_Walenz_BP.2C_Axelrod_N.2C_Huang_J.2C_Kirkness_EF.2C_Denisov_G.2C_Lin_Y.2C_MacDonald_JR.2C_Pang_AW.2C_Shago_M.2C_Stockwell_TB.2C_Tsiamouri_A.2C_Bafna_V.2C_Bansal_V.2C_Kravitz_SA.2C_Busam_DA.2C_Beeson_KY.2C_McIntosh_TC.2C_Remington_KA.2C_Abril_JF.2C_Gill_J.2C_Borman_J.2C_Rogers_YH.2C_Frazier_ME.2C_Scherer_SW.2C_Strausberg_RL.2C_Venter_JC2007">Levy S, Sutton G, Ng PC, Feuk L, Halpern AL, Walenz BP, Axelrod N, Huang J, Kirkness EF, Denisov G, Lin Y, MacDonald JR, Pang AW, Shago M, Stockwell TB, Tsiamouri A, Bafna V, Bansal V, Kravitz SA, Busam DA, Beeson KY, McIntosh TC, Remington KA, Abril JF, Gill J, Borman J, Rogers YH, Frazier ME, Scherer SW, Strausberg RL, Venter JC (September 2007). &quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1964779" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1964779"><font color="#0066cc">The diploid genome sequence of an individual human</font></a>&quot;. <em>PLoS Biol.</em> <strong>5</strong> (10): e254. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0066cc">doi</font></a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0050254" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0050254"><font color="#0066cc">10.1371/journal.pbio.0050254</font></a></span>. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17803354" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17803354"><font color="#0066cc">PMID 17803354</font></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+diploid+genome+sequence+of+an+individual+human&amp;rft.jtitle=PLoS+Biol.&amp;rft.aulast=Levy+S%2C+Sutton+G%2C+Ng+PC%2C+Feuk+L%2C+Halpern+AL%2C+Walenz+BP%2C+Axelrod+N%2C+Huang+J%2C+Kirkness+EF%2C+Denisov+G%2C+Lin+Y%2C+MacDonald+JR%2C+Pang+AW%2C+Shago+M%2C+Stockwell+TB%2C+Tsiamouri+A%2C+Bafna+V%2C+Bansal+V%2C+Kravitz+SA%2C+Busam+DA%2C+Beeson+KY%2C+McIntosh+TC%2C+Remington+KA%2C+Abril+JF%2C+Gill+J%2C+Borman+J%2C+Rogers+YH%2C+Frazier+ME%2C+Scherer+SW%2C+Strausberg+RL%2C+Venter+JC&amp;rft.au=Levy+S%2C+Sutton+G%2C+Ng+PC%2C+Feuk+L%2C+Halpern+AL%2C+Walenz+BP%2C+Axelrod+N%2C+Huang+J%2C+Kirkness+EF%2C+Denisov+G%2C+Lin+Y%2C+MacDonald+JR%2C+Pang+AW%2C+Shago+M%2C+Stockwell+TB%2C+Tsiamouri+A%2C+Bafna+V%2C+Bansal+V%2C+Kravitz+SA%2C+Busam+DA%2C+Beeson+KY%2C+McIntosh+TC%2C+Remington+KA%2C+Abril+JF%2C+Gill+J%2C+Borman+J%2C+Rogers+YH%2C+Frazier+ME%2C+Scherer+SW%2C+Strausberg+RL%2C+Venter+JC&amp;rft.date=September+2007&amp;rft.volume=5&amp;rft.issue=10&amp;rft.pages=e254&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0050254&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17803354&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-6"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFWade2007" class="web">Wade, Wade (June 1, 2007). &quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/06/01/america/dna.php" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/06/01/america/dna.php"><font color="#0066cc">DNA pioneer Watson gets own genome map</font></a>&quot;. International Herald Tribune<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/06/01/america/dna.php" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/06/01/america/dna.php"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/06/01/america/dna.php</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on February 22, 2009</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=DNA+pioneer+Watson+gets+own+genome+map&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Wade&amp;rft.aufirst=Wade&amp;rft.au=Wade%2C+Wade&amp;rft.date=June+1%2C+2007&amp;rft.pub=International+Herald+Tribune&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iht.com%2Farticles%2F2007%2F06%2F01%2Famerica%2Fdna.php&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-7"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFWade2007" class="news">Wade, Nicholas (May 31, 2007). &quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/31/science/31cnd-gene.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/31/science/31cnd-gene.html"><font color="#0066cc">Genome of DNA Pioneer Is Deciphered</font></a>&quot;. New York Times<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/31/science/31cnd-gene.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/31/science/31cnd-gene.html"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/31/science/31cnd-gene.html</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on February 21, 2009</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Genome+of+DNA+Pioneer+Is+Deciphered&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Wade&amp;rft.aufirst=Nicholas&amp;rft.au=Wade%2C+Nicholas&amp;rft.date=May+31%2C+2007&amp;rft.pub=New+York+Times&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F05%2F31%2Fscience%2F31cnd-gene.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-8"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFWheeler_DA.2C_Srinivasan_M.2C_Egholm_M.2C_Shen_Y.2C_Chen_L.2C_McGuire_A.2C_He_W.2C_Chen_YJ.2C_Makhijani_V.2C_Roth_GT.2C_Gomes_X.2C_Tartaro_K.2C_Niazi_F.2C_Turcotte_CL.2C_Irzyk_GP.2C_Lupski_JR.2C_Chinault_C.2C_Song_XZ.2C_Liu_Y.2C_Yuan_Y.2C_Nazareth_L.2C_Qin_X.2C_Muzny_DM.2C_Margulies_M.2C_Weinstock_GM.2C_Gibbs_RA.2C_Rothberg_JM.2008">Wheeler DA, Srinivasan M, Egholm M, Shen Y, Chen L, McGuire A, He W, Chen YJ, Makhijani V, Roth GT, Gomes X, Tartaro K, Niazi F, Turcotte CL, Irzyk GP, Lupski JR, Chinault C, Song XZ, Liu Y, Yuan Y, Nazareth L, Qin X, Muzny DM, Margulies M, Weinstock GM, Gibbs RA, Rothberg JM. (2008). &quot;The complete genome of an individual by massively parallel DNA sequencing&quot;. <em>Nature</em> <strong>452</strong>: 872&ndash;6.. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18421352" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18421352"><font color="#0066cc">PMID 18421352</font></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+complete+genome+of+an+individual+by+massively+parallel+DNA+sequencing&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Wheeler+DA%2C+Srinivasan+M%2C+Egholm+M%2C+Shen+Y%2C+Chen+L%2C+McGuire+A%2C+He+W%2C+Chen+YJ%2C+Makhijani+V%2C+Roth+GT%2C+Gomes+X%2C+Tartaro+K%2C+Niazi+F%2C+Turcotte+CL%2C+Irzyk+GP%2C+Lupski+JR%2C+Chinault+C%2C+Song+XZ%2C+Liu+Y%2C+Yuan+Y%2C+Nazareth+L%2C+Qin+X%2C+Muzny+DM%2C+Margulies+M%2C+Weinstock+GM%2C+Gibbs+RA%2C+Rothberg+JM.&amp;rft.au=Wheeler+DA%2C+Srinivasan+M%2C+Egholm+M%2C+Shen+Y%2C+Chen+L%2C+McGuire+A%2C+He+W%2C+Chen+YJ%2C+Makhijani+V%2C+Roth+GT%2C+Gomes+X%2C+Tartaro+K%2C+Niazi+F%2C+Turcotte+CL%2C+Irzyk+GP%2C+Lupski+JR%2C+Chinault+C%2C+Song+XZ%2C+Liu+Y%2C+Yuan+Y%2C+Nazareth+L%2C+Qin+X%2C+Muzny+DM%2C+Margulies+M%2C+Weinstock+GM%2C+Gibbs+RA%2C+Rothberg+JM.&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=452&amp;rft.pages=872%E2%80%936.&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18421352&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-9"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFWang_J.2C_et_al.2008">Wang J, et al. (2008). &quot;The diploid genome sequence of an Asian individual&quot;. <em>Nature</em> <strong>456</strong>: 60&ndash;65. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18987735" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18987735"><font color="#0066cc">PMID 18987735</font></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+diploid+genome+sequence+of+an+Asian+individual&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Wang+J%2C+et+al.&amp;rft.au=Wang+J%2C+et+al.&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=456&amp;rft.pages=60%E2%80%9365&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18987735&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-10"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFBentley_DR.2C_Balasubramanian_S.2C_et_al.2008">Bentley DR, Balasubramanian S, et al. (2008). &quot;Accurate whole human genome sequencing using reversible terminator chemistry&quot;. <em>Nature</em> <strong>456</strong>: 53&ndash;9. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18987734" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18987734"><font color="#0066cc">PMID 18987734</font></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Accurate+whole+human+genome+sequencing+using+reversible+terminator+chemistry&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Bentley+DR%2C+Balasubramanian+S%2C+et+al.&amp;rft.au=Bentley+DR%2C+Balasubramanian+S%2C+et+al.&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=456&amp;rft.pages=53%E2%80%939&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18987734&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-11"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFLey_TJ.2C_Mardis_ER.2C_Ding_L.2C_Fulton_B.2C_McLellan_MD.2C_Chen_K.2C_Dooling_D.2C_Dunford-Shore_BH.2C_McGrath_S.2C_Hickenbotham_M.2C_Cook_L.2C_Abbott_R.2C_Larson_DE.2C_Koboldt.0ADC.2C_Pohl_C.2C_Smith_S.2C_Hawkins_A.2C_Abbott_S.2C_Locke_D.2C_Hillier_LW.2C_Miner_T.2C_Fulton_L.2C.0AMagrini_V.2C_Wylie_T.2C_Glasscock_J.2C_Conyers_J.2C_Sander_N.2C_Shi_X.2C_Osborne_JR.2C_Minx_P.2C_.0AGordon_D.2C_Chinwalla_A.2C_Zhao_Y.2C_Ries_RE.2C_Payton_JE.2C_Westervelt_P.2C_Tomasson_MH.2C.0AWatson_M.2C_Baty_J.2C_Ivanovich_J.2C_Heath_S.2C_Shannon_WD.2C_Nagarajan_R.2C_Walter_MJ.2C_Link_.0ADC.2C_Graubert_TA.2C_DiPersio_JF.2C_Wilson_RK.2008">Ley TJ, Mardis ER, Ding L, Fulton B, McLellan MD, Chen K, Dooling D, Dunford-Shore BH, McGrath S, Hickenbotham M, Cook L, Abbott R, Larson DE, Koboldt DC, Pohl C, Smith S, Hawkins A, Abbott S, Locke D, Hillier LW, Miner T, Fulton L, Magrini V, Wylie T, Glasscock J, Conyers J, Sander N, Shi X, Osborne JR, Minx P, Gordon D, Chinwalla A, Zhao Y, Ries RE, Payton JE, Westervelt P, Tomasson MH, Watson M, Baty J, Ivanovich J, Heath S, Shannon WD, Nagarajan R, Walter MJ, Link DC, Graubert TA, DiPersio JF, Wilson RK. (2008). &quot;DNA sequencing of a cytogenetically normal acute myeloid leukaemia genome&quot;. <em>Nature</em> <strong>456</strong>: 66&ndash;72. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18987736" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18987736"><font color="#0066cc">PMID 18987736</font></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=DNA+sequencing+of+a+cytogenetically+normal+acute+myeloid+leukaemia+genome&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Ley+TJ%2C+Mardis+ER%2C+Ding+L%2C+Fulton+B%2C+McLellan+MD%2C+Chen+K%2C+Dooling+D%2C+Dunford-Shore+BH%2C+McGrath+S%2C+Hickenbotham+M%2C+Cook+L%2C+Abbott+R%2C+Larson+DE%2C+Koboldt%0ADC%2C+Pohl+C%2C+Smith+S%2C+Hawkins+A%2C+Abbott+S%2C+Locke+D%2C+Hillier+LW%2C+Miner+T%2C+Fulton+L%2C%0AMagrini+V%2C+Wylie+T%2C+Glasscock+J%2C+Conyers+J%2C+Sander+N%2C+Shi+X%2C+Osborne+JR%2C+Minx+P%2C+%0AGordon+D%2C+Chinwalla+A%2C+Zhao+Y%2C+Ries+RE%2C+Payton+JE%2C+Westervelt+P%2C+Tomasson+MH%2C%0AWatson+M%2C+Baty+J%2C+Ivanovich+J%2C+Heath+S%2C+Shannon+WD%2C+Nagarajan+R%2C+Walter+MJ%2C+Link+%0ADC%2C+Graubert+TA%2C+DiPersio+JF%2C+Wilson+RK.&amp;rft.au=Ley+TJ%2C+Mardis+ER%2C+Ding+L%2C+Fulton+B%2C+McLellan+MD%2C+Chen+K%2C+Dooling+D%2C+Dunford-Shore+BH%2C+McGrath+S%2C+Hickenbotham+M%2C+Cook+L%2C+Abbott+R%2C+Larson+DE%2C+Koboldt%0ADC%2C+Pohl+C%2C+Smith+S%2C+Hawkins+A%2C+Abbott+S%2C+Locke+D%2C+Hillier+LW%2C+Miner+T%2C+Fulton+L%2C%0AMagrini+V%2C+Wylie+T%2C+Glasscock+J%2C+Conyers+J%2C+Sander+N%2C+Shi+X%2C+Osborne+JR%2C+Minx+P%2C+%0AGordon+D%2C+Chinwalla+A%2C+Zhao+Y%2C+Ries+RE%2C+Payton+JE%2C+Westervelt+P%2C+Tomasson+MH%2C%0AWatson+M%2C+Baty+J%2C+Ivanovich+J%2C+Heath+S%2C+Shannon+WD%2C+Nagarajan+R%2C+Walter+MJ%2C+Link+%0ADC%2C+Graubert+TA%2C+DiPersio+JF%2C+Wilson+RK.&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=456&amp;rft.pages=66%E2%80%9372&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18987736&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-12"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFAhn_SM.2C_Kim_TH.2C_Lee_S.2C_Kim_D.2C_Ghang_H.2C_Kim_D.2C_Kim_BC.2C_Kim_SY.2C_Kim_WY.2C_Kim_C.2C_Park_D.2C_Lee_YS.2C_Kim_S.2C_Reja_R.2C_Jho_S.2C_Kim_CG.2C_Cha_JY.2C_Kim_KH.2C_Lee_B.2C_Bhak_J.2C_Kim_SJ2009">Ahn SM, Kim TH, Lee S, Kim D, Ghang H, Kim D, Kim BC, Kim SY, Kim WY, Kim C, Park D, Lee YS, Kim S, Reja R, Jho S, Kim CG, Cha JY, Kim KH, Lee B, Bhak J, Kim SJ (2009). &quot;The first Korean genome sequence and analysis: Full genome sequencing for a socio-ethnic group&quot;. <em>Genome Research</em>. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19470904" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19470904"><font color="#0066cc">PMID 19470904</font></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+first+Korean+genome+sequence+and+analysis%3A+Full+genome+sequencing+for+a%0Asocio-ethnic+group&amp;rft.jtitle=Genome+Research&amp;rft.aulast=Ahn+SM%2C+Kim+TH%2C+Lee+S%2C+Kim+D%2C+Ghang+H%2C+Kim+D%2C+Kim+BC%2C+Kim+SY%2C+Kim+WY%2C+Kim+C%2C+Park+D%2C+Lee+YS%2C+Kim+S%2C+Reja+R%2C+Jho+S%2C+Kim+CG%2C+Cha+JY%2C+Kim+KH%2C+Lee+B%2C+Bhak+J%2C+Kim+SJ&amp;rft.au=Ahn+SM%2C+Kim+TH%2C+Lee+S%2C+Kim+D%2C+Ghang+H%2C+Kim+D%2C+Kim+BC%2C+Kim+SY%2C+Kim+WY%2C+Kim+C%2C+Park+D%2C+Lee+YS%2C+Kim+S%2C+Reja+R%2C+Jho+S%2C+Kim+CG%2C+Cha+JY%2C+Kim+KH%2C+Lee+B%2C+Bhak+J%2C+Kim+SJ&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/19470904&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-13"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="web">&quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.nanotechwire.com/news.asp?nid=6428" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nanotechwire.com/news.asp?nid=6428"><font color="#0066cc">Harvard University and Oxford Nanopore Technologies Announce Licence Agreement to Advance Nanopore DNA Sequencing and other Applications</font></a>&quot;. Nanotechwire. August 5, 2008<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://www.nanotechwire.com/news.asp?nid=6428" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nanotechwire.com/news.asp?nid=6428"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.nanotechwire.com/news.asp?nid=6428</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on February 23, 2009</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Harvard+University+and+Oxford+Nanopore+Technologies+Announce+Licence+Agreement+to+Advance+Nanopore+DNA+Sequencing+and+other+Applications&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=August+5%2C+2008&amp;rft.pub=Nanotechwire&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nanotechwire.com%2Fnews.asp%3Fnid%3D6428&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-14"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="news">&quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS49869+12-Jan-2009+BW20090112" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS49869+12-Jan-2009+BW20090112"><font color="#0066cc">Illumina and Oxford Nanopore Enter into Broad Commercialization Agreement</font></a>&quot;. Reuters. January 12, 2009<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS49869+12-Jan-2009+BW20090112" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS49869+12-Jan-2009+BW20090112"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS49869+12-Jan-2009+BW20090112</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on February 23, 2009</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Illumina+and+Oxford+Nanopore+Enter+into+Broad+Commercialization+Agreement&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=January+12%2C+2009&amp;rft.pub=Reuters&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FpressRelease%2FidUS49869%2B12-Jan-2009%2BBW20090112&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-15"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" title="http://www..com/sequenom-licenses-nanopore-technology-harvard-develop-third-generation-sequencer" rel="nofollow" href="http://www..com/sequenom-licenses-nanopore-technology-harvard-develop-third-generation-sequencer"><font color="#0066cc">http://www..com/sequenom-licenses-nanopore-technology-harvard-develop-third-generation-sequencer</font></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-16"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="news">&quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.pacificbiosciences.com/index.php?q=technology-introduction" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pacificbiosciences.com/index.php?q=technology-introduction"><font color="#0066cc">Single Molecule Real Time (SMRT) DNA Sequencing</font></a>&quot;. Pacific Biosciences<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://www.pacificbiosciences.com/index.php?q=technology-introduction" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pacificbiosciences.com/index.php?q=technology-introduction"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.pacificbiosciences.com/index.php?q=technology-introduction</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on February 23, 2009</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Single+Molecule+Real+Time+%28SMRT%29+DNA+Sequencing&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.pub=Pacific+Biosciences&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pacificbiosciences.com%2Findex.php%3Fq%3Dtechnology-introduction&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-17"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="news">&quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.completegenomicsinc.com/pages/materials/CompleteGenomicsTechnologyPaper.pdf" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.completegenomicsinc.com/pages/materials/CompleteGenomicsTechnologyPaper.pdf"><font color="#0066cc">Complete Human Genome Sequencing Technology Overview</font></a>&quot;. Complete Genomics. 2009<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://www.completegenomicsinc.com/pages/materials/CompleteGenomicsTechnologyPaper.pdf" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.completegenomicsinc.com/pages/materials/CompleteGenomicsTechnologyPaper.pdf"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.completegenomicsinc.com/pages/materials/CompleteGenomicsTechnologyPaper.pdf</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on February 23, 2009</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Complete+Human+Genome+Sequencing+Technology+Overview&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.pub=Complete+Genomics&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.completegenomicsinc.com%2Fpages%2Fmaterials%2FCompleteGenomicsTechnologyPaper.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-18"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="web">&quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v6/n11/glossary/nrg1709_glossary.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v6/n11/glossary/nrg1709_glossary.html"><font color="#0066cc">Definition of pyrosequencing from the Nature Reviews Genetics Glossary</font></a>&quot;<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v6/n11/glossary/nrg1709_glossary.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v6/n11/glossary/nrg1709_glossary.html"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v6/n11/glossary/nrg1709_glossary.html</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on 2008-10-28</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Definition+of+pyrosequencing+from+the+Nature+Reviews+Genetics+Glossary&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnrg%2Fjournal%2Fv6%2Fn11%2Fglossary%2Fnrg1709_glossary.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RonachiScience-19"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-RonachiScience_19-0"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFRonaghi_M.2C_Uhl.C3.A9n_M.2C_Nyr.C3.A9n_P1998">Ronaghi M, Uhl&eacute;n M, Nyr&eacute;n P (July 1998). &quot;A sequencing method based on real-time pyrophosphate&quot;. <em>Science (journal)</em> <strong>281</strong> (5375): 363, 365. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0066cc">doi</font></a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.281.5375.363" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.281.5375.363"><font color="#0066cc">10.1126/science.281.5375.363</font></a></span>. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9705713" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9705713"><font color="#0066cc">PMID 9705713</font></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=A+sequencing+method+based+on+real-time+pyrophosphate&amp;rft.jtitle=Science+%28journal%29&amp;rft.aulast=Ronaghi+M%2C+Uhl%C3%A9n+M%2C+Nyr%C3%A9n+P&amp;rft.au=Ronaghi+M%2C+Uhl%C3%A9n+M%2C+Nyr%C3%A9n+P&amp;rft.date=July+1998&amp;rft.volume=281&amp;rft.issue=5375&amp;rft.pages=363%2C+365&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.281.5375.363&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/9705713&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid8923969-20"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-pmid8923969_20-0"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFRonaghi_M.2C_Karamohamed_S.2C_Pettersson_B.2C_Uhl.C3.A9n_M.2C_Nyr.C3.A9n_P1996">Ronaghi M, Karamohamed S, Pettersson B, Uhl&eacute;n M, Nyr&eacute;n P (November 1996). &quot;Real-time DNA sequencing using detection of pyrophosphate release&quot;. <em>Anal. Biochem.</em> <strong>242</strong> (1): 84&ndash;9. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0066cc">doi</font></a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1006%2Fabio.1996.0432" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1006%2Fabio.1996.0432"><font color="#0066cc">10.1006/abio.1996.0432</font></a></span>. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8923969" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8923969"><font color="#0066cc">PMID 8923969</font></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Real-time+DNA+sequencing+using+detection+of+pyrophosphate+release&amp;rft.jtitle=Anal.+Biochem.&amp;rft.aulast=Ronaghi+M%2C+Karamohamed+S%2C+Pettersson+B%2C+Uhl%C3%A9n+M%2C+Nyr%C3%A9n+P&amp;rft.au=Ronaghi+M%2C+Karamohamed+S%2C+Pettersson+B%2C+Uhl%C3%A9n+M%2C+Nyr%C3%A9n+P&amp;rft.date=November+1996&amp;rft.volume=242&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=84%E2%80%939&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1006%2Fabio.1996.0432&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/8923969&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid17185753-21"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-pmid17185753_21-0"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFNyr.C3.A9n_P2007">Nyr&eacute;n P (2007). &quot;The history of pyrosequencing&quot;. <em>Methods Mol. Biol.</em> <strong>373</strong>: 1&ndash;14. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17185753" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17185753"><font color="#0066cc">PMID 17185753</font></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+history+of+pyrosequencing&amp;rft.jtitle=Methods+Mol.+Biol.&amp;rft.aulast=Nyr%C3%A9n+P&amp;rft.au=Nyr%C3%A9n+P&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.volume=373&amp;rft.pages=1%E2%80%9314&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17185753&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-22"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" title="http://files.shareholder.com/downloads/CRGN/0x0x53381/386c4aaa-f36e-4b7a-9ff0-c06e61fad31f/211559.pdf" rel="nofollow" href="http://files.shareholder.com/downloads/CRGN/0x0x53381/386c4aaa-f36e-4b7a-9ff0-c06e61fad31f/211559.pdf"><font color="#0066cc">http://files.shareholder.com/downloads/CRGN/0x0x53381/386c4aaa-f36e-4b7a-9ff0-c06e61fad31f/211559.pdf</font></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid461197-23"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-pmid461197_23-0"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFStaden_R1979">Staden R (June 1979). &quot;<a class="external text" title="http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=461197" rel="nofollow" href="http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=461197"><font color="#0066cc">A strategy of DNA sequencing employing computer programs</font></a>&quot;. <em>Nucleic Acids Res.</em> <strong>6</strong> (7): 2601&ndash;10. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/461197" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/461197"><font color="#0066cc">PMID 461197</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0066cc">PMC</font></a>: <a class="external text" title="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=327874" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=327874"><font color="#0066cc">327874</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=461197" rel="nofollow" href="http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=461197"><font color="#0066cc">http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=461197</font></a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=A+strategy+of+DNA+sequencing+employing+computer+programs&amp;rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Res.&amp;rft.aulast=Staden+R&amp;rft.au=Staden+R&amp;rft.date=June+1979&amp;rft.volume=6&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.pages=2601%E2%80%9310&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/461197&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnar.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D461197&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-24"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFEdwardsCaskey.2C_T1991">Edwards, A; Caskey, T (1991). &quot;Closure strategies for random DNA sequencing&quot;. <em>Methods: A Companion to Methods in Enzymology</em> <strong>3</strong> (1): 41&ndash;47. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0066cc">doi</font></a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS1046-2023%2805%2980162-8" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS1046-2023%2805%2980162-8"><font color="#0066cc">10.1016/S1046-2023(05)80162-8</font></a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Closure+strategies+for+random+DNA+sequencing&amp;rft.jtitle=Methods%3A+A+Companion+to+Methods+in+Enzymology&amp;rft.aulast=Edwards&amp;rft.aufirst=A&amp;rft.au=Edwards%2C+A&amp;rft.au=Caskey%2C+T&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.volume=3&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=41%E2%80%9347&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2FS1046-2023%2805%2980162-8&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid2341149-25"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-pmid2341149_25-0"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFEdwards_A.2C_Voss_H.2C_Rice_P.2C_Civitello_A.2C_Stegemann_J.2C_Schwager_C.2C_Zimmermann_J.2C_Erfle_H.2C_Caskey_CT.2C_Ansorge_W1990">Edwards A, Voss H, Rice P, Civitello A, Stegemann J, Schwager C, Zimmermann J, Erfle H, Caskey CT, Ansorge W (April 1990). &quot;Automated DNA sequencing of the human HPRT locus&quot;. <em>Genomics</em> <strong>6</strong> (4): 593&ndash;608. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0066cc">doi</font></a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0888-7543%2890%2990493-E" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0888-7543%2890%2990493-E"><font color="#0066cc">10.1016/0888-7543(90)90493-E</font></a></span>. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2341149" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2341149"><font color="#0066cc">PMID 2341149</font></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Automated+DNA+sequencing+of+the+human+HPRT+locus&amp;rft.jtitle=Genomics&amp;rft.aulast=Edwards+A%2C+Voss+H%2C+Rice+P%2C+Civitello+A%2C+Stegemann+J%2C+Schwager+C%2C+Zimmermann+J%2C+Erfle+H%2C+Caskey+CT%2C+Ansorge+W&amp;rft.au=Edwards+A%2C+Voss+H%2C+Rice+P%2C+Civitello+A%2C+Stegemann+J%2C+Schwager+C%2C+Zimmermann+J%2C+Erfle+H%2C+Caskey+CT%2C+Ansorge+W&amp;rft.date=April+1990&amp;rft.volume=6&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=593%E2%80%93608&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2F0888-7543%2890%2990493-E&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/2341149&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid7601461-26"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-pmid7601461_26-0"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFRoach_JC.2C_Boysen_C.2C_Wang_K.2C_Hood_L1995">Roach JC, Boysen C, Wang K, Hood L (March 1995). &quot;Pairwise end sequencing: a unified approach to genomic mapping and sequencing&quot;. <em>Genomics</em> <strong>26</strong> (2): 345&ndash;53. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0066cc">doi</font></a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0888-7543%2895%2980219-C" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0888-7543%2895%2980219-C"><font color="#0066cc">10.1016/0888-7543(95)80219-C</font></a></span>. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7601461" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7601461"><font color="#0066cc">PMID 7601461</font></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Pairwise+end+sequencing%3A+a+unified+approach+to+genomic+mapping+and+sequencing&amp;rft.jtitle=Genomics&amp;rft.aulast=Roach+JC%2C+Boysen+C%2C+Wang+K%2C+Hood+L&amp;rft.au=Roach+JC%2C+Boysen+C%2C+Wang+K%2C+Hood+L&amp;rft.date=March+1995&amp;rft.volume=26&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=345%E2%80%9353&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2F0888-7543%2895%2980219-C&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/7601461&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid7542800-27"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-pmid7542800_27-0"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFFleischmann_RD.2C_Adams_MD.2C_White_O.2C_Clayton_RA.2C_Kirkness_EF.2C_Kerlavage_AR.2C_Bult_CJ.2C_Tomb_JF.2C_Dougherty_BA.2C_Merrick_JM1995">Fleischmann RD, Adams MD, White O, Clayton RA, Kirkness EF, Kerlavage AR, Bult CJ, Tomb JF, Dougherty BA, Merrick JM (July 1995). &quot;Whole-genome random sequencing and assembly of Haemophilus influenzae Rd&quot;. <em>Science (journal)</em> <strong>269</strong> (5223): 496&ndash;512. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0066cc">doi</font></a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.7542800" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.7542800"><font color="#0066cc">10.1126/science.7542800</font></a></span>. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7542800" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7542800"><font color="#0066cc">PMID 7542800</font></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Whole-genome+random+sequencing+and+assembly+of+Haemophilus+influenzae+Rd&amp;rft.jtitle=Science+%28journal%29&amp;rft.aulast=Fleischmann+RD%2C+Adams+MD%2C+White+O%2C+Clayton+RA%2C+Kirkness+EF%2C+Kerlavage+AR%2C+Bult+CJ%2C+Tomb+JF%2C+Dougherty+BA%2C+Merrick+JM&amp;rft.au=Fleischmann+RD%2C+Adams+MD%2C+White+O%2C+Clayton+RA%2C+Kirkness+EF%2C+Kerlavage+AR%2C+Bult+CJ%2C+Tomb+JF%2C+Dougherty+BA%2C+Merrick+JM&amp;rft.date=July+1995&amp;rft.volume=269&amp;rft.issue=5223&amp;rft.pages=496%E2%80%93512&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.7542800&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/7542800&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-28"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFAdamset_al.2009">Adams, MD; et al. (2000). &quot;The genome sequence of Drosophila melanogaster&quot;. <em>Science</em> <strong>287</strong> (5461): 2185&ndash;95. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0066cc">doi</font></a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.287.5461.2185" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.287.5461.2185"><font color="#0066cc">10.1126/science.287.5461.2185</font></a></span>. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10731132" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10731132"><font color="#0066cc">PMID 10731132</font></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+genome+sequence+of+Drosophila+melanogaster&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Adams&amp;rft.aufirst=MD&amp;rft.au=Adams%2C+MD&amp;rft.au=et+al.&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.volume=287&amp;rft.issue=5461&amp;rft.pages=2185%E2%80%9395&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.287.5461.2185&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/10731132&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid19193124-29"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-pmid19193124_29-0"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFMukhopadhyay_R2009">Mukhopadhyay R (February 2009). &quot;DNA sequencers: the next generation&quot;. <em>Anal. Chem.</em>. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0066cc">doi</font></a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fac802712u" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fac802712u"><font color="#0066cc">10.1021/ac802712u</font></a></span>. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19193124" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19193124"><font color="#0066cc">PMID 19193124</font></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=DNA+sequencers%3A+the+next+generation&amp;rft.jtitle=Anal.+Chem.&amp;rft.aulast=Mukhopadhyay+R&amp;rft.au=Mukhopadhyay+R&amp;rft.date=February+2009&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1021%2Fac802712u&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/19193124&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-30"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFCarlson2007" class="web">Carlson, Rob (2007-01-02). &quot;<a class="external text" title="http://synthesis.cc/2007/01/a-few-thoughts-on-rapid-genome-sequencing-and-the-archon-prize.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://synthesis.cc/2007/01/a-few-thoughts-on-rapid-genome-sequencing-and-the-archon-prize.html"><font color="#0066cc">A Few Thoughts on Rapid Genome Sequencing and The Archon Prize - synthesis</font></a>&quot;. Synthesis.cc<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://synthesis.cc/2007/01/a-few-thoughts-on-rapid-genome-sequencing-and-the-archon-prize.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://synthesis.cc/2007/01/a-few-thoughts-on-rapid-genome-sequencing-and-the-archon-prize.html"><font color="#0066cc">http://synthesis.cc/2007/01/a-few-thoughts-on-rapid-genome-sequencing-and-the-archon-prize.html</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on 2009-02-23</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=A+Few+Thoughts+on+Rapid+Genome+Sequencing+and+The+Archon+Prize+-+synthesis&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Carlson&amp;rft.aufirst=Rob&amp;rft.au=Carlson%2C+Rob&amp;rft.date=2007-01-02&amp;rft.pub=Synthesis.cc&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsynthesis.cc%2F2007%2F01%2Fa-few-thoughts-on-rapid-genome-sequencing-and-the-archon-prize.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-31"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://genomics.xprize.org/genomics/archon-x-prize-for-genomics/prize-overview" rel="nofollow" href="http://genomics.xprize.org/genomics/archon-x-prize-for-genomics/prize-overview"><font color="#0066cc">&quot;PRIZE Overview: Archon X PRIZE for Genomics&quot;</font></a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid17055251-32"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-pmid17055251_32-0"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFBentley_DR2006">Bentley DR (December 2006). &quot;Whole-genome re-sequencing&quot;. <em>Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev.</em> <strong>16</strong> (6): 545&ndash;52. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0066cc">doi</font></a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gde.2006.10.009" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gde.2006.10.009"><font color="#0066cc">10.1016/j.gde.2006.10.009</font></a></span>. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17055251" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17055251"><font color="#0066cc">PMID 17055251</font></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Whole-genome+re-sequencing&amp;rft.jtitle=Curr.+Opin.+Genet.+Dev.&amp;rft.aulast=Bentley+DR&amp;rft.au=Bentley+DR&amp;rft.date=December+2006&amp;rft.volume=16&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=545%E2%80%9352&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.gde.2006.10.009&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17055251&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-33"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="web">&quot;<a class="external text" title="http://genetests.org" rel="nofollow" href="http://genetests.org"><font color="#0066cc">GeneTests.org</font></a>&quot;<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://genetests.org" rel="nofollow" href="http://genetests.org"><font color="#0066cc">http://genetests.org</font></a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=GeneTests.org&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgenetests.org&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-34"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="web">&quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.gizmag.com/go/8248/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.gizmag.com/go/8248/"><font color="#0066cc">SOLiD System - a next-gen DNA sequencing platform announced</font></a>&quot;. Gizmag.com. 2007-10-27<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://www.gizmag.com/go/8248/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.gizmag.com/go/8248/"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.gizmag.com/go/8248/</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on 2009-02-24</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=SOLiD+System+-+a+next-gen+DNA+sequencing+platform+announced&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=2007-10-27&amp;rft.pub=Gizmag.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gizmag.com%2Fgo%2F8248%2F&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pagewanted1-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pagewanted1_35-0">^{<em><strong><font color="#0066cc" size="2">a</font></strong></em>}</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pagewanted1_35-1">^{<em><strong><font color="#0066cc" size="2">b</font></strong></em>}</a> <a class="external free" title="http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/09/business/09genome.html?pagewanted=print" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/09/business/09genome.html?pagewanted=print"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/09/business/09genome.html?pagewanted=print</font></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-36"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="web">&quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.genengnews.com/articles/chitem.aspx?aid=939&amp;chid=1" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genengnews.com/articles/chitem.aspx?aid=939&amp;chid=1"><font color="#0066cc">Article&nbsp;: Race to Cut Whole Genome Sequencing Costs Genetic Engineering &amp; Biotechnology News - Biotechnology from Bench to Business</font></a>&quot;. Genengnews.com<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://www.genengnews.com/articles/chitem.aspx?aid=939&amp;chid=1" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genengnews.com/articles/chitem.aspx?aid=939&amp;chid=1"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.genengnews.com/articles/chitem.aspx?aid=939&amp;chid=1</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on 2009-02-23</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Article+%3A+Race+to+Cut+Whole+Genome+Sequencing+Costs+Genetic+Engineering+%26+Biotechnology+News+-+Biotechnology+from+Bench+to+Business&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.pub=Genengnews.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genengnews.com%2Farticles%2Fchitem.aspx%3Faid%3D939%26chid%3D1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-37"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="web">&quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.eyeondna.com/2008/02/11/whole-genome-sequencing-costs-continue-to-drop/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.eyeondna.com/2008/02/11/whole-genome-sequencing-costs-continue-to-drop/"><font color="#0066cc">Whole Genome Sequencing Costs Continue to Drop</font></a>&quot;. Eyeondna.com<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://www.eyeondna.com/2008/02/11/whole-genome-sequencing-costs-continue-to-drop/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.eyeondna.com/2008/02/11/whole-genome-sequencing-costs-continue-to-drop/"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.eyeondna.com/2008/02/11/whole-genome-sequencing-costs-continue-to-drop/</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on 2009-02-23</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Whole+Genome+Sequencing+Costs+Continue+to+Drop&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.pub=Eyeondna.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eyeondna.com%2F2008%2F02%2F11%2Fwhole-genome-sequencing-costs-continue-to-drop%2F&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-38"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFSan_Diego.2FOrange_County_Technology_News" class="web">San Diego/Orange County Technology News. &quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.freshnews.com/news/biotech-biomedical/article_39927.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.freshnews.com/news/biotech-biomedical/article_39927.html"><font color="#0066cc">Sequenom to Develop Third-Generation Nanopore-Based Single Molecule Sequencing Technology</font></a>&quot;. Freshnews.com<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://www.freshnews.com/news/biotech-biomedical/article_39927.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.freshnews.com/news/biotech-biomedical/article_39927.html"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.freshnews.com/news/biotech-biomedical/article_39927.html</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on 2009-02-24</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Sequenom+to+Develop+Third-Generation+Nanopore-Based+Single+Molecule+Sequencing+Technology&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=San+Diego%2FOrange+County+Technology+News&amp;rft.au=San+Diego%2FOrange+County+Technology+News&amp;rft.pub=Freshnews.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freshnews.com%2Fnews%2Fbiotech-biomedical%2Farticle_39927.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-genengnews1-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-genengnews1_39-0">^{<em><strong><font color="#0066cc" size="2">a</font></strong></em>}</a> <a href="#cite_ref-genengnews1_39-1">^{<em><strong><font color="#0066cc" size="2">b</font></strong></em>}</a> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="web">&quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.genengnews.com/articles/chitem.aspx?aid=658&amp;chid=2" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genengnews.com/articles/chitem.aspx?aid=658&amp;chid=2"><font color="#0066cc">Article&nbsp;: Whole Genome Sequencing in 24 Hours Genetic Engineering &amp; Biotechnology News - Biotechnology from Bench to Business</font></a>&quot;. Genengnews.com<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://www.genengnews.com/articles/chitem.aspx?aid=658&amp;chid=2" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genengnews.com/articles/chitem.aspx?aid=658&amp;chid=2"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.genengnews.com/articles/chitem.aspx?aid=658&amp;chid=2</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on 2009-02-23</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Article+%3A+Whole+Genome+Sequencing+in+24+Hours+Genetic+Engineering+%26+Biotechnology+News+-+Biotechnology+from+Bench+to+Business&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.pub=Genengnews.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genengnews.com%2Farticles%2Fchitem.aspx%3Faid%3D658%26chid%3D2&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-40"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="web">&quot;<a class="external text" title="http://venturebeat.com/2008/02/10/pacific-bio-lifts-the-veil-on-its-high-speed-genome-sequencing-effort/" rel="nofollow" href="http://venturebeat.com/2008/02/10/pacific-bio-lifts-the-veil-on-its-high-speed-genome-sequencing-effort/"><font color="#0066cc">Pacific Bio lifts the veil on its high-speed genome-sequencing effort</font></a>&quot;. VentureBeat<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://venturebeat.com/2008/02/10/pacific-bio-lifts-the-veil-on-its-high-speed-genome-sequencing-effort/" rel="nofollow" href="http://venturebeat.com/2008/02/10/pacific-bio-lifts-the-veil-on-its-high-speed-genome-sequencing-effort/"><font color="#0066cc">http://venturebeat.com/2008/02/10/pacific-bio-lifts-the-veil-on-its-high-speed-genome-sequencing-effort/</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on 2009-02-23</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Pacific+Bio+lifts+the+veil+on+its+high-speed+genome-sequencing+effort&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.pub=VentureBeat&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fventurebeat.com%2F2008%2F02%2F10%2Fpacific-bio-lifts-the-veil-on-its-high-speed-genome-sequencing-effort%2F&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-41"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="web">&quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.bio-itworld.com/headlines/2008/oct06/complete-genomics-dna-nanoballs.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.bio-itworld.com/headlines/2008/oct06/complete-genomics-dna-nanoballs.html"><font color="#0066cc">Bio-IT World</font></a>&quot;. Bio-IT World. 2008-10-06<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://www.bio-itworld.com/headlines/2008/oct06/complete-genomics-dna-nanoballs.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.bio-itworld.com/headlines/2008/oct06/complete-genomics-dna-nanoballs.html"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.bio-itworld.com/headlines/2008/oct06/complete-genomics-dna-nanoballs.html</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on 2009-02-23</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Bio-IT+World&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=2008-10-06&amp;rft.pub=Bio-IT+World&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bio-itworld.com%2Fheadlines%2F2008%2Foct06%2Fcomplete-genomics-dna-nanoballs.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-42"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" title="http://nextbigfuture.com/2008/03/genome-sequencing-costs-continue-to.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://nextbigfuture.com/2008/03/genome-sequencing-costs-continue-to.html"><font color="#0066cc">http://nextbigfuture.com/2008/03/genome-sequencing-costs-continue-to.html</font></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-43"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" title="http://www.pbn.com/stories/29333.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pbn.com/stories/29333.html"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.pbn.com/stories/29333.html</font></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-44"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" title="http://www.xconomy.com/boston/2008/04/22/with-new-machine-helicos-brings-personal-genome-sequencing-a-step-closer/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.xconomy.com/boston/2008/04/22/with-new-machine-helicos-brings-personal-genome-sequencing-a-step-closer/"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.xconomy.com/boston/2008/04/22/with-new-machine-helicos-brings-personal-genome-sequencing-a-step-closer/</font></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-45"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFJuly_14.2C_2008_.26.238212.3B_11:19am_ET2008" class="web">July 14, 2008 &mdash; 11:19am ET (2008-07-14). &quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.fiercebiotech.com/story/pacific-biosciences-garners-100m-sequencing-tech/2008-07-14" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.fiercebiotech.com/story/pacific-biosciences-garners-100m-sequencing-tech/2008-07-14"><font color="#0066cc">Pacific Biosciences gains $100M for sequencing tech</font></a>&quot;. FierceBiotech<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://www.fiercebiotech.com/story/pacific-biosciences-garners-100m-sequencing-tech/2008-07-14" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.fiercebiotech.com/story/pacific-biosciences-garners-100m-sequencing-tech/2008-07-14"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.fiercebiotech.com/story/pacific-biosciences-garners-100m-sequencing-tech/2008-07-14</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on 2009-02-23</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Pacific+Biosciences+gains+%24100M+for+sequencing+tech&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=July+14%2C+2008+%26%238212%3B+11%3A19am+ET&amp;rft.au=July+14%2C+2008+%26%238212%3B+11%3A19am+ET&amp;rft.date=2008-07-14&amp;rft.pub=FierceBiotech&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fiercebiotech.com%2Fstory%2Fpacific-biosciences-garners-100m-sequencing-tech%2F2008-07-14&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-46"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="web">&quot;<a class="external text" title="http://sanjose.bizjournals.com/sanjose/stories/2009/02/09/story1.html?b=1234155600^1773923" rel="nofollow" href="http://sanjose.bizjournals.com/sanjose/stories/2009/02/09/story1.html?b=1234155600^1773923"><font color="#0066cc">Complete Genomics brings radical reduction in cost - Silicon Valley / San Jose Business Journal:</font></a>&quot;. Sanjose.bizjournals.com<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://sanjose.bizjournals.com/sanjose/stories/2009/02/09/story1.html?b=1234155600^1773923" rel="nofollow" href="http://sanjose.bizjournals.com/sanjose/stories/2009/02/09/story1.html?b=1234155600^1773923"><font color="#0066cc">http://sanjose.bizjournals.com/sanjose/stories/2009/02/09/story1.html?b=1234155600^1773923</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on 2009-02-23</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Complete+Genomics+brings+radical+reduction+in+cost+-+Silicon+Valley+%2F+San+Jose+Business+Journal%3A&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.pub=Sanjose.bizjournals.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsanjose.bizjournals.com%2Fsanjose%2Fstories%2F2009%2F02%2F09%2Fstory1.html%3Fb%3D1234155600%5E1773923&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-47"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="web">&quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.bio-itworld.com/issues/2007/nov/sequenom-nanopore-technology/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.bio-itworld.com/issues/2007/nov/sequenom-nanopore-technology/"><font color="#0066cc">Bio-IT World</font></a>&quot;. Bio-IT World<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://www.bio-itworld.com/issues/2007/nov/sequenom-nanopore-technology/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.bio-itworld.com/issues/2007/nov/sequenom-nanopore-technology/"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.bio-itworld.com/issues/2007/nov/sequenom-nanopore-technology/</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on 2009-02-24</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Bio-IT+World&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.pub=Bio-IT+World&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bio-itworld.com%2Fissues%2F2007%2Fnov%2Fsequenom-nanopore-technology%2F&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-48"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" title="http://venturebeat.com/tag/cointelligent-bio-systems/" rel="nofollow" href="http://venturebeat.com/tag/cointelligent-bio-systems/"><font color="#0066cc">http://venturebeat.com/tag/cointelligent-bio-systems/</font></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-49"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="web">&quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.technologyreview.com/biomedicine/21466/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.technologyreview.com/biomedicine/21466/"><font color="#0066cc">Five Thousand Bucks for Your Genome</font></a>&quot;. Technology Review. 2008-10-20<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://www.technologyreview.com/biomedicine/21466/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.technologyreview.com/biomedicine/21466/"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.technologyreview.com/biomedicine/21466/</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on 2009-02-23</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Five+Thousand+Bucks+for+Your+Genome&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=2008-10-20&amp;rft.pub=Technology+Review&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.technologyreview.com%2Fbiomedicine%2F21466%2F&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-50"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601124&amp;sid=aEUlnq6ltPpQ" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601124&amp;sid=aEUlnq6ltPpQ"><font color="#0066cc">Complete Genomics Drives Down Cost of Genome Sequence to $5,000</font></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-51"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREF28_January_20082008" class="web">28 January 2008 (2008-01-28). &quot;<a class="external text" title="http://springwise.com/lifestyle_leisure/premium_genome_mapping_service/" rel="nofollow" href="http://springwise.com/lifestyle_leisure/premium_genome_mapping_service/"><font color="#0066cc">Premium genome mapping service: Knome</font></a>&quot;. Springwise<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://springwise.com/lifestyle_leisure/premium_genome_mapping_service/" rel="nofollow" href="http://springwise.com/lifestyle_leisure/premium_genome_mapping_service/"><font color="#0066cc">http://springwise.com/lifestyle_leisure/premium_genome_mapping_service/</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on 2009-02-23</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Premium+genome+mapping+service%3A+Knome&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=28+January+2008&amp;rft.au=28+January+2008&amp;rft.date=2008-01-28&amp;rft.pub=Springwise&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspringwise.com%2Flifestyle_leisure%2Fpremium_genome_mapping_service%2F&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-52"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" title="http://www.twine.com/item/11rf6j5mx-84/technology-review-recession-resistant-medicine" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.twine.com/item/11rf6j5mx-84/technology-review-recession-resistant-medicine"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.twine.com/item/11rf6j5mx-84/technology-review-recession-resistant-medicine</font></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-53"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" title="http://www.completegenomics.com/dataRelease/sequencingResults.aspx" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.completegenomics.com/dataRelease/sequencingResults.aspx"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.completegenomics.com/dataRelease/sequencingResults.aspx</font></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-54"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" title="http://scienceblogs.com/geneticfuture/2009/03/broad_institute_complete_genomics.php" rel="nofollow" href="http://scienceblogs.com/geneticfuture/2009/03/broad_institute_complete_genomics.php"><font color="#0066cc">http://scienceblogs.com/geneticfuture/2009/03/broad_institute_complete_genomics.php</font></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-55"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" title="http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/03/03/09/complete-genomic-broad-institute-cancer-collaboration.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/03/03/09/complete-genomic-broad-institute-cancer-collaboration.html"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/03/03/09/complete-genomic-broad-institute-cancer-collaboration.html</font></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-56"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" title="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7954968.stm" rel="nofollow" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7954968.stm"><font color="#0066cc">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7954968.stm</font></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-57"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" title="http://www.everygenome.com" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.everygenome.com"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.everygenome.com</font></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-58"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" title="http://news.moneycentral.msn.com/provider/providerarticle.aspx?feed=BW&amp;date=20090610&amp;id=9999448" rel="nofollow" href="http://news.moneycentral.msn.com/provider/providerarticle.aspx?feed=BW&amp;date=20090610&amp;id=9999448"><font color="#0066cc">http://news.moneycentral.msn.com/provider/providerarticle.aspx?feed=BW&amp;date=20090610&amp;id=9999448</font></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-59"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" title="http://scienceblogs.com/geneticfuture/2009/06/illumina_launches_personal_gen.php" rel="nofollow" href="http://scienceblogs.com/geneticfuture/2009/06/illumina_launches_personal_gen.php"><font color="#0066cc">http://scienceblogs.com/geneticfuture/2009/06/illumina_launches_personal_gen.php</font></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-60"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" title="http://mobihealthnews.com/2658/illumina-demos-concept-iphone-app-for-genetic-data-sharing/" rel="nofollow" href="http://mobihealthnews.com/2658/illumina-demos-concept-iphone-app-for-genetic-data-sharing/"><font color="#0066cc">http://mobihealthnews.com/2658/illumina-demos-concept-iphone-app-for-genetic-data-sharing/</font></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-61"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="web">&quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.gladstone.ucsf.edu/gladstone/site/genomicscore/section/1919" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.gladstone.ucsf.edu/gladstone/site/genomicscore/section/1919"><font color="#0066cc">Genomics Core</font></a>&quot;. Gladstone.ucsf.edu<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://www.gladstone.ucsf.edu/gladstone/site/genomicscore/section/1919" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.gladstone.ucsf.edu/gladstone/site/genomicscore/section/1919"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.gladstone.ucsf.edu/gladstone/site/genomicscore/section/1919</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on 2009-02-23</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Genomics+Core&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.pub=Gladstone.ucsf.edu&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gladstone.ucsf.edu%2Fgladstone%2Fsite%2Fgenomicscore%2Fsection%2F1919&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18803882-62"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18803882_62-0"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFNishida_N.2C_Koike_A.2C_Tajima_A.2C_Ogasawara_Y.2C_Ishibashi_Y.2C_Uehara_Y.2C_Inoue_I.2C_Tokunaga_K2008">Nishida N, Koike A, Tajima A, Ogasawara Y, Ishibashi Y, Uehara Y, Inoue I, Tokunaga K (2008). &quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2566316" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2566316"><font color="#0066cc">Evaluating the performance of Affymetrix SNP Array 6.0 platform with 400 Japanese individuals</font></a>&quot;. <em>BMC Genomics</em> <strong>9</strong>: 431. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0066cc">doi</font></a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2164-9-431" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2164-9-431"><font color="#0066cc">10.1186/1471-2164-9-431</font></a></span>. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18803882" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18803882"><font color="#0066cc">PMID 18803882</font></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Evaluating+the+performance+of+Affymetrix+SNP+Array+6.0+platform+with+400+Japanese+individuals&amp;rft.jtitle=BMC+Genomics&amp;rft.aulast=Nishida+N%2C+Koike+A%2C+Tajima+A%2C+Ogasawara+Y%2C+Ishibashi+Y%2C+Uehara+Y%2C+Inoue+I%2C+Tokunaga+K&amp;rft.au=Nishida+N%2C+Koike+A%2C+Tajima+A%2C+Ogasawara+Y%2C+Ishibashi+Y%2C+Uehara+Y%2C+Inoue+I%2C+Tokunaga+K&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=9&amp;rft.pages=431&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1186%2F1471-2164-9-431&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18803882&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-63"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFPetrone" class="web">Petrone, Justin. &quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.genomeweb.com/arrays/illumina-decode-build-1m-snp-chip-q2-launch-coincide-release-affys-60-snp-array" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomeweb.com/arrays/illumina-decode-build-1m-snp-chip-q2-launch-coincide-release-affys-60-snp-array"><font color="#0066cc">Illumina, DeCode Build 1M SNP Chip; Q2 Launch to Coincide with Release of Affy's 6.0 SNP Array | BioArray News | Arrays</font></a>&quot;. GenomeWeb<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://www.genomeweb.com/arrays/illumina-decode-build-1m-snp-chip-q2-launch-coincide-release-affys-60-snp-array" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomeweb.com/arrays/illumina-decode-build-1m-snp-chip-q2-launch-coincide-release-affys-60-snp-array"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.genomeweb.com/arrays/illumina-decode-build-1m-snp-chip-q2-launch-coincide-release-affys-60-snp-array</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on 2009-02-23</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Illumina%2C+DeCode+Build+1M+SNP+Chip%3B+Q2+Launch+to+Coincide+with+Release+of+Affy%27s+6.0+SNP+Array+%26%23124%3B+BioArray+News+%26%23124%3B+Arrays&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Petrone&amp;rft.aufirst=Justin&amp;rft.au=Petrone%2C+Justin&amp;rft.pub=GenomeWeb&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genomeweb.com%2Farrays%2Fillumina-decode-build-1m-snp-chip-q2-launch-coincide-release-affys-60-snp-array&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-64"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="web">&quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.chem.agilent.com/en-US/PressReleases/Pages/PRCA08032.aspx" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.chem.agilent.com/en-US/PressReleases/Pages/PRCA08032.aspx"><font color="#0066cc">Agilent Technologies Announces Licensing Agreement with Broad Institute to Develop Genome-Partitioning Kits to Streamline Next-Generation Sequencing</font></a>&quot;<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://www.chem.agilent.com/en-US/PressReleases/Pages/PRCA08032.aspx" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.chem.agilent.com/en-US/PressReleases/Pages/PRCA08032.aspx"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.chem.agilent.com/en-US/PressReleases/Pages/PRCA08032.aspx</font></a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Agilent+Technologies+Announces+Licensing+Agreement+with+Broad+Institute+to+Develop+Genome-Partitioning+Kits+to+Streamline+Next-Generation+Sequencing&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chem.agilent.com%2Fen-US%2FPressReleases%2FPages%2FPRCA08032.aspx&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-65"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="web">&quot;<a class="external text" title="http://sacramento.bizjournals.com/sacramento/stories/2008/07/21/daily52.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://sacramento.bizjournals.com/sacramento/stories/2008/07/21/daily52.html"><font color="#0066cc">Affymetrix stock slumps 30% on forecast - Sacramento Business Journal:</font></a>&quot;. Sacramento.bizjournals.com. 2008-07-25<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://sacramento.bizjournals.com/sacramento/stories/2008/07/21/daily52.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://sacramento.bizjournals.com/sacramento/stories/2008/07/21/daily52.html"><font color="#0066cc">http://sacramento.bizjournals.com/sacramento/stories/2008/07/21/daily52.html</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on 2009-02-23</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Affymetrix+stock+slumps+30%25+on+forecast+-+Sacramento+Business+Journal%3A&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=2008-07-25&amp;rft.pub=Sacramento.bizjournals.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsacramento.bizjournals.com%2Fsacramento%2Fstories%2F2008%2F07%2F21%2Fdaily52.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-66"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFBluis2006" class="web">Bluis, John (2006-04-24). &quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.fool.com/investing/high-growth/2006/04/24/affymetrix-gets-chipped-again.aspx" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.fool.com/investing/high-growth/2006/04/24/affymetrix-gets-chipped-again.aspx"><font color="#0066cc">Affymetrix Gets Chipped Again</font></a>&quot;. Fool.com<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://www.fool.com/investing/high-growth/2006/04/24/affymetrix-gets-chipped-again.aspx" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.fool.com/investing/high-growth/2006/04/24/affymetrix-gets-chipped-again.aspx"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.fool.com/investing/high-growth/2006/04/24/affymetrix-gets-chipped-again.aspx</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on 2009-02-23</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Affymetrix+Gets+Chipped+Again&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Bluis&amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;rft.au=Bluis%2C+John&amp;rft.date=2006-04-24&amp;rft.pub=Fool.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fool.com%2Finvesting%2Fhigh-growth%2F2006%2F04%2F24%2Faffymetrix-gets-chipped-again.aspx&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid17108930-67"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-pmid17108930_67-0"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">&quot;The chips are down&quot;. <em>Nature</em> <strong>444</strong> (7117): 256&ndash;7. November 2006. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0066cc">doi</font></a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F444256a" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F444256a"><font color="#0066cc">10.1038/444256a</font></a></span>. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17108930" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17108930"><font color="#0066cc">PMID 17108930</font></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+chips+are+down&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.date=November+2006&amp;rft.volume=444&amp;rft.issue=7117&amp;rft.pages=256%E2%80%937&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F444256a&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17108930&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18846083-68"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18846083_68-0"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFCoombs_A2008">Coombs A (October 2008). &quot;The sequencing shakeup&quot;. <em>Nat. Biotechnol.</em> <strong>26</strong> (10): 1109&ndash;12. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0066cc">doi</font></a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnbt1008-1109" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnbt1008-1109"><font color="#0066cc">10.1038/nbt1008-1109</font></a></span>. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18846083" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18846083"><font color="#0066cc">PMID 18846083</font></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+sequencing+shakeup&amp;rft.jtitle=Nat.+Biotechnol.&amp;rft.aulast=Coombs+A&amp;rft.au=Coombs+A&amp;rft.date=October+2008&amp;rft.volume=26&amp;rft.issue=10&amp;rft.pages=1109%E2%80%9312&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnbt1008-1109&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18846083&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-69"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFHenderson" class="news">Henderson, Mark. &quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/science/article5689052.ece" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/science/article5689052.ece"><font color="#0066cc">Genetic mapping of babies by 2019 will transform preventive medicine</font></a>&quot;. Times Online<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/science/article5689052.ece" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/science/article5689052.ece"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/science/article5689052.ece</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on 2009-02-23</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Genetic+mapping+of+babies+by+2019+will+transform+preventive+medicine&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Henderson&amp;rft.aufirst=Mark&amp;rft.au=Henderson%2C+Mark&amp;rft.pub=Times+Online&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fscience%2Farticle5689052.ece&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-70"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFMcCabe_LL.2C_McCabe_ER2001">McCabe LL, McCabe ER (June 2001). &quot;Postgenomic medicine. Presymptomatic testing for prediction and prevention&quot;. <em>Clin Perinatol</em> <strong>28</strong> (2): 425&ndash;34. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11499063" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11499063"><font color="#0066cc">PMID 11499063</font></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Postgenomic+medicine.+Presymptomatic+testing+for+prediction+and+prevention&amp;rft.jtitle=Clin+Perinatol&amp;rft.aulast=McCabe+LL%2C+McCabe+ER&amp;rft.au=McCabe+LL%2C+McCabe+ER&amp;rft.date=June+2001&amp;rft.volume=28&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=425%E2%80%9334&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11499063&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-71"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFNelson_RM.2C_Botkjin_JR.2C_Kodish_ED.2C_.27.27et_al..27.272001">Nelson RM, Botkjin JR, Kodish ED, <em>et al.</em> (June 2001). &quot;Ethical issues with genetic testing in pediatrics&quot;. <em>Pediatrics</em> <strong>107</strong> (6): 1451&ndash;5. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11389275" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11389275"><font color="#0066cc">PMID 11389275</font></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Ethical+issues+with+genetic+testing+in+pediatrics&amp;rft.jtitle=Pediatrics&amp;rft.aulast=Nelson+RM%2C+Botkjin+JR%2C+Kodish+ED%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Nelson+RM%2C+Botkjin+JR%2C+Kodish+ED%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=June+2001&amp;rft.volume=107&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=1451%E2%80%935&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11389275&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-72"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFBorry_P.2C_Fryns_JP.2C_Schotsmans_P.2C_Dierickx_K2006">Borry P, Fryns JP, Schotsmans P, Dierickx K (February 2006). &quot;Carrier testing in minors: a systematic review of guidelines and position papers&quot;. <em>Eur. J. Hum. Genet.</em> <strong>14</strong> (2): 133&ndash;8. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0066cc">doi</font></a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.ejhg.5201509" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.ejhg.5201509"><font color="#0066cc">10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201509</font></a></span>. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16267502" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16267502"><font color="#0066cc">PMID 16267502</font></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Carrier+testing+in+minors%3A+a+systematic+review+of+guidelines+and+position+papers&amp;rft.jtitle=Eur.+J.+Hum.+Genet.&amp;rft.aulast=Borry+P%2C+Fryns+JP%2C+Schotsmans+P%2C+Dierickx+K&amp;rft.au=Borry+P%2C+Fryns+JP%2C+Schotsmans+P%2C+Dierickx+K&amp;rft.date=February+2006&amp;rft.volume=14&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=133%E2%80%938&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fsj.ejhg.5201509&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16267502&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-73"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFBorry_P.2C_Stultiens_L.2C_Nys_H.2C_Cassiman_JJ.2C_Dierickx_K2006">Borry P, Stultiens L, Nys H, Cassiman JJ, Dierickx K (November 2006). &quot;Presymptomatic and predictive genetic testing in minors: a systematic review of guidelines and position papers&quot;. <em>Clin. Genet.</em> <strong>70</strong> (5): 374&ndash;81. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0066cc">doi</font></a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1399-0004.2006.00692.x" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1399-0004.2006.00692.x"><font color="#0066cc">10.1111/j.1399-0004.2006.00692.x</font></a></span>. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17026616" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17026616"><font color="#0066cc">PMID 17026616</font></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Presymptomatic+and+predictive+genetic+testing+in+minors%3A+a+systematic+review+of+guidelines+and+position+papers&amp;rft.jtitle=Clin.+Genet.&amp;rft.aulast=Borry+P%2C+Stultiens+L%2C+Nys+H%2C+Cassiman+JJ%2C+Dierickx+K&amp;rft.au=Borry+P%2C+Stultiens+L%2C+Nys+H%2C+Cassiman+JJ%2C+Dierickx+K&amp;rft.date=November+2006&amp;rft.volume=70&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=374%E2%80%9381&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1111%2Fj.1399-0004.2006.00692.x&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17026616&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> </ol> </div> <p><a id="External_links" name="External_links"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" title="http://genomics.xprize.org/" rel="nofollow" href="http://genomics.xprize.org/"><font color="#0066cc">Archon X Prize for Genomics</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://jimwatsonsequence.cshl.edu/cgi-perl/gbrowse/jwsequence/" rel="nofollow" href="http://jimwatsonsequence.cshl.edu/cgi-perl/gbrowse/jwsequence/"><font color="#0066cc">James Watson's Personal Genome Sequence</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.illumina.com" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.illumina.com"><font color="#0066cc">Illumina's Website</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.sequenom.com" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sequenom.com"><font color="#0066cc">Sequenom's Website</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.454.com/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.454.com/"><font color="#0066cc">454 Life Science's Website</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.pacificbiosciences.com/index.php" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pacificbiosciences.com/index.php"><font color="#0066cc">Pacific Biosciences' Website</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.completegenomicsinc.com/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.completegenomicsinc.com/"><font color="#0066cc">Complete Genomics' Website</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.intelligentbiosystems.com/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.intelligentbiosystems.com/"><font color="#0066cc">Intelligent Bio-System's Website</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.helicosbio.com/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.helicosbio.com/"><font color="#0066cc">Helicos BioScience's Website</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://genomecorp.com/" rel="nofollow" href="http://genomecorp.com/"><font color="#0066cc">Genome Corp's Website</font></a> </li> </ul> 89569034d79875608284a66a31eddee99f162546 0 1609 2683 2009-07-23T07:19:55Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>The <font color="#000000"><strong>Personal Genome Project</strong> (PGP) aims to publish the complete genomes and medical records of several volunteers, in order to enable research into </font><font color="#000000">personalized medicine</font><font color="#000000">. It was initiated by </font><font color="#000000">Harvard University</font><font color="#000000">'s </font><font color="#000000">George Church</font><font color="#000000"> and announced in January 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">The project will publish the </font><font color="#000000">genotype</font><font color="#000000"> (the full </font><font color="#000000">DNA sequence</font><font color="#000000"> of all 46 </font><font color="#000000">chromosomes</font><font color="#000000">) of the volunteers, along with extensive information about their </font><font color="#000000">phenotype</font><font color="#000000">: medical records, various measurements, </font><font color="#000000">MRI</font><font color="#000000"> images, etc. All data will be freely available over the </font><font color="#000000">Internet</font><font color="#000000">, so that researchers can test various hypotheses about the relationships among </font><font color="#000000">genotype</font><font color="#000000">, </font><font color="#000000">environment</font><font color="#000000"> and </font><font color="#000000">phenotype</font><font color="#000000">.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">All data will be published along with the volunteer's name (since full anonymity can never be guaranteed anyway). An important part of the project will be the exploration of the resulting risks to the participants, such as possible discrimination by insurers and employers if the genome shows a predisposition for certain diseases.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">The Harvard Medical School </font><font color="#000000">Institutional Review Board</font><font color="#000000"> requested that the first set of volunteers included the PGP director and other diverse stakeholders in the scientific, medical, and social implications of personal genomes, because they are well positioned to give highly </font><font color="#000000">informed consent</font><font color="#000000">. As </font><font color="#000000">sequencing technology</font><font color="#000000"> becomes cheaper, and the societal issues mentioned above are worked out, it is hoped that a large number of volunteers from all walks of life will participate. The long-term goal is that every person have access to his or her </font><font color="#000000">genotype</font><font color="#000000"> to be used for personalized medical decisions.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">The first ten volunteers are referred to as the &quot;PGP-10&quot;. These volunteers are:</font></p> <ol> <li><font color="#000000">Misha Angrist, Duke Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></font></sup></font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Keith Batchelder, Genomic Healthcare Strategies </font><font color="#000000">[1]</font></li> <li><font color="#000000">George Church</font><font color="#000000">, Harvard</font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Esther Dyson</font><font color="#000000">, EDventure Holdings</font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Rosalynn Gill-Garrison, Sciona </font><font color="#000000">[2]</font></li> <li><font color="#000000">John Halamka, Harvard Medical School </font><font color="#000000">[3]</font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Stan Lapidus, Helicos BioSciences </font><font color="#000000">[4]</font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Kirk Maxey</font><font color="#000000">, Cayman Chemical </font><font color="#000000">[5]</font></li> <li><font color="#000000">James Sherley</font><font color="#000000">, Boston stem cell researcher.</font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Steven Pinker</font><font color="#000000">, Harvard</font></li> </ol> <p><font color="#000000">In an interview in December 2007, Church stated that the sequencing effort for the above individuals had started and that the participants would get a chance to redact their trait data before publication. He also announced that the project was about to expand considerably and would recruit 100,000 volunteers in 2008; these would have to pass a test before they can participate, to ensure that they are able to give fully </font><font color="#000000">informed consent</font><font color="#000000">.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000" size="2"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">See also</font></span></h2> <ul> <li><font color="#000000">Human Genome Project</font></li> </ul> <p><font color="#000000"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">References</font></span></h2> <div class="references-small"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-0"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-0"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> Emily Singer. <a class="external text" title="http://www.technologyreview.com/BioTech-Therapeutics/wtr_16169,259,p1.html" href="http://www.technologyreview.com/BioTech-Therapeutics/wtr_16169,259,p1.html" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">The Personal Genome Project</font></a>, <em><a title="Technology Review" href="/wiki/Technology_Review"><font color="#0066cc">Technology Review</font></a></em>, 20 January 2006</li> <li id="cite_note-1"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-1"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> George Church. <a class="external text" title="http://arep.med.harvard.edu/pdf/Church05s.pdf" href="http://arep.med.harvard.edu/pdf/Church05s.pdf" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">Genomes for All</font></a>, <em><a title="Scientific American" href="/wiki/Scientific_American"><font color="#0066cc">Scientific American</font></a></em>, January 2006</li> <li id="cite_note-2"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-2"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> Misha Angrist, Robert M. Cook-Deegan <a class="external text" title="http://www.thenewatlantis.com/archive/11/angristcook-deegan.htm" href="http://www.thenewatlantis.com/archive/11/angristcook-deegan.htm" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">Who Owns the Genome?</font></a> The New Atlantis, Number 11, Winter 2006, pp. 87-96.</li> <li id="cite_note-3"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-3"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> Emily Singer. <a class="external text" title="http://www.technologyreview.com/Biotech/19824/" href="http://www.technologyreview.com/Biotech/19824/" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">Your Personal Genome</font></a>, <em>Technology Review</em>, 6 December 2007</li> </ol> </div> <p><a id="External_links" name="External_links"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.personalgenomes.org" href="http://www.personalgenomes.org" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">PGP home page</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.dailycamera.com/news/2008/oct/21/boulder-woman-bares-her-genes/" href="http://www.dailycamera.com/news/2008/oct/21/boulder-woman-bares-her-genes/" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">Rosalynn Gill</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.wired.com/medtech/stemcells/magazine/16-08/ff_church" href="http://www.wired.com/medtech/stemcells/magazine/16-08/ff_church" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">Wired:How the Personal Genome Project Could Unlock the Mysteries of Life</font></a><br /> </li> </ul> 571cc45e4eb673562b171f32f16ce72b3b7ba89f 2684 2009-07-23T07:21:06Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>The <font color="#000000"><strong>Personal Genome Project</strong> (PGP) aims to publish the complete genomes and medical records of several volunteers, in order to enable research into </font><font color="#000000">personalized medicine</font><font color="#000000">.&nbsp;<br /> It was initiated by </font><font color="#000000">Harvard University</font><font color="#000000">'s </font><font color="#000000">George Church</font><font color="#000000"> and announced in January 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">The project will publish the </font><font color="#000000">genotype</font><font color="#000000"> (the full </font><font color="#000000">DNA sequence</font><font color="#000000"> of all 46 </font><font color="#000000">chromosomes</font><font color="#000000">) of the volunteers, along with extensive information about their </font><font color="#000000">phenotype</font><font color="#000000">: medical records, various measurements, </font><font color="#000000">MRI</font><font color="#000000"> images, etc. All data will be freely available over the </font><font color="#000000">Internet</font><font color="#000000">, so that researchers can test various hypotheses about the relationships among </font><font color="#000000">genotype</font><font color="#000000">, </font><font color="#000000">environment</font><font color="#000000"> and </font><font color="#000000">phenotype</font><font color="#000000">.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">All data will be published along with the volunteer's name (since full anonymity can never be guaranteed anyway). An important part of the project will be the exploration of the resulting risks to the participants, such as possible discrimination by insurers and employers if the genome shows a predisposition for certain diseases.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">The Harvard Medical School </font><font color="#000000">Institutional Review Board</font><font color="#000000"> requested that the first set of volunteers included the PGP director and other diverse stakeholders in the scientific, medical, and social implications of personal genomes, because they are well positioned to give highly </font><font color="#000000">informed consent</font><font color="#000000">. As </font><font color="#000000">sequencing technology</font><font color="#000000"> becomes cheaper, and the societal issues mentioned above are worked out, it is hoped that a large number of volunteers from all walks of life will participate. The long-term goal is that every person have access to his or her </font><font color="#000000">genotype</font><font color="#000000"> to be used for personalized medical decisions.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">The first ten volunteers are referred to as the &quot;PGP-10&quot;. These volunteers are:</font></p> <ol> <li><font color="#000000">Misha Angrist, Duke Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></font></sup></font> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Keith Batchelder, Genomic Healthcare Strategies </font><font color="#000000">[1]</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000">George Church</font><font color="#000000">, Harvard</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Esther Dyson</font><font color="#000000">, EDventure Holdings</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Rosalynn Gill-Garrison, Sciona </font><font color="#000000">[2]</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000">John Halamka, Harvard Medical School </font><font color="#000000">[3]</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Stan Lapidus, Helicos BioSciences </font><font color="#000000">[4]</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Kirk Maxey</font><font color="#000000">, Cayman Chemical </font><font color="#000000">[5]</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000">James Sherley</font><font color="#000000">, Boston stem cell researcher.</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Steven Pinker</font><font color="#000000">, Harvard</font> </li> </ol> <p><font color="#000000">In an interview in December 2007, Church stated that the sequencing effort for the above individuals had started and that the participants would get a chance to redact their trait data before publication. He also announced that the project was about to expand considerably and would recruit 100,000 volunteers in 2008; these would have to pass a test before they can participate, to ensure that they are able to give fully </font><font color="#000000">informed consent</font><font color="#000000">.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000" size="2"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">See also</font></span></h2> <ul> <li><font color="#000000">[[Human Genome Project]]</font> </li> </ul> <p><font color="#000000"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">References</font></span></h2> <div class="references-small"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-0"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-0"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> Emily Singer. <a class="external text" title="http://www.technologyreview.com/BioTech-Therapeutics/wtr_16169,259,p1.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.technologyreview.com/BioTech-Therapeutics/wtr_16169,259,p1.html"><font color="#0066cc">The Personal Genome Project</font></a>, <em><a title="Technology Review" href="/wiki/Technology_Review"><font color="#0066cc">Technology Review</font></a></em>, 20 January 2006 </li> <li id="cite_note-1"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-1"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> George Church. <a class="external text" title="http://arep.med.harvard.edu/pdf/Church05s.pdf" rel="nofollow" href="http://arep.med.harvard.edu/pdf/Church05s.pdf"><font color="#0066cc">Genomes for All</font></a>, <em><a title="Scientific American" href="/wiki/Scientific_American"><font color="#0066cc">Scientific American</font></a></em>, January 2006 </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-2"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> Misha Angrist, Robert M. Cook-Deegan <a class="external text" title="http://www.thenewatlantis.com/archive/11/angristcook-deegan.htm" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.thenewatlantis.com/archive/11/angristcook-deegan.htm"><font color="#0066cc">Who Owns the Genome?</font></a> The New Atlantis, Number 11, Winter 2006, pp. 87-96. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-3"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> Emily Singer. <a class="external text" title="http://www.technologyreview.com/Biotech/19824/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.technologyreview.com/Biotech/19824/"><font color="#0066cc">Your Personal Genome</font></a>, <em>Technology Review</em>, 6 December 2007 </li> </ol> </div> <p><a id="External_links" name="External_links"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.personalgenomes.org" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.personalgenomes.org"><font color="#0066cc">PGP home page</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.dailycamera.com/news/2008/oct/21/boulder-woman-bares-her-genes/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.dailycamera.com/news/2008/oct/21/boulder-woman-bares-her-genes/"><font color="#0066cc">Rosalynn Gill</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.wired.com/medtech/stemcells/magazine/16-08/ff_church" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.wired.com/medtech/stemcells/magazine/16-08/ff_church"><font color="#0066cc">Wired:How the Personal Genome Project Could Unlock the Mysteries of Life</font></a><br /> </li> </ul> 52609bf769e5188362b7c0e159622f8c1228eaf2 2685 2009-07-23T07:21:21Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>The <font color="#000000"><strong>Personal Genome Project</strong> (PGP) aims to publish the complete genomes and medical records of several volunteers, in order to enable research into </font><font color="#000000">personalized medicine</font><font color="#000000">.&nbsp;<br /> It was initiated by </font><font color="#000000">Harvard University</font><font color="#000000">'s </font><font color="#000000">George Church</font><font color="#000000"> and announced in January 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">The project will publish the </font><font color="#000000">genotype</font><font color="#000000"> (the full </font><font color="#000000">DNA sequence</font><font color="#000000"> of all 46 </font><font color="#000000">chromosomes</font><font color="#000000">) of the volunteers, along with extensive information about their </font><font color="#000000">phenotype</font><font color="#000000">: medical records, various measurements, </font><font color="#000000">MRI</font><font color="#000000"> images, etc. All data will be freely available over the </font><font color="#000000">Internet</font><font color="#000000">, so that researchers can test various hypotheses about the relationships among </font><font color="#000000">genotype</font><font color="#000000">, </font><font color="#000000">environment</font><font color="#000000"> and </font><font color="#000000">phenotype</font><font color="#000000">.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">All data will be published along with the volunteer's name (since full anonymity can never be guaranteed anyway). An important part of the project will be the exploration of the resulting risks to the participants, such as possible discrimination by insurers and employers if the genome shows a predisposition for certain diseases.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">The Harvard Medical School </font><font color="#000000">Institutional Review Board</font><font color="#000000"> requested that the first set of volunteers included the PGP director and other diverse stakeholders in the scientific, medical, and social implications of personal genomes, because they are well positioned to give highly </font><font color="#000000">informed consent</font><font color="#000000">. As </font><font color="#000000">sequencing technology</font><font color="#000000"> becomes cheaper, and the societal issues mentioned above are worked out, it is hoped that a large number of volunteers from all walks of life will participate. The long-term goal is that every person have access to his or her </font><font color="#000000">genotype</font><font color="#000000"> to be used for personalized medical decisions.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">The first ten volunteers are referred to as the &quot;PGP-10&quot;. These volunteers are:</font></p> <ol> <li><font color="#000000">Misha Angrist, Duke Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></font></sup></font> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Keith Batchelder, Genomic Healthcare Strategies </font><font color="#000000">[1]</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000">George Church</font><font color="#000000">, Harvard</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Esther Dyson</font><font color="#000000">, EDventure Holdings</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Rosalynn Gill-Garrison, Sciona </font><font color="#000000">[2]</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000">John Halamka, Harvard Medical School </font><font color="#000000">[3]</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Stan Lapidus, Helicos BioSciences </font><font color="#000000">[4]</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Kirk Maxey</font><font color="#000000">, Cayman Chemical </font><font color="#000000">[5]</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000">James Sherley</font><font color="#000000">, Boston stem cell researcher.</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Steven Pinker</font><font color="#000000">, Harvard</font> </li> </ol> <p><font color="#000000">In an interview in December 2007, Church stated that the sequencing effort for the above individuals had started and that the participants would get a chance to redact their trait data before publication. He also announced that the project was about to expand considerably and would recruit 100,000 volunteers in 2008; these would have to pass a test before they can participate, to ensure that they are able to give fully </font><font color="#000000">informed consent</font><font color="#000000">.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000" size="2"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">See also</font></span></h2> <ul> <li><font color="#000000">[[Human Genome Project]]</font> </li> <li>[[Personal Genomics Project]]</li> </ul> <p><font color="#000000"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">References</font></span></h2> <div class="references-small"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-0"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-0"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> Emily Singer. <a class="external text" title="http://www.technologyreview.com/BioTech-Therapeutics/wtr_16169,259,p1.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.technologyreview.com/BioTech-Therapeutics/wtr_16169,259,p1.html"><font color="#0066cc">The Personal Genome Project</font></a>, <em><a title="Technology Review" href="/wiki/Technology_Review"><font color="#0066cc">Technology Review</font></a></em>, 20 January 2006 </li> <li id="cite_note-1"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-1"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> George Church. <a class="external text" title="http://arep.med.harvard.edu/pdf/Church05s.pdf" rel="nofollow" href="http://arep.med.harvard.edu/pdf/Church05s.pdf"><font color="#0066cc">Genomes for All</font></a>, <em><a title="Scientific American" href="/wiki/Scientific_American"><font color="#0066cc">Scientific American</font></a></em>, January 2006 </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-2"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> Misha Angrist, Robert M. Cook-Deegan <a class="external text" title="http://www.thenewatlantis.com/archive/11/angristcook-deegan.htm" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.thenewatlantis.com/archive/11/angristcook-deegan.htm"><font color="#0066cc">Who Owns the Genome?</font></a> The New Atlantis, Number 11, Winter 2006, pp. 87-96. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-3"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> Emily Singer. <a class="external text" title="http://www.technologyreview.com/Biotech/19824/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.technologyreview.com/Biotech/19824/"><font color="#0066cc">Your Personal Genome</font></a>, <em>Technology Review</em>, 6 December 2007 </li> </ol> </div> <p><a id="External_links" name="External_links"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.personalgenomes.org" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.personalgenomes.org"><font color="#0066cc">PGP home page</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.dailycamera.com/news/2008/oct/21/boulder-woman-bares-her-genes/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.dailycamera.com/news/2008/oct/21/boulder-woman-bares-her-genes/"><font color="#0066cc">Rosalynn Gill</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.wired.com/medtech/stemcells/magazine/16-08/ff_church" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.wired.com/medtech/stemcells/magazine/16-08/ff_church"><font color="#0066cc">Wired:How the Personal Genome Project Could Unlock the Mysteries of Life</font></a><br /> </li> </ul> b96533e91565bdd9d334df369f7e67709c781422 0 1775 2686 2009-07-23T07:24:48Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5">Personal Genomics Project (PGxP)</font><br /> <br /> PGxP is a project to distribute all the bioinformatics and omics tools for analyzing personal genomes free of charge.<br /> <br /> 2de215ea33440c327513ead4595182a848d1c66c 0 1758 2687 2009-07-27T10:32:56Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4"><font size="3">20090724: BGI (Beijing Genome Institute) in China participates in orchid genome (<em>[[Phalaenopsis equestris[[) </em>sequencing. <br /> 20090716: Navigenics Lowers Health Compass Price to $999 USD. [http://www.genomeweb.com/dxpgx/navigenics-lowers-health-compass-price-1k]<br /> 20090716: Celera Uses&nbsp;Automated Workflows for Genomics [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/17/celera-pushes-boundaries.html]<br /> 20090716: Genomes Of Parasitic Flatworms Decoded: <em>Schistosoma mansoni</em> and <em>Schistosoma japonicum</em> [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090715131439.htm]<br /> <strong>20090716</strong>: <!-- a href=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl?z2090023735&amp;z=950242273 target=_parent><b>Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</b></a --></font><a target="_parent" c.moreover.com="" click="" href="http://www.bioportfolio.co.uk/cgi-bin/dialogserver.exe?CMD=hit.displayMdoc&amp;ID=3022030&amp;HITNO=2&amp;MSIZE=634&amp;LANGUAGE=en&amp;FILE=doc.NEWSFEED&amp;SAVEQUERY00=Genomics&amp;SAVEPROP00=L%3den&amp;SAVEDB=news&amp;SAVEORGANISE_CODED=R:date&amp;R=3022030&amp;THISHREF=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl%3fz2090023735%26amp%3bz%3d950242273&amp;THEHOST=site d.moreover.com"><strong><font color="#0066cc" size="3">Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</font></strong></a><font size="3">&nbsp;<br /> <strong>20090715</strong>: [[Pathway Genomics]] starts the Direct-to-Consumer Genomics service as 23andme and Decodeme [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/15/pathway-consumer-genomics.html]<br /> <strong>20090714</strong>: OryzaSNP Consortium IDs Thousands of Variants in Rice Genome: [http://www.genomeweb.com/arrays/oryzasnp-consortium-ids-thousands-variants-rice-genome]&nbsp;<br /> <strong>20090709</strong>: The second Korean pesonal genome was published by a team of Korean and US researchers (Macrogen and Seoul University Medical School)<br /> <strong>20090630</strong>: [[Genomic linkage map of the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni]]:&nbsp; <em>Genome Biology</em> 2009, <strong>10</strong><strong>:</strong>R71<span class="pseudotab">doi:10.1186/gb-2009-10-6-r71</span>&nbsp;<br /> <strong>20090616</strong>: Illumina Launches Personal Genome-Sequencing Service Using Genome Analyzer II. [http://scienceblogs.com/geneticfuture/2009/06/illumina_launches_personal_gen.php]<br /> <strong>20090603</strong>: [[Neanderthal genome sequeced by MPI Germany and Roche]]<br /> <strong>20090601</strong>: Microsoft buys Rosetta Biosoftware from Merck. Merck becomes the client of Microsoft.<br /> <strong>20090526</strong>: The first Korean Genome Sequence analysis result published in [http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2009/05/26/gr.092197.109.full.pdf+html Genome Research article]<br /> <strong>20081204</strong>: [http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/tech/2008/12/133_35578.html Korean Genome Publicized]&nbsp;<br /> 2007: [http://www.khanews.com/inews/view_print.asp?idx=33957&amp;menuid=4&amp;menuid2=0 복지부 유전체 사업 갈팡질팡]</font><br /> <br /> <hr /> [[Genomics News Links]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Biotechnology News Sites]]<br /> <br /> </font> 34d653068fde5f3d82008558f03bf599fc4f2efe 2688 2009-07-27T10:33:56Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4"><font size="3"><strong>20090724</strong>: BGI (Beijing Genomics Institute) in China participates in orchid genome (<em>[[Phalaenopsis equestris]]) </em>sequencing. [http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/bgi-china-partners-sequence-orchids]<br /> 20090716: Navigenics Lowers Health Compass Price to $999 USD. [http://www.genomeweb.com/dxpgx/navigenics-lowers-health-compass-price-1k]<br /> 20090716: Celera Uses&nbsp;Automated Workflows for Genomics [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/17/celera-pushes-boundaries.html]<br /> 20090716: Genomes Of Parasitic Flatworms Decoded: <em>Schistosoma mansoni</em> and <em>Schistosoma japonicum</em> [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090715131439.htm]<br /> <strong>20090716</strong>: <!-- a href=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl?z2090023735&amp;z=950242273 target=_parent><b>Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</b></a --></font><a target="_parent" c.moreover.com="" click="" href="http://www.bioportfolio.co.uk/cgi-bin/dialogserver.exe?CMD=hit.displayMdoc&amp;ID=3022030&amp;HITNO=2&amp;MSIZE=634&amp;LANGUAGE=en&amp;FILE=doc.NEWSFEED&amp;SAVEQUERY00=Genomics&amp;SAVEPROP00=L%3den&amp;SAVEDB=news&amp;SAVEORGANISE_CODED=R:date&amp;R=3022030&amp;THISHREF=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl%3fz2090023735%26amp%3bz%3d950242273&amp;THEHOST=site d.moreover.com"><strong><font color="#0066cc" size="3">Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</font></strong></a><font size="3">&nbsp;<br /> <strong>20090715</strong>: [[Pathway Genomics]] starts the Direct-to-Consumer Genomics service as 23andme and Decodeme [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/15/pathway-consumer-genomics.html]<br /> <strong>20090714</strong>: OryzaSNP Consortium IDs Thousands of Variants in Rice Genome: [http://www.genomeweb.com/arrays/oryzasnp-consortium-ids-thousands-variants-rice-genome]&nbsp;<br /> <strong>20090709</strong>: The second Korean pesonal genome was published by a team of Korean and US researchers (Macrogen and Seoul University Medical School)<br /> <strong>20090630</strong>: [[Genomic linkage map of the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni]]:&nbsp; <em>Genome Biology</em> 2009, <strong>10</strong><strong>:</strong>R71<span class="pseudotab">doi:10.1186/gb-2009-10-6-r71</span>&nbsp;<br /> <strong>20090616</strong>: Illumina Launches Personal Genome-Sequencing Service Using Genome Analyzer II. [http://scienceblogs.com/geneticfuture/2009/06/illumina_launches_personal_gen.php]<br /> <strong>20090603</strong>: [[Neanderthal genome sequeced by MPI Germany and Roche]]<br /> <strong>20090601</strong>: Microsoft buys Rosetta Biosoftware from Merck. Merck becomes the client of Microsoft.<br /> <strong>20090526</strong>: The first Korean Genome Sequence analysis result published in [http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2009/05/26/gr.092197.109.full.pdf+html Genome Research article]<br /> <strong>20081204</strong>: [http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/tech/2008/12/133_35578.html Korean Genome Publicized]&nbsp;<br /> 2007: [http://www.khanews.com/inews/view_print.asp?idx=33957&amp;menuid=4&amp;menuid2=0 복지부 유전체 사업 갈팡질팡]</font><br /> <br /> <hr /> [[Genomics News Links]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Biotechnology News Sites]]<br /> <br /> </font> 033b35dcdec53a6754e143b3c3448b910a6dc4c0 2691 2009-07-27T10:36:48Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4"><font size="3">20090724: DNA Sequencing and&nbsp;Array Drive 8 Percent Growth for Roche in First Half of 2009. 454 GS FLX and Nimblegen. [http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/dna-sequencing-systems-arrays-drive-8-percent-growth-roche-applied-science-first]<br /> <strong>20090724</strong>: BGI (Beijing Genomics Institute) in China participates in orchid genome (<em>[[Phalaenopsis equestris]]) </em>sequencing. [http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/bgi-china-partners-sequence-orchids]<br /> 20090716: Navigenics Lowers Health Compass Price to $999 USD. [http://www.genomeweb.com/dxpgx/navigenics-lowers-health-compass-price-1k]<br /> 20090716: Celera Uses&nbsp;Automated Workflows for Genomics [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/17/celera-pushes-boundaries.html]<br /> 20090716: Genomes Of Parasitic Flatworms Decoded: <em>Schistosoma mansoni</em> and <em>Schistosoma japonicum</em> [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090715131439.htm]<br /> <strong>20090716</strong>: <!-- a href=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl?z2090023735&amp;z=950242273 target=_parent><b>Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</b></a --></font><a target="_parent" c.moreover.com="" click="" href="http://www.bioportfolio.co.uk/cgi-bin/dialogserver.exe?CMD=hit.displayMdoc&amp;ID=3022030&amp;HITNO=2&amp;MSIZE=634&amp;LANGUAGE=en&amp;FILE=doc.NEWSFEED&amp;SAVEQUERY00=Genomics&amp;SAVEPROP00=L%3den&amp;SAVEDB=news&amp;SAVEORGANISE_CODED=R:date&amp;R=3022030&amp;THISHREF=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl%3fz2090023735%26amp%3bz%3d950242273&amp;THEHOST=site d.moreover.com"><strong><font color="#0066cc" size="3">Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</font></strong></a><font size="3">&nbsp;<br /> <strong>20090715</strong>: [[Pathway Genomics]] starts the Direct-to-Consumer Genomics service as 23andme and Decodeme [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/15/pathway-consumer-genomics.html]<br /> <strong>20090714</strong>: OryzaSNP Consortium IDs Thousands of Variants in Rice Genome: [http://www.genomeweb.com/arrays/oryzasnp-consortium-ids-thousands-variants-rice-genome]&nbsp;<br /> <strong>20090709</strong>: The second Korean pesonal genome was published by a team of Korean and US researchers (Macrogen and Seoul University Medical School)<br /> <strong>20090630</strong>: [[Genomic linkage map of the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni]]:&nbsp; <em>Genome Biology</em> 2009, <strong>10</strong><strong>:</strong>R71<span class="pseudotab">doi:10.1186/gb-2009-10-6-r71</span>&nbsp;<br /> <strong>20090616</strong>: Illumina Launches Personal Genome-Sequencing Service Using Genome Analyzer II. [http://scienceblogs.com/geneticfuture/2009/06/illumina_launches_personal_gen.php]<br /> <strong>20090603</strong>: [[Neanderthal genome sequeced by MPI Germany and Roche]]<br /> <strong>20090601</strong>: Microsoft buys Rosetta Biosoftware from Merck. Merck becomes the client of Microsoft.<br /> <strong>20090526</strong>: The first Korean Genome Sequence analysis result published in [http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2009/05/26/gr.092197.109.full.pdf+html Genome Research article]<br /> <strong>20081204</strong>: [http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/tech/2008/12/133_35578.html Korean Genome Publicized]&nbsp;<br /> 2007: [http://www.khanews.com/inews/view_print.asp?idx=33957&amp;menuid=4&amp;menuid2=0 복지부 유전체 사업 갈팡질팡]</font><br /> <br /> <hr /> [[Genomics News Links]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Biotechnology News Sites]]<br /> <br /> </font> a39e587168eec6ce52b5649d209ce307c4e4877c 2692 2009-07-27T11:29:39Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4"><font size="3">20090724: DNA Sequencing and&nbsp;Array Drive 8% Growth for Roche in First Half of 2009. 454 GS FLX and Nimblegen. [http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/dna-sequencing-systems-arrays-drive-8-percent-growth-roche-applied-science-first]<br /> <strong>20090724</strong>: BGI (Beijing Genomics Institute) in China participates in orchid genome (<em>[[Phalaenopsis equestris]]) </em>sequencing. [http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/bgi-china-partners-sequence-orchids]<br /> 20090716: Navigenics Lowers Health Compass Price to $999 USD. [http://www.genomeweb.com/dxpgx/navigenics-lowers-health-compass-price-1k]<br /> 20090716: Celera Uses&nbsp;Automated Workflows for Genomics [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/17/celera-pushes-boundaries.html]<br /> 20090716: Genomes Of Parasitic Flatworms Decoded: <em>Schistosoma mansoni</em> and <em>Schistosoma japonicum</em> [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090715131439.htm]<br /> <strong>20090716</strong>: <!-- a href=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl?z2090023735&amp;z=950242273 target=_parent><b>Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</b></a --></font><a target="_parent" c.moreover.com="" click="" href="http://www.bioportfolio.co.uk/cgi-bin/dialogserver.exe?CMD=hit.displayMdoc&amp;ID=3022030&amp;HITNO=2&amp;MSIZE=634&amp;LANGUAGE=en&amp;FILE=doc.NEWSFEED&amp;SAVEQUERY00=Genomics&amp;SAVEPROP00=L%3den&amp;SAVEDB=news&amp;SAVEORGANISE_CODED=R:date&amp;R=3022030&amp;THISHREF=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl%3fz2090023735%26amp%3bz%3d950242273&amp;THEHOST=site d.moreover.com"><strong><font color="#0066cc" size="3">Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</font></strong></a><font size="3">&nbsp;<br /> <strong>20090715</strong>: [[Pathway Genomics]] starts the Direct-to-Consumer Genomics service as 23andme and Decodeme [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/15/pathway-consumer-genomics.html]<br /> <strong>20090714</strong>: OryzaSNP Consortium IDs Thousands of Variants in Rice Genome: [http://www.genomeweb.com/arrays/oryzasnp-consortium-ids-thousands-variants-rice-genome]&nbsp;<br /> <strong>20090709</strong>: The second Korean pesonal genome was published by a team of Korean and US researchers (Macrogen and Seoul University Medical School)<br /> <strong>20090630</strong>: [[Genomic linkage map of the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni]]:&nbsp; <em>Genome Biology</em> 2009, <strong>10</strong><strong>:</strong>R71<span class="pseudotab">doi:10.1186/gb-2009-10-6-r71</span>&nbsp;<br /> <strong>20090616</strong>: Illumina Launches Personal Genome-Sequencing Service Using Genome Analyzer II. [http://scienceblogs.com/geneticfuture/2009/06/illumina_launches_personal_gen.php]<br /> <strong>20090603</strong>: [[Neanderthal genome sequeced by MPI Germany and Roche]]<br /> <strong>20090601</strong>: Microsoft buys Rosetta Biosoftware from Merck. Merck becomes the client of Microsoft.<br /> <strong>20090526</strong>: The first Korean Genome Sequence analysis result published in [http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2009/05/26/gr.092197.109.full.pdf+html Genome Research article]<br /> <strong>20081204</strong>: [http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/tech/2008/12/133_35578.html Korean Genome Publicized]&nbsp;<br /> 2007: [http://www.khanews.com/inews/view_print.asp?idx=33957&amp;menuid=4&amp;menuid2=0 복지부 유전체 사업 갈팡질팡]</font><br /> <br /> <hr /> [[Genomics News Links]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Biotechnology News Sites]]<br /> <br /> </font> 83d718a3d72b8d8a9576d9b2a029aa7752943eee 2693 2009-07-27T11:29:56Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4"><font size="3">20090724: DNA Sequencing and&nbsp;Array Drive 8% Growth for Roche in First Half of 2009. [[454 GS FLX]] and [[Nimblegen]]. [http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/dna-sequencing-systems-arrays-drive-8-percent-growth-roche-applied-science-first]<br /> <strong>20090724</strong>: BGI (Beijing Genomics Institute) in China participates in orchid genome (<em>[[Phalaenopsis equestris]]) </em>sequencing. [http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/bgi-china-partners-sequence-orchids]<br /> 20090716: Navigenics Lowers Health Compass Price to $999 USD. [http://www.genomeweb.com/dxpgx/navigenics-lowers-health-compass-price-1k]<br /> 20090716: Celera Uses&nbsp;Automated Workflows for Genomics [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/17/celera-pushes-boundaries.html]<br /> 20090716: Genomes Of Parasitic Flatworms Decoded: <em>Schistosoma mansoni</em> and <em>Schistosoma japonicum</em> [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090715131439.htm]<br /> <strong>20090716</strong>: <!-- a href=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl?z2090023735&amp;z=950242273 target=_parent><b>Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</b></a --></font><a target="_parent" c.moreover.com="" click="" href="http://www.bioportfolio.co.uk/cgi-bin/dialogserver.exe?CMD=hit.displayMdoc&amp;ID=3022030&amp;HITNO=2&amp;MSIZE=634&amp;LANGUAGE=en&amp;FILE=doc.NEWSFEED&amp;SAVEQUERY00=Genomics&amp;SAVEPROP00=L%3den&amp;SAVEDB=news&amp;SAVEORGANISE_CODED=R:date&amp;R=3022030&amp;THISHREF=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl%3fz2090023735%26amp%3bz%3d950242273&amp;THEHOST=site d.moreover.com"><strong><font color="#0066cc" size="3">Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</font></strong></a><font size="3">&nbsp;<br /> <strong>20090715</strong>: [[Pathway Genomics]] starts the Direct-to-Consumer Genomics service as 23andme and Decodeme [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/15/pathway-consumer-genomics.html]<br /> <strong>20090714</strong>: OryzaSNP Consortium IDs Thousands of Variants in Rice Genome: [http://www.genomeweb.com/arrays/oryzasnp-consortium-ids-thousands-variants-rice-genome]&nbsp;<br /> <strong>20090709</strong>: The second Korean pesonal genome was published by a team of Korean and US researchers (Macrogen and Seoul University Medical School)<br /> <strong>20090630</strong>: [[Genomic linkage map of the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni]]:&nbsp; <em>Genome Biology</em> 2009, <strong>10</strong><strong>:</strong>R71<span class="pseudotab">doi:10.1186/gb-2009-10-6-r71</span>&nbsp;<br /> <strong>20090616</strong>: Illumina Launches Personal Genome-Sequencing Service Using Genome Analyzer II. [http://scienceblogs.com/geneticfuture/2009/06/illumina_launches_personal_gen.php]<br /> <strong>20090603</strong>: [[Neanderthal genome sequeced by MPI Germany and Roche]]<br /> <strong>20090601</strong>: Microsoft buys Rosetta Biosoftware from Merck. Merck becomes the client of Microsoft.<br /> <strong>20090526</strong>: The first Korean Genome Sequence analysis result published in [http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2009/05/26/gr.092197.109.full.pdf+html Genome Research article]<br /> <strong>20081204</strong>: [http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/tech/2008/12/133_35578.html Korean Genome Publicized]&nbsp;<br /> 2007: [http://www.khanews.com/inews/view_print.asp?idx=33957&amp;menuid=4&amp;menuid2=0 복지부 유전체 사업 갈팡질팡]</font><br /> <br /> <hr /> [[Genomics News Links]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Biotechnology News Sites]]<br /> <br /> </font> ad7dd0982c667b13f942e3fa18ecc013c7c00846 2708 2009-08-01T11:44:31Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4"><font size="3">20090730: [[Crocodile genome map published in BMC Genomics]].<br /> 20090724: DNA Sequencing and&nbsp;Array Drive 8% Growth for Roche in First Half of 2009. [[454 GS FLX]] and [[Nimblegen]]. [http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/dna-sequencing-systems-arrays-drive-8-percent-growth-roche-applied-science-first]<br /> <strong>20090724</strong>: BGI (Beijing Genomics Institute) in China participates in orchid genome (<em>[[Phalaenopsis equestris]]) </em>sequencing. [http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/bgi-china-partners-sequence-orchids]<br /> 20090716: Navigenics Lowers Health Compass Price to $999 USD. [http://www.genomeweb.com/dxpgx/navigenics-lowers-health-compass-price-1k]<br /> 20090716: Celera Uses&nbsp;Automated Workflows for Genomics [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/17/celera-pushes-boundaries.html]<br /> 20090716: Genomes Of Parasitic Flatworms Decoded: <em>Schistosoma mansoni</em> and <em>Schistosoma japonicum</em> [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090715131439.htm]<br /> <strong>20090716</strong>: <!-- a href=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl?z2090023735&amp;z=950242273 target=_parent><b>Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</b></a --></font><a target="_parent" click="" c.moreover.com="" href="http://www.bioportfolio.co.uk/cgi-bin/dialogserver.exe?CMD=hit.displayMdoc&amp;ID=3022030&amp;HITNO=2&amp;MSIZE=634&amp;LANGUAGE=en&amp;FILE=doc.NEWSFEED&amp;SAVEQUERY00=Genomics&amp;SAVEPROP00=L%3den&amp;SAVEDB=news&amp;SAVEORGANISE_CODED=R:date&amp;R=3022030&amp;THISHREF=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl%3fz2090023735%26amp%3bz%3d950242273&amp;THEHOST=site d.moreover.com"><strong><font color="#0066cc" size="3">Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</font></strong></a><font size="3">&nbsp;<br /> <strong>20090715</strong>: [[Pathway Genomics]] starts the Direct-to-Consumer Genomics service as 23andme and Decodeme [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/15/pathway-consumer-genomics.html]<br /> <strong>20090714</strong>: OryzaSNP Consortium IDs Thousands of Variants in Rice Genome: [http://www.genomeweb.com/arrays/oryzasnp-consortium-ids-thousands-variants-rice-genome]&nbsp;<br /> <strong>20090709</strong>: The second Korean pesonal genome was published by a team of Korean and US researchers (Macrogen and Seoul University Medical School)<br /> <strong>20090630</strong>: [[Genomic linkage map of the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni]]:&nbsp; <em>Genome Biology</em> 2009, <strong>10</strong><strong>:</strong>R71<span class="pseudotab">doi:10.1186/gb-2009-10-6-r71</span>&nbsp;<br /> <strong>20090616</strong>: Illumina Launches Personal Genome-Sequencing Service Using Genome Analyzer II. [http://scienceblogs.com/geneticfuture/2009/06/illumina_launches_personal_gen.php]<br /> <strong>20090603</strong>: [[Neanderthal genome sequeced by MPI Germany and Roche]]<br /> <strong>20090601</strong>: Microsoft buys Rosetta Biosoftware from Merck. Merck becomes the client of Microsoft.<br /> <strong>20090526</strong>: The first Korean Genome Sequence analysis result published in [http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2009/05/26/gr.092197.109.full.pdf+html Genome Research article]<br /> <strong>20081204</strong>: [http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/tech/2008/12/133_35578.html Korean Genome Publicized]&nbsp;<br /> 2007: [http://www.khanews.com/inews/view_print.asp?idx=33957&amp;menuid=4&amp;menuid2=0 복지부 유전체 사업 갈팡질팡]</font><br /> <br /> <hr /> [[Genomics News Links]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Biotechnology News Sites]]<br /> <br /> </font> 7219129b9387654066abf2fa9e23f25857a13eb6 2710 2009-08-01T11:46:20Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4"><font size="3"><strong>20090730</strong>: [[Crocodile genome map published in BMC Genomics]].<br /> 20090724: DNA Sequencing and&nbsp;Array Drive 8% Growth for Roche in First Half of 2009. [[454 GS FLX]] and [[Nimblegen]]. [http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/dna-sequencing-systems-arrays-drive-8-percent-growth-roche-applied-science-first]<br /> <strong>20090724</strong>: BGI (Beijing Genomics Institute) in China participates in orchid genome (<em>[[Phalaenopsis equestris]]) </em>sequencing. [http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/bgi-china-partners-sequence-orchids]<br /> 20090716: Navigenics Lowers Health Compass Price to $999 USD. [http://www.genomeweb.com/dxpgx/navigenics-lowers-health-compass-price-1k]<br /> 20090716: Celera Uses&nbsp;Automated Workflows for Genomics [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/17/celera-pushes-boundaries.html]<br /> 20090716: Genomes Of Parasitic Flatworms Decoded: <em>Schistosoma mansoni</em> and <em>Schistosoma japonicum</em> [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090715131439.htm]<br /> <strong>20090716</strong>: <!-- a href=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl?z2090023735&amp;z=950242273 target=_parent><b>Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</b></a --></font><a target="_parent" click="" c.moreover.com="" href="http://www.bioportfolio.co.uk/cgi-bin/dialogserver.exe?CMD=hit.displayMdoc&amp;ID=3022030&amp;HITNO=2&amp;MSIZE=634&amp;LANGUAGE=en&amp;FILE=doc.NEWSFEED&amp;SAVEQUERY00=Genomics&amp;SAVEPROP00=L%3den&amp;SAVEDB=news&amp;SAVEORGANISE_CODED=R:date&amp;R=3022030&amp;THISHREF=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl%3fz2090023735%26amp%3bz%3d950242273&amp;THEHOST=site d.moreover.com"><strong><font color="#0066cc" size="3">Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</font></strong></a><font size="3">&nbsp;<br /> <strong>20090715</strong>: [[Pathway Genomics]] starts the Direct-to-Consumer Genomics service as 23andme and Decodeme [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/15/pathway-consumer-genomics.html]<br /> <strong>20090714</strong>: OryzaSNP Consortium IDs Thousands of Variants in Rice Genome: [http://www.genomeweb.com/arrays/oryzasnp-consortium-ids-thousands-variants-rice-genome]&nbsp;<br /> <strong>20090709</strong>: The second Korean pesonal genome was published by a team of Korean and US researchers (Macrogen and Seoul University Medical School)<br /> <strong>20090630</strong>: [[Genomic linkage map of the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni]]:&nbsp; <em>Genome Biology</em> 2009, <strong>10</strong><strong>:</strong>R71<span class="pseudotab">doi:10.1186/gb-2009-10-6-r71</span>&nbsp;<br /> <strong>20090616</strong>: Illumina Launches Personal Genome-Sequencing Service Using Genome Analyzer II. [http://scienceblogs.com/geneticfuture/2009/06/illumina_launches_personal_gen.php]<br /> <strong>20090603</strong>: [[Neanderthal genome sequeced by MPI Germany and Roche]]<br /> <strong>20090601</strong>: Microsoft buys Rosetta Biosoftware from Merck. Merck becomes the client of Microsoft.<br /> <strong>20090526</strong>: The first Korean Genome Sequence analysis result published in [http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2009/05/26/gr.092197.109.full.pdf+html Genome Research article]<br /> <strong>20081204</strong>: [http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/tech/2008/12/133_35578.html Korean Genome Publicized]&nbsp;<br /> 2007: [http://www.khanews.com/inews/view_print.asp?idx=33957&amp;menuid=4&amp;menuid2=0 복지부 유전체 사업 갈팡질팡]</font><br /> <br /> <hr /> [[Genomics News Links]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Biotechnology News Sites]]<br /> <br /> </font> c3492e623b8fcc50ca3e394db9e1bcf39d9f02b3 2711 2009-08-01T11:48:30Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4"><font size="3"><strong>20090730</strong>: [[Crocodile genome map published in BMC Genomics]].<br /> 20090724: DNA Sequencing and&nbsp;Array Drive 8% Growth for Roche in First Half of 2009. [[454 GS FLX]] and [[Nimblegen]]. [http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/dna-sequencing-systems-arrays-drive-8-percent-growth-roche-applied-science-first]<br /> <strong>20090724</strong>: BGI (Beijing Genomics Institute) in China participates in orchid genome (<em>[[Phalaenopsis equestris]]) </em>sequencing. [http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/bgi-china-partners-sequence-orchids]<br /> 20090716: Navigenics Lowers Health Compass Price to $999 USD. [http://www.genomeweb.com/dxpgx/navigenics-lowers-health-compass-price-1k]<br /> 20090716: Celera Uses&nbsp;Automated Workflows for Genomics [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/17/celera-pushes-boundaries.html]<br /> 20090716: Genomes Of Parasitic Flatworms Decoded: <em>Schistosoma mansoni</em> and <em>Schistosoma japonicum</em> [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090715131439.htm]<br /> <strong>20090716</strong>: <!-- a href=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl?z2090023735&amp;z=950242273 target=_parent><b>Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</b></a --></font><a target="_parent" click="" c.moreover.com="" href="http://www.bioportfolio.co.uk/cgi-bin/dialogserver.exe?CMD=hit.displayMdoc&amp;ID=3022030&amp;HITNO=2&amp;MSIZE=634&amp;LANGUAGE=en&amp;FILE=doc.NEWSFEED&amp;SAVEQUERY00=Genomics&amp;SAVEPROP00=L%3den&amp;SAVEDB=news&amp;SAVEORGANISE_CODED=R:date&amp;R=3022030&amp;THISHREF=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl%3fz2090023735%26amp%3bz%3d950242273&amp;THEHOST=site d.moreover.com"><strong><font color="#0066cc" size="3">Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</font></strong></a><font size="3">&nbsp;<br /> <strong>20090715</strong>: [[Pathway Genomics]] starts the Direct-to-Consumer Genomics service as 23andme and Decodeme [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/15/pathway-consumer-genomics.html]<br /> <strong>20090714</strong>: OryzaSNP Consortium IDs Thousands of Variants in Rice Genome: [http://www.genomeweb.com/arrays/oryzasnp-consortium-ids-thousands-variants-rice-genome]&nbsp;<br /> <strong>20090709</strong>: The second Korean pesonal genome was published by a team of Korean and US researchers (Macrogen and Seoul University Medical School)<br /> <strong>20090630</strong>: [[Genomic linkage map of the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni]]:&nbsp; <em>Genome Biology</em> 2009, <strong>10</strong><strong>:</strong>R71<span class="pseudotab">doi:10.1186/gb-2009-10-6-r71</span>&nbsp;<br /> <strong>20090616</strong>: Illumina Launches Personal Genome-Sequencing Service Using Genome Analyzer II. [http://scienceblogs.com/geneticfuture/2009/06/illumina_launches_personal_gen.php]<br /> <strong>20090603</strong>: [[Neanderthal genome sequeced by MPI Germany and Roche]]<br /> <strong>20090601</strong>: Microsoft buys Rosetta Biosoftware from Merck. Merck becomes the client of Microsoft.<br /> <strong>20090526</strong>: The first Korean Genome Sequence analysis result published in [http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2009/05/26/gr.092197.109.full.pdf+html Genome Research article]<br /> <strong>20081204</strong>: [http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/tech/2008/12/133_35578.html Korean Genome Publicized]&nbsp;<br /> 2007: [http://www.khanews.com/inews/view_print.asp?idx=33957&amp;menuid=4&amp;menuid2=0 복지부 유전체 사업 갈팡질팡]</font><br /> <br /> <hr /> [[Genomics News Links]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Biotechnology News Sites]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Science News Sites]]<br /> <br /> </font> 88a7d11ab4c4bc2e7b9551c864bc2f1651b71714 2714 2009-08-01T19:57:59Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4"><font size="3"><strong>20090730</strong>: [[Crocodile genome map published in BMC Genomics]].<br /> 20090724: DNA Sequencing and&nbsp;Array Drive 8% Growth for Roche in First Half of 2009. [[454 GS FLX]] and [[Nimblegen]]. [http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/dna-sequencing-systems-arrays-drive-8-percent-growth-roche-applied-science-first]<br /> <strong>20090724</strong>: BGI (Beijing Genomics Institute) in China participates in orchid genome (<em>[[Phalaenopsis equestris]]) </em>sequencing. [http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/bgi-china-partners-sequence-orchids]<br /> 20090716: Navigenics Lowers Health Compass Price to $999 USD. [http://www.genomeweb.com/dxpgx/navigenics-lowers-health-compass-price-1k]<br /> 20090716: Celera Uses&nbsp;Automated Workflows for Genomics [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/17/celera-pushes-boundaries.html]<br /> 20090716:&nbsp;[[A draft genomic sequence for&nbsp;a worm, <em>Schistosoma japonicum, w</em>as published]]. <br /> 20090716: Genomes Of Parasitic Flatworms Decoded: <em>Schistosoma mansoni</em> and <em>Schistosoma japonicum</em> [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090715131439.htm]<br /> <strong>20090716</strong>: <!-- a href=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl?z2090023735&amp;z=950242273 target=_parent><b>Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</b></a --></font><a target="_parent" c.moreover.com="" click="" href="http://www.bioportfolio.co.uk/cgi-bin/dialogserver.exe?CMD=hit.displayMdoc&amp;ID=3022030&amp;HITNO=2&amp;MSIZE=634&amp;LANGUAGE=en&amp;FILE=doc.NEWSFEED&amp;SAVEQUERY00=Genomics&amp;SAVEPROP00=L%3den&amp;SAVEDB=news&amp;SAVEORGANISE_CODED=R:date&amp;R=3022030&amp;THISHREF=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl%3fz2090023735%26amp%3bz%3d950242273&amp;THEHOST=site d.moreover.com"><strong><font color="#0066cc" size="3">Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</font></strong></a><font size="3">&nbsp;<br /> <strong>20090715</strong>: [[Pathway Genomics]] starts the Direct-to-Consumer Genomics service as 23andme and Decodeme [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/15/pathway-consumer-genomics.html]<br /> <strong>20090714</strong>: OryzaSNP Consortium IDs Thousands of Variants in Rice Genome: [http://www.genomeweb.com/arrays/oryzasnp-consortium-ids-thousands-variants-rice-genome]&nbsp;<br /> <strong>20090709</strong>: The second Korean pesonal genome was published by a team of Korean and US researchers (Macrogen and Seoul University Medical School)<br /> <strong>20090630</strong>: [[Genomic linkage map of the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni]]:&nbsp; <em>Genome Biology</em> 2009, <strong>10</strong><strong>:</strong>R71<span class="pseudotab">doi:10.1186/gb-2009-10-6-r71</span>&nbsp;<br /> <strong>20090616</strong>: Illumina Launches Personal Genome-Sequencing Service Using Genome Analyzer II. [http://scienceblogs.com/geneticfuture/2009/06/illumina_launches_personal_gen.php]<br /> <strong>20090603</strong>: [[Neanderthal genome sequeced by MPI Germany and Roche]]<br /> <strong>20090601</strong>: Microsoft buys Rosetta Biosoftware from Merck. Merck becomes the client of Microsoft.<br /> <strong>20090526</strong>: The first Korean Genome Sequence analysis result published in [http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2009/05/26/gr.092197.109.full.pdf+html Genome Research article]<br /> <strong>20081204</strong>: [http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/tech/2008/12/133_35578.html Korean Genome Publicized]&nbsp;<br /> 2007: [http://www.khanews.com/inews/view_print.asp?idx=33957&amp;menuid=4&amp;menuid2=0 복지부 유전체 사업 갈팡질팡]</font><br /> <br /> <hr /> [[Genomics News Links]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Biotechnology News Sites]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Science News Sites]]<br /> <br /> </font> d2e1c307e38cc061fec870889b148bdba419a57f 2715 2009-08-01T19:58:28Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4"><font size="3"><strong>20090730</strong>: [[Crocodile genome map published in BMC Genomics]].<br /> 20090724: DNA Sequencing and&nbsp;Array Drive 8% Growth for Roche in First Half of 2009. [[454 GS FLX]] and [[Nimblegen]]. [http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/dna-sequencing-systems-arrays-drive-8-percent-growth-roche-applied-science-first]<br /> <strong>20090724</strong>: BGI (Beijing Genomics Institute) in China participates in orchid genome (<em>[[Phalaenopsis equestris]]) </em>sequencing. [http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/bgi-china-partners-sequence-orchids]<br /> 20090716: Navigenics Lowers Health Compass Price to $999 USD. [http://www.genomeweb.com/dxpgx/navigenics-lowers-health-compass-price-1k]<br /> 20090716: Celera Uses&nbsp;Automated Workflows for Genomics [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/17/celera-pushes-boundaries.html]<br /> 20090716: [[A draft genomic sequence for a worm, Schistosoma japonicum, was published]].<br /> 20090716: Genomes Of Parasitic Flatworms Decoded: <em>Schistosoma mansoni</em> and <em>Schistosoma japonicum</em> [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090715131439.htm]<br /> <strong>20090716</strong>: <!-- a href=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl?z2090023735&amp;z=950242273 target=_parent><b>Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</b></a --></font><a target="_parent" c.moreover.com="" click="" href="http://www.bioportfolio.co.uk/cgi-bin/dialogserver.exe?CMD=hit.displayMdoc&amp;ID=3022030&amp;HITNO=2&amp;MSIZE=634&amp;LANGUAGE=en&amp;FILE=doc.NEWSFEED&amp;SAVEQUERY00=Genomics&amp;SAVEPROP00=L%3den&amp;SAVEDB=news&amp;SAVEORGANISE_CODED=R:date&amp;R=3022030&amp;THISHREF=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl%3fz2090023735%26amp%3bz%3d950242273&amp;THEHOST=site d.moreover.com"><strong><font color="#0066cc" size="3">Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</font></strong></a><font size="3">&nbsp;<br /> <strong>20090715</strong>: [[Pathway Genomics]] starts the Direct-to-Consumer Genomics service as 23andme and Decodeme [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/15/pathway-consumer-genomics.html]<br /> <strong>20090714</strong>: OryzaSNP Consortium IDs Thousands of Variants in Rice Genome: [http://www.genomeweb.com/arrays/oryzasnp-consortium-ids-thousands-variants-rice-genome]&nbsp;<br /> <strong>20090709</strong>: The second Korean pesonal genome was published by a team of Korean and US researchers (Macrogen and Seoul University Medical School)<br /> <strong>20090630</strong>: [[Genomic linkage map of the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni]]:&nbsp; <em>Genome Biology</em> 2009, <strong>10</strong><strong>:</strong>R71<span class="pseudotab">doi:10.1186/gb-2009-10-6-r71</span>&nbsp;<br /> <strong>20090616</strong>: Illumina Launches Personal Genome-Sequencing Service Using Genome Analyzer II. [http://scienceblogs.com/geneticfuture/2009/06/illumina_launches_personal_gen.php]<br /> <strong>20090603</strong>: [[Neanderthal genome sequeced by MPI Germany and Roche]]<br /> <strong>20090601</strong>: Microsoft buys Rosetta Biosoftware from Merck. Merck becomes the client of Microsoft.<br /> <strong>20090526</strong>: The first Korean Genome Sequence analysis result published in [http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2009/05/26/gr.092197.109.full.pdf+html Genome Research article]<br /> <strong>20081204</strong>: [http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/tech/2008/12/133_35578.html Korean Genome Publicized]&nbsp;<br /> 2007: [http://www.khanews.com/inews/view_print.asp?idx=33957&amp;menuid=4&amp;menuid2=0 복지부 유전체 사업 갈팡질팡]</font><br /> <br /> <hr /> [[Genomics News Links]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Biotechnology News Sites]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Science News Sites]]<br /> <br /> </font> 7feaf69a7942284875afa96d0aeae267ee386d37 2722 2009-08-06T15:56:38Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4"><font size="3"><strong><br /> 20090730</strong>: [[Crocodile genome map published in BMC Genomics]].<br /> 20090724: DNA Sequencing and&nbsp;Array Drive 8% Growth for Roche in First Half of 2009. [[454 GS FLX]] and [[Nimblegen]]. [http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/dna-sequencing-systems-arrays-drive-8-percent-growth-roche-applied-science-first]<br /> <strong>20090724</strong>: BGI (Beijing Genomics Institute) in China participates in orchid genome (<em>[[Phalaenopsis equestris]]) </em>sequencing. [http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/bgi-china-partners-sequence-orchids]<br /> 20090716: Navigenics Lowers Health Compass Price to $999 USD. [http://www.genomeweb.com/dxpgx/navigenics-lowers-health-compass-price-1k]<br /> 20090716: Celera Uses&nbsp;Automated Workflows for Genomics [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/17/celera-pushes-boundaries.html]<br /> 20090716: [[A draft genomic sequence for a worm, Schistosoma japonicum, was published]].<br /> 20090716: Genomes Of Parasitic Flatworms Decoded: <em>Schistosoma mansoni</em> and <em>Schistosoma japonicum</em> [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090715131439.htm]<br /> <strong>20090716</strong>: <!-- a href=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl?z2090023735&amp;z=950242273 target=_parent><b>Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</b></a --></font><a target="_parent" click="" c.moreover.com="" href="http://www.bioportfolio.co.uk/cgi-bin/dialogserver.exe?CMD=hit.displayMdoc&amp;ID=3022030&amp;HITNO=2&amp;MSIZE=634&amp;LANGUAGE=en&amp;FILE=doc.NEWSFEED&amp;SAVEQUERY00=Genomics&amp;SAVEPROP00=L%3den&amp;SAVEDB=news&amp;SAVEORGANISE_CODED=R:date&amp;R=3022030&amp;THISHREF=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl%3fz2090023735%26amp%3bz%3d950242273&amp;THEHOST=site d.moreover.com"><strong><font color="#0066cc" size="3">Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</font></strong></a><font size="3">&nbsp;<br /> <strong>20090715</strong>: [[Pathway Genomics]] starts the Direct-to-Consumer Genomics service as 23andme and Decodeme [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/15/pathway-consumer-genomics.html]<br /> <strong>20090714</strong>: OryzaSNP Consortium IDs Thousands of Variants in Rice Genome: [http://www.genomeweb.com/arrays/oryzasnp-consortium-ids-thousands-variants-rice-genome]&nbsp;<br /> <strong>20090709</strong>: The second Korean pesonal genome was published by a team of Korean and US researchers (Macrogen and Seoul University Medical School)<br /> <strong>20090630</strong>: [[Genomic linkage map of the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni]]:&nbsp; <em>Genome Biology</em> 2009, <strong>10</strong><strong>:</strong>R71<span class="pseudotab">doi:10.1186/gb-2009-10-6-r71</span>&nbsp;<br /> <strong>20090616</strong>: Illumina Launches Personal Genome-Sequencing Service Using Genome Analyzer II. [http://scienceblogs.com/geneticfuture/2009/06/illumina_launches_personal_gen.php]<br /> <strong>20090603</strong>: [[Neanderthal genome sequeced by MPI Germany and Roche]]<br /> <strong>20090601</strong>: Microsoft buys Rosetta Biosoftware from Merck. Merck becomes the client of Microsoft.<br /> <strong>20090529:&nbsp;</strong>[[A new malaria agent in African chimpanzees found]]. <br /> <strong>20090526</strong>: The first Korean Genome Sequence analysis result published in [http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2009/05/26/gr.092197.109.full.pdf+html Genome Research article]<br /> <strong>20081204</strong>: [http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/tech/2008/12/133_35578.html Korean Genome Publicized]&nbsp;<br /> 2007: [http://www.khanews.com/inews/view_print.asp?idx=33957&amp;menuid=4&amp;menuid2=0 복지부 유전체 사업 갈팡질팡]</font><br /> <br /> <hr /> [[Genomics News Links]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Biotechnology News Sites]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Science News Sites]]<br /> <br /> </font> 34d4d83049c78eac94d3747516e612ed60553870 2725 2009-08-06T16:01:13Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4"><font size="3"><strong>20090802: [[The complete genome sequence of Triticum mosaic virus is published in Arch Vriol.]]<br /> 20090730</strong>: [[Crocodile genome map published in BMC Genomics]].<br /> 20090724: DNA Sequencing and&nbsp;Array Drive 8% Growth for Roche in First Half of 2009. [[454 GS FLX]] and [[Nimblegen]]. [http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/dna-sequencing-systems-arrays-drive-8-percent-growth-roche-applied-science-first]<br /> <strong>20090724</strong>: BGI (Beijing Genomics Institute) in China participates in orchid genome (<em>[[Phalaenopsis equestris]]) </em>sequencing. [http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/bgi-china-partners-sequence-orchids]<br /> 20090716: Navigenics Lowers Health Compass Price to $999 USD. [http://www.genomeweb.com/dxpgx/navigenics-lowers-health-compass-price-1k]<br /> 20090716: Celera Uses&nbsp;Automated Workflows for Genomics [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/17/celera-pushes-boundaries.html]<br /> 20090716: [[A draft genomic sequence for a worm, Schistosoma japonicum, was published]].<br /> 20090716: Genomes Of Parasitic Flatworms Decoded: <em>Schistosoma mansoni</em> and <em>Schistosoma japonicum</em> [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090715131439.htm]<br /> <strong>20090716</strong>: <!-- a href=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl?z2090023735&amp;z=950242273 target=_parent><b>Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</b></a --></font><a target="_parent" click="" c.moreover.com="" href="http://www.bioportfolio.co.uk/cgi-bin/dialogserver.exe?CMD=hit.displayMdoc&amp;ID=3022030&amp;HITNO=2&amp;MSIZE=634&amp;LANGUAGE=en&amp;FILE=doc.NEWSFEED&amp;SAVEQUERY00=Genomics&amp;SAVEPROP00=L%3den&amp;SAVEDB=news&amp;SAVEORGANISE_CODED=R:date&amp;R=3022030&amp;THISHREF=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl%3fz2090023735%26amp%3bz%3d950242273&amp;THEHOST=site d.moreover.com"><strong><font color="#0066cc" size="3">Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</font></strong></a><font size="3">&nbsp;<br /> <strong>20090715</strong>: [[Pathway Genomics]] starts the Direct-to-Consumer Genomics service as 23andme and Decodeme [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/15/pathway-consumer-genomics.html]<br /> <strong>20090714</strong>: OryzaSNP Consortium IDs Thousands of Variants in Rice Genome: [http://www.genomeweb.com/arrays/oryzasnp-consortium-ids-thousands-variants-rice-genome]&nbsp;<br /> <strong>20090709</strong>: The second Korean pesonal genome was published by a team of Korean and US researchers (Macrogen and Seoul University Medical School)<br /> <strong>20090630</strong>: [[Genomic linkage map of the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni]]:&nbsp; <em>Genome Biology</em> 2009, <strong>10</strong><strong>:</strong>R71<span class="pseudotab">doi:10.1186/gb-2009-10-6-r71</span>&nbsp;<br /> <strong>20090616</strong>: Illumina Launches Personal Genome-Sequencing Service Using Genome Analyzer II. [http://scienceblogs.com/geneticfuture/2009/06/illumina_launches_personal_gen.php]<br /> <strong>20090603</strong>: [[Neanderthal genome sequeced by MPI Germany and Roche]]<br /> <strong>20090601</strong>: Microsoft buys Rosetta Biosoftware from Merck. Merck becomes the client of Microsoft.<br /> <strong>20090529:&nbsp;</strong>[[A new malaria agent in African chimpanzees found]]. <br /> <strong>20090526</strong>: The first Korean Genome Sequence analysis result published in [http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2009/05/26/gr.092197.109.full.pdf+html Genome Research article]<br /> <strong>20081204</strong>: [http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/tech/2008/12/133_35578.html Korean Genome Publicized]&nbsp;<br /> 2007: [http://www.khanews.com/inews/view_print.asp?idx=33957&amp;menuid=4&amp;menuid2=0 복지부 유전체 사업 갈팡질팡]</font><br /> <br /> <hr /> [[Genomics News Links]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Biotechnology News Sites]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Science News Sites]]<br /> <br /> </font> 4bb34462e1d5c7effe304210f9dd7727c12310e4 2728 2009-08-06T16:06:45Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4"><font size="3"><strong>20090802:</strong> [[The complete genome sequence of Triticum mosaic virus is published in Arch Vriol.]]<br /> <strong>20090730</strong>: [[Crocodile genome map published in BMC Genomics]].<br /> 20090724: DNA Sequencing and&nbsp;Array Drive 8% Growth for Roche in First Half of 2009. [[454 GS FLX]] and [[Nimblegen]]. [http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/dna-sequencing-systems-arrays-drive-8-percent-growth-roche-applied-science-first]<br /> <strong>20090724</strong>: BGI (Beijing Genomics Institute) in China participates in orchid genome (<em>[[Phalaenopsis equestris]]) </em>sequencing. [http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/bgi-china-partners-sequence-orchids]<br /> 20090716: Navigenics Lowers Health Compass Price to $999 USD. [http://www.genomeweb.com/dxpgx/navigenics-lowers-health-compass-price-1k]<br /> 20090716: Celera Uses&nbsp;Automated Workflows for Genomics [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/17/celera-pushes-boundaries.html]<br /> 20090716: [[A draft genomic sequence for a worm, Schistosoma japonicum, was published]].<br /> 20090716: Genomes Of Parasitic Flatworms Decoded: <em>Schistosoma mansoni</em> and <em>Schistosoma japonicum</em> [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090715131439.htm]<br /> <strong>20090716</strong>: <!-- a href=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl?z2090023735&amp;z=950242273 target=_parent><b>Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</b></a --></font><a target="_parent" click="" c.moreover.com="" href="http://www.bioportfolio.co.uk/cgi-bin/dialogserver.exe?CMD=hit.displayMdoc&amp;ID=3022030&amp;HITNO=2&amp;MSIZE=634&amp;LANGUAGE=en&amp;FILE=doc.NEWSFEED&amp;SAVEQUERY00=Genomics&amp;SAVEPROP00=L%3den&amp;SAVEDB=news&amp;SAVEORGANISE_CODED=R:date&amp;R=3022030&amp;THISHREF=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl%3fz2090023735%26amp%3bz%3d950242273&amp;THEHOST=site d.moreover.com"><strong><font color="#0066cc" size="3">Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</font></strong></a><font size="3">&nbsp;<br /> <strong>20090715</strong>: [[Pathway Genomics]] starts the Direct-to-Consumer Genomics service as 23andme and Decodeme [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/15/pathway-consumer-genomics.html]<br /> <strong>20090714</strong>: OryzaSNP Consortium IDs Thousands of Variants in Rice Genome: [http://www.genomeweb.com/arrays/oryzasnp-consortium-ids-thousands-variants-rice-genome]&nbsp;<br /> <strong>20090709</strong>: The second Korean pesonal genome was published by a team of Korean and US researchers (Macrogen and Seoul University Medical School)<br /> <strong>20090630</strong>: [[Genomic linkage map of the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni]]:&nbsp; <em>Genome Biology</em> 2009, <strong>10</strong><strong>:</strong>R71<span class="pseudotab">doi:10.1186/gb-2009-10-6-r71</span>&nbsp;<br /> <strong>20090616</strong>: Illumina Launches Personal Genome-Sequencing Service Using Genome Analyzer II. [http://scienceblogs.com/geneticfuture/2009/06/illumina_launches_personal_gen.php]<br /> <strong>20090603</strong>: [[Neanderthal genome sequeced by MPI Germany and Roche]]<br /> <strong>20090601</strong>: Microsoft buys Rosetta Biosoftware from Merck. Merck becomes the client of Microsoft.<br /> <strong>20090529:&nbsp;</strong>[[A new malaria agent in African chimpanzees found]]. <br /> <strong>20090526</strong>: The first Korean Genome Sequence analysis result published in [http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2009/05/26/gr.092197.109.full.pdf+html Genome Research article]<br /> <strong>20081204</strong>: [http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/tech/2008/12/133_35578.html Korean Genome Publicized]&nbsp;<br /> 2007: [http://www.khanews.com/inews/view_print.asp?idx=33957&amp;menuid=4&amp;menuid2=0 복지부 유전체 사업 갈팡질팡]</font><br /> <br /> <hr /> [[Genomics News Links]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Biotechnology News Sites]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Science News Sites]]<br /> <br /> </font> 13fc669116955089ae3385ad9d994b00bba67334 2729 2009-08-06T16:13:44Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4"><font size="3"><strong>20090802:</strong> [[The complete genome sequence of Triticum mosaic virus is published in Arch Vriol.]]<br /> <strong>20090730</strong>: [[Crocodile genome map published in BMC Genomics]].<br /> 20090727: [[A new multiplex sequencing method published by MPI group for highly degraded DNA fragments. Cave bear mitochondria]]<br /> 20090724: DNA Sequencing and&nbsp;Array Drive 8% Growth for Roche in First Half of 2009. [[454 GS FLX]] and [[Nimblegen]]. [http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/dna-sequencing-systems-arrays-drive-8-percent-growth-roche-applied-science-first]<br /> <strong>20090724</strong>: BGI (Beijing Genomics Institute) in China participates in orchid genome (<em>[[Phalaenopsis equestris]]) </em>sequencing. [http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/bgi-china-partners-sequence-orchids]<br /> 20090716: Navigenics Lowers Health Compass Price to $999 USD. [http://www.genomeweb.com/dxpgx/navigenics-lowers-health-compass-price-1k]<br /> 20090716: Celera Uses&nbsp;Automated Workflows for Genomics [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/17/celera-pushes-boundaries.html]<br /> 20090716: [[A draft genomic sequence for a worm, Schistosoma japonicum, was published]].<br /> 20090716: Genomes Of Parasitic Flatworms Decoded: <em>Schistosoma mansoni</em> and <em>Schistosoma japonicum</em> [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090715131439.htm]<br /> <strong>20090716</strong>: <!-- a href=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl?z2090023735&amp;z=950242273 target=_parent><b>Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</b></a --></font><a target="_parent" click="" c.moreover.com="" href="http://www.bioportfolio.co.uk/cgi-bin/dialogserver.exe?CMD=hit.displayMdoc&amp;ID=3022030&amp;HITNO=2&amp;MSIZE=634&amp;LANGUAGE=en&amp;FILE=doc.NEWSFEED&amp;SAVEQUERY00=Genomics&amp;SAVEPROP00=L%3den&amp;SAVEDB=news&amp;SAVEORGANISE_CODED=R:date&amp;R=3022030&amp;THISHREF=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl%3fz2090023735%26amp%3bz%3d950242273&amp;THEHOST=site d.moreover.com"><strong><font color="#0066cc" size="3">Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</font></strong></a><font size="3">&nbsp;<br /> <strong>20090715</strong>: [[Pathway Genomics]] starts the Direct-to-Consumer Genomics service as 23andme and Decodeme [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/15/pathway-consumer-genomics.html]<br /> <strong>20090714</strong>: OryzaSNP Consortium IDs Thousands of Variants in Rice Genome: [http://www.genomeweb.com/arrays/oryzasnp-consortium-ids-thousands-variants-rice-genome]&nbsp;<br /> <strong>20090709</strong>: The second Korean pesonal genome was published by a team of Korean and US researchers (Macrogen and Seoul University Medical School)<br /> <strong>20090630</strong>: [[Genomic linkage map of the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni]]:&nbsp; <em>Genome Biology</em> 2009, <strong>10</strong><strong>:</strong>R71<span class="pseudotab">doi:10.1186/gb-2009-10-6-r71</span>&nbsp;<br /> <strong>20090616</strong>: Illumina Launches Personal Genome-Sequencing Service Using Genome Analyzer II. [http://scienceblogs.com/geneticfuture/2009/06/illumina_launches_personal_gen.php]<br /> <strong>20090603</strong>: [[Neanderthal genome sequeced by MPI Germany and Roche]]<br /> <strong>20090601</strong>: Microsoft buys Rosetta Biosoftware from Merck. Merck becomes the client of Microsoft.<br /> <strong>20090529:&nbsp;</strong>[[A new malaria agent in African chimpanzees found]]. <br /> <strong>20090526</strong>: The first Korean Genome Sequence analysis result published in [http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2009/05/26/gr.092197.109.full.pdf+html Genome Research article]<br /> <strong>20081204</strong>: [http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/tech/2008/12/133_35578.html Korean Genome Publicized]&nbsp;<br /> 2007: [http://www.khanews.com/inews/view_print.asp?idx=33957&amp;menuid=4&amp;menuid2=0 복지부 유전체 사업 갈팡질팡]</font><br /> <br /> <hr /> [[Genomics News Links]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Biotechnology News Sites]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Science News Sites]]<br /> <br /> </font> 916468f1c805fa2cb2d21592320870db7637bec3 0 1776 2689 2009-07-27T10:34:56Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font color="#000000"><em><strong>Phalaenopsis equestris</strong></em> is a plant of the orchid genus <em>Phalaenopsis</em> and native to Philippines and Taiwan. The inflorescence has 10 to 15 flowers of about 25 mm (1 in) diameter.<sup id="cite_ref-Botanica_658_0-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="gallery"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <div style="WIDTH: 155px" class="gallerybox"> <div style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 28px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; WIDTH: 150px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 28px" class="thumb"> <div style="WIDTH: 120px; MARGIN-LEFT: auto; MARGIN-RIGHT: auto"><font color="#000000" size="2"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Phalaenopsis_equestris_f_aureum_toapel.jpg/120px-Phalaenopsis_equestris_f_aureum_toapel.jpg" width="120" height="90" /></font></div> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p><font color="#000000"><em>Phalaenopsis equestris</em> var. <em>aurea</em></font></p> </div> </div> </td> <td> <div style="WIDTH: 155px" class="gallerybox"> <div style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 13px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; WIDTH: 150px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 13px" class="thumb"> <div style="WIDTH: 120px; MARGIN-LEFT: auto; MARGIN-RIGHT: auto"><font color="#000000"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Phalaenopsis_equestris_var._leucaspis.jpg/110px-Phalaenopsis_equestris_var._leucaspis.jpg" width="110" height="120" /></font></div> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p><font color="#000000"><em>Phalaenopsis equestris</em> var. <em>leucaspis</em></font></p> </div> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><font color="#000000"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">References</font></span></h2> <div class="references-small"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Botanica_658-0"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Botanica_658_0-0"><font color="#000080">^</font></a></strong> &quot;Botanica. The Illustrated AZ of over 10000 garden plants and how to cultivate them&quot;, p. 658-659. K&ouml;nemann, 2004. <a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3833112530"><font color="#000080">ISBN 3-8331-1253-0</font></a></li> </ol> </div> 05fe1826de308ac1f65e8ec5fdb7af2b264a2e30 2690 2009-07-27T10:35:10Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font color="#000000"><em><strong>Phalaenopsis equestris</strong></em> is a plant of the orchid genus <em>Phalaenopsis</em> and native to Philippines and Taiwan. The inflorescence has 10 to 15 flowers of about 25 mm (1 in) diameter.<sup id="cite_ref-Botanica_658_0-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="gallery"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <div style="WIDTH: 155px" class="gallerybox"> <div style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 28px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; WIDTH: 150px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 28px" class="thumb"> <div style="WIDTH: 120px; MARGIN-LEFT: auto; MARGIN-RIGHT: auto"><font color="#000000" size="2"><img alt="" width="120" height="90" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Phalaenopsis_equestris_f_aureum_toapel.jpg/120px-Phalaenopsis_equestris_f_aureum_toapel.jpg" /></font></div> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p><font color="#000000"><em>Phalaenopsis equestris</em> var. <em>aurea</em></font></p> </div> </div> </td> <td> <div style="WIDTH: 155px" class="gallerybox"> <div style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 13px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; WIDTH: 150px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 13px" class="thumb"> <div style="WIDTH: 120px; MARGIN-LEFT: auto; MARGIN-RIGHT: auto"><font color="#000000"><img alt="" width="110" height="120" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Phalaenopsis_equestris_var._leucaspis.jpg/110px-Phalaenopsis_equestris_var._leucaspis.jpg" /></font></div> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p><font color="#000000"><em>Phalaenopsis equestris</em> var. <em>leucaspis</em></font></p> </div> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><font color="#000000"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">References</font></span></h2> <div class="references-small"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Botanica_658-0"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Botanica_658_0-0"><font color="#000080">^</font></a></strong> &quot;Botanica. The Illustrated AZ of over 10000 garden plants and how to cultivate them&quot;, p. 658-659. K&ouml;nemann, 2004. <a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3833112530"><font color="#000080">ISBN 3-8331-1253-0</font></a> </li> </ol> </div> 2b7632bb7476570fe5112adb708fcf6d070226db 0 1707 2695 2009-07-27T18:17:11Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Craig Venter's genome]]: Published in PlosBiology 2007 October. [http://koreangenome.org/images/d/dd/10.1371_journal.pbio.0050254-L.pdf PDF file]&nbsp;<br /> [[James Watson's genome]]:&nbsp;The second Caucasian personal genome.<br /> [[Yang Huanming's genome]]: The first Chinese genome.<br /> [[Kim Seong-jin's genome]]: The first Korean genome. Freely available from [[KOBIC]] ftp site. 5d66b0f56d62da3d780d0f8f480c043fc263d9c4 0 1777 2702 2009-07-28T11:01:46Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font color="#000000"><strong>454 Sequencing</strong> is a large-scale parallel </font><font color="#000000">pyrosequencing</font><font color="#000000"> system capable of sequencing roughly 400-600 megabases of DNA per 10-hour run on the Genome Sequencer FLX with GS FLX Titanium series reagents. The technology is known for its unbiased sample preparation and long, highly accurate sequence reads (400-500 base pairs in length), including paired reads.<sup style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap" class="noprint Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from October 2008"><font size="2">[<em>citation needed</em>]</font></sup> Software analysis tools, including an assembler, mapper and amplicon variant analyzer, are included with the system.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">The system relies on fixing </font><font color="#000000">nebulized</font><font color="#000000"> and </font><font color="#000000">adapter-ligated DNA</font><font color="#000000"> fragments to small DNA-capture beads in a water-in-oil </font><font color="#000000">emulsion</font><font color="#000000">. The DNA fixed to these beads is then amplified by </font><font color="#000000">PCR</font><font color="#000000">. Each DNA-bound bead is placed into a ~29 &mu;m well on a PicoTiterPlate, a </font><font color="#000000">fiber optic</font><font color="#000000"> chip. A mix of </font><font color="#000000">enzymes</font><font color="#000000"> such as </font><font color="#000000">DNA polymerase</font><font color="#000000">, </font><font color="#000000">ATP sulfurylase</font><font color="#000000">, and </font><font color="#000000">luciferase</font><font color="#000000"> are also packed into the well. The PicoTiterPlate is then placed into the GS FLX System for sequencing.</font></p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="WIDTH: 182px" class="thumbinner"><font color="#000000"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/GSFLX_workflow.JPG/180px-GSFLX_workflow.JPG" width="180" height="955" /></font><font color="#000000"> </font> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><font color="#000000"><img alt="" src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" /></font></div> <em><font color="#000000">Genome Sequencer FLX workflow</font></em></div> </div> </div> <p><font color="#000000"></font></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">DNA library preparation and emPCR</font></span></h3> <p><font color="#000000">Genomic DNA is fractionated into smaller fragments (300-800 base pairs) that are subsequently polished (made blunt at each end). Short adaptors are then ligated onto the ends of the fragments. These adaptors provide priming sequences for both amplification and sequencing of the sample-library fragments. One adaptor (Adaptor B) contains a 5'-</font><font color="#000000">biotin</font><font color="#000000"> tag for immobilization of the DNA library onto </font><font color="#000000">streptavidin</font><font color="#000000">-coated beads. After nick repair, the non-biotinylated strand is released and used as a single-stranded template DNA (sstDNA) library. The sstDNA library is assessed for its quality and the optimal amount (DNA copies per bead) needed for emPCR is determined by titration.<sup style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap" class="noprint Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from October 2008"><font size="2">[<em>citation needed</em>]</font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">The sstDNA library is immobilized onto beads. The beads containing a library fragment carry a single sstDNA molecule. The bead-bound library is emulsified with the amplification reagents in a water-in-oil mixture. Each bead is captured within its own microreactor where PCR amplification occurs. This results in bead-immobilized, clonally amplified DNA fragments.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000"></font></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Sequencing</font></span></h3> <p><font color="#000000">sstDNA</font><font color="#000000"> library beads are added to the DNA Bead Incubation Mix (containing DNA polymerase) and are layered with <em>Enzyme Beads</em> (containing sulfurylase and luciferase) onto a PicoTiterPlate device. The device is centrifuged to deposit the beads into the wells. The layer of Enzyme Beads ensures that the DNA beads remain positioned in the wells during the sequencing reaction. The bead-deposition process maximizes the number of wells that contain a single amplified library bead (avoiding more than one sstDNA library bead per well).</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">The loaded PicoTiterPlate device is placed into the Genome Sequencer FLX Instrument. The fluidics sub-system delivers sequencing reagents (containing buffers and nucleotides) across the wells of the plate. The four DNA </font><font color="#000000">nucleotides</font><font color="#000000"> are added sequentially in a fixed order across the PicoTiterPlate device during a sequencing run. During the nucleotide flow, millions of copies of DNA bound to each of the beads are sequenced in parallel. When a nucleotide </font><font color="#000000">complementary</font><font color="#000000"> to the template strand is added into a well, the polymerase extends the existing DNA strand by adding nucleotide(s). Addition of one (or more) nucleotide(s) generates a light signal that is recorded by the CCD camera in the instrument. This technique is based on sequencing-by-synthesis and is called </font><font color="#000000">pyrosequencing</font><font color="#000000">.<sup style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap" class="noprint Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from October 2008"><font size="2">[<em>citation needed</em>]</font></sup> The signal strength is proportional to the number of nucleotides; for example, homopolymer stretches, incorporated in a single nucleotide flow generate a greater signal than single nucleotides. However, the signal strength for homopolymer stretches is linear only up to eight consecutive nucleotides after which the signal falls-off rapidly.<sup id="cite_ref-454Nature2005_2-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></font></sup> Data are stored in </font><font color="#000000">standard flowgram format</font><font color="#000000"> (SFF) files for downstream analysis.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Applications</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000">454 Sequencing can sequence any double-stranded DNA and enables a variety of applications including <em>de novo</em> whole genome sequencing, re-sequencing of whole genomes and target DNA regions, metagenomics and RNA analysis.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000"></font></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Full (Whole) Genome Sequencing (<em>de novo</em> sequencing and resequencing)</font></span></h3> <p><font color="#000000">Full Genome Sequencing</font><font color="#000000"> (FGS), also referred to as Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS), consists of projects dealing with the sequencing of the entire genome of an organism, for example, humans, dogs, mice, viruses or </font><font color="#000000">bacteria</font><font color="#000000">. 454 Sequencing technology is ideal for whole genome assembly due to its ultra high throughput and long single reads (500 base pairs). The ability to combine shotgun reads with paired end reads facilitates high genome coverage with minimal gaps. As a result, the 454 platform has effectively sequenced and assembled a number of complex genomes. In June 2006 they launched a project with the </font><font color="#000000">Max Planck Institute</font><font color="#000000"> for Evolutionary Anthropology to sequence the genome of the </font><font color="#000000">Neanderthal</font><font color="#000000">, the extinct closest relative of humans. This has implications for the understanding of human evolution and development. At 3 billion base pairs, a complete sequence of the Neanderthal genome is expected to take two years to finish<sup id="cite_ref-454Press200607_3-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MaxPlanckPress200607_4-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></font></sup>. In September 2008 the complete Neanderthal mitochondrial genome was sequenced, establishing the divergence between humans and Neanderthal at 660,000 +/- 140,000 years<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></font></sup>.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">In May 2007, researchers at the Baylor College of Medicine used the 454 Sequencing system to sequence and assemble the complete human diploid genome of Dr. James Watson. The feat demonstrated that generating high-quality sequence from humans, quickly and affordably, is now feasible.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000"></font></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Amplicon (Ultra Deep) Sequencing</font></span></h3> <p><font color="#000000">Amplicon</font><font color="#000000"> (Ultra Deep) Sequencing is a new field which is largely being enabled through 454 Sequencing technology. Unlike </font><font color="#000000">Sanger</font><font color="#000000">, 454 sequencing allows mutations to be detected at extremely low levels. Researchers are able to PCR amplify specific, targeted regions of DNA. This method is particularly useful for identifying low frequency somatic mutations in cancer samples or discovery of rare variants in HIV infected individuals. The Genome Sequencer FLX system offers dedicated analysis software, the GS Amplicon Variant Analyzer, which automatically computes the alignment of reads from amplicon-based samples against a reference sequence.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000"></font></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Transcriptome Sequencing</font></span></h3> <p><font color="#000000">Transcriptome</font><font color="#000000"> sequencing encompasses experiments including small RNA profiling and discovery, mRNA transcript expression analysis (full-length mRNA, expressed sequence tags (</font><font color="#000000">ESTs</font><font color="#000000">) and ditags, and allele-specific expression) and the sequencing and analysis of full-length mRNA transcripts. The transcriptome data derived from the Genome Sequencer FLX is ideally suited to detailed transcriptome investigation in the areas of novel gene discovery, gene space identification in novel genomes, assembly of full-length genes, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), insertion-deletion and splice-variant discovery.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000"></font></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Metagenomics</font></span></h3> <p><font color="#000000">Metagenomics</font><font color="#000000"> is the study of the genomic content in a complex sample. The two primary goals of this approach are to characterize the organisms present in a sample and identify what roles each organism has within a specific environment. Metagenomics samples are found nearly everywhere, including several microenvironments within the human body, soil samples, extreme environments such as deep mines and the various layers within the ocean. The Genome Sequencer FLX System enables a comprehensive view into the diversity and metabolic profile of an environmental habitat. The system&rsquo;s long reads ensure the enormous specificity needed to compare sequenced reads against DNA or protein databases. Researchers often use the platform for counting environmental gene tags to analyze the relative abundance of microbial species under varying environmental conditions.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Advantages and Disadvantages</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000">454 Sequencing with GS FLX Titanium series reagents sequence 400-600 million bases per 10-hour run, allowing large amounts of DNA to be sequenced at low cost compared to </font><font color="#000000">Sanger</font><font color="#000000"> </font><font color="#000000">chain-termination methods</font><font color="#000000">. With Q20 read lengths of 400 bases (99% accuracy at the 400th base and higher for preceding bases) and significantly higher throughput, de novo assembly with 454 Sequencing is at least equivalent to Sanger assembly, while being dramatically faster and an order of magnitude less expensive. G-C rich content is not as much of a problem, and the lack of reliance on </font><font color="#000000">cloning</font><font color="#000000"> means that unclonable segments are not skipped. Also, it is capable of detecting </font><font color="#000000">mutations</font><font color="#000000"> in an </font><font color="#000000">amplicon</font><font color="#000000"> pool at a high </font><font color="#000000">sensitivity</font><font color="#000000"> level, which may have implications in </font><font color="#000000">clinical</font><font color="#000000"> research, especially </font><font color="#000000">cancer</font><font color="#000000"> and </font><font color="#000000">HIV</font><font color="#000000">.<sup id="cite_ref-454Poster2005_6-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></font></sup> A limitation of 454 sequencing remains resolution of homopolymer DNA segments; i.e. regions of template which contain multiple simultaneous copies of a single base (A, C, G or T). Since pyrosequencing relies on the magnitude of light emitted to determine the number of repetative bases, erroneous base calls can be a problem with homopolymers. Another disadvantage of 454 sequencing is that while it is cheaper and faster per base, each run is quite expensive, and it is therefore unsuited for sequencing targeted fragments from small numbers of DNA samples, such as for phylogenetic analysis. For some sequencing applications the high cost of an individual 454 sequencing run can be offset by subdividing sequencing plates into multiple regions and using sample specific molecular identifier (MID) tags of 10 bp to multiplex many individual samples in each sequencing run.</font></p> <p><a id="External_links" name="External_links"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.454.com/" href="http://www.454.com/" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">454 Life Sciences Homepage</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.roche-applied-science.com/" href="http://www.roche-applied-science.com/" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">Roche Applied Science Homepage</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.researchandtesting.com/" href="http://www.researchandtesting.com/" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">Research and Testing Laboratory - Pyrosequencing</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://jimwatsonsequence.cshl.edu/cgi-perl/gbrowse/jwsequence/?name=Sequence:NM_005516.3" href="http://jimwatsonsequence.cshl.edu/cgi-perl/gbrowse/jwsequence/?name=Sequence:NM_005516.3" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">James Watson's Personal Genome Sequence</font></a></li> </ul> <p><a id="Patents_Awarded" name="Patents_Awarded"><font color="#0066cc"></font></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Patents Awarded</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" title="http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&amp;Sect2=HITOFF&amp;p=1&amp;u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&amp;r=1&amp;f=G&amp;l=50&amp;co1=AND&amp;d=PTXT&amp;s1=7,211,390&amp;OS=7,211,390&amp;RS=7,211,390" href="http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&amp;Sect2=HITOFF&amp;p=1&amp;u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&amp;r=1&amp;f=G&amp;l=50&amp;co1=AND&amp;d=PTXT&amp;s1=7,211,390&amp;OS=7,211,390&amp;RS=7,211,390" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">Method of Sequencing a Nucleic Acid</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&amp;Sect2=HITOFF&amp;p=1&amp;u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&amp;r=1&amp;f=G&amp;l=50&amp;co1=AND&amp;d=PTXT&amp;s1=6,956,114&amp;OS=6,956,114&amp;RS=6,956,114" href="http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&amp;Sect2=HITOFF&amp;p=1&amp;u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&amp;r=1&amp;f=G&amp;l=50&amp;co1=AND&amp;d=PTXT&amp;s1=6,956,114&amp;OS=6,956,114&amp;RS=6,956,114" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">Sulfurylase-luciferase fusion proteins and thermostable sulfurylase</font></a></li> </ul> <p><a id="References" name="References"><font color="#0066cc"></font></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <p>A complete listing of peer-reviewed research articles can be found on the <a class="external text" title="http://www.454.com" href="http://www.454.com" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">Roche/454 Sequencing website</font></a> :</p> <ul> <li><a class="external text" title="http://genome.cshlp.org/cgi/content/full/17/8/1195" href="http://genome.cshlp.org/cgi/content/full/17/8/1195" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">Characterization of mutation spectra with ultra-deep pyrosequencing: Application to HIV-1 drug resistance. Genome Research.</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18704501" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18704501" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">Comprehensive resequence analysis of a 136 kb region of human chromosome 8q24 associated with prostate and colon cancers. Human Genetics.</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/358/10/991" href="http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/358/10/991" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">A new arenavirus in a cluster of fatal transplant-associated diseases. New England Journal of Medicine.</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/281/5375/363" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/281/5375/363" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">A Sequencing Method Based on Real-Time Pyrophosphate Release</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v444/n7117/abs/nature05336.html" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v444/n7117/abs/nature05336.html" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">Analysis of one million base pairs of Neanderthal DNA. Nature</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/01/science/01gene.html?ex=1182139200&amp;en=fc026710bb87a6ad&amp;ei=5070" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/01/science/01gene.html?ex=1182139200&amp;en=fc026710bb87a6ad&amp;ei=5070" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">Genome of DNA Discoverer Is Deciphered. New York Times</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-06/nc-dfa062006.php" href="http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-06/nc-dfa062006.php" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">Dana Farber and 454 Life Sciences Announce Breakthrough in DNA Sequencing for Cancer Research</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/0605127103v1" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/0605127103v1" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">Sogin et al. Microbial diversity in the deep sea and the underexplored &quot;rare biosphere&quot;. <em>PNAS</em>. 31 July 2006.</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.454.com/news-events/press-releases.asp?display=detail&amp;id=66" href="http://www.454.com/news-events/press-releases.asp?display=detail&amp;id=66" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">CuraGen Announces Definitive Agreement to Sell 454 Life Sciences to Roche</font></a></li> </ul> <div style="-moz-column-count: 2; column-count: 2" class="references-small references-column-count references-column-count-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-0"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-0"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFWheeler2008">Wheeler, David A. (2008-04-17). &quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v452/n7189/pdf/nature06884.pdf" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v452/n7189/pdf/nature06884.pdf" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">The complete genome of an individual by massively parallel DNA sequencing</font></a>&quot;. <em>Nature</em> <strong>452</strong>: 872&ndash;876. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0066cc">doi</font></a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature06884" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature06884" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">10.1038/nature06884</font></a></span><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v452/n7189/pdf/nature06884.pdf" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v452/n7189/pdf/nature06884.pdf" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v452/n7189/pdf/nature06884.pdf</font></a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+complete+genome+of+an+individual+by+massively+parallel+DNA+sequencing&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Wheeler&amp;rft.aufirst=David+A.&amp;rft.au=Wheeler%2C+David+A.&amp;rft.date=2008-04-17&amp;rft.volume=452&amp;rft.pages=872%E2%80%93876&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnature06884&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv452%2Fn7189%2Fpdf%2Fnature06884.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:454_Life_Sciences"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-1"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-1"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="news">&quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.health-itworld.com/newsitems/2007/may/05-31-07-watson-genome" href="http://www.health-itworld.com/newsitems/2007/may/05-31-07-watson-genome" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">Project Jim: Watson&rsquo;s Personal Genome Goes Public</font></a>&quot;<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://www.health-itworld.com/newsitems/2007/may/05-31-07-watson-genome" href="http://www.health-itworld.com/newsitems/2007/may/05-31-07-watson-genome" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.health-itworld.com/newsitems/2007/may/05-31-07-watson-genome</font></a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Project+Jim%3A+Watson%E2%80%99s+Personal+Genome+Goes+Public&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.health-itworld.com%2Fnewsitems%2F2007%2Fmay%2F05-31-07-watson-genome&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:454_Life_Sciences"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-454Nature2005-2"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-454Nature2005_2-0"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFMarguliesMichael_Egholm_and_54_additional_coauthors2005">Margulies, Marcel; Michael Egholm and 54 additional coauthors (2005-09-15). &quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1464427" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1464427" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">Genome Sequencing in Open Microfabricated High Density Picoliter Reactors</font></a>&quot;. <em>Nature</em> (Nature Publishing Group) <strong>437</strong> (7057): 376&ndash;380. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0066cc">doi</font></a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature03959" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature03959" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">10.1038/nature03959</font></a></span>. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16056220" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16056220"><font color="#0066cc">PMID 16056220</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1464427" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1464427" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1464427</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on 2007-12-16</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+Sequencing+in+Open+Microfabricated+High+Density+Picoliter+Reactors&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Margulies&amp;rft.aufirst=Marcel&amp;rft.au=Margulies%2C+Marcel&amp;rft.au=Michael+Egholm+and+54+additional+coauthors&amp;rft.date=2005-09-15&amp;rft.volume=437&amp;rft.issue=7057&amp;rft.pages=376%26ndash%3B380&amp;rft.pub=Nature+Publishing+Group&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnature03959&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16056220&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Fartid%3D1464427&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:454_Life_Sciences"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-454Press200607-3"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-454Press200607_3-0"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREF454_Life_Sciences2006" class="press release">454 Life Sciences (2006-07-20). <em><a class="external text" title="http://www.454.com/news-events/press-releases.asp?display=detail&amp;id=51" href="http://www.454.com/news-events/press-releases.asp?display=detail&amp;id=51" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">454 Life Sciences and Max Planck Institute to Sequence Neandertal Genome</font></a></em>. Press release<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://www.454.com/news-events/press-releases.asp?display=detail&amp;id=51" href="http://www.454.com/news-events/press-releases.asp?display=detail&amp;id=51" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.454.com/news-events/press-releases.asp?display=detail&amp;id=51</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on 2007-12-16</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=454+Life+Sciences+and+Max+Planck+Institute+to+Sequence+Neandertal+Genome&amp;rft.aulast=454+Life+Sciences&amp;rft.au=454+Life+Sciences&amp;rft.date=2006-07-20&amp;rft.series=Press+release&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.454.com%2Fnews-events%2Fpress-releases.asp%3Fdisplay%3Ddetail%26id%3D51&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:454_Life_Sciences"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-MaxPlanckPress200607-4"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-MaxPlanckPress200607_4-0"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFMax_Planck_Society2006" class="press release">Max Planck Society (2006-07-20). <em><a class="external text" title="http://www.mpg.de/english/illustrationsDocumentation/documentation/pressReleases/2006/pressRelease20060720/index.html" href="http://www.mpg.de/english/illustrationsDocumentation/documentation/pressReleases/2006/pressRelease20060720/index.html" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">Neandertal Genome to be Deciphered</font></a></em>. Press release<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://www.mpg.de/english/illustrationsDocumentation/documentation/pressReleases/2006/pressRelease20060720/index.html" href="http://www.mpg.de/english/illustrationsDocumentation/documentation/pressReleases/2006/pressRelease20060720/index.html" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.mpg.de/english/illustrationsDocumentation/documentation/pressReleases/2006/pressRelease20060720/index.html</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on 2007-12-16</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Neandertal+Genome+to+be+Deciphered&amp;rft.aulast=Max+Planck+Society&amp;rft.au=Max+Planck+Society&amp;rft.date=2006-07-20&amp;rft.series=Press+release&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mpg.de%2Fenglish%2FillustrationsDocumentation%2Fdocumentation%2FpressReleases%2F2006%2FpressRelease20060720%2Findex.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:454_Life_Sciences"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-5"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFGreenet_al.2008">Green, Richard E.; et al. (2008-08-08). &quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.eva.mpg.de/genetics/pdf/Green_Complete_Cell_2008.pdf" href="http://www.eva.mpg.de/genetics/pdf/Green_Complete_Cell_2008.pdf" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">A complete Neandertal Mitochondrial Genome Sequence Determined by High-Throghput Sequencing</font></a>&quot;. <em>Cell</em> (Elsevier) <strong>134</strong>: 416&ndash;426. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0066cc">doi</font></a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2008.06.021" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2008.06.021" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">10.1016/j.cell.2008.06.021</font></a></span><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://www.eva.mpg.de/genetics/pdf/Green_Complete_Cell_2008.pdf" href="http://www.eva.mpg.de/genetics/pdf/Green_Complete_Cell_2008.pdf" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.eva.mpg.de/genetics/pdf/Green_Complete_Cell_2008.pdf</font></a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=A+complete+Neandertal+Mitochondrial+Genome+Sequence+Determined+by+High-Throghput+Sequencing&amp;rft.jtitle=Cell&amp;rft.aulast=Green&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard+E.&amp;rft.au=Green%2C+Richard+E.&amp;rft.au=et+al.&amp;rft.date=2008-08-08&amp;rft.volume=134&amp;rft.pages=416%E2%80%93426&amp;rft.pub=Elsevier&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2008.06.021&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eva.mpg.de%2Fgenetics%2Fpdf%2FGreen_Complete_Cell_2008.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:454_Life_Sciences"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-454Poster2005-6"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-454Poster2005_6-0"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFJan_Fredrik_SimonsMichael_Egholm_and_11_additional_coauthors2005" class="web">Jan Fredrik Simons; Michael Egholm and 11 additional coauthors (2005-11-17). &quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.454.com/downloads/news-events/publications/HIV%20Resistance%20Workshop_454_final.jpg" href="http://www.454.com/downloads/news-events/publications/HIV%20Resistance%20Workshop_454_final.jpg" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">Ultra-Deep Sequencing of HIV from Drug Resistant Patients</font></a>&quot; (JPG). 454 Life Sciences<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://www.454.com/downloads/news-events/publications/HIV%20Resistance%20Workshop_454_final.jpg" href="http://www.454.com/downloads/news-events/publications/HIV%20Resistance%20Workshop_454_final.jpg" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.454.com/downloads/news-events/publications/HIV%20Resistance%20Workshop_454_final.jpg</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on 2007-12-16</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Ultra-Deep+Sequencing+of+HIV+from+Drug+Resistant+Patients&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Jan+Fredrik+Simons&amp;rft.au=Jan+Fredrik+Simons&amp;rft.au=Michael+Egholm+and+11+additional+coauthors&amp;rft.date=2005-11-17&amp;rft.pub=454+Life+Sciences&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.454.com%2Fdownloads%2Fnews-events%2Fpublications%2FHIV%2520Resistance%2520Workshop_454_final.jpg&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:454_Life_Sciences"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-7"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> name=&quot;HIVWkShop2005&quot;&gt;<cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="web">&quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.hivandhepatitis.com/2005icr/hivdrug/docs/070805_b.html" href="http://www.hivandhepatitis.com/2005icr/hivdrug/docs/070805_b.html" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">Report on the XIV International HIV Drug Resistance Workshop: Parts 4-5</font></a>&quot;. <em><span>Selected Highlights from the XIV International HIV Drug Resistance Workshop</span></em>. HIVandHepatitis.com. 2005-07-08<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://www.hivandhepatitis.com/2005icr/hivdrug/docs/070805_b.html" href="http://www.hivandhepatitis.com/2005icr/hivdrug/docs/070805_b.html" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.hivandhepatitis.com/2005icr/hivdrug/docs/070805_b.html</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on 2007-12-16</span>.</cite></li> </ol> </div> a2539b99f3f21689c04bdabc7cc6ff4e5baec564 0 1573 2703 2009-07-29T09:47:05Z Apple 53 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5">Genomics Companies</font>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <br /> [[454 Life Sciences]]<br /> [[Acacia Biosciences]]<br /> [[ACLARA BioSciences, Inc.]]<br /> [[Advanced Center for Genome Technology]]<br /> [[Abgenomics]]: Hong Kong based.<br /> [[Advalytix AG]] : Advalytix is a leading provider of highly innovative solutions for Life Science Research and Diagnostics.&nbsp;<br /> [[Affymax Research Institute]]: <span class="url">www.affymax.com</span><br /> <a href="http://www.agilixcorp.com/">Agilix</a>: <font size="2">developer of next generation functional genomics and proteomics platform technologies for the systematic discovery and analysis of genes, their protein products and related biological functions</font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.agencourt.com/">Agencourt Bioscience</a></font> : Beverly MA USA: <font size="2">developer of next generation functional genomics and proteomics platform technologies for the systematic discovery and analysis of genes, their protein products and related biological functions.</font><br /> <font color="#000000">[[Agy Therapeutics]]:&nbsp; <span class="url">www.biodatabases.com</span></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.alphagene.com/">AlphaGene</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.altheatech.com/">Althea Technologies</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.amershambiosciences.com/na/">Amersham Biosciences</a></font>&nbsp;<br /> <font color="#000000">[[Amita]]: <br /> <a href="http://www.apgenomics.com/">AP Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.applied-genomics.com/">Applied Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000">[[Array Biopharma]]</font> <br /> <a href="http://www.ariad.com/" target="new"><font color="#000000">Ariad</font></a><br /> <a href="http://www.avalonrx.com/">Avalon Pharmaceuticals</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.automatedcell.com/" target="new">Automated Cell</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.axxam.com/">Axxam</a><br /> [[Azign Biosciences]]: <span style="font-weight: bold;" id="ctl00_PageCenterContent_StandardProfileInfo_CompanyNameLabel">Azign Bioscience A/S, <span id="ctl00_PageCenterContent_StandardProfileInfo_CityLabel">Copenhagen SV</span>&nbsp; <span id="ctl00_PageCenterContent_StandardProfileInfo_StateProvinceLabel"></span>&nbsp; <span id="ctl00_PageCenterContent_StandardProfileInfo_PostalCodeLabel">DK-2450</span>&nbsp; <span id="ctl00_PageCenterContent_StandardProfileInfo_CountryLabel">Denmark</span></span><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bangaloregenei.com/" target="new">Bangalore Genei</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.beyondgenomics.com/" target="new">Beyond Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioarrays.com/" target="new">BioArray Solutions</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biocarta.com/">Biocarta</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biocarta.com/">Biofrontera Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.biogen.com/">Biogen</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biogenex.com/">BioGenex</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biosearchtech.com/">Biosearch Technologies</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.blueheronbio.com/">BlueHeron Biotech</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://biominerva.com/">BioMinerva</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.capitalgenomix.com/">Capital Genomix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.cellulargenomics.com/" target="new">Cellular Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.cerep.fr/Cerep/Utilisateur/index.asp" target="new">Cerep</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.chemogenix.com/products_en.html" target="new">ChemoGenix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.chimerx.com/" target="new">CHIMERx</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.chugaibio.com/" target="new">Chugai Biopharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.cimsoft.com/">Cimarron</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.clinomicslabs.net/" target="new">Clinomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.cobrabio.com/">Cobra</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.combimatrix.com/home.shtml" target="new">CombiMatrix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.combinatorx.com/" target="new">CombinatoRx</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biocomplex.de/" target="new">Complex Biosystems</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.compucyte.com/" target="new">CompuCyte</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.cemines.com/main.html">Cemines</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.microsensor.com/CMS_Splash_cm.html">Clinical MicroSensors</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.cybergenome.com/">CyberGenome Technologies</a> <br /> <a href="http://cytogenix.com/">CytoGenix</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.cytogenomic.com/">Cytogenomics</a><br /> <a href="http://www.cyvera.com/">CyVera</a><br /> <font color="#000000">[[deCODE]]</font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.deltagen.com/" target="new">Deltagen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.diadexus.com/" target="new">diaDexus</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.digem.fr/" target="new">DiGEM</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://digigenomics.com/" target="new">DigiGenomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.dgt.com/" target="new">Digital Gene</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="https://www.directgenomics.com/" target="new">DirectGenomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.dna20.com/">DNA 2.0</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.dnalandmarks.ca/" target="new">DNA LandMarks</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://dnalink.com/" target="new">DNA Link</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.takara.co.jp/dragon/index-e.htm" target="new">Dragon Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.egeeninc.com/" target="new">EGeen</a><br /> <a href="http://eirxtherapeutics.com/">EiRx Therapeutics</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.engeneos.com/">engeneOS</a><br /> </font><font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.eosbiotech.com/" target="new">EOS</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.epicentre.com/main.asp" target="new">Epicentre</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.epigenomics.com/" target="new">Epigenomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.epochbiolabs.com/">Epoch Biolabs</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.eurogentec.com/" target="new">Eurogentec</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://europroteome.com/" target="new">Europroteome</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.exactsciences.com/_index.htm" target="new">Exact Sciences</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://exalpha.com/">Exalpha</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.exiqon.com/" target="new">Exiqon</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.eurogentec.be/hp/hp.htm" target="new">Eurogentec</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.europroteome.com/" target="new">Europroteome</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.fallingrain.com/" target="new">Falling Rain Genomics</a></font>&nbsp;<br /> [[Functional Biosciences Inc.]]<br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gala.com/" target="new">Gala Design</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.galapagosgenomics.com/" target="new">Galapagos Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.genearrays.com/">Gene Arrays</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genecopoeia.com/" target="new">GeneCopoeia</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.geneka.com/" target="new">Geneka</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genemachines.com/">GeneMachines</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genentech.com/" target="new">Genentech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gtg.com.au/" target="new">Genetic Technologies</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genetix.co.uk/" target="new">Genetix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genetrace.com/flash3page.html" target="new">GeneTrace Systems</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.genetronics.com/">GeneTronics</a> <br /> <a href="http://genwaybio.com/">GeneWay Biotech</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.geneworks.com/">GeneWorks</a> <br /> <a href="http://genstruct.com/">Genestruct</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genhunter.com/">GenHunter</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.geniconsciences.com/">Genicon Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomac.com/">Genomac</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomeexplorations.com/">Genome Explorations</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomex.com/">Genome Express</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomems.com/">GenoMEMS</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://genomatix.gsf.de/">Genomatix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomex.com/" target="new">Genomex</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.getdna.com/">Genomics Collaborative</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomicsone.com/">Genomics One</a></font>&nbsp;<br /> [http://www.genomicsproteomics.com/ GenomicsProteomics]<br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomicsolutions.com/" target="new">Genomic Solutions</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genoptera.com/" target="new">Genoptera</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genosys.com/index2.html" target="new">Genosys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genotypictech.com/index.htm" target="new">Genotypic Technology</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genpakdna.com/" target="new">GenPak</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genxy.com/" target="new">Genset</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genstruct.com/" target="new">Genstruct</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.genusbiosystems.com/">GenUs BioSytems</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genzyme.com/" target="new">Genzyme</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.globalgenomics.com/" target="new">Global Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.glycofi.com/" target="new">GlycoFi</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.glycominds.com/" target="new">Glycominds</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gorillagenomics.com/" target="new">Gorilla Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gpc-biotech.com/" target="new">GPC Biotech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gmpgenetics.com/phase1/html/intro_frameset.html" target="new">GMP Genetics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://guavatechnologies.com/">Guava Technologies</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gvkbio.com/" target="new">Gvk bio</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.hamiltonthorne.com/" target="new">Hamilton Thorne Biosciences</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://helixbiomedix.com/">Helix Biomedix</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.htgenomics.com/" target="new">High Throughput Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.hgsi.com/" target="new">Human Genome Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.uvs.is/" target="new">Iceland Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.imgenex.com/">Imgenex</a><br /> <a href="http://www.impath.com/">Impath</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.infoceutics.com/">Infoceutics</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.inimexpharma.com/">Inimex Pharmaceuticals</a><br /> <a href="http://www.invivogen.com/">InvivoGen</a><br /> <a href="http://www.integragen.com/">Gen</a><br /> <a href="http://www.integragen.com/">Integragen</a><br /> <a href="http://www.interomex.com/">Interomex</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.intradigm.com/">Intradigm</a> <br /> <a href="http://eng.intronbio.com/">iNtRON Biotechnology</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://jaxmice.jax.org/index.shtml" target="new">Jackson Lab</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.jivanbio.com/">Jivan Biologics</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.kalypsys.com/" target="new">Kalypsys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.keryxbiopharm.com/" target="new">Keryx Biopharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.keygene.com/" target="new">Keygene</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.lark.com/">Lark Technologies</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.dnastar.com/" target="new">Lasergene</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.lynk-biotech.com/services.htm" target="new">Link Biotechnologies</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.lynxgen.com/" target="new">Lynx</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.metabometrix.com/" target="new">Metabometrix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.microgenomics.com/" target="new">MicroGenomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.meta-helix.com/">Metahelix Life Sciences</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mlnm.com/MLNM99.shtml" target="new">Millennium</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.miraibio.com/" target="new">MiraiBio</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mobious.com/" target="new">Mobious Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.myriad.com/" target="new">Myriad Genetics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mwg-biotech.com/html/index.shtml" target="new">MWG Biotech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.nanogen.com/www1/index.htm">Nanogen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.newchemicalentities.com/">New Chemical Entities</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://odysseythera.com/">Odyssey Thera</a><br /> <a href="http://www.omnipharm.com/">OmniScience</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.opgen.com/">OpGen</a><br /> <a href="http://www.orphagen.com/">Orphagen Pharmaceuticals</a><br /> <font size="+0"><a href="http://www.oscient.com/" target="new"><font color="#000000">Oscient Pharmaceuticals</font></a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pangene.com/">PanGene</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.panomics.com/">Panomics</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.peoplesgenetics.com/">Peoples Genetics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.perbio.com/">Perbio</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pharmaseq.com/multiplex_assays.htm" target="new">PharmaSeq</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.phase1tox.com/" target="new">Phase-1 Molecular Toxicology</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.phenomixcorp.com/" target="new">Phenomix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.phylogenyinc.com/" target="new">Phylogeny</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://physiogenix.com/" target="new">PhysioGenix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.plexxikon.com/" target="new">Plexxikon</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pluvita.com/" target="new">Pluvita</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.primalinc.com/">Primal</a><br /> <a href="http://primerdesign.co.uk/">Primer Design</a><br /> <a href="http://www.prolexys.com/">Prolexis</a><br /> <a href="http://proteinpathways.com/">ProteinPathways</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://proteologics.com/" target="new">Proteologics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.psygenomics.com/" target="new">Psychiatric Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.purelyproteins.com/" target="new">Purely Proteins</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pyxisgenomics.com/" target="new">Pyxis Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.quarkbiotech.com/" target="new">Quark Biotech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.renovis.com/" target="new">Renovis</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.resgen.com/" target="new">Research Genetics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://ribomed.com/">Ribomed</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.rigel.com/" target="new">Rigel</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.rnature.com/">Rnature</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.rosettagenomics.com/">Rosetta Genomics</a><br /> <a href="http://www.sbio.com/">S*BIO</a><br /> <a href="http://www.see-gene.com/">Seegene</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.seqwright.com/">SeqwrighT</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.signalgene.com/">SignalGene</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.stratagene.com/" target="new">Stratagene</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.sunbio.co.kr/sunbio/eng-main.html" target="new">SunBio</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.switch-biotech.com/">Switch Biotech</a> <br /> <a href="http://syntem.com/">Syntem</a><br /> <a href="http://www.syntheticgenetics.com/">Synthetic Genetics</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.tgs.com.tw/index_e.htm">Taiwan Genome Sciences</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.takara.co.jp/english/bio_e/">TaKaRa Zhuzo</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.targetedmolecules.com/">Targeted Molecules</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.tcgaresearch.org/">TCGA</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.tigr.org/" target="new">TIGR</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.thinkgen.com/" target="new">ThinkGen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://tranzyme.com/" target="new">Tranzyme</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.turbogenomics.com/" target="new">TurboWorx</a></font> <a href="http://www.unigene.com/"><br /> Unigene</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.umangenomics.com/main.asp" target="new">UmanGenomics</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.ubi.ca/">United Bioinformatica</a>&nbsp;<br /> <font color="#000000">[[US Genomics]]</font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.valentis.com/" target="new">Valentis</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.valigen.com/" target="new">ValiGen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.vbc-genomics.com/" target="new">VBC-Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.virinova.de/">Virinova</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.visiblegenetics.com/">Visible Genetics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.vitagenomics.com/">Vita Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.xcellsyz.com/">Xcellsyz</a><br /> <a href="http://www.zp.dk/">Zealand Pharma</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.zen-bio.com/">Zen</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.zengen.com/">Zengen</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.zeptosens.com/">Zeptosens</a></font> <br /> &nbsp;<br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Platform Technologies - GPCRs</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://www.7tm.com/">7TM Pharma</a><br /> <font color="#000000">[[Acadia Pharmaceuticals]]: Web Site: <a href="http://www.acadia-pharm.com/">www.acadia-pharm.com</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.aptusgenomics.com/">Aptus Genomics</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.atugen.com/" target="new">Atugen</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.discoverx.com/" target="new">DiscoveRx</a></font><br /> <a href="Animal%20Genomics%0Ahttp://www.norakbio.com/">Norak Bioscience</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.predixpharm.com/">Predix</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.synapticcorp.com/">Synaptic Pharmaceuticals</a><br /> <br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Platform Technologies - Kinases</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ambitbio.com/">Ambit Bioscience</a><br /> <a href="http://www.qtlbio.com/">QTL Biosystems</a><br /> </font><br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Platform Technologies - Ion Channels</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://www.cellectricon.com/">Cellectricon</a><br /> <a href="http://www.evotec.com/">Evotec OAI</a><br /> <a href="http://www.hydrabiosciences.com/">Hydra Biosciences</a><br /> <a href="Platform%20Technologies%20-%20Kinases%0Ahttp://www.iongate.de/">IonGate</a><br /> <a href="http://www.nanion.de/">Nanion</a><br /> &nbsp;<br /> <br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Platform Technologies - Nuclear Receptors</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="Platform%20Technologies%20-%20Kinases%0Ahttp://www.genfit.com/">Genfit Biopharmaceutical</a><br /> <a href="http://www.ligand.com/">Ligand Pharmaceuticals</a><br /> <br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Platform Technologies - Carbohydrate</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://www.absorber.se/">AbSorber</a><br /> &nbsp;<br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Animal Genomics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biopsytec.de/">Biopsytec</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.cellectis.com/">Cellectis</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.criver.com/">Charles River Laboratories</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.daniolabs.com/">DanioLabs</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.deltagen.com/">Deltagen</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.gala.com/"><font color="#000000">Gala Biotech</font></a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.geneticmodels.com/">Genetic Models</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.geneticsolutions.com.au/content/page.asp">GeneticSolutions</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomicfx.com/index.html">GenomicFX</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://phylonix.com/">Phylonix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://zygogen.com/">Zygogen</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Plant Genomics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.agrinomics.com/">Agrinomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.akkadix.com/">Akkadix</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://arcadiabio.com/">Arcadia Biosciences</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.avesthagen.com/">AvesthaGen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.cereon.com/" target="new">Cereon</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.exelixis.com/" target="new">Exelixis Plant Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gentech.fr/" target="new">Gentech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.icongenetics.com/home.html" target="new">Icon Genetics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mendelbio.com/" target="new">Mendel Biotechnology</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.oriongenomics.com/" target="new">Orion Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.phytagenics.com/" target="new">Phytagenics</a><br /> <a href="http://www.phytomyco.net/">PhytoMyco</a><br /> </font><a href="http://seaphire.com/">Seaphire</a><br /> &nbsp;<br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Microbial Genomics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://www.bacbarcodes.com/">Bacterial Barcodes</a><a href="http://www.evolv-us.com/"><br /> </a><font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.evolv-us.com/">Evolvus</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://integratedgenomics.com/">Integrated Genomics</a><br /> <a href="http://microbia.com/">Microbia</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.xanagen.com/index-e.html">Xanagen</a></font><br /> <br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Clinical Genomics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.appliedphenomics.com/">Applied Phenomics</a><br /> <a href="http://www.ardais.com/">Ardais</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.clinphone.com/">ClinPhone</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.expressionpathology.com/">Expression Pathology</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genvault.com/">GenVault</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pharsight.com/">Pharsight</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.precisionmed.com/">PrecisionMed</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">ChemoGenomics/Chemical Genetics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ambitbio.com/">Ambit Bioscience</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.amphoracorp.com/" target="new">Amphora</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.chemovation.com/">ChemOvation</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.comgenex.com/" target="new">ComGenex</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.graffinity.com/" target="new">Graffinity Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.iconixpharm.com/">Iconix Pharmaceuticals</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ipi.com/" target="new">Infinity Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.morphochem.ch/">MorphoChem</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.neogenesis.com/">NeoGenesis</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">SNPs, PharmacoGenomics &amp; Population Genetics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.454.com/" target="new">454 Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.affymetrix.com/" target="new">Affymetrix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.asperbio.com/" target="new">Asper Biotech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://bioventures.com/" target="new">BioVentures</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.cepheid.com/index3.html" target="new">Cepheid</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.dnaprint.com/" target="new">DNAPrint Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.dna.com/home" target="new">DNA Sciences</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.dnavision.be/">DNA Vision</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.dxsgenotyping.com/" target="new">DxS</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.encode.is/" target="new">enCode</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.epicentre.com/main.asp" target="new">Epicentre</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.epidauros.de/en/home_fla.html" target="new">Epidauros</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.expressionanalysis.com/">Expression Analysis</a><br /> <a href="http://www.galileogenomics.com/" target="new"><font color="#000000">Galileo Genomics</font></a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gamida-sense.com/" target="new">Gamida-Sense Diagnostics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genaissance.com/" target="new">Genaissance</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.genecheck.com/">GeneCheck</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.geneohm.com/" target="new">GeneOhm Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.geneseek.com/" target="new">GeneSeek</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genprofile.com/" target="new">GenProfile</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gentris.com/" target="new">Gentris</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.hibergen.com/" target="new">Hibergen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.hubitgenomix.com/eng/index.html" target="new">HuBit Genomix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.idahotech.com/" target="new">Idaho Technology</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.idgene.com/home.html" target="new">idGENE</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.illumina.com/" target="new">Illumina</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.leveninc.com/" target="new">Leven</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.miraibio.com/" target="new">MiraiBio</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://molecularstaging.com/" target="new">Molecular Staging</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.nanogen.com/www1/index.htm">Nanogen</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.thetagen.com/thetagen.htm" target="new">New Chemical Entities</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.nuvelo.com/" target="new">Nuvelo</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.opgen.com/" target="new">OpGen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.orchid.com/">Orchid Biosciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.oxagen.co.uk/">Oxagen</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.panomics.com/">Panomics</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.p-gene.com/">ParAllele</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.peoplesgenetics.com/home.shtml">Peoples Genetics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.perlegen.com/main.html">Perlegen Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.polygenyx.com/" target="new">PolyGenyx</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.polymorphicdna.com/">Polymorphic DNA Technologies</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ppgx.com/" target="new">PPGx</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pyrosequencing.com/" target="new">Pyrosequencing</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.qiagengenomics.com/" target="new">Qiagen Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.rexagen.com/">Rexagen</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.rubicongenomics.com/" target="new">Rubicon Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.sequenom.com/home/seq_flash.htm" target="new">Sequenom</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.solexa.com/" target="new">Solexa</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.thermohybaid.com/cgi-bin/pg.exe?00000000000000070001d0fe00000002000012d4" target="new">ThermoHybaid</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.trevigen.com/" target="new">Trevigen</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://trimgen.com/">TrimGen</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.twt.com/" target="new">Third Wave Technologies</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.umangenomics.com/" target="new">UmanGenomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.usgenomics.com/" target="new">U.S. Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.valigen.com/" target="new">ValiGen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.varianinc.com/cgi-bin/nav?varinc/docs/biosolutions/index&amp;cid=374264" target="new">Varian</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.vitagenomics.com/" target="new">Vita Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.vysis.com/">Vysis</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.xanthon.com/">Xanthon</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.xenongenetics.com/">Xenon Genetics</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Functional &amp; Comparative Genomics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.acadia-pharm.com/" target="new">Acadia Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ark-genomics.org/" target="new">ARK Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.artemis.com/main.html" target="new">Artemis</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.athersys.com/" target="new">Athersys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.axaron.com/" target="new">Axaron</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.cambriabio.com/" target="new">Cambria Biosciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.develogen.com/splash.html" target="new">DeveloGen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.devgen.com/" target="new">Devgen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.elegene.com/" target="new">EleGene</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.elitra.com/" target="new">Elitra Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.exelixis.com/" target="new">Exelixis</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.galapagosgenomics.com/" target="new">Galapagos Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genfit.com/flash.htm" target="new">Genfit</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genodyssee.com/Default.htm" target="new">GenOdyssee</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomar.com/" target="new">Genomar</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.paradigmgenetics.com/" target="new">Icoria</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="imgenex.com" target="new">Imgenex</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ingenium-ag.com/" target="new">Ingenium</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.marligen.com/" target="new">Marligen Bioscience</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mermaidbio.com/" target="new">Mermaid Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.nautilusbiotech.com/" target="new">Nautilus Biotech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.phylonix.com/animate.js" target="new">Phylonix Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.the-genetics.com/" target="new">The Genetics Company</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.unionbio.com/">Union Biometrica</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.xantos.de/">Xantos Biomedicine</a><br /> <a href="http://www.zygogen.com/">Zygogen</a> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">ToxicoGenomics &amp; ADMET<br /> </font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://www.chemovation.com/">ChemOvation</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.exonhit.com/" target="new">ExonHit Therapeutics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genelogic.com/" target="new">GeneLogic</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genpharmtox.com/english/index_e.html" target="new">GenPharm Tox BioTech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gentest.com/" target="new">GenTest</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.mergen-ltd.com/">Mergen</a><br /> <a href="http://www.noabbiodiscoveries.com/">NoAb BioDiscoveries</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.xeno.com/index2.html">Xenometrix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.xenopharm.com/" target="new">XenoPharm</a></font> <br /> &nbsp;&nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">siRNA, Antisense &amp; Other&nbsp;</font></strong> <br /> <strong><font color="#000000">Nucleic acid Technologies</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.allelebiotech.com/">Allele Biotechnology</a><br /> <a href="http://www.alnylam.com/" target="new">Alnylam Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.amaxa.com/" target="new">Amaxa</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ambion.com/" target="new">Ambion</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.anadyspharma.com/" target="new">Anadys Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.araios.com/">Araios</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.archemix.com/flash.html" target="new">Archemix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.atugen.com/" target="new">Atugen</a><br /> <a href="http://www.avibio.com/">AVI BioPharma</a><br /> <a href="http://www.avocel.com/">Avocel</a><br /> </font><font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.benitec.com/" target="new">Benitec</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.biolegio.com/">Biolegio</a><br /> <a href="http://www.cellsignal.com/">Cell Signaling Technology</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.cenix-bioscience.com/" target="new">Cenix BioScience</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://cureon.com/">Cureon</a><br /> <a href="http://www.cyntellect.com/">Cyntellect</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.dharmacon.com/" target="new">Dharmacon</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.epibio.com/">Epicentre Biotechnologies</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://expressgenes.com/" target="new">GeneExpression Systems</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.genetherapysystems.com/">Gene Therapy Systems</a><br /> <a href="http://www.gene-tools.com/">Gene-Tools</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genetrove.com/" target="new">GeneTrove</a><br /> </font><a href="http://www.genlantis.com/">Genlantis</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genta.com/">Genta</a><br /> </font><font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.hybridon.com/" target="new">Hybridon</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ibisrna.com/" target="new">Ibis Therapeutics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.imgenex.com/">Imgenex</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.immusol.com/" target="new">Immusol</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.indexpharmab.com/">InDex Pharmaceuticals</a><br /> <a href="http://www.idtdna.com/">Integrated DNA Technologies</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.intronn.com/" target="new">Intronn</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.invivogen.com/">InvivoGen</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.isip.com/" target="new">Isis Pharmaceuticals</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.lorusthera.com/">Lorus Therapeutics</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.messagepharm.com/" target="new">Message Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mirusbio.com/" target="new">Mirus Bio</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.molecula.com/" target="new">Molecula Research Laboratories</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.monomer.com/">Monomer Sciences</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.nascacell.de/" target="new">NascaCell</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.noxxon.net/" target="new">Noxxon</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.nucleonicsinc.com/">Nucleonics</a><br /> <a href="http://www.oligoengine.com/">OligoEngine</a><br /> <a href="http://www.orbigen.com/">Orbigen</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://origenix.com/main/index.php" target="new">Origenix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.proligo.com/" target="new">Proligo</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ptcbio.com/big/indexhome.html" target="new">PTC Therapeutics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.qiagen.com/" target="new">Qiagen</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.rpi.com/">Ribozyme Pharmaceuticals</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.rnature.com/">RNAture</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.rnax.de/">RNAx</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.sequiturinc.com/indexflash.html" target="new">Sequitor</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.sirna.com/">Sirna Therapeutics</a><br /> <a href="http://somagenics.com/">SomaGenics</a><br /> <a href="http://www.springbio.com/">Spring Bioscience</a><br /> &nbsp;<br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Nucleic acid Labelling &amp; Detection</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://www.enzobio.com/">Enzo Biochem</a><br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center">&nbsp;<strong><font color="#000000">Transcription Factors &amp; Transcription Regulation</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.epigene.com/">EpiGenesis Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gendaq.com/home.htm">Gendaq</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genedetect.com/" target="new">GeneDetect.com</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mermaidbio.com/" target="new">Mermaid Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.panomics.com/" target="new">Panomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.rheogene.com/p-tech.htm">RheoGene</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.sangamo.com/" target="new">Sangamo Biosciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.toolgen.co.kr/english/main.htm" target="new">Toolgen</a></font> <br /> &nbsp;<br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Transgenics Companies</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://avigenics.com/">AviGenics</a><a href="http://www.bioprotein.com/index_flash.htm" target="new"><br /> </a><font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioprotein.com/" target="new">BioProtein Technologies</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.dnxsciences.com/" target="new">DNX Transgenics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.gala.com/">Gala Botech</a><br /> <a href="http://www.genoway.com/">GenOway</a><br /> <a href="http://www.ingenotyping.com/">Ingenotyping</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.lexicon-genetics.com//" target="new">Lexicon Genetics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.pharming.com/">Pharming Technology</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.macrogen.com/english/index.html" target="new">Macrogen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mermaidbio.com/" target="new">Mermaid Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.nucleis.com/">Nucleis</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.tosk.com/" target="new">Tosk</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.tranxenogen.com/" target="new">TranXenoGen</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.xenogen.com/">Xenogen</a><br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Gene Engineering</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.aptagen.com/">Aptagen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.maxygen.com/webpage_templates/home.php3?page_name=home" target="new">Maxygen</a><br /> </font><font color="#000000"><br /> </font> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Glycomics &amp; Carb Chips</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://www.glycogenesys.com/">GlycoGenesys</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.glycominds.com/">Glycominds</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.glycotope.com/">Glycotope</a><br /> <br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Metabolomics</span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://www.esainc.com/">ESA</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.paradigmgenetics.com/" target="new">Icoria</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.metanomics.de/">Metanomics</a><br /> <a href="http://www.surromed.com/Technology.html">SurroMed</a> ca1327acc4e83bcf826e51dafadb8a8399a30153 0 1778 2705 2009-07-29T12:41:38Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki Immunogenomics<br /> <br /> Immunogenomics is the genomic scale study of immune system.<br /> <br /> [http://immunogenomics.net ImmunoGenomics.net]<br /> dcd3fb24a6d85dcf77b016f800bcc77f1a417ab7 0 1779 2706 2009-07-29T12:43:12Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>Antitope is a privately held biotechnology company focused on services to the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> The Company was formed in [[Cambridge]], England in 2004 in order to advance previous work of its founders in the areas of immunogenicity testing, antibody humanization and protein engineering, for the purpose of reducing immunogenicity, particularly with therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. The company also has dedicated facilities for the generation of manufacturing cell lines. Antitope has achieved rapid validation of its new technologies and has already formed important partnerships with biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies. </p> <p>Our services are tailored for each study to ensure project objectives are met or exceeded.&nbsp; The Company's&nbsp;research is performed under Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) conditions and we provide ongoing discussion and detailed reports to our clients.&nbsp; Experienced project teams are assigned to each study focusing on progressing projects through to results in the minimum amount of time.&nbsp; Our clients uniformly judge us as professional and attentive partners who deliver quality results in a timely manner. </p> <p>Our main proprietary technologies are: </p> <ul> <li><a href="index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=65&amp;Itemid=107"><font color="#0066cc">EpiScreen&trade;</font></a>, an <em>ex-vivo</em> immunological&nbsp;technology with multiple applications including measurment of the immunogenicity&nbsp;potential of biologics or in the determination of the immunotoxicity of NCEs</li> <li><a href="index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=63&amp;Itemid=104"><font color="#0066cc">Composite Human Antibodies&trade;</font></a>, a novel technology for the generation of non-immunogenic, humanized antibodies with the avoidance of T cell epitopes</li> <li><a href="index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=64&amp;Itemid=105"><font color="#0066cc">Composite Proteins&trade;</font></a>, a technology platform for the generation of non-immunogenic therapeutic proteins.</li> </ul> <span class="article_seperator">&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.antitope.co.uk">http://www.antitope.co.uk</a><br /> <!-- BEGIN: CONTENT SPOTLIGHT --><!-- END: CONTENT SPOTLIGHT --> aa425ce7098807e2f943e02ea7fb9abad004676f 2707 2009-07-29T12:44:07Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>Antitope is a privately held biotechnology company focused on services to the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> The Company was formed in [[Cambridge]], England in 2004 in order to advance previous work of its founders in the areas of immunogenicity testing, antibody humanization and protein engineering, for the purpose of reducing immunogenicity, particularly with therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. The company also has dedicated facilities for the generation of manufacturing cell lines. Antitope has achieved rapid validation of its new technologies and has already formed important partnerships with biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies. </p> <p>Our services are tailored for each study to ensure project objectives are met or exceeded.&nbsp; The Company's&nbsp;research is performed under Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) conditions and we provide ongoing discussion and detailed reports to our clients.&nbsp; Experienced project teams are assigned to each study focusing on progressing projects through to results in the minimum amount of time.&nbsp; Our clients uniformly judge us as professional and attentive partners who deliver quality results in a timely manner. </p> <p>Our main proprietary technologies are: </p> <ul> <li><a href="index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=65&amp;Itemid=107"><font color="#0066cc">EpiScreen&trade;</font></a>, an <em>ex-vivo</em> immunological&nbsp;technology with multiple applications including measurment of the immunogenicity&nbsp;potential of biologics or in the determination of the immunotoxicity of NCEs </li> <li><a href="index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=63&amp;Itemid=104"><font color="#0066cc">Composite Human Antibodies&trade;</font></a>, a novel technology for the generation of non-immunogenic, humanized antibodies with the avoidance of T cell epitopes </li> <li><a href="index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=64&amp;Itemid=105"><font color="#0066cc">Composite Proteins&trade;</font></a>, a technology platform for the generation of non-immunogenic therapeutic proteins. </li> </ul> <span class="article_seperator">&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.antitope.co.uk">http://www.antitope.co.uk</a><br /> <!-- BEGIN: CONTENT SPOTLIGHT --><br /> <strong>Antitope Ltd</strong> <br /> Babraham Research Campus <br /> Babraham <br /> Cambridge CB22 3AT <br /> United Kingdom <p>Telephone: +44(0) 1223 496190<br /> Fax: +44(0) 1223 496191 <br /> E-mail: <a href="mailto:info@antitope.co.uk"><font color="#0066cc">info@antitope.co.uk</font></a>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <!-- END: CONTENT SPOTLIGHT --></p> 5a0951bf07e89597eadc94ee774e459d642ee34d 0 1780 2709 2009-08-01T11:46:06Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">A genetic linkage map for the saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus)</font>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> Lee G. Miles1&sect;, Sally R. Isberg1,2, Travis C. Glenn3,4, Stacey L. Lance3, Pauline Dalzell5, <br /> Peter C. Thomson1 and Chris Moran1&sect; <br /> &nbsp;<br /> 1Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. <br /> 2Porosus Pty Ltd, PO Box 86, Palmerston, NT&nbsp; 0831, Australia. <br /> 3Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, University of Georgia, P.O. Drawer E, Aiken, SC 29802, <br /> USA.&nbsp; <br /> 4Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA. <br /> 5South Eastern Area Laboratory Services, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <br /> A&nbsp; first-generation&nbsp; genetic&nbsp; linkage map&nbsp; for&nbsp; the&nbsp; saltwater&nbsp; crocodile&nbsp; (Crocodylus&nbsp; porosus) was constructed&nbsp; using&nbsp; 203&nbsp; microsatellite&nbsp; markers.<br /> <br /> <br /> <a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/imedia/2087960012268425_article.pdf?random=388347">http://www.biomedcentral.com/imedia/2087960012268425_article.pdf?random=388347</a><br /> <br /> 6d3844f01149c8aadca26b8731918f08a646e404 0 1781 2712 2009-08-01T11:49:05Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki [http://www.labspaces.net/ LapSpaces.net]: <br /> 9faa5587d35f6474b88f4f90dc20250be88dea34 0 1782 2716 2009-08-01T19:59:16Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p id="cite"><font size="3"><em>Nature <strong>460</strong>, 345-351 (16 July 2009) | <span class="doi"><abbr title="Digital Object Identifier">:10.1038/nature08140</abbr>:10.1038/nature08140</span>; Received 5 February 2009; Accepted 8 May 2009</em></font></p> <p id="errorcor">&nbsp;</p> <p id="atl">The Schistosoma japonicum genome reveals features of host&ndash;parasite interplay<br /> <br /> <br /> <em>Schistosoma japonicum</em> is a parasitic flatworm that causes human schistosomiasis, which is a significant cause of morbidity in China and the Philippines. Here we present a draft genomic sequence for the worm. The genome provides a global insight into the molecular architecture and host interaction of this complex metazoan pathogen, revealing that it can exploit host nutrients, neuroendocrine hormones and signalling pathways for growth, development and maturation. Having a complex nervous system and a well-developed sensory system, <em>S</em>.&nbsp;<em>japonicum</em> can accept stimulation of the corresponding ligands as a physiological response to different environments, such as fresh water or the tissues of its intermediate and mammalian hosts. Numerous proteases, including cercarial elastase, are implicated in mammalian skin penetration and haemoglobin degradation. The genomic information will serve as a valuable platform to facilitate development of new interventions for schistosomiasis control.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> </p> 816274bb3c6b278062fb076303c49e9fea2d3cb6 2717 2009-08-01T19:59:43Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p id="cite"><font size="3"><em>Nature <strong>460</strong>, 345-351 (16 July 2009)</em></font>&nbsp;</p> <p id="atl">The Schistosoma japonicum genome reveals features of host&ndash;parasite interplay<br /> <br /> <br /> <em>Schistosoma japonicum</em> is a parasitic flatworm that causes human schistosomiasis, which is a significant cause of morbidity in China and the Philippines. Here we present a draft genomic sequence for the worm. The genome provides a global insight into the molecular architecture and host interaction of this complex metazoan pathogen, revealing that it can exploit host nutrients, neuroendocrine hormones and signalling pathways for growth, development and maturation. Having a complex nervous system and a well-developed sensory system, <em>S</em>.&nbsp;<em>japonicum</em> can accept stimulation of the corresponding ligands as a physiological response to different environments, such as fresh water or the tissues of its intermediate and mammalian hosts. Numerous proteases, including cercarial elastase, are implicated in mammalian skin penetration and haemoglobin degradation. The genomic information will serve as a valuable platform to facilitate development of new interventions for schistosomiasis control.<br /> <br /> <br /> <a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7253/full/nature08140.html">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7253/full/nature08140.html</a><br /> </p> 9011de8d02ceb8d860e8794c128b4897f099295e 0 1783 2719 2009-08-06T11:48:36Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong><font size="5">◇ [[Genomics Organizations and Alliances]]<br /> </font></strong> <table border="1" cellspacing="1" summary="" cellpadding="1" width="100%"> <tbody> <tr> <td>[http://bioitalliance.org/ Microsoft BioIT Alliance]</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[Stanford Genomics Resources]]</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <br /> <font size="5">External Links</font><br /> [http://genomesociety.net Genomesociety.net]<br /> cd62727353fa969f0e09b1a4fb84b4562c34aa0d 0 1586 2720 2009-08-06T13:33:30Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong><font size="5">Genomics portals</font></strong><br /> <br /> <table style="WIDTH: 770px; HEIGHT: 62px" border="1" cellspacing="1" summary="" cellpadding="1" width="770" height="62"> <tbody> <tr> <td>[http://123genomics.com 123genomics.com]</td> <td> <div align="center"><font class="size8 Helvetica8" color="#d36100" face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif"><strong>A&nbsp;Genomics, Proteomics and Bioinformatics Knowledge Base</strong></font></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[Pedro's Biomolecular Research Tools]]</td> <td>&nbsp;Local copy of Pedro's Biomolecular Research Tools</td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;[http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/research_tools.html Pedro's Biomolecular Research Tools]<br /> </td> <td>&nbsp;Pedro's BioMolecular Research Tools: A Collection of WWW Links to Information&nbsp; &amp; Services Useful to Molecular Biologists</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[Science Magazine Functional Genomics Portal]]</td> <td>&nbsp;Science magazine's Functional Genomics Portal</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[Genomics.co.uk]]</td> <td>UK based genomics related portal. With some patents information</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[GenomeLibrary.org]]</td> <td>[[GenomeLibrary.net]]</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[GebomeService.org]]</td> <td>[[GenomeServcie.net]]</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> 6819178d2c1a2b3cba3a2958fa5b214dffd38c39 0 1784 2721 2009-08-06T15:52:58Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <span style="WIDOWS: 2; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; BORDER-COLLAPSE: separate; FONT: 16px 'Times New Roman'; WHITE-SPACE: normal; ORPHANS: 2; LETTER-SPACING: normal; COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); WORD-SPACING: 0px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px" class="Apple-style-span"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; FONT-SIZE: 11px" class="Apple-style-span"> <h1 style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; COLOR: rgb(0,51,102); FONT-SIZE: large; FONT-WEIGHT: bold" class="detailHeading">Newgene Ltd.</h1> <table class="detailTable"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica; FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold" class="detailLabel">&nbsp;</td> <td style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica; FONT-SIZE: 11pt" class="detail">Bioscience Centre</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica; FONT-SIZE: 8pt">&nbsp;</td> <td style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica; FONT-SIZE: 11pt" class="detail">International Centre For Life</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica; FONT-SIZE: 8pt">&nbsp;</td> <td style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica; FONT-SIZE: 11pt" class="detail">Newcastle-upon-Tyne</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica; FONT-SIZE: 8pt">&nbsp;</td> <td style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica; FONT-SIZE: 11pt" class="detail">Tyne and Wear</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica; FONT-SIZE: 8pt">&nbsp;</td> <td style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica; FONT-SIZE: 11pt" class="detail">NE1 4EP</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </span></span> 9e8a313a992bc65f387570e82aa356f240481b14 0 1785 2723 2009-08-06T15:57:23Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <span style="WIDOWS: 2; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; BORDER-COLLAPSE: separate; FONT: 16px 'Times New Roman'; WHITE-SPACE: normal; ORPHANS: 2; LETTER-SPACING: normal; COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); WORD-SPACING: 0px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px" class="Apple-style-span"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 14px; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; FONT-SIZE: 12px" class="Apple-style-span"><br /> <span style="WIDOWS: 2; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; BORDER-COLLAPSE: separate; FONT: 16px 'Times New Roman'; WHITE-SPACE: normal; ORPHANS: 2; LETTER-SPACING: normal; COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); WORD-SPACING: 0px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px" class="Apple-style-span"><span style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; FONT-SIZE: 12px" class="Apple-style-span"><span style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top" title="PLoS pathogens."><a style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top" href="javascript:AL_get(this, 'jour', 'PLoS Pathog.');"><font color="#0066cc">PLoS Pathog.</font></a></span><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>2009 May;5(5):e1000446. Epub 2009 May 29<br /> </span></span><span style="WIDOWS: 2; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; BORDER-COLLAPSE: separate; FONT: 16px 'Times New Roman'; WHITE-SPACE: normal; ORPHANS: 2; LETTER-SPACING: normal; COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); WORD-SPACING: 0px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px" class="Apple-style-span"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; FONT-SIZE: 14px" class="Apple-style-span"> <div style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px 0px 0.5em 0.5em; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 12px; PADDING-TOP: 0px" class="authors"><a style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold" href="http://genomics.org/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&amp;Cmd=Search&amp;Term=%22Ollomo%20B%22%5BAuthor%5D&amp;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus"><strong><font color="#0066cc">Ollomo B</font></strong></a>,<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold" href="http://genomics.org/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&amp;Cmd=Search&amp;Term=%22Durand%20P%22%5BAuthor%5D&amp;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus"><strong><font color="#0066cc">Durand P</font></strong></a>,<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold" href="http://genomics.org/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&amp;Cmd=Search&amp;Term=%22Prugnolle%20F%22%5BAuthor%5D&amp;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus"><strong><font color="#0066cc">Prugnolle F</font></strong></a>,<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold" href="http://genomics.org/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&amp;Cmd=Search&amp;Term=%22Douzery%20E%22%5BAuthor%5D&amp;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus"><strong><font color="#0066cc">Douzery E</font></strong></a>,<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold" href="http://genomics.org/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&amp;Cmd=Search&amp;Term=%22Arnathau%20C%22%5BAuthor%5D&amp;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus"><strong><font color="#0066cc">Arnathau C</font></strong></a>,<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold" href="http://genomics.org/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&amp;Cmd=Search&amp;Term=%22Nkoghe%20D%22%5BAuthor%5D&amp;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus"><strong><font color="#0066cc">Nkoghe D</font></strong></a>,<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold" href="http://genomics.org/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&amp;Cmd=Search&amp;Term=%22Leroy%20E%22%5BAuthor%5D&amp;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus"><strong><font color="#0066cc">Leroy E</font></strong></a>,<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold" href="http://genomics.org/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&amp;Cmd=Search&amp;Term=%22Renaud%20F%22%5BAuthor%5D&amp;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus"><strong><font color="#0066cc">Renaud F</font></strong></a>.</div> <p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.2em; MARGIN: 1em 0px 0.5em 0.5em; FONT-SIZE: 11px; PADDING-TOP: 0px" class="affiliation">Unit&eacute; des Maladies Virales Emergentes, Centre International de Recherches M&eacute;dicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon.</p> </span></span><br /> <br /> Here we report the discovery of a new Plasmodium species infecting Hominids. This new species has been isolated in two chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) kept as pets by villagers in Gabon (Africa). Analysis of its complete mitochondrial genome (5529 nucleotides including Cyt b, Cox I and Cox III genes) reveals an older divergence of this lineage from the clade that includes P. falciparum and P. reichenowi (approximately 21+/-9 Myrs ago using Bayesian methods and considering that the divergence between P. falciparum and P. reichenowi occurred 4 to 7 million years ago as generally considered in the literature). This time frame would be congruent with the radiation of hominoids, suggesting that this Plasmodium lineage might have been present in early hominoids and that they may both have experienced a simultaneous diversification.<br /> <br /> <br /> </span></span> 451c40d7db891840d825cdab206bb302c2af51a2 2724 2009-08-06T15:59:12Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <span style="WIDOWS: 2; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; BORDER-COLLAPSE: separate; FONT: 16px 'Times New Roman'; WHITE-SPACE: normal; ORPHANS: 2; LETTER-SPACING: normal; COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); WORD-SPACING: 0px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px" class="Apple-style-span"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 14px; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; FONT-SIZE: 12px" class="Apple-style-span"><br /> <span style="WIDOWS: 2; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; BORDER-COLLAPSE: separate; FONT: 16px 'Times New Roman'; WHITE-SPACE: normal; ORPHANS: 2; LETTER-SPACING: normal; COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); WORD-SPACING: 0px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px" class="Apple-style-span"><span style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; FONT-SIZE: 12px" class="Apple-style-span"><span style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top" title="PLoS pathogens."><a style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top" href="javascript:AL_get(this, 'jour', 'PLoS Pathog.');"><font color="#0066cc">PLoS Pathog.</font></a></span><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>2009 May;5(5):e1000446. Epub 2009 May 29<br /> </span></span><span style="WIDOWS: 2; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; BORDER-COLLAPSE: separate; FONT: 16px 'Times New Roman'; WHITE-SPACE: normal; ORPHANS: 2; LETTER-SPACING: normal; COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); WORD-SPACING: 0px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px" class="Apple-style-span"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; FONT-SIZE: 14px" class="Apple-style-span"> <div style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px 0px 0.5em 0.5em; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 12px; PADDING-TOP: 0px" class="authors"><a style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold" href="http://genomics.org/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&amp;Cmd=Search&amp;Term=%22Ollomo%20B%22%5BAuthor%5D&amp;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus"><strong><font color="#0066cc">Ollomo B</font></strong></a>,<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold" href="http://genomics.org/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&amp;Cmd=Search&amp;Term=%22Durand%20P%22%5BAuthor%5D&amp;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus"><strong><font color="#0066cc">Durand P</font></strong></a>,<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold" href="http://genomics.org/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&amp;Cmd=Search&amp;Term=%22Prugnolle%20F%22%5BAuthor%5D&amp;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus"><strong><font color="#0066cc">Prugnolle F</font></strong></a>,<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold" href="http://genomics.org/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&amp;Cmd=Search&amp;Term=%22Douzery%20E%22%5BAuthor%5D&amp;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus"><strong><font color="#0066cc">Douzery E</font></strong></a>,<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold" href="http://genomics.org/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&amp;Cmd=Search&amp;Term=%22Arnathau%20C%22%5BAuthor%5D&amp;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus"><strong><font color="#0066cc">Arnathau C</font></strong></a>,<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold" href="http://genomics.org/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&amp;Cmd=Search&amp;Term=%22Nkoghe%20D%22%5BAuthor%5D&amp;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus"><strong><font color="#0066cc">Nkoghe D</font></strong></a>,<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold" href="http://genomics.org/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&amp;Cmd=Search&amp;Term=%22Leroy%20E%22%5BAuthor%5D&amp;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus"><strong><font color="#0066cc">Leroy E</font></strong></a>,<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold" href="http://genomics.org/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&amp;Cmd=Search&amp;Term=%22Renaud%20F%22%5BAuthor%5D&amp;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus"><strong><font color="#0066cc">Renaud F</font></strong></a>.</div> <p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.2em; MARGIN: 1em 0px 0.5em 0.5em; FONT-SIZE: 11px; PADDING-TOP: 0px" class="affiliation">Unit&eacute; des Maladies Virales Emergentes, Centre International de Recherches M&eacute;dicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon.</p> </span></span><br /> <br /> Researchers&nbsp;reported the discovery of a new Plasmodium species infecting Hominids.&nbsp;<br /> New species has been isolated in two chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) kept as pets by villagers in Gabon (Africa).&nbsp;<br /> <br /> Analysis of its complete mitochondrial genome (5529 nucleotides including Cyt b, Cox I and Cox III genes) reveals an older divergence of this lineage from the clade that includes [[P. falciparum]] and [[P. reichenowi]] (approximately 21+/-9 Myrs ago using Bayesian methods and considering that the divergence between P. falciparum and P. reichenowi occurred 4 to 7 million years ago as generally considered in the literature).&nbsp;<br /> This time frame would be congruent with the radiation of hominoids, suggesting that this Plasmodium lineage might have been present in early hominoids and that they may both have experienced a simultaneous diversification.<br /> <br /> <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19478877?ordinalpos=1&amp;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19478877?ordinalpos=1&amp;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum</font></a><br /> </span></span> 793533144b3c0907ad00362db65a94791a6fceab 0 1786 2726 2009-08-06T16:05:56Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="POSITION: relative; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; ZOOM: 1; MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5em; MARGIN-RIGHT: -411px; PADDING-TOP: 0px" class="lib_icon"><font color="#336699"> <h2 style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(204,204,204) 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(204,204,204) 1px solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.5em; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(240,248,255); MARGIN: 1em 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0.5em; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.5em; ZOOM: 1; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; FONT-SIZE: 13px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(204,204,204) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(204,204,204) 1px solid; PADDING-TOP: 0.5em">The complete genome sequence of Triticum mosaic virus, a new wheat-infecting virus of the High Plains.</h2> </font></div> <div style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px 0px 0.5em 0.5em; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 12px; PADDING-TOP: 0px" class="authors"><a style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold" href="http://genomics.org/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&amp;Cmd=Search&amp;Term=%22Fellers%20JP%22%5BAuthor%5D&amp;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus"><strong><font color="#0066cc">Fellers JP</font></strong></a>,<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold" href="http://genomics.org/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&amp;Cmd=Search&amp;Term=%22Seifers%20D%22%5BAuthor%5D&amp;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus"><strong><font color="#0066cc">Seifers D</font></strong></a>,<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold" href="http://genomics.org/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&amp;Cmd=Search&amp;Term=%22Ryba-White%20M%22%5BAuthor%5D&amp;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus"><strong><font color="#0066cc">Ryba-White M</font></strong></a>,<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold" href="http://genomics.org/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&amp;Cmd=Search&amp;Term=%22Joe%20Martin%20T%22%5BAuthor%5D&amp;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus"><strong><font color="#0066cc">Joe Martin T</font></strong></a>.</div> <p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.2em; MARGIN: 1em 0px 0.5em 0.5em; FONT-SIZE: 11px; PADDING-TOP: 0px" class="affiliation">Plant Science and Entomology Unit, USDA-ARS, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA, john.fellers@ars.usda.gov.</p> <p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.2em; MARGIN: 1em 0px 0px 0.5em; FONT-SIZE: 12px; PADDING-TOP: 0px" class="abstract">The genome of Triticum mosaic virus (TriMV), a recently discovered mite-transmitted wheat potyvirus, was sequenced, characterized, and compared to other members of the family Potyviridae. TriMV has a single mRNA strand of 10,266 nucleotides with a predicted polyprotein consisting of 3,112 peptides. Protein alignments of the coat protein demonstrate that TriMV has 45.9% identity to Sugarcane streak mosaic virus strain AP (SCSMV-AP), but shares only 23.2% identity to Wheat streak mosaic virus. Although TriMV is mite-transmitted and could be placed in the genus Tritimovirus, it is significantly divergent and should be placed in the newly proposed genus Susmovirus.</p> 5c8ae060384e8ac76871ef8ede14acb25601d089 2727 2009-08-06T16:06:26Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px 0px 0.5em 0.5em; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 12px; PADDING-TOP: 0px" class="authors"><font size="4">The complete genome sequence of Triticum mosaic virus, a new wheat-infecting virus of the High Plains.</font><br /> <br /> <a style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold" href="http://genomics.org/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&amp;Cmd=Search&amp;Term=%22Fellers%20JP%22%5BAuthor%5D&amp;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus"><strong><font color="#0066cc">Fellers JP</font></strong></a>,<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold" href="http://genomics.org/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&amp;Cmd=Search&amp;Term=%22Seifers%20D%22%5BAuthor%5D&amp;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus"><strong><font color="#0066cc">Seifers D</font></strong></a>,<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold" href="http://genomics.org/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&amp;Cmd=Search&amp;Term=%22Ryba-White%20M%22%5BAuthor%5D&amp;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus"><strong><font color="#0066cc">Ryba-White M</font></strong></a>,<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold" href="http://genomics.org/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&amp;Cmd=Search&amp;Term=%22Joe%20Martin%20T%22%5BAuthor%5D&amp;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus"><strong><font color="#0066cc">Joe Martin T</font></strong></a>.</div> <p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.2em; MARGIN: 1em 0px 0.5em 0.5em; FONT-SIZE: 11px; PADDING-TOP: 0px" class="affiliation">Plant Science and Entomology Unit, USDA-ARS, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA, john.fellers@ars.usda.gov.</p> <p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.2em; MARGIN: 1em 0px 0px 0.5em; FONT-SIZE: 12px; PADDING-TOP: 0px" class="abstract">The genome of Triticum mosaic virus (TriMV), a recently discovered mite-transmitted wheat potyvirus, was sequenced, characterized, and compared to other members of the family Potyviridae. TriMV has a single mRNA strand of 10,266 nucleotides with a predicted polyprotein consisting of 3,112 peptides. Protein alignments of the coat protein demonstrate that TriMV has 45.9% identity to Sugarcane streak mosaic virus strain AP (SCSMV-AP), but shares only 23.2% identity to Wheat streak mosaic virus. Although TriMV is mite-transmitted and could be placed in the genus Tritimovirus, it is significantly divergent and should be placed in the newly proposed genus Susmovirus.</p> d283952b8b184b82f63db543da0216c79b7b6bdd 0 1787 2730 2009-08-06T16:13:55Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <span style="WIDOWS: 2; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; BORDER-COLLAPSE: separate; FONT: 16px 'Times New Roman'; WHITE-SPACE: normal; ORPHANS: 2; LETTER-SPACING: normal; COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); WORD-SPACING: 0px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px" class="Apple-style-span"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; FONT-SIZE: 14px" class="Apple-style-span"><dt style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(136,136,136) 1px; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(136,136,136) 1px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(238,238,238); PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(51,102,153) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(136,136,136) 1px; PADDING-TOP: 0px" class="head"> <div style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; MIN-HEIGHT: 1.5em; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top" class="abstitle"><span style="MARGIN-TOP: 0.25em; FLOAT: left; MARGIN-LEFT: 0.25em; FONT-SIZE: 12px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top" class="ti"><span style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top" title="Genome research."><a style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top" href="javascript:AL_get(this, 'jour', 'Genome Res.');"><font color="#0066cc">Genome Res.</font></a></span><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>2009 Jul 27. [Epub ahead of print]</span><span style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top" class="featured_linkouts"><a style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top" href="http://genomics.org/entrez/utils/fref.fcgi?PrId=3051&amp;itool=AbstractPlus-def&amp;uid=19635845&amp;db=pubmed&amp;url=http://www.genome.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=19635845" target="_blank"></a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span></span><span style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top" class="linkbar"><a style="FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; COLOR: rgb(51,102,153); FONT-SIZE: 14px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; TEXT-DECORATION: none" class="dblinks" onmouseout="PopUpMenu2_Hide();" href="javascript:PopUpMenu2_Set(Menu19635845);" target="_self"><font color="#336699">Links</font></a></span></div> </dt><dd style="Z-INDEX: 2; OVERFLOW-X: visible; OVERFLOW-Y: visible; WIDTH: 686px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75em; ZOOM: 1; FLOAT: left; MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5em; CLEAR: left" class="abstract"> <div style="POSITION: relative; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; ZOOM: 1; MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5em; MARGIN-RIGHT: -411px; PADDING-TOP: 0px" class="lib_icon"><font color="#336699"></font></div> <h2 style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(204,204,204) 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(204,204,204) 1px solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.5em; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(240,248,255); MARGIN: 1em 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0.5em; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.5em; ZOOM: 1; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; FONT-SIZE: 13px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(204,204,204) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(204,204,204) 1px solid; PADDING-TOP: 0.5em">Direct multiplex sequencing (DMPS): A novel method for targeted high-throughput sequencing of ancient and highly degraded DNA.</h2> <div style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px 0px 0.5em 0.5em; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 12px; PADDING-TOP: 0px" class="authors"><a style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold" href="http://genomics.org/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&amp;Cmd=Search&amp;Term=%22Stiller%20M%22%5BAuthor%5D&amp;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus"><strong><font color="#0066cc">Stiller M</font></strong></a>,<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold" href="http://genomics.org/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&amp;Cmd=Search&amp;Term=%22Knapp%20M%22%5BAuthor%5D&amp;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus"><strong><font color="#0066cc">Knapp M</font></strong></a>,<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold" href="http://genomics.org/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&amp;Cmd=Search&amp;Term=%22Stenzel%20U%22%5BAuthor%5D&amp;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus"><strong><font color="#0066cc">Stenzel U</font></strong></a>,<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold" href="http://genomics.org/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&amp;Cmd=Search&amp;Term=%22Hofreiter%20M%22%5BAuthor%5D&amp;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus"><strong><font color="#0066cc">Hofreiter M</font></strong></a>,<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold" href="http://genomics.org/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&amp;Cmd=Search&amp;Term=%22Meyer%20M%22%5BAuthor%5D&amp;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus"><strong><font color="#0066cc">Meyer M</font></strong></a>.</div> <p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.2em; MARGIN: 1em 0px 0.5em 0.5em; FONT-SIZE: 11px; PADDING-TOP: 0px" class="affiliation">Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.</p> <p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.2em; MARGIN: 1em 0px 0px 0.5em; FONT-SIZE: 12px; PADDING-TOP: 0px" class="abstract">Although the emergence of high-throughput sequencing technologies has enabled whole genome sequencing from extinct organisms, little progress has been made in accelerating targeted sequencing from highly degraded DNA. Here we present a novel and highly sensitive method for targeted sequencing of ancient and degraded DNA, which couples multiplex PCR directly with sample barcoding and high-throughput sequencing. Using this approach, we obtained a 96% complete mitochondrial genome dataset from 31 cave bear (Ursus spelaeus) samples using only two GS FLX runs. In contrast to previous studies relying only on short sequence fragments, the overlapping portion of our data comprises almost 10 kb of replicated mitochondrial genome sequence, allowing for the unambiguous differentiation of three major cave bear clades. Our method opens up the opportunity to simultaneously generate many kilobases of overlapping sequence data from large sets of difficult samples, such as museum specimens, medical collections or forensic samples. Embedded in our approach, we present a new protocol for the construction of barcoded sequencing libraries, which is compatible with all current high-throughput technologies and can be performed entirely in plate setup.</p> </dd></span></span> 37447682217bd114440fd8b4c1a9912cbab58238 2731 2009-08-06T16:14:38Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <span style="WIDOWS: 2; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; BORDER-COLLAPSE: separate; FONT: 16px 'Times New Roman'; WHITE-SPACE: normal; ORPHANS: 2; LETTER-SPACING: normal; COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); WORD-SPACING: 0px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px" class="Apple-style-span"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; FONT-SIZE: 14px" class="Apple-style-span"> <div style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; MIN-HEIGHT: 1.5em; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top" class="abstitle"><span style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top" class="featured_linkouts"><span class="Apple-converted-space">[[Genome Research journal]]</span></span></div> <dd style="Z-INDEX: 2; OVERFLOW-X: visible; OVERFLOW-Y: visible; WIDTH: 686px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75em; ZOOM: 1; FLOAT: left; MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5em; CLEAR: left" class="abstract"> <div style="POSITION: relative; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; ZOOM: 1; MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5em; MARGIN-RIGHT: -411px; PADDING-TOP: 0px" class="lib_icon"><font color="#336699"></font></div> <h2 style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(204,204,204) 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(204,204,204) 1px solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.5em; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(240,248,255); MARGIN: 1em 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0.5em; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.5em; ZOOM: 1; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; FONT-SIZE: 13px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(204,204,204) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(204,204,204) 1px solid; PADDING-TOP: 0.5em">Direct multiplex sequencing (DMPS): A novel method for targeted high-throughput sequencing of ancient and highly degraded DNA.</h2> <div style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px 0px 0.5em 0.5em; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 12px; PADDING-TOP: 0px" class="authors"><a style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold" href="http://genomics.org/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&amp;Cmd=Search&amp;Term=%22Stiller%20M%22%5BAuthor%5D&amp;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus"><strong><font color="#0066cc">Stiller M</font></strong></a>,<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold" href="http://genomics.org/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&amp;Cmd=Search&amp;Term=%22Knapp%20M%22%5BAuthor%5D&amp;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus"><strong><font color="#0066cc">Knapp M</font></strong></a>,<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold" href="http://genomics.org/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&amp;Cmd=Search&amp;Term=%22Stenzel%20U%22%5BAuthor%5D&amp;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus"><strong><font color="#0066cc">Stenzel U</font></strong></a>,<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold" href="http://genomics.org/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&amp;Cmd=Search&amp;Term=%22Hofreiter%20M%22%5BAuthor%5D&amp;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus"><strong><font color="#0066cc">Hofreiter M</font></strong></a>,<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold" href="http://genomics.org/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&amp;Cmd=Search&amp;Term=%22Meyer%20M%22%5BAuthor%5D&amp;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus"><strong><font color="#0066cc">Meyer M</font></strong></a>.</div> <p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.2em; MARGIN: 1em 0px 0.5em 0.5em; FONT-SIZE: 11px; PADDING-TOP: 0px" class="affiliation">Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.</p> <p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.2em; MARGIN: 1em 0px 0px 0.5em; FONT-SIZE: 12px; PADDING-TOP: 0px" class="abstract">Although the emergence of high-throughput sequencing technologies has enabled whole genome sequencing from extinct organisms, little progress has been made in accelerating targeted sequencing from highly degraded DNA. Here we present a novel and highly sensitive method for targeted sequencing of ancient and degraded DNA, which couples multiplex PCR directly with sample barcoding and high-throughput sequencing. Using this approach, we obtained a 96% complete mitochondrial genome dataset from 31 cave bear (Ursus spelaeus) samples using only two GS FLX runs. In contrast to previous studies relying only on short sequence fragments, the overlapping portion of our data comprises almost 10 kb of replicated mitochondrial genome sequence, allowing for the unambiguous differentiation of three major cave bear clades. Our method opens up the opportunity to simultaneously generate many kilobases of overlapping sequence data from large sets of difficult samples, such as museum specimens, medical collections or forensic samples. Embedded in our approach, we present a new protocol for the construction of barcoded sequencing libraries, which is compatible with all current high-throughput technologies and can be performed entirely in plate setup.</p> </dd></span></span> 98dca9f6acb228d7f008ed8018f441d6cfb37bfa 2732 2009-08-06T16:15:07Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <span style="WIDOWS: 2; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; BORDER-COLLAPSE: separate; FONT: 16px 'Times New Roman'; WHITE-SPACE: normal; ORPHANS: 2; LETTER-SPACING: normal; COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); WORD-SPACING: 0px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px" class="Apple-style-span"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; FONT-SIZE: 14px" class="Apple-style-span"> <div style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; MIN-HEIGHT: 1.5em; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top" class="abstitle"><span style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top" class="featured_linkouts"><span class="Apple-converted-space">[[Genome Research journal]]</span></span></div> <dd style="Z-INDEX: 2; OVERFLOW-X: visible; OVERFLOW-Y: visible; WIDTH: 686px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75em; ZOOM: 1; FLOAT: left; MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5em; CLEAR: left" class="abstract"><font size="4">Direct multiplex sequencing (DMPS): A novel method for targeted high-throughput sequencing of ancient and highly degraded DNA.</font> <div style="POSITION: relative; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; ZOOM: 1; MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5em; MARGIN-RIGHT: -411px; PADDING-TOP: 0px" class="lib_icon"><font color="#336699"></font></div> <div style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px 0px 0.5em 0.5em; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 12px; PADDING-TOP: 0px" class="authors"><a style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold" href="http://genomics.org/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&amp;Cmd=Search&amp;Term=%22Stiller%20M%22%5BAuthor%5D&amp;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus"><strong><font color="#0066cc"><br /> &nbsp;<br /> &nbsp;Stiller M</font></strong></a>,<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold" href="http://genomics.org/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&amp;Cmd=Search&amp;Term=%22Knapp%20M%22%5BAuthor%5D&amp;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus"><strong><font color="#0066cc">Knapp M</font></strong></a>,<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold" href="http://genomics.org/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&amp;Cmd=Search&amp;Term=%22Stenzel%20U%22%5BAuthor%5D&amp;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus"><strong><font color="#0066cc">Stenzel U</font></strong></a>,<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold" href="http://genomics.org/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&amp;Cmd=Search&amp;Term=%22Hofreiter%20M%22%5BAuthor%5D&amp;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus"><strong><font color="#0066cc">Hofreiter M</font></strong></a>,<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold" href="http://genomics.org/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&amp;Cmd=Search&amp;Term=%22Meyer%20M%22%5BAuthor%5D&amp;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus"><strong><font color="#0066cc">Meyer M</font></strong></a>.</div> <p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.2em; MARGIN: 1em 0px 0.5em 0.5em; FONT-SIZE: 11px; PADDING-TOP: 0px" class="affiliation">Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.</p> <p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.2em; MARGIN: 1em 0px 0px 0.5em; FONT-SIZE: 12px; PADDING-TOP: 0px" class="abstract">Although the emergence of high-throughput sequencing technologies has enabled whole genome sequencing from extinct organisms, little progress has been made in accelerating targeted sequencing from highly degraded DNA. Here we present a novel and highly sensitive method for targeted sequencing of ancient and degraded DNA, which couples multiplex PCR directly with sample barcoding and high-throughput sequencing. Using this approach, we obtained a 96% complete mitochondrial genome dataset from 31 cave bear (Ursus spelaeus) samples using only two GS FLX runs. In contrast to previous studies relying only on short sequence fragments, the overlapping portion of our data comprises almost 10 kb of replicated mitochondrial genome sequence, allowing for the unambiguous differentiation of three major cave bear clades. Our method opens up the opportunity to simultaneously generate many kilobases of overlapping sequence data from large sets of difficult samples, such as museum specimens, medical collections or forensic samples. Embedded in our approach, we present a new protocol for the construction of barcoded sequencing libraries, which is compatible with all current high-throughput technologies and can be performed entirely in plate setup.</p> </dd></span></span> f1bfc35af3591dc966ff368845229e38c5dcea9c 2733 2009-08-06T16:15:36Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <span style="WIDOWS: 2; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; BORDER-COLLAPSE: separate; FONT: 16px 'Times New Roman'; WHITE-SPACE: normal; ORPHANS: 2; LETTER-SPACING: normal; COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); WORD-SPACING: 0px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px" class="Apple-style-span"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; FONT-SIZE: 14px" class="Apple-style-span"> <p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; MIN-HEIGHT: 1.5em; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top" class="abstitle" align="left"><span style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top" class="featured_linkouts"><span class="Apple-converted-space">[[Genome Research journal]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <font size="4">Direct multiplex sequencing (DMPS): A novel method for targeted high-throughput sequencing of ancient and highly degraded DNA.</font> </span></span></p> <div style="POSITION: relative; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; ZOOM: 1; MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5em; MARGIN-RIGHT: -411px; PADDING-TOP: 0px" class="lib_icon"><font color="#336699"></font></div> <div style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px 0px 0.5em 0.5em; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 12px; PADDING-TOP: 0px" class="authors"><a style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold" href="http://genomics.org/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&amp;Cmd=Search&amp;Term=%22Stiller%20M%22%5BAuthor%5D&amp;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus"><strong><font color="#0066cc"><br /> &nbsp;<br /> &nbsp;Stiller M</font></strong></a>,<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold" href="http://genomics.org/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&amp;Cmd=Search&amp;Term=%22Knapp%20M%22%5BAuthor%5D&amp;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus"><strong><font color="#0066cc">Knapp M</font></strong></a>,<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold" href="http://genomics.org/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&amp;Cmd=Search&amp;Term=%22Stenzel%20U%22%5BAuthor%5D&amp;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus"><strong><font color="#0066cc">Stenzel U</font></strong></a>,<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold" href="http://genomics.org/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&amp;Cmd=Search&amp;Term=%22Hofreiter%20M%22%5BAuthor%5D&amp;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus"><strong><font color="#0066cc">Hofreiter M</font></strong></a>,<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold" href="http://genomics.org/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&amp;Cmd=Search&amp;Term=%22Meyer%20M%22%5BAuthor%5D&amp;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus"><strong><font color="#0066cc">Meyer M</font></strong></a>.</div> <p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.2em; MARGIN: 1em 0px 0.5em 0.5em; FONT-SIZE: 11px; PADDING-TOP: 0px" class="affiliation">Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.</p> <p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.2em; MARGIN: 1em 0px 0px 0.5em; FONT-SIZE: 12px; PADDING-TOP: 0px" class="abstract">Although the emergence of high-throughput sequencing technologies has enabled whole genome sequencing from extinct organisms, little progress has been made in accelerating targeted sequencing from highly degraded DNA. Here we present a novel and highly sensitive method for targeted sequencing of ancient and degraded DNA, which couples multiplex PCR directly with sample barcoding and high-throughput sequencing. Using this approach, we obtained a 96% complete mitochondrial genome dataset from 31 cave bear (Ursus spelaeus) samples using only two GS FLX runs. In contrast to previous studies relying only on short sequence fragments, the overlapping portion of our data comprises almost 10 kb of replicated mitochondrial genome sequence, allowing for the unambiguous differentiation of three major cave bear clades. Our method opens up the opportunity to simultaneously generate many kilobases of overlapping sequence data from large sets of difficult samples, such as museum specimens, medical collections or forensic samples. Embedded in our approach, we present a new protocol for the construction of barcoded sequencing libraries, which is compatible with all current high-throughput technologies and can be performed entirely in plate setup.</p> </span></span> fc7d05de1a5533f15d61b029b2281950e5c36a1d 0 1787 2734 2009-08-06T16:16:16Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <span style="WIDOWS: 2; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; BORDER-COLLAPSE: separate; FONT: 16px 'Times New Roman'; WHITE-SPACE: normal; ORPHANS: 2; LETTER-SPACING: normal; COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); WORD-SPACING: 0px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px" class="Apple-style-span"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; FONT-SIZE: 14px" class="Apple-style-span"> <p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; MIN-HEIGHT: 1.5em; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top" class="abstitle" align="left"><span style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top" class="featured_linkouts"><span class="Apple-converted-space">[[Genome Research journal]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <font size="4">Direct multiplex sequencing (DMPS): A novel method for targeted high-throughput sequencing of ancient and highly degraded DNA.</font> </span></span></p> <div style="POSITION: relative; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; ZOOM: 1; MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5em; MARGIN-RIGHT: -411px; PADDING-TOP: 0px" class="lib_icon"><font color="#336699"></font></div> <div style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px 0px 0.5em 0.5em; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 12px; PADDING-TOP: 0px" class="authors"><a style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold" href="http://genomics.org/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&amp;Cmd=Search&amp;Term=%22Stiller%20M%22%5BAuthor%5D&amp;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus"><strong><font color="#0066cc"><br /> &nbsp;<br /> &nbsp;Stiller M</font></strong></a>,<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold" href="http://genomics.org/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&amp;Cmd=Search&amp;Term=%22Knapp%20M%22%5BAuthor%5D&amp;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus"><strong><font color="#0066cc">Knapp M</font></strong></a>,<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold" href="http://genomics.org/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&amp;Cmd=Search&amp;Term=%22Stenzel%20U%22%5BAuthor%5D&amp;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus"><strong><font color="#0066cc">Stenzel U</font></strong></a>,<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold" href="http://genomics.org/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&amp;Cmd=Search&amp;Term=%22Hofreiter%20M%22%5BAuthor%5D&amp;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus"><strong><font color="#0066cc">Hofreiter M</font></strong></a>,<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold" href="http://genomics.org/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&amp;Cmd=Search&amp;Term=%22Meyer%20M%22%5BAuthor%5D&amp;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus"><strong><font color="#0066cc">Meyer M</font></strong></a>.</div> <p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.2em; MARGIN: 1em 0px 0.5em 0.5em; FONT-SIZE: 11px; PADDING-TOP: 0px" class="affiliation">Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.</p> <p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.2em; MARGIN: 1em 0px 0px 0.5em; FONT-SIZE: 12px; PADDING-TOP: 0px" class="abstract">Although the emergence of high-throughput sequencing technologies has enabled whole genome sequencing from extinct organisms, little progress has been made in accelerating targeted sequencing from highly degraded DNA. Here we present a novel and highly sensitive method for targeted sequencing of ancient and degraded DNA, which couples multiplex PCR directly with sample barcoding and high-throughput sequencing. Using this approach, we obtained a 96% complete mitochondrial genome dataset from 31 cave bear (Ursus spelaeus) samples using only two GS FLX runs. In contrast to previous studies relying only on short sequence fragments, the overlapping portion of our data comprises almost 10 kb of replicated mitochondrial genome sequence, allowing for the unambiguous differentiation of three major cave bear clades. Our method opens up the opportunity to simultaneously generate many kilobases of overlapping sequence data from large sets of difficult samples, such as museum specimens, medical collections or forensic samples. Embedded in our approach, we present a new protocol for the construction of barcoded sequencing libraries, which is compatible with all current high-throughput technologies and can be performed entirely in plate setup.<br /> <br /> <span style="WIDOWS: 2; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; BORDER-COLLAPSE: separate; FONT: 16px 'Times New Roman'; WHITE-SPACE: normal; ORPHANS: 2; LETTER-SPACING: normal; COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); WORD-SPACING: 0px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px" class="Apple-style-span"><span style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 20px; FONT-FAMILY: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; COLOR: rgb(34,34,34)" class="Apple-style-span"><abbr style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; FONT-STYLE: italic; MARGIN: 0px; OUTLINE-STYLE: none; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; DISPLAY: inline; FONT-FAMILY: inherit; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 0px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px" class="site-title" title="Genome Research"><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><span style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; MARGIN: 0px; OUTLINE-STYLE: none; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; DISPLAY: inline; FONT-FAMILY: inherit; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 0px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px" class="cit-elocation">gr.095760.109</span><span style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; MARGIN: 0px; OUTLINE-STYLE: none; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; DISPLAY: inline; FONT-FAMILY: inherit; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 0px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px" class="cit-ahead-of-print-date"><span style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; MARGIN: 0px; OUTLINE-STYLE: none; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; DISPLAY: inline; FONT-FAMILY: inherit; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 0px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px" class="cit-sep cit-sep-before-article-ahead-of-print-date">Published in Advance<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span></span>July 27, 2009<span style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; MARGIN: 0px; OUTLINE-STYLE: none; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; DISPLAY: inline; FONT-FAMILY: inherit; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 0px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px" class="cit-sep cit-sep-after-article-ahead-of-print-date">,</span></span></abbr></span></span></p> </span></span> 89a0bde1f21dcc6a6812fa751c2a749a03a1f23e 0 1758 2735 2009-08-06T16:16:32Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4"><font size="3"><strong>20090802:</strong> [[The complete genome sequence of Triticum mosaic virus is published in Arch Vriol.]]<br /> <strong>20090730</strong>: [[Crocodile genome map published in BMC Genomics]].<br /> <strong>20090727</strong>: [[A new multiplex sequencing method published by MPI group for highly degraded DNA fragments. Cave bear mitochondria]]<br /> 20090724: DNA Sequencing and&nbsp;Array Drive 8% Growth for Roche in First Half of 2009. [[454 GS FLX]] and [[Nimblegen]]. [http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/dna-sequencing-systems-arrays-drive-8-percent-growth-roche-applied-science-first]<br /> <strong>20090724</strong>: BGI (Beijing Genomics Institute) in China participates in orchid genome (<em>[[Phalaenopsis equestris]]) </em>sequencing. [http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/bgi-china-partners-sequence-orchids]<br /> 20090716: Navigenics Lowers Health Compass Price to $999 USD. [http://www.genomeweb.com/dxpgx/navigenics-lowers-health-compass-price-1k]<br /> 20090716: Celera Uses&nbsp;Automated Workflows for Genomics [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/17/celera-pushes-boundaries.html]<br /> 20090716: [[A draft genomic sequence for a worm, Schistosoma japonicum, was published]].<br /> 20090716: Genomes Of Parasitic Flatworms Decoded: <em>Schistosoma mansoni</em> and <em>Schistosoma japonicum</em> [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090715131439.htm]<br /> <strong>20090716</strong>: <!-- a href=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl?z2090023735&amp;z=950242273 target=_parent><b>Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</b></a --></font><a target="_parent" click="" c.moreover.com="" href="http://www.bioportfolio.co.uk/cgi-bin/dialogserver.exe?CMD=hit.displayMdoc&amp;ID=3022030&amp;HITNO=2&amp;MSIZE=634&amp;LANGUAGE=en&amp;FILE=doc.NEWSFEED&amp;SAVEQUERY00=Genomics&amp;SAVEPROP00=L%3den&amp;SAVEDB=news&amp;SAVEORGANISE_CODED=R:date&amp;R=3022030&amp;THISHREF=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl%3fz2090023735%26amp%3bz%3d950242273&amp;THEHOST=site d.moreover.com"><strong><font color="#0066cc" size="3">Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</font></strong></a><font size="3">&nbsp;<br /> <strong>20090715</strong>: [[Pathway Genomics]] starts the Direct-to-Consumer Genomics service as 23andme and Decodeme [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/15/pathway-consumer-genomics.html]<br /> <strong>20090714</strong>: OryzaSNP Consortium IDs Thousands of Variants in Rice Genome: [http://www.genomeweb.com/arrays/oryzasnp-consortium-ids-thousands-variants-rice-genome]&nbsp;<br /> <strong>20090709</strong>: The second Korean pesonal genome was published by a team of Korean and US researchers (Macrogen and Seoul University Medical School)<br /> <strong>20090630</strong>: [[Genomic linkage map of the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni]]:&nbsp; <em>Genome Biology</em> 2009, <strong>10</strong><strong>:</strong>R71<span class="pseudotab">doi:10.1186/gb-2009-10-6-r71</span>&nbsp;<br /> <strong>20090616</strong>: Illumina Launches Personal Genome-Sequencing Service Using Genome Analyzer II. [http://scienceblogs.com/geneticfuture/2009/06/illumina_launches_personal_gen.php]<br /> <strong>20090603</strong>: [[Neanderthal genome sequeced by MPI Germany and Roche]]<br /> <strong>20090601</strong>: Microsoft buys Rosetta Biosoftware from Merck. Merck becomes the client of Microsoft.<br /> <strong>20090529:&nbsp;</strong>[[A new malaria agent in African chimpanzees found]]. <br /> <strong>20090526</strong>: The first Korean Genome Sequence analysis result published in [http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2009/05/26/gr.092197.109.full.pdf+html Genome Research article]<br /> <strong>20081204</strong>: [http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/tech/2008/12/133_35578.html Korean Genome Publicized]&nbsp;<br /> 2007: [http://www.khanews.com/inews/view_print.asp?idx=33957&amp;menuid=4&amp;menuid2=0 복지부 유전체 사업 갈팡질팡]</font><br /> <br /> <hr /> [[Genomics News Links]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Biotechnology News Sites]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Science News Sites]]<br /> <br /> </font> ed252fb8416d647bdfc5b8395672513529ed714a 2738 2009-08-10T16:35:49Z Larasmithe 54 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4"><font size="3"><strong>20090802:</strong> [[The complete genome sequence of Triticum mosaic virus is published in Arch Vriol.]]<br /> <strong>20090730</strong>: [[Crocodile genome map published in BMC Genomics]].<br /> <strong>20090727</strong>: [[A new multiplex sequencing method published by MPI group for highly degraded DNA fragments. Cave bear mitochondria]]<br /> 20090724: DNA Sequencing and&nbsp;Array Drive 8% Growth for Roche in First Half of 2009. [[454 GS FLX]] and [[Nimblegen]]. [http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/dna-sequencing-systems-arrays-drive-8-percent-growth-roche-applied-science-first]<br /> <strong>20090724</strong>: BGI (Beijing Genomics Institute) in China participates in orchid genome (<em>[[Phalaenopsis equestris]]) </em>sequencing. [http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/bgi-china-partners-sequence-orchids]<br /> 20090716: Navigenics Lowers Health Compass Price to $999 USD. [http://www.genomeweb.com/dxpgx/navigenics-lowers-health-compass-price-1k]<br /> 20090716: Celera Uses&nbsp;Automated Workflows for Genomics [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/17/celera-pushes-boundaries.html]<br /> 20090716: [[A draft genomic sequence for a worm, Schistosoma japonicum, was published]].<br /> 20090716: Genomes Of Parasitic Flatworms Decoded: <em>Schistosoma mansoni</em> and <em>Schistosoma japonicum</em> [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090715131439.htm]<br /> <strong>20090716</strong>: <!-- a href=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl?z2090023735&amp;z=950242273 target=_parent><b>Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</b></a --></font><a target="_parent" c.moreover.com="" click="" href="http://www.bioportfolio.co.uk/cgi-bin/dialogserver.exe?CMD=hit.displayMdoc&amp;ID=3022030&amp;HITNO=2&amp;MSIZE=634&amp;LANGUAGE=en&amp;FILE=doc.NEWSFEED&amp;SAVEQUERY00=Genomics&amp;SAVEPROP00=L%3den&amp;SAVEDB=news&amp;SAVEORGANISE_CODED=R:date&amp;R=3022030&amp;THISHREF=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl%3fz2090023735%26amp%3bz%3d950242273&amp;THEHOST=site d.moreover.com"><strong><font color="#0066cc" size="3">Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</font></strong></a><font size="3">&nbsp;<br /> <strong>20090715</strong>: [[Pathway Genomics]] starts the Direct-to-Consumer Genomics service as 23andme and Decodeme [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/15/pathway-consumer-genomics.html]<br /> <strong>20090714</strong>: OryzaSNP Consortium IDs Thousands of Variants in Rice Genome: [http://www.genomeweb.com/arrays/oryzasnp-consortium-ids-thousands-variants-rice-genome]&nbsp;<br /> <strong>20090709</strong>: The second Korean pesonal genome was published by a team of Korean and US researchers (Macrogen and Seoul University Medical School)<br /> <strong>20090630</strong>: [[Genomic linkage map of the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni]]:&nbsp; <em>Genome Biology</em> 2009, <strong>10</strong><strong>:</strong>R71<span class="pseudotab">doi:10.1186/gb-2009-10-6-r71</span>&nbsp;<br /> <strong>20090616</strong>: Illumina Launches Personal Genome-Sequencing Service Using Genome Analyzer II. [http://scienceblogs.com/geneticfuture/2009/06/illumina_launches_personal_gen.php]<br /> <strong>20090603</strong>: [[Neanderthal genome sequeced by MPI Germany and Roche]]<br /> <strong>20090601</strong>: Microsoft buys Rosetta Biosoftware from Merck. Merck becomes the client of Microsoft.<br /> <strong>20090529:&nbsp;</strong>[[A new malaria agent in African chimpanzees found]]. <br /> <strong>20090526</strong>: The first Korean Genome Sequence analysis result published in [http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2009/05/26/gr.092197.109.full.pdf+html Genome Research article]<br /> <strong>20081204</strong>: [http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/tech/2008/12/133_35578.html Korean Genome Publicized]&nbsp;<br /> </font><br /> <br /> <hr /> [[Genomics News Links]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Biotechnology News Sites]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Science News Sites]]<br /> <br /> </font> efe18cee2d417db705cb8c3397a03d59811524c5 2739 2009-08-10T16:43:14Z Larasmithe 54 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4"><font size="3"><strong>20090805:</strong> [[Recurring Mutations Found by Full length Sequencing of an Acute Myeloid Leukemia Genome (AML)]]. [[N Engl J Med]]<br /> <strong>20090802:</strong> [[The complete genome sequence of Triticum mosaic virus is published in Arch Vriol.]]<br /> <strong>20090730</strong>: [[Crocodile genome map published in BMC Genomics]].<br /> <strong>20090727</strong>: [[A new multiplex sequencing method published by MPI group for highly degraded DNA fragments. Cave bear mitochondria]]<br /> 20090724: DNA Sequencing and&nbsp;Array Drive 8% Growth for Roche in First Half of 2009. [[454 GS FLX]] and [[Nimblegen]]. [http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/dna-sequencing-systems-arrays-drive-8-percent-growth-roche-applied-science-first]<br /> <strong>20090724</strong>: BGI (Beijing Genomics Institute) in China participates in orchid genome (<em>[[Phalaenopsis equestris]]) </em>sequencing. [http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/bgi-china-partners-sequence-orchids]<br /> 20090716: Navigenics Lowers Health Compass Price to $999 USD. [http://www.genomeweb.com/dxpgx/navigenics-lowers-health-compass-price-1k]<br /> 20090716: Celera Uses&nbsp;Automated Workflows for Genomics [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/17/celera-pushes-boundaries.html]<br /> 20090716: [[A draft genomic sequence for a worm, Schistosoma japonicum, was published]].<br /> 20090716: Genomes Of Parasitic Flatworms Decoded: <em>Schistosoma mansoni</em> and <em>Schistosoma japonicum</em> [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090715131439.htm]<br /> <strong>20090716</strong>: <!-- a href=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl?z2090023735&amp;z=950242273 target=_parent><b>Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</b></a --></font><a target="_parent" click="" c.moreover.com="" href="http://www.bioportfolio.co.uk/cgi-bin/dialogserver.exe?CMD=hit.displayMdoc&amp;ID=3022030&amp;HITNO=2&amp;MSIZE=634&amp;LANGUAGE=en&amp;FILE=doc.NEWSFEED&amp;SAVEQUERY00=Genomics&amp;SAVEPROP00=L%3den&amp;SAVEDB=news&amp;SAVEORGANISE_CODED=R:date&amp;R=3022030&amp;THISHREF=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl%3fz2090023735%26amp%3bz%3d950242273&amp;THEHOST=site d.moreover.com"><strong><font color="#0066cc" size="3">Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</font></strong></a><font size="3">&nbsp;<br /> <strong>20090715</strong>: [[Pathway Genomics]] starts the Direct-to-Consumer Genomics service as 23andme and Decodeme [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/15/pathway-consumer-genomics.html]<br /> <strong>20090714</strong>: OryzaSNP Consortium IDs Thousands of Variants in Rice Genome: [http://www.genomeweb.com/arrays/oryzasnp-consortium-ids-thousands-variants-rice-genome]&nbsp;<br /> <strong>20090709</strong>: The second Korean pesonal genome was published by a team of Korean and US researchers (Macrogen and Seoul University Medical School)<br /> <strong>20090630</strong>: [[Genomic linkage map of the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni]]:&nbsp; <em>Genome Biology</em> 2009, <strong>10</strong><strong>:</strong>R71<span class="pseudotab">doi:10.1186/gb-2009-10-6-r71</span>&nbsp;<br /> <strong>20090616</strong>: Illumina Launches Personal Genome-Sequencing Service Using Genome Analyzer II. [http://scienceblogs.com/geneticfuture/2009/06/illumina_launches_personal_gen.php]<br /> <strong>20090603</strong>: [[Neanderthal genome sequeced by MPI Germany and Roche]]<br /> <strong>20090601</strong>: Microsoft buys Rosetta Biosoftware from Merck. Merck becomes the client of Microsoft.<br /> <strong>20090529:&nbsp;</strong>[[A new malaria agent in African chimpanzees found]]. <br /> <strong>20090526</strong>: The first Korean Genome Sequence analysis result published in [http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2009/05/26/gr.092197.109.full.pdf+html Genome Research article]<br /> <strong>20081204</strong>: [http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/tech/2008/12/133_35578.html Korean Genome Publicized]&nbsp;<br /> </font><br /> <br /> <hr /> [[Genomics News Links]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Biotechnology News Sites]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Science News Sites]]<br /> <br /> </font> fafcd7f6bc2e9585574549bb8baaacbbe797ff39 2751 2009-08-10T19:05:55Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4"><font size="3"><strong>20090805:</strong> [[Recurring Mutations Found by Full length Sequencing of an Acute Myeloid Leukemia Genome (AML)]]. [[N Engl J Med]]<br /> <strong>20090802:</strong> [[The complete genome sequence of Triticum mosaic virus is published in Arch Vriol.]]<br /> <strong>20090730</strong>: [[Crocodile genome map published in BMC Genomics]].<br /> <strong>20090727</strong>: [[A new multiplex sequencing method published by MPI group for highly degraded DNA fragments. Cave bear mitochondria]]<br /> 20090724: DNA Sequencing and&nbsp;Array Drive 8% Growth for Roche in First Half of 2009. [[454 GS FLX]] and [[Nimblegen]]. [http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/dna-sequencing-systems-arrays-drive-8-percent-growth-roche-applied-science-first]<br /> <strong>20090724</strong>: BGI (Beijing Genomics Institute) in China participates in orchid genome (<em>[[Phalaenopsis equestris]]) </em>sequencing. [http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/bgi-china-partners-sequence-orchids]<br /> 20090716: Navigenics Lowers Health Compass Price to $999 USD. [http://www.genomeweb.com/dxpgx/navigenics-lowers-health-compass-price-1k]<br /> 20090716: Celera Uses&nbsp;Automated Workflows for Genomics [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/17/celera-pushes-boundaries.html]<br /> 20090716: [[A draft genomic sequence for a worm, Schistosoma japonicum, was published]].<br /> 20090716: Genomes Of Parasitic Flatworms Decoded: <em>Schistosoma mansoni</em> and <em>Schistosoma japonicum</em> [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090715131439.htm]<br /> <strong>20090716</strong>: <!-- a href=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl?z2090023735&amp;z=950242273 target=_parent><b>Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</b></a --></font><a target="_parent" c.moreover.com="" click="" href="http://www.bioportfolio.co.uk/cgi-bin/dialogserver.exe?CMD=hit.displayMdoc&amp;ID=3022030&amp;HITNO=2&amp;MSIZE=634&amp;LANGUAGE=en&amp;FILE=doc.NEWSFEED&amp;SAVEQUERY00=Genomics&amp;SAVEPROP00=L%3den&amp;SAVEDB=news&amp;SAVEORGANISE_CODED=R:date&amp;R=3022030&amp;THISHREF=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl%3fz2090023735%26amp%3bz%3d950242273&amp;THEHOST=site d.moreover.com"><strong><font color="#0066cc" size="3">Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</font></strong></a><font size="3">&nbsp;<br /> <strong>20090715</strong>: [[Pathway Genomics]] starts the Direct-to-Consumer Genomics service as 23andme and Decodeme [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/15/pathway-consumer-genomics.html]<br /> <strong>20090714</strong>: OryzaSNP Consortium IDs Thousands of Variants in Rice Genome: [http://www.genomeweb.com/arrays/oryzasnp-consortium-ids-thousands-variants-rice-genome]&nbsp;<br /> <strong>20090709</strong>: The second Korean pesonal genome was published by a team of Korean and US researchers (Macrogen and Seoul University Medical School)<br /> <strong>20090630</strong>: [[Genomic linkage map of the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni]]:&nbsp; <em>Genome Biology</em> 2009, <strong>10</strong><strong>:</strong>R71<span class="pseudotab">doi:10.1186/gb-2009-10-6-r71</span>&nbsp;<br /> <strong>20090616</strong>: Illumina Launches Personal Genome-Sequencing Service Using Genome Analyzer II. [http://scienceblogs.com/geneticfuture/2009/06/illumina_launches_personal_gen.php]<br /> <strong>20090603</strong>: [[Neanderthal genome sequeced by MPI Germany and Roche]]<br /> <strong>20090601</strong>: Microsoft buys Rosetta Biosoftware from Merck. Merck becomes the client of Microsoft.<br /> <strong>20090529:&nbsp;</strong>[[A new malaria agent in African chimpanzees found]]. <br /> <strong>20090526</strong>: [[The first Korean Genome Sequence analysis]] result published in [http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2009/05/26/gr.092197.109.full.pdf+html Genome Research article]<br /> <strong>20081204</strong>: [http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/tech/2008/12/133_35578.html Korean Genome Publicized]&nbsp;<br /> </font><br /> <br /> <hr /> [[Genomics News Links]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Biotechnology News Sites]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Science News Sites]]<br /> <br /> </font> a10e2c9e563e4aee4bb978cb60da368ec99b8f8d 2762 2009-08-12T19:33:01Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4"><font size="3"><strong>20090810:</strong> [[A Caucasian human genome was sequenced by Helicos single molecule sequencer]].<br /> <strong>20090805:</strong> [[Recurring Mutations Found by Full length Sequencing of an Acute Myeloid Leukemia Genome (AML)]]. [[N Engl J Med]]<br /> <strong>20090802:</strong> [[The complete genome sequence of Triticum mosaic virus is published in Arch Vriol.]]<br /> <strong>20090730</strong>: [[Crocodile genome map published in BMC Genomics]].<br /> <strong>20090727</strong>: [[A new multiplex sequencing method published by MPI group for highly degraded DNA fragments. Cave bear mitochondria]]<br /> 20090724: DNA Sequencing and&nbsp;Array Drive 8% Growth for Roche in First Half of 2009. [[454 GS FLX]] and [[Nimblegen]]. [http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/dna-sequencing-systems-arrays-drive-8-percent-growth-roche-applied-science-first]<br /> <strong>20090724</strong>: BGI (Beijing Genomics Institute) in China participates in orchid genome (<em>[[Phalaenopsis equestris]]) </em>sequencing. [http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/bgi-china-partners-sequence-orchids]<br /> 20090716: Navigenics Lowers Health Compass Price to $999 USD. [http://www.genomeweb.com/dxpgx/navigenics-lowers-health-compass-price-1k]<br /> 20090716: Celera Uses&nbsp;Automated Workflows for Genomics [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/17/celera-pushes-boundaries.html]<br /> 20090716: [[A draft genomic sequence for a worm, Schistosoma japonicum, was published]].<br /> 20090716: Genomes Of Parasitic Flatworms Decoded: <em>Schistosoma mansoni</em> and <em>Schistosoma japonicum</em> [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090715131439.htm]<br /> <strong>20090716</strong>: <!-- a href=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl?z2090023735&amp;z=950242273 target=_parent><b>Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</b></a --></font><a target="_parent" click="" c.moreover.com="" href="http://www.bioportfolio.co.uk/cgi-bin/dialogserver.exe?CMD=hit.displayMdoc&amp;ID=3022030&amp;HITNO=2&amp;MSIZE=634&amp;LANGUAGE=en&amp;FILE=doc.NEWSFEED&amp;SAVEQUERY00=Genomics&amp;SAVEPROP00=L%3den&amp;SAVEDB=news&amp;SAVEORGANISE_CODED=R:date&amp;R=3022030&amp;THISHREF=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl%3fz2090023735%26amp%3bz%3d950242273&amp;THEHOST=site d.moreover.com"><strong><font color="#0066cc" size="3">Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</font></strong></a><font size="3">&nbsp;<br /> <strong>20090715</strong>: [[Pathway Genomics]] starts the Direct-to-Consumer Genomics service as 23andme and Decodeme [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/15/pathway-consumer-genomics.html]<br /> <strong>20090714</strong>: OryzaSNP Consortium IDs Thousands of Variants in Rice Genome: [http://www.genomeweb.com/arrays/oryzasnp-consortium-ids-thousands-variants-rice-genome]&nbsp;<br /> <strong>20090709</strong>: The second Korean pesonal genome was published by a team of Korean and US researchers (Macrogen and Seoul University Medical School)<br /> <strong>20090630</strong>: [[Genomic linkage map of the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni]]:&nbsp; <em>Genome Biology</em> 2009, <strong>10</strong><strong>:</strong>R71<span class="pseudotab">doi:10.1186/gb-2009-10-6-r71</span>&nbsp;<br /> <strong>20090616</strong>: Illumina Launches Personal Genome-Sequencing Service Using Genome Analyzer II. [http://scienceblogs.com/geneticfuture/2009/06/illumina_launches_personal_gen.php]<br /> <strong>20090603</strong>: [[Neanderthal genome sequeced by MPI Germany and Roche]]<br /> <strong>20090601</strong>: Microsoft buys Rosetta Biosoftware from Merck. Merck becomes the client of Microsoft.<br /> <strong>20090529:&nbsp;</strong>[[A new malaria agent in African chimpanzees found]]. <br /> <strong>20090526</strong>: [[The first Korean Genome Sequence analysis]] result published in [http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2009/05/26/gr.092197.109.full.pdf+html Genome Research article]<br /> <strong>20081204</strong>: [http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/tech/2008/12/133_35578.html Korean Genome Publicized]&nbsp;<br /> </font><br /> <br /> <hr /> [[Genomics News Links]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Biotechnology News Sites]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Science News Sites]]<br /> <br /> </font> 4181004e2a3f63a19b8e455b8d063107580f51a3 2767 2009-08-14T09:00:40Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4"><font size="3"><strong>20090810:</strong> [[A Caucasian human genome was sequenced by Helicos single molecule sequencer]].<br /> <strong>20090805:</strong> [[Recurring Mutations Found by Full length Sequencing of an Acute Myeloid Leukemia Genome (AML)]]. [[N Engl J Med]]<br /> <strong>20090802:</strong> [[The complete genome sequence of Triticum mosaic virus is published in Arch Vriol.]]<br /> <strong>20090730</strong>: [[Crocodile genome map published in BMC Genomics]].<br /> <strong>20090727</strong>: [[A new multiplex sequencing method published by MPI group for highly degraded DNA fragments. Cave bear mitochondria]]<br /> 20090724: DNA Sequencing and&nbsp;Array Drive 8% Growth for Roche in First Half of 2009. [[454 GS FLX]] and [[Nimblegen]]. [http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/dna-sequencing-systems-arrays-drive-8-percent-growth-roche-applied-science-first]<br /> <strong>20090724</strong>: BGI (Beijing Genomics Institute) in China participates in orchid genome (<em>[[Phalaenopsis equestris]]) </em>sequencing. [http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/bgi-china-partners-sequence-orchids]<br /> 20090716: Navigenics Lowers Health Compass Price to $999 USD. [http://www.genomeweb.com/dxpgx/navigenics-lowers-health-compass-price-1k]<br /> 20090716: Celera Uses&nbsp;Automated Workflows for Genomics [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/17/celera-pushes-boundaries.html]<br /> 20090716: [[A draft genomic sequence for a worm, Schistosoma japonicum, was published]].<br /> 20090716: Genomes Of Parasitic Flatworms Decoded: <em>Schistosoma mansoni</em> and <em>Schistosoma japonicum</em> [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090715131439.htm]<br /> <strong>20090716</strong>: <!-- a href=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl?z2090023735&amp;z=950242273 target=_parent><b>Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</b></a --></font><a target="_parent" c.moreover.com="" click="" href="http://www.bioportfolio.co.uk/cgi-bin/dialogserver.exe?CMD=hit.displayMdoc&amp;ID=3022030&amp;HITNO=2&amp;MSIZE=634&amp;LANGUAGE=en&amp;FILE=doc.NEWSFEED&amp;SAVEQUERY00=Genomics&amp;SAVEPROP00=L%3den&amp;SAVEDB=news&amp;SAVEORGANISE_CODED=R:date&amp;R=3022030&amp;THISHREF=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl%3fz2090023735%26amp%3bz%3d950242273&amp;THEHOST=site d.moreover.com"><strong><font color="#0066cc" size="3">Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</font></strong></a><font size="3">&nbsp;<br /> <strong>20090715</strong>: [[Pathway Genomics]] starts the Direct-to-Consumer Genomics service as 23andme and Decodeme [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/15/pathway-consumer-genomics.html]<br /> <strong>20090714</strong>: OryzaSNP Consortium IDs Thousands of Variants in Rice Genome: [http://www.genomeweb.com/arrays/oryzasnp-consortium-ids-thousands-variants-rice-genome]&nbsp;<br /> <strong>20090709</strong>: The second Korean pesonal genome was published by a team of Korean and US researchers (Macrogen and Seoul University Medical School)<br /> <strong>20090630</strong>: [[Genomic linkage map of the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni]]:&nbsp; <em>Genome Biology</em> 2009, <strong>10</strong><strong>:</strong>R71<span class="pseudotab">doi:10.1186/gb-2009-10-6-r71</span>&nbsp;<br /> 20090629: [[Melon Genome Map was publicized by US researchers]]<br /> <strong>20090616</strong>: Illumina Launches Personal Genome-Sequencing Service Using Genome Analyzer II. [http://scienceblogs.com/geneticfuture/2009/06/illumina_launches_personal_gen.php]<br /> <strong>20090603</strong>: [[Neanderthal genome sequeced by MPI Germany and Roche]]<br /> <strong>20090601</strong>: Microsoft buys Rosetta Biosoftware from Merck. Merck becomes the client of Microsoft.<br /> <strong>20090529:&nbsp;</strong>[[A new malaria agent in African chimpanzees found]]. <br /> <strong>20090526</strong>: [[The first Korean Genome Sequence analysis]] result published in [http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2009/05/26/gr.092197.109.full.pdf+html Genome Research article]<br /> <strong>20081204</strong>: [http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/tech/2008/12/133_35578.html Korean Genome Publicized]&nbsp;<br /> </font><br /> <br /> <hr /> [[Genomics News Links]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Biotechnology News Sites]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Science News Sites]]<br /> <br /> </font> aefc3372f5e23318daaaeef7686f985876276b4d 2771 2009-08-14T09:06:48Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4"><font size="3"><strong>20090810:</strong> [[A Caucasian human genome was sequenced by Helicos single molecule sequencer]].<br /> <strong>20090805:</strong> [[Recurring Mutations Found by Full length Sequencing of an Acute Myeloid Leukemia Genome (AML)]]. [[N Engl J Med]]<br /> <strong>20090802:</strong> [[The complete genome sequence of Triticum mosaic virus is published in Arch Vriol.]]<br /> <strong>20090730</strong>: [[Crocodile genome map published in BMC Genomics]].<br /> <strong>20090727</strong>: [[A new multiplex sequencing method published by MPI group for highly degraded DNA fragments. Cave bear mitochondria]]<br /> 20090724: DNA Sequencing and&nbsp;Array Drive 8% Growth for Roche in First Half of 2009. [[454 GS FLX]] and [[Nimblegen]]. [http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/dna-sequencing-systems-arrays-drive-8-percent-growth-roche-applied-science-first]<br /> <strong>20090724</strong>: BGI (Beijing Genomics Institute) in China participates in orchid genome (<em>[[Phalaenopsis equestris]]) </em>sequencing. [http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/bgi-china-partners-sequence-orchids]<br /> 20090716: Navigenics Lowers Health Compass Price to $999 USD. [http://www.genomeweb.com/dxpgx/navigenics-lowers-health-compass-price-1k]<br /> 20090716: Celera Uses&nbsp;Automated Workflows for Genomics [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/17/celera-pushes-boundaries.html]<br /> 20090716: [[A draft genomic sequence for a worm, Schistosoma japonicum, was published]].<br /> 20090716: Genomes Of Parasitic Flatworms Decoded: <em>Schistosoma mansoni</em> and <em>Schistosoma japonicum</em> [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090715131439.htm]<br /> <strong>20090716</strong>: <!-- a href=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl?z2090023735&amp;z=950242273 target=_parent><b>Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</b></a --></font><a target="_parent" c.moreover.com="" click="" href="http://www.bioportfolio.co.uk/cgi-bin/dialogserver.exe?CMD=hit.displayMdoc&amp;ID=3022030&amp;HITNO=2&amp;MSIZE=634&amp;LANGUAGE=en&amp;FILE=doc.NEWSFEED&amp;SAVEQUERY00=Genomics&amp;SAVEPROP00=L%3den&amp;SAVEDB=news&amp;SAVEORGANISE_CODED=R:date&amp;R=3022030&amp;THISHREF=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl%3fz2090023735%26amp%3bz%3d950242273&amp;THEHOST=site d.moreover.com"><strong><font color="#0066cc" size="3">Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</font></strong></a><font size="3">&nbsp;<br /> <strong>20090715</strong>: [[Pathway Genomics]] starts the Direct-to-Consumer Genomics service as 23andme and Decodeme [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/15/pathway-consumer-genomics.html]<br /> <strong>20090714</strong>: OryzaSNP Consortium IDs Thousands of Variants in Rice Genome: [http://www.genomeweb.com/arrays/oryzasnp-consortium-ids-thousands-variants-rice-genome]&nbsp;<br /> <strong>20090709</strong>: [[The second Korean pesonal genome was sequenced by a Korean team and analyzed by US researchers]] (Macrogen and Seoul University Medical School)<br /> <strong>20090630</strong>: [[Genomic linkage map of the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni]]:&nbsp; <em>Genome Biology</em> 2009, <strong>10</strong><strong>:</strong>R71<span class="pseudotab">doi:10.1186/gb-2009-10-6-r71</span>&nbsp;<br /> 20090629: [[Melon Genome Map was publicized by US researchers]]<br /> <strong>20090616</strong>: Illumina Launches Personal Genome-Sequencing Service Using Genome Analyzer II. [http://scienceblogs.com/geneticfuture/2009/06/illumina_launches_personal_gen.php]<br /> <strong>20090603</strong>: [[Neanderthal genome sequeced by MPI Germany and Roche]]<br /> <strong>20090601</strong>: Microsoft buys Rosetta Biosoftware from Merck. Merck becomes the client of Microsoft.<br /> <strong>20090529:&nbsp;</strong>[[A new malaria agent in African chimpanzees found]]. <br /> <strong>20090526</strong>: [[The first Korean Genome Sequence analysis]] result published in [http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2009/05/26/gr.092197.109.full.pdf+html Genome Research article]<br /> <strong>20081204</strong>: [http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/tech/2008/12/133_35578.html Korean Genome Publicized]&nbsp;<br /> </font><br /> <br /> <hr /> [[Genomics News Links]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Biotechnology News Sites]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Science News Sites]]<br /> <br /> </font> 2b92abb407f5326216875610f4f1fe11c0a367fe 2773 2009-08-14T09:10:02Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4"><font size="3"><strong>20090810:</strong> [[A Caucasian human genome was sequenced by Helicos single molecule sequencer]].<br /> <strong>20090805:</strong> [[Recurring Mutations Found by Full length Sequencing of an Acute Myeloid Leukemia Genome (AML)]]. [[N Engl J Med]]<br /> <strong>20090802:</strong> [[The complete genome sequence of Triticum mosaic virus is published in Arch Vriol.]]<br /> <strong>20090730</strong>: [[Crocodile genome map published in BMC Genomics]].<br /> <strong>20090727</strong>: [[A new multiplex sequencing method published by MPI group for highly degraded DNA fragments. Cave bear mitochondria]]<br /> 20090724: DNA Sequencing and&nbsp;Array Drive 8% Growth for Roche in First Half of 2009. [[454 GS FLX]] and [[Nimblegen]]. [http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/dna-sequencing-systems-arrays-drive-8-percent-growth-roche-applied-science-first]<br /> <strong>20090724</strong>: BGI (Beijing Genomics Institute) in China participates in orchid genome (<em>[[Phalaenopsis equestris]]) </em>sequencing. [http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/bgi-china-partners-sequence-orchids]<br /> 20090716: Navigenics Lowers Health Compass Price to $999 USD. [http://www.genomeweb.com/dxpgx/navigenics-lowers-health-compass-price-1k]<br /> 20090716: Celera Uses&nbsp;Automated Workflows for Genomics [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/17/celera-pushes-boundaries.html]<br /> 20090716: [[A draft genomic sequence for a worm, Schistosoma japonicum, was published]].<br /> 20090716: Genomes Of Parasitic Flatworms Decoded: <em>Schistosoma mansoni</em> and <em>Schistosoma japonicum</em> [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090715131439.htm]<br /> <strong>20090716</strong>: <!-- a href=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl?z2090023735&amp;z=950242273 target=_parent><b>Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</b></a --></font><a target="_parent" c.moreover.com="" click="" href="http://www.bioportfolio.co.uk/cgi-bin/dialogserver.exe?CMD=hit.displayMdoc&amp;ID=3022030&amp;HITNO=2&amp;MSIZE=634&amp;LANGUAGE=en&amp;FILE=doc.NEWSFEED&amp;SAVEQUERY00=Genomics&amp;SAVEPROP00=L%3den&amp;SAVEDB=news&amp;SAVEORGANISE_CODED=R:date&amp;R=3022030&amp;THISHREF=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl%3fz2090023735%26amp%3bz%3d950242273&amp;THEHOST=site d.moreover.com"><strong><font color="#0066cc" size="3">Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</font></strong></a><font size="3">&nbsp;<br /> <strong>20090715</strong>: [[Pathway Genomics]] starts the Direct-to-Consumer Genomics service as 23andme and Decodeme [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/15/pathway-consumer-genomics.html]<br /> <strong>20090714</strong>: OryzaSNP Consortium IDs Thousands of Variants in Rice Genome: [http://www.genomeweb.com/arrays/oryzasnp-consortium-ids-thousands-variants-rice-genome]&nbsp;<br /> <strong>20090709</strong>: [[The second Korean pesonal genome was sequenced by a Korean team and analyzed by US researchers]] (Macrogen and Seoul University Medical School)<br /> <strong>20090630</strong>: [[Genomic linkage map of the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni]]:&nbsp; <em>Genome Biology</em> 2009, <strong>10</strong><strong>:</strong>R71<span class="pseudotab">doi:10.1186/gb-2009-10-6-r71</span>&nbsp;<br /> 20090629: [[Melon Genome Map was publicized by US researchers]]<br /> <strong>20090616</strong>: Illumina Launches Personal Genome-Sequencing Service Using Genome Analyzer II. [http://scienceblogs.com/geneticfuture/2009/06/illumina_launches_personal_gen.php]<br /> <strong>20090603</strong>: [[Neanderthal genome sequeced by MPI Germany and Roche]]<br /> <strong>20090601</strong>: Microsoft buys Rosetta Biosoftware from Merck. Merck becomes the client of Microsoft.<br /> <strong>20090529:&nbsp;</strong>[[A new malaria agent in African chimpanzees found]]. <br /> <strong>20090526</strong>: [[The first Korean Genome Sequence analysis]] by two Korean teams&nbsp;published in [http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2009/05/26/gr.092197.109.full.pdf+html Genome Research article]<br /> <strong>20081204</strong>: [http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/tech/2008/12/133_35578.html Korean Genome Publicized]&nbsp;<br /> </font><br /> <br /> <hr /> [[Genomics News Links]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Biotechnology News Sites]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Science News Sites]]<br /> <br /> </font> 59c4d76550d171f5fb0e06416d8534d52437a6b6 2774 2009-08-14T09:10:50Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4"><font size="3"><strong>20090810:</strong> [[A Caucasian human genome was sequenced by Helicos single molecule sequencer]].<br /> <strong>20090805:</strong> [[Recurring Mutations Found by Full length Sequencing of an Acute Myeloid Leukemia Genome (AML)]]. [[N Engl J Med]]<br /> <strong>20090802:</strong> [[The complete genome sequence of Triticum mosaic virus is published in Arch Vriol.]]<br /> <strong>20090730</strong>: [[Crocodile genome map published in BMC Genomics]].<br /> <strong>20090727</strong>: [[A new multiplex sequencing method published by MPI group for highly degraded DNA fragments. Cave bear mitochondria]]<br /> 20090724: DNA Sequencing and&nbsp;Array Drive 8% Growth for Roche in First Half of 2009. [[454 GS FLX]] and [[Nimblegen]]. [http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/dna-sequencing-systems-arrays-drive-8-percent-growth-roche-applied-science-first]<br /> <strong>20090724</strong>: BGI (Beijing Genomics Institute) in China participates in orchid genome (<em>[[Phalaenopsis equestris]]) </em>sequencing. [http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/bgi-china-partners-sequence-orchids]<br /> 20090716: Navigenics Lowers Health Compass Price to $999 USD. [http://www.genomeweb.com/dxpgx/navigenics-lowers-health-compass-price-1k]<br /> 20090716: Celera Uses&nbsp;Automated Workflows for Genomics [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/17/celera-pushes-boundaries.html]<br /> 20090716: [[A draft genomic sequence for a worm, Schistosoma japonicum, was published]].<br /> 20090716: Genomes Of Parasitic Flatworms Decoded: <em>Schistosoma mansoni</em> and <em>Schistosoma japonicum</em> [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090715131439.htm]<br /> <strong>20090716</strong>: <!-- a href=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl?z2090023735&amp;z=950242273 target=_parent><b>Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</b></a --></font><a target="_parent" c.moreover.com="" click="" href="http://www.bioportfolio.co.uk/cgi-bin/dialogserver.exe?CMD=hit.displayMdoc&amp;ID=3022030&amp;HITNO=2&amp;MSIZE=634&amp;LANGUAGE=en&amp;FILE=doc.NEWSFEED&amp;SAVEQUERY00=Genomics&amp;SAVEPROP00=L%3den&amp;SAVEDB=news&amp;SAVEORGANISE_CODED=R:date&amp;R=3022030&amp;THISHREF=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl%3fz2090023735%26amp%3bz%3d950242273&amp;THEHOST=site d.moreover.com"><strong><font color="#0066cc" size="3">Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</font></strong></a><font size="3">&nbsp;<br /> <strong>20090715</strong>: [[Pathway Genomics]] starts the Direct-to-Consumer Genomics service as 23andme and Decodeme [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/15/pathway-consumer-genomics.html]<br /> <strong>20090714</strong>: OryzaSNP Consortium IDs Thousands of Variants in Rice Genome: [http://www.genomeweb.com/arrays/oryzasnp-consortium-ids-thousands-variants-rice-genome]&nbsp;<br /> <strong>20090709</strong>: [[The second Korean pesonal genome was sequenced by a Korean team and analyzed by US researchers]] (Macrogen and Seoul University Medical School)<br /> <strong>20090630</strong>: [[Genomic linkage map of the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni]]:&nbsp; <em>Genome Biology</em> 2009, <strong>10</strong><strong>:</strong>R71<span class="pseudotab">doi:10.1186/gb-2009-10-6-r71</span>&nbsp;<br /> 20090629: [[Melon Genome Map was publicized by US researchers]]<br /> <strong>20090616</strong>: Illumina Launches Personal Genome-Sequencing Service Using Genome Analyzer II. [http://scienceblogs.com/geneticfuture/2009/06/illumina_launches_personal_gen.php]<br /> <strong>20090603</strong>: [[Neanderthal genome sequeced by MPI Germany and Roche]]<br /> <strong>20090601</strong>: Microsoft buys Rosetta Biosoftware from Merck. Merck becomes the client of Microsoft.<br /> <strong>20090529:&nbsp;</strong>[[A new malaria agent in African chimpanzees found]]. <br /> <strong>20090526</strong>: [[The first Korean Genome Sequence analysis]] by two Korean teams&nbsp;published in [http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2009/05/26/gr.092197.109.full.pdf+html Genome Research article]<br /> <strong>20081204</strong>: [http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/tech/2008/12/133_35578.html Korean Genome Publicized]. The sequencing and bioinformatic analyses were carried out by two&nbsp;Korean teams. <br /> </font><br /> <br /> <hr /> [[Genomics News Links]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Biotechnology News Sites]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Science News Sites]]<br /> <br /> </font> 16fc42cf69e338e6f225cb246546b4ce15ad628e 2778 2009-08-14T09:14:40Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4"><font size="3"><strong>20090810:</strong> [[A Caucasian human genome was sequenced by Helicos single molecule sequencer]].<br /> <strong>20090805:</strong> [[Recurring Mutations Found by Full length Sequencing of an Acute Myeloid Leukemia Genome (AML)]]. [[N Engl J Med]]<br /> <strong>20090802:</strong> [[The complete genome sequence of Triticum mosaic virus is published in Arch Vriol.]]<br /> <strong>20090730</strong>: [[Crocodile genome map published in BMC Genomics]].<br /> <strong>20090727</strong>: [[A new multiplex sequencing method published by MPI group for highly degraded DNA fragments. Cave bear mitochondria]]<br /> 20090724: DNA Sequencing and&nbsp;Array Drive 8% Growth for Roche in First Half of 2009. [[454 GS FLX]] and [[Nimblegen]]. [http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/dna-sequencing-systems-arrays-drive-8-percent-growth-roche-applied-science-first]<br /> <strong>20090724</strong>: BGI (Beijing Genomics Institute) in China participates in orchid genome (<em>[[Phalaenopsis equestris]]) </em>sequencing. [http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/bgi-china-partners-sequence-orchids]<br /> 20090716: Navigenics Lowers Health Compass Price to $999 USD. [http://www.genomeweb.com/dxpgx/navigenics-lowers-health-compass-price-1k]<br /> 20090716: Celera Uses&nbsp;Automated Workflows for Genomics [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/17/celera-pushes-boundaries.html]<br /> 20090716: [[A draft genomic sequence for a worm, Schistosoma japonicum, was published]].<br /> 20090716: Genomes Of Parasitic Flatworms Decoded: <em>Schistosoma mansoni</em> and <em>Schistosoma japonicum</em> [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090715131439.htm]<br /> <strong>20090716</strong>: <!-- a href=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl?z2090023735&amp;z=950242273 target=_parent><b>Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</b></a --></font><a target="_parent" c.moreover.com="" click="" href="http://www.bioportfolio.co.uk/cgi-bin/dialogserver.exe?CMD=hit.displayMdoc&amp;ID=3022030&amp;HITNO=2&amp;MSIZE=634&amp;LANGUAGE=en&amp;FILE=doc.NEWSFEED&amp;SAVEQUERY00=Genomics&amp;SAVEPROP00=L%3den&amp;SAVEDB=news&amp;SAVEORGANISE_CODED=R:date&amp;R=3022030&amp;THISHREF=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl%3fz2090023735%26amp%3bz%3d950242273&amp;THEHOST=site d.moreover.com"><strong><font color="#0066cc" size="3">Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</font></strong></a><font size="3">&nbsp;<br /> <strong>20090715</strong>: [[Pathway Genomics]] starts the Direct-to-Consumer Genomics service as 23andme and Decodeme [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/15/pathway-consumer-genomics.html]<br /> <strong>20090714</strong>: OryzaSNP Consortium IDs Thousands of Variants in Rice Genome: [http://www.genomeweb.com/arrays/oryzasnp-consortium-ids-thousands-variants-rice-genome]&nbsp;<br /> <strong>20090709</strong>: [[The second Korean pesonal genome was sequenced by a Korean team and analyzed by US researchers]] (Macrogen and Seoul University Medical School)<br /> <strong>20090630</strong>: [[Genomic linkage map of the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni]]:&nbsp; <em>Genome Biology</em> 2009, <strong>10</strong><strong>:</strong>R71<span class="pseudotab">doi:10.1186/gb-2009-10-6-r71</span>&nbsp;<br /> 20090629: [[Melon Genome Map was publicized by US researchers]]<br /> <strong>20090616</strong>: Illumina Launches Personal Genome-Sequencing Service Using Genome Analyzer II. [http://scienceblogs.com/geneticfuture/2009/06/illumina_launches_personal_gen.php]<br /> <strong>20090604</strong>: [[An integrated genetic and cytogenetic map of the cucumber genome was announced in PLOS One]]<br /> <strong>20090603</strong>: [[Neanderthal genome sequeced by MPI Germany and Roche]]<br /> <strong>20090601</strong>: Microsoft buys Rosetta Biosoftware from Merck. Merck becomes the client of Microsoft.<br /> <strong>20090529:&nbsp;</strong>[[A new malaria agent in African chimpanzees found]]. <br /> <strong>20090526</strong>: [[The first Korean Genome Sequence analysis]] by two Korean teams&nbsp;published in [http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2009/05/26/gr.092197.109.full.pdf+html Genome Research article]<br /> <strong>20081204</strong>: [http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/tech/2008/12/133_35578.html Korean Genome Publicized]. The sequencing and bioinformatic analyses were carried out by two&nbsp;Korean teams. <br /> </font><br /> <br /> <hr /> [[Genomics News Links]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Biotechnology News Sites]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Science News Sites]]<br /> <br /> </font> 0564a77601f7df6d2b141cccb3b923702f83f350 0 1710 2736 2009-08-08T17:40:46Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>[[C. elegans Genomics]]<br /> </p> <p>[[Daphnia Genomics Consortium (DGC)]]<br /> [[Dog genome]]<br /> [[Rice Genome]]<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Rice Genome at BGI China]]</p> 9bf3f38e932b5d393d3fe18f1a03c1fe2de7c053 0 1788 2737 2009-08-08T17:43:46Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/guide/dog/">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/guide/dog/</a>&nbsp; : NCBI dog genome page<br /> <br /> <br /> <a href="http://www.broadinstitute.org/mammals/dog">http://www.broadinstitute.org/mammals/dog</a>&nbsp; Broad Inst. dog genome.<br /> 55236bd5a04ff13ffa733af672a98fbe2473302b 0 1789 2740 2009-08-10T16:44:00Z Larasmithe 54 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong><font size="4">Recurring Mutations Found by Sequencing an Acute Myeloid Leukemia Genome.&nbsp;<br /> </font></strong><br /> Mardis ER, Ding L, Dooling DJ, Larson DE, McLellan MD, Chen K, Koboldt DC, Fulton RS, Delehaunty KD, McGrath SD, Fulton LA, Locke DP, Magrini VJ, Abbott RM, Vickery TL, Reed JS, Robinson JS, Wylie T, Smith SM, Carmichael L, Eldred JM, Harris CC, Walker J, Peck JB, Du F, Dukes AF, Sanderson GE, Brummett AM, Clark E, McMichael JF, Meyer RJ, Schindler JK, Pohl CS, Wallis JW, Shi X, Lin L, Schmidt H, Tang Y, Haipek C, Wiechert ME, Ivy JV, Kalicki J, Elliott G, Ries RE, Payton JE, Westervelt P, Tomasson MH, Watson MA, Baty J, Heath S, Shannon WD, Nagarajan R, Link DC, Walter MJ, Graubert TA, Dipersio JF, Wilson RK, Ley TJ.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> From the Departments of Genetics (E.R.M., L.D., V.J.M., R.K.W., T.J.L.), Medicine (R.E.R., P.W., M.H.T., S.H., W.D.S., D.C.L., M.J.W., T.A.G., J.F.D., T.J.L.), and Pathology and Immunology (J.E.P., M.A.W., R.N.); the Genome Center (E.R.M., L.D., D.J.D., D.E.L., M.D.M., K.C., D.C.K., R.S.F., K.D.D., S.D.M., L.A.F., D.P.L., V.J.M., R.M.A., T.L.V., J.S. Reed, J.S. Robinson, T.W., S.M.S., L.C., J.M.E., C.C.H., J.W., J.B.P., F.D., A.F.D., G.E.S., A.M.B., E.C., J.F.M., R.J.M., J.K.S., C.S.P., J.W.W., X.S., L.L., H.S., Y.T., C.H., M.E.W., J.V.I., J.K., G.E., M.A.W., R.K.W., T.J.L.); Siteman Cancer Center (P.W., M.H.T., M.A.W., S.H., W.D.S., R.N., D.C.L., M.J.W., T.A.G., J.F.D., R.K.W., T.J.L.); and the Division of Biostatistics (J.B.) - all at Washington University, St. Louis. This article (10.1056/NEJMoa0903840) was published on August 5, 2009, at NEJM.org. <br /> <br /> <strong>BACKGROUND</strong>: The full complement of DNA mutations that are responsible for the pathogenesis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is not yet known. METHODS: We used massively parallel DNA sequencing to obtain a very high level of coverage (approximately 98%) of a primary, cytogenetically normal, de novo genome for AML with minimal maturation (AML-M1) and a matched normal skin genome. RESULTS: We identified 12 acquired (somatic) mutations within the coding sequences of genes and 52 somatic point mutations in conserved or regulatory portions of the genome. All mutations appeared to be heterozygous and present in nearly all cells in the tumor sample. Four of the 64 mutations occurred in at least 1 additional AML sample in 188 samples that were tested. Mutations in NRAS and NPM1 had been identified previously in patients with AML, but two other mutations had not been identified. One of these mutations, in the IDH1 gene, was present in 15 of 187 additional AML genomes tested and was strongly associated with normal cytogenetic status; it was present in 13 of 80 cytogenetically normal samples (16%). The other was a nongenic mutation in a genomic region with regulatory potential and conservation in higher mammals; we detected it in one additional AML tumor. The AML genome that we sequenced contains approximately 750 point mutations, of which only a small fraction are likely to be relevant to pathogenesis.&nbsp;<br /> <strong>CONCLUSIONS</strong>: By comparing the sequences of tumor and skin genomes of a patient with AML-M1, we have identified recurring mutations that may be relevant for pathogenesis. Copyright 2009 Massachusetts Medical Society. <br /> e5db3b96a1d0c7537f310114fdb2137bbd262745 2741 2009-08-10T16:44:16Z Larasmithe 54 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong><font size="4">Recurring Mutations Found by Sequencing an Acute Myeloid Leukemia Genome.&nbsp;<br /> </font></strong><br /> Mardis ER, Ding L, Dooling DJ, Larson DE, McLellan MD, Chen K, Koboldt DC, Fulton RS, Delehaunty KD, McGrath SD, Fulton LA, Locke DP, Magrini VJ, Abbott RM, Vickery TL, Reed JS, Robinson JS, Wylie T, Smith SM, Carmichael L, Eldred JM, Harris CC, Walker J, Peck JB, Du F, Dukes AF, Sanderson GE, Brummett AM, Clark E, McMichael JF, Meyer RJ, Schindler JK, Pohl CS, Wallis JW, Shi X, Lin L, Schmidt H, Tang Y, Haipek C, Wiechert ME, Ivy JV, Kalicki J, Elliott G, Ries RE, Payton JE, Westervelt P, Tomasson MH, Watson MA, Baty J, Heath S, Shannon WD, Nagarajan R, Link DC, Walter MJ, Graubert TA, Dipersio JF, Wilson RK, Ley TJ.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> From the Departments of Genetics (E.R.M., L.D., V.J.M., R.K.W., T.J.L.), Medicine (R.E.R., P.W., M.H.T., S.H., W.D.S., D.C.L., M.J.W., T.A.G., J.F.D., T.J.L.), and Pathology and Immunology (J.E.P., M.A.W., R.N.); the Genome Center (E.R.M., L.D., D.J.D., D.E.L., M.D.M., K.C., D.C.K., R.S.F., K.D.D., S.D.M., L.A.F., D.P.L., V.J.M., R.M.A., T.L.V., J.S. Reed, J.S. Robinson, T.W., S.M.S., L.C., J.M.E., C.C.H., J.W., J.B.P., F.D., A.F.D., G.E.S., A.M.B., E.C., J.F.M., R.J.M., J.K.S., C.S.P., J.W.W., X.S., L.L., H.S., Y.T., C.H., M.E.W., J.V.I., J.K., G.E., M.A.W., R.K.W., T.J.L.); Siteman Cancer Center (P.W., M.H.T., M.A.W., S.H., W.D.S., R.N., D.C.L., M.J.W., T.A.G., J.F.D., R.K.W., T.J.L.); and the Division of Biostatistics (J.B.) - all at Washington University, St. Louis. This article (10.1056/NEJMoa0903840) was published on August 5, 2009, at NEJM.org. <br /> <br /> <strong>BACKGROUND</strong>: The full complement of DNA mutations that are responsible for the pathogenesis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is not yet known. METHODS: We used massively parallel DNA sequencing to obtain a very high level of coverage (approximately 98%) of a primary, cytogenetically normal, de novo genome for AML with minimal maturation (AML-M1) and a matched normal skin genome. RESULTS: We identified 12 acquired (somatic) mutations within the coding sequences of genes and 52 somatic point mutations in conserved or regulatory portions of the genome. All mutations appeared to be heterozygous and present in nearly all cells in the tumor sample. Four of the 64 mutations occurred in at least 1 additional AML sample in 188 samples that were tested. Mutations in NRAS and NPM1 had been identified previously in patients with AML, but two other mutations had not been identified. One of these mutations, in the IDH1 gene, was present in 15 of 187 additional AML genomes tested and was strongly associated with normal cytogenetic status; it was present in 13 of 80 cytogenetically normal samples (16%). The other was a nongenic mutation in a genomic region with regulatory potential and conservation in higher mammals; we detected it in one additional AML tumor. The AML genome that we sequenced contains approximately 750 point mutations, of which only a small fraction are likely to be relevant to pathogenesis.&nbsp;<br /> <strong>CONCLUSIONS</strong>: By comparing the sequences of tumor and skin genomes of a patient with AML-M1, we have identified recurring mutations that may be relevant for pathogenesis. Copyright 2009 Massachusetts Medical Society.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <br /> <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19657110?ordinalpos=1&amp;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19657110?ordinalpos=1&amp;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum</a> da34ba0849460168bd90ab27fcaae218cd0df6b2 2744 2009-08-10T16:52:20Z Larasmithe 54 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong><font size="4">Recurring Mutations Found by Sequencing an Acute Myeloid Leukemia Genome.&nbsp;<br /> </font></strong><br /> Mardis ER, Ding L, Dooling DJ, Larson DE, McLellan MD, Chen K, Koboldt DC, Fulton RS, Delehaunty KD, McGrath SD, Fulton LA, Locke DP, Magrini VJ, Abbott RM, Vickery TL, Reed JS, Robinson JS, Wylie T, Smith SM, Carmichael L, Eldred JM, Harris CC, Walker J, Peck JB, Du F, Dukes AF, Sanderson GE, Brummett AM, Clark E, McMichael JF, Meyer RJ, Schindler JK, Pohl CS, Wallis JW, Shi X, Lin L, Schmidt H, Tang Y, Haipek C, Wiechert ME, Ivy JV, Kalicki J, Elliott G, Ries RE, Payton JE, Westervelt P, Tomasson MH, Watson MA, Baty J, Heath S, Shannon WD, Nagarajan R, Link DC, Walter MJ, Graubert TA, Dipersio JF, Wilson RK, Ley TJ.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> From the Departments of Genetics (E.R.M., L.D., V.J.M., R.K.W., T.J.L.), Medicine (R.E.R., P.W., M.H.T., S.H., W.D.S., D.C.L., M.J.W., T.A.G., J.F.D., T.J.L.), and Pathology and Immunology (J.E.P., M.A.W., R.N.); the Genome Center (E.R.M., L.D., D.J.D., D.E.L., M.D.M., K.C., D.C.K., R.S.F., K.D.D., S.D.M., L.A.F., D.P.L., V.J.M., R.M.A., T.L.V., J.S. Reed, J.S. Robinson, T.W., S.M.S., L.C., J.M.E., C.C.H., J.W., J.B.P., F.D., A.F.D., G.E.S., A.M.B., E.C., J.F.M., R.J.M., J.K.S., C.S.P., J.W.W., X.S., L.L., H.S., Y.T., C.H., M.E.W., J.V.I., J.K., G.E., M.A.W., R.K.W., T.J.L.); Siteman Cancer Center (P.W., M.H.T., M.A.W., S.H., W.D.S., R.N., D.C.L., M.J.W., T.A.G., J.F.D., R.K.W., T.J.L.); and the Division of Biostatistics (J.B.) - all at Washington University, St. Louis. This article (10.1056/NEJMoa0903840) was published on August 5, 2009, at NEJM.org. <br /> <br /> <strong>BACKGROUND</strong>: The full complement of DNA mutations that are responsible for the pathogenesis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is not yet known. METHODS: We used massively parallel DNA sequencing to obtain a very high level of coverage (approximately 98%) of a primary, cytogenetically normal, de novo genome for AML with minimal maturation (AML-M1) and a matched normal skin genome. RESULTS: We identified 12 acquired (somatic) mutations within the coding sequences of genes and 52 somatic point mutations in conserved or regulatory portions of the genome. All mutations appeared to be heterozygous and present in nearly all cells in the tumor sample. Four of the 64 mutations occurred in at least 1 additional AML sample in 188 samples that were tested. Mutations in NRAS and NPM1 had been identified previously in patients with AML, but two other mutations had not been identified. One of these mutations, in the IDH1 gene, was present in 15 of 187 additional AML genomes tested and was strongly associated with normal cytogenetic status; it was present in 13 of 80 cytogenetically normal samples (16%). The other was a nongenic mutation in a genomic region with regulatory potential and conservation in higher mammals; we detected it in one additional AML tumor. The AML genome that we sequenced contains approximately 750 point mutations, of which only a small fraction are likely to be relevant to pathogenesis.&nbsp;<br /> <strong>CONCLUSIONS</strong>: By comparing the sequences of tumor and skin genomes of a patient with AML-M1, we have identified recurring mutations that may be relevant for pathogenesis. Copyright 2009 Massachusetts Medical Society.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <a href="http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/NEJMoa0903840">http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/NEJMoa0903840</a><br /> <br /> <a href="http://content.nejm.org/cgi/reprint/NEJMoa0903840v1.pdf">http://content.nejm.org/cgi/reprint/NEJMoa0903840v1.pdf</a><br /> <br /> <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19657110?ordinalpos=1&amp;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19657110?ordinalpos=1&amp;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum</a> 303048ecd31d2090149f5005bdcf765f343a5544 2745 2009-08-10T16:54:54Z Larasmithe 54 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong><font size="4">Recurring Mutations Found by Sequencing an Acute Myeloid Leukemia Genome.&nbsp;<br /> </font></strong><br /> Mardis ER, Ding L, Dooling DJ, Larson DE, McLellan MD, Chen K, Koboldt DC, Fulton RS, Delehaunty KD, McGrath SD, Fulton LA, Locke DP, Magrini VJ, Abbott RM, Vickery TL, Reed JS, Robinson JS, Wylie T, Smith SM, Carmichael L, Eldred JM, Harris CC, Walker J, Peck JB, Du F, Dukes AF, Sanderson GE, Brummett AM, Clark E, McMichael JF, Meyer RJ, Schindler JK, Pohl CS, Wallis JW, Shi X, Lin L, Schmidt H, Tang Y, Haipek C, Wiechert ME, Ivy JV, Kalicki J, Elliott G, Ries RE, Payton JE, Westervelt P, Tomasson MH, Watson MA, Baty J, Heath S, Shannon WD, Nagarajan R, Link DC, Walter MJ, Graubert TA, Dipersio JF, Wilson RK, Ley TJ.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> From the Departments of Genetics (E.R.M., L.D., V.J.M., R.K.W., T.J.L.), Medicine (R.E.R., P.W., M.H.T., S.H., W.D.S., D.C.L., M.J.W., T.A.G., J.F.D., T.J.L.), and Pathology and Immunology (J.E.P., M.A.W., R.N.); the Genome Center (E.R.M., L.D., D.J.D., D.E.L., M.D.M., K.C., D.C.K., R.S.F., K.D.D., S.D.M., L.A.F., D.P.L., V.J.M., R.M.A., T.L.V., J.S. Reed, J.S. Robinson, T.W., S.M.S., L.C., J.M.E., C.C.H., J.W., J.B.P., F.D., A.F.D., G.E.S., A.M.B., E.C., J.F.M., R.J.M., J.K.S., C.S.P., J.W.W., X.S., L.L., H.S., Y.T., C.H., M.E.W., J.V.I., J.K., G.E., M.A.W., R.K.W., T.J.L.); Siteman Cancer Center (P.W., M.H.T., M.A.W., S.H., W.D.S., R.N., D.C.L., M.J.W., T.A.G., J.F.D., R.K.W., T.J.L.); and the Division of Biostatistics (J.B.) - all at Washington University, St. Louis. This article (10.1056/NEJMoa0903840) was published on August 5, 2009, at NEJM.org. <br /> <br /> <strong>BACKGROUND</strong>: The full complement of DNA mutations that are responsible for the pathogenesis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is not yet known.&nbsp;<br /> <strong>METHODS</strong>: We used massively parallel DNA sequencing to obtain a very high level of coverage (approximately 98%) of a primary, cytogenetically normal, de novo genome for AML with minimal maturation (AML-M1) and a matched normal skin genome.&nbsp;<br /> <strong>RESULTS</strong>: We identified 12 acquired (somatic) mutations within the coding sequences of genes and 52 somatic point mutations in conserved or regulatory portions of the genome.&nbsp;<br /> All mutations appeared to be heterozygous and present in nearly all cells in the tumor sample.&nbsp;<br /> Four of the 64 mutations occurred in at least 1 additional AML sample in 188 samples that were tested.&nbsp;<br /> Mutations in NRAS and NPM1 had been identified previously in patients with AML, but two other mutations had not been identified. One of these mutations, in the IDH1 gene, was present in 15 of 187 additional AML genomes tested and was strongly associated with normal cytogenetic status; it was present in 13 of 80 cytogenetically normal samples (16%).&nbsp;<br /> The other was a nongenic mutation in a genomic region with regulatory potential and conservation in higher mammals; we detected it in one additional AML tumor.&nbsp;<br /> The AML genome that we sequenced contains approximately 750 point mutations, of which only a small fraction are likely to be relevant to pathogenesis.&nbsp;<br /> <strong>CONCLUSIONS</strong>: By comparing the sequences of tumor and skin genomes of a patient with AML-M1, we have identified recurring mutations that may be relevant for pathogenesis.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> Copyright 2009 Massachusetts Medical Society.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <a href="http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/NEJMoa0903840">http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/NEJMoa0903840</a><br /> <br /> <a href="http://content.nejm.org/cgi/reprint/NEJMoa0903840v1.pdf">http://content.nejm.org/cgi/reprint/NEJMoa0903840v1.pdf</a><br /> <br /> <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19657110?ordinalpos=1&amp;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19657110?ordinalpos=1&amp;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum</a> fa3807d6269ade85756746605776639d3cf7f6f3 2746 2009-08-10T16:55:37Z Larasmithe 54 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong><font size="4">Recurring Mutations Found by Sequencing an Acute Myeloid Leukemia Genome.&nbsp;<br /> </font></strong><br /> Mardis ER, Ding L, Dooling DJ, Larson DE, McLellan MD, Chen K, Koboldt DC, Fulton RS, Delehaunty KD, McGrath SD, Fulton LA, Locke DP, Magrini VJ, Abbott RM, Vickery TL, Reed JS, Robinson JS, Wylie T, Smith SM, Carmichael L, Eldred JM, Harris CC, Walker J, Peck JB, Du F, Dukes AF, Sanderson GE, Brummett AM, Clark E, McMichael JF, Meyer RJ, Schindler JK, Pohl CS, Wallis JW, Shi X, Lin L, Schmidt H, Tang Y, Haipek C, Wiechert ME, Ivy JV, Kalicki J, Elliott G, Ries RE, Payton JE, Westervelt P, Tomasson MH, Watson MA, Baty J, Heath S, Shannon WD, Nagarajan R, Link DC, Walter MJ, Graubert TA, Dipersio JF, Wilson RK, Ley TJ.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> From the Departments of Genetics (E.R.M., L.D., V.J.M., R.K.W., T.J.L.), Medicine (R.E.R., P.W., M.H.T., S.H., W.D.S., D.C.L., M.J.W., T.A.G., J.F.D., T.J.L.), and Pathology and Immunology (J.E.P., M.A.W., R.N.); the Genome Center (E.R.M., L.D., D.J.D., D.E.L., M.D.M., K.C., D.C.K., R.S.F., K.D.D., S.D.M., L.A.F., D.P.L., V.J.M., R.M.A., T.L.V., J.S. Reed, J.S. Robinson, T.W., S.M.S., L.C., J.M.E., C.C.H., J.W., J.B.P., F.D., A.F.D., G.E.S., A.M.B., E.C., J.F.M., R.J.M., J.K.S., C.S.P., J.W.W., X.S., L.L., H.S., Y.T., C.H., M.E.W., J.V.I., J.K., G.E., M.A.W., R.K.W., T.J.L.); Siteman Cancer Center (P.W., M.H.T., M.A.W., S.H., W.D.S., R.N., D.C.L., M.J.W., T.A.G., J.F.D., R.K.W., T.J.L.); and the Division of Biostatistics (J.B.) - all at Washington University, St. Louis. This article (10.1056/NEJMoa0903840) was published on August 5, 2009, at NEJM.org. <br /> <br /> <strong>BACKGROUND</strong>: The full complement of DNA mutations that are responsible for the pathogenesis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is not yet known.&nbsp;<br /> <strong>METHODS</strong>: We used massively parallel DNA sequencing to obtain a very high level of coverage (approximately 98%) of a primary, cytogenetically normal, de novo genome for AML with minimal maturation (AML-M1) and a matched normal skin genome.&nbsp;<br /> <strong>RESULTS</strong>: We identified 12 acquired (somatic) mutations within the coding sequences of genes and 52 somatic point mutations in conserved or regulatory portions of the genome.&nbsp;<br /> All mutations appeared to be heterozygous and present in nearly all cells in the tumor sample.&nbsp;<br /> Four of the 64 mutations occurred in at least 1 additional AML sample in 188 samples that were tested.&nbsp;<br /> Mutations in NRAS and NPM1 had been identified previously in patients with AML, but two other mutations had not been identified. One of these mutations, in the IDH1 gene, was present in 15 of 187 additional AML genomes tested and was strongly associated with normal cytogenetic status; it was present in 13 of 80 cytogenetically normal samples (16%).&nbsp;<br /> The other was a nongenic mutation in a genomic region with regulatory potential and conservation in higher mammals; we detected it in one additional AML tumor.&nbsp;<br /> The AML genome that we sequenced contains approximately 750 point mutations, of which only a small fraction are likely to be relevant to pathogenesis.&nbsp;<br /> <strong>CONCLUSIONS</strong>: By comparing the sequences of tumor and skin genomes of a patient with AML-M1, we have identified recurring mutations that may be relevant for pathogenesis.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <strong>69.9 billion base pairs were sequenced (23.3<font face="arial,helvetica">x</font> haploid coverage)</strong><br /> <br /> Copyright 2009 Massachusetts Medical Society.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <a href="http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/NEJMoa0903840">http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/NEJMoa0903840</a><br /> <br /> <a href="http://content.nejm.org/cgi/reprint/NEJMoa0903840v1.pdf">http://content.nejm.org/cgi/reprint/NEJMoa0903840v1.pdf</a><br /> <br /> <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19657110?ordinalpos=1&amp;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19657110?ordinalpos=1&amp;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum</a> 647449aa26856898bb337dca0c5e230d2969b454 0 1791 2743 2009-08-10T16:51:46Z Larasmithe 54 wikitext text/x-wiki <a href="http://content.nejm.org/">http://content.nejm.org/</a><br /> <br /> 14b8d1c6f7bec9fe66fc993d0db5b0d121c2c9a1 0 1792 2747 2009-08-10T18:09:52Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <div> <div><font size="4">&quot;<span style="FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica; FONT-SIZE: 12px" class="Apple-style-span">&ldquo;The first Korean genome map is by <span id="lw_1249786432_6" class="yshortcuts">Seoul National University</span>&rdquo;</span></font> </div> <div> <div style="MARGIN: 0px; MIN-HEIGHT: 14px; FONT: 12px Helvetica"><span style="LETTER-SPACING: 0px"></span><br /> </div> <div style="MARGIN: 0px; FONT: 12px Helvetica"><span style="LETTER-SPACING: 0px">On Jul 14, Joon-Mo Yang, President of <span id="lw_1249786432_7" class="yshortcuts">Korea Genome Organization (KOGO)</span>&nbsp;put an official opinion on which group sequenced and published the first Korean genome sequence.&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> <br /> It was reported in one of the largest newspaper group &quot;Donga&quot;'s &quot;Donga Science&quot;.<br /> <br /> Subtitled as &quot;The Korean Genome Organization expressed opinion on the origin of genome map&quot;<br /> (In Korean, the term &quot;genome map&quot; is usually used as the full genome sequence)<br /> <br /> The following is the translation of the news article:<br /> <br /> &ldquo; The Korean genome map by Genomics Institute, Seoul National University is the first one&rdquo;.</span></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0px; MIN-HEIGHT: 14px; FONT: 12px Helvetica"><span style="LETTER-SPACING: 0px"></span><br /> </div> <div style="MARGIN: 0px; FONT: 12px Helvetica"><span style="LETTER-SPACING: 0px">During the teleconference with The Science, President Yang answered as above to the question about what is the opinion of the genomics society on the first Korean genome. He&nbsp;&nbsp;added that &ldquo;More complete research results are more important that who was the first one&rdquo;.</span></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0px; MIN-HEIGHT: 14px; FONT: 12px Helvetica"><span style="LETTER-SPACING: 0px"></span><br /> </div> <div style="MARGIN: 0px; FONT: 12px Helvetica"><span style="LETTER-SPACING: 0px">On Jul 8, Genomics Institute, Seoul National University announced in a press release that &ldquo;The genome sequencing results they completed in Sep 2008 will be published in Nature on Jul 9&rdquo; and &ldquo;it is the first Korean genome sequencing&rdquo;. However, <span id="lw_1249786432_8" class="yshortcuts">Korea Research Institute</span> for Bioscience &amp; Biotechnology (KRIBB) and Gachon University of Medicine and Science published &ldquo;The first Korean <span style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #0066cc 1px dashed; CURSOR: hand" id="lw_1249786432_9" class="yshortcuts">genome sequence</span> and analysis&rdquo; in <span style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #0066cc 1px dashed; CURSOR: hand" id="lw_1249786432_10" class="yshortcuts">Genome Research</span> on May 26. There has been dispute which was the first.&nbsp;</span></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0px; MIN-HEIGHT: 14px; FONT: 12px Helvetica"><span style="LETTER-SPACING: 0px"></span><br /> </div> <div style="MARGIN: 0px; FONT: 12px Helvetica"><span style="LETTER-SPACING: 0px">President Yang explained; &ldquo;If two articles were published in journals of the same level, who is first would be important. However, if the levels of journals are different, it does not really matter&rdquo;; &ldquo;If articles were published around the similar period of time, It is customary to give priority to the article which has bigger <span style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #0066cc 1px dashed; CURSOR: hand" id="lw_1249786432_11" class="yshortcuts">impact factor</span> and more strict reviewing process&rdquo;.</span></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0px; MIN-HEIGHT: 14px; FONT: 12px Helvetica"><span style="LETTER-SPACING: 0px"></span><br /> </div> <div style="MARGIN: 0px; FONT: 12px Helvetica"><span style="LETTER-SPACING: 0px">The impact factor of &ldquo;Nature&rdquo;, where the article from Genomics Institute, Seoul National University was published, is 28.751 (year 2007), while that of &ldquo;Genome Research&rdquo;, where the article from Gachon University was published, is 11.224.&nbsp;</span></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0px; MIN-HEIGHT: 14px; FONT: 12px Helvetica"><span style="LETTER-SPACING: 0px"></span><br /> </div> <div style="MARGIN: 0px; FONT: 12px Helvetica"><span style="LETTER-SPACING: 0px">President Yang said &ldquo;if Gachon University team had submitted its paper to Nature, their article might have not been accepted or the publication might have been delayed because of long reviewing process if accepted whereas Genomics Institute, <span id="lw_1249786432_12" class="yshortcuts">Seoul National University team</span> might have been able to publish their paper faster if they had submitted the paper to other journals than Nature&rdquo;.</span></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0px; MIN-HEIGHT: 14px; FONT: 12px Helvetica"><span style="LETTER-SPACING: 0px"></span><br /> </div> <div style="MARGIN: 0px; FONT: 12px Helvetica"><span style="LETTER-SPACING: 0px">His claim is that if we put two researches on the same line of &ldquo;Nature&rdquo;, it is more probable that Seoul National University would have published earlier than Gachon University, and thus Seoul National University&rsquo;s result must be regarded as the first one.&nbsp;</span></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0px; MIN-HEIGHT: 14px; FONT: 12px Helvetica"><span style="LETTER-SPACING: 0px"></span><br /> </div> <div style="MARGIN: 0px; FONT: 12px Helvetica"><span style="LETTER-SPACING: 0px">President Yang said, &ldquo; Genome Research is a good jounal, but the publication in Nature that has more thorough reviewing process means that the research result is more precise&rdquo;.</span></div> <div><font size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><font face="Verdana, Helvetica, Arial"><br /> <br /> <br /> <a href="http://news.dongascience.com/HTML/News/2009/07/14/20090714200000021978/200907142000000219780103000000.html">http://news.dongascience.com/HTML/News/2009/07/14/20090714200000021978/200907142000000219780103000000.html</a><br /> </font></span></font><font face="Arial"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt"><br /> <br /> </span></font></div> </div> </div> <br /> <br /> 08f53d2b6c7d13696dc0437f05d415c1ad03711c 2748 2009-08-10T18:31:07Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <div> <div><font size="4">&quot;<span style="FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica; FONT-SIZE: 12px" class="Apple-style-span">&ldquo;The first Korean genome map is by <span id="lw_1249786432_6" class="yshortcuts">Seoul National University</span>&rdquo;</span></font> </div> <div> <div style="MARGIN: 0px; MIN-HEIGHT: 14px; FONT: 12px Helvetica"><span style="LETTER-SPACING: 0px"></span><br /> </div> <div style="MARGIN: 0px; FONT: 12px Helvetica"><span style="LETTER-SPACING: 0px">On Jul 14, Joon-Mo Yang, President of <span id="lw_1249786432_7" class="yshortcuts">Korea Genome Organization (KOGO)</span>&nbsp;put an official opinion on which group sequenced and published the first Korean genome sequence.&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> <br /> It was reported in one of the largest newspaper group &quot;Donga&quot;'s &quot;Donga Science&quot;.<br /> <br /> Subtitled as &quot;The Korean Genome Organization expressed opinion on the origin of genome map&quot;<br /> (In Korean, the term &quot;genome map&quot; is usually used as the full genome sequence)<br /> <br /> The following is the translation of the news article except the grey area:<br /> <br /> &ldquo; The Korean genome map by Genomics Institute, Seoul National University is the first one&rdquo;.</span></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0px; MIN-HEIGHT: 14px; FONT: 12px Helvetica"><span style="LETTER-SPACING: 0px"></span><br /> </div> <div style="MARGIN: 0px; FONT: 12px Helvetica"><span style="LETTER-SPACING: 0px">During the teleconference with The Science (Donga Science), President Yang answered as above to the question about what&nbsp;the official&nbsp;opinion of the genomics society on the first Korean genome is. He&nbsp;&nbsp;added that &ldquo;More perfect research results are more important than&nbsp;who the first one&nbsp;is&rdquo;.</span></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0px; MIN-HEIGHT: 14px; FONT: 12px Helvetica"><span style="LETTER-SPACING: 0px"></span><br /> </div> <div style="MARGIN: 0px; FONT: 12px Helvetica"><span style="LETTER-SPACING: 0px">On Jul 8, Genomics Institute, Seoul National University Medical School announced in a press release that &ldquo;The genome sequencing results they completed in Sep 2008 will be published in Nature magazine on Jul 9, 2009&rdquo; and &ldquo;it is the first Korean genome analysis in Korea&rdquo;. However, <span id="lw_1249786432_8" class="yshortcuts">Korea Research Institute</span> for Bioscience &amp; Biotechnology (KRIBB) and Gachon University of Medicine and Science published a research article titled &nbsp;&ldquo;The first Korean <span style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #0066cc 1px dashed; CURSOR: hand" id="lw_1249786432_9" class="yshortcuts">genome sequence</span> and analysis&rdquo; in <span style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #0066cc 1px dashed; CURSOR: hand" id="lw_1249786432_10" class="yshortcuts">Genome Research</span> on May 26. There has been dispute which was the first.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <font color="#808080">* Constantly challenged by the Seoul National Medical School group although KRIBB has been providing the first full Korean genome sequence on the web since Dec. 2008 and published the paper in May. By 9th Aug. 2009, Seoul University Medical School's genome sequence is not available either in NCBI or on their own site.</font></span></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0px; MIN-HEIGHT: 14px; FONT: 12px Helvetica"><span style="LETTER-SPACING: 0px"></span><br /> </div> <div style="MARGIN: 0px; FONT: 12px Helvetica"><span style="LETTER-SPACING: 0px">President Yang explained; &ldquo;If two articles were published in journals of the same level, who&nbsp;the first would be important. However, if the levels of journals are different, it does not really matter&rdquo;; &ldquo;If articles were published around the similar period of time, It is customary to give priority to the article which has bigger <span style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #0066cc 1px dashed; CURSOR: hand" id="lw_1249786432_11" class="yshortcuts">impact</span> and more strict(thorough) reviewing process&rdquo;.</span></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0px; MIN-HEIGHT: 14px; FONT: 12px Helvetica"><span style="LETTER-SPACING: 0px"></span><br /> </div> <div style="MARGIN: 0px; FONT: 12px Helvetica"><span style="LETTER-SPACING: 0px">The impact factor of &ldquo;Nature&rdquo;, where the article from Genomics Institute, Seoul National University was published, is 28.751 (year 2007), while that of &ldquo;Genome Research&rdquo;, where the article from Gachon University was published, is 11.224.&nbsp;</span></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0px; MIN-HEIGHT: 14px; FONT: 12px Helvetica"><span style="LETTER-SPACING: 0px"></span><br /> </div> <div style="MARGIN: 0px; FONT: 12px Helvetica"><span style="LETTER-SPACING: 0px">President Yang said &ldquo;if Gachon University team had submitted its paper to Nature, their article might have not been accepted or the publication might have been delayed because of long reviewing process if accepted whereas Genomics Institute, <span id="lw_1249786432_12" class="yshortcuts">Seoul National University team</span> might have been able to publish their paper faster if they had submitted the paper to other journals than Nature&rdquo;.</span></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0px; MIN-HEIGHT: 14px; FONT: 12px Helvetica"><span style="LETTER-SPACING: 0px"></span><br /> </div> <div style="MARGIN: 0px; FONT: 12px Helvetica"><span style="LETTER-SPACING: 0px">His claim is that if we put two researches on the same line of &ldquo;Nature&rdquo;, it is more probable that Seoul National University would have published earlier than Gachon University, and thus Seoul National University&rsquo;s result must be regarded as the first one.&nbsp;</span></div> <div style="MARGIN: 0px; MIN-HEIGHT: 14px; FONT: 12px Helvetica"><span style="LETTER-SPACING: 0px"></span><br /> </div> <div style="MARGIN: 0px; FONT: 12px Helvetica"><span style="LETTER-SPACING: 0px">President Yang said, &ldquo; Genome Research is a good jounal, but the publication in Nature that has more thorough reviewing process means that the research result is more precise&rdquo;.</span></div> <div><font size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><font face="Verdana, Helvetica, Arial"><br /> <br /> <br /> <a href="http://news.dongascience.com/HTML/News/2009/07/14/20090714200000021978/200907142000000219780103000000.html">http://news.dongascience.com/HTML/News/2009/07/14/20090714200000021978/200907142000000219780103000000.html</a><br /> </font></span></font><font face="Arial"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt"><br /> <br /> </span></font></div> </div> </div> Fact:&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> <p> <table style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 0.28pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 0.28pt solid; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse; BORDER-TOP: #000000 0.28pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 0.28pt solid"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 0.28pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 0.28pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.41pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.1pt; WIDTH: 98.05pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.1pt; HEIGHT: 2.82pt; BORDER-TOP: #000000 0.28pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 0.28pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 1.41pt" valign="middle"> <div>Manuscript type</div> </td> <td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 0.28pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 0.28pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.41pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.1pt; WIDTH: 126.35pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.1pt; HEIGHT: 2.82pt; BORDER-TOP: #000000 0.28pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 0.28pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 1.41pt" valign="middle"> <div>Full research article</div> </td> <td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 0.28pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 0.28pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.41pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.1pt; WIDTH: 126.35pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.1pt; HEIGHT: 2.82pt; BORDER-TOP: #000000 0.28pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 0.28pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 1.41pt" valign="middle"> <div>Letter</div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 0.28pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 0.28pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.41pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.1pt; WIDTH: 98.05pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.1pt; HEIGHT: 2.82pt; BORDER-TOP: #000000 0.28pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 0.28pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 1.41pt" valign="middle">Published journal</td> <td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 0.28pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 0.28pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.41pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.1pt; WIDTH: 126.35pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.1pt; HEIGHT: 2.82pt; BORDER-TOP: #000000 0.28pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 0.28pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 1.41pt" valign="middle">Nature Magazine</td> <td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 0.28pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 0.28pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.41pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.1pt; WIDTH: 126.35pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.1pt; HEIGHT: 2.82pt; BORDER-TOP: #000000 0.28pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 0.28pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 1.41pt" valign="middle">Genome Re3search</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 0.28pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 0.28pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.41pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.1pt; WIDTH: 98.05pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.1pt; HEIGHT: 2.82pt; BORDER-TOP: #000000 0.28pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 0.28pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 1.41pt" valign="middle"> <div>Submitted date</div> </td> <td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 0.28pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 0.28pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.41pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.1pt; WIDTH: 126.35pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.1pt; HEIGHT: 2.82pt; BORDER-TOP: #000000 0.28pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 0.28pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 1.41pt" valign="middle"> <div>2009&nbsp;Feb. 03</div> </td> <td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 0.28pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 0.28pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.41pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.1pt; WIDTH: 126.35pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.1pt; HEIGHT: 2.82pt; BORDER-TOP: #000000 0.28pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 0.28pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 1.41pt" valign="middle"> <div>2009&nbsp;Mar. 06</div> </td> <td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 0.28pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 0.28pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.41pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.1pt; WIDTH: 83.9pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.1pt; HEIGHT: 2.82pt; BORDER-TOP: #000000 0.28pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 0.28pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 1.41pt" valign="middle"> <div>&nbsp; </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 0.28pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 0.28pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.41pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.1pt; WIDTH: 98.05pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.1pt; HEIGHT: 2.82pt; BORDER-TOP: #000000 0.28pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 0.28pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 1.41pt" valign="middle"> <div>Acceptance date</div> </td> <td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 0.28pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 0.28pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.41pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.1pt; WIDTH: 126.35pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.1pt; HEIGHT: 2.82pt; BORDER-TOP: #000000 0.28pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 0.28pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 1.41pt" valign="middle"> <div>2009 May 22</div> </td> <td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 0.28pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 0.28pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.41pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.1pt; WIDTH: 126.35pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.1pt; HEIGHT: 2.82pt; BORDER-TOP: #000000 0.28pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 0.28pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 1.41pt" valign="middle"> <div>2009&nbsp;June 18</div> </td> <td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 0.28pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 0.28pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.41pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.1pt; WIDTH: 83.9pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.1pt; HEIGHT: 2.82pt; BORDER-TOP: #000000 0.28pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 0.28pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 1.41pt" valign="middle"> <div>&nbsp; </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 0.28pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 0.28pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.41pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.1pt; WIDTH: 98.05pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.1pt; HEIGHT: 2.82pt; BORDER-TOP: #000000 0.28pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 0.28pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 1.41pt" valign="middle"> <div>Publication Date</div> </td> <td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 0.28pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 0.28pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.41pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.1pt; WIDTH: 126.35pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.1pt; HEIGHT: 2.82pt; BORDER-TOP: #000000 0.28pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 0.28pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 1.41pt" valign="middle"> <div>2009 May 26th</div> </td> <td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 0.28pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 0.28pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.41pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.1pt; WIDTH: 126.35pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.1pt; HEIGHT: 2.82pt; BORDER-TOP: #000000 0.28pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 0.28pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 1.41pt" valign="middle"> <div>2009 July 9th</div> </td> <td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 0.28pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 0.28pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.41pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.1pt; WIDTH: 83.9pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.1pt; HEIGHT: 2.82pt; BORDER-TOP: #000000 0.28pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 0.28pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 1.41pt" valign="middle">&nbsp;</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> Title of the Genome Research article:&nbsp;<br /> <strong>[[The first Korean genome sequence and analysis: Full genome sequencing for a socio-ethnic group]]</strong><br /> <br /> Title of the Nature magazine letter:<br /> <strong>[[A highly annotated whole-genome sequence of a Korean individual]]</strong><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 0b750ef0a48fa1fbb365d21eedacaf8cb6531ef2 0 1793 2749 2009-08-10T18:33:05Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki Genome Res. 2009. May 26<br /> <br /> <strong>The first Korean genome sequence and analysis: Full genome sequencing for a socio-ethnic group. <br /> </strong>Ahn SM, Kim TH, Lee S, Kim D, Ghang H, Kim DS, Kim BC, Kim SY, Kim WY, Kim C, Park D, Lee YS, Kim S, Reja R, Jho S, Kim CG, Cha JY, Kim KH, Lee B, Bhak J, Kim SJ. <br /> Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Incheon 406-799, Korea; <br /> <br /> We present the first Korean individual genome sequence (SJK) and analysis results. The diploid genome of a Korean male was sequenced to 28.95-fold redundancy using the Illumina paired-end sequencing method. SJK covered 99.9% of the NCBI human reference genome. We identified 420,083 novel single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are not in the dbSNP database. Despite a close similarity, significant differences were observed between the Chinese genome (YH), the only other Asian genome available, and SJK: (1) 39.87% (1,371,239 out of 3,439,107) SNPs were SJK-specific (49.51% against Venter's, 46.94% against Watson's, and 44.17% against the Yoruba genomes); (2) 99.5% (22,495 out of 22,605) of short indels (&lt; 4 bp) discovered on the same loci had the same size and type as YH; and (3) 11.3% (331 out of 2920) deletion structural variants were SJK-specific. Even after attempting to map unmapped reads of SJK to unanchored NCBI scaffolds, HGSV, and available personal genomes, there were still 5.77% SJK reads that could not be mapped. All these findings indicate that the overall genetic differences among individuals from closely related ethnic groups may be significant. Hence, constructing reference genomes for minor socio-ethnic groups will be useful for massive individual genome sequencing.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <a href="http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2009/06/24/gr.092197.109.long">http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2009/06/24/gr.092197.109.long</a><br /> dba1c92ae504f9d20dfe983a930a33f60f3952d5 0 1794 2750 2009-08-10T18:34:53Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">A highly annotated whole-genome sequence of a Korean individual.</font>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> Kim JI, Ju YS, Park H, Kim S, Lee S, Yi JH, Mudge J, Miller NA, Hong D, Bell CJ, Kim HS, Chung IS, Lee WC, Lee JS, Seo SH, Yun JY, Woo HN, Lee H, Suh D, Lee S, Kim HJ, Yavartanoo M, Kwak M, Zheng Y, Lee MK, Park H, Kim JY, Gokcumen O, Mills RE, Zaranek AW, Thakuria J, Wu X, Kim RW, Huntley JJ, Luo S, Schroth GP, Wu TD, Kim H, Yang KS, Park WY, Kim H, Church GM, Lee C, Kingsmore SF, Seo JS. <br /> [1] Genomic Medicine Institute (GMI), Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, Korea [2] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, [3] Macrogen Inc., Seoul 153-023, Korea [4] Psoma Therapeutics, Inc., Seoul 110-799, Korea [5] These authors contributed equally to this work. <br /> <br /> Recent advances in sequencing technologies have initiated an era of personal genome sequences. To date, human genome sequences have been reported for individuals with ancestry in three distinct geographical regions: a Yoruba African, two individuals of northwest European origin, and a person from China. Here we provide a highly annotated, whole-genome sequence for a Korean individual, known as AK1. The genome of AK1 was determined by an exacting, combined approach that included whole-genome shotgun sequencing (27.8x coverage), targeted bacterial artificial chromosome sequencing, and high-resolution comparative genomic hybridization using custom microarrays featuring more than 24 million probes. Alignment to the NCBI reference, a composite of several ethnic clades, disclosed nearly 3.45 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), including 10,162 non-synonymous SNPs, and 170,202 deletion or insertion polymorphisms (indels). SNP and indel densities were strongly correlated genome-wide. Applying very conservative criteria yielded highly reliable copy number variants for clinical considerations. Potential medical phenotypes were annotated for non-synonymous SNPs, coding domain indels, and structural variants. The integration of several human whole-genome sequences derived from several ethnic groups will assist in understanding genetic ancestry, migration patterns and population bottlenecks.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature08211.html">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature08211.html</a><br /> 6256b6761aa82d3d72a3d0b65f5bdf2523d96538 2754 2009-08-10T19:17:00Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">A highly annotated whole-genome sequence of a Korean individual.</font>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> Kim JI, Ju YS, Park H, Kim S, Lee S, Yi JH, Mudge J, Miller NA, Hong D, Bell CJ, Kim HS, Chung IS, Lee WC, Lee JS, Seo SH, Yun JY, Woo HN, Lee H, Suh D, Lee S, Kim HJ, Yavartanoo M, Kwak M, Zheng Y, Lee MK, Park H, Kim JY, Gokcumen O, Mills RE, Zaranek AW, Thakuria J, Wu X, Kim RW, Huntley JJ, Luo S, Schroth GP, Wu TD, Kim H, Yang KS, Park WY, Kim H, Church GM, Lee C, Kingsmore SF, Seo JS. <br /> [1] Genomic Medicine Institute (GMI), Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, Korea [2] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, [3] Macrogen Inc., Seoul 153-023, Korea [4] Psoma Therapeutics, Inc., Seoul 110-799, Korea [5] These authors contributed equally to this work. <br /> <br /> Recent advances in sequencing technologies have initiated an era of personal genome sequences. To date, human genome sequences have been reported for individuals with ancestry in three distinct geographical regions: a Yoruba African, two individuals of northwest European origin, and a person from China. Here we provide a highly annotated, whole-genome sequence for a Korean individual, known as AK1. The genome of AK1 was determined by an exacting, combined approach that included whole-genome shotgun sequencing (27.8x coverage), targeted bacterial artificial chromosome sequencing, and high-resolution comparative genomic hybridization using custom microarrays featuring more than 24 million probes. Alignment to the NCBI reference, a composite of several ethnic clades, disclosed nearly 3.45 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), including 10,162 non-synonymous SNPs, and 170,202 deletion or insertion polymorphisms (indels). SNP and indel densities were strongly correlated genome-wide. Applying very conservative criteria yielded highly reliable copy number variants for clinical considerations. Potential medical phenotypes were annotated for non-synonymous SNPs, coding domain indels, and structural variants. The integration of several human whole-genome sequences derived from several ethnic groups will assist in understanding genetic ancestry, migration patterns and population bottlenecks.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> Data have been deposited in the NCBI short read archive under accession number [[SRA008370]]. These data are also available freely from <font color="#000080"><a href="http://gmi.ac.kr">http://gmi.ac.kr</a></font>. SNPs and indels are deposited in the dbSNP database under handle GMI.<br /> <br /> <br /> <a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature08211.html">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature08211.html</a><br /> f56b802665b1047d15784b0c5c9139cf17a3f920 2755 2009-08-10T19:17:43Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">A highly annotated whole-genome sequence of a Korean individual.</font>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> Kim JI, Ju YS, Park H, Kim S, Lee S, Yi JH, Mudge J, Miller NA, Hong D, Bell CJ, Kim HS, Chung IS, Lee WC, Lee JS, Seo SH, Yun JY, Woo HN, Lee H, Suh D, Lee S, Kim HJ, Yavartanoo M, Kwak M, Zheng Y, Lee MK, Park H, Kim JY, Gokcumen O, Mills RE, Zaranek AW, Thakuria J, Wu X, Kim RW, Huntley JJ, Luo S, Schroth GP, Wu TD, Kim H, Yang KS, Park WY, Kim H, Church GM, Lee C, Kingsmore SF, Seo JS. <br /> [1] Genomic Medicine Institute (GMI), Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, Korea [2] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, [3] Macrogen Inc., Seoul 153-023, Korea [4] Psoma Therapeutics, Inc., Seoul 110-799, Korea [5] These authors contributed equally to this work. <br /> <br /> Recent advances in sequencing technologies have initiated an era of personal genome sequences. To date, human genome sequences have been reported for individuals with ancestry in three distinct geographical regions: a Yoruba African, two individuals of northwest European origin, and a person from China. Here we provide a highly annotated, whole-genome sequence for a Korean individual, known as AK1. The genome of AK1 was determined by an exacting, combined approach that included whole-genome shotgun sequencing (27.8x coverage), targeted bacterial artificial chromosome sequencing, and high-resolution comparative genomic hybridization using custom microarrays featuring more than 24 million probes. Alignment to the NCBI reference, a composite of several ethnic clades, disclosed nearly 3.45 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), including 10,162 non-synonymous SNPs, and 170,202 deletion or insertion polymorphisms (indels). SNP and indel densities were strongly correlated genome-wide. Applying very conservative criteria yielded highly reliable copy number variants for clinical considerations. Potential medical phenotypes were annotated for non-synonymous SNPs, coding domain indels, and structural variants. The integration of several human whole-genome sequences derived from several ethnic groups will assist in understanding genetic ancestry, migration patterns and population bottlenecks.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> Data have been deposited in the NCBI short read archive under accession number [[SRA008370]]. These data are also available freely from <font color="#000080"><a href="http://gmi.ac.kr">http://gmi.ac.kr</a></font>. SNPs and indels are deposited in the dbSNP database under handle GMI.<br /> <br /> <br /> <a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature08211.html">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature08211.html</a><br /> <br /> <br /> <font size="4">See also<br /> </font>[[The first Korean Genome Sequence]] d5d3adaa4b6212b93aa6df340d7835222abed017 0 1795 2752 2009-08-10T19:06:09Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki [[The first Korean genome sequence and analysis: Full genome sequencing for a socio-ethnic group]]<br /> 71877917d31efeb8e2b5b6b0716fd112f13df7c6 2753 2009-08-10T19:14:59Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki [[The first Korean genome sequence and analysis: Full genome sequencing for a socio-ethnic group]]<br /> <br /> 0686a0d7b15d07850f1e508fe4d81dbab85a3e24 2776 2009-08-14T09:13:10Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">Two Korean teams sequenced and analyzed the first Korean genome sequence. December 4th 2008.</font><br /> The data&nbsp;have been&nbsp;available from the national bioinformatics center (KOBIC) since Dec. 2008.<br /> <br /> <font size="3">[[The first Korean genome sequence and analysis: Full genome sequencing for a socio-ethnic group]]</font><br /> <br /> 2a0e60cefaceb463eaea59af01c9224c6dd55bc4 2777 2009-08-14T09:13:24Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">Two Korean teams sequenced and analyzed the first Korean genome sequence. December 4th 2008.</font><br /> The data&nbsp;have been&nbsp;available from the national bioinformatics center ([[KOBIC]]) since Dec. 2008.<br /> <br /> <font size="3">[[The first Korean genome sequence and analysis: Full genome sequencing for a socio-ethnic group]]</font><br /> <br /> 5e20f94fcc5b5a40352f7aff3f01820fa1e401dd 0 1796 2756 2009-08-10T19:18:25Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki The first Korean genome sequence publicized (data) and published (research article) is from Gacheon Medical School and KRIBB (KOBIC) of Korea.<br /> <br /> 0fe559f772aac16c22172d8958213838216e140a 2757 2009-08-10T19:23:35Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki The first Korean genome sequence publicized (data) and published (research article) is from Gacheon Medical School and KRIBB (KOBIC) of Korea.<br /> <br /> [[The first Korean genome sequence and analysis: Full genome sequencing for a socio-ethnic group]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> f3604c2a021c255bd55fb19da5dc410c991385bf 2758 2009-08-10T19:24:11Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki The first Korean genome sequence publicized (data) and published (research article) is from Gacheon Medical School and KRIBB (KOBIC) of Korea.<br /> <br /> [[The first Korean genome sequence and analysis: Full genome sequencing for a socio-ethnic group]]<br /> <br /> <br /> NCBI accession number: [[SRA008175]]<br /> 2323146f15d71388bce83be4c0d1ef543a5d6327 2759 2009-08-10T19:33:59Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki The first Korean genome sequence publicized (data) and published (research article) is from Gacheon Medical School and KRIBB (KOBIC) of Korea.<br /> <br /> [[The first Korean genome sequence and analysis: Full genome sequencing for a socio-ethnic group]]<br /> <br /> <br /> NCBI accession number: [[SRA008175]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <font size="4">See also<br /> </font>The second Korean genome accession number:&nbsp; SRA008370 5597ffe15545200ecde93d1911cee2b7f56e4538 2760 2009-08-10T19:34:10Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki The first Korean genome sequence publicized (data) and published (research article) is from Gacheon Medical School and KRIBB (KOBIC) of Korea.<br /> <br /> [[The first Korean genome sequence and analysis: Full genome sequencing for a socio-ethnic group]]<br /> <br /> <br /> NCBI accession number: [[SRA008175]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <font size="4">See also<br /> </font>The second Korean genome accession number:&nbsp; [[SRA008370]] 9f2e056166d41241e626a6df3728e72fc749b95f 0 1797 2761 2009-08-10T19:37:56Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki Nature Genetics<br /> <br /> It is a magazine sub division operated by Nature magazine company.<br /> <br /> The editors list (by 2009)<br /> <br /> <a href="http://www.nature.com/ng/about/about_eds/index.html">http://www.nature.com/ng/about/about_eds/index.html</a> 01b77447123b23db11ebc5707225e8d9f59d3110 0 1798 2763 2009-08-12T19:37:09Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">Single-molecule sequencing of an individual human genome</font><br /> <br /> <font color="#0066cc">SRA009216<br /> </font><br /> <p id="aug">Dmitry Pushkarev^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/nbt.1561.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>,}^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/nbt.1561.html#a2"><font color="#0066cc">2</font></a>}, Norma F Neff^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/nbt.1561.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>,}^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/nbt.1561.html#a2"><font color="#0066cc">2</font></a>} &amp; Stephen R Quake^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/nbt.1561.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>}</p> <p class="caff"><font color="#0066cc"></font></p> <font color="#0066cc"><hr class="separator" /> </font> <p class="hidden"><font size="3">Billions of 24- to 70-bp reads (32 bp average)<br /> <img style="BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline; BORDER-TOP: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT: 0px" alt="approx" src="http://www.nature.com/__chars/math/special/sim/black/med/base/glyph.gif" />90% of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) reference genome.<br /> 28<img style="BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; BORDER-TOP: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT: 0px" alt="times" src="http://www.nature.com/__chars/math/special/times/black/med/base/glyph.gif" /> average coverage<br /> by&nbsp;one sequencing instrument by a single operator with four data collection runs.&nbsp;<br /> Single-molecule sequencing enabled analysis of human genomic information without the need for cloning, amplification or ligation.&nbsp;<br /> determined <img style="BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline; BORDER-TOP: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT: 0px" alt="approx" src="http://www.nature.com/__chars/math/special/sim/black/med/base/glyph.gif" />2.8 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with a false-positive rate of less than 1% as validated by Sanger sequencing and 99.8% concordance with SNP genotyping arrays.&nbsp;<br /> identified 752 regions of copy number variation by analyzing coverage depth alone and validated 27 of these using digital PCR.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <br /> Nature Biotechnology</font><br /> </p> e3e01de8bb86a006d791df6a9083e2e173445e1f 2764 2009-08-12T19:37:44Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">Single-molecule sequencing of an individual human genome</font><br /> <br /> <font color="#0066cc">SRA009216<br /> </font><br /> <p id="aug">Dmitry Pushkarev^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/nbt.1561.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>,}^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/nbt.1561.html#a2"><font color="#0066cc">2</font></a>}, Norma F Neff^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/nbt.1561.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>,}^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/nbt.1561.html#a2"><font color="#0066cc">2</font></a>} &amp; Stephen R Quake^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/nbt.1561.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>}</p> <p class="caff"><font color="#0066cc"></font></p> <font color="#0066cc"><hr class="separator" /> </font> <p class="hidden"><font size="3">Billions of 24- to 70-bp reads (32 bp average)<br /> <img style="BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline; BORDER-TOP: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT: 0px" alt="approx" src="http://www.nature.com/__chars/math/special/sim/black/med/base/glyph.gif" />90% of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) reference genome.<br /> 28<img style="BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; BORDER-TOP: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT: 0px" alt="times" src="http://www.nature.com/__chars/math/special/times/black/med/base/glyph.gif" /> average coverage<br /> by&nbsp;one sequencing instrument by a single operator with four data collection runs.&nbsp;<br /> Single-molecule sequencing enabled analysis of human genomic information without the need for cloning, amplification or ligation.&nbsp;<br /> determined <img style="BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline; BORDER-TOP: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT: 0px" alt="approx" src="http://www.nature.com/__chars/math/special/sim/black/med/base/glyph.gif" />2.8 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with a false-positive rate of less than 1% as validated by Sanger sequencing and 99.8% concordance with SNP genotyping arrays.&nbsp;<br /> identified 752 regions of copy number variation by analyzing coverage depth alone and validated 27 of these using digital PCR.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <br /> Nature Biotechnology</font><br /> <br /> <a href="http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/nbt.1561.html">http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/nbt.1561.html</a>.</p> 4c122dc3dc9ca29c3389ae9242c8ad3c89904908 2765 2009-08-12T20:16:01Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">Single-molecule sequencing of an individual human genome</font><br /> <br /> <font color="#0066cc">SRA009216<br /> </font><br /> <p id="aug">Dmitry Pushkarev^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/nbt.1561.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>,}^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/nbt.1561.html#a2"><font color="#0066cc">2</font></a>}, Norma F Neff^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/nbt.1561.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>,}^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/nbt.1561.html#a2"><font color="#0066cc">2</font></a>} &amp; Stephen R Quake^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/nbt.1561.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>}</p> <p class="caff"><font color="#0066cc"></font></p> <font color="#0066cc"><hr class="separator" /> </font> <p class="hidden"><font size="3">Billions of 24- to 70-bp reads (32 bp average)<br /> <img style="BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline; BORDER-TOP: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT: 0px" alt="approx" src="http://www.nature.com/__chars/math/special/sim/black/med/base/glyph.gif" />90% of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) reference genome.<br /> 28<img style="BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; BORDER-TOP: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT: 0px" alt="times" src="http://www.nature.com/__chars/math/special/times/black/med/base/glyph.gif" /> average coverage<br /> by&nbsp;one sequencing instrument by a single operator with four data collection runs.&nbsp;<br /> Single-molecule sequencing enabled analysis of human genomic information without the need for cloning, amplification or ligation.&nbsp;<br /> determined <img style="BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline; BORDER-TOP: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT: 0px" alt="approx" src="http://www.nature.com/__chars/math/special/sim/black/med/base/glyph.gif" />2.8 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with a false-positive rate of less than 1% as validated by Sanger sequencing and 99.8% concordance with SNP genotyping arrays.&nbsp;<br /> identified 752 regions of copy number variation by analyzing coverage depth alone and validated 27 of these using digital PCR.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <br /> Nature Biotechnology</font><br /> <br /> <a href="http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/nbt.1561.html">http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/nbt.1561.html</a>.<br /> <br /> [[Helicos Biosciences]]<br /> </p> e74d82131eef0e61605c99af66d9478e2ab4bb6d 2783 2009-08-14T09:25:29Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">Single-molecule sequencing of an individual human genome</font><br /> <br /> <font color="#0066cc">SRA009216<br /> </font><br /> <p id="aug">Dmitry Pushkarev^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/nbt.1561.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>,}^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/nbt.1561.html#a2"><font color="#0066cc">2</font></a>}, Norma F Neff^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/nbt.1561.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>,}^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/nbt.1561.html#a2"><font color="#0066cc">2</font></a>} &amp; Stephen R Quake^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/nbt.1561.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>}</p> <p class="caff"><font color="#0066cc"></font></p> <font color="#0066cc"><hr class="separator" /> </font> <p class="hidden"><font size="3">Billions of 24- to 70-bp reads (32 bp average)<br /> <img style="BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline; BORDER-TOP: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT: 0px" alt="approx" src="http://www.nature.com/__chars/math/special/sim/black/med/base/glyph.gif" />90% of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) reference genome.<br /> 28<img style="BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; BORDER-TOP: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT: 0px" alt="times" src="http://www.nature.com/__chars/math/special/times/black/med/base/glyph.gif" /> average coverage<br /> by&nbsp;one sequencing instrument by a single operator with four data collection runs.&nbsp;<br /> Single-molecule sequencing enabled analysis of human genomic information without the need for cloning, amplification or ligation.&nbsp;<br /> determined <img style="BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline; BORDER-TOP: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT: 0px" alt="approx" src="http://www.nature.com/__chars/math/special/sim/black/med/base/glyph.gif" />2.8 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with a false-positive rate of less than 1% as validated by Sanger sequencing and 99.8% concordance with SNP genotyping arrays.&nbsp;<br /> identified 752 regions of copy number variation by analyzing coverage depth alone and validated 27 of these using digital PCR.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <br /> </font><font size="2">[[Nature Biotechnology]]</font><br /> <br /> <a href="http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/nbt.1561.html">http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/nbt.1561.html</a>.<br /> <br /> [[Helicos Biosciences]]<br /> <br /> <font size="4">See also</font><br /> [http://timesonline.typepad.com/science/2009/08/the-50000-genome-and-the-advance-of-personalised-medicine.html Inflated claims for the $50,000 genome by Times Online] 20090812.<br /> </p> ad8183af8c4bb0565dddcc20e9746df072ff9814 2784 2009-08-14T09:26:25Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">Single-molecule sequencing of an individual human genome</font><br /> <br /> <font color="#0066cc">SRA009216<br /> </font><br /> <p id="aug">Dmitry Pushkarev^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/nbt.1561.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>,}^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/nbt.1561.html#a2"><font color="#0066cc">2</font></a>}, Norma F Neff^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/nbt.1561.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>,}^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/nbt.1561.html#a2"><font color="#0066cc">2</font></a>} &amp; [[Stephen R Quake]]^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/nbt.1561.html#a1"><font color="#0066cc">1</font></a>}</p> <p class="caff"><font color="#0066cc"></font></p> <font color="#0066cc"><hr class="separator" /> </font> <p class="hidden"><font size="3">Billions of 24- to 70-bp reads (32 bp average)<br /> <img style="BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline; BORDER-TOP: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT: 0px" alt="approx" src="http://www.nature.com/__chars/math/special/sim/black/med/base/glyph.gif" />90% of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) reference genome.<br /> 28<img style="BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; BORDER-TOP: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT: 0px" alt="times" src="http://www.nature.com/__chars/math/special/times/black/med/base/glyph.gif" /> average coverage<br /> by&nbsp;one sequencing instrument by a single operator with four data collection runs.&nbsp;<br /> Single-molecule sequencing enabled analysis of human genomic information without the need for cloning, amplification or ligation.&nbsp;<br /> determined <img style="BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline; BORDER-TOP: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT: 0px" alt="approx" src="http://www.nature.com/__chars/math/special/sim/black/med/base/glyph.gif" />2.8 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with a false-positive rate of less than 1% as validated by Sanger sequencing and 99.8% concordance with SNP genotyping arrays.&nbsp;<br /> identified 752 regions of copy number variation by analyzing coverage depth alone and validated 27 of these using digital PCR.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> * Stephen Quake is the co-founder of Helicos.<br /> <br /> </font><font size="2">[[Nature Biotechnology]]</font><br /> <br /> <a href="http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/nbt.1561.html">http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/nbt.1561.html</a>.<br /> <br /> [[Helicos Biosciences]]<br /> <br /> <font size="4">See also</font><br /> [http://timesonline.typepad.com/science/2009/08/the-50000-genome-and-the-advance-of-personalised-medicine.html Inflated claims for the $50,000 genome by Times Online] 20090812.<br /> </p> a645457698f07f0739020ac0b006fad2e79ca701 0 1799 2766 2009-08-12T20:16:38Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <h2>Helicos BioSciences Corporation</h2> <p><br /> Mailing Address:</p> <p>One Kendall Square<br /> Ste. 7301<br /> Cambridge, MA 02139<br /> <a href="http://www.helicosbio.com/LinkClick.aspx?link=95&amp;tabid=94"><font color="#0066cc">Directions to our Office</font></a></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>Toll Free: 877-2-HELICOS (877-243-5426)<br /> Local: (617) 264-1800<br /> FAX: (617) 264-1700<br /> &nbsp;</p> <h3>Careers</h3> <p><a href="mailto:hr@helicosbio.com"><font color="#0066cc">hr@helicosbio.com</font></a></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3>Sales</h3> <p><a href="mailto:sales@helicosbio.com"><font color="#0066cc">sales@helicosbio.com</font></a></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3>Investor Relations</h3> <p><a href="mailto:investorrelations@helicosbio.com"><font color="#0066cc">investorrelations@helicosbio.com</font></a></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 494710282e6167415649287b5d2d2b73a472463a 0 1800 2768 2009-08-14T09:01:08Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki Melon genome with hundreds of DNA markers has been mapped by researchers from Texas A&amp;M University. <br /> <br /> The results are reported in the latest issue of Journal of the American Society of Horticultural Sciences. <br /> <br /> &quot;This will help us anchor down some of the desirable genes to develop better melon varieties,&quot; said Kevin Crosby, one of the lead researchers. &quot;We can identify specific genes for higher sugar content, disease resistance and even drought tolerance.&quot; <br /> <br /> Researchers from France and Spain before had completed partial maps of segments of the melon DNA sequence. Now, the Texas researchers connected those segments with new findings in their study to complete the entire melon genome map. <br /> <br /> For the study, a special variety of ananas melon was crossed with a wild melon. More than 100 of the offspring from that cross were grown in greenhouses. DNA was extracted from leaf tissue collected 21 days after planting. Results from these tests were integrated into partial maps created by other researchers. <br /> <br /> In addition to the complete map, the Texas researchers located genetic markers linked to fruit sugars, ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and male sterility, which is useful for developing hybrid varieties. <br /> <br /> They said the genetic map will be helpful for future studies in identifying fruit sweetness, quality, size, shape and resistance to disease. <br /> <br /> Melons are grown worldwide in a multitude of varieties. Not only are they economically important, the researchers noted, but they are a favorite among consumers internationally. b95ee8f302569db076624cdb80947972bef4b337 2769 2009-08-14T09:03:15Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki Melon genome with hundreds of DNA markers has been mapped by researchers from Texas A&amp;M University. <br /> <br /> The results were reported in [[Journal of the American Society of Horticultural Sciences]].&nbsp;<br /> <br /> Texan researchers located genetic markers linked to fruit sugars, ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and male sterility, which is useful for developing hybrid varieties. <br /> <br /> They said the genetic map will be helpful for future studies in identifying fruit sweetness, quality, size, shape, and resistance to diseases. <br /> <br /> f8d7937394ed1db4f119d3e754363681826c8ff3 2770 2009-08-14T09:05:46Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki Melon genome with hundreds of DNA markers has been mapped by researchers from Texas A&amp;M University. <br /> <br /> The results were reported in [[Journal of the American Society of Horticultural Sciences]].&nbsp;<br /> <br /> Texan researchers (Texas AgriLife Research) located genetic markers linked to fruit sugars, ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and male sterility, which is useful for developing hybrid varieties. <br /> <br /> They said the genetic map will be helpful for future studies in identifying fruit sweetness, quality, size, shape, and resistance to diseases. <br /> <br /> f616d0fc1a939a155bb017755340751e386b3eef 0 1801 2772 2009-08-14T09:07:28Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <br /> <br /> <br /> <strong><font size="4">See also<br /> </font></strong>[http://www.biospectrumasia.com/content/300709KOR10140.asp Agilent CGH chip was used for the second Korean genome sequence]] b75710f0ea216e9fc8e9a8b0fefcd4b8299e618d 2775 2009-08-14T09:11:43Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <br /> <br /> <br /> <strong><font size="4">See also<br /> </font></strong><font size="3">[[The first Korean Genome Sequence analysis]]<br /> [http://www.biospectrumasia.com/content/300709KOR10140.asp Agilent CGH chip was used for the second Korean genome sequence]]</font> fe0bf2469b93cb458d843a3376e6eb75108de34e 0 1802 2779 2009-08-14T09:15:11Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <span title="PloS one."><a href="javascript:AL_get(this, 'jour', 'PLoS One.');"><font color="#0066cc">PLoS One.</font></a></span> 2009 Jun 4;4(6):e5795<br /> <br /> <h2>An integrated genetic and cytogenetic map of the cucumber genome.</h2> <div class="authors"><!--AuthorList--><strong><font color="#0066cc">Ren Y</font></strong>, <strong><font color="#0066cc">Zhang Z</font></strong>, <strong><font color="#0066cc">Liu J</font></strong>, <strong><font color="#0066cc">Staub JE</font></strong>, <strong><font color="#0066cc">Han Y</font></strong>, <strong><font color="#0066cc">Cheng Z</font></strong>, <strong><font color="#0066cc">Li X</font></strong>, <strong><font color="#0066cc">Lu J</font></strong>, <strong><font color="#0066cc">Miao H</font></strong>, <strong><font color="#0066cc">Kang H</font></strong>, <strong><font color="#0066cc">Xie B</font></strong>, <strong><font color="#0066cc">Gu X</font></strong>, <strong><font color="#0066cc">Wang X</font></strong>, <strong><font color="#0066cc">Du Y</font></strong>, <strong><font color="#0066cc">Jin W</font></strong>, <strong><font color="#0066cc">Huang S</font></strong>.</div> <p class="affiliation">Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sino-Dutch Joint Lab of Horticultural Genomics, Opening Lab of Genetic Improvement of Agricultural Crops of Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China.</p> <p class="abstract">The Cucurbitaceae includes important crops such as cucumber, melon, watermelon, squash and pumpkin. However, few genetic and genomic resources are available for plant improvement. Some cucurbit species such as cucumber have a narrow genetic base, which impedes construction of saturated molecular linkage maps. We report herein the development of highly polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers originated from whole genome shotgun sequencing and the subsequent construction of a high-density genetic linkage map. This map includes 995 SSRs in seven linkage groups which spans in total 573 cM, and defines approximately 680 recombination breakpoints with an average of 0.58 cM between two markers. These linkage groups were then assigned to seven corresponding chromosomes using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). FISH assays also revealed a chromosomal inversion between Cucumis subspecies [C. sativus var. sativus L. and var. hardwickii (R.) Alef], which resulted in marker clustering on the genetic map. A quarter of the mapped markers showed relatively high polymorphism levels among 11 inbred lines of cucumber. Among the 995 markers, 49%, 26% and 22% were conserved in melon, watermelon and pumpkin, respectively. This map will facilitate whole genome sequencing, positional cloning, and molecular breeding in cucumber, and enable the integration of knowledge of gene and trait in cucurbits.</p> d7ee9c82d2fe8fea46b1d7f5ed1ac86b3095dcca 0 1803 2781 2009-08-14T09:22:44Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki Heliscope<br /> <br /> It is the third generation DNA sequencer by Helicos. 217927a406293ee70fc21b9ea9253be601e67b72 0 1804 2785 2009-08-14T09:27:33Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <a href="http://thebigone.stanford.edu/">http://thebigone.stanford.edu/</a><br /> <br /> <table border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" width="425"> <tbody> <tr valign="middle"> <td width="283"><font size="2"><font face=""><strong>Stephen Quake, D.Phil. <br /> </strong>Professor of Bioengineering</font><strong><br /> </strong><font face="">Co-Chair<strong>, </strong>Department of Bioengineering</font><strong><br /> </strong><font face="">Investigator, Howard Hughes Medical Institute</font><strong><br /> </strong></font></td> <td height="10" width="125" align="left"> <div align="right"><font size="2" face="">quake#stanford.edu<br /> (650) 736-7890</font></div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><font size="2" face="">D. Phil., Physics, University of Oxford, 1994.<br /> MS, Mathematics, Stanford University, 1991.<br /> BS, Mathematics, Stanford University, 1991.</font></p> 02d78a964172599582fdef463afbccadb04b31e1 0 1771 2786 2009-08-14T09:40:36Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki [[$0 Genome Project]]&nbsp; |&nbsp; [[$0 Genomics Project]]<br /> [[Personal Genome Project]]<br /> [[Free Genomics Project]] (Also known as Personal Genom<font color="#ff0000">ics</font> Project)<br /> <br /> 62ee108029a4c882b78d708fb854ddc09d3d1173 0 1805 2788 2009-08-18T07:39:07Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>Theragen is a genomics and personalized medicine company in Korea<br /> </p> 6465973b16e2e11695c235148c39ad2548fc7bee 0 1652 2789 2009-08-18T07:41:28Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <span class="atl"><strong>2009: [[The first Korean genome sequence and analysis: Full genome sequencing for a socio-ethnic group]]: [[Genome Research]]. May 26th. 2009<br /> 2008: [[An African,&nbsp;Yoruban male genome by Illumina. 2008 Nature]]<br /> 2008: [[The complete genome of an individual by massively parallel DNA sequencing. 2008 Nature]]</strong></span>&nbsp;<br /> <p class="aug"><strong>2007: [[The Diploid Genome Sequence of an Individual Human. 2007 Plos Biology]]<br /> <br /> 2006: [[Polony DNA sequencing. 2006 Curr Protoc Mol Biol.]]<br /> <br /> 1977: [[Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA. 1977 Nature]]<br /> <br /> &nbsp;</strong></p> 57511034807380bb0b5f10915f3d3063fb20c53e 2790 2009-08-18T07:41:41Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <span class="atl"><strong>2009: [[The first Korean genome sequence and analysis: Full genome sequencing for a socio-ethnic group]]: [[Genome Research]].</strong> May 26th. 2009<br /> <strong>2008: [[An African,&nbsp;Yoruban male genome by Illumina. 2008 Nature]]<br /> 2008: [[The complete genome of an individual by massively parallel DNA sequencing. 2008 Nature]]</strong></span>&nbsp;<br /> <p class="aug"><strong>2007: [[The Diploid Genome Sequence of an Individual Human. 2007 Plos Biology]]<br /> <br /> 2006: [[Polony DNA sequencing. 2006 Curr Protoc Mol Biol.]]<br /> <br /> 1977: [[Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA. 1977 Nature]]<br /> <br /> &nbsp;</strong></p> 050117b6983065c92cf3471a60343c98e003f4eb 0 1793 2791 2009-08-18T07:42:09Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki Genome Res. 2009. May 26<br /> <br /> <strong>The first Korean genome sequence and analysis: Full genome sequencing for a socio-ethnic group. <br /> </strong>Ahn SM, Kim TH, Lee S, Kim D, Ghang H, Kim DS, Kim BC, Kim SY, Kim WY, Kim C, Park D, Lee YS, Kim S, Reja R, Jho S, Kim CG, Cha JY, Kim KH, Lee B, Bhak J, Kim SJ. <br /> Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Incheon 406-799, Korea; <br /> <br /> We present the first Korean individual genome sequence (SJK) and analysis results. The diploid genome of a Korean male was sequenced to 28.95-fold redundancy using the Illumina paired-end sequencing method. SJK covered 99.9% of the NCBI human reference genome. We identified 420,083 novel single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are not in the dbSNP database. Despite a close similarity, significant differences were observed between the Chinese genome (YH), the only other Asian genome available, and SJK: (1) 39.87% (1,371,239 out of 3,439,107) SNPs were SJK-specific (49.51% against Venter's, 46.94% against Watson's, and 44.17% against the Yoruba genomes); (2) 99.5% (22,495 out of 22,605) of short indels (&lt; 4 bp) discovered on the same loci had the same size and type as YH; and (3) 11.3% (331 out of 2920) deletion structural variants were SJK-specific. Even after attempting to map unmapped reads of SJK to unanchored NCBI scaffolds, HGSV, and available personal genomes, there were still 5.77% SJK reads that could not be mapped. All these findings indicate that the overall genetic differences among individuals from closely related ethnic groups may be significant. Hence, constructing reference genomes for minor socio-ethnic groups will be useful for massive individual genome sequencing.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <a href="http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2009/06/24/gr.092197.109.long">http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2009/06/24/gr.092197.109.long</a><br /> <br /> <br /> <strong><font size="4">See also<br /> </font></strong>[[The second Korean human genome]] 5105388b78c7ae001c2e5c033f2213853d45cf43 0 1806 2792 2009-08-18T07:44:40Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">A highly annotated whole-genome sequence of a Korean individual</font><br /> <br /> Nature Letter.<br /> <br /> 8th July 2009<br /> <br /> Recent advances in sequencing technologies have initiated an era of personal genome sequences. To date, human genome sequences have been reported for individuals with ancestry in three distinct geographical regions: a Yoruba African, two individuals of northwest European origin, and a person from China^{<a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature08211.html#B1"><font color="#000080">1, </font></a>}^{<a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature08211.html#B2"><font color="#000080">2, </font></a>}^{<a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature08211.html#B3"><font color="#000080">3, </font></a>}^{<a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature08211.html#B4"><font color="#000080">4</font></a>}. Here we provide a highly annotated, whole-genome sequence for a Korean individual, known as AK1. The genome of AK1 was determined by an exacting, combined approach that included whole-genome shotgun sequencing (27.8<img style="BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; BORDER-TOP: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT: 0px" alt="times" src="http://www.nature.com/__chars/math/special/times/black/med/base/glyph.gif" /> coverage), targeted bacterial artificial chromosome sequencing, and high-resolution comparative genomic hybridization using custom microarrays featuring more than 24&nbsp;million probes. Alignment to the NCBI reference, a composite of several ethnic clades^{<a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature08211.html#B5"><font color="#000080">5, </font></a>}^{<a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature08211.html#B6"><font color="#000080">6</font></a>}, disclosed nearly 3.45&nbsp;million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), including 10,162 non-synonymous SNPs, and 170,202 deletion or insertion polymorphisms (indels). SNP and indel densities were strongly correlated genome-wide. Applying very conservative criteria yielded highly reliable copy number variants for clinical considerations. Potential medical phenotypes were annotated for non-synonymous SNPs, coding domain indels, and structural variants. The integration of several human whole-genome sequences derived from several ethnic groups will assist in understanding genetic ancestry, migration patterns and population bottlenecks.<br /> <br /> <a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature08211.html">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature08211.html</a><br /> <br /> <font size="4">See also<br /> </font>[[The first Korean human genome]]<br /> [[A korean genome sequence is announced to the public using a Solexa sequencer 2008 12 04]] 241ce0d4f06921143a683fe5e7b35d42f50dff54 0 1807 2793 2009-08-18T07:48:14Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki Genome Res. 2009. May 26<br /> <br /> <strong>The first Korean genome sequence and analysis: Full genome sequencing for a socio-ethnic group. <br /> </strong>Ahn SM, Kim TH, Lee S, Kim D, Ghang H, Kim DS, Kim BC, Kim SY, Kim WY, Kim C, Park D, Lee YS, Kim S, Reja R, Jho S, Kim CG, Cha JY, Kim KH, Lee B, Bhak J, Kim SJ. <br /> Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Incheon 406-799, Korea; <br /> <br /> We present the first Korean individual genome sequence (SJK) and analysis results. The diploid genome of a Korean male was sequenced to 28.95-fold redundancy using the Illumina paired-end sequencing method. SJK covered 99.9% of the NCBI human reference genome. We identified 420,083 novel single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are not in the dbSNP database. Despite a close similarity, significant differences were observed between the Chinese genome (YH), the only other Asian genome available, and SJK: (1) 39.87% (1,371,239 out of 3,439,107) SNPs were SJK-specific (49.51% against Venter's, 46.94% against Watson's, and 44.17% against the Yoruba genomes); (2) 99.5% (22,495 out of 22,605) of short indels (&lt; 4 bp) discovered on the same loci had the same size and type as YH; and (3) 11.3% (331 out of 2920) deletion structural variants were SJK-specific. Even after attempting to map unmapped reads of SJK to unanchored NCBI scaffolds, HGSV, and available personal genomes, there were still 5.77% SJK reads that could not be mapped. All these findings indicate that the overall genetic differences among individuals from closely related ethnic groups may be significant. Hence, constructing reference genomes for minor socio-ethnic groups will be useful for massive individual genome sequencing.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <a href="http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2009/06/24/gr.092197.109.long"><font color="#800080">http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2009/06/24/gr.092197.109.long</font></a><br /> <br /> <br /> <strong><font size="4">See also<br /> </font></strong>[[The second Korean human genome]] 51d762e2be2c62484e755995c0c64a11f5a27ca6 2794 2009-08-18T07:48:34Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki Genome Res. 2009. May 26<br /> <br /> <strong><font size="4">The first Korean genome sequence and analysis: Full genome sequencing for a socio-ethnic group.</font>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </strong>Ahn SM, Kim TH, Lee S, Kim D, Ghang H, Kim DS, Kim BC, Kim SY, Kim WY, Kim C, Park D, Lee YS, Kim S, Reja R, Jho S, Kim CG, Cha JY, Kim KH, Lee B, Bhak J, Kim SJ. <br /> Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Incheon 406-799, Korea; <br /> <br /> We present the first Korean individual genome sequence (SJK) and analysis results. The diploid genome of a Korean male was sequenced to 28.95-fold redundancy using the Illumina paired-end sequencing method. SJK covered 99.9% of the NCBI human reference genome. We identified 420,083 novel single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are not in the dbSNP database. Despite a close similarity, significant differences were observed between the Chinese genome (YH), the only other Asian genome available, and SJK: (1) 39.87% (1,371,239 out of 3,439,107) SNPs were SJK-specific (49.51% against Venter's, 46.94% against Watson's, and 44.17% against the Yoruba genomes); (2) 99.5% (22,495 out of 22,605) of short indels (&lt; 4 bp) discovered on the same loci had the same size and type as YH; and (3) 11.3% (331 out of 2920) deletion structural variants were SJK-specific. Even after attempting to map unmapped reads of SJK to unanchored NCBI scaffolds, HGSV, and available personal genomes, there were still 5.77% SJK reads that could not be mapped. All these findings indicate that the overall genetic differences among individuals from closely related ethnic groups may be significant. Hence, constructing reference genomes for minor socio-ethnic groups will be useful for massive individual genome sequencing.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <a href="http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2009/06/24/gr.092197.109.long"><font color="#800080">http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2009/06/24/gr.092197.109.long</font></a><br /> <br /> <br /> <strong><font size="4">See also<br /> </font></strong>[[The second Korean human genome]] 4820b10481d312c97808a31ea9bf28539ed0eb42 0 1808 2797 2009-08-18T08:01:36Z Galilei 55 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">SNU and Macrogen team insist on their second Korean genome to be the first one in Korea.</font><br /> <br /> The first full length Korean genome data have been publically available since 4th Dec. 2008 by the national bioinformatics center of Korea (KOBIC). However, medical doctors of Seoul University Medical School and Macrogen Inc. kept insisting on that they were the first to sequence the whole length genome of a Korean. They have been sending press releases and even the president of KOGO (Korean Genome Organization) expressed an opinion that SNU Medical School and Macrogen team's sequencing was the first. The second Korean genome was sequenced by the two Korean teams and analyzed by a US team. Obvsiouly, the Korean teams did not have capability to map and analyze the large short read sequencing data. Also, their sequencing results are not available anywhere in the sites including the URL listed in their Nature Letter paper on 8th July.<br /> <br /> Whatever the intension, it is simply wrong and unscientific to insist on such a false claim. Korea has a long way to go toward acceptably scientific since the exposure of falsehood by Prof. Hwang Woo-Suk who was SNU vet. medical school professor and claimed falsely&nbsp;on major achievements in stem cell research.<br /> <br /> Galilei<br /> be18c9078b5ccfb2125518197a37242330337c77 2798 2009-08-18T08:01:45Z Galilei 55 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">SNU and Macrogen team insist on their second Korean genome to be the first one in Korea.</font><br /> <br /> The first full length Korean genome data have been publically available since 4th Dec. 2008 by the national bioinformatics center of Korea (KOBIC). However, medical doctors of Seoul University Medical School and Macrogen Inc. kept insisting on that they were the first to sequence the whole length genome of a Korean. They have been sending press releases and even the president of KOGO (Korean Genome Organization) expressed an opinion that SNU Medical School and Macrogen team's sequencing was the first. The second Korean genome was sequenced by the two Korean teams and analyzed by a US team. Obvsiouly, the Korean teams did not have capability to map and analyze the large short read sequencing data. Also, their sequencing results are not available anywhere in the sites including the URL listed in their Nature Letter paper on 8th July.<br /> <br /> Whatever the intension, it is simply wrong and unscientific to insist on such a false claim. Korea has a long way to go toward acceptably scientific since the exposure of falsehood by Prof. Hwang Woo-Suk who was SNU vet. medical school professor and claimed falsely&nbsp;on major achievements in stem cell research.<br /> <br /> - Galilei<br /> 7a16a150aa74959f63ca242ffd115bae33789994 0 1810 2802 2009-08-18T08:04:41Z Galilei 55 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><strong>Galileo<font color="#000000"> Galilei</font></strong><font color="#000000"> (15 February 1564<sup id="cite_ref-birthdate_1-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></font></sup>&nbsp;&ndash; 8 January 1642)<sup id="cite_ref-McTutor_0-4" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></font></sup> was an Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who played a major role in the Scientific Revolution. His achievements include improvements to the telescope and consequent astronomical observations, and support for Copernicanism. Galileo has been called the &quot;father of modern observational astronomy,&quot;<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></font></sup> the &quot;father of modern physics,&quot;<sup id="cite_ref-Einstein_4-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></font></sup> the &quot;father of science,&quot;<sup id="cite_ref-Einstein_4-1" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></font></sup> and &quot;the Father of Modern Science.&quot;<sup id="cite_ref-finocchiaro2007_5-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></font></sup> Stephen Hawking says, &quot;Galileo, perhaps more than any other single person, was responsible for the birth of modern science.&quot;<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">The motion of uniformly accelerated objects, taught in nearly all high school and introductory college physics courses, was studied by Galileo as the subject of kinematics. His contributions to observational astronomy include the telescopic confirmation of the phases of Venus, the discovery of the four largest satellites of Jupiter (named the Galilean moons in his honour), and the observation and analysis of sunspots. Galileo also worked in applied science and technology, improving compass design.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo's championing of Copernicanism was controversial within his lifetime, when a large majority of philosophers and astronomers still subscribed (at least outwardly) to the geocentric view that the Earth is at the centre of the universe. After 1610, when he began supporting heliocentrism publicly, he met with bitter opposition from some philosophers and clerics, and two of the latter eventually denounced him to the Roman Inquisition early in 1615. Although he was cleared of any offence at that time, the Catholic Church nevertheless condemned heliocentrism as &quot;false and contrary to Scripture&quot; in February 1616,<sup id="cite_ref-contrary_to_scripture_7-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></font></sup> and Galileo was warned to abandon his support for it&mdash;which he promised to do. When he later defended his views in his most famous work, <em>Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems</em>, published in 1632, he was tried by the Inquisition, found &quot;vehemently suspect of heresy,&quot; forced to recant, and spent the rest of his life under house arrest.</font></p> <script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "show"; var tocHideText = "hide"; showTocToggle(); } //]]> </script> <p><font color="#000000"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Life</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo was born in Pisa (then part of the Duchy of Florence), Italy, the first of six children of Vincenzo Galilei, a famous lutenist and music theorist, and Giulia Ammannati. Four of their six children survived infancy, and the youngest Michelangelo (or Michelagnolo) became a noted lutenist and composer.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo's full name was Galileo di Vincenzo Bonaiuti de' Galilei. At the age of 8, his family moved to Florence, but he was left with Jacopo Borghini for two years.<sup id="cite_ref-McTutor_0-5" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></font></sup> He then was educated in the Camaldolese Monastery at Vallombrosa, 35&nbsp;km southeast of Florence.<sup id="cite_ref-McTutor_0-6" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></font></sup> Although he seriously considered the priesthood as a young man, he enrolled for a medical degree at the University of Pisa at his father's urging. He did not complete this degree, but instead studied mathematics.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></font></sup> In 1589, he was appointed to the chair of mathematics in Pisa. In 1591 his father died and he was entrusted with the care of his younger brother Michelagnolo. In 1592, he moved to the University of Padua, teaching geometry, mechanics, and astronomy until 1610.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></font></sup> During this period Galileo made significant discoveries in both pure science (for example, kinematics of motion, and astronomy) and applied science (for example, strength of materials, improvement of the telescope). His multiple interests included the study of astrology, which in pre-modern disciplinary practice was seen as correlated to the studies of mathematics and astronomy.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Although a genuinely pious Roman Catholic<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></font></sup>, Galileo fathered three children out of wedlock with Marina Gamba. They had two daughters, Virginia in 1600 and Livia in 1601, and one son, Vincenzo, in 1606. Because of their illegitimate birth, their father considered the girls unmarriageable. Their only worthy alternative was the religious life. Both girls were sent to the convent of San Matteo in Arcetri and remained there for the rest of their lives.<sup id="cite_ref-daughters_unmarriageable_12-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></font></sup> Virginia took the name Maria Celeste upon entering the convent. She died on 2 April 1634, and is buried with Galileo at the Basilica di Santa Croce di Firenze. Livia took the name Sister Arcangela and was ill for most of her life. Vincenzo was later legitimized and married Sestilia Bocchineri.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">In 1610 Galileo published an account of his telescopic observations of the moons of Jupiter, using this observation to argue in favour of the sun-centered, Copernican theory of the universe against the dominant earth-centered Ptolemaic and Aristotelian theories. The next year Galileo visited Rome in order to demonstrate his telescope to the influential philosophers and mathematicians of the Jesuit Collegio Romano, and to let them see with their own eyes the reality of the four moons of Jupiter.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></font></sup> While in Rome he was also made a member of the Accademia dei Lincei.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">In 1612, opposition arose to the Sun-centered theory of the universe which Galileo supported. In 1614, from the pulpit of the Basilica of Santa Maria Novella, Father Tommaso Caccini (1574&ndash;1648) denounced Galileo's opinions on the motion of the Earth, judging them dangerous and close to heresy. Galileo went to Rome to defend himself against these accusations, but, in 1616, Cardinal Roberto Bellarmino personally handed Galileo an admonition enjoining him neither to advocate nor teach Copernican astronomy.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></font></sup> During 1621 and 1622 Galileo wrote his first book, <em>The Assayer</em> (<em>Il Saggiatore</em>), which was approved and published in 1623. In 1630, he returned to Rome to apply for a license to print the <em>Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems</em>, published in Florence in 1632. In October of that year, however, he was ordered to appear before the Holy Office in Rome.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Following a papal trial in which he was found vehemently suspect of heresy, Galileo was placed under house arrest and his movements restricted by the Pope. From 1634 onward he stayed at his country house at Arcetri, outside of Florence. He went completely blind in 1638 and was suffering from a painful hernia and insomnia, so he was permitted to travel to Florence for medical advice. He continued to receive visitors until 1642, when, after suffering fever and heart palpitations, he died.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000" size="2"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Scientific methods</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo made original contributions to the science of motion through an innovative combination of experiment and mathematics.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></font></sup> More typical of science at the time were the qualitative studies of William Gilbert, on magnetism and electricity. Galileo's father, Vincenzo Galilei, a lutenist and music theorist, had performed experiments establishing perhaps the oldest known non-linear relation in physics: for a stretched string, the pitch varies as the square root of the tension.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></font></sup> These observations lay within the framework of the Pythagorean tradition of music, well-known to instrument makers, which included the fact that subdividing a string by a whole number produces a harmonious scale. Thus, a limited amount of mathematics had long related music and physical science, and young Galileo could see his own father's observations expand on that tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo is perhaps the first to clearly state that the laws of nature are mathematical. In <em>The Assayer</em> he wrote &quot;Philosophy is written in this grand book, the universe&nbsp;... It is written in the language of mathematics, and its characters are triangles, circles, and other geometric figures; ... .&quot;<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></font></sup> His mathematical analyses are a further development of a tradition employed by late scholastic natural philosophers, which Galileo learned when he studied philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></font></sup> Although he tried to remain loyal to the Catholic Church, his adherence to experimental results, and their most honest interpretation, led to a rejection of blind allegiance to authority, both philosophical and religious, in matters of science. In broader terms, this aided the separation of science from both philosophy and religion; a major development in human thought.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">By the standards of his time, Galileo was often willing to change his views in accordance with observation. Modern philosopher of science Paul Feyerabend also noted the supposedly improper aspects of Galileo's methodology, but he argued that Galileo's methods could be justified retroactively by their results. The bulk of Feyerabend's major work, <em>Against Method</em> (1975), was devoted to an analysis of Galileo, using his astronomical research as a case study to support Feyerabend's own anarchistic theory of scientific method. As he put it: 'Aristotelians&nbsp;... demanded strong empirical support while the Galileans were content with far-reaching, unsupported and partially refuted theories. I do not criticize them for that; on the contrary, I favour Niels Bohr's &quot;this is not crazy enough.&quot;'<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></font></sup> In order to perform his experiments, Galileo had to set up standards of length and time, so that measurements made on different days and in different laboratories could be compared in a reproducible fashion.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo showed a remarkably modern appreciation for the proper relationship between mathematics, theoretical physics, and experimental physics. He understood the parabola, both in terms of conic sections and in terms of the ordinate (y) varying as the square of the abscissa (x). Galilei further asserted that the parabola was the theoretically ideal trajectory of a uniformly accelerated projectile in the absence of friction and other disturbances. He conceded that there are limits to the validity of this theory, noting on theoretical grounds that a projectile trajectory of a size comparable to that of the Earth could not possibly be a parabola,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></font></sup> but he nevertheless maintained that for distances up to the range of the artillery of his day, the deviation of a projectile's trajectory from a parabola would only be very slight.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></font></sup> Thirdly, he recognized that his experimental data would never agree exactly with any theoretical or mathematical form, because of the imprecision of measurement, irreducible friction, and other factors.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">According to Stephen Hawking, Galileo probably bears more of the responsibility for the birth of modern science than anybody else,<sup id="cite_ref-Hawking_galileo_27-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></font></sup> and Albert Einstein called him the father of modern science.<sup id="cite_ref-father_of_science_Einstein_28-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000" size="2"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Astronomy</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000"></font></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Contributions</font></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="WIDTH: 182px" class="thumbinner"><font color="#000000"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Galileo.script.arp.600pix.jpg.jpg/180px-Galileo.script.arp.600pix.jpg.jpg" width="180" height="276" /> </font> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><font color="#000000"><img alt="" src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" /></font></div> <font color="#000000">It was on this page that Galileo first noted an observation of the moons of Jupiter. This observation upset the notion that all celestial bodies must revolve around the Earth. Galileo published a full description in <em>Sidereus Nuncius</em> in March 1610</font></div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="WIDTH: 182px" class="thumbinner"><font color="#000000"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Phases-of-Venus.svg/180px-Phases-of-Venus.svg.png" width="180" height="135" /> </font> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><font color="#000000"><img alt="" src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" /></font></div> <font color="#000000">The phases of Venus, observed by Galileo in 1610</font></div> </div> </div> <p><font color="#000000">Based only on uncertain descriptions of the first practical telescope, invented by Hans Lippershey in the Netherlands in 1608, Galileo, in the following year, made a telescope with about 3x magnification. He later made others with up to about 30x magnification.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></font></sup> With this improved device he could see magnified, upright images on the earth &ndash; it was what is now known as a terrestrial telescope, or spyglass. He could also use it to observe the sky; for a time he was one of those who could construct telescopes good enough for that purpose. On 25 August 1609, he demonstrated his first telescope to Venetian lawmakers. His telescopes were a profitable sideline. He could sell them to merchants who found them useful both at sea and as items of trade. He published his initial telescopic astronomical observations in March 1610 in a brief treatise entitled <em>Sidereus Nuncius</em> (<em>Starry Messenger</em>).</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">On 7 January 1610 Galileo observed with his telescope what he described at the time as &quot;three fixed stars, totally invisible<sup id="cite_ref-invisible_30-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></font></sup> by their smallness,&quot; all close to Jupiter, and lying on a straight line through it.<sup id="cite_ref-jupiter.27s_moons_31-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></font></sup> Observations on subsequent nights showed that the positions of these &quot;stars&quot; relative to Jupiter were changing in a way that would have been inexplicable if they had really been fixed stars. On 10 January Galileo noted that one of them had disappeared, an observation which he attributed to its being hidden behind Jupiter. Within a few days he concluded that they were orbiting Jupiter:<sup id="cite_ref-moonconclusion_32-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></font></sup> He had discovered three of Jupiter's four largest satellites (moons): Io, Europa, and Callisto. He discovered the fourth, Ganymede, on 13 January. Galileo named the four satellites he had discovered <em>Medicean stars</em>, in honour of his future patron, Cosimo II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, and Cosimo's three brothers.<sup id="cite_ref-medicean_stars_33-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></font></sup> Later astronomers, however, renamed them the <em>Galilean satellites</em> in honour of Galileo himself.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">A planet with smaller planets orbiting it did not conform to the principles of Aristotelian Cosmology, which held that all heavenly bodies should circle the Earth,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>35<span>]</span></font></sup> and many astronomers and philosophers initially refused to believe that Galileo could have discovered such a thing.<sup id="cite_ref-scepticism_35-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>36<span>]</span></font></sup> His observations were confirmed by the observatory of Christopher Clavius and he received a hero's welcome when he visited Rome in 1611<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>37<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo continued to observe the satellites over the next eighteen months, and by mid 1611 he had obtained remarkably accurate estimates for their periods&mdash;a feat which Kepler had believed impossible.<sup id="cite_ref-periods_37-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>38<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">From September 1610, Galileo observed that Venus exhibited a full set of phases similar to that of the Moon. The heliocentric model of the solar system developed by Nicolaus Copernicus predicted that all phases would be visible since the orbit of Venus around the Sun would cause its illuminated hemisphere to face the Earth when it was on the opposite side of the Sun and to face away from the Earth when it was on the Earth-side of the Sun. On the other hand, in Ptolemy's geocentric model it was impossible for any of the planets' orbits to intersect the spherical shell carrying the Sun. Traditionally the orbit of Venus was placed entirely on the near side of the Sun, where it could exhibit only crescent and new phases. It was, however, also possible to place it entirely on the far side of the Sun, where it could exhibit only gibbous and full phases. After Galileo's telescopic observations of the crescent, gibbous and full phases of Venus, therefore, this Ptolemaic model became untenable. Thus in the early 17th century as a result of his discovery the great majority of astronomers converted to one of the various geo-heliocentric planetary models<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>39<span>]</span></font></sup>, such as the Tychonic, Capellan and Extended Capellan models<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></font></sup>, each either with or without a daily rotating Earth. These all had the virtue of explaining the phases of Venus without the vice of the 'refutation' of full heliocentrism&rsquo;s prediction of stellar parallax. Galileo&rsquo;s discovery of the phases of Venus was thus arguably his most empirically practically influential contribution to the two-stage transition from full geocentrism to full heliocentrism via geo-heliocentrism.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo also observed the planet Saturn, and at first mistook its rings for planets, thinking it was a three-bodied system. When he observed the planet later, Saturn's rings were directly oriented at Earth, causing him to think that two of the bodies had disappeared. The rings reappeared when he observed the planet in 1616, further confusing him.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>41<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo was one of the first Europeans to observe sunspots, although Kepler had unwittingly observed one in 1607, but mistook it for a transit of Mercury. He also reinterpreted a sunspot observation from the time of Charlemagne, which formerly had been attributed (impossibly) to a transit of Mercury. The very existence of sunspots showed another difficulty with the unchanging perfection of the heavens posited by orthodox Aristotelian celestial physics, but their regular periodic transits also confirmed the dramatic novel prediction of Kepler's Aristotelian celestial dynamics in his 1609 <em>Astronomia Nova</em> that the sun rotates, which was the first successful novel prediction of post-spherist celestial physics.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>42<span>]</span></font></sup> And the annual variations in sunspots' motions, discovered by Francesco Sizzi and others in 1612&ndash;1613,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>43<span>]</span></font></sup> provided a powerful argument against both the Ptolemaic system and the geoheliocentric system of Tycho Brahe.<sup id="cite_ref-sunspot_argument_43-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>44<span>]</span></font></sup> For the seasonal variation refuted all non-geo-rotational geostatic planetary models such as the Ptolemaic pure geocentric model and the Tychonic geoheliocentric model in which the Sun orbits the Earth daily, whereby the variation should appear daily but does not. But it was explicable by all geo-rotational systems such as Longomontanus's semi-Tychonic geo-heliocentric model, Capellan and extended Capellan geo-heliocentric models with a daily rotating Earth, and the pure heliocentric model. A dispute over priority in the discovery of sunspots, and in their interpretation, led Galileo to a long and bitter feud with the Jesuit Christoph Scheiner; in fact, there is little doubt that both of them were beaten by David Fabricius and his son Johannes, looking for confirmation of Kepler's prediction of the sun's rotation. Scheiner quickly adopted Kepler's 1615 proposal of the modern telescope design, which gave larger magnification at the cost of inverted images; Galileo apparently never changed to Kepler's design.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo was the first to report lunar mountains and craters, whose existence he deduced from the patterns of light and shadow on the Moon's surface. He even estimated the mountains' heights from these observations. This led him to the conclusion that the Moon was &quot;rough and uneven, and just like the surface of the Earth itself,&quot; rather than a perfect sphere as Aristotle had claimed. Galileo observed the Milky Way, previously believed to be nebulous, and found it to be a multitude of stars packed so densely that they appeared to be clouds from Earth. He located many other stars too distant to be visible with the naked eye. Galileo also observed the planet Neptune in 1612, but did not realize that it was a planet and took no particular notice of it. It appears in his notebooks as one of many unremarkable dim stars.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000"></font></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Controversy over comets and <em>The Assayer</em></font></span></h3> <div class="rellink noprint relarticle mainarticle"><font color="#000000">Main article: The Assayer</font></div> <p><font color="#000000">In 1619, Galileo became embroiled in a controversy with Father Orazio Grassi, professor of mathematics at the Jesuit Collegio Romano. It began as a dispute over the nature of comets, but by the time Galileo had published <em>The Assayer</em> (<em>Il Saggiatore</em>) in 1623, his last salvo in the dispute, it had become a much wider argument over the very nature of Science itself. Because <em>The Assayer</em> contains such a wealth of Galileo's ideas on how Science should be practised, it has been referred to as his scientific manifesto.<sup id="cite_ref-scientific_manifesto_44-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>45<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Early in 1619, Father Grassi had anonymously published a pamphlet, <em>An Astronomical Disputation on the Three Comets of the Year 1618</em> ,<sup id="cite_ref-disputatio_45-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>46<span>]</span></font></sup> which discussed the nature of a comet that had appeared late in November of the previous year. Grassi concluded that the comet was a fiery body which had moved along a segment of a great circle at a constant distance from the earth,<sup id="cite_ref-grassi_great_circle_46-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>47<span>]</span></font></sup> and that it had been located well beyond the moon.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Grassi's arguments and conclusions were criticized in a subsequent article, <em>Discourse on the Comets</em> ,<sup id="cite_ref-discourse_on_comets_47-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>48<span>]</span></font></sup> published under the name of one of Galileo's disciples, a Florentine lawyer named Mario Guiducci, although it had been largely written by Galileo himself.<sup id="cite_ref-authorship_of_discourse_48-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>49<span>]</span></font></sup> Galileo and Guiducci offered no definitive theory of their own on the nature of comets,<sup id="cite_ref-criticism_of_previous_theories_49-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>50<span>]</span></font></sup> although they did present some tentative conjectures which we now know to be mistaken.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">In its opening passage, Galileo and Guiducci's <em>Discourse</em> gratuitously insulted the Jesuit Christopher Scheiner,<sup id="cite_ref-Scheiner_insult_50-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>51<span>]</span></font></sup> and various uncomplimentary remarks about the professors of the Collegio Romano were scattered throughout the work.<sup id="cite_ref-uncomplimentary_remark_51-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>52<span>]</span></font></sup> The Jesuits were offended,<sup id="cite_ref-jesuits_offended_52-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>53<span>]</span></font></sup> and Grassi soon replied with a polemical tract of his own, <em>The Astronomical and Philosophical Balance</em> ,<sup id="cite_ref-astronomical_balance_53-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>54<span>]</span></font></sup> under the pseudonym Lothario Sarsio Sigensano,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>55<span>]</span></font></sup> purporting to be one of his own pupils.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000"><em>The Assayer</em> was Galileo's devastating reply to the <em>Astronomical Balance</em>.<sup id="cite_ref-the_assayer_55-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>56<span>]</span></font></sup> It has been widely regarded as a masterpiece of polemical literature,<sup id="cite_ref-masterpiece_of_polemics_56-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>57<span>]</span></font></sup> in which &quot;Sarsi's&quot; arguments are subjected to withering scorn.<sup id="cite_ref-withering_scorn_57-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>58<span>]</span></font></sup> It was greeted with wide acclaim, and particularly pleased the new pope, Urban VIII, to whom it had been dedicated.<sup id="cite_ref-assayer_success_58-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>59<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo's dispute with Grassi permanently alienated many of the Jesuits who had previously been sympathetic to his ideas,<sup id="cite_ref-jesuit_alienation_59-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>60<span>]</span></font></sup> and Galileo and his friends were convinced that these Jesuits were responsible for bringing about his later condemnation.<sup id="cite_ref-jesuits_responsible_60-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>61<span>]</span></font></sup> The evidence for this is at best equivocal, however.<sup id="cite_ref-evidence_of_jesuits_61-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>62<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000" size="2"></font></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Galileo, Kepler and theories of tides</font></span></h3> <p><font color="#000000">Cardinal Bellarmine had written in 1615 that the Copernican system could not be defended without &quot;a true physical demonstration that the sun does not circle the earth but the earth circles the sun.&quot;<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>63<span>]</span></font></sup> Galileo considered his theory of the tides to provide the required physical proof of the motion of the earth. This theory was so important to Galileo that he originally intended to entitle his <em>Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems</em> the <em>Dialogue on the Ebb and Flow of the Sea</em>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>64<span>]</span></font></sup> For Galileo, the tides were caused by the sloshing back and forth of water in the seas as a point on the Earth's surface speeded up and slowed down because of the Earth's rotation on its axis and revolution around the Sun. Galileo circulated his first account of the tides in 1616, addressed to Cardinal Orsini.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>65<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">If this theory were correct, there would be only one high tide per day. Galileo and his contemporaries were aware of this inadequacy because there are two daily high tides at Venice instead of one, about twelve hours apart. Galileo dismissed this anomaly as the result of several secondary causes, including the shape of the sea, its depth, and other factors.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>66<span>]</span></font></sup> Against the assertion that Galileo was deceptive in making these arguments, Albert Einstein expressed the opinion that Galileo developed his &quot;fascinating arguments&quot; and accepted them uncritically out of a desire for physical proof of the motion of the Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>67<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo dismissed as a &quot;useless fiction&quot; the idea, held by his contemporary Johannes Kepler, that the moon caused the tides.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>68<span>]</span></font></sup> Galileo also refused to accept Kepler's elliptical orbits of the planets,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>69<span>]</span></font></sup> considering the circle the &quot;perfect&quot; shape for planetary orbits.</font></p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="WIDTH: 182px" class="thumbinner"><font color="#000000"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Galilee.jpg/180px-Galilee.jpg" width="180" height="260" /> </font> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><font color="#000000"><img alt="" src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" /></font></div> <font color="#000000">Galileo Galilei. Portrait in crayon by Leoni.</font></div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="WIDTH: 182px" class="thumbinner"><font color="#000000"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Galileo_telescope_replica.jpg/180px-Galileo_telescope_replica.jpg" width="180" height="135" /> </font> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><font color="#000000"><img alt="" src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" /></font></div> <font color="#000000">A replica of the earliest surviving telescope attributed to Galileo Galilei, on display at the Griffith Observatory.</font></div> </div> </div> <p><font color="#000000"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Technology</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo made a number of contributions to what is now known as technology, as distinct from pure physics, and suggested others. This is not the same distinction as made by Aristotle, who would have considered all Galileo's physics as <em>techne</em> or useful knowledge, as opposed to <em>episteme</em>, or philosophical investigation into the causes of things. Between 1595&ndash;1598, Galileo devised and improved a <em>Geometric and Military Compass</em> suitable for use by gunners and surveyors. This expanded on earlier instruments designed by Niccol&ograve; Tartaglia and Guidobaldo del Monte. For gunners, it offered, in addition to a new and safer way of elevating cannons accurately, a way of quickly computing the charge of gunpowder for cannonballs of different sizes and materials. As a geometric instrument, it enabled the construction of any regular polygon, computation of the area of any polygon or circular sector, and a variety of other calculations. About 1593, Galileo constructed a thermometer, using the expansion and contraction of air in a bulb to move water in an attached tube.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">In 1609, Galileo was, along with Englishman Thomas Harriot and others, among the first to use a refracting telescope as an instrument to observe stars, planets or moons. The name &quot;telescope&quot; was coined for Galileo's instrument by a Greek mathematician, Giovanni Demisiani,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>70<span>]</span></font></sup> at a banquet held in 1611 by Prince Federico Cesi to make Galileo a member of his Accademia dei Lincei.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>71<span>]</span></font></sup> The name was derived from the Greek <em>tele</em> = 'far' and <em>skopein</em> = 'to look or see'. In 1610, he used a telescope at close range to magnify the parts of insects.<sup id="cite_ref-telescope_microscope_71-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>72<span>]</span></font></sup> By 1624 he had perfected<sup id="cite_ref-microscope_perfection_72-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>73<span>]</span></font></sup> a compound microscope. He gave one of these instruments to Cardinal Zollern in May of that year for presentation to the Duke of Bavaria,<sup id="cite_ref-Zollern_microscope_73-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>74<span>]</span></font></sup> and in September he sent another to Prince Cesi.<sup id="cite_ref-Cesi_microscope_74-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>75<span>]</span></font></sup> The Linceans played a role again in naming the &quot;microscope&quot; a year later when fellow academy member Giovanni Faber coined the word for Galileo's invention from the Greek words <em>&mu;&iota;&kappa;&rho;ό&nu;</em> (<em>micron</em>) meaning &quot;small,&quot; and <em>&sigma;&kappa;&omicron;&pi;&epsilon;ῖ&nu;</em> (<em>skopein</em>) meaning &quot;to look at.&quot; The word was meant to be analogous with &quot;telescope.&quot;<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>76<span>]</span></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>77<span>]</span></font></sup> Illustrations of insects made using one of Galileo's microscopes, and published in 1625, appear to have been the first clear documentation of the use of a compound microscope.<sup id="cite_ref-microscope_use_77-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>78<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">In 1612, having determined the orbital periods of Jupiter's satellites, Galileo proposed that with sufficiently accurate knowledge of their orbits one could use their positions as a universal clock, and this would make possible the determination of longitude. He worked on this problem from time to time during the remainder of his life; but the practical problems were severe. The method was first successfully applied by Giovanni Domenico Cassini in 1681 and was later used extensively for large land surveys; this method, for example, was used by Lewis and Clark. For sea navigation, where delicate telescopic observations were more difficult, the longitude problem eventually required development of a practical portable marine chronometer, such as that of John Harrison.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">In his last year, when totally blind, he designed an escapement mechanism for a pendulum clock, a vectorial model of which may be seen here. The first fully operational pendulum clock was made by Christiaan Huygens in the 1650s. Galilei created sketches of various inventions, such as a candle and mirror combination to reflect light throughout a building, an automatic tomato picker, a pocket comb that doubled as an eating utensil, and what appears to be a ballpoint pen.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Physics</font></span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="WIDTH: 182px" class="thumbinner"><font color="#000000"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Tito_Lessi_-_Galileo_and_Viviani.jpg/180px-Tito_Lessi_-_Galileo_and_Viviani.jpg" width="180" height="145" /> </font> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><font color="#000000"><img alt="" src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" /></font></div> <font color="#000000"><em>Galileo e Viviani</em>, 1892, Tito Lessi</font></div> </div> </div> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo's theoretical and experimental work on the motions of bodies, along with the largely independent work of Kepler and Ren&eacute; Descartes, was a precursor of the classical mechanics developed by Sir Isaac Newton.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">A biography by Galileo's pupil Vincenzo Viviani stated that Galileo had dropped balls of the same material, but different masses, from the Leaning Tower of Pisa to demonstrate that their time of descent was independent of their mass.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>79<span>]</span></font></sup> This was contrary to what Aristotle had taught: that heavy objects fall faster than lighter ones, in direct proportion to weight.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>80<span>]</span></font></sup> While this story has been retold in popular accounts, there is no account by Galileo himself of such an experiment, and it is generally accepted by historians that it was at most a thought experiment which did not actually take place.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>81<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">In his 1638 <em>Discorsi</em> Galileo's character Salviati, widely regarded as largely Galileo's spokesman, held that all unequal weights would fall with the same finite speed in a vacuum. But this had previously been proposed by Lucretius<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>82<span>]</span></font></sup> and Simon Stevin.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>83<span>]</span></font></sup> Salviati also held it could be experimentally demonstrated by the comparison of pendulum motions in air with bobs of lead and of cork which had different weight but which were otherwise similar.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo proposed that a falling body would fall with a uniform acceleration, as long as the resistance of the medium through which it was falling remained negligible, or in the limiting case of its falling through a vacuum.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>84<span>]</span></font></sup> He also derived the correct kinematical law for the distance travelled during a uniform acceleration starting from rest&mdash;namely, that it is proportional to the square of the elapsed time (&nbsp;<em>d</em>&nbsp;&prop;&nbsp;<em>t</em>^{<font size="2">&nbsp;2</font>}&nbsp;).<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>85<span>]</span></font></sup> However, in neither case were these discoveries entirely original. The time-squared law for uniformly accelerated change was already known to Nicole Oresme in the 14th century,<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>86<span>]</span></font></sup> and Domingo de Soto, in the 16th, had suggested that bodies falling through a homogeneous medium would be uniformly accelerated.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>87<span>]</span></font></sup> Galileo expressed the time-squared law using geometrical constructions and mathematically precise words, adhering to the standards of the day. (It remained for others to re-express the law in algebraic terms). He also concluded that objects <em>retain their velocity</em> unless a force&mdash;often friction&mdash;acts upon them, refuting the generally accepted Aristotelian hypothesis that objects &quot;naturally&quot; slow down and stop unless a force acts upon them (philosophical ideas relating to inertia had been proposed by Ibn al-Haytham centuries earlier, as had Jean Buridan, and according to Joseph Needham, Mo Tzu had proposed it centuries before either of them, but this was the first time that it had been mathematically expressed, verified experimentally, and introduced the idea of frictional force, the key breakthrough in validating inertia). Galileo's Principle of Inertia stated: &quot;A body moving on a level surface will continue in the same direction at constant speed unless disturbed.&quot; This principle was incorporated into Newton's laws of motion (first law).</font></p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="WIDTH: 182px" class="thumbinner"><font color="#000000"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Pisa.Duomo.dome.Riminaldi01.jpg/180px-Pisa.Duomo.dome.Riminaldi01.jpg" width="180" height="193" /> </font> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><font color="#000000"><img alt="" src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" /></font></div> <font color="#000000">Dome of the cathedral of Pisa with the &quot;lamp of Galileo&quot;</font></div> </div> </div> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo also claimed (incorrectly) that a pendulum's swings always take the same amount of time, independently of the amplitude. That is, that a simple pendulum is isochronous. It is popularly believed that he came to this conclusion by watching the swings of the bronze chandelier in the cathedral of Pisa, using his pulse to time it. It appears however, that he conducted no experiments because the claim is true only of infinitesimally small swings as discovered by Christian Huygens. Galileo's son, Vincenzo, sketched a clock based on his father's theories in 1642. The clock was never built and, because of the large swings required by its verge escapement, would have been a poor timekeeper. (See Technology above.)</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">In 1638 Galileo described an experimental method to measure the speed of light by arranging that two observers, each having lanterns equipped with shutters, observe each other's lanterns at some distance. The first observer opens the shutter of his lamp, and, the second, upon seeing the light, immediately opens the shutter of his own lantern. The time between the first observer's opening his shutter and seeing the light from the second observer's lamp indicates the time it takes light to travel back and forth between the two observers. Galileo reported that when he tried this at a distance of less than a mile, he was unable to determine whether or not the light appeared instantaneously.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>88<span>]</span></font></sup> Sometime between Galileo's death and 1667, the members of the Florentine <em>Accademia del Cimento</em> repeated the experiment over a distance of about a mile and obtained a similarly inconclusive result.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>89<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo is lesser known for, yet still credited with, being one of the first to understand sound frequency. By scraping a chisel at different speeds, he linked the pitch of the sound produced to the spacing of the chisel's skips, a measure of frequency.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">In his 1632 Dialogue Galileo presented a physical theory to account for tides, based on the motion of the Earth. If correct, this would have been a strong argument for the reality of the Earth's motion. In fact, the original title for the book described it as a dialogue on the tides; the reference to tides was removed by order of the Inquisition. His theory gave the first insight into the importance of the shapes of ocean basins in the size and timing of tides; he correctly accounted, for instance, for the negligible tides halfway along the Adriatic Sea compared to those at the ends. As a general account of the cause of tides, however, his theory was a failure. Kepler and others correctly associated the Moon with an influence over the tides, based on empirical data; a proper physical theory of the tides, however, was not available until Newton.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo also put forward the basic principle of relativity, that the laws of physics are the same in any system that is moving at a constant speed in a straight line, regardless of its particular speed or direction. Hence, there is no absolute motion or absolute rest. This principle provided the basic framework for Newton's laws of motion and is central to Einstein's special theory of relativity.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Mathematics</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000">While Galileo's application of mathematics to experimental physics was innovative, his mathematical methods were the standard ones of the day. The analysis and proofs relied heavily on the Eudoxian theory of proportion, as set forth in the fifth book of Euclid's Elements. This theory had become available only a century before, thanks to accurate translations by Tartaglia and others; but by the end of Galileo's life it was being superseded by the algebraic methods of Descartes.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo produced one piece of original and even prophetic work in mathematics: Galileo's paradox, which shows that there are as many perfect squares as there are whole numbers, even though most numbers are not perfect squares. Such seeming contradictions were brought under control 250 years later in the work of Georg Cantor.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Church controversy</font></span></h2> <div class="rellink noprint relarticle mainarticle"><font color="#000000">Main article: Galileo affair</font></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="WIDTH: 182px" class="thumbinner"><font color="#000000"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Galileo_facing_the_Roman_Inquisition.jpg/180px-Galileo_facing_the_Roman_Inquisition.jpg" width="180" height="137" /> </font> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><font color="#000000"><img alt="" src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" /></font></div> <font color="#000000">Cristiano Banti's 1857 painting <em>Galileo facing the Roman Inquisition</em></font></div> </div> </div> <p><font color="#000000">Western Christian biblical references Psalm 93:1, Psalm 96:10, and 1 Chronicles 16:30 include (depending on translation) text stating that &quot;the world is firmly established, it cannot be moved.&quot; In the same tradition, Psalm 104:5 says, &quot;the LORD set the earth on its foundations; it can never be moved.&quot; Further, Ecclesiastes 1:5 states that &quot;And the sun rises and sets and returns to its place&quot; etc.<sup id="cite_ref-Bellarmine_quote_89-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>90<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo defended heliocentrism, and claimed it was not contrary to those Scripture passages. He took Augustine's position on Scripture: not to take every passage literally, particularly when the scripture in question is a book of poetry and songs, not a book of instructions or history. The writers of the Scripture wrote from the perspective of the terrestrial world, and from that vantage point the sun does rise and set.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">By 1616 the attacks on the ideas of Copernicus had reached a head, and Galileo went to Rome to try to persuade the Church authorities not to ban his ideas. In the end, Cardinal Bellarmine, acting on directives from the Inquisition, delivered him an order not to &quot;hold or defend&quot; the idea that the Earth moves and the Sun stands still at the centre. The decree did not prevent Galileo from discussing heliocentrism hypothesis (thus maintaining a facade of separation between science and the church). For the next several years Galileo stayed well away from the controversy. He revived his project of writing a book on the subject, encouraged by the election of Cardinal Barberini as Pope Urban VIII in 1623. Barberini was a friend and admirer of Galileo, and had opposed the condemnation of Galileo in 1616. The book, <em>Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems</em>, was published in 1632, with formal authorization from the Inquisition and papal permission.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Pope Urban VIII personally asked Galileo to give arguments for and against heliocentrism in the book, and to be careful not to advocate heliocentrism. He made another request, that his own views on the matter be included in Galileo's book. Only the latter of those requests was fulfilled by Galileo. Whether unknowingly or deliberately, Simplicio, the defender of the Aristotelian Geocentric view in <em>Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems</em>, was often caught in his own errors and sometimes came across as a fool. This fact made <em>Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems</em> appear as an advocacy book; an attack on Aristotelian geocentrism and defense of the Copernican theory. To add insult to injury<sup style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap" class="noprint Inline-Template" title="This statement may not be entirely without bias from June 2009"><font size="2">[<em>neutrality disputed</em>]</font></sup>, Galileo put the words of Pope Urban VIII into the mouth of Simplicio. Most historians agree Galileo did not act out of malice and felt blindsided by the reaction to his book.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>91<span>]</span></font></sup> However, the Pope did not take the suspected public ridicule lightly, nor the blatant bias. Galileo had alienated one of his biggest and most powerful supporters, the Pope, and was called to Rome to defend his writings.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">With the loss of many of his defenders in Rome because of <em>Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems</em>, Galileo was ordered to stand trial on suspicion of heresy in 1633. The sentence of the Inquisition was in three essential parts:</font></p> <ul> <li><font color="#000000">Galileo was found &quot;vehemently suspect of heresy,&quot; namely of having held the opinions that the Sun lies motionless at the centre of the universe, that the Earth is not at its centre and moves, and that one may hold and defend an opinion as probable after it has been declared contrary to Holy Scripture. He was required to &quot;abjure, curse and detest&quot; those opinions.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>92<span>]</span></font></sup></font></li> <li><font color="#000000">He was ordered imprisoned; the sentence was later commuted to house arrest.</font></li> <li><font color="#000000">His offending <em>Dialogue</em> was banned; and in an action not announced at the trial, publication of any of his works was forbidden, including any he might write in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>93<span>]</span></font></sup></font></li> </ul> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="WIDTH: 182px" class="thumbinner"><font color="#000000"><font size="2"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bd/Tomb_of_Galileo_Galilei.JPG/180px-Tomb_of_Galileo_Galilei.JPG" width="180" height="135" /></font> </font> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><font color="#000000"><img alt="" src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" /></font></div> <font color="#000000">Tomb of Galileo Galilei, Santa Croce</font></div> </div> </div> <p><font color="#000000">According to popular legend, after recanting his theory that the Earth moved around the Sun, Galileo allegedly muttered the rebellious phrase <em>And yet it moves</em>, but there is no evidence that he actually said this or anything similarly impertinent. The first account of the legend dates to a century after his death.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>94<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">After a period with the friendly Ascanio Piccolomini (the Archbishop of Siena), Galileo was allowed to return to his villa at Arcetri near Florence, where he spent the remainder of his life under house arrest, and where he later became blind. It was while Galileo was under house arrest that he dedicated his time to one of his finest works, <em>Two New Sciences</em>. Here he summarized work he had done some forty years earlier, on the two sciences now called kinematics and strength of materials. This book has received high praise from both Sir Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein.<sup style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap" class="noprint Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from July 2008"><font size="2">[<em>citation needed</em>]</font></sup> As a result of this work, Galileo is often called, the &quot;father of modern physics.&quot;</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo died on 8 January 1642 at 77 years of age. The Grand Duke of Tuscany, Ferdinando II, wished to bury him in the main body of the Basilica of Santa Croce, next to the tombs of his father and other ancestors, and to erect a marble mausoleum in his honour.<sup id="cite_ref-funeral_94-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>95<span>]</span></font></sup> These plans were scrapped, however, after Pope Urban VIII and his nephew, Cardinal Francesco Barberini, protested.<sup id="cite_ref-funeral_protests_95-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>96<span>]</span></font></sup> He was instead buried in a small room next to the novices' chapel at the end of a corridor from the southern transept of the basilica to the sacristy.<sup id="cite_ref-burial_spot_96-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>97<span>]</span></font></sup> He was reburied in the main body of the basilica in 1737 after a monument had been erected there in his honour.<sup id="cite_ref-reburial_spot_97-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>98<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">The Inquisition's ban on reprinting Galileo's works was lifted in 1718 when permission was granted to publish an edition of his works (excluding the condemned <em>Dialogue</em>) in Florence.<sup id="cite_ref-incomplete_works_98-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>99<span>]</span></font></sup> In 1741 Pope Benedict XIV authorized the publication of an edition of Galileo's complete scientific works<sup id="cite_ref-complete_works_1_99-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>100<span>]</span></font></sup> which included a mildly censored version of the <em>Dialogue</em>.<sup id="cite_ref-complete_works_2_100-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>101<span>]</span></font></sup> In 1758 the general prohibition against works advocating heliocentrism was removed from the Index of prohibited books, although the specific ban on uncensored versions of the <em>Dialogue</em> and Copernicus's <em>De Revolutionibus</em> remained.<sup id="cite_ref-ban_not_lifted_101-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>102<span>]</span></font></sup> All traces of official opposition to heliocentrism by the Church disappeared in 1835 when these works were finally dropped from the Index.<sup id="cite_ref-ban_lifted_102-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>103<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">In 1939 Pope Pius XII, in his first speech to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, within a few months of his election to the papacy, described Galileo as being among the <em>&quot;most audacious heroes of research&nbsp;... not afraid of the stumbling blocks and the risks on the way, nor fearful of the funereal monuments&quot;</em><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>104<span>]</span></font></sup> His close advisor of 40 years, Professor Robert Leiber wrote: &quot;Pius XII was very careful not to close any doors (to science) prematurely. He was energetic on this point and regretted that in the case of Galileo.&quot;<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>105<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">On 15 February 1990, in a speech delivered at the Sapienza University of Rome,<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>106<span>]</span></font></sup> Cardinal Ratzinger (later to become Pope Benedict XVI) cited some current views on the Galileo affair as forming what he called &quot;a symptomatic case that permits us to see how deep the self-doubt of the modern age, of science and technology goes today.&quot;<sup id="cite_ref-self-doubt_106-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>107<span>]</span></font></sup> Some of the views he cited were those of the philosopher Paul Feyerabend, whom he quoted as saying &ldquo;The Church at the time of Galileo kept much more closely to reason than did Galileo himself, and she took into consideration the ethical and social consequences of Galileo's teaching too. Her verdict against Galileo was rational and just and the revision of this verdict can be justified only on the grounds of what is politically opportune.&rdquo;<sup id="cite_ref-scupper_107-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>108<span>]</span></font></sup> The Cardinal did not clearly indicate whether he agreed or disagreed with Feyerabend's assertions. He did, however, say &quot;It would be foolish to construct an impulsive apologetic on the basis of such views.&quot;<sup id="cite_ref-self-doubt_106-1" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>107<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">On 31 October 1992, Pope John Paul II expressed regret for how the Galileo affair was handled, and officially conceded that the Earth was not stationary, as the result of a study conducted by the Pontifical Council for Culture.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>109<span>]</span></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>110<span>]</span></font></sup> In March 2008 the Vatican proposed to complete its rehabilitation of Galileo by erecting a statue of him inside the Vatican walls.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>111<span>]</span></font></sup> In December of the same year, during events to mark the 400th anniversary of Galileo's earliest telescopic observations, Pope Benedict XVI praised his contributions to astronomy.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>112<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000" size="2"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">His writings</font></span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="WIDTH: 142px" class="thumbinner"><font color="#000000"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Galileo_Galilei01.jpg/140px-Galileo_Galilei01.jpg" width="140" height="252" /> </font> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><font color="#000000"><img alt="" src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" /></font></div> <font color="#000000">Statue outside the Uffizi, Florence.</font></div> </div> </div> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo's early works describing scientific instruments include the 1586 tract entitled <em>The Little Balance</em> (<em>La Billancetta</em>) describing an accurate balance to weigh objects in air or water<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>113<span>]</span></font></sup> and the 1606 printed manual <em>Le Operazioni del Compasso Geometrico et Militare</em> on the operation of a geometrical and military compass.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>114<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">His early works in dynamics, the science of motion and mechanics were his 1590 Pisan <em>De Motu</em> (On Motion) and his <em>circa</em> 1600 Paduan <em>Le Meccaniche</em> (Mechanics). The former was based on Aristotelian-Archimedean fluid dynamics and held that the speed of gravitational fall in a fluid medium was proportional to the excess of a body's specific weight over that of the medium, whereby in a vacuum bodies would fall with speeds in proportion to their specific weights. It also subscribed to the Hipparchan-Philoponan impetus dynamics in which impetus is self-dissipating and free-fall in a vacuum would have an essential terminal speed according to specific weight after an initial period of acceleration.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo's 1610 <em>The Starry Messenger</em> (<em>Sidereus Nuncius</em>) was the first scientific treatise to be published based on observations made through a telescope. It reported his discoveries of:</font></p> <ul> <li><font color="#000000">the Galilean moons;</font></li> <li><font color="#000000">the roughness of the Moon's surface;</font></li> <li><font color="#000000">the existence of a large number of stars invisible to the naked eye, particularly those responsible for the appearance of the Milky Way; and</font></li> <li><font color="#000000">differences between the appearances of the planets and those of the fixed stars&mdash;the former appearing as small discs, while the latter appeared as unmagnified points of light.</font></li> </ul> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo published a description of sunspots in 1613 entitled <em>Letters on Sunspots</em><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>115<span>]</span></font></sup> suggesting the Sun and heavens are corruptible. The <em>Letters on Sunspots</em> also reported his 1610 telescopic observations of the full set of phases of Venus, and his discovery of the puzzling &quot;appendages&quot; of Saturn and their even more puzzling subsequent disappearance. In 1615 Galileo prepared a manuscript known as the <em>Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina</em> which was not published in printed form until 1636. This letter was a revised version of the <em>Letter to Castelli</em>, which was denounced by the Inquisition as an incursion upon theology by advocating Copernicanism both as physically true and as consistent with Scripture.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>116<span>]</span></font></sup> In 1616, after the order by the inquisition for Galileo not to hold or defend the Copernican position, Galileo wrote the <em>Discourse on the tides</em> (<em>Discorso sul flusso e il reflusso del mare</em>) based on the Copernican earth, in the form of a private letter to Cardinal Orsini.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>117<span>]</span></font></sup> In 1619, Mario Guiducci, a pupil of Galileo's, published a lecture written largely by Galileo under the title <em>Discourse on the Comets</em> (<em>Discorso Delle Comete</em>), arguing against the Jesuit interpretation of comets.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>118<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">In 1623, Galileo published <em>The Assayer&nbsp;&ndash; Il Saggiatore</em>, which attacked theories based on Aristotle's authority and promoted experimentation and the mathematical formulation of scientific ideas. The book was highly successful and even found support among the higher echelons of the Christian church.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>119<span>]</span></font></sup> Following the success of The Assayer, Galileo published the <em>Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems</em> (Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo) in 1632. Despite taking care to adhere to the Inquisition's 1616 instructions, the claims in the book favouring Copernican theory and a non Geocentric model of the solar system led to Galileo being tried and banned on publication. Despite the publication ban, Galileo published his <em>Discourses and Mathematical Demonstrations Relating to Two New Sciences</em> (<em>Discorsi e Dimostrazioni Matematiche, intorno a due nuove scienze</em>) in 1638 in Holland, outside the jurisdiction of the Inquisition.</font></p> <ul> <li><font color="#000000"><em>The Little Balance</em> (1586)</font></li> <li><font color="#000000"><em>On Motion</em> (1590) <sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>120<span>]</span></font></sup></font></li> <li><font color="#000000"><em>Mechanics</em> (c1600)</font></li> <li><font color="#000000"><em>The Starry Messenger</em> (1610; in Latin, Sidereus Nuncius)</font></li> <li><font color="#000000"><em>Letters on Sunspots</em> (1613)</font></li> <li><font color="#000000"><em>Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina</em> (1615; published in 1636)</font></li> <li><font color="#000000"><em>Discourse on the Tides</em> (1616; in Italian, Discorso del flusso e reflusso del mare)</font></li> <li><font color="#000000"><em>Discourse on the Comets</em> (1619; in Italian, Discorso Delle Comete)</font></li> <li><font color="#000000"><em>The Assayer</em> (1623; in Italian, Il Saggiatore)</font></li> <li><font color="#000000"><em>Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems</em> (1632; in Italian Dialogo dei due massimi sistemi del mondo)</font></li> <li><font color="#000000"><em>Discourses and Mathematical Demonstrations Relating to Two New Sciences</em> (1638; in Italian, Discorsi e Dimostrazioni Matematiche, intorno a due nuove scienze)</font></li> </ul> <p><font color="#000000"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Legacy</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo's astronomical discoveries and investigations into the Copernican theory have led to a lasting legacy which includes the categorisation of the four large moons of Jupiter discovered by Galileo (Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto) as the Galilean moons. Other scientific endeavours and principles are named after Galileo including the Galileo spacecraft,<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>121<span>]</span></font></sup> the first spacecraft to enter orbit around Jupiter, the proposed Galileo global satellite navigation system, the transformation between inertial systems in classical mechanics denoted Galilean transformation and the Gal (unit), sometimes known as the <em>Galileo</em> which is a non-SI unit of acceleration.</font></p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="WIDTH: 162px" class="thumbinner"><font color="#000000"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fe/2009_Austria_25_Euro_Year_of_Astronomy_Front.jpg/160px-2009_Austria_25_Euro_Year_of_Astronomy_Front.jpg" width="160" height="159" /> </font> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><font color="#000000"><img alt="" src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" /></font></div> <font color="#000000">International Year of Astronomy commemorative coin</font></div> </div> </div> <p><font color="#000000">Partly because 2009 is the fourth centenary of Galileo's first recorded astronomical observations with the telescope, the United Nations has scheduled it to be the International Year of Astronomy.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>122<span>]</span></font></sup> A global scheme laid out by the International Astronomical Union (IAU), it has also been endorsed by UNESCO &mdash; the UN body responsible for Educational, Scientific and Cultural matters. The International Year of Astronomy 2009 is intended to be a global celebration of astronomy and its contributions to society and culture, stimulating worldwide interest not only in astronomy but science in general, with a particular slant towards young people.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">The 20th century German playwright Bertolt Brecht dramatised Galileo's life in his <em>Life of Galileo</em> (1943). A film adaptation with the title <em>Galileo</em> was released in 1975.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo Galilei was recently selected as a main motif for a high value collectors' coin: the &euro;25 International Year of Astronomy commemorative coin, minted in 2009. This coin also commemorates the 400th anniversary of the invention of Galileo's telescope. The obverse shows a portion of his portrait and his telescope. The background shows one of his first drawings of the surface of the moon. In the silver ring other telescopes are depicted: the Isaac Newton Telescope, the observatory in Kremsm&uuml;nster Abbey, a modern telescope, a radio telescope and a space telescope.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Notes</font></span></h2> <div style="-moz-column-count: 2; column-count: 2" class="references-small references-column-count references-column-count-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-McTutor-0"><font color="#000000">^ ^{<em><strong><font size="2">a</font></strong></em>} ^{<em><strong><font size="2">b</font></strong></em>} ^{<em><strong><font size="2">c</font></strong></em>} ^{<em><strong><font size="2">d</font></strong></em>} ^{<em><strong><font size="2">e</font></strong></em>} ^{<em><strong><font size="2">f</font></strong></em>} ^{<em><strong><font size="2">g</font></strong></em>} <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFO.27ConnorRobertson.2C_E._F." class="web">O'Connor, J. J.; Robertson, E. F.. &quot;Galileo Galilei&quot;. <em><span>The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive</span></em>. University of St Andrews, Scotland<span class="printonly">. http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Galileo.html</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-07-24</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo+Galilei&amp;rft.atitle=The+MacTutor+History+of+Mathematics+archive&amp;rft.aulast=O%27Connor&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+J.&amp;rft.au=O%27Connor%2C+J.+J.&amp;rft.au=Robertson%2C+E.+F.&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BUniversity+of+St+Andrews%5D%5D%2C+%5B%5BScotland%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FGalileo.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li id="cite_note-birthdate-1"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1978, p.1). The date of Galileo's birth is given according to the Julian calendar, which was then in force throughout the whole of Christendom. In 1582 it was replaced in Italy and several other Catholic countries with the Gregorian calendar. Unless otherwise indicated, dates in this article are given according to the Gregorian calendar.</font></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" width="15" height="16" /> &quot;Galileo Galilei&quot; in the 1913 <em>Catholic Encyclopedia</em>. by John Gerard. Retrieved 11 August 2007</font></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFSinger1941">Singer, Charles (1941), <em>A Short History of Science to the Nineteenth Century</em>, Clarendon Press<span class="printonly">, http://www.google.com.au/books?id=mPIgAAAAMAAJ&amp;pgis=1</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Science+to+the+Nineteenth+Century&amp;rft.aulast=Singer&amp;rft.aufirst=Charles&amp;rft.au=Singer%2C+Charles&amp;rft.date=1941&amp;rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com.au%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmPIgAAAAMAAJ%26pgis%3D1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> (page 217)</font></li> <li id="cite_note-Einstein-4"><font color="#000000">^ ^{<em><strong><font size="2">a</font></strong></em>} ^{<em><strong><font size="2">b</font></strong></em>} <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFWeidhorn2005" class="book">Weidhorn, Manfred (2005). <em><span>The Person of the Millennium: The Unique Impact of Galileo on World History</span></em>. iUniverse. pp.&nbsp;155. ISBN 0-595-36877-8.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Person+of+the+Millennium%3A+The+Unique+Impact+of+Galileo+on+World+History&amp;rft.aulast=Weidhorn&amp;rft.aufirst=Manfred&amp;rft.au=Weidhorn%2C+Manfred&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B155&amp;rft.pub=iUniverse&amp;rft.isbn=0-595-36877-8&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li id="cite_note-finocchiaro2007-5"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Finocchiaro (2007).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> &quot;Galileo and the Birth of Modern Science, by Stephen Hawking, American Heritage's Invention &amp; Technology, Spring 2009, Vol. 24, No. 1, p. 36</font></li> <li id="cite_note-contrary_to_scripture-7"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sharratt (1994, pp.127&ndash;131), McMullin (2005a).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Reston (2000, pp. 3&ndash;14).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sharratt (1994, pp. 45&ndash;66).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFRutkin" class="web">Rutkin, H. Darrel. &quot;Galileo, Astrology, and the Scientific Revolution: Another Look&quot;. Program in History &amp; Philosophy of Science &amp; Technology, Stanford University.<span class="printonly">. http://www.stanford.edu/dept/HPST/colloquia0405.html</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-04-15</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo%2C+Astrology%2C+and+the+Scientific+Revolution%3A+Another+Look&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Rutkin&amp;rft.aufirst=H.+Darrel&amp;rft.au=Rutkin%2C+H.+Darrel&amp;rft.pub=Program+in+History+%26+Philosophy+of+Science+%26+Technology%2C+Stanford+University.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stanford.edu%2Fdept%2FHPST%2Fcolloquia0405.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sharratt (1994, pp.17, 213)</font></li> <li id="cite_note-daughters_unmarriageable-12"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sobel (2000, p.5) Chapter 1. Retrieved on 26 August 2007. &quot;But because he never married Virginia's mother, he deemed the girl herself unmarriageable. Soon after her thirteenth birthday, he placed her at the Convent of San Matteo in Arcetri.&quot;</font></li> <li id="cite_note-13"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFPedersen" class="book">Pedersen, O. (24 May&ndash;27, 1984). &quot;Galileo's Religion&quot;. Proceedings of the Cracow Conference, The Galileo affair: A meeting of faith and science. Cracow: Dordrecht, D. Reidel Publishing Co.. pp.&nbsp;75-102.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo%27s+Religion&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Pedersen&amp;rft.aufirst=O.&amp;rft.au=Pedersen%2C+O.&amp;rft.date=24+May%E2%80%9327%2C+1984&amp;rft.series=Proceedings+of+the+Cracow+Conference%2C+The+Galileo+affair%3A+A+meeting+of+faith+and+science&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B75-102&amp;rft.place=Cracow&amp;rft.pub=Dordrecht%2C+D.+Reidel+Publishing+Co.&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Gebler (1879, pp. 22&ndash;35).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-15"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFAnonymous2007" class="web">Anonymous (2007). &quot;History&quot;. Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei<span class="printonly">. http://www.lincei.it/modules.php?name=Content&amp;pa=showpage&amp;pid=21</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-06-10</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=History&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Anonymous&amp;rft.au=Anonymous&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.pub=Accademia+Nazionale+dei+Lincei&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lincei.it%2Fmodules.php%3Fname%3DContent%26pa%3Dshowpage%26pid%3D21&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> There are contradictory documents describing the nature of this admonition and the circumstances of its delivery. Finocchiaro, <em>The Galileo Affair</em>, pp.147&ndash;149, 153</font></li> <li id="cite_note-17"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFCarney2000" class="book">Carney, Jo Eldridge (2000). <em><span>Renaissance and Reformation, 1500-1620: a</span></em>. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0-313-30574-9.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Renaissance+and+Reformation%2C+1500-1620%3A+a&amp;rft.aulast=Carney&amp;rft.aufirst=Jo+Eldridge&amp;rft.au=Carney%2C+Jo+Eldridge&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&amp;rft.isbn=0-313-30574-9&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li id="cite_note-18"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Allan-Olney (1870)</font></li> <li id="cite_note-19"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sharratt (1994, pp.204&ndash;05)</font></li> <li id="cite_note-20"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFCohen1984" class="book">Cohen, H. F. (1984). <em><span>Quantifying Music: The Science of Music at</span></em>. Springer. pp.&nbsp;78&ndash;84. ISBN 90-277-1637-4.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Quantifying+Music%3A+The+Science+of+Music+at&amp;rft.aulast=Cohen&amp;rft.aufirst=H.+F.&amp;rft.au=Cohen%2C+H.+F.&amp;rft.date=1984&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B78%E2%80%9384&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.isbn=90-277-1637-4&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li id="cite_note-21"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFField2005" class="book">Field, Judith Veronica (2005). <em><span>Piero Della Francesca: A Mathematician's Art</span></em>. Yale University Press. pp.&nbsp;317&ndash;320. ISBN 0-300-10342-5.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Piero+Della+Francesca%3A+A+Mathematician%27s+Art&amp;rft.aulast=Field&amp;rft.aufirst=Judith+Veronica&amp;rft.au=Field%2C+Judith+Veronica&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B317%E2%80%93320&amp;rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&amp;rft.isbn=0-300-10342-5&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li id="cite_note-22"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> In Drake (1957, pp.237&minus;238)</font></li> <li id="cite_note-23"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Wallace, (1984).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-24"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFFeyerabend1993" class="book">Feyerabend, Paul (1993). <em><span>Against Method</span></em> (3rd ed.). London: Verso. p.&nbsp;129. ISBN 0-86091-646-4.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Against+Method&amp;rft.aulast=Feyerabend&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul&amp;rft.au=Feyerabend%2C+Paul&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B129&amp;rft.edition=3rd&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Verso&amp;rft.isbn=0-86091-646-4&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li id="cite_note-25"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sharratt (1994, pp.202&ndash;04), Galilei (1954, pp.250&ndash;52), Favaro (1898, 8:274&ndash;75) <span style="COLOR: #555; FONT-SIZE: 0.95em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold" class="languageicon"><font size="3">(Italian)</font></span></font></li> <li id="cite_note-26"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sharratt (1994, pp.202&ndash;04), Galilei (1954, pp.252), Favaro (1898, 8:275) <span style="COLOR: #555; FONT-SIZE: 0.95em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold" class="languageicon"><font size="3">(Italian)</font></span></font></li> <li id="cite_note-Hawking_galileo-27"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Hawking (1988, p.179).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-father_of_science_Einstein-28"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Einstein (1954, p.271). &quot;Propositions arrived at by purely logical means are completely empty as regards reality. Because Galileo realised this, and particularly because he drummed it into the scientific world, he is the father of modern physics&mdash;indeed, of modern science altogether.&quot;</font></li> <li id="cite_note-29"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1990, pp.133&ndash;34).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-invisible-30"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <em>i.e.</em>, invisible to the naked eye.</font></li> <li id="cite_note-jupiter.27s_moons-31"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1978, p.146).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-moonconclusion-32"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> In <em>Sidereus Nuncius</em> (Favaro,1892, 3:81<span style="COLOR: #555; FONT-SIZE: 0.95em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold" class="languageicon"><font size="3">(Latin)</font></span>) Galileo stated that he had reached this conclusion on 11 January. Drake (1978, p.152), however, after studying unpublished manuscript records of Galileo's observations, concluded that he did not do so until 15 January.</font></li> <li id="cite_note-medicean_stars-33"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sharratt (1994, p.17).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-34"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Linton (2004, pp.98,205), Drake (1978, p.157).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-scepticism-35"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1978, p.158&ndash;68), Sharratt (1994, p.18&ndash;19).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-36"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <em>God's Philosophers</em> ju James Hannam Orion 2009 p313</font></li> <li id="cite_note-periods-37"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1978, p.168), Sharratt (1994, p.93).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-38"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Thoren (1989), p.8; Hoskin (1999) p.117.</font></li> <li id="cite_note-39"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> In the Capellan model only Mercury and Venus orbit the Sun, whilst in its extended version such as expounded by Riccioli, Mars also orbits the Sun, but the orbits of Jupiter and Saturn are centred on the Earth</font></li> <li id="cite_note-40"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Baalke, Ron. Historical Background of Saturn's Rings. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, NASA. Retrieved on <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2007-03-11">2007-03-11</span></font></li> <li id="cite_note-41"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> In Kepler's Thomist 'inertial' variant of Aristotelian dynamics as opposed to Galileo's impetus dynamics variant all bodies universally have an inherent resistance to all motion and tendency to rest, which he dubbed 'inertia'. This notion of inertia was originally introduced by Averroes in the 12th century just for the celestial spheres in order to explain why they do not rotate with infinite speed on Aristotelian dynamics, as they should if they had no resistance to their movers. And in his <em>Astronomia Nova</em> celestial mechanics the inertia of the planets is overcome in their solar orbital motion by their being pushed around by the sunspecks of the rotating sun acting like the spokes of a rotating cartwheel. And more generally it predicted all but only planets with orbiting satellites, such as Jupiter for example, also rotate to push them around, whereas the Moon, for example, does not rotate, thus always presenting the same face to the Earth, because it has no satellites to push around. These seem to have been the first successful novel predictions of Thomist 'inertial' Aristotelian dynamics as well as of post-spherist celestial physics. In his 1630 <em>Epitome</em> (See p514 on p896 of the Encyclop&aelig;dia Britannica 1952 <em>Great Books of the Western World</em> edition) Kepler keenly stressed he had proved the Sun's axial rotation from planetary motions in his <em>Commentaries on Mars</em> Ch 34 long before it was telescopically established by sunspot motion.</font></li> <li id="cite_note-42"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1978, p.209). Sizzi reported the observations he and his companions had made over the course of a year to Orazio Morandi in a letter dated 10 April 1613 (Favaro,1901, 11:491 <span style="COLOR: #555; FONT-SIZE: 0.95em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold" class="languageicon"><font size="3">(Italian)</font></span>). Morandi subsequently forwarded a copy to Galileo.</font></li> <li id="cite_note-sunspot_argument-43"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> In geostatic systems the apparent annual variation in the motion of sunspots could only be explained as the result of an implausibly complicated precession of the Sun's axis of rotation (Linton, 2004, p.212; Sharratt, 1994, p.166; Drake, 1970, pp.191&ndash;196) However, in Drake's judgment of this complex issue in Chapter 9 of his 1970 this is not so, for it does not refute non-geostatic geo-rotating geocentric models. For at most the variable annual inclinations of sunspots&rsquo; monthly paths to the ecliptic only proved there must be some terrestrial motion, but not necessarily its annual heliocentric orbital motion as opposed to a geocentric daily rotation, and so it did not prove heliocentrism by refuting geocentrism. Thus it could be explained in the semi-Tychonic geocentric model with a daily rotating Earth such as that of Tycho's follower Longomontanus. Especially see p190 and p196 of Drake's article. Thus on this analysis it only refuted the Ptolemaic geostatic geocentric model whose required daily geocentric orbit of the sun would have predicted the annual variation in this inclination should be observed daily, which it is not.</font></li> <li id="cite_note-scientific_manifesto-44"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1960, pp.vii,xxiii&ndash;xxiv), Sharratt (1994, pp.139&ndash;140).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-disputatio-45"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Grassi (1960a).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-grassi_great_circle-46"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1978, p.268), Grassi (1960a, p.16).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-discourse_on_comets-47"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Galilei &amp; Guiducci (1960).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-authorship_of_discourse-48"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1960, p.xvi).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-criticism_of_previous_theories-49"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1957, p.222), Drake (1960, p.xvii).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-Scheiner_insult-50"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sharratt (1994, p.135), Drake (1960, p.xii), Galilei &amp; Guiducci (1960, p.24).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-uncomplimentary_remark-51"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sharratt (1994, p.135).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-jesuits_offended-52"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sharratt (1994, p.135), Drake (1960, p.xvii).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-astronomical_balance-53"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Grassi (1960b).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-54"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1978, p.494), Favaro(1896, 6:111). The pseudonym was a slightly imperfect anagram of Oratio Grasio Savonensis, a latinized version of his name and home town.</font></li> <li id="cite_note-the_assayer-55"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Galilei (1960).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-masterpiece_of_polemics-56"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sharratt (1994, p.137), Drake (1957, p.227).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-withering_scorn-57"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sharratt (1994, p.138&ndash;142).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-assayer_success-58"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1960, p.xix).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-jesuit_alienation-59"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1960, p.vii).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-jesuits_responsible-60"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sharratt (1994, p.175).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-evidence_of_jesuits-61"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sharratt (1994, pp.175&ndash;78), Blackwell (2006, p.30).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-62"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Finocchiaro (1989), pp. 67&ndash;9.</font></li> <li id="cite_note-63"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Finocchiaro (1989), p. 354, n. 52</font></li> <li id="cite_note-64"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Finocchiaro (1989), pp.119&ndash;133</font></li> <li id="cite_note-65"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Finocchiaro (1989), pp.127&ndash;131 and Drake (1953), pp. 432&ndash;6</font></li> <li id="cite_note-66"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Einstein (1952) p. xvii</font></li> <li id="cite_note-67"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Finocchiaro (1989), p. 128</font></li> <li id="cite_note-68"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFKusukawa" class="web">Kusukawa, Sachiko. &quot;Starry Messenger. The Telescope, Department of History and Philosophy of Science of the University of Cambridge. Retrieved on <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2007-03-10">2007-03-10</span>]&quot;<span class="printonly">. http://www.hps.cam.ac.uk/starry/galtele.html</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Starry+Messenger.+The+Telescope%5D%2C+Department+of+History+and+Philosophy+of+Science+of+the+University+of+Cambridge.+Retrieved+on+%5B%5B2007-03-10%5D%5D&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Kusukawa&amp;rft.aufirst=Sachiko&amp;rft.au=Kusukawa%2C+Sachiko&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hps.cam.ac.uk%2Fstarry%2Fgaltele.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li id="cite_note-69"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sobel (2000, p.43), Drake (1978, p.196). In the <em>Starry Messenger</em>, written in Latin, Galileo had used the term &quot;perspicillum.&quot;</font></li> <li id="cite_note-70"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="web">&quot;omni-optical.com &quot;<em>A Very Short History of the Telescope</em>&quot;&quot;<span class="printonly">. http://www.omni-optical.com/telescope/ut104.htm</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=omni-optical.com+%22%27%27A+Very+Short+History+of+the+Telescope%27%27%22&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.omni-optical.com%2Ftelescope%2Fut104.htm&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li id="cite_note-telescope_microscope-71"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1978, p.163&ndash;164), Favaro(1892, 3:163&ndash;164)<span style="COLOR: #555; FONT-SIZE: 0.95em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold" class="languageicon"><font size="3">(Latin)</font></span></font></li> <li id="cite_note-microscope_perfection-72"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Probably in 1623, according to Drake (1978, p.286).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-Zollern_microscope-73"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1978, p.289), Favaro(1903, 13:177) <span style="COLOR: #555; FONT-SIZE: 0.95em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold" class="languageicon"><font size="3">(Italian)</font></span>.</font></li> <li id="cite_note-Cesi_microscope-74"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1978, p.286), Favaro(1903, 13:208)<span style="COLOR: #555; FONT-SIZE: 0.95em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold" class="languageicon"><font size="3">(Italian)</font></span>. The actual inventors of the telescope and microscope remain debatable. A general view on this can be found in the article Hans Lippershey (last updated <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2003-08-01">2003-08-01</span>), &copy; 1995&ndash;2007 by Davidson, Michael W. and the Florida State University. Retrieved <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2007-08-28">2007-08-28</span></font></li> <li id="cite_note-75"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="web">&quot;brunelleschi.imss.fi.it &quot;Il microscopio di Galileo&quot;&quot; (PDF)<span class="printonly">. http://brunelleschi.imss.fi.it/esplora/microscopio/dswmedia/risorse/testi_completi.pdf</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=brunelleschi.imss.fi.it+%22Il+microscopio+di+Galileo%22&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbrunelleschi.imss.fi.it%2Fesplora%2Fmicroscopio%2Fdswmedia%2Frisorse%2Ftesti_completi.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li id="cite_note-76"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Van Helden, Al. Galileo Timeline (last updated 1995), The Galileo Project. Retrieved <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2007-08-28">2007-08-28</span>. See also Timeline of microscope technology.</font></li> <li id="cite_note-microscope_use-77"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1978, p.286).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-78"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1978, pp.19,20). At the time when Viviani asserts that the experiment took place, Galileo had not yet formulated the final version of his law of free fall. He had, however, formulated an earlier version which predicted that bodies <em>of the same material</em> falling through the same medium would fall at the same speed (Drake, 1978, p.20).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-79"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1978, p.9); Sharratt (1994, p.31).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-80"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFGroleau" class="web">Groleau, Rick. &quot;Galileo's Battle for the Heavens. July 2002&quot;<span class="printonly">. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/galileo/experiments.html</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo%27s+Battle+for+the+Heavens.+July+2002&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Groleau&amp;rft.aufirst=Rick&amp;rft.au=Groleau%2C+Rick&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fnova%2Fgalileo%2Fexperiments.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFBall" class="web">Ball, Phil. &quot;Science history: setting the record straight. 30 June 2005&quot;<span class="printonly">. http://www.hindu.com/seta/2005/06/30/stories/2005063000351500.htm</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Science+history%3A+setting+the+record+straight.+30+June+2005&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Ball&amp;rft.aufirst=Phil&amp;rft.au=Ball%2C+Phil&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2Fseta%2F2005%2F06%2F30%2Fstories%2F2005063000351500.htm&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> An exception is Drake (1978, pp.19&ndash;21, 414&ndash;416), who argues that the experiment did take place, more or less as Viviani described it.</font></li> <li id="cite_note-81"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Lucretius, <em>De rerum natura</em> II, 225&ndash;229; Relevant passage appears in: Lane Cooper, <em>Aristotle, Galileo, and the Tower of Pisa</em> (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1935), page 49.</font></li> <li id="cite_note-82"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Simon Stevin, <em>De Beghinselen des Waterwichts, Anvang der Waterwichtdaet, en de Anhang komen na de Beghinselen der Weeghconst en de Weeghdaet</em> [The Elements of Hydrostatics, Preamble to the Practice of Hydrostatics, and Appendix to The Elements of the Statics and The Practice of Weighing] (Leiden, Netherlands: Christoffel Plantijn, 1586) reports an experiment by Stevin and Jan Cornets de Groot in which they dropped lead balls from a church tower in Delft; relevant passage is translated here: E. J. Dijksterhuis, ed., <em>The Principal Works of Simon Stevin</em> (Amsterdam, Netherlands: C. V. Swets &amp; Zeitlinger, 1955) vol. 1, pages 509 and 511. Available on-line at: http://www.library.tudelft.nl/cgi-bin/digitresor/display.cgi?bookname=Mechanics%20I&amp;page=509</font></li> <li id="cite_note-83"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sharratt (1994, p.203), Galilei (1954, pp.251&ndash;54).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-84"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sharratt (1994, p.198), Galilei (1954, p.174).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-85"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Clagett (1968, p.561).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-86"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sharratt (1994, p.198), Wallace (2004, pp.II 384, II 400, III 272) Soto, however, did not anticipate many of the qualifications and refinements contained in Galileo's theory of falling bodies. He did not, for instance, recognise, as Galileo did, that a body would only fall with a strictly uniform acceleration in a vacuum, and that it would otherwise eventually reach a uniform terminal velocity.</font></li> <li id="cite_note-87"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Galileo Galilei, <em>Two New Sciences,</em> (Madison: Univ. of Wisconsin Pr., 1974) p. 50.</font></li> <li id="cite_note-88"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> I. Bernard Cohen, &quot;Roemer and the First Determination of the Velocity of Light (1676),&quot; <em>Isis</em>, 31 (1940): 327&ndash;379, see pp. 332&ndash;333</font></li> <li id="cite_note-Bellarmine_quote-89"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Brodrick (1965, c1964, p.95) quoting Cardinal Bellarmine's letter to Foscarini, dated 12 April 1615. Translated from Favaro(1902, 12:171&ndash;172) <span style="COLOR: #555; FONT-SIZE: 0.95em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold" class="languageicon"><font size="3">(Italian)</font></span>.</font></li> <li id="cite_note-90"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> See Langford (1966, pp.133&ndash;134), and Seeger (1966, p.30), for example. Drake (1978, p.355) asserts that Simplicio's character is modelled on the Aristotelian philosophers, Lodovico delle Colombe and Cesare Cremonini, rather than Urban. He also considers that the demand for Galileo to include the Pope's argument in the <em>Dialogue</em> left him with no option but to put it in the mouth of Simplicio (Drake, 1953, p.491). Even Arthur Koestler, who is generally quite harsh on Galileo in <em>The Sleepwalkers</em> (1959), after noting that Urban suspected Galileo of having intended Simplicio to be a caricature of him, says &quot;this of course is untrue&quot; (1959, p.483)</font></li> <li id="cite_note-91"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Fantoli (2005, p.139), Finocchiaro (1989, p.288&ndash;293). Finocchiaro's translation of the Inquisition's judgement against Galileo is available on-line. &quot;Vehemently suspect of heresy&quot; was a technical term of canon law and did not necessarily imply that the Inquisition considered the opinions giving rise to the verdict to be heretical. The same verdict would have been possible even if the opinions had been subject only to the less serious censure of &quot;erroneous in faith&quot; (Fantoli, 2005, p.140; Heilbron, 2005, pp.282-284).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-92"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <span id="_note-publication-ban"></span>Drake (1978, p.367), Sharratt (1994, p.184), Favaro(1905, 16:209, 230)<span style="COLOR: #555; FONT-SIZE: 0.95em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold" class="languageicon"><font size="3">(Italian)</font></span>. See Galileo affair for further details.</font></li> <li id="cite_note-93"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1978, p.356). The phrase &quot;Eppur si muove&quot; does appear, however, in a painting of the 1640s by the Spanish painter Bartolom&eacute; Esteban Murillo or an artist of his school. The painting depicts an imprisoned Galileo apparently pointing to a copy of the phrase written on the wall of his dungeon (Drake, 1978, p.357).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-funeral-94"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Shea &amp; Artigas (2003, p.199); Sobel (2000, p.378).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-funeral_protests-95"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Shea &amp; Artigas (2003, p.199); Sobel (2000, p.378); Sharratt (1994, p.207); Favaro(1906,18:378&ndash;80) <span style="COLOR: #555; FONT-SIZE: 0.95em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold" class="languageicon"><font size="3">(Italian)</font></span>.</font></li> <li id="cite_note-burial_spot-96"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Shea &amp; Artigas (2003, p.199); Sobel (2000, p.380).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-reburial_spot-97"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Shea &amp; Artigas (2003, p.200); Sobel (2000, p.380&ndash;384).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-incomplete_works-98"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Heilbron (2005, p.299).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-complete_works_1-99"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Two of his non-scientific works, the letters to Castelli and the Grand Duchess Christina, were explicitly not allowed to be included (Coyne 2005, p.347).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-complete_works_2-100"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Heilbron (2005, p.303&ndash;04); Coyne (2005, p.347). The uncensored version of the <em>Dialogue</em> remained on the Index of prohibited books, however (Heilbron 2005, p.279).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-ban_not_lifted-101"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Heilbron (2005, p.307); Coyne (2005, p.347) The practical effect of the ban in its later years seems to have been that clergy could publish discussions of heliocentric physics with a formal disclaimer assuring its hypothetical character and their obedience to the church decrees against motion of the earth: see for example the commented edition (1742) of Newton's 'Principia' by Fathers Le Seur and Jacquier, which contains such a disclaimer ('Declaratio') before the third book (Propositions 25 onwards) dealing with the lunar theory.</font></li> <li id="cite_note-ban_lifted-102"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> McMullin (2005, p.6); Coyne (2005, p.346). In fact, the Church's opposition had effectively ended in 1820 when a Catholic canon, Giuseppe Settele, was given permission to publish a work which treated heliocentism as a physical fact rather than a mathematical fiction. The 1835 edition of the Index was the first to be issued after that year.</font></li> <li id="cite_note-103"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Discourse of His Holiness Pope Pius XII given on 3 December 1939 at the Solemn Audience granted to the Plenary Session of the Academy, Discourses of the Popes from Pius XI to John Paul II to the Pontifical Academy of the Sciences 1939-1986, Vatican City, p.34</font></li> <li id="cite_note-104"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Robert Leiber, Pius XII Stimmen der Zeit, November 1958 in Pius XII. Sagt, Frankfurt 1959, p.411</font></li> <li id="cite_note-105"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> An earlier version had been delivered on 16 December 1989, in Rieti, and a later version in Madrid on 24 February 1990 (Ratzinger, 1994, p.81). According to Feyerabend himself, Ratzinger had also mentioned him &quot;in support of&quot; his own views in a speech in Parma around the same time (Feyerabend, 1995, p.178).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-self-doubt-106"><font color="#000000">^ ^{<em><strong><font size="2">a</font></strong></em>} ^{<em><strong><font size="2">b</font></strong></em>} Ratzinger (1994, p.98).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-scupper-107"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Ratzinger (1994, p.98)</font></li> <li id="cite_note-108"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="news">&quot;Vatican admits Galileo was right&quot;. New Scientist. 1992-11-07<span class="printonly">. http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg13618460.600-vatican-admits-galileo-was-right-.html</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-08-09</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Vatican+admits+Galileo+was+right&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=1992-11-07&amp;rft.pub=New+Scientist&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fmg13618460.600-vatican-admits-galileo-was-right-.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span>.</font></li> <li id="cite_note-109"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="news">&quot;Papal visit scuppered by scholars&quot;. BBC News. 2008-01-15<span class="printonly">. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7188860.stm</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-01-16</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Papal+visit+scuppered+by+scholars&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=2008-01-15&amp;rft.pub=BBC+News&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F7188860.stm&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li id="cite_note-110"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="news">&quot;Vatican recants with a statue of Galileo&quot;. TimesOnline News. 2008-03-04<span class="printonly">. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/faith/article3478943.ece</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-03-02</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Vatican+recants+with+a+statue+of+Galileo&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=2008-03-04&amp;rft.pub=TimesOnline+News&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fcomment%2Ffaith%2Farticle3478943.ece&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li id="cite_note-111"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="news">&quot;Pope praises Galileo's astronomy&quot;. BBC News. 2008-12-21<span class="printonly">. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7794668.stm</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-12-22</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Pope+praises+Galileo%27s+astronomy&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=2008-12-21&amp;rft.pub=BBC+News&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F7794668.stm&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li id="cite_note-112"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal"><em>Hydrostatic balance</em>, The Galileo Project<span class="printonly">, http://galileo.rice.edu/sci/instruments/balance.html</span><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved 2008-07-17</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Hydrostatic+balance&amp;rft.pub=The+Galileo+Project&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgalileo.rice.edu%2Fsci%2Finstruments%2Fbalance.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li id="cite_note-113"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal"><em>The Works of Galileo</em>, The University of Oklahoma, College of Arts and Sciences<span class="printonly">, http://hsci.ou.edu/exhibits/exhibit.php?exbgrp=1&amp;exbid=10&amp;exbpg=1</span><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved 2008-07-17</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Works+of+Galileo&amp;rft.pub=The+University+of+Oklahoma%2C+College+of+Arts+and+Sciences&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhsci.ou.edu%2Fexhibits%2Fexhibit.php%3Fexbgrp%3D1%26exbid%3D10%26exbpg%3D1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li id="cite_note-114"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal"><em>Sunspots and Floating Bodies</em>, The University of Oklahoma, College of Arts and Sciences<span class="printonly">, http://hsci.ou.edu/exhibits/exhibit.php?exbgrp=1&amp;exbid=13&amp;exbpg=2</span><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved 2008-07-17</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Sunspots+and+Floating+Bodies&amp;rft.pub=The+University+of+Oklahoma%2C+College+of+Arts+and+Sciences&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhsci.ou.edu%2Fexhibits%2Fexhibit.php%3Fexbgrp%3D1%26exbid%3D13%26exbpg%3D2&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li id="cite_note-115"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal"><em>Galileo, Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina</em>, The University of Oklahoma, College of Arts and Sciences<span class="printonly">, http://hsci.ou.edu/exhibits/exhibit.php?exbgrp=1&amp;exbid=14&amp;exbpg=3</span><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved 2008-07-17</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo%2C+Letter+to+the+Grand+Duchess+Christina&amp;rft.pub=The+University+of+Oklahoma%2C+College+of+Arts+and+Sciences&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhsci.ou.edu%2Fexhibits%2Fexhibit.php%3Fexbgrp%3D1%26exbid%3D14%26exbpg%3D3&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li id="cite_note-116"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal"><em>Galileo's Theory of the Tides</em>, The Galileo Project<span class="printonly">, http://galileo.rice.edu/sci/observations/tides.html</span><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved 2008-07-17</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo%27s+Theory+of+the+Tides&amp;rft.pub=The+Galileo+Project&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgalileo.rice.edu%2Fsci%2Fobservations%2Ftides.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li id="cite_note-117"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal"><em>Galileo Timeline</em>, The Galileo Project<span class="printonly">, http://galileo.rice.edu/chron/galileo.html</span><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved 2008-07-17</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo+Timeline&amp;rft.pub=The+Galileo+Project&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgalileo.rice.edu%2Fchron%2Fgalileo.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li id="cite_note-118"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal"><em>Galileo Galilei</em>, Tel-Aviv University, Science and Technology Education Center<span class="printonly">, http://muse.tau.ac.il/museum/galileo/galileo.html</span><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved 2008-07-17</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo+Galilei&amp;rft.pub=Tel-Aviv+University%2C+Science+and+Technology+Education+Center&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuse.tau.ac.il%2Fmuseum%2Fgalileo%2Fgalileo.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li id="cite_note-119"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> [1]</font></li> <li id="cite_note-120"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFFischer2001" class="book">Fischer, Daniel (2001). <em><span>Mission Jupiter: The Spectacular Journey of the</span></em> <span>Galileo <em>Spacecraft</em></span>. Springer. pp.&nbsp;v. ISBN 0-387-98764-9.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Mission+Jupiter%3A+The+Spectacular+Journey+of+the+%27%27Galileo%27%27+Spacecraft&amp;rft.aulast=Fischer&amp;rft.aufirst=Daniel&amp;rft.au=Fischer%2C+Daniel&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3Bv&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.isbn=0-387-98764-9&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li id="cite_note-121"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFUnited_Nations_Educational.2C_Scientific_and_Cultural_Organization2005" class="web">United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (11 August 2005). &quot;Proclamation of 2009 as International year of Astronomy&quot; (PDF). UNESCO<span class="printonly">. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001403/140317e.pdf</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-06-10</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Proclamation+of+2009+as+International+year+of+Astronomy&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=United+Nations+Educational%2C+Scientific+and+Cultural+Organization&amp;rft.au=United+Nations+Educational%2C+Scientific+and+Cultural+Organization&amp;rft.date=11+August+2005&amp;rft.pub=UNESCO&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fimages%2F0014%2F001403%2F140317e.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> </ol> </div> <p><font color="#000000"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">See also</font></span></h2> <ul> <li><font color="#000000">Villa Il Gioiello (Galileo's main home in Florence)</font></li> </ul> <p><a id="References" name="References"><font color="#000000"></font></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">References</font></span></h2> <div style="MARGIN-LEFT: 1.5em; FONT-SIZE: 90%; -moz-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2"> <ul> <li><font color="#000000"><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFAllan-Olney1870" class="book">Allan-Olney, Mary (1870). <em><a class="external text" title="http://books.google.com/books?id=zWcSAAAAIAAJ" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=zWcSAAAAIAAJ" rel="nofollow">The Private Life of Galileo: Compiled primarily from his correspondence and that of his eldest daughter, Sister Maria Celeste</a></em>. Boston: Nichols and Noyes<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://books.google.com/books?id=zWcSAAAAIAAJ" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=zWcSAAAAIAAJ" rel="nofollow">http://books.google.com/books?id=zWcSAAAAIAAJ</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-06-09</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Private+Life+of+Galileo%3A+Compiled+primarily+from+his+correspondence+and+that+of+his+eldest+daughter%2C+Sister+Maria+Celeste&amp;rft.aulast=Allan-Olney&amp;rft.aufirst=Mary&amp;rft.au=Allan-Olney%2C+Mary&amp;rft.date=1870&amp;rft.place=Boston&amp;rft.pub=Nichols+and+Noyes&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzWcSAAAAIAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li><font color="#000000"><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Biagioli-1993" class="book">Biagioli, Mario (1993). <em><span>Galileo, Courtier: The Practice of Science in the Culture of Absolutism</span></em>. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo%2C+Courtier%3A+The+Practice+of+Science+in+the+Culture+of+Absolutism&amp;rft.aulast=Biagioli&amp;rft.aufirst=Mario&amp;rft.au=Biagioli%2C+Mario&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft.place=Chicago%2C+IL&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Blackwell-2006" class="book"><font color="#000000">Blackwell, Richard J. (2006). <em><span>Behind the Scenes at Galileo's Trial</span></em>. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0268022011"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-268-02201-1</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Behind+the+Scenes+at+Galileo%27s+Trial&amp;rft.aulast=Blackwell%2C+Richard+J.&amp;rft.au=Blackwell%2C+Richard+J.&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.place=Notre+Dame%2C+IN&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Notre+Dame+Press&amp;rft.isbn=0-268-02201-1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><font color="#000000"><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Brodrick-1965" class="book">Brodrick, James, S. J. (1965) [c1964]. <em><span>Galileo: the man, his work, his misfortunes</span></em>. London: G. Chapman.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo%3A+the+man%2C+his+work%2C+his+misfortunes&amp;rft.aulast=Brodrick%2C+James%2C+S.+J.&amp;rft.au=Brodrick%2C+James%2C+S.+J.&amp;rft.date=1965&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=G.+Chapman&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Clagett-1968" class="book"><font color="#000000">Clagett, Marshall (editor &amp; translator) (1968). <em><span>Nicole Oresme and the Medieval Geometry of Qualities and Motions; a treatise on the uniformity and difformity of intensities known as Tractatus de configurationibus qualitatum et motuum</span></em>. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0299048802"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-299-04880-2</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Nicole+Oresme+and+the+Medieval+Geometry+of+Qualities+and+Motions%3B+a+treatise+on+the+uniformity+and+difformity+of+intensities+known+as+Tractatus+de+configurationibus+qualitatum+et+motuum&amp;rft.aulast=Clagett&amp;rft.aufirst=Marshall+%28editor+%26+translator%29&amp;rft.au=Clagett%2C+Marshall+%28editor+%26+translator%29&amp;rft.date=1968&amp;rft.place=Madison%2C+WI&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&amp;rft.isbn=0-299-04880-2&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><font color="#000000">Clavelin, Maurice <em>The Natural Philosophy of Galileo</em> MIT Press 1974</font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Coffa,J <em>Galileo's Concept of Inertia</em> Physis 1968</font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Consolmagno, Guy; Schaefer, Marta (1994) <em>Worlds Apart, A Textbook in Planetary Science</em>. Englewood, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0139641319"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-13-964131-9</font></a></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Cooper-1935" class="book"><font color="#000000">Cooper, Lane (1935). <em><span>Aristotle, Galileo, and the Tower of Pisa</span></em>. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1406752630"><font color="#000000">ISBN 1-4067-5263-0</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Aristotle%2C+Galileo%2C+and+the+Tower+of+Pisa&amp;rft.aulast=Cooper&amp;rft.aufirst=Lane&amp;rft.au=Cooper%2C+Lane&amp;rft.date=1935&amp;rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&amp;rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&amp;rft.isbn=1-4067-5263-0&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Coyne-2005" class="book"><font color="#000000">Coyne, George V., S.J. (2005). <em><span>The Church's Most Recent Attempt to Dispel the Galileo Myth</span></em>. In </font><a href="#Reference-McMullin-2005"><font color="#000000">McMullin (2005, pp.340&ndash;359)</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Church%27s+Most+Recent+Attempt+to+Dispel+the+Galileo+Myth&amp;rft.aulast=Coyne%2C+George+V.%2C+S.J.&amp;rft.au=Coyne%2C+George+V.%2C+S.J.&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><font color="#000000">Drabkin, Israel &amp; Drake, Stillman (Eds &amp; translators) <em>On Motion and On Mechanics</em> University of Wisconsin Press 1960 </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0299020304"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-299-02030-4</font></a></li> <li><font color="#000000"><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Drake-1953" class="book">Drake, Stillman (translator) (1953). <em><span>Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems</span></em>. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Dialogue+Concerning+the+Two+Chief+World+Systems&amp;rft.aulast=Drake%2C+Stillman+%28translator%29&amp;rft.au=Drake%2C+Stillman+%28translator%29&amp;rft.date=1953&amp;rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&amp;rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li><cite id="Reference-Drake-1957"><font color="#000000">Drake, Stillman (1957). <em>Discoveries and Opinions of Galileo</em>. New York: Doubleday &amp; Company. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0385092393"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-385-09239-3</font></a></cite></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Drake-1960" class="book"><font color="#000000">Drake, Stillman (1960). <em><span>Introduction to the Controversy on the Comets of 1618</span></em>. In </font><a href="#Reference-Drake.26O.27Malley-1960"><font color="#000000">Drake &amp; O'Malley (1960, pp.vii&ndash;xxv)</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Controversy+on+the+Comets+of+1618&amp;rft.aulast=Drake%2C+Stillman&amp;rft.au=Drake%2C+Stillman&amp;rft.date=1960&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Drake-1970" class="book"><font color="#000000">Drake, Stillman (1970). <em><span>Galileo Studies</span></em>. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0472082833"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-472-08283-3</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo+Studies&amp;rft.aulast=Drake%2C+Stillman&amp;rft.au=Drake%2C+Stillman&amp;rft.date=1970&amp;rft.place=Ann+Arbor&amp;rft.pub=The+University+of+Michigan+Press&amp;rft.isbn=0-472-08283-3&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><font color="#000000">Drake, Stillman (1973). &quot;Galileo's Discovery of the Law of Free Fall.&quot; <em>Scientific American</em> v. 228, #5, pp.&nbsp;84&ndash;92.</font></li> <li><cite id="Reference-Drake-1978"><font color="#000000">Drake, Stillman (1978). <em>Galileo At Work</em>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226162265"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-226-16226-5</font></a></cite></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Drake-1990" class="book"><font color="#000000">Drake, Stillman (1990). <em><span>Galileo: Pioneer Scientist</span></em>. Toronto: The University of Toronto Press. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0802027253"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-8020-2725-3</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo%3A+Pioneer+Scientist&amp;rft.aulast=Drake&amp;rft.aufirst=Stillman&amp;rft.au=Drake%2C+Stillman&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft.place=Toronto&amp;rft.pub=The+University+of+Toronto+Press&amp;rft.isbn=0-8020-2725-3&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><font color="#000000"><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Drake.26O.27Malley-1960" class="book">Drake, Stillman, and O'Malley, C.D. (translators) (1960). <em><span>The Controversy on the Comets of 1618</span></em>. Philadelphia, PA: University of Philadelphia Press.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Controversy+on+the+Comets+of+1618&amp;rft.aulast=Drake%2C+Stillman%2C+and+O%27Malley%2C+C.D.+%28translators%29&amp;rft.au=Drake%2C+Stillman%2C+and+O%27Malley%2C+C.D.+%28translators%29&amp;rft.date=1960&amp;rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Philadelphia+Press&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Dugas,Ren&eacute; <em>A History of Mechanics</em> 1955, Dover Publications 1988</font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Duhem, Pierre <em>Etudes sur Leonard de Vinci</em> 1906-13</font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Duhem, Pierre <em>Le Systeme du Monde</em> 1913 -</font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Duhem, Pierre <em>History of Physics</em> Catholic Encyclopedia</font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Einstein, Albert (1952). Foreword to (Drake, 1953)</font></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Einstein-1954" class="book"><a title="Albert Einstein" href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein"><font color="#000000">Einstein, Albert</font></a><font color="#000000"> (1954). <em><span>Ideas and Opinions</span></em>. translated by Sonja Bargmann. London: Crown Publishers. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0285647245"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-285-64724-5</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Ideas+and+Opinions&amp;rft.aulast=Einstein%2C+Albert&amp;rft.au=Einstein%2C+Albert&amp;rft.date=1954&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Crown+Publishers&amp;rft.isbn=0-285-64724-5&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><font color="#000000">Fantoli, Annibale (2003). <em>Galileo&nbsp;&mdash; For Copernicanism and the Church</em>, third English edition. Vatican Observatory Publications. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8820974274"><font color="#000000">ISBN 88-209-7427-4</font></a></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Fantoli-2005" class="book"><font color="#000000">Fantoli, Annibale (2005). <em><span>The Disputed Injunction and its Role in Galileo's Trial</span></em>. In </font><a href="#Reference-McMullin-2005"><font color="#000000">McMullin (2005, pp.117&ndash;149)</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Disputed+Injunction+and+its+Role+in+Galileo%27s+Trial&amp;rft.aulast=Fantoli&amp;rft.aufirst=Annibale&amp;rft.au=Fantoli%2C+Annibale&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><cite id="Reference-Favaro-1890"><font color="#000000">Favaro, Antonio (1890&ndash;1909), ed.</font><a class="external autonumber" title="http://www.domusgalilaeana.it/Exhibition/Protagonist/Favaro.htm" href="http://www.domusgalilaeana.it/Exhibition/Protagonist/Favaro.htm" rel="nofollow"><font color="#000000">[2]</font></a><font color="#000000">. <em><a class="external text" title="http://moro.imss.fi.it/lettura/LetturaWEB.DLL?AZIONE=CATALOGO" href="http://moro.imss.fi.it/lettura/LetturaWEB.DLL?AZIONE=CATALOGO" rel="nofollow">Le Opere di Galileo Galilei, Edizione Nazionale</a></em> <span style="COLOR: #555; FONT-SIZE: 0.95em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold" class="languageicon"><font size="3">(Italian)</font></span>. (<em>The Works of Galileo Galilei, National Edition</em>, 20 vols.), </font><a title="Florence" href="/wiki/Florence"><font color="#000000">Florence</font></a><font color="#000000">: Barbera, 1890&ndash;1909; reprinted 1929&ndash;1939 and 1964&ndash;1966. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8809208811"><font color="#000000">ISBN 88-09-20881-1</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><font color="#000000"> Searchable online copy from the </font><a class="external text" title="http://www.imss.fi.it/istituto/index.html" href="http://www.imss.fi.it/istituto/index.html" rel="nofollow"><font color="#000000">Institute and Museum of the History of Science</font></a><font color="#000000">, Florence. Brief overview of <em>Le Opere</em> @ Finns Fine Books, </font><a class="external autonumber" title="http://www.finns-books.com/fgalileo.htm" href="http://www.finns-books.com/fgalileo.htm" rel="nofollow"><font color="#000000">[3]</font></a><font color="#000000"> and here </font><a class="external autonumber" title="http://www.pacifier.com/~tpope/Additional_Info.htm#National_Edition" href="http://www.pacifier.com/~tpope/Additional_Info.htm#National_Edition" rel="nofollow"><font color="#000000">[4]</font></a></li> <li><font color="#000000">Feyerabend, Paul <em>Againat Method</em> Verso 1975</font></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Feyerabend-1995" class="book"><a title="Paul Feyerabend" href="/wiki/Paul_Feyerabend"><font color="#000000">Feyerabend, Paul</font></a><font color="#000000"> (1995). <em><span>Killing Time: The Autobiography of Paul Feyerabend</span></em>. Chicago, MI: University of Chicago Press. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226245314"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-226-24531-4</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Killing+Time%3A+The+Autobiography+of+Paul+Feyerabend&amp;rft.aulast=Feyerabend%2C+Paul&amp;rft.au=Feyerabend%2C+Paul&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.place=Chicago%2C+MI&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&amp;rft.isbn=0-226-24531-4&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><font color="#000000">Fillmore, Charles (1931, 17th printing July 2004). <em>Metaphysical Bible Dictionary</em>. Unity Village, Missouri: Unity House. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0871590670"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-87159-067-0</font></a></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Finocchiaro-1989" class="book"><font color="#000000">Finocchiaro, Maurice A. (1989). <em><span>The Galileo Affair: A Documentary History</span></em>. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520066626"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-520-06662-6</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Galileo+Affair%3A+A+Documentary+History&amp;rft.aulast=Finocchiaro%2C+Maurice+A.&amp;rft.au=Finocchiaro%2C+Maurice+A.&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&amp;rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&amp;rft.isbn=0-520-06662-6&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><cite id="Reference-Finocchiaro-2007"></cite><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFFinocchiaro"><font color="#000000">Finocchiaro, Maurice A. (Fall 2007), &quot;Book Review&mdash;The Person of the Millennium: The Unique Impact of Galileo on World History&quot;, <em>The Historian</em> <strong>69</strong> (3): 601&ndash;602, </font><a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#000000">doi</font></a><font color="#000000">:<span class="neverexpand"><a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-6563.2007.00189_68.x" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-6563.2007.00189_68.x" rel="nofollow">10.1111/j.1540-6563.2007.00189_68.x</a></span></font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Book+Review%E2%80%94The+Person+of+the+Millennium%3A+The+Unique+Impact+of+Galileo+on+World+History&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Historian&amp;rft.aulast=Finocchiaro&amp;rft.aufirst=Maurice+A.&amp;rft.au=Finocchiaro%2C+Maurice+A.&amp;rft.date=Fall+2007&amp;rft.volume=69&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=601%E2%80%93602&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1111%2Fj.1540-6563.2007.00189_68.x&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Galileo-1960" class="book"><font color="#000000">Galilei, Galileo (1960) [1623]. <em><span>The Assayer</span></em>. translated by </font><a title="Stillman Drake" href="/wiki/Stillman_Drake"><font color="#000000">Stillman Drake</font></a><font color="#000000">. In </font><a href="#Reference-Drake.26O.27Malley-1960"><font color="#000000">Drake &amp; O'Malley (1960, pp.151&ndash;336)</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Assayer&amp;rft.aulast=Galilei%2C+Galileo&amp;rft.au=Galilei%2C+Galileo&amp;rft.date=1960&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><cite id="Reference-Galileo-1954"><font color="#000000">Galilei, Galileo [1638, 1914] (1954), Henry Crew and Alfonso de Salvio, translators, <em><a class="external text" title="http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_staticxt&amp;staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=753&amp;Itemid=99999999" href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_staticxt&amp;staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=753&amp;Itemid=99999999" rel="nofollow">Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences</a></em>, Dover Publications Inc., New York, NY. ISBN 486-60099-8</font></cite></li> <li><font color="#000000">Galilei, Galileo <em>Galileo: Two New Sciences</em> (Translation by </font><a title="Stillman Drake" href="/wiki/Stillman_Drake"><font color="#000000">Stillman Drake</font></a><font color="#000000"> of Galileo's 1638 <em>Discourses and mathematical demonstrations concerning two new sciences</em>) University of Wisconsin Press 1974 </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/029906400X"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-299-06400-X</font></a></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Galileo.26Guiducci-1960" class="book"><font color="#000000">Galilei, Galileo, and Guiducci, Mario (1960) [1619]. <em><span>Discourse on the Comets</span></em>. translated by </font><a title="Stillman Drake" href="/wiki/Stillman_Drake"><font color="#000000">Stillman Drake</font></a><font color="#000000">. In </font><a href="#Reference-Drake.26O.27Malley-1960"><font color="#000000">Drake &amp; O'Malley (1960, pp.21&ndash;65)</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Discourse+on+the+Comets&amp;rft.aulast=Galilei%2C+Galileo%2C+and+Guiducci%2C+Mario&amp;rft.au=Galilei%2C+Galileo%2C+and+Guiducci%2C+Mario&amp;rft.date=1960&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><font color="#000000"><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Gebler-1879" class="book">Gebler, Karl von (1879). <em><a class="external text" title="http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC02415342&amp;id=FheRZAirWvQC" href="http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC02415342&amp;id=FheRZAirWvQC" rel="nofollow">Galileo Galilei and the Roman Curia</a></em>. London: C.K. Paul &amp; Co.<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC02415342&amp;id=FheRZAirWvQC" href="http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC02415342&amp;id=FheRZAirWvQC" rel="nofollow">http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC02415342&amp;id=FheRZAirWvQC</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo+Galilei+and+the+Roman+Curia&amp;rft.aulast=Gebler&amp;rft.aufirst=Karl+von&amp;rft.au=Gebler%2C+Karl+von&amp;rft.date=1879&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=C.K.+Paul+%26+Co.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fvid%3DOCLC02415342%26id%3DFheRZAirWvQC&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Geymonat, Ludovico (1965), <em>Galileo Galilei, A biography and inquiry into his philosophy and science</em>, translation of the 1957 Italian edition, with notes and appendix by </font><a title="Stillman Drake" href="/wiki/Stillman_Drake"><font color="#000000">Stillman Drake</font></a><font color="#000000">, McGraw-Hill</font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Grant, Edward <em>Aristotle, Philoponus, Avempace, and Galileo's Pisan Dynamics</em> Centaurus, 11, 1965-7</font></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Grassi-1960a" class="book"><font color="#000000">Grassi, Horatio (1960a) [1619]. <em><span>On the Three Comets of the Year MDCXIII</span></em>. translated by C.D. O'Malley. In </font><a href="#Reference-Drake.26O.27Malley-1960"><font color="#000000">Drake &amp; O'Malley (1960, pp.3&ndash;19)</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=On+the+Three+Comets+of+the+Year+MDCXIII&amp;rft.aulast=Grassi%2C+Horatio&amp;rft.au=Grassi%2C+Horatio&amp;rft.date=1960a&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Grassi-1960b" class="book"><font color="#000000">Grassi, Horatio (1960b) [1619]. <em><span>The Astronomical and Philosophical Balance</span></em>. translated by C.D. O'Malley. In </font><a href="#Reference-Drake.26O.27Malley-1960"><font color="#000000">Drake &amp; O'Malley (1960, pp.67&ndash;132)</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Astronomical+and+Philosophical+Balance&amp;rft.aulast=Grassi%2C+Horatio&amp;rft.au=Grassi%2C+Horatio&amp;rft.date=1960b&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><font color="#000000">Grisar, Hartmann, S.J., Professor of Church history at the University of Innsbruck (1882). </font><a class="external text" title="http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0790562294&amp;id=aqMBAAAAQAAJ&amp;printsec=titlepage&amp;dq=%22hartmann+grisar%22" href="http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0790562294&amp;id=aqMBAAAAQAAJ&amp;printsec=titlepage&amp;dq=%22hartmann+grisar%22" rel="nofollow"><em><font color="#000000">Historisch theologische Untersuchungen &uuml;ber die Urtheile R&ouml;mischen Congegationen im Galileiprocess (Historico-theological Discussions concerning the Decisions of the Roman Congregations in the case of Galileo)</font></em></a><font color="#000000">, Regensburg: Pustet.&nbsp;&ndash; </font><a class="mw-redirect" title="Google Books" href="/wiki/Google_Books"><font color="#000000">Google Books</font></a><font color="#000000"> </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0790562294"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-7905-6229-4</font></a><font color="#000000">. </font><a class="external text" title="http://isbndb.com/d/book/galileistudien.html" href="http://isbndb.com/d/book/galileistudien.html" rel="nofollow"><font color="#000000">(LCC# QB36&nbsp;&ndash; <em>microfiche</em>)</font></a><font color="#000000"> </font><a class="external text" title="http://books.google.com/books?id=aqMBAAAAQAAJ&amp;q=%22hartmann+grisar%22+%22Historisch+theologische%22&amp;dq=%22hartmann+grisar%22+%22Historisch+theologische%22&amp;ei=GOsIR_m6K4yKpwKygp3BDg&amp;pgis=1" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=aqMBAAAAQAAJ&amp;q=%22hartmann+grisar%22+%22Historisch+theologische%22&amp;dq=%22hartmann+grisar%22+%22Historisch+theologische%22&amp;ei=GOsIR_m6K4yKpwKygp3BDg&amp;pgis=1" rel="nofollow"><font color="#000000">Reviewed here (1883), pp.211&ndash;213</font></a></li> <li><font color="#000000">Hall, A. R. <em>From Galileo to Newton</em> 1963</font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Hall, A. R. <em>Galileo and the Science of Motion</em> in 'British Journal of History of Science', 2 1964-5</font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Hoskin, Michael (Ed) <em>The Cambridge concise history of astronomy</em> CUP 1999</font></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Hawking-1988" class="book"><a title="Stephen Hawking" href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking"><font color="#000000">Hawking, Stephen</font></a><font color="#000000"> (1988). <em><span>A Brief History of Time</span></em>. New York, NY: Bantam Books. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0553346148"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-553-34614-8</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Time&amp;rft.aulast=Hawking%2C+Stephen&amp;rft.au=Hawking%2C+Stephen&amp;rft.date=1988&amp;rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&amp;rft.pub=Bantam+Books&amp;rft.isbn=0-553-34614-8&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Heilbron-2005" class="book"><font color="#000000">Heilbron, John L. (2005). <em><span>Censorship of Astronomy in Italy after Galileo</span></em>. In </font><a href="#Reference-McMullin-2005"><font color="#000000">McMullin (2005, pp.279&ndash;322)</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Censorship+of+Astronomy+in+Italy+after+Galileo&amp;rft.aulast=Heilbron%2C+John+L.&amp;rft.au=Heilbron%2C+John+L.&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><font color="#000000">Hellman, Hal (1988). <em>Great Feuds in Science. Ten of the Liveliest Disputes Ever</em>. New York: Wiley</font></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-jarrel-1989" class="book"><font color="#000000">Jarrel, Richard A. (1989). <em><span>The contemporaries of Tycho Brahe</span></em>. In </font><a href="#Reference-Taton.26Wilson-1989"><font color="#000000">Taton and Wilson (1989, pp.22&ndash;32)</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+contemporaries+of+Tycho+Brahe&amp;rft.aulast=Jarrel&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&amp;rft.au=Jarrel%2C+Richard+A.&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Kelter-2005" class="book"><font color="#000000">Kelter, Irving A. (2005). <em><span>The Refusal to Accommodate. Jesuit Exegetes and the Copernican System</span></em>. In </font><a href="#Reference-McMullin-2005"><font color="#000000">McMullin (2005, pp.38&ndash;53)</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Refusal+to+Accommodate.+Jesuit+Exegetes+and+the+Copernican+System&amp;rft.aulast=Kelter%2C+Irving+A.&amp;rft.au=Kelter%2C+Irving+A.&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><font color="#000000">Humphreys, W. C. <em>Galileo, Falling Bodies and Inclined Planes. An Attempt at Reconstructing Galileo's Discovery of the Law of Squares</em> 'British Journal of History of Science' 1967</font></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Koestler-1990" class="book"><a title="Arthur Koestler" href="/wiki/Arthur_Koestler"><font color="#000000">Koestler, Arthur</font></a><font color="#000000"> (1990) [1959]. <em><span><a title="The Sleepwalkers" href="/wiki/The_Sleepwalkers">The Sleepwalkers</a>: A History of Man's Changing Vision of the Universe</span></em>. Penguin. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0140192468"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-14-019246-8</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><font color="#000000"><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=%5B%5BThe+Sleepwalkers%5D%5D%3A+A+History+of+Man%27s+Changing+Vision+of+the+Universe&amp;rft.aulast=%5B%5BArthur+Koestler%7CKoestler%2C+Arthur%5D%5D&amp;rft.au=%5B%5BArthur+Koestler%7CKoestler%2C+Arthur%5D%5D&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft.pub=Penguin&amp;rft.isbn=0-14-019246-8&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> Original edition published by Hutchinson (1959, London).</font></li> <li><a class="mw-redirect" title="Koyré" href="/wiki/Koyr%C3%A9"><font color="#000000">Koyr&eacute;</font></a><font color="#000000">, Alexandre <em>A Documentary History of the Problem of Fall from Kepler to Newton</em> Transaction of the American Philosophical Society, 1955</font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Koyr&eacute;, Alexandre <em>Galilean Studies</em> Harvester Press 1978</font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Kuhn, T. <em>The Copernican Revolution</em> 1957</font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Kuhn, T. <em>The Structure of Scientific Revolutions</em> 1962</font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Lattis, James M. (1994). <em>Between Copernicus and Galileo: Christopher Clavius and the Collapse of Ptolemaic Cosmology</em>, Chicago: the University of Chicago Press</font></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Langford-1998" class="book"><font color="#000000">Langford, Jerome K., O.P. (1998) [1966]. <em><span>Galileo, Science and the Church</span></em> (third ed.). St. Augustine's Press. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1890318256"><font color="#000000">ISBN 1-890318-25-6</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><font color="#000000"><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo%2C+Science+and+the+Church&amp;rft.aulast=Langford%2C+Jerome+K.%2C+O.P.&amp;rft.au=Langford%2C+Jerome+K.%2C+O.P.&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.edition=third&amp;rft.pub=St.+Augustine%27s+Press&amp;rft.isbn=1-890318-25-6&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span>. Original edition by Desclee (New York, NY, 1966)</font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Lessl, Thomas, &quot;</font><a class="external text" title="http://www.catholiceducation.org/articles/apologetics/ap0138.html" href="http://www.catholiceducation.org/articles/apologetics/ap0138.html" rel="nofollow"><font color="#000000">The Galileo Legend</font></a><font color="#000000">.&quot; <em>New Oxford Review</em>, 27&ndash;33 (June 2000).</font></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Linton-2004" class="book"><font color="#000000">Linton, Christopher M. (2004). <em><span>From Eudoxus to Einstein&mdash;A History of Mathematical Astronomy</span></em>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521827508"><font color="#000000">ISBN 978-0-521-82750-8</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=From+Eudoxus+to+Einstein%E2%80%94A+History+of+Mathematical+Astronomy&amp;rft.aulast=Linton%2C+Christopher+M.&amp;rft.au=Linton%2C+Christopher+M.&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.place=Cambridge&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-521-82750-8&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><font color="#000000">Losee, J. <em>Drake, Galileo, and the Law of Inertia</em> American Journal of Physics, 34, p.&nbsp;430-2 1966</font></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-McMullin-2005" class="book"><font color="#000000">McMullin, Ernan, ed. (2005). <em><span>The Church and Galileo</span></em>. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0268034834"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-268-03483-4</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Church+and+Galileo&amp;rft.aulast=McMullin%2C+Ernan%2C+ed.&amp;rft.au=McMullin%2C+Ernan%2C+ed.&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.place=Notre+Dame%2C+IN&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Notre+Dame+Press&amp;rft.isbn=0-268-03483-4&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-McMullin-2005a" class="book"><font color="#000000">McMullin, Ernan, (2005a). <em><span>The Church's Ban on Copernicanism, 1616</span></em>. In </font><a href="#Reference-McMullin-2005"><font color="#000000">McMullin (2005, pp.150&ndash;190)</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Church%27s+Ban+on+Copernicanism%2C+1616&amp;rft.aulast=McMullin%2C+Ernan%2C&amp;rft.au=McMullin%2C+Ernan%2C&amp;rft.date=2005a&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><font color="#000000">Mach, Ernst. <em>The Science of Mechanics</em> 1893</font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Machamer, Peter (Ed) <em>The Cambridge Companion to Galileo</em> Cambridge University Press 1998</font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Naylor, Ronald H. (1990). &quot;Galileo's Method of Analysis and Synthesis,&quot; <em>Isis</em>, 81: 695&ndash;707</font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Newall, Paul (2004). </font><a class="external text" title="http://www.galilean-library.org/hps.html" href="http://www.galilean-library.org/hps.html" rel="nofollow"><font color="#000000">&quot;The Galileo Affair&quot;</font></a></li> <li><font color="#000000">Remmert, Volker R. (2005). <em>Galileo, God, and Mathematics</em>. In: Bergmans, Luc/Koetsier, Teun (eds.): <em>Mathematics and the Divine. A Historical Study</em>, Amsterdam et al., 347&ndash;360</font></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Ratzinger-1994" class="book"><a title="Pope Benedict XVI" href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI"><font color="#000000">Ratzinger, Joseph Cardinal</font></a><font color="#000000"> (1994). <em><span>Turning point for Europe? The Church in the Modern World&mdash;Assessment and Forecast</span></em>. translated from the 1991 German edition by Brian McNeil. San Francisco, CA: Ignatius Press. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0898704618"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-89870-461-8</font></a><font color="#000000">. </font><a title="Online Computer Library Center" href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center"><font color="#000000">OCLC</font></a><font color="#000000"> </font><a class="external text" title="http://worldcat.org/oclc/60292876" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/60292876" rel="nofollow"><font color="#000000">60292876</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Turning+point+for+Europe%3F+The+Church+in+the+Modern+World%E2%80%94Assessment+and+Forecast&amp;rft.aulast=Ratzinger%2C+Joseph+Cardinal&amp;rft.au=Ratzinger%2C+Joseph+Cardinal&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.place=San+Francisco%2C+CA&amp;rft.pub=Ignatius+Press&amp;rft_id=info:oclcnum/60292876&amp;rft.isbn=0-89870-461-8&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><cite id=".23Reference-Reston-2000"></cite><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFReston2000" class="book"><font color="#000000">Reston, James (2000). <em><span>Galileo: A Life</span></em>. Beard Books. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/189312262X"><font color="#000000">ISBN 1-893122-62-X</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo%3A+A+Life&amp;rft.aulast=Reston&amp;rft.aufirst=James&amp;rft.au=Reston%2C+James&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.pub=Beard+Books&amp;rft.isbn=1-893122-62-X&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><font color="#000000"><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Seeger-1966" class="book">Seeger, Raymond J. (1966). <em><span>Galileo Galilei, his life and his works</span></em>. Oxford: Pergamon Press.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo+Galilei%2C+his+life+and+his+works&amp;rft.aulast=Seeger%2C+Raymond+J.&amp;rft.au=Seeger%2C+Raymond+J.&amp;rft.date=1966&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Pergamon+Press&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li><cite id="Reference-Settle-1961"><font color="#000000">Settle, Thomas B. (1961). &quot;An Experiment in the History of Science.&quot; <em>Science</em>, 133:19&ndash;23</font></cite></li> <li><cite id="Reference-Sharratt-1994"><font color="#000000">Sharratt, Michael (1994), <em>Galileo: Decisive Innovator.</em> Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521566711"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-521-56671-1</font></a></cite></li> <li><font color="#000000">Shapere, Dudley <em>Galileo, a Philosophical Study</em> University of Chicago Press 1974</font></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Shea.26Artigas-2003" class="book"><font color="#000000">Shea, William R. and Artigas, Mario (2003). <em><span>Galileo in Rome: The Rise and Fall of a Troublesome Genius</span></em>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195165985"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-19-516598-5</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo+in+Rome%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+a+Troublesome+Genius&amp;rft.aulast=Shea%2C+William+R.+and+Artigas%2C+Mario&amp;rft.au=Shea%2C+William+R.+and+Artigas%2C+Mario&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.isbn=0-19-516598-5&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Sobel-2000" class="book"><font color="#000000">Sobel, Dava (2000) [1999]. <em><span>Galileo's Daughter</span></em>. London: Fourth Estate. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1857027124"><font color="#000000">ISBN 1-85702-712-4</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo%27s+Daughter&amp;rft.aulast=Sobel%2C+Dava&amp;rft.au=Sobel%2C+Dava&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Fourth+Estate&amp;rft.isbn=1-85702-712-4&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Taton.26Wilson-1989" class="book"><font color="#000000">Taton, Ren&eacute;; Wilson, Curtis, eds (1989). <em><span>Planetary astronomy from the Renaissance to the rise of astrophysics Part A: Tycho Brahe to Newton</span></em>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521242541"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-521-24254-1</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Planetary+astronomy+from+the+Renaissance+to+the+rise+of+astrophysics+Part+A%3A+Tycho+Brahe+to+Newton&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rft.place=Cambridge&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.isbn=0-521-24254-1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Thoren-1989" class="book"><font color="#000000">Thoren, Victor E. (1989). <em><span>Tycho Brahe</span></em>. In </font><a href="#Reference-Taton.26Wilson-1989"><font color="#000000">Taton and Wilson (1989, pp.3-21)</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Tycho+Brahe&amp;rft.aulast=Thoren&amp;rft.aufirst=Victor+E.&amp;rft.au=Thoren%2C+Victor+E.&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Vanhelden-1989" class="book"><font color="#000000">Van Helden, Albert (1989). <em><span>Galileo, telescopic astronomy, and the Copernican system</span></em>. In </font><a href="#Reference-Taton.26Wilson-1989"><font color="#000000">Taton and Wilson (1989, pp.81-105)</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo%2C+telescopic+astronomy%2C+and+the+Copernican+system&amp;rft.aulast=Van+Helden&amp;rft.aufirst=Albert&amp;rft.au=Van+Helden%2C+Albert&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><font color="#000000">Wallace, William A. (1984) <em>Galileo and His Sources: The Heritage of the Collegio Romano in Galileo's Science,</em> (Princeton: Princeton Univ. Pr.), </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/069108355X"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-691-08355-X</font></a></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Wallace-2004" class="book"><font color="#000000">Wallace, William A. (2004). <em><span>Domingo de Soto and the Early Galileo</span></em>. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0860789640"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-86078-964-0</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Domingo+de+Soto+and+the+Early+Galileo&amp;rft.aulast=Wallace&amp;rft.aufirst=William+A.&amp;rft.au=Wallace%2C+William+A.&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.place=Aldershot&amp;rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&amp;rft.isbn=0-86078-964-0&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><font color="#000000">White, Andrew Dickson (1898). </font><a class="external text" title="http://cscs.umich.edu/~crshalizi/White/" href="http://cscs.umich.edu/~crshalizi/White/" rel="nofollow"><em><font color="#000000">A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom</font></em></a><font color="#000000">. New York 1898.</font></li> <li><font color="#000000">White, Michael. (2007). <em>Galileo: Antichrist: A Biography.</em> Weidenfeld &amp; Nicolson:London, </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780297848684"><font color="#000000">ISBN 978-0-297-84868-4</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Wisan, Winifred Lovell (1984). &quot;Galileo and the Process of Scientific Creation,&quot; <em>Isis</em>, 75: 269&ndash;286.</font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Zik Yaakov, &quot;Science and Instruments: The telescope as a scientific instrument at the beginning of the seventeenth century,&quot; <em>Perspectives on Science</em> 2001, Vol. 9, 3, 259&ndash;284.</font></li> </ul> </div> <p><a id="External_links" name="External_links"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.imss.fi.it/" href="http://www.imss.fi.it/" rel="nofollow"><font color="#000080">History of Science Museum - Florence</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/PictDisplay/Galileo.html" href="http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/PictDisplay/Galileo.html" rel="nofollow"><font color="#000080">Portraits of Galileo</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://asv.vatican.va/en/stud/download/CAV_21.htm" href="http://asv.vatican.va/en/stud/download/CAV_21.htm" rel="nofollow"><font color="#000080">Original documents on the trial of Galileo Galilei</font></a> in the <a title="Vatican Secret Archives" href="/wiki/Vatican_Secret_Archives"><font color="#000080">Vatican Secret Archives</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://web.archive.org/web/20071209222631/http://www.catholic.net/rcc/Periodicals/Issues/GalileoAffair.html" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20071209222631/http://www.catholic.net/rcc/Periodicals/Issues/GalileoAffair.html" rel="nofollow"><font color="#000080">Galileo Affair catholic.net</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://galileo.rice.edu/" href="http://galileo.rice.edu/" rel="nofollow"><font color="#000080">The Galileo Project</font></a> at <a title="Rice University" href="/wiki/Rice_University"><font color="#000080">Rice University</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/galileo/" href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/galileo/" rel="nofollow"><font color="#000080">PBS Nova Online: <em>Galileo's Battle for the Heavens</em></font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/galileo/" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/galileo/" rel="nofollow"><font color="#000080">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry on Galileo</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.galilean-library.org/" href="http://www.galilean-library.org/" rel="nofollow"><font color="#000080">The Galilean Library</font></a>, educational site.</li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.catholicleague.org/research/galileo.html" href="http://www.catholicleague.org/research/galileo.html" rel="nofollow"><em><font color="#000080">Galileo and the Catholic Church</font></em></a> article at Catholic League</li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0956139/" href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0956139/" rel="nofollow"><em><font color="#000080">Animated Hero Classics: Galileo (1997)</font></em></a> at the <a title="Internet Movie Database" href="/wiki/Internet_Movie_Database"><font color="#000080">Internet Movie Database</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/Galileo_Prototype/MAIN.HTM" href="http://www.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/Galileo_Prototype/MAIN.HTM" rel="nofollow"><font color="#000080">Electronic representation of Galilei's notes on motion (MS. 72)</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n79-3254" href="http://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n79-3254" rel="nofollow"><font color="#000080">Works by or about Galileo Galilei</font></a> in libraries (<a title="WorldCat" href="/wiki/WorldCat"><font color="#000080">WorldCat</font></a> catalog)</li> <li>Galileo's 1590 <em>De Motu</em> translation <a class="external autonumber" title="http://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/content/scientific_revolution/galileo" href="http://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/content/scientific_revolution/galileo" rel="nofollow"><font color="#000080">[5]</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.intratext.com/Catalogo/Autori/AUT158.HTM" href="http://www.intratext.com/Catalogo/Autori/AUT158.HTM" rel="nofollow"><font color="#000080">Works by Galileo Galilei</font></a>: text with concordances and frequencies.</li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.pacifier.com/~tpope/" href="http://www.pacifier.com/~tpope/" rel="nofollow"><font color="#000080">CCD Images through a Galilean Telescope</font></a> Modern recreation of what Galileo might have seen</li> <li>Galilei, Galileo. <a class="external text" title="http://www.rarebookroom.org/Control/galgal/index.html" href="http://www.rarebookroom.org/Control/galgal/index.html" rel="nofollow"><em><font color="#000080">Le Operazioni del Compasso Geometrico et Militare</font></em></a> 1610 Rome. From <a title="Rare Book Room" href="/wiki/Rare_Book_Room"><font color="#000080">Rare Book Room</font></a>. Scanned first edition.</li> <li>Galilei, Galileo. <a class="external text" title="http://www.rarebookroom.org/Control/galsol/index.html" href="http://www.rarebookroom.org/Control/galsol/index.html" rel="nofollow"><em><font color="#000080">Istoria e Dimostrazioni Intorno Alle Macchie Solar</font></em></a> 1613 Rome. From <a title="Rare Book Room" href="/wiki/Rare_Book_Room"><font color="#000080">Rare Book Room</font></a>. Scanned first edition.</li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFO.27ConnorRobertson"><a class="mw-redirect" title="John J. O'Connor (mathematician)" href="/wiki/John_J._O%27Connor_(mathematician)"><font color="#000080">O'Connor, John J.</font></a>; <a title="Edmund F. Robertson" href="/wiki/Edmund_F._Robertson"><font color="#000080">Robertson, Edmund F.</font></a>, &quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Galileo.html" href="http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Galileo.html" rel="nofollow"><font color="#000080">Galileo Galilei</font></a>&quot;, <em><span><a title="MacTutor History of Mathematics archive" href="/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_archive"><font color="#000080">MacTutor History of Mathematics archive</font></a></span></em></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo+Galilei&amp;rft.atitle=%5B%5BMacTutor+History+of+Mathematics+archive%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=O%27Connor&amp;rft.aufirst=John+J.&amp;rft.au=O%27Connor%2C+John+J.&amp;rft.au=Robertson%2C+Edmund+F.&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span>.</li> <li>Linda Hall Library features a <a class="external text" title="http://contentdm.lindahall.org/u?/classics,5292" href="http://contentdm.lindahall.org/u?/classics,5292" rel="nofollow"><font color="#000080">first edition of <em>Sidereus Nuncius Magna</em></font></a> as well as a <a class="external text" title="http://contentdm.lindahall.org/u?/classics,426" href="http://contentdm.lindahall.org/u?/classics,426" rel="nofollow"><font color="#000080">pirated edition from the same year</font></a>, both fully digitized.</li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5C5_dOEyAfk&amp;feature=related" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5C5_dOEyAfk&amp;feature=related" rel="nofollow"><font color="#000080">Feather &amp; Hammer Drop on Moon</font></a></li> </ul> c3df4f898585630f3023f78cd49bb3c885c955e7 2803 2009-08-18T08:04:56Z Galilei 55 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><strong>Galileo<font color="#000000"> Galilei</font></strong><font color="#000000"> (15 February 1564<sup id="cite_ref-birthdate_1-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></font></sup>&nbsp;&ndash; 8 January 1642)<sup id="cite_ref-McTutor_0-4" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></font></sup> was an Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who played a major role in the Scientific Revolution. His achievements include improvements to the telescope and consequent astronomical observations, and support for Copernicanism. Galileo has been called the &quot;father of modern observational astronomy,&quot;<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></font></sup> the &quot;father of modern physics,&quot;<sup id="cite_ref-Einstein_4-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></font></sup> the &quot;father of science,&quot;<sup id="cite_ref-Einstein_4-1" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></font></sup> and &quot;the Father of Modern Science.&quot;<sup id="cite_ref-finocchiaro2007_5-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></font></sup> Stephen Hawking says, &quot;Galileo, perhaps more than any other single person, was responsible for the birth of modern science.&quot;<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">The motion of uniformly accelerated objects, taught in nearly all high school and introductory college physics courses, was studied by Galileo as the subject of kinematics. His contributions to observational astronomy include the telescopic confirmation of the phases of Venus, the discovery of the four largest satellites of Jupiter (named the Galilean moons in his honour), and the observation and analysis of sunspots. Galileo also worked in applied science and technology, improving compass design.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo's championing of Copernicanism was controversial within his lifetime, when a large majority of philosophers and astronomers still subscribed (at least outwardly) to the geocentric view that the Earth is at the centre of the universe. After 1610, when he began supporting heliocentrism publicly, he met with bitter opposition from some philosophers and clerics, and two of the latter eventually denounced him to the Roman Inquisition early in 1615. Although he was cleared of any offence at that time, the Catholic Church nevertheless condemned heliocentrism as &quot;false and contrary to Scripture&quot; in February 1616,<sup id="cite_ref-contrary_to_scripture_7-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></font></sup> and Galileo was warned to abandon his support for it&mdash;which he promised to do. When he later defended his views in his most famous work, <em>Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems</em>, published in 1632, he was tried by the Inquisition, found &quot;vehemently suspect of heresy,&quot; forced to recant, and spent the rest of his life under house arrest.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Life</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo was born in Pisa (then part of the Duchy of Florence), Italy, the first of six children of Vincenzo Galilei, a famous lutenist and music theorist, and Giulia Ammannati. Four of their six children survived infancy, and the youngest Michelangelo (or Michelagnolo) became a noted lutenist and composer.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo's full name was Galileo di Vincenzo Bonaiuti de' Galilei. At the age of 8, his family moved to Florence, but he was left with Jacopo Borghini for two years.<sup id="cite_ref-McTutor_0-5" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></font></sup> He then was educated in the Camaldolese Monastery at Vallombrosa, 35&nbsp;km southeast of Florence.<sup id="cite_ref-McTutor_0-6" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></font></sup> Although he seriously considered the priesthood as a young man, he enrolled for a medical degree at the University of Pisa at his father's urging. He did not complete this degree, but instead studied mathematics.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></font></sup> In 1589, he was appointed to the chair of mathematics in Pisa. In 1591 his father died and he was entrusted with the care of his younger brother Michelagnolo. In 1592, he moved to the University of Padua, teaching geometry, mechanics, and astronomy until 1610.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></font></sup> During this period Galileo made significant discoveries in both pure science (for example, kinematics of motion, and astronomy) and applied science (for example, strength of materials, improvement of the telescope). His multiple interests included the study of astrology, which in pre-modern disciplinary practice was seen as correlated to the studies of mathematics and astronomy.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Although a genuinely pious Roman Catholic<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></font></sup>, Galileo fathered three children out of wedlock with Marina Gamba. They had two daughters, Virginia in 1600 and Livia in 1601, and one son, Vincenzo, in 1606. Because of their illegitimate birth, their father considered the girls unmarriageable. Their only worthy alternative was the religious life. Both girls were sent to the convent of San Matteo in Arcetri and remained there for the rest of their lives.<sup id="cite_ref-daughters_unmarriageable_12-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></font></sup> Virginia took the name Maria Celeste upon entering the convent. She died on 2 April 1634, and is buried with Galileo at the Basilica di Santa Croce di Firenze. Livia took the name Sister Arcangela and was ill for most of her life. Vincenzo was later legitimized and married Sestilia Bocchineri.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">In 1610 Galileo published an account of his telescopic observations of the moons of Jupiter, using this observation to argue in favour of the sun-centered, Copernican theory of the universe against the dominant earth-centered Ptolemaic and Aristotelian theories. The next year Galileo visited Rome in order to demonstrate his telescope to the influential philosophers and mathematicians of the Jesuit Collegio Romano, and to let them see with their own eyes the reality of the four moons of Jupiter.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></font></sup> While in Rome he was also made a member of the Accademia dei Lincei.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">In 1612, opposition arose to the Sun-centered theory of the universe which Galileo supported. In 1614, from the pulpit of the Basilica of Santa Maria Novella, Father Tommaso Caccini (1574&ndash;1648) denounced Galileo's opinions on the motion of the Earth, judging them dangerous and close to heresy. Galileo went to Rome to defend himself against these accusations, but, in 1616, Cardinal Roberto Bellarmino personally handed Galileo an admonition enjoining him neither to advocate nor teach Copernican astronomy.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></font></sup> During 1621 and 1622 Galileo wrote his first book, <em>The Assayer</em> (<em>Il Saggiatore</em>), which was approved and published in 1623. In 1630, he returned to Rome to apply for a license to print the <em>Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems</em>, published in Florence in 1632. In October of that year, however, he was ordered to appear before the Holy Office in Rome.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Following a papal trial in which he was found vehemently suspect of heresy, Galileo was placed under house arrest and his movements restricted by the Pope. From 1634 onward he stayed at his country house at Arcetri, outside of Florence. He went completely blind in 1638 and was suffering from a painful hernia and insomnia, so he was permitted to travel to Florence for medical advice. He continued to receive visitors until 1642, when, after suffering fever and heart palpitations, he died.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000" size="2"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Scientific methods</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo made original contributions to the science of motion through an innovative combination of experiment and mathematics.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></font></sup> More typical of science at the time were the qualitative studies of William Gilbert, on magnetism and electricity. Galileo's father, Vincenzo Galilei, a lutenist and music theorist, had performed experiments establishing perhaps the oldest known non-linear relation in physics: for a stretched string, the pitch varies as the square root of the tension.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></font></sup> These observations lay within the framework of the Pythagorean tradition of music, well-known to instrument makers, which included the fact that subdividing a string by a whole number produces a harmonious scale. Thus, a limited amount of mathematics had long related music and physical science, and young Galileo could see his own father's observations expand on that tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo is perhaps the first to clearly state that the laws of nature are mathematical. In <em>The Assayer</em> he wrote &quot;Philosophy is written in this grand book, the universe&nbsp;... It is written in the language of mathematics, and its characters are triangles, circles, and other geometric figures; ... .&quot;<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></font></sup> His mathematical analyses are a further development of a tradition employed by late scholastic natural philosophers, which Galileo learned when he studied philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></font></sup> Although he tried to remain loyal to the Catholic Church, his adherence to experimental results, and their most honest interpretation, led to a rejection of blind allegiance to authority, both philosophical and religious, in matters of science. In broader terms, this aided the separation of science from both philosophy and religion; a major development in human thought.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">By the standards of his time, Galileo was often willing to change his views in accordance with observation. Modern philosopher of science Paul Feyerabend also noted the supposedly improper aspects of Galileo's methodology, but he argued that Galileo's methods could be justified retroactively by their results. The bulk of Feyerabend's major work, <em>Against Method</em> (1975), was devoted to an analysis of Galileo, using his astronomical research as a case study to support Feyerabend's own anarchistic theory of scientific method. As he put it: 'Aristotelians&nbsp;... demanded strong empirical support while the Galileans were content with far-reaching, unsupported and partially refuted theories. I do not criticize them for that; on the contrary, I favour Niels Bohr's &quot;this is not crazy enough.&quot;'<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></font></sup> In order to perform his experiments, Galileo had to set up standards of length and time, so that measurements made on different days and in different laboratories could be compared in a reproducible fashion.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo showed a remarkably modern appreciation for the proper relationship between mathematics, theoretical physics, and experimental physics. He understood the parabola, both in terms of conic sections and in terms of the ordinate (y) varying as the square of the abscissa (x). Galilei further asserted that the parabola was the theoretically ideal trajectory of a uniformly accelerated projectile in the absence of friction and other disturbances. He conceded that there are limits to the validity of this theory, noting on theoretical grounds that a projectile trajectory of a size comparable to that of the Earth could not possibly be a parabola,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></font></sup> but he nevertheless maintained that for distances up to the range of the artillery of his day, the deviation of a projectile's trajectory from a parabola would only be very slight.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></font></sup> Thirdly, he recognized that his experimental data would never agree exactly with any theoretical or mathematical form, because of the imprecision of measurement, irreducible friction, and other factors.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">According to Stephen Hawking, Galileo probably bears more of the responsibility for the birth of modern science than anybody else,<sup id="cite_ref-Hawking_galileo_27-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></font></sup> and Albert Einstein called him the father of modern science.<sup id="cite_ref-father_of_science_Einstein_28-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000" size="2"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Astronomy</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000"></font></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Contributions</font></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="WIDTH: 182px" class="thumbinner"><font color="#000000"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="180" height="276" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Galileo.script.arp.600pix.jpg.jpg/180px-Galileo.script.arp.600pix.jpg.jpg" /> </font> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><font color="#000000"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></font></div> <font color="#000000">It was on this page that Galileo first noted an observation of the moons of Jupiter. This observation upset the notion that all celestial bodies must revolve around the Earth. Galileo published a full description in <em>Sidereus Nuncius</em> in March 1610</font></div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="WIDTH: 182px" class="thumbinner"><font color="#000000"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="180" height="135" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Phases-of-Venus.svg/180px-Phases-of-Venus.svg.png" /> </font> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><font color="#000000"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></font></div> <font color="#000000">The phases of Venus, observed by Galileo in 1610</font></div> </div> </div> <p><font color="#000000">Based only on uncertain descriptions of the first practical telescope, invented by Hans Lippershey in the Netherlands in 1608, Galileo, in the following year, made a telescope with about 3x magnification. He later made others with up to about 30x magnification.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></font></sup> With this improved device he could see magnified, upright images on the earth &ndash; it was what is now known as a terrestrial telescope, or spyglass. He could also use it to observe the sky; for a time he was one of those who could construct telescopes good enough for that purpose. On 25 August 1609, he demonstrated his first telescope to Venetian lawmakers. His telescopes were a profitable sideline. He could sell them to merchants who found them useful both at sea and as items of trade. He published his initial telescopic astronomical observations in March 1610 in a brief treatise entitled <em>Sidereus Nuncius</em> (<em>Starry Messenger</em>).</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">On 7 January 1610 Galileo observed with his telescope what he described at the time as &quot;three fixed stars, totally invisible<sup id="cite_ref-invisible_30-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></font></sup> by their smallness,&quot; all close to Jupiter, and lying on a straight line through it.<sup id="cite_ref-jupiter.27s_moons_31-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></font></sup> Observations on subsequent nights showed that the positions of these &quot;stars&quot; relative to Jupiter were changing in a way that would have been inexplicable if they had really been fixed stars. On 10 January Galileo noted that one of them had disappeared, an observation which he attributed to its being hidden behind Jupiter. Within a few days he concluded that they were orbiting Jupiter:<sup id="cite_ref-moonconclusion_32-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></font></sup> He had discovered three of Jupiter's four largest satellites (moons): Io, Europa, and Callisto. He discovered the fourth, Ganymede, on 13 January. Galileo named the four satellites he had discovered <em>Medicean stars</em>, in honour of his future patron, Cosimo II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, and Cosimo's three brothers.<sup id="cite_ref-medicean_stars_33-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></font></sup> Later astronomers, however, renamed them the <em>Galilean satellites</em> in honour of Galileo himself.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">A planet with smaller planets orbiting it did not conform to the principles of Aristotelian Cosmology, which held that all heavenly bodies should circle the Earth,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>35<span>]</span></font></sup> and many astronomers and philosophers initially refused to believe that Galileo could have discovered such a thing.<sup id="cite_ref-scepticism_35-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>36<span>]</span></font></sup> His observations were confirmed by the observatory of Christopher Clavius and he received a hero's welcome when he visited Rome in 1611<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>37<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo continued to observe the satellites over the next eighteen months, and by mid 1611 he had obtained remarkably accurate estimates for their periods&mdash;a feat which Kepler had believed impossible.<sup id="cite_ref-periods_37-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>38<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">From September 1610, Galileo observed that Venus exhibited a full set of phases similar to that of the Moon. The heliocentric model of the solar system developed by Nicolaus Copernicus predicted that all phases would be visible since the orbit of Venus around the Sun would cause its illuminated hemisphere to face the Earth when it was on the opposite side of the Sun and to face away from the Earth when it was on the Earth-side of the Sun. On the other hand, in Ptolemy's geocentric model it was impossible for any of the planets' orbits to intersect the spherical shell carrying the Sun. Traditionally the orbit of Venus was placed entirely on the near side of the Sun, where it could exhibit only crescent and new phases. It was, however, also possible to place it entirely on the far side of the Sun, where it could exhibit only gibbous and full phases. After Galileo's telescopic observations of the crescent, gibbous and full phases of Venus, therefore, this Ptolemaic model became untenable. Thus in the early 17th century as a result of his discovery the great majority of astronomers converted to one of the various geo-heliocentric planetary models<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>39<span>]</span></font></sup>, such as the Tychonic, Capellan and Extended Capellan models<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></font></sup>, each either with or without a daily rotating Earth. These all had the virtue of explaining the phases of Venus without the vice of the 'refutation' of full heliocentrism&rsquo;s prediction of stellar parallax. Galileo&rsquo;s discovery of the phases of Venus was thus arguably his most empirically practically influential contribution to the two-stage transition from full geocentrism to full heliocentrism via geo-heliocentrism.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo also observed the planet Saturn, and at first mistook its rings for planets, thinking it was a three-bodied system. When he observed the planet later, Saturn's rings were directly oriented at Earth, causing him to think that two of the bodies had disappeared. The rings reappeared when he observed the planet in 1616, further confusing him.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>41<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo was one of the first Europeans to observe sunspots, although Kepler had unwittingly observed one in 1607, but mistook it for a transit of Mercury. He also reinterpreted a sunspot observation from the time of Charlemagne, which formerly had been attributed (impossibly) to a transit of Mercury. The very existence of sunspots showed another difficulty with the unchanging perfection of the heavens posited by orthodox Aristotelian celestial physics, but their regular periodic transits also confirmed the dramatic novel prediction of Kepler's Aristotelian celestial dynamics in his 1609 <em>Astronomia Nova</em> that the sun rotates, which was the first successful novel prediction of post-spherist celestial physics.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>42<span>]</span></font></sup> And the annual variations in sunspots' motions, discovered by Francesco Sizzi and others in 1612&ndash;1613,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>43<span>]</span></font></sup> provided a powerful argument against both the Ptolemaic system and the geoheliocentric system of Tycho Brahe.<sup id="cite_ref-sunspot_argument_43-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>44<span>]</span></font></sup> For the seasonal variation refuted all non-geo-rotational geostatic planetary models such as the Ptolemaic pure geocentric model and the Tychonic geoheliocentric model in which the Sun orbits the Earth daily, whereby the variation should appear daily but does not. But it was explicable by all geo-rotational systems such as Longomontanus's semi-Tychonic geo-heliocentric model, Capellan and extended Capellan geo-heliocentric models with a daily rotating Earth, and the pure heliocentric model. A dispute over priority in the discovery of sunspots, and in their interpretation, led Galileo to a long and bitter feud with the Jesuit Christoph Scheiner; in fact, there is little doubt that both of them were beaten by David Fabricius and his son Johannes, looking for confirmation of Kepler's prediction of the sun's rotation. Scheiner quickly adopted Kepler's 1615 proposal of the modern telescope design, which gave larger magnification at the cost of inverted images; Galileo apparently never changed to Kepler's design.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo was the first to report lunar mountains and craters, whose existence he deduced from the patterns of light and shadow on the Moon's surface. He even estimated the mountains' heights from these observations. This led him to the conclusion that the Moon was &quot;rough and uneven, and just like the surface of the Earth itself,&quot; rather than a perfect sphere as Aristotle had claimed. Galileo observed the Milky Way, previously believed to be nebulous, and found it to be a multitude of stars packed so densely that they appeared to be clouds from Earth. He located many other stars too distant to be visible with the naked eye. Galileo also observed the planet Neptune in 1612, but did not realize that it was a planet and took no particular notice of it. It appears in his notebooks as one of many unremarkable dim stars.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000"></font></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Controversy over comets and <em>The Assayer</em></font></span></h3> <div class="rellink noprint relarticle mainarticle"><font color="#000000">Main article: The Assayer</font></div> <p><font color="#000000">In 1619, Galileo became embroiled in a controversy with Father Orazio Grassi, professor of mathematics at the Jesuit Collegio Romano. It began as a dispute over the nature of comets, but by the time Galileo had published <em>The Assayer</em> (<em>Il Saggiatore</em>) in 1623, his last salvo in the dispute, it had become a much wider argument over the very nature of Science itself. Because <em>The Assayer</em> contains such a wealth of Galileo's ideas on how Science should be practised, it has been referred to as his scientific manifesto.<sup id="cite_ref-scientific_manifesto_44-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>45<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Early in 1619, Father Grassi had anonymously published a pamphlet, <em>An Astronomical Disputation on the Three Comets of the Year 1618</em> ,<sup id="cite_ref-disputatio_45-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>46<span>]</span></font></sup> which discussed the nature of a comet that had appeared late in November of the previous year. Grassi concluded that the comet was a fiery body which had moved along a segment of a great circle at a constant distance from the earth,<sup id="cite_ref-grassi_great_circle_46-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>47<span>]</span></font></sup> and that it had been located well beyond the moon.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Grassi's arguments and conclusions were criticized in a subsequent article, <em>Discourse on the Comets</em> ,<sup id="cite_ref-discourse_on_comets_47-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>48<span>]</span></font></sup> published under the name of one of Galileo's disciples, a Florentine lawyer named Mario Guiducci, although it had been largely written by Galileo himself.<sup id="cite_ref-authorship_of_discourse_48-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>49<span>]</span></font></sup> Galileo and Guiducci offered no definitive theory of their own on the nature of comets,<sup id="cite_ref-criticism_of_previous_theories_49-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>50<span>]</span></font></sup> although they did present some tentative conjectures which we now know to be mistaken.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">In its opening passage, Galileo and Guiducci's <em>Discourse</em> gratuitously insulted the Jesuit Christopher Scheiner,<sup id="cite_ref-Scheiner_insult_50-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>51<span>]</span></font></sup> and various uncomplimentary remarks about the professors of the Collegio Romano were scattered throughout the work.<sup id="cite_ref-uncomplimentary_remark_51-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>52<span>]</span></font></sup> The Jesuits were offended,<sup id="cite_ref-jesuits_offended_52-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>53<span>]</span></font></sup> and Grassi soon replied with a polemical tract of his own, <em>The Astronomical and Philosophical Balance</em> ,<sup id="cite_ref-astronomical_balance_53-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>54<span>]</span></font></sup> under the pseudonym Lothario Sarsio Sigensano,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>55<span>]</span></font></sup> purporting to be one of his own pupils.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000"><em>The Assayer</em> was Galileo's devastating reply to the <em>Astronomical Balance</em>.<sup id="cite_ref-the_assayer_55-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>56<span>]</span></font></sup> It has been widely regarded as a masterpiece of polemical literature,<sup id="cite_ref-masterpiece_of_polemics_56-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>57<span>]</span></font></sup> in which &quot;Sarsi's&quot; arguments are subjected to withering scorn.<sup id="cite_ref-withering_scorn_57-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>58<span>]</span></font></sup> It was greeted with wide acclaim, and particularly pleased the new pope, Urban VIII, to whom it had been dedicated.<sup id="cite_ref-assayer_success_58-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>59<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo's dispute with Grassi permanently alienated many of the Jesuits who had previously been sympathetic to his ideas,<sup id="cite_ref-jesuit_alienation_59-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>60<span>]</span></font></sup> and Galileo and his friends were convinced that these Jesuits were responsible for bringing about his later condemnation.<sup id="cite_ref-jesuits_responsible_60-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>61<span>]</span></font></sup> The evidence for this is at best equivocal, however.<sup id="cite_ref-evidence_of_jesuits_61-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>62<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000" size="2"></font></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Galileo, Kepler and theories of tides</font></span></h3> <p><font color="#000000">Cardinal Bellarmine had written in 1615 that the Copernican system could not be defended without &quot;a true physical demonstration that the sun does not circle the earth but the earth circles the sun.&quot;<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>63<span>]</span></font></sup> Galileo considered his theory of the tides to provide the required physical proof of the motion of the earth. This theory was so important to Galileo that he originally intended to entitle his <em>Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems</em> the <em>Dialogue on the Ebb and Flow of the Sea</em>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>64<span>]</span></font></sup> For Galileo, the tides were caused by the sloshing back and forth of water in the seas as a point on the Earth's surface speeded up and slowed down because of the Earth's rotation on its axis and revolution around the Sun. Galileo circulated his first account of the tides in 1616, addressed to Cardinal Orsini.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>65<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">If this theory were correct, there would be only one high tide per day. Galileo and his contemporaries were aware of this inadequacy because there are two daily high tides at Venice instead of one, about twelve hours apart. Galileo dismissed this anomaly as the result of several secondary causes, including the shape of the sea, its depth, and other factors.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>66<span>]</span></font></sup> Against the assertion that Galileo was deceptive in making these arguments, Albert Einstein expressed the opinion that Galileo developed his &quot;fascinating arguments&quot; and accepted them uncritically out of a desire for physical proof of the motion of the Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>67<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo dismissed as a &quot;useless fiction&quot; the idea, held by his contemporary Johannes Kepler, that the moon caused the tides.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>68<span>]</span></font></sup> Galileo also refused to accept Kepler's elliptical orbits of the planets,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>69<span>]</span></font></sup> considering the circle the &quot;perfect&quot; shape for planetary orbits.</font></p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="WIDTH: 182px" class="thumbinner"><font color="#000000"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="180" height="260" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Galilee.jpg/180px-Galilee.jpg" /> </font> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><font color="#000000"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></font></div> <font color="#000000">Galileo Galilei. Portrait in crayon by Leoni.</font></div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="WIDTH: 182px" class="thumbinner"><font color="#000000"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="180" height="135" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Galileo_telescope_replica.jpg/180px-Galileo_telescope_replica.jpg" /> </font> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><font color="#000000"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></font></div> <font color="#000000">A replica of the earliest surviving telescope attributed to Galileo Galilei, on display at the Griffith Observatory.</font></div> </div> </div> <p><font color="#000000"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Technology</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo made a number of contributions to what is now known as technology, as distinct from pure physics, and suggested others. This is not the same distinction as made by Aristotle, who would have considered all Galileo's physics as <em>techne</em> or useful knowledge, as opposed to <em>episteme</em>, or philosophical investigation into the causes of things. Between 1595&ndash;1598, Galileo devised and improved a <em>Geometric and Military Compass</em> suitable for use by gunners and surveyors. This expanded on earlier instruments designed by Niccol&ograve; Tartaglia and Guidobaldo del Monte. For gunners, it offered, in addition to a new and safer way of elevating cannons accurately, a way of quickly computing the charge of gunpowder for cannonballs of different sizes and materials. As a geometric instrument, it enabled the construction of any regular polygon, computation of the area of any polygon or circular sector, and a variety of other calculations. About 1593, Galileo constructed a thermometer, using the expansion and contraction of air in a bulb to move water in an attached tube.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">In 1609, Galileo was, along with Englishman Thomas Harriot and others, among the first to use a refracting telescope as an instrument to observe stars, planets or moons. The name &quot;telescope&quot; was coined for Galileo's instrument by a Greek mathematician, Giovanni Demisiani,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>70<span>]</span></font></sup> at a banquet held in 1611 by Prince Federico Cesi to make Galileo a member of his Accademia dei Lincei.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>71<span>]</span></font></sup> The name was derived from the Greek <em>tele</em> = 'far' and <em>skopein</em> = 'to look or see'. In 1610, he used a telescope at close range to magnify the parts of insects.<sup id="cite_ref-telescope_microscope_71-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>72<span>]</span></font></sup> By 1624 he had perfected<sup id="cite_ref-microscope_perfection_72-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>73<span>]</span></font></sup> a compound microscope. He gave one of these instruments to Cardinal Zollern in May of that year for presentation to the Duke of Bavaria,<sup id="cite_ref-Zollern_microscope_73-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>74<span>]</span></font></sup> and in September he sent another to Prince Cesi.<sup id="cite_ref-Cesi_microscope_74-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>75<span>]</span></font></sup> The Linceans played a role again in naming the &quot;microscope&quot; a year later when fellow academy member Giovanni Faber coined the word for Galileo's invention from the Greek words <em>&mu;&iota;&kappa;&rho;ό&nu;</em> (<em>micron</em>) meaning &quot;small,&quot; and <em>&sigma;&kappa;&omicron;&pi;&epsilon;ῖ&nu;</em> (<em>skopein</em>) meaning &quot;to look at.&quot; The word was meant to be analogous with &quot;telescope.&quot;<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>76<span>]</span></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>77<span>]</span></font></sup> Illustrations of insects made using one of Galileo's microscopes, and published in 1625, appear to have been the first clear documentation of the use of a compound microscope.<sup id="cite_ref-microscope_use_77-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>78<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">In 1612, having determined the orbital periods of Jupiter's satellites, Galileo proposed that with sufficiently accurate knowledge of their orbits one could use their positions as a universal clock, and this would make possible the determination of longitude. He worked on this problem from time to time during the remainder of his life; but the practical problems were severe. The method was first successfully applied by Giovanni Domenico Cassini in 1681 and was later used extensively for large land surveys; this method, for example, was used by Lewis and Clark. For sea navigation, where delicate telescopic observations were more difficult, the longitude problem eventually required development of a practical portable marine chronometer, such as that of John Harrison.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">In his last year, when totally blind, he designed an escapement mechanism for a pendulum clock, a vectorial model of which may be seen here. The first fully operational pendulum clock was made by Christiaan Huygens in the 1650s. Galilei created sketches of various inventions, such as a candle and mirror combination to reflect light throughout a building, an automatic tomato picker, a pocket comb that doubled as an eating utensil, and what appears to be a ballpoint pen.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Physics</font></span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="WIDTH: 182px" class="thumbinner"><font color="#000000"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="180" height="145" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Tito_Lessi_-_Galileo_and_Viviani.jpg/180px-Tito_Lessi_-_Galileo_and_Viviani.jpg" /> </font> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><font color="#000000"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></font></div> <font color="#000000"><em>Galileo e Viviani</em>, 1892, Tito Lessi</font></div> </div> </div> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo's theoretical and experimental work on the motions of bodies, along with the largely independent work of Kepler and Ren&eacute; Descartes, was a precursor of the classical mechanics developed by Sir Isaac Newton.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">A biography by Galileo's pupil Vincenzo Viviani stated that Galileo had dropped balls of the same material, but different masses, from the Leaning Tower of Pisa to demonstrate that their time of descent was independent of their mass.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>79<span>]</span></font></sup> This was contrary to what Aristotle had taught: that heavy objects fall faster than lighter ones, in direct proportion to weight.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>80<span>]</span></font></sup> While this story has been retold in popular accounts, there is no account by Galileo himself of such an experiment, and it is generally accepted by historians that it was at most a thought experiment which did not actually take place.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>81<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">In his 1638 <em>Discorsi</em> Galileo's character Salviati, widely regarded as largely Galileo's spokesman, held that all unequal weights would fall with the same finite speed in a vacuum. But this had previously been proposed by Lucretius<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>82<span>]</span></font></sup> and Simon Stevin.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>83<span>]</span></font></sup> Salviati also held it could be experimentally demonstrated by the comparison of pendulum motions in air with bobs of lead and of cork which had different weight but which were otherwise similar.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo proposed that a falling body would fall with a uniform acceleration, as long as the resistance of the medium through which it was falling remained negligible, or in the limiting case of its falling through a vacuum.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>84<span>]</span></font></sup> He also derived the correct kinematical law for the distance travelled during a uniform acceleration starting from rest&mdash;namely, that it is proportional to the square of the elapsed time (&nbsp;<em>d</em>&nbsp;&prop;&nbsp;<em>t</em>^{<font size="2">&nbsp;2</font>}&nbsp;).<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>85<span>]</span></font></sup> However, in neither case were these discoveries entirely original. The time-squared law for uniformly accelerated change was already known to Nicole Oresme in the 14th century,<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>86<span>]</span></font></sup> and Domingo de Soto, in the 16th, had suggested that bodies falling through a homogeneous medium would be uniformly accelerated.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>87<span>]</span></font></sup> Galileo expressed the time-squared law using geometrical constructions and mathematically precise words, adhering to the standards of the day. (It remained for others to re-express the law in algebraic terms). He also concluded that objects <em>retain their velocity</em> unless a force&mdash;often friction&mdash;acts upon them, refuting the generally accepted Aristotelian hypothesis that objects &quot;naturally&quot; slow down and stop unless a force acts upon them (philosophical ideas relating to inertia had been proposed by Ibn al-Haytham centuries earlier, as had Jean Buridan, and according to Joseph Needham, Mo Tzu had proposed it centuries before either of them, but this was the first time that it had been mathematically expressed, verified experimentally, and introduced the idea of frictional force, the key breakthrough in validating inertia). Galileo's Principle of Inertia stated: &quot;A body moving on a level surface will continue in the same direction at constant speed unless disturbed.&quot; This principle was incorporated into Newton's laws of motion (first law).</font></p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="WIDTH: 182px" class="thumbinner"><font color="#000000"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="180" height="193" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Pisa.Duomo.dome.Riminaldi01.jpg/180px-Pisa.Duomo.dome.Riminaldi01.jpg" /> </font> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><font color="#000000"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></font></div> <font color="#000000">Dome of the cathedral of Pisa with the &quot;lamp of Galileo&quot;</font></div> </div> </div> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo also claimed (incorrectly) that a pendulum's swings always take the same amount of time, independently of the amplitude. That is, that a simple pendulum is isochronous. It is popularly believed that he came to this conclusion by watching the swings of the bronze chandelier in the cathedral of Pisa, using his pulse to time it. It appears however, that he conducted no experiments because the claim is true only of infinitesimally small swings as discovered by Christian Huygens. Galileo's son, Vincenzo, sketched a clock based on his father's theories in 1642. The clock was never built and, because of the large swings required by its verge escapement, would have been a poor timekeeper. (See Technology above.)</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">In 1638 Galileo described an experimental method to measure the speed of light by arranging that two observers, each having lanterns equipped with shutters, observe each other's lanterns at some distance. The first observer opens the shutter of his lamp, and, the second, upon seeing the light, immediately opens the shutter of his own lantern. The time between the first observer's opening his shutter and seeing the light from the second observer's lamp indicates the time it takes light to travel back and forth between the two observers. Galileo reported that when he tried this at a distance of less than a mile, he was unable to determine whether or not the light appeared instantaneously.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>88<span>]</span></font></sup> Sometime between Galileo's death and 1667, the members of the Florentine <em>Accademia del Cimento</em> repeated the experiment over a distance of about a mile and obtained a similarly inconclusive result.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>89<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo is lesser known for, yet still credited with, being one of the first to understand sound frequency. By scraping a chisel at different speeds, he linked the pitch of the sound produced to the spacing of the chisel's skips, a measure of frequency.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">In his 1632 Dialogue Galileo presented a physical theory to account for tides, based on the motion of the Earth. If correct, this would have been a strong argument for the reality of the Earth's motion. In fact, the original title for the book described it as a dialogue on the tides; the reference to tides was removed by order of the Inquisition. His theory gave the first insight into the importance of the shapes of ocean basins in the size and timing of tides; he correctly accounted, for instance, for the negligible tides halfway along the Adriatic Sea compared to those at the ends. As a general account of the cause of tides, however, his theory was a failure. Kepler and others correctly associated the Moon with an influence over the tides, based on empirical data; a proper physical theory of the tides, however, was not available until Newton.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo also put forward the basic principle of relativity, that the laws of physics are the same in any system that is moving at a constant speed in a straight line, regardless of its particular speed or direction. Hence, there is no absolute motion or absolute rest. This principle provided the basic framework for Newton's laws of motion and is central to Einstein's special theory of relativity.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Mathematics</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000">While Galileo's application of mathematics to experimental physics was innovative, his mathematical methods were the standard ones of the day. The analysis and proofs relied heavily on the Eudoxian theory of proportion, as set forth in the fifth book of Euclid's Elements. This theory had become available only a century before, thanks to accurate translations by Tartaglia and others; but by the end of Galileo's life it was being superseded by the algebraic methods of Descartes.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo produced one piece of original and even prophetic work in mathematics: Galileo's paradox, which shows that there are as many perfect squares as there are whole numbers, even though most numbers are not perfect squares. Such seeming contradictions were brought under control 250 years later in the work of Georg Cantor.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Church controversy</font></span></h2> <div class="rellink noprint relarticle mainarticle"><font color="#000000">Main article: Galileo affair</font></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="WIDTH: 182px" class="thumbinner"><font color="#000000"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="180" height="137" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Galileo_facing_the_Roman_Inquisition.jpg/180px-Galileo_facing_the_Roman_Inquisition.jpg" /> </font> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><font color="#000000"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></font></div> <font color="#000000">Cristiano Banti's 1857 painting <em>Galileo facing the Roman Inquisition</em></font></div> </div> </div> <p><font color="#000000">Western Christian biblical references Psalm 93:1, Psalm 96:10, and 1 Chronicles 16:30 include (depending on translation) text stating that &quot;the world is firmly established, it cannot be moved.&quot; In the same tradition, Psalm 104:5 says, &quot;the LORD set the earth on its foundations; it can never be moved.&quot; Further, Ecclesiastes 1:5 states that &quot;And the sun rises and sets and returns to its place&quot; etc.<sup id="cite_ref-Bellarmine_quote_89-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>90<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo defended heliocentrism, and claimed it was not contrary to those Scripture passages. He took Augustine's position on Scripture: not to take every passage literally, particularly when the scripture in question is a book of poetry and songs, not a book of instructions or history. The writers of the Scripture wrote from the perspective of the terrestrial world, and from that vantage point the sun does rise and set.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">By 1616 the attacks on the ideas of Copernicus had reached a head, and Galileo went to Rome to try to persuade the Church authorities not to ban his ideas. In the end, Cardinal Bellarmine, acting on directives from the Inquisition, delivered him an order not to &quot;hold or defend&quot; the idea that the Earth moves and the Sun stands still at the centre. The decree did not prevent Galileo from discussing heliocentrism hypothesis (thus maintaining a facade of separation between science and the church). For the next several years Galileo stayed well away from the controversy. He revived his project of writing a book on the subject, encouraged by the election of Cardinal Barberini as Pope Urban VIII in 1623. Barberini was a friend and admirer of Galileo, and had opposed the condemnation of Galileo in 1616. The book, <em>Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems</em>, was published in 1632, with formal authorization from the Inquisition and papal permission.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Pope Urban VIII personally asked Galileo to give arguments for and against heliocentrism in the book, and to be careful not to advocate heliocentrism. He made another request, that his own views on the matter be included in Galileo's book. Only the latter of those requests was fulfilled by Galileo. Whether unknowingly or deliberately, Simplicio, the defender of the Aristotelian Geocentric view in <em>Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems</em>, was often caught in his own errors and sometimes came across as a fool. This fact made <em>Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems</em> appear as an advocacy book; an attack on Aristotelian geocentrism and defense of the Copernican theory. To add insult to injury<sup style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap" class="noprint Inline-Template" title="This statement may not be entirely without bias from June 2009"><font size="2">[<em>neutrality disputed</em>]</font></sup>, Galileo put the words of Pope Urban VIII into the mouth of Simplicio. Most historians agree Galileo did not act out of malice and felt blindsided by the reaction to his book.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>91<span>]</span></font></sup> However, the Pope did not take the suspected public ridicule lightly, nor the blatant bias. Galileo had alienated one of his biggest and most powerful supporters, the Pope, and was called to Rome to defend his writings.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">With the loss of many of his defenders in Rome because of <em>Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems</em>, Galileo was ordered to stand trial on suspicion of heresy in 1633. The sentence of the Inquisition was in three essential parts:</font></p> <ul> <li><font color="#000000">Galileo was found &quot;vehemently suspect of heresy,&quot; namely of having held the opinions that the Sun lies motionless at the centre of the universe, that the Earth is not at its centre and moves, and that one may hold and defend an opinion as probable after it has been declared contrary to Holy Scripture. He was required to &quot;abjure, curse and detest&quot; those opinions.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>92<span>]</span></font></sup></font> </li> <li><font color="#000000">He was ordered imprisoned; the sentence was later commuted to house arrest.</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000">His offending <em>Dialogue</em> was banned; and in an action not announced at the trial, publication of any of his works was forbidden, including any he might write in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>93<span>]</span></font></sup></font> </li> </ul> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="WIDTH: 182px" class="thumbinner"><font color="#000000"><font size="2"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="180" height="135" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bd/Tomb_of_Galileo_Galilei.JPG/180px-Tomb_of_Galileo_Galilei.JPG" /></font> </font> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><font color="#000000"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></font></div> <font color="#000000">Tomb of Galileo Galilei, Santa Croce</font></div> </div> </div> <p><font color="#000000">According to popular legend, after recanting his theory that the Earth moved around the Sun, Galileo allegedly muttered the rebellious phrase <em>And yet it moves</em>, but there is no evidence that he actually said this or anything similarly impertinent. The first account of the legend dates to a century after his death.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>94<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">After a period with the friendly Ascanio Piccolomini (the Archbishop of Siena), Galileo was allowed to return to his villa at Arcetri near Florence, where he spent the remainder of his life under house arrest, and where he later became blind. It was while Galileo was under house arrest that he dedicated his time to one of his finest works, <em>Two New Sciences</em>. Here he summarized work he had done some forty years earlier, on the two sciences now called kinematics and strength of materials. This book has received high praise from both Sir Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein.<sup style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap" class="noprint Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from July 2008"><font size="2">[<em>citation needed</em>]</font></sup> As a result of this work, Galileo is often called, the &quot;father of modern physics.&quot;</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo died on 8 January 1642 at 77 years of age. The Grand Duke of Tuscany, Ferdinando II, wished to bury him in the main body of the Basilica of Santa Croce, next to the tombs of his father and other ancestors, and to erect a marble mausoleum in his honour.<sup id="cite_ref-funeral_94-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>95<span>]</span></font></sup> These plans were scrapped, however, after Pope Urban VIII and his nephew, Cardinal Francesco Barberini, protested.<sup id="cite_ref-funeral_protests_95-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>96<span>]</span></font></sup> He was instead buried in a small room next to the novices' chapel at the end of a corridor from the southern transept of the basilica to the sacristy.<sup id="cite_ref-burial_spot_96-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>97<span>]</span></font></sup> He was reburied in the main body of the basilica in 1737 after a monument had been erected there in his honour.<sup id="cite_ref-reburial_spot_97-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>98<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">The Inquisition's ban on reprinting Galileo's works was lifted in 1718 when permission was granted to publish an edition of his works (excluding the condemned <em>Dialogue</em>) in Florence.<sup id="cite_ref-incomplete_works_98-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>99<span>]</span></font></sup> In 1741 Pope Benedict XIV authorized the publication of an edition of Galileo's complete scientific works<sup id="cite_ref-complete_works_1_99-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>100<span>]</span></font></sup> which included a mildly censored version of the <em>Dialogue</em>.<sup id="cite_ref-complete_works_2_100-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>101<span>]</span></font></sup> In 1758 the general prohibition against works advocating heliocentrism was removed from the Index of prohibited books, although the specific ban on uncensored versions of the <em>Dialogue</em> and Copernicus's <em>De Revolutionibus</em> remained.<sup id="cite_ref-ban_not_lifted_101-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>102<span>]</span></font></sup> All traces of official opposition to heliocentrism by the Church disappeared in 1835 when these works were finally dropped from the Index.<sup id="cite_ref-ban_lifted_102-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>103<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">In 1939 Pope Pius XII, in his first speech to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, within a few months of his election to the papacy, described Galileo as being among the <em>&quot;most audacious heroes of research&nbsp;... not afraid of the stumbling blocks and the risks on the way, nor fearful of the funereal monuments&quot;</em><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>104<span>]</span></font></sup> His close advisor of 40 years, Professor Robert Leiber wrote: &quot;Pius XII was very careful not to close any doors (to science) prematurely. He was energetic on this point and regretted that in the case of Galileo.&quot;<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>105<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">On 15 February 1990, in a speech delivered at the Sapienza University of Rome,<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>106<span>]</span></font></sup> Cardinal Ratzinger (later to become Pope Benedict XVI) cited some current views on the Galileo affair as forming what he called &quot;a symptomatic case that permits us to see how deep the self-doubt of the modern age, of science and technology goes today.&quot;<sup id="cite_ref-self-doubt_106-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>107<span>]</span></font></sup> Some of the views he cited were those of the philosopher Paul Feyerabend, whom he quoted as saying &ldquo;The Church at the time of Galileo kept much more closely to reason than did Galileo himself, and she took into consideration the ethical and social consequences of Galileo's teaching too. Her verdict against Galileo was rational and just and the revision of this verdict can be justified only on the grounds of what is politically opportune.&rdquo;<sup id="cite_ref-scupper_107-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>108<span>]</span></font></sup> The Cardinal did not clearly indicate whether he agreed or disagreed with Feyerabend's assertions. He did, however, say &quot;It would be foolish to construct an impulsive apologetic on the basis of such views.&quot;<sup id="cite_ref-self-doubt_106-1" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>107<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">On 31 October 1992, Pope John Paul II expressed regret for how the Galileo affair was handled, and officially conceded that the Earth was not stationary, as the result of a study conducted by the Pontifical Council for Culture.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>109<span>]</span></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>110<span>]</span></font></sup> In March 2008 the Vatican proposed to complete its rehabilitation of Galileo by erecting a statue of him inside the Vatican walls.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>111<span>]</span></font></sup> In December of the same year, during events to mark the 400th anniversary of Galileo's earliest telescopic observations, Pope Benedict XVI praised his contributions to astronomy.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>112<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000" size="2"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">His writings</font></span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="WIDTH: 142px" class="thumbinner"><font color="#000000"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="140" height="252" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Galileo_Galilei01.jpg/140px-Galileo_Galilei01.jpg" /> </font> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><font color="#000000"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></font></div> <font color="#000000">Statue outside the Uffizi, Florence.</font></div> </div> </div> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo's early works describing scientific instruments include the 1586 tract entitled <em>The Little Balance</em> (<em>La Billancetta</em>) describing an accurate balance to weigh objects in air or water<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>113<span>]</span></font></sup> and the 1606 printed manual <em>Le Operazioni del Compasso Geometrico et Militare</em> on the operation of a geometrical and military compass.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>114<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">His early works in dynamics, the science of motion and mechanics were his 1590 Pisan <em>De Motu</em> (On Motion) and his <em>circa</em> 1600 Paduan <em>Le Meccaniche</em> (Mechanics). The former was based on Aristotelian-Archimedean fluid dynamics and held that the speed of gravitational fall in a fluid medium was proportional to the excess of a body's specific weight over that of the medium, whereby in a vacuum bodies would fall with speeds in proportion to their specific weights. It also subscribed to the Hipparchan-Philoponan impetus dynamics in which impetus is self-dissipating and free-fall in a vacuum would have an essential terminal speed according to specific weight after an initial period of acceleration.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo's 1610 <em>The Starry Messenger</em> (<em>Sidereus Nuncius</em>) was the first scientific treatise to be published based on observations made through a telescope. It reported his discoveries of:</font></p> <ul> <li><font color="#000000">the Galilean moons;</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000">the roughness of the Moon's surface;</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000">the existence of a large number of stars invisible to the naked eye, particularly those responsible for the appearance of the Milky Way; and</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000">differences between the appearances of the planets and those of the fixed stars&mdash;the former appearing as small discs, while the latter appeared as unmagnified points of light.</font> </li> </ul> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo published a description of sunspots in 1613 entitled <em>Letters on Sunspots</em><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>115<span>]</span></font></sup> suggesting the Sun and heavens are corruptible. The <em>Letters on Sunspots</em> also reported his 1610 telescopic observations of the full set of phases of Venus, and his discovery of the puzzling &quot;appendages&quot; of Saturn and their even more puzzling subsequent disappearance. In 1615 Galileo prepared a manuscript known as the <em>Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina</em> which was not published in printed form until 1636. This letter was a revised version of the <em>Letter to Castelli</em>, which was denounced by the Inquisition as an incursion upon theology by advocating Copernicanism both as physically true and as consistent with Scripture.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>116<span>]</span></font></sup> In 1616, after the order by the inquisition for Galileo not to hold or defend the Copernican position, Galileo wrote the <em>Discourse on the tides</em> (<em>Discorso sul flusso e il reflusso del mare</em>) based on the Copernican earth, in the form of a private letter to Cardinal Orsini.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>117<span>]</span></font></sup> In 1619, Mario Guiducci, a pupil of Galileo's, published a lecture written largely by Galileo under the title <em>Discourse on the Comets</em> (<em>Discorso Delle Comete</em>), arguing against the Jesuit interpretation of comets.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>118<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">In 1623, Galileo published <em>The Assayer&nbsp;&ndash; Il Saggiatore</em>, which attacked theories based on Aristotle's authority and promoted experimentation and the mathematical formulation of scientific ideas. The book was highly successful and even found support among the higher echelons of the Christian church.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>119<span>]</span></font></sup> Following the success of The Assayer, Galileo published the <em>Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems</em> (Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo) in 1632. Despite taking care to adhere to the Inquisition's 1616 instructions, the claims in the book favouring Copernican theory and a non Geocentric model of the solar system led to Galileo being tried and banned on publication. Despite the publication ban, Galileo published his <em>Discourses and Mathematical Demonstrations Relating to Two New Sciences</em> (<em>Discorsi e Dimostrazioni Matematiche, intorno a due nuove scienze</em>) in 1638 in Holland, outside the jurisdiction of the Inquisition.</font></p> <ul> <li><font color="#000000"><em>The Little Balance</em> (1586)</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000"><em>On Motion</em> (1590) <sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>120<span>]</span></font></sup></font> </li> <li><font color="#000000"><em>Mechanics</em> (c1600)</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000"><em>The Starry Messenger</em> (1610; in Latin, Sidereus Nuncius)</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000"><em>Letters on Sunspots</em> (1613)</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000"><em>Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina</em> (1615; published in 1636)</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000"><em>Discourse on the Tides</em> (1616; in Italian, Discorso del flusso e reflusso del mare)</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000"><em>Discourse on the Comets</em> (1619; in Italian, Discorso Delle Comete)</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000"><em>The Assayer</em> (1623; in Italian, Il Saggiatore)</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000"><em>Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems</em> (1632; in Italian Dialogo dei due massimi sistemi del mondo)</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000"><em>Discourses and Mathematical Demonstrations Relating to Two New Sciences</em> (1638; in Italian, Discorsi e Dimostrazioni Matematiche, intorno a due nuove scienze)</font> </li> </ul> <p><font color="#000000"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Legacy</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo's astronomical discoveries and investigations into the Copernican theory have led to a lasting legacy which includes the categorisation of the four large moons of Jupiter discovered by Galileo (Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto) as the Galilean moons. Other scientific endeavours and principles are named after Galileo including the Galileo spacecraft,<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>121<span>]</span></font></sup> the first spacecraft to enter orbit around Jupiter, the proposed Galileo global satellite navigation system, the transformation between inertial systems in classical mechanics denoted Galilean transformation and the Gal (unit), sometimes known as the <em>Galileo</em> which is a non-SI unit of acceleration.</font></p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="WIDTH: 162px" class="thumbinner"><font color="#000000"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="160" height="159" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fe/2009_Austria_25_Euro_Year_of_Astronomy_Front.jpg/160px-2009_Austria_25_Euro_Year_of_Astronomy_Front.jpg" /> </font> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><font color="#000000"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></font></div> <font color="#000000">International Year of Astronomy commemorative coin</font></div> </div> </div> <p><font color="#000000">Partly because 2009 is the fourth centenary of Galileo's first recorded astronomical observations with the telescope, the United Nations has scheduled it to be the International Year of Astronomy.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>122<span>]</span></font></sup> A global scheme laid out by the International Astronomical Union (IAU), it has also been endorsed by UNESCO &mdash; the UN body responsible for Educational, Scientific and Cultural matters. The International Year of Astronomy 2009 is intended to be a global celebration of astronomy and its contributions to society and culture, stimulating worldwide interest not only in astronomy but science in general, with a particular slant towards young people.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">The 20th century German playwright Bertolt Brecht dramatised Galileo's life in his <em>Life of Galileo</em> (1943). A film adaptation with the title <em>Galileo</em> was released in 1975.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo Galilei was recently selected as a main motif for a high value collectors' coin: the &euro;25 International Year of Astronomy commemorative coin, minted in 2009. This coin also commemorates the 400th anniversary of the invention of Galileo's telescope. The obverse shows a portion of his portrait and his telescope. The background shows one of his first drawings of the surface of the moon. In the silver ring other telescopes are depicted: the Isaac Newton Telescope, the observatory in Kremsm&uuml;nster Abbey, a modern telescope, a radio telescope and a space telescope.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Notes</font></span></h2> <div style="-moz-column-count: 2; column-count: 2" class="references-small references-column-count references-column-count-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-McTutor-0"><font color="#000000">^ ^{<em><strong><font size="2">a</font></strong></em>} ^{<em><strong><font size="2">b</font></strong></em>} ^{<em><strong><font size="2">c</font></strong></em>} ^{<em><strong><font size="2">d</font></strong></em>} ^{<em><strong><font size="2">e</font></strong></em>} ^{<em><strong><font size="2">f</font></strong></em>} ^{<em><strong><font size="2">g</font></strong></em>} <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFO.27ConnorRobertson.2C_E._F." class="web">O'Connor, J. J.; Robertson, E. F.. &quot;Galileo Galilei&quot;. <em><span>The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive</span></em>. University of St Andrews, Scotland<span class="printonly">. http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Galileo.html</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-07-24</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo+Galilei&amp;rft.atitle=The+MacTutor+History+of+Mathematics+archive&amp;rft.aulast=O%27Connor&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+J.&amp;rft.au=O%27Connor%2C+J.+J.&amp;rft.au=Robertson%2C+E.+F.&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BUniversity+of+St+Andrews%5D%5D%2C+%5B%5BScotland%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FGalileo.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font> </li> <li id="cite_note-birthdate-1"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1978, p.1). The date of Galileo's birth is given according to the Julian calendar, which was then in force throughout the whole of Christendom. In 1582 it was replaced in Italy and several other Catholic countries with the Gregorian calendar. Unless otherwise indicated, dates in this article are given according to the Gregorian calendar.</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <img alt="" width="15" height="16" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" /> &quot;Galileo Galilei&quot; in the 1913 <em>Catholic Encyclopedia</em>. by John Gerard. Retrieved 11 August 2007</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFSinger1941">Singer, Charles (1941), <em>A Short History of Science to the Nineteenth Century</em>, Clarendon Press<span class="printonly">, http://www.google.com.au/books?id=mPIgAAAAMAAJ&amp;pgis=1</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Science+to+the+Nineteenth+Century&amp;rft.aulast=Singer&amp;rft.aufirst=Charles&amp;rft.au=Singer%2C+Charles&amp;rft.date=1941&amp;rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com.au%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmPIgAAAAMAAJ%26pgis%3D1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> (page 217)</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-Einstein-4"><font color="#000000">^ ^{<em><strong><font size="2">a</font></strong></em>} ^{<em><strong><font size="2">b</font></strong></em>} <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFWeidhorn2005" class="book">Weidhorn, Manfred (2005). <em><span>The Person of the Millennium: The Unique Impact of Galileo on World History</span></em>. iUniverse. pp.&nbsp;155. ISBN 0-595-36877-8.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Person+of+the+Millennium%3A+The+Unique+Impact+of+Galileo+on+World+History&amp;rft.aulast=Weidhorn&amp;rft.aufirst=Manfred&amp;rft.au=Weidhorn%2C+Manfred&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B155&amp;rft.pub=iUniverse&amp;rft.isbn=0-595-36877-8&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font> </li> <li id="cite_note-finocchiaro2007-5"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Finocchiaro (2007).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> &quot;Galileo and the Birth of Modern Science, by Stephen Hawking, American Heritage's Invention &amp; Technology, Spring 2009, Vol. 24, No. 1, p. 36</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-contrary_to_scripture-7"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sharratt (1994, pp.127&ndash;131), McMullin (2005a).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Reston (2000, pp. 3&ndash;14).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sharratt (1994, pp. 45&ndash;66).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFRutkin" class="web">Rutkin, H. Darrel. &quot;Galileo, Astrology, and the Scientific Revolution: Another Look&quot;. Program in History &amp; Philosophy of Science &amp; Technology, Stanford University.<span class="printonly">. http://www.stanford.edu/dept/HPST/colloquia0405.html</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-04-15</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo%2C+Astrology%2C+and+the+Scientific+Revolution%3A+Another+Look&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Rutkin&amp;rft.aufirst=H.+Darrel&amp;rft.au=Rutkin%2C+H.+Darrel&amp;rft.pub=Program+in+History+%26+Philosophy+of+Science+%26+Technology%2C+Stanford+University.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stanford.edu%2Fdept%2FHPST%2Fcolloquia0405.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sharratt (1994, pp.17, 213)</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-daughters_unmarriageable-12"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sobel (2000, p.5) Chapter 1. Retrieved on 26 August 2007. &quot;But because he never married Virginia's mother, he deemed the girl herself unmarriageable. Soon after her thirteenth birthday, he placed her at the Convent of San Matteo in Arcetri.&quot;</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFPedersen" class="book">Pedersen, O. (24 May&ndash;27, 1984). &quot;Galileo's Religion&quot;. Proceedings of the Cracow Conference, The Galileo affair: A meeting of faith and science. Cracow: Dordrecht, D. Reidel Publishing Co.. pp.&nbsp;75-102.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo%27s+Religion&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Pedersen&amp;rft.aufirst=O.&amp;rft.au=Pedersen%2C+O.&amp;rft.date=24+May%E2%80%9327%2C+1984&amp;rft.series=Proceedings+of+the+Cracow+Conference%2C+The+Galileo+affair%3A+A+meeting+of+faith+and+science&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B75-102&amp;rft.place=Cracow&amp;rft.pub=Dordrecht%2C+D.+Reidel+Publishing+Co.&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Gebler (1879, pp. 22&ndash;35).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFAnonymous2007" class="web">Anonymous (2007). &quot;History&quot;. Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei<span class="printonly">. http://www.lincei.it/modules.php?name=Content&amp;pa=showpage&amp;pid=21</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-06-10</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=History&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Anonymous&amp;rft.au=Anonymous&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.pub=Accademia+Nazionale+dei+Lincei&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lincei.it%2Fmodules.php%3Fname%3DContent%26pa%3Dshowpage%26pid%3D21&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> There are contradictory documents describing the nature of this admonition and the circumstances of its delivery. Finocchiaro, <em>The Galileo Affair</em>, pp.147&ndash;149, 153</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFCarney2000" class="book">Carney, Jo Eldridge (2000). <em><span>Renaissance and Reformation, 1500-1620: a</span></em>. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0-313-30574-9.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Renaissance+and+Reformation%2C+1500-1620%3A+a&amp;rft.aulast=Carney&amp;rft.aufirst=Jo+Eldridge&amp;rft.au=Carney%2C+Jo+Eldridge&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&amp;rft.isbn=0-313-30574-9&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Allan-Olney (1870)</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sharratt (1994, pp.204&ndash;05)</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFCohen1984" class="book">Cohen, H. F. (1984). <em><span>Quantifying Music: The Science of Music at</span></em>. Springer. pp.&nbsp;78&ndash;84. ISBN 90-277-1637-4.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Quantifying+Music%3A+The+Science+of+Music+at&amp;rft.aulast=Cohen&amp;rft.aufirst=H.+F.&amp;rft.au=Cohen%2C+H.+F.&amp;rft.date=1984&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B78%E2%80%9384&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.isbn=90-277-1637-4&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFField2005" class="book">Field, Judith Veronica (2005). <em><span>Piero Della Francesca: A Mathematician's Art</span></em>. Yale University Press. pp.&nbsp;317&ndash;320. ISBN 0-300-10342-5.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Piero+Della+Francesca%3A+A+Mathematician%27s+Art&amp;rft.aulast=Field&amp;rft.aufirst=Judith+Veronica&amp;rft.au=Field%2C+Judith+Veronica&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B317%E2%80%93320&amp;rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&amp;rft.isbn=0-300-10342-5&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> In Drake (1957, pp.237&minus;238)</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Wallace, (1984).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFFeyerabend1993" class="book">Feyerabend, Paul (1993). <em><span>Against Method</span></em> (3rd ed.). London: Verso. p.&nbsp;129. ISBN 0-86091-646-4.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Against+Method&amp;rft.aulast=Feyerabend&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul&amp;rft.au=Feyerabend%2C+Paul&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B129&amp;rft.edition=3rd&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Verso&amp;rft.isbn=0-86091-646-4&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sharratt (1994, pp.202&ndash;04), Galilei (1954, pp.250&ndash;52), Favaro (1898, 8:274&ndash;75) <span style="COLOR: #555; FONT-SIZE: 0.95em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold" class="languageicon"><font size="3">(Italian)</font></span></font> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sharratt (1994, pp.202&ndash;04), Galilei (1954, pp.252), Favaro (1898, 8:275) <span style="COLOR: #555; FONT-SIZE: 0.95em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold" class="languageicon"><font size="3">(Italian)</font></span></font> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hawking_galileo-27"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Hawking (1988, p.179).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-father_of_science_Einstein-28"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Einstein (1954, p.271). &quot;Propositions arrived at by purely logical means are completely empty as regards reality. Because Galileo realised this, and particularly because he drummed it into the scientific world, he is the father of modern physics&mdash;indeed, of modern science altogether.&quot;</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1990, pp.133&ndash;34).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-invisible-30"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <em>i.e.</em>, invisible to the naked eye.</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-jupiter.27s_moons-31"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1978, p.146).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-moonconclusion-32"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> In <em>Sidereus Nuncius</em> (Favaro,1892, 3:81<span style="COLOR: #555; FONT-SIZE: 0.95em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold" class="languageicon"><font size="3">(Latin)</font></span>) Galileo stated that he had reached this conclusion on 11 January. Drake (1978, p.152), however, after studying unpublished manuscript records of Galileo's observations, concluded that he did not do so until 15 January.</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-medicean_stars-33"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sharratt (1994, p.17).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Linton (2004, pp.98,205), Drake (1978, p.157).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-scepticism-35"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1978, p.158&ndash;68), Sharratt (1994, p.18&ndash;19).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <em>God's Philosophers</em> ju James Hannam Orion 2009 p313</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-periods-37"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1978, p.168), Sharratt (1994, p.93).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Thoren (1989), p.8; Hoskin (1999) p.117.</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> In the Capellan model only Mercury and Venus orbit the Sun, whilst in its extended version such as expounded by Riccioli, Mars also orbits the Sun, but the orbits of Jupiter and Saturn are centred on the Earth</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Baalke, Ron. Historical Background of Saturn's Rings. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, NASA. Retrieved on <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2007-03-11">2007-03-11</span></font> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> In Kepler's Thomist 'inertial' variant of Aristotelian dynamics as opposed to Galileo's impetus dynamics variant all bodies universally have an inherent resistance to all motion and tendency to rest, which he dubbed 'inertia'. This notion of inertia was originally introduced by Averroes in the 12th century just for the celestial spheres in order to explain why they do not rotate with infinite speed on Aristotelian dynamics, as they should if they had no resistance to their movers. And in his <em>Astronomia Nova</em> celestial mechanics the inertia of the planets is overcome in their solar orbital motion by their being pushed around by the sunspecks of the rotating sun acting like the spokes of a rotating cartwheel. And more generally it predicted all but only planets with orbiting satellites, such as Jupiter for example, also rotate to push them around, whereas the Moon, for example, does not rotate, thus always presenting the same face to the Earth, because it has no satellites to push around. These seem to have been the first successful novel predictions of Thomist 'inertial' Aristotelian dynamics as well as of post-spherist celestial physics. In his 1630 <em>Epitome</em> (See p514 on p896 of the Encyclop&aelig;dia Britannica 1952 <em>Great Books of the Western World</em> edition) Kepler keenly stressed he had proved the Sun's axial rotation from planetary motions in his <em>Commentaries on Mars</em> Ch 34 long before it was telescopically established by sunspot motion.</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1978, p.209). Sizzi reported the observations he and his companions had made over the course of a year to Orazio Morandi in a letter dated 10 April 1613 (Favaro,1901, 11:491 <span style="COLOR: #555; FONT-SIZE: 0.95em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold" class="languageicon"><font size="3">(Italian)</font></span>). Morandi subsequently forwarded a copy to Galileo.</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-sunspot_argument-43"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> In geostatic systems the apparent annual variation in the motion of sunspots could only be explained as the result of an implausibly complicated precession of the Sun's axis of rotation (Linton, 2004, p.212; Sharratt, 1994, p.166; Drake, 1970, pp.191&ndash;196) However, in Drake's judgment of this complex issue in Chapter 9 of his 1970 this is not so, for it does not refute non-geostatic geo-rotating geocentric models. For at most the variable annual inclinations of sunspots&rsquo; monthly paths to the ecliptic only proved there must be some terrestrial motion, but not necessarily its annual heliocentric orbital motion as opposed to a geocentric daily rotation, and so it did not prove heliocentrism by refuting geocentrism. Thus it could be explained in the semi-Tychonic geocentric model with a daily rotating Earth such as that of Tycho's follower Longomontanus. Especially see p190 and p196 of Drake's article. Thus on this analysis it only refuted the Ptolemaic geostatic geocentric model whose required daily geocentric orbit of the sun would have predicted the annual variation in this inclination should be observed daily, which it is not.</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-scientific_manifesto-44"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1960, pp.vii,xxiii&ndash;xxiv), Sharratt (1994, pp.139&ndash;140).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-disputatio-45"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Grassi (1960a).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-grassi_great_circle-46"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1978, p.268), Grassi (1960a, p.16).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-discourse_on_comets-47"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Galilei &amp; Guiducci (1960).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-authorship_of_discourse-48"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1960, p.xvi).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-criticism_of_previous_theories-49"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1957, p.222), Drake (1960, p.xvii).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scheiner_insult-50"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sharratt (1994, p.135), Drake (1960, p.xii), Galilei &amp; Guiducci (1960, p.24).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-uncomplimentary_remark-51"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sharratt (1994, p.135).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-jesuits_offended-52"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sharratt (1994, p.135), Drake (1960, p.xvii).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-astronomical_balance-53"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Grassi (1960b).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1978, p.494), Favaro(1896, 6:111). The pseudonym was a slightly imperfect anagram of Oratio Grasio Savonensis, a latinized version of his name and home town.</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-the_assayer-55"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Galilei (1960).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-masterpiece_of_polemics-56"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sharratt (1994, p.137), Drake (1957, p.227).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-withering_scorn-57"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sharratt (1994, p.138&ndash;142).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-assayer_success-58"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1960, p.xix).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-jesuit_alienation-59"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1960, p.vii).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-jesuits_responsible-60"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sharratt (1994, p.175).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-evidence_of_jesuits-61"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sharratt (1994, pp.175&ndash;78), Blackwell (2006, p.30).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Finocchiaro (1989), pp. 67&ndash;9.</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Finocchiaro (1989), p. 354, n. 52</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Finocchiaro (1989), pp.119&ndash;133</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Finocchiaro (1989), pp.127&ndash;131 and Drake (1953), pp. 432&ndash;6</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Einstein (1952) p. xvii</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Finocchiaro (1989), p. 128</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFKusukawa" class="web">Kusukawa, Sachiko. &quot;Starry Messenger. The Telescope, Department of History and Philosophy of Science of the University of Cambridge. Retrieved on <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2007-03-10">2007-03-10</span>]&quot;<span class="printonly">. http://www.hps.cam.ac.uk/starry/galtele.html</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Starry+Messenger.+The+Telescope%5D%2C+Department+of+History+and+Philosophy+of+Science+of+the+University+of+Cambridge.+Retrieved+on+%5B%5B2007-03-10%5D%5D&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Kusukawa&amp;rft.aufirst=Sachiko&amp;rft.au=Kusukawa%2C+Sachiko&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hps.cam.ac.uk%2Fstarry%2Fgaltele.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sobel (2000, p.43), Drake (1978, p.196). In the <em>Starry Messenger</em>, written in Latin, Galileo had used the term &quot;perspicillum.&quot;</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="web">&quot;omni-optical.com &quot;<em>A Very Short History of the Telescope</em>&quot;&quot;<span class="printonly">. http://www.omni-optical.com/telescope/ut104.htm</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=omni-optical.com+%22%27%27A+Very+Short+History+of+the+Telescope%27%27%22&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.omni-optical.com%2Ftelescope%2Fut104.htm&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font> </li> <li id="cite_note-telescope_microscope-71"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1978, p.163&ndash;164), Favaro(1892, 3:163&ndash;164)<span style="COLOR: #555; FONT-SIZE: 0.95em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold" class="languageicon"><font size="3">(Latin)</font></span></font> </li> <li id="cite_note-microscope_perfection-72"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Probably in 1623, according to Drake (1978, p.286).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zollern_microscope-73"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1978, p.289), Favaro(1903, 13:177) <span style="COLOR: #555; FONT-SIZE: 0.95em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold" class="languageicon"><font size="3">(Italian)</font></span>.</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cesi_microscope-74"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1978, p.286), Favaro(1903, 13:208)<span style="COLOR: #555; FONT-SIZE: 0.95em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold" class="languageicon"><font size="3">(Italian)</font></span>. The actual inventors of the telescope and microscope remain debatable. A general view on this can be found in the article Hans Lippershey (last updated <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2003-08-01">2003-08-01</span>), &copy; 1995&ndash;2007 by Davidson, Michael W. and the Florida State University. Retrieved <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2007-08-28">2007-08-28</span></font> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="web">&quot;brunelleschi.imss.fi.it &quot;Il microscopio di Galileo&quot;&quot; (PDF)<span class="printonly">. http://brunelleschi.imss.fi.it/esplora/microscopio/dswmedia/risorse/testi_completi.pdf</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=brunelleschi.imss.fi.it+%22Il+microscopio+di+Galileo%22&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbrunelleschi.imss.fi.it%2Fesplora%2Fmicroscopio%2Fdswmedia%2Frisorse%2Ftesti_completi.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Van Helden, Al. Galileo Timeline (last updated 1995), The Galileo Project. Retrieved <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2007-08-28">2007-08-28</span>. See also Timeline of microscope technology.</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-microscope_use-77"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1978, p.286).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1978, pp.19,20). At the time when Viviani asserts that the experiment took place, Galileo had not yet formulated the final version of his law of free fall. He had, however, formulated an earlier version which predicted that bodies <em>of the same material</em> falling through the same medium would fall at the same speed (Drake, 1978, p.20).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1978, p.9); Sharratt (1994, p.31).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFGroleau" class="web">Groleau, Rick. &quot;Galileo's Battle for the Heavens. July 2002&quot;<span class="printonly">. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/galileo/experiments.html</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo%27s+Battle+for+the+Heavens.+July+2002&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Groleau&amp;rft.aufirst=Rick&amp;rft.au=Groleau%2C+Rick&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fnova%2Fgalileo%2Fexperiments.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFBall" class="web">Ball, Phil. &quot;Science history: setting the record straight. 30 June 2005&quot;<span class="printonly">. http://www.hindu.com/seta/2005/06/30/stories/2005063000351500.htm</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Science+history%3A+setting+the+record+straight.+30+June+2005&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Ball&amp;rft.aufirst=Phil&amp;rft.au=Ball%2C+Phil&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2Fseta%2F2005%2F06%2F30%2Fstories%2F2005063000351500.htm&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> An exception is Drake (1978, pp.19&ndash;21, 414&ndash;416), who argues that the experiment did take place, more or less as Viviani described it.</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Lucretius, <em>De rerum natura</em> II, 225&ndash;229; Relevant passage appears in: Lane Cooper, <em>Aristotle, Galileo, and the Tower of Pisa</em> (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1935), page 49.</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Simon Stevin, <em>De Beghinselen des Waterwichts, Anvang der Waterwichtdaet, en de Anhang komen na de Beghinselen der Weeghconst en de Weeghdaet</em> [The Elements of Hydrostatics, Preamble to the Practice of Hydrostatics, and Appendix to The Elements of the Statics and The Practice of Weighing] (Leiden, Netherlands: Christoffel Plantijn, 1586) reports an experiment by Stevin and Jan Cornets de Groot in which they dropped lead balls from a church tower in Delft; relevant passage is translated here: E. J. Dijksterhuis, ed., <em>The Principal Works of Simon Stevin</em> (Amsterdam, Netherlands: C. V. Swets &amp; Zeitlinger, 1955) vol. 1, pages 509 and 511. Available on-line at: http://www.library.tudelft.nl/cgi-bin/digitresor/display.cgi?bookname=Mechanics%20I&amp;page=509</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sharratt (1994, p.203), Galilei (1954, pp.251&ndash;54).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sharratt (1994, p.198), Galilei (1954, p.174).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Clagett (1968, p.561).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sharratt (1994, p.198), Wallace (2004, pp.II 384, II 400, III 272) Soto, however, did not anticipate many of the qualifications and refinements contained in Galileo's theory of falling bodies. He did not, for instance, recognise, as Galileo did, that a body would only fall with a strictly uniform acceleration in a vacuum, and that it would otherwise eventually reach a uniform terminal velocity.</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Galileo Galilei, <em>Two New Sciences,</em> (Madison: Univ. of Wisconsin Pr., 1974) p. 50.</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> I. Bernard Cohen, &quot;Roemer and the First Determination of the Velocity of Light (1676),&quot; <em>Isis</em>, 31 (1940): 327&ndash;379, see pp. 332&ndash;333</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bellarmine_quote-89"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Brodrick (1965, c1964, p.95) quoting Cardinal Bellarmine's letter to Foscarini, dated 12 April 1615. Translated from Favaro(1902, 12:171&ndash;172) <span style="COLOR: #555; FONT-SIZE: 0.95em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold" class="languageicon"><font size="3">(Italian)</font></span>.</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> See Langford (1966, pp.133&ndash;134), and Seeger (1966, p.30), for example. Drake (1978, p.355) asserts that Simplicio's character is modelled on the Aristotelian philosophers, Lodovico delle Colombe and Cesare Cremonini, rather than Urban. He also considers that the demand for Galileo to include the Pope's argument in the <em>Dialogue</em> left him with no option but to put it in the mouth of Simplicio (Drake, 1953, p.491). Even Arthur Koestler, who is generally quite harsh on Galileo in <em>The Sleepwalkers</em> (1959), after noting that Urban suspected Galileo of having intended Simplicio to be a caricature of him, says &quot;this of course is untrue&quot; (1959, p.483)</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Fantoli (2005, p.139), Finocchiaro (1989, p.288&ndash;293). Finocchiaro's translation of the Inquisition's judgement against Galileo is available on-line. &quot;Vehemently suspect of heresy&quot; was a technical term of canon law and did not necessarily imply that the Inquisition considered the opinions giving rise to the verdict to be heretical. The same verdict would have been possible even if the opinions had been subject only to the less serious censure of &quot;erroneous in faith&quot; (Fantoli, 2005, p.140; Heilbron, 2005, pp.282-284).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <span id="_note-publication-ban"></span>Drake (1978, p.367), Sharratt (1994, p.184), Favaro(1905, 16:209, 230)<span style="COLOR: #555; FONT-SIZE: 0.95em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold" class="languageicon"><font size="3">(Italian)</font></span>. See Galileo affair for further details.</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1978, p.356). The phrase &quot;Eppur si muove&quot; does appear, however, in a painting of the 1640s by the Spanish painter Bartolom&eacute; Esteban Murillo or an artist of his school. The painting depicts an imprisoned Galileo apparently pointing to a copy of the phrase written on the wall of his dungeon (Drake, 1978, p.357).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-funeral-94"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Shea &amp; Artigas (2003, p.199); Sobel (2000, p.378).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-funeral_protests-95"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Shea &amp; Artigas (2003, p.199); Sobel (2000, p.378); Sharratt (1994, p.207); Favaro(1906,18:378&ndash;80) <span style="COLOR: #555; FONT-SIZE: 0.95em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold" class="languageicon"><font size="3">(Italian)</font></span>.</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-burial_spot-96"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Shea &amp; Artigas (2003, p.199); Sobel (2000, p.380).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-reburial_spot-97"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Shea &amp; Artigas (2003, p.200); Sobel (2000, p.380&ndash;384).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-incomplete_works-98"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Heilbron (2005, p.299).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-complete_works_1-99"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Two of his non-scientific works, the letters to Castelli and the Grand Duchess Christina, were explicitly not allowed to be included (Coyne 2005, p.347).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-complete_works_2-100"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Heilbron (2005, p.303&ndash;04); Coyne (2005, p.347). The uncensored version of the <em>Dialogue</em> remained on the Index of prohibited books, however (Heilbron 2005, p.279).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-ban_not_lifted-101"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Heilbron (2005, p.307); Coyne (2005, p.347) The practical effect of the ban in its later years seems to have been that clergy could publish discussions of heliocentric physics with a formal disclaimer assuring its hypothetical character and their obedience to the church decrees against motion of the earth: see for example the commented edition (1742) of Newton's 'Principia' by Fathers Le Seur and Jacquier, which contains such a disclaimer ('Declaratio') before the third book (Propositions 25 onwards) dealing with the lunar theory.</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-ban_lifted-102"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> McMullin (2005, p.6); Coyne (2005, p.346). In fact, the Church's opposition had effectively ended in 1820 when a Catholic canon, Giuseppe Settele, was given permission to publish a work which treated heliocentism as a physical fact rather than a mathematical fiction. The 1835 edition of the Index was the first to be issued after that year.</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Discourse of His Holiness Pope Pius XII given on 3 December 1939 at the Solemn Audience granted to the Plenary Session of the Academy, Discourses of the Popes from Pius XI to John Paul II to the Pontifical Academy of the Sciences 1939-1986, Vatican City, p.34</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Robert Leiber, Pius XII Stimmen der Zeit, November 1958 in Pius XII. Sagt, Frankfurt 1959, p.411</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> An earlier version had been delivered on 16 December 1989, in Rieti, and a later version in Madrid on 24 February 1990 (Ratzinger, 1994, p.81). According to Feyerabend himself, Ratzinger had also mentioned him &quot;in support of&quot; his own views in a speech in Parma around the same time (Feyerabend, 1995, p.178).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-self-doubt-106"><font color="#000000">^ ^{<em><strong><font size="2">a</font></strong></em>} ^{<em><strong><font size="2">b</font></strong></em>} Ratzinger (1994, p.98).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-scupper-107"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Ratzinger (1994, p.98)</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="news">&quot;Vatican admits Galileo was right&quot;. New Scientist. 1992-11-07<span class="printonly">. http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg13618460.600-vatican-admits-galileo-was-right-.html</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-08-09</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Vatican+admits+Galileo+was+right&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=1992-11-07&amp;rft.pub=New+Scientist&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fmg13618460.600-vatican-admits-galileo-was-right-.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span>.</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="news">&quot;Papal visit scuppered by scholars&quot;. BBC News. 2008-01-15<span class="printonly">. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7188860.stm</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-01-16</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Papal+visit+scuppered+by+scholars&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=2008-01-15&amp;rft.pub=BBC+News&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F7188860.stm&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="news">&quot;Vatican recants with a statue of Galileo&quot;. TimesOnline News. 2008-03-04<span class="printonly">. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/faith/article3478943.ece</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-03-02</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Vatican+recants+with+a+statue+of+Galileo&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=2008-03-04&amp;rft.pub=TimesOnline+News&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fcomment%2Ffaith%2Farticle3478943.ece&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="news">&quot;Pope praises Galileo's astronomy&quot;. BBC News. 2008-12-21<span class="printonly">. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7794668.stm</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-12-22</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Pope+praises+Galileo%27s+astronomy&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=2008-12-21&amp;rft.pub=BBC+News&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F7794668.stm&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal"><em>Hydrostatic balance</em>, The Galileo Project<span class="printonly">, http://galileo.rice.edu/sci/instruments/balance.html</span><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved 2008-07-17</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Hydrostatic+balance&amp;rft.pub=The+Galileo+Project&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgalileo.rice.edu%2Fsci%2Finstruments%2Fbalance.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal"><em>The Works of Galileo</em>, The University of Oklahoma, College of Arts and Sciences<span class="printonly">, http://hsci.ou.edu/exhibits/exhibit.php?exbgrp=1&amp;exbid=10&amp;exbpg=1</span><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved 2008-07-17</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Works+of+Galileo&amp;rft.pub=The+University+of+Oklahoma%2C+College+of+Arts+and+Sciences&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhsci.ou.edu%2Fexhibits%2Fexhibit.php%3Fexbgrp%3D1%26exbid%3D10%26exbpg%3D1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal"><em>Sunspots and Floating Bodies</em>, The University of Oklahoma, College of Arts and Sciences<span class="printonly">, http://hsci.ou.edu/exhibits/exhibit.php?exbgrp=1&amp;exbid=13&amp;exbpg=2</span><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved 2008-07-17</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Sunspots+and+Floating+Bodies&amp;rft.pub=The+University+of+Oklahoma%2C+College+of+Arts+and+Sciences&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhsci.ou.edu%2Fexhibits%2Fexhibit.php%3Fexbgrp%3D1%26exbid%3D13%26exbpg%3D2&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal"><em>Galileo, Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina</em>, The University of Oklahoma, College of Arts and Sciences<span class="printonly">, http://hsci.ou.edu/exhibits/exhibit.php?exbgrp=1&amp;exbid=14&amp;exbpg=3</span><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved 2008-07-17</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo%2C+Letter+to+the+Grand+Duchess+Christina&amp;rft.pub=The+University+of+Oklahoma%2C+College+of+Arts+and+Sciences&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhsci.ou.edu%2Fexhibits%2Fexhibit.php%3Fexbgrp%3D1%26exbid%3D14%26exbpg%3D3&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal"><em>Galileo's Theory of the Tides</em>, The Galileo Project<span class="printonly">, http://galileo.rice.edu/sci/observations/tides.html</span><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved 2008-07-17</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo%27s+Theory+of+the+Tides&amp;rft.pub=The+Galileo+Project&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgalileo.rice.edu%2Fsci%2Fobservations%2Ftides.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal"><em>Galileo Timeline</em>, The Galileo Project<span class="printonly">, http://galileo.rice.edu/chron/galileo.html</span><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved 2008-07-17</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo+Timeline&amp;rft.pub=The+Galileo+Project&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgalileo.rice.edu%2Fchron%2Fgalileo.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal"><em>Galileo Galilei</em>, Tel-Aviv University, Science and Technology Education Center<span class="printonly">, http://muse.tau.ac.il/museum/galileo/galileo.html</span><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved 2008-07-17</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo+Galilei&amp;rft.pub=Tel-Aviv+University%2C+Science+and+Technology+Education+Center&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuse.tau.ac.il%2Fmuseum%2Fgalileo%2Fgalileo.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> [1]</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFFischer2001" class="book">Fischer, Daniel (2001). <em><span>Mission Jupiter: The Spectacular Journey of the</span></em> <span>Galileo <em>Spacecraft</em></span>. Springer. pp.&nbsp;v. ISBN 0-387-98764-9.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Mission+Jupiter%3A+The+Spectacular+Journey+of+the+%27%27Galileo%27%27+Spacecraft&amp;rft.aulast=Fischer&amp;rft.aufirst=Daniel&amp;rft.au=Fischer%2C+Daniel&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3Bv&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.isbn=0-387-98764-9&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFUnited_Nations_Educational.2C_Scientific_and_Cultural_Organization2005" class="web">United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (11 August 2005). &quot;Proclamation of 2009 as International year of Astronomy&quot; (PDF). UNESCO<span class="printonly">. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001403/140317e.pdf</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-06-10</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Proclamation+of+2009+as+International+year+of+Astronomy&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=United+Nations+Educational%2C+Scientific+and+Cultural+Organization&amp;rft.au=United+Nations+Educational%2C+Scientific+and+Cultural+Organization&amp;rft.date=11+August+2005&amp;rft.pub=UNESCO&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fimages%2F0014%2F001403%2F140317e.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font> </li> </ol> </div> <p><font color="#000000"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">See also</font></span></h2> <ul> <li><font color="#000000">Villa Il Gioiello (Galileo's main home in Florence)</font> </li> </ul> <p><a id="References" name="References"><font color="#000000"></font></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">References</font></span></h2> <div style="MARGIN-LEFT: 1.5em; FONT-SIZE: 90%; -moz-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2"> <ul> <li><font color="#000000"><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFAllan-Olney1870" class="book">Allan-Olney, Mary (1870). <em><a class="external text" title="http://books.google.com/books?id=zWcSAAAAIAAJ" rel="nofollow" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=zWcSAAAAIAAJ">The Private Life of Galileo: Compiled primarily from his correspondence and that of his eldest daughter, Sister Maria Celeste</a></em>. Boston: Nichols and Noyes<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://books.google.com/books?id=zWcSAAAAIAAJ" rel="nofollow" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=zWcSAAAAIAAJ">http://books.google.com/books?id=zWcSAAAAIAAJ</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-06-09</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Private+Life+of+Galileo%3A+Compiled+primarily+from+his+correspondence+and+that+of+his+eldest+daughter%2C+Sister+Maria+Celeste&amp;rft.aulast=Allan-Olney&amp;rft.aufirst=Mary&amp;rft.au=Allan-Olney%2C+Mary&amp;rft.date=1870&amp;rft.place=Boston&amp;rft.pub=Nichols+and+Noyes&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzWcSAAAAIAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font> </li> <li><font color="#000000"><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Biagioli-1993" class="book">Biagioli, Mario (1993). <em><span>Galileo, Courtier: The Practice of Science in the Culture of Absolutism</span></em>. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo%2C+Courtier%3A+The+Practice+of+Science+in+the+Culture+of+Absolutism&amp;rft.aulast=Biagioli&amp;rft.aufirst=Mario&amp;rft.au=Biagioli%2C+Mario&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft.place=Chicago%2C+IL&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font> </li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Blackwell-2006" class="book"><font color="#000000">Blackwell, Richard J. (2006). <em><span>Behind the Scenes at Galileo's Trial</span></em>. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0268022011"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-268-02201-1</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Behind+the+Scenes+at+Galileo%27s+Trial&amp;rft.aulast=Blackwell%2C+Richard+J.&amp;rft.au=Blackwell%2C+Richard+J.&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.place=Notre+Dame%2C+IN&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Notre+Dame+Press&amp;rft.isbn=0-268-02201-1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span> </li> <li><font color="#000000"><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Brodrick-1965" class="book">Brodrick, James, S. J. (1965) [c1964]. <em><span>Galileo: the man, his work, his misfortunes</span></em>. London: G. Chapman.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo%3A+the+man%2C+his+work%2C+his+misfortunes&amp;rft.aulast=Brodrick%2C+James%2C+S.+J.&amp;rft.au=Brodrick%2C+James%2C+S.+J.&amp;rft.date=1965&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=G.+Chapman&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font> </li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Clagett-1968" class="book"><font color="#000000">Clagett, Marshall (editor &amp; translator) (1968). <em><span>Nicole Oresme and the Medieval Geometry of Qualities and Motions; a treatise on the uniformity and difformity of intensities known as Tractatus de configurationibus qualitatum et motuum</span></em>. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0299048802"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-299-04880-2</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Nicole+Oresme+and+the+Medieval+Geometry+of+Qualities+and+Motions%3B+a+treatise+on+the+uniformity+and+difformity+of+intensities+known+as+Tractatus+de+configurationibus+qualitatum+et+motuum&amp;rft.aulast=Clagett&amp;rft.aufirst=Marshall+%28editor+%26+translator%29&amp;rft.au=Clagett%2C+Marshall+%28editor+%26+translator%29&amp;rft.date=1968&amp;rft.place=Madison%2C+WI&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&amp;rft.isbn=0-299-04880-2&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Clavelin, Maurice <em>The Natural Philosophy of Galileo</em> MIT Press 1974</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Coffa,J <em>Galileo's Concept of Inertia</em> Physis 1968</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Consolmagno, Guy; Schaefer, Marta (1994) <em>Worlds Apart, A Textbook in Planetary Science</em>. Englewood, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0139641319"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-13-964131-9</font></a> </li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Cooper-1935" class="book"><font color="#000000">Cooper, Lane (1935). <em><span>Aristotle, Galileo, and the Tower of Pisa</span></em>. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1406752630"><font color="#000000">ISBN 1-4067-5263-0</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Aristotle%2C+Galileo%2C+and+the+Tower+of+Pisa&amp;rft.aulast=Cooper&amp;rft.aufirst=Lane&amp;rft.au=Cooper%2C+Lane&amp;rft.date=1935&amp;rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&amp;rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&amp;rft.isbn=1-4067-5263-0&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span> </li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Coyne-2005" class="book"><font color="#000000">Coyne, George V., S.J. (2005). <em><span>The Church's Most Recent Attempt to Dispel the Galileo Myth</span></em>. In </font><a href="#Reference-McMullin-2005"><font color="#000000">McMullin (2005, pp.340&ndash;359)</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Church%27s+Most+Recent+Attempt+to+Dispel+the+Galileo+Myth&amp;rft.aulast=Coyne%2C+George+V.%2C+S.J.&amp;rft.au=Coyne%2C+George+V.%2C+S.J.&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Drabkin, Israel &amp; Drake, Stillman (Eds &amp; translators) <em>On Motion and On Mechanics</em> University of Wisconsin Press 1960 </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0299020304"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-299-02030-4</font></a> </li> <li><font color="#000000"><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Drake-1953" class="book">Drake, Stillman (translator) (1953). <em><span>Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems</span></em>. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Dialogue+Concerning+the+Two+Chief+World+Systems&amp;rft.aulast=Drake%2C+Stillman+%28translator%29&amp;rft.au=Drake%2C+Stillman+%28translator%29&amp;rft.date=1953&amp;rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&amp;rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font> </li> <li><cite id="Reference-Drake-1957"><font color="#000000">Drake, Stillman (1957). <em>Discoveries and Opinions of Galileo</em>. New York: Doubleday &amp; Company. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0385092393"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-385-09239-3</font></a></cite> </li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Drake-1960" class="book"><font color="#000000">Drake, Stillman (1960). <em><span>Introduction to the Controversy on the Comets of 1618</span></em>. In </font><a href="#Reference-Drake.26O.27Malley-1960"><font color="#000000">Drake &amp; O'Malley (1960, pp.vii&ndash;xxv)</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Controversy+on+the+Comets+of+1618&amp;rft.aulast=Drake%2C+Stillman&amp;rft.au=Drake%2C+Stillman&amp;rft.date=1960&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span> </li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Drake-1970" class="book"><font color="#000000">Drake, Stillman (1970). <em><span>Galileo Studies</span></em>. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0472082833"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-472-08283-3</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo+Studies&amp;rft.aulast=Drake%2C+Stillman&amp;rft.au=Drake%2C+Stillman&amp;rft.date=1970&amp;rft.place=Ann+Arbor&amp;rft.pub=The+University+of+Michigan+Press&amp;rft.isbn=0-472-08283-3&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Drake, Stillman (1973). &quot;Galileo's Discovery of the Law of Free Fall.&quot; <em>Scientific American</em> v. 228, #5, pp.&nbsp;84&ndash;92.</font> </li> <li><cite id="Reference-Drake-1978"><font color="#000000">Drake, Stillman (1978). <em>Galileo At Work</em>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226162265"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-226-16226-5</font></a></cite> </li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Drake-1990" class="book"><font color="#000000">Drake, Stillman (1990). <em><span>Galileo: Pioneer Scientist</span></em>. Toronto: The University of Toronto Press. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0802027253"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-8020-2725-3</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo%3A+Pioneer+Scientist&amp;rft.aulast=Drake&amp;rft.aufirst=Stillman&amp;rft.au=Drake%2C+Stillman&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft.place=Toronto&amp;rft.pub=The+University+of+Toronto+Press&amp;rft.isbn=0-8020-2725-3&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span> </li> <li><font color="#000000"><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Drake.26O.27Malley-1960" class="book">Drake, Stillman, and O'Malley, C.D. (translators) (1960). <em><span>The Controversy on the Comets of 1618</span></em>. Philadelphia, PA: University of Philadelphia Press.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Controversy+on+the+Comets+of+1618&amp;rft.aulast=Drake%2C+Stillman%2C+and+O%27Malley%2C+C.D.+%28translators%29&amp;rft.au=Drake%2C+Stillman%2C+and+O%27Malley%2C+C.D.+%28translators%29&amp;rft.date=1960&amp;rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Philadelphia+Press&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Dugas,Ren&eacute; <em>A History of Mechanics</em> 1955, Dover Publications 1988</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Duhem, Pierre <em>Etudes sur Leonard de Vinci</em> 1906-13</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Duhem, Pierre <em>Le Systeme du Monde</em> 1913 -</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Duhem, Pierre <em>History of Physics</em> Catholic Encyclopedia</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Einstein, Albert (1952). Foreword to (Drake, 1953)</font> </li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Einstein-1954" class="book"><a title="Albert Einstein" href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein"><font color="#000000">Einstein, Albert</font></a><font color="#000000"> (1954). <em><span>Ideas and Opinions</span></em>. translated by Sonja Bargmann. London: Crown Publishers. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0285647245"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-285-64724-5</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Ideas+and+Opinions&amp;rft.aulast=Einstein%2C+Albert&amp;rft.au=Einstein%2C+Albert&amp;rft.date=1954&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Crown+Publishers&amp;rft.isbn=0-285-64724-5&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Fantoli, Annibale (2003). <em>Galileo&nbsp;&mdash; For Copernicanism and the Church</em>, third English edition. Vatican Observatory Publications. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8820974274"><font color="#000000">ISBN 88-209-7427-4</font></a> </li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Fantoli-2005" class="book"><font color="#000000">Fantoli, Annibale (2005). <em><span>The Disputed Injunction and its Role in Galileo's Trial</span></em>. In </font><a href="#Reference-McMullin-2005"><font color="#000000">McMullin (2005, pp.117&ndash;149)</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Disputed+Injunction+and+its+Role+in+Galileo%27s+Trial&amp;rft.aulast=Fantoli&amp;rft.aufirst=Annibale&amp;rft.au=Fantoli%2C+Annibale&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span> </li> <li><cite id="Reference-Favaro-1890"><font color="#000000">Favaro, Antonio (1890&ndash;1909), ed.</font><a class="external autonumber" title="http://www.domusgalilaeana.it/Exhibition/Protagonist/Favaro.htm" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.domusgalilaeana.it/Exhibition/Protagonist/Favaro.htm"><font color="#000000">[2]</font></a><font color="#000000">. <em><a class="external text" title="http://moro.imss.fi.it/lettura/LetturaWEB.DLL?AZIONE=CATALOGO" rel="nofollow" href="http://moro.imss.fi.it/lettura/LetturaWEB.DLL?AZIONE=CATALOGO">Le Opere di Galileo Galilei, Edizione Nazionale</a></em> <span style="COLOR: #555; FONT-SIZE: 0.95em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold" class="languageicon"><font size="3">(Italian)</font></span>. (<em>The Works of Galileo Galilei, National Edition</em>, 20 vols.), </font><a title="Florence" href="/wiki/Florence"><font color="#000000">Florence</font></a><font color="#000000">: Barbera, 1890&ndash;1909; reprinted 1929&ndash;1939 and 1964&ndash;1966. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8809208811"><font color="#000000">ISBN 88-09-20881-1</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><font color="#000000"> Searchable online copy from the </font><a class="external text" title="http://www.imss.fi.it/istituto/index.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.imss.fi.it/istituto/index.html"><font color="#000000">Institute and Museum of the History of Science</font></a><font color="#000000">, Florence. Brief overview of <em>Le Opere</em> @ Finns Fine Books, </font><a class="external autonumber" title="http://www.finns-books.com/fgalileo.htm" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.finns-books.com/fgalileo.htm"><font color="#000000">[3]</font></a><font color="#000000"> and here </font><a class="external autonumber" title="http://www.pacifier.com/~tpope/Additional_Info.htm#National_Edition" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pacifier.com/~tpope/Additional_Info.htm#National_Edition"><font color="#000000">[4]</font></a> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Feyerabend, Paul <em>Againat Method</em> Verso 1975</font> </li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Feyerabend-1995" class="book"><a title="Paul Feyerabend" href="/wiki/Paul_Feyerabend"><font color="#000000">Feyerabend, Paul</font></a><font color="#000000"> (1995). <em><span>Killing Time: The Autobiography of Paul Feyerabend</span></em>. Chicago, MI: University of Chicago Press. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226245314"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-226-24531-4</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Killing+Time%3A+The+Autobiography+of+Paul+Feyerabend&amp;rft.aulast=Feyerabend%2C+Paul&amp;rft.au=Feyerabend%2C+Paul&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.place=Chicago%2C+MI&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&amp;rft.isbn=0-226-24531-4&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Fillmore, Charles (1931, 17th printing July 2004). <em>Metaphysical Bible Dictionary</em>. Unity Village, Missouri: Unity House. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0871590670"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-87159-067-0</font></a> </li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Finocchiaro-1989" class="book"><font color="#000000">Finocchiaro, Maurice A. (1989). <em><span>The Galileo Affair: A Documentary History</span></em>. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520066626"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-520-06662-6</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Galileo+Affair%3A+A+Documentary+History&amp;rft.aulast=Finocchiaro%2C+Maurice+A.&amp;rft.au=Finocchiaro%2C+Maurice+A.&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&amp;rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&amp;rft.isbn=0-520-06662-6&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span> </li> <li><cite id="Reference-Finocchiaro-2007"></cite><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFFinocchiaro"><font color="#000000">Finocchiaro, Maurice A. (Fall 2007), &quot;Book Review&mdash;The Person of the Millennium: The Unique Impact of Galileo on World History&quot;, <em>The Historian</em> <strong>69</strong> (3): 601&ndash;602, </font><a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#000000">doi</font></a><font color="#000000">:<span class="neverexpand"><a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-6563.2007.00189_68.x" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-6563.2007.00189_68.x">10.1111/j.1540-6563.2007.00189_68.x</a></span></font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Book+Review%E2%80%94The+Person+of+the+Millennium%3A+The+Unique+Impact+of+Galileo+on+World+History&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Historian&amp;rft.aulast=Finocchiaro&amp;rft.aufirst=Maurice+A.&amp;rft.au=Finocchiaro%2C+Maurice+A.&amp;rft.date=Fall+2007&amp;rft.volume=69&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=601%E2%80%93602&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1111%2Fj.1540-6563.2007.00189_68.x&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span> </li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Galileo-1960" class="book"><font color="#000000">Galilei, Galileo (1960) [1623]. <em><span>The Assayer</span></em>. translated by </font><a title="Stillman Drake" href="/wiki/Stillman_Drake"><font color="#000000">Stillman Drake</font></a><font color="#000000">. In </font><a href="#Reference-Drake.26O.27Malley-1960"><font color="#000000">Drake &amp; O'Malley (1960, pp.151&ndash;336)</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Assayer&amp;rft.aulast=Galilei%2C+Galileo&amp;rft.au=Galilei%2C+Galileo&amp;rft.date=1960&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span> </li> <li><cite id="Reference-Galileo-1954"><font color="#000000">Galilei, Galileo [1638, 1914] (1954), Henry Crew and Alfonso de Salvio, translators, <em><a class="external text" title="http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_staticxt&amp;staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=753&amp;Itemid=99999999" rel="nofollow" href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_staticxt&amp;staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=753&amp;Itemid=99999999">Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences</a></em>, Dover Publications Inc., New York, NY. ISBN 486-60099-8</font></cite> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Galilei, Galileo <em>Galileo: Two New Sciences</em> (Translation by </font><a title="Stillman Drake" href="/wiki/Stillman_Drake"><font color="#000000">Stillman Drake</font></a><font color="#000000"> of Galileo's 1638 <em>Discourses and mathematical demonstrations concerning two new sciences</em>) University of Wisconsin Press 1974 </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/029906400X"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-299-06400-X</font></a> </li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Galileo.26Guiducci-1960" class="book"><font color="#000000">Galilei, Galileo, and Guiducci, Mario (1960) [1619]. <em><span>Discourse on the Comets</span></em>. translated by </font><a title="Stillman Drake" href="/wiki/Stillman_Drake"><font color="#000000">Stillman Drake</font></a><font color="#000000">. In </font><a href="#Reference-Drake.26O.27Malley-1960"><font color="#000000">Drake &amp; O'Malley (1960, pp.21&ndash;65)</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Discourse+on+the+Comets&amp;rft.aulast=Galilei%2C+Galileo%2C+and+Guiducci%2C+Mario&amp;rft.au=Galilei%2C+Galileo%2C+and+Guiducci%2C+Mario&amp;rft.date=1960&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span> </li> <li><font color="#000000"><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Gebler-1879" class="book">Gebler, Karl von (1879). <em><a class="external text" title="http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC02415342&amp;id=FheRZAirWvQC" rel="nofollow" href="http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC02415342&amp;id=FheRZAirWvQC">Galileo Galilei and the Roman Curia</a></em>. London: C.K. Paul &amp; Co.<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC02415342&amp;id=FheRZAirWvQC" rel="nofollow" href="http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC02415342&amp;id=FheRZAirWvQC">http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC02415342&amp;id=FheRZAirWvQC</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo+Galilei+and+the+Roman+Curia&amp;rft.aulast=Gebler&amp;rft.aufirst=Karl+von&amp;rft.au=Gebler%2C+Karl+von&amp;rft.date=1879&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=C.K.+Paul+%26+Co.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fvid%3DOCLC02415342%26id%3DFheRZAirWvQC&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Geymonat, Ludovico (1965), <em>Galileo Galilei, A biography and inquiry into his philosophy and science</em>, translation of the 1957 Italian edition, with notes and appendix by </font><a title="Stillman Drake" href="/wiki/Stillman_Drake"><font color="#000000">Stillman Drake</font></a><font color="#000000">, McGraw-Hill</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Grant, Edward <em>Aristotle, Philoponus, Avempace, and Galileo's Pisan Dynamics</em> Centaurus, 11, 1965-7</font> </li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Grassi-1960a" class="book"><font color="#000000">Grassi, Horatio (1960a) [1619]. <em><span>On the Three Comets of the Year MDCXIII</span></em>. translated by C.D. O'Malley. In </font><a href="#Reference-Drake.26O.27Malley-1960"><font color="#000000">Drake &amp; O'Malley (1960, pp.3&ndash;19)</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=On+the+Three+Comets+of+the+Year+MDCXIII&amp;rft.aulast=Grassi%2C+Horatio&amp;rft.au=Grassi%2C+Horatio&amp;rft.date=1960a&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span> </li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Grassi-1960b" class="book"><font color="#000000">Grassi, Horatio (1960b) [1619]. <em><span>The Astronomical and Philosophical Balance</span></em>. translated by C.D. O'Malley. In </font><a href="#Reference-Drake.26O.27Malley-1960"><font color="#000000">Drake &amp; O'Malley (1960, pp.67&ndash;132)</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Astronomical+and+Philosophical+Balance&amp;rft.aulast=Grassi%2C+Horatio&amp;rft.au=Grassi%2C+Horatio&amp;rft.date=1960b&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Grisar, Hartmann, S.J., Professor of Church history at the University of Innsbruck (1882). </font><a class="external text" title="http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0790562294&amp;id=aqMBAAAAQAAJ&amp;printsec=titlepage&amp;dq=%22hartmann+grisar%22" rel="nofollow" href="http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0790562294&amp;id=aqMBAAAAQAAJ&amp;printsec=titlepage&amp;dq=%22hartmann+grisar%22"><em><font color="#000000">Historisch theologische Untersuchungen &uuml;ber die Urtheile R&ouml;mischen Congegationen im Galileiprocess (Historico-theological Discussions concerning the Decisions of the Roman Congregations in the case of Galileo)</font></em></a><font color="#000000">, Regensburg: Pustet.&nbsp;&ndash; </font><a class="mw-redirect" title="Google Books" href="/wiki/Google_Books"><font color="#000000">Google Books</font></a><font color="#000000"> </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0790562294"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-7905-6229-4</font></a><font color="#000000">. </font><a class="external text" title="http://isbndb.com/d/book/galileistudien.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://isbndb.com/d/book/galileistudien.html"><font color="#000000">(LCC# QB36&nbsp;&ndash; <em>microfiche</em>)</font></a><font color="#000000"> </font><a class="external text" title="http://books.google.com/books?id=aqMBAAAAQAAJ&amp;q=%22hartmann+grisar%22+%22Historisch+theologische%22&amp;dq=%22hartmann+grisar%22+%22Historisch+theologische%22&amp;ei=GOsIR_m6K4yKpwKygp3BDg&amp;pgis=1" rel="nofollow" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=aqMBAAAAQAAJ&amp;q=%22hartmann+grisar%22+%22Historisch+theologische%22&amp;dq=%22hartmann+grisar%22+%22Historisch+theologische%22&amp;ei=GOsIR_m6K4yKpwKygp3BDg&amp;pgis=1"><font color="#000000">Reviewed here (1883), pp.211&ndash;213</font></a> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Hall, A. R. <em>From Galileo to Newton</em> 1963</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Hall, A. R. <em>Galileo and the Science of Motion</em> in 'British Journal of History of Science', 2 1964-5</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Hoskin, Michael (Ed) <em>The Cambridge concise history of astronomy</em> CUP 1999</font> </li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Hawking-1988" class="book"><a title="Stephen Hawking" href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking"><font color="#000000">Hawking, Stephen</font></a><font color="#000000"> (1988). <em><span>A Brief History of Time</span></em>. New York, NY: Bantam Books. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0553346148"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-553-34614-8</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Time&amp;rft.aulast=Hawking%2C+Stephen&amp;rft.au=Hawking%2C+Stephen&amp;rft.date=1988&amp;rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&amp;rft.pub=Bantam+Books&amp;rft.isbn=0-553-34614-8&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span> </li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Heilbron-2005" class="book"><font color="#000000">Heilbron, John L. (2005). <em><span>Censorship of Astronomy in Italy after Galileo</span></em>. In </font><a href="#Reference-McMullin-2005"><font color="#000000">McMullin (2005, pp.279&ndash;322)</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Censorship+of+Astronomy+in+Italy+after+Galileo&amp;rft.aulast=Heilbron%2C+John+L.&amp;rft.au=Heilbron%2C+John+L.&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Hellman, Hal (1988). <em>Great Feuds in Science. Ten of the Liveliest Disputes Ever</em>. New York: Wiley</font> </li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-jarrel-1989" class="book"><font color="#000000">Jarrel, Richard A. (1989). <em><span>The contemporaries of Tycho Brahe</span></em>. In </font><a href="#Reference-Taton.26Wilson-1989"><font color="#000000">Taton and Wilson (1989, pp.22&ndash;32)</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+contemporaries+of+Tycho+Brahe&amp;rft.aulast=Jarrel&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&amp;rft.au=Jarrel%2C+Richard+A.&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span> </li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Kelter-2005" class="book"><font color="#000000">Kelter, Irving A. (2005). <em><span>The Refusal to Accommodate. Jesuit Exegetes and the Copernican System</span></em>. In </font><a href="#Reference-McMullin-2005"><font color="#000000">McMullin (2005, pp.38&ndash;53)</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Refusal+to+Accommodate.+Jesuit+Exegetes+and+the+Copernican+System&amp;rft.aulast=Kelter%2C+Irving+A.&amp;rft.au=Kelter%2C+Irving+A.&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Humphreys, W. C. <em>Galileo, Falling Bodies and Inclined Planes. An Attempt at Reconstructing Galileo's Discovery of the Law of Squares</em> 'British Journal of History of Science' 1967</font> </li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Koestler-1990" class="book"><a title="Arthur Koestler" href="/wiki/Arthur_Koestler"><font color="#000000">Koestler, Arthur</font></a><font color="#000000"> (1990) [1959]. <em><span><a title="The Sleepwalkers" href="/wiki/The_Sleepwalkers">The Sleepwalkers</a>: A History of Man's Changing Vision of the Universe</span></em>. Penguin. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0140192468"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-14-019246-8</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><font color="#000000"><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=%5B%5BThe+Sleepwalkers%5D%5D%3A+A+History+of+Man%27s+Changing+Vision+of+the+Universe&amp;rft.aulast=%5B%5BArthur+Koestler%7CKoestler%2C+Arthur%5D%5D&amp;rft.au=%5B%5BArthur+Koestler%7CKoestler%2C+Arthur%5D%5D&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft.pub=Penguin&amp;rft.isbn=0-14-019246-8&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> Original edition published by Hutchinson (1959, London).</font> </li> <li><a class="mw-redirect" title="Koyré" href="/wiki/Koyr%C3%A9"><font color="#000000">Koyr&eacute;</font></a><font color="#000000">, Alexandre <em>A Documentary History of the Problem of Fall from Kepler to Newton</em> Transaction of the American Philosophical Society, 1955</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Koyr&eacute;, Alexandre <em>Galilean Studies</em> Harvester Press 1978</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Kuhn, T. <em>The Copernican Revolution</em> 1957</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Kuhn, T. <em>The Structure of Scientific Revolutions</em> 1962</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Lattis, James M. (1994). <em>Between Copernicus and Galileo: Christopher Clavius and the Collapse of Ptolemaic Cosmology</em>, Chicago: the University of Chicago Press</font> </li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Langford-1998" class="book"><font color="#000000">Langford, Jerome K., O.P. (1998) [1966]. <em><span>Galileo, Science and the Church</span></em> (third ed.). St. Augustine's Press. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1890318256"><font color="#000000">ISBN 1-890318-25-6</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><font color="#000000"><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo%2C+Science+and+the+Church&amp;rft.aulast=Langford%2C+Jerome+K.%2C+O.P.&amp;rft.au=Langford%2C+Jerome+K.%2C+O.P.&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.edition=third&amp;rft.pub=St.+Augustine%27s+Press&amp;rft.isbn=1-890318-25-6&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span>. Original edition by Desclee (New York, NY, 1966)</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Lessl, Thomas, &quot;</font><a class="external text" title="http://www.catholiceducation.org/articles/apologetics/ap0138.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.catholiceducation.org/articles/apologetics/ap0138.html"><font color="#000000">The Galileo Legend</font></a><font color="#000000">.&quot; <em>New Oxford Review</em>, 27&ndash;33 (June 2000).</font> </li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Linton-2004" class="book"><font color="#000000">Linton, Christopher M. (2004). <em><span>From Eudoxus to Einstein&mdash;A History of Mathematical Astronomy</span></em>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521827508"><font color="#000000">ISBN 978-0-521-82750-8</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=From+Eudoxus+to+Einstein%E2%80%94A+History+of+Mathematical+Astronomy&amp;rft.aulast=Linton%2C+Christopher+M.&amp;rft.au=Linton%2C+Christopher+M.&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.place=Cambridge&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-521-82750-8&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Losee, J. <em>Drake, Galileo, and the Law of Inertia</em> American Journal of Physics, 34, p.&nbsp;430-2 1966</font> </li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-McMullin-2005" class="book"><font color="#000000">McMullin, Ernan, ed. (2005). <em><span>The Church and Galileo</span></em>. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0268034834"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-268-03483-4</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Church+and+Galileo&amp;rft.aulast=McMullin%2C+Ernan%2C+ed.&amp;rft.au=McMullin%2C+Ernan%2C+ed.&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.place=Notre+Dame%2C+IN&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Notre+Dame+Press&amp;rft.isbn=0-268-03483-4&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span> </li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-McMullin-2005a" class="book"><font color="#000000">McMullin, Ernan, (2005a). <em><span>The Church's Ban on Copernicanism, 1616</span></em>. In </font><a href="#Reference-McMullin-2005"><font color="#000000">McMullin (2005, pp.150&ndash;190)</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Church%27s+Ban+on+Copernicanism%2C+1616&amp;rft.aulast=McMullin%2C+Ernan%2C&amp;rft.au=McMullin%2C+Ernan%2C&amp;rft.date=2005a&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Mach, Ernst. <em>The Science of Mechanics</em> 1893</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Machamer, Peter (Ed) <em>The Cambridge Companion to Galileo</em> Cambridge University Press 1998</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Naylor, Ronald H. (1990). &quot;Galileo's Method of Analysis and Synthesis,&quot; <em>Isis</em>, 81: 695&ndash;707</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Newall, Paul (2004). </font><a class="external text" title="http://www.galilean-library.org/hps.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.galilean-library.org/hps.html"><font color="#000000">&quot;The Galileo Affair&quot;</font></a> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Remmert, Volker R. (2005). <em>Galileo, God, and Mathematics</em>. In: Bergmans, Luc/Koetsier, Teun (eds.): <em>Mathematics and the Divine. A Historical Study</em>, Amsterdam et al., 347&ndash;360</font> </li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Ratzinger-1994" class="book"><a title="Pope Benedict XVI" href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI"><font color="#000000">Ratzinger, Joseph Cardinal</font></a><font color="#000000"> (1994). <em><span>Turning point for Europe? The Church in the Modern World&mdash;Assessment and Forecast</span></em>. translated from the 1991 German edition by Brian McNeil. San Francisco, CA: Ignatius Press. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0898704618"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-89870-461-8</font></a><font color="#000000">. </font><a title="Online Computer Library Center" href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center"><font color="#000000">OCLC</font></a><font color="#000000"> </font><a class="external text" title="http://worldcat.org/oclc/60292876" rel="nofollow" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/60292876"><font color="#000000">60292876</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Turning+point+for+Europe%3F+The+Church+in+the+Modern+World%E2%80%94Assessment+and+Forecast&amp;rft.aulast=Ratzinger%2C+Joseph+Cardinal&amp;rft.au=Ratzinger%2C+Joseph+Cardinal&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.place=San+Francisco%2C+CA&amp;rft.pub=Ignatius+Press&amp;rft_id=info:oclcnum/60292876&amp;rft.isbn=0-89870-461-8&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span> </li> <li><cite id=".23Reference-Reston-2000"></cite><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFReston2000" class="book"><font color="#000000">Reston, James (2000). <em><span>Galileo: A Life</span></em>. Beard Books. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/189312262X"><font color="#000000">ISBN 1-893122-62-X</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo%3A+A+Life&amp;rft.aulast=Reston&amp;rft.aufirst=James&amp;rft.au=Reston%2C+James&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.pub=Beard+Books&amp;rft.isbn=1-893122-62-X&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span> </li> <li><font color="#000000"><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Seeger-1966" class="book">Seeger, Raymond J. (1966). <em><span>Galileo Galilei, his life and his works</span></em>. Oxford: Pergamon Press.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo+Galilei%2C+his+life+and+his+works&amp;rft.aulast=Seeger%2C+Raymond+J.&amp;rft.au=Seeger%2C+Raymond+J.&amp;rft.date=1966&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Pergamon+Press&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font> </li> <li><cite id="Reference-Settle-1961"><font color="#000000">Settle, Thomas B. (1961). &quot;An Experiment in the History of Science.&quot; <em>Science</em>, 133:19&ndash;23</font></cite> </li> <li><cite id="Reference-Sharratt-1994"><font color="#000000">Sharratt, Michael (1994), <em>Galileo: Decisive Innovator.</em> Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521566711"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-521-56671-1</font></a></cite> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Shapere, Dudley <em>Galileo, a Philosophical Study</em> University of Chicago Press 1974</font> </li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Shea.26Artigas-2003" class="book"><font color="#000000">Shea, William R. and Artigas, Mario (2003). <em><span>Galileo in Rome: The Rise and Fall of a Troublesome Genius</span></em>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195165985"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-19-516598-5</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo+in+Rome%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+a+Troublesome+Genius&amp;rft.aulast=Shea%2C+William+R.+and+Artigas%2C+Mario&amp;rft.au=Shea%2C+William+R.+and+Artigas%2C+Mario&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.isbn=0-19-516598-5&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span> </li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Sobel-2000" class="book"><font color="#000000">Sobel, Dava (2000) [1999]. <em><span>Galileo's Daughter</span></em>. London: Fourth Estate. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1857027124"><font color="#000000">ISBN 1-85702-712-4</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo%27s+Daughter&amp;rft.aulast=Sobel%2C+Dava&amp;rft.au=Sobel%2C+Dava&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Fourth+Estate&amp;rft.isbn=1-85702-712-4&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span> </li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Taton.26Wilson-1989" class="book"><font color="#000000">Taton, Ren&eacute;; Wilson, Curtis, eds (1989). <em><span>Planetary astronomy from the Renaissance to the rise of astrophysics Part A: Tycho Brahe to Newton</span></em>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521242541"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-521-24254-1</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Planetary+astronomy+from+the+Renaissance+to+the+rise+of+astrophysics+Part+A%3A+Tycho+Brahe+to+Newton&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rft.place=Cambridge&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.isbn=0-521-24254-1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span> </li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Thoren-1989" class="book"><font color="#000000">Thoren, Victor E. (1989). <em><span>Tycho Brahe</span></em>. In </font><a href="#Reference-Taton.26Wilson-1989"><font color="#000000">Taton and Wilson (1989, pp.3-21)</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Tycho+Brahe&amp;rft.aulast=Thoren&amp;rft.aufirst=Victor+E.&amp;rft.au=Thoren%2C+Victor+E.&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span> </li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Vanhelden-1989" class="book"><font color="#000000">Van Helden, Albert (1989). <em><span>Galileo, telescopic astronomy, and the Copernican system</span></em>. In </font><a href="#Reference-Taton.26Wilson-1989"><font color="#000000">Taton and Wilson (1989, pp.81-105)</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo%2C+telescopic+astronomy%2C+and+the+Copernican+system&amp;rft.aulast=Van+Helden&amp;rft.aufirst=Albert&amp;rft.au=Van+Helden%2C+Albert&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Wallace, William A. (1984) <em>Galileo and His Sources: The Heritage of the Collegio Romano in Galileo's Science,</em> (Princeton: Princeton Univ. Pr.), </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/069108355X"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-691-08355-X</font></a> </li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Wallace-2004" class="book"><font color="#000000">Wallace, William A. (2004). <em><span>Domingo de Soto and the Early Galileo</span></em>. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0860789640"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-86078-964-0</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Domingo+de+Soto+and+the+Early+Galileo&amp;rft.aulast=Wallace&amp;rft.aufirst=William+A.&amp;rft.au=Wallace%2C+William+A.&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.place=Aldershot&amp;rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&amp;rft.isbn=0-86078-964-0&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span> </li> <li><font color="#000000">White, Andrew Dickson (1898). </font><a class="external text" title="http://cscs.umich.edu/~crshalizi/White/" rel="nofollow" href="http://cscs.umich.edu/~crshalizi/White/"><em><font color="#000000">A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom</font></em></a><font color="#000000">. New York 1898.</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000">White, Michael. (2007). <em>Galileo: Antichrist: A Biography.</em> Weidenfeld &amp; Nicolson:London, </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780297848684"><font color="#000000">ISBN 978-0-297-84868-4</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Wisan, Winifred Lovell (1984). &quot;Galileo and the Process of Scientific Creation,&quot; <em>Isis</em>, 75: 269&ndash;286.</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Zik Yaakov, &quot;Science and Instruments: The telescope as a scientific instrument at the beginning of the seventeenth century,&quot; <em>Perspectives on Science</em> 2001, Vol. 9, 3, 259&ndash;284.</font> </li> </ul> </div> <p><a id="External_links" name="External_links"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.imss.fi.it/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.imss.fi.it/"><font color="#000080">History of Science Museum - Florence</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/PictDisplay/Galileo.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/PictDisplay/Galileo.html"><font color="#000080">Portraits of Galileo</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://asv.vatican.va/en/stud/download/CAV_21.htm" rel="nofollow" href="http://asv.vatican.va/en/stud/download/CAV_21.htm"><font color="#000080">Original documents on the trial of Galileo Galilei</font></a> in the <a title="Vatican Secret Archives" href="/wiki/Vatican_Secret_Archives"><font color="#000080">Vatican Secret Archives</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://web.archive.org/web/20071209222631/http://www.catholic.net/rcc/Periodicals/Issues/GalileoAffair.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20071209222631/http://www.catholic.net/rcc/Periodicals/Issues/GalileoAffair.html"><font color="#000080">Galileo Affair catholic.net</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://galileo.rice.edu/" rel="nofollow" href="http://galileo.rice.edu/"><font color="#000080">The Galileo Project</font></a> at <a title="Rice University" href="/wiki/Rice_University"><font color="#000080">Rice University</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/galileo/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/galileo/"><font color="#000080">PBS Nova Online: <em>Galileo's Battle for the Heavens</em></font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/galileo/" rel="nofollow" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/galileo/"><font color="#000080">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry on Galileo</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.galilean-library.org/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.galilean-library.org/"><font color="#000080">The Galilean Library</font></a>, educational site. </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.catholicleague.org/research/galileo.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.catholicleague.org/research/galileo.html"><em><font color="#000080">Galileo and the Catholic Church</font></em></a> article at Catholic League </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0956139/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0956139/"><em><font color="#000080">Animated Hero Classics: Galileo (1997)</font></em></a> at the <a title="Internet Movie Database" href="/wiki/Internet_Movie_Database"><font color="#000080">Internet Movie Database</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/Galileo_Prototype/MAIN.HTM" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/Galileo_Prototype/MAIN.HTM"><font color="#000080">Electronic representation of Galilei's notes on motion (MS. 72)</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n79-3254" rel="nofollow" href="http://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n79-3254"><font color="#000080">Works by or about Galileo Galilei</font></a> in libraries (<a title="WorldCat" href="/wiki/WorldCat"><font color="#000080">WorldCat</font></a> catalog) </li> <li>Galileo's 1590 <em>De Motu</em> translation <a class="external autonumber" title="http://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/content/scientific_revolution/galileo" rel="nofollow" href="http://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/content/scientific_revolution/galileo"><font color="#000080">[5]</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.intratext.com/Catalogo/Autori/AUT158.HTM" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.intratext.com/Catalogo/Autori/AUT158.HTM"><font color="#000080">Works by Galileo Galilei</font></a>: text with concordances and frequencies. </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.pacifier.com/~tpope/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pacifier.com/~tpope/"><font color="#000080">CCD Images through a Galilean Telescope</font></a> Modern recreation of what Galileo might have seen </li> <li>Galilei, Galileo. <a class="external text" title="http://www.rarebookroom.org/Control/galgal/index.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.rarebookroom.org/Control/galgal/index.html"><em><font color="#000080">Le Operazioni del Compasso Geometrico et Militare</font></em></a> 1610 Rome. From <a title="Rare Book Room" href="/wiki/Rare_Book_Room"><font color="#000080">Rare Book Room</font></a>. Scanned first edition. </li> <li>Galilei, Galileo. <a class="external text" title="http://www.rarebookroom.org/Control/galsol/index.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.rarebookroom.org/Control/galsol/index.html"><em><font color="#000080">Istoria e Dimostrazioni Intorno Alle Macchie Solar</font></em></a> 1613 Rome. From <a title="Rare Book Room" href="/wiki/Rare_Book_Room"><font color="#000080">Rare Book Room</font></a>. Scanned first edition. </li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFO.27ConnorRobertson"><a class="mw-redirect" title="John J. O'Connor (mathematician)" href="/wiki/John_J._O%27Connor_(mathematician)"><font color="#000080">O'Connor, John J.</font></a>; <a title="Edmund F. Robertson" href="/wiki/Edmund_F._Robertson"><font color="#000080">Robertson, Edmund F.</font></a>, &quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Galileo.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Galileo.html"><font color="#000080">Galileo Galilei</font></a>&quot;, <em><span><a title="MacTutor History of Mathematics archive" href="/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_archive"><font color="#000080">MacTutor History of Mathematics archive</font></a></span></em></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo+Galilei&amp;rft.atitle=%5B%5BMacTutor+History+of+Mathematics+archive%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=O%27Connor&amp;rft.aufirst=John+J.&amp;rft.au=O%27Connor%2C+John+J.&amp;rft.au=Robertson%2C+Edmund+F.&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span>. </li> <li>Linda Hall Library features a <a class="external text" title="http://contentdm.lindahall.org/u?/classics,5292" rel="nofollow" href="http://contentdm.lindahall.org/u?/classics,5292"><font color="#000080">first edition of <em>Sidereus Nuncius Magna</em></font></a> as well as a <a class="external text" title="http://contentdm.lindahall.org/u?/classics,426" rel="nofollow" href="http://contentdm.lindahall.org/u?/classics,426"><font color="#000080">pirated edition from the same year</font></a>, both fully digitized. </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5C5_dOEyAfk&amp;feature=related" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5C5_dOEyAfk&amp;feature=related"><font color="#000080">Feather &amp; Hammer Drop on Moon</font></a> </li> </ul> 2e84b80cba828bf17b42d8be8fef3b5c6247345d 2806 2009-08-18T08:14:39Z Galilei 55 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><strong>[[Image:Galilei.jpg|thumb]]<br /> Galileo<font color="#000000"> Galilei</font></strong><font color="#000000"> (15 February 1564<sup id="cite_ref-birthdate_1-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></font></sup>&nbsp;&ndash; 8 January 1642)<sup id="cite_ref-McTutor_0-4" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></font></sup> was an Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who played a major role in the Scientific Revolution. His achievements include improvements to the telescope and consequent astronomical observations, and support for Copernicanism. Galileo has been called the &quot;father of modern observational astronomy,&quot;<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></font></sup> the &quot;father of modern physics,&quot;<sup id="cite_ref-Einstein_4-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></font></sup> the &quot;father of science,&quot;<sup id="cite_ref-Einstein_4-1" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></font></sup> and &quot;the Father of Modern Science.&quot;<sup id="cite_ref-finocchiaro2007_5-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></font></sup> Stephen Hawking says, &quot;Galileo, perhaps more than any other single person, was responsible for the birth of modern science.&quot;<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">The motion of uniformly accelerated objects, taught in nearly all high school and introductory college physics courses, was studied by Galileo as the subject of kinematics. His contributions to observational astronomy include the telescopic confirmation of the phases of Venus, the discovery of the four largest satellites of Jupiter (named the Galilean moons in his honour), and the observation and analysis of sunspots. Galileo also worked in applied science and technology, improving compass design.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo's championing of Copernicanism was controversial within his lifetime, when a large majority of philosophers and astronomers still subscribed (at least outwardly) to the geocentric view that the Earth is at the centre of the universe. After 1610, when he began supporting heliocentrism publicly, he met with bitter opposition from some philosophers and clerics, and two of the latter eventually denounced him to the Roman Inquisition early in 1615. Although he was cleared of any offence at that time, the Catholic Church nevertheless condemned heliocentrism as &quot;false and contrary to Scripture&quot; in February 1616,<sup id="cite_ref-contrary_to_scripture_7-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></font></sup> and Galileo was warned to abandon his support for it&mdash;which he promised to do. When he later defended his views in his most famous work, <em>Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems</em>, published in 1632, he was tried by the Inquisition, found &quot;vehemently suspect of heresy,&quot; forced to recant, and spent the rest of his life under house arrest.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Life</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo was born in Pisa (then part of the Duchy of Florence), Italy, the first of six children of Vincenzo Galilei, a famous lutenist and music theorist, and Giulia Ammannati. Four of their six children survived infancy, and the youngest Michelangelo (or Michelagnolo) became a noted lutenist and composer.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo's full name was Galileo di Vincenzo Bonaiuti de' Galilei. At the age of 8, his family moved to Florence, but he was left with Jacopo Borghini for two years.<sup id="cite_ref-McTutor_0-5" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></font></sup> He then was educated in the Camaldolese Monastery at Vallombrosa, 35&nbsp;km southeast of Florence.<sup id="cite_ref-McTutor_0-6" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></font></sup> Although he seriously considered the priesthood as a young man, he enrolled for a medical degree at the University of Pisa at his father's urging. He did not complete this degree, but instead studied mathematics.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></font></sup> In 1589, he was appointed to the chair of mathematics in Pisa. In 1591 his father died and he was entrusted with the care of his younger brother Michelagnolo. In 1592, he moved to the University of Padua, teaching geometry, mechanics, and astronomy until 1610.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></font></sup> During this period Galileo made significant discoveries in both pure science (for example, kinematics of motion, and astronomy) and applied science (for example, strength of materials, improvement of the telescope). His multiple interests included the study of astrology, which in pre-modern disciplinary practice was seen as correlated to the studies of mathematics and astronomy.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Although a genuinely pious Roman Catholic<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></font></sup>, Galileo fathered three children out of wedlock with Marina Gamba. They had two daughters, Virginia in 1600 and Livia in 1601, and one son, Vincenzo, in 1606. Because of their illegitimate birth, their father considered the girls unmarriageable. Their only worthy alternative was the religious life. Both girls were sent to the convent of San Matteo in Arcetri and remained there for the rest of their lives.<sup id="cite_ref-daughters_unmarriageable_12-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></font></sup> Virginia took the name Maria Celeste upon entering the convent. She died on 2 April 1634, and is buried with Galileo at the Basilica di Santa Croce di Firenze. Livia took the name Sister Arcangela and was ill for most of her life. Vincenzo was later legitimized and married Sestilia Bocchineri.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">In 1610 Galileo published an account of his telescopic observations of the moons of Jupiter, using this observation to argue in favour of the sun-centered, Copernican theory of the universe against the dominant earth-centered Ptolemaic and Aristotelian theories. The next year Galileo visited Rome in order to demonstrate his telescope to the influential philosophers and mathematicians of the Jesuit Collegio Romano, and to let them see with their own eyes the reality of the four moons of Jupiter.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></font></sup> While in Rome he was also made a member of the Accademia dei Lincei.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">In 1612, opposition arose to the Sun-centered theory of the universe which Galileo supported. In 1614, from the pulpit of the Basilica of Santa Maria Novella, Father Tommaso Caccini (1574&ndash;1648) denounced Galileo's opinions on the motion of the Earth, judging them dangerous and close to heresy. Galileo went to Rome to defend himself against these accusations, but, in 1616, Cardinal Roberto Bellarmino personally handed Galileo an admonition enjoining him neither to advocate nor teach Copernican astronomy.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></font></sup> During 1621 and 1622 Galileo wrote his first book, <em>The Assayer</em> (<em>Il Saggiatore</em>), which was approved and published in 1623. In 1630, he returned to Rome to apply for a license to print the <em>Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems</em>, published in Florence in 1632. In October of that year, however, he was ordered to appear before the Holy Office in Rome.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Following a papal trial in which he was found vehemently suspect of heresy, Galileo was placed under house arrest and his movements restricted by the Pope. From 1634 onward he stayed at his country house at Arcetri, outside of Florence. He went completely blind in 1638 and was suffering from a painful hernia and insomnia, so he was permitted to travel to Florence for medical advice. He continued to receive visitors until 1642, when, after suffering fever and heart palpitations, he died.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000" size="2"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Scientific methods</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo made original contributions to the science of motion through an innovative combination of experiment and mathematics.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></font></sup> More typical of science at the time were the qualitative studies of William Gilbert, on magnetism and electricity. Galileo's father, Vincenzo Galilei, a lutenist and music theorist, had performed experiments establishing perhaps the oldest known non-linear relation in physics: for a stretched string, the pitch varies as the square root of the tension.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></font></sup> These observations lay within the framework of the Pythagorean tradition of music, well-known to instrument makers, which included the fact that subdividing a string by a whole number produces a harmonious scale. Thus, a limited amount of mathematics had long related music and physical science, and young Galileo could see his own father's observations expand on that tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo is perhaps the first to clearly state that the laws of nature are mathematical. In <em>The Assayer</em> he wrote &quot;Philosophy is written in this grand book, the universe&nbsp;... It is written in the language of mathematics, and its characters are triangles, circles, and other geometric figures; ... .&quot;<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></font></sup> His mathematical analyses are a further development of a tradition employed by late scholastic natural philosophers, which Galileo learned when he studied philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></font></sup> Although he tried to remain loyal to the Catholic Church, his adherence to experimental results, and their most honest interpretation, led to a rejection of blind allegiance to authority, both philosophical and religious, in matters of science. In broader terms, this aided the separation of science from both philosophy and religion; a major development in human thought.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">By the standards of his time, Galileo was often willing to change his views in accordance with observation. Modern philosopher of science Paul Feyerabend also noted the supposedly improper aspects of Galileo's methodology, but he argued that Galileo's methods could be justified retroactively by their results. The bulk of Feyerabend's major work, <em>Against Method</em> (1975), was devoted to an analysis of Galileo, using his astronomical research as a case study to support Feyerabend's own anarchistic theory of scientific method. As he put it: 'Aristotelians&nbsp;... demanded strong empirical support while the Galileans were content with far-reaching, unsupported and partially refuted theories. I do not criticize them for that; on the contrary, I favour Niels Bohr's &quot;this is not crazy enough.&quot;'<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></font></sup> In order to perform his experiments, Galileo had to set up standards of length and time, so that measurements made on different days and in different laboratories could be compared in a reproducible fashion.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo showed a remarkably modern appreciation for the proper relationship between mathematics, theoretical physics, and experimental physics. He understood the parabola, both in terms of conic sections and in terms of the ordinate (y) varying as the square of the abscissa (x). Galilei further asserted that the parabola was the theoretically ideal trajectory of a uniformly accelerated projectile in the absence of friction and other disturbances. He conceded that there are limits to the validity of this theory, noting on theoretical grounds that a projectile trajectory of a size comparable to that of the Earth could not possibly be a parabola,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></font></sup> but he nevertheless maintained that for distances up to the range of the artillery of his day, the deviation of a projectile's trajectory from a parabola would only be very slight.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></font></sup> Thirdly, he recognized that his experimental data would never agree exactly with any theoretical or mathematical form, because of the imprecision of measurement, irreducible friction, and other factors.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">According to Stephen Hawking, Galileo probably bears more of the responsibility for the birth of modern science than anybody else,<sup id="cite_ref-Hawking_galileo_27-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></font></sup> and Albert Einstein called him the father of modern science.<sup id="cite_ref-father_of_science_Einstein_28-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000" size="2"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Astronomy</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000"></font></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Contributions</font></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="WIDTH: 182px" class="thumbinner"><font color="#000000"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="180" height="276" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Galileo.script.arp.600pix.jpg.jpg/180px-Galileo.script.arp.600pix.jpg.jpg" /> </font> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><font color="#000000"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></font></div> <font color="#000000">It was on this page that Galileo first noted an observation of the moons of Jupiter. This observation upset the notion that all celestial bodies must revolve around the Earth. Galileo published a full description in <em>Sidereus Nuncius</em> in March 1610</font></div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="WIDTH: 182px" class="thumbinner"><font color="#000000"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="180" height="135" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Phases-of-Venus.svg/180px-Phases-of-Venus.svg.png" /> </font> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><font color="#000000"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></font></div> <font color="#000000">The phases of Venus, observed by Galileo in 1610</font></div> </div> </div> <p><font color="#000000">Based only on uncertain descriptions of the first practical telescope, invented by Hans Lippershey in the Netherlands in 1608, Galileo, in the following year, made a telescope with about 3x magnification. He later made others with up to about 30x magnification.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></font></sup> With this improved device he could see magnified, upright images on the earth &ndash; it was what is now known as a terrestrial telescope, or spyglass. He could also use it to observe the sky; for a time he was one of those who could construct telescopes good enough for that purpose. On 25 August 1609, he demonstrated his first telescope to Venetian lawmakers. His telescopes were a profitable sideline. He could sell them to merchants who found them useful both at sea and as items of trade. He published his initial telescopic astronomical observations in March 1610 in a brief treatise entitled <em>Sidereus Nuncius</em> (<em>Starry Messenger</em>).</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">On 7 January 1610 Galileo observed with his telescope what he described at the time as &quot;three fixed stars, totally invisible<sup id="cite_ref-invisible_30-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></font></sup> by their smallness,&quot; all close to Jupiter, and lying on a straight line through it.<sup id="cite_ref-jupiter.27s_moons_31-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></font></sup> Observations on subsequent nights showed that the positions of these &quot;stars&quot; relative to Jupiter were changing in a way that would have been inexplicable if they had really been fixed stars. On 10 January Galileo noted that one of them had disappeared, an observation which he attributed to its being hidden behind Jupiter. Within a few days he concluded that they were orbiting Jupiter:<sup id="cite_ref-moonconclusion_32-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></font></sup> He had discovered three of Jupiter's four largest satellites (moons): Io, Europa, and Callisto. He discovered the fourth, Ganymede, on 13 January. Galileo named the four satellites he had discovered <em>Medicean stars</em>, in honour of his future patron, Cosimo II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, and Cosimo's three brothers.<sup id="cite_ref-medicean_stars_33-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></font></sup> Later astronomers, however, renamed them the <em>Galilean satellites</em> in honour of Galileo himself.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">A planet with smaller planets orbiting it did not conform to the principles of Aristotelian Cosmology, which held that all heavenly bodies should circle the Earth,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>35<span>]</span></font></sup> and many astronomers and philosophers initially refused to believe that Galileo could have discovered such a thing.<sup id="cite_ref-scepticism_35-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>36<span>]</span></font></sup> His observations were confirmed by the observatory of Christopher Clavius and he received a hero's welcome when he visited Rome in 1611<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>37<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo continued to observe the satellites over the next eighteen months, and by mid 1611 he had obtained remarkably accurate estimates for their periods&mdash;a feat which Kepler had believed impossible.<sup id="cite_ref-periods_37-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>38<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">From September 1610, Galileo observed that Venus exhibited a full set of phases similar to that of the Moon. The heliocentric model of the solar system developed by Nicolaus Copernicus predicted that all phases would be visible since the orbit of Venus around the Sun would cause its illuminated hemisphere to face the Earth when it was on the opposite side of the Sun and to face away from the Earth when it was on the Earth-side of the Sun. On the other hand, in Ptolemy's geocentric model it was impossible for any of the planets' orbits to intersect the spherical shell carrying the Sun. Traditionally the orbit of Venus was placed entirely on the near side of the Sun, where it could exhibit only crescent and new phases. It was, however, also possible to place it entirely on the far side of the Sun, where it could exhibit only gibbous and full phases. After Galileo's telescopic observations of the crescent, gibbous and full phases of Venus, therefore, this Ptolemaic model became untenable. Thus in the early 17th century as a result of his discovery the great majority of astronomers converted to one of the various geo-heliocentric planetary models<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>39<span>]</span></font></sup>, such as the Tychonic, Capellan and Extended Capellan models<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></font></sup>, each either with or without a daily rotating Earth. These all had the virtue of explaining the phases of Venus without the vice of the 'refutation' of full heliocentrism&rsquo;s prediction of stellar parallax. Galileo&rsquo;s discovery of the phases of Venus was thus arguably his most empirically practically influential contribution to the two-stage transition from full geocentrism to full heliocentrism via geo-heliocentrism.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo also observed the planet Saturn, and at first mistook its rings for planets, thinking it was a three-bodied system. When he observed the planet later, Saturn's rings were directly oriented at Earth, causing him to think that two of the bodies had disappeared. The rings reappeared when he observed the planet in 1616, further confusing him.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>41<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo was one of the first Europeans to observe sunspots, although Kepler had unwittingly observed one in 1607, but mistook it for a transit of Mercury. He also reinterpreted a sunspot observation from the time of Charlemagne, which formerly had been attributed (impossibly) to a transit of Mercury. The very existence of sunspots showed another difficulty with the unchanging perfection of the heavens posited by orthodox Aristotelian celestial physics, but their regular periodic transits also confirmed the dramatic novel prediction of Kepler's Aristotelian celestial dynamics in his 1609 <em>Astronomia Nova</em> that the sun rotates, which was the first successful novel prediction of post-spherist celestial physics.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>42<span>]</span></font></sup> And the annual variations in sunspots' motions, discovered by Francesco Sizzi and others in 1612&ndash;1613,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>43<span>]</span></font></sup> provided a powerful argument against both the Ptolemaic system and the geoheliocentric system of Tycho Brahe.<sup id="cite_ref-sunspot_argument_43-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>44<span>]</span></font></sup> For the seasonal variation refuted all non-geo-rotational geostatic planetary models such as the Ptolemaic pure geocentric model and the Tychonic geoheliocentric model in which the Sun orbits the Earth daily, whereby the variation should appear daily but does not. But it was explicable by all geo-rotational systems such as Longomontanus's semi-Tychonic geo-heliocentric model, Capellan and extended Capellan geo-heliocentric models with a daily rotating Earth, and the pure heliocentric model. A dispute over priority in the discovery of sunspots, and in their interpretation, led Galileo to a long and bitter feud with the Jesuit Christoph Scheiner; in fact, there is little doubt that both of them were beaten by David Fabricius and his son Johannes, looking for confirmation of Kepler's prediction of the sun's rotation. Scheiner quickly adopted Kepler's 1615 proposal of the modern telescope design, which gave larger magnification at the cost of inverted images; Galileo apparently never changed to Kepler's design.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo was the first to report lunar mountains and craters, whose existence he deduced from the patterns of light and shadow on the Moon's surface. He even estimated the mountains' heights from these observations. This led him to the conclusion that the Moon was &quot;rough and uneven, and just like the surface of the Earth itself,&quot; rather than a perfect sphere as Aristotle had claimed. Galileo observed the Milky Way, previously believed to be nebulous, and found it to be a multitude of stars packed so densely that they appeared to be clouds from Earth. He located many other stars too distant to be visible with the naked eye. Galileo also observed the planet Neptune in 1612, but did not realize that it was a planet and took no particular notice of it. It appears in his notebooks as one of many unremarkable dim stars.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000"></font></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Controversy over comets and <em>The Assayer</em></font></span></h3> <div class="rellink noprint relarticle mainarticle"><font color="#000000">Main article: The Assayer</font></div> <p><font color="#000000">In 1619, Galileo became embroiled in a controversy with Father Orazio Grassi, professor of mathematics at the Jesuit Collegio Romano. It began as a dispute over the nature of comets, but by the time Galileo had published <em>The Assayer</em> (<em>Il Saggiatore</em>) in 1623, his last salvo in the dispute, it had become a much wider argument over the very nature of Science itself. Because <em>The Assayer</em> contains such a wealth of Galileo's ideas on how Science should be practised, it has been referred to as his scientific manifesto.<sup id="cite_ref-scientific_manifesto_44-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>45<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Early in 1619, Father Grassi had anonymously published a pamphlet, <em>An Astronomical Disputation on the Three Comets of the Year 1618</em> ,<sup id="cite_ref-disputatio_45-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>46<span>]</span></font></sup> which discussed the nature of a comet that had appeared late in November of the previous year. Grassi concluded that the comet was a fiery body which had moved along a segment of a great circle at a constant distance from the earth,<sup id="cite_ref-grassi_great_circle_46-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>47<span>]</span></font></sup> and that it had been located well beyond the moon.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Grassi's arguments and conclusions were criticized in a subsequent article, <em>Discourse on the Comets</em> ,<sup id="cite_ref-discourse_on_comets_47-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>48<span>]</span></font></sup> published under the name of one of Galileo's disciples, a Florentine lawyer named Mario Guiducci, although it had been largely written by Galileo himself.<sup id="cite_ref-authorship_of_discourse_48-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>49<span>]</span></font></sup> Galileo and Guiducci offered no definitive theory of their own on the nature of comets,<sup id="cite_ref-criticism_of_previous_theories_49-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>50<span>]</span></font></sup> although they did present some tentative conjectures which we now know to be mistaken.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">In its opening passage, Galileo and Guiducci's <em>Discourse</em> gratuitously insulted the Jesuit Christopher Scheiner,<sup id="cite_ref-Scheiner_insult_50-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>51<span>]</span></font></sup> and various uncomplimentary remarks about the professors of the Collegio Romano were scattered throughout the work.<sup id="cite_ref-uncomplimentary_remark_51-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>52<span>]</span></font></sup> The Jesuits were offended,<sup id="cite_ref-jesuits_offended_52-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>53<span>]</span></font></sup> and Grassi soon replied with a polemical tract of his own, <em>The Astronomical and Philosophical Balance</em> ,<sup id="cite_ref-astronomical_balance_53-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>54<span>]</span></font></sup> under the pseudonym Lothario Sarsio Sigensano,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>55<span>]</span></font></sup> purporting to be one of his own pupils.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000"><em>The Assayer</em> was Galileo's devastating reply to the <em>Astronomical Balance</em>.<sup id="cite_ref-the_assayer_55-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>56<span>]</span></font></sup> It has been widely regarded as a masterpiece of polemical literature,<sup id="cite_ref-masterpiece_of_polemics_56-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>57<span>]</span></font></sup> in which &quot;Sarsi's&quot; arguments are subjected to withering scorn.<sup id="cite_ref-withering_scorn_57-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>58<span>]</span></font></sup> It was greeted with wide acclaim, and particularly pleased the new pope, Urban VIII, to whom it had been dedicated.<sup id="cite_ref-assayer_success_58-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>59<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo's dispute with Grassi permanently alienated many of the Jesuits who had previously been sympathetic to his ideas,<sup id="cite_ref-jesuit_alienation_59-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>60<span>]</span></font></sup> and Galileo and his friends were convinced that these Jesuits were responsible for bringing about his later condemnation.<sup id="cite_ref-jesuits_responsible_60-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>61<span>]</span></font></sup> The evidence for this is at best equivocal, however.<sup id="cite_ref-evidence_of_jesuits_61-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>62<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000" size="2"></font></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Galileo, Kepler and theories of tides</font></span></h3> <p><font color="#000000">Cardinal Bellarmine had written in 1615 that the Copernican system could not be defended without &quot;a true physical demonstration that the sun does not circle the earth but the earth circles the sun.&quot;<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>63<span>]</span></font></sup> Galileo considered his theory of the tides to provide the required physical proof of the motion of the earth. This theory was so important to Galileo that he originally intended to entitle his <em>Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems</em> the <em>Dialogue on the Ebb and Flow of the Sea</em>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>64<span>]</span></font></sup> For Galileo, the tides were caused by the sloshing back and forth of water in the seas as a point on the Earth's surface speeded up and slowed down because of the Earth's rotation on its axis and revolution around the Sun. Galileo circulated his first account of the tides in 1616, addressed to Cardinal Orsini.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>65<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">If this theory were correct, there would be only one high tide per day. Galileo and his contemporaries were aware of this inadequacy because there are two daily high tides at Venice instead of one, about twelve hours apart. Galileo dismissed this anomaly as the result of several secondary causes, including the shape of the sea, its depth, and other factors.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>66<span>]</span></font></sup> Against the assertion that Galileo was deceptive in making these arguments, Albert Einstein expressed the opinion that Galileo developed his &quot;fascinating arguments&quot; and accepted them uncritically out of a desire for physical proof of the motion of the Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>67<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo dismissed as a &quot;useless fiction&quot; the idea, held by his contemporary Johannes Kepler, that the moon caused the tides.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>68<span>]</span></font></sup> Galileo also refused to accept Kepler's elliptical orbits of the planets,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>69<span>]</span></font></sup> considering the circle the &quot;perfect&quot; shape for planetary orbits.</font></p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="WIDTH: 182px" class="thumbinner"><font color="#000000"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="180" height="260" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Galilee.jpg/180px-Galilee.jpg" /> </font> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><font color="#000000"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></font></div> <font color="#000000">Galileo Galilei. Portrait in crayon by Leoni.</font></div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="WIDTH: 182px" class="thumbinner"><font color="#000000"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="180" height="135" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Galileo_telescope_replica.jpg/180px-Galileo_telescope_replica.jpg" /> </font> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><font color="#000000"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></font></div> <font color="#000000">A replica of the earliest surviving telescope attributed to Galileo Galilei, on display at the Griffith Observatory.</font></div> </div> </div> <p><font color="#000000"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Technology</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo made a number of contributions to what is now known as technology, as distinct from pure physics, and suggested others. This is not the same distinction as made by Aristotle, who would have considered all Galileo's physics as <em>techne</em> or useful knowledge, as opposed to <em>episteme</em>, or philosophical investigation into the causes of things. Between 1595&ndash;1598, Galileo devised and improved a <em>Geometric and Military Compass</em> suitable for use by gunners and surveyors. This expanded on earlier instruments designed by Niccol&ograve; Tartaglia and Guidobaldo del Monte. For gunners, it offered, in addition to a new and safer way of elevating cannons accurately, a way of quickly computing the charge of gunpowder for cannonballs of different sizes and materials. As a geometric instrument, it enabled the construction of any regular polygon, computation of the area of any polygon or circular sector, and a variety of other calculations. About 1593, Galileo constructed a thermometer, using the expansion and contraction of air in a bulb to move water in an attached tube.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">In 1609, Galileo was, along with Englishman Thomas Harriot and others, among the first to use a refracting telescope as an instrument to observe stars, planets or moons. The name &quot;telescope&quot; was coined for Galileo's instrument by a Greek mathematician, Giovanni Demisiani,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>70<span>]</span></font></sup> at a banquet held in 1611 by Prince Federico Cesi to make Galileo a member of his Accademia dei Lincei.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>71<span>]</span></font></sup> The name was derived from the Greek <em>tele</em> = 'far' and <em>skopein</em> = 'to look or see'. In 1610, he used a telescope at close range to magnify the parts of insects.<sup id="cite_ref-telescope_microscope_71-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>72<span>]</span></font></sup> By 1624 he had perfected<sup id="cite_ref-microscope_perfection_72-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>73<span>]</span></font></sup> a compound microscope. He gave one of these instruments to Cardinal Zollern in May of that year for presentation to the Duke of Bavaria,<sup id="cite_ref-Zollern_microscope_73-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>74<span>]</span></font></sup> and in September he sent another to Prince Cesi.<sup id="cite_ref-Cesi_microscope_74-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>75<span>]</span></font></sup> The Linceans played a role again in naming the &quot;microscope&quot; a year later when fellow academy member Giovanni Faber coined the word for Galileo's invention from the Greek words <em>&mu;&iota;&kappa;&rho;ό&nu;</em> (<em>micron</em>) meaning &quot;small,&quot; and <em>&sigma;&kappa;&omicron;&pi;&epsilon;ῖ&nu;</em> (<em>skopein</em>) meaning &quot;to look at.&quot; The word was meant to be analogous with &quot;telescope.&quot;<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>76<span>]</span></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>77<span>]</span></font></sup> Illustrations of insects made using one of Galileo's microscopes, and published in 1625, appear to have been the first clear documentation of the use of a compound microscope.<sup id="cite_ref-microscope_use_77-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>78<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">In 1612, having determined the orbital periods of Jupiter's satellites, Galileo proposed that with sufficiently accurate knowledge of their orbits one could use their positions as a universal clock, and this would make possible the determination of longitude. He worked on this problem from time to time during the remainder of his life; but the practical problems were severe. The method was first successfully applied by Giovanni Domenico Cassini in 1681 and was later used extensively for large land surveys; this method, for example, was used by Lewis and Clark. For sea navigation, where delicate telescopic observations were more difficult, the longitude problem eventually required development of a practical portable marine chronometer, such as that of John Harrison.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">In his last year, when totally blind, he designed an escapement mechanism for a pendulum clock, a vectorial model of which may be seen here. The first fully operational pendulum clock was made by Christiaan Huygens in the 1650s. Galilei created sketches of various inventions, such as a candle and mirror combination to reflect light throughout a building, an automatic tomato picker, a pocket comb that doubled as an eating utensil, and what appears to be a ballpoint pen.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Physics</font></span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="WIDTH: 182px" class="thumbinner"><font color="#000000"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="180" height="145" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Tito_Lessi_-_Galileo_and_Viviani.jpg/180px-Tito_Lessi_-_Galileo_and_Viviani.jpg" /> </font> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><font color="#000000"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></font></div> <font color="#000000"><em>Galileo e Viviani</em>, 1892, Tito Lessi</font></div> </div> </div> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo's theoretical and experimental work on the motions of bodies, along with the largely independent work of Kepler and Ren&eacute; Descartes, was a precursor of the classical mechanics developed by Sir Isaac Newton.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">A biography by Galileo's pupil Vincenzo Viviani stated that Galileo had dropped balls of the same material, but different masses, from the Leaning Tower of Pisa to demonstrate that their time of descent was independent of their mass.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>79<span>]</span></font></sup> This was contrary to what Aristotle had taught: that heavy objects fall faster than lighter ones, in direct proportion to weight.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>80<span>]</span></font></sup> While this story has been retold in popular accounts, there is no account by Galileo himself of such an experiment, and it is generally accepted by historians that it was at most a thought experiment which did not actually take place.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>81<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">In his 1638 <em>Discorsi</em> Galileo's character Salviati, widely regarded as largely Galileo's spokesman, held that all unequal weights would fall with the same finite speed in a vacuum. But this had previously been proposed by Lucretius<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>82<span>]</span></font></sup> and Simon Stevin.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>83<span>]</span></font></sup> Salviati also held it could be experimentally demonstrated by the comparison of pendulum motions in air with bobs of lead and of cork which had different weight but which were otherwise similar.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo proposed that a falling body would fall with a uniform acceleration, as long as the resistance of the medium through which it was falling remained negligible, or in the limiting case of its falling through a vacuum.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>84<span>]</span></font></sup> He also derived the correct kinematical law for the distance travelled during a uniform acceleration starting from rest&mdash;namely, that it is proportional to the square of the elapsed time (&nbsp;<em>d</em>&nbsp;&prop;&nbsp;<em>t</em>^{<font size="2">&nbsp;2</font>}&nbsp;).<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>85<span>]</span></font></sup> However, in neither case were these discoveries entirely original. The time-squared law for uniformly accelerated change was already known to Nicole Oresme in the 14th century,<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>86<span>]</span></font></sup> and Domingo de Soto, in the 16th, had suggested that bodies falling through a homogeneous medium would be uniformly accelerated.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>87<span>]</span></font></sup> Galileo expressed the time-squared law using geometrical constructions and mathematically precise words, adhering to the standards of the day. (It remained for others to re-express the law in algebraic terms). He also concluded that objects <em>retain their velocity</em> unless a force&mdash;often friction&mdash;acts upon them, refuting the generally accepted Aristotelian hypothesis that objects &quot;naturally&quot; slow down and stop unless a force acts upon them (philosophical ideas relating to inertia had been proposed by Ibn al-Haytham centuries earlier, as had Jean Buridan, and according to Joseph Needham, Mo Tzu had proposed it centuries before either of them, but this was the first time that it had been mathematically expressed, verified experimentally, and introduced the idea of frictional force, the key breakthrough in validating inertia). Galileo's Principle of Inertia stated: &quot;A body moving on a level surface will continue in the same direction at constant speed unless disturbed.&quot; This principle was incorporated into Newton's laws of motion (first law).</font></p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="WIDTH: 182px" class="thumbinner"><font color="#000000"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="180" height="193" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Pisa.Duomo.dome.Riminaldi01.jpg/180px-Pisa.Duomo.dome.Riminaldi01.jpg" /> </font> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><font color="#000000"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></font></div> <font color="#000000">Dome of the cathedral of Pisa with the &quot;lamp of Galileo&quot;</font></div> </div> </div> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo also claimed (incorrectly) that a pendulum's swings always take the same amount of time, independently of the amplitude. That is, that a simple pendulum is isochronous. It is popularly believed that he came to this conclusion by watching the swings of the bronze chandelier in the cathedral of Pisa, using his pulse to time it. It appears however, that he conducted no experiments because the claim is true only of infinitesimally small swings as discovered by Christian Huygens. Galileo's son, Vincenzo, sketched a clock based on his father's theories in 1642. The clock was never built and, because of the large swings required by its verge escapement, would have been a poor timekeeper. (See Technology above.)</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">In 1638 Galileo described an experimental method to measure the speed of light by arranging that two observers, each having lanterns equipped with shutters, observe each other's lanterns at some distance. The first observer opens the shutter of his lamp, and, the second, upon seeing the light, immediately opens the shutter of his own lantern. The time between the first observer's opening his shutter and seeing the light from the second observer's lamp indicates the time it takes light to travel back and forth between the two observers. Galileo reported that when he tried this at a distance of less than a mile, he was unable to determine whether or not the light appeared instantaneously.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>88<span>]</span></font></sup> Sometime between Galileo's death and 1667, the members of the Florentine <em>Accademia del Cimento</em> repeated the experiment over a distance of about a mile and obtained a similarly inconclusive result.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>89<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo is lesser known for, yet still credited with, being one of the first to understand sound frequency. By scraping a chisel at different speeds, he linked the pitch of the sound produced to the spacing of the chisel's skips, a measure of frequency.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">In his 1632 Dialogue Galileo presented a physical theory to account for tides, based on the motion of the Earth. If correct, this would have been a strong argument for the reality of the Earth's motion. In fact, the original title for the book described it as a dialogue on the tides; the reference to tides was removed by order of the Inquisition. His theory gave the first insight into the importance of the shapes of ocean basins in the size and timing of tides; he correctly accounted, for instance, for the negligible tides halfway along the Adriatic Sea compared to those at the ends. As a general account of the cause of tides, however, his theory was a failure. Kepler and others correctly associated the Moon with an influence over the tides, based on empirical data; a proper physical theory of the tides, however, was not available until Newton.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo also put forward the basic principle of relativity, that the laws of physics are the same in any system that is moving at a constant speed in a straight line, regardless of its particular speed or direction. Hence, there is no absolute motion or absolute rest. This principle provided the basic framework for Newton's laws of motion and is central to Einstein's special theory of relativity.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Mathematics</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000">While Galileo's application of mathematics to experimental physics was innovative, his mathematical methods were the standard ones of the day. The analysis and proofs relied heavily on the Eudoxian theory of proportion, as set forth in the fifth book of Euclid's Elements. This theory had become available only a century before, thanks to accurate translations by Tartaglia and others; but by the end of Galileo's life it was being superseded by the algebraic methods of Descartes.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo produced one piece of original and even prophetic work in mathematics: Galileo's paradox, which shows that there are as many perfect squares as there are whole numbers, even though most numbers are not perfect squares. Such seeming contradictions were brought under control 250 years later in the work of Georg Cantor.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Church controversy</font></span></h2> <div class="rellink noprint relarticle mainarticle"><font color="#000000">Main article: Galileo affair</font></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="WIDTH: 182px" class="thumbinner"><font color="#000000"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="180" height="137" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Galileo_facing_the_Roman_Inquisition.jpg/180px-Galileo_facing_the_Roman_Inquisition.jpg" /> </font> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><font color="#000000"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></font></div> <font color="#000000">Cristiano Banti's 1857 painting <em>Galileo facing the Roman Inquisition</em></font></div> </div> </div> <p><font color="#000000">Western Christian biblical references Psalm 93:1, Psalm 96:10, and 1 Chronicles 16:30 include (depending on translation) text stating that &quot;the world is firmly established, it cannot be moved.&quot; In the same tradition, Psalm 104:5 says, &quot;the LORD set the earth on its foundations; it can never be moved.&quot; Further, Ecclesiastes 1:5 states that &quot;And the sun rises and sets and returns to its place&quot; etc.<sup id="cite_ref-Bellarmine_quote_89-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>90<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo defended heliocentrism, and claimed it was not contrary to those Scripture passages. He took Augustine's position on Scripture: not to take every passage literally, particularly when the scripture in question is a book of poetry and songs, not a book of instructions or history. The writers of the Scripture wrote from the perspective of the terrestrial world, and from that vantage point the sun does rise and set.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">By 1616 the attacks on the ideas of Copernicus had reached a head, and Galileo went to Rome to try to persuade the Church authorities not to ban his ideas. In the end, Cardinal Bellarmine, acting on directives from the Inquisition, delivered him an order not to &quot;hold or defend&quot; the idea that the Earth moves and the Sun stands still at the centre. The decree did not prevent Galileo from discussing heliocentrism hypothesis (thus maintaining a facade of separation between science and the church). For the next several years Galileo stayed well away from the controversy. He revived his project of writing a book on the subject, encouraged by the election of Cardinal Barberini as Pope Urban VIII in 1623. Barberini was a friend and admirer of Galileo, and had opposed the condemnation of Galileo in 1616. The book, <em>Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems</em>, was published in 1632, with formal authorization from the Inquisition and papal permission.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Pope Urban VIII personally asked Galileo to give arguments for and against heliocentrism in the book, and to be careful not to advocate heliocentrism. He made another request, that his own views on the matter be included in Galileo's book. Only the latter of those requests was fulfilled by Galileo. Whether unknowingly or deliberately, Simplicio, the defender of the Aristotelian Geocentric view in <em>Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems</em>, was often caught in his own errors and sometimes came across as a fool. This fact made <em>Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems</em> appear as an advocacy book; an attack on Aristotelian geocentrism and defense of the Copernican theory. To add insult to injury<sup style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap" class="noprint Inline-Template" title="This statement may not be entirely without bias from June 2009"><font size="2">[<em>neutrality disputed</em>]</font></sup>, Galileo put the words of Pope Urban VIII into the mouth of Simplicio. Most historians agree Galileo did not act out of malice and felt blindsided by the reaction to his book.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>91<span>]</span></font></sup> However, the Pope did not take the suspected public ridicule lightly, nor the blatant bias. Galileo had alienated one of his biggest and most powerful supporters, the Pope, and was called to Rome to defend his writings.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">With the loss of many of his defenders in Rome because of <em>Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems</em>, Galileo was ordered to stand trial on suspicion of heresy in 1633. The sentence of the Inquisition was in three essential parts:</font></p> <ul> <li><font color="#000000">Galileo was found &quot;vehemently suspect of heresy,&quot; namely of having held the opinions that the Sun lies motionless at the centre of the universe, that the Earth is not at its centre and moves, and that one may hold and defend an opinion as probable after it has been declared contrary to Holy Scripture. He was required to &quot;abjure, curse and detest&quot; those opinions.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>92<span>]</span></font></sup></font> </li> <li><font color="#000000">He was ordered imprisoned; the sentence was later commuted to house arrest.</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000">His offending <em>Dialogue</em> was banned; and in an action not announced at the trial, publication of any of his works was forbidden, including any he might write in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>93<span>]</span></font></sup></font> </li> </ul> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="WIDTH: 182px" class="thumbinner"><font color="#000000"><font size="2"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="180" height="135" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bd/Tomb_of_Galileo_Galilei.JPG/180px-Tomb_of_Galileo_Galilei.JPG" /></font> </font> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><font color="#000000"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></font></div> <font color="#000000">Tomb of Galileo Galilei, Santa Croce</font></div> </div> </div> <p><font color="#000000">According to popular legend, after recanting his theory that the Earth moved around the Sun, Galileo allegedly muttered the rebellious phrase <em>And yet it moves</em>, but there is no evidence that he actually said this or anything similarly impertinent. The first account of the legend dates to a century after his death.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>94<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">After a period with the friendly Ascanio Piccolomini (the Archbishop of Siena), Galileo was allowed to return to his villa at Arcetri near Florence, where he spent the remainder of his life under house arrest, and where he later became blind. It was while Galileo was under house arrest that he dedicated his time to one of his finest works, <em>Two New Sciences</em>. Here he summarized work he had done some forty years earlier, on the two sciences now called kinematics and strength of materials. This book has received high praise from both Sir Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein.<sup style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap" class="noprint Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from July 2008"><font size="2">[<em>citation needed</em>]</font></sup> As a result of this work, Galileo is often called, the &quot;father of modern physics.&quot;</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo died on 8 January 1642 at 77 years of age. The Grand Duke of Tuscany, Ferdinando II, wished to bury him in the main body of the Basilica of Santa Croce, next to the tombs of his father and other ancestors, and to erect a marble mausoleum in his honour.<sup id="cite_ref-funeral_94-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>95<span>]</span></font></sup> These plans were scrapped, however, after Pope Urban VIII and his nephew, Cardinal Francesco Barberini, protested.<sup id="cite_ref-funeral_protests_95-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>96<span>]</span></font></sup> He was instead buried in a small room next to the novices' chapel at the end of a corridor from the southern transept of the basilica to the sacristy.<sup id="cite_ref-burial_spot_96-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>97<span>]</span></font></sup> He was reburied in the main body of the basilica in 1737 after a monument had been erected there in his honour.<sup id="cite_ref-reburial_spot_97-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>98<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">The Inquisition's ban on reprinting Galileo's works was lifted in 1718 when permission was granted to publish an edition of his works (excluding the condemned <em>Dialogue</em>) in Florence.<sup id="cite_ref-incomplete_works_98-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>99<span>]</span></font></sup> In 1741 Pope Benedict XIV authorized the publication of an edition of Galileo's complete scientific works<sup id="cite_ref-complete_works_1_99-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>100<span>]</span></font></sup> which included a mildly censored version of the <em>Dialogue</em>.<sup id="cite_ref-complete_works_2_100-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>101<span>]</span></font></sup> In 1758 the general prohibition against works advocating heliocentrism was removed from the Index of prohibited books, although the specific ban on uncensored versions of the <em>Dialogue</em> and Copernicus's <em>De Revolutionibus</em> remained.<sup id="cite_ref-ban_not_lifted_101-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>102<span>]</span></font></sup> All traces of official opposition to heliocentrism by the Church disappeared in 1835 when these works were finally dropped from the Index.<sup id="cite_ref-ban_lifted_102-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>103<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">In 1939 Pope Pius XII, in his first speech to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, within a few months of his election to the papacy, described Galileo as being among the <em>&quot;most audacious heroes of research&nbsp;... not afraid of the stumbling blocks and the risks on the way, nor fearful of the funereal monuments&quot;</em><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>104<span>]</span></font></sup> His close advisor of 40 years, Professor Robert Leiber wrote: &quot;Pius XII was very careful not to close any doors (to science) prematurely. He was energetic on this point and regretted that in the case of Galileo.&quot;<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>105<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">On 15 February 1990, in a speech delivered at the Sapienza University of Rome,<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>106<span>]</span></font></sup> Cardinal Ratzinger (later to become Pope Benedict XVI) cited some current views on the Galileo affair as forming what he called &quot;a symptomatic case that permits us to see how deep the self-doubt of the modern age, of science and technology goes today.&quot;<sup id="cite_ref-self-doubt_106-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>107<span>]</span></font></sup> Some of the views he cited were those of the philosopher Paul Feyerabend, whom he quoted as saying &ldquo;The Church at the time of Galileo kept much more closely to reason than did Galileo himself, and she took into consideration the ethical and social consequences of Galileo's teaching too. Her verdict against Galileo was rational and just and the revision of this verdict can be justified only on the grounds of what is politically opportune.&rdquo;<sup id="cite_ref-scupper_107-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>108<span>]</span></font></sup> The Cardinal did not clearly indicate whether he agreed or disagreed with Feyerabend's assertions. He did, however, say &quot;It would be foolish to construct an impulsive apologetic on the basis of such views.&quot;<sup id="cite_ref-self-doubt_106-1" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>107<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">On 31 October 1992, Pope John Paul II expressed regret for how the Galileo affair was handled, and officially conceded that the Earth was not stationary, as the result of a study conducted by the Pontifical Council for Culture.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>109<span>]</span></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>110<span>]</span></font></sup> In March 2008 the Vatican proposed to complete its rehabilitation of Galileo by erecting a statue of him inside the Vatican walls.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>111<span>]</span></font></sup> In December of the same year, during events to mark the 400th anniversary of Galileo's earliest telescopic observations, Pope Benedict XVI praised his contributions to astronomy.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>112<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000" size="2"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">His writings</font></span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="WIDTH: 142px" class="thumbinner"><font color="#000000"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="140" height="252" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Galileo_Galilei01.jpg/140px-Galileo_Galilei01.jpg" /> </font> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><font color="#000000"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></font></div> <font color="#000000">Statue outside the Uffizi, Florence.</font></div> </div> </div> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo's early works describing scientific instruments include the 1586 tract entitled <em>The Little Balance</em> (<em>La Billancetta</em>) describing an accurate balance to weigh objects in air or water<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>113<span>]</span></font></sup> and the 1606 printed manual <em>Le Operazioni del Compasso Geometrico et Militare</em> on the operation of a geometrical and military compass.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>114<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">His early works in dynamics, the science of motion and mechanics were his 1590 Pisan <em>De Motu</em> (On Motion) and his <em>circa</em> 1600 Paduan <em>Le Meccaniche</em> (Mechanics). The former was based on Aristotelian-Archimedean fluid dynamics and held that the speed of gravitational fall in a fluid medium was proportional to the excess of a body's specific weight over that of the medium, whereby in a vacuum bodies would fall with speeds in proportion to their specific weights. It also subscribed to the Hipparchan-Philoponan impetus dynamics in which impetus is self-dissipating and free-fall in a vacuum would have an essential terminal speed according to specific weight after an initial period of acceleration.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo's 1610 <em>The Starry Messenger</em> (<em>Sidereus Nuncius</em>) was the first scientific treatise to be published based on observations made through a telescope. It reported his discoveries of:</font></p> <ul> <li><font color="#000000">the Galilean moons;</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000">the roughness of the Moon's surface;</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000">the existence of a large number of stars invisible to the naked eye, particularly those responsible for the appearance of the Milky Way; and</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000">differences between the appearances of the planets and those of the fixed stars&mdash;the former appearing as small discs, while the latter appeared as unmagnified points of light.</font> </li> </ul> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo published a description of sunspots in 1613 entitled <em>Letters on Sunspots</em><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>115<span>]</span></font></sup> suggesting the Sun and heavens are corruptible. The <em>Letters on Sunspots</em> also reported his 1610 telescopic observations of the full set of phases of Venus, and his discovery of the puzzling &quot;appendages&quot; of Saturn and their even more puzzling subsequent disappearance. In 1615 Galileo prepared a manuscript known as the <em>Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina</em> which was not published in printed form until 1636. This letter was a revised version of the <em>Letter to Castelli</em>, which was denounced by the Inquisition as an incursion upon theology by advocating Copernicanism both as physically true and as consistent with Scripture.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>116<span>]</span></font></sup> In 1616, after the order by the inquisition for Galileo not to hold or defend the Copernican position, Galileo wrote the <em>Discourse on the tides</em> (<em>Discorso sul flusso e il reflusso del mare</em>) based on the Copernican earth, in the form of a private letter to Cardinal Orsini.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>117<span>]</span></font></sup> In 1619, Mario Guiducci, a pupil of Galileo's, published a lecture written largely by Galileo under the title <em>Discourse on the Comets</em> (<em>Discorso Delle Comete</em>), arguing against the Jesuit interpretation of comets.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>118<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">In 1623, Galileo published <em>The Assayer&nbsp;&ndash; Il Saggiatore</em>, which attacked theories based on Aristotle's authority and promoted experimentation and the mathematical formulation of scientific ideas. The book was highly successful and even found support among the higher echelons of the Christian church.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>119<span>]</span></font></sup> Following the success of The Assayer, Galileo published the <em>Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems</em> (Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo) in 1632. Despite taking care to adhere to the Inquisition's 1616 instructions, the claims in the book favouring Copernican theory and a non Geocentric model of the solar system led to Galileo being tried and banned on publication. Despite the publication ban, Galileo published his <em>Discourses and Mathematical Demonstrations Relating to Two New Sciences</em> (<em>Discorsi e Dimostrazioni Matematiche, intorno a due nuove scienze</em>) in 1638 in Holland, outside the jurisdiction of the Inquisition.</font></p> <ul> <li><font color="#000000"><em>The Little Balance</em> (1586)</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000"><em>On Motion</em> (1590) <sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>120<span>]</span></font></sup></font> </li> <li><font color="#000000"><em>Mechanics</em> (c1600)</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000"><em>The Starry Messenger</em> (1610; in Latin, Sidereus Nuncius)</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000"><em>Letters on Sunspots</em> (1613)</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000"><em>Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina</em> (1615; published in 1636)</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000"><em>Discourse on the Tides</em> (1616; in Italian, Discorso del flusso e reflusso del mare)</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000"><em>Discourse on the Comets</em> (1619; in Italian, Discorso Delle Comete)</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000"><em>The Assayer</em> (1623; in Italian, Il Saggiatore)</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000"><em>Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems</em> (1632; in Italian Dialogo dei due massimi sistemi del mondo)</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000"><em>Discourses and Mathematical Demonstrations Relating to Two New Sciences</em> (1638; in Italian, Discorsi e Dimostrazioni Matematiche, intorno a due nuove scienze)</font> </li> </ul> <p><font color="#000000"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Legacy</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo's astronomical discoveries and investigations into the Copernican theory have led to a lasting legacy which includes the categorisation of the four large moons of Jupiter discovered by Galileo (Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto) as the Galilean moons. Other scientific endeavours and principles are named after Galileo including the Galileo spacecraft,<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>121<span>]</span></font></sup> the first spacecraft to enter orbit around Jupiter, the proposed Galileo global satellite navigation system, the transformation between inertial systems in classical mechanics denoted Galilean transformation and the Gal (unit), sometimes known as the <em>Galileo</em> which is a non-SI unit of acceleration.</font></p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="WIDTH: 162px" class="thumbinner"><font color="#000000"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="160" height="159" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fe/2009_Austria_25_Euro_Year_of_Astronomy_Front.jpg/160px-2009_Austria_25_Euro_Year_of_Astronomy_Front.jpg" /> </font> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><font color="#000000"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></font></div> <font color="#000000">International Year of Astronomy commemorative coin</font></div> </div> </div> <p><font color="#000000">Partly because 2009 is the fourth centenary of Galileo's first recorded astronomical observations with the telescope, the United Nations has scheduled it to be the International Year of Astronomy.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>122<span>]</span></font></sup> A global scheme laid out by the International Astronomical Union (IAU), it has also been endorsed by UNESCO &mdash; the UN body responsible for Educational, Scientific and Cultural matters. The International Year of Astronomy 2009 is intended to be a global celebration of astronomy and its contributions to society and culture, stimulating worldwide interest not only in astronomy but science in general, with a particular slant towards young people.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">The 20th century German playwright Bertolt Brecht dramatised Galileo's life in his <em>Life of Galileo</em> (1943). A film adaptation with the title <em>Galileo</em> was released in 1975.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo Galilei was recently selected as a main motif for a high value collectors' coin: the &euro;25 International Year of Astronomy commemorative coin, minted in 2009. This coin also commemorates the 400th anniversary of the invention of Galileo's telescope. The obverse shows a portion of his portrait and his telescope. The background shows one of his first drawings of the surface of the moon. In the silver ring other telescopes are depicted: the Isaac Newton Telescope, the observatory in Kremsm&uuml;nster Abbey, a modern telescope, a radio telescope and a space telescope.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Notes</font></span></h2> <div style="-moz-column-count: 2; column-count: 2" class="references-small references-column-count references-column-count-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-McTutor-0"><font color="#000000">^ ^{<em><strong><font size="2">a</font></strong></em>} ^{<em><strong><font size="2">b</font></strong></em>} ^{<em><strong><font size="2">c</font></strong></em>} ^{<em><strong><font size="2">d</font></strong></em>} ^{<em><strong><font size="2">e</font></strong></em>} ^{<em><strong><font size="2">f</font></strong></em>} ^{<em><strong><font size="2">g</font></strong></em>} <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFO.27ConnorRobertson.2C_E._F." class="web">O'Connor, J. J.; Robertson, E. F.. &quot;Galileo Galilei&quot;. <em><span>The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive</span></em>. University of St Andrews, Scotland<span class="printonly">. http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Galileo.html</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-07-24</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo+Galilei&amp;rft.atitle=The+MacTutor+History+of+Mathematics+archive&amp;rft.aulast=O%27Connor&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+J.&amp;rft.au=O%27Connor%2C+J.+J.&amp;rft.au=Robertson%2C+E.+F.&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BUniversity+of+St+Andrews%5D%5D%2C+%5B%5BScotland%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FGalileo.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font> </li> <li id="cite_note-birthdate-1"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1978, p.1). The date of Galileo's birth is given according to the Julian calendar, which was then in force throughout the whole of Christendom. In 1582 it was replaced in Italy and several other Catholic countries with the Gregorian calendar. Unless otherwise indicated, dates in this article are given according to the Gregorian calendar.</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <img alt="" width="15" height="16" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" /> &quot;Galileo Galilei&quot; in the 1913 <em>Catholic Encyclopedia</em>. by John Gerard. Retrieved 11 August 2007</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFSinger1941">Singer, Charles (1941), <em>A Short History of Science to the Nineteenth Century</em>, Clarendon Press<span class="printonly">, http://www.google.com.au/books?id=mPIgAAAAMAAJ&amp;pgis=1</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Science+to+the+Nineteenth+Century&amp;rft.aulast=Singer&amp;rft.aufirst=Charles&amp;rft.au=Singer%2C+Charles&amp;rft.date=1941&amp;rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com.au%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmPIgAAAAMAAJ%26pgis%3D1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> (page 217)</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-Einstein-4"><font color="#000000">^ ^{<em><strong><font size="2">a</font></strong></em>} ^{<em><strong><font size="2">b</font></strong></em>} <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFWeidhorn2005" class="book">Weidhorn, Manfred (2005). <em><span>The Person of the Millennium: The Unique Impact of Galileo on World History</span></em>. iUniverse. pp.&nbsp;155. ISBN 0-595-36877-8.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Person+of+the+Millennium%3A+The+Unique+Impact+of+Galileo+on+World+History&amp;rft.aulast=Weidhorn&amp;rft.aufirst=Manfred&amp;rft.au=Weidhorn%2C+Manfred&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B155&amp;rft.pub=iUniverse&amp;rft.isbn=0-595-36877-8&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font> </li> <li id="cite_note-finocchiaro2007-5"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Finocchiaro (2007).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> &quot;Galileo and the Birth of Modern Science, by Stephen Hawking, American Heritage's Invention &amp; Technology, Spring 2009, Vol. 24, No. 1, p. 36</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-contrary_to_scripture-7"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sharratt (1994, pp.127&ndash;131), McMullin (2005a).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Reston (2000, pp. 3&ndash;14).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sharratt (1994, pp. 45&ndash;66).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFRutkin" class="web">Rutkin, H. Darrel. &quot;Galileo, Astrology, and the Scientific Revolution: Another Look&quot;. Program in History &amp; Philosophy of Science &amp; Technology, Stanford University.<span class="printonly">. http://www.stanford.edu/dept/HPST/colloquia0405.html</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-04-15</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo%2C+Astrology%2C+and+the+Scientific+Revolution%3A+Another+Look&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Rutkin&amp;rft.aufirst=H.+Darrel&amp;rft.au=Rutkin%2C+H.+Darrel&amp;rft.pub=Program+in+History+%26+Philosophy+of+Science+%26+Technology%2C+Stanford+University.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stanford.edu%2Fdept%2FHPST%2Fcolloquia0405.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sharratt (1994, pp.17, 213)</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-daughters_unmarriageable-12"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sobel (2000, p.5) Chapter 1. Retrieved on 26 August 2007. &quot;But because he never married Virginia's mother, he deemed the girl herself unmarriageable. Soon after her thirteenth birthday, he placed her at the Convent of San Matteo in Arcetri.&quot;</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFPedersen" class="book">Pedersen, O. (24 May&ndash;27, 1984). &quot;Galileo's Religion&quot;. Proceedings of the Cracow Conference, The Galileo affair: A meeting of faith and science. Cracow: Dordrecht, D. Reidel Publishing Co.. pp.&nbsp;75-102.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo%27s+Religion&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Pedersen&amp;rft.aufirst=O.&amp;rft.au=Pedersen%2C+O.&amp;rft.date=24+May%E2%80%9327%2C+1984&amp;rft.series=Proceedings+of+the+Cracow+Conference%2C+The+Galileo+affair%3A+A+meeting+of+faith+and+science&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B75-102&amp;rft.place=Cracow&amp;rft.pub=Dordrecht%2C+D.+Reidel+Publishing+Co.&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Gebler (1879, pp. 22&ndash;35).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFAnonymous2007" class="web">Anonymous (2007). &quot;History&quot;. Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei<span class="printonly">. http://www.lincei.it/modules.php?name=Content&amp;pa=showpage&amp;pid=21</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-06-10</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=History&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Anonymous&amp;rft.au=Anonymous&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.pub=Accademia+Nazionale+dei+Lincei&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lincei.it%2Fmodules.php%3Fname%3DContent%26pa%3Dshowpage%26pid%3D21&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> There are contradictory documents describing the nature of this admonition and the circumstances of its delivery. Finocchiaro, <em>The Galileo Affair</em>, pp.147&ndash;149, 153</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFCarney2000" class="book">Carney, Jo Eldridge (2000). <em><span>Renaissance and Reformation, 1500-1620: a</span></em>. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0-313-30574-9.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Renaissance+and+Reformation%2C+1500-1620%3A+a&amp;rft.aulast=Carney&amp;rft.aufirst=Jo+Eldridge&amp;rft.au=Carney%2C+Jo+Eldridge&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&amp;rft.isbn=0-313-30574-9&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Allan-Olney (1870)</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sharratt (1994, pp.204&ndash;05)</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFCohen1984" class="book">Cohen, H. F. (1984). <em><span>Quantifying Music: The Science of Music at</span></em>. Springer. pp.&nbsp;78&ndash;84. ISBN 90-277-1637-4.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Quantifying+Music%3A+The+Science+of+Music+at&amp;rft.aulast=Cohen&amp;rft.aufirst=H.+F.&amp;rft.au=Cohen%2C+H.+F.&amp;rft.date=1984&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B78%E2%80%9384&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.isbn=90-277-1637-4&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFField2005" class="book">Field, Judith Veronica (2005). <em><span>Piero Della Francesca: A Mathematician's Art</span></em>. Yale University Press. pp.&nbsp;317&ndash;320. ISBN 0-300-10342-5.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Piero+Della+Francesca%3A+A+Mathematician%27s+Art&amp;rft.aulast=Field&amp;rft.aufirst=Judith+Veronica&amp;rft.au=Field%2C+Judith+Veronica&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B317%E2%80%93320&amp;rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&amp;rft.isbn=0-300-10342-5&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> In Drake (1957, pp.237&minus;238)</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Wallace, (1984).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFFeyerabend1993" class="book">Feyerabend, Paul (1993). <em><span>Against Method</span></em> (3rd ed.). London: Verso. p.&nbsp;129. ISBN 0-86091-646-4.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Against+Method&amp;rft.aulast=Feyerabend&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul&amp;rft.au=Feyerabend%2C+Paul&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B129&amp;rft.edition=3rd&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Verso&amp;rft.isbn=0-86091-646-4&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sharratt (1994, pp.202&ndash;04), Galilei (1954, pp.250&ndash;52), Favaro (1898, 8:274&ndash;75) <span style="COLOR: #555; FONT-SIZE: 0.95em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold" class="languageicon"><font size="3">(Italian)</font></span></font> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sharratt (1994, pp.202&ndash;04), Galilei (1954, pp.252), Favaro (1898, 8:275) <span style="COLOR: #555; FONT-SIZE: 0.95em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold" class="languageicon"><font size="3">(Italian)</font></span></font> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hawking_galileo-27"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Hawking (1988, p.179).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-father_of_science_Einstein-28"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Einstein (1954, p.271). &quot;Propositions arrived at by purely logical means are completely empty as regards reality. Because Galileo realised this, and particularly because he drummed it into the scientific world, he is the father of modern physics&mdash;indeed, of modern science altogether.&quot;</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1990, pp.133&ndash;34).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-invisible-30"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <em>i.e.</em>, invisible to the naked eye.</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-jupiter.27s_moons-31"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1978, p.146).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-moonconclusion-32"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> In <em>Sidereus Nuncius</em> (Favaro,1892, 3:81<span style="COLOR: #555; FONT-SIZE: 0.95em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold" class="languageicon"><font size="3">(Latin)</font></span>) Galileo stated that he had reached this conclusion on 11 January. Drake (1978, p.152), however, after studying unpublished manuscript records of Galileo's observations, concluded that he did not do so until 15 January.</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-medicean_stars-33"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sharratt (1994, p.17).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Linton (2004, pp.98,205), Drake (1978, p.157).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-scepticism-35"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1978, p.158&ndash;68), Sharratt (1994, p.18&ndash;19).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <em>God's Philosophers</em> ju James Hannam Orion 2009 p313</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-periods-37"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1978, p.168), Sharratt (1994, p.93).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Thoren (1989), p.8; Hoskin (1999) p.117.</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> In the Capellan model only Mercury and Venus orbit the Sun, whilst in its extended version such as expounded by Riccioli, Mars also orbits the Sun, but the orbits of Jupiter and Saturn are centred on the Earth</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Baalke, Ron. Historical Background of Saturn's Rings. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, NASA. Retrieved on <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2007-03-11">2007-03-11</span></font> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> In Kepler's Thomist 'inertial' variant of Aristotelian dynamics as opposed to Galileo's impetus dynamics variant all bodies universally have an inherent resistance to all motion and tendency to rest, which he dubbed 'inertia'. This notion of inertia was originally introduced by Averroes in the 12th century just for the celestial spheres in order to explain why they do not rotate with infinite speed on Aristotelian dynamics, as they should if they had no resistance to their movers. And in his <em>Astronomia Nova</em> celestial mechanics the inertia of the planets is overcome in their solar orbital motion by their being pushed around by the sunspecks of the rotating sun acting like the spokes of a rotating cartwheel. And more generally it predicted all but only planets with orbiting satellites, such as Jupiter for example, also rotate to push them around, whereas the Moon, for example, does not rotate, thus always presenting the same face to the Earth, because it has no satellites to push around. These seem to have been the first successful novel predictions of Thomist 'inertial' Aristotelian dynamics as well as of post-spherist celestial physics. In his 1630 <em>Epitome</em> (See p514 on p896 of the Encyclop&aelig;dia Britannica 1952 <em>Great Books of the Western World</em> edition) Kepler keenly stressed he had proved the Sun's axial rotation from planetary motions in his <em>Commentaries on Mars</em> Ch 34 long before it was telescopically established by sunspot motion.</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1978, p.209). Sizzi reported the observations he and his companions had made over the course of a year to Orazio Morandi in a letter dated 10 April 1613 (Favaro,1901, 11:491 <span style="COLOR: #555; FONT-SIZE: 0.95em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold" class="languageicon"><font size="3">(Italian)</font></span>). Morandi subsequently forwarded a copy to Galileo.</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-sunspot_argument-43"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> In geostatic systems the apparent annual variation in the motion of sunspots could only be explained as the result of an implausibly complicated precession of the Sun's axis of rotation (Linton, 2004, p.212; Sharratt, 1994, p.166; Drake, 1970, pp.191&ndash;196) However, in Drake's judgment of this complex issue in Chapter 9 of his 1970 this is not so, for it does not refute non-geostatic geo-rotating geocentric models. For at most the variable annual inclinations of sunspots&rsquo; monthly paths to the ecliptic only proved there must be some terrestrial motion, but not necessarily its annual heliocentric orbital motion as opposed to a geocentric daily rotation, and so it did not prove heliocentrism by refuting geocentrism. Thus it could be explained in the semi-Tychonic geocentric model with a daily rotating Earth such as that of Tycho's follower Longomontanus. Especially see p190 and p196 of Drake's article. Thus on this analysis it only refuted the Ptolemaic geostatic geocentric model whose required daily geocentric orbit of the sun would have predicted the annual variation in this inclination should be observed daily, which it is not.</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-scientific_manifesto-44"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1960, pp.vii,xxiii&ndash;xxiv), Sharratt (1994, pp.139&ndash;140).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-disputatio-45"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Grassi (1960a).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-grassi_great_circle-46"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1978, p.268), Grassi (1960a, p.16).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-discourse_on_comets-47"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Galilei &amp; Guiducci (1960).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-authorship_of_discourse-48"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1960, p.xvi).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-criticism_of_previous_theories-49"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1957, p.222), Drake (1960, p.xvii).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scheiner_insult-50"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sharratt (1994, p.135), Drake (1960, p.xii), Galilei &amp; Guiducci (1960, p.24).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-uncomplimentary_remark-51"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sharratt (1994, p.135).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-jesuits_offended-52"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sharratt (1994, p.135), Drake (1960, p.xvii).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-astronomical_balance-53"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Grassi (1960b).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1978, p.494), Favaro(1896, 6:111). The pseudonym was a slightly imperfect anagram of Oratio Grasio Savonensis, a latinized version of his name and home town.</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-the_assayer-55"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Galilei (1960).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-masterpiece_of_polemics-56"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sharratt (1994, p.137), Drake (1957, p.227).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-withering_scorn-57"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sharratt (1994, p.138&ndash;142).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-assayer_success-58"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1960, p.xix).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-jesuit_alienation-59"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1960, p.vii).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-jesuits_responsible-60"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sharratt (1994, p.175).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-evidence_of_jesuits-61"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sharratt (1994, pp.175&ndash;78), Blackwell (2006, p.30).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Finocchiaro (1989), pp. 67&ndash;9.</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Finocchiaro (1989), p. 354, n. 52</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Finocchiaro (1989), pp.119&ndash;133</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Finocchiaro (1989), pp.127&ndash;131 and Drake (1953), pp. 432&ndash;6</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Einstein (1952) p. xvii</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Finocchiaro (1989), p. 128</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFKusukawa" class="web">Kusukawa, Sachiko. &quot;Starry Messenger. The Telescope, Department of History and Philosophy of Science of the University of Cambridge. Retrieved on <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2007-03-10">2007-03-10</span>]&quot;<span class="printonly">. http://www.hps.cam.ac.uk/starry/galtele.html</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Starry+Messenger.+The+Telescope%5D%2C+Department+of+History+and+Philosophy+of+Science+of+the+University+of+Cambridge.+Retrieved+on+%5B%5B2007-03-10%5D%5D&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Kusukawa&amp;rft.aufirst=Sachiko&amp;rft.au=Kusukawa%2C+Sachiko&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hps.cam.ac.uk%2Fstarry%2Fgaltele.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sobel (2000, p.43), Drake (1978, p.196). In the <em>Starry Messenger</em>, written in Latin, Galileo had used the term &quot;perspicillum.&quot;</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="web">&quot;omni-optical.com &quot;<em>A Very Short History of the Telescope</em>&quot;&quot;<span class="printonly">. http://www.omni-optical.com/telescope/ut104.htm</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=omni-optical.com+%22%27%27A+Very+Short+History+of+the+Telescope%27%27%22&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.omni-optical.com%2Ftelescope%2Fut104.htm&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font> </li> <li id="cite_note-telescope_microscope-71"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1978, p.163&ndash;164), Favaro(1892, 3:163&ndash;164)<span style="COLOR: #555; FONT-SIZE: 0.95em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold" class="languageicon"><font size="3">(Latin)</font></span></font> </li> <li id="cite_note-microscope_perfection-72"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Probably in 1623, according to Drake (1978, p.286).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zollern_microscope-73"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1978, p.289), Favaro(1903, 13:177) <span style="COLOR: #555; FONT-SIZE: 0.95em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold" class="languageicon"><font size="3">(Italian)</font></span>.</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cesi_microscope-74"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1978, p.286), Favaro(1903, 13:208)<span style="COLOR: #555; FONT-SIZE: 0.95em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold" class="languageicon"><font size="3">(Italian)</font></span>. The actual inventors of the telescope and microscope remain debatable. A general view on this can be found in the article Hans Lippershey (last updated <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2003-08-01">2003-08-01</span>), &copy; 1995&ndash;2007 by Davidson, Michael W. and the Florida State University. Retrieved <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2007-08-28">2007-08-28</span></font> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="web">&quot;brunelleschi.imss.fi.it &quot;Il microscopio di Galileo&quot;&quot; (PDF)<span class="printonly">. http://brunelleschi.imss.fi.it/esplora/microscopio/dswmedia/risorse/testi_completi.pdf</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=brunelleschi.imss.fi.it+%22Il+microscopio+di+Galileo%22&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbrunelleschi.imss.fi.it%2Fesplora%2Fmicroscopio%2Fdswmedia%2Frisorse%2Ftesti_completi.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Van Helden, Al. Galileo Timeline (last updated 1995), The Galileo Project. Retrieved <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2007-08-28">2007-08-28</span>. See also Timeline of microscope technology.</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-microscope_use-77"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1978, p.286).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1978, pp.19,20). At the time when Viviani asserts that the experiment took place, Galileo had not yet formulated the final version of his law of free fall. He had, however, formulated an earlier version which predicted that bodies <em>of the same material</em> falling through the same medium would fall at the same speed (Drake, 1978, p.20).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1978, p.9); Sharratt (1994, p.31).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFGroleau" class="web">Groleau, Rick. &quot;Galileo's Battle for the Heavens. July 2002&quot;<span class="printonly">. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/galileo/experiments.html</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo%27s+Battle+for+the+Heavens.+July+2002&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Groleau&amp;rft.aufirst=Rick&amp;rft.au=Groleau%2C+Rick&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fnova%2Fgalileo%2Fexperiments.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFBall" class="web">Ball, Phil. &quot;Science history: setting the record straight. 30 June 2005&quot;<span class="printonly">. http://www.hindu.com/seta/2005/06/30/stories/2005063000351500.htm</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Science+history%3A+setting+the+record+straight.+30+June+2005&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Ball&amp;rft.aufirst=Phil&amp;rft.au=Ball%2C+Phil&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2Fseta%2F2005%2F06%2F30%2Fstories%2F2005063000351500.htm&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> An exception is Drake (1978, pp.19&ndash;21, 414&ndash;416), who argues that the experiment did take place, more or less as Viviani described it.</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Lucretius, <em>De rerum natura</em> II, 225&ndash;229; Relevant passage appears in: Lane Cooper, <em>Aristotle, Galileo, and the Tower of Pisa</em> (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1935), page 49.</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Simon Stevin, <em>De Beghinselen des Waterwichts, Anvang der Waterwichtdaet, en de Anhang komen na de Beghinselen der Weeghconst en de Weeghdaet</em> [The Elements of Hydrostatics, Preamble to the Practice of Hydrostatics, and Appendix to The Elements of the Statics and The Practice of Weighing] (Leiden, Netherlands: Christoffel Plantijn, 1586) reports an experiment by Stevin and Jan Cornets de Groot in which they dropped lead balls from a church tower in Delft; relevant passage is translated here: E. J. Dijksterhuis, ed., <em>The Principal Works of Simon Stevin</em> (Amsterdam, Netherlands: C. V. Swets &amp; Zeitlinger, 1955) vol. 1, pages 509 and 511. Available on-line at: http://www.library.tudelft.nl/cgi-bin/digitresor/display.cgi?bookname=Mechanics%20I&amp;page=509</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sharratt (1994, p.203), Galilei (1954, pp.251&ndash;54).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sharratt (1994, p.198), Galilei (1954, p.174).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Clagett (1968, p.561).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sharratt (1994, p.198), Wallace (2004, pp.II 384, II 400, III 272) Soto, however, did not anticipate many of the qualifications and refinements contained in Galileo's theory of falling bodies. He did not, for instance, recognise, as Galileo did, that a body would only fall with a strictly uniform acceleration in a vacuum, and that it would otherwise eventually reach a uniform terminal velocity.</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Galileo Galilei, <em>Two New Sciences,</em> (Madison: Univ. of Wisconsin Pr., 1974) p. 50.</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> I. Bernard Cohen, &quot;Roemer and the First Determination of the Velocity of Light (1676),&quot; <em>Isis</em>, 31 (1940): 327&ndash;379, see pp. 332&ndash;333</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bellarmine_quote-89"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Brodrick (1965, c1964, p.95) quoting Cardinal Bellarmine's letter to Foscarini, dated 12 April 1615. Translated from Favaro(1902, 12:171&ndash;172) <span style="COLOR: #555; FONT-SIZE: 0.95em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold" class="languageicon"><font size="3">(Italian)</font></span>.</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> See Langford (1966, pp.133&ndash;134), and Seeger (1966, p.30), for example. Drake (1978, p.355) asserts that Simplicio's character is modelled on the Aristotelian philosophers, Lodovico delle Colombe and Cesare Cremonini, rather than Urban. He also considers that the demand for Galileo to include the Pope's argument in the <em>Dialogue</em> left him with no option but to put it in the mouth of Simplicio (Drake, 1953, p.491). Even Arthur Koestler, who is generally quite harsh on Galileo in <em>The Sleepwalkers</em> (1959), after noting that Urban suspected Galileo of having intended Simplicio to be a caricature of him, says &quot;this of course is untrue&quot; (1959, p.483)</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Fantoli (2005, p.139), Finocchiaro (1989, p.288&ndash;293). Finocchiaro's translation of the Inquisition's judgement against Galileo is available on-line. &quot;Vehemently suspect of heresy&quot; was a technical term of canon law and did not necessarily imply that the Inquisition considered the opinions giving rise to the verdict to be heretical. The same verdict would have been possible even if the opinions had been subject only to the less serious censure of &quot;erroneous in faith&quot; (Fantoli, 2005, p.140; Heilbron, 2005, pp.282-284).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <span id="_note-publication-ban"></span>Drake (1978, p.367), Sharratt (1994, p.184), Favaro(1905, 16:209, 230)<span style="COLOR: #555; FONT-SIZE: 0.95em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold" class="languageicon"><font size="3">(Italian)</font></span>. See Galileo affair for further details.</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1978, p.356). The phrase &quot;Eppur si muove&quot; does appear, however, in a painting of the 1640s by the Spanish painter Bartolom&eacute; Esteban Murillo or an artist of his school. The painting depicts an imprisoned Galileo apparently pointing to a copy of the phrase written on the wall of his dungeon (Drake, 1978, p.357).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-funeral-94"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Shea &amp; Artigas (2003, p.199); Sobel (2000, p.378).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-funeral_protests-95"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Shea &amp; Artigas (2003, p.199); Sobel (2000, p.378); Sharratt (1994, p.207); Favaro(1906,18:378&ndash;80) <span style="COLOR: #555; FONT-SIZE: 0.95em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold" class="languageicon"><font size="3">(Italian)</font></span>.</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-burial_spot-96"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Shea &amp; Artigas (2003, p.199); Sobel (2000, p.380).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-reburial_spot-97"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Shea &amp; Artigas (2003, p.200); Sobel (2000, p.380&ndash;384).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-incomplete_works-98"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Heilbron (2005, p.299).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-complete_works_1-99"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Two of his non-scientific works, the letters to Castelli and the Grand Duchess Christina, were explicitly not allowed to be included (Coyne 2005, p.347).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-complete_works_2-100"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Heilbron (2005, p.303&ndash;04); Coyne (2005, p.347). The uncensored version of the <em>Dialogue</em> remained on the Index of prohibited books, however (Heilbron 2005, p.279).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-ban_not_lifted-101"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Heilbron (2005, p.307); Coyne (2005, p.347) The practical effect of the ban in its later years seems to have been that clergy could publish discussions of heliocentric physics with a formal disclaimer assuring its hypothetical character and their obedience to the church decrees against motion of the earth: see for example the commented edition (1742) of Newton's 'Principia' by Fathers Le Seur and Jacquier, which contains such a disclaimer ('Declaratio') before the third book (Propositions 25 onwards) dealing with the lunar theory.</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-ban_lifted-102"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> McMullin (2005, p.6); Coyne (2005, p.346). In fact, the Church's opposition had effectively ended in 1820 when a Catholic canon, Giuseppe Settele, was given permission to publish a work which treated heliocentism as a physical fact rather than a mathematical fiction. The 1835 edition of the Index was the first to be issued after that year.</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Discourse of His Holiness Pope Pius XII given on 3 December 1939 at the Solemn Audience granted to the Plenary Session of the Academy, Discourses of the Popes from Pius XI to John Paul II to the Pontifical Academy of the Sciences 1939-1986, Vatican City, p.34</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Robert Leiber, Pius XII Stimmen der Zeit, November 1958 in Pius XII. Sagt, Frankfurt 1959, p.411</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> An earlier version had been delivered on 16 December 1989, in Rieti, and a later version in Madrid on 24 February 1990 (Ratzinger, 1994, p.81). According to Feyerabend himself, Ratzinger had also mentioned him &quot;in support of&quot; his own views in a speech in Parma around the same time (Feyerabend, 1995, p.178).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-self-doubt-106"><font color="#000000">^ ^{<em><strong><font size="2">a</font></strong></em>} ^{<em><strong><font size="2">b</font></strong></em>} Ratzinger (1994, p.98).</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-scupper-107"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Ratzinger (1994, p.98)</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="news">&quot;Vatican admits Galileo was right&quot;. New Scientist. 1992-11-07<span class="printonly">. http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg13618460.600-vatican-admits-galileo-was-right-.html</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-08-09</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Vatican+admits+Galileo+was+right&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=1992-11-07&amp;rft.pub=New+Scientist&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fmg13618460.600-vatican-admits-galileo-was-right-.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span>.</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="news">&quot;Papal visit scuppered by scholars&quot;. BBC News. 2008-01-15<span class="printonly">. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7188860.stm</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-01-16</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Papal+visit+scuppered+by+scholars&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=2008-01-15&amp;rft.pub=BBC+News&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F7188860.stm&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="news">&quot;Vatican recants with a statue of Galileo&quot;. TimesOnline News. 2008-03-04<span class="printonly">. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/faith/article3478943.ece</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-03-02</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Vatican+recants+with+a+statue+of+Galileo&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=2008-03-04&amp;rft.pub=TimesOnline+News&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fcomment%2Ffaith%2Farticle3478943.ece&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="news">&quot;Pope praises Galileo's astronomy&quot;. BBC News. 2008-12-21<span class="printonly">. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7794668.stm</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-12-22</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Pope+praises+Galileo%27s+astronomy&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=2008-12-21&amp;rft.pub=BBC+News&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F7794668.stm&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal"><em>Hydrostatic balance</em>, The Galileo Project<span class="printonly">, http://galileo.rice.edu/sci/instruments/balance.html</span><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved 2008-07-17</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Hydrostatic+balance&amp;rft.pub=The+Galileo+Project&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgalileo.rice.edu%2Fsci%2Finstruments%2Fbalance.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal"><em>The Works of Galileo</em>, The University of Oklahoma, College of Arts and Sciences<span class="printonly">, http://hsci.ou.edu/exhibits/exhibit.php?exbgrp=1&amp;exbid=10&amp;exbpg=1</span><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved 2008-07-17</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Works+of+Galileo&amp;rft.pub=The+University+of+Oklahoma%2C+College+of+Arts+and+Sciences&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhsci.ou.edu%2Fexhibits%2Fexhibit.php%3Fexbgrp%3D1%26exbid%3D10%26exbpg%3D1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal"><em>Sunspots and Floating Bodies</em>, The University of Oklahoma, College of Arts and Sciences<span class="printonly">, http://hsci.ou.edu/exhibits/exhibit.php?exbgrp=1&amp;exbid=13&amp;exbpg=2</span><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved 2008-07-17</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Sunspots+and+Floating+Bodies&amp;rft.pub=The+University+of+Oklahoma%2C+College+of+Arts+and+Sciences&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhsci.ou.edu%2Fexhibits%2Fexhibit.php%3Fexbgrp%3D1%26exbid%3D13%26exbpg%3D2&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal"><em>Galileo, Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina</em>, The University of Oklahoma, College of Arts and Sciences<span class="printonly">, http://hsci.ou.edu/exhibits/exhibit.php?exbgrp=1&amp;exbid=14&amp;exbpg=3</span><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved 2008-07-17</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo%2C+Letter+to+the+Grand+Duchess+Christina&amp;rft.pub=The+University+of+Oklahoma%2C+College+of+Arts+and+Sciences&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhsci.ou.edu%2Fexhibits%2Fexhibit.php%3Fexbgrp%3D1%26exbid%3D14%26exbpg%3D3&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal"><em>Galileo's Theory of the Tides</em>, The Galileo Project<span class="printonly">, http://galileo.rice.edu/sci/observations/tides.html</span><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved 2008-07-17</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo%27s+Theory+of+the+Tides&amp;rft.pub=The+Galileo+Project&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgalileo.rice.edu%2Fsci%2Fobservations%2Ftides.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal"><em>Galileo Timeline</em>, The Galileo Project<span class="printonly">, http://galileo.rice.edu/chron/galileo.html</span><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved 2008-07-17</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo+Timeline&amp;rft.pub=The+Galileo+Project&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgalileo.rice.edu%2Fchron%2Fgalileo.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal"><em>Galileo Galilei</em>, Tel-Aviv University, Science and Technology Education Center<span class="printonly">, http://muse.tau.ac.il/museum/galileo/galileo.html</span><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved 2008-07-17</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo+Galilei&amp;rft.pub=Tel-Aviv+University%2C+Science+and+Technology+Education+Center&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuse.tau.ac.il%2Fmuseum%2Fgalileo%2Fgalileo.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> [1]</font> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFFischer2001" class="book">Fischer, Daniel (2001). <em><span>Mission Jupiter: The Spectacular Journey of the</span></em> <span>Galileo <em>Spacecraft</em></span>. Springer. pp.&nbsp;v. ISBN 0-387-98764-9.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Mission+Jupiter%3A+The+Spectacular+Journey+of+the+%27%27Galileo%27%27+Spacecraft&amp;rft.aulast=Fischer&amp;rft.aufirst=Daniel&amp;rft.au=Fischer%2C+Daniel&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3Bv&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.isbn=0-387-98764-9&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFUnited_Nations_Educational.2C_Scientific_and_Cultural_Organization2005" class="web">United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (11 August 2005). &quot;Proclamation of 2009 as International year of Astronomy&quot; (PDF). UNESCO<span class="printonly">. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001403/140317e.pdf</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-06-10</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Proclamation+of+2009+as+International+year+of+Astronomy&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=United+Nations+Educational%2C+Scientific+and+Cultural+Organization&amp;rft.au=United+Nations+Educational%2C+Scientific+and+Cultural+Organization&amp;rft.date=11+August+2005&amp;rft.pub=UNESCO&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fimages%2F0014%2F001403%2F140317e.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font> </li> </ol> </div> <p><font color="#000000"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">See also</font></span></h2> <ul> <li><font color="#000000">Villa Il Gioiello (Galileo's main home in Florence)</font> </li> </ul> <p><a id="References" name="References"><font color="#000000"></font></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">References</font></span></h2> <div style="MARGIN-LEFT: 1.5em; FONT-SIZE: 90%; -moz-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2"> <ul> <li><font color="#000000"><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFAllan-Olney1870" class="book">Allan-Olney, Mary (1870). <em><a class="external text" title="http://books.google.com/books?id=zWcSAAAAIAAJ" rel="nofollow" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=zWcSAAAAIAAJ">The Private Life of Galileo: Compiled primarily from his correspondence and that of his eldest daughter, Sister Maria Celeste</a></em>. Boston: Nichols and Noyes<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://books.google.com/books?id=zWcSAAAAIAAJ" rel="nofollow" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=zWcSAAAAIAAJ">http://books.google.com/books?id=zWcSAAAAIAAJ</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-06-09</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Private+Life+of+Galileo%3A+Compiled+primarily+from+his+correspondence+and+that+of+his+eldest+daughter%2C+Sister+Maria+Celeste&amp;rft.aulast=Allan-Olney&amp;rft.aufirst=Mary&amp;rft.au=Allan-Olney%2C+Mary&amp;rft.date=1870&amp;rft.place=Boston&amp;rft.pub=Nichols+and+Noyes&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzWcSAAAAIAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font> </li> <li><font color="#000000"><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Biagioli-1993" class="book">Biagioli, Mario (1993). <em><span>Galileo, Courtier: The Practice of Science in the Culture of Absolutism</span></em>. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo%2C+Courtier%3A+The+Practice+of+Science+in+the+Culture+of+Absolutism&amp;rft.aulast=Biagioli&amp;rft.aufirst=Mario&amp;rft.au=Biagioli%2C+Mario&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft.place=Chicago%2C+IL&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font> </li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Blackwell-2006" class="book"><font color="#000000">Blackwell, Richard J. (2006). <em><span>Behind the Scenes at Galileo's Trial</span></em>. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0268022011"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-268-02201-1</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Behind+the+Scenes+at+Galileo%27s+Trial&amp;rft.aulast=Blackwell%2C+Richard+J.&amp;rft.au=Blackwell%2C+Richard+J.&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.place=Notre+Dame%2C+IN&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Notre+Dame+Press&amp;rft.isbn=0-268-02201-1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span> </li> <li><font color="#000000"><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Brodrick-1965" class="book">Brodrick, James, S. J. (1965) [c1964]. <em><span>Galileo: the man, his work, his misfortunes</span></em>. London: G. Chapman.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo%3A+the+man%2C+his+work%2C+his+misfortunes&amp;rft.aulast=Brodrick%2C+James%2C+S.+J.&amp;rft.au=Brodrick%2C+James%2C+S.+J.&amp;rft.date=1965&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=G.+Chapman&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font> </li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Clagett-1968" class="book"><font color="#000000">Clagett, Marshall (editor &amp; translator) (1968). <em><span>Nicole Oresme and the Medieval Geometry of Qualities and Motions; a treatise on the uniformity and difformity of intensities known as Tractatus de configurationibus qualitatum et motuum</span></em>. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0299048802"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-299-04880-2</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Nicole+Oresme+and+the+Medieval+Geometry+of+Qualities+and+Motions%3B+a+treatise+on+the+uniformity+and+difformity+of+intensities+known+as+Tractatus+de+configurationibus+qualitatum+et+motuum&amp;rft.aulast=Clagett&amp;rft.aufirst=Marshall+%28editor+%26+translator%29&amp;rft.au=Clagett%2C+Marshall+%28editor+%26+translator%29&amp;rft.date=1968&amp;rft.place=Madison%2C+WI&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&amp;rft.isbn=0-299-04880-2&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Clavelin, Maurice <em>The Natural Philosophy of Galileo</em> MIT Press 1974</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Coffa,J <em>Galileo's Concept of Inertia</em> Physis 1968</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Consolmagno, Guy; Schaefer, Marta (1994) <em>Worlds Apart, A Textbook in Planetary Science</em>. Englewood, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0139641319"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-13-964131-9</font></a> </li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Cooper-1935" class="book"><font color="#000000">Cooper, Lane (1935). <em><span>Aristotle, Galileo, and the Tower of Pisa</span></em>. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1406752630"><font color="#000000">ISBN 1-4067-5263-0</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Aristotle%2C+Galileo%2C+and+the+Tower+of+Pisa&amp;rft.aulast=Cooper&amp;rft.aufirst=Lane&amp;rft.au=Cooper%2C+Lane&amp;rft.date=1935&amp;rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&amp;rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&amp;rft.isbn=1-4067-5263-0&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span> </li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Coyne-2005" class="book"><font color="#000000">Coyne, George V., S.J. (2005). <em><span>The Church's Most Recent Attempt to Dispel the Galileo Myth</span></em>. In </font><a href="#Reference-McMullin-2005"><font color="#000000">McMullin (2005, pp.340&ndash;359)</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Church%27s+Most+Recent+Attempt+to+Dispel+the+Galileo+Myth&amp;rft.aulast=Coyne%2C+George+V.%2C+S.J.&amp;rft.au=Coyne%2C+George+V.%2C+S.J.&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Drabkin, Israel &amp; Drake, Stillman (Eds &amp; translators) <em>On Motion and On Mechanics</em> University of Wisconsin Press 1960 </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0299020304"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-299-02030-4</font></a> </li> <li><font color="#000000"><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Drake-1953" class="book">Drake, Stillman (translator) (1953). <em><span>Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems</span></em>. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Dialogue+Concerning+the+Two+Chief+World+Systems&amp;rft.aulast=Drake%2C+Stillman+%28translator%29&amp;rft.au=Drake%2C+Stillman+%28translator%29&amp;rft.date=1953&amp;rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&amp;rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font> </li> <li><cite id="Reference-Drake-1957"><font color="#000000">Drake, Stillman (1957). <em>Discoveries and Opinions of Galileo</em>. New York: Doubleday &amp; Company. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0385092393"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-385-09239-3</font></a></cite> </li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Drake-1960" class="book"><font color="#000000">Drake, Stillman (1960). <em><span>Introduction to the Controversy on the Comets of 1618</span></em>. In </font><a href="#Reference-Drake.26O.27Malley-1960"><font color="#000000">Drake &amp; O'Malley (1960, pp.vii&ndash;xxv)</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Controversy+on+the+Comets+of+1618&amp;rft.aulast=Drake%2C+Stillman&amp;rft.au=Drake%2C+Stillman&amp;rft.date=1960&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span> </li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Drake-1970" class="book"><font color="#000000">Drake, Stillman (1970). <em><span>Galileo Studies</span></em>. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0472082833"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-472-08283-3</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo+Studies&amp;rft.aulast=Drake%2C+Stillman&amp;rft.au=Drake%2C+Stillman&amp;rft.date=1970&amp;rft.place=Ann+Arbor&amp;rft.pub=The+University+of+Michigan+Press&amp;rft.isbn=0-472-08283-3&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Drake, Stillman (1973). &quot;Galileo's Discovery of the Law of Free Fall.&quot; <em>Scientific American</em> v. 228, #5, pp.&nbsp;84&ndash;92.</font> </li> <li><cite id="Reference-Drake-1978"><font color="#000000">Drake, Stillman (1978). <em>Galileo At Work</em>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226162265"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-226-16226-5</font></a></cite> </li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Drake-1990" class="book"><font color="#000000">Drake, Stillman (1990). <em><span>Galileo: Pioneer Scientist</span></em>. Toronto: The University of Toronto Press. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0802027253"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-8020-2725-3</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo%3A+Pioneer+Scientist&amp;rft.aulast=Drake&amp;rft.aufirst=Stillman&amp;rft.au=Drake%2C+Stillman&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft.place=Toronto&amp;rft.pub=The+University+of+Toronto+Press&amp;rft.isbn=0-8020-2725-3&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span> </li> <li><font color="#000000"><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Drake.26O.27Malley-1960" class="book">Drake, Stillman, and O'Malley, C.D. (translators) (1960). <em><span>The Controversy on the Comets of 1618</span></em>. Philadelphia, PA: University of Philadelphia Press.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Controversy+on+the+Comets+of+1618&amp;rft.aulast=Drake%2C+Stillman%2C+and+O%27Malley%2C+C.D.+%28translators%29&amp;rft.au=Drake%2C+Stillman%2C+and+O%27Malley%2C+C.D.+%28translators%29&amp;rft.date=1960&amp;rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Philadelphia+Press&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Dugas,Ren&eacute; <em>A History of Mechanics</em> 1955, Dover Publications 1988</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Duhem, Pierre <em>Etudes sur Leonard de Vinci</em> 1906-13</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Duhem, Pierre <em>Le Systeme du Monde</em> 1913 -</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Duhem, Pierre <em>History of Physics</em> Catholic Encyclopedia</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Einstein, Albert (1952). Foreword to (Drake, 1953)</font> </li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Einstein-1954" class="book"><a title="Albert Einstein" href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein"><font color="#000000">Einstein, Albert</font></a><font color="#000000"> (1954). <em><span>Ideas and Opinions</span></em>. translated by Sonja Bargmann. London: Crown Publishers. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0285647245"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-285-64724-5</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Ideas+and+Opinions&amp;rft.aulast=Einstein%2C+Albert&amp;rft.au=Einstein%2C+Albert&amp;rft.date=1954&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Crown+Publishers&amp;rft.isbn=0-285-64724-5&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Fantoli, Annibale (2003). <em>Galileo&nbsp;&mdash; For Copernicanism and the Church</em>, third English edition. Vatican Observatory Publications. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8820974274"><font color="#000000">ISBN 88-209-7427-4</font></a> </li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Fantoli-2005" class="book"><font color="#000000">Fantoli, Annibale (2005). <em><span>The Disputed Injunction and its Role in Galileo's Trial</span></em>. In </font><a href="#Reference-McMullin-2005"><font color="#000000">McMullin (2005, pp.117&ndash;149)</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Disputed+Injunction+and+its+Role+in+Galileo%27s+Trial&amp;rft.aulast=Fantoli&amp;rft.aufirst=Annibale&amp;rft.au=Fantoli%2C+Annibale&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span> </li> <li><cite id="Reference-Favaro-1890"><font color="#000000">Favaro, Antonio (1890&ndash;1909), ed.</font><a class="external autonumber" title="http://www.domusgalilaeana.it/Exhibition/Protagonist/Favaro.htm" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.domusgalilaeana.it/Exhibition/Protagonist/Favaro.htm"><font color="#000000">[2]</font></a><font color="#000000">. <em><a class="external text" title="http://moro.imss.fi.it/lettura/LetturaWEB.DLL?AZIONE=CATALOGO" rel="nofollow" href="http://moro.imss.fi.it/lettura/LetturaWEB.DLL?AZIONE=CATALOGO">Le Opere di Galileo Galilei, Edizione Nazionale</a></em> <span style="COLOR: #555; FONT-SIZE: 0.95em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold" class="languageicon"><font size="3">(Italian)</font></span>. (<em>The Works of Galileo Galilei, National Edition</em>, 20 vols.), </font><a title="Florence" href="/wiki/Florence"><font color="#000000">Florence</font></a><font color="#000000">: Barbera, 1890&ndash;1909; reprinted 1929&ndash;1939 and 1964&ndash;1966. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8809208811"><font color="#000000">ISBN 88-09-20881-1</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><font color="#000000"> Searchable online copy from the </font><a class="external text" title="http://www.imss.fi.it/istituto/index.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.imss.fi.it/istituto/index.html"><font color="#000000">Institute and Museum of the History of Science</font></a><font color="#000000">, Florence. Brief overview of <em>Le Opere</em> @ Finns Fine Books, </font><a class="external autonumber" title="http://www.finns-books.com/fgalileo.htm" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.finns-books.com/fgalileo.htm"><font color="#000000">[3]</font></a><font color="#000000"> and here </font><a class="external autonumber" title="http://www.pacifier.com/~tpope/Additional_Info.htm#National_Edition" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pacifier.com/~tpope/Additional_Info.htm#National_Edition"><font color="#000000">[4]</font></a> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Feyerabend, Paul <em>Againat Method</em> Verso 1975</font> </li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Feyerabend-1995" class="book"><a title="Paul Feyerabend" href="/wiki/Paul_Feyerabend"><font color="#000000">Feyerabend, Paul</font></a><font color="#000000"> (1995). <em><span>Killing Time: The Autobiography of Paul Feyerabend</span></em>. Chicago, MI: University of Chicago Press. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226245314"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-226-24531-4</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Killing+Time%3A+The+Autobiography+of+Paul+Feyerabend&amp;rft.aulast=Feyerabend%2C+Paul&amp;rft.au=Feyerabend%2C+Paul&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.place=Chicago%2C+MI&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&amp;rft.isbn=0-226-24531-4&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Fillmore, Charles (1931, 17th printing July 2004). <em>Metaphysical Bible Dictionary</em>. Unity Village, Missouri: Unity House. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0871590670"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-87159-067-0</font></a> </li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Finocchiaro-1989" class="book"><font color="#000000">Finocchiaro, Maurice A. (1989). <em><span>The Galileo Affair: A Documentary History</span></em>. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520066626"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-520-06662-6</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Galileo+Affair%3A+A+Documentary+History&amp;rft.aulast=Finocchiaro%2C+Maurice+A.&amp;rft.au=Finocchiaro%2C+Maurice+A.&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&amp;rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&amp;rft.isbn=0-520-06662-6&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span> </li> <li><cite id="Reference-Finocchiaro-2007"></cite><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFFinocchiaro"><font color="#000000">Finocchiaro, Maurice A. (Fall 2007), &quot;Book Review&mdash;The Person of the Millennium: The Unique Impact of Galileo on World History&quot;, <em>The Historian</em> <strong>69</strong> (3): 601&ndash;602, </font><a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#000000">doi</font></a><font color="#000000">:<span class="neverexpand"><a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-6563.2007.00189_68.x" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-6563.2007.00189_68.x">10.1111/j.1540-6563.2007.00189_68.x</a></span></font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Book+Review%E2%80%94The+Person+of+the+Millennium%3A+The+Unique+Impact+of+Galileo+on+World+History&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Historian&amp;rft.aulast=Finocchiaro&amp;rft.aufirst=Maurice+A.&amp;rft.au=Finocchiaro%2C+Maurice+A.&amp;rft.date=Fall+2007&amp;rft.volume=69&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=601%E2%80%93602&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1111%2Fj.1540-6563.2007.00189_68.x&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span> </li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Galileo-1960" class="book"><font color="#000000">Galilei, Galileo (1960) [1623]. <em><span>The Assayer</span></em>. translated by </font><a title="Stillman Drake" href="/wiki/Stillman_Drake"><font color="#000000">Stillman Drake</font></a><font color="#000000">. In </font><a href="#Reference-Drake.26O.27Malley-1960"><font color="#000000">Drake &amp; O'Malley (1960, pp.151&ndash;336)</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Assayer&amp;rft.aulast=Galilei%2C+Galileo&amp;rft.au=Galilei%2C+Galileo&amp;rft.date=1960&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span> </li> <li><cite id="Reference-Galileo-1954"><font color="#000000">Galilei, Galileo [1638, 1914] (1954), Henry Crew and Alfonso de Salvio, translators, <em><a class="external text" title="http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_staticxt&amp;staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=753&amp;Itemid=99999999" rel="nofollow" href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_staticxt&amp;staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=753&amp;Itemid=99999999">Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences</a></em>, Dover Publications Inc., New York, NY. ISBN 486-60099-8</font></cite> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Galilei, Galileo <em>Galileo: Two New Sciences</em> (Translation by </font><a title="Stillman Drake" href="/wiki/Stillman_Drake"><font color="#000000">Stillman Drake</font></a><font color="#000000"> of Galileo's 1638 <em>Discourses and mathematical demonstrations concerning two new sciences</em>) University of Wisconsin Press 1974 </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/029906400X"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-299-06400-X</font></a> </li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Galileo.26Guiducci-1960" class="book"><font color="#000000">Galilei, Galileo, and Guiducci, Mario (1960) [1619]. <em><span>Discourse on the Comets</span></em>. translated by </font><a title="Stillman Drake" href="/wiki/Stillman_Drake"><font color="#000000">Stillman Drake</font></a><font color="#000000">. In </font><a href="#Reference-Drake.26O.27Malley-1960"><font color="#000000">Drake &amp; O'Malley (1960, pp.21&ndash;65)</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Discourse+on+the+Comets&amp;rft.aulast=Galilei%2C+Galileo%2C+and+Guiducci%2C+Mario&amp;rft.au=Galilei%2C+Galileo%2C+and+Guiducci%2C+Mario&amp;rft.date=1960&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span> </li> <li><font color="#000000"><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Gebler-1879" class="book">Gebler, Karl von (1879). <em><a class="external text" title="http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC02415342&amp;id=FheRZAirWvQC" rel="nofollow" href="http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC02415342&amp;id=FheRZAirWvQC">Galileo Galilei and the Roman Curia</a></em>. London: C.K. Paul &amp; Co.<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC02415342&amp;id=FheRZAirWvQC" rel="nofollow" href="http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC02415342&amp;id=FheRZAirWvQC">http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC02415342&amp;id=FheRZAirWvQC</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo+Galilei+and+the+Roman+Curia&amp;rft.aulast=Gebler&amp;rft.aufirst=Karl+von&amp;rft.au=Gebler%2C+Karl+von&amp;rft.date=1879&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=C.K.+Paul+%26+Co.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fvid%3DOCLC02415342%26id%3DFheRZAirWvQC&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Geymonat, Ludovico (1965), <em>Galileo Galilei, A biography and inquiry into his philosophy and science</em>, translation of the 1957 Italian edition, with notes and appendix by </font><a title="Stillman Drake" href="/wiki/Stillman_Drake"><font color="#000000">Stillman Drake</font></a><font color="#000000">, McGraw-Hill</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Grant, Edward <em>Aristotle, Philoponus, Avempace, and Galileo's Pisan Dynamics</em> Centaurus, 11, 1965-7</font> </li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Grassi-1960a" class="book"><font color="#000000">Grassi, Horatio (1960a) [1619]. <em><span>On the Three Comets of the Year MDCXIII</span></em>. translated by C.D. O'Malley. In </font><a href="#Reference-Drake.26O.27Malley-1960"><font color="#000000">Drake &amp; O'Malley (1960, pp.3&ndash;19)</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=On+the+Three+Comets+of+the+Year+MDCXIII&amp;rft.aulast=Grassi%2C+Horatio&amp;rft.au=Grassi%2C+Horatio&amp;rft.date=1960a&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span> </li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Grassi-1960b" class="book"><font color="#000000">Grassi, Horatio (1960b) [1619]. <em><span>The Astronomical and Philosophical Balance</span></em>. translated by C.D. O'Malley. In </font><a href="#Reference-Drake.26O.27Malley-1960"><font color="#000000">Drake &amp; O'Malley (1960, pp.67&ndash;132)</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Astronomical+and+Philosophical+Balance&amp;rft.aulast=Grassi%2C+Horatio&amp;rft.au=Grassi%2C+Horatio&amp;rft.date=1960b&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Grisar, Hartmann, S.J., Professor of Church history at the University of Innsbruck (1882). </font><a class="external text" title="http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0790562294&amp;id=aqMBAAAAQAAJ&amp;printsec=titlepage&amp;dq=%22hartmann+grisar%22" rel="nofollow" href="http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0790562294&amp;id=aqMBAAAAQAAJ&amp;printsec=titlepage&amp;dq=%22hartmann+grisar%22"><em><font color="#000000">Historisch theologische Untersuchungen &uuml;ber die Urtheile R&ouml;mischen Congegationen im Galileiprocess (Historico-theological Discussions concerning the Decisions of the Roman Congregations in the case of Galileo)</font></em></a><font color="#000000">, Regensburg: Pustet.&nbsp;&ndash; </font><a class="mw-redirect" title="Google Books" href="/wiki/Google_Books"><font color="#000000">Google Books</font></a><font color="#000000"> </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0790562294"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-7905-6229-4</font></a><font color="#000000">. </font><a class="external text" title="http://isbndb.com/d/book/galileistudien.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://isbndb.com/d/book/galileistudien.html"><font color="#000000">(LCC# QB36&nbsp;&ndash; <em>microfiche</em>)</font></a><font color="#000000"> </font><a class="external text" title="http://books.google.com/books?id=aqMBAAAAQAAJ&amp;q=%22hartmann+grisar%22+%22Historisch+theologische%22&amp;dq=%22hartmann+grisar%22+%22Historisch+theologische%22&amp;ei=GOsIR_m6K4yKpwKygp3BDg&amp;pgis=1" rel="nofollow" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=aqMBAAAAQAAJ&amp;q=%22hartmann+grisar%22+%22Historisch+theologische%22&amp;dq=%22hartmann+grisar%22+%22Historisch+theologische%22&amp;ei=GOsIR_m6K4yKpwKygp3BDg&amp;pgis=1"><font color="#000000">Reviewed here (1883), pp.211&ndash;213</font></a> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Hall, A. R. <em>From Galileo to Newton</em> 1963</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Hall, A. R. <em>Galileo and the Science of Motion</em> in 'British Journal of History of Science', 2 1964-5</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Hoskin, Michael (Ed) <em>The Cambridge concise history of astronomy</em> CUP 1999</font> </li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Hawking-1988" class="book"><a title="Stephen Hawking" href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking"><font color="#000000">Hawking, Stephen</font></a><font color="#000000"> (1988). <em><span>A Brief History of Time</span></em>. New York, NY: Bantam Books. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0553346148"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-553-34614-8</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Time&amp;rft.aulast=Hawking%2C+Stephen&amp;rft.au=Hawking%2C+Stephen&amp;rft.date=1988&amp;rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&amp;rft.pub=Bantam+Books&amp;rft.isbn=0-553-34614-8&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span> </li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Heilbron-2005" class="book"><font color="#000000">Heilbron, John L. (2005). <em><span>Censorship of Astronomy in Italy after Galileo</span></em>. In </font><a href="#Reference-McMullin-2005"><font color="#000000">McMullin (2005, pp.279&ndash;322)</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Censorship+of+Astronomy+in+Italy+after+Galileo&amp;rft.aulast=Heilbron%2C+John+L.&amp;rft.au=Heilbron%2C+John+L.&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Hellman, Hal (1988). <em>Great Feuds in Science. Ten of the Liveliest Disputes Ever</em>. New York: Wiley</font> </li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-jarrel-1989" class="book"><font color="#000000">Jarrel, Richard A. (1989). <em><span>The contemporaries of Tycho Brahe</span></em>. In </font><a href="#Reference-Taton.26Wilson-1989"><font color="#000000">Taton and Wilson (1989, pp.22&ndash;32)</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+contemporaries+of+Tycho+Brahe&amp;rft.aulast=Jarrel&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&amp;rft.au=Jarrel%2C+Richard+A.&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span> </li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Kelter-2005" class="book"><font color="#000000">Kelter, Irving A. (2005). <em><span>The Refusal to Accommodate. Jesuit Exegetes and the Copernican System</span></em>. In </font><a href="#Reference-McMullin-2005"><font color="#000000">McMullin (2005, pp.38&ndash;53)</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Refusal+to+Accommodate.+Jesuit+Exegetes+and+the+Copernican+System&amp;rft.aulast=Kelter%2C+Irving+A.&amp;rft.au=Kelter%2C+Irving+A.&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Humphreys, W. C. <em>Galileo, Falling Bodies and Inclined Planes. An Attempt at Reconstructing Galileo's Discovery of the Law of Squares</em> 'British Journal of History of Science' 1967</font> </li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Koestler-1990" class="book"><a title="Arthur Koestler" href="/wiki/Arthur_Koestler"><font color="#000000">Koestler, Arthur</font></a><font color="#000000"> (1990) [1959]. <em><span><a title="The Sleepwalkers" href="/wiki/The_Sleepwalkers">The Sleepwalkers</a>: A History of Man's Changing Vision of the Universe</span></em>. Penguin. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0140192468"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-14-019246-8</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><font color="#000000"><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=%5B%5BThe+Sleepwalkers%5D%5D%3A+A+History+of+Man%27s+Changing+Vision+of+the+Universe&amp;rft.aulast=%5B%5BArthur+Koestler%7CKoestler%2C+Arthur%5D%5D&amp;rft.au=%5B%5BArthur+Koestler%7CKoestler%2C+Arthur%5D%5D&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft.pub=Penguin&amp;rft.isbn=0-14-019246-8&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> Original edition published by Hutchinson (1959, London).</font> </li> <li><a class="mw-redirect" title="Koyré" href="/wiki/Koyr%C3%A9"><font color="#000000">Koyr&eacute;</font></a><font color="#000000">, Alexandre <em>A Documentary History of the Problem of Fall from Kepler to Newton</em> Transaction of the American Philosophical Society, 1955</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Koyr&eacute;, Alexandre <em>Galilean Studies</em> Harvester Press 1978</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Kuhn, T. <em>The Copernican Revolution</em> 1957</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Kuhn, T. <em>The Structure of Scientific Revolutions</em> 1962</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Lattis, James M. (1994). <em>Between Copernicus and Galileo: Christopher Clavius and the Collapse of Ptolemaic Cosmology</em>, Chicago: the University of Chicago Press</font> </li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Langford-1998" class="book"><font color="#000000">Langford, Jerome K., O.P. (1998) [1966]. <em><span>Galileo, Science and the Church</span></em> (third ed.). St. Augustine's Press. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1890318256"><font color="#000000">ISBN 1-890318-25-6</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><font color="#000000"><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo%2C+Science+and+the+Church&amp;rft.aulast=Langford%2C+Jerome+K.%2C+O.P.&amp;rft.au=Langford%2C+Jerome+K.%2C+O.P.&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.edition=third&amp;rft.pub=St.+Augustine%27s+Press&amp;rft.isbn=1-890318-25-6&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span>. Original edition by Desclee (New York, NY, 1966)</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Lessl, Thomas, &quot;</font><a class="external text" title="http://www.catholiceducation.org/articles/apologetics/ap0138.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.catholiceducation.org/articles/apologetics/ap0138.html"><font color="#000000">The Galileo Legend</font></a><font color="#000000">.&quot; <em>New Oxford Review</em>, 27&ndash;33 (June 2000).</font> </li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Linton-2004" class="book"><font color="#000000">Linton, Christopher M. (2004). <em><span>From Eudoxus to Einstein&mdash;A History of Mathematical Astronomy</span></em>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521827508"><font color="#000000">ISBN 978-0-521-82750-8</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=From+Eudoxus+to+Einstein%E2%80%94A+History+of+Mathematical+Astronomy&amp;rft.aulast=Linton%2C+Christopher+M.&amp;rft.au=Linton%2C+Christopher+M.&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.place=Cambridge&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-521-82750-8&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Losee, J. <em>Drake, Galileo, and the Law of Inertia</em> American Journal of Physics, 34, p.&nbsp;430-2 1966</font> </li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-McMullin-2005" class="book"><font color="#000000">McMullin, Ernan, ed. (2005). <em><span>The Church and Galileo</span></em>. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0268034834"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-268-03483-4</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Church+and+Galileo&amp;rft.aulast=McMullin%2C+Ernan%2C+ed.&amp;rft.au=McMullin%2C+Ernan%2C+ed.&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.place=Notre+Dame%2C+IN&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Notre+Dame+Press&amp;rft.isbn=0-268-03483-4&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span> </li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-McMullin-2005a" class="book"><font color="#000000">McMullin, Ernan, (2005a). <em><span>The Church's Ban on Copernicanism, 1616</span></em>. In </font><a href="#Reference-McMullin-2005"><font color="#000000">McMullin (2005, pp.150&ndash;190)</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Church%27s+Ban+on+Copernicanism%2C+1616&amp;rft.aulast=McMullin%2C+Ernan%2C&amp;rft.au=McMullin%2C+Ernan%2C&amp;rft.date=2005a&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Mach, Ernst. <em>The Science of Mechanics</em> 1893</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Machamer, Peter (Ed) <em>The Cambridge Companion to Galileo</em> Cambridge University Press 1998</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Naylor, Ronald H. (1990). &quot;Galileo's Method of Analysis and Synthesis,&quot; <em>Isis</em>, 81: 695&ndash;707</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Newall, Paul (2004). </font><a class="external text" title="http://www.galilean-library.org/hps.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.galilean-library.org/hps.html"><font color="#000000">&quot;The Galileo Affair&quot;</font></a> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Remmert, Volker R. (2005). <em>Galileo, God, and Mathematics</em>. In: Bergmans, Luc/Koetsier, Teun (eds.): <em>Mathematics and the Divine. A Historical Study</em>, Amsterdam et al., 347&ndash;360</font> </li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Ratzinger-1994" class="book"><a title="Pope Benedict XVI" href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI"><font color="#000000">Ratzinger, Joseph Cardinal</font></a><font color="#000000"> (1994). <em><span>Turning point for Europe? The Church in the Modern World&mdash;Assessment and Forecast</span></em>. translated from the 1991 German edition by Brian McNeil. San Francisco, CA: Ignatius Press. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0898704618"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-89870-461-8</font></a><font color="#000000">. </font><a title="Online Computer Library Center" href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center"><font color="#000000">OCLC</font></a><font color="#000000"> </font><a class="external text" title="http://worldcat.org/oclc/60292876" rel="nofollow" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/60292876"><font color="#000000">60292876</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Turning+point+for+Europe%3F+The+Church+in+the+Modern+World%E2%80%94Assessment+and+Forecast&amp;rft.aulast=Ratzinger%2C+Joseph+Cardinal&amp;rft.au=Ratzinger%2C+Joseph+Cardinal&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.place=San+Francisco%2C+CA&amp;rft.pub=Ignatius+Press&amp;rft_id=info:oclcnum/60292876&amp;rft.isbn=0-89870-461-8&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span> </li> <li><cite id=".23Reference-Reston-2000"></cite><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFReston2000" class="book"><font color="#000000">Reston, James (2000). <em><span>Galileo: A Life</span></em>. Beard Books. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/189312262X"><font color="#000000">ISBN 1-893122-62-X</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo%3A+A+Life&amp;rft.aulast=Reston&amp;rft.aufirst=James&amp;rft.au=Reston%2C+James&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.pub=Beard+Books&amp;rft.isbn=1-893122-62-X&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span> </li> <li><font color="#000000"><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Seeger-1966" class="book">Seeger, Raymond J. (1966). <em><span>Galileo Galilei, his life and his works</span></em>. Oxford: Pergamon Press.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo+Galilei%2C+his+life+and+his+works&amp;rft.aulast=Seeger%2C+Raymond+J.&amp;rft.au=Seeger%2C+Raymond+J.&amp;rft.date=1966&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Pergamon+Press&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font> </li> <li><cite id="Reference-Settle-1961"><font color="#000000">Settle, Thomas B. (1961). &quot;An Experiment in the History of Science.&quot; <em>Science</em>, 133:19&ndash;23</font></cite> </li> <li><cite id="Reference-Sharratt-1994"><font color="#000000">Sharratt, Michael (1994), <em>Galileo: Decisive Innovator.</em> Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521566711"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-521-56671-1</font></a></cite> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Shapere, Dudley <em>Galileo, a Philosophical Study</em> University of Chicago Press 1974</font> </li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Shea.26Artigas-2003" class="book"><font color="#000000">Shea, William R. and Artigas, Mario (2003). <em><span>Galileo in Rome: The Rise and Fall of a Troublesome Genius</span></em>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195165985"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-19-516598-5</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo+in+Rome%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+a+Troublesome+Genius&amp;rft.aulast=Shea%2C+William+R.+and+Artigas%2C+Mario&amp;rft.au=Shea%2C+William+R.+and+Artigas%2C+Mario&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.isbn=0-19-516598-5&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span> </li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Sobel-2000" class="book"><font color="#000000">Sobel, Dava (2000) [1999]. <em><span>Galileo's Daughter</span></em>. London: Fourth Estate. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1857027124"><font color="#000000">ISBN 1-85702-712-4</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo%27s+Daughter&amp;rft.aulast=Sobel%2C+Dava&amp;rft.au=Sobel%2C+Dava&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Fourth+Estate&amp;rft.isbn=1-85702-712-4&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span> </li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Taton.26Wilson-1989" class="book"><font color="#000000">Taton, Ren&eacute;; Wilson, Curtis, eds (1989). <em><span>Planetary astronomy from the Renaissance to the rise of astrophysics Part A: Tycho Brahe to Newton</span></em>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521242541"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-521-24254-1</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Planetary+astronomy+from+the+Renaissance+to+the+rise+of+astrophysics+Part+A%3A+Tycho+Brahe+to+Newton&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rft.place=Cambridge&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.isbn=0-521-24254-1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span> </li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Thoren-1989" class="book"><font color="#000000">Thoren, Victor E. (1989). <em><span>Tycho Brahe</span></em>. In </font><a href="#Reference-Taton.26Wilson-1989"><font color="#000000">Taton and Wilson (1989, pp.3-21)</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Tycho+Brahe&amp;rft.aulast=Thoren&amp;rft.aufirst=Victor+E.&amp;rft.au=Thoren%2C+Victor+E.&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span> </li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Vanhelden-1989" class="book"><font color="#000000">Van Helden, Albert (1989). <em><span>Galileo, telescopic astronomy, and the Copernican system</span></em>. In </font><a href="#Reference-Taton.26Wilson-1989"><font color="#000000">Taton and Wilson (1989, pp.81-105)</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo%2C+telescopic+astronomy%2C+and+the+Copernican+system&amp;rft.aulast=Van+Helden&amp;rft.aufirst=Albert&amp;rft.au=Van+Helden%2C+Albert&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Wallace, William A. (1984) <em>Galileo and His Sources: The Heritage of the Collegio Romano in Galileo's Science,</em> (Princeton: Princeton Univ. Pr.), </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/069108355X"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-691-08355-X</font></a> </li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Wallace-2004" class="book"><font color="#000000">Wallace, William A. (2004). <em><span>Domingo de Soto and the Early Galileo</span></em>. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0860789640"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-86078-964-0</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Domingo+de+Soto+and+the+Early+Galileo&amp;rft.aulast=Wallace&amp;rft.aufirst=William+A.&amp;rft.au=Wallace%2C+William+A.&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.place=Aldershot&amp;rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&amp;rft.isbn=0-86078-964-0&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span> </li> <li><font color="#000000">White, Andrew Dickson (1898). </font><a class="external text" title="http://cscs.umich.edu/~crshalizi/White/" rel="nofollow" href="http://cscs.umich.edu/~crshalizi/White/"><em><font color="#000000">A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom</font></em></a><font color="#000000">. New York 1898.</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000">White, Michael. (2007). <em>Galileo: Antichrist: A Biography.</em> Weidenfeld &amp; Nicolson:London, </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780297848684"><font color="#000000">ISBN 978-0-297-84868-4</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Wisan, Winifred Lovell (1984). &quot;Galileo and the Process of Scientific Creation,&quot; <em>Isis</em>, 75: 269&ndash;286.</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Zik Yaakov, &quot;Science and Instruments: The telescope as a scientific instrument at the beginning of the seventeenth century,&quot; <em>Perspectives on Science</em> 2001, Vol. 9, 3, 259&ndash;284.</font> </li> </ul> </div> <p><a id="External_links" name="External_links"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.imss.fi.it/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.imss.fi.it/"><font color="#000080">History of Science Museum - Florence</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/PictDisplay/Galileo.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/PictDisplay/Galileo.html"><font color="#000080">Portraits of Galileo</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://asv.vatican.va/en/stud/download/CAV_21.htm" rel="nofollow" href="http://asv.vatican.va/en/stud/download/CAV_21.htm"><font color="#000080">Original documents on the trial of Galileo Galilei</font></a> in the <a title="Vatican Secret Archives" href="/wiki/Vatican_Secret_Archives"><font color="#000080">Vatican Secret Archives</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://web.archive.org/web/20071209222631/http://www.catholic.net/rcc/Periodicals/Issues/GalileoAffair.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20071209222631/http://www.catholic.net/rcc/Periodicals/Issues/GalileoAffair.html"><font color="#000080">Galileo Affair catholic.net</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://galileo.rice.edu/" rel="nofollow" href="http://galileo.rice.edu/"><font color="#000080">The Galileo Project</font></a> at <a title="Rice University" href="/wiki/Rice_University"><font color="#000080">Rice University</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/galileo/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/galileo/"><font color="#000080">PBS Nova Online: <em>Galileo's Battle for the Heavens</em></font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/galileo/" rel="nofollow" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/galileo/"><font color="#000080">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry on Galileo</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.galilean-library.org/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.galilean-library.org/"><font color="#000080">The Galilean Library</font></a>, educational site. </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.catholicleague.org/research/galileo.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.catholicleague.org/research/galileo.html"><em><font color="#000080">Galileo and the Catholic Church</font></em></a> article at Catholic League </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0956139/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0956139/"><em><font color="#000080">Animated Hero Classics: Galileo (1997)</font></em></a> at the <a title="Internet Movie Database" href="/wiki/Internet_Movie_Database"><font color="#000080">Internet Movie Database</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/Galileo_Prototype/MAIN.HTM" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/Galileo_Prototype/MAIN.HTM"><font color="#000080">Electronic representation of Galilei's notes on motion (MS. 72)</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n79-3254" rel="nofollow" href="http://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n79-3254"><font color="#000080">Works by or about Galileo Galilei</font></a> in libraries (<a title="WorldCat" href="/wiki/WorldCat"><font color="#000080">WorldCat</font></a> catalog) </li> <li>Galileo's 1590 <em>De Motu</em> translation <a class="external autonumber" title="http://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/content/scientific_revolution/galileo" rel="nofollow" href="http://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/content/scientific_revolution/galileo"><font color="#000080">[5]</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.intratext.com/Catalogo/Autori/AUT158.HTM" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.intratext.com/Catalogo/Autori/AUT158.HTM"><font color="#000080">Works by Galileo Galilei</font></a>: text with concordances and frequencies. </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.pacifier.com/~tpope/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pacifier.com/~tpope/"><font color="#000080">CCD Images through a Galilean Telescope</font></a> Modern recreation of what Galileo might have seen </li> <li>Galilei, Galileo. <a class="external text" title="http://www.rarebookroom.org/Control/galgal/index.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.rarebookroom.org/Control/galgal/index.html"><em><font color="#000080">Le Operazioni del Compasso Geometrico et Militare</font></em></a> 1610 Rome. From <a title="Rare Book Room" href="/wiki/Rare_Book_Room"><font color="#000080">Rare Book Room</font></a>. Scanned first edition. </li> <li>Galilei, Galileo. <a class="external text" title="http://www.rarebookroom.org/Control/galsol/index.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.rarebookroom.org/Control/galsol/index.html"><em><font color="#000080">Istoria e Dimostrazioni Intorno Alle Macchie Solar</font></em></a> 1613 Rome. From <a title="Rare Book Room" href="/wiki/Rare_Book_Room"><font color="#000080">Rare Book Room</font></a>. Scanned first edition. </li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFO.27ConnorRobertson"><a class="mw-redirect" title="John J. O'Connor (mathematician)" href="/wiki/John_J._O%27Connor_(mathematician)"><font color="#000080">O'Connor, John J.</font></a>; <a title="Edmund F. Robertson" href="/wiki/Edmund_F._Robertson"><font color="#000080">Robertson, Edmund F.</font></a>, &quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Galileo.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Galileo.html"><font color="#000080">Galileo Galilei</font></a>&quot;, <em><span><a title="MacTutor History of Mathematics archive" href="/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_archive"><font color="#000080">MacTutor History of Mathematics archive</font></a></span></em></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo+Galilei&amp;rft.atitle=%5B%5BMacTutor+History+of+Mathematics+archive%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=O%27Connor&amp;rft.aufirst=John+J.&amp;rft.au=O%27Connor%2C+John+J.&amp;rft.au=Robertson%2C+Edmund+F.&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span>. </li> <li>Linda Hall Library features a <a class="external text" title="http://contentdm.lindahall.org/u?/classics,5292" rel="nofollow" href="http://contentdm.lindahall.org/u?/classics,5292"><font color="#000080">first edition of <em>Sidereus Nuncius Magna</em></font></a> as well as a <a class="external text" title="http://contentdm.lindahall.org/u?/classics,426" rel="nofollow" href="http://contentdm.lindahall.org/u?/classics,426"><font color="#000080">pirated edition from the same year</font></a>, both fully digitized. </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5C5_dOEyAfk&amp;feature=related" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5C5_dOEyAfk&amp;feature=related"><font color="#000080">Feather &amp; Hammer Drop on Moon</font></a> </li> </ul> 499ef43ddbcbc20889e9f13b2462ae2650ba1e4c 6 1811 2804 2009-08-18T08:13:31Z Galilei 55 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 0 1710 2807 2009-08-25T03:17:33Z Galilei 55 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font size="4">[[Archae genomes]]<br /> [[Eubacteria genomes]]<br /> [[Eukaryote genomes]]</font><br /> <br /> <font size="4">[[Model organism genomes]]</font><br /> <br /> [[C. elegans Genomics]]<br /> [[Daphnia Genomics Consortium (DGC)]]<br /> [[Dog genome]]<br /> [[Rice Genome]]<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Rice Genome at BGI China]]<br /> <br /> <hr /> <br /> <strong>Alphabetically sorted genomes sequences</strong><br /> [[Genomes A]]&nbsp; [[Genomes B]] [[Genomes C]]&nbsp; [[Genomes D]]&nbsp; [[Genomes E]]&nbsp; [[Genomes F]]&nbsp; [[Genomes G]]&nbsp; [[Genomes H]]&nbsp; [[Genomes I]]&nbsp; [[Genomes J]]&nbsp; [[Genomes K]]&nbsp; [[Genomes L]]&nbsp; [[Genomes M]]&nbsp; [[Genomes N]]&nbsp; [[Genomes O]]&nbsp; [[Genomes P]]&nbsp; [[Genomes Q]]&nbsp; [[Genomes R]]&nbsp; [[Genomes S]]&nbsp; [[Genomes T]]&nbsp; [[Genomes U]]&nbsp; [[Genomes V]]&nbsp; [[Genomes W]]&nbsp; [[Genomes X]]&nbsp; [[Genomes Y]]&nbsp; [[Genomes Z]]&nbsp; </p> 24d81dec2384466d96395accae85e612afe0df48 2808 2009-08-25T03:17:55Z Galilei 55 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font size="4">[[Archaea genomes]]<br /> [[Eubacteria genomes]]<br /> [[Eukaryote genomes]]</font><br /> <br /> <font size="4">[[Model organism genomes]]</font><br /> <br /> [[C. elegans Genomics]]<br /> [[Daphnia Genomics Consortium (DGC)]]<br /> [[Dog genome]]<br /> [[Rice Genome]]<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Rice Genome at BGI China]]<br /> <br /> </p> <hr /> <br /> <strong>Alphabetically sorted genomes sequences</strong><br /> [[Genomes A]]&nbsp; [[Genomes B]] [[Genomes C]]&nbsp; [[Genomes D]]&nbsp; [[Genomes E]]&nbsp; [[Genomes F]]&nbsp; [[Genomes G]]&nbsp; [[Genomes H]]&nbsp; [[Genomes I]]&nbsp; [[Genomes J]]&nbsp; [[Genomes K]]&nbsp; [[Genomes L]]&nbsp; [[Genomes M]]&nbsp; [[Genomes N]]&nbsp; [[Genomes O]]&nbsp; [[Genomes P]]&nbsp; [[Genomes Q]]&nbsp; [[Genomes R]]&nbsp; [[Genomes S]]&nbsp; [[Genomes T]]&nbsp; [[Genomes U]]&nbsp; [[Genomes V]]&nbsp; [[Genomes W]]&nbsp; [[Genomes X]]&nbsp; [[Genomes Y]]&nbsp; [[Genomes Z]]&nbsp; <p>&nbsp;</p> 5a614927d713051273b222928749d7d391eb692a 0 1812 2809 2009-08-25T03:18:30Z Galilei 55 wikitext text/x-wiki [[<span class="section"><a name="anop"></a>Anopheles gambiae]]: Mosquito</span> 9115b28c0f67b4be00cdf67ff915b3353393bb1d 2810 2009-08-25T03:18:37Z Galilei 55 wikitext text/x-wiki [[<span class="section">Anopheles gambiae]]: Mosquito</span> 31c082bf9e132146e93f9327a5117ad395d4d475 2811 2009-08-25T03:18:48Z Galilei 55 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Anopheles gambiae]]: Mosquito</span> e4a04cd123d6c7c0baf2797ec34277979d5e8250 2812 2009-08-25T03:18:55Z Galilei 55 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Anopheles gambiae]]: Mosquito bfbbce19322430ea54879825a8d8fa6ecf43877a 0 1813 2813 2009-08-25T03:20:25Z Galilei 55 wikitext text/x-wiki <font color="#000000"><span class="smallblk">A gambiae&nbsp;(mosquito) is responsible for most of the cases of malaria in Africa.&nbsp;<br /> The insect transfers the parasite that causes malaria from person to person through mosquito bites. The global fight against malaria has been hindered by the growing number of mosquitoes that are resistant to insecticides.&nbsp;<br /> </span><br /> <span class="regular">Sequenced by: Celera Genomics </span><br /> Sequencing year:<br /> Journals published:<br /> Database:<br /> </font> dc1428962f9ccf05b997da8cb1765ce1e90fdab8 2814 2009-08-25T03:20:34Z Galilei 55 wikitext text/x-wiki <font color="#000000"><span class="smallblk"><strong>A gambiae</strong>&nbsp;(mosquito) is responsible for most of the cases of malaria in Africa.&nbsp;<br /> The insect transfers the parasite that causes malaria from person to person through mosquito bites. The global fight against malaria has been hindered by the growing number of mosquitoes that are resistant to insecticides.&nbsp;<br /> </span><br /> <span class="regular">Sequenced by: Celera Genomics </span><br /> Sequencing year:<br /> Journals published:<br /> Database:<br /> </font> 5a2eb0d4a85ab7e426fdcfc493c8d8d9b96b1cfb 0 1814 2815 2009-09-08T21:33:04Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">Genomics market reports</font><br /> <br /> [http://www.giikorea.co.kr/toc_en/jai84243-dna-sequ-tech_toc.html DNA sequencing: technologies, markets and companies] 7a9b8a1272e2aef0e2811755418dd3d62c3db6a4 0 1611 2816 2009-09-08T21:36:23Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="3"><font color="#ffcc00"><font color="#000000">Primrose SB. 1995. <strong>Principles of Genome Analysis</strong>. Blackwell Science. pp14-37.<br /> <br /> Lewin B. 1997. <strong>Genes VI</strong>. Oxford University Press chapter 21: pp645-662, chapter 26: pp743-767.<br /> <br /> Coghlan A, Eichler EE, Oliver SG, Paterson AH, Stein L. 2005. <strong>Chromosome evolution in eukaryotes: a multi-kingdom perspective.</strong> Trends Genet.&nbsp; 21(12):673-82 (provided).</font></font>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> Astier, Yann, Orit Braha, and Hagan Bayley.<strong> &quot;Toward Single Molecule DNA sequencing: Direct Identification of Ribonucleoside and Deoxyribonucleoside 5'-Monophosphates by Using and Engineered Protein nanopore Equipped with a Molecular Adapter</strong>.&quot; Journal Of The American Chemical Society 128 (2006): 1705-710.<br /> <br /> Bokhari, Shahid H., and Jon R. Sauer. &quot;<strong>A parallel graph decomposition algorith for DNA sequencing with nanopores</strong>.&quot; Bioinformatics 21 (2005): 889-96.<br /> <br /> &quot;De Bruijn graph.&quot; Wikipedia. 7 Oct. 2009. 5 Feb.2009 &lt;</font><a href="http://www.wikipedia.com"><font size="3">www.wikipedia.com</font></a><font size="3">&gt;.<br /> <br /> Kaptcianos, Jonathan. &quot;<strong>A Graph Theoretical Approach to DNA Fragment Assembly</strong>.&quot; American Journal of Undergraduate Research 7 (2008).<br /> <br /> Savage, Niel. &quot;<strong>Faster, Cheaper DNA Sequencing</strong>.&quot; Technology Review. 25 Sept. 2008. MIT. 5 Feb. 2009.</font> e725059b8ed6a01f06d37ce58095fcaf9086be92 0 1815 2817 2009-09-15T18:01:45Z Larasmithe 54 wikitext text/x-wiki Mitochondriomics is the term coined by the bioinformatics group&nbsp;of MRC-DUNN Cambridge in 2001.<br /> <br /> The aim of mitochondriomics is to collect all the molecular, genetic, and cellular elements that affect mitochondria in eukaryotes.<br /> <br /> Mitochondrial interactome<br /> Mitochondrial genome<br /> Mitochondrial proteome<br /> Mitochondrial transcriptome&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <font size="5">External links</font><br /> [http://mitochondriome.org Mitochondriome.org]&nbsp;<br /> [http://mitochondriomics.org Mitochondriomics.org] 4eb1ed823876f80921b690867b0263375c6bf796 0 1758 2818 2009-09-18T05:52:58Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4"><font size="3"><strong>20090810:</strong> [[A Caucasian human genome was sequenced by Helicos single molecule sequencer]].<br /> <strong>20090805:</strong> [[Recurring Mutations Found by Full length Sequencing of an Acute Myeloid Leukemia Genome (AML)]]. [[N Engl J Med]]<br /> <strong>20090802:</strong> [[The complete genome sequence of Triticum mosaic virus is published in Arch Vriol.]]<br /> <strong>20090730</strong>: [[Crocodile genome map published in BMC Genomics]].<br /> <strong>20090727</strong>: [[A new multiplex sequencing method published by MPI group for highly degraded DNA fragments. Cave bear mitochondria]]<br /> 20090724: DNA Sequencing and&nbsp;Array Drive 8% Growth for Roche in First Half of 2009. [[454 GS FLX]] and [[Nimblegen]]. [http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/dna-sequencing-systems-arrays-drive-8-percent-growth-roche-applied-science-first]<br /> <strong>20090724</strong>: BGI (Beijing Genomics Institute) in China participates in orchid genome (<em>[[Phalaenopsis equestris]]) </em>sequencing. [http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/bgi-china-partners-sequence-orchids]<br /> 20090716: Navigenics Lowers Health Compass Price to $999 USD. [http://www.genomeweb.com/dxpgx/navigenics-lowers-health-compass-price-1k]<br /> 20090716: Celera Uses&nbsp;Automated Workflows for Genomics [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/17/celera-pushes-boundaries.html]<br /> 20090716: [[A draft genomic sequence for a worm, Schistosoma japonicum, was published]].<br /> 20090716: Genomes Of Parasitic Flatworms Decoded: <em>Schistosoma mansoni</em> and <em>Schistosoma japonicum</em> [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090715131439.htm]<br /> <strong>20090716</strong>: <!-- a href=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl?z2090023735&amp;z=950242273 target=_parent><b>Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</b></a --></font><a target="_parent" click="" c.moreover.com="" href="http://www.bioportfolio.co.uk/cgi-bin/dialogserver.exe?CMD=hit.displayMdoc&amp;ID=3022030&amp;HITNO=2&amp;MSIZE=634&amp;LANGUAGE=en&amp;FILE=doc.NEWSFEED&amp;SAVEQUERY00=Genomics&amp;SAVEPROP00=L%3den&amp;SAVEDB=news&amp;SAVEORGANISE_CODED=R:date&amp;R=3022030&amp;THISHREF=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl%3fz2090023735%26amp%3bz%3d950242273&amp;THEHOST=site d.moreover.com"><strong><font color="#0066cc" size="3">Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</font></strong></a><font size="3">&nbsp;<br /> <strong>20090715</strong>: [[Pathway Genomics]] starts the Direct-to-Consumer Genomics service as 23andme and Decodeme [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/15/pathway-consumer-genomics.html]<br /> <strong>20090714</strong>: OryzaSNP Consortium IDs Thousands of Variants in Rice Genome: [http://www.genomeweb.com/arrays/oryzasnp-consortium-ids-thousands-variants-rice-genome]&nbsp;<br /> <strong>20090709</strong>: [[The second Korean pesonal genome was sequenced by a Korean team and analyzed by US researchers]] (Macrogen and Seoul University Medical School)<br /> <strong>20090630</strong>: [[Genomic linkage map of the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni]]:&nbsp; <em>Genome Biology</em> 2009, <strong>10</strong><strong>:</strong>R71<span class="pseudotab">doi:10.1186/gb-2009-10-6-r71</span>&nbsp;<br /> 20090629: [[Melon Genome Map was publicized by US researchers]]<br /> <strong>20090616</strong>: Illumina Launches Personal Genome-Sequencing Service Using Genome Analyzer II. [http://scienceblogs.com/geneticfuture/2009/06/illumina_launches_personal_gen.php]<br /> <strong>20090604</strong>: [[An integrated genetic and cytogenetic map of the cucumber genome was announced in PLOS One]]<br /> <strong>20090603</strong>: [[Neanderthal genome sequeced by MPI Germany and Roche]]<br /> <strong>20090601</strong>: Microsoft buys Rosetta Biosoftware from Merck. Merck becomes the client of Microsoft.<br /> <strong>20090529:&nbsp;</strong>[[A new malaria agent in African chimpanzees found]]. <br /> <strong>20090526</strong>: [[The first Korean Genome Sequence analysis]] by two Korean teams&nbsp;published in [http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2009/05/26/gr.092197.109.full.pdf+html Genome Research article]<br /> 20081208: [[Soybean genome, G. max data publicized]]<br /> <strong>20081204</strong>: [http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/tech/2008/12/133_35578.html Korean Genome Publicized]. The sequencing and bioinformatic analyses were carried out by two&nbsp;Korean teams. <br /> </font><br /> <br /> <hr /> [[Genomics News Links]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Biotechnology News Sites]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Science News Sites]]<br /> <br /> </font> b9546152945f81ece6c934a964e8f4f6efec50fe 2822 2009-09-28T00:01:34Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4"><font size="3"><strong>20090928: </strong>[[Potato genome draft announced]]<strong><br /> 20090810:</strong> [[A Caucasian human genome was sequenced by Helicos single molecule sequencer]].<br /> <strong>20090805:</strong> [[Recurring Mutations Found by Full length Sequencing of an Acute Myeloid Leukemia Genome (AML)]]. [[N Engl J Med]]<br /> <strong>20090802:</strong> [[The complete genome sequence of Triticum mosaic virus is published in Arch Vriol.]]<br /> <strong>20090730</strong>: [[Crocodile genome map published in BMC Genomics]].<br /> <strong>20090727</strong>: [[A new multiplex sequencing method published by MPI group for highly degraded DNA fragments. Cave bear mitochondria]]<br /> 20090724: DNA Sequencing and&nbsp;Array Drive 8% Growth for Roche in First Half of 2009. [[454 GS FLX]] and [[Nimblegen]]. [http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/dna-sequencing-systems-arrays-drive-8-percent-growth-roche-applied-science-first]<br /> <strong>20090724</strong>: BGI (Beijing Genomics Institute) in China participates in orchid genome (<em>[[Phalaenopsis equestris]]) </em>sequencing. [http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/bgi-china-partners-sequence-orchids]<br /> 20090716: Navigenics Lowers Health Compass Price to $999 USD. [http://www.genomeweb.com/dxpgx/navigenics-lowers-health-compass-price-1k]<br /> 20090716: Celera Uses&nbsp;Automated Workflows for Genomics [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/17/celera-pushes-boundaries.html]<br /> 20090716: [[A draft genomic sequence for a worm, Schistosoma japonicum, was published]].<br /> 20090716: Genomes Of Parasitic Flatworms Decoded: <em>Schistosoma mansoni</em> and <em>Schistosoma japonicum</em> [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090715131439.htm]<br /> <strong>20090716</strong>: <!-- a href=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl?z2090023735&amp;z=950242273 target=_parent><b>Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</b></a --></font><a d.moreover.com="" click="" c.moreover.com="" http:="" href="http://www.bioportfolio.co.uk/cgi-bin/dialogserver.exe?CMD=hit.displayMdoc&amp;ID=3022030&amp;HITNO=2&amp;MSIZE=634&amp;LANGUAGE=en&amp;FILE=doc.NEWSFEED&amp;SAVEQUERY00=Genomics&amp;SAVEPROP00=L%3den&amp;SAVEDB=news&amp;SAVEORGANISE_CODED=R:date&amp;R=3022030&amp;THISHREF=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl%3fz2090023735%26amp%3bz%3d950242273&amp;THEHOST=site d.moreover.com" target="_parent"><strong><font size="3" color="#0066cc">Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</font></strong></a><font size="3">&nbsp;<br /> <strong>20090715</strong>: [[Pathway Genomics]] starts the Direct-to-Consumer Genomics service as 23andme and Decodeme [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/15/pathway-consumer-genomics.html]<br /> <strong>20090714</strong>: OryzaSNP Consortium IDs Thousands of Variants in Rice Genome: [http://www.genomeweb.com/arrays/oryzasnp-consortium-ids-thousands-variants-rice-genome]&nbsp;<br /> <strong>20090709</strong>: [[The second Korean pesonal genome was sequenced by a Korean team and analyzed by US researchers]] (Macrogen and Seoul University Medical School)<br /> <strong>20090630</strong>: [[Genomic linkage map of the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni]]:&nbsp; <em>Genome Biology</em> 2009, <strong>10</strong><strong>:</strong>R71<span class="pseudotab">doi:10.1186/gb-2009-10-6-r71</span>&nbsp;<br /> 20090629: [[Melon Genome Map was publicized by US researchers]]<br /> <strong>20090616</strong>: Illumina Launches Personal Genome-Sequencing Service Using Genome Analyzer II. [http://scienceblogs.com/geneticfuture/2009/06/illumina_launches_personal_gen.php]<br /> <strong>20090604</strong>: [[An integrated genetic and cytogenetic map of the cucumber genome was announced in PLOS One]]<br /> <strong>20090603</strong>: [[Neanderthal genome sequeced by MPI Germany and Roche]]<br /> <strong>20090601</strong>: Microsoft buys Rosetta Biosoftware from Merck. Merck becomes the client of Microsoft.<br /> <strong>20090529:&nbsp;</strong>[[A new malaria agent in African chimpanzees found]]. <br /> <strong>20090526</strong>: [[The first Korean Genome Sequence analysis]] by two Korean teams&nbsp;published in [http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2009/05/26/gr.092197.109.full.pdf+html Genome Research article]<br /> 20081208: [[Soybean genome, G. max data publicized]]<br /> <strong>20081204</strong>: [http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/tech/2008/12/133_35578.html Korean Genome Publicized]. The sequencing and bioinformatic analyses were carried out by two&nbsp;Korean teams. <br /> </font><br /> <br /> <hr /> [[Genomics News Links]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Biotechnology News Sites]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Science News Sites]]<br /> <br /> </font> f2d616086b817b4bd6e9b32ba9f3ba5a5ef705cd 0 1816 2819 2009-09-18T05:53:21Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/12/081208124605.htm ScienceDaily news on Soybean Genome]<br /> c5db0ce5903b1e8c48d00d7667f079fd8b635580 0 1817 2823 2009-09-28T00:01:44Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2009-09/vt-dpg092509.php c93b161625672f0d623f003e560c126ac5d0be6e 0 1818 2824 2009-10-08T06:25:10Z Arthu 56 wikitext text/x-wiki <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Verdana" size="2">A safe and secure place to buy wide range of generic medications at cheap price &ndash; GenericMedicationOnline. It is the best online provider of a wide range of generic medications at cheaper prices across the globe.<br /> <br /> </font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">http://www.genericmedicationonline.com/</p> bb0ca856cd3b98d365c416481ff411adfe090b3f 0 1657 2826 2009-10-28T12:02:06Z Larasmithe 54 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong>[[Genomics as the environment monitoring technology]]: 20091028<br /> [[Personal genomics, bioinformatics,&nbsp;and variomics]]: 20081212</strong><br /> 95e63f0541b322159bc397f42b5e30b3bfb20b3c 0 1819 2827 2009-10-28T12:04:50Z Larasmithe 54 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">Genome and other nucleotide sequencing with genomics (bioinformatics) as environment monitoring technology</font><br /> <br /> <strong>by Lara Smithe</strong><br /> <br /> Genomics can be used as the monitoring tool for environmental changes such as climate, polution, agriculture, and urbanization.<br /> Metagenomics can be&nbsp; used to track the changes of large scale species diversity variation. Bioinformatics databases need to be set up to store such data.<br /> <br /> a2ff95dfaef719b329c1b5f46830064fbaab2ba9 0 1820 2828 2009-10-28T12:06:07Z Larasmithe 54 wikitext text/x-wiki Climate genomics<br /> <br /> by Lara Smithe<br /> <br /> Climate genomics is a field of genomics to track the climate changes by genome/transcriptome level sequencing of biomes (biological diversity).<br /> <br /> See also<br /> [[Insect genomics]]<br /> <br /> af6ea9978162c7e8f5d77e63fd1e2f80f89ac336 0 1821 2829 2009-10-28T12:06:53Z Larasmithe 54 wikitext text/x-wiki Insect genomics<br /> <br /> Insect genomes can be particularly useful for monitoring environments.<br /> <br /> <font size="4">External links<br /> </font>[http://insectgenome.com InsectGenome.com]<br /> 2d48d01735d99769519fb055cdf836f60b865374 0 1822 2830 2009-10-28T14:57:48Z Larasmithe 54 wikitext text/x-wiki Ecogenomics<br /> <br /> Ecogenomics is the genomics of the environment and ecological systems.<br /> <br /> Sequencing the whole environment using metagenomic approach is an example. To monitor the climate change (Climate genomics) is a kind of ecogenomics.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Air genomics]]<br /> 9cc9be6d4147f86007a2738d0a594cb33531548d 0 1823 2831 2009-10-28T14:58:36Z Larasmithe 54 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Air genomics]]: or aerogenomics.<br /> <br /> Air genomics is the genomic study of air. Sequencing the air mass in any environment is an example.<br /> <br /> [[Climate genomics]]<br /> ab0cb1cfc8eefd26a385299f87b81e846fd67690 0 1824 2833 2009-10-28T16:33:36Z Larasmithe 54 wikitext text/x-wiki <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <strong><font size="5">External links<br /> </font></strong>[http://www.physorg.com/news133001426.html Unlocking genome of world's worst insect pest]<br /> [http://genomebiology.com/2003/4/3/107 Beenomes to Bombyx: future directions in applied insect genomics]<br /> fbb3a9ce6a4f91f3740469a59fee4d883f8b084b 0 1825 2835 2009-10-28T16:37:21Z Larasmithe 54 wikitext text/x-wiki <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <font size="5">External links<br /> </font>[http://www.genomesize.com/ Genomesize.com]<br /> 83db44b5407587cbb07aa245426e00bc6f5b1569 0 1519 2836 2009-10-30T05:12:54Z Lappy 59 wikitext text/x-wiki BioComputing.<br /> <br /> The actual core of genomics lies in the CPUs of powerul computers.<br /> Biocomputing is a technology field to build and maintain such powerful computers for genomics. Is is also the science of designing computers that has bilological components that you can use in <a href="http://www.superiorpapers.com/">paper writing</a> and programming.<br /> ceefa9496a1953d660c5a35fee45126d885df2de 0 1826 2837 2009-11-01T15:37:16Z Larasmithe 54 wikitext text/x-wiki Genomic medicine is a treatment of diseases and biological information objects using their genome information and customarily selected drugs to the genome information.<br /> <br /> 272e29ea0910394ef18d46fac7c2c7096d08003d 2838 2009-11-01T15:37:59Z Larasmithe 54 wikitext text/x-wiki Genomic medicine is a treatment of diseases and biological information objects using their genome information and customarily selected drugs to the genome information.<br /> <br /> Genomic medicine is a scientific and rational treatment of misinteraction and misfunction of biological objects and organisms.<br /> <br /> 0d143a437955acd43db1f7680468083f73d37379 0 1827 2839 2009-11-01T15:47:06Z Larasmithe 54 wikitext text/x-wiki ACE angiotensin-converting enzyme<br /> ADME Adsorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion<br /> ADR adverse drug reaction<br /> CE capillary electrophoresis<br /> CF cystic fibrosis<br /> CNV copy number variation<br /> CT computerized tomography<br /> CRADA Cooperative Research &amp; Development Agreement<br /> CYP cytochrome P<br /> DARPA Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency<br /> DHPLC denaturing high performance liquid chromatography<br /> DNA deoxyribonucleic acid<br /> DR dopamine receptor<br /> dsDNA double-stranded DNA<br /> EPOE apolipoprotein E<br /> FDA Food and Drug Administration (USA)<br /> FISH fluorescent in situ hybridization<br /> GFP green fluorescent protein<br /> HCV hepatitis C virus<br /> HER-2 human epidermal growth factor receptor-2<br /> HIV human immunodeficiency virus<br /> IL interleukin<br /> IP intellectual property<br /> MAb monoclonal antibody<br /> MALDI-TOF Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight<br /> MDR multidrug resistance protein<br /> MHC major histocompatibility complex<br /> MRI magnetic resonance imaging<br /> mRNA messenger RNA<br /> MS mass spectrometry<br /> MTHFR methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase<br /> NCI National Cancer Institute<br /> NIGMS National Institute of General Medical Sciences<br /> NIH National Institutes of Health (USA)<br /> PCR polymerase chain reaction<br /> PET positron emission tomography<br /> PNA peptide nucleic acid<br /> POC point-of-care<br /> RCAT rolling circle amplification technology<br /> RFLP Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism<br /> RNA ribonucleic acid<br /> SBIR Small Business Innovation Research<br /> SELDI surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization<br /> SNP single nucleotide polymorphism<br /> TDM therapeutic drug monitoring<br /> TNF tumor necrosis factor<br /> TPMT Thiopurine methyltransferase<br /> ZFP zinc finger proteins<br /> 23b0b7cfe8e2b6ac4cdf37e2c5291d848ad2e156 2840 2009-11-01T15:52:50Z Larasmithe 54 wikitext text/x-wiki AARP American Association of Retired Persons <br /> AASL American Association of School Librarians <br /> ABA American Bar Association <br /> ABI Association for Biodiversity Information <br /> ACE angiotensin-converting enzyme<br /> ADME Adsorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion<br /> ACS American Chemical Society&nbsp;<br /> ADR adverse drug reaction<br /> ACRL Association of College and Research Libraries <br /> ACURIL Association of Caribbean University, Research, and Institutional Libraries <br /> ADP Automated Data Processing&nbsp;<br /> <br /> CE capillary electrophoresis<br /> CENR Committee on Environment and Natural Resources <br /> <br /> CENDI Commerce, Energy, EPA, NASA, National Libraries of Agriculture, Education, and Medicine, Defense, and Interior <br /> <br /> <br /> CF cystic fibrosis<br /> CFR Code of Federal Regulations <br /> <br /> CERES California Environmental Resources Evaluation System <br /> <br /> CEQ Council on Environmental Quality <br /> <br /> CICC Committee on Information, Computing, and Communications (OSTP/NSTC) <br /> <br /> CIESIN Consortium for International Earth Science Information Network <br /> <br /> CIO Chief Information Officer <br /> <br /> CIRC Central Information Reference &amp; Control <br /> <br /> CISTI Canada Institute for Scientific and Technical Information <br /> <br /> CIRCLA Chesapeake Information and Research Library Alliance <br /> <br /> CLENERT Continuing Library Education Network and Exchange Round Table <br /> <br /> CLR Council of Library Resources <br /> <br /> CNI Coalition for Networked Information <br /> <br /> CNIE Committee for the National Institute for the Environment &ndash; NOTE: Changed name; see NCSE <br /> <br /> CNRI Corporation for National Research Initiatives <br /> <br /> <br /> CNV copy number variation<br /> CT computerized tomography<br /> CRADA Cooperative Research &amp; Development Agreement<br /> CYP cytochrome P<br /> DARPA Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency<br /> DHPLC denaturing high performance liquid chromatography<br /> DNA deoxyribonucleic acid<br /> DR dopamine receptor<br /> dsDNA double-stranded DNA<br /> EPOE apolipoprotein E<br /> FDA Food and Drug Administration (USA)<br /> FISH fluorescent in situ hybridization<br /> GFP green fluorescent protein<br /> HCV hepatitis C virus<br /> HER-2 human epidermal growth factor receptor-2<br /> HIV human immunodeficiency virus<br /> IL interleukin<br /> IP intellectual property<br /> MAb monoclonal antibody<br /> MALDI-TOF Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight<br /> MDR multidrug resistance protein<br /> MHC major histocompatibility complex<br /> MRI magnetic resonance imaging<br /> mRNA messenger RNA<br /> MS mass spectrometry<br /> MTHFR methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase<br /> NCI National Cancer Institute<br /> NIGMS National Institute of General Medical Sciences<br /> NIH National Institutes of Health (USA)<br /> PCR polymerase chain reaction<br /> PET positron emission tomography<br /> PNA peptide nucleic acid<br /> POC point-of-care<br /> RCAT rolling circle amplification technology<br /> RFLP Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism<br /> RNA ribonucleic acid<br /> SBIR Small Business Innovation Research<br /> SELDI surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization<br /> SNP single nucleotide polymorphism<br /> TDM therapeutic drug monitoring<br /> TNF tumor necrosis factor<br /> TPMT Thiopurine methyltransferase<br /> ZFP zinc finger proteins<br /> <br /> CODATA Committee on Data <br /> <br /> COI Communities of Interest <br /> <br /> COSATI Committee on Scientific and Technical Information <br /> <br /> COSMIC Computer Software Management and Information Center <br /> <br /> COSWL Committee on the Status of Women in Librarianship <br /> <br /> COTR Contracting Officer&rsquo;s Technical Representative <br /> <br /> CRDA Cooperative Research and Development Agreement <br /> <br /> CRM Customer Relationships Management <br /> <br /> CRS Congressional Research Service <br /> <br /> CSA Cambridge Scientific Abstracts <br /> <br /> CSAL Corporate Source Authority List <br /> <br /> CUNet Caribbean Academic, Scientific, and Technological Network <br /> <br /> DAA Document Availability Authorization <br /> <br /> DARPA Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency <br /> <br /> DCAA Defense Contract Audit Agency <br /> <br /> DFAS Defense Finance and Accounting Service <br /> <br /> DIA Defense Intelligence Agency <br /> <br /> DIS Defense Information Service (Australia) <br /> <br /> DISA Defense Information Systems Agency <br /> <br /> DoD Department of Defense <br /> <br /> DROLS Defense Research Development, Test, and Evaluation Online System <br /> <br /> DOE Department of Energy <br /> <br /> DSS Decision Support System <br /> <br /> DTIC Defense Technical Information Center <br /> <br /> EDB Energy Science &amp; Technology Database <br /> <br /> EDMS Electronic Document Management System <br /> <br /> ELV Expendable Launch Vehicle <br /> <br /> EMIERT Ethnic Materials Information Exchange Round Table <br /> <br /> EOS Earth Observing System <br /> <br /> ERIC Educational Resources Information Center <br /> <br /> ESA European Space Agency <br /> <br /> ESRO European Space Research Organization (now ESA) <br /> <br /> ESRO European Space Research Organization <br /> <br /> ETDB Energy Technology Database <br /> <br /> ETDE Energy Technology Data Exchange <br /> <br /> EUSIDIC European Association of Information Services <br /> <br /> FBIS Foreign Broadcast Information Services <br /> <br /> FCCSET Federal Coordinating Committee on Science, Engineering and Technology <br /> <br /> FDLP Federal Depository Library Program <br /> <br /> FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency <br /> <br /> FGDC Federal Geographic Data Committee <br /> <br /> FGIC Federal Government Information Clearinghouse <br /> <br /> FIDUL Federal Intelligent Document Understanding Lab <br /> <br /> FIRMPOC Federal Information Resource Management Policy Council <br /> <br /> FLICC Federal Library and Information Center Committee <br /> <br /> FLRT Federal Librarians Round Table <br /> <br /> FOCI Foreign Ownership Control and Influence Act <br /> <br /> FOLUSA Friends of Libraries USA <br /> <br /> FSLAP Foreign Science Library Applications Program <br /> <br /> GAO Government Accounting Office <br /> <br /> GBF Global Biodiversity Forum <br /> <br /> GEF Global Environmental Facility <br /> <br /> GBIF Global Biodiversity Information Facility <br /> <br /> GCRP Global Change Research Program <br /> <br /> GIDEP Government Industry Data Exchange Program <br /> <br /> GFE Government furnished equipment <br /> <br /> GIS Geographical Information Systems <br /> <br /> GLOBE Global Observation and Learning to Benefit the Environment <br /> <br /> GODORT Government Documents Round Table <br /> <br /> GPEA Government Paperwork Elimination Act <br /> <br /> GPO Government Printing Office <br /> <br /> GPRA Government Performance and Results Act <br /> <br /> HARV High Alpha Research Vehicle <br /> <br /> HCFA Health Care Financing Administration <br /> <br /> IAA International Aerospace Abstracts <br /> <br /> IAC Industrial Application Center <br /> <br /> IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency <br /> <br /> ICSTI International Council for Scientific and Technical Information <br /> <br /> ICSU International Council of Scientific Unions <br /> <br /> ICTAF Interdisciplinary Center for Technological Analysis and Forecasting, at Tel-Aviv University <br /> <br /> IDLSE Interagency Digital Library of Science and Engineering <br /> <br /> IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers <br /> <br /> IFC Intellectual Freedom Committee <br /> <br /> IFLA International Federation of Library Associations <br /> <br /> IFRT Intellectual Freedom Round Table <br /> <br /> IIa Information International Associates, Inc. <br /> <br /> IIA Information Industry Association <br /> <br /> NOTE: Name changed; see SIAA <br /> <br /> IIITG Interagency IRM Infrastructure Task Group <br /> <br /> ILAS Integrated Library Automated System <br /> <br /> ILERT Independent Librarians Exchange Round Table <br /> <br /> INIS International Nuclear Information System <br /> <br /> INIST Institut de L'Information Scientifique et Technique <br /> <br /> IP Information Policy or Intellectual Property <br /> <br /> IPCC Information Policy and Copyright Committee <br /> <br /> IRC International Relations Committee (IIa: Internet Resource Center) <br /> <br /> IRM Information Resources Management <br /> <br /> IRRT International Relations Round Table <br /> <br /> ISA Israeli Space Agency <br /> <br /> ISEC Integrated Science for Ecosystems Challenges <br /> <br /> ISO International Standards Organization <br /> <br /> ISSN International Standard Serial Number <br /> <br /> ISTP International Solar-Terrestrial Physics <br /> <br /> ISY International Space Year <br /> <br /> ITIS Integrated Taxonomic Information System <br /> <br /> ITU International Telecommunications Union <br /> <br /> IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature <br /> <br /> JCP Joint Committee on Printing <br /> <br /> JIVA Joint Intelligence Virtual Architecture <br /> <br /> KM Knowledge Management <br /> <br /> LAMA Library Administration and Management Association <br /> <br /> LAN Local Area Network <br /> <br /> LC Library of Congress <br /> <br /> LHRT Library History Round Table <br /> <br /> LINCS Literacy Information and Communication System <br /> <br /> LIRT Library Instruction Round Table <br /> <br /> LITA Library and Information Technology Association <br /> <br /> LoC Library of Congress <br /> <br /> LRRT Library Research Round Table <br /> <br /> LTER Long Term Ecological Research <br /> <br /> MAI Machine-Aided Indexing <br /> <br /> MARC Machine Readable Cataloging <br /> <br /> MT Machine Translation <br /> <br /> MTPE Mission to Planet Earth <br /> <br /> NABIN North American Biodiversity Information Network <br /> <br /> NACA National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics <br /> <br /> NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement <br /> <br /> NAIC National Air Intelligence Center <br /> <br /> NAL National Agricultural Library <br /> <br /> NAM NASA Access Mechanism <br /> <br /> NARA National Archives &amp; Records Administration <br /> <br /> NAS National Academy of Sciences <br /> <br /> NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration <br /> <br /> NASDA National Space Development Agency of Japan <br /> <br /> NASP National Aero-Space Plan <br /> <br /> NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization <br /> <br /> NBII National Biological Informatics Infrastructure <br /> <br /> NCBI National Center for Biotechnology Information <br /> <br /> NCSE National Council for Science and the Environment (Formerly CNIE) <br /> <br /> NCL Non-Conventional Literature <br /> <br /> NCLIS National Commission on Libraries and Information Science <br /> <br /> NCMA National Contract Management Association <br /> <br /> NCSA National Center for Super Computing Applications <br /> <br /> NCSTI National Center for Scientific and Technical Information <br /> <br /> NCSTRL Networked Computer Science Technical Reports Library <br /> <br /> NFAIS National Federation of Abstracting and Information Services <br /> <br /> NGO Non-Government Organization <br /> <br /> NIFL National Institute for Literacy <br /> <br /> NIMA National Imagery and Mapping Agency <br /> <br /> NISC National Information Services Corporation <br /> <br /> NISO National Information Standards Organization <br /> <br /> NIST National Institute of Standards &amp; Technology <br /> <br /> NLE National Library of Education <br /> <br /> NLM National Library of Medicine <br /> <br /> NMI NASA Management Instruction <br /> <br /> NMRT New Members Round Table <br /> <br /> NNSA National Nuclear Security Administration <br /> <br /> NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration <br /> <br /> NPR National Performance Review <br /> <br /> NRCS National Resources Conservation Service <br /> <br /> NREN National Research and Education Network <br /> <br /> NSDI National Spatial Data Infrastructure <br /> <br /> NSSDC National Space Science Data Center <br /> <br /> NSTC National Science and Technology Council <br /> <br /> NTIS National Technical Information Service <br /> <br /> NTRC National Transportation Research Centers <br /> <br /> OAST Office of Aeronautics and Space Technology <br /> <br /> OBIS Ocean Biogeographical Information System <br /> <br /> OCLC Online Computer Library Center <br /> <br /> OCR Optical Character Recognition <br /> <br /> ODI Optical Data Imaging <br /> <br /> OECS Organization of Eastern Caribbean States <br /> <br /> OIRA Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs <br /> <br /> OLOS Office for Library Outreach Services <br /> <br /> OLPR Office for Library Personnel Resources <br /> <br /> OMB Office of Management &amp; Budget <br /> <br /> OPAC Online public access catalog <br /> <br /> OSCP Office of State and Community Programs <br /> <br /> OSIS Open Source Information System <br /> <br /> OSTI Office of Scientific and Technical Information <br /> <br /> OSTP Office of Science and Technology Policy <br /> <br /> OTA Office of Technology Assessment <br /> <br /> PAHO Pan American Health Organization <br /> <br /> PDF Portable Document Format <br /> <br /> PIO Public Information Office <br /> <br /> PCAST President&rsquo;s Committee of Advisors on Science and Technology <br /> <br /> PITAC President&rsquo;s Information Technology Advisory Committee <br /> <br /> PLA Public Library Association <br /> <br /> PTO Patent and Trademark Office <br /> <br /> QC Quality Control <br /> <br /> R&amp;D Research and Development <br /> <br /> RAPIC Remedial Action Program Information Center <br /> <br /> RASD Reference and Adult Services Division <br /> <br /> RECON Research Connection <br /> <br /> REFORMA National Association to Promote Library Services to the Spanish Speaking <br /> <br /> RTOP Research and Technology Objectives and Plans <br /> <br /> RTTC Regional Technology Transfer Center <br /> <br /> SAIN Southern Appalachian Information Node <br /> <br /> SBIR Small Business Innovation Research <br /> <br /> SBSTTA Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical, and Technological Advice <br /> <br /> SCAN Selected Current Aerospace Notices <br /> <br /> SCI Systematics, Cybernetics, and Information <br /> <br /> SCIP Society of Competitive Intelligence Professionals <br /> <br /> SCOLE Standing Committee on Library Education <br /> <br /> SDI Selective Dissemination Information <br /> <br /> SES Subcommittee on Ecological Systems (CENR) <br /> <br /> SGML Standard Generalized Markup Language <br /> <br /> SIG Special Interest Group <br /> <br /> SIIA Software Information Industry Association <br /> <br /> (Formerly, IIA) <br /> <br /> SIMC or B Science Information Management Coordination Board (EPA) <br /> <br /> SLA Special Libraries Association <br /> <br /> SORT Staff Organization Round Table <br /> <br /> SP Special Publication <br /> <br /> SRRT Social Responsibilities Round Table <br /> <br /> SSIRT Support Staff Interest Round Table <br /> <br /> STAR Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports <br /> <br /> STC Society for Technical Communications <br /> <br /> STELAR Study of Electronic Literature for Astronomical Research <br /> <br /> STI Scientific and Technical Information <br /> <br /> STIC Scientific and Technical Intelligence Committee <br /> <br /> STILAS Scientific and Technical Information Library Automated System <br /> <br /> STLE Society of Tribiologists and Lubrication Engineers <br /> <br /> TIP Technical Information Panel <br /> <br /> TIS Technical Information Service <br /> <br /> TM Technical Memorandum <br /> <br /> TPS Thermal Protection Systems <br /> <br /> TQM Total Quality Management <br /> <br /> TsAGI Central Aerohydrodynamics <br /> <br /> TU Technology Utilization <br /> <br /> UCGIS University Consortium for <br /> <br /> UCITA Uniform Computer Information Transactions Act <br /> <br /> UMLI Unified Medical Language System <br /> <br /> UMLS Unified Medical Language System <br /> <br /> UNDP United Nations Development Program <br /> <br /> UNESCO United Nations Economic, Scientific, and Cultural Organization <br /> <br /> URL Uniform Resource Locator <br /> <br /> USGS United States Geological Survey <br /> <br /> UWI University of West Indies <br /> <br /> VRT Video Round Table <br /> <br /> WAIS Wide Area Information Server <br /> <br /> WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization <br /> <br /> WRI World Resources Institute <br /> <br /> WWF World Wildlife Fund <br /> <br /> WWW World Wide Web <br /> <br /> YALSA Young Adult Library Services Association <br /> 1da79f269623af3b06be5bb037ace260aa9ee32a 0 1828 2842 2009-11-03T05:38:29Z Larasmithe 54 wikitext text/x-wiki <span id="ctl00_PageCenterContent_FullProfileStats_ProfileLabel"><strong><a href="http://www.hgsi.com/">http://www.hgsi.com/</a><br /> <br /> Human Genome Sciences (HGS)</strong> is located in the Washington, DC metro area, and was founded in 1992 with the goal of creating a global biopharmaceutical company to discover, develop, manufacture, and market gene-based drugs to address unmet medical needs.&nbsp;<br /> They have a product pipeline with seven products in clinical development, including drugs to treat hepatitis C, lupus and other autoimmune diseases, anthrax exposure, and cancer.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> In recent years,&nbsp;they have progressed toward becoming a late stage development and commercialization company, and they have recently (2009) started Phase 3 trials for three of our key development programs. <br /> <br /> HGS is developing an innovative new treatment for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), which would be the first new treatment for lupus in nearly 40 years. This product, belimumab, is being co-developed and commercialized with Glaxo SmithKline. HGS is also developing a long-acting interferon alpha, Albuferon, for Hepatitis C, along with Novartis. HGS has also been awarded a two-phase contract with US government to supply them with ABthrax, a monoclonal antibody treatment for anthrax, for the Strategic National Stockpile, which we expect to deliver in 2008. <br /> <br /> At HGS, people are the key to our success. They share a passion for scientific and business innovation, creating unique opportunities to contribute to the commercialization phase of our products. At HGS, you will have opportunities to learn and grow, interacting with talent of the highest caliber, and you will be supported by a culture committed to employee and leadership development.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> They offer a competitive salary and benefits package. HGS is an Equal Opportunity Employer EOE/AA M/F/D/V. </span> a7ea5e7bda151333e2831cff814907e166f07e01 0 1829 2843 2009-11-04T01:34:23Z Larasmithe 54 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><strong>Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments</strong> (<strong>CLIA</strong>) of 1988 are United States federal regulatory standards that apply to all clinical laboratory testing performed on humans in the United States, except clinical trials and basic research.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></sup></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="CLIA_Program">CLIA Program</span></h2> <p>In accord with the CLIA, the CLIA Program sets standards and issues certificates for clinical laboratory testing.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></sup> CLIA defines a clinical laboratory as any facility which performs laboratory testing on specimens derived from humans for the purpose of providing information (1) for the diagnosis, prevention, or treatment of disease or impairment, and (2) for the assessment of health. An objective of the CLIA is to ensure the accuracy, reliability and timeliness of test results regardless of where the test was performed.</p> <p>Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) has the primary responsibility for the operation of the CLIA Program. Within CMS, the program is implemented by the Center for Medicaid and State Operations, Survey and Certification Group, Division of Laboratory Services.</p> <p>The CLIA Program is funded by user fees collected from approximately 189,000 laboratories, most located in the United States.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></sup></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="mw-redirect" title="Medical technologist" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_technologist">Medical technologist</a> </li> </ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-0"><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLIA#cite_ref-0">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" href="http://www.fda.gov/cdrh/CLIA/CLIAfedregin.html" rel="nofollow">CLIA related Federal Register and Code of Federal Regulation Announcements</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-1"><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLIA#cite_ref-1">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" href="http://www.cms.hhs.gov/clia/" rel="nofollow">CLIA Program homepage</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLIA#cite_ref-2">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" href="http://www.cms.hhs.gov/CLIA/01_Overview.asp" rel="nofollow">CLIA Overview</a> (March 2007) </li> </ol> e246596ef9a860bbe07ade73a360c9cb4ca4681c 0 1830 2844 2009-11-14T09:43:56Z Larasmithe 54 wikitext text/x-wiki Exome sequencing is the full sequencing of protein-coding regions in full length genomes.<br /> <br /> [http://exome.com Exome.com]<br /> ef33992cf8869f11bfcc6b6af5aa3db43ef139ad 0 1804 2845 2009-11-15T02:26:08Z Larasmithe 54 wikitext text/x-wiki <a href="http://thebigone.stanford.edu/">http://thebigone.stanford.edu/</a><br /> <br /> <table cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" width="425" border="0"> <tbody> <tr valign="middle"> <td width="283"><font size="2"><font face=""><strong>Stephen Quake, D.Phil. <br /> </strong>Professor of Bioengineering</font><strong><br /> </strong><font face="">Co-Chair<strong>, </strong>Department of Bioengineering</font><strong><br /> </strong><font face="">Investigator, Howard Hughes Medical Institute</font><strong><br /> </strong></font></td> <td align="left" width="125" height="10"> <div align="right"><font face="" size="2">quake#stanford.edu<br /> (650) 736-7890</font></div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><font face="" size="2">D. Phil., Physics, University of Oxford, 1994.<br /> MS, Mathematics, Stanford University, 1991.<br /> BS, Mathematics, Stanford University, 1991.<br /> <br /> <br /> <a href="http://biopeople.net/index.php/Stephen_Quake">http://biopeople.net/index.php/Stephen_Quake</a></font></p> 093ffa8a977694b0e837b039b611c047e7ed51f4 0 1621 2846 2009-12-29T09:41:16Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font size="5">Genomics Programs </font><font size="3">(please put any program that is useful for genomics)<br /> </font><br /> &nbsp; <table border="1" cellspacing="1" summary="" cellpadding="1" width="100%"> <tbody> <tr> <td><font size="2"><strong><font size="3">[[Genome alignement programs]]</font>&nbsp; </strong></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3"><strong>[[Genome visualization programs]]</strong></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[Genome mapping program for NGS data]]: [[Soap]]</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> 4ac223e07a152178a49fb15a95fb099bbf0b7250 0 1831 2847 2009-12-29T09:41:35Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <a href="http://soap.genomics.org.cn/">http://soap.genomics.org.cn/</a> cf8daa173d18e780923ebf9211776473818f8177 0 1833 2854 2010-02-06T02:12:23Z Ss 67 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">Dec. 30th 2009.</font><br /> <br /> <font size="3">Theragen Inc. in Korea launched full genome and SNP based personal genome project, GenomeCare Project.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> The company is the first in Asia to commercialize the full genome and SNP based personal genome information service.<br /> </font><br /> [[HelloGene]]: SNP chip based personal gene information service<br /> [[HelloGenome]]: Full genome based sequencing and information service<br /> <br /> <br /> The Genome Care Project was launched by Theragen BiO Institute led (Director, Jong Bhak).<br /> <br /> The price for the full personal genome service (Gold)&nbsp;is $200,000 USD. A standard version (Silver) is $150,000 USD.<br /> The price for a full personal SNP genome typing service (Premium) is $2000 USD. A standard version is $1000 USD.<br /> <br /> This service is the first commercial&nbsp;personal genome service&nbsp;in Asia. <br /> <br /> The Theragen BiO Institute (BiO institute) has analyzed the first personal Korean genome in Dec. 2008. The BiO institute researchers also participated in PASNP project that used 73 Asian ethnic groups using Affy 50K gene chips. The results of the first Korean genome (Dr. Kim Seong-Jin's) was published in May 2009 in Genome Research.<br /> The result of the PASNP consortium was published in Science magazine in Dec. 2009.<br /> <br /> The GenomeCare project is to map all the Asian ethnic groups for personalized medicine.<br /> <br /> <br /> http://hellogene.co.kr<br /> <br /> 3e1d47a61f5ccf8ed6b9bbdc8baeb511fb852c63 6 1835 2855 2010-02-06T16:18:24Z Ss 67 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 0 1836 2861 2010-02-17T08:02:51Z Mm 69 wikitext text/x-wiki <h2><a href="http://www.illumina.com/systems/hiseq_2000.ilmn">http://www.illumina.com/systems/hiseq_2000.ilmn</a><br /> <br /> HiSeq 2000: Description</h2> <ul> <li>Flow cells are easily loaded on the vacuum-controlled loading dock.</li> <li>Pre-configured, plug-and-play reagents sufficient for up to <strong>200</strong> cycles drop into racks in the machine's chiller compartment, requiring only two minutes of hands-on time.</li> <li>A simple touch screen user interface, including on-screen, step-by-step instructions with embedded multimedia help, simplifies run setup.</li> <li>Real-time progress indicators provide at-a-glance status, and remote monitoring allows a single user to check progress on multiple systems from any browser or internet-enabled phone.</li> <li>HiSeq 2000 can be operated in single or dual flow cell mode, offering unmatched experimental flexibility and instrument scalability.</li> <li>Independently-operable flow cells allow applications requiring different read lengths to run simultaneously.</li> <li>Illumina's efficient and scalable data analysis solution for transforming billions of bases of raw sequencing data into publishable, biologically meaningful results is included.</li> </ul> 03d61dc8c32c5430375a67f5d52295ed1e340177 2923 2010-03-27T14:12:01Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <h2><a href="http://www.illumina.com/systems/hiseq_2000.ilmn">http://www.illumina.com/systems/hiseq_2000.ilmn</a><br /> <br /> HiSeq 2000: Description</h2> <ul> <li>Flow cells are easily loaded on the vacuum-controlled loading dock. </li> <li>Pre-configured, plug-and-play reagents sufficient for up to <strong>200</strong> cycles drop into racks in the machine's chiller compartment, requiring only two minutes of hands-on time. </li> <li>A simple touch screen user interface, including on-screen, step-by-step instructions with embedded multimedia help, simplifies run setup. </li> <li>Real-time progress indicators provide at-a-glance status, and remote monitoring allows a single user to check progress on multiple systems from any browser or internet-enabled phone. </li> <li>HiSeq 2000 can be operated in single or dual flow cell mode, offering unmatched experimental flexibility and instrument scalability. </li> <li>Independently-operable flow cells allow applications requiring different read lengths to run simultaneously. </li> <li>Illumina's efficient and scalable data analysis solution for transforming billions of bases of raw sequencing data into publishable, biologically meaningful results is included. </li> <li>HiSeq 2000 has two 8-lane flow cells, as compared to the single flow cell on the GA, and images both the top and bottom surfaces of the flow cell</li> </ul> 2379094d898d4cedcd72a35c4f8411f302a5c74b 0 1642 2862 2010-02-20T12:47:46Z A 71 wikitext text/x-wiki <p class="content">Complete Genomics claims to have developed a third-generation sequencing platform.</p> <p class="content">It is capable of generating genomic data at an unprecedented level of throughput and at low cost ($5000 per genome in 2009)<br /> </p> <p class="content">The company is deploying this platform through its commercial-scale, fully automated genome center and offering a comprehensive human genome sequencing service. <br /> </p> <p class="content">This service will enable its customers to characterize the full spectrum of genetic variants in large numbers of human subjects. This ability to conduct large-scale human genome studies will enable medical researchers to elucidate further the genetic underpinnings of complex diseases and drug responses. </p> <p class="content">At the heart of Complete Genomics&rsquo; <a href="/technology/technicalDetails.aspx">sequencing platform</a> are technological advances in libraries, arrays, sequencing assay, instruments and software, integrated into a comprehensive sequencing system specifically designed for large-scale studies of complete human genomes. <br /> </p> <p class="content">URL: [http://www.completegenomics.com CompleteGenpmicsInc.com]</p> <p class="content">&nbsp;</p> <p class="subtitle"><strong>Corporate Headquarters</strong></p> <p class="content">Complete Genomics, Inc.<br /> 2071 Stierlin Court<br /> Mountain View, CA 94043<br /> Phone: +1.650.943.2800<br /> Email: <a href="mailto:info@completegenomics.com">info@completegenomics.com</a></p> <p class="content"><a href="mailto:info@completegenomics.com"><br /> </a></p> <p class="content"><strong>News about Complete Genomics Inc. sequencing technology: October 07. 2008</strong> </p> <ul class="uli"> <li>InSequence: <a target="_blank" href="http://www.in-sequence.com/issues/2_40/features/149874-1.html?CMP=OTC-RSS">Complete Genomics to Offer $5,000 Human Genome as a Service Business in Q2 2009</a> </li> <li>Xconomy: <a target="_blank" href="http://www.xconomy.com/san-diego/2008/10/07/ovp-enterprise-partners-see-big-opportunity-in-5000-human-genome-sequencing/">OVP, Enterprise Partners See Big Opportunity in $5,000 Human Genome Sequencing</a> </li> <li>FierceBioResearcher: <a target="_blank" href="http://www.fiercebioresearcher.com/story/start-offer-genome-sequencing-bargain-rate/2008-10-07-0">Start-up to offer genome sequencing at bargain rate</a> </li> <li>OBBeC (UK): <a target="_blank" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/06/business/06gene.html?hp">Sequence Your Genome for Only $5,000</a> </li> <li>United Press International: <a target="_blank" href="http://www.upi.com/Science_News/2008/10/06/Company_to_offer_5000_gene_mapping/UPI-43561223341924/">Company to offer $5,000 gene mapping</a> </li> <li>SmartBrief: <a target="_blank" href="http://www.smartbrief.com/news/entrepreneurs/storyDetails.jsp?issueid=69CC6077-E6AF-49CE-B2C8-E7B3782F1E3E&amp;copyid=6DB4A55A-9277-459F-AEF5-456B8C4BD799">Discount-priced genetics</a> </li> </ul> <p class="content"><strong>News about Complete Genomics Inc. sequencing technology: October 06. 2008</strong> </p> <ul class="uli"> <li>New York Times: <a target="_blank" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/06/business/06gene.html?hp">Dawn of Low-Price Mapping Could Broaden DNA Uses</a> </li> <li>Technology Review: <a target="_blank" href="http://www.technologyreview.com/biomedicine/21466/">Five Thousand Bucks for Your Genome: A new sequencing service could change the face of human genomics</a> </li> <li>Bio-IT World: <a target="_blank" href="http://www.bio-itworld.com/headlines/2008/oct06/complete-genomics-1000-dollar-genome.html">Complete Genomics Service Targets $1000 Genome by Spring 2009</a> </li> <li>Bio-IT World: <a target="_blank" href="http://www.bio-itworld.com/headlines/2008/oct06/complete-genomics-dna-nanoballs.html">DNA Nanoballs, Petabytes of Data Mark Complete Genomics Platform</a> </li> <li>International Herald Tribune: <a target="_blank" href="#">Dawn of low-price mapping could broaden DNA uses</a> </li> <li>Seattle Times: <a target="_blank" href="http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/businesstechnology/2008231287_btbriefs06.html">Technology Briefs: Biotechnology</a> </li> <li>Genetic Engineering &amp; Biotechnology News: <a target="_blank" href="http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/10/06/business/06gene.php">Complete Genomics Kicks Off Sequencing Business through Deal with ISB</a> </li> <li>Xconomy: <a target="_blank" href="http://www.xconomy.com/seattle/2008/10/06/isb-complete-genomics-form-partnership-to-sequence-multiple-human-genomes/">ISB, Complete Genomics Form Partnership To Sequence Multiple Human Genomes</a> </li> <li>Nature News: <a target="_blank" href="http://www.nature.com/news/2008/081006/full/news.2008.1151.html">$5,000 genome next year, company promises: Complete Genomics is about to release fast, cheap sequencing into a competitive market</a> </li> <li>Monsters &amp; Critics: <a target="_blank" href="http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/business/news/article_1435105.php/Company_to_offer_low_price_for_complete_genetic_blueprint_">Business News: Company to offer low price for complete genetic blueprint</a> </li> <li>ABC News: <a href="http://www.abcnews.go.com/Technology/story?id=5964421&amp;page=1">Five Thousand Bucks for Your Genome</a> </li> <li>Genome Technology Online: <a target="_blank" href="http://www.genome-technology.com/issues/blog/general/149844-1.html">Complete Genomics Makes Its Debut</a> </li> <li>Genome Web Daily News: <a href="http://www.genomeweb.com/issues/news/149838-1.html">Complete Genomics, ISB To Collaborate on Genome Studies; Firm Targets $5K Genome for 2009</a> </li> <li>Silicon Valley / San Jose Business Journal: <a target="_blank" href="http://sanjose.bizjournals.com/sanjose/stories/2008/10/06/daily15.html?b=1223265600%5e1712406&amp;surround=etf">Complete Genomics emerges from stealth</a> </li> </ul> <br /> <p class="content">&nbsp;</p> b3a233fdfbe83bb5f64fb4b5087a8d012be2de2a 0 1837 2868 2010-02-28T06:31:50Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">The first Korean Genome Announced (2008. Dec. 4th)<br /> <br /> </font>Gacheon Medical School's Lee Gilyeo Cancer Diabetes Research Institute and [[KOBIC]] of KRIBB announced a Korean human genome sequence.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <a href="http://koreagenome.org/">http://koreagenome.org/</a><br /> <br /> The first&nbsp;full genome sequence is available from <a href="ftp://ftp.kobic.re.kr/pub/PersonalGenomes/Korean/">ftp://ftp.kobic.re.kr/pub/PersonalGenomes/Korean/</a><br /> <br /> This is the fifth individual genome that is fully available on the net. Dr. Kim Seong-jin's genome was sequenced who is the head of the LCDI (Lee Gilyeo Cancer Diabetes Inst.).<br /> <br /> The genome was analyzed by KOBIC using around 150 CPUs.<br /> <br /> <br /> <hr /> <font size="3">The first Korean Genome was published in Genome Research in May 2009.</font><br /> <br /> <a href="http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2009/06/24/gr.092197.109.full.pdf+html">http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2009/06/24/gr.092197.109.full.pdf+html</a><br /> <a href="http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2009/05/26/gr.092197.109.full.pdf+html"></a><br /> [http://www.genomeweb.com/dxpgx/european-genetics-group-offers-draft-genetic-testing-oversight?emc=el&amp;m=410159&amp;l=6&amp;v=85e6408480 Genomeweb.com News about Korean genome]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> a036d5dd1f8ac7b23f2b911ab28ee5148a665540 0 1838 2869 2010-02-28T06:32:21Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <h2 class="purple">MEDIA RELEASES</h2> <p><strong>Ion Torrent Systems, Inc.&nbsp; <br /> Ion Personal Genome Machine^{<font size="2">TM</font>} Sequencer Grant</strong></p> <p><em>Semiconductor Sequencing for Life^{<font size="2">TM</font>}</em><em></em></p> <p><strong>&nbsp;</strong></p> <p><strong>Introduction</strong></p> <p>Ion Torrent^{<font size="2">TM</font>} will award two Ion Personal Genome Machine (PGM^{<font size="2">TM</font>}) sequencers in April 2010 through a grant program designed to help make DNA sequencing accessible to all scientists.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>The Ion PGM Sequencer Grant Program is designed to foster the development of new applications for DNA sequencing that leverage the instrument's unprecedented speed, scalability and low cost. The Ion PGM sequencer can do a run in about an hour, offers semiconductor scalability and is one tenth the price of other sequencers to buy and to run.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&quot;Ion Torrent technology enables scientists to do experiments they never thought were possible, and that freedom will foster innovation and drive breakthroughs in research,&quot; said Dr. Jonathan Rothberg, founder and CEO of Ion Torrent. &quot;We look forward to working with scientists around the world to create applications that will transform healthcare.&quot;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>The grant submissions will be judged on the merit of the ideas, as well as the resources and expertise the applicants can bring to the project. Dr. Rothberg and members of the Ion Torrent Scientific Advisory Board, including Dr. Ron Davis and Dr. George Church, will judge the submissions. Applications will be accepted from Feb 27^{<font size="2">th</font>} to April 4^{<font size="2">th</font>}. To apply, go to the <a href="grantapp/"><font color="#000000">grant application</font></a>.</p> <p><strong>True semiconductor sequencing</strong></p> <p>The Ion PGM sequencer, which will be launched in 2010, uses a new sequencing technology that brings the transformative power of the semiconductor to the life sciences.&nbsp; Ion Torrent technology directly translates chemically encoded information (A, C, G, T) into digital information (0, 1) on a semiconductor chip.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>This approach marries simple chemistry to proven semiconductor technology-its Watson meets Moore. The result is a sequencing system that is&nbsp;<em>simpler, faster, more cost effective and scalable&nbsp;</em>than any other technology available. The semiconductor has transformed every industry it's touched. Just as the microprocessor enabled desktop computing to displace the mainframe,&nbsp;semiconductor technology will inevitably democratize sequencing, putting it within the reach of any lab or clinic.</p> <p><strong>Grants Honor Gordon Moore and James D. Watson </strong></p> <p>The first award will be announced on April 19^{<font size="2">th</font>}, to commemorate the 45^{<font size="2">th</font>} anniversary of the 1965 publication of Dr. Moore's landmark paper in <em>Electronics Magazine,</em> which proposed what is now known as Moore's Law. The second grant will be announced on April 25^{<font size="2">th</font>}, to commemorate the 57^{<font size="2">th</font>} anniversary of the 1953 publication of Dr. Watson and Dr. Francis Crick's paper in <em>Nature</em> on the double helix structure of DNA.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>More details on Ion Torrent technology and the Ion PGM grant program will be available on the Ion Torrent website after Dr. Rothberg's keynote address on Feb. 27 at this year's Advances in Genome Biology and Technology (AGBT) conference in Marco Island, Florida.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>About Ion Torrent</strong></p> <p>Ion Torrent has developed a DNA sequencing system that directly translates chemical signals (A, C, G, T) into digital information (0, 1) on a semiconductor chip. The result is a sequencing system that is&nbsp;<em>simpler, faster, more cost effective and scalable </em>than any other technology available. Because Ion Torrent produces its proprietary semiconductor chips in standard CMOS factories, we leverage the $1 trillion dollar investment that has been made in the semiconductor industry over the past 40 years. This enables us to directly benefit from four decades of exponential improvement in semiconductor technology, usually expressed as Moore's Law.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>The company was founded in August 2007 by Jonathan Rothberg, a pioneer of high-speed, massively parallel DNA sequencing. Ion Torrent is based in Guilford, Connecticut with offices in San Francisco. Ion Torrent will launch the Ion Personal Genome Machine sequencer in 2010. For more information about Ion Torrent, visit <a href="http://www.iontorrent.com"><font color="#000000">www.iontorrent.com</font></a>.&nbsp; To apply, go to the <a href="grantapp/"><font color="#000000">grant application</font></a>.</p> <p>CONTACT: Ion Torrent<br /> Wes Conard, Director, Corporate Communications<br /> W: <skype:span id="softomate_v3_highlight_0" class="skype_v3_tb_injection" title="Call this phone number in United States of America with Skype: +14152410510" skypeid="0" skypeaction="call" nof="" isfax="" freecall="" fwidth="" type=".flex" mode=".modern" path="file://C:/Users/j/AppData/Local/Temp/Low/__SkypeIEToolbar_Cache/e70d95847a8f5723cfca6b3fd9946506/static/" durex2="%DADDYHEIGHT%" durex="%DADDYWIDTH%" context="415-241-0510"><font size="2"><font color="#333333"><skype:span id="skype_v3_tb_nop0" class="skype_v3_tb_nop">&nbsp;</skype:span><skype:span style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(file://C:/Users/j/AppData/Local/Temp/Low/__SkypeIEToolbar_Cache/e70d95847a8f5723cfca6b3fd9946506/static/inactive_a.modern.flex.gif)" id="skype_v3_tb_droppart_0" class="skype_v3_tb_imgA_flex" title="Skype actions" skypeid="0" skypeaction="drop" skypesms="0">&nbsp;&nbsp;<skype:span style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(file://C:/Users/j/AppData/Local/Temp/Low/__SkypeIEToolbar_Cache/e70d95847a8f5723cfca6b3fd9946506/static/famfamfam/US.gif)" id="skype_v3_tb_img_f0" class="skype_v3_tb_imgFlag"><strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</strong></skype:span>&nbsp;<skype:span class="skype_v3_tb_nop">&nbsp;</skype:span></skype:span><strong><skype:span style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(file://C:/Users/j/AppData/Local/Temp/Low/__SkypeIEToolbar_Cache/e70d95847a8f5723cfca6b3fd9946506/static/inactive_s.flex.modern.gif)" id="skype_v3_tb_img_s0" class="skype_v3_tb_imgS">&nbsp;</skype:span><skype:span style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(file://C:/Users/j/AppData/Local/Temp/Low/__SkypeIEToolbar_Cache/e70d95847a8f5723cfca6b3fd9946506/static/inactive_m.modern.gif)" id="skype_v3_tb_text0" class="skype_v3_tb_injectionIn"><skype:span style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(file://C:/Users/j/AppData/Local/Temp/Low/__SkypeIEToolbar_Cache/e70d95847a8f5723cfca6b3fd9946506/static/inactive_m.modern.gif)" id="skype_v3_tb_innerText0" class="skype_v3_tb_innerText">&nbsp;415-241-0510&nbsp;</skype:span></skype:span></strong><skype:span style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(file://C:/Users/j/AppData/Local/Temp/Low/__SkypeIEToolbar_Cache/e70d95847a8f5723cfca6b3fd9946506/static/inactive_r.modern.gif)" id="skype_v3_tb_img_r0" class="skype_v3_tb_imgR"><strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</strong><skype:span class="skype_v3_tb_nop">&nbsp;</skype:span></skype:span></font></font></skype:span> <skype:span id="softomate_v3_print_0" class="skype_v3_tb_injection_print" context="">415-241-0510</skype:span> X204 <br /> C: <skype:span id="softomate_v3_highlight_1" class="skype_v3_tb_injection" title="Call this phone number in United States of America with Skype: +14153854455" skypeid="1" skypeaction="call" nof="" isfax="" freecall="" fwidth="" type=".flex" mode=".modern" path="file://C:/Users/j/AppData/Local/Temp/Low/__SkypeIEToolbar_Cache/e70d95847a8f5723cfca6b3fd9946506/static/" durex2="%DADDYHEIGHT%" durex="%DADDYWIDTH%" context="415-385-4455"><font size="2"><font color="#333333"><skype:span id="skype_v3_tb_nop1" class="skype_v3_tb_nop">&nbsp;</skype:span><skype:span style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(file://C:/Users/j/AppData/Local/Temp/Low/__SkypeIEToolbar_Cache/e70d95847a8f5723cfca6b3fd9946506/static/inactive_a.modern.flex.gif)" id="skype_v3_tb_droppart_1" class="skype_v3_tb_imgA_flex" title="Skype actions" skypeid="1" skypeaction="drop" skypesms="1">&nbsp;&nbsp;<skype:span style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(file://C:/Users/j/AppData/Local/Temp/Low/__SkypeIEToolbar_Cache/e70d95847a8f5723cfca6b3fd9946506/static/famfamfam/US.gif)" id="skype_v3_tb_img_f1" class="skype_v3_tb_imgFlag"><strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</strong></skype:span>&nbsp;<skype:span class="skype_v3_tb_nop">&nbsp;</skype:span></skype:span><strong><skype:span style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(file://C:/Users/j/AppData/Local/Temp/Low/__SkypeIEToolbar_Cache/e70d95847a8f5723cfca6b3fd9946506/static/inactive_s.flex.modern.gif)" id="skype_v3_tb_img_s1" class="skype_v3_tb_imgS">&nbsp;</skype:span><skype:span style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(file://C:/Users/j/AppData/Local/Temp/Low/__SkypeIEToolbar_Cache/e70d95847a8f5723cfca6b3fd9946506/static/inactive_m.modern.gif)" id="skype_v3_tb_text1" class="skype_v3_tb_injectionIn"><skype:span style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(file://C:/Users/j/AppData/Local/Temp/Low/__SkypeIEToolbar_Cache/e70d95847a8f5723cfca6b3fd9946506/static/inactive_m.modern.gif)" id="skype_v3_tb_innerText1" class="skype_v3_tb_innerText">&nbsp;415-385-4455&nbsp;</skype:span></skype:span></strong><skype:span style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(file://C:/Users/j/AppData/Local/Temp/Low/__SkypeIEToolbar_Cache/e70d95847a8f5723cfca6b3fd9946506/static/inactive_r.modern.gif)" id="skype_v3_tb_img_r1" class="skype_v3_tb_imgR"><strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</strong><skype:span class="skype_v3_tb_nop">&nbsp;</skype:span></skype:span></font></font></skype:span> <skype:span id="softomate_v3_print_1" class="skype_v3_tb_injection_print" context="">415-385-4455</skype:span><br /> wconard@iontorrent.com</p> c3d4cea94a7e1d5f1dbfb304a1c7a20315b5c4d0 2870 2010-02-28T06:53:06Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <h2 class="purple"><a href="http://www.iontorrent.com/media-releases/personal-genome-machine-sequencer-research-grant-program/"><font size="3">http://www.iontorrent.com/media-releases/personal-genome-machine-sequencer-research-grant-program/</font></a><br /> <br /> MEDIA RELEASES</h2> <p><strong>Ion Torrent Systems, Inc.&nbsp; <br /> Ion Personal Genome Machine^{<font size="2">TM</font>} Sequencer Grant</strong></p> <p><em>Semiconductor Sequencing for Life^{<font size="2">TM</font>}</em><em></em></p> <p><strong>&nbsp;</strong></p> <p><strong>Introduction</strong></p> <p>Ion Torrent^{<font size="2">TM</font>} will award two Ion Personal Genome Machine (PGM^{<font size="2">TM</font>}) sequencers in April 2010 through a grant program designed to help make DNA sequencing accessible to all scientists.</p> <p>The Ion PGM Sequencer Grant Program is designed to foster the development of new applications for DNA sequencing that leverage the instrument's unprecedented speed, scalability and low cost. The Ion PGM sequencer can do a run in about an hour, offers semiconductor scalability and is one tenth the price of other sequencers to buy and to run.</p> <p>&quot;Ion Torrent technology enables scientists to do experiments they never thought were possible, and that freedom will foster innovation and drive breakthroughs in research,&quot; said Dr. Jonathan Rothberg, founder and CEO of Ion Torrent. &quot;We look forward to working with scientists around the world to create applications that will transform healthcare.&quot;</p> <p>The grant submissions will be judged on the merit of the ideas, as well as the resources and expertise the applicants can bring to the project. Dr. Rothberg and members of the Ion Torrent Scientific Advisory Board, including Dr. Ron Davis and Dr. George Church, will judge the submissions. Applications will be accepted from Feb 27^{<font size="2">th</font>} to April 4^{<font size="2">th</font>}. To apply, go to the <a href="grantapp/"><font color="#000000">grant application</font></a>.</p> <p><strong>True semiconductor sequencing</strong></p> <p>The Ion PGM sequencer, which will be launched in 2010, uses a new sequencing technology that brings the transformative power of the semiconductor to the life sciences.&nbsp; Ion Torrent technology directly translates chemically encoded information (A, C, G, T) into digital information (0, 1) on a semiconductor chip.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>This approach marries simple chemistry to proven semiconductor technology-its Watson meets Moore. The result is a sequencing system that is&nbsp;<em>simpler, faster, more cost effective and scalable&nbsp;</em>than any other technology available. The semiconductor has transformed every industry it's touched. Just as the microprocessor enabled desktop computing to displace the mainframe,&nbsp;semiconductor technology will inevitably democratize sequencing, putting it within the reach of any lab or clinic.</p> <p><strong>Grants Honor Gordon Moore and James D. Watson </strong></p> <p>The first award will be announced on April 19^{<font size="2">th</font>}, to commemorate the 45^{<font size="2">th</font>} anniversary of the 1965 publication of Dr. Moore's landmark paper in <em>Electronics Magazine,</em> which proposed what is now known as Moore's Law. The second grant will be announced on April 25^{<font size="2">th</font>}, to commemorate the 57^{<font size="2">th</font>} anniversary of the 1953 publication of Dr. Watson and Dr. Francis Crick's paper in <em>Nature</em> on the double helix structure of DNA.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>More details on Ion Torrent technology and the Ion PGM grant program will be available on the Ion Torrent website after Dr. Rothberg's keynote address on Feb. 27 at this year's Advances in Genome Biology and Technology (AGBT) conference in Marco Island, Florida.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>About Ion Torrent</strong></p> <p>Ion Torrent has developed a DNA sequencing system that directly translates chemical signals (A, C, G, T) into digital information (0, 1) on a semiconductor chip. The result is a sequencing system that is&nbsp;<em>simpler, faster, more cost effective and scalable </em>than any other technology available. Because Ion Torrent produces its proprietary semiconductor chips in standard CMOS factories, we leverage the $1 trillion dollar investment that has been made in the semiconductor industry over the past 40 years. This enables us to directly benefit from four decades of exponential improvement in semiconductor technology, usually expressed as Moore's Law.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>The company was founded in August 2007 by Jonathan Rothberg, a pioneer of high-speed, massively parallel DNA sequencing. Ion Torrent is based in Guilford, Connecticut with offices in San Francisco. Ion Torrent will launch the Ion Personal Genome Machine sequencer in 2010. For more information about Ion Torrent, visit <a href="http://www.iontorrent.com"><font color="#000000">www.iontorrent.com</font></a>.&nbsp; To apply, go to the <a href="grantapp/"><font color="#000000">grant application</font></a>.</p> <p>CONTACT: Ion Torrent<br /> Wes Conard, Director, Corporate Communications<br /> W: <skype:span id="softomate_v3_highlight_0" class="skype_v3_tb_injection" title="Call this phone number in United States of America with Skype: +14152410510" skypeid="0" skypeaction="call" nof="" isfax="" freecall="" fwidth="" type=".flex" mode=".modern" path="file://C:/Users/j/AppData/Local/Temp/Low/__SkypeIEToolbar_Cache/e70d95847a8f5723cfca6b3fd9946506/static/" durex2="%DADDYHEIGHT%" durex="%DADDYWIDTH%" context="415-241-0510"><font size="2"><font color="#333333"><skype:span id="skype_v3_tb_nop0" class="skype_v3_tb_nop">&nbsp;</skype:span><skype:span style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(file://C:/Users/j/AppData/Local/Temp/Low/__SkypeIEToolbar_Cache/e70d95847a8f5723cfca6b3fd9946506/static/inactive_a.modern.flex.gif)" id="skype_v3_tb_droppart_0" class="skype_v3_tb_imgA_flex" title="Skype actions" skypeid="0" skypeaction="drop" skypesms="0">&nbsp;&nbsp;<skype:span style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(file://C:/Users/j/AppData/Local/Temp/Low/__SkypeIEToolbar_Cache/e70d95847a8f5723cfca6b3fd9946506/static/famfamfam/US.gif)" id="skype_v3_tb_img_f0" class="skype_v3_tb_imgFlag"><strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</strong></skype:span>&nbsp;<skype:span class="skype_v3_tb_nop">&nbsp;</skype:span></skype:span><strong><skype:span style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(file://C:/Users/j/AppData/Local/Temp/Low/__SkypeIEToolbar_Cache/e70d95847a8f5723cfca6b3fd9946506/static/inactive_s.flex.modern.gif)" id="skype_v3_tb_img_s0" class="skype_v3_tb_imgS">&nbsp;</skype:span><skype:span style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(file://C:/Users/j/AppData/Local/Temp/Low/__SkypeIEToolbar_Cache/e70d95847a8f5723cfca6b3fd9946506/static/inactive_m.modern.gif)" id="skype_v3_tb_text0" class="skype_v3_tb_injectionIn"><skype:span style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(file://C:/Users/j/AppData/Local/Temp/Low/__SkypeIEToolbar_Cache/e70d95847a8f5723cfca6b3fd9946506/static/inactive_m.modern.gif)" id="skype_v3_tb_innerText0" class="skype_v3_tb_innerText">&nbsp;415-241-0510&nbsp;</skype:span></skype:span></strong><skype:span style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(file://C:/Users/j/AppData/Local/Temp/Low/__SkypeIEToolbar_Cache/e70d95847a8f5723cfca6b3fd9946506/static/inactive_r.modern.gif)" id="skype_v3_tb_img_r0" class="skype_v3_tb_imgR"><strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</strong><skype:span class="skype_v3_tb_nop">&nbsp;</skype:span></skype:span></font></font></skype:span> <skype:span id="softomate_v3_print_0" class="skype_v3_tb_injection_print" context="">415-241-0510</skype:span> X204 <br /> C: <skype:span id="softomate_v3_highlight_1" class="skype_v3_tb_injection" title="Call this phone number in United States of America with Skype: +14153854455" skypeid="1" skypeaction="call" nof="" isfax="" freecall="" fwidth="" type=".flex" mode=".modern" path="file://C:/Users/j/AppData/Local/Temp/Low/__SkypeIEToolbar_Cache/e70d95847a8f5723cfca6b3fd9946506/static/" durex2="%DADDYHEIGHT%" durex="%DADDYWIDTH%" context="415-385-4455"><font size="2"><font color="#333333"><skype:span id="skype_v3_tb_nop1" class="skype_v3_tb_nop">&nbsp;</skype:span><skype:span style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(file://C:/Users/j/AppData/Local/Temp/Low/__SkypeIEToolbar_Cache/e70d95847a8f5723cfca6b3fd9946506/static/inactive_a.modern.flex.gif)" id="skype_v3_tb_droppart_1" class="skype_v3_tb_imgA_flex" title="Skype actions" skypeid="1" skypeaction="drop" skypesms="1">&nbsp;&nbsp;<skype:span style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(file://C:/Users/j/AppData/Local/Temp/Low/__SkypeIEToolbar_Cache/e70d95847a8f5723cfca6b3fd9946506/static/famfamfam/US.gif)" id="skype_v3_tb_img_f1" class="skype_v3_tb_imgFlag"><strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</strong></skype:span>&nbsp;<skype:span class="skype_v3_tb_nop">&nbsp;</skype:span></skype:span><strong><skype:span style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(file://C:/Users/j/AppData/Local/Temp/Low/__SkypeIEToolbar_Cache/e70d95847a8f5723cfca6b3fd9946506/static/inactive_s.flex.modern.gif)" id="skype_v3_tb_img_s1" class="skype_v3_tb_imgS">&nbsp;</skype:span><skype:span style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(file://C:/Users/j/AppData/Local/Temp/Low/__SkypeIEToolbar_Cache/e70d95847a8f5723cfca6b3fd9946506/static/inactive_m.modern.gif)" id="skype_v3_tb_text1" class="skype_v3_tb_injectionIn"><skype:span style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(file://C:/Users/j/AppData/Local/Temp/Low/__SkypeIEToolbar_Cache/e70d95847a8f5723cfca6b3fd9946506/static/inactive_m.modern.gif)" id="skype_v3_tb_innerText1" class="skype_v3_tb_innerText">&nbsp;415-385-4455&nbsp;</skype:span></skype:span></strong><skype:span style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(file://C:/Users/j/AppData/Local/Temp/Low/__SkypeIEToolbar_Cache/e70d95847a8f5723cfca6b3fd9946506/static/inactive_r.modern.gif)" id="skype_v3_tb_img_r1" class="skype_v3_tb_imgR"><strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</strong><skype:span class="skype_v3_tb_nop">&nbsp;</skype:span></skype:span></font></font></skype:span> <skype:span id="softomate_v3_print_1" class="skype_v3_tb_injection_print" context="">415-385-4455</skype:span><br /> wconard@iontorrent.com</p> a27e7c00792b6b11cfc2c6ce351bbeba8cde22aa 2871 2010-02-28T14:08:34Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <h2 class="purple"><a href="http://www.iontorrent.com/media-releases/personal-genome-machine-sequencer-research-grant-program/"><font size="3">http://www.iontorrent.com/media-releases/personal-genome-machine-sequencer-research-grant-program/</font></a><br /> <br /> MEDIA RELEASES</h2> <p><strong>Ion Torrent Systems, Inc.&nbsp; <br /> Ion Personal Genome Machine^{<font size="2">TM</font>} Sequencer Grant</strong></p> <p><em>Semiconductor Sequencing for Life^{<font size="2">TM</font>}</em><em></em></p> <p><strong>&nbsp;</strong></p> <p><strong>Introduction</strong></p> <p>Ion Torrent^{<font size="2">TM</font>} will award two Ion Personal Genome Machine (PGM^{<font size="2">TM</font>}) sequencers in April 2010 through a grant program designed to help make DNA sequencing accessible to all scientists.</p> <p>The Ion PGM Sequencer Grant Program is designed to foster the development of new applications for DNA sequencing that leverage the instrument's unprecedented speed, scalability and low cost. The Ion PGM sequencer can do a run in about an hour, offers semiconductor scalability and is one tenth the price of other sequencers to buy and to run.</p> <p>&quot;Ion Torrent technology enables scientists to do experiments they never thought were possible, and that freedom will foster innovation and drive breakthroughs in research,&quot; said Dr. Jonathan Rothberg, founder and CEO of Ion Torrent. &quot;We look forward to working with scientists around the world to create applications that will transform healthcare.&quot;</p> <p>The grant submissions will be judged on the merit of the ideas, as well as the resources and expertise the applicants can bring to the project. Dr. Rothberg and members of the Ion Torrent Scientific Advisory Board, including Dr. Ron Davis and Dr. George Church, will judge the submissions. Applications will be accepted from Feb 27^{<font size="2">th</font>} to April 4^{<font size="2">th</font>}. To apply, go to the <a href="grantapp/"><font color="#000000">grant application</font></a>.</p> <p><strong>True semiconductor sequencing</strong></p> <p>The Ion PGM sequencer, which will be launched in 2010, uses a new sequencing technology that brings the transformative power of the semiconductor to the life sciences.&nbsp; Ion Torrent technology directly translates chemically encoded information (A, C, G, T) into digital information (0, 1) on a semiconductor chip.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>This approach marries simple chemistry to proven semiconductor technology-its Watson meets Moore. The result is a sequencing system that is&nbsp;<em>simpler, faster, more cost effective and scalable&nbsp;</em>than any other technology available. The semiconductor has transformed every industry it's touched. Just as the microprocessor enabled desktop computing to displace the mainframe,&nbsp;semiconductor technology will inevitably democratize sequencing, putting it within the reach of any lab or clinic.</p> <p><strong>Grants Honor Gordon Moore and James D. Watson </strong></p> <p>The first award will be announced on April 19^{<font size="2">th</font>}, to commemorate the 45^{<font size="2">th</font>} anniversary of the 1965 publication of Dr. Moore's landmark paper in <em>Electronics Magazine,</em> which proposed what is now known as Moore's Law. The second grant will be announced on April 25^{<font size="2">th</font>}, to commemorate the 57^{<font size="2">th</font>} anniversary of the 1953 publication of Dr. Watson and Dr. Francis Crick's paper in <em>Nature</em> on the double helix structure of DNA.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>More details on Ion Torrent technology and the Ion PGM grant program will be available on the Ion Torrent website after Dr. Rothberg's keynote address on Feb. 27 at this year's Advances in Genome Biology and Technology (AGBT) conference in Marco Island, Florida.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>About Ion Torrent</strong></p> <p>Ion Torrent has developed a DNA sequencing system that directly translates chemical signals (A, C, G, T) into digital information (0, 1) on a semiconductor chip. The result is a sequencing system that is&nbsp;<em>simpler, faster, more cost effective and scalable </em>than any other technology available. Because Ion Torrent produces its proprietary semiconductor chips in standard CMOS factories, we leverage the $1 trillion dollar investment that has been made in the semiconductor industry over the past 40 years. This enables us to directly benefit from four decades of exponential improvement in semiconductor technology, usually expressed as Moore's Law.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>The company was founded in August 2007 by Jonathan Rothberg, a pioneer of high-speed, massively parallel DNA sequencing. Ion Torrent is based in Guilford, Connecticut with offices in San Francisco. Ion Torrent will launch the Ion Personal Genome Machine sequencer in 2010. For more information about Ion Torrent, visit <a href="http://www.iontorrent.com"><font color="#000000">www.iontorrent.com</font></a>.&nbsp; To apply, go to the <a href="grantapp/"><font color="#000000">grant application</font></a>.</p> <p>CONTACT: Ion Torrent <br /> Wes Conard, Director, Corporate Communications <br /> W: 415-241-0510 415-241-0510 X204 <br /> C: 415-385-4455 415-385-4455 <br /> wconard@iontorrent.com <br /> </p> c5144f61ef9b5856b2cd74fd5fbe538d2f3b0034 0 1839 2873 2010-02-28T14:33:43Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki [[BGI Animal and Plant Genome Sequencing Outline]]<br /> c848306e7dcc37bbc3e41bbfc1b53d4491a2adaf 0 1840 2874 2010-02-28T14:33:49Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <a href="http://www.genomics.cn/data/attachment/Plant%20and%20animal%20whole%20genome%20sequencing(3).pdf">http://www.genomics.cn/data/attachment/Plant%20and%20animal%20whole%20genome%20sequencing(3).pdf</a> 46fe563da9607accf1d755d93755b07892d2f50c 0 1842 2878 2010-02-28T14:42:23Z Aa 73 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5">Full Genome sequencing is not genomics.<br /> <br /> </font><font size="3">&nbsp;-- [[Sophia Smithe]]<br /> <br /> <br /> Genome sequencing is a small starting part of genomics.<br /> <br /> Genomics requires 200 years of biological technologies and knowledge. Understanding the whole genomes will perhaps take 50 years from now.</font><br /> 941edd6216531d5419fae89acf2860a778e07920 0 1833 2881 2010-03-14T00:25:03Z Masini 78 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">Dec. 30th 2009.</font><br /> <br /> <font size="3">Theragen Inc. in Korea launched full genome and SNP based personal genome project, GenomeCare Project.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> The company is the first in Asia to commercialize the full genome and SNP based personal genome information service.<br /> </font><br /> [[HelloGene]]: SNP chip based personal gene information service<br /> [[HelloGenome]]: Full genome based sequencing and information service<br /> <br /> <br /> The Genome Care Project was launched by Theragen BiO Institute led (Director, Jong Bhak).<br /> <br /> The price for the full personal genome service (Gold)&nbsp;is $200,000 USD. A standard version (Silver) is $150,000 USD.<br /> The price for a full personal SNP genome typing service (Premium) is $2000 USD. A standard version is $1000 USD.<br /> <br /> This service is the first commercial&nbsp;personal genome service&nbsp;in Asia. <br /> <br /> The Theragen BiO Institute (BiO institute) has analyzed the first personal Korean genome in Dec. 2008. The BiO institute researchers also participated in PASNP project that used 73 Asian ethnic groups using Affy 50K gene chips. The results of the first Korean genome (Dr. Kim Seong-Jin's) was published in May 2009 in Genome Research.<br /> The result of the PASNP consortium was published in Science magazine in Dec. 2009.<br /> <br /> The GenomeCare project is to map all the Asian ethnic groups for personalized medicine.<br /> <br /> <br /> http://hellogene.co.kr<br /><a href="http://www.all-auto.ro/piese-auto">piese auto</a> 8ec00d18e1ae10527dba02b8ea5a2b38ac3913b9 0 1644 2882 2010-03-14T00:26:14Z Masini 78 wikitext text/x-wiki <a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v456/n7218/full/nature07484.html">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v456/n7218/full/nature07484.html</a><br /> <br /> BGI of China, in Beijing, has published a paper on a Chinese person. It is a diploid genome sequence. The genome was sequenced to 36-fold average coverage using Solexa machines. They used&nbsp;the NCBI human reference to reach to to 99.97% coverage. They identified approximately 3 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) inside this region. 13.6% of them were not in the NCBI's dbSNP database.&nbsp;They also carried out heterozygote phasing and haplotype prediction against HapMap Chinese (CHB) and Japanse (JPT) haplotypes, sequence comparison with the two&nbsp;caucasion individual genomes (J. D. Watson and J. C. Venter), and structural variation identification.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <br /> <strong>Summary<br /> </strong>[[The diploid genome sequence of a Chinese individual was sequenced]], BGI, China<br /> <br /> <br /> <strong>News links</strong><br /><a href="http://www.all-auto.ro/tuning-auto">tuning auto</a><br /> [http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-01/07/content_7377618.htm Chinese scientists sequence 1st volunteer's genome] 0d13ce525fedd8ec132bf76ba095e589757da1d5 2905 2010-03-19T22:57:43Z Pinkigreen 80 wikitext text/x-wiki <a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v456/n7218/full/nature07484.html">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v456/n7218/full/nature07484.html</a><br /> <br /> BGI of China, in Beijing, has published a paper on a Chinese person. It is a diploid genome sequence. The genome was sequenced to 36-fold average coverage using Solexa machines. They used&nbsp;the NCBI human reference to reach to to 99.97% coverage. They identified approximately 3 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) inside this region. 13.6% of them were not in the NCBI's dbSNP database.&nbsp;They also carried out heterozygote phasing and haplotype prediction against HapMap Chinese (CHB) and Japanse (JPT) haplotypes, sequence comparison with the two&nbsp;caucasion individual genomes (J. D. Watson and J. C. Venter), and structural variation identification.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <br /> <strong>Summary<br /> </strong>[[The diploid genome sequence of a Chinese individual was sequenced]], BGI, China<br /> <br /> <br /> <strong>News links</strong><br /> <a href="http://www.all-auto.ro/tuning-auto">tuning auto</a><br /> <a href="javascript:void(0);/*1269001305782*/">pariuri sportive</a> and <a href="javascript:void(0);/*1269001330468*/">remi</a><br /> [http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-01/07/content_7377618.htm Chinese scientists sequence 1st volunteer's genome] fcee9011a3a4015a0bedf88218246b7132d6e7a7 2906 2010-03-19T22:59:12Z Pinkigreen 80 wikitext text/x-wiki <a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v456/n7218/full/nature07484.html">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v456/n7218/full/nature07484.html</a><br /> <br /> BGI of China, in Beijing, has published a paper on a Chinese person. It is a diploid genome sequence. The genome was sequenced to 36-fold average coverage using Solexa machines. They used&nbsp;the NCBI human reference to reach to to 99.97% coverage. They identified approximately 3 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) inside this region. 13.6% of them were not in the NCBI's dbSNP database.&nbsp;They also carried out heterozygote phasing and haplotype prediction against HapMap Chinese (CHB) and Japanse (JPT) haplotypes, sequence comparison with the two&nbsp;caucasion individual genomes (J. D. Watson and J. C. Venter), and structural variation identification.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <br /> <strong>Summary<br /> </strong>[[The diploid genome sequence of a Chinese individual was sequenced]], BGI, China<br /> <br /> <br /> <strong>News links</strong><br /> <a href="http://www.all-auto.ro/tuning-auto">tuning auto</a> <a href="http://www.pariorul-sportiv.com/">Pariuri sportive</a> <a href="http://www.pariorul-sportiv.com/remi-online.html">Remi</a><br /> <br /> [http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-01/07/content_7377618.htm Chinese scientists sequence 1st volunteer's genome] f700822aa0543113ca372a3d70b83176ce39d230 2920 2010-03-26T00:34:37Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v456/n7218/full/nature07484.html">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v456/n7218/full/nature07484.html</a><br /> <br /> BGI of China, in Beijing, has published a paper on a Chinese person. It is a diploid genome sequence. The genome was sequenced to 36-fold average coverage using Solexa machines. They used&nbsp;the NCBI human reference to reach to to 99.97% coverage. They identified approximately 3 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) inside this region. 13.6% of them were not in the NCBI's dbSNP database.&nbsp;They also carried out heterozygote phasing and haplotype prediction against HapMap Chinese (CHB) and Japanse (JPT) haplotypes, sequence comparison with the two&nbsp;caucasion individual genomes (J. D. Watson and J. C. Venter), and structural variation identification.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <br /> <strong>Summary<br /> </strong>[[The diploid genome sequence of a Chinese individual was sequenced]], BGI, China<br /> <br /> <br /> <strong>News links</strong><br /> <br /> [http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-01/07/content_7377618.htm Chinese scientists sequence 1st volunteer's genome] d4a622db8827ccb12fbba18baf59f645d02af60f 0 1768 2883 2010-03-14T00:26:45Z Masini 78 wikitext text/x-wiki BGI Purchases an Additional 12 Illumina Genome Analyzers, Expanding Their Shenzhen and Hong Kong Branches<br /> <br /> <a href="http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS86855+20-Apr-2009+BW20090420">http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS86855+20-Apr-2009+BW20090420</a><a rel="dofollow" href="http://www.all-auto.ro/" title="masini"><img src="http://www.all-auto.ro/images/masini" alt="masini" hspace="2" vspace="2" border="0" /></a> 2f7dbb4be6c37894ba06b4854bf434f23fa3b41e 0 1843 2885 2010-03-15T09:08:36Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <div align="center"><strong><font size="+2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Whole-Genome Sequencing in a Patient with Charcot&ndash;Marie&ndash;Tooth Neuropathy</font></strong><br /> </div> <!-- AUTHOR_DISPLAY --><center><font size="+1"><em>James R. Lupski, M.D., Ph.D., Jeffrey G. Reid, Ph.D., Claudia Gonzaga-Jauregui, B.S., David Rio Deiros, B.S., David C.Y. Chen, M.Sc., Lynne Nazareth, Ph.D., Matthew Bainbridge, M.Sc., Huyen Dinh, B.S., Chyn Jing, M.Sc., David A. Wheeler, Ph.D., Amy L. McGuire, J.D., Ph.D., Feng Zhang, Ph.D., Pawel Stankiewicz, M.D., Ph.D., John J. Halperin, M.D., Chengyong Yang, Ph.D., Curtis Gehman, Ph.D., Danwei Guo, M.Sc., Rola K. Irikat, B.S., Warren Tom, B.S., Nick J. Fantin, B.S., Donna M. Muzny, M.Sc., and Richard A. Gibbs, Ph.D.</em></font></center> 8bd189b3e5a9d6fbabc8c146117be08db7da91ca 2886 2010-03-15T09:08:51Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <div align="center"><strong><font size="+2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/NEJMoa0908094">http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/NEJMoa0908094</a><br /> <br /> Whole-Genome Sequencing in a Patient with Charcot&ndash;Marie&ndash;Tooth Neuropathy</font></strong><br /> </div> <!-- AUTHOR_DISPLAY --><center><font size="+1"><em>James R. Lupski, M.D., Ph.D., Jeffrey G. Reid, Ph.D., Claudia Gonzaga-Jauregui, B.S., David Rio Deiros, B.S., David C.Y. Chen, M.Sc., Lynne Nazareth, Ph.D., Matthew Bainbridge, M.Sc., Huyen Dinh, B.S., Chyn Jing, M.Sc., David A. Wheeler, Ph.D., Amy L. McGuire, J.D., Ph.D., Feng Zhang, Ph.D., Pawel Stankiewicz, M.D., Ph.D., John J. Halperin, M.D., Chengyong Yang, Ph.D., Curtis Gehman, Ph.D., Danwei Guo, M.Sc., Rola K. Irikat, B.S., Warren Tom, B.S., Nick J. Fantin, B.S., Donna M. Muzny, M.Sc., and Richard A. Gibbs, Ph.D.</em></font></center> 3e5d4aa7e05f110014b9b24a9c8667ddef70d33d 0 1509 2887 2010-03-16T21:10:49Z BioKM 79 wikitext text/x-wiki <table width="90%" cols="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="1" background="fancygreen.gif" summary=""> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font size="3" color="#000000">[http://bioinformatics.ws Bioinformatics] Companies</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><br /> <strong>[[Big Bioinformatics Companies]]</strong><br /> <br /> [[3rd Millennium]]</font> : Waltham, MA 02451. USA: provider of custom informatics systems, management consulting services, and packaged software products for the life sciences. <br /> <font color="#000000">[[Aber Genomic Computing]]: Aberystwyth, UK</font><br /> [[Acero]]<br /> <font color="#000000">[[AgileBio]]: NY, USA. and Paris France</font><br /> <a href="http://www.allometra.com/">Allometra</a>: [[Allometra]] [[PyMood]]<br /> <a href="http://www.amartus.com/">Amartus</a>: Enterprise Software Solutions<br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.anedabio.com/" target="new">Aneda</a></font> : Gond down?<br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.apocom.com/" target="new">ApoCom Genomics</a></font> : [[ApoCom Genomics]]<br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.arraygenetics.com/about_array_genetics.html" target="new">Array Genetics</a></font> : [[Array Genetics]] DNA microarray data analysis tools.<br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.artificial-life.com/" target="new">Artificial Life</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://avesthagen.com/" target="new">Avesthagen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://base4.com/" target="new">Base4</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.bioalma.com/">Bioalma</a><br /> <font color="#000000">[[BioDiscovery.com]]</font> : BioDiscovery develops and sells&nbsp;software and services&nbsp;for drug discovery and diagnostics by efficiently managing, integrating, and analyzing data generated using high-throughput microarray technology<br /> <font color="#000000">[http://www.japanorama.com/dd/index.html Darwin Domains] from Japanorama.com<br /> <a href="javascript:void(0);/*1268739041924*/">BioData</a> </font>BioData Inc. develops and markets state of the art laboratory management tools designed especially for researchers in the academic and industrial markets. BioData's online <a href="javascript:void(0);/*1268739136901*/">laboratory management</a> tool, BioKM is designed to meet the everyday needs of researchers in academia and industry.<br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioinformaticsservices.com/" target="new">Bioinformatics Services</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioinformaticssolutions.com/" target="new">Bioinformatics Solutions</a></font> <br /> <a href="javascript:void(0);/*1268738773235*/">BioKM</a>: Online laboratory management service from <a href="javascript:void(0);/*1268738847907*/">BioData</a>. BioKM&trade; was designed to meet the everyday needs of researchers. Manage your research progress, samples &amp; experimental results. <h1 style="margin: 0pt 0pt 10px; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(16, 95, 43); font-size: 27px; font-family: helvetica,arial,sans-serif; letter-spacing: -2px;"> </h1> <h2 style="margin: 0pt 0pt 10px; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(109, 94, 76); font-size: 20px; font-family: georgia,times;" /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biolateral.com.au/" target="new">BioLateral</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biomax.de/" target="new">BioMax Informatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biomedcomp.com/" target="new">Biomedical Computing</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bmi-heidelberg.com/" target="new">Biomedical Informatics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://biomind.com/">BioMind</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biosoft.com/" target="new">BioSoft</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biosolve.de/" target="new">BioSolve</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biotiquesystems.com/" target="new">Biotique Systems</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biotools.com/" target="new">BioTools</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biowisdom.com/" target="new">BioWisdom</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://caesarsoftware.com/" target="new">Caesar Software</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.changbioscience.com/" target="new">Chang Bioscience</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.chemcomp.com/" target="new">Chemical Computing Group</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.cimsoft.com/" target="new">Cimarron Software</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.clcbio.com/">CLC Bio</a>: [[CLC Bio]]: Bioinformatics Workbench<br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://cognia.com/" target="new">Cognia</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://compassbioinfo.com/" target="new">Compass Bioinformatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.compassgenomics.com/" target="new">Compass Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.compudrug.com/" target="new">CompuDrug</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.cgen.com/" target="new">Compugen</a></font> :&nbsp;&nbsp;discovery and licensing of product candidates to the drug and diagnostic industry<br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.concurrentpharma.com/" target="new">Concurrent Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://dnr.cc/">Correla</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.correlogic.com/" target="new">Correlogic Systems</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://corimbia.com/" target="new">Corimbia</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.cresset-bmd.com/">Cresset BioMolecular Discovery</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.cybergene.se/" target="new">CyberGene</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.duii.com/" target="new">Data Unlimited</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.decodon.com/" target="new">Decodon</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.d-trends.com/" target="new">D'Trends</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.eidogen.com/">Eidogen</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.egenetics.com/" target="new">Electric Genetics</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.eragen.com/">Eragen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.fractalgenomics.com/">Fractal Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gemini-genomics.com/">Gemini Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000">[http://www.genecodes.com Gene Codes Corperation]: MI, USA. : Sequencher package.<br /> <a href="http://www.genedata.com/">GeneData</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gene-it.com/">Gene-IT</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.geneticxchange.com/Home.html">GeneticXchange</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.genetix.com/">Genetix</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genebio.com/">Geneva Bioinformatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genmatrix.com/">GenMatrix</a></font><br /> [http://www.genologics.com/ Genologics] Bioinformatics software company<br /> <a href="http://www.genolyze.com/">Genolyze </a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomica.com/" target="new">Genomica</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomicdiscoverytools.com/">Genomic Discovery Tools</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://genomix.com/" target="new">Genomix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genops.com/indexnet.html" target="new">Genops Bioinformatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genstruct.com/" target="new">GenStruct</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gentech.fr/English-site/Gentech/Home.html" target="new">GenTech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.geospiza.com/" target="new">Geospiza</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.helixinfosystems.com/">HelixInfoSystems</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ibiomatics.com/" target="new">iBiomatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/" target="new">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.idrtech.com/" target="new">IDRTech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.incellico.com/" target="new">Incellico</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.incogen.com/" target="new">INCOGEN</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.incyte.com/" target="new">InCyte</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://informagen.com/" target="new">Informagen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.inforsense.com/" target="new">InforSense</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ingenovis.com/" target="new">Ingenovis</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.interactiva.de/" target="new">Interactiva</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.inpharmatica.com/main.html" target="new">Inpharmatica</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.insightful.com/default_class5.asp" target="new">Insightful Corporation</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.insilico-biotechnology.com/" target="new">Insilico Biotechnology</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.insilicolabs.com/" target="new">In Silico Labs</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.insilico.com/" target="new">Insilico Software</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.inveniobio.com/" target="new">InvenioBioSolutions</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.io-informatics.com/">IO Informatics</a><br /> <a href="http://www.iuvita.com/">IuVita</a><br /> <a href="http://janssen-genomics.com/">Janssen Genomics</a><br /> <a href="http://www.kennatechnologies.com/">Kenna Technologies</a><br /> <a href="http://www.kinematik.com/">KineMatik</a><br /> <font color="#000000">[http://www.labcollector.com/ Labcollector from AgileBio]<br /> <a href="../../C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/skpray/My%20Documents/My%20Webs/_private/www.lablogic.com" target="new">LabLogic</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.lionbioscience.com/" target="new">LION BioScience</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.ludesi.com/">Ludesi</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mantik.de/" target="new">Mantik Bioinformatik</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.matrixscience.com/cgi/index.pl?page=../home.html" target="new">Matrix Science</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mdli.com/cgi/dynamic/welcome.html" target="new">MDL Information Systems</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.metabolic-explorer.com/" target="new">METabolic EXplorer</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://metaworksinc.com/">MetaWorks</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.microdiscovery.de/" target="new">MicroDiscovery</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.miraibio.com/" target="new">MiraiBio</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mag.com/" target="new">Molecular Application Group</a></font> <br /> <a href="https://www.molecularconnections.com/">Molecular Connections</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mol-net.de/" target="new">Molecular Networks</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.molecularware.com/" target="new">MolecularWare</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://morpho-inc.com/">Morpho</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mpi-softtech.com/" target="new">MPI Software Technology</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.neomorphic.com/" target="new">Neomorphic</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.netgenics.com/" target="new">NetGenics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.netid.com/index.html" target="new">Net-ID</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://nexusgenomics.com/"><font color="#000000">Nexus Genomics</font></a><br /> <a href="http://www.ocimumbio.com/" target="new"><font color="#000000">Ocimum Biosolutions</font></a>&nbsp;<br /> OITEK, Korea http://oitek.com<br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.omnigon.com/" target="new">Omnigon Technologies</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.eyesopen.com/">OpenEye</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.origenel.com/" target="new">OriGenel</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.packardbiochip.com/index2.htm" target="new">Packard BioChip Technologies</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.partek.com/" target="new">Partek</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pharmadm.com/" target="new">PharmaDM</a></font>&nbsp;<br /> [http://www.physiomics-plc.com Physiomics-plc]: Oxford Science park, <a href="mailto:info@physiomics-plc.com">info@physiomics-plc.com</a>&nbsp;UK. [[Physiomics-PLC]]<br /> <a href="http://www.premierbiosoft.com/">Premier Biosoft</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://proinformatix.com/" target="new">Proinformatix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.proteinmechanics.com/" target="new">Protein Mechanics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.prosanos.com/" target="new">ProSanos</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.proteom.com/" target="new">Proteom</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.qgene.com/" target="new">QGene</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.q-pharm.com/home">Quantum Pharmaceuticals</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.rabbithutch.com/" target="new">RabbitHutch</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.receptorscience.com/" target="new">Receptor Science</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://redstormscientific.com/" target="new">Redstorm Scientific</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://rescentris.com/"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" color="#808080">Rescentris</font></a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.rosettabio.com/home.html" target="new">Rosetta Biosoftware</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.science-factory.com/">Science Factory</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.scinovaindia.com/" target="new">Scinova</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.sgi.com/chembio/" target="new">Silicon Graphics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.silicoinsights.com/" target="new">Silico Insights</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.simulations-plus.com/" target="new">Simulations Plus</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.softberry.com/" target="new">SoftBerry</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.softgenetics.com/">SoftGenetics</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.spsoft.com/" target="new">Southwest Parallel Software</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.starbridgesystems.com/">StarBridge Systems</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.strandgenomics.com/" target="new">Strand Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.synamatix.com/"><font color="#000000">Synamatix</font></a><br /> <a href="http://sysarris.com/">SysArris</a><br /> <a href="http://teranode.com/">Teranode</a><br /> <a href="http://www.textco.com/">Textco</a><a href="http://www.textco.com/"> BioSoftware</a><br /> <a href="http://www.transgenic-software.com/">Transgenic Software</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.tripos.com/" target="new">Tripos</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.turbogenomics.com/" target="new">Turbo Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.ubi.ca/">United Bioinformatica</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.vglab.com/" target="new">Virtual Genetics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.visipoint.fi/" target="new">Visipoint</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.vizxlabs.com/" target="new">VizXlabs</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.wabansoftware.com/" target="new">Waban Software</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://webgenetics.com/" target="new">WebGenetics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.wireworkswest.com/" target="new">WireWorks West</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.x-mine.com/" target="new">X-MINE</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.xpogen.com/" target="new">Xpogen</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Sequence Database Providers</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.celera.com/home.asp" target="new">Celera Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.curagen.com/" target="new">CuraGen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genelogic.com/" target="new">GeneLogic</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.incyte.com/" target="new">IncyteGenomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.nuvelo.com/">Nuvelo</a> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Sequence Analysis Softwares</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.aborygen.com/">AbOrygen</a><br /> <a href="http://www.accelrys.com/" target="new">Accelrys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biowire.com/bw_jsp/j_welcome_top.jsp" target="new">Biowire.com</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.dnastar.com/" target="new">DNAStar</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.doubletwist.com/" target="new">DoubleTwist</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.egenetics.com/" target="new">Electric Genetics</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bionavigator.com/" target="new">Entigen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genamics.com/">Genamics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genecodes.com/">GeneCodes</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gentech.fr/English-site/Btx_pages/Biotechnix_3d_home.html" target="new">GenTech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/" target="new">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.informaxinc.com/" target="new">InforMax</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.miraibio.com/">MiraiBio</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mbinsights.com/" target="new">Molecular Biology Insights</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.premierbiosoft.com/" target="new">Premier Biosoft</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.redasoft.com/" target="new">Redasoft</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.scied.com/" target="new">Sci-Ed Software</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.textco.com/" target="new">Textco</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Transcription Factor Binding Prediction</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://www.genomicdiscoverytools.com/">Genomic Discovery Tools</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><br /> </font> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Pharmaco &amp; Toxico Informatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.accelrys.com/" target="new">Accelrys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.camitro.com/">Camitro</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.goldenhelix.com/">Golden Helix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.leadscope.com/">LeadScope</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.chem.leeds.ac.uk/luk/">Lhasa</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mdli.com/">MDL Information Systems</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.multicase.com/">MultiCASE</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.scivision.com/">SciVision</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.simulations-plus.com/">Simulations Plus</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.tripos.com/" target="new">Tripos</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">ChemInformatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.aureus-pharma.com/" target="new">Aureus-Pharma</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.cambridgesoft.com/" target="new">CambridgeSoft</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://chemaxon.com/">ChemAxon</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://cheminnovation.com/" target="new">ChemInnovation Software</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.chemistry-software.com/" target="new">Chemistry-Software.com</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://chemsw.com/">ChemSW</a><br /> <a href="http://www.darpharma.com/">DarPharma</a><br /> <a href="http://www.daylight.com/">Daylight</a><br /> <a href="http://globalchemicaldata.com/">Global Chemical Data</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.hyper.com/">Hypercube</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.idbs.co.uk/index_a.asp?nav_version=flas">IDBS</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.jubilantbiosys.com/">Jubilant Biosys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.libraria.com/">Libraria</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.locusdiscovery.com/">Locus Discovery</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.mol-net.de/">Molecular Networks</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.molinspiration.com/">Molinspiration</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://optive.com/">Optive Research</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.predixpharm.com/">Predix</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://quorex.com/">Quorex</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.scitegic.com/main.html">SciTegic</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.sertanty.com/">Sertanty</a><br /> <a href="http://www.surfacelogix.com/">Surface Logix</a><br /> <a href="http://www.synthematix.com/">Synthematix</a><br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Clinical Informatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ardais.com/">Ardais</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.biobyte.com/">BioByte</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.chemnavigator.com/" target="new">ChemNavigator</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.goldenhelix.com/" target="new">Golden Helix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/" target="new">IBM Life Sciences</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.iuvita.com/">IuVita</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ppdinformatics.com/">PPD Informatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pharsight.com/">Pharsight</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.phaseforward.com/">Phase Forward</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.phase-it.de/">Phase-IT</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pluvita.com/">Pluvita</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.surromed.com/Technology.html">SurroMed</a> <br /> <br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Toxico Informatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.druglogic.com/">DrugLogic</a><br /> [[Entelos]]</font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genelogic.com/" target="new">GeneLogic</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.mergen-ltd.com/">Mergen</a><br /> &nbsp; <br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Ontology Informatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.egenetics.com/" target="new">Electric Genetics</a></font><br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">MassSpec, 2D Gel &amp; Image Analysis Informatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.amershambiosciences.com/na/">Amersham Biosciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.axon.com/">Axon Instruments</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.balthazarbio.com/">BioBridge Computing</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.daltonics.bruker.com/">Bruker Daltonics</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.2dgels.com/">Compugen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.cytomation.com/">Cytomation</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.decodon.de/">Decodon</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.definiens.com/">Definiens</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genebio.com/">Geneva Bioinformatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomicsolutions.com/">Genomic Solutions</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.ludesi.com/">Ludesi</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.sciex.com/">MDS Sciex</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mediacy.com/">Media Cybernetics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.micromass.co.uk/default7.asp">MicroMass</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.nonlinear.com/">Nonlinear Dynamics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.proteometrics.com/" target="new">ProteoMetrics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.proteomeworkssystem.com/" target="new">ProteomeWorks System</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.scanalytics.com/">Scanalytics</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.scimagix.com/">Scimagix</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.thermoquest.com/">ThermoFinnigan</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.vialogy.com/">ViaLogy</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">3D Animation &amp; Visulization</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.aborygen.com/">AbOrygen</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="Data%20Mining%20&amp;%20Visualization%0Ahttp://www.animech.com/">Animech</a><br /> </font><a href="http://www.sidectech.com/">Sidec Technologies</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><br /> </font> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Data Mining &amp; Visualization</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.affymetrix.com/" target="new">Affymetrix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.anvilinformatics.com/" target="new">AnVil Informatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.applied-maths.com/home.html" target="new">Applied Maths</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ariadnegenomics.com/" target="new">Ariadne Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biodiscovery.com/" target="new">BioDiscovery</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biosift.com/" target="new">BioSift</a></font> &nbsp; &nbsp;<br /> <a href="http://biomining.com/">BioMining</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.contentsoft.de/" target="new">ContentSoft</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://silicocyte.com/" target="new">CytoGenomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.enodar.com/" target="new">Enodar</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.expressionanalysis.com/">Expression Analysis</a><br /> <a href="http://genome-explorations.com/">Genome-Explorations</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/" target="new">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://imaging.brocku.ca/">Imaging Research</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.incellico.com/">Incellico</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://insightful.com/">Insightful</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.iobion.com/" target="new">Iobion Informatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://isenseit.com/" target="new">iSenseIt</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.megametrics.com/" target="new">MegaMetrics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.molmine.com/" target="new">MolMine</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.nag.com/" target="new">NAG</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://omniviz.com/">OmniViz</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.optimaldesign.com/">Optimal Design</a><br /> <font size="-0"><a href="http://www.predictivepatterns.com/" target="new"><font color="#000000">Predictive Patterns Software</font></a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.purpleinsight.com/home.html">Purple Insight</a><br /> <a href="http://www.sgi.com/">SGI</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.salford-systems.com/">Salford Systems</a> <br /> <a href="http://silicocyte.com/">SilicoCyte</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.sigenetics.com/" target="new">Silicon Genetics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.spotfire.com/">SpotFire</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.strandgenomics.com/" target="new">Strand Genomics</a><br /> </font><font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.visual-bioinformatics.com/">Visual Bioinformatics</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="middle" align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Protein Folding &amp; Structural Informatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.accelrys.com/" target="new">Accelrys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.algonomics.com/" target="new">AlgoNomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.astex-technology.com/home.htm" target="new">Astex Technology</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.cengent.com/"><font color="#000000">Cengent Therapeutics</font></a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.emeraldbiostructures.com/" target="new">Emerald Biostructures</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/" target="new">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.molsoft.com/" target="new">MolSoft</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.psf-ag.com/index.htm">PSF biotech</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://proceryon.com/" target="new">Proceryon</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.prospectgenomics.com/" target="new">Prospect Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.rib-x.com/" target="new">Rib-X</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.sireen.de/">Sireen</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.stromix.com/" target="new">Structural Genomix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.tripos.com/" target="new">Tripos</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Genetic &amp; Regulatory Networks</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.akceli.com/" target="new">Akceli</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ariadnegenomics.com/" target="new">Ariadne Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://cellnomica.com/">Cellnomica</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.fractalgenomics.com/">Fractal Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.gene-networks.com/">Gene Networks</a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomatica.com/">Genomatica</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/" target="new">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pubgene.com/" target="new">PubGene</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.tomsawyer.com/industry/bioinformatics.html" target="new">Tom Sawyer Software</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.genego.com/">GeneGo</a> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Molecular Simulation &amp; Modelling</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://www.camitro.com/home.htm">Camitro</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.cellnomica.com/">Cellnomica</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.entelos.com/">Entelos</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gnsbiotech.com/">Gene Network Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.hippron.com/">Hippron Physiomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.paradigmgenetics.com/" target="new">Icoria</a></font><br /> <a href="http://immunetrics.com/">Immunetrics</a><br /> <a href="http://www.physiome.com/">Physiome</a> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Computer Aided Drug Design<br /> &amp; In Silico Screening<br /> </font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.4sc.de/">4SC</a><br /> <a href="http://www.accelrys.com/" target="new">Accelrys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.denovopharma.com/" target="new">De Novo Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://kemia.com/" target="new">Kemia</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.nanodesign.com/">Nanodesign</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.ribotargets.com/corporate/corporate_overview.html">RiboTargets</a> <br /> <a href="http://sunesis.com/">Sunesis</a> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Computing Resource Providers</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.avaki.com/">Avaki</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.argentys.com/">Argentys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biosentients.com/">Biosentients</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biodigm.com/">Biodigm</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioreason.com/">Bioreason</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.computefarm.com/">Blackstone Computing</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.criticalsoftware.com/hpc/">Critical Software</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.darwindomains.com/">Darwin Domains</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.esolvbin.com/">E-bin Solutions</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.geneticxchange.com/">GeneticXchange</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.graphlogic.com/">GraphLogic</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www-1.ibm.com/servers/hpc/" target="new">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.labvantage.com/" target="new">LabVantage</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.linuxlabs.com/" target="new">Linux Labs</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.linuxnetworx.com/" target="new">Linux Networx</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.msa.com/medical/" target="new">Medical Science Associates</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.nextgen.com/" target="new">NextGen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.parabon.com/" target="new">Parabon</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.paracel.com/" target="new">Paracel</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.platform.com/" target="new">Platform Computing</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.racksaver.com/" target="new">RackSaver</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.rlx.com/" target="new">RLX Technologies</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.secant.com/" target="new">Secant Technologies</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.sgi.com/" target="new">SGI</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.sun.com/" target="new">Sun Microsystems</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.timelogic.com/bioinform1.html" target="new">TimeLogic</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.turbogenomics.com/" target="new">TurboGenomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.viaken.com/">Viaken</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.visualgenomics.com/" target="new">Visual Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.wsm.com/">Western Scientific</a> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Information Providers</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ameripath.com/">AmeriPath</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.embase.com/">EMBASE</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genesage.com/">GeneSage</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomichealth.com/home.html">Genomic Health</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pharmawatch.com/">Pharma Watch Communications</a></font> <br /> <br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Laboratory Information Management System</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://www.ais-lims.com/">Analystical Information Systems</a><br /> <a href="javascript:void(0);/*1268738773235*/">BioKM</a>: Online laboratory management service from <a href="javascript:void(0);/*1268738847907*/">BioData</a>. BioKM&trade; was designed to meet the everyday needs of researchers. Manage your research progress, samples &amp; experimental results.<br /> <a href="http://blazesystems.com/">Blaze Systems</a><br /> <a href="http://www.genologics.com/">GenoLogics</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://gensys.com/">GenSys</a><br /> <a href="http://www.id-bs.com/">IDBS</a><br /> <a href="http://www.innaphase.com/">InnaPhase</a></font><br /> <a href="http://lablynx.com/">Lablynx</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.labtronics.com/" target="new">Labtronics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://labvantage.com/">LabVantage</a><br /> <a href="http://www.labware.com/">LabWare</a><br /> <a href="http://www.neolytica.com/">Neolytica</a><br /> <a href="http://www.nugenesis.com/">NuGenesis Technologies</a><br /> <a href="http://www.lims-software.com/">QSI</a><a href="http://www.sibio.net/" target="new"><br /> Sibio <br /> </a><font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.scisw.com/" target="new">Scientific Software</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://scinomix.com/">Scinomix</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://starlims.com/">StarLIMS</a><br /> <a href="http://telecation.com/">Telecation</a><br /> <a href="http://www.thermo.com/">Thermo Electron Corporation</a><br /> &nbsp;<br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Text Mining &amp; Litrature Search</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ariadnegenomics.com/" target="new">Ariadne Genomics</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biowisdom.com/">BioWisdom</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.clearforest.com/">ClearForest</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.facultyof1000.com/start.asp">Faculty of 1000</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomewatch.biz/">GenomeWatch</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ingenuity.com/">Ingenuity</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.inpharmix.com/">InPharmix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pathinfo.com/">Pathology Informatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.proteome.com/">Proteome</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.reeltwo.com/">Reel Two</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.spss.com/applications/science/">SPSS</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.temis-group.com/">TEMIS Group</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.vglab.com/">Virtual Genetics</a></font> <br /> <br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Semantic Integration</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.landcglobal.com/">Language and Computing</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.synquiry.com/">Synquiry</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Business Intelligence &amp; Consulting</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://world.std.com/%7Eafs/">AFS Informatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://members.aol.com/alsobrookj/bioconsult.htm">Alsobrook Biotechnology Consulting</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biobridge.com/">BioBridge</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioscorpio.com/">Bioscorpio</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioseeker.com/">BioSeeker Group</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioteam.net/">BioTeam.net</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://main.biozak.com/">BioZak</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.btechnews.com/">Btech Investor</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.caddinformatics.com/">CADDinformatics Consulting</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.calyxbio.com/">Calyx</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.carecapital.com/">Care Capital</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.chemicalsimulations.com/">Chemical Simulations Group</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.dresources.com/">Decision Resources</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.djkpartners.com/">DJK Partners</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.dianoetica.com/">Dianoetica</a><br /> <a href="http://www.elashoffconsulting.com/">Elashoff Consulting</a><br /> <a href="http://evobio.info/">Evolutionary Bioinformatics</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.fkpi.com/altindex.html">Feinstein Kean Healthcare</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.frontlinesmc.com/">Front Line Strategic Consulting</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.healthtechnetwork.com/index.htm" target="new">Health Technology Networks</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/" target="new">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://insightful.com/">Insightful</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pharmabiotech.ch/" target="new">Jain PharmaBiotech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.krugconsulting.com/" target="new">Krug Consulting Group<br /> </a><a href="http://www.milser.co.in/">Milser</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.mogene.com/">MOgene</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.nigeons.com/eng/index.html">Nigeons</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.pointpurchasing.com/">Point Purchasing</a><br /> <a href="http://www.proteomeconsult.com/">Proteome Consult</a><a href="http://www.rresults.com/"><br /> </a><font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.rresults.com/">Research Results</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://rxlogix.com/">RxLogix</a><br /> <a href="http://www.sellscience.com/">SellScience</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioinformaticist.biz/">Tahoe Informatics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.transadvancis.com/">TransADVANcis</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.windhover.com/">Windhover<br /> <br /> </a></font> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Technology Investing</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biobridge.com/">Clairus Technology</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.genechem.com/html/brief.html">GeneChem</a><br /> <br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Product Comparison &amp; Reviews</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://biocompare.com/index.asp">BioCompare</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.biowire.com/">Biowire.com</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.selectscience.net/">SelectScience.net</a> <br /> <br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Laboratory Products Vendors&nbsp;</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.abcam.com/">Abcam-antibodies</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.atcc.org/" target="new">ATCC</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.atcg.com/" target="new">ATCG</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.antibodyresource.com/" target="new">Antibody Resource</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://store.bio.com/os/start/store1/store.html" target="new">Bio.com (softwares)</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biosupplynet.com/" target="new">BioSupplyNet</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.chemconnect.com/" target="new">ChemConnect</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.chemdex.com/" target="new">Chemdex</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.iscpubs.com/bg/us/usidir.html" target="new">Lab Crawler</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mdyn.com/" target="new">Molecular Dynamics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://antibodies-probes.com/">MSRS antibodies</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.oligoengine.com/">OligoEngine</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.pharmagene.com/home.htm">PharmaGene</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.sciquest.com/" target="new">SciQuest</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Used or Pre-Owned Laboratory Equipments</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bestlabdeals.com/">Best Lab Deals</a><br /> <a href="http://www.biobid.com/" target="new">BioBid</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biosurplus.com/" target="new">BioSurplus</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.labdollars.com/">Lab Dollars</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.labjunk.com/HOME.cfm" target="new">Labjunk.com</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.labequip.com/">Lab Equip</a><br /> <a href="http://labtrader.com/">Lab Trader</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.labx.com/" target="new">LabX</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.labextreme.com/">Lab eXtreme</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.liscientific.com/" target="new">Long Island Scientific</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pegasusscientific.com/" target="new">Pegasus Scientific</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://scical.com/">Scientific Calibrations</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.seeinc.com/" target="new">Scientific Equipment Exchange</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.triadsci.com/" target="new">Triad Scientific</a></font> 63ebcadf3b53c2ab90cbca894b858ad344647a0e 2888 2010-03-16T21:14:08Z BioKM 79 wikitext text/x-wiki <table width="90%" cols="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="1" background="fancygreen.gif" summary=""> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font size="3" color="#000000">[http://bioinformatics.ws Bioinformatics] Companies</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><br /> <strong>[[Big Bioinformatics Companies]]</strong><br /> <br /> [[3rd Millennium]]</font> : Waltham, MA 02451. USA: provider of custom informatics systems, management consulting services, and packaged software products for the life sciences. <br /> <font color="#000000">[[Aber Genomic Computing]]: Aberystwyth, UK</font><br /> [[Acero]]<br /> <font color="#000000">[[AgileBio]]: NY, USA. and Paris France</font><br /> <a href="http://www.allometra.com/">Allometra</a>: [[Allometra]] [[PyMood]]<br /> <a href="http://www.amartus.com/">Amartus</a>: Enterprise Software Solutions<br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.anedabio.com/" target="new">Aneda</a></font> : Gond down?<br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.apocom.com/" target="new">ApoCom Genomics</a></font> : [[ApoCom Genomics]]<br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.arraygenetics.com/about_array_genetics.html" target="new">Array Genetics</a></font> : [[Array Genetics]] DNA microarray data analysis tools.<br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.artificial-life.com/" target="new">Artificial Life</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://avesthagen.com/" target="new">Avesthagen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://base4.com/" target="new">Base4</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.bioalma.com/">Bioalma</a><br /> <font color="#000000">[[BioDiscovery.com]]</font> : BioDiscovery develops and sells&nbsp;software and services&nbsp;for drug discovery and diagnostics by efficiently managing, integrating, and analyzing data generated using high-throughput microarray technology<br /> <font color="#000000">[http://www.japanorama.com/dd/index.html Darwin Domains] from Japanorama.com<br /> <a href="http://www.bioinformaticsservices.com/" target="new">Bioinformatics Services</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioinformaticssolutions.com/" target="new">Bioinformatics Solutions</a><br /> <a href="javascript:void(0);/*1268739411619*/">BioKM</a> is a Online Laboratory Management service from BioData, Inc. BioKM was designed to meet the everyday needs of </font>researchers.<br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biolateral.com.au/" target="new">BioLateral</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biomax.de/" target="new">BioMax Informatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biomedcomp.com/" target="new">Biomedical Computing</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bmi-heidelberg.com/" target="new">Biomedical Informatics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://biomind.com/">BioMind</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biosoft.com/" target="new">BioSoft</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biosolve.de/" target="new">BioSolve</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biotiquesystems.com/" target="new">Biotique Systems</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biotools.com/" target="new">BioTools</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biowisdom.com/" target="new">BioWisdom</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://caesarsoftware.com/" target="new">Caesar Software</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.changbioscience.com/" target="new">Chang Bioscience</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.chemcomp.com/" target="new">Chemical Computing Group</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.cimsoft.com/" target="new">Cimarron Software</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.clcbio.com/">CLC Bio</a>: [[CLC Bio]]: Bioinformatics Workbench<br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://cognia.com/" target="new">Cognia</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://compassbioinfo.com/" target="new">Compass Bioinformatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.compassgenomics.com/" target="new">Compass Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.compudrug.com/" target="new">CompuDrug</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.cgen.com/" target="new">Compugen</a></font> :&nbsp;&nbsp;discovery and licensing of product candidates to the drug and diagnostic industry<br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.concurrentpharma.com/" target="new">Concurrent Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://dnr.cc/">Correla</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.correlogic.com/" target="new">Correlogic Systems</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://corimbia.com/" target="new">Corimbia</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.cresset-bmd.com/">Cresset BioMolecular Discovery</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.cybergene.se/" target="new">CyberGene</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.duii.com/" target="new">Data Unlimited</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.decodon.com/" target="new">Decodon</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.d-trends.com/" target="new">D'Trends</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.eidogen.com/">Eidogen</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.egenetics.com/" target="new">Electric Genetics</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.eragen.com/">Eragen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.fractalgenomics.com/">Fractal Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gemini-genomics.com/">Gemini Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000">[http://www.genecodes.com Gene Codes Corperation]: MI, USA. : Sequencher package.<br /> <a href="http://www.genedata.com/">GeneData</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gene-it.com/">Gene-IT</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.geneticxchange.com/Home.html">GeneticXchange</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.genetix.com/">Genetix</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genebio.com/">Geneva Bioinformatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genmatrix.com/">GenMatrix</a></font><br /> [http://www.genologics.com/ Genologics] Bioinformatics software company<br /> <a href="http://www.genolyze.com/">Genolyze </a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomica.com/" target="new">Genomica</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomicdiscoverytools.com/">Genomic Discovery Tools</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://genomix.com/" target="new">Genomix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genops.com/indexnet.html" target="new">Genops Bioinformatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genstruct.com/" target="new">GenStruct</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gentech.fr/English-site/Gentech/Home.html" target="new">GenTech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.geospiza.com/" target="new">Geospiza</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.helixinfosystems.com/">HelixInfoSystems</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ibiomatics.com/" target="new">iBiomatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/" target="new">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.idrtech.com/" target="new">IDRTech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.incellico.com/" target="new">Incellico</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.incogen.com/" target="new">INCOGEN</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.incyte.com/" target="new">InCyte</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://informagen.com/" target="new">Informagen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.inforsense.com/" target="new">InforSense</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ingenovis.com/" target="new">Ingenovis</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.interactiva.de/" target="new">Interactiva</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.inpharmatica.com/main.html" target="new">Inpharmatica</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.insightful.com/default_class5.asp" target="new">Insightful Corporation</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.insilico-biotechnology.com/" target="new">Insilico Biotechnology</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.insilicolabs.com/" target="new">In Silico Labs</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.insilico.com/" target="new">Insilico Software</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.inveniobio.com/" target="new">InvenioBioSolutions</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.io-informatics.com/">IO Informatics</a><br /> <a href="http://www.iuvita.com/">IuVita</a><br /> <a href="http://janssen-genomics.com/">Janssen Genomics</a><br /> <a href="http://www.kennatechnologies.com/">Kenna Technologies</a><br /> <a href="http://www.kinematik.com/">KineMatik</a><br /> <font color="#000000">[http://www.labcollector.com/ Labcollector from AgileBio]<br /> <a href="../../C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/skpray/My%20Documents/My%20Webs/_private/www.lablogic.com" target="new">LabLogic</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.lionbioscience.com/" target="new">LION BioScience</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.ludesi.com/">Ludesi</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mantik.de/" target="new">Mantik Bioinformatik</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.matrixscience.com/cgi/index.pl?page=../home.html" target="new">Matrix Science</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mdli.com/cgi/dynamic/welcome.html" target="new">MDL Information Systems</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.metabolic-explorer.com/" target="new">METabolic EXplorer</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://metaworksinc.com/">MetaWorks</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.microdiscovery.de/" target="new">MicroDiscovery</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.miraibio.com/" target="new">MiraiBio</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mag.com/" target="new">Molecular Application Group</a></font> <br /> <a href="https://www.molecularconnections.com/">Molecular Connections</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mol-net.de/" target="new">Molecular Networks</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.molecularware.com/" target="new">MolecularWare</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://morpho-inc.com/">Morpho</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mpi-softtech.com/" target="new">MPI Software Technology</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.neomorphic.com/" target="new">Neomorphic</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.netgenics.com/" target="new">NetGenics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.netid.com/index.html" target="new">Net-ID</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://nexusgenomics.com/"><font color="#000000">Nexus Genomics</font></a><br /> <a href="http://www.ocimumbio.com/" target="new"><font color="#000000">Ocimum Biosolutions</font></a>&nbsp;<br /> OITEK, Korea http://oitek.com<br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.omnigon.com/" target="new">Omnigon Technologies</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.eyesopen.com/">OpenEye</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.origenel.com/" target="new">OriGenel</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.packardbiochip.com/index2.htm" target="new">Packard BioChip Technologies</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.partek.com/" target="new">Partek</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pharmadm.com/" target="new">PharmaDM</a></font>&nbsp;<br /> [http://www.physiomics-plc.com Physiomics-plc]: Oxford Science park, <a href="mailto:info@physiomics-plc.com">info@physiomics-plc.com</a>&nbsp;UK. [[Physiomics-PLC]]<br /> <a href="http://www.premierbiosoft.com/">Premier Biosoft</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://proinformatix.com/" target="new">Proinformatix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.proteinmechanics.com/" target="new">Protein Mechanics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.prosanos.com/" target="new">ProSanos</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.proteom.com/" target="new">Proteom</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.qgene.com/" target="new">QGene</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.q-pharm.com/home">Quantum Pharmaceuticals</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.rabbithutch.com/" target="new">RabbitHutch</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.receptorscience.com/" target="new">Receptor Science</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://redstormscientific.com/" target="new">Redstorm Scientific</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://rescentris.com/"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" color="#808080">Rescentris</font></a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.rosettabio.com/home.html" target="new">Rosetta Biosoftware</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.science-factory.com/">Science Factory</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.scinovaindia.com/" target="new">Scinova</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.sgi.com/chembio/" target="new">Silicon Graphics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.silicoinsights.com/" target="new">Silico Insights</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.simulations-plus.com/" target="new">Simulations Plus</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.softberry.com/" target="new">SoftBerry</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.softgenetics.com/">SoftGenetics</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.spsoft.com/" target="new">Southwest Parallel Software</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.starbridgesystems.com/">StarBridge Systems</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.strandgenomics.com/" target="new">Strand Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.synamatix.com/"><font color="#000000">Synamatix</font></a><br /> <a href="http://sysarris.com/">SysArris</a><br /> <a href="http://teranode.com/">Teranode</a><br /> <a href="http://www.textco.com/">Textco</a><a href="http://www.textco.com/"> BioSoftware</a><br /> <a href="http://www.transgenic-software.com/">Transgenic Software</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.tripos.com/" target="new">Tripos</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.turbogenomics.com/" target="new">Turbo Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.ubi.ca/">United Bioinformatica</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.vglab.com/" target="new">Virtual Genetics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.visipoint.fi/" target="new">Visipoint</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.vizxlabs.com/" target="new">VizXlabs</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.wabansoftware.com/" target="new">Waban Software</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://webgenetics.com/" target="new">WebGenetics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.wireworkswest.com/" target="new">WireWorks West</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.x-mine.com/" target="new">X-MINE</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.xpogen.com/" target="new">Xpogen</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Sequence Database Providers</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.celera.com/home.asp" target="new">Celera Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.curagen.com/" target="new">CuraGen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genelogic.com/" target="new">GeneLogic</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.incyte.com/" target="new">IncyteGenomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.nuvelo.com/">Nuvelo</a> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Sequence Analysis Softwares</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.aborygen.com/">AbOrygen</a><br /> <a href="http://www.accelrys.com/" target="new">Accelrys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biowire.com/bw_jsp/j_welcome_top.jsp" target="new">Biowire.com</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.dnastar.com/" target="new">DNAStar</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.doubletwist.com/" target="new">DoubleTwist</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.egenetics.com/" target="new">Electric Genetics</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bionavigator.com/" target="new">Entigen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genamics.com/">Genamics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genecodes.com/">GeneCodes</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gentech.fr/English-site/Btx_pages/Biotechnix_3d_home.html" target="new">GenTech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/" target="new">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.informaxinc.com/" target="new">InforMax</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.miraibio.com/">MiraiBio</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mbinsights.com/" target="new">Molecular Biology Insights</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.premierbiosoft.com/" target="new">Premier Biosoft</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.redasoft.com/" target="new">Redasoft</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.scied.com/" target="new">Sci-Ed Software</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.textco.com/" target="new">Textco</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Transcription Factor Binding Prediction</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://www.genomicdiscoverytools.com/">Genomic Discovery Tools</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><br /> </font> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Pharmaco &amp; Toxico Informatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.accelrys.com/" target="new">Accelrys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.camitro.com/">Camitro</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.goldenhelix.com/">Golden Helix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.leadscope.com/">LeadScope</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.chem.leeds.ac.uk/luk/">Lhasa</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mdli.com/">MDL Information Systems</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.multicase.com/">MultiCASE</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.scivision.com/">SciVision</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.simulations-plus.com/">Simulations Plus</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.tripos.com/" target="new">Tripos</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">ChemInformatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.aureus-pharma.com/" target="new">Aureus-Pharma</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.cambridgesoft.com/" target="new">CambridgeSoft</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://chemaxon.com/">ChemAxon</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://cheminnovation.com/" target="new">ChemInnovation Software</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.chemistry-software.com/" target="new">Chemistry-Software.com</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://chemsw.com/">ChemSW</a><br /> <a href="http://www.darpharma.com/">DarPharma</a><br /> <a href="http://www.daylight.com/">Daylight</a><br /> <a href="http://globalchemicaldata.com/">Global Chemical Data</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.hyper.com/">Hypercube</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.idbs.co.uk/index_a.asp?nav_version=flas">IDBS</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.jubilantbiosys.com/">Jubilant Biosys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.libraria.com/">Libraria</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.locusdiscovery.com/">Locus Discovery</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.mol-net.de/">Molecular Networks</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.molinspiration.com/">Molinspiration</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://optive.com/">Optive Research</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.predixpharm.com/">Predix</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://quorex.com/">Quorex</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.scitegic.com/main.html">SciTegic</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.sertanty.com/">Sertanty</a><br /> <a href="http://www.surfacelogix.com/">Surface Logix</a><br /> <a href="http://www.synthematix.com/">Synthematix</a><br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Clinical Informatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ardais.com/">Ardais</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.biobyte.com/">BioByte</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.chemnavigator.com/" target="new">ChemNavigator</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.goldenhelix.com/" target="new">Golden Helix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/" target="new">IBM Life Sciences</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.iuvita.com/">IuVita</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ppdinformatics.com/">PPD Informatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pharsight.com/">Pharsight</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.phaseforward.com/">Phase Forward</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.phase-it.de/">Phase-IT</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pluvita.com/">Pluvita</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.surromed.com/Technology.html">SurroMed</a> <br /> <br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Toxico Informatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.druglogic.com/">DrugLogic</a><br /> [[Entelos]]</font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genelogic.com/" target="new">GeneLogic</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.mergen-ltd.com/">Mergen</a><br /> &nbsp; <br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Ontology Informatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.egenetics.com/" target="new">Electric Genetics</a></font><br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">MassSpec, 2D Gel &amp; Image Analysis Informatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.amershambiosciences.com/na/">Amersham Biosciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.axon.com/">Axon Instruments</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.balthazarbio.com/">BioBridge Computing</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.daltonics.bruker.com/">Bruker Daltonics</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.2dgels.com/">Compugen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.cytomation.com/">Cytomation</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.decodon.de/">Decodon</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.definiens.com/">Definiens</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genebio.com/">Geneva Bioinformatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomicsolutions.com/">Genomic Solutions</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.ludesi.com/">Ludesi</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.sciex.com/">MDS Sciex</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mediacy.com/">Media Cybernetics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.micromass.co.uk/default7.asp">MicroMass</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.nonlinear.com/">Nonlinear Dynamics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.proteometrics.com/" target="new">ProteoMetrics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.proteomeworkssystem.com/" target="new">ProteomeWorks System</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.scanalytics.com/">Scanalytics</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.scimagix.com/">Scimagix</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.thermoquest.com/">ThermoFinnigan</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.vialogy.com/">ViaLogy</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">3D Animation &amp; Visulization</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.aborygen.com/">AbOrygen</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="Data%20Mining%20&amp;%20Visualization%0Ahttp://www.animech.com/">Animech</a><br /> </font><a href="http://www.sidectech.com/">Sidec Technologies</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><br /> </font> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Data Mining &amp; Visualization</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.affymetrix.com/" target="new">Affymetrix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.anvilinformatics.com/" target="new">AnVil Informatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.applied-maths.com/home.html" target="new">Applied Maths</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ariadnegenomics.com/" target="new">Ariadne Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biodiscovery.com/" target="new">BioDiscovery</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biosift.com/" target="new">BioSift</a></font> &nbsp; &nbsp;<br /> <a href="http://biomining.com/">BioMining</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.contentsoft.de/" target="new">ContentSoft</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://silicocyte.com/" target="new">CytoGenomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.enodar.com/" target="new">Enodar</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.expressionanalysis.com/">Expression Analysis</a><br /> <a href="http://genome-explorations.com/">Genome-Explorations</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/" target="new">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://imaging.brocku.ca/">Imaging Research</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.incellico.com/">Incellico</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://insightful.com/">Insightful</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.iobion.com/" target="new">Iobion Informatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://isenseit.com/" target="new">iSenseIt</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.megametrics.com/" target="new">MegaMetrics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.molmine.com/" target="new">MolMine</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.nag.com/" target="new">NAG</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://omniviz.com/">OmniViz</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.optimaldesign.com/">Optimal Design</a><br /> <font size="-0"><a href="http://www.predictivepatterns.com/" target="new"><font color="#000000">Predictive Patterns Software</font></a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.purpleinsight.com/home.html">Purple Insight</a><br /> <a href="http://www.sgi.com/">SGI</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.salford-systems.com/">Salford Systems</a> <br /> <a href="http://silicocyte.com/">SilicoCyte</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.sigenetics.com/" target="new">Silicon Genetics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.spotfire.com/">SpotFire</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.strandgenomics.com/" target="new">Strand Genomics</a><br /> </font><font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.visual-bioinformatics.com/">Visual Bioinformatics</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="middle" align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Protein Folding &amp; Structural Informatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.accelrys.com/" target="new">Accelrys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.algonomics.com/" target="new">AlgoNomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.astex-technology.com/home.htm" target="new">Astex Technology</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.cengent.com/"><font color="#000000">Cengent Therapeutics</font></a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.emeraldbiostructures.com/" target="new">Emerald Biostructures</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/" target="new">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.molsoft.com/" target="new">MolSoft</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.psf-ag.com/index.htm">PSF biotech</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://proceryon.com/" target="new">Proceryon</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.prospectgenomics.com/" target="new">Prospect Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.rib-x.com/" target="new">Rib-X</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.sireen.de/">Sireen</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.stromix.com/" target="new">Structural Genomix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.tripos.com/" target="new">Tripos</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Genetic &amp; Regulatory Networks</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.akceli.com/" target="new">Akceli</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ariadnegenomics.com/" target="new">Ariadne Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://cellnomica.com/">Cellnomica</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.fractalgenomics.com/">Fractal Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.gene-networks.com/">Gene Networks</a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomatica.com/">Genomatica</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/" target="new">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pubgene.com/" target="new">PubGene</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.tomsawyer.com/industry/bioinformatics.html" target="new">Tom Sawyer Software</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.genego.com/">GeneGo</a> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Molecular Simulation &amp; Modelling</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://www.camitro.com/home.htm">Camitro</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.cellnomica.com/">Cellnomica</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.entelos.com/">Entelos</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gnsbiotech.com/">Gene Network Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.hippron.com/">Hippron Physiomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.paradigmgenetics.com/" target="new">Icoria</a></font><br /> <a href="http://immunetrics.com/">Immunetrics</a><br /> <a href="http://www.physiome.com/">Physiome</a> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Computer Aided Drug Design<br /> &amp; In Silico Screening<br /> </font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.4sc.de/">4SC</a><br /> <a href="http://www.accelrys.com/" target="new">Accelrys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.denovopharma.com/" target="new">De Novo Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://kemia.com/" target="new">Kemia</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.nanodesign.com/">Nanodesign</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.ribotargets.com/corporate/corporate_overview.html">RiboTargets</a> <br /> <a href="http://sunesis.com/">Sunesis</a> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Computing Resource Providers</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.avaki.com/">Avaki</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.argentys.com/">Argentys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biosentients.com/">Biosentients</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biodigm.com/">Biodigm</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioreason.com/">Bioreason</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.computefarm.com/">Blackstone Computing</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.criticalsoftware.com/hpc/">Critical Software</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.darwindomains.com/">Darwin Domains</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.esolvbin.com/">E-bin Solutions</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.geneticxchange.com/">GeneticXchange</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.graphlogic.com/">GraphLogic</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www-1.ibm.com/servers/hpc/" target="new">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.labvantage.com/" target="new">LabVantage</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.linuxlabs.com/" target="new">Linux Labs</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.linuxnetworx.com/" target="new">Linux Networx</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.msa.com/medical/" target="new">Medical Science Associates</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.nextgen.com/" target="new">NextGen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.parabon.com/" target="new">Parabon</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.paracel.com/" target="new">Paracel</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.platform.com/" target="new">Platform Computing</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.racksaver.com/" target="new">RackSaver</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.rlx.com/" target="new">RLX Technologies</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.secant.com/" target="new">Secant Technologies</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.sgi.com/" target="new">SGI</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.sun.com/" target="new">Sun Microsystems</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.timelogic.com/bioinform1.html" target="new">TimeLogic</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.turbogenomics.com/" target="new">TurboGenomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.viaken.com/">Viaken</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.visualgenomics.com/" target="new">Visual Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.wsm.com/">Western Scientific</a> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Information Providers</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ameripath.com/">AmeriPath</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.embase.com/">EMBASE</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genesage.com/">GeneSage</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomichealth.com/home.html">Genomic Health</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pharmawatch.com/">Pharma Watch Communications</a></font> <br /> <br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Laboratory Information Management System</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://www.ais-lims.com/">Analystical Information Systems</a><br /> <a href="http://blazesystems.com/">Blaze Systems</a><br /> <a href="http://www.genologics.com/">GenoLogics</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://gensys.com/">GenSys</a><br /> <a href="http://www.id-bs.com/">IDBS</a><br /> <a href="http://www.innaphase.com/">InnaPhase</a></font><br /> <a href="http://lablynx.com/">Lablynx</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.labtronics.com/" target="new">Labtronics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://labvantage.com/">LabVantage</a><br /> <a href="http://www.labware.com/">LabWare</a><br /> <a href="http://www.neolytica.com/">Neolytica</a><br /> <a href="http://www.nugenesis.com/">NuGenesis Technologies</a><br /> <a href="http://www.lims-software.com/">QSI</a><a href="http://www.sibio.net/" target="new"><br /> Sibio <br /> </a><font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.scisw.com/" target="new">Scientific Software</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://scinomix.com/">Scinomix</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://starlims.com/">StarLIMS</a><br /> <a href="http://telecation.com/">Telecation</a><br /> <a href="http://www.thermo.com/">Thermo Electron Corporation</a><br /> &nbsp;<br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Text Mining &amp; Litrature Search</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ariadnegenomics.com/" target="new">Ariadne Genomics</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biowisdom.com/">BioWisdom</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.clearforest.com/">ClearForest</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.facultyof1000.com/start.asp">Faculty of 1000</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomewatch.biz/">GenomeWatch</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ingenuity.com/">Ingenuity</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.inpharmix.com/">InPharmix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pathinfo.com/">Pathology Informatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.proteome.com/">Proteome</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.reeltwo.com/">Reel Two</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.spss.com/applications/science/">SPSS</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.temis-group.com/">TEMIS Group</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.vglab.com/">Virtual Genetics</a></font> <br /> <br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Semantic Integration</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.landcglobal.com/">Language and Computing</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.synquiry.com/">Synquiry</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Business Intelligence &amp; Consulting</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://world.std.com/%7Eafs/">AFS Informatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://members.aol.com/alsobrookj/bioconsult.htm">Alsobrook Biotechnology Consulting</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biobridge.com/">BioBridge</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioscorpio.com/">Bioscorpio</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioseeker.com/">BioSeeker Group</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioteam.net/">BioTeam.net</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://main.biozak.com/">BioZak</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.btechnews.com/">Btech Investor</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.caddinformatics.com/">CADDinformatics Consulting</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.calyxbio.com/">Calyx</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.carecapital.com/">Care Capital</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.chemicalsimulations.com/">Chemical Simulations Group</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.dresources.com/">Decision Resources</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.djkpartners.com/">DJK Partners</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.dianoetica.com/">Dianoetica</a><br /> <a href="http://www.elashoffconsulting.com/">Elashoff Consulting</a><br /> <a href="http://evobio.info/">Evolutionary Bioinformatics</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.fkpi.com/altindex.html">Feinstein Kean Healthcare</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.frontlinesmc.com/">Front Line Strategic Consulting</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.healthtechnetwork.com/index.htm" target="new">Health Technology Networks</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/" target="new">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://insightful.com/">Insightful</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pharmabiotech.ch/" target="new">Jain PharmaBiotech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.krugconsulting.com/" target="new">Krug Consulting Group<br /> </a><a href="http://www.milser.co.in/">Milser</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.mogene.com/">MOgene</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.nigeons.com/eng/index.html">Nigeons</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.pointpurchasing.com/">Point Purchasing</a><br /> <a href="http://www.proteomeconsult.com/">Proteome Consult</a><a href="http://www.rresults.com/"><br /> </a><font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.rresults.com/">Research Results</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://rxlogix.com/">RxLogix</a><br /> <a href="http://www.sellscience.com/">SellScience</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioinformaticist.biz/">Tahoe Informatics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.transadvancis.com/">TransADVANcis</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.windhover.com/">Windhover<br /> <br /> </a></font> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Technology Investing</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biobridge.com/">Clairus Technology</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.genechem.com/html/brief.html">GeneChem</a><br /> <br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Product Comparison &amp; Reviews</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://biocompare.com/index.asp">BioCompare</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.biowire.com/">Biowire.com</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.selectscience.net/">SelectScience.net</a> <br /> <br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Laboratory Products Vendors&nbsp;</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.abcam.com/">Abcam-antibodies</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.atcc.org/" target="new">ATCC</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.atcg.com/" target="new">ATCG</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.antibodyresource.com/" target="new">Antibody Resource</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://store.bio.com/os/start/store1/store.html" target="new">Bio.com (softwares)</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biosupplynet.com/" target="new">BioSupplyNet</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.chemconnect.com/" target="new">ChemConnect</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.chemdex.com/" target="new">Chemdex</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.iscpubs.com/bg/us/usidir.html" target="new">Lab Crawler</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mdyn.com/" target="new">Molecular Dynamics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://antibodies-probes.com/">MSRS antibodies</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.oligoengine.com/">OligoEngine</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.pharmagene.com/home.htm">PharmaGene</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.sciquest.com/" target="new">SciQuest</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Used or Pre-Owned Laboratory Equipments</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bestlabdeals.com/">Best Lab Deals</a><br /> <a href="http://www.biobid.com/" target="new">BioBid</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biosurplus.com/" target="new">BioSurplus</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.labdollars.com/">Lab Dollars</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.labjunk.com/HOME.cfm" target="new">Labjunk.com</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.labequip.com/">Lab Equip</a><br /> <a href="http://labtrader.com/">Lab Trader</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.labx.com/" target="new">LabX</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.labextreme.com/">Lab eXtreme</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.liscientific.com/" target="new">Long Island Scientific</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pegasusscientific.com/" target="new">Pegasus Scientific</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://scical.com/">Scientific Calibrations</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.seeinc.com/" target="new">Scientific Equipment Exchange</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.triadsci.com/" target="new">Triad Scientific</a></font> 83e54a1ff11052fa15e7805f77921294ed390767 2889 2010-03-16T21:20:08Z BioKM 79 BioKM wikitext text/x-wiki <table width="90%" cols="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="1" background="fancygreen.gif" summary=""> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font size="3" color="#000000">[http://bioinformatics.ws Bioinformatics] Companies</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><br /> <strong>[[Big Bioinformatics Companies]]</strong><br /> <br /> [[3rd Millennium]]</font> : Waltham, MA 02451. USA: provider of custom informatics systems, management consulting services, and packaged software products for the life sciences. <br /> <font color="#000000">[[Aber Genomic Computing]]: Aberystwyth, UK</font><br /> [[Acero]]<br /> <font color="#000000">[[AgileBio]]: NY, USA. and Paris France</font><br /> <a href="http://www.allometra.com/">Allometra</a>: [[Allometra]] [[PyMood]]<br /> <a href="http://www.amartus.com/">Amartus</a>: Enterprise Software Solutions<br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.anedabio.com/" target="new">Aneda</a></font> : Gond down?<br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.apocom.com/" target="new">ApoCom Genomics</a></font> : [[ApoCom Genomics]]<br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.arraygenetics.com/about_array_genetics.html" target="new">Array Genetics</a></font> : [[Array Genetics]] DNA microarray data analysis tools.<br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.artificial-life.com/" target="new">Artificial Life</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://avesthagen.com/" target="new">Avesthagen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://base4.com/" target="new">Base4</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.bioalma.com/">Bioalma</a><br /> <font color="#000000">[[BioDiscovery.com]]</font> : BioDiscovery develops and sells&nbsp;software and services&nbsp;for drug discovery and diagnostics by efficiently managing, integrating, and analyzing data generated using high-throughput microarray technology<br /> <font color="#000000">[http://www.japanorama.com/dd/index.html Darwin Domains] from Japanorama.com<br /> <a href="http://www.bioinformaticsservices.com/" target="new">Bioinformatics Services</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioinformaticssolutions.com/" target="new">Bioinformatics Solutions</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biodata.com/">BioKM</a> Online Laboratory Management service from <a href="http://www.biodata.com/company">BioData, Inc</a>. BioKM was designed to meet the everyday needs of researchers.</font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biolateral.com.au/" target="new">BioLateral</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biomax.de/" target="new">BioMax Informatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biomedcomp.com/" target="new">Biomedical Computing</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bmi-heidelberg.com/" target="new">Biomedical Informatics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://biomind.com/">BioMind</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biosoft.com/" target="new">BioSoft</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biosolve.de/" target="new">BioSolve</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biotiquesystems.com/" target="new">Biotique Systems</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biotools.com/" target="new">BioTools</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biowisdom.com/" target="new">BioWisdom</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://caesarsoftware.com/" target="new">Caesar Software</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.changbioscience.com/" target="new">Chang Bioscience</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.chemcomp.com/" target="new">Chemical Computing Group</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.cimsoft.com/" target="new">Cimarron Software</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.clcbio.com/">CLC Bio</a>: [[CLC Bio]]: Bioinformatics Workbench<br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://cognia.com/" target="new">Cognia</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://compassbioinfo.com/" target="new">Compass Bioinformatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.compassgenomics.com/" target="new">Compass Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.compudrug.com/" target="new">CompuDrug</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.cgen.com/" target="new">Compugen</a></font> :&nbsp;&nbsp;discovery and licensing of product candidates to the drug and diagnostic industry<br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.concurrentpharma.com/" target="new">Concurrent Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://dnr.cc/">Correla</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.correlogic.com/" target="new">Correlogic Systems</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://corimbia.com/" target="new">Corimbia</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.cresset-bmd.com/">Cresset BioMolecular Discovery</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.cybergene.se/" target="new">CyberGene</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.duii.com/" target="new">Data Unlimited</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.decodon.com/" target="new">Decodon</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.d-trends.com/" target="new">D'Trends</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.eidogen.com/">Eidogen</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.egenetics.com/" target="new">Electric Genetics</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.eragen.com/">Eragen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.fractalgenomics.com/">Fractal Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gemini-genomics.com/">Gemini Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000">[http://www.genecodes.com Gene Codes Corperation]: MI, USA. : Sequencher package.<br /> <a href="http://www.genedata.com/">GeneData</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gene-it.com/">Gene-IT</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.geneticxchange.com/Home.html">GeneticXchange</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.genetix.com/">Genetix</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genebio.com/">Geneva Bioinformatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genmatrix.com/">GenMatrix</a></font><br /> [http://www.genologics.com/ Genologics] Bioinformatics software company<br /> <a href="http://www.genolyze.com/">Genolyze </a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomica.com/" target="new">Genomica</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomicdiscoverytools.com/">Genomic Discovery Tools</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://genomix.com/" target="new">Genomix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genops.com/indexnet.html" target="new">Genops Bioinformatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genstruct.com/" target="new">GenStruct</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gentech.fr/English-site/Gentech/Home.html" target="new">GenTech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.geospiza.com/" target="new">Geospiza</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.helixinfosystems.com/">HelixInfoSystems</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ibiomatics.com/" target="new">iBiomatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/" target="new">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.idrtech.com/" target="new">IDRTech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.incellico.com/" target="new">Incellico</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.incogen.com/" target="new">INCOGEN</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.incyte.com/" target="new">InCyte</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://informagen.com/" target="new">Informagen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.inforsense.com/" target="new">InforSense</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ingenovis.com/" target="new">Ingenovis</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.interactiva.de/" target="new">Interactiva</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.inpharmatica.com/main.html" target="new">Inpharmatica</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.insightful.com/default_class5.asp" target="new">Insightful Corporation</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.insilico-biotechnology.com/" target="new">Insilico Biotechnology</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.insilicolabs.com/" target="new">In Silico Labs</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.insilico.com/" target="new">Insilico Software</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.inveniobio.com/" target="new">InvenioBioSolutions</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.io-informatics.com/">IO Informatics</a><br /> <a href="http://www.iuvita.com/">IuVita</a><br /> <a href="http://janssen-genomics.com/">Janssen Genomics</a><br /> <a href="http://www.kennatechnologies.com/">Kenna Technologies</a><br /> <a href="http://www.kinematik.com/">KineMatik</a><br /> <font color="#000000">[http://www.labcollector.com/ Labcollector from AgileBio]<br /> <a href="../../C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/skpray/My%20Documents/My%20Webs/_private/www.lablogic.com" target="new">LabLogic</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.lionbioscience.com/" target="new">LION BioScience</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.ludesi.com/">Ludesi</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mantik.de/" target="new">Mantik Bioinformatik</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.matrixscience.com/cgi/index.pl?page=../home.html" target="new">Matrix Science</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mdli.com/cgi/dynamic/welcome.html" target="new">MDL Information Systems</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.metabolic-explorer.com/" target="new">METabolic EXplorer</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://metaworksinc.com/">MetaWorks</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.microdiscovery.de/" target="new">MicroDiscovery</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.miraibio.com/" target="new">MiraiBio</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mag.com/" target="new">Molecular Application Group</a></font> <br /> <a href="https://www.molecularconnections.com/">Molecular Connections</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mol-net.de/" target="new">Molecular Networks</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.molecularware.com/" target="new">MolecularWare</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://morpho-inc.com/">Morpho</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mpi-softtech.com/" target="new">MPI Software Technology</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.neomorphic.com/" target="new">Neomorphic</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.netgenics.com/" target="new">NetGenics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.netid.com/index.html" target="new">Net-ID</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://nexusgenomics.com/"><font color="#000000">Nexus Genomics</font></a><br /> <a href="http://www.ocimumbio.com/" target="new"><font color="#000000">Ocimum Biosolutions</font></a>&nbsp;<br /> OITEK, Korea http://oitek.com<br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.omnigon.com/" target="new">Omnigon Technologies</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.eyesopen.com/">OpenEye</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.origenel.com/" target="new">OriGenel</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.packardbiochip.com/index2.htm" target="new">Packard BioChip Technologies</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.partek.com/" target="new">Partek</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pharmadm.com/" target="new">PharmaDM</a></font>&nbsp;<br /> [http://www.physiomics-plc.com Physiomics-plc]: Oxford Science park, <a href="mailto:info@physiomics-plc.com">info@physiomics-plc.com</a>&nbsp;UK. [[Physiomics-PLC]]<br /> <a href="http://www.premierbiosoft.com/">Premier Biosoft</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://proinformatix.com/" target="new">Proinformatix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.proteinmechanics.com/" target="new">Protein Mechanics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.prosanos.com/" target="new">ProSanos</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.proteom.com/" target="new">Proteom</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.qgene.com/" target="new">QGene</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.q-pharm.com/home">Quantum Pharmaceuticals</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.rabbithutch.com/" target="new">RabbitHutch</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.receptorscience.com/" target="new">Receptor Science</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://redstormscientific.com/" target="new">Redstorm Scientific</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://rescentris.com/"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" color="#808080">Rescentris</font></a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.rosettabio.com/home.html" target="new">Rosetta Biosoftware</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.science-factory.com/">Science Factory</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.scinovaindia.com/" target="new">Scinova</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.sgi.com/chembio/" target="new">Silicon Graphics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.silicoinsights.com/" target="new">Silico Insights</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.simulations-plus.com/" target="new">Simulations Plus</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.softberry.com/" target="new">SoftBerry</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.softgenetics.com/">SoftGenetics</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.spsoft.com/" target="new">Southwest Parallel Software</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.starbridgesystems.com/">StarBridge Systems</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.strandgenomics.com/" target="new">Strand Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.synamatix.com/"><font color="#000000">Synamatix</font></a><br /> <a href="http://sysarris.com/">SysArris</a><br /> <a href="http://teranode.com/">Teranode</a><br /> <a href="http://www.textco.com/">Textco</a><a href="http://www.textco.com/"> BioSoftware</a><br /> <a href="http://www.transgenic-software.com/">Transgenic Software</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.tripos.com/" target="new">Tripos</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.turbogenomics.com/" target="new">Turbo Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.ubi.ca/">United Bioinformatica</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.vglab.com/" target="new">Virtual Genetics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.visipoint.fi/" target="new">Visipoint</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.vizxlabs.com/" target="new">VizXlabs</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.wabansoftware.com/" target="new">Waban Software</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://webgenetics.com/" target="new">WebGenetics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.wireworkswest.com/" target="new">WireWorks West</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.x-mine.com/" target="new">X-MINE</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.xpogen.com/" target="new">Xpogen</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Sequence Database Providers</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.celera.com/home.asp" target="new">Celera Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.curagen.com/" target="new">CuraGen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genelogic.com/" target="new">GeneLogic</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.incyte.com/" target="new">IncyteGenomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.nuvelo.com/">Nuvelo</a> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Sequence Analysis Softwares</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.aborygen.com/">AbOrygen</a><br /> <a href="http://www.accelrys.com/" target="new">Accelrys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biowire.com/bw_jsp/j_welcome_top.jsp" target="new">Biowire.com</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.dnastar.com/" target="new">DNAStar</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.doubletwist.com/" target="new">DoubleTwist</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.egenetics.com/" target="new">Electric Genetics</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bionavigator.com/" target="new">Entigen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genamics.com/">Genamics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genecodes.com/">GeneCodes</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gentech.fr/English-site/Btx_pages/Biotechnix_3d_home.html" target="new">GenTech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/" target="new">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.informaxinc.com/" target="new">InforMax</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.miraibio.com/">MiraiBio</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mbinsights.com/" target="new">Molecular Biology Insights</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.premierbiosoft.com/" target="new">Premier Biosoft</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.redasoft.com/" target="new">Redasoft</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.scied.com/" target="new">Sci-Ed Software</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.textco.com/" target="new">Textco</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Transcription Factor Binding Prediction</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://www.genomicdiscoverytools.com/">Genomic Discovery Tools</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><br /> </font> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Pharmaco &amp; Toxico Informatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.accelrys.com/" target="new">Accelrys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.camitro.com/">Camitro</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.goldenhelix.com/">Golden Helix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.leadscope.com/">LeadScope</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.chem.leeds.ac.uk/luk/">Lhasa</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mdli.com/">MDL Information Systems</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.multicase.com/">MultiCASE</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.scivision.com/">SciVision</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.simulations-plus.com/">Simulations Plus</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.tripos.com/" target="new">Tripos</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">ChemInformatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.aureus-pharma.com/" target="new">Aureus-Pharma</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.cambridgesoft.com/" target="new">CambridgeSoft</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://chemaxon.com/">ChemAxon</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://cheminnovation.com/" target="new">ChemInnovation Software</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.chemistry-software.com/" target="new">Chemistry-Software.com</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://chemsw.com/">ChemSW</a><br /> <a href="http://www.darpharma.com/">DarPharma</a><br /> <a href="http://www.daylight.com/">Daylight</a><br /> <a href="http://globalchemicaldata.com/">Global Chemical Data</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.hyper.com/">Hypercube</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.idbs.co.uk/index_a.asp?nav_version=flas">IDBS</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.jubilantbiosys.com/">Jubilant Biosys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.libraria.com/">Libraria</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.locusdiscovery.com/">Locus Discovery</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.mol-net.de/">Molecular Networks</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.molinspiration.com/">Molinspiration</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://optive.com/">Optive Research</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.predixpharm.com/">Predix</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://quorex.com/">Quorex</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.scitegic.com/main.html">SciTegic</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.sertanty.com/">Sertanty</a><br /> <a href="http://www.surfacelogix.com/">Surface Logix</a><br /> <a href="http://www.synthematix.com/">Synthematix</a><br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Clinical Informatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ardais.com/">Ardais</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.biobyte.com/">BioByte</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.chemnavigator.com/" target="new">ChemNavigator</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.goldenhelix.com/" target="new">Golden Helix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/" target="new">IBM Life Sciences</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.iuvita.com/">IuVita</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ppdinformatics.com/">PPD Informatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pharsight.com/">Pharsight</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.phaseforward.com/">Phase Forward</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.phase-it.de/">Phase-IT</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pluvita.com/">Pluvita</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.surromed.com/Technology.html">SurroMed</a> <br /> <br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Toxico Informatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.druglogic.com/">DrugLogic</a><br /> [[Entelos]]</font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genelogic.com/" target="new">GeneLogic</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.mergen-ltd.com/">Mergen</a><br /> &nbsp; <br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Ontology Informatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.egenetics.com/" target="new">Electric Genetics</a></font><br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">MassSpec, 2D Gel &amp; Image Analysis Informatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.amershambiosciences.com/na/">Amersham Biosciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.axon.com/">Axon Instruments</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.balthazarbio.com/">BioBridge Computing</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.daltonics.bruker.com/">Bruker Daltonics</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.2dgels.com/">Compugen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.cytomation.com/">Cytomation</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.decodon.de/">Decodon</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.definiens.com/">Definiens</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genebio.com/">Geneva Bioinformatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomicsolutions.com/">Genomic Solutions</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.ludesi.com/">Ludesi</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.sciex.com/">MDS Sciex</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mediacy.com/">Media Cybernetics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.micromass.co.uk/default7.asp">MicroMass</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.nonlinear.com/">Nonlinear Dynamics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.proteometrics.com/" target="new">ProteoMetrics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.proteomeworkssystem.com/" target="new">ProteomeWorks System</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.scanalytics.com/">Scanalytics</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.scimagix.com/">Scimagix</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.thermoquest.com/">ThermoFinnigan</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.vialogy.com/">ViaLogy</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">3D Animation &amp; Visulization</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.aborygen.com/">AbOrygen</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="Data%20Mining%20&amp;%20Visualization%0Ahttp://www.animech.com/">Animech</a><br /> </font><a href="http://www.sidectech.com/">Sidec Technologies</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><br /> </font> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Data Mining &amp; Visualization</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.affymetrix.com/" target="new">Affymetrix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.anvilinformatics.com/" target="new">AnVil Informatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.applied-maths.com/home.html" target="new">Applied Maths</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ariadnegenomics.com/" target="new">Ariadne Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biodiscovery.com/" target="new">BioDiscovery</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biosift.com/" target="new">BioSift</a></font> &nbsp; &nbsp;<br /> <a href="http://biomining.com/">BioMining</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.contentsoft.de/" target="new">ContentSoft</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://silicocyte.com/" target="new">CytoGenomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.enodar.com/" target="new">Enodar</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.expressionanalysis.com/">Expression Analysis</a><br /> <a href="http://genome-explorations.com/">Genome-Explorations</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/" target="new">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://imaging.brocku.ca/">Imaging Research</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.incellico.com/">Incellico</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://insightful.com/">Insightful</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.iobion.com/" target="new">Iobion Informatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://isenseit.com/" target="new">iSenseIt</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.megametrics.com/" target="new">MegaMetrics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.molmine.com/" target="new">MolMine</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.nag.com/" target="new">NAG</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://omniviz.com/">OmniViz</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.optimaldesign.com/">Optimal Design</a><br /> <font size="-0"><a href="http://www.predictivepatterns.com/" target="new"><font color="#000000">Predictive Patterns Software</font></a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.purpleinsight.com/home.html">Purple Insight</a><br /> <a href="http://www.sgi.com/">SGI</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.salford-systems.com/">Salford Systems</a> <br /> <a href="http://silicocyte.com/">SilicoCyte</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.sigenetics.com/" target="new">Silicon Genetics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.spotfire.com/">SpotFire</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.strandgenomics.com/" target="new">Strand Genomics</a><br /> </font><font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.visual-bioinformatics.com/">Visual Bioinformatics</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="middle" align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Protein Folding &amp; Structural Informatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.accelrys.com/" target="new">Accelrys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.algonomics.com/" target="new">AlgoNomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.astex-technology.com/home.htm" target="new">Astex Technology</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.cengent.com/"><font color="#000000">Cengent Therapeutics</font></a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.emeraldbiostructures.com/" target="new">Emerald Biostructures</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/" target="new">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.molsoft.com/" target="new">MolSoft</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.psf-ag.com/index.htm">PSF biotech</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://proceryon.com/" target="new">Proceryon</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.prospectgenomics.com/" target="new">Prospect Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.rib-x.com/" target="new">Rib-X</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.sireen.de/">Sireen</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.stromix.com/" target="new">Structural Genomix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.tripos.com/" target="new">Tripos</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Genetic &amp; Regulatory Networks</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.akceli.com/" target="new">Akceli</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ariadnegenomics.com/" target="new">Ariadne Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://cellnomica.com/">Cellnomica</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.fractalgenomics.com/">Fractal Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.gene-networks.com/">Gene Networks</a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomatica.com/">Genomatica</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/" target="new">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pubgene.com/" target="new">PubGene</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.tomsawyer.com/industry/bioinformatics.html" target="new">Tom Sawyer Software</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.genego.com/">GeneGo</a> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Molecular Simulation &amp; Modelling</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://www.camitro.com/home.htm">Camitro</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.cellnomica.com/">Cellnomica</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.entelos.com/">Entelos</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gnsbiotech.com/">Gene Network Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.hippron.com/">Hippron Physiomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.paradigmgenetics.com/" target="new">Icoria</a></font><br /> <a href="http://immunetrics.com/">Immunetrics</a><br /> <a href="http://www.physiome.com/">Physiome</a> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Computer Aided Drug Design<br /> &amp; In Silico Screening<br /> </font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.4sc.de/">4SC</a><br /> <a href="http://www.accelrys.com/" target="new">Accelrys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.denovopharma.com/" target="new">De Novo Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://kemia.com/" target="new">Kemia</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.nanodesign.com/">Nanodesign</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.ribotargets.com/corporate/corporate_overview.html">RiboTargets</a> <br /> <a href="http://sunesis.com/">Sunesis</a> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Computing Resource Providers</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.avaki.com/">Avaki</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.argentys.com/">Argentys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biosentients.com/">Biosentients</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biodigm.com/">Biodigm</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioreason.com/">Bioreason</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.computefarm.com/">Blackstone Computing</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.criticalsoftware.com/hpc/">Critical Software</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.darwindomains.com/">Darwin Domains</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.esolvbin.com/">E-bin Solutions</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.geneticxchange.com/">GeneticXchange</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.graphlogic.com/">GraphLogic</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www-1.ibm.com/servers/hpc/" target="new">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.labvantage.com/" target="new">LabVantage</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.linuxlabs.com/" target="new">Linux Labs</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.linuxnetworx.com/" target="new">Linux Networx</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.msa.com/medical/" target="new">Medical Science Associates</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.nextgen.com/" target="new">NextGen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.parabon.com/" target="new">Parabon</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.paracel.com/" target="new">Paracel</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.platform.com/" target="new">Platform Computing</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.racksaver.com/" target="new">RackSaver</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.rlx.com/" target="new">RLX Technologies</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.secant.com/" target="new">Secant Technologies</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.sgi.com/" target="new">SGI</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.sun.com/" target="new">Sun Microsystems</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.timelogic.com/bioinform1.html" target="new">TimeLogic</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.turbogenomics.com/" target="new">TurboGenomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.viaken.com/">Viaken</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.visualgenomics.com/" target="new">Visual Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.wsm.com/">Western Scientific</a> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Information Providers</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ameripath.com/">AmeriPath</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.embase.com/">EMBASE</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genesage.com/">GeneSage</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomichealth.com/home.html">Genomic Health</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pharmawatch.com/">Pharma Watch Communications</a></font> <br /> <br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Laboratory Information Management System</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://www.ais-lims.com/">Analystical Information Systems</a><br /> <a href="http://blazesystems.com/">Blaze Systems</a><br /> <a href="http://www.genologics.com/">GenoLogics</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://gensys.com/">GenSys</a><br /> <a href="http://www.id-bs.com/">IDBS</a><br /> <a href="http://www.innaphase.com/">InnaPhase</a></font><br /> <a href="http://lablynx.com/">Lablynx</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.labtronics.com/" target="new">Labtronics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://labvantage.com/">LabVantage</a><br /> <a href="http://www.labware.com/">LabWare</a><br /> <a href="http://www.neolytica.com/">Neolytica</a><br /> <a href="http://www.nugenesis.com/">NuGenesis Technologies</a><br /> <a href="http://www.lims-software.com/">QSI</a><a href="http://www.sibio.net/" target="new"><br /> Sibio <br /> </a><font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.scisw.com/" target="new">Scientific Software</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://scinomix.com/">Scinomix</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://starlims.com/">StarLIMS</a><br /> <a href="http://telecation.com/">Telecation</a><br /> <a href="http://www.thermo.com/">Thermo Electron Corporation</a><br /> &nbsp;<br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Text Mining &amp; Litrature Search</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ariadnegenomics.com/" target="new">Ariadne Genomics</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biowisdom.com/">BioWisdom</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.clearforest.com/">ClearForest</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.facultyof1000.com/start.asp">Faculty of 1000</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomewatch.biz/">GenomeWatch</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ingenuity.com/">Ingenuity</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.inpharmix.com/">InPharmix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pathinfo.com/">Pathology Informatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.proteome.com/">Proteome</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.reeltwo.com/">Reel Two</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.spss.com/applications/science/">SPSS</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.temis-group.com/">TEMIS Group</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.vglab.com/">Virtual Genetics</a></font> <br /> <br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Semantic Integration</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.landcglobal.com/">Language and Computing</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.synquiry.com/">Synquiry</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Business Intelligence &amp; Consulting</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://world.std.com/%7Eafs/">AFS Informatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://members.aol.com/alsobrookj/bioconsult.htm">Alsobrook Biotechnology Consulting</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biobridge.com/">BioBridge</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioscorpio.com/">Bioscorpio</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioseeker.com/">BioSeeker Group</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioteam.net/">BioTeam.net</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://main.biozak.com/">BioZak</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.btechnews.com/">Btech Investor</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.caddinformatics.com/">CADDinformatics Consulting</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.calyxbio.com/">Calyx</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.carecapital.com/">Care Capital</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.chemicalsimulations.com/">Chemical Simulations Group</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.dresources.com/">Decision Resources</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.djkpartners.com/">DJK Partners</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.dianoetica.com/">Dianoetica</a><br /> <a href="http://www.elashoffconsulting.com/">Elashoff Consulting</a><br /> <a href="http://evobio.info/">Evolutionary Bioinformatics</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.fkpi.com/altindex.html">Feinstein Kean Healthcare</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.frontlinesmc.com/">Front Line Strategic Consulting</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.healthtechnetwork.com/index.htm" target="new">Health Technology Networks</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/" target="new">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://insightful.com/">Insightful</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pharmabiotech.ch/" target="new">Jain PharmaBiotech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.krugconsulting.com/" target="new">Krug Consulting Group<br /> </a><a href="http://www.milser.co.in/">Milser</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.mogene.com/">MOgene</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.nigeons.com/eng/index.html">Nigeons</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.pointpurchasing.com/">Point Purchasing</a><br /> <a href="http://www.proteomeconsult.com/">Proteome Consult</a><a href="http://www.rresults.com/"><br /> </a><font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.rresults.com/">Research Results</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://rxlogix.com/">RxLogix</a><br /> <a href="http://www.sellscience.com/">SellScience</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioinformaticist.biz/">Tahoe Informatics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.transadvancis.com/">TransADVANcis</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.windhover.com/">Windhover<br /> <br /> </a></font> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Technology Investing</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biobridge.com/">Clairus Technology</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.genechem.com/html/brief.html">GeneChem</a><br /> <br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Product Comparison &amp; Reviews</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://biocompare.com/index.asp">BioCompare</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.biowire.com/">Biowire.com</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.selectscience.net/">SelectScience.net</a> <br /> <br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Laboratory Products Vendors&nbsp;</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.abcam.com/">Abcam-antibodies</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.atcc.org/" target="new">ATCC</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.atcg.com/" target="new">ATCG</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.antibodyresource.com/" target="new">Antibody Resource</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://store.bio.com/os/start/store1/store.html" target="new">Bio.com (softwares)</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biosupplynet.com/" target="new">BioSupplyNet</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.chemconnect.com/" target="new">ChemConnect</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.chemdex.com/" target="new">Chemdex</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.iscpubs.com/bg/us/usidir.html" target="new">Lab Crawler</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mdyn.com/" target="new">Molecular Dynamics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://antibodies-probes.com/">MSRS antibodies</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.oligoengine.com/">OligoEngine</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.pharmagene.com/home.htm">PharmaGene</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.sciquest.com/" target="new">SciQuest</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Used or Pre-Owned Laboratory Equipments</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bestlabdeals.com/">Best Lab Deals</a><br /> <a href="http://www.biobid.com/" target="new">BioBid</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biosurplus.com/" target="new">BioSurplus</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.labdollars.com/">Lab Dollars</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.labjunk.com/HOME.cfm" target="new">Labjunk.com</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.labequip.com/">Lab Equip</a><br /> <a href="http://labtrader.com/">Lab Trader</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.labx.com/" target="new">LabX</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.labextreme.com/">Lab eXtreme</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.liscientific.com/" target="new">Long Island Scientific</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pegasusscientific.com/" target="new">Pegasus Scientific</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://scical.com/">Scientific Calibrations</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.seeinc.com/" target="new">Scientific Equipment Exchange</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.triadsci.com/" target="new">Triad Scientific</a></font> 65915ee4604b44fa6ac1eff93d8cbaf4044c1cb3 2890 2010-03-16T21:21:32Z BioKM 79 wikitext text/x-wiki <table width="90%" cols="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="1" background="fancygreen.gif" summary=""> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font size="3" color="#000000">[http://bioinformatics.ws Bioinformatics] Companies</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><br /> <strong>[[Big Bioinformatics Companies]]</strong><br /> <br /> [[3rd Millennium]]</font> : Waltham, MA 02451. USA: provider of custom informatics systems, management consulting services, and packaged software products for the life sciences. <br /> <font color="#000000">[[Aber Genomic Computing]]: Aberystwyth, UK</font><br /> [[Acero]]<br /> <font color="#000000">[[AgileBio]]: NY, USA. and Paris France</font><br /> <a href="http://www.allometra.com/">Allometra</a>: [[Allometra]] [[PyMood]]<br /> <a href="http://www.amartus.com/">Amartus</a>: Enterprise Software Solutions<br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.anedabio.com/" target="new">Aneda</a></font> : Gond down?<br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.apocom.com/" target="new">ApoCom Genomics</a></font> : [[ApoCom Genomics]]<br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.arraygenetics.com/about_array_genetics.html" target="new">Array Genetics</a></font> : [[Array Genetics]] DNA microarray data analysis tools.<br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.artificial-life.com/" target="new">Artificial Life</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://avesthagen.com/" target="new">Avesthagen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://base4.com/" target="new">Base4</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.bioalma.com/">Bioalma</a><br /> <font color="#000000">[[BioDiscovery.com]]</font> : BioDiscovery develops and sells&nbsp;software and services&nbsp;for drug discovery and diagnostics by efficiently managing, integrating, and analyzing data generated using high-throughput microarray technology<br /> <font color="#000000">[http://www.japanorama.com/dd/index.html Darwin Domains] from Japanorama.com<br /> <a href="http://www.bioinformaticsservices.com/" target="new">Bioinformatics Services</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioinformaticssolutions.com/" target="new">Bioinformatics Solutions</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biodata.com/" target="new">BioKM</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biolateral.com.au/" target="new">BioLateral</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biomax.de/" target="new">BioMax Informatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biomedcomp.com/" target="new">Biomedical Computing</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bmi-heidelberg.com/" target="new">Biomedical Informatics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://biomind.com/">BioMind</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biosoft.com/" target="new">BioSoft</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biosolve.de/" target="new">BioSolve</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biotiquesystems.com/" target="new">Biotique Systems</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biotools.com/" target="new">BioTools</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biowisdom.com/" target="new">BioWisdom</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://caesarsoftware.com/" target="new">Caesar Software</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.changbioscience.com/" target="new">Chang Bioscience</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.chemcomp.com/" target="new">Chemical Computing Group</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.cimsoft.com/" target="new">Cimarron Software</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.clcbio.com/">CLC Bio</a>: [[CLC Bio]]: Bioinformatics Workbench<br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://cognia.com/" target="new">Cognia</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://compassbioinfo.com/" target="new">Compass Bioinformatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.compassgenomics.com/" target="new">Compass Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.compudrug.com/" target="new">CompuDrug</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.cgen.com/" target="new">Compugen</a></font> :&nbsp;&nbsp;discovery and licensing of product candidates to the drug and diagnostic industry<br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.concurrentpharma.com/" target="new">Concurrent Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://dnr.cc/">Correla</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.correlogic.com/" target="new">Correlogic Systems</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://corimbia.com/" target="new">Corimbia</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.cresset-bmd.com/">Cresset BioMolecular Discovery</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.cybergene.se/" target="new">CyberGene</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.duii.com/" target="new">Data Unlimited</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.decodon.com/" target="new">Decodon</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.d-trends.com/" target="new">D'Trends</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.eidogen.com/">Eidogen</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.egenetics.com/" target="new">Electric Genetics</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.eragen.com/">Eragen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.fractalgenomics.com/">Fractal Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gemini-genomics.com/">Gemini Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000">[http://www.genecodes.com Gene Codes Corperation]: MI, USA. : Sequencher package.<br /> <a href="http://www.genedata.com/">GeneData</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gene-it.com/">Gene-IT</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.geneticxchange.com/Home.html">GeneticXchange</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.genetix.com/">Genetix</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genebio.com/">Geneva Bioinformatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genmatrix.com/">GenMatrix</a></font><br /> [http://www.genologics.com/ Genologics] Bioinformatics software company<br /> <a href="http://www.genolyze.com/">Genolyze </a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomica.com/" target="new">Genomica</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomicdiscoverytools.com/">Genomic Discovery Tools</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://genomix.com/" target="new">Genomix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genops.com/indexnet.html" target="new">Genops Bioinformatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genstruct.com/" target="new">GenStruct</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gentech.fr/English-site/Gentech/Home.html" target="new">GenTech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.geospiza.com/" target="new">Geospiza</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.helixinfosystems.com/">HelixInfoSystems</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ibiomatics.com/" target="new">iBiomatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/" target="new">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.idrtech.com/" target="new">IDRTech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.incellico.com/" target="new">Incellico</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.incogen.com/" target="new">INCOGEN</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.incyte.com/" target="new">InCyte</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://informagen.com/" target="new">Informagen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.inforsense.com/" target="new">InforSense</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ingenovis.com/" target="new">Ingenovis</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.interactiva.de/" target="new">Interactiva</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.inpharmatica.com/main.html" target="new">Inpharmatica</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.insightful.com/default_class5.asp" target="new">Insightful Corporation</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.insilico-biotechnology.com/" target="new">Insilico Biotechnology</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.insilicolabs.com/" target="new">In Silico Labs</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.insilico.com/" target="new">Insilico Software</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.inveniobio.com/" target="new">InvenioBioSolutions</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.io-informatics.com/">IO Informatics</a><br /> <a href="http://www.iuvita.com/">IuVita</a><br /> <a href="http://janssen-genomics.com/">Janssen Genomics</a><br /> <a href="http://www.kennatechnologies.com/">Kenna Technologies</a><br /> <a href="http://www.kinematik.com/">KineMatik</a><br /> <font color="#000000">[http://www.labcollector.com/ Labcollector from AgileBio]<br /> <a href="../../C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/skpray/My%20Documents/My%20Webs/_private/www.lablogic.com" target="new">LabLogic</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.lionbioscience.com/" target="new">LION BioScience</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.ludesi.com/">Ludesi</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mantik.de/" target="new">Mantik Bioinformatik</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.matrixscience.com/cgi/index.pl?page=../home.html" target="new">Matrix Science</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mdli.com/cgi/dynamic/welcome.html" target="new">MDL Information Systems</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.metabolic-explorer.com/" target="new">METabolic EXplorer</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://metaworksinc.com/">MetaWorks</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.microdiscovery.de/" target="new">MicroDiscovery</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.miraibio.com/" target="new">MiraiBio</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mag.com/" target="new">Molecular Application Group</a></font> <br /> <a href="https://www.molecularconnections.com/">Molecular Connections</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mol-net.de/" target="new">Molecular Networks</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.molecularware.com/" target="new">MolecularWare</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://morpho-inc.com/">Morpho</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mpi-softtech.com/" target="new">MPI Software Technology</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.neomorphic.com/" target="new">Neomorphic</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.netgenics.com/" target="new">NetGenics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.netid.com/index.html" target="new">Net-ID</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://nexusgenomics.com/"><font color="#000000">Nexus Genomics</font></a><br /> <a href="http://www.ocimumbio.com/" target="new"><font color="#000000">Ocimum Biosolutions</font></a>&nbsp;<br /> OITEK, Korea http://oitek.com<br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.omnigon.com/" target="new">Omnigon Technologies</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.eyesopen.com/">OpenEye</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.origenel.com/" target="new">OriGenel</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.packardbiochip.com/index2.htm" target="new">Packard BioChip Technologies</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.partek.com/" target="new">Partek</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pharmadm.com/" target="new">PharmaDM</a></font>&nbsp;<br /> [http://www.physiomics-plc.com Physiomics-plc]: Oxford Science park, <a href="mailto:info@physiomics-plc.com">info@physiomics-plc.com</a>&nbsp;UK. [[Physiomics-PLC]]<br /> <a href="http://www.premierbiosoft.com/">Premier Biosoft</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://proinformatix.com/" target="new">Proinformatix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.proteinmechanics.com/" target="new">Protein Mechanics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.prosanos.com/" target="new">ProSanos</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.proteom.com/" target="new">Proteom</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.qgene.com/" target="new">QGene</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.q-pharm.com/home">Quantum Pharmaceuticals</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.rabbithutch.com/" target="new">RabbitHutch</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.receptorscience.com/" target="new">Receptor Science</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://redstormscientific.com/" target="new">Redstorm Scientific</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://rescentris.com/"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" color="#808080">Rescentris</font></a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.rosettabio.com/home.html" target="new">Rosetta Biosoftware</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.science-factory.com/">Science Factory</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.scinovaindia.com/" target="new">Scinova</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.sgi.com/chembio/" target="new">Silicon Graphics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.silicoinsights.com/" target="new">Silico Insights</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.simulations-plus.com/" target="new">Simulations Plus</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.softberry.com/" target="new">SoftBerry</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.softgenetics.com/">SoftGenetics</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.spsoft.com/" target="new">Southwest Parallel Software</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.starbridgesystems.com/">StarBridge Systems</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.strandgenomics.com/" target="new">Strand Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.synamatix.com/"><font color="#000000">Synamatix</font></a><br /> <a href="http://sysarris.com/">SysArris</a><br /> <a href="http://teranode.com/">Teranode</a><br /> <a href="http://www.textco.com/">Textco</a><a href="http://www.textco.com/"> BioSoftware</a><br /> <a href="http://www.transgenic-software.com/">Transgenic Software</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.tripos.com/" target="new">Tripos</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.turbogenomics.com/" target="new">Turbo Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.ubi.ca/">United Bioinformatica</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.vglab.com/" target="new">Virtual Genetics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.visipoint.fi/" target="new">Visipoint</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.vizxlabs.com/" target="new">VizXlabs</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.wabansoftware.com/" target="new">Waban Software</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://webgenetics.com/" target="new">WebGenetics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.wireworkswest.com/" target="new">WireWorks West</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.x-mine.com/" target="new">X-MINE</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.xpogen.com/" target="new">Xpogen</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Sequence Database Providers</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.celera.com/home.asp" target="new">Celera Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.curagen.com/" target="new">CuraGen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genelogic.com/" target="new">GeneLogic</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.incyte.com/" target="new">IncyteGenomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.nuvelo.com/">Nuvelo</a> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Sequence Analysis Softwares</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.aborygen.com/">AbOrygen</a><br /> <a href="http://www.accelrys.com/" target="new">Accelrys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biowire.com/bw_jsp/j_welcome_top.jsp" target="new">Biowire.com</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.dnastar.com/" target="new">DNAStar</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.doubletwist.com/" target="new">DoubleTwist</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.egenetics.com/" target="new">Electric Genetics</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bionavigator.com/" target="new">Entigen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genamics.com/">Genamics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genecodes.com/">GeneCodes</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gentech.fr/English-site/Btx_pages/Biotechnix_3d_home.html" target="new">GenTech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/" target="new">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.informaxinc.com/" target="new">InforMax</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.miraibio.com/">MiraiBio</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mbinsights.com/" target="new">Molecular Biology Insights</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.premierbiosoft.com/" target="new">Premier Biosoft</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.redasoft.com/" target="new">Redasoft</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.scied.com/" target="new">Sci-Ed Software</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.textco.com/" target="new">Textco</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Transcription Factor Binding Prediction</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://www.genomicdiscoverytools.com/">Genomic Discovery Tools</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><br /> </font> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Pharmaco &amp; Toxico Informatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.accelrys.com/" target="new">Accelrys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.camitro.com/">Camitro</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.goldenhelix.com/">Golden Helix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.leadscope.com/">LeadScope</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.chem.leeds.ac.uk/luk/">Lhasa</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mdli.com/">MDL Information Systems</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.multicase.com/">MultiCASE</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.scivision.com/">SciVision</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.simulations-plus.com/">Simulations Plus</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.tripos.com/" target="new">Tripos</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">ChemInformatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.aureus-pharma.com/" target="new">Aureus-Pharma</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.cambridgesoft.com/" target="new">CambridgeSoft</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://chemaxon.com/">ChemAxon</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://cheminnovation.com/" target="new">ChemInnovation Software</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.chemistry-software.com/" target="new">Chemistry-Software.com</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://chemsw.com/">ChemSW</a><br /> <a href="http://www.darpharma.com/">DarPharma</a><br /> <a href="http://www.daylight.com/">Daylight</a><br /> <a href="http://globalchemicaldata.com/">Global Chemical Data</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.hyper.com/">Hypercube</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.idbs.co.uk/index_a.asp?nav_version=flas">IDBS</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.jubilantbiosys.com/">Jubilant Biosys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.libraria.com/">Libraria</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.locusdiscovery.com/">Locus Discovery</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.mol-net.de/">Molecular Networks</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.molinspiration.com/">Molinspiration</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://optive.com/">Optive Research</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.predixpharm.com/">Predix</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://quorex.com/">Quorex</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.scitegic.com/main.html">SciTegic</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.sertanty.com/">Sertanty</a><br /> <a href="http://www.surfacelogix.com/">Surface Logix</a><br /> <a href="http://www.synthematix.com/">Synthematix</a><br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Clinical Informatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ardais.com/">Ardais</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.biobyte.com/">BioByte</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.chemnavigator.com/" target="new">ChemNavigator</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.goldenhelix.com/" target="new">Golden Helix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/" target="new">IBM Life Sciences</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.iuvita.com/">IuVita</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ppdinformatics.com/">PPD Informatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pharsight.com/">Pharsight</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.phaseforward.com/">Phase Forward</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.phase-it.de/">Phase-IT</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pluvita.com/">Pluvita</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.surromed.com/Technology.html">SurroMed</a> <br /> <br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Toxico Informatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.druglogic.com/">DrugLogic</a><br /> [[Entelos]]</font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genelogic.com/" target="new">GeneLogic</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.mergen-ltd.com/">Mergen</a><br /> &nbsp; <br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Ontology Informatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.egenetics.com/" target="new">Electric Genetics</a></font><br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">MassSpec, 2D Gel &amp; Image Analysis Informatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.amershambiosciences.com/na/">Amersham Biosciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.axon.com/">Axon Instruments</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.balthazarbio.com/">BioBridge Computing</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.daltonics.bruker.com/">Bruker Daltonics</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.2dgels.com/">Compugen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.cytomation.com/">Cytomation</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.decodon.de/">Decodon</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.definiens.com/">Definiens</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genebio.com/">Geneva Bioinformatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomicsolutions.com/">Genomic Solutions</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.ludesi.com/">Ludesi</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.sciex.com/">MDS Sciex</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mediacy.com/">Media Cybernetics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.micromass.co.uk/default7.asp">MicroMass</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.nonlinear.com/">Nonlinear Dynamics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.proteometrics.com/" target="new">ProteoMetrics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.proteomeworkssystem.com/" target="new">ProteomeWorks System</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.scanalytics.com/">Scanalytics</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.scimagix.com/">Scimagix</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.thermoquest.com/">ThermoFinnigan</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.vialogy.com/">ViaLogy</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">3D Animation &amp; Visulization</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.aborygen.com/">AbOrygen</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="Data%20Mining%20&amp;%20Visualization%0Ahttp://www.animech.com/">Animech</a><br /> </font><a href="http://www.sidectech.com/">Sidec Technologies</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><br /> </font> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Data Mining &amp; Visualization</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.affymetrix.com/" target="new">Affymetrix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.anvilinformatics.com/" target="new">AnVil Informatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.applied-maths.com/home.html" target="new">Applied Maths</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ariadnegenomics.com/" target="new">Ariadne Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biodiscovery.com/" target="new">BioDiscovery</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biosift.com/" target="new">BioSift</a></font> &nbsp; &nbsp;<br /> <a href="http://biomining.com/">BioMining</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.contentsoft.de/" target="new">ContentSoft</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://silicocyte.com/" target="new">CytoGenomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.enodar.com/" target="new">Enodar</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.expressionanalysis.com/">Expression Analysis</a><br /> <a href="http://genome-explorations.com/">Genome-Explorations</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/" target="new">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://imaging.brocku.ca/">Imaging Research</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.incellico.com/">Incellico</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://insightful.com/">Insightful</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.iobion.com/" target="new">Iobion Informatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://isenseit.com/" target="new">iSenseIt</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.megametrics.com/" target="new">MegaMetrics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.molmine.com/" target="new">MolMine</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.nag.com/" target="new">NAG</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://omniviz.com/">OmniViz</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.optimaldesign.com/">Optimal Design</a><br /> <font size="-0"><a href="http://www.predictivepatterns.com/" target="new"><font color="#000000">Predictive Patterns Software</font></a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.purpleinsight.com/home.html">Purple Insight</a><br /> <a href="http://www.sgi.com/">SGI</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.salford-systems.com/">Salford Systems</a> <br /> <a href="http://silicocyte.com/">SilicoCyte</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.sigenetics.com/" target="new">Silicon Genetics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.spotfire.com/">SpotFire</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.strandgenomics.com/" target="new">Strand Genomics</a><br /> </font><font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.visual-bioinformatics.com/">Visual Bioinformatics</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="middle" align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Protein Folding &amp; Structural Informatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.accelrys.com/" target="new">Accelrys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.algonomics.com/" target="new">AlgoNomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.astex-technology.com/home.htm" target="new">Astex Technology</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.cengent.com/"><font color="#000000">Cengent Therapeutics</font></a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.emeraldbiostructures.com/" target="new">Emerald Biostructures</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/" target="new">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.molsoft.com/" target="new">MolSoft</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.psf-ag.com/index.htm">PSF biotech</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://proceryon.com/" target="new">Proceryon</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.prospectgenomics.com/" target="new">Prospect Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.rib-x.com/" target="new">Rib-X</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.sireen.de/">Sireen</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.stromix.com/" target="new">Structural Genomix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.tripos.com/" target="new">Tripos</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Genetic &amp; Regulatory Networks</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.akceli.com/" target="new">Akceli</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ariadnegenomics.com/" target="new">Ariadne Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://cellnomica.com/">Cellnomica</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.fractalgenomics.com/">Fractal Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.gene-networks.com/">Gene Networks</a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomatica.com/">Genomatica</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/" target="new">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pubgene.com/" target="new">PubGene</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.tomsawyer.com/industry/bioinformatics.html" target="new">Tom Sawyer Software</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.genego.com/">GeneGo</a> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Molecular Simulation &amp; Modelling</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://www.camitro.com/home.htm">Camitro</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.cellnomica.com/">Cellnomica</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.entelos.com/">Entelos</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gnsbiotech.com/">Gene Network Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.hippron.com/">Hippron Physiomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.paradigmgenetics.com/" target="new">Icoria</a></font><br /> <a href="http://immunetrics.com/">Immunetrics</a><br /> <a href="http://www.physiome.com/">Physiome</a> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Computer Aided Drug Design<br /> &amp; In Silico Screening<br /> </font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.4sc.de/">4SC</a><br /> <a href="http://www.accelrys.com/" target="new">Accelrys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.denovopharma.com/" target="new">De Novo Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://kemia.com/" target="new">Kemia</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.nanodesign.com/">Nanodesign</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.ribotargets.com/corporate/corporate_overview.html">RiboTargets</a> <br /> <a href="http://sunesis.com/">Sunesis</a> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Computing Resource Providers</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.avaki.com/">Avaki</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.argentys.com/">Argentys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biosentients.com/">Biosentients</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biodigm.com/">Biodigm</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioreason.com/">Bioreason</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.computefarm.com/">Blackstone Computing</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.criticalsoftware.com/hpc/">Critical Software</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.darwindomains.com/">Darwin Domains</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.esolvbin.com/">E-bin Solutions</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.geneticxchange.com/">GeneticXchange</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.graphlogic.com/">GraphLogic</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www-1.ibm.com/servers/hpc/" target="new">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.labvantage.com/" target="new">LabVantage</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.linuxlabs.com/" target="new">Linux Labs</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.linuxnetworx.com/" target="new">Linux Networx</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.msa.com/medical/" target="new">Medical Science Associates</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.nextgen.com/" target="new">NextGen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.parabon.com/" target="new">Parabon</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.paracel.com/" target="new">Paracel</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.platform.com/" target="new">Platform Computing</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.racksaver.com/" target="new">RackSaver</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.rlx.com/" target="new">RLX Technologies</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.secant.com/" target="new">Secant Technologies</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.sgi.com/" target="new">SGI</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.sun.com/" target="new">Sun Microsystems</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.timelogic.com/bioinform1.html" target="new">TimeLogic</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.turbogenomics.com/" target="new">TurboGenomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.viaken.com/">Viaken</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.visualgenomics.com/" target="new">Visual Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.wsm.com/">Western Scientific</a> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Information Providers</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ameripath.com/">AmeriPath</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.embase.com/">EMBASE</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genesage.com/">GeneSage</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomichealth.com/home.html">Genomic Health</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pharmawatch.com/">Pharma Watch Communications</a></font> <br /> <br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Laboratory Information Management System</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://www.ais-lims.com/">Analystical Information Systems</a><br /> <a href="http://blazesystems.com/">Blaze Systems</a><br /> <a href="http://www.genologics.com/">GenoLogics</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://gensys.com/">GenSys</a><br /> <a href="http://www.id-bs.com/">IDBS</a><br /> <a href="http://www.innaphase.com/">InnaPhase</a></font><br /> <a href="http://lablynx.com/">Lablynx</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.labtronics.com/" target="new">Labtronics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://labvantage.com/">LabVantage</a><br /> <a href="http://www.labware.com/">LabWare</a><br /> <a href="http://www.neolytica.com/">Neolytica</a><br /> <a href="http://www.nugenesis.com/">NuGenesis Technologies</a><br /> <a href="http://www.lims-software.com/">QSI</a><a href="http://www.sibio.net/" target="new"><br /> Sibio <br /> </a><font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.scisw.com/" target="new">Scientific Software</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://scinomix.com/">Scinomix</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://starlims.com/">StarLIMS</a><br /> <a href="http://telecation.com/">Telecation</a><br /> <a href="http://www.thermo.com/">Thermo Electron Corporation</a><br /> &nbsp;<br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Text Mining &amp; Litrature Search</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ariadnegenomics.com/" target="new">Ariadne Genomics</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biowisdom.com/">BioWisdom</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.clearforest.com/">ClearForest</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.facultyof1000.com/start.asp">Faculty of 1000</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomewatch.biz/">GenomeWatch</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ingenuity.com/">Ingenuity</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.inpharmix.com/">InPharmix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pathinfo.com/">Pathology Informatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.proteome.com/">Proteome</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.reeltwo.com/">Reel Two</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.spss.com/applications/science/">SPSS</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.temis-group.com/">TEMIS Group</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.vglab.com/">Virtual Genetics</a></font> <br /> <br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Semantic Integration</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.landcglobal.com/">Language and Computing</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.synquiry.com/">Synquiry</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Business Intelligence &amp; Consulting</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://world.std.com/%7Eafs/">AFS Informatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://members.aol.com/alsobrookj/bioconsult.htm">Alsobrook Biotechnology Consulting</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biobridge.com/">BioBridge</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioscorpio.com/">Bioscorpio</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioseeker.com/">BioSeeker Group</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioteam.net/">BioTeam.net</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://main.biozak.com/">BioZak</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.btechnews.com/">Btech Investor</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.caddinformatics.com/">CADDinformatics Consulting</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.calyxbio.com/">Calyx</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.carecapital.com/">Care Capital</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.chemicalsimulations.com/">Chemical Simulations Group</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.dresources.com/">Decision Resources</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.djkpartners.com/">DJK Partners</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.dianoetica.com/">Dianoetica</a><br /> <a href="http://www.elashoffconsulting.com/">Elashoff Consulting</a><br /> <a href="http://evobio.info/">Evolutionary Bioinformatics</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.fkpi.com/altindex.html">Feinstein Kean Healthcare</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.frontlinesmc.com/">Front Line Strategic Consulting</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.healthtechnetwork.com/index.htm" target="new">Health Technology Networks</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/" target="new">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://insightful.com/">Insightful</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pharmabiotech.ch/" target="new">Jain PharmaBiotech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.krugconsulting.com/" target="new">Krug Consulting Group<br /> </a><a href="http://www.milser.co.in/">Milser</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.mogene.com/">MOgene</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.nigeons.com/eng/index.html">Nigeons</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.pointpurchasing.com/">Point Purchasing</a><br /> <a href="http://www.proteomeconsult.com/">Proteome Consult</a><a href="http://www.rresults.com/"><br /> </a><font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.rresults.com/">Research Results</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://rxlogix.com/">RxLogix</a><br /> <a href="http://www.sellscience.com/">SellScience</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioinformaticist.biz/">Tahoe Informatics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.transadvancis.com/">TransADVANcis</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.windhover.com/">Windhover<br /> <br /> </a></font> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Technology Investing</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biobridge.com/">Clairus Technology</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.genechem.com/html/brief.html">GeneChem</a><br /> <br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Product Comparison &amp; Reviews</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://biocompare.com/index.asp">BioCompare</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.biowire.com/">Biowire.com</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.selectscience.net/">SelectScience.net</a> <br /> <br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Laboratory Products Vendors&nbsp;</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.abcam.com/">Abcam-antibodies</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.atcc.org/" target="new">ATCC</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.atcg.com/" target="new">ATCG</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.antibodyresource.com/" target="new">Antibody Resource</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://store.bio.com/os/start/store1/store.html" target="new">Bio.com (softwares)</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biosupplynet.com/" target="new">BioSupplyNet</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.chemconnect.com/" target="new">ChemConnect</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.chemdex.com/" target="new">Chemdex</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.iscpubs.com/bg/us/usidir.html" target="new">Lab Crawler</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mdyn.com/" target="new">Molecular Dynamics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://antibodies-probes.com/">MSRS antibodies</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.oligoengine.com/">OligoEngine</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.pharmagene.com/home.htm">PharmaGene</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.sciquest.com/" target="new">SciQuest</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Used or Pre-Owned Laboratory Equipments</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bestlabdeals.com/">Best Lab Deals</a><br /> <a href="http://www.biobid.com/" target="new">BioBid</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biosurplus.com/" target="new">BioSurplus</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.labdollars.com/">Lab Dollars</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.labjunk.com/HOME.cfm" target="new">Labjunk.com</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.labequip.com/">Lab Equip</a><br /> <a href="http://labtrader.com/">Lab Trader</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.labx.com/" target="new">LabX</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.labextreme.com/">Lab eXtreme</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.liscientific.com/" target="new">Long Island Scientific</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pegasusscientific.com/" target="new">Pegasus Scientific</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://scical.com/">Scientific Calibrations</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.seeinc.com/" target="new">Scientific Equipment Exchange</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.triadsci.com/" target="new">Triad Scientific</a></font> 67f88da9b3608ebdd9b2915972e3c69828481264 2891 2010-03-16T21:23:54Z BioKM 79 wikitext text/x-wiki <table width="90%" cols="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="1" background="fancygreen.gif" summary=""> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font size="3" color="#000000">[http://bioinformatics.ws Bioinformatics] Companies</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><br /> <strong>[[Big Bioinformatics Companies]]</strong><br /> <br /> [[3rd Millennium]]</font> : Waltham, MA 02451. USA: provider of custom informatics systems, management consulting services, and packaged software products for the life sciences. <br /> <font color="#000000">[[Aber Genomic Computing]]: Aberystwyth, UK</font><br /> [[Acero]]<br /> <font color="#000000">[[AgileBio]]: NY, USA. and Paris France</font><br /> <a href="http://www.allometra.com/">Allometra</a>: [[Allometra]] [[PyMood]]<br /> <a href="http://www.amartus.com/">Amartus</a>: Enterprise Software Solutions<br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.anedabio.com/">Aneda</a></font> : Gond down?<br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.apocom.com/">ApoCom Genomics</a></font> : [[ApoCom Genomics]]<br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.arraygenetics.com/about_array_genetics.html">Array Genetics</a></font> : [[Array Genetics]] DNA microarray data analysis tools.<br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.artificial-life.com/">Artificial Life</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://avesthagen.com/">Avesthagen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://base4.com/">Base4</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.bioalma.com/">Bioalma</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biodata.com/company">BioData</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000">[[BioDiscovery.com]]</font> : BioDiscovery develops and sells&nbsp;software and services&nbsp;for drug discovery and diagnostics by efficiently managing, integrating, and analyzing data generated using high-throughput microarray technology<br /> <font color="#000000">[http://www.japanorama.com/dd/index.html Darwin Domains] from Japanorama.com<br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.bioinformaticsservices.com/">Bioinformatics Services</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.bioinformaticssolutions.com/">Bioinformatics Solutions</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biodata.com/">BioKM</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biolateral.com.au/">BioLateral</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biomax.de/">BioMax Informatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biomedcomp.com/">Biomedical Computing</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.bmi-heidelberg.com/">Biomedical Informatics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://biomind.com/">BioMind</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biosoft.com/">BioSoft</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biosolve.de/">BioSolve</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biotiquesystems.com/">Biotique Systems</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biotools.com/">BioTools</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biowisdom.com/">BioWisdom</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://caesarsoftware.com/">Caesar Software</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.changbioscience.com/">Chang Bioscience</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.chemcomp.com/">Chemical Computing Group</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.cimsoft.com/">Cimarron Software</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.clcbio.com/">CLC Bio</a>: [[CLC Bio]]: Bioinformatics Workbench<br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://cognia.com/">Cognia</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://compassbioinfo.com/">Compass Bioinformatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.compassgenomics.com/">Compass Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.compudrug.com/">CompuDrug</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.cgen.com/">Compugen</a></font> :&nbsp;&nbsp;discovery and licensing of product candidates to the drug and diagnostic industry<br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.concurrentpharma.com/">Concurrent Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://dnr.cc/">Correla</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.correlogic.com/">Correlogic Systems</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://corimbia.com/">Corimbia</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.cresset-bmd.com/">Cresset BioMolecular Discovery</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.cybergene.se/">CyberGene</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.duii.com/">Data Unlimited</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.decodon.com/">Decodon</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.d-trends.com/">D'Trends</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.eidogen.com/">Eidogen</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.egenetics.com/">Electric Genetics</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.eragen.com/">Eragen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.fractalgenomics.com/">Fractal Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gemini-genomics.com/">Gemini Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000">[http://www.genecodes.com Gene Codes Corperation]: MI, USA. : Sequencher package.<br /> <a href="http://www.genedata.com/">GeneData</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gene-it.com/">Gene-IT</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.geneticxchange.com/Home.html">GeneticXchange</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.genetix.com/">Genetix</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genebio.com/">Geneva Bioinformatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genmatrix.com/">GenMatrix</a></font><br /> [http://www.genologics.com/ Genologics] Bioinformatics software company<br /> <a href="http://www.genolyze.com/">Genolyze </a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genomica.com/">Genomica</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomicdiscoverytools.com/">Genomic Discovery Tools</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://genomix.com/">Genomix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genops.com/indexnet.html">Genops Bioinformatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genstruct.com/">GenStruct</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.gentech.fr/English-site/Gentech/Home.html">GenTech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.geospiza.com/">Geospiza</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.helixinfosystems.com/">HelixInfoSystems</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.ibiomatics.com/">iBiomatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.idrtech.com/">IDRTech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.incellico.com/">Incellico</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.incogen.com/">INCOGEN</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.incyte.com/">InCyte</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://informagen.com/">Informagen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.inforsense.com/">InforSense</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.ingenovis.com/">Ingenovis</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.interactiva.de/">Interactiva</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.inpharmatica.com/main.html">Inpharmatica</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.insightful.com/default_class5.asp">Insightful Corporation</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.insilico-biotechnology.com/">Insilico Biotechnology</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.insilicolabs.com/">In Silico Labs</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.insilico.com/">Insilico Software</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.inveniobio.com/">InvenioBioSolutions</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.io-informatics.com/">IO Informatics</a><br /> <a href="http://www.iuvita.com/">IuVita</a><br /> <a href="http://janssen-genomics.com/">Janssen Genomics</a><br /> <a href="http://www.kennatechnologies.com/">Kenna Technologies</a><br /> <a href="http://www.kinematik.com/">KineMatik</a><br /> <font color="#000000">[http://www.labcollector.com/ Labcollector from AgileBio]<br /> <a target="new" href="../../C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/skpray/My%20Documents/My%20Webs/_private/www.lablogic.com">LabLogic</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.lionbioscience.com/">LION BioScience</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.ludesi.com/">Ludesi</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.mantik.de/">Mantik Bioinformatik</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.matrixscience.com/cgi/index.pl?page=../home.html">Matrix Science</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.mdli.com/cgi/dynamic/welcome.html">MDL Information Systems</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.metabolic-explorer.com/">METabolic EXplorer</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://metaworksinc.com/">MetaWorks</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.microdiscovery.de/">MicroDiscovery</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.miraibio.com/">MiraiBio</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.mag.com/">Molecular Application Group</a></font> <br /> <a href="https://www.molecularconnections.com/">Molecular Connections</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.mol-net.de/">Molecular Networks</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.molecularware.com/">MolecularWare</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://morpho-inc.com/">Morpho</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.mpi-softtech.com/">MPI Software Technology</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.neomorphic.com/">Neomorphic</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.netgenics.com/">NetGenics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.netid.com/index.html">Net-ID</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://nexusgenomics.com/"><font color="#000000">Nexus Genomics</font></a><br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.ocimumbio.com/"><font color="#000000">Ocimum Biosolutions</font></a>&nbsp;<br /> OITEK, Korea http://oitek.com<br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.omnigon.com/">Omnigon Technologies</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.eyesopen.com/">OpenEye</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.origenel.com/">OriGenel</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.packardbiochip.com/index2.htm">Packard BioChip Technologies</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.partek.com/">Partek</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.pharmadm.com/">PharmaDM</a></font>&nbsp;<br /> [http://www.physiomics-plc.com Physiomics-plc]: Oxford Science park, <a href="mailto:info@physiomics-plc.com">info@physiomics-plc.com</a>&nbsp;UK. [[Physiomics-PLC]]<br /> <a href="http://www.premierbiosoft.com/">Premier Biosoft</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://proinformatix.com/">Proinformatix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.proteinmechanics.com/">Protein Mechanics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.prosanos.com/">ProSanos</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.proteom.com/">Proteom</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.qgene.com/">QGene</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.q-pharm.com/home">Quantum Pharmaceuticals</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.rabbithutch.com/">RabbitHutch</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.receptorscience.com/">Receptor Science</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://redstormscientific.com/">Redstorm Scientific</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://rescentris.com/"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" color="#808080">Rescentris</font></a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.rosettabio.com/home.html">Rosetta Biosoftware</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.science-factory.com/">Science Factory</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.scinovaindia.com/">Scinova</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.sgi.com/chembio/">Silicon Graphics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.silicoinsights.com/">Silico Insights</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.simulations-plus.com/">Simulations Plus</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.softberry.com/">SoftBerry</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.softgenetics.com/">SoftGenetics</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.spsoft.com/">Southwest Parallel Software</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.starbridgesystems.com/">StarBridge Systems</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.strandgenomics.com/">Strand Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.synamatix.com/"><font color="#000000">Synamatix</font></a><br /> <a href="http://sysarris.com/">SysArris</a><br /> <a href="http://teranode.com/">Teranode</a><br /> <a href="http://www.textco.com/">Textco</a><a href="http://www.textco.com/"> BioSoftware</a><br /> <a href="http://www.transgenic-software.com/">Transgenic Software</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.tripos.com/">Tripos</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.turbogenomics.com/">Turbo Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.ubi.ca/">United Bioinformatica</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.vglab.com/">Virtual Genetics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.visipoint.fi/">Visipoint</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.vizxlabs.com/">VizXlabs</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.wabansoftware.com/">Waban Software</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://webgenetics.com/">WebGenetics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.wireworkswest.com/">WireWorks West</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.x-mine.com/">X-MINE</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.xpogen.com/">Xpogen</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Sequence Database Providers</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.celera.com/home.asp">Celera Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.curagen.com/">CuraGen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genelogic.com/">GeneLogic</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.incyte.com/">IncyteGenomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.nuvelo.com/">Nuvelo</a> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Sequence Analysis Softwares</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.aborygen.com/">AbOrygen</a><br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.accelrys.com/">Accelrys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biowire.com/bw_jsp/j_welcome_top.jsp">Biowire.com</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.dnastar.com/">DNAStar</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.doubletwist.com/">DoubleTwist</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.egenetics.com/">Electric Genetics</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.bionavigator.com/">Entigen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genamics.com/">Genamics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genecodes.com/">GeneCodes</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.gentech.fr/English-site/Btx_pages/Biotechnix_3d_home.html">GenTech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.informaxinc.com/">InforMax</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.miraibio.com/">MiraiBio</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.mbinsights.com/">Molecular Biology Insights</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.premierbiosoft.com/">Premier Biosoft</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.redasoft.com/">Redasoft</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.scied.com/">Sci-Ed Software</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.textco.com/">Textco</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Transcription Factor Binding Prediction</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://www.genomicdiscoverytools.com/">Genomic Discovery Tools</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><br /> </font> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Pharmaco &amp; Toxico Informatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.accelrys.com/">Accelrys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.camitro.com/">Camitro</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.goldenhelix.com/">Golden Helix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.leadscope.com/">LeadScope</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.chem.leeds.ac.uk/luk/">Lhasa</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mdli.com/">MDL Information Systems</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.multicase.com/">MultiCASE</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.scivision.com/">SciVision</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.simulations-plus.com/">Simulations Plus</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.tripos.com/">Tripos</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">ChemInformatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.aureus-pharma.com/">Aureus-Pharma</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.cambridgesoft.com/">CambridgeSoft</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://chemaxon.com/">ChemAxon</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://cheminnovation.com/">ChemInnovation Software</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.chemistry-software.com/">Chemistry-Software.com</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://chemsw.com/">ChemSW</a><br /> <a href="http://www.darpharma.com/">DarPharma</a><br /> <a href="http://www.daylight.com/">Daylight</a><br /> <a href="http://globalchemicaldata.com/">Global Chemical Data</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.hyper.com/">Hypercube</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.idbs.co.uk/index_a.asp?nav_version=flas">IDBS</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.jubilantbiosys.com/">Jubilant Biosys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.libraria.com/">Libraria</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.locusdiscovery.com/">Locus Discovery</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.mol-net.de/">Molecular Networks</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.molinspiration.com/">Molinspiration</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://optive.com/">Optive Research</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.predixpharm.com/">Predix</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://quorex.com/">Quorex</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.scitegic.com/main.html">SciTegic</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.sertanty.com/">Sertanty</a><br /> <a href="http://www.surfacelogix.com/">Surface Logix</a><br /> <a href="http://www.synthematix.com/">Synthematix</a><br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Clinical Informatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ardais.com/">Ardais</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.biobyte.com/">BioByte</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.chemnavigator.com/">ChemNavigator</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.goldenhelix.com/">Golden Helix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/">IBM Life Sciences</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.iuvita.com/">IuVita</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ppdinformatics.com/">PPD Informatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pharsight.com/">Pharsight</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.phaseforward.com/">Phase Forward</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.phase-it.de/">Phase-IT</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pluvita.com/">Pluvita</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.surromed.com/Technology.html">SurroMed</a> <br /> <br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Toxico Informatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.druglogic.com/">DrugLogic</a><br /> [[Entelos]]</font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genelogic.com/">GeneLogic</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.mergen-ltd.com/">Mergen</a><br /> &nbsp; <br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Ontology Informatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.egenetics.com/">Electric Genetics</a></font><br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">MassSpec, 2D Gel &amp; Image Analysis Informatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.amershambiosciences.com/na/">Amersham Biosciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.axon.com/">Axon Instruments</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.balthazarbio.com/">BioBridge Computing</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.daltonics.bruker.com/">Bruker Daltonics</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.2dgels.com/">Compugen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.cytomation.com/">Cytomation</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.decodon.de/">Decodon</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.definiens.com/">Definiens</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genebio.com/">Geneva Bioinformatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomicsolutions.com/">Genomic Solutions</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.ludesi.com/">Ludesi</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.sciex.com/">MDS Sciex</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mediacy.com/">Media Cybernetics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.micromass.co.uk/default7.asp">MicroMass</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.nonlinear.com/">Nonlinear Dynamics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.proteometrics.com/">ProteoMetrics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.proteomeworkssystem.com/">ProteomeWorks System</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.scanalytics.com/">Scanalytics</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.scimagix.com/">Scimagix</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.thermoquest.com/">ThermoFinnigan</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.vialogy.com/">ViaLogy</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">3D Animation &amp; Visulization</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.aborygen.com/">AbOrygen</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="Data%20Mining%20&amp;%20Visualization%0Ahttp://www.animech.com/">Animech</a><br /> </font><a href="http://www.sidectech.com/">Sidec Technologies</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><br /> </font> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Data Mining &amp; Visualization</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.affymetrix.com/">Affymetrix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.anvilinformatics.com/">AnVil Informatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.applied-maths.com/home.html">Applied Maths</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.ariadnegenomics.com/">Ariadne Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biodiscovery.com/">BioDiscovery</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biosift.com/">BioSift</a></font> &nbsp; &nbsp;<br /> <a href="http://biomining.com/">BioMining</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.contentsoft.de/">ContentSoft</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://silicocyte.com/">CytoGenomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.enodar.com/">Enodar</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.expressionanalysis.com/">Expression Analysis</a><br /> <a href="http://genome-explorations.com/">Genome-Explorations</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://imaging.brocku.ca/">Imaging Research</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.incellico.com/">Incellico</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://insightful.com/">Insightful</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.iobion.com/">Iobion Informatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://isenseit.com/">iSenseIt</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.megametrics.com/">MegaMetrics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.molmine.com/">MolMine</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.nag.com/">NAG</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://omniviz.com/">OmniViz</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.optimaldesign.com/">Optimal Design</a><br /> <font size="-0"><a target="new" href="http://www.predictivepatterns.com/"><font color="#000000">Predictive Patterns Software</font></a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.purpleinsight.com/home.html">Purple Insight</a><br /> <a href="http://www.sgi.com/">SGI</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.salford-systems.com/">Salford Systems</a> <br /> <a href="http://silicocyte.com/">SilicoCyte</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.sigenetics.com/">Silicon Genetics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.spotfire.com/">SpotFire</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.strandgenomics.com/">Strand Genomics</a><br /> </font><font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.visual-bioinformatics.com/">Visual Bioinformatics</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="middle" align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Protein Folding &amp; Structural Informatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.accelrys.com/">Accelrys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.algonomics.com/">AlgoNomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.astex-technology.com/home.htm">Astex Technology</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.cengent.com/"><font color="#000000">Cengent Therapeutics</font></a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.emeraldbiostructures.com/">Emerald Biostructures</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.molsoft.com/">MolSoft</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.psf-ag.com/index.htm">PSF biotech</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://proceryon.com/">Proceryon</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.prospectgenomics.com/">Prospect Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.rib-x.com/">Rib-X</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.sireen.de/">Sireen</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.stromix.com/">Structural Genomix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.tripos.com/">Tripos</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Genetic &amp; Regulatory Networks</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.akceli.com/">Akceli</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.ariadnegenomics.com/">Ariadne Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://cellnomica.com/">Cellnomica</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.fractalgenomics.com/">Fractal Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.gene-networks.com/">Gene Networks</a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomatica.com/">Genomatica</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.pubgene.com/">PubGene</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.tomsawyer.com/industry/bioinformatics.html">Tom Sawyer Software</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.genego.com/">GeneGo</a> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Molecular Simulation &amp; Modelling</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://www.camitro.com/home.htm">Camitro</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.cellnomica.com/">Cellnomica</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.entelos.com/">Entelos</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gnsbiotech.com/">Gene Network Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.hippron.com/">Hippron Physiomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.paradigmgenetics.com/">Icoria</a></font><br /> <a href="http://immunetrics.com/">Immunetrics</a><br /> <a href="http://www.physiome.com/">Physiome</a> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Computer Aided Drug Design<br /> &amp; In Silico Screening<br /> </font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.4sc.de/">4SC</a><br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.accelrys.com/">Accelrys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.denovopharma.com/">De Novo Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://kemia.com/">Kemia</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.nanodesign.com/">Nanodesign</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.ribotargets.com/corporate/corporate_overview.html">RiboTargets</a> <br /> <a href="http://sunesis.com/">Sunesis</a> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Computing Resource Providers</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.avaki.com/">Avaki</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.argentys.com/">Argentys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biosentients.com/">Biosentients</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biodigm.com/">Biodigm</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioreason.com/">Bioreason</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.computefarm.com/">Blackstone Computing</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.criticalsoftware.com/hpc/">Critical Software</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.darwindomains.com/">Darwin Domains</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.esolvbin.com/">E-bin Solutions</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.geneticxchange.com/">GeneticXchange</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.graphlogic.com/">GraphLogic</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www-1.ibm.com/servers/hpc/">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.labvantage.com/">LabVantage</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.linuxlabs.com/">Linux Labs</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.linuxnetworx.com/">Linux Networx</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.msa.com/medical/">Medical Science Associates</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.nextgen.com/">NextGen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.parabon.com/">Parabon</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.paracel.com/">Paracel</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.platform.com/">Platform Computing</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.racksaver.com/">RackSaver</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.rlx.com/">RLX Technologies</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.secant.com/">Secant Technologies</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.sgi.com/">SGI</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.sun.com/">Sun Microsystems</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.timelogic.com/bioinform1.html">TimeLogic</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.turbogenomics.com/">TurboGenomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.viaken.com/">Viaken</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.visualgenomics.com/">Visual Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.wsm.com/">Western Scientific</a> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Information Providers</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ameripath.com/">AmeriPath</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.embase.com/">EMBASE</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genesage.com/">GeneSage</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomichealth.com/home.html">Genomic Health</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pharmawatch.com/">Pharma Watch Communications</a></font> <br /> <br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Laboratory Information Management System</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://www.ais-lims.com/">Analystical Information Systems</a><br /> <a href="http://blazesystems.com/">Blaze Systems</a><br /> <a href="http://www.genologics.com/">GenoLogics</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://gensys.com/">GenSys</a><br /> <a href="http://www.id-bs.com/">IDBS</a><br /> <a href="http://www.innaphase.com/">InnaPhase</a></font><br /> <a href="http://lablynx.com/">Lablynx</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.labtronics.com/">Labtronics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://labvantage.com/">LabVantage</a><br /> <a href="http://www.labware.com/">LabWare</a><br /> <a href="http://www.neolytica.com/">Neolytica</a><br /> <a href="http://www.nugenesis.com/">NuGenesis Technologies</a><br /> <a href="http://www.lims-software.com/">QSI</a><a target="new" href="http://www.sibio.net/"><br /> Sibio <br /> </a><font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.scisw.com/">Scientific Software</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://scinomix.com/">Scinomix</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://starlims.com/">StarLIMS</a><br /> <a href="http://telecation.com/">Telecation</a><br /> <a href="http://www.thermo.com/">Thermo Electron Corporation</a><br /> &nbsp;<br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Text Mining &amp; Litrature Search</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.ariadnegenomics.com/">Ariadne Genomics</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biowisdom.com/">BioWisdom</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.clearforest.com/">ClearForest</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.facultyof1000.com/start.asp">Faculty of 1000</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomewatch.biz/">GenomeWatch</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ingenuity.com/">Ingenuity</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.inpharmix.com/">InPharmix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pathinfo.com/">Pathology Informatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.proteome.com/">Proteome</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.reeltwo.com/">Reel Two</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.spss.com/applications/science/">SPSS</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.temis-group.com/">TEMIS Group</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.vglab.com/">Virtual Genetics</a></font> <br /> <br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Semantic Integration</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.landcglobal.com/">Language and Computing</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.synquiry.com/">Synquiry</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Business Intelligence &amp; Consulting</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://world.std.com/%7Eafs/">AFS Informatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://members.aol.com/alsobrookj/bioconsult.htm">Alsobrook Biotechnology Consulting</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biobridge.com/">BioBridge</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioscorpio.com/">Bioscorpio</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioseeker.com/">BioSeeker Group</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioteam.net/">BioTeam.net</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://main.biozak.com/">BioZak</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.btechnews.com/">Btech Investor</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.caddinformatics.com/">CADDinformatics Consulting</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.calyxbio.com/">Calyx</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.carecapital.com/">Care Capital</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.chemicalsimulations.com/">Chemical Simulations Group</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.dresources.com/">Decision Resources</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.djkpartners.com/">DJK Partners</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.dianoetica.com/">Dianoetica</a><br /> <a href="http://www.elashoffconsulting.com/">Elashoff Consulting</a><br /> <a href="http://evobio.info/">Evolutionary Bioinformatics</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.fkpi.com/altindex.html">Feinstein Kean Healthcare</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.frontlinesmc.com/">Front Line Strategic Consulting</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.healthtechnetwork.com/index.htm">Health Technology Networks</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://insightful.com/">Insightful</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.pharmabiotech.ch/">Jain PharmaBiotech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.krugconsulting.com/">Krug Consulting Group<br /> </a><a href="http://www.milser.co.in/">Milser</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.mogene.com/">MOgene</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.nigeons.com/eng/index.html">Nigeons</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.pointpurchasing.com/">Point Purchasing</a><br /> <a href="http://www.proteomeconsult.com/">Proteome Consult</a><a href="http://www.rresults.com/"><br /> </a><font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.rresults.com/">Research Results</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://rxlogix.com/">RxLogix</a><br /> <a href="http://www.sellscience.com/">SellScience</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioinformaticist.biz/">Tahoe Informatics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.transadvancis.com/">TransADVANcis</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.windhover.com/">Windhover<br /> <br /> </a></font> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Technology Investing</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biobridge.com/">Clairus Technology</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.genechem.com/html/brief.html">GeneChem</a><br /> <br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Product Comparison &amp; Reviews</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://biocompare.com/index.asp">BioCompare</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.biowire.com/">Biowire.com</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.selectscience.net/">SelectScience.net</a> <br /> <br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Laboratory Products Vendors&nbsp;</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.abcam.com/">Abcam-antibodies</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.atcc.org/">ATCC</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.atcg.com/">ATCG</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.antibodyresource.com/">Antibody Resource</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://store.bio.com/os/start/store1/store.html">Bio.com (softwares)</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biosupplynet.com/">BioSupplyNet</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.chemconnect.com/">ChemConnect</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.chemdex.com/">Chemdex</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.iscpubs.com/bg/us/usidir.html">Lab Crawler</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.mdyn.com/">Molecular Dynamics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://antibodies-probes.com/">MSRS antibodies</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.oligoengine.com/">OligoEngine</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.pharmagene.com/home.htm">PharmaGene</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.sciquest.com/">SciQuest</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Used or Pre-Owned Laboratory Equipments</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bestlabdeals.com/">Best Lab Deals</a><br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.biobid.com/">BioBid</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biosurplus.com/">BioSurplus</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.labdollars.com/">Lab Dollars</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.labjunk.com/HOME.cfm">Labjunk.com</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.labequip.com/">Lab Equip</a><br /> <a href="http://labtrader.com/">Lab Trader</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.labx.com/">LabX</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.labextreme.com/">Lab eXtreme</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.liscientific.com/">Long Island Scientific</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.pegasusscientific.com/">Pegasus Scientific</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://scical.com/">Scientific Calibrations</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.seeinc.com/">Scientific Equipment Exchange</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.triadsci.com/">Triad Scientific</a></font> </font> 9618e86a16f0b12207c85cf2d3aa9f6beb6de2a6 2892 2010-03-16T21:26:28Z BioKM 79 wikitext text/x-wiki <table width="90%" cols="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="1" background="fancygreen.gif" summary=""> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font size="3" color="#000000">[http://bioinformatics.ws Bioinformatics] Companies</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><br /> <strong>[[Big Bioinformatics Companies]]</strong><br /> <br /> [[3rd Millennium]]</font> : Waltham, MA 02451. USA: provider of custom informatics systems, management consulting services, and packaged software products for the life sciences. <br /> <font color="#000000">[[Aber Genomic Computing]]: Aberystwyth, UK</font><br /> [[Acero]]<br /> <font color="#000000">[[AgileBio]]: NY, USA. and Paris France</font><br /> <a href="http://www.allometra.com/">Allometra</a>: [[Allometra]] [[PyMood]]<br /> <a href="http://www.amartus.com/">Amartus</a>: Enterprise Software Solutions<br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.anedabio.com/" target="new">Aneda</a></font> : Gond down?<br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.apocom.com/" target="new">ApoCom Genomics</a></font> : [[ApoCom Genomics]]<br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.arraygenetics.com/about_array_genetics.html" target="new">Array Genetics</a></font> : [[Array Genetics]] DNA microarray data analysis tools.<br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.artificial-life.com/" target="new">Artificial Life</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://avesthagen.com/" target="new">Avesthagen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://base4.com/" target="new">Base4</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.bioalma.com/">Bioalma</a><br /> <font color="#000000">[[BioData.com/company]]</font> : BioData Inc. develops and markets state of the art <a href="http://www.biodata.com/" target="new">laboratory management</a> tools designed especially for researches in the academic and industrial markets. <font color="#000000">[[BioDiscovery.com]]</font> : BioDiscovery develops and sells&nbsp;software and services&nbsp;for drug discovery and diagnostics by efficiently managing, integrating, and analyzing data generated using high-throughput microarray technology<br /> <font color="#000000">[http://www.japanorama.com/dd/index.html Darwin Domains] from Japanorama.com<br /> <a href="http://www.bioinformaticsservices.com/" target="new">Bioinformatics Services</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioinformaticssolutions.com/" target="new">Bioinformatics Solutions</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biodata.com/" target="new">BioKM</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biolateral.com.au/" target="new">BioLateral</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biomax.de/" target="new">BioMax Informatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biomedcomp.com/" target="new">Biomedical Computing</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bmi-heidelberg.com/" target="new">Biomedical Informatics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://biomind.com/">BioMind</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biosoft.com/" target="new">BioSoft</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biosolve.de/" target="new">BioSolve</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biotiquesystems.com/" target="new">Biotique Systems</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biotools.com/" target="new">BioTools</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biowisdom.com/" target="new">BioWisdom</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://caesarsoftware.com/" target="new">Caesar Software</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.changbioscience.com/" target="new">Chang Bioscience</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.chemcomp.com/" target="new">Chemical Computing Group</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.cimsoft.com/" target="new">Cimarron Software</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.clcbio.com/">CLC Bio</a>: [[CLC Bio]]: Bioinformatics Workbench<br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://cognia.com/" target="new">Cognia</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://compassbioinfo.com/" target="new">Compass Bioinformatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.compassgenomics.com/" target="new">Compass Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.compudrug.com/" target="new">CompuDrug</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.cgen.com/" target="new">Compugen</a></font> :&nbsp;&nbsp;discovery and licensing of product candidates to the drug and diagnostic industry<br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.concurrentpharma.com/" target="new">Concurrent Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://dnr.cc/">Correla</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.correlogic.com/" target="new">Correlogic Systems</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://corimbia.com/" target="new">Corimbia</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.cresset-bmd.com/">Cresset BioMolecular Discovery</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.cybergene.se/" target="new">CyberGene</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.duii.com/" target="new">Data Unlimited</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.decodon.com/" target="new">Decodon</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.d-trends.com/" target="new">D'Trends</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.eidogen.com/">Eidogen</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.egenetics.com/" target="new">Electric Genetics</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.eragen.com/">Eragen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.fractalgenomics.com/">Fractal Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gemini-genomics.com/">Gemini Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000">[http://www.genecodes.com Gene Codes Corperation]: MI, USA. : Sequencher package.<br /> <a href="http://www.genedata.com/">GeneData</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gene-it.com/">Gene-IT</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.geneticxchange.com/Home.html">GeneticXchange</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.genetix.com/">Genetix</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genebio.com/">Geneva Bioinformatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genmatrix.com/">GenMatrix</a></font><br /> [http://www.genologics.com/ Genologics] Bioinformatics software company<br /> <a href="http://www.genolyze.com/">Genolyze </a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomica.com/" target="new">Genomica</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomicdiscoverytools.com/">Genomic Discovery Tools</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://genomix.com/" target="new">Genomix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genops.com/indexnet.html" target="new">Genops Bioinformatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genstruct.com/" target="new">GenStruct</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gentech.fr/English-site/Gentech/Home.html" target="new">GenTech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.geospiza.com/" target="new">Geospiza</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.helixinfosystems.com/">HelixInfoSystems</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ibiomatics.com/" target="new">iBiomatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/" target="new">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.idrtech.com/" target="new">IDRTech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.incellico.com/" target="new">Incellico</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.incogen.com/" target="new">INCOGEN</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.incyte.com/" target="new">InCyte</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://informagen.com/" target="new">Informagen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.inforsense.com/" target="new">InforSense</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ingenovis.com/" target="new">Ingenovis</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.interactiva.de/" target="new">Interactiva</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.inpharmatica.com/main.html" target="new">Inpharmatica</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.insightful.com/default_class5.asp" target="new">Insightful Corporation</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.insilico-biotechnology.com/" target="new">Insilico Biotechnology</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.insilicolabs.com/" target="new">In Silico Labs</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.insilico.com/" target="new">Insilico Software</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.inveniobio.com/" target="new">InvenioBioSolutions</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.io-informatics.com/">IO Informatics</a><br /> <a href="http://www.iuvita.com/">IuVita</a><br /> <a href="http://janssen-genomics.com/">Janssen Genomics</a><br /> <a href="http://www.kennatechnologies.com/">Kenna Technologies</a><br /> <a href="http://www.kinematik.com/">KineMatik</a><br /> <font color="#000000">[http://www.labcollector.com/ Labcollector from AgileBio]<br /> <a href="../../C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/skpray/My%20Documents/My%20Webs/_private/www.lablogic.com" target="new">LabLogic</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.lionbioscience.com/" target="new">LION BioScience</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.ludesi.com/">Ludesi</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mantik.de/" target="new">Mantik Bioinformatik</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.matrixscience.com/cgi/index.pl?page=../home.html" target="new">Matrix Science</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mdli.com/cgi/dynamic/welcome.html" target="new">MDL Information Systems</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.metabolic-explorer.com/" target="new">METabolic EXplorer</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://metaworksinc.com/">MetaWorks</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.microdiscovery.de/" target="new">MicroDiscovery</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.miraibio.com/" target="new">MiraiBio</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mag.com/" target="new">Molecular Application Group</a></font> <br /> <a href="https://www.molecularconnections.com/">Molecular Connections</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mol-net.de/" target="new">Molecular Networks</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.molecularware.com/" target="new">MolecularWare</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://morpho-inc.com/">Morpho</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mpi-softtech.com/" target="new">MPI Software Technology</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.neomorphic.com/" target="new">Neomorphic</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.netgenics.com/" target="new">NetGenics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.netid.com/index.html" target="new">Net-ID</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://nexusgenomics.com/"><font color="#000000">Nexus Genomics</font></a><br /> <a href="http://www.ocimumbio.com/" target="new"><font color="#000000">Ocimum Biosolutions</font></a>&nbsp;<br /> OITEK, Korea http://oitek.com<br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.omnigon.com/" target="new">Omnigon Technologies</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.eyesopen.com/">OpenEye</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.origenel.com/" target="new">OriGenel</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.packardbiochip.com/index2.htm" target="new">Packard BioChip Technologies</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.partek.com/" target="new">Partek</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pharmadm.com/" target="new">PharmaDM</a></font>&nbsp;<br /> [http://www.physiomics-plc.com Physiomics-plc]: Oxford Science park, <a href="mailto:info@physiomics-plc.com">info@physiomics-plc.com</a>&nbsp;UK. [[Physiomics-PLC]]<br /> <a href="http://www.premierbiosoft.com/">Premier Biosoft</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://proinformatix.com/" target="new">Proinformatix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.proteinmechanics.com/" target="new">Protein Mechanics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.prosanos.com/" target="new">ProSanos</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.proteom.com/" target="new">Proteom</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.qgene.com/" target="new">QGene</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.q-pharm.com/home">Quantum Pharmaceuticals</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.rabbithutch.com/" target="new">RabbitHutch</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.receptorscience.com/" target="new">Receptor Science</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://redstormscientific.com/" target="new">Redstorm Scientific</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://rescentris.com/"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" color="#808080">Rescentris</font></a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.rosettabio.com/home.html" target="new">Rosetta Biosoftware</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.science-factory.com/">Science Factory</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.scinovaindia.com/" target="new">Scinova</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.sgi.com/chembio/" target="new">Silicon Graphics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.silicoinsights.com/" target="new">Silico Insights</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.simulations-plus.com/" target="new">Simulations Plus</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.softberry.com/" target="new">SoftBerry</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.softgenetics.com/">SoftGenetics</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.spsoft.com/" target="new">Southwest Parallel Software</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.starbridgesystems.com/">StarBridge Systems</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.strandgenomics.com/" target="new">Strand Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.synamatix.com/"><font color="#000000">Synamatix</font></a><br /> <a href="http://sysarris.com/">SysArris</a><br /> <a href="http://teranode.com/">Teranode</a><br /> <a href="http://www.textco.com/">Textco</a><a href="http://www.textco.com/"> BioSoftware</a><br /> <a href="http://www.transgenic-software.com/">Transgenic Software</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.tripos.com/" target="new">Tripos</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.turbogenomics.com/" target="new">Turbo Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.ubi.ca/">United Bioinformatica</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.vglab.com/" target="new">Virtual Genetics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.visipoint.fi/" target="new">Visipoint</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.vizxlabs.com/" target="new">VizXlabs</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.wabansoftware.com/" target="new">Waban Software</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://webgenetics.com/" target="new">WebGenetics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.wireworkswest.com/" target="new">WireWorks West</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.x-mine.com/" target="new">X-MINE</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.xpogen.com/" target="new">Xpogen</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Sequence Database Providers</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.celera.com/home.asp" target="new">Celera Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.curagen.com/" target="new">CuraGen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genelogic.com/" target="new">GeneLogic</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.incyte.com/" target="new">IncyteGenomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.nuvelo.com/">Nuvelo</a> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Sequence Analysis Softwares</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.aborygen.com/">AbOrygen</a><br /> <a href="http://www.accelrys.com/" target="new">Accelrys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biowire.com/bw_jsp/j_welcome_top.jsp" target="new">Biowire.com</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.dnastar.com/" target="new">DNAStar</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.doubletwist.com/" target="new">DoubleTwist</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.egenetics.com/" target="new">Electric Genetics</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bionavigator.com/" target="new">Entigen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genamics.com/">Genamics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genecodes.com/">GeneCodes</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gentech.fr/English-site/Btx_pages/Biotechnix_3d_home.html" target="new">GenTech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/" target="new">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.informaxinc.com/" target="new">InforMax</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.miraibio.com/">MiraiBio</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mbinsights.com/" target="new">Molecular Biology Insights</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.premierbiosoft.com/" target="new">Premier Biosoft</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.redasoft.com/" target="new">Redasoft</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.scied.com/" target="new">Sci-Ed Software</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.textco.com/" target="new">Textco</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Transcription Factor Binding Prediction</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://www.genomicdiscoverytools.com/">Genomic Discovery Tools</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><br /> </font> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Pharmaco &amp; Toxico Informatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.accelrys.com/" target="new">Accelrys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.camitro.com/">Camitro</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.goldenhelix.com/">Golden Helix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.leadscope.com/">LeadScope</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.chem.leeds.ac.uk/luk/">Lhasa</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mdli.com/">MDL Information Systems</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.multicase.com/">MultiCASE</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.scivision.com/">SciVision</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.simulations-plus.com/">Simulations Plus</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.tripos.com/" target="new">Tripos</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">ChemInformatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.aureus-pharma.com/" target="new">Aureus-Pharma</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.cambridgesoft.com/" target="new">CambridgeSoft</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://chemaxon.com/">ChemAxon</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://cheminnovation.com/" target="new">ChemInnovation Software</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.chemistry-software.com/" target="new">Chemistry-Software.com</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://chemsw.com/">ChemSW</a><br /> <a href="http://www.darpharma.com/">DarPharma</a><br /> <a href="http://www.daylight.com/">Daylight</a><br /> <a href="http://globalchemicaldata.com/">Global Chemical Data</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.hyper.com/">Hypercube</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.idbs.co.uk/index_a.asp?nav_version=flas">IDBS</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.jubilantbiosys.com/">Jubilant Biosys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.libraria.com/">Libraria</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.locusdiscovery.com/">Locus Discovery</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.mol-net.de/">Molecular Networks</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.molinspiration.com/">Molinspiration</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://optive.com/">Optive Research</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.predixpharm.com/">Predix</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://quorex.com/">Quorex</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.scitegic.com/main.html">SciTegic</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.sertanty.com/">Sertanty</a><br /> <a href="http://www.surfacelogix.com/">Surface Logix</a><br /> <a href="http://www.synthematix.com/">Synthematix</a><br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Clinical Informatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ardais.com/">Ardais</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.biobyte.com/">BioByte</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.chemnavigator.com/" target="new">ChemNavigator</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.goldenhelix.com/" target="new">Golden Helix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/" target="new">IBM Life Sciences</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.iuvita.com/">IuVita</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ppdinformatics.com/">PPD Informatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pharsight.com/">Pharsight</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.phaseforward.com/">Phase Forward</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.phase-it.de/">Phase-IT</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pluvita.com/">Pluvita</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.surromed.com/Technology.html">SurroMed</a> <br /> <br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Toxico Informatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.druglogic.com/">DrugLogic</a><br /> [[Entelos]]</font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genelogic.com/" target="new">GeneLogic</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.mergen-ltd.com/">Mergen</a><br /> &nbsp; <br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Ontology Informatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.egenetics.com/" target="new">Electric Genetics</a></font><br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">MassSpec, 2D Gel &amp; Image Analysis Informatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.amershambiosciences.com/na/">Amersham Biosciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.axon.com/">Axon Instruments</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.balthazarbio.com/">BioBridge Computing</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.daltonics.bruker.com/">Bruker Daltonics</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.2dgels.com/">Compugen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.cytomation.com/">Cytomation</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.decodon.de/">Decodon</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.definiens.com/">Definiens</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genebio.com/">Geneva Bioinformatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomicsolutions.com/">Genomic Solutions</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.ludesi.com/">Ludesi</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.sciex.com/">MDS Sciex</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mediacy.com/">Media Cybernetics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.micromass.co.uk/default7.asp">MicroMass</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.nonlinear.com/">Nonlinear Dynamics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.proteometrics.com/" target="new">ProteoMetrics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.proteomeworkssystem.com/" target="new">ProteomeWorks System</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.scanalytics.com/">Scanalytics</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.scimagix.com/">Scimagix</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.thermoquest.com/">ThermoFinnigan</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.vialogy.com/">ViaLogy</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">3D Animation &amp; Visulization</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.aborygen.com/">AbOrygen</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="Data%20Mining%20&amp;%20Visualization%0Ahttp://www.animech.com/">Animech</a><br /> </font><a href="http://www.sidectech.com/">Sidec Technologies</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><br /> </font> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Data Mining &amp; Visualization</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.affymetrix.com/" target="new">Affymetrix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.anvilinformatics.com/" target="new">AnVil Informatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.applied-maths.com/home.html" target="new">Applied Maths</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ariadnegenomics.com/" target="new">Ariadne Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biodiscovery.com/" target="new">BioDiscovery</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biosift.com/" target="new">BioSift</a></font> &nbsp; &nbsp;<br /> <a href="http://biomining.com/">BioMining</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.contentsoft.de/" target="new">ContentSoft</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://silicocyte.com/" target="new">CytoGenomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.enodar.com/" target="new">Enodar</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.expressionanalysis.com/">Expression Analysis</a><br /> <a href="http://genome-explorations.com/">Genome-Explorations</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/" target="new">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://imaging.brocku.ca/">Imaging Research</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.incellico.com/">Incellico</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://insightful.com/">Insightful</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.iobion.com/" target="new">Iobion Informatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://isenseit.com/" target="new">iSenseIt</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.megametrics.com/" target="new">MegaMetrics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.molmine.com/" target="new">MolMine</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.nag.com/" target="new">NAG</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://omniviz.com/">OmniViz</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.optimaldesign.com/">Optimal Design</a><br /> <font size="-0"><a href="http://www.predictivepatterns.com/" target="new"><font color="#000000">Predictive Patterns Software</font></a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.purpleinsight.com/home.html">Purple Insight</a><br /> <a href="http://www.sgi.com/">SGI</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.salford-systems.com/">Salford Systems</a> <br /> <a href="http://silicocyte.com/">SilicoCyte</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.sigenetics.com/" target="new">Silicon Genetics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.spotfire.com/">SpotFire</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.strandgenomics.com/" target="new">Strand Genomics</a><br /> </font><font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.visual-bioinformatics.com/">Visual Bioinformatics</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="middle" align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Protein Folding &amp; Structural Informatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.accelrys.com/" target="new">Accelrys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.algonomics.com/" target="new">AlgoNomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.astex-technology.com/home.htm" target="new">Astex Technology</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.cengent.com/"><font color="#000000">Cengent Therapeutics</font></a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.emeraldbiostructures.com/" target="new">Emerald Biostructures</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/" target="new">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.molsoft.com/" target="new">MolSoft</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.psf-ag.com/index.htm">PSF biotech</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://proceryon.com/" target="new">Proceryon</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.prospectgenomics.com/" target="new">Prospect Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.rib-x.com/" target="new">Rib-X</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.sireen.de/">Sireen</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.stromix.com/" target="new">Structural Genomix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.tripos.com/" target="new">Tripos</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Genetic &amp; Regulatory Networks</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.akceli.com/" target="new">Akceli</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ariadnegenomics.com/" target="new">Ariadne Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://cellnomica.com/">Cellnomica</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.fractalgenomics.com/">Fractal Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.gene-networks.com/">Gene Networks</a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomatica.com/">Genomatica</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/" target="new">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pubgene.com/" target="new">PubGene</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.tomsawyer.com/industry/bioinformatics.html" target="new">Tom Sawyer Software</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.genego.com/">GeneGo</a> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Molecular Simulation &amp; Modelling</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://www.camitro.com/home.htm">Camitro</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.cellnomica.com/">Cellnomica</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.entelos.com/">Entelos</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gnsbiotech.com/">Gene Network Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.hippron.com/">Hippron Physiomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.paradigmgenetics.com/" target="new">Icoria</a></font><br /> <a href="http://immunetrics.com/">Immunetrics</a><br /> <a href="http://www.physiome.com/">Physiome</a> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Computer Aided Drug Design<br /> &amp; In Silico Screening<br /> </font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.4sc.de/">4SC</a><br /> <a href="http://www.accelrys.com/" target="new">Accelrys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.denovopharma.com/" target="new">De Novo Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://kemia.com/" target="new">Kemia</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.nanodesign.com/">Nanodesign</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.ribotargets.com/corporate/corporate_overview.html">RiboTargets</a> <br /> <a href="http://sunesis.com/">Sunesis</a> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Computing Resource Providers</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.avaki.com/">Avaki</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.argentys.com/">Argentys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biosentients.com/">Biosentients</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biodigm.com/">Biodigm</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioreason.com/">Bioreason</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.computefarm.com/">Blackstone Computing</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.criticalsoftware.com/hpc/">Critical Software</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.darwindomains.com/">Darwin Domains</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.esolvbin.com/">E-bin Solutions</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.geneticxchange.com/">GeneticXchange</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.graphlogic.com/">GraphLogic</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www-1.ibm.com/servers/hpc/" target="new">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.labvantage.com/" target="new">LabVantage</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.linuxlabs.com/" target="new">Linux Labs</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.linuxnetworx.com/" target="new">Linux Networx</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.msa.com/medical/" target="new">Medical Science Associates</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.nextgen.com/" target="new">NextGen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.parabon.com/" target="new">Parabon</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.paracel.com/" target="new">Paracel</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.platform.com/" target="new">Platform Computing</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.racksaver.com/" target="new">RackSaver</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.rlx.com/" target="new">RLX Technologies</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.secant.com/" target="new">Secant Technologies</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.sgi.com/" target="new">SGI</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.sun.com/" target="new">Sun Microsystems</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.timelogic.com/bioinform1.html" target="new">TimeLogic</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.turbogenomics.com/" target="new">TurboGenomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.viaken.com/">Viaken</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.visualgenomics.com/" target="new">Visual Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.wsm.com/">Western Scientific</a> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Information Providers</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ameripath.com/">AmeriPath</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.embase.com/">EMBASE</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genesage.com/">GeneSage</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomichealth.com/home.html">Genomic Health</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pharmawatch.com/">Pharma Watch Communications</a></font> <br /> <br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Laboratory Information Management System</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://www.ais-lims.com/">Analystical Information Systems</a><br /> <a href="http://blazesystems.com/">Blaze Systems</a><br /> <a href="http://www.genologics.com/">GenoLogics</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://gensys.com/">GenSys</a><br /> <a href="http://www.id-bs.com/">IDBS</a><br /> <a href="http://www.innaphase.com/">InnaPhase</a></font><br /> <a href="http://lablynx.com/">Lablynx</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.labtronics.com/" target="new">Labtronics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://labvantage.com/">LabVantage</a><br /> <a href="http://www.labware.com/">LabWare</a><br /> <a href="http://www.neolytica.com/">Neolytica</a><br /> <a href="http://www.nugenesis.com/">NuGenesis Technologies</a><br /> <a href="http://www.lims-software.com/">QSI</a><a href="http://www.sibio.net/" target="new"><br /> Sibio <br /> </a><font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.scisw.com/" target="new">Scientific Software</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://scinomix.com/">Scinomix</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://starlims.com/">StarLIMS</a><br /> <a href="http://telecation.com/">Telecation</a><br /> <a href="http://www.thermo.com/">Thermo Electron Corporation</a><br /> &nbsp;<br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Text Mining &amp; Litrature Search</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ariadnegenomics.com/" target="new">Ariadne Genomics</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biowisdom.com/">BioWisdom</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.clearforest.com/">ClearForest</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.facultyof1000.com/start.asp">Faculty of 1000</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomewatch.biz/">GenomeWatch</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ingenuity.com/">Ingenuity</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.inpharmix.com/">InPharmix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pathinfo.com/">Pathology Informatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.proteome.com/">Proteome</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.reeltwo.com/">Reel Two</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.spss.com/applications/science/">SPSS</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.temis-group.com/">TEMIS Group</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.vglab.com/">Virtual Genetics</a></font> <br /> <br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Semantic Integration</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.landcglobal.com/">Language and Computing</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.synquiry.com/">Synquiry</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Business Intelligence &amp; Consulting</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://world.std.com/%7Eafs/">AFS Informatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://members.aol.com/alsobrookj/bioconsult.htm">Alsobrook Biotechnology Consulting</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biobridge.com/">BioBridge</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioscorpio.com/">Bioscorpio</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioseeker.com/">BioSeeker Group</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioteam.net/">BioTeam.net</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://main.biozak.com/">BioZak</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.btechnews.com/">Btech Investor</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.caddinformatics.com/">CADDinformatics Consulting</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.calyxbio.com/">Calyx</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.carecapital.com/">Care Capital</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.chemicalsimulations.com/">Chemical Simulations Group</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.dresources.com/">Decision Resources</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.djkpartners.com/">DJK Partners</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.dianoetica.com/">Dianoetica</a><br /> <a href="http://www.elashoffconsulting.com/">Elashoff Consulting</a><br /> <a href="http://evobio.info/">Evolutionary Bioinformatics</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.fkpi.com/altindex.html">Feinstein Kean Healthcare</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.frontlinesmc.com/">Front Line Strategic Consulting</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.healthtechnetwork.com/index.htm" target="new">Health Technology Networks</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/" target="new">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://insightful.com/">Insightful</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pharmabiotech.ch/" target="new">Jain PharmaBiotech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.krugconsulting.com/" target="new">Krug Consulting Group<br /> </a><a href="http://www.milser.co.in/">Milser</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.mogene.com/">MOgene</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.nigeons.com/eng/index.html">Nigeons</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.pointpurchasing.com/">Point Purchasing</a><br /> <a href="http://www.proteomeconsult.com/">Proteome Consult</a><a href="http://www.rresults.com/"><br /> </a><font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.rresults.com/">Research Results</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://rxlogix.com/">RxLogix</a><br /> <a href="http://www.sellscience.com/">SellScience</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioinformaticist.biz/">Tahoe Informatics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.transadvancis.com/">TransADVANcis</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.windhover.com/">Windhover<br /> <br /> </a></font> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Technology Investing</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biobridge.com/">Clairus Technology</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.genechem.com/html/brief.html">GeneChem</a><br /> <br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Product Comparison &amp; Reviews</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://biocompare.com/index.asp">BioCompare</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.biowire.com/">Biowire.com</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.selectscience.net/">SelectScience.net</a> <br /> <br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Laboratory Products Vendors&nbsp;</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.abcam.com/">Abcam-antibodies</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.atcc.org/" target="new">ATCC</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.atcg.com/" target="new">ATCG</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.antibodyresource.com/" target="new">Antibody Resource</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://store.bio.com/os/start/store1/store.html" target="new">Bio.com (softwares)</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biosupplynet.com/" target="new">BioSupplyNet</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.chemconnect.com/" target="new">ChemConnect</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.chemdex.com/" target="new">Chemdex</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.iscpubs.com/bg/us/usidir.html" target="new">Lab Crawler</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mdyn.com/" target="new">Molecular Dynamics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://antibodies-probes.com/">MSRS antibodies</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.oligoengine.com/">OligoEngine</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.pharmagene.com/home.htm">PharmaGene</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.sciquest.com/" target="new">SciQuest</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Used or Pre-Owned Laboratory Equipments</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bestlabdeals.com/">Best Lab Deals</a><br /> <a href="http://www.biobid.com/" target="new">BioBid</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biosurplus.com/" target="new">BioSurplus</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.labdollars.com/">Lab Dollars</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.labjunk.com/HOME.cfm" target="new">Labjunk.com</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.labequip.com/">Lab Equip</a><br /> <a href="http://labtrader.com/">Lab Trader</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.labx.com/" target="new">LabX</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.labextreme.com/">Lab eXtreme</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.liscientific.com/" target="new">Long Island Scientific</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pegasusscientific.com/" target="new">Pegasus Scientific</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://scical.com/">Scientific Calibrations</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.seeinc.com/" target="new">Scientific Equipment Exchange</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.triadsci.com/" target="new">Triad Scientific</a></font> </font> 1356f75648261ab292e4e21a1cd7cfb6abe327ce 2893 2010-03-16T21:28:23Z BioKM 79 wikitext text/x-wiki <table width="90%" cols="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="1" background="fancygreen.gif" summary=""> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font size="3" color="#000000">[http://bioinformatics.ws Bioinformatics] Companies</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><br /> <strong>[[Big Bioinformatics Companies]]</strong><br /> <br /> [[3rd Millennium]]</font> : Waltham, MA 02451. USA: provider of custom informatics systems, management consulting services, and packaged software products for the life sciences. <br /> <font color="#000000">[[Aber Genomic Computing]]: Aberystwyth, UK</font><br /> [[Acero]]<br /> <font color="#000000">[[AgileBio]]: NY, USA. and Paris France</font><br /> <a href="http://www.allometra.com/">Allometra</a>: [[Allometra]] [[PyMood]]<br /> <a href="http://www.amartus.com/">Amartus</a>: Enterprise Software Solutions<br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.anedabio.com/">Aneda</a></font> : Gond down?<br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.apocom.com/">ApoCom Genomics</a></font> : [[ApoCom Genomics]]<br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.arraygenetics.com/about_array_genetics.html">Array Genetics</a></font> : [[Array Genetics]] DNA microarray data analysis tools.<br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.artificial-life.com/">Artificial Life</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://avesthagen.com/">Avesthagen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://base4.com/">Base4</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.bioalma.com/">Bioalma</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biodata.com/company">BioData</a></font> : BioData Inc. develops and markets state of the art <a target="new" href="http://www.biodata.com/">laboratory management</a> tools designed especially for researchers in the academic and industrial markets.<br /> <font color="#000000">[[BioDiscovery.com]]</font> : BioDiscovery develops and sells&nbsp;software and services&nbsp;for drug discovery and diagnostics by efficiently managing, integrating, and analyzing data generated using high-throughput microarray technology<br /> <font color="#000000">[http://www.japanorama.com/dd/index.html Darwin Domains] from Japanorama.com<br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.bioinformaticsservices.com/">Bioinformatics Services</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.bioinformaticssolutions.com/">Bioinformatics Solutions</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biodata.com/">BioKM</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biolateral.com.au/">BioLateral</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biomax.de/">BioMax Informatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biomedcomp.com/">Biomedical Computing</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.bmi-heidelberg.com/">Biomedical Informatics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://biomind.com/">BioMind</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biosoft.com/">BioSoft</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biosolve.de/">BioSolve</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biotiquesystems.com/">Biotique Systems</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biotools.com/">BioTools</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biowisdom.com/">BioWisdom</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://caesarsoftware.com/">Caesar Software</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.changbioscience.com/">Chang Bioscience</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.chemcomp.com/">Chemical Computing Group</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.cimsoft.com/">Cimarron Software</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.clcbio.com/">CLC Bio</a>: [[CLC Bio]]: Bioinformatics Workbench<br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://cognia.com/">Cognia</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://compassbioinfo.com/">Compass Bioinformatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.compassgenomics.com/">Compass Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.compudrug.com/">CompuDrug</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.cgen.com/">Compugen</a></font> :&nbsp;&nbsp;discovery and licensing of product candidates to the drug and diagnostic industry<br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.concurrentpharma.com/">Concurrent Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://dnr.cc/">Correla</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.correlogic.com/">Correlogic Systems</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://corimbia.com/">Corimbia</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.cresset-bmd.com/">Cresset BioMolecular Discovery</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.cybergene.se/">CyberGene</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.duii.com/">Data Unlimited</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.decodon.com/">Decodon</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.d-trends.com/">D'Trends</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.eidogen.com/">Eidogen</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.egenetics.com/">Electric Genetics</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.eragen.com/">Eragen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.fractalgenomics.com/">Fractal Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gemini-genomics.com/">Gemini Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000">[http://www.genecodes.com Gene Codes Corperation]: MI, USA. : Sequencher package.<br /> <a href="http://www.genedata.com/">GeneData</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gene-it.com/">Gene-IT</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.geneticxchange.com/Home.html">GeneticXchange</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.genetix.com/">Genetix</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genebio.com/">Geneva Bioinformatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genmatrix.com/">GenMatrix</a></font><br /> [http://www.genologics.com/ Genologics] Bioinformatics software company<br /> <a href="http://www.genolyze.com/">Genolyze </a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genomica.com/">Genomica</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomicdiscoverytools.com/">Genomic Discovery Tools</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://genomix.com/">Genomix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genops.com/indexnet.html">Genops Bioinformatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genstruct.com/">GenStruct</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.gentech.fr/English-site/Gentech/Home.html">GenTech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.geospiza.com/">Geospiza</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.helixinfosystems.com/">HelixInfoSystems</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.ibiomatics.com/">iBiomatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.idrtech.com/">IDRTech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.incellico.com/">Incellico</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.incogen.com/">INCOGEN</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.incyte.com/">InCyte</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://informagen.com/">Informagen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.inforsense.com/">InforSense</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.ingenovis.com/">Ingenovis</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.interactiva.de/">Interactiva</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.inpharmatica.com/main.html">Inpharmatica</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.insightful.com/default_class5.asp">Insightful Corporation</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.insilico-biotechnology.com/">Insilico Biotechnology</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.insilicolabs.com/">In Silico Labs</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.insilico.com/">Insilico Software</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.inveniobio.com/">InvenioBioSolutions</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.io-informatics.com/">IO Informatics</a><br /> <a href="http://www.iuvita.com/">IuVita</a><br /> <a href="http://janssen-genomics.com/">Janssen Genomics</a><br /> <a href="http://www.kennatechnologies.com/">Kenna Technologies</a><br /> <a href="http://www.kinematik.com/">KineMatik</a><br /> <font color="#000000">[http://www.labcollector.com/ Labcollector from AgileBio]<br /> <a target="new" href="../../C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/skpray/My%20Documents/My%20Webs/_private/www.lablogic.com">LabLogic</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.lionbioscience.com/">LION BioScience</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.ludesi.com/">Ludesi</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.mantik.de/">Mantik Bioinformatik</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.matrixscience.com/cgi/index.pl?page=../home.html">Matrix Science</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.mdli.com/cgi/dynamic/welcome.html">MDL Information Systems</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.metabolic-explorer.com/">METabolic EXplorer</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://metaworksinc.com/">MetaWorks</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.microdiscovery.de/">MicroDiscovery</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.miraibio.com/">MiraiBio</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.mag.com/">Molecular Application Group</a></font> <br /> <a href="https://www.molecularconnections.com/">Molecular Connections</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.mol-net.de/">Molecular Networks</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.molecularware.com/">MolecularWare</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://morpho-inc.com/">Morpho</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.mpi-softtech.com/">MPI Software Technology</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.neomorphic.com/">Neomorphic</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.netgenics.com/">NetGenics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.netid.com/index.html">Net-ID</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://nexusgenomics.com/"><font color="#000000">Nexus Genomics</font></a><br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.ocimumbio.com/"><font color="#000000">Ocimum Biosolutions</font></a>&nbsp;<br /> OITEK, Korea http://oitek.com<br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.omnigon.com/">Omnigon Technologies</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.eyesopen.com/">OpenEye</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.origenel.com/">OriGenel</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.packardbiochip.com/index2.htm">Packard BioChip Technologies</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.partek.com/">Partek</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.pharmadm.com/">PharmaDM</a></font>&nbsp;<br /> [http://www.physiomics-plc.com Physiomics-plc]: Oxford Science park, <a href="mailto:info@physiomics-plc.com">info@physiomics-plc.com</a>&nbsp;UK. [[Physiomics-PLC]]<br /> <a href="http://www.premierbiosoft.com/">Premier Biosoft</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://proinformatix.com/">Proinformatix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.proteinmechanics.com/">Protein Mechanics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.prosanos.com/">ProSanos</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.proteom.com/">Proteom</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.qgene.com/">QGene</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.q-pharm.com/home">Quantum Pharmaceuticals</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.rabbithutch.com/">RabbitHutch</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.receptorscience.com/">Receptor Science</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://redstormscientific.com/">Redstorm Scientific</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://rescentris.com/"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" color="#808080">Rescentris</font></a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.rosettabio.com/home.html">Rosetta Biosoftware</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.science-factory.com/">Science Factory</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.scinovaindia.com/">Scinova</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.sgi.com/chembio/">Silicon Graphics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.silicoinsights.com/">Silico Insights</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.simulations-plus.com/">Simulations Plus</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.softberry.com/">SoftBerry</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.softgenetics.com/">SoftGenetics</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.spsoft.com/">Southwest Parallel Software</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.starbridgesystems.com/">StarBridge Systems</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.strandgenomics.com/">Strand Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.synamatix.com/"><font color="#000000">Synamatix</font></a><br /> <a href="http://sysarris.com/">SysArris</a><br /> <a href="http://teranode.com/">Teranode</a><br /> <a href="http://www.textco.com/">Textco</a><a href="http://www.textco.com/"> BioSoftware</a><br /> <a href="http://www.transgenic-software.com/">Transgenic Software</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.tripos.com/">Tripos</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.turbogenomics.com/">Turbo Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.ubi.ca/">United Bioinformatica</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.vglab.com/">Virtual Genetics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.visipoint.fi/">Visipoint</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.vizxlabs.com/">VizXlabs</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.wabansoftware.com/">Waban Software</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://webgenetics.com/">WebGenetics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.wireworkswest.com/">WireWorks West</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.x-mine.com/">X-MINE</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.xpogen.com/">Xpogen</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Sequence Database Providers</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.celera.com/home.asp">Celera Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.curagen.com/">CuraGen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genelogic.com/">GeneLogic</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.incyte.com/">IncyteGenomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.nuvelo.com/">Nuvelo</a> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Sequence Analysis Softwares</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.aborygen.com/">AbOrygen</a><br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.accelrys.com/">Accelrys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biowire.com/bw_jsp/j_welcome_top.jsp">Biowire.com</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.dnastar.com/">DNAStar</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.doubletwist.com/">DoubleTwist</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.egenetics.com/">Electric Genetics</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.bionavigator.com/">Entigen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genamics.com/">Genamics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genecodes.com/">GeneCodes</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.gentech.fr/English-site/Btx_pages/Biotechnix_3d_home.html">GenTech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.informaxinc.com/">InforMax</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.miraibio.com/">MiraiBio</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.mbinsights.com/">Molecular Biology Insights</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.premierbiosoft.com/">Premier Biosoft</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.redasoft.com/">Redasoft</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.scied.com/">Sci-Ed Software</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.textco.com/">Textco</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Transcription Factor Binding Prediction</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://www.genomicdiscoverytools.com/">Genomic Discovery Tools</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><br /> </font> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Pharmaco &amp; Toxico Informatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.accelrys.com/">Accelrys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.camitro.com/">Camitro</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.goldenhelix.com/">Golden Helix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.leadscope.com/">LeadScope</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.chem.leeds.ac.uk/luk/">Lhasa</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mdli.com/">MDL Information Systems</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.multicase.com/">MultiCASE</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.scivision.com/">SciVision</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.simulations-plus.com/">Simulations Plus</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.tripos.com/">Tripos</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">ChemInformatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.aureus-pharma.com/">Aureus-Pharma</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.cambridgesoft.com/">CambridgeSoft</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://chemaxon.com/">ChemAxon</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://cheminnovation.com/">ChemInnovation Software</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.chemistry-software.com/">Chemistry-Software.com</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://chemsw.com/">ChemSW</a><br /> <a href="http://www.darpharma.com/">DarPharma</a><br /> <a href="http://www.daylight.com/">Daylight</a><br /> <a href="http://globalchemicaldata.com/">Global Chemical Data</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.hyper.com/">Hypercube</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.idbs.co.uk/index_a.asp?nav_version=flas">IDBS</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.jubilantbiosys.com/">Jubilant Biosys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.libraria.com/">Libraria</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.locusdiscovery.com/">Locus Discovery</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.mol-net.de/">Molecular Networks</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.molinspiration.com/">Molinspiration</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://optive.com/">Optive Research</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.predixpharm.com/">Predix</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://quorex.com/">Quorex</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.scitegic.com/main.html">SciTegic</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.sertanty.com/">Sertanty</a><br /> <a href="http://www.surfacelogix.com/">Surface Logix</a><br /> <a href="http://www.synthematix.com/">Synthematix</a><br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Clinical Informatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ardais.com/">Ardais</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.biobyte.com/">BioByte</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.chemnavigator.com/">ChemNavigator</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.goldenhelix.com/">Golden Helix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/">IBM Life Sciences</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.iuvita.com/">IuVita</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ppdinformatics.com/">PPD Informatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pharsight.com/">Pharsight</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.phaseforward.com/">Phase Forward</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.phase-it.de/">Phase-IT</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pluvita.com/">Pluvita</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.surromed.com/Technology.html">SurroMed</a> <br /> <br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Toxico Informatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.druglogic.com/">DrugLogic</a><br /> [[Entelos]]</font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genelogic.com/">GeneLogic</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.mergen-ltd.com/">Mergen</a><br /> &nbsp; <br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Ontology Informatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.egenetics.com/">Electric Genetics</a></font><br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">MassSpec, 2D Gel &amp; Image Analysis Informatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.amershambiosciences.com/na/">Amersham Biosciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.axon.com/">Axon Instruments</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.balthazarbio.com/">BioBridge Computing</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.daltonics.bruker.com/">Bruker Daltonics</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.2dgels.com/">Compugen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.cytomation.com/">Cytomation</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.decodon.de/">Decodon</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.definiens.com/">Definiens</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genebio.com/">Geneva Bioinformatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomicsolutions.com/">Genomic Solutions</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.ludesi.com/">Ludesi</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.sciex.com/">MDS Sciex</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mediacy.com/">Media Cybernetics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.micromass.co.uk/default7.asp">MicroMass</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.nonlinear.com/">Nonlinear Dynamics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.proteometrics.com/">ProteoMetrics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.proteomeworkssystem.com/">ProteomeWorks System</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.scanalytics.com/">Scanalytics</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.scimagix.com/">Scimagix</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.thermoquest.com/">ThermoFinnigan</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.vialogy.com/">ViaLogy</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">3D Animation &amp; Visulization</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.aborygen.com/">AbOrygen</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="Data%20Mining%20&amp;%20Visualization%0Ahttp://www.animech.com/">Animech</a><br /> </font><a href="http://www.sidectech.com/">Sidec Technologies</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><br /> </font> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Data Mining &amp; Visualization</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.affymetrix.com/">Affymetrix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.anvilinformatics.com/">AnVil Informatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.applied-maths.com/home.html">Applied Maths</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.ariadnegenomics.com/">Ariadne Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biodiscovery.com/">BioDiscovery</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biosift.com/">BioSift</a></font> &nbsp; &nbsp;<br /> <a href="http://biomining.com/">BioMining</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.contentsoft.de/">ContentSoft</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://silicocyte.com/">CytoGenomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.enodar.com/">Enodar</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.expressionanalysis.com/">Expression Analysis</a><br /> <a href="http://genome-explorations.com/">Genome-Explorations</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://imaging.brocku.ca/">Imaging Research</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.incellico.com/">Incellico</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://insightful.com/">Insightful</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.iobion.com/">Iobion Informatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://isenseit.com/">iSenseIt</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.megametrics.com/">MegaMetrics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.molmine.com/">MolMine</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.nag.com/">NAG</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://omniviz.com/">OmniViz</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.optimaldesign.com/">Optimal Design</a><br /> <font size="-0"><a target="new" href="http://www.predictivepatterns.com/"><font color="#000000">Predictive Patterns Software</font></a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.purpleinsight.com/home.html">Purple Insight</a><br /> <a href="http://www.sgi.com/">SGI</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.salford-systems.com/">Salford Systems</a> <br /> <a href="http://silicocyte.com/">SilicoCyte</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.sigenetics.com/">Silicon Genetics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.spotfire.com/">SpotFire</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.strandgenomics.com/">Strand Genomics</a><br /> </font><font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.visual-bioinformatics.com/">Visual Bioinformatics</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="middle" align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Protein Folding &amp; Structural Informatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.accelrys.com/">Accelrys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.algonomics.com/">AlgoNomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.astex-technology.com/home.htm">Astex Technology</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.cengent.com/"><font color="#000000">Cengent Therapeutics</font></a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.emeraldbiostructures.com/">Emerald Biostructures</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.molsoft.com/">MolSoft</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.psf-ag.com/index.htm">PSF biotech</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://proceryon.com/">Proceryon</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.prospectgenomics.com/">Prospect Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.rib-x.com/">Rib-X</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.sireen.de/">Sireen</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.stromix.com/">Structural Genomix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.tripos.com/">Tripos</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Genetic &amp; Regulatory Networks</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.akceli.com/">Akceli</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.ariadnegenomics.com/">Ariadne Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://cellnomica.com/">Cellnomica</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.fractalgenomics.com/">Fractal Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.gene-networks.com/">Gene Networks</a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomatica.com/">Genomatica</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.pubgene.com/">PubGene</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.tomsawyer.com/industry/bioinformatics.html">Tom Sawyer Software</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.genego.com/">GeneGo</a> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Molecular Simulation &amp; Modelling</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://www.camitro.com/home.htm">Camitro</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.cellnomica.com/">Cellnomica</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.entelos.com/">Entelos</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gnsbiotech.com/">Gene Network Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.hippron.com/">Hippron Physiomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.paradigmgenetics.com/">Icoria</a></font><br /> <a href="http://immunetrics.com/">Immunetrics</a><br /> <a href="http://www.physiome.com/">Physiome</a> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Computer Aided Drug Design<br /> &amp; In Silico Screening<br /> </font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.4sc.de/">4SC</a><br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.accelrys.com/">Accelrys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.denovopharma.com/">De Novo Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://kemia.com/">Kemia</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.nanodesign.com/">Nanodesign</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.ribotargets.com/corporate/corporate_overview.html">RiboTargets</a> <br /> <a href="http://sunesis.com/">Sunesis</a> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Computing Resource Providers</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.avaki.com/">Avaki</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.argentys.com/">Argentys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biosentients.com/">Biosentients</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biodigm.com/">Biodigm</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioreason.com/">Bioreason</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.computefarm.com/">Blackstone Computing</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.criticalsoftware.com/hpc/">Critical Software</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.darwindomains.com/">Darwin Domains</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.esolvbin.com/">E-bin Solutions</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.geneticxchange.com/">GeneticXchange</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.graphlogic.com/">GraphLogic</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www-1.ibm.com/servers/hpc/">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.labvantage.com/">LabVantage</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.linuxlabs.com/">Linux Labs</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.linuxnetworx.com/">Linux Networx</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.msa.com/medical/">Medical Science Associates</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.nextgen.com/">NextGen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.parabon.com/">Parabon</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.paracel.com/">Paracel</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.platform.com/">Platform Computing</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.racksaver.com/">RackSaver</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.rlx.com/">RLX Technologies</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.secant.com/">Secant Technologies</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.sgi.com/">SGI</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.sun.com/">Sun Microsystems</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.timelogic.com/bioinform1.html">TimeLogic</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.turbogenomics.com/">TurboGenomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.viaken.com/">Viaken</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.visualgenomics.com/">Visual Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.wsm.com/">Western Scientific</a> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Information Providers</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ameripath.com/">AmeriPath</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.embase.com/">EMBASE</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genesage.com/">GeneSage</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomichealth.com/home.html">Genomic Health</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pharmawatch.com/">Pharma Watch Communications</a></font> <br /> <br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Laboratory Information Management System</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://www.ais-lims.com/">Analystical Information Systems</a><br /> <a href="http://blazesystems.com/">Blaze Systems</a><br /> <a href="http://www.genologics.com/">GenoLogics</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://gensys.com/">GenSys</a><br /> <a href="http://www.id-bs.com/">IDBS</a><br /> <a href="http://www.innaphase.com/">InnaPhase</a></font><br /> <a href="http://lablynx.com/">Lablynx</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.labtronics.com/">Labtronics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://labvantage.com/">LabVantage</a><br /> <a href="http://www.labware.com/">LabWare</a><br /> <a href="http://www.neolytica.com/">Neolytica</a><br /> <a href="http://www.nugenesis.com/">NuGenesis Technologies</a><br /> <a href="http://www.lims-software.com/">QSI</a><a target="new" href="http://www.sibio.net/"><br /> Sibio <br /> </a><font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.scisw.com/">Scientific Software</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://scinomix.com/">Scinomix</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://starlims.com/">StarLIMS</a><br /> <a href="http://telecation.com/">Telecation</a><br /> <a href="http://www.thermo.com/">Thermo Electron Corporation</a><br /> &nbsp;<br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Text Mining &amp; Litrature Search</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.ariadnegenomics.com/">Ariadne Genomics</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biowisdom.com/">BioWisdom</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.clearforest.com/">ClearForest</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.facultyof1000.com/start.asp">Faculty of 1000</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomewatch.biz/">GenomeWatch</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ingenuity.com/">Ingenuity</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.inpharmix.com/">InPharmix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pathinfo.com/">Pathology Informatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.proteome.com/">Proteome</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.reeltwo.com/">Reel Two</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.spss.com/applications/science/">SPSS</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.temis-group.com/">TEMIS Group</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.vglab.com/">Virtual Genetics</a></font> <br /> <br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Semantic Integration</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.landcglobal.com/">Language and Computing</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.synquiry.com/">Synquiry</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Business Intelligence &amp; Consulting</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://world.std.com/%7Eafs/">AFS Informatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://members.aol.com/alsobrookj/bioconsult.htm">Alsobrook Biotechnology Consulting</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biobridge.com/">BioBridge</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioscorpio.com/">Bioscorpio</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioseeker.com/">BioSeeker Group</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioteam.net/">BioTeam.net</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://main.biozak.com/">BioZak</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.btechnews.com/">Btech Investor</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.caddinformatics.com/">CADDinformatics Consulting</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.calyxbio.com/">Calyx</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.carecapital.com/">Care Capital</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.chemicalsimulations.com/">Chemical Simulations Group</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.dresources.com/">Decision Resources</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.djkpartners.com/">DJK Partners</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.dianoetica.com/">Dianoetica</a><br /> <a href="http://www.elashoffconsulting.com/">Elashoff Consulting</a><br /> <a href="http://evobio.info/">Evolutionary Bioinformatics</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.fkpi.com/altindex.html">Feinstein Kean Healthcare</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.frontlinesmc.com/">Front Line Strategic Consulting</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.healthtechnetwork.com/index.htm">Health Technology Networks</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://insightful.com/">Insightful</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.pharmabiotech.ch/">Jain PharmaBiotech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.krugconsulting.com/">Krug Consulting Group<br /> </a><a href="http://www.milser.co.in/">Milser</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.mogene.com/">MOgene</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.nigeons.com/eng/index.html">Nigeons</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.pointpurchasing.com/">Point Purchasing</a><br /> <a href="http://www.proteomeconsult.com/">Proteome Consult</a><a href="http://www.rresults.com/"><br /> </a><font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.rresults.com/">Research Results</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://rxlogix.com/">RxLogix</a><br /> <a href="http://www.sellscience.com/">SellScience</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioinformaticist.biz/">Tahoe Informatics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.transadvancis.com/">TransADVANcis</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.windhover.com/">Windhover<br /> <br /> </a></font> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Technology Investing</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biobridge.com/">Clairus Technology</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.genechem.com/html/brief.html">GeneChem</a><br /> <br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Product Comparison &amp; Reviews</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://biocompare.com/index.asp">BioCompare</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.biowire.com/">Biowire.com</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.selectscience.net/">SelectScience.net</a> <br /> <br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Laboratory Products Vendors&nbsp;</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.abcam.com/">Abcam-antibodies</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.atcc.org/">ATCC</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.atcg.com/">ATCG</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.antibodyresource.com/">Antibody Resource</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://store.bio.com/os/start/store1/store.html">Bio.com (softwares)</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biosupplynet.com/">BioSupplyNet</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.chemconnect.com/">ChemConnect</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.chemdex.com/">Chemdex</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.iscpubs.com/bg/us/usidir.html">Lab Crawler</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.mdyn.com/">Molecular Dynamics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://antibodies-probes.com/">MSRS antibodies</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.oligoengine.com/">OligoEngine</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.pharmagene.com/home.htm">PharmaGene</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.sciquest.com/">SciQuest</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Used or Pre-Owned Laboratory Equipments</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bestlabdeals.com/">Best Lab Deals</a><br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.biobid.com/">BioBid</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biosurplus.com/">BioSurplus</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.labdollars.com/">Lab Dollars</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.labjunk.com/HOME.cfm">Labjunk.com</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.labequip.com/">Lab Equip</a><br /> <a href="http://labtrader.com/">Lab Trader</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.labx.com/">LabX</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.labextreme.com/">Lab eXtreme</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.liscientific.com/">Long Island Scientific</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.pegasusscientific.com/">Pegasus Scientific</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://scical.com/">Scientific Calibrations</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.seeinc.com/">Scientific Equipment Exchange</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.triadsci.com/">Triad Scientific</a></font> </font> d22daac54287788aa40bbf39ce6e1c408244c699 2894 2010-03-16T21:32:24Z BioKM 79 wikitext text/x-wiki <table width="90%" cols="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="1" background="fancygreen.gif" summary=""> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font size="3" color="#000000">[http://bioinformatics.ws Bioinformatics] Companies</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><br /> <strong>[[Big Bioinformatics Companies]]</strong><br /> <br /> [[3rd Millennium]]</font> : Waltham, MA 02451. USA: provider of custom informatics systems, management consulting services, and packaged software products for the life sciences. <br /> <font color="#000000">[[Aber Genomic Computing]]: Aberystwyth, UK</font><br /> [[Acero]]<br /> <font color="#000000">[[AgileBio]]: NY, USA. and Paris France</font><br /> <a href="http://www.allometra.com/">Allometra</a>: [[Allometra]] [[PyMood]]<br /> <a href="http://www.amartus.com/">Amartus</a>: Enterprise Software Solutions<br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.anedabio.com/" target="new">Aneda</a></font> : Gond down?<br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.apocom.com/" target="new">ApoCom Genomics</a></font> : [[ApoCom Genomics]]<br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.arraygenetics.com/about_array_genetics.html" target="new">Array Genetics</a></font> : [[Array Genetics]] DNA microarray data analysis tools.<br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.artificial-life.com/" target="new">Artificial Life</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://avesthagen.com/" target="new">Avesthagen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://base4.com/" target="new">Base4</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.bioalma.com/">Bioalma</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biodata.com/company" target="new">BioData</a></font> : BioData Inc. develops and markets state of the art <a href="http://www.biodata.com/" target="new">laboratory management</a> tools designed especially for researchers in the academic and industrial markets.<br /> <font color="#000000">[[BioDiscovery.com]]</font> : BioDiscovery develops and sells&nbsp;software and services&nbsp;for drug discovery and diagnostics by efficiently managing, integrating, and analyzing data generated using high-throughput microarray technology<br /> <font color="#000000">[http://www.japanorama.com/dd/index.html Darwin Domains] from Japanorama.com<br /> <a href="http://www.bioinformaticsservices.com/" target="new">Bioinformatics Services</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioinformaticssolutions.com/" target="new">Bioinformatics Solutions</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biodata.com/" target="new">BioKM</a></font>: BioKM was designed to meet the everyday needs of researchers. It is an online laboratory management tool from <a href="http://www.biodata.com/company" target="new">BioData</a>. Manage your research progress, samples, and experimental results. <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biolateral.com.au/" target="new">BioLateral</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biomax.de/" target="new">BioMax Informatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biomedcomp.com/" target="new">Biomedical Computing</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bmi-heidelberg.com/" target="new">Biomedical Informatics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://biomind.com/">BioMind</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biosoft.com/" target="new">BioSoft</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biosolve.de/" target="new">BioSolve</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biotiquesystems.com/" target="new">Biotique Systems</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biotools.com/" target="new">BioTools</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biowisdom.com/" target="new">BioWisdom</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://caesarsoftware.com/" target="new">Caesar Software</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.changbioscience.com/" target="new">Chang Bioscience</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.chemcomp.com/" target="new">Chemical Computing Group</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.cimsoft.com/" target="new">Cimarron Software</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.clcbio.com/">CLC Bio</a>: [[CLC Bio]]: Bioinformatics Workbench<br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://cognia.com/" target="new">Cognia</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://compassbioinfo.com/" target="new">Compass Bioinformatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.compassgenomics.com/" target="new">Compass Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.compudrug.com/" target="new">CompuDrug</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.cgen.com/" target="new">Compugen</a></font> :&nbsp;&nbsp;discovery and licensing of product candidates to the drug and diagnostic industry<br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.concurrentpharma.com/" target="new">Concurrent Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://dnr.cc/">Correla</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.correlogic.com/" target="new">Correlogic Systems</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://corimbia.com/" target="new">Corimbia</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.cresset-bmd.com/">Cresset BioMolecular Discovery</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.cybergene.se/" target="new">CyberGene</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.duii.com/" target="new">Data Unlimited</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.decodon.com/" target="new">Decodon</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.d-trends.com/" target="new">D'Trends</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.eidogen.com/">Eidogen</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.egenetics.com/" target="new">Electric Genetics</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.eragen.com/">Eragen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.fractalgenomics.com/">Fractal Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gemini-genomics.com/">Gemini Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000">[http://www.genecodes.com Gene Codes Corperation]: MI, USA. : Sequencher package.<br /> <a href="http://www.genedata.com/">GeneData</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gene-it.com/">Gene-IT</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.geneticxchange.com/Home.html">GeneticXchange</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.genetix.com/">Genetix</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genebio.com/">Geneva Bioinformatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genmatrix.com/">GenMatrix</a></font><br /> [http://www.genologics.com/ Genologics] Bioinformatics software company<br /> <a href="http://www.genolyze.com/">Genolyze </a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomica.com/" target="new">Genomica</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomicdiscoverytools.com/">Genomic Discovery Tools</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://genomix.com/" target="new">Genomix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genops.com/indexnet.html" target="new">Genops Bioinformatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genstruct.com/" target="new">GenStruct</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gentech.fr/English-site/Gentech/Home.html" target="new">GenTech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.geospiza.com/" target="new">Geospiza</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.helixinfosystems.com/">HelixInfoSystems</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ibiomatics.com/" target="new">iBiomatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/" target="new">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.idrtech.com/" target="new">IDRTech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.incellico.com/" target="new">Incellico</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.incogen.com/" target="new">INCOGEN</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.incyte.com/" target="new">InCyte</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://informagen.com/" target="new">Informagen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.inforsense.com/" target="new">InforSense</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ingenovis.com/" target="new">Ingenovis</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.interactiva.de/" target="new">Interactiva</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.inpharmatica.com/main.html" target="new">Inpharmatica</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.insightful.com/default_class5.asp" target="new">Insightful Corporation</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.insilico-biotechnology.com/" target="new">Insilico Biotechnology</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.insilicolabs.com/" target="new">In Silico Labs</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.insilico.com/" target="new">Insilico Software</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.inveniobio.com/" target="new">InvenioBioSolutions</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.io-informatics.com/">IO Informatics</a><br /> <a href="http://www.iuvita.com/">IuVita</a><br /> <a href="http://janssen-genomics.com/">Janssen Genomics</a><br /> <a href="http://www.kennatechnologies.com/">Kenna Technologies</a><br /> <a href="http://www.kinematik.com/">KineMatik</a><br /> <font color="#000000">[http://www.labcollector.com/ Labcollector from AgileBio]<br /> <a href="../../C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/skpray/My%20Documents/My%20Webs/_private/www.lablogic.com" target="new">LabLogic</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.lionbioscience.com/" target="new">LION BioScience</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.ludesi.com/">Ludesi</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mantik.de/" target="new">Mantik Bioinformatik</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.matrixscience.com/cgi/index.pl?page=../home.html" target="new">Matrix Science</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mdli.com/cgi/dynamic/welcome.html" target="new">MDL Information Systems</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.metabolic-explorer.com/" target="new">METabolic EXplorer</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://metaworksinc.com/">MetaWorks</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.microdiscovery.de/" target="new">MicroDiscovery</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.miraibio.com/" target="new">MiraiBio</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mag.com/" target="new">Molecular Application Group</a></font> <br /> <a href="https://www.molecularconnections.com/">Molecular Connections</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mol-net.de/" target="new">Molecular Networks</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.molecularware.com/" target="new">MolecularWare</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://morpho-inc.com/">Morpho</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mpi-softtech.com/" target="new">MPI Software Technology</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.neomorphic.com/" target="new">Neomorphic</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.netgenics.com/" target="new">NetGenics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.netid.com/index.html" target="new">Net-ID</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://nexusgenomics.com/"><font color="#000000">Nexus Genomics</font></a><br /> <a href="http://www.ocimumbio.com/" target="new"><font color="#000000">Ocimum Biosolutions</font></a>&nbsp;<br /> OITEK, Korea http://oitek.com<br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.omnigon.com/" target="new">Omnigon Technologies</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.eyesopen.com/">OpenEye</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.origenel.com/" target="new">OriGenel</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.packardbiochip.com/index2.htm" target="new">Packard BioChip Technologies</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.partek.com/" target="new">Partek</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pharmadm.com/" target="new">PharmaDM</a></font>&nbsp;<br /> [http://www.physiomics-plc.com Physiomics-plc]: Oxford Science park, <a href="mailto:info@physiomics-plc.com">info@physiomics-plc.com</a>&nbsp;UK. [[Physiomics-PLC]]<br /> <a href="http://www.premierbiosoft.com/">Premier Biosoft</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://proinformatix.com/" target="new">Proinformatix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.proteinmechanics.com/" target="new">Protein Mechanics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.prosanos.com/" target="new">ProSanos</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.proteom.com/" target="new">Proteom</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.qgene.com/" target="new">QGene</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.q-pharm.com/home">Quantum Pharmaceuticals</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.rabbithutch.com/" target="new">RabbitHutch</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.receptorscience.com/" target="new">Receptor Science</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://redstormscientific.com/" target="new">Redstorm Scientific</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://rescentris.com/"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" color="#808080">Rescentris</font></a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.rosettabio.com/home.html" target="new">Rosetta Biosoftware</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.science-factory.com/">Science Factory</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.scinovaindia.com/" target="new">Scinova</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.sgi.com/chembio/" target="new">Silicon Graphics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.silicoinsights.com/" target="new">Silico Insights</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.simulations-plus.com/" target="new">Simulations Plus</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.softberry.com/" target="new">SoftBerry</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.softgenetics.com/">SoftGenetics</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.spsoft.com/" target="new">Southwest Parallel Software</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.starbridgesystems.com/">StarBridge Systems</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.strandgenomics.com/" target="new">Strand Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.synamatix.com/"><font color="#000000">Synamatix</font></a><br /> <a href="http://sysarris.com/">SysArris</a><br /> <a href="http://teranode.com/">Teranode</a><br /> <a href="http://www.textco.com/">Textco</a><a href="http://www.textco.com/"> BioSoftware</a><br /> <a href="http://www.transgenic-software.com/">Transgenic Software</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.tripos.com/" target="new">Tripos</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.turbogenomics.com/" target="new">Turbo Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.ubi.ca/">United Bioinformatica</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.vglab.com/" target="new">Virtual Genetics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.visipoint.fi/" target="new">Visipoint</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.vizxlabs.com/" target="new">VizXlabs</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.wabansoftware.com/" target="new">Waban Software</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://webgenetics.com/" target="new">WebGenetics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.wireworkswest.com/" target="new">WireWorks West</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.x-mine.com/" target="new">X-MINE</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.xpogen.com/" target="new">Xpogen</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Sequence Database Providers</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.celera.com/home.asp" target="new">Celera Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.curagen.com/" target="new">CuraGen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genelogic.com/" target="new">GeneLogic</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.incyte.com/" target="new">IncyteGenomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.nuvelo.com/">Nuvelo</a> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Sequence Analysis Softwares</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.aborygen.com/">AbOrygen</a><br /> <a href="http://www.accelrys.com/" target="new">Accelrys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biowire.com/bw_jsp/j_welcome_top.jsp" target="new">Biowire.com</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.dnastar.com/" target="new">DNAStar</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.doubletwist.com/" target="new">DoubleTwist</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.egenetics.com/" target="new">Electric Genetics</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bionavigator.com/" target="new">Entigen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genamics.com/">Genamics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genecodes.com/">GeneCodes</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gentech.fr/English-site/Btx_pages/Biotechnix_3d_home.html" target="new">GenTech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/" target="new">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.informaxinc.com/" target="new">InforMax</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.miraibio.com/">MiraiBio</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mbinsights.com/" target="new">Molecular Biology Insights</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.premierbiosoft.com/" target="new">Premier Biosoft</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.redasoft.com/" target="new">Redasoft</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.scied.com/" target="new">Sci-Ed Software</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.textco.com/" target="new">Textco</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Transcription Factor Binding Prediction</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://www.genomicdiscoverytools.com/">Genomic Discovery Tools</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><br /> </font> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Pharmaco &amp; Toxico Informatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.accelrys.com/" target="new">Accelrys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.camitro.com/">Camitro</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.goldenhelix.com/">Golden Helix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.leadscope.com/">LeadScope</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.chem.leeds.ac.uk/luk/">Lhasa</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mdli.com/">MDL Information Systems</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.multicase.com/">MultiCASE</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.scivision.com/">SciVision</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.simulations-plus.com/">Simulations Plus</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.tripos.com/" target="new">Tripos</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">ChemInformatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.aureus-pharma.com/" target="new">Aureus-Pharma</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.cambridgesoft.com/" target="new">CambridgeSoft</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://chemaxon.com/">ChemAxon</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://cheminnovation.com/" target="new">ChemInnovation Software</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.chemistry-software.com/" target="new">Chemistry-Software.com</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://chemsw.com/">ChemSW</a><br /> <a href="http://www.darpharma.com/">DarPharma</a><br /> <a href="http://www.daylight.com/">Daylight</a><br /> <a href="http://globalchemicaldata.com/">Global Chemical Data</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.hyper.com/">Hypercube</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.idbs.co.uk/index_a.asp?nav_version=flas">IDBS</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.jubilantbiosys.com/">Jubilant Biosys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.libraria.com/">Libraria</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.locusdiscovery.com/">Locus Discovery</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.mol-net.de/">Molecular Networks</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.molinspiration.com/">Molinspiration</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://optive.com/">Optive Research</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.predixpharm.com/">Predix</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://quorex.com/">Quorex</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.scitegic.com/main.html">SciTegic</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.sertanty.com/">Sertanty</a><br /> <a href="http://www.surfacelogix.com/">Surface Logix</a><br /> <a href="http://www.synthematix.com/">Synthematix</a><br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Clinical Informatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ardais.com/">Ardais</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.biobyte.com/">BioByte</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.chemnavigator.com/" target="new">ChemNavigator</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.goldenhelix.com/" target="new">Golden Helix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/" target="new">IBM Life Sciences</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.iuvita.com/">IuVita</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ppdinformatics.com/">PPD Informatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pharsight.com/">Pharsight</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.phaseforward.com/">Phase Forward</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.phase-it.de/">Phase-IT</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pluvita.com/">Pluvita</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.surromed.com/Technology.html">SurroMed</a> <br /> <br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Toxico Informatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.druglogic.com/">DrugLogic</a><br /> [[Entelos]]</font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genelogic.com/" target="new">GeneLogic</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.mergen-ltd.com/">Mergen</a><br /> &nbsp; <br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Ontology Informatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.egenetics.com/" target="new">Electric Genetics</a></font><br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">MassSpec, 2D Gel &amp; Image Analysis Informatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.amershambiosciences.com/na/">Amersham Biosciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.axon.com/">Axon Instruments</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.balthazarbio.com/">BioBridge Computing</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.daltonics.bruker.com/">Bruker Daltonics</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.2dgels.com/">Compugen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.cytomation.com/">Cytomation</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.decodon.de/">Decodon</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.definiens.com/">Definiens</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genebio.com/">Geneva Bioinformatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomicsolutions.com/">Genomic Solutions</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.ludesi.com/">Ludesi</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.sciex.com/">MDS Sciex</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mediacy.com/">Media Cybernetics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.micromass.co.uk/default7.asp">MicroMass</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.nonlinear.com/">Nonlinear Dynamics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.proteometrics.com/" target="new">ProteoMetrics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.proteomeworkssystem.com/" target="new">ProteomeWorks System</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.scanalytics.com/">Scanalytics</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.scimagix.com/">Scimagix</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.thermoquest.com/">ThermoFinnigan</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.vialogy.com/">ViaLogy</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">3D Animation &amp; Visulization</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.aborygen.com/">AbOrygen</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="Data%20Mining%20&amp;%20Visualization%0Ahttp://www.animech.com/">Animech</a><br /> </font><a href="http://www.sidectech.com/">Sidec Technologies</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><br /> </font> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Data Mining &amp; Visualization</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.affymetrix.com/" target="new">Affymetrix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.anvilinformatics.com/" target="new">AnVil Informatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.applied-maths.com/home.html" target="new">Applied Maths</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ariadnegenomics.com/" target="new">Ariadne Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biodiscovery.com/" target="new">BioDiscovery</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biosift.com/" target="new">BioSift</a></font> &nbsp; &nbsp;<br /> <a href="http://biomining.com/">BioMining</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.contentsoft.de/" target="new">ContentSoft</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://silicocyte.com/" target="new">CytoGenomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.enodar.com/" target="new">Enodar</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.expressionanalysis.com/">Expression Analysis</a><br /> <a href="http://genome-explorations.com/">Genome-Explorations</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/" target="new">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://imaging.brocku.ca/">Imaging Research</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.incellico.com/">Incellico</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://insightful.com/">Insightful</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.iobion.com/" target="new">Iobion Informatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://isenseit.com/" target="new">iSenseIt</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.megametrics.com/" target="new">MegaMetrics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.molmine.com/" target="new">MolMine</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.nag.com/" target="new">NAG</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://omniviz.com/">OmniViz</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.optimaldesign.com/">Optimal Design</a><br /> <font size="-0"><a href="http://www.predictivepatterns.com/" target="new"><font color="#000000">Predictive Patterns Software</font></a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.purpleinsight.com/home.html">Purple Insight</a><br /> <a href="http://www.sgi.com/">SGI</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.salford-systems.com/">Salford Systems</a> <br /> <a href="http://silicocyte.com/">SilicoCyte</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.sigenetics.com/" target="new">Silicon Genetics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.spotfire.com/">SpotFire</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.strandgenomics.com/" target="new">Strand Genomics</a><br /> </font><font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.visual-bioinformatics.com/">Visual Bioinformatics</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="middle" align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Protein Folding &amp; Structural Informatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.accelrys.com/" target="new">Accelrys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.algonomics.com/" target="new">AlgoNomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.astex-technology.com/home.htm" target="new">Astex Technology</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.cengent.com/"><font color="#000000">Cengent Therapeutics</font></a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.emeraldbiostructures.com/" target="new">Emerald Biostructures</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/" target="new">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.molsoft.com/" target="new">MolSoft</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.psf-ag.com/index.htm">PSF biotech</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://proceryon.com/" target="new">Proceryon</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.prospectgenomics.com/" target="new">Prospect Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.rib-x.com/" target="new">Rib-X</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.sireen.de/">Sireen</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.stromix.com/" target="new">Structural Genomix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.tripos.com/" target="new">Tripos</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Genetic &amp; Regulatory Networks</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.akceli.com/" target="new">Akceli</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ariadnegenomics.com/" target="new">Ariadne Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://cellnomica.com/">Cellnomica</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.fractalgenomics.com/">Fractal Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.gene-networks.com/">Gene Networks</a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomatica.com/">Genomatica</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/" target="new">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pubgene.com/" target="new">PubGene</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.tomsawyer.com/industry/bioinformatics.html" target="new">Tom Sawyer Software</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.genego.com/">GeneGo</a> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Molecular Simulation &amp; Modelling</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://www.camitro.com/home.htm">Camitro</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.cellnomica.com/">Cellnomica</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.entelos.com/">Entelos</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gnsbiotech.com/">Gene Network Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.hippron.com/">Hippron Physiomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.paradigmgenetics.com/" target="new">Icoria</a></font><br /> <a href="http://immunetrics.com/">Immunetrics</a><br /> <a href="http://www.physiome.com/">Physiome</a> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Computer Aided Drug Design<br /> &amp; In Silico Screening<br /> </font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.4sc.de/">4SC</a><br /> <a href="http://www.accelrys.com/" target="new">Accelrys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.denovopharma.com/" target="new">De Novo Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://kemia.com/" target="new">Kemia</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.nanodesign.com/">Nanodesign</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.ribotargets.com/corporate/corporate_overview.html">RiboTargets</a> <br /> <a href="http://sunesis.com/">Sunesis</a> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Computing Resource Providers</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.avaki.com/">Avaki</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.argentys.com/">Argentys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biosentients.com/">Biosentients</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biodigm.com/">Biodigm</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioreason.com/">Bioreason</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.computefarm.com/">Blackstone Computing</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.criticalsoftware.com/hpc/">Critical Software</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.darwindomains.com/">Darwin Domains</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.esolvbin.com/">E-bin Solutions</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.geneticxchange.com/">GeneticXchange</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.graphlogic.com/">GraphLogic</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www-1.ibm.com/servers/hpc/" target="new">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.labvantage.com/" target="new">LabVantage</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.linuxlabs.com/" target="new">Linux Labs</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.linuxnetworx.com/" target="new">Linux Networx</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.msa.com/medical/" target="new">Medical Science Associates</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.nextgen.com/" target="new">NextGen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.parabon.com/" target="new">Parabon</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.paracel.com/" target="new">Paracel</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.platform.com/" target="new">Platform Computing</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.racksaver.com/" target="new">RackSaver</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.rlx.com/" target="new">RLX Technologies</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.secant.com/" target="new">Secant Technologies</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.sgi.com/" target="new">SGI</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.sun.com/" target="new">Sun Microsystems</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.timelogic.com/bioinform1.html" target="new">TimeLogic</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.turbogenomics.com/" target="new">TurboGenomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.viaken.com/">Viaken</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.visualgenomics.com/" target="new">Visual Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.wsm.com/">Western Scientific</a> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Information Providers</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ameripath.com/">AmeriPath</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.embase.com/">EMBASE</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genesage.com/">GeneSage</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomichealth.com/home.html">Genomic Health</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pharmawatch.com/">Pharma Watch Communications</a></font> <br /> <br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Laboratory Information Management System</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://www.ais-lims.com/">Analystical Information Systems</a><br /> <a href="http://blazesystems.com/">Blaze Systems</a><br /> <a href="http://www.genologics.com/">GenoLogics</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://gensys.com/">GenSys</a><br /> <a href="http://www.id-bs.com/">IDBS</a><br /> <a href="http://www.innaphase.com/">InnaPhase</a></font><br /> <a href="http://lablynx.com/">Lablynx</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.labtronics.com/" target="new">Labtronics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://labvantage.com/">LabVantage</a><br /> <a href="http://www.labware.com/">LabWare</a><br /> <a href="http://www.neolytica.com/">Neolytica</a><br /> <a href="http://www.nugenesis.com/">NuGenesis Technologies</a><br /> <a href="http://www.lims-software.com/">QSI</a><a href="http://www.sibio.net/" target="new"><br /> Sibio <br /> </a><font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.scisw.com/" target="new">Scientific Software</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://scinomix.com/">Scinomix</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://starlims.com/">StarLIMS</a><br /> <a href="http://telecation.com/">Telecation</a><br /> <a href="http://www.thermo.com/">Thermo Electron Corporation</a><br /> &nbsp;<br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Text Mining &amp; Litrature Search</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ariadnegenomics.com/" target="new">Ariadne Genomics</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biowisdom.com/">BioWisdom</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.clearforest.com/">ClearForest</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.facultyof1000.com/start.asp">Faculty of 1000</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomewatch.biz/">GenomeWatch</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ingenuity.com/">Ingenuity</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.inpharmix.com/">InPharmix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pathinfo.com/">Pathology Informatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.proteome.com/">Proteome</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.reeltwo.com/">Reel Two</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.spss.com/applications/science/">SPSS</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.temis-group.com/">TEMIS Group</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.vglab.com/">Virtual Genetics</a></font> <br /> <br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Semantic Integration</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.landcglobal.com/">Language and Computing</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.synquiry.com/">Synquiry</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Business Intelligence &amp; Consulting</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://world.std.com/%7Eafs/">AFS Informatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://members.aol.com/alsobrookj/bioconsult.htm">Alsobrook Biotechnology Consulting</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biobridge.com/">BioBridge</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioscorpio.com/">Bioscorpio</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioseeker.com/">BioSeeker Group</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioteam.net/">BioTeam.net</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://main.biozak.com/">BioZak</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.btechnews.com/">Btech Investor</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.caddinformatics.com/">CADDinformatics Consulting</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.calyxbio.com/">Calyx</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.carecapital.com/">Care Capital</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.chemicalsimulations.com/">Chemical Simulations Group</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.dresources.com/">Decision Resources</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.djkpartners.com/">DJK Partners</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.dianoetica.com/">Dianoetica</a><br /> <a href="http://www.elashoffconsulting.com/">Elashoff Consulting</a><br /> <a href="http://evobio.info/">Evolutionary Bioinformatics</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.fkpi.com/altindex.html">Feinstein Kean Healthcare</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.frontlinesmc.com/">Front Line Strategic Consulting</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.healthtechnetwork.com/index.htm" target="new">Health Technology Networks</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/" target="new">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://insightful.com/">Insightful</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pharmabiotech.ch/" target="new">Jain PharmaBiotech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.krugconsulting.com/" target="new">Krug Consulting Group<br /> </a><a href="http://www.milser.co.in/">Milser</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.mogene.com/">MOgene</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.nigeons.com/eng/index.html">Nigeons</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.pointpurchasing.com/">Point Purchasing</a><br /> <a href="http://www.proteomeconsult.com/">Proteome Consult</a><a href="http://www.rresults.com/"><br /> </a><font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.rresults.com/">Research Results</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://rxlogix.com/">RxLogix</a><br /> <a href="http://www.sellscience.com/">SellScience</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioinformaticist.biz/">Tahoe Informatics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.transadvancis.com/">TransADVANcis</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.windhover.com/">Windhover<br /> <br /> </a></font> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Technology Investing</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biobridge.com/">Clairus Technology</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.genechem.com/html/brief.html">GeneChem</a><br /> <br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Product Comparison &amp; Reviews</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://biocompare.com/index.asp">BioCompare</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.biowire.com/">Biowire.com</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.selectscience.net/">SelectScience.net</a> <br /> <br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Laboratory Products Vendors&nbsp;</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.abcam.com/">Abcam-antibodies</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.atcc.org/" target="new">ATCC</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.atcg.com/" target="new">ATCG</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.antibodyresource.com/" target="new">Antibody Resource</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://store.bio.com/os/start/store1/store.html" target="new">Bio.com (softwares)</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biosupplynet.com/" target="new">BioSupplyNet</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.chemconnect.com/" target="new">ChemConnect</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.chemdex.com/" target="new">Chemdex</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.iscpubs.com/bg/us/usidir.html" target="new">Lab Crawler</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mdyn.com/" target="new">Molecular Dynamics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://antibodies-probes.com/">MSRS antibodies</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.oligoengine.com/">OligoEngine</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.pharmagene.com/home.htm">PharmaGene</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.sciquest.com/" target="new">SciQuest</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Used or Pre-Owned Laboratory Equipments</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bestlabdeals.com/">Best Lab Deals</a><br /> <a href="http://www.biobid.com/" target="new">BioBid</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biosurplus.com/" target="new">BioSurplus</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.labdollars.com/">Lab Dollars</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.labjunk.com/HOME.cfm" target="new">Labjunk.com</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.labequip.com/">Lab Equip</a><br /> <a href="http://labtrader.com/">Lab Trader</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.labx.com/" target="new">LabX</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.labextreme.com/">Lab eXtreme</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.liscientific.com/" target="new">Long Island Scientific</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pegasusscientific.com/" target="new">Pegasus Scientific</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://scical.com/">Scientific Calibrations</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.seeinc.com/" target="new">Scientific Equipment Exchange</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.triadsci.com/" target="new">Triad Scientific</a></font> </font> a7db26f226b8a44ca90ddd24ff75bfeb114a6317 2895 2010-03-16T21:34:31Z BioKM 79 wikitext text/x-wiki <table width="90%" cols="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="1" background="fancygreen.gif" summary=""> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font size="3" color="#000000">[http://bioinformatics.ws Bioinformatics] Companies</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><br /> <strong>[[Big Bioinformatics Companies]]</strong><br /> <br /> [[3rd Millennium]]</font> : Waltham, MA 02451. USA: provider of custom informatics systems, management consulting services, and packaged software products for the life sciences. <br /> <font color="#000000">[[Aber Genomic Computing]]: Aberystwyth, UK</font><br /> [[Acero]]<br /> <font color="#000000">[[AgileBio]]: NY, USA. and Paris France</font><br /> <a href="http://www.allometra.com/">Allometra</a>: [[Allometra]] [[PyMood]]<br /> <a href="http://www.amartus.com/">Amartus</a>: Enterprise Software Solutions<br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.anedabio.com/" target="new">Aneda</a></font> : Gond down?<br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.apocom.com/" target="new">ApoCom Genomics</a></font> : [[ApoCom Genomics]]<br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.arraygenetics.com/about_array_genetics.html" target="new">Array Genetics</a></font> : [[Array Genetics]] DNA microarray data analysis tools.<br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.artificial-life.com/" target="new">Artificial Life</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://avesthagen.com/" target="new">Avesthagen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://base4.com/" target="new">Base4</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.bioalma.com/">Bioalma</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biodata.com/company" target="new">BioData</a></font> : BioData Inc. develops and markets state of the art <a href="http://www.biodata.com/" target="new">laboratory management</a> tools designed especially for researchers in the academic and industrial markets.<br /> <font color="#000000">[[BioDiscovery.com]]</font> : BioDiscovery develops and sells&nbsp;software and services&nbsp;for drug discovery and diagnostics by efficiently managing, integrating, and analyzing data generated using high-throughput microarray technology<br /> <font color="#000000">[http://www.japanorama.com/dd/index.html Darwin Domains] from Japanorama.com<br /> <a href="http://www.bioinformaticsservices.com/" target="new">Bioinformatics Services</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioinformaticssolutions.com/" target="new">Bioinformatics Solutions</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biodata.com/" target="new">BioKM</a></font>: BioKM was designed to meet the everyday needs of researchers. It is an online laboratory management tool from <a href="http://www.biodata.com/company" target="new">BioData</a>. Manage your research progress, samples, and experimental results. <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biolateral.com.au/" target="new">BioLateral</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biomax.de/" target="new">BioMax Informatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biomedcomp.com/" target="new">Biomedical Computing</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bmi-heidelberg.com/" target="new">Biomedical Informatics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://biomind.com/">BioMind</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biosoft.com/" target="new">BioSoft</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biosolve.de/" target="new">BioSolve</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biotiquesystems.com/" target="new">Biotique Systems</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biotools.com/" target="new">BioTools</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biowisdom.com/" target="new">BioWisdom</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://caesarsoftware.com/" target="new">Caesar Software</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.changbioscience.com/" target="new">Chang Bioscience</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.chemcomp.com/" target="new">Chemical Computing Group</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.cimsoft.com/" target="new">Cimarron Software</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.clcbio.com/">CLC Bio</a>: [[CLC Bio]]: Bioinformatics Workbench<br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://cognia.com/" target="new">Cognia</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://compassbioinfo.com/" target="new">Compass Bioinformatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.compassgenomics.com/" target="new">Compass Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.compudrug.com/" target="new">CompuDrug</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.cgen.com/" target="new">Compugen</a></font> :&nbsp;&nbsp;discovery and licensing of product candidates to the drug and diagnostic industry<br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.concurrentpharma.com/" target="new">Concurrent Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://dnr.cc/">Correla</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.correlogic.com/" target="new">Correlogic Systems</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://corimbia.com/" target="new">Corimbia</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.cresset-bmd.com/">Cresset BioMolecular Discovery</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.cybergene.se/" target="new">CyberGene</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.duii.com/" target="new">Data Unlimited</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.decodon.com/" target="new">Decodon</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.d-trends.com/" target="new">D'Trends</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.eidogen.com/">Eidogen</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.egenetics.com/" target="new">Electric Genetics</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.eragen.com/">Eragen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.fractalgenomics.com/">Fractal Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gemini-genomics.com/">Gemini Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000">[http://www.genecodes.com Gene Codes Corperation]: MI, USA. : Sequencher package.<br /> <a href="http://www.genedata.com/">GeneData</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gene-it.com/">Gene-IT</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.geneticxchange.com/Home.html">GeneticXchange</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.genetix.com/">Genetix</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genebio.com/">Geneva Bioinformatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genmatrix.com/">GenMatrix</a></font><br /> [http://www.genologics.com/ Genologics] Bioinformatics software company<br /> <a href="http://www.genolyze.com/">Genolyze </a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomica.com/" target="new">Genomica</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomicdiscoverytools.com/">Genomic Discovery Tools</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://genomix.com/" target="new">Genomix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genops.com/indexnet.html" target="new">Genops Bioinformatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genstruct.com/" target="new">GenStruct</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gentech.fr/English-site/Gentech/Home.html" target="new">GenTech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.geospiza.com/" target="new">Geospiza</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.helixinfosystems.com/">HelixInfoSystems</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ibiomatics.com/" target="new">iBiomatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/" target="new">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.idrtech.com/" target="new">IDRTech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.incellico.com/" target="new">Incellico</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.incogen.com/" target="new">INCOGEN</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.incyte.com/" target="new">InCyte</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://informagen.com/" target="new">Informagen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.inforsense.com/" target="new">InforSense</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ingenovis.com/" target="new">Ingenovis</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.interactiva.de/" target="new">Interactiva</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.inpharmatica.com/main.html" target="new">Inpharmatica</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.insightful.com/default_class5.asp" target="new">Insightful Corporation</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.insilico-biotechnology.com/" target="new">Insilico Biotechnology</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.insilicolabs.com/" target="new">In Silico Labs</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.insilico.com/" target="new">Insilico Software</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.inveniobio.com/" target="new">InvenioBioSolutions</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.io-informatics.com/">IO Informatics</a><br /> <a href="http://www.iuvita.com/">IuVita</a><br /> <a href="http://janssen-genomics.com/">Janssen Genomics</a><br /> <a href="http://www.kennatechnologies.com/">Kenna Technologies</a><br /> <a href="http://www.kinematik.com/">KineMatik</a><br /> <font color="#000000">[http://www.labcollector.com/ Labcollector from AgileBio]<br /> <a href="../../C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/skpray/My%20Documents/My%20Webs/_private/www.lablogic.com" target="new">LabLogic</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.lionbioscience.com/" target="new">LION BioScience</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.ludesi.com/">Ludesi</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mantik.de/" target="new">Mantik Bioinformatik</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.matrixscience.com/cgi/index.pl?page=../home.html" target="new">Matrix Science</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mdli.com/cgi/dynamic/welcome.html" target="new">MDL Information Systems</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.metabolic-explorer.com/" target="new">METabolic EXplorer</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://metaworksinc.com/">MetaWorks</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.microdiscovery.de/" target="new">MicroDiscovery</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.miraibio.com/" target="new">MiraiBio</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mag.com/" target="new">Molecular Application Group</a></font> <br /> <a href="https://www.molecularconnections.com/">Molecular Connections</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mol-net.de/" target="new">Molecular Networks</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.molecularware.com/" target="new">MolecularWare</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://morpho-inc.com/">Morpho</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mpi-softtech.com/" target="new">MPI Software Technology</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.neomorphic.com/" target="new">Neomorphic</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.netgenics.com/" target="new">NetGenics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.netid.com/index.html" target="new">Net-ID</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://nexusgenomics.com/"><font color="#000000">Nexus Genomics</font></a><br /> <a href="http://www.ocimumbio.com/" target="new"><font color="#000000">Ocimum Biosolutions</font></a>&nbsp;<br /> OITEK, Korea http://oitek.com<br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.omnigon.com/" target="new">Omnigon Technologies</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.eyesopen.com/">OpenEye</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.origenel.com/" target="new">OriGenel</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.packardbiochip.com/index2.htm" target="new">Packard BioChip Technologies</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.partek.com/" target="new">Partek</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pharmadm.com/" target="new">PharmaDM</a></font>&nbsp;<br /> [http://www.physiomics-plc.com Physiomics-plc]: Oxford Science park, <a href="mailto:info@physiomics-plc.com">info@physiomics-plc.com</a>&nbsp;UK. [[Physiomics-PLC]]<br /> <a href="http://www.premierbiosoft.com/">Premier Biosoft</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://proinformatix.com/" target="new">Proinformatix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.proteinmechanics.com/" target="new">Protein Mechanics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.prosanos.com/" target="new">ProSanos</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.proteom.com/" target="new">Proteom</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.qgene.com/" target="new">QGene</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.q-pharm.com/home">Quantum Pharmaceuticals</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.rabbithutch.com/" target="new">RabbitHutch</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.receptorscience.com/" target="new">Receptor Science</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://redstormscientific.com/" target="new">Redstorm Scientific</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://rescentris.com/"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" color="#808080">Rescentris</font></a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.rosettabio.com/home.html" target="new">Rosetta Biosoftware</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.science-factory.com/">Science Factory</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.scinovaindia.com/" target="new">Scinova</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.sgi.com/chembio/" target="new">Silicon Graphics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.silicoinsights.com/" target="new">Silico Insights</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.simulations-plus.com/" target="new">Simulations Plus</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.softberry.com/" target="new">SoftBerry</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.softgenetics.com/">SoftGenetics</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.spsoft.com/" target="new">Southwest Parallel Software</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.starbridgesystems.com/">StarBridge Systems</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.strandgenomics.com/" target="new">Strand Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.synamatix.com/"><font color="#000000">Synamatix</font></a><br /> <a href="http://sysarris.com/">SysArris</a><br /> <a href="http://teranode.com/">Teranode</a><br /> <a href="http://www.textco.com/">Textco</a><a href="http://www.textco.com/"> BioSoftware</a><br /> <a href="http://www.transgenic-software.com/">Transgenic Software</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.tripos.com/" target="new">Tripos</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.turbogenomics.com/" target="new">Turbo Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.ubi.ca/">United Bioinformatica</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.vglab.com/" target="new">Virtual Genetics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.visipoint.fi/" target="new">Visipoint</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.vizxlabs.com/" target="new">VizXlabs</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.wabansoftware.com/" target="new">Waban Software</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://webgenetics.com/" target="new">WebGenetics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.wireworkswest.com/" target="new">WireWorks West</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.x-mine.com/" target="new">X-MINE</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.xpogen.com/" target="new">Xpogen</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Sequence Database Providers</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.celera.com/home.asp" target="new">Celera Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.curagen.com/" target="new">CuraGen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genelogic.com/" target="new">GeneLogic</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.incyte.com/" target="new">IncyteGenomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.nuvelo.com/">Nuvelo</a> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Sequence Analysis Softwares</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.aborygen.com/">AbOrygen</a><br /> <a href="http://www.accelrys.com/" target="new">Accelrys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biowire.com/bw_jsp/j_welcome_top.jsp" target="new">Biowire.com</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.dnastar.com/" target="new">DNAStar</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.doubletwist.com/" target="new">DoubleTwist</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.egenetics.com/" target="new">Electric Genetics</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bionavigator.com/" target="new">Entigen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genamics.com/">Genamics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genecodes.com/">GeneCodes</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gentech.fr/English-site/Btx_pages/Biotechnix_3d_home.html" target="new">GenTech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/" target="new">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.informaxinc.com/" target="new">InforMax</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.miraibio.com/">MiraiBio</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mbinsights.com/" target="new">Molecular Biology Insights</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.premierbiosoft.com/" target="new">Premier Biosoft</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.redasoft.com/" target="new">Redasoft</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.scied.com/" target="new">Sci-Ed Software</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.textco.com/" target="new">Textco</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Transcription Factor Binding Prediction</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://www.genomicdiscoverytools.com/">Genomic Discovery Tools</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><br /> </font> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Pharmaco &amp; Toxico Informatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.accelrys.com/" target="new">Accelrys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.camitro.com/">Camitro</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.goldenhelix.com/">Golden Helix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.leadscope.com/">LeadScope</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.chem.leeds.ac.uk/luk/">Lhasa</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mdli.com/">MDL Information Systems</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.multicase.com/">MultiCASE</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.scivision.com/">SciVision</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.simulations-plus.com/">Simulations Plus</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.tripos.com/" target="new">Tripos</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">ChemInformatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.aureus-pharma.com/" target="new">Aureus-Pharma</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.cambridgesoft.com/" target="new">CambridgeSoft</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://chemaxon.com/">ChemAxon</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://cheminnovation.com/" target="new">ChemInnovation Software</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.chemistry-software.com/" target="new">Chemistry-Software.com</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://chemsw.com/">ChemSW</a><br /> <a href="http://www.darpharma.com/">DarPharma</a><br /> <a href="http://www.daylight.com/">Daylight</a><br /> <a href="http://globalchemicaldata.com/">Global Chemical Data</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.hyper.com/">Hypercube</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.idbs.co.uk/index_a.asp?nav_version=flas">IDBS</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.jubilantbiosys.com/">Jubilant Biosys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.libraria.com/">Libraria</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.locusdiscovery.com/">Locus Discovery</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.mol-net.de/">Molecular Networks</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.molinspiration.com/">Molinspiration</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://optive.com/">Optive Research</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.predixpharm.com/">Predix</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://quorex.com/">Quorex</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.scitegic.com/main.html">SciTegic</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.sertanty.com/">Sertanty</a><br /> <a href="http://www.surfacelogix.com/">Surface Logix</a><br /> <a href="http://www.synthematix.com/">Synthematix</a><br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Clinical Informatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ardais.com/">Ardais</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.biobyte.com/">BioByte</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.chemnavigator.com/" target="new">ChemNavigator</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.goldenhelix.com/" target="new">Golden Helix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/" target="new">IBM Life Sciences</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.iuvita.com/">IuVita</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ppdinformatics.com/">PPD Informatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pharsight.com/">Pharsight</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.phaseforward.com/">Phase Forward</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.phase-it.de/">Phase-IT</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pluvita.com/">Pluvita</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.surromed.com/Technology.html">SurroMed</a> <br /> <br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Toxico Informatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.druglogic.com/">DrugLogic</a><br /> [[Entelos]]</font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genelogic.com/" target="new">GeneLogic</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.mergen-ltd.com/">Mergen</a><br /> &nbsp; <br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Ontology Informatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.egenetics.com/" target="new">Electric Genetics</a></font><br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">MassSpec, 2D Gel &amp; Image Analysis Informatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.amershambiosciences.com/na/">Amersham Biosciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.axon.com/">Axon Instruments</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.balthazarbio.com/">BioBridge Computing</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.daltonics.bruker.com/">Bruker Daltonics</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.2dgels.com/">Compugen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.cytomation.com/">Cytomation</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.decodon.de/">Decodon</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.definiens.com/">Definiens</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genebio.com/">Geneva Bioinformatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomicsolutions.com/">Genomic Solutions</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.ludesi.com/">Ludesi</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.sciex.com/">MDS Sciex</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mediacy.com/">Media Cybernetics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.micromass.co.uk/default7.asp">MicroMass</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.nonlinear.com/">Nonlinear Dynamics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.proteometrics.com/" target="new">ProteoMetrics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.proteomeworkssystem.com/" target="new">ProteomeWorks System</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.scanalytics.com/">Scanalytics</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.scimagix.com/">Scimagix</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.thermoquest.com/">ThermoFinnigan</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.vialogy.com/">ViaLogy</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">3D Animation &amp; Visulization</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.aborygen.com/">AbOrygen</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="Data%20Mining%20&amp;%20Visualization%0Ahttp://www.animech.com/">Animech</a><br /> </font><a href="http://www.sidectech.com/">Sidec Technologies</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><br /> </font> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Data Mining &amp; Visualization</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.affymetrix.com/" target="new">Affymetrix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.anvilinformatics.com/" target="new">AnVil Informatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.applied-maths.com/home.html" target="new">Applied Maths</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ariadnegenomics.com/" target="new">Ariadne Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biodiscovery.com/" target="new">BioDiscovery</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biosift.com/" target="new">BioSift</a></font> &nbsp; &nbsp;<br /> <a href="http://biomining.com/">BioMining</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.contentsoft.de/" target="new">ContentSoft</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://silicocyte.com/" target="new">CytoGenomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.enodar.com/" target="new">Enodar</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.expressionanalysis.com/">Expression Analysis</a><br /> <a href="http://genome-explorations.com/">Genome-Explorations</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/" target="new">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://imaging.brocku.ca/">Imaging Research</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.incellico.com/">Incellico</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://insightful.com/">Insightful</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.iobion.com/" target="new">Iobion Informatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://isenseit.com/" target="new">iSenseIt</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.megametrics.com/" target="new">MegaMetrics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.molmine.com/" target="new">MolMine</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.nag.com/" target="new">NAG</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://omniviz.com/">OmniViz</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.optimaldesign.com/">Optimal Design</a><br /> <font size="-0"><a href="http://www.predictivepatterns.com/" target="new"><font color="#000000">Predictive Patterns Software</font></a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.purpleinsight.com/home.html">Purple Insight</a><br /> <a href="http://www.sgi.com/">SGI</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.salford-systems.com/">Salford Systems</a> <br /> <a href="http://silicocyte.com/">SilicoCyte</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.sigenetics.com/" target="new">Silicon Genetics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.spotfire.com/">SpotFire</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.strandgenomics.com/" target="new">Strand Genomics</a><br /> </font><font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.visual-bioinformatics.com/">Visual Bioinformatics</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="middle" align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Protein Folding &amp; Structural Informatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.accelrys.com/" target="new">Accelrys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.algonomics.com/" target="new">AlgoNomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.astex-technology.com/home.htm" target="new">Astex Technology</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.cengent.com/"><font color="#000000">Cengent Therapeutics</font></a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.emeraldbiostructures.com/" target="new">Emerald Biostructures</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/" target="new">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.molsoft.com/" target="new">MolSoft</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.psf-ag.com/index.htm">PSF biotech</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://proceryon.com/" target="new">Proceryon</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.prospectgenomics.com/" target="new">Prospect Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.rib-x.com/" target="new">Rib-X</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.sireen.de/">Sireen</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.stromix.com/" target="new">Structural Genomix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.tripos.com/" target="new">Tripos</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Genetic &amp; Regulatory Networks</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.akceli.com/" target="new">Akceli</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ariadnegenomics.com/" target="new">Ariadne Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://cellnomica.com/">Cellnomica</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.fractalgenomics.com/">Fractal Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.gene-networks.com/">Gene Networks</a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomatica.com/">Genomatica</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/" target="new">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pubgene.com/" target="new">PubGene</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.tomsawyer.com/industry/bioinformatics.html" target="new">Tom Sawyer Software</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.genego.com/">GeneGo</a> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Molecular Simulation &amp; Modelling</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://www.camitro.com/home.htm">Camitro</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.cellnomica.com/">Cellnomica</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.entelos.com/">Entelos</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gnsbiotech.com/">Gene Network Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.hippron.com/">Hippron Physiomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.paradigmgenetics.com/" target="new">Icoria</a></font><br /> <a href="http://immunetrics.com/">Immunetrics</a><br /> <a href="http://www.physiome.com/">Physiome</a> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Computer Aided Drug Design<br /> &amp; In Silico Screening<br /> </font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.4sc.de/">4SC</a><br /> <a href="http://www.accelrys.com/" target="new">Accelrys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.denovopharma.com/" target="new">De Novo Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://kemia.com/" target="new">Kemia</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.nanodesign.com/">Nanodesign</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.ribotargets.com/corporate/corporate_overview.html">RiboTargets</a> <br /> <a href="http://sunesis.com/">Sunesis</a> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Computing Resource Providers</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.avaki.com/">Avaki</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.argentys.com/">Argentys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biosentients.com/">Biosentients</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biodigm.com/">Biodigm</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioreason.com/">Bioreason</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.computefarm.com/">Blackstone Computing</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.criticalsoftware.com/hpc/">Critical Software</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.darwindomains.com/">Darwin Domains</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.esolvbin.com/">E-bin Solutions</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.geneticxchange.com/">GeneticXchange</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.graphlogic.com/">GraphLogic</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www-1.ibm.com/servers/hpc/" target="new">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.labvantage.com/" target="new">LabVantage</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.linuxlabs.com/" target="new">Linux Labs</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.linuxnetworx.com/" target="new">Linux Networx</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.msa.com/medical/" target="new">Medical Science Associates</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.nextgen.com/" target="new">NextGen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.parabon.com/" target="new">Parabon</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.paracel.com/" target="new">Paracel</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.platform.com/" target="new">Platform Computing</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.racksaver.com/" target="new">RackSaver</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.rlx.com/" target="new">RLX Technologies</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.secant.com/" target="new">Secant Technologies</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.sgi.com/" target="new">SGI</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.sun.com/" target="new">Sun Microsystems</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.timelogic.com/bioinform1.html" target="new">TimeLogic</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.turbogenomics.com/" target="new">TurboGenomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.viaken.com/">Viaken</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.visualgenomics.com/" target="new">Visual Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.wsm.com/">Western Scientific</a> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Information Providers</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ameripath.com/">AmeriPath</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.embase.com/">EMBASE</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genesage.com/">GeneSage</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomichealth.com/home.html">Genomic Health</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pharmawatch.com/">Pharma Watch Communications</a></font> <br /> <br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Laboratory Information Management System</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://www.ais-lims.com/">Analystical Information Systems</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biodata.com/">BioKM</a></font>: BioKM was designed to meet the everyday needs of researchers. It is an online laboratory management tool from <a target="new" href="http://www.biodata.com/company">BioData</a>. Manage your research progress, samples, and experimental results. <br /> <a href="http://blazesystems.com/">Blaze Systems</a><br /> <a href="http://www.genologics.com/">GenoLogics</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://gensys.com/">GenSys</a><br /> <a href="http://www.id-bs.com/">IDBS</a><br /> <a href="http://www.innaphase.com/">InnaPhase</a></font><br /> <a href="http://lablynx.com/">Lablynx</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.labtronics.com/" target="new">Labtronics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://labvantage.com/">LabVantage</a><br /> <a href="http://www.labware.com/">LabWare</a><br /> <a href="http://www.neolytica.com/">Neolytica</a><br /> <a href="http://www.nugenesis.com/">NuGenesis Technologies</a><br /> <a href="http://www.lims-software.com/">QSI</a><a href="http://www.sibio.net/" target="new"><br /> Sibio <br /> </a><font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.scisw.com/" target="new">Scientific Software</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://scinomix.com/">Scinomix</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://starlims.com/">StarLIMS</a><br /> <a href="http://telecation.com/">Telecation</a><br /> <a href="http://www.thermo.com/">Thermo Electron Corporation</a><br /> &nbsp;<br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Text Mining &amp; Litrature Search</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ariadnegenomics.com/" target="new">Ariadne Genomics</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biowisdom.com/">BioWisdom</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.clearforest.com/">ClearForest</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.facultyof1000.com/start.asp">Faculty of 1000</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomewatch.biz/">GenomeWatch</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ingenuity.com/">Ingenuity</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.inpharmix.com/">InPharmix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pathinfo.com/">Pathology Informatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.proteome.com/">Proteome</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.reeltwo.com/">Reel Two</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.spss.com/applications/science/">SPSS</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.temis-group.com/">TEMIS Group</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.vglab.com/">Virtual Genetics</a></font> <br /> <br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Semantic Integration</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.landcglobal.com/">Language and Computing</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.synquiry.com/">Synquiry</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Business Intelligence &amp; Consulting</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://world.std.com/%7Eafs/">AFS Informatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://members.aol.com/alsobrookj/bioconsult.htm">Alsobrook Biotechnology Consulting</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biobridge.com/">BioBridge</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioscorpio.com/">Bioscorpio</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioseeker.com/">BioSeeker Group</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioteam.net/">BioTeam.net</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://main.biozak.com/">BioZak</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.btechnews.com/">Btech Investor</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.caddinformatics.com/">CADDinformatics Consulting</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.calyxbio.com/">Calyx</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.carecapital.com/">Care Capital</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.chemicalsimulations.com/">Chemical Simulations Group</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.dresources.com/">Decision Resources</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.djkpartners.com/">DJK Partners</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.dianoetica.com/">Dianoetica</a><br /> <a href="http://www.elashoffconsulting.com/">Elashoff Consulting</a><br /> <a href="http://evobio.info/">Evolutionary Bioinformatics</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.fkpi.com/altindex.html">Feinstein Kean Healthcare</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.frontlinesmc.com/">Front Line Strategic Consulting</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.healthtechnetwork.com/index.htm" target="new">Health Technology Networks</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/" target="new">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://insightful.com/">Insightful</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pharmabiotech.ch/" target="new">Jain PharmaBiotech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.krugconsulting.com/" target="new">Krug Consulting Group<br /> </a><a href="http://www.milser.co.in/">Milser</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.mogene.com/">MOgene</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.nigeons.com/eng/index.html">Nigeons</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.pointpurchasing.com/">Point Purchasing</a><br /> <a href="http://www.proteomeconsult.com/">Proteome Consult</a><a href="http://www.rresults.com/"><br /> </a><font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.rresults.com/">Research Results</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://rxlogix.com/">RxLogix</a><br /> <a href="http://www.sellscience.com/">SellScience</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioinformaticist.biz/">Tahoe Informatics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.transadvancis.com/">TransADVANcis</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.windhover.com/">Windhover<br /> <br /> </a></font> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Technology Investing</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biobridge.com/">Clairus Technology</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.genechem.com/html/brief.html">GeneChem</a><br /> <br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Product Comparison &amp; Reviews</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://biocompare.com/index.asp">BioCompare</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.biowire.com/">Biowire.com</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.selectscience.net/">SelectScience.net</a> <br /> <br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Laboratory Products Vendors&nbsp;</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.abcam.com/">Abcam-antibodies</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.atcc.org/" target="new">ATCC</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.atcg.com/" target="new">ATCG</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.antibodyresource.com/" target="new">Antibody Resource</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://store.bio.com/os/start/store1/store.html" target="new">Bio.com (softwares)</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biosupplynet.com/" target="new">BioSupplyNet</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.chemconnect.com/" target="new">ChemConnect</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.chemdex.com/" target="new">Chemdex</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.iscpubs.com/bg/us/usidir.html" target="new">Lab Crawler</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mdyn.com/" target="new">Molecular Dynamics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://antibodies-probes.com/">MSRS antibodies</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.oligoengine.com/">OligoEngine</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.pharmagene.com/home.htm">PharmaGene</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.sciquest.com/" target="new">SciQuest</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Used or Pre-Owned Laboratory Equipments</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bestlabdeals.com/">Best Lab Deals</a><br /> <a href="http://www.biobid.com/" target="new">BioBid</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biosurplus.com/" target="new">BioSurplus</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.labdollars.com/">Lab Dollars</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.labjunk.com/HOME.cfm" target="new">Labjunk.com</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.labequip.com/">Lab Equip</a><br /> <a href="http://labtrader.com/">Lab Trader</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.labx.com/" target="new">LabX</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.labextreme.com/">Lab eXtreme</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.liscientific.com/" target="new">Long Island Scientific</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pegasusscientific.com/" target="new">Pegasus Scientific</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://scical.com/">Scientific Calibrations</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.seeinc.com/" target="new">Scientific Equipment Exchange</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.triadsci.com/" target="new">Triad Scientific</a></font> </font> 8fd9971a54d8028cdc2dd08d6fe6ec448c971f68 0 1844 2900 2010-03-18T09:59:36Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5">The Human Genome Rights</font>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <font size="4">Everyone has the right to know one's own genome information by birth.</font><br /> <br /> It is the most fundamental right for&nbsp;a biological information object in the universe to know one's own information construct such as one's own genome. It is about knowing oneself and understanding the network of interaction partners around one.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <font size="4">Everyone has the right to protect one's own genome information by birth.</font><br /> <br /> It is the second most fundamental right for a biological information object in the universe to protect and conceal one's own information construct such as one's own genome to protect one own interest and dignity in the biological&nbsp;interaction network.<br /> <br /> <font size="4">Everyone has the right not to be discriminated by one's own genome information by birth.</font><br /> <br /> It is the third most fundamental right for a biological information object, such as a human, in the universe not to be discriminated by one's own information construct such as one's own genome to have an equal opportunity of survival and living in the biological&nbsp;interaction network.<br /> <br /> <br /> <font size="4">[[What is the human genome rights?]]</font><br /> <br /> Every biological information object, such as a human being, is born with a set of inherited genetic information. That information was not&nbsp;chosen by&nbsp;him- or&nbsp;herself before one's own birth.&nbsp;Individuals&nbsp;can not&nbsp;opt to be born or not although one's previous genetic entities predispose such a birth (eg.,&nbsp;parents agree&nbsp;biologically agree to give births). Each individual can not choose one's own composition of such genetic information at the time of birth. The human genome rights is a social agreement among us in the biological interaction network that at least each one has the right to have an access to one's own genome make-up so that one knows one's own genomic construct to understand oneself and cope with one's life with one's own decision and responsibility.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> e8c5eda217eae4804a2ec545ff3639e09ab60690 2901 2010-03-18T10:03:27Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5">The Human Genome Rights</font>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <font size="4">Everyone has the right to know one's own genome information by birth.</font><br /> <br /> It is the most fundamental right for&nbsp;a biological information object in the universe to know one's own information construct such as one's own genome. It is about knowing oneself and understanding the network of interaction partners around one.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <font size="4">Everyone has the right to protect one's own genome information by birth.</font><br /> <br /> It is the second most fundamental right for a biological information object in the universe to protect and conceal one's own information construct such as one's own genome to protect one own interest and dignity in the biological&nbsp;interaction network.<br /> <br /> <font size="4">Everyone has the right not to be discriminated by one's own genome information by birth.</font><br /> <br /> It is the third most fundamental right for a biological information object, such as a human, in the universe not to be discriminated by one's own information construct such as one's own genome to have an equal opportunity of survival and living in the biological&nbsp;interaction network.<br /> <br /> <br /> <font size="4">[[What is the human genome rights?]]</font><br /> <br /> Every biological information object, such as a human being, is born with a set of inherited genetic information. That information was not&nbsp;chosen by&nbsp;him- or&nbsp;herself before one's own birth.&nbsp;Individuals&nbsp;can not&nbsp;opt to be born or not although one's previous genetic entities predispose such a birth (eg.,&nbsp;parents agree&nbsp;biologically agree to give births). Each individual can not choose one's own composition of such genetic information at the time of birth. The human genome rights is a social agreement among us in the biological interaction network that at least each one has the right to have an access to one's own genome make-up so that one knows one's own genomic construct to understand oneself and cope with one's life with one's own decision and responsibility.<br /> The second chapter of the human genome rights is to provide options to everyone to manage,&nbsp;enhance,&nbsp;and protect one's life.&nbsp;<br /> The third chapter of the human genome rights is to provide&nbsp;a social contract to everyone that they are not discriminated by his or&nbsp;her genomic make-up in acquiring&nbsp;equal opportunity&nbsp;in societies.<br /> <br /> &nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> c014c10609830474518a984a56742ecc79d8f149 2903 2010-03-18T12:26:35Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5">The Human Genome Rights</font>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> - BioFoundation<br /> <br /> <font size="4">Everyone has the right to know one's own genome information by birth.</font><br /> <br /> It is the most fundamental right for&nbsp;a biological information object in the universe to know one's own information construct such as one's own genome. It is about knowing oneself and understanding the network of interaction partners around one.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <font size="4">Everyone has the right to protect one's own genome information by birth.</font><br /> <br /> It is the second most fundamental right for a biological information object in the universe to protect and conceal one's own information construct such as one's own genome to protect one own interest and dignity in the biological&nbsp;interaction network.<br /> <br /> <font size="4">Everyone has the right not to be discriminated by one's own genome information by birth.</font><br /> <br /> It is the third most fundamental right for a biological information object, such as a human, in the universe not to be discriminated by one's own information construct such as one's own genome to have an equal opportunity of survival and living in the biological&nbsp;interaction network.<br /> <br /> <br /> <font size="4">[[What is the human genome rights?]]</font><br /> <br /> Every biological information object, such as a human being, is born with a set of inherited genetic information. That information was not&nbsp;chosen by&nbsp;him- or&nbsp;herself before one's own birth.&nbsp;Individuals&nbsp;can not&nbsp;opt to be born or not although one's previous genetic entities predispose such a birth (eg.,&nbsp;parents agree&nbsp;biologically agree to give births). Each individual can not choose one's own composition of such genetic information at the time of birth. The human genome rights is a social agreement among us in the biological interaction network that at least each one has the right to have an access to one's own genome make-up so that one knows one's own genomic construct to understand oneself and cope with one's life with one's own decision and responsibility.<br /> The second chapter of the human genome rights is to provide options to everyone to manage,&nbsp;enhance,&nbsp;and protect one's life.&nbsp;<br /> The third chapter of the human genome rights is to provide&nbsp;a social contract to everyone that they are not discriminated by his or&nbsp;her genomic make-up in acquiring&nbsp;equal opportunity&nbsp;in societies.<br /> <br /> &nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 771fce0f7dd0cf203b3e67a65a8df6e7216b7b12 2904 2010-03-18T12:26:52Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5">The Human Genome Rights</font>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> - [http://biofoundation.net BioFoundation]<br /> <br /> <font size="4">Everyone has the right to know one's own genome information by birth.</font><br /> <br /> It is the most fundamental right for&nbsp;a biological information object in the universe to know one's own information construct such as one's own genome. It is about knowing oneself and understanding the network of interaction partners around one.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <font size="4">Everyone has the right to protect one's own genome information by birth.</font><br /> <br /> It is the second most fundamental right for a biological information object in the universe to protect and conceal one's own information construct such as one's own genome to protect one own interest and dignity in the biological&nbsp;interaction network.<br /> <br /> <font size="4">Everyone has the right not to be discriminated by one's own genome information by birth.</font><br /> <br /> It is the third most fundamental right for a biological information object, such as a human, in the universe not to be discriminated by one's own information construct such as one's own genome to have an equal opportunity of survival and living in the biological&nbsp;interaction network.<br /> <br /> <br /> <font size="4">[[What is the human genome rights?]]</font><br /> <br /> Every biological information object, such as a human being, is born with a set of inherited genetic information. That information was not&nbsp;chosen by&nbsp;him- or&nbsp;herself before one's own birth.&nbsp;Individuals&nbsp;can not&nbsp;opt to be born or not although one's previous genetic entities predispose such a birth (eg.,&nbsp;parents agree&nbsp;biologically agree to give births). Each individual can not choose one's own composition of such genetic information at the time of birth. The human genome rights is a social agreement among us in the biological interaction network that at least each one has the right to have an access to one's own genome make-up so that one knows one's own genomic construct to understand oneself and cope with one's life with one's own decision and responsibility.<br /> The second chapter of the human genome rights is to provide options to everyone to manage,&nbsp;enhance,&nbsp;and protect one's life.&nbsp;<br /> The third chapter of the human genome rights is to provide&nbsp;a social contract to everyone that they are not discriminated by his or&nbsp;her genomic make-up in acquiring&nbsp;equal opportunity&nbsp;in societies.<br /> <br /> &nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 5e35b83c2464ef21363232f47c44f0d851a8e25f 2907 2010-03-20T02:17:42Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5">The Human Genome Rights</font>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> - [http://biofoundation.net BioFoundation]<br /> <br /> <font size="4">Everyone has the right to know one's own genome information by birth.</font><br /> <br /> It is the most fundamental right for&nbsp;a biological information object in the universe to know one's own information construct such as one's own genome. It is about knowing oneself and understanding the network of interaction partners around one.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <font size="4">Everyone has the right to protect one's own genome information by birth.</font><br /> <br /> It is the second most fundamental right for a biological information object in the universe to protect and conceal one's own information construct such as one's own genome to protect one own interest and dignity in the biological&nbsp;interaction network.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <font size="4">[[What is the human genome rights?]]</font><br /> <br /> Every biological information object, such as a human being, is born with a set of inherited genetic information. That information was not&nbsp;chosen by&nbsp;him- or&nbsp;herself before one's own birth.&nbsp;Individuals&nbsp;can not&nbsp;opt to be born or not although one's previous genetic entities predispose such a birth (eg.,&nbsp;parents agree&nbsp;biologically agree to give births). Each individual can not choose one's own composition of such genetic information at the time of birth. The human genome rights is a social agreement among us in the biological interaction network that at least each one has the right to have an access to one's own genome make-up so that one knows one's own genomic construct to understand oneself and cope with one's life with one's own decision and responsibility.<br /> The second chapter of the human genome rights is to provide options to everyone to manage,&nbsp;enhance,&nbsp;and protect one's life.&nbsp;<br /> The third chapter of the human genome rights is to provide&nbsp;a social contract to everyone that they are not discriminated by his or&nbsp;her genomic make-up in acquiring&nbsp;equal opportunity&nbsp;in societies.<br /> <br /> &nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 561c3b0b81de9361f8e736ec765ae98006579823 2914 2010-03-22T12:31:29Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5">The Human Genome Rights</font>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> - [http://biofoundation.net BioFoundation]<br /> <br /> <font size="4">Everyone has the right to know one's own genome information by birth.</font><br /> <br /> It is the most fundamental right for&nbsp;a biological information object in the universe to know one's own information construct such as one's own genome. It is about knowing oneself and understanding the network of interaction partners around one.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <font size="4">Everyone has the right to protect one's own genome information by birth.</font><br /> <br /> It is the second most fundamental right for a biological information object in the universe to protect and conceal one's own information construct such as one's own genome to protect one own interest and dignity in the biological&nbsp;interaction network.<br /> <br /> <font size="4">Everyone has the right not to be discriminated solely by one's own genome type and information by birth.</font><br /> <br /> It is the third most fundamental right for a biological information object, such as a human, in the universe not to be discriminated by one's own information construct type such as one's own genome in order to have an equal opportunity of survival and living in the biological&nbsp;interaction network.<br /> <br /> * This is to prevent a situation where a society or a company excludes certain people for his/her genome type in a competition and employment. The third right has many issues as phenotypes often endow discrimination in societies. For example, an&nbsp;army can excludes certain voluteers for their physical features. It is a kind of discrimination. The genome type of excluded volunteers are associated with phenotypes. As the association can never be 100% in biological world, it is not acceptable to exclude volunteers by checking the genometypes. <br /> <br /> <font size="4">[[What is the human genome rights?]]</font><br /> <br /> Every biological information object, such as a human being, is born with a set of inherited genetic information. That information was not&nbsp;chosen by&nbsp;him- or&nbsp;herself before one's own birth.&nbsp;Individuals&nbsp;can not&nbsp;opt to be born or not although one's previous genetic entities predispose such a birth (eg.,&nbsp;parents agree&nbsp;biologically agree to give births). Each individual can not choose one's own composition of such genetic information at the time of birth. The human genome rights is a social agreement among us in the biological interaction network that at least each one has the right to have an access to one's own genome make-up so that one knows one's own genomic construct to understand oneself and cope with one's life with one's own decision and responsibility.<br /> The second chapter of the human genome rights is to provide options to everyone to manage,&nbsp;enhance,&nbsp;and protect one's life.&nbsp;<br /> The third chapter of the human genome rights is to provide&nbsp;a social contract to everyone that they are not discriminated by his or&nbsp;her genomic make-up in acquiring&nbsp;equal opportunity&nbsp;in societies.<br /> <br /> &nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 9045b4f2fd7f923454fefe12cd82f1db4b8e0e81 2915 2010-03-22T12:39:46Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5">The Human Genome Rights</font>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> - [http://biofoundation.net BioFoundation]<br /> <br /> <font size="4">Everyone has the right to know one's own genome information by birth.</font><br /> <br /> It is the most fundamental right for&nbsp;a biological information object in the universe to know one's own information construct such as one's own genome. It is about knowing oneself and understanding the network of interaction partners around one.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <font size="4">Everyone has the right to protect one's own genome information by birth.</font><br /> <br /> It is the second most fundamental right for a biological information object in the universe to protect and conceal one's own information construct such as one's own genome to protect one own interest and dignity in the biological&nbsp;interaction network.<br /> <br /> <font size="4">Everyone has the right not to be discriminated solely by one's own genome type and information by birth.</font><br /> <br /> It is the third most fundamental right for a biological information object, such as a human, in the universe not to be discriminated by one's own information construct type such as one's own genome in order to have an equal opportunity of survival and living in the biological&nbsp;interaction network.<br /> <br /> * This is to prevent a situation where a society or a company excludes certain people for his/her genome type in a competition and employment. The third right has many issues as phenotypes often endow discrimination in societies. For example, an&nbsp;army can excludes certain voluteers for their physical features. It is a kind of discrimination. An employer can discriminate applicants duly because the type of work is such.&nbsp;<br /> The genome type of excluded volunteers/applicants are associated with phenotypes. However, the association can never be 100% in biological world, it is not acceptable to pre-exclude volunteers by checking the genometypes only. This will be similar to discriminating people for his/her racial background (here, race implies some genetic background).&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <font size="4">[[What is the human genome rights?]]</font><br /> <br /> Every biological information object, such as a human being, is born with a set of inherited genetic information. That information was not&nbsp;chosen by&nbsp;him- or&nbsp;herself before one's own birth.&nbsp;Individuals&nbsp;can not&nbsp;opt to be born or not although one's previous genetic entities predispose such a birth (eg.,&nbsp;parents agree&nbsp;biologically agree to give births). Each individual can not choose one's own composition of such genetic information at the time of birth. The human genome rights is a social agreement among us in the biological interaction network that at least each one has the right to have an access to one's own genome make-up so that one knows one's own genomic construct to understand oneself and cope with one's life with one's own decision and responsibility.<br /> The second chapter of the human genome rights is to provide options to everyone to manage,&nbsp;enhance,&nbsp;and protect one's life.&nbsp;<br /> The third chapter of the human genome rights is to provide&nbsp;a social contract to everyone that they are not discriminated by his or&nbsp;her genomic make-up in acquiring&nbsp;equal opportunity&nbsp;in societies.<br /> <br /> &nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> f0f20e68c04d03e0a556602b2ecfd20bee04399a 0 1845 2902 2010-03-18T10:14:13Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">The human genome rights</font><br /> <br /> In technical terms, it is a gigantic feedback process for complicated information processing objects (human beings).<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> f02e81393a5b37317f812232c84e6cad7d209ad0 2916 2010-03-22T12:43:34Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">The human genome rights</font><br /> <br /> In technical terms, it is a gigantic feedback process for complicated information processing objects (human beings). In the course of evolution, it heralds a stage where the whole biological information network needs to know its own genomic composition.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> The very essence of any living organism is 'information processing entity'. Therefore, acquiring the information totality, blue prints, information map, or whatver ome, is the very fundamental right for biological information objects.<br /> <br /> <strong>The philosophical aspect of Human Genome Rights.</strong><br /> The human genome rights is not only social and scientific, but it is philosophial.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> da31a6529e148224509b25ea0248743b0c705f7a 0 1846 2909 2010-03-21T18:53:10Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="3">Two Korean families, totaling 8 people, have been fully sequenced by Korean researchers.</font><br /> <br /> &nbsp;-- Lee Gilya Cancer Diabetes, SamSung SDS, and Theragen Inc. --<br /> <br /> The project aims to finish sequencing by the end of April and fully analysis results by the end of August.<br /> <br /> The study is led by Dr. Kim Seong-Jin of LCGI who is also the first Korean human genome donor.<br /> The bioinformatics analysis will be done by SamSung SDS and Theragen BiO Institute.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 2efa3d1405f4a27fc17f517dd2d94367f60fc03f 0 1847 2911 2010-03-21T18:54:32Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki Complete Genomics Inc. claimed to achive $5000 dollar human genome sequencing in 2009.<br /> <br /> However, they failed to achieve the goal.<br /> <br /> aeeb1b5132a31e7970987826f4e9dad9f7d8ee45 0 1758 2912 2010-03-21T18:56:19Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4"><font size="3"><strong>20100303:</strong> [[Theragen Inc. launched a personal genome typing service similar to 23andme's. However, the product was withheld due to legal issues.]] <br /> <strong>20091230:</strong> [[Theragen Inc. in Korea launches commercial full genome and SNP chip personal genome service. The first in Asia]]<br /> <strong>20090928:</strong> [[Potato genome draft announced]]<strong><br /> 20090810:</strong> [[A Caucasian human genome was sequenced by Helicos single molecule sequencer]].<br /> <strong>20090805:</strong> [[Recurring Mutations Found by Full length Sequencing of an Acute Myeloid Leukemia Genome (AML)]]. [[N Engl J Med]]<br /> <strong>20090802:</strong> [[The complete genome sequence of Triticum mosaic virus is published in Arch Vriol.]]<br /> <strong>20090730</strong>: [[Crocodile genome map published in BMC Genomics]].<br /> <strong>20090727</strong>: [[A new multiplex sequencing method published by MPI group for highly degraded DNA fragments. Cave bear mitochondria]]<br /> 20090724: DNA Sequencing and&nbsp;Array Drive 8% Growth for Roche in First Half of 2009. [[454 GS FLX]] and [[Nimblegen]]. [http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/dna-sequencing-systems-arrays-drive-8-percent-growth-roche-applied-science-first]<br /> <strong>20090724</strong>: BGI (Beijing Genomics Institute) in China participates in orchid genome (<em>[[Phalaenopsis equestris]]) </em>sequencing. [http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/bgi-china-partners-sequence-orchids]<br /> 20090716: Navigenics Lowers Health Compass Price to $999 USD. [http://www.genomeweb.com/dxpgx/navigenics-lowers-health-compass-price-1k]<br /> 20090716: Celera Uses&nbsp;Automated Workflows for Genomics [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/17/celera-pushes-boundaries.html]<br /> 20090716: [[A draft genomic sequence for a worm, Schistosoma japonicum, was published]].<br /> 20090716: Genomes Of Parasitic Flatworms Decoded: <em>Schistosoma mansoni</em> and <em>Schistosoma japonicum</em> [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090715131439.htm]<br /> <strong>20090716</strong>: <!-- a href=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl?z2090023735&amp;z=950242273 target=_parent><b>Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</b></a --></font><a target="_parent" d.moreover.com="" click="" c.moreover.com="" href="http://www.bioportfolio.co.uk/cgi-bin/dialogserver.exe?CMD=hit.displayMdoc&amp;ID=3022030&amp;HITNO=2&amp;MSIZE=634&amp;LANGUAGE=en&amp;FILE=doc.NEWSFEED&amp;SAVEQUERY00=Genomics&amp;SAVEPROP00=L%3den&amp;SAVEDB=news&amp;SAVEORGANISE_CODED=R:date&amp;R=3022030&amp;THISHREF=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl%3fz2090023735%26amp%3bz%3d950242273&amp;THEHOST=site d.moreover.com"><strong><font color="#0066cc" size="3">Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</font></strong></a><font size="3">&nbsp;<br /> <strong>20090715</strong>: [[Pathway Genomics]] starts the Direct-to-Consumer Genomics service as 23andme and Decodeme [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/15/pathway-consumer-genomics.html]<br /> <strong>20090714</strong>: OryzaSNP Consortium IDs Thousands of Variants in Rice Genome: [http://www.genomeweb.com/arrays/oryzasnp-consortium-ids-thousands-variants-rice-genome]&nbsp;<br /> <strong>20090709</strong>: [[The second Korean pesonal genome was sequenced by a Korean team and analyzed by US researchers]] (Macrogen and Seoul University Medical School)<br /> <strong>20090630</strong>: [[Genomic linkage map of the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni]]:&nbsp; <em>Genome Biology</em> 2009, <strong>10</strong><strong>:</strong>R71<span class="pseudotab">doi:10.1186/gb-2009-10-6-r71</span>&nbsp;<br /> 20090629: [[Melon Genome Map was publicized by US researchers]]<br /> <strong>20090616</strong>: Illumina Launches Personal Genome-Sequencing Service Using Genome Analyzer II. [http://scienceblogs.com/geneticfuture/2009/06/illumina_launches_personal_gen.php]<br /> <strong>20090604</strong>: [[An integrated genetic and cytogenetic map of the cucumber genome was announced in PLOS One]]<br /> <strong>20090603</strong>: [[Neanderthal genome sequeced by MPI Germany and Roche]]<br /> <strong>20090601</strong>: Microsoft buys Rosetta Biosoftware from Merck. Merck becomes the client of Microsoft.<br /> <strong>20090529:&nbsp;</strong>[[A new malaria agent in African chimpanzees found]]. <br /> <strong>20090526</strong>: [[The first Korean Genome Sequence analysis]] by two Korean teams&nbsp;published in [http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2009/05/26/gr.092197.109.full.pdf+html Genome Research article]<br /> 20081208: [[Soybean genome, G. max data publicized]]<br /> <strong>20081204</strong>: [http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/tech/2008/12/133_35578.html Korean Genome Publicized]. The sequencing and bioinformatic analyses were carried out by two&nbsp;Korean teams. <br /> </font><br /> <br /> <hr /> [[Genomics News Links]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Biotechnology News Sites]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Science News Sites]]<br /> <br /> </font> f69d3832f8c90ec89e78e0678e8b8fde1db32096 0 1848 2913 2010-03-21T18:57:07Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki In Korea, there is a strict law preventing companies to perform non-diagnostic genetic experiment and analysis to make profit.<br /> <br /> e08a93107472590925ba077d3dc1d3e0aea6541c 0 1849 2918 2010-03-26T00:32:08Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <h2><a href="http://www.getconference.org/">http://www.getconference.org/</a><br /> <br /> GET Conference 2010, April 27th. Boston.</h2> <p>The GET Conference 2010 marks the last chance in history to collect everyone with a personal genome sequence on the same stage to share their experiences and discuss the important ways in which personal genomes will affect all of our lives in the coming years.<br /> <br /> </p> bb7ee646e01eaf5c221cc21fb167ae7a67d0936b 0 1851 2926 2010-03-27T14:17:02Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5">Genome Sequencers</font><br /> <br /> e627f11a7093bd68c7d337f4ad4ae61709b6c344 2927 2010-03-27T14:17:51Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5">Genome Sequencers</font><br /> <br /> [[Illumina Estimates 1,500 Next-Gen Sequencers Installed to&nbsp;March 24, 2010]]<br /> <br /> 68718f6b7ae928141dcbc452b1b63fc3c0c95f9a 2928 2010-03-27T14:20:52Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p> <table style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(199,208,248) 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(199,208,248) 1px solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(242,245,253); MARGIN: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 7px; PADDING-RIGHT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(199,208,248) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(199,208,248) 1px solid; PADDING-TOP: 7px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px" width="100%"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: xx-large"><font size="6">Genome Sequencers</font></span></span></p> </td> <td style="TEXT-ALIGN: right">&nbsp; <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table style="MARGIN: 0px -8px; BORDER-SPACING: 8px" width="100%" align="left"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; WIDTH: 55%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px"> <table style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px" cellspacing="5" cellpadding="2" width="100%" align="left"> <tbody> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(177,205,235) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(177,205,235) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(206,219,239); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(177,205,235) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(177,205,235) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px">&nbsp;Genome Sequencers&nbsp;<font color="#ff0000">News</font></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller"> <div class="floatleft">&nbsp;</div> <div class="floatleft"><span style="FONT-SIZE: small">►[[Illumina Estimates 1,500 Next-Gen Sequencers Installed to&nbsp;March 24, 2010]]</span></div> <div class="floatleft">&nbsp;</div> </td> </tr> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(210,230,195) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(210,230,195) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(222,243,206); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(210,230,195) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(210,230,195) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px">Research on Genome Sequencers</th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller" valign="middle" align="left"> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small">[[Personalized Medicine]]</span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small">[[Personal Gnenomics]]</span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small">[[AngioGenesis drug]]</span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small">[[Bioinformatics]]</span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small">[[RNA expression]] </span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small">[[Protein structure]]</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(221,221,164) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(221,221,164) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(239,243,206); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(221,221,164) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(221,221,164) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px">Projects for Genome Sequencers</th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller" valign="middle" width="100%" align="left"> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small">&diams;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>[[GenomeCare]]: </strong>TBI aims to link genes to diseases</span><br /> &nbsp;</p> <div style="TEXT-ALIGN: right"> <div style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; FONT-SIZE: 12px" class="plainlinks">&nbsp;</div> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;[[Disclaimer]]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(255,255,255); VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px"> <table style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(255,255,255); VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="1" width="100%" height="448"> <tbody> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(195,230,220) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(195,230,220) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(206,239,231); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(195,230,220) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(195,230,220) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px" width="100%">&nbsp;Genome Sequencer Resource</th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller"> <div class="floatright">&nbsp;</div> <ul> <li><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><strong>[[Bioinformatics Pipeline]]</strong> </span></li> <li><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><strong>[[Genomics Pipeline]]</strong> </span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(204,255,128) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(204,255,128) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(230,255,191); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(204,255,128) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(204,255,128) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px" width="100%">[[Image:Page logo 1.gif]] Classified&nbsp;</th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller"> <table style="BACKGROUND: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding" width="100%"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <div><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)">[[Image:booklogo.png]]<br /> </span></span></div> </td> <td><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)">Introduction<br /> </span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div>&nbsp;</div> </td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)">[[Image:Mol logo.png]]<br /> </span></span></div> </td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)">[[Image:Pic_logo.png]]</span></span></div> </td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)">[[Image:Setting.png]]</span></span></div> </td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)">[[Image:Ques.png]]<br /> </span></span></div> </td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller" bgcolor="#ffffcc"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"> <div><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)">[[Image:User logo.png]]</span></span></div> &nbsp;Sequencing researchers</span></strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller" bgcolor="#ffffee"> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small">&nbsp;</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller" bgcolor="#ffffdd"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">[[External links]]</span></strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> <ul> <li>[[Illumina User Group meeting in Phuket 2010 abstract by Theragen BiO Insititute]] </li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(238,223,164) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(238,223,164) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(244,234,195); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(238,223,164) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(238,223,164) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px"> <div class="floatnone">[[Sequencing Companies]]</div> </th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller"> <div class="center"> <div class="floatnone"><span style="FONT-SIZE: small">&nbsp;</span></div> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><br /> &nbsp;</p> <p><br /> &nbsp;</p> <br /> <br /> d53e4ae922e65da328aabd5458c1f501831fb068 2929 2010-03-27T14:21:54Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p> <table style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(199,208,248) 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(199,208,248) 1px solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(242,245,253); MARGIN: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 7px; PADDING-RIGHT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(199,208,248) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(199,208,248) 1px solid; PADDING-TOP: 7px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px" width="100%"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: xx-large"><font size="6"><strong>Genome Sequencers</strong></font></span></span></p> </td> <td style="TEXT-ALIGN: right">&nbsp; <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table style="MARGIN: 0px -8px; BORDER-SPACING: 8px" width="100%" align="left"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; WIDTH: 55%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px"> <table style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px" cellspacing="5" cellpadding="2" width="100%" align="left"> <tbody> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(177,205,235) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(177,205,235) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(206,219,239); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(177,205,235) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(177,205,235) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px" bgcolor="#006666"><font size="4">&nbsp;Genome Sequencers&nbsp;<font color="#ff0000">News</font></font></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller"> <div class="floatleft">&nbsp;</div> <div class="floatleft"><span style="FONT-SIZE: small">►[[Illumina Estimates 1,500 Next-Gen Sequencers Installed to&nbsp;March 24, 2010]]</span></div> <div class="floatleft">&nbsp;</div> </td> </tr> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(210,230,195) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(210,230,195) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(222,243,206); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(210,230,195) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(210,230,195) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px"><font size="4">Research on Genome Sequencers</font></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller" valign="middle" align="left"> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small">[[Personalized Medicine]]</span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small">[[Personal Gnenomics]]</span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small">[[AngioGenesis drug]]</span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small">[[Bioinformatics]]</span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small">[[RNA expression]] </span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small">[[Protein structure]]</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(221,221,164) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(221,221,164) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(239,243,206); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(221,221,164) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(221,221,164) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px">Projects for Genome Sequencers</th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller" valign="middle" width="100%" align="left"> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small">&diams;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>[[GenomeCare]]: </strong>TBI aims to link genes to diseases</span><br /> &nbsp;</p> <div style="TEXT-ALIGN: right"> <div style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; FONT-SIZE: 12px" class="plainlinks">&nbsp;</div> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;[[Disclaimer]]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(255,255,255); VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px"> <table style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(255,255,255); VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="1" width="100%" height="448"> <tbody> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(195,230,220) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(195,230,220) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(206,239,231); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(195,230,220) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(195,230,220) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px" width="100%">&nbsp;<font size="4">Genome Sequencer Resource</font></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller"> <div class="floatright">&nbsp;</div> <ul> <li><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><strong>[[Bioinformatics Pipeline]]</strong> </span></li> <li><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><strong>[[Genomics Pipeline]]</strong> </span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(204,255,128) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(204,255,128) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(230,255,191); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(204,255,128) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(204,255,128) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px" width="100%"><font size="4">[[Image:Page logo 1.gif]] Classified</font>&nbsp;</th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller"> <table style="BACKGROUND: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding" width="100%"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <div><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)">[[Image:booklogo.png]]<br /> </span></span></div> </td> <td><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)">Introduction<br /> </span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div>&nbsp;</div> </td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)">[[Image:Mol logo.png]]<br /> </span></span></div> </td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)">[[Image:Pic_logo.png]]</span></span></div> </td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)">[[Image:Setting.png]]</span></span></div> </td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)">[[Image:Ques.png]]<br /> </span></span></div> </td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller" bgcolor="#ffffcc"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"> <div><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)">[[Image:User logo.png]]</span></span></div> &nbsp;Sequencing researchers</span></strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller" bgcolor="#ffffee"> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small">&nbsp;</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller" bgcolor="#ffffdd"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">[[External links]]</span></strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> <ul> <li>[[Illumina User Group meeting in Phuket 2010 abstract by Theragen BiO Insititute]] </li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(238,223,164) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(238,223,164) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(244,234,195); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(238,223,164) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(238,223,164) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px"> <div class="floatnone">[[Sequencing Companies]]</div> </th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller"> <div class="center"> <div class="floatnone"><span style="FONT-SIZE: small">&nbsp;</span></div> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><br /> &nbsp;</p> <p><br /> &nbsp;</p> <br /> <br /> f0472456e26e9a44b9a6ace14eb7190667423445 2930 2010-03-27T14:22:18Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p> <table style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(199,208,248) 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(199,208,248) 1px solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(242,245,253); MARGIN: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 7px; PADDING-RIGHT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(199,208,248) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(199,208,248) 1px solid; PADDING-TOP: 7px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px" width="100%"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: xx-large"><font size="6"><strong>Genome Sequencer <font color="#c0c0c0">informtion at Genomics.org</font></strong></font></span></span></p> </td> <td style="TEXT-ALIGN: right">&nbsp; <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table style="MARGIN: 0px -8px; BORDER-SPACING: 8px" width="100%" align="left"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; WIDTH: 55%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px"> <table style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px" cellspacing="5" cellpadding="2" width="100%" align="left"> <tbody> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(177,205,235) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(177,205,235) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(206,219,239); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(177,205,235) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(177,205,235) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px" bgcolor="#006666"><font size="4">&nbsp;Genome Sequencers&nbsp;<font color="#ff0000">News</font></font></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller"> <div class="floatleft">&nbsp;</div> <div class="floatleft"><span style="FONT-SIZE: small">►[[Illumina Estimates 1,500 Next-Gen Sequencers Installed to&nbsp;March 24, 2010]]</span></div> <div class="floatleft">&nbsp;</div> </td> </tr> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(210,230,195) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(210,230,195) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(222,243,206); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(210,230,195) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(210,230,195) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px"><font size="4">Research on Genome Sequencers</font></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller" valign="middle" align="left"> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small">[[Personalized Medicine]]</span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small">[[Personal Gnenomics]]</span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small">[[AngioGenesis drug]]</span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small">[[Bioinformatics]]</span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small">[[RNA expression]] </span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small">[[Protein structure]]</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(221,221,164) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(221,221,164) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(239,243,206); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(221,221,164) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(221,221,164) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px">Projects for Genome Sequencers</th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller" valign="middle" width="100%" align="left"> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small">&diams;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>[[GenomeCare]]: </strong>TBI aims to link genes to diseases</span><br /> &nbsp;</p> <div style="TEXT-ALIGN: right"> <div style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; FONT-SIZE: 12px" class="plainlinks">&nbsp;</div> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;[[Disclaimer]]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(255,255,255); VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px"> <table style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(255,255,255); VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="1" width="100%" height="448"> <tbody> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(195,230,220) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(195,230,220) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(206,239,231); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(195,230,220) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(195,230,220) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px" width="100%">&nbsp;<font size="4">Genome Sequencer Resource</font></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller"> <div class="floatright">&nbsp;</div> <ul> <li><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><strong>[[Bioinformatics Pipeline]]</strong> </span></li> <li><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><strong>[[Genomics Pipeline]]</strong> </span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(204,255,128) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(204,255,128) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(230,255,191); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(204,255,128) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(204,255,128) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px" width="100%"><font size="4">[[Image:Page logo 1.gif]] Classified</font>&nbsp;</th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller"> <table style="BACKGROUND: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding" width="100%"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <div><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)">[[Image:booklogo.png]]<br /> </span></span></div> </td> <td><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)">Introduction<br /> </span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div>&nbsp;</div> </td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)">[[Image:Mol logo.png]]<br /> </span></span></div> </td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)">[[Image:Pic_logo.png]]</span></span></div> </td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)">[[Image:Setting.png]]</span></span></div> </td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)">[[Image:Ques.png]]<br /> </span></span></div> </td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller" bgcolor="#ffffcc"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"> <div><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)">[[Image:User logo.png]]</span></span></div> &nbsp;Sequencing researchers</span></strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller" bgcolor="#ffffee"> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small">&nbsp;</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller" bgcolor="#ffffdd"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">[[External links]]</span></strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> <ul> <li>[[Illumina User Group meeting in Phuket 2010 abstract by Theragen BiO Insititute]] </li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(238,223,164) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(238,223,164) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(244,234,195); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(238,223,164) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(238,223,164) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px"> <div class="floatnone">[[Sequencing Companies]]</div> </th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller"> <div class="center"> <div class="floatnone"><span style="FONT-SIZE: small">&nbsp;</span></div> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><br /> &nbsp;</p> <p><br /> &nbsp;</p> <br /> <br /> 212d626ec71f28feae8d25f56c948d5576d1ad27 2931 2010-03-27T14:22:30Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p> <table style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(199,208,248) 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(199,208,248) 1px solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(242,245,253); MARGIN: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 7px; PADDING-RIGHT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(199,208,248) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(199,208,248) 1px solid; PADDING-TOP: 7px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px" width="100%"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: xx-large"><font size="6"><strong>Genome Sequencer <font color="#c0c0c0">informtion at Genomics.org</font></strong></font></span></span></p> </td> <td style="TEXT-ALIGN: right">&nbsp; <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table style="MARGIN: 0px -8px; BORDER-SPACING: 8px" width="100%" align="left"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; WIDTH: 55%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px"> <table style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px" cellspacing="5" cellpadding="2" width="100%" align="left"> <tbody> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(177,205,235) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(177,205,235) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(206,219,239); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(177,205,235) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(177,205,235) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px" bgcolor="#006666"><font size="4">&nbsp;Genome Sequencers&nbsp;<font color="#ff0000">News</font></font></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller"> <div class="floatleft">&nbsp;</div> <div class="floatleft"><span style="FONT-SIZE: small">►[[Illumina Estimates 1,500 Next-Gen Sequencers Installed to&nbsp;March 24, 2010]]</span></div> <div class="floatleft">&nbsp;</div> </td> </tr> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(210,230,195) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(210,230,195) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(222,243,206); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(210,230,195) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(210,230,195) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px"><font size="4">Research on Genome Sequencers</font></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller" valign="middle" align="left"> <p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"></span></p> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(221,221,164) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(221,221,164) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(239,243,206); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(221,221,164) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(221,221,164) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px">Projects for Genome Sequencers</th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller" valign="middle" width="100%" align="left"> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small">&diams;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>[[GenomeCare]]: </strong>TBI aims to link genes to diseases</span><br /> &nbsp;</p> <div style="TEXT-ALIGN: right"> <div style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; FONT-SIZE: 12px" class="plainlinks">&nbsp;</div> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;[[Disclaimer]]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(255,255,255); VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px"> <table style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(255,255,255); VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="1" width="100%" height="448"> <tbody> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(195,230,220) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(195,230,220) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(206,239,231); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(195,230,220) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(195,230,220) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px" width="100%">&nbsp;<font size="4">Genome Sequencer Resource</font></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller"> <div class="floatright">&nbsp;</div> <ul> <li><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><strong>[[Bioinformatics Pipeline]]</strong> </span></li> <li><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><strong>[[Genomics Pipeline]]</strong> </span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(204,255,128) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(204,255,128) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(230,255,191); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(204,255,128) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(204,255,128) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px" width="100%"><font size="4">[[Image:Page logo 1.gif]] Classified</font>&nbsp;</th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller"> <table style="BACKGROUND: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding" width="100%"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <div><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)">[[Image:booklogo.png]]<br /> </span></span></div> </td> <td><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)">Introduction<br /> </span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div>&nbsp;</div> </td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)">[[Image:Mol logo.png]]<br /> </span></span></div> </td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)">[[Image:Pic_logo.png]]</span></span></div> </td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)">[[Image:Setting.png]]</span></span></div> </td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)">[[Image:Ques.png]]<br /> </span></span></div> </td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller" bgcolor="#ffffcc"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"> <div><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)">[[Image:User logo.png]]</span></span></div> &nbsp;Sequencing researchers</span></strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller" bgcolor="#ffffee"> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small">&nbsp;</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller" bgcolor="#ffffdd"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">[[External links]]</span></strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> <ul> <li>[[Illumina User Group meeting in Phuket 2010 abstract by Theragen BiO Insititute]] </li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(238,223,164) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(238,223,164) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(244,234,195); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(238,223,164) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(238,223,164) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px"> <div class="floatnone">[[Sequencing Companies]]</div> </th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller"> <div class="center"> <div class="floatnone"><span style="FONT-SIZE: small">&nbsp;</span></div> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><br /> &nbsp;</p> <p><br /> &nbsp;</p> <br /> <br /> 0bbfcb283a5fbd7f73ddd53ba01b958e34392754 2932 2010-03-27T14:22:41Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p> <table style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(199,208,248) 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(199,208,248) 1px solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(242,245,253); MARGIN: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 7px; PADDING-RIGHT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(199,208,248) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(199,208,248) 1px solid; PADDING-TOP: 7px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px" width="100%"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: xx-large"><font size="6"><strong>Genome Sequencer <font color="#c0c0c0">informtion at Genomics.org</font></strong></font></span></span></p> </td> <td style="TEXT-ALIGN: right">&nbsp; <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table style="MARGIN: 0px -8px; BORDER-SPACING: 8px" width="100%" align="left"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; WIDTH: 55%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px"> <table style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px" cellspacing="5" cellpadding="2" width="100%" align="left"> <tbody> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(177,205,235) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(177,205,235) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(206,219,239); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(177,205,235) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(177,205,235) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px" bgcolor="#006666"><font size="4">&nbsp;Genome Sequencers&nbsp;<font color="#ff0000">News</font></font></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller"> <div class="floatleft">&nbsp;</div> <div class="floatleft"><span style="FONT-SIZE: small">►[[Illumina Estimates 1,500 Next-Gen Sequencers Installed to&nbsp;March 24, 2010]]</span></div> <div class="floatleft">&nbsp;</div> </td> </tr> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(210,230,195) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(210,230,195) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(222,243,206); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(210,230,195) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(210,230,195) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px"><font size="4">Research on Genome Sequencers</font></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller" valign="middle" align="left"> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"></span></p> &nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(221,221,164) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(221,221,164) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(239,243,206); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(221,221,164) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(221,221,164) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px">Projects for Genome Sequencers</th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller" valign="middle" width="100%" align="left"> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small">&diams;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>[[GenomeCare]]: </strong>TBI aims to link genes to diseases</span><br /> &nbsp;</p> <div style="TEXT-ALIGN: right"> <div style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; FONT-SIZE: 12px" class="plainlinks">&nbsp;</div> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;[[Disclaimer]]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(255,255,255); VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px"> <table style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(255,255,255); VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="1" width="100%" height="448"> <tbody> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(195,230,220) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(195,230,220) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(206,239,231); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(195,230,220) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(195,230,220) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px" width="100%">&nbsp;<font size="4">Genome Sequencer Resource</font></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller"> <div class="floatright">&nbsp;</div> <ul> <li><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><strong>[[Bioinformatics Pipeline]]</strong> </span></li> <li><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><strong>[[Genomics Pipeline]]</strong> </span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(204,255,128) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(204,255,128) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(230,255,191); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(204,255,128) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(204,255,128) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px" width="100%"><font size="4">[[Image:Page logo 1.gif]] Classified</font>&nbsp;</th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller"> <table style="BACKGROUND: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding" width="100%"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <div><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)">[[Image:booklogo.png]]<br /> </span></span></div> </td> <td><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)">Introduction<br /> </span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div>&nbsp;</div> </td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)">[[Image:Mol logo.png]]<br /> </span></span></div> </td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)">[[Image:Pic_logo.png]]</span></span></div> </td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)">[[Image:Setting.png]]</span></span></div> </td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)">[[Image:Ques.png]]<br /> </span></span></div> </td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller" bgcolor="#ffffcc"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"> <div><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)">[[Image:User logo.png]]</span></span></div> &nbsp;Sequencing researchers</span></strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller" bgcolor="#ffffee"> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small">&nbsp;</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller" bgcolor="#ffffdd"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">[[External links]]</span></strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> <ul> <li>[[Illumina User Group meeting in Phuket 2010 abstract by Theragen BiO Insititute]] </li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(238,223,164) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(238,223,164) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(244,234,195); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(238,223,164) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(238,223,164) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px"> <div class="floatnone">[[Sequencing Companies]]</div> </th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller"> <div class="center"> <div class="floatnone"><span style="FONT-SIZE: small">&nbsp;</span></div> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><br /> &nbsp;</p> <p><br /> &nbsp;</p> <br /> <br /> 1559a5be22e981eb89a13cea522c1b686980686c 0 1852 2933 2010-03-27T14:23:45Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p> <table style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(199,208,248) 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(199,208,248) 1px solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(242,245,253); MARGIN: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 7px; PADDING-RIGHT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(199,208,248) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(199,208,248) 1px solid; PADDING-TOP: 7px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px" width="100%"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: xx-large"><font size="6"><strong>Genome&nbsp;Ethnics <font color="#c0c0c0">informtion at Genomics.org</font></strong></font></span></span></p> </td> <td style="TEXT-ALIGN: right">&nbsp; <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table style="MARGIN: 0px -8px; BORDER-SPACING: 8px" width="100%" align="left"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; WIDTH: 55%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px"> <table style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px" cellspacing="5" cellpadding="2" width="100%" align="left"> <tbody> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(177,205,235) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(177,205,235) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(206,219,239); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(177,205,235) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(177,205,235) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px" bgcolor="#006666"><font size="4">&nbsp;Genome Ethics <font color="#ff0000">News</font></font></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller"> <div class="floatleft">&nbsp;</div> <div class="floatleft"><span style="FONT-SIZE: small">►[[Illumina Estimates 1,500 Next-Gen Sequencers Installed to&nbsp;March 24, 2010]]</span></div> <div class="floatleft">&nbsp;</div> </td> </tr> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(210,230,195) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(210,230,195) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(222,243,206); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(210,230,195) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(210,230,195) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px"><font size="4">Research on Genome Ethics </font></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller" valign="middle" align="left"> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"></span></p> &nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(221,221,164) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(221,221,164) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(239,243,206); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(221,221,164) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(221,221,164) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px">Projects for Genome <font size="4">Ethics </font></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller" valign="middle" width="100%" align="left"> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small">&diams;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>[[GenomeCare]]: </strong>TBI aims to link genes to diseases</span><br /> &nbsp;</p> <div style="TEXT-ALIGN: right"> <div style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; FONT-SIZE: 12px" class="plainlinks">&nbsp;</div> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;[[Disclaimer]]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(255,255,255); VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px"> <table style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(255,255,255); VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="1" width="100%" height="448"> <tbody> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(195,230,220) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(195,230,220) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(206,239,231); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(195,230,220) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(195,230,220) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px" width="100%">&nbsp;<font size="4">Genome Ethics Resource</font></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller"> <div class="floatright">&nbsp;</div> <ul> <li><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><strong>[[Bioinformatics Pipeline]]</strong> </span></li> <li><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><strong>[[Genomics Pipeline]]</strong> </span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(204,255,128) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(204,255,128) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(230,255,191); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(204,255,128) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(204,255,128) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px" width="100%"><font size="4">[[Image:Page logo 1.gif]] Classified</font>&nbsp;</th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller"> <table style="BACKGROUND: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding" width="100%"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <div><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)">[[Image:booklogo.png]]<br /> </span></span></div> </td> <td><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)">Introduction<br /> </span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div>&nbsp;</div> </td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)">[[Image:Mol logo.png]]<br /> </span></span></div> </td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)">[[Image:Pic_logo.png]]</span></span></div> </td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)">[[Image:Setting.png]]</span></span></div> </td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)">[[Image:Ques.png]]<br /> </span></span></div> </td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller" bgcolor="#ffffcc"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"> <div><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)">[[Image:User logo.png]]</span></span></div> &nbsp;Sequencing researchers</span></strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller" bgcolor="#ffffee"> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small">&nbsp;</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller" bgcolor="#ffffdd"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">[[External links]]</span></strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> <ul> <li>[[Illumina User Group meeting in Phuket 2010 abstract by Theragen BiO Insititute]] </li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(238,223,164) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(238,223,164) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(244,234,195); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(238,223,164) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(238,223,164) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px"> <div class="floatnone">[[Genome <font size="4">Ethics organizations</font>]]</div> </th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller"> <div class="center"> <div class="floatnone"><span style="FONT-SIZE: small">&nbsp;</span></div> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><br /> &nbsp;</p> <p><br /> &nbsp;</p> <br /> <br /> 4d2901d5ced44a360099eebbe49d7d8559e72f88 6 1853 2934 2010-03-27T14:25:13Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 0 1849 2935 2010-03-27T14:25:36Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <br> <h2><a href="http://www.getconference.org/">http://www.getconference.org/</a><br /> <br /> GET Conference 2010, April 27th. Boston.</h2> <p>The GET Conference 2010 marks the last chance in history to collect everyone with a personal genome sequence on the same stage to share their experiences and discuss the important ways in which personal genomes will affect all of our lives in the coming years.<br /> <br /> </p> 44114b0259aa7836b2da6b50d9247cc64ad643a9 2936 2010-03-27T14:25:46Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:GETconference-logo.gif]]<br /> <h2><a href="http://www.getconference.org/">http://www.getconference.org/</a><br /> <br /> GET Conference 2010, April 27th. Boston.</h2> <p>The GET Conference 2010 marks the last chance in history to collect everyone with a personal genome sequence on the same stage to share their experiences and discuss the important ways in which personal genomes will affect all of our lives in the coming years.<br /> <br /> </p> 6ae901dbefefa59fbda2c35dcec4986092026cec 2937 2010-03-27T14:25:54Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:GETconference-logo.gif]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <h2><a href="http://www.getconference.org/">http://www.getconference.org/</a><br /> <br /> GET Conference 2010, April 27th. Boston.</h2> <p>The GET Conference 2010 marks the last chance in history to collect everyone with a personal genome sequence on the same stage to share their experiences and discuss the important ways in which personal genomes will affect all of our lives in the coming years.<br /> <br /> </p> 39743b1461d37024844d13aa65d73bf2220faba6 6 1854 2938 2010-03-27T14:26:19Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 0 1595 2939 2010-03-27T14:26:48Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>[[Image:George-Church.jpg]]<br /> <br /> (1954- ) is an American molecular geneticist.&nbsp;He is perhaps one of the most influential scientist in genomics if not the most.<br /> <br /> He is currently Professor of Genetics <sup id="_ref-0" class="reference">[1]</sup> at Harvard Medical School and Professor of Health Sciences &amp; Technology <sup id="_ref-HST_0" class="reference">[2]</sup> at Harvard and MIT. With Walter Gilbert he developed the first direct genomic sequencing method in 1984<sup id="_ref-1" class="reference">[3]</sup> and helped initiate the Human Genome Project in 1984 <sup id="_ref-2" class="reference">[4]</sup> while he was a Research Scientist at newly-formed Biogen Inc. He invented the broadly-applied concepts of molecular multiplexing and tags<sup id="_ref-3" class="reference">[5]</sup>, homologous recombination methods <sup id="_ref-4" class="reference">[6]</sup>, and DNA array synthesizers. Technology transfer of automated sequencing &amp; software to Genome Therapeutics Corp. resulted in the first commercial genome sequence, (the human pathogen, <em>Helicobacter pylori</em>) in 1994 <sup id="_ref-NG_0" class="reference">[7]</sup>. He initiated the Personal Genome Project (PGP) <sup id="_ref-5" class="reference">[8]</sup> in 2005 and research on synthetic biology. He is director of the U.S. Department of Energy Center on Bioenergy at Harvard &amp; MIT <sup id="_ref-6" class="reference">[9]</sup> and director of the National Institutes of Health (NHGRI) Center of Excellence in Genomic Science at Harvard, MIT &amp; Washington University <sup id="_ref-7" class="reference">[10]</sup>. He has been advisor to 22 companies, most recently co-founding (with Joseph Jacobson, Jay Keasling, and Drew Endy) Codon Devices, a biotech startup dedicated to synthetic biology<sup id="_ref-8" class="reference">[11]</sup> and (with Chris Somerville) founding LS9, which is focused on biofuels <sup id="_ref-9" class="reference">[12]</sup>. He is a senior editor for Nature EMBO Molecular Systems Biology.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <font size="5">See also<br /> </font>[[Personal Genome Project]]</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church George Church in Wikipedia.org] </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://arep.med.harvard.edu/" rel="nofollow" href="http://arep.med.harvard.edu/">Church Lab webpage</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://arep.med.harvard.edu/Polonator/" rel="nofollow" href="http://arep.med.harvard.edu/Polonator/">New Polony DNA Sequencing Methods</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://edge.org/3rd_culture/bios/church.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://edge.org/3rd_culture/bios/church.html">Biosketch on Edge.org</a> </li> </ul> <p><a id="References" name="References"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <div> <ol class="references"> <li id="_note-0"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church#_ref-0">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://genetics.med.harvard.edu/faculty.htm#C" rel="nofollow" href="http://genetics.med.harvard.edu/faculty.htm#C">HMS Genetics Faculty</a> </li> <li id="_note-HST"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church#_ref-HST_0">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://hst.mit.edu/servlet/ControllerServlet?handler=PeopleHandler&amp;action=viewOne&amp;id=HST000211" rel="nofollow" href="http://hst.mit.edu/servlet/ControllerServlet?handler=PeopleHandler&amp;action=viewOne&amp;id=HST000211">HST</a> </li> <li id="_note-1"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church#_ref-1">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Church GM, Gilbert W (1984). &quot;Genomic Sequencing&quot;. <em>Proc Nat Acad Sci USA</em> <strong>81</strong>: 1991-5. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=6326095" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=6326095">PMID 6326095</a>.</cite> </li> <li id="_note-2"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church#_ref-2">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Cook-Deegan RM (1989). &quot;The Alta summit, December 1984&quot;. <em>Genomics</em> <strong>5</strong>: 661-3. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=2613249" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=2613249">PMID 2613249</a>.</cite> </li> <li id="_note-3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church#_ref-3">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Church GM, Kieffer-Higgins S. (1984). &quot;Multiplex Sequencing&quot;. <em>Science</em> <strong>240</strong>: 185-8. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=3353714" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=3353714">PMID 3353714</a>.</cite> </li> <li id="_note-4"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church#_ref-4">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Link AJ, Phillips D, Church GM (1997). &quot;Methods for generating precise deletions and insertions in the genome of wild-type <em>Escherichia coli</em>: application to open reading frame characterization&quot;. <em>J Bacteriol.</em> <strong>179</strong>: 6228-37. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=9335267" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=9335267">PMID 9335267</a>.</cite> </li> <li id="_note-NG"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church#_ref-NG_0">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">(1996) &quot;Capitalizing on the genome&quot;. <em>Nature Genetics</em> <strong>13</strong>: 1. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=8673083" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=8673083">PMID 8673083</a>.</cite><a class="external autonumber" title="http://www.nature.com/ng/wilma/v13n1.867861436.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/ng/wilma/v13n1.867861436.html">[1]</a> </li> <li id="_note-5"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church#_ref-5">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Church GM (2005). &quot;The personal genome project&quot;. <em>Mol Syst Biol.</em> <strong>1</strong>: 0030. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=16729065" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=16729065">PMID 16729065</a>.</cite> </li> <li id="_note-6"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church#_ref-6">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://arep.med.harvard.edu/DOEGTL/" rel="nofollow" href="http://arep.med.harvard.edu/DOEGTL/">DOE Genomes to Life Center</a> </li> <li id="_note-7"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church#_ref-7">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.genome.gov/12511135" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.gov/12511135">Centers of Excellence in Genomic Science Awards</a> </li> <li id="_note-8"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church#_ref-8">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Herper M (2006). &quot;Photoshop For DNA&quot;. <em>Forbes</em>.</cite><a class="external autonumber" title="http://www.forbes.com/sciencesandmedicine/2005/06/01/cx_mh_0601dna.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.forbes.com/sciencesandmedicine/2005/06/01/cx_mh_0601dna.html">[2]</a> </li> <li id="_note-9"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church#_ref-9">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://sanfrancisco.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/stories/2007/03/12/daily3.html?b=1173672000%5e1430618&amp;surround=etf" rel="nofollow" href="http://sanfrancisco.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/stories/2007/03/12/daily3.html?b=1173672000%5e1430618&amp;surround=etf">San Francisco Business Times - March 12, 2007</a> </li> </ol> </div> <p><br /> </p> ac364d8fb689a578af6fa8c72e7e9ed8ebdcccf5 0 1852 2940 2010-03-28T13:05:52Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p> <table style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(199,208,248) 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(199,208,248) 1px solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(242,245,253); MARGIN: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 7px; PADDING-RIGHT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(199,208,248) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(199,208,248) 1px solid; PADDING-TOP: 7px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px" width="100%"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: xx-large"><font size="6"><strong>Genome&nbsp;Ethnics <font color="#c0c0c0">informtion at Genomics.org</font></strong></font></span></span></p> </td> <td style="TEXT-ALIGN: right">&nbsp; <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table style="MARGIN: 0px -8px; BORDER-SPACING: 8px" width="100%" align="left"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; WIDTH: 55%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px"> <table style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px" cellspacing="5" cellpadding="2" width="100%" align="left"> <tbody> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(177,205,235) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(177,205,235) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(206,219,239); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(177,205,235) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(177,205,235) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px" bgcolor="#006666"><font size="4">&nbsp;Genome Ethics <font color="#ff0000">News</font></font></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller"> <div class="floatleft">&nbsp;</div> <div class="floatleft"><span style="FONT-SIZE: small">►[[Illumina Estimates 1,500 Next-Gen Sequencers Installed to&nbsp;March 24, 2010]]</span></div> <div class="floatleft">&nbsp;</div> </td> </tr> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(210,230,195) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(210,230,195) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(222,243,206); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(210,230,195) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(210,230,195) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px"><font size="4">Research on Genome Ethics </font></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller" valign="middle" align="left"> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"></span></p> &nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(221,221,164) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(221,221,164) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(239,243,206); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(221,221,164) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(221,221,164) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px">Projects for Genome <font size="4">Ethics </font></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller" valign="middle" width="100%" align="left"> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small">&diams;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>[[GenomeCare]]: </strong>TBI aims to link genes to diseases</span><br /> &nbsp;</p> <div style="TEXT-ALIGN: right"> <div style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; FONT-SIZE: 12px" class="plainlinks">&nbsp;</div> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;[[Disclaimer]]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(255,255,255); VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px"> <table style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(255,255,255); VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="1" width="100%" height="448"> <tbody> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(195,230,220) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(195,230,220) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(206,239,231); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(195,230,220) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(195,230,220) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px" width="100%">&nbsp;<font size="4">Genome Ethics Resource</font></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller"> <div class="floatright">&nbsp;</div> <ul> <li><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><strong>[[Bioinformatics Pipeline]]</strong> </span></li> <li><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><strong>[[Genomics Pipeline]]</strong> </span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(204,255,128) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(204,255,128) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(230,255,191); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(204,255,128) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(204,255,128) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px" width="100%"><font size="4">[[Image:Page logo 1.gif]] Classified</font>&nbsp;</th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller"> <table style="BACKGROUND: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding" width="100%"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <div><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)">[[Image:booklogo.png]]<br /> </span></span></div> </td> <td><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)">Introduction<br /> </span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div>&nbsp;</div> </td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)">[[Image:Mol logo.png]]<br /> </span></span></div> </td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)">[[Image:Pic_logo.png]]</span></span></div> </td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)">[[Image:Setting.png]]</span></span></div> </td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)">[[Image:Ques.png]]<br /> </span></span></div> </td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller" bgcolor="#ffffcc"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"> <div><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)">[[Image:User logo.png]] Genome</span></span></div> &nbsp;Ethics researchers</span></strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller" bgcolor="#ffffee"> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small">&nbsp;</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller" bgcolor="#ffffdd"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">[[External links]]</span></strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> <ul> <li>[[Illumina User Group meeting in Phuket 2010 abstract by Theragen BiO Insititute]] </li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(238,223,164) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(238,223,164) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(244,234,195); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(238,223,164) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(238,223,164) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px"> <div class="floatnone">[[Genome <font size="4">Ethics organizations</font>]]</div> </th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller"> <div class="center"> <div class="floatnone"><span style="FONT-SIZE: small">&nbsp;</span></div> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><br /> &nbsp;</p> <p><br /> &nbsp;</p> <br /> <br /> 38320d115513552b51d4150d3c2c5edcf6f7cb03 2941 2010-03-28T13:06:57Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p> <table style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(199,208,248) 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(199,208,248) 1px solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(242,245,253); MARGIN: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 7px; PADDING-RIGHT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(199,208,248) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(199,208,248) 1px solid; PADDING-TOP: 7px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px" width="100%"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: xx-large"><font size="6"><strong>Genome&nbsp;Ethnics <font color="#c0c0c0">informtion at Genomics.org</font></strong></font></span></span></p> </td> <td style="TEXT-ALIGN: right">&nbsp; <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table style="MARGIN: 0px -8px; BORDER-SPACING: 8px" width="100%" align="left"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; WIDTH: 55%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px"> <table style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px" cellspacing="5" cellpadding="2" width="100%" align="left"> <tbody> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(177,205,235) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(177,205,235) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(206,219,239); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(177,205,235) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(177,205,235) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px" bgcolor="#cccccc"><font size="4">&nbsp;Genome Ethics <font color="#ff0000">News</font></font></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller"> <div class="floatleft">&nbsp;</div> <div class="floatleft"><span style="FONT-SIZE: small">►[[Illumina Estimates 1,500 Next-Gen Sequencers Installed to&nbsp;March 24, 2010]]</span></div> <div class="floatleft">&nbsp;</div> </td> </tr> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(210,230,195) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(210,230,195) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(222,243,206); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(210,230,195) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(210,230,195) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px"><font size="4">Research on Genome Ethics </font></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller" valign="middle" align="left"> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"></span></p> &nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(221,221,164) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(221,221,164) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(239,243,206); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(221,221,164) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(221,221,164) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px" bgcolor="#ccccdd">Projects for Genome <font size="4">Ethics </font></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller" valign="middle" width="100%" align="left"> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small">&diams;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>[[GenomeCare]]: </strong>TBI aims to link genes to diseases</span><br /> &nbsp;</p> <div style="TEXT-ALIGN: right"> <div style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; FONT-SIZE: 12px" class="plainlinks">&nbsp;</div> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;[[Disclaimer]]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(255,255,255); VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px"> <table style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(255,255,255); VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="1" width="100%" height="448"> <tbody> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(195,230,220) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(195,230,220) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(206,239,231); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(195,230,220) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(195,230,220) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px" bgcolor="#cccccc" width="100%">&nbsp;<font size="4">Genome Ethics Resource</font></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller"> <div class="floatright">&nbsp;</div> <ul> <li><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><strong>[[Bioinformatics Pipeline]]</strong> </span></li> <li><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><strong>[[Genomics Pipeline]]</strong> </span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(204,255,128) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(204,255,128) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(230,255,191); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(204,255,128) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(204,255,128) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px" width="100%"><font size="4">[[Image:Page logo 1.gif]] Classified</font>&nbsp;</th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller"> <table style="BACKGROUND: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding" width="100%"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <div><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)">[[Image:booklogo.png]]<br /> </span></span></div> </td> <td><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)">Introduction<br /> </span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div>&nbsp;</div> </td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)">[[Image:Mol logo.png]]<br /> </span></span></div> </td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)">[[Image:Pic_logo.png]]</span></span></div> </td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)">[[Image:Setting.png]]</span></span></div> </td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)">[[Image:Ques.png]]<br /> </span></span></div> </td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller" bgcolor="#cccccc"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"> <div><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)">[[Image:User logo.png]] Genome</span></span></div> &nbsp;Ethics researchers</span></strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller" bgcolor="#ffffee"> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small">&nbsp;</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller" bgcolor="#ffffdd"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">[[External links]]</span></strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> <ul> <li>[[Illumina User Group meeting in Phuket 2010 abstract by Theragen BiO Insititute]] </li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(238,223,164) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(238,223,164) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(244,234,195); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(238,223,164) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(238,223,164) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px"> <div class="floatnone">[[Genome <font size="4">Ethics organizations</font>]]</div> </th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller"> <div class="center"> <div class="floatnone"><span style="FONT-SIZE: small">&nbsp;</span></div> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><br /> &nbsp;</p> <p><br /> &nbsp;</p> <br /> <br /> ea28f6de0af520e62a78bc17763dda585db02cff 2942 2010-03-28T13:07:17Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p> <table style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(199,208,248) 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(199,208,248) 1px solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(242,245,253); MARGIN: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 7px; PADDING-RIGHT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(199,208,248) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(199,208,248) 1px solid; PADDING-TOP: 7px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px" width="100%"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: xx-large"><font size="6"><strong>Genome&nbsp;Ethnics <font color="#c0c0c0">informtion at Genomics.org</font></strong></font></span></span></p> </td> <td style="TEXT-ALIGN: right">&nbsp; <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table style="MARGIN: 0px -8px; BORDER-SPACING: 8px" width="100%" align="left"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; WIDTH: 55%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px"> <table style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px" cellspacing="5" cellpadding="2" width="100%" align="left"> <tbody> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(177,205,235) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(177,205,235) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(206,219,239); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(177,205,235) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(177,205,235) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px" bgcolor="#cccccc"><font size="4">&nbsp;Genome Ethics <font color="#ff0000">News</font></font></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller"> <div class="floatleft">&nbsp;</div> <div class="floatleft"><span style="FONT-SIZE: small">►[[Illumina Estimates 1,500 Next-Gen Sequencers Installed to&nbsp;March 24, 2010]]</span></div> <div class="floatleft">&nbsp;</div> </td> </tr> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(210,230,195) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(210,230,195) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(222,243,206); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(210,230,195) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(210,230,195) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px"><font size="4">Research on Genome Ethics </font></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller" valign="middle" align="left"> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"></span></p> &nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(221,221,164) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(221,221,164) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(239,243,206); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(221,221,164) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(221,221,164) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px" bgcolor="#ccccdd">Projects for Genome <font size="4">Ethics </font></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller" valign="middle" width="100%" align="left"> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small">&diams;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>[[GenomeCare]]: </strong>TBI aims to link genes to diseases</span><br /> &nbsp;</p> <div style="TEXT-ALIGN: right"> <div style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; FONT-SIZE: 12px" class="plainlinks">&nbsp;</div> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;[[Disclaimer]]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(255,255,255); VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px"> <table style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(255,255,255); VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="1" width="100%" height="448"> <tbody> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(195,230,220) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(195,230,220) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(206,239,231); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(195,230,220) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(195,230,220) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px" bgcolor="#cccccc" width="100%">&nbsp;<font size="4">Genome Ethics Resource</font></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller"> <div class="floatright">&nbsp;</div> <ul> <li><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><strong>[[Bioinformatics Pipeline]]</strong> </span></li> <li><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><strong>[[Genomics Pipeline]]</strong> </span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(204,255,128) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(204,255,128) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(230,255,191); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(204,255,128) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(204,255,128) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px" width="100%"><font size="4">Classified</font>&nbsp;</th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller"> <table style="BACKGROUND: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding" width="100%"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <div><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)">[[Image:booklogo.png]]<br /> </span></span></div> </td> <td><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)">Introduction<br /> </span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div>&nbsp;</div> </td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)">[[Image:Mol logo.png]]<br /> </span></span></div> </td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)">[[Image:Pic_logo.png]]</span></span></div> </td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)">[[Image:Setting.png]]</span></span></div> </td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)">[[Image:Ques.png]]<br /> </span></span></div> </td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller" bgcolor="#cccccc"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"> <div><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)">[[Image:User logo.png]] Genome</span></span></div> &nbsp;Ethics researchers</span></strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller" bgcolor="#ffffee"> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small">&nbsp;</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller" bgcolor="#ffffdd"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">[[External links]]</span></strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> <ul> <li>[[Illumina User Group meeting in Phuket 2010 abstract by Theragen BiO Insititute]] </li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(238,223,164) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(238,223,164) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(244,234,195); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(238,223,164) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(238,223,164) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px"> <div class="floatnone">[[Genome <font size="4">Ethics organizations</font>]]</div> </th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller"> <div class="center"> <div class="floatnone"><span style="FONT-SIZE: small">&nbsp;</span></div> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><br /> &nbsp;</p> <p><br /> &nbsp;</p> <br /> <br /> 8d32ba564af4b74a9993a5c257dd8a520e6cf4d6 2947 2010-03-29T01:08:42Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p> <table style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(199,208,248) 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(199,208,248) 1px solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(242,245,253); MARGIN: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 7px; PADDING-RIGHT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(199,208,248) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(199,208,248) 1px solid; PADDING-TOP: 7px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px" width="100%"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: xx-large"><font size="6"><strong>Genome&nbsp;Ethnics <font color="#c0c0c0">informtion at Genomics.org</font></strong></font></span></span></p> </td> <td style="TEXT-ALIGN: right">&nbsp; <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table style="MARGIN: 0px -8px; BORDER-SPACING: 8px" width="100%" align="left"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; WIDTH: 55%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px"> <table style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px" cellspacing="5" cellpadding="2" width="100%" align="left"> <tbody> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(177,205,235) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(177,205,235) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(206,219,239); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(177,205,235) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(177,205,235) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px" bgcolor="#cccccc"><font size="4">&nbsp;Genome Ethics <font color="#ff0000">News</font></font></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller"> <div class="floatleft">&nbsp;</div> <div class="floatleft"><span style="FONT-SIZE: small">►</span></div> <div class="floatleft">&nbsp;</div> </td> </tr> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(210,230,195) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(210,230,195) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(222,243,206); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(210,230,195) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(210,230,195) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px"><font size="4">Research on Genome Ethics </font></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller" valign="middle" align="left"> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"></span></p> &nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(221,221,164) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(221,221,164) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(239,243,206); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(221,221,164) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(221,221,164) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px" bgcolor="#ccccdd">Projects for Genome <font size="4">Ethics </font></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller" valign="middle" width="100%" align="left"> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small">&diams;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>[[GenomeCare]]: </strong>TBI aims to link genes to diseases</span><br /> &nbsp;</p> <div style="TEXT-ALIGN: right"> <div style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; FONT-SIZE: 12px" class="plainlinks">&nbsp;</div> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;[[Disclaimer]]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(255,255,255); VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px"> <table style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(255,255,255); VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="1" width="100%" height="448"> <tbody> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(195,230,220) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(195,230,220) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(206,239,231); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(195,230,220) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(195,230,220) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px" bgcolor="#cccccc" width="100%">&nbsp;<font size="4">Genome Ethics Resource</font></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller"> <div class="floatright">&nbsp;</div> <ul> <li><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><strong>[[Bioinformatics Pipeline]]</strong> </span></li> <li><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><strong>[[Genomics Pipeline]]</strong> </span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(204,255,128) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(204,255,128) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(230,255,191); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(204,255,128) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(204,255,128) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px" width="100%"><font size="4">Classified</font>&nbsp;</th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller"> <table style="BACKGROUND: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding" width="100%"> <tbody> <tr> <td><font size="3"></font></td> <td><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)">Introduction<br /> </span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div>&nbsp;</div> </td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3"></font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3"></font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3"></font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller" bgcolor="#cccccc"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"> <div><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)">[[Image:User logo.png]] Genome</span></span></div> &nbsp;Ethics researchers</span></strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller" bgcolor="#ffffee"> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small">&nbsp;</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller" bgcolor="#ffffdd"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">[[External links]]</span></strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> <ul> <li>[[Illumina User Group meeting in Phuket 2010 abstract by Theragen BiO Insititute]] </li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(238,223,164) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(238,223,164) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(244,234,195); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(238,223,164) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(238,223,164) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px"> <div class="floatnone">[[Genome <font size="4">Ethics organizations</font>]]</div> </th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller"> <div class="center"> <div class="floatnone"><span style="FONT-SIZE: small">&nbsp;</span></div> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><br /> &nbsp;</p> <p><br /> &nbsp;</p> <br /> <br /> cf180e5e259f1201b0804de51f76411aeb725f47 2948 2010-03-29T01:08:53Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p> <table style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(199,208,248) 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(199,208,248) 1px solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(242,245,253); MARGIN: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 7px; PADDING-RIGHT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(199,208,248) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(199,208,248) 1px solid; PADDING-TOP: 7px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px" width="100%"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: xx-large"><font size="6"><strong>Genome&nbsp;Ethnics <font color="#c0c0c0">informtion at Genomics.org</font></strong></font></span></span></p> </td> <td style="TEXT-ALIGN: right">&nbsp; <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table style="MARGIN: 0px -8px; BORDER-SPACING: 8px" width="100%" align="left"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; WIDTH: 55%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px"> <table style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px" cellspacing="5" cellpadding="2" width="100%" align="left"> <tbody> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(177,205,235) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(177,205,235) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(206,219,239); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(177,205,235) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(177,205,235) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px" bgcolor="#cccccc"><font size="4">&nbsp;Genome Ethics <font color="#ff0000">News</font></font></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller"> <div class="floatleft">&nbsp;</div> <div class="floatleft"><span style="FONT-SIZE: small">►</span></div> <div class="floatleft">&nbsp;</div> </td> </tr> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(210,230,195) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(210,230,195) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(222,243,206); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(210,230,195) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(210,230,195) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px"><font size="4">Research on Genome Ethics </font></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller" valign="middle" align="left"> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"></span></p> &nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(221,221,164) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(221,221,164) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(239,243,206); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(221,221,164) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(221,221,164) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px" bgcolor="#ccccdd">Projects for Genome <font size="4">Ethics </font></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller" valign="middle" width="100%" align="left"> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small">&diams;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>[[GenomeCare]]: </strong>TBI aims to link genes to diseases</span><br /> &nbsp;</p> <div style="TEXT-ALIGN: right"> <div style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; FONT-SIZE: 12px" class="plainlinks">&nbsp;</div> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;[[Disclaimer]]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(255,255,255); VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px"> <table style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(255,255,255); VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="1" width="100%" height="448"> <tbody> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(195,230,220) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(195,230,220) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(206,239,231); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(195,230,220) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(195,230,220) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px" bgcolor="#cccccc" width="100%">&nbsp;<font size="4">Genome Ethics Resource</font></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller"> <div class="floatright">&nbsp;</div> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(204,255,128) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(204,255,128) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(230,255,191); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(204,255,128) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(204,255,128) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px" width="100%"><font size="4">Classified</font>&nbsp;</th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller"> <table style="BACKGROUND: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding" width="100%"> <tbody> <tr> <td><font size="3"></font></td> <td><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)">Introduction<br /> </span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div>&nbsp;</div> </td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3"></font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3"></font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3"></font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller" bgcolor="#cccccc"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"> <div><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)">[[Image:User logo.png]] Genome</span></span></div> &nbsp;Ethics researchers</span></strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller" bgcolor="#ffffee"> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small">&nbsp;</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller" bgcolor="#ffffdd"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">[[External links]]</span></strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> <ul> <li>[[Illumina User Group meeting in Phuket 2010 abstract by Theragen BiO Insititute]] </li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(238,223,164) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(238,223,164) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(244,234,195); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(238,223,164) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(238,223,164) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px"> <div class="floatnone">[[Genome <font size="4">Ethics organizations</font>]]</div> </th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller"> <div class="center"> <div class="floatnone"><span style="FONT-SIZE: small">&nbsp;</span></div> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><br /> &nbsp;</p> <p><br /> &nbsp;</p> <br /> <br /> c247c5fa67d40748942289504286cebfaf04550a 0 1844 2943 2010-03-28T14:05:18Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5">The Human Genome Rights</font>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> - [http://biofoundation.net BioFoundation]<br /> <br /> <font size="4">[[Everyone has the right to know one's own genome information by birth]].</font><br /> <br /> It is the most fundamental right for&nbsp;a biological information object in the universe to know one's own information construct such as one's own genome. It is about knowing oneself and understanding the network of interaction partners around one.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <font size="4">[[Everyone has the right to protect one's own genome information by birth]].</font><br /> <br /> It is the second most fundamental right for a biological information object in the universe to protect and conceal one's own information construct such as one's own genome to protect one own interest and dignity in the biological&nbsp;interaction network.<br /> <br /> <font size="4">[[Everyone has the right not to be discriminated solely by one's own genome type and information by birth]].</font><br /> <br /> It is the third most fundamental right for a biological information object, such as a human, in the universe not to be discriminated by one's own information construct type such as one's own genome in order to have an equal opportunity of survival and living in the biological&nbsp;interaction network.<br /> <br /> * This is to prevent a situation where a society or a company excludes certain people for his/her genome type in a competition and employment. The third right has many issues as phenotypes often endow discrimination in societies. For example, an&nbsp;army can excludes certain voluteers for their physical features. It is a kind of discrimination. An employer can discriminate applicants duly because the type of work is such.&nbsp;<br /> The genome type of excluded volunteers/applicants are associated with phenotypes. However, the association can never be 100% in biological world, it is not acceptable to pre-exclude volunteers by checking the genometypes only. This will be similar to discriminating people for his/her racial background (here, race implies some genetic background).&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <font size="4">[[What is the human genome rights?]]</font><br /> <br /> Every biological information object, such as a human being, is born with a set of inherited genetic information. That information was not&nbsp;chosen by&nbsp;him- or&nbsp;herself before one's own birth.&nbsp;Individuals&nbsp;can not&nbsp;opt to be born or not although one's previous genetic entities predispose such a birth (eg.,&nbsp;parents agree&nbsp;biologically agree to give births). Each individual can not choose one's own composition of such genetic information at the time of birth. The human genome rights is a social agreement among us in the biological interaction network that at least each one has the right to have an access to one's own genome make-up so that one knows one's own genomic construct to understand oneself and cope with one's life with one's own decision and responsibility.<br /> The second chapter of the human genome rights is to provide options to everyone to manage,&nbsp;enhance,&nbsp;and protect one's life.&nbsp;<br /> The third chapter of the human genome rights is to provide&nbsp;a social contract to everyone that they are not discriminated by his or&nbsp;her genomic make-up in acquiring&nbsp;equal opportunity&nbsp;in societies.<br /> <br /> &nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> dba359348e4f40961bf21f1e5a8dde090cc8ca38 2957 2010-04-02T15:41:13Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5">The Human Genome Rights</font>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> - [http://biofoundation.net BioFoundation]<br /> <br /> <font size="4">[[Everyone has the right to know one's own genome information by birth]].</font><br /> <br /> It is the most fundamental right for&nbsp;a biological information object in the universe to know one's own information construct such as one's own genome. It is about knowing oneself and understanding the network of interaction partners around one.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <font size="4">[[Everyone has the right to protect one's own genome information by birth]].</font><br /> <br /> It is the second most fundamental right for a biological information object in the universe to protect and conceal one's own information construct such as one's own genome to protect one own interest and dignity in the biological&nbsp;interaction network.<br /> <br /> <font size="4">[[Everyone has the right not to be discriminated solely by one's own genome type and information by birth]].</font><br /> <br /> It is the third most fundamental right for a biological information object, such as a human, in the universe not to be discriminated by one's own information construct type such as one's own genome in order to have an equal opportunity of survival and living in the biological&nbsp;interaction network.<br /> <br /> * This is to prevent a situation where a society or a company excludes certain people for his/her genome type in a competition and employment. The third right has many issues as phenotypes often endow discrimination in societies. For example, an&nbsp;army can excludes certain voluteers for their physical features. It is a kind of discrimination. An employer can discriminate applicants duly because the type of work is such.&nbsp;<br /> The genome type of excluded volunteers/applicants are associated with phenotypes. However, the association can never be 100% in biological world, it is not acceptable to pre-exclude volunteers by checking the genometypes only. This will be similar to discriminating people for his/her racial background (here, race implies some genetic background).&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <font size="4">[[What is the human genome rights?]]</font><br /> <br /> Every biological information object, such as a human being, is born with a set of inherited genetic information. That information was not&nbsp;chosen by&nbsp;him- or&nbsp;herself before one's own birth.&nbsp;Individuals&nbsp;can not&nbsp;opt to be born or not although one's previous genetic entities predispose such a birth (eg.,&nbsp;parents agree&nbsp;biologically agree to give births). Each individual can not choose one's own composition of such genetic information at the time of birth. The human genome rights is a social agreement among us in the biological interaction network that at least each one has the right to have an access to one's own genome make-up so that one knows one's own genomic construct to understand oneself and cope with one's life with one's own decision and responsibility.<br /> The second chapter of the human genome rights is to provide options to everyone to manage,&nbsp;enhance,&nbsp;and protect one's life.&nbsp;<br /> The third chapter of the human genome rights is to provide&nbsp;a social contract to everyone that they are not discriminated by his or&nbsp;her genomic make-up in acquiring&nbsp;equal opportunity&nbsp;in societies.<br /> <br /> &nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> [[How to contribute to this Human Genome Rights Declaration?]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 33d09f36b03dbf851a1521968c65a3c488e6697a 2961 2010-04-02T16:31:05Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5">The Human Genome Rights</font>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> - [http://biofoundation.net BioFoundation]<br /> <br /> <font size="4">[[Everyone has the right to know one's own genome information by birth]].</font><br /> <br /> It is the most fundamental right for&nbsp;a biological information object in the universe to know one's own information construct such as one's own genome. It is about knowing oneself and understanding the network of interaction partners around one.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <font size="4">[[Everyone has the right to protect one's own genome information by birth]].</font><br /> <br /> It is the second most fundamental right for a biological information object in the universe to protect and conceal one's own information construct such as one's own genome to protect one own interest and dignity in the biological&nbsp;interaction network.<br /> <br /> <font size="4">[[Everyone has the right not to be discriminated solely by one's own genome type and information by birth]].</font><br /> <br /> It is the third most fundamental right for a biological information object, such as a human, in the universe not to be discriminated by one's own information construct type such as one's own genome in order to have an equal opportunity of survival and living in the biological&nbsp;interaction network.<br /> <br /> * This is to prevent a situation where a society or a company excludes certain people for his/her genome type in a competition and employment. The third right has many issues as phenotypes often endow discrimination in societies. For example, an&nbsp;army can excludes certain voluteers for their physical features. It is a kind of discrimination. An employer can discriminate applicants duly because the type of work is such.&nbsp;<br /> The genome type of excluded volunteers/applicants are associated with phenotypes. However, the association can never be 100% in biological world, it is not acceptable to pre-exclude volunteers by checking the genometypes only. This will be similar to discriminating people for his/her racial background (here, race implies some genetic background).&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <font size="4"><strong>[[What is the human genome rights?]]</strong></font><br /> <br /> Every biological information object, such as a human being, is born with a set of inherited genetic information. That information was not&nbsp;chosen by&nbsp;him- or&nbsp;herself before one's own birth.&nbsp;Individuals&nbsp;can not&nbsp;opt to be born or not although one's previous genetic entities predispose such a birth (eg.,&nbsp;parents agree&nbsp;biologically agree to give births). Each individual can not choose one's own composition of such genetic information at the time of birth. The human genome rights is a social agreement among us in the biological interaction network that at least each one has the right to have an access to one's own genome make-up so that one knows one's own genomic construct to understand oneself and cope with one's life with one's own decision and responsibility.<br /> The second chapter of the human genome rights is to provide options to everyone to manage,&nbsp;enhance,&nbsp;and protect one's life.&nbsp;<br /> The third chapter of the human genome rights is to provide&nbsp;a social contract to everyone that they are not discriminated by his or&nbsp;her genomic make-up in acquiring&nbsp;equal opportunity&nbsp;in societies.<br /> <br /> &nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> <font size="4"><strong>[[How to contribute to this Human Genome Rights Declaration?]]</strong></font><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 92a46f28dedcac8afaaddb06c76a3f37f0324990 0 1855 2944 2010-03-28T14:06:23Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="3">It is the most fundamental right for&nbsp;a biological information object in the universe to know one's own information construct such as one's own genome. It is about knowing oneself and understanding the network of interaction partners around one.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> A biological species as a whole system is recommended to provide its member's genome information when technologies are available.<br /> <br /> </font><br /> b23c6bf103fd7066bb8ed64748adc593f6a3bb3b 2945 2010-03-28T14:07:15Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="3">It is the most fundamental right for&nbsp;a biological information object in the universe to know one's own information construct such as one's own genome. It is about knowing oneself and understanding the network of interaction partners around one.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> A biological species as a whole system is recommended to provide its member's genome information when technologies are available with minimum cost possible.<br /> <br /> A community/society is recommended to provide its members genome information when technologies are available with minimum cost possible.<br /> <br /> </font><br /> d6246b3074873b604790714f6dad8d6fff1dbfc9 0 1851 2949 2010-03-29T01:09:41Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p> <table style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(199,208,248) 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(199,208,248) 1px solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(242,245,253); MARGIN: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 7px; PADDING-RIGHT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(199,208,248) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(199,208,248) 1px solid; PADDING-TOP: 7px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px" width="100%"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffcccc"> <p><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: xx-large"><font size="6"><strong>Genome Sequencer <font color="#c0c0c0">informtion at Genomics.org</font></strong></font></span></span></p> </td> <td style="TEXT-ALIGN: right">&nbsp; <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table style="MARGIN: 0px -8px; BORDER-SPACING: 8px" width="100%" align="left"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; WIDTH: 55%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px"> <table style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px" cellspacing="5" cellpadding="2" width="100%" align="left"> <tbody> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(177,205,235) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(177,205,235) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(206,219,239); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(177,205,235) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(177,205,235) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px" bgcolor="#006666"><font size="4">&nbsp;Genome Sequencers&nbsp;<font color="#ff0000">News</font></font></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller"> <div class="floatleft">&nbsp;</div> <div class="floatleft"><span style="FONT-SIZE: small">►[[Illumina Estimates 1,500 Next-Gen Sequencers Installed to&nbsp;March 24, 2010]]</span></div> <div class="floatleft">&nbsp;</div> </td> </tr> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(210,230,195) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(210,230,195) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(222,243,206); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(210,230,195) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(210,230,195) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px"><font size="4">Research on Genome Sequencers</font></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller" valign="middle" align="left"> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"></span></p> &nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(221,221,164) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(221,221,164) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(239,243,206); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(221,221,164) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(221,221,164) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px">Projects for Genome Sequencers</th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller" valign="middle" width="100%" align="left"> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small">&diams;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>[[GenomeCare]]: </strong>TBI aims to link genes to diseases</span><br /> &nbsp;</p> <div style="TEXT-ALIGN: right"> <div style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; FONT-SIZE: 12px" class="plainlinks">&nbsp;</div> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;[[Disclaimer]]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(255,255,255); VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px"> <table style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(255,255,255); VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="1" width="100%" height="448"> <tbody> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(195,230,220) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(195,230,220) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(206,239,231); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(195,230,220) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(195,230,220) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px" width="100%">&nbsp;<font size="4">Genome Sequencer Resource</font></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller"> <div class="floatright">&nbsp;</div> </td> </tr> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(204,255,128) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(204,255,128) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(230,255,191); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(204,255,128) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(204,255,128) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px" width="100%"><font size="4">[[Image:Page logo 1.gif]] Classified</font>&nbsp;</th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller"> <table style="BACKGROUND: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding" width="100%"> <tbody> <tr> <td><font size="3"></font></td> <td><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)">Introduction<br /> </span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div>&nbsp;</div> </td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3"></font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3"></font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3"></font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3"></font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller" bgcolor="#ffffcc"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"> <div><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)">[[Image:User logo.png]]</span></span></div> &nbsp;Sequencing researchers</span></strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller" bgcolor="#ffffee"> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small">&nbsp;</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller" bgcolor="#ffffdd"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">[[External links]]</span></strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> <ul> <li>[[Illumina User Group meeting in Phuket 2010 abstract by Theragen BiO Insititute]] </li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(238,223,164) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(238,223,164) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(244,234,195); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(238,223,164) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(238,223,164) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px"> <div class="floatnone">[[Sequencing Companies]]</div> </th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller"> <div class="center"> <div class="floatnone"><span style="FONT-SIZE: small">&nbsp;</span></div> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><br /> &nbsp;</p> <p><br /> &nbsp;</p> <br /> <br /> 4741f4ab9df543851dcecff51684334cddcb495e 2950 2010-03-29T01:10:18Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p> <table style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(199,208,248) 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(199,208,248) 1px solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(242,245,253); MARGIN: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 7px; PADDING-RIGHT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(199,208,248) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(199,208,248) 1px solid; PADDING-TOP: 7px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px" width="100%"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#99ccff"> <p><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: xx-large"><font size="6"><strong>Genome Sequencer <font color="#ccffff">informtion at Genomics.org</font></strong></font></span></span></p> </td> <td style="TEXT-ALIGN: right">&nbsp; <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table style="MARGIN: 0px -8px; BORDER-SPACING: 8px" width="100%" align="left"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; WIDTH: 55%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px"> <table style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px" cellspacing="5" cellpadding="2" width="100%" align="left"> <tbody> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(177,205,235) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(177,205,235) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(206,219,239); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(177,205,235) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(177,205,235) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px" bgcolor="#006666"><font size="4">&nbsp;Genome Sequencers&nbsp;<font color="#ff0000">News</font></font></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller"> <div class="floatleft">&nbsp;</div> <div class="floatleft"><span style="FONT-SIZE: small">►[[Illumina Estimates 1,500 Next-Gen Sequencers Installed to&nbsp;March 24, 2010]]</span></div> <div class="floatleft">&nbsp;</div> </td> </tr> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(210,230,195) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(210,230,195) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(222,243,206); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(210,230,195) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(210,230,195) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px"><font size="4">Research on Genome Sequencers</font></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller" valign="middle" align="left"> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"></span></p> &nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(221,221,164) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(221,221,164) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(239,243,206); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(221,221,164) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(221,221,164) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px">Projects for Genome Sequencers</th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller" valign="middle" width="100%" align="left"> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small">&diams;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>[[GenomeCare]]: </strong>TBI aims to link genes to diseases</span><br /> &nbsp;</p> <div style="TEXT-ALIGN: right"> <div style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; FONT-SIZE: 12px" class="plainlinks">&nbsp;</div> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;[[Disclaimer]]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(255,255,255); VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px"> <table style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(255,255,255); VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="1" width="100%" height="448"> <tbody> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(195,230,220) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(195,230,220) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(206,239,231); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(195,230,220) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(195,230,220) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px" width="100%">&nbsp;<font size="4">Genome Sequencer Resource</font></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller"> <div class="floatright">&nbsp;</div> </td> </tr> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(204,255,128) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(204,255,128) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(230,255,191); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(204,255,128) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(204,255,128) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px" width="100%"><font size="4">[[Image:Page logo 1.gif]] Classified</font>&nbsp;</th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller"> <table style="BACKGROUND: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding" width="100%"> <tbody> <tr> <td><font size="3"></font></td> <td><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)">Introduction<br /> </span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div>&nbsp;</div> </td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3"></font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3"></font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3"></font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3"></font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller" bgcolor="#ffffcc"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"> <div><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)">[[Image:User logo.png]]</span></span></div> &nbsp;Sequencing researchers</span></strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller" bgcolor="#ffffee"> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small">&nbsp;</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller" bgcolor="#ffffdd"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">[[External links]]</span></strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> <ul> <li>[[Illumina User Group meeting in Phuket 2010 abstract by Theragen BiO Insititute]] </li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(238,223,164) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(238,223,164) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(244,234,195); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(238,223,164) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(238,223,164) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px"> <div class="floatnone">[[Sequencing Companies]]</div> </th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller"> <div class="center"> <div class="floatnone"><span style="FONT-SIZE: small">&nbsp;</span></div> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><br /> &nbsp;</p> <p><br /> &nbsp;</p> <br /> <br /> d1ae953736b911d6874931a3984bcf3c79541e5f 2951 2010-03-29T01:10:27Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p> <table style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(199,208,248) 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(199,208,248) 1px solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(242,245,253); MARGIN: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 7px; PADDING-RIGHT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(199,208,248) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(199,208,248) 1px solid; PADDING-TOP: 7px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px" width="100%"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#99ccff"> <p><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: xx-large"><font size="6"><strong>&nbsp; Genome Sequencer <font color="#ccffff">informtion at Genomics.org</font></strong></font></span></span></p> </td> <td style="TEXT-ALIGN: right">&nbsp; <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table style="MARGIN: 0px -8px; BORDER-SPACING: 8px" width="100%" align="left"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; WIDTH: 55%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px"> <table style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px" cellspacing="5" cellpadding="2" width="100%" align="left"> <tbody> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(177,205,235) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(177,205,235) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(206,219,239); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(177,205,235) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(177,205,235) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px" bgcolor="#006666"><font size="4">&nbsp;Genome Sequencers&nbsp;<font color="#ff0000">News</font></font></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller"> <div class="floatleft">&nbsp;</div> <div class="floatleft"><span style="FONT-SIZE: small">►[[Illumina Estimates 1,500 Next-Gen Sequencers Installed to&nbsp;March 24, 2010]]</span></div> <div class="floatleft">&nbsp;</div> </td> </tr> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(210,230,195) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(210,230,195) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(222,243,206); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(210,230,195) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(210,230,195) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px"><font size="4">Research on Genome Sequencers</font></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller" valign="middle" align="left"> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"></span></p> &nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(221,221,164) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(221,221,164) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(239,243,206); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(221,221,164) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(221,221,164) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px">Projects for Genome Sequencers</th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller" valign="middle" width="100%" align="left"> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small">&diams;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>[[GenomeCare]]: </strong>TBI aims to link genes to diseases</span><br /> &nbsp;</p> <div style="TEXT-ALIGN: right"> <div style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; FONT-SIZE: 12px" class="plainlinks">&nbsp;</div> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;[[Disclaimer]]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(255,255,255); VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px"> <table style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(255,255,255); VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="1" width="100%" height="448"> <tbody> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(195,230,220) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(195,230,220) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(206,239,231); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(195,230,220) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(195,230,220) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px" width="100%">&nbsp;<font size="4">Genome Sequencer Resource</font></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller"> <div class="floatright">&nbsp;</div> </td> </tr> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(204,255,128) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(204,255,128) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(230,255,191); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(204,255,128) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(204,255,128) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px" width="100%"><font size="4">[[Image:Page logo 1.gif]] Classified</font>&nbsp;</th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller"> <table style="BACKGROUND: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding" width="100%"> <tbody> <tr> <td><font size="3"></font></td> <td><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)">Introduction<br /> </span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div>&nbsp;</div> </td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3"></font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3"></font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3"></font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3"></font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller" bgcolor="#ffffcc"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"> <div><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)">[[Image:User logo.png]]</span></span></div> &nbsp;Sequencing researchers</span></strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller" bgcolor="#ffffee"> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small">&nbsp;</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller" bgcolor="#ffffdd"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">[[External links]]</span></strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> <ul> <li>[[Illumina User Group meeting in Phuket 2010 abstract by Theragen BiO Insititute]] </li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(238,223,164) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(238,223,164) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(244,234,195); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(238,223,164) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(238,223,164) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px"> <div class="floatnone">[[Sequencing Companies]]</div> </th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller"> <div class="center"> <div class="floatnone"><span style="FONT-SIZE: small">&nbsp;</span></div> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><br /> &nbsp;</p> <p><br /> &nbsp;</p> <br /> <br /> 166be8e808bec4bd69d53827b77b7f471325b60e 2952 2010-03-29T01:10:48Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p> <table style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(199,208,248) 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(199,208,248) 1px solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(242,245,253); MARGIN: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 7px; PADDING-RIGHT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(199,208,248) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(199,208,248) 1px solid; PADDING-TOP: 7px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px" width="100%"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#99ccff"> <p><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: xx-large"><font size="6"><strong>&nbsp; <font size="5"><font face="Arial">Genome Sequencer</font> <font color="#ccffff">informtion at Genomics.org</font></font></strong></font></span></span></p> </td> <td style="TEXT-ALIGN: right">&nbsp; <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table style="MARGIN: 0px -8px; BORDER-SPACING: 8px" width="100%" align="left"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; WIDTH: 55%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px"> <table style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px" cellspacing="5" cellpadding="2" width="100%" align="left"> <tbody> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(177,205,235) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(177,205,235) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(206,219,239); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(177,205,235) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(177,205,235) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px" bgcolor="#006666"><font size="4">&nbsp;Genome Sequencers&nbsp;<font color="#ff0000">News</font></font></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller"> <div class="floatleft">&nbsp;</div> <div class="floatleft"><span style="FONT-SIZE: small">►[[Illumina Estimates 1,500 Next-Gen Sequencers Installed to&nbsp;March 24, 2010]]</span></div> <div class="floatleft">&nbsp;</div> </td> </tr> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(210,230,195) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(210,230,195) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(222,243,206); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(210,230,195) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(210,230,195) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px"><font size="4">Research on Genome Sequencers</font></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller" valign="middle" align="left"> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"></span></p> &nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(221,221,164) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(221,221,164) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(239,243,206); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(221,221,164) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(221,221,164) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px">Projects for Genome Sequencers</th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller" valign="middle" width="100%" align="left"> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small">&diams;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>[[GenomeCare]]: </strong>TBI aims to link genes to diseases</span><br /> &nbsp;</p> <div style="TEXT-ALIGN: right"> <div style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; FONT-SIZE: 12px" class="plainlinks">&nbsp;</div> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;[[Disclaimer]]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(255,255,255); VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(206,223,242) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px"> <table style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(255,255,255); VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="1" width="100%" height="448"> <tbody> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(195,230,220) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(195,230,220) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(206,239,231); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(195,230,220) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(195,230,220) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px" width="100%">&nbsp;<font size="4">Genome Sequencer Resource</font></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller"> <div class="floatright">&nbsp;</div> </td> </tr> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(204,255,128) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(204,255,128) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(230,255,191); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(204,255,128) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(204,255,128) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px" width="100%"><font size="4">[[Image:Page logo 1.gif]] Classified</font>&nbsp;</th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller"> <table style="BACKGROUND: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding" width="100%"> <tbody> <tr> <td><font size="3"></font></td> <td><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)">Introduction<br /> </span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div>&nbsp;</div> </td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3"></font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3"></font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3"></font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3"></font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller" bgcolor="#ffffcc"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"> <div><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)">[[Image:User logo.png]]</span></span></div> &nbsp;Sequencing researchers</span></strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller" bgcolor="#ffffee"> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small">&nbsp;</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller" bgcolor="#ffffdd"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">[[External links]]</span></strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> <ul> <li>[[Illumina User Group meeting in Phuket 2010 abstract by Theragen BiO Insititute]] </li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <th style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(238,223,164) 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(238,223,164) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(244,234,195); PADDING-LEFT: 7px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(238,223,164) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(238,223,164) 1px solid; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px"> <div class="floatnone">[[Sequencing Companies]]</div> </th> </tr> <tr> <td style="FONT-SIZE: smaller"> <div class="center"> <div class="floatnone"><span style="FONT-SIZE: small">&nbsp;</span></div> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><br /> &nbsp;</p> <p><br /> &nbsp;</p> <br /> <br /> 503124599d6d814a4d0f618a086b114b401025b1 0 1856 2953 2010-03-29T01:12:25Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: x-large"><strong><font size="5">Sophia Smithe</font></strong></span></p> <p>I am a philosopher.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>Born in April 1981.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>Degree in Philosophy.</p> <p>Ph.D. in Anthropology.</p> <p>Interests: Covolution, Biodiversity, Computing Science, Physics, and Mathematics.</p> 520e58b95d3b0b760e1891392aa58989cb51d566 0 1859 2962 2010-04-02T16:32:08Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki 1. Express your opinion<br /> 2. Add/Edit the declaration<br /> 3. Support it<br /> 4. Act for it<br /> <br /> ce480f9833c98dbf299376739ea9b3e60195546d 2977 2010-05-22T00:08:13Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki 1. Express your opinion<br /> 2. Add/Edit the declaration<br /> 3. Support it<br /> 4. Act for it<br /> <br /> <hr /> [http://humangenomerights.org Human Genome Rights.org]<br /> <br /> <br /> 79a4b8b76190661b5b06637e0e0b142cd00995db 0 1519 2965 2010-04-30T20:08:39Z KissaPaya 89 wikitext text/x-wiki BioComputing.<br /> <br /> The actual core of genomics lies in the CPUs of powerul computers.<br /> Biocomputing is a technology field to build and maintain such powerful computers for genomics. Is is also the science of designing computers that has bilological components that you can use in <a href="javascript:void(0);/*1272546476610*/">paper writing</a> and programming. 86784a611970749e3bbf965fc862beb1c4f0a19e 2966 2010-04-30T20:09:19Z KissaPaya 89 wikitext text/x-wiki BioComputing.<br /> <br /> The actual core of genomics lies in the CPUs of powerul computers.<br /> Biocomputing is a technology field to build and maintain such powerful computers for genomics. Is is also the science of designing computers that has bilological components that you can use in <a href="javascript:void(0);/*1272546515233*/">paper writing</a> and programming. d9a26d6b66f2d9bc208662525524dcf469da7c7b 0 1862 2969 2010-05-14T01:55:46Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5">Personal Genomics Institute (PGI) established.</font><br /> <br /> April 19th, 2010, PGI was established by Theragen Inc. as a non-profit research organization. Theragen is the most advanced genomics company in Korea.<br /> <br /> It is led by [[Jong Bhak]], Ph.D., ByungChul Kim, Ph.D., Sunghoon Lee, Ph.D., MinSeob Lee, Ph.D., Hoyoung Ghang, and TaeHyung Kim.<br /> <br /> http://personalgenomicsinstitute.org<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 550085ffbfbdefe314f1c80b799ebd987a5092b4 2970 2010-05-14T01:56:20Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5">Personal Genomics Institute (PGI) established.</font><br /> <br /> April 19th, 2010, PGI was established by Theragen Inc. as a non-profit research organization. Theragen is the most advanced genomics company in Korea.<br /> <br /> Its main projects are analyzing personal genomes and other omes such as transcriptomes.<br /> <br /> It is led by [[Jong Bhak]], Ph.D., ByungChul Kim, Ph.D., Sunghoon Lee, Ph.D., MinSeob Lee, Ph.D., Hoyoung Ghang, and TaeHyung Kim.<br /> <br /> http://personalgenomicsinstitute.org<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> f7dbfb22232aa47c1e1ca9289b47a7ead9f2ace8 2972 2010-05-14T01:58:11Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5">Personal Genomics Institute (PGI) established.</font><br /> <br /> April 19th, 2010, PGI was established by Theragen Inc. as a non-profit research organization. Theragen is the most advanced genomics company in Korea.<br /> <br /> Genome Research Foundation which established PGI is registered foundation for genome research under the ministry of Education, Science, and Technology of Korea.<br /> <br /> Its main projects are analyzing personal genomes and other omes such as transcriptomes.<br /> <br /> It is led by [[Jong Bhak]], Ph.D., ByungChul Kim, Ph.D., Sunghoon Lee, Ph.D., MinSeob Lee, Ph.D., Hoyoung Ghang, and TaeHyung Kim.<br /> <br /> http://personalgenomicsinstitute.org<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 7e0f1b5f549c93424883fba515cb8acb1fee998c 0 1641 2973 2010-05-14T02:04:42Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki Jong Bhak<br /> <br /> Jong is a bioinformatist. He is also a biosopher.<br /> http://jongbhak.com<br /> <br /> Email: jong.bhak@gmail.com<br /> <br /> <hr /> <font size="4">&nbsp;</font> <div><strong>Jong Bhak <br /> <br /> </strong><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt"><strong>Present Affiliation/Employer: Theragen Inc., Korea<br /> <br /> Address <br /> <br /> Work Address: 2^nd floor, B-dong, AICT, Suwon, 443-270, Gyunggi-do, Korea </strong></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt"><br /> <br /> <strong>Contact Info : jongbhak@yahoo.com<br /> </strong></span><strong>Home page: </strong><span style="COLOR: black"><strong><a href="http://jongbhak.com/"><font color="#0000ff">http://jongbhak.com/</font></a></strong><strong><br /> <br /> Education <br /> </strong></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt">1990. 9&nbsp;&nbsp; ~ 1994. 7: </span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Aberdeen University, UK Biochemistry BSc. Honours, 1st Class. <br /> </span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt">1994. 10 ~ 1997. 7: </span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">MRC centre, Center for Protein Engineering,&nbsp;<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Cambridge, UK. Bioinformatics Ph.D.&nbsp;<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; with Tim Hubbard &amp; Cyrus Chothia Ph.D. <br /> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Thesis : <strong>Genome sequence analysis and methods.&nbsp;<br /> </strong></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt"><br /> Ph.D. supervisers: <span style="COLOR: black">Tim Hubbard</span> (Sanger Inst.) &amp; <span style="COLOR: black">Cyrus Chothia</span> (MRC-LMB) <br /> <br /> <strong>Employment and career experience <br /> </strong>1997. 8 ~ 1997.12 : </span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">MRC centre, Cambridge, UK. Bioinformatics Postdoc </span></div> <span style="COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; with Cyrus Chothia&nbsp;</span><br /> <br /> 1998. 1 ～1999. 4 : Harvard Medical School, Genetics dept,&nbsp;<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="COLOR: black">George Church</span> Lab. Research Fellow, Postdoc&nbsp;</span><br /> <br /> 1999. 4 ～2001. 12 : EBI (European Bioinformatics Institute) Research Fellow, <br /> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Postdoc. With Dr. Liisa Holm</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt"><br /> <br /> 2001. 1 ~ 2003. 4 : </span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">MRC-DUNN, Cambridge, UK, Group Leader (Faculty)&nbsp;<br /> </span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt"><br /> 2003. 4 ~ 2005. 3 :&nbsp;</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Biosystems Dept. KAIST, Korea Associate Professor (Faculty)&nbsp;<br /> </span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt"><br /> 2005. 3 ~ Present: </span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">KOBIC, KRIBB, Daejeon, Korea (Director)&nbsp;<br /> </span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt"><br /> 2006. 9 ~ 2009.9 : </span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Korean University of Science and Technology<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;(Associate Professor) </span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt"><br /> 2009. 9 ~ present : </span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Theragen Inc. BiO Institute. Director.</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt"><br /> <br /> </span><br /> <strong>General Research Interests <br /> </strong>Life time research interest: [[Bioinformatics]], [[Genomics]],&nbsp;and [[Ageing]] (Biological Gerontology) <br /> <br /> * [[Genomics]]: the frst Korean genome sequence analysis.&nbsp;<br /> * Pathogen-host interaction analysis at genomic/proteomic scale. <br /> This work is on a large-scale pathogenic interaction studies using protein-protein interaction information. <br /> * Structural Interactomics (the whole biomolecular structural interaction network construction and analysis. Mainly proteins and their ligands). This is a high resolution structural analysis of interactome. It defines precisely the structural patterns and topologies of protein and chemical domains using computer algorithms developed by us. (Park, et al., 2001, JMB). (Http://interactomics.org/) <br /> * Protein Chemical (ligand) Interaction. I have been interested in the interaction between proteins and their ligands. No publishable or significant research results are available yet. However, I am quite interested in this topic and am currently negotiating a collaboration and grant with a research institute (symposium presentation: annual Korean Biochemistry society meeting, 2002. RNA and DNA binding proteins domains) <br /> * SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) and SAP (small number amino acid polymorphism) analysis. <br /> * BioInfra (Construction of Bioinformatic infrastructure for large scale industrial biotechnology applications) <br /> * Molecular Anthropology. I have been interested in analyzing ancient DNA to track the origins and migrations of ethnic groups. <br /> <br /> <br /> <strong>[[Names of Jong Bhak's Referees]] <br /> <br /> Prof. Shoba Ranganathan</strong>, Ph.D. Chair of Bioinformatics, Dept. of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney. Australia, Tel +61 2 9850 6262 , Fax: +61 2 9850 8313, Email: shoba.ranganathan @ mq.edu.au http://bioinfo.org/people/shoba.html <br /> <br /> <strong>Prof. Tan Tin Wee</strong>, Ph.D. Associate professor of National University of Singapore (NUS). Singapore. tinwee @ bic.nus.edu.sg&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <strong>Sang-Ki Rhee</strong>, Ph.D. Professor, Department of Medical Biotechnology <br /> College of Medical Sciences&nbsp;<br /> (former director of KRIBB where KOBIC was affliated with)<br /> Chief Executive Director, SCH Center for BioPharmaceutical Research and Human Resources Development, Soon Chun Hyang (SCH) University <br /> Postal Address: 646 Eupnaeri, Sinchang, Asan City, <span id="lw_1260952744_12">Chungnam</span>, Korea (336-745) <br /> Tel: +82-(0)41-547-1793&nbsp;&nbsp; Fax: +82-(0)41-530-3085 <br /> Mobile: +82-(0)10-9309-4480&nbsp;&nbsp; e-mail: <a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:rheesk@sch.ac.kr" href="mailto:rheesk@sch.ac.kr"><font color="#000080">rheesk@sch.ac.kr</font></a>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <strong>Prof. Michael Schroeder</strong>: michael.schroeder @ biotec.tu-dresden.de. http://www.biotec.tu-dresden.de/schroeder, since 2003 Professor in Bioinformatics, Biotec and Dept. of Computing, TU Dresden , +49-351-463-40062&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <br /> <strong>Prof. Liisa Holm</strong>: liisa.holm@helsinki.fi, or holm@ebi.ac.uk, Department of Biosciences, P.O.Box 56 (Viikinkaari 9), FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland, phone: +358 9191 59117 , fax: +358-9-191-58754&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <strong>Dr. George Church</strong>: http://arep.med.harvard.edu/ Genetics Dept. Harvard Med. School, Longwood Ave. Boston, MA, USA, (617) 432-1278 <br /> (http://arep.med.harvard.edu)&nbsp;<br /> <strong><br /> Dr. Tim Hubbard</strong>: th@sanger.ac.uk, The Sanger Centre Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambs CB10 1SA, UK, Tel: +44 1223 496886 , Fax: +44 1223 494919 <br /> (http://www.sanger.ac.uk/Users/th/)&nbsp;<br /> <strong><br /> Dr. Cyrus Chothia</strong>: chc1 @ mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk, MRC-LMB, Cambridge, Hills Road, CB22QH, UK , +44 (0)1223 402221 <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <strong>List of publication (Jong Bhak is the same person as Jong H. Park) <br /> <br /> </strong>Most recent ones are here: [[Jong's Research Articles]] | [[Jong's research articles format 2]] <br /> <br /> <br /> <strong>---- <br /> [[Jong's Corean CV]]</strong> <br /> 2bb7fa8aed0f3206f6409de2e9d4d1165085e268 2974 2010-05-14T02:05:19Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki Jong Bhak<br /> <br /> Jong is a bioinformatist. He is also a biosopher.<br /> http://jongbhak.com<br /> <br /> Email: jong.bhak@gmail.com<br /> <br /> <hr /> <font size="4">&nbsp;</font> <div><strong>Jong Bhak <br /> <br /> </strong><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt"><strong>Present Affiliation/Employer: Theragen Inc., Korea<br /> <br /> Address <br /> <br /> Work Address: 2^nd floor, B-dong, AICT, Suwon, 443-270, Gyunggi-do, Korea </strong></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt"><br /> <br /> <strong>Contact Info : jongbhak@yahoo.com<br /> </strong></span><strong>Home page: </strong><span style="COLOR: black"><strong><a href="http://jongbhak.com/"><font color="#0000ff">http://jongbhak.com/</font></a></strong><strong><br /> <br /> Education <br /> </strong></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt">1990. 9&nbsp;&nbsp; ~ 1994. 7: </span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Aberdeen University, UK Biochemistry BSc. Honours, 1st Class. <br /> </span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt">1994. 10 ~ 1997. 7: </span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">MRC centre, Center for Protein Engineering,&nbsp;<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Cambridge, UK. Bioinformatics Ph.D.&nbsp;<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; with Tim Hubbard &amp; Cyrus Chothia Ph.D. <br /> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Thesis : <strong>Genome sequence analysis and methods.&nbsp;<br /> </strong></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt"><br /> Ph.D. supervisers: <span style="COLOR: black">Tim Hubbard</span> (Sanger Inst.) &amp; <span style="COLOR: black">Cyrus Chothia</span> (MRC-LMB) <br /> <br /> <strong>Employment and career experience <br /> </strong>1997. 8 ~ 1997.12 : </span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">MRC centre, Cambridge, UK. Bioinformatics Postdoc </span></div> <span style="COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; with Cyrus Chothia&nbsp;</span><br /> <br /> 1998. 1 ～1999. 4 : Harvard Medical School, Genetics dept,&nbsp;<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="COLOR: black">George Church</span> Lab. Research Fellow, Postdoc&nbsp;</span><br /> <br /> 1999. 4 ～2001. 12 : EBI (European Bioinformatics Institute) Research Fellow, <br /> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Postdoc. With Dr. Liisa Holm</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt"><br /> <br /> 2001. 1 ~ 2003. 4 : </span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">MRC-DUNN, Cambridge, UK, Group Leader (Faculty)&nbsp;<br /> </span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt"><br /> 2003. 4 ~ 2005. 3 :&nbsp;</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Biosystems Dept. KAIST, Korea Associate Professor (Faculty)&nbsp;<br /> </span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt"><br /> 2005. 3 ~ Present: </span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">KOBIC, KRIBB, Daejeon, Korea (Director)&nbsp;<br /> </span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt"><br /> 2006. 9 ~ 2009.9 : </span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Korean University of Science and Technology<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;(Associate Professor) </span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt"><br /> 2009. 9 ~ present : </span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Theragen Inc. BiO Institute. Director.</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt"><br /> <br /> </span><br /> <strong>General Research Interests <br /> </strong>Life time research interest: [[Bioinformatics]], [[Genomics]],&nbsp;and [[Ageing]] (Biological Gerontology) <br /> <br /> * [[Genomics]]: the frst Korean genome sequence analysis.&nbsp;<br /> * Pathogen-host interaction analysis at genomic/proteomic scale. <br /> This work is on a large-scale pathogenic interaction studies using protein-protein interaction information. <br /> * Structural Interactomics (the whole biomolecular structural interaction network construction and analysis. Mainly proteins and their ligands). This is a high resolution structural analysis of interactome. It defines precisely the structural patterns and topologies of protein and chemical domains using computer algorithms developed by us. (Park, et al., 2001, JMB). (Http://interactomics.org/) <br /> * Protein Chemical (ligand) Interaction. I have been interested in the interaction between proteins and their ligands. No publishable or significant research results are available yet. However, I am quite interested in this topic and am currently negotiating a collaboration and grant with a research institute (symposium presentation: annual Korean Biochemistry society meeting, 2002. RNA and DNA binding proteins domains) <br /> * SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) and SAP (small number amino acid polymorphism) analysis. <br /> * BioInfra (Construction of Bioinformatic infrastructure for large scale industrial biotechnology applications) <br /> * Molecular Anthropology. I have been interested in analyzing ancient DNA to track the origins and migrations of ethnic groups. <br /> <br /> <br /> <strong>[[Names of Jong Bhak's Referees]] <br /> <br /> Prof. Shoba Ranganathan</strong>, Ph.D. Chair of Bioinformatics, Dept. of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney. Australia, Tel +61 2 9850 6262 , Fax: +61 2 9850 8313, Email: shoba.ranganathan @ mq.edu.au http://bioinfo.org/people/shoba.html <br /> <br /> <strong>Prof. Tan Tin Wee</strong>, Ph.D. Associate professor of National University of Singapore (NUS). Singapore. tinwee @ bic.nus.edu.sg&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <strong>Sang-Ki Rhee</strong>, Ph.D. Professor, Department of Medical Biotechnology <br /> College of Medical Sciences&nbsp;<br /> (former director of KRIBB where KOBIC was affliated with)<br /> Chief Executive Director, SCH Center for BioPharmaceutical Research and Human Resources Development, Soon Chun Hyang (SCH) University <br /> Postal Address: 646 Eupnaeri, Sinchang, Asan City, <span id="lw_1260952744_12">Chungnam</span>, Korea (336-745) <br /> Tel: +82-(0)41-547-1793&nbsp;&nbsp; Fax: +82-(0)41-530-3085 <br /> Mobile: +82-(0)10-9309-4480&nbsp;&nbsp; e-mail: <a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:rheesk@sch.ac.kr" href="mailto:rheesk@sch.ac.kr"><font color="#000080">rheesk@sch.ac.kr</font></a>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <strong>Prof. Michael Schroeder</strong>: michael.schroeder @ biotec.tu-dresden.de. http://www.biotec.tu-dresden.de/schroeder, since 2003 Professor in Bioinformatics, Biotec and Dept. of Computing, TU Dresden , +49-351-463-40062&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <br /> <strong>Prof. Liisa Holm</strong>: liisa.holm@helsinki.fi, or holm@ebi.ac.uk, Department of Biosciences, P.O.Box 56 (Viikinkaari 9), FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland, phone: +358 9191 59117 , fax: +358-9-191-58754&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <strong>Dr. George Church</strong>: http://arep.med.harvard.edu/ Genetics Dept. Harvard Med. School, Longwood Ave. Boston, MA, USA, (617) 432-1278 <br /> (http://arep.med.harvard.edu)&nbsp;<br /> <strong><br /> Dr. Tim Hubbard</strong>: th@sanger.ac.uk, The Sanger Centre Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambs CB10 1SA, UK, Tel: +44 1223 496886 , Fax: +44 1223 494919 <br /> (http://www.sanger.ac.uk/Users/th/)&nbsp;<br /> <strong><br /> Dr. Cyrus Chothia</strong>: chc1 @ mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk, MRC-LMB, Cambridge, Hills Road, CB22QH, UK , +44 (0)1223 402221 <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <strong>List of publication (Jong Bhak is the same person as Jong H. Park) <br /> <br /> </strong>Most recent ones are here: [http://jongbhak.com/index.php/Jong%27s_Research_Articles Jong's Research Articles] | [[Jong's research articles format 2]] <br /> <br /> <br /> <strong>---- <br /> [[Jong's Corean CV]]</strong> <br /> dac5f0f8977f6f3c43bc5035f811bcfbcb16d6c2 4 1500 2975 2010-05-21T14:07:16Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="3"><font size="4">Genomics.org is a text place for enhancing the popularization of genomics application in societies.</font><br /> <br /> Genomics.org is particularly interested in common people understand and user genomics information in their everyday lives.<br /> <br /> The contents of Genomics.org is under [[BioLicense]] scheme. To know more about BioLicense, please visit: http://biolicense.org<br /> <br /> Genomics.org is dedicated to all the information processing organisms on Earth.<br /> <br /> The contributors of Genomics.org aim to provide an [[openfree]] cyberspace to people, robots,&nbsp;and machines&nbsp;who want to know more about their biological identity.<br /> <br /> All the data, information, knowledge, and multimedia on this site is <em>openfree</em> under [[BioLicense]].<br /> <br /> Everyone and everything who is interested in [[genome analysis]]&nbsp;is welcome to share his/her/its information with others without any mental obstacles.<br /> <br /> <strong>How to contribute to Genomics.org project?</strong><br /> You can contribute your own genetic and genome information to any way you like. The only restriction is that any such material should not have any restriction in sharing with others.<br /> <br /> <font size="4">Where can I deposit&nbsp;Genome information?</font><br /> [ftp://bioftp.org BioFtp.org]<br /> <br /> </font><font size="3"><strong>Who owns Genomics.org?<br /> </strong>It is you!<br /> <br /> </font><font size="3"><strong>Who are the founders of Genomics.org?<br /> </strong>It is you!&nbsp; <br /> Genomics.org is under [[BioOriginality]] principle. It means there is no one person or group who can claim the originality of the project.<br /> <br /> <hr size="2" width="100%" /> [http://biolicense.org/index.php/BioOriginality BioOriginality at BioLicense.org] <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> </font> 60f881151d969767e1889a201e5126b2f9b21dd8 2976 2010-05-21T14:08:53Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="3"><font size="4">Genomics.org is a text place for enhancing the popularization of genomics application in societies.</font><br /> <br /> Genomics.org is particularly interested in common people understand and user genomics information in their everyday lives.<br /> <br /> The contents of Genomics.org is under [[BioLicense]] scheme. To know more about BioLicense, please visit: http://biolicense.org<br /> <br /> Genomics.org is dedicated to all the information processing organisms on Earth.<br /> <br /> The contributors of Genomics.org aim to provide an [[openfree]] cyberspace to people, robots,&nbsp;and machines&nbsp;who want to know more about their biological identity.<br /> <br /> All the data, information, knowledge, and multimedia on this site is <em>openfree</em> under [[BioLicense]].<br /> <br /> Everyone and everything who is interested in [[genome analysis]]&nbsp;is welcome to share his/her/its information with others without any mental obstacles.<br /> <br /> <strong>How to contribute to Genomics.org project?</strong><br /> You can contribute your own genetic and genome information to any way you like. The only restriction is that any such material should not have any restriction in sharing with others.<br /> <br /> <font size="4">Where can I deposit&nbsp;Genome information?</font><br /> [ftp://bioftp.org BioFtp.org]<br /> <br /> </font><font size="3"><strong>Who owns Genomics.org?<br /> <font color="#ff0000">It is you!</font></strong><br /> <br /> </font><font size="3"><strong>Who are the founders of Genomics.org?<br /> <font color="#ff0000">It is you!</font></strong>&nbsp; <br /> Genomics.org is under [[BioOriginality]] principle. It means there is no one person or group who claims the originality of the project's concepts, ideas, software, and knowledge.&nbsp;<br /> <strong><font color="#339966">It is all yours, it is all everybody else's.</font><br /> </strong><br /> <hr size="2" width="100%" /> [http://biolicense.org/index.php/BioOriginality BioOriginality at BioLicense.org] <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> </font> 02b1b736df66827e3c1dc0a51eee9e6bff3ca600 0 1863 2979 2010-05-24T15:05:27Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki Nature. 2010 Mar 25;464(7288):592-6. Epub 2010 Mar 14. <br /> <br /> The dynamic genome of Hydra. <br /> Chapman JA, Kirkness EF, Simakov O, Hampson SE, Mitros T, Weinmaier T, Rattei T, Balasubramanian PG, Borman J, Busam D, Disbennett K, Pfannkoch C, Sumin N, Sutton GG, Viswanathan LD, Walenz B, Goodstein DM, Hellsten U, Kawashima T, Prochnik SE, Putnam NH, Shu S, Blumberg B, Dana CE, Gee L, Kibler DF, Law L, Lindgens D, Martinez DE, Peng J, Wigge PA, Bertulat B, Guder C, Nakamura Y, Ozbek S, Watanabe H, Khalturin K, Hemmrich G, Franke A, Augustin R, Fraune S, Hayakawa E, Hayakawa S, Hirose M, Hwang JS, Ikeo K, Nishimiya-Fujisawa C, Ogura A, Takahashi T, Steinmetz PR, Zhang X, Aufschnaiter R, Eder MK, Gorny AK, Salvenmoser W, Heimberg AM, Wheeler BM, Peterson KJ, B&ouml;ttger A, Tischler P, Wolf A, Gojobori T, Remington KA, Strausberg RL, Venter JC, Technau U, Hobmayer B, Bosch TC, Holstein TW, Fujisawa T, Bode HR, David CN, Rokhsar DS, Steele RE. <br /> <br /> US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California 94598, USA. <br /> <br /> Abstract <br /> The freshwater cnidarian Hydra was first described in 1702 and has been the object of study for 300 years. Experimental studies of Hydra between 1736 and 1744 culminated in the discovery of asexual reproduction of an animal by budding, the first description of regeneration in an animal, and successful transplantation of tissue between animals. Today, Hydra is an important model for studies of axial patterning, stem cell biology and regeneration. Here we report the genome of Hydra magnipapillata and compare it to the genomes of the anthozoan Nematostella vectensis and other animals. The Hydra genome has been shaped by bursts of transposable element expansion, horizontal gene transfer, trans-splicing, and simplification of gene structure and gene content that parallel simplification of the Hydra life cycle. We also report the sequence of the genome of a novel bacterium stably associated with H. magnipapillata. Comparisons of the Hydra genome to the genomes of other animals shed light on the evolution of epithelia, contractile tissues, developmentally regulated transcription factors, the Spemann-Mangold organizer, pluripotency genes and the neuromuscular junction&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20228792">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20228792</a> caf27883939ca4310fcec5e47f8365a133f194e5 0 1866 2986 2010-06-09T13:14:46Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki Hepatogenomics is the genomics study of liver and liver diseases. 0627bb265d2f2f55c1b39e8b476b811565d42f88 2987 2010-06-09T13:15:00Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki Hepatogenomics is the genomics study of liver and liver diseases. [http://hepatogenomics.org Hepatogenomics.org] 2ad3827855b727d508e539d3eb3083ef4cc5e121 0 1867 2988 2010-06-09T13:15:28Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki GastroGenomics is the genomics study of stomach and stomach diseases such as stomach cancer. - Jong Bhak Gastrogenomics.org f6db2a64380d0d819e8c35daa48d88da9e57977d 0 1868 2989 2010-06-09T13:15:56Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki Pulmogenomics is the genomics study of lungs and lung diseases. [http://pulmogenomics.org Pulmogenomics.org] 13f9b1e684361b4ebed3147482ece4a212ae10e2 6 1869 2995 2010-06-18T20:17:47Z AssaSom 96 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 0 1605 2996 2010-06-18T21:34:15Z SophiaGreen 97 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5">Major Human Genome Project Sequencing Sites <br /> </font> <ul> <li><a href="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/">The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, The Wellcome Trust Genome Campus</a>, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom </li> <li><a href="http://www.jgi.doe.gov/">U.S.DOE Joint Genome Institute</a>, Walnut Creek, California, USA, integrates three genome centers at Department of Energy national laboratories. </li> <li><a href="http://www.hgsc.bcm.tmc.edu/">Baylor College of Medicine Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics</a>, Houston, Texas, USA </li> <li><a href="http://genome.wustl.edu/">Washington University School of Medicine Genome Sequencing Center</a>, St. Louis, Missouri, USA </li> <li><a href="http://www.wi.mit.edu/">Whitehead Institute/MIT Center for Genome Research</a>, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA </li> </ul> <h3><br /> Other Contributors</h3> <ul> <li><a href="http://www.agrf.org.au/">Australian Genome Research Facility</a> </li> <li>[[Beijing Genomics Institute]]/Human Genome Center, Institute of Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China* </li> <li><a href="http://chr21.molgen.mpg.de/Chr21_consortium.html">Chromosome 21 Consortium</a> </li> <li><a href="http://nucleus.cshl.org/humchr18web/">Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Lita Annenberg Hazen Genome Center</a>, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, USA* </li> <li>Chromosome 13 - <a href="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/HGP/Chr13/">Sanger Centre</a> </li> <li><a href="http://compbio.ornl.gov/">Computational Biology at Oak Ridge National Laboratory</a> <ul> <li><a href="http://compbio.ornl.gov/gac/">Genome and Protein Analysis Collaborations</a> </li> <li><a href="http://compbio.ornl.gov/channel/">The Genome Channel</a> </li> <li><a href="http://compbio.ornl.gov/tools/index.shtml">Tools, Databases, Results</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">European Bioinformatics Institute</a> </li> <li><a href="http://www.cephb.fr/">Foundation Jean Dausset-CEPH</a> </li> <li><a href="http://www.genethon.fr/php/index.php">G&eacute;n&eacute;thon</a> </li> <li><a href="http://www.gdb.org/">Genome Database</a> </li> <li>GTC Sequencing Center, Genome Therapeutics Corporation, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA* </li> <li><a href="http://www.genoscope.cns.fr/">Genoscope and CNRS UMG-8030</a>, Evry, France* </li> <li><a href="http://www.dhgp.de/">German Human Genome Project</a> </li> <li><a href="http://www.gbf.de/">Gesellschaft fur Biotechnologische Forschung mbH</a>, Braunschweig, Germany* </li> <li><a href="http://genome.imb-jena.de/">Department of Genome Analysis, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology</a>, Jena, Germany* </li> <li><a href="http://www-alis.tokyo.jst.go.jp/HGS/top.pl">Japan Science and Technology Corporation Sequencing Projects</a> </li> <li><a href="http://www.keio.ac.jp/">Department of Molecular Biology, Keio University School of Medicine</a>, Tokyo, Japan* </li> <li><a href="http://www.mpimg-berlin-dahlem.mpg.de/welcome.html">Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics</a>, Berlin, Germany* </li> <li><a href="http://www.systemsbiology.org/">The Institute for Systems Biology</a>, Seattle, Washington, USA* </li> <li><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/">National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)</a> </li> <li><a href="http://genome.rtc.riken.go.jp/">RIKEN Genomic Sciences Center</a>, Saitama, Japan* </li> <li><a href="http://www-sequence.stanford.edu/">Stanford Genome Technology Center</a>, Stanford, California, USA* </li> <li><a href="http://www-shgc.stanford.edu/">Stanford Human Genome Center</a>, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA* </li> <li><a href="http://www.tigr.org/">The Institute for Genomic Research</a> (J. Craig Venter Institute) </li> <li><a href="http://www.fruitfly.org/">University of California at Berkeley <em>Drosophila</em> Genome Center</a> </li> <li><a href="http://gai.nci.nih.gov/CHLC/">Cooperative Human Linkage Center</a> </li> <li><a href="http://www.genome.ou.edu/">University of Oklahoma Advanced Center for Genome Technology</a>* </li> <li><a href="http://www.mdanderson.org/departments/molgen/">University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Molecular Genetics</a> </li> <li><a href="http://www3.utsouthwestern.edu/">University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas</a>, Dallas, Texas, USA* </li> <li><a href="http://www.hgc.ims.u-tokyo.ac.jp/">University of Tokyo</a> Human Genome Center </li> <li><a href="http://www-genetics.med.utah.edu/">University of Utah Eccles Institute of Human Genetics</a> </li> <li><a href="http://www.genome.washington.edu/UWGC/">University of Washington Genome Center</a>, Seattle, Washington, USA* </li> <li><a href="http://www.genome.wisc.edu/">University of Wisconsin <em>E. coli</em> Genome Center</a> </li> <li><a href="http://www.well.ox.ac.uk/">Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="javascript:void(0);/*1276896849094*/">freelance writing jobs</a></li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <hr /> [[Genomics basics]]<br /> <p>&nbsp;</p> 94cb21cb4f3548b2f3ade3cb6225c1c0010f6210 2997 2010-06-18T21:35:04Z SophiaGreen 97 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5">Major Human Genome Project Sequencing Sites <br /> </font> <ul> <li><a href="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/">The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, The Wellcome Trust Genome Campus</a>, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom </li> <li><a href="http://www.jgi.doe.gov/">U.S.DOE Joint Genome Institute</a>, Walnut Creek, California, USA, integrates three genome centers at Department of Energy national laboratories. </li> <li><a href="http://www.hgsc.bcm.tmc.edu/">Baylor College of Medicine Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics</a>, Houston, Texas, USA </li> <li><a href="http://genome.wustl.edu/">Washington University School of Medicine Genome Sequencing Center</a>, St. Louis, Missouri, USA </li> <li><a href="http://www.wi.mit.edu/">Whitehead Institute/MIT Center for Genome Research</a>, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA </li> </ul> <h3><br /> Other Contributors</h3> <ul> <li><a href="http://www.agrf.org.au/">Australian Genome Research Facility</a> </li> <li>[[Beijing Genomics Institute]]/Human Genome Center, Institute of Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China* </li> <li><a href="http://chr21.molgen.mpg.de/Chr21_consortium.html">Chromosome 21 Consortium</a> </li> <li><a href="http://nucleus.cshl.org/humchr18web/">Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Lita Annenberg Hazen Genome Center</a>, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, USA* </li> <li>Chromosome 13 - <a href="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/HGP/Chr13/">Sanger Centre</a> </li> <li><a href="http://compbio.ornl.gov/">Computational Biology at Oak Ridge National Laboratory</a> <ul> <li><a href="http://compbio.ornl.gov/gac/">Genome and Protein Analysis Collaborations</a> </li> <li><a href="http://compbio.ornl.gov/channel/">The Genome Channel</a> </li> <li><a href="http://compbio.ornl.gov/tools/index.shtml">Tools, Databases, Results</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">European Bioinformatics Institute</a> </li> <li><a href="http://www.cephb.fr/">Foundation Jean Dausset-CEPH</a> </li> <li><a href="http://www.genethon.fr/php/index.php">G&eacute;n&eacute;thon</a> </li> <li><a href="http://www.gdb.org/">Genome Database</a> </li> <li>GTC Sequencing Center, Genome Therapeutics Corporation, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA* </li> <li><a href="http://www.genoscope.cns.fr/">Genoscope and CNRS UMG-8030</a>, Evry, France* </li> <li><a href="http://www.dhgp.de/">German Human Genome Project</a> </li> <li><a href="http://www.gbf.de/">Gesellschaft fur Biotechnologische Forschung mbH</a>, Braunschweig, Germany* </li> <li><a href="http://genome.imb-jena.de/">Department of Genome Analysis, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology</a>, Jena, Germany* </li> <li><a href="http://www-alis.tokyo.jst.go.jp/HGS/top.pl">Japan Science and Technology Corporation Sequencing Projects</a> </li> <li><a href="http://www.keio.ac.jp/">Department of Molecular Biology, Keio University School of Medicine</a>, Tokyo, Japan* </li> <li><a href="http://www.mpimg-berlin-dahlem.mpg.de/welcome.html">Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics</a>, Berlin, Germany* </li> <li><a href="http://www.systemsbiology.org/">The Institute for Systems Biology</a>, Seattle, Washington, USA* </li> <li><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/">National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)</a> </li> <li><a href="http://genome.rtc.riken.go.jp/">RIKEN Genomic Sciences Center</a>, Saitama, Japan* </li> <li><a href="http://www-sequence.stanford.edu/">Stanford Genome Technology Center</a>, Stanford, California, USA* </li> <li><a href="http://www-shgc.stanford.edu/">Stanford Human Genome Center</a>, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA* </li> <li><a href="http://www.tigr.org/">The Institute for Genomic Research</a> (J. Craig Venter Institute) </li> <li><a href="http://www.fruitfly.org/">University of California at Berkeley <em>Drosophila</em> Genome Center</a> </li> <li><a href="http://gai.nci.nih.gov/CHLC/">Cooperative Human Linkage Center</a> </li> <li><a href="http://www.genome.ou.edu/">University of Oklahoma Advanced Center for Genome Technology</a>* </li> <li><a href="http://www.mdanderson.org/departments/molgen/">University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Molecular Genetics</a> </li> <li><a href="http://www3.utsouthwestern.edu/">University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas</a>, Dallas, Texas, USA* </li> <li><a href="http://www.hgc.ims.u-tokyo.ac.jp/">University of Tokyo</a> Human Genome Center </li> <li><a href="http://www-genetics.med.utah.edu/">University of Utah Eccles Institute of Human Genetics</a> </li> <li><a href="http://www.genome.washington.edu/UWGC/">University of Washington Genome Center</a>, Seattle, Washington, USA* </li> <li><a href="http://www.genome.wisc.edu/">University of Wisconsin <em>E. coli</em> Genome Center</a> </li> <li><a href="http://www.well.ox.ac.uk/">Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.writers.ph/">freelance writing jobs</a></li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <hr /> [[Genomics basics]]<br /> <p>&nbsp;</p> c4427aff766e05263631ff9fad64ce934d6504b4 2998 2010-06-23T12:23:28Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5">Major Human Genome Project Sequencing Sites <br /> </font> <ul> <li><a href="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/">The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, The Wellcome Trust Genome Campus</a>, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom </li> <li><a href="http://www.jgi.doe.gov/">U.S.DOE Joint Genome Institute</a>, Walnut Creek, California, USA, integrates three genome centers at Department of Energy national laboratories. </li> <li><a href="http://www.hgsc.bcm.tmc.edu/">Baylor College of Medicine Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics</a>, Houston, Texas, USA </li> <li><a href="http://genome.wustl.edu/">Washington University School of Medicine Genome Sequencing Center</a>, St. Louis, Missouri, USA </li> <li><a href="http://www.wi.mit.edu/">Whitehead Institute/MIT Center for Genome Research</a>, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA </li> </ul> <h3><br /> Other Contributors</h3> <ul> <li><a href="http://www.agrf.org.au/">Australian Genome Research Facility</a> </li> <li>[[Beijing Genomics Institute]]/Human Genome Center, Institute of Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China* </li> <li><a href="http://chr21.molgen.mpg.de/Chr21_consortium.html">Chromosome 21 Consortium</a> </li> <li><a href="http://nucleus.cshl.org/humchr18web/">Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Lita Annenberg Hazen Genome Center</a>, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, USA* </li> <li>Chromosome 13 - <a href="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/HGP/Chr13/">Sanger Centre</a> </li> <li><a href="http://compbio.ornl.gov/">Computational Biology at Oak Ridge National Laboratory</a> <ul> <li><a href="http://compbio.ornl.gov/gac/">Genome and Protein Analysis Collaborations</a> </li> <li><a href="http://compbio.ornl.gov/channel/">The Genome Channel</a> </li> <li><a href="http://compbio.ornl.gov/tools/index.shtml">Tools, Databases, Results</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">European Bioinformatics Institute</a> </li> <li><a href="http://www.cephb.fr/">Foundation Jean Dausset-CEPH</a> </li> <li><a href="http://www.genethon.fr/php/index.php">G&eacute;n&eacute;thon</a> </li> <li><a href="http://www.gdb.org/">Genome Database</a> </li> <li>GTC Sequencing Center, Genome Therapeutics Corporation, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA* </li> <li><a href="http://www.genoscope.cns.fr/">Genoscope and CNRS UMG-8030</a>, Evry, France* </li> <li><a href="http://www.dhgp.de/">German Human Genome Project</a> </li> <li><a href="http://www.gbf.de/">Gesellschaft fur Biotechnologische Forschung mbH</a>, Braunschweig, Germany* </li> <li><a href="http://genome.imb-jena.de/">Department of Genome Analysis, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology</a>, Jena, Germany* </li> <li><a href="http://www-alis.tokyo.jst.go.jp/HGS/top.pl">Japan Science and Technology Corporation Sequencing Projects</a> </li> <li><a href="http://www.keio.ac.jp/">Department of Molecular Biology, Keio University School of Medicine</a>, Tokyo, Japan* </li> <li><a href="http://www.mpimg-berlin-dahlem.mpg.de/welcome.html">Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics</a>, Berlin, Germany* </li> <li><a href="http://www.systemsbiology.org/">The Institute for Systems Biology</a>, Seattle, Washington, USA* </li> <li><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/">National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)</a> </li> <li><a href="http://genome.rtc.riken.go.jp/">RIKEN Genomic Sciences Center</a>, Saitama, Japan* </li> <li><a href="http://www-sequence.stanford.edu/">Stanford Genome Technology Center</a>, Stanford, California, USA* </li> <li><a href="http://www-shgc.stanford.edu/">Stanford Human Genome Center</a>, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA* </li> <li><a href="http://www.tigr.org/">The Institute for Genomic Research</a> (J. Craig Venter Institute) </li> <li><a href="http://www.fruitfly.org/">University of California at Berkeley <em>Drosophila</em> Genome Center</a> </li> <li><a href="http://gai.nci.nih.gov/CHLC/">Cooperative Human Linkage Center</a> </li> <li><a href="http://www.genome.ou.edu/">University of Oklahoma Advanced Center for Genome Technology</a>* </li> <li><a href="http://www.mdanderson.org/departments/molgen/">University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Molecular Genetics</a> </li> <li><a href="http://www3.utsouthwestern.edu/">University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas</a>, Dallas, Texas, USA* </li> <li><a href="http://www.hgc.ims.u-tokyo.ac.jp/">University of Tokyo</a> Human Genome Center </li> <li><a href="http://www-genetics.med.utah.edu/">University of Utah Eccles Institute of Human Genetics</a> </li> <li><a href="http://www.genome.washington.edu/UWGC/">University of Washington Genome Center</a>, Seattle, Washington, USA* </li> <li><a href="http://www.genome.wisc.edu/">University of Wisconsin <em>E. coli</em> Genome Center</a> </li> <li><a href="http://www.well.ox.ac.uk/">Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics</a> </li> </ul> <hr /> [[Genomics basics]]<br /> <p>&nbsp;</p> e716c73c0d7e8358ac0b738b4691364c0c349e48 0 1833 2999 2010-07-01T17:17:15Z Humanisov 98 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">Dec. 30th 2009.</font><br /> <br /> <font size="3">Theragen Inc. in Korea launched full genome and SNP based personal genome project, GenomeCare Project.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> The company is the first in Asia to commercialize the full genome and SNP based personal genome information service.<br /> </font><br /> [[HelloGene]]: SNP chip based personal gene information service<br /> [[HelloGenome]]: Full genome based sequencing and information service<br /> <br /> <br /> The Genome Care Project was launched by Theragen BiO Institute led (Director, Jong Bhak).<br /> <br /> The price for the full personal genome service (Gold)&nbsp;is $200,000 USD. A standard version (Silver) is $150,000 USD.<br /> The price for a full personal SNP genome typing service (Premium) is $2000 USD. A standard version is $1000 USD.<br /> <br /> This service is the first commercial&nbsp;personal genome service&nbsp;in Asia. <br /> <br /> The Theragen BiO Institute (BiO institute) has analyzed the first personal Korean genome in Dec. 2008. The BiO institute researchers also participated in PASNP project that used 73 Asian ethnic groups using Affy 50K gene chips. The results of the first Korean genome (Dr. Kim Seong-Jin's) was published in May 2009 in Genome Research.<br /> The result of the PASNP consortium was published in Science magazine in Dec. 2009.<br /> <br /> The GenomeCare project is to map all the Asian ethnic groups for personalized medicine.<br /> <br /> <br /> http://hellogene.co.kr<br /> <a href="http://www.all-auto.ro/piese-auto">piese auto</a> <p><a href="http://servingdish.org">serving dish</a> | <a href="http://vanitytable.org">vanity table</a></p> a447c3a4b402b6d10df1330b5d0c45aa1b9b4031 0 1711 3000 2010-07-01T17:19:33Z Humanisov 98 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong>Daphnia Genomics Consortium<br /> </strong><br /> <a href="http://daphnia.cgb.indiana.edu/">http://daphnia.cgb.indiana.edu/</a><br /> <br /> [[What is a daphnia?]]<br /> <br /> [[Image:Daphnia magna01.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The <em>Daphnia</em> Genomics Consortium (DGC) is an international <a href="/people/?page=network"><font color="#0066cc">network</font></a> of investigators committed to mounting the freshwater crustacean <em>Daphnia.<br /> </em><br /> <br /> Resources : <p><a href="http://servingdish.org">serving bowls</a> | <a href="http://vanitytable.org">vanity tables</a></p> 4b71b5ffae62ba9771f6a127e0a4cc5e31651dbc 0 1527 3001 2010-07-01T17:20:46Z Humanisov 98 wikitext text/x-wiki <a href="http://www.agowa.de/">http://www.agowa.de/</a><br /> <br /> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr valign="top" align="left"> <td colspan="2"> <h2><font size="2">AGOWA is an internationally acting genomics company founded in 1993. <br /> <br /> Since December 2005, AGOWA has been part of the LGC Group, an international science service company.<br /> This move both enhances LGC's capabilities in genetic analysis and also further strengthens LGC's operations in Germany. It is planned that, as part of the LGC Group, AGOWA will continue its track record of continuous growth and will support LGC's strategy to introduce novel analytical and diagnostic services into Germany and across Europe.<br /> LGC is Europe's leading provider of analytical and diagnostic services and reference standards. It performs measurement-related genomic research in the UK to advise the pharmaceutical and biotechnology sector. LGC also provides extensive DNA analytical capabilities in the field of healthcare and, in the forensic field, in support of UK police forces. <br /> <br /> AGOWA offers a broad spectrum of high quality, state-of-the-art genomic and related services and products for clients such as large pharmaceutical companies, biotech companies, private and public research institutions as well as medical institutions. Furthermore, the company is a highly respected member of various renowned European genome projects, in which AGOWA has proven its research and technological capabilities. </font></h2> <p><strong><font size="2"></font></strong></p> <h2><font size="2">AGOWA's quality management system is certified by DIN EN ISO 9001:2000.</font></h2> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="99%" align="left" border="0"> <tbody> <tr valign="top" align="left"> <td height="110">&nbsp;</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="50"><img height="10" src="http://www.agowa.de/graphics/elements/y.gif" width="50" alt="" /></td> <td> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="99%" border="0"> <tbody> <tr valign="top" align="left"> <td> <h2>Genomic Services</h2> <div>AGOWA looks back on long-standing experience in large-scale sequencing gained in international and national genome projects. The company has been, and still is, involved in a large number of European genome projects (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Bacillus subtilis, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Arabidopsis thaliana, Leishmania major, Aspergillus niger etc.), as well as being a member of the German Human Genome Project. <p>The custom DNA sequencing service, which AGOWA provides their research and industrial based customers, combines state-of-the-art technology (ABI 3730 XL) with experience in large-scale sequencing projects. Highest quality is guaranteed in short time. AGOWAs customers very well appreciate the overnight DNA sequencing service. AGOWA was actually the first company, which introduced the overnight sequencing in Europe. Orders can be placed quickly, comfortably and at any time using AGOW@-line online DNA sequencing service. </p> <p>AGOWA is constantly extending its range of genomic services such as automated picking and replicating of bacterial clones, shotgun libraries, cDNA libraries (either normalized, unnormalized or subtracted) and BAC libraries. </p> <p>The company provides a highly sophisticated service in bioinformatics for an integral and full analysis, annotation and visualization of complete chromosome sequences as well as cDNA and EST data to complete the services in genome analysis. </p> <p>AGOWA's efficiency and methodical flexibility are highly regarded, and thanks to a highly qualified and motivated staff and excellent technical equipment the company has won recognition as a high-end service provider and competent outsourcing partner. </p> </div> </td> </tr> <!-- <tr> <td> <h2><br> <br> Molecular Genetic Diagnostics</h2> <div>Since 1996 AGOWA has offered an innovative and complete service for doctors and laboratories in this field and provides a cost-effective sequencing service specialising in the total analysis (full length sequencing) of genes that cause human diseases to detect point mutations, deletions or single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). <p> AGOWA was certified by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Humangenetik for this service. The company has extensive experience in high-throughput candidate gene projects (for instance in providing > 100.000 sequences for the Institute of Human Genetics in Bonn). </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <h2><br> <br> Genotyping</h2> <div>AGOWA is committed to providing highly service-oriented DNA fragment analysis for forensic, paternity, human or animal identity testing. </td> </tr> //--> <tr> <td> <h2>Magnetic Separation</h2> <div>The automated purification of DNA/RNA from very different sample material is a rapidly developing business unit of AGOWA. The company accumulated a profound application know-how in extraction of nucleic acids from different sample material, what is well recognized by customers.<br /> AGOWA's magnetic bead technology using AGOWA's self developed special magnetic particles and kits to separate nucleic acids is predestined for the complete automation of the extraction process since it avoids manual interaction such as centrifugation and phenol extraction steps.<br /> AGOWA offers magnetic separators specially developed to automatically process samples, useable on liquid handling robots of different suppliers. Together with the respective separation kits, AGOWA's separators have been implemented on all common liquid handling robots like Hamilton, Perkin Elmer,Tecan, Beckman, etc. Consequently AGOWA is - in co-operation with the robotic systems - able to offer tailor made &quot;turn-key&quot; solutions that are fully adaptable to customer needs, especially regarding any kind of throughput. </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <h2>DNA/RNA Extraction Service</h2> <div>The outsourcing market in DNA/RNA extraction is rapidly growing. The combination of state-of-the-art technology with the company's know-how and quality certification attracts customers especially in the pharma-industry who outsource such projects to AGOWA. </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <h2>Strategies</h2> <div>AGOWA masters the technologies, knowledge and know-how necessary for a complete analysis of the genome of any biological organism of interest to private or public researchers.<br /> The company provides a wide range of genomic services. The technologies are top on the line and totally adaptable to the client's requirements. <p>The isolation of DNA using conventional methods is increasingly proving to be a limiting and time-consuming factor. AGOWA continues to focus on fully automated solutions for multiple applications in routine and research based on its magnetic bead technology. Impressively simple, routine procedures suitable for every laboratory can be offered to provide optimal solutions for any number of processed samples adapted for any type of robot station, dependent on the number of samples to be processed daily. <br /> </p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2>Resources :</h2> </div> <p><a href="http://servingdish.org">serving dishes</a> | <a href="http://vanitytable.org">vanity table set</a></p> 06412ea7a95edb84921b55fa527efe1768420ac6 0 1608 3002 2010-07-12T07:49:15Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5">Donate your genome!</font><br /> <br /> <font size="3">Donating genome is not different from donating your kidney.<br /> <br /> You can simply <font color="#ff0000">upload</font> your genome typing and full genome information at&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> </font><a href="ftp://bioftp.org/BiO/Store/Genome/"><font size="4">ftp://bioftp.org/BiO/Store/Genome/</font></a><a href="ftp://ftp.kobic.re.kr/BiO/Store/Genomebank/Human_genome_sequence/"></a><a href="ftp://bioftp.kobic.re.kr/BiO/Store/FreeGenome/"><br /> </a><br /> or<br /> <font size="3"><br /> <a href="ftp://bioftp.org/BiO/Store/SNP/">ftp://bioftp.org/BiO/Store/SNP/</a><a href="ftp://ftp.kobic.re.kr/BiO/Store/Genomebank/SNP_data"></a></font><br /> <a href="ftp://bioftp.kobic.kr/BiO/Store/"></a><br /> <strong><font size="4">Donated Genomes and Genome types</font></strong><br /> <br /> 6c93853a9248a7bbf035092be85816694ac02c51 3003 2010-07-12T07:50:45Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="6">Donate your genome!</font><br /> <br /> <font size="3">Donating genome is not different from donating your kidney.<br /> <br /> You can simply <font color="#ff0000">upload</font> your genome typing and full genome information at&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> </font><a href="ftp://bioftp.org/BiO/Store/Genome/"><font size="4">ftp://bioftp.org/BiO/Store/Genome/</font></a><a href="ftp://ftp.kobic.re.kr/BiO/Store/Genomebank/Human_genome_sequence/"></a><a href="ftp://bioftp.kobic.re.kr/BiO/Store/FreeGenome/"><br /> </a><br /> or<br /> <font size="3"><br /> <a href="ftp://bioftp.org/BiO/Store/SNP/">ftp://bioftp.org/BiO/Store/SNP/</a><a href="ftp://ftp.kobic.re.kr/BiO/Store/Genomebank/SNP_data"></a></font><br /> <a href="ftp://bioftp.kobic.kr/BiO/Store/"></a><br /> <br /> <font size="4">* You can create folders and files in the above URLs. You can use file explorer to paste<br /> the above urls (not internet explorer) in Windows OS.<br /> <br /> </font><br /> <strong><font size="4">Donated Genomes and Genome types</font></strong><br /> <br /> 816f93045ac3d0884c563747ae9e79f34d3d04d3 0 1870 3005 2010-07-12T07:53:19Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki Genome Foundation is an openfree foundation to enhance the usage of genome information to help Earth as a health and diverse organism.<br /> <br /> [http://genomefoundation.org GenomeFoundation.org]<br /> 10c1847a0da9209ca61d88e6cc7f4c9365de12b8 0 1871 3007 2010-07-16T17:39:49Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: larger;">Dr. Rosalyn Gill is the first publically available female human genome </span></p> <p>Fully sequenced in March and analyzed in April 2010.</p> <p>Theragen BiO Institute analyzed her genome.</p> <p>The data are available from:</p> <p>ftp://bioftp.org/BiO/Store/Genome/PGP/PGP9/</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>- Theragen <br /> </p> c2acfe5cd4b6ead03f84eaee5f8818a7966c1811 3008 2010-07-17T20:10:51Z Jongbhak 47 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: larger">[[File:Woman 4.gif]]&nbsp; Dr. Rosalyn Gill is the first publically available female human genome </span></p> <p>Fully sequenced in March and analyzed in April 2010.</p> <p>Theragen BiO Institute analyzed her genome.</p> <p>The data are available from:</p> <p>ftp://bioftp.org/BiO/Store/Genome/PGP/PGP9/</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>- Theragen <br /> </p> 56212b03e59bbfafbde6749943e14ff90acda38c 3010 2010-07-17T20:11:17Z Jongbhak 47 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: larger">[[Image:Woman 4.gif]]&nbsp; Dr. Rosalyn Gill is the first publically available female human genome </span></p> <p>Fully sequenced in March and analyzed in April 2010.</p> <p>Theragen BiO Institute analyzed her genome.</p> <p>The data are available from:</p> <p>ftp://bioftp.org/BiO/Store/Genome/PGP/PGP9/</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>- Theragen <br /> </p> 183afb7d749025f7c34f6b112a4013995466e68e 6 1872 3009 2010-07-17T20:11:02Z Jongbhak 47 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 0 1871 3011 2010-07-17T20:11:48Z Jongbhak 47 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: larger">[[Image:Woman 4.gif]]&nbsp; <font size="5">Dr. Rosalyn Gill is the first publically available female human genome</font> </span></p> <p>Fully sequenced in March and analyzed in April 2010.</p> <p>Theragen BiO Institute analyzed her genome.</p> <p>The data are available from:</p> <p>ftp://bioftp.org/BiO/Store/Genome/PGP/PGP9/</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>- Theragen <br /> </p> a2dec50bf12d68a6770e5f0dbc65f93a6ee8d101 3012 2010-07-20T10:26:37Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: larger">[[Image:Woman 4.gif]]&nbsp; <font size="5">Dr. Rosalynn Gill is the first publically available female human genome</font> </span></p> <p>Fully sequenced in March and analyzed in April 2010.</p> <p>Theragen BiO Institute analyzed her genome.</p> <p>The data are available from:</p> <p>ftp://bioftp.org/BiO/Store/Genome/PGP/PGP9/</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>- Theragen <br /> </p> 735bdfa63b7b649a0b3e27486912d6855528545c 0 1873 3014 2010-07-20T10:27:01Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: larger"><font size="4">[[Image:Woman 4.gif]]&nbsp; </font><font size="5">Dr. Rosalynn Gill is the first publically available female human genome</font><font size="4"> </font></span></p> <p>Fully sequenced in March and analyzed in April 2010.</p> <p>Theragen BiO Institute analyzed her genome.</p> <p>The data are available from:</p> <p>ftp://bioftp.org/BiO/Store/Genome/PGP/PGP9/</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>- Theragen <br /> </p> da4ea5c4e66500fddc8577e63db970e087880a97 0 1874 3016 2010-07-26T10:47:49Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font size="3">Mammogenomics is the omics study of breasts and breast cancer.</font><br /> <br /> <font size="5">External links</font><br /> [http://omics.org Omics.org]<br /> </p> 3ffbe731c7d49ea18fe2f9d4ff29e8f271d257f0 0 1875 3018 2010-07-26T23:59:50Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small">Do you need fast and large-scale full genome, transcriptome (RNA-seq), exome, and epigenome sequencing and full analysis?</span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small">Totalomics is the best sequencing and bioinformatics package service.</span></p> <p><a href="http://totalomics.com/"><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"></span></a><a class="external free" title="http://totalomics.com" rel="nofollow" href="http://totalomics.com"><font color="#810081" size="3">http://totalomics.com</font></a></p> <p><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></p> <p><font size="3">Totalomics is a full range omics service provided by Theragen BiO Institute (TBI).</font></p> 759fa7d74fd3c501decf6ccb98677b73c892962e 3019 2010-07-27T00:00:10Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font size="4">Do you need fast and large-scale full genome, transcriptome (RNA-seq), exome, and epigenome sequencing and full analysis?</font></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font size="4"><strong>Totalomics</strong> is the best sequencing and bioinformatics package service.</font></span></p> <p><a href="http://totalomics.com/"><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"></span></a><a class="external free" title="http://totalomics.com" rel="nofollow" href="http://totalomics.com"><font color="#810081" size="4">http://totalomics.com</font></a></p> <p><font size="4">&nbsp;</font></p> <p><font size="4">Totalomics is a full range omics service provided by Theragen BiO Institute (TBI).</font></p> 78612fb7cee0e29cf69f9602fd682b9a5ab0199a 0 1876 3021 2010-07-28T09:04:48Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>테라젠이텍스는 BGI와 계약을 체결함과 동시에, 초대용량 게놈 해독과 정보분석 데이터를 동시에 받아볼 수는 상품 '토탈오믹스'를 2010년 7월 19일 출시했다.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 유전자정보분석기업 테라젠이텍스는 글로벌 게놈 해독 기업인 BGI의 국제 업무 전담하는 자회사 'BGI-홍콩'과 한국 게놈해독서비스 독점판매계약을 체결했다고 2010년 7월19일 밝혔다. <br /> <br /> BGI는 1999년 설립된 세계 최대 규모의 중국계 게놈 해독 회사다. 올해만 유전자해독 장비구입 등에 1조원을 투입했다. 현재 미국 전체 게놈 해독량에 맞먹을 정도의 유전자해독 능력을 보유하고 있는 것으로 알려졌다. 테라젠은 BGI-홍콩과 독점판매계약 및 전략적 제휴를 체결하면서 경쟁력있는 유전자 해독 및 분석서비스를 제공할 수 있게 됐다. <br /> <br /> 테라젠 관계자는 &ldquo;토탈오믹스는 인간, 동식물, 미생물 게놈을 최단시간 내에 대용량으로 해독 및 분석하는 상품&quot;이라면서 &quot;가격 면에서도 최고 수준의 경쟁력을 갖췄다&quot;고 설명했다. <br /> <br /> 그는 &quot;앞으로 토탈오믹스 사업을 통해 상당한 매출을 실현할 수 있을 것으로 기대한다&ldquo;고 덧붙였다. <br /> <br /> 박종화 테라젠 바이오연구소 소장은 &ldquo;토탈오믹스는 국내에서 가장 정확하고 많은 양의 게놈 해독 및 분석을 합리적인 가격에 제공한다&quot;면서 &ldquo;게놈데이터 생산을 위한 막대한 인프라 투자 압박에서 벗어나 보다 부가가치가 높은 유전체 연구 및 활용에 연구역량을 집중할 수 있다&rdquo;고 밝혔다. <br /> <br /> 한편 테라젠은 최근 들어 자체 게놈 해독용량을 대폭 증설하는 추세다. 이달 말 국내 최초로 일루미나사의 유전체 해독기 '하이섹2000' 를 설치할 계획이다. 하이섹2000은 제품 1대가 기존 게놈 해독기의 10대 가량의 성능을 낼 수 있는 것으로 알려졌다.</p> 24360e46ae36f3cb3b8407cc6616a5490287e4e3 3022 2010-07-28T09:13:06Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font size="3">테라젠이텍스는 BGI와 계약을 체결함과 동시에, 초대용량 게놈 해독과 정보분석 데이터를 동시에 받아볼 수는 상품 '토탈오믹스'를 2010년 7월 19일 출시했다.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 상품페이지: (<a href="http://totalomics.kr">http://totalomics.kr</a> ).<br /> <br /> 유전자정보분석기업 테라젠이텍스는 글로벌 게놈 해독 기업인 BGI의 국제 업무 전담하는 자회사 'BGI-홍콩'과 한국 게놈해독서비스 독점판매계약을 2010년 7춸 초에 체결 했다.<br /> <br /> BGI는 1999년 설립된 세계 최대 규모의 중국계 게놈 해독 회사다.&nbsp;<br /> 유전자해독 장비구입 등에 1조원을 투입했고,&nbsp;2010년 현재&nbsp;미국 전체 게놈 해독량에 맞먹을 정도의 유전자해독 능력을 보유하고 있는 것으로 알려졌다.&nbsp;<br /> 테라젠은 BGI-홍콩과 독점판매계약 및 전략적 제휴를 체결하면서 경쟁력있는 유전자 해독 및 분석서비스를 제공할 수 있게 됐다. <br /> <br /> 테라젠 관계자는 &ldquo;토탈오믹스는 인간, 동식물, 미생물 게놈을 최단시간 내에 대용량으로 해독 및 분석하는 상품&quot;이라면서 &quot;가격 면에서도 최고 수준의 경쟁력을 갖췄다&quot;고 설명했다. <br /> <br /> 그는 &quot;앞으로 토탈오믹스 사업을 통해 상당한 매출을 실현할 수 있을 것으로 기대한다&ldquo;고 덧붙였다. <br /> <br /> 박종화 바이오연구소 소장은 &ldquo;토탈오믹스는 국내에서 가장 정확하고 많은 양의 게놈 해독 및 분석을 합리적인 가격에 제공한다&quot;면서 &ldquo;게놈데이터 생산을 위한 막대한 인프라 투자 압박에서 벗어나 보다 부가가치가 높은 유전체 연구 및 활용에 연구역량을 집중할 수 있다&rdquo;고 밝혔다. <br /> <br /> 한편 테라젠은 최근 들어 자체 게놈 해독용량을 대폭 증설하는 추세다. 2010년 7월&nbsp;말 한국 최초로 일루미나사의 유전체 해독기 '하이섹2000' 를 설치할 계획이다. 하이섹2000은 제품 1대가 기존 게놈 해독기의 10대 가량의 성능을 낼 수 있는 것으로 알려졌다.<br /> <br /> </font></p> 16767fbdb7d941fd9823e071879007a75dfa6a6a 0 1877 3024 2010-07-29T08:53:59Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font size="3">테라젠이텍스는 BGI와 계약을 체결함과 동시에, 초대용량 게놈 해독과 정보분석 데이터를 동시에 받아볼 수는 상품 '토탈오믹스'를 2010년 7월 19일 출시했다.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 상품페이지: (<a href="http://totalomics.kr"><font color="#810081">http://totalomics.kr</font></a> ).<br /> <br /> 유전자정보분석기업 테라젠이텍스는 글로벌 게놈 해독 기업인 BGI의 국제 업무 전담하는 자회사 'BGI-홍콩'과 한국 게놈해독서비스 독점판매계약을 2010년 7춸 초에 체결 했다.<br /> <br /> BGI는 1999년 설립된 세계 최대 규모의 중국계 게놈 해독 회사다.&nbsp;<br /> 유전자해독 장비구입 등에 1조원을 투입했고,&nbsp;2010년 현재&nbsp;미국 전체 게놈 해독량에 맞먹을 정도의 유전자해독 능력을 보유하고 있는 것으로 알려졌다.&nbsp;<br /> 테라젠은 BGI-홍콩과 독점판매계약 및 전략적 제휴를 체결하면서 경쟁력있는 유전자 해독 및 분석서비스를 제공할 수 있게 됐다. <br /> <br /> 테라젠 관계자는 &ldquo;토탈오믹스는 인간, 동식물, 미생물 게놈을 최단시간 내에 대용량으로 해독 및 분석하는 상품&quot;이라면서 &quot;가격 면에서도 최고 수준의 경쟁력을 갖췄다&quot;고 설명했다. <br /> <br /> 그는 &quot;앞으로 토탈오믹스 사업을 통해 상당한 매출을 실현할 수 있을 것으로 기대한다&ldquo;고 덧붙였다. <br /> <br /> 박종화 바이오연구소 소장은 &ldquo;토탈오믹스는 국내에서 가장 정확하고 많은 양의 게놈 해독 및 분석을 합리적인 가격에 제공한다&quot;면서 &ldquo;게놈데이터 생산을 위한 막대한 인프라 투자 압박에서 벗어나 보다 부가가치가 높은 유전체 연구 및 활용에 연구역량을 집중할 수 있다&rdquo;고 밝혔다. <br /> <br /> 한편 테라젠은 최근 들어 자체 게놈 해독용량을 대폭 증설하는 추세다. 2010년 7월&nbsp;말 한국 최초로 일루미나사의 유전체 해독기 '하이섹2000' 를 설치할 계획이다. 하이섹2000은 제품 1대가 기존 게놈 해독기의 10대 가량의 성능을 낼 수 있는 것으로 알려졌다.<br /> <br /> </font></p> 4ea6b7be8f8ef14e488c27a75e6007d413ea46ae 0 1878 3027 2010-07-29T08:56:59Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4"><font size="3"><strong>20100303:</strong> [[Theragen Inc. launched a personal genome typing service similar to 23andme's. However, the product was withheld due to legal issues.]] <br /> <strong>20091230:</strong> [[Theragen Inc. in Korea launches commercial full genome and SNP chip personal genome service. The first in Asia]]<br /> <strong>20090928:</strong> [[Potato genome draft announced]]<strong><br /> 20090810:</strong> [[A Caucasian human genome was sequenced by Helicos single molecule sequencer]].<br /> <strong>20090805:</strong> [[Recurring Mutations Found by Full length Sequencing of an Acute Myeloid Leukemia Genome (AML)]]. [[N Engl J Med]]<br /> <strong>20090802:</strong> [[The complete genome sequence of Triticum mosaic virus is published in Arch Vriol.]]<br /> <strong>20090730</strong>: [[Crocodile genome map published in BMC Genomics]].<br /> <strong>20090727</strong>: [[A new multiplex sequencing method published by MPI group for highly degraded DNA fragments. Cave bear mitochondria]]<br /> 20090724: DNA Sequencing and&nbsp;Array Drive 8% Growth for Roche in First Half of 2009. [[454 GS FLX]] and [[Nimblegen]]. [http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/dna-sequencing-systems-arrays-drive-8-percent-growth-roche-applied-science-first]<br /> <strong>20090724</strong>: BGI (Beijing Genomics Institute) in China participates in orchid genome (<em>[[Phalaenopsis equestris]]) </em>sequencing. [http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/bgi-china-partners-sequence-orchids]<br /> 20090716: Navigenics Lowers Health Compass Price to $999 USD. [http://www.genomeweb.com/dxpgx/navigenics-lowers-health-compass-price-1k]<br /> 20090716: Celera Uses&nbsp;Automated Workflows for Genomics [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/17/celera-pushes-boundaries.html]<br /> 20090716: [[A draft genomic sequence for a worm, Schistosoma japonicum, was published]].<br /> 20090716: Genomes Of Parasitic Flatworms Decoded: <em>Schistosoma mansoni</em> and <em>Schistosoma japonicum</em> [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090715131439.htm]<br /> <strong>20090716</strong>: <!-- a href=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl?z2090023735&amp;z=950242273 target=_parent><b>Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</b></a --></font><a target="_parent" c.moreover.com="" click="" d.moreover.com="" href="http://www.bioportfolio.co.uk/cgi-bin/dialogserver.exe?CMD=hit.displayMdoc&amp;ID=3022030&amp;HITNO=2&amp;MSIZE=634&amp;LANGUAGE=en&amp;FILE=doc.NEWSFEED&amp;SAVEQUERY00=Genomics&amp;SAVEPROP00=L%3den&amp;SAVEDB=news&amp;SAVEORGANISE_CODED=R:date&amp;R=3022030&amp;THISHREF=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl%3fz2090023735%26amp%3bz%3d950242273&amp;THEHOST=site d.moreover.com"><strong><font color="#0066cc" size="3">Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</font></strong></a><font size="3">&nbsp;<br /> <strong>20090715</strong>: [[Pathway Genomics]] starts the Direct-to-Consumer Genomics service as 23andme and Decodeme [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/15/pathway-consumer-genomics.html]<br /> <strong>20090714</strong>: OryzaSNP Consortium IDs Thousands of Variants in Rice Genome: [http://www.genomeweb.com/arrays/oryzasnp-consortium-ids-thousands-variants-rice-genome]&nbsp;<br /> <strong>20090709</strong>: [[The second Korean pesonal genome was sequenced by a Korean team and analyzed by US researchers]] (Macrogen and Seoul University Medical School)<br /> <strong>20090630</strong>: [[Genomic linkage map of the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni]]:&nbsp; <em>Genome Biology</em> 2009, <strong>10</strong><strong>:</strong>R71<span class="pseudotab">doi:10.1186/gb-2009-10-6-r71</span>&nbsp;<br /> 20090629: [[Melon Genome Map was publicized by US researchers]]<br /> <strong>20090616</strong>: Illumina Launches Personal Genome-Sequencing Service Using Genome Analyzer II. [http://scienceblogs.com/geneticfuture/2009/06/illumina_launches_personal_gen.php]<br /> <strong>20090604</strong>: [[An integrated genetic and cytogenetic map of the cucumber genome was announced in PLOS One]]<br /> <strong>20090603</strong>: [[Neanderthal genome sequeced by MPI Germany and Roche]]<br /> <strong>20090601</strong>: Microsoft buys Rosetta Biosoftware from Merck. Merck becomes the client of Microsoft.<br /> <strong>20090529:&nbsp;</strong>[[A new malaria agent in African chimpanzees found]]. <br /> <strong>20090526</strong>: [[The first Korean Genome Sequence analysis]] by two Korean teams&nbsp;published in [http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2009/05/26/gr.092197.109.full.pdf+html Genome Research article]<br /> 20081208: [[Soybean genome, G. max data publicized]]<br /> <strong>20081204</strong>: [http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/tech/2008/12/133_35578.html Korean Genome Publicized]. The sequencing and bioinformatic analyses were carried out by two&nbsp;Korean teams. <br /> </font><br /> <br /> <hr /> [[Genomics News Links]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Biotechnology News Sites]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Science News Sites]]<br /> <br /> </font> 7db6ac2b4eab99c000f42fab3f4e80b3825d2b04 0 1879 3029 2010-07-29T09:00:55Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="3">The first publically available female human genome was released in April 2010 as a part of PGP (Personal Genome Project) led by George Church group and TBI (Theragen BiO Institute)<br /> <br /> </font><a href="ftp://bioftp.org/BiO/Store/Genome/"><font size="3">ftp://bioftp.org/BiO/Store/Genome/</font></a><br /> <br /> <a href="ftp://bioftp.org/"></a> 49c3042ac4e2d81c8e704e61aa9c2eae69663da6 0 1527 3034 2010-08-07T08:11:56Z Bobmarks 100 wikitext text/x-wiki <a href="http://www.agowa.de/">http://www.agowa.de/</a><br /> <br /> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr valign="top" align="left"> <td colspan="2"> <h2><font size="2">AGOWA is an internationally acting genomics company founded in 1993. <br /> <br /> Since December 2005, AGOWA has been part of the LGC Group, an international science service company.<br /> This move both enhances LGC's capabilities in genetic analysis and also further strengthens LGC's operations in Germany. It is planned that, as part of the LGC Group, AGOWA will continue its track record of continuous growth and will support LGC's strategy to introduce novel analytical and diagnostic services into Germany and across Europe.<br /> LGC is Europe's leading provider of analytical and diagnostic services and reference standards. It performs measurement-related genomic research in the UK to advise the pharmaceutical and biotechnology sector. LGC also provides extensive DNA analytical capabilities in the field of healthcare and, in the forensic field, in support of UK police forces. <br /> <br /> AGOWA offers a broad spectrum of high quality, state-of-the-art genomic and related services and products for clients such as large pharmaceutical companies, biotech companies, private and public research institutions as well as medical institutions. Furthermore, the company is a highly respected member of various renowned European genome projects, in which AGOWA has proven its research and technological capabilities. </font></h2> <p><strong><font size="2"></font></strong></p> <h2><font size="2">AGOWA's quality management system is certified by DIN EN ISO 9001:2000.</font></h2> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="99%" align="left" border="0"> <tbody> <tr valign="top" align="left"> <td height="110">&nbsp;</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="50"><img height="10" src="http://www.agowa.de/graphics/elements/y.gif" width="50" alt="" /></td> <td> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="99%" border="0"> <tbody> <tr valign="top" align="left"> <td> <h2>Genomic Services</h2> <div>AGOWA looks back on long-standing experience in large-scale sequencing gained in international and national genome projects. The company has been, and still is, involved in a large number of European genome projects (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Bacillus subtilis, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Arabidopsis thaliana, Leishmania major, Aspergillus niger etc.), as well as being a member of the German Human Genome Project. <p>The custom DNA sequencing service, which AGOWA provides their research and industrial based customers, combines state-of-the-art technology (ABI 3730 XL) with experience in large-scale sequencing projects. Highest quality is guaranteed in short time. AGOWAs customers very well appreciate the overnight DNA sequencing service. AGOWA was actually the first company, which introduced the overnight sequencing in Europe. Orders can be placed quickly, comfortably and at any time using AGOW@-line online DNA sequencing service. </p> <p>AGOWA is constantly extending its range of genomic services such as automated picking and replicating of bacterial clones, shotgun libraries, cDNA libraries (either normalized, unnormalized or subtracted) and BAC libraries. </p> <p>The company provides a highly sophisticated service in bioinformatics for an integral and full analysis, annotation and visualization of complete chromosome sequences as well as cDNA and EST data to complete the services in genome analysis. </p> <p>AGOWA's efficiency and methodical flexibility are highly regarded, and thanks to a highly qualified and motivated staff and excellent technical equipment the company has won recognition as a high-end service provider and competent outsourcing partner. </p> </div> </td> </tr> <!-- <tr> <td> <h2><br> <br> Molecular Genetic Diagnostics</h2> <div>Since 1996 AGOWA has offered an innovative and complete service for doctors and laboratories in this field and provides a cost-effective sequencing service specialising in the total analysis (full length sequencing) of genes that cause human diseases to detect point mutations, deletions or single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). <p> AGOWA was certified by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Humangenetik for this service. The company has extensive experience in high-throughput candidate gene projects (for instance in providing > 100.000 sequences for the Institute of Human Genetics in Bonn). </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <h2><br> <br> Genotyping</h2> <div>AGOWA is committed to providing highly service-oriented DNA fragment analysis for forensic, paternity, human or animal identity testing. </td> </tr> //--> <tr> <td> <h2>Magnetic Separation</h2> <div>The automated purification of DNA/RNA from very different sample material is a rapidly developing business unit of AGOWA. The company accumulated a profound application know-how in extraction of nucleic acids from different sample material, what is well recognized by customers.<br /> AGOWA's magnetic bead technology using AGOWA's self developed special magnetic particles and kits to separate nucleic acids is predestined for the complete automation of the extraction process since it avoids manual interaction such as centrifugation and phenol extraction steps.<br /> AGOWA offers magnetic separators specially developed to automatically process samples, useable on liquid handling robots of different suppliers. Together with the respective separation kits, AGOWA's separators have been implemented on all common liquid handling robots like Hamilton, Perkin Elmer,Tecan, Beckman, etc. Consequently AGOWA is - in co-operation with the robotic systems - able to offer tailor made &quot;turn-key&quot; solutions that are fully adaptable to customer needs, especially regarding any kind of throughput. </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <h2>DNA/RNA Extraction Service</h2> <div>The outsourcing market in DNA/RNA extraction is rapidly growing. The combination of state-of-the-art technology with the company's know-how and quality certification attracts customers especially in the pharma-industry who outsource such projects to AGOWA. </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <h2>Strategies</h2> <div>AGOWA masters the technologies, knowledge and know-how necessary for a complete analysis of the genome of any biological organism of interest to private or public researchers.<br /> The company provides a wide range of genomic services. The technologies are top on the line and totally adaptable to the client's requirements. <p>The isolation of DNA using conventional methods is increasingly proving to be a limiting and time-consuming factor. AGOWA continues to focus on fully automated solutions for multiple applications in routine and research based on its magnetic bead technology. Impressively simple, routine procedures suitable for every laboratory can be offered to provide optimal solutions for any number of processed samples adapted for any type of robot station, dependent on the number of samples to be processed daily. <br /> </p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2>Resources :</h2> <p><a href="http://servingdish.org">serving dishes</a> | <a href="http://vanitytable.org">vanity table set</a></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>sudoku techniques and tips <a href="javascript:void(0);/*1281136920309*/">sudoku tips</a><br /> </p> b23cbbbdf64572a212047b1dc38bcb12e88a8923 3035 2010-08-07T08:12:44Z Bobmarks 100 wikitext text/x-wiki <a href="http://www.agowa.de/">http://www.agowa.de/</a><br /> <br /> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr valign="top" align="left"> <td colspan="2"> <h2><font size="2">AGOWA is an internationally acting genomics company founded in 1993. <br /> <br /> Since December 2005, AGOWA has been part of the LGC Group, an international science service company.<br /> This move both enhances LGC's capabilities in genetic analysis and also further strengthens LGC's operations in Germany. It is planned that, as part of the LGC Group, AGOWA will continue its track record of continuous growth and will support LGC's strategy to introduce novel analytical and diagnostic services into Germany and across Europe.<br /> LGC is Europe's leading provider of analytical and diagnostic services and reference standards. It performs measurement-related genomic research in the UK to advise the pharmaceutical and biotechnology sector. LGC also provides extensive DNA analytical capabilities in the field of healthcare and, in the forensic field, in support of UK police forces. <br /> <br /> AGOWA offers a broad spectrum of high quality, state-of-the-art genomic and related services and products for clients such as large pharmaceutical companies, biotech companies, private and public research institutions as well as medical institutions. Furthermore, the company is a highly respected member of various renowned European genome projects, in which AGOWA has proven its research and technological capabilities. </font></h2> <p><strong><font size="2"></font></strong></p> <h2><font size="2">AGOWA's quality management system is certified by DIN EN ISO 9001:2000.</font></h2> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="99%" align="left" border="0"> <tbody> <tr valign="top" align="left"> <td height="110">&nbsp;</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="50"><img height="10" src="http://www.agowa.de/graphics/elements/y.gif" width="50" alt="" /></td> <td> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="99%" border="0"> <tbody> <tr valign="top" align="left"> <td> <h2>Genomic Services</h2> <div>AGOWA looks back on long-standing experience in large-scale sequencing gained in international and national genome projects. The company has been, and still is, involved in a large number of European genome projects (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Bacillus subtilis, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Arabidopsis thaliana, Leishmania major, Aspergillus niger etc.), as well as being a member of the German Human Genome Project. <p>The custom DNA sequencing service, which AGOWA provides their research and industrial based customers, combines state-of-the-art technology (ABI 3730 XL) with experience in large-scale sequencing projects. Highest quality is guaranteed in short time. AGOWAs customers very well appreciate the overnight DNA sequencing service. AGOWA was actually the first company, which introduced the overnight sequencing in Europe. Orders can be placed quickly, comfortably and at any time using AGOW@-line online DNA sequencing service. </p> <p>AGOWA is constantly extending its range of genomic services such as automated picking and replicating of bacterial clones, shotgun libraries, cDNA libraries (either normalized, unnormalized or subtracted) and BAC libraries. </p> <p>The company provides a highly sophisticated service in bioinformatics for an integral and full analysis, annotation and visualization of complete chromosome sequences as well as cDNA and EST data to complete the services in genome analysis. </p> <p>AGOWA's efficiency and methodical flexibility are highly regarded, and thanks to a highly qualified and motivated staff and excellent technical equipment the company has won recognition as a high-end service provider and competent outsourcing partner. </p> </div> </td> </tr> <!-- <tr> <td> <h2><br> <br> Molecular Genetic Diagnostics</h2> <div>Since 1996 AGOWA has offered an innovative and complete service for doctors and laboratories in this field and provides a cost-effective sequencing service specialising in the total analysis (full length sequencing) of genes that cause human diseases to detect point mutations, deletions or single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). <p> AGOWA was certified by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Humangenetik for this service. The company has extensive experience in high-throughput candidate gene projects (for instance in providing > 100.000 sequences for the Institute of Human Genetics in Bonn). </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <h2><br> <br> Genotyping</h2> <div>AGOWA is committed to providing highly service-oriented DNA fragment analysis for forensic, paternity, human or animal identity testing. </td> </tr> //--> <tr> <td> <h2>Magnetic Separation</h2> <div>The automated purification of DNA/RNA from very different sample material is a rapidly developing business unit of AGOWA. The company accumulated a profound application know-how in extraction of nucleic acids from different sample material, what is well recognized by customers.<br /> AGOWA's magnetic bead technology using AGOWA's self developed special magnetic particles and kits to separate nucleic acids is predestined for the complete automation of the extraction process since it avoids manual interaction such as centrifugation and phenol extraction steps.<br /> AGOWA offers magnetic separators specially developed to automatically process samples, useable on liquid handling robots of different suppliers. Together with the respective separation kits, AGOWA's separators have been implemented on all common liquid handling robots like Hamilton, Perkin Elmer,Tecan, Beckman, etc. Consequently AGOWA is - in co-operation with the robotic systems - able to offer tailor made &quot;turn-key&quot; solutions that are fully adaptable to customer needs, especially regarding any kind of throughput. </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <h2>DNA/RNA Extraction Service</h2> <div>The outsourcing market in DNA/RNA extraction is rapidly growing. The combination of state-of-the-art technology with the company's know-how and quality certification attracts customers especially in the pharma-industry who outsource such projects to AGOWA. </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <h2>Strategies</h2> <div>AGOWA masters the technologies, knowledge and know-how necessary for a complete analysis of the genome of any biological organism of interest to private or public researchers.<br /> The company provides a wide range of genomic services. The technologies are top on the line and totally adaptable to the client's requirements. <p>The isolation of DNA using conventional methods is increasingly proving to be a limiting and time-consuming factor. AGOWA continues to focus on fully automated solutions for multiple applications in routine and research based on its magnetic bead technology. Impressively simple, routine procedures suitable for every laboratory can be offered to provide optimal solutions for any number of processed samples adapted for any type of robot station, dependent on the number of samples to be processed daily. <br /> </p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2>Resources :</h2> <p><a href="http://servingdish.org">serving dishes</a> | <a href="http://vanitytable.org">vanity table set</a></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>sudoku techniques and tips <a href="javascript:void(0);/*1281136920309*/">sudoku tips</a> available for sudoku puzzle fans.<br /> </p> 1019f045f6455626b588f364e03dffd58db3b919 3036 2010-08-08T10:43:03Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <a href="http://www.agowa.de/">http://www.agowa.de/</a><br /> <br /> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody> <tr valign="top" align="left"> <td colspan="2"> <h2><font size="2"><font size="4">AGOWA is an internationally acting genomics company founded in 1993. <br /> </font><br /> Since December 2005, AGOWA has been part of the LGC Group, an international science service company.<br /> This move both enhances LGC's capabilities in genetic analysis and also further strengthens LGC's operations in Germany. It is planned that, as part of the LGC Group, AGOWA will continue its track record of continuous growth and will support LGC's strategy to introduce novel analytical and diagnostic services into Germany and across Europe.<br /> LGC is Europe's leading provider of analytical and diagnostic services and reference standards. It performs measurement-related genomic research in the UK to advise the pharmaceutical and biotechnology sector. LGC also provides extensive DNA analytical capabilities in the field of healthcare and, in the forensic field, in support of UK police forces. <br /> <br /> AGOWA offers a broad spectrum of high quality, state-of-the-art genomic and related services and products for clients such as large pharmaceutical companies, biotech companies, private and public research institutions as well as medical institutions. Furthermore, the company is a highly respected member of various renowned European genome projects, in which AGOWA has proven its research and technological capabilities. </font></h2> <p><strong><font size="2"></font></strong></p> <h2><font size="2">AGOWA's quality management system is certified by DIN EN ISO 9001:2000.</font></h2> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="99%" align="left"> <tbody> <tr valign="top" align="left"> <td height="110">&nbsp;</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="50"><img alt="" width="50" height="10" src="http://www.agowa.de/graphics/elements/y.gif" /></td> <td> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="99%"> <tbody> <tr valign="top" align="left"> <td> <h2>Genomic Services</h2> <div>AGOWA looks back on long-standing experience in large-scale sequencing gained in international and national genome projects. The company has been, and still is, involved in a large number of European genome projects (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Bacillus subtilis, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Arabidopsis thaliana, Leishmania major, Aspergillus niger etc.), as well as being a member of the German Human Genome Project. <p>The custom DNA sequencing service, which AGOWA provides their research and industrial based customers, combines state-of-the-art technology (ABI 3730 XL) with experience in large-scale sequencing projects. Highest quality is guaranteed in short time. AGOWAs customers very well appreciate the overnight DNA sequencing service. AGOWA was actually the first company, which introduced the overnight sequencing in Europe. Orders can be placed quickly, comfortably and at any time using AGOW@-line online DNA sequencing service. </p> <p>AGOWA is constantly extending its range of genomic services such as automated picking and replicating of bacterial clones, shotgun libraries, cDNA libraries (either normalized, unnormalized or subtracted) and BAC libraries. </p> <p>The company provides a highly sophisticated service in bioinformatics for an integral and full analysis, annotation and visualization of complete chromosome sequences as well as cDNA and EST data to complete the services in genome analysis. </p> <p>AGOWA's efficiency and methodical flexibility are highly regarded, and thanks to a highly qualified and motivated staff and excellent technical equipment the company has won recognition as a high-end service provider and competent outsourcing partner. </p> </div> </td> </tr> <!-- <tr> <td> <h2><br> <br> Molecular Genetic Diagnostics</h2> <div>Since 1996 AGOWA has offered an innovative and complete service for doctors and laboratories in this field and provides a cost-effective sequencing service specialising in the total analysis (full length sequencing) of genes that cause human diseases to detect point mutations, deletions or single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). <p> AGOWA was certified by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Humangenetik for this service. The company has extensive experience in high-throughput candidate gene projects (for instance in providing > 100.000 sequences for the Institute of Human Genetics in Bonn). </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <h2><br> <br> Genotyping</h2> <div>AGOWA is committed to providing highly service-oriented DNA fragment analysis for forensic, paternity, human or animal identity testing. </td> </tr> //--> <tr> <td> <h2>Magnetic Separation</h2> <div>The automated purification of DNA/RNA from very different sample material is a rapidly developing business unit of AGOWA. The company accumulated a profound application know-how in extraction of nucleic acids from different sample material, what is well recognized by customers.<br /> AGOWA's magnetic bead technology using AGOWA's self developed special magnetic particles and kits to separate nucleic acids is predestined for the complete automation of the extraction process since it avoids manual interaction such as centrifugation and phenol extraction steps.<br /> AGOWA offers magnetic separators specially developed to automatically process samples, useable on liquid handling robots of different suppliers. Together with the respective separation kits, AGOWA's separators have been implemented on all common liquid handling robots like Hamilton, Perkin Elmer,Tecan, Beckman, etc. Consequently AGOWA is - in co-operation with the robotic systems - able to offer tailor made &quot;turn-key&quot; solutions that are fully adaptable to customer needs, especially regarding any kind of throughput. </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <h2>DNA/RNA Extraction Service</h2> <div>The outsourcing market in DNA/RNA extraction is rapidly growing. The combination of state-of-the-art technology with the company's know-how and quality certification attracts customers especially in the pharma-industry who outsource such projects to AGOWA. </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <h2>Strategies</h2> <div>AGOWA masters the technologies, knowledge and know-how necessary for a complete analysis of the genome of any biological organism of interest to private or public researchers.<br /> The company provides a wide range of genomic services. The technologies are top on the line and totally adaptable to the client's requirements. <p>The isolation of DNA using conventional methods is increasingly proving to be a limiting and time-consuming factor. AGOWA continues to focus on fully automated solutions for multiple applications in routine and research based on its magnetic bead technology. Impressively simple, routine procedures suitable for every laboratory can be offered to provide optimal solutions for any number of processed samples adapted for any type of robot station, dependent on the number of samples to be processed daily. <br /> </p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2>Resources :</h2> <p><a href="http://servingdish.org">serving dishes</a> | <a href="http://vanitytable.org">vanity table set</a></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>sudoku techniques and tips <a href="javascript:void(0);/*1281136920309*/">sudoku tips</a> available for sudoku puzzle fans.<br /> </p> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> 2ed643b94d739dae0c79a7a2a73ac37d7c3dde2d 0 1880 3037 2010-08-08T10:43:44Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">Genomics company</font><br /> <br /> [[Agowa]]<br /> 7baa59a63cac2808156145ec046c73c11f3cce6b 0 1498 3038 2010-08-08T12:14:50Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font size="3"><strong><font size="5">What is genomics?</font><br /> <br /> Genomics</strong> is the [[omics]] study of [[gene]]s of individual organisms,&nbsp;populations, and species. <br /> </font></p> <p><font size="3">It is also a paradigm of performing biological science that deviates from&nbsp;investigating single genes, their functions, and roles. <br /> </font></p> <p><font size="3">The main reason of an independent biological discipline is that it deals with very large sets of genetic information to automatically analyze information using interaction and network concepts. Genomics inevitably employs high performance computing and bioinformatics technologies.</font><br /> </p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">&nbsp; </font></span></p> <div v:shape="_x0000_s1026"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 32pt"><font color="#339966" size="5">&quot;[[Genome sequencing is not Genomics]]&quot;</font></span></div> <p><br /> </p> <p><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">History of the field</font></span></strong></p> <p><font size="3">Genomics was practically founded by Fred Sanger group in 1970s when they developed&nbsp;a gene sequencing technique and completed the first genomes; namely bacteriophage &Phi;-X174; (5,368 bp),&nbsp;the human mitochondrial genome, and lamda virus.</font></p> <p><font size="3">In 1972, Walter Fiers and his team at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology of the University of Ghent (Ghent, Belgium) were the first to determine the sequence of a gene: the gene for Bacteriophage MS2 coat protein.<sup id="_ref-0" class="reference">[1]</sup> In 1976, the team determined the complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA.<sup id="_ref-1" class="reference">[2]</sup> The first DNA-based genome to be sequenced in its entirety was that of bacteriophage &Phi;-X174; (5,368 bp), sequenced by Frederick Sanger in 1977<sup id="_ref-2" class="reference">[3]</sup>. The first free-living organism to be sequenced was that of <em>Haemophilus influenzae</em> (1.8 Mb) in 1995, and since then genomes are being sequenced at a rapid pace. A rough draft of the human genome was completed by Sanger centre and the Human Genome Project in early 2001.</font></p> <p><font size="3">As of September 2007, the complete sequence was known of about 1879 viruses <sup id="_ref-3" class="reference">[4]</sup>, 577 bacterial species and roughly 23 eukaryote organisms, of which about half are fungi. <sup id="_ref-4" class="reference">[5]</sup> Most of the bacteria whose genomes have been completely sequenced are problematic disease-causing agents, such as <em>Haemophilus influenzae</em>. Of the other sequenced species, most were chosen because they were well-studied model organisms or promised to become good models. Yeast (<em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em>) has long been an important model organism for the eukaryotic cell, while the fruit fly <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> has been a very important tool (notably in early pre-molecular genetics). The worm <em>Caenorhabditis elegans</em> is an often used simple model for multicellular organisms. The zebrafish <em>Brachydanio rerio</em> is used for many developmental studies on the molecular level and the flower <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em> is a model organism for flowering plants. The Japanese pufferfish (<em>Takifugu rubripes</em>) and the spotted green pufferfish (<em>Tetraodon nigroviridis</em>) are interesting because of their small and compact genomes, containing very little non-coding DNA compared to most species. <sup id="_ref-5" class="reference">[6]</sup> <sup id="_ref-6" class="reference">[7]</sup> The mammals dog (<em>Canis familiaris</em>), <sup id="_ref-7" class="reference">[8]</sup> brown rat (<em>Rattus norvegicus</em>), mouse (<em>Mus musculus</em>), and chimpanzee (<em>Pan troglodytes</em>) are all important model animals in medical research.</font></p> <p><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">Bacteriophage Genomics</font></span></strong></p> <p><font size="3">Bacteriophages have played and continue to play a key role in bacterial genetics and molecular biology. Historically, they were used to define gene structure and gene regulation. Also the first genome to be sequenced was a bacteriophage. However, bacteriophage research did not lead the genomics revolution, which is clearly dominated by bacterial genomics. Only very recently has the study of bacteriophage genomes become prominent, thereby enabling researchers to understand the mechanisms underlying phage evolution. Bacteriophage genome sequences can be obtained through direct sequencing of isolated bacteriophages, but can also be derived as part of microbial genomes. Analysis of bacterial genomes has shown that a substantial amount of microbial DNA consists of prophage sequences and prophage-like elements. A detailed database mining of these sequences offers insights into the role of prophages in shaping the bacterial genome.<sup id="_ref-McGrath_0" class="reference">[9]</sup></font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">Cyanobacteria Genomics</font></span></strong></p> <p><font size="3">At present there are 24 cyanobacteria for which a total genome sequence is available. 15 of these cyanobacteria come from the marine environment. These are six <em>Prochlorococcus</em><em>Synechococcus</em> strains, <em>Trichodesmium erythraeum</em> IMS101 and <em>Crocosphaera watsonii</em> [[WH8501. Several studies have demonstrated how these sequences could be used very successfully to infer important ecological and physiological characteristics of marine cyanobacteria. However, there are many more genome projects currently in progress, amongst those there are further <em>Prochlorococcus</em> and marine <em>Synechococcus</em> isolates, <em>Acaryochloris</em> and <em>Prochloron</em>, the N₂-fixing filamentous cyanobacteria <em>Nodularia spumigena</em>, <em>Lyngbya aestuarii</em> and <em>Lyngbya majuscula</em>, as well as bacteriophages infecting marine cyanobaceria. Thus, the growing body of genome information can also be tapped in a more general way to address global problems by applying a comparative approach. Some new and exciting examples of progress in this field are the identification of genes for regulatory RNAs, insights into the evolutionary origin of photosynthesis, or estimation of the contribution of horizontal gene transfer to the genomes that have been analyzed.<sup id="_ref-Herrero_0" class="reference">[10]</sup></font></p> <p><font size="4">[[Genome sequencing and genomics]]</font></p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">See also</font></span></strong></p> <ul> <li><font size="3">[[Pangenomics]] and [[Pangenome]]</font> </li> <li><font size="3">[[Personal Genome Project]]</font> </li> <li><font size="3">[[Omics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Proteomics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Interactomics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Functional genomics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Computational genomics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Nitrogenomics]]</font> </li> <li><font size="3">[[Pathogenomics]]</font> </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">References</font></span></strong></p> <ol class="references"> <li id="_note-0"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-0">^</a></strong> Min Jou W, Haegeman G, Ysebaert M, Fiers W., Nucleotide sequence of the gene coding for the bacteriophage MS2 coat protein, Nature. 1972 May 12;237(5350):82-8 </font></li> <li id="_note-1"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-1">^</a></strong> Fiers W et al., Complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA - primary and secondary structure of replicase gene, Nature, 260, 500-507, 1976 </font></li> <li id="_note-2"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-2">^</a></strong> Sanger F, Air GM, Barrell BG, Brown NL, Coulson AR, Fiddes CA, Hutchison CA, Slocombe PM, Smith M., Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA, Nature. 1977 Feb 24;265(5596):687-95 </font></li> <li id="_note-3"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-3">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/VIRUSES/virostat.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/VIRUSES/virostat.html"><em>The Viral Genomes Resource</em>, NCBI Friday, 14 September, 2007</a></font> </li> <li id="_note-4"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-4">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/static/gpstat.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/static/gpstat.html"><em>Genome Project Statistic</em>, NCBI Friday, 14 September, 2007</a></font> </li> <li id="_note-5"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-5">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3760766.stm" rel="nofollow" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3760766.stm">BBC article <em>Human gene number slashed</em> from Wednesday, 20 October, 2004</a></font> </li> <li id="_note-6"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-6">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2003/10/16/pufferfish_fruitfly/index.shtml" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2003/10/16/pufferfish_fruitfly/index.shtml">CBSE News, Thursday October 16, 2003</a></font> </li> <li id="_note-7"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-7">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.genome.gov/12511476" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.gov/12511476">NHGRI, pressrelease of the publishing of the dog genome</a></font> </li> <li id="_note-McGrath"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-McGrath_0">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="book">Mc Grath S and van Sinderen D (editors). (2007). <em><a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage">Bacteriophage: Genetics and Molecular Biology</a></em>, 1st ed., Caister Academic Press. <a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage">ISBN 978-1-904455-14-1</a> .</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Bacteriophage%3A+Genetics+and+Molecular+Biology&amp;rft.au=Mc+Grath+S+and+van+Sinderen+D+%28editors%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fphage">&nbsp;</span></font> </li> <li id="_note-Herrero"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-Herrero_0">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="book">Herrero A and Flores E (editor). (2008). <em><a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan">The Cyanobacteria: Molecular Biology, Genomics and Evolution</a></em>, 1st ed., Caister Academic Press. <a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan">ISBN 978-1-904455-15-8</a> .</cite></font><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cyanobacteria%3A+Molecular+Biology%2C+Genomics+and+Evolution&amp;rft.au=Herrero+A+and+Flores+E+%28editor%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fcyan"><font size="3"> </font><br /> </span></li> </ol> <p><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cyanobacteria%3A+Molecular+Biology%2C+Genomics+and+Evolution&amp;rft.au=Herrero+A+and+Flores+E+%28editor%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fcyan"><font size="5">Web links</font><br /> [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics Wikipedia Genomics link]</span></p> 36a989000fc01795a6960a7cc8898566e88ca04b 3040 2010-08-09T22:03:28Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font size="3"><strong><font size="5">What is genomics?</font><br /> <br /> Genomics</strong> is the [[omics]] study of [[gene]]s of individual organisms,&nbsp;populations, and species. <br /> </font></p> <p><font size="3">It is also a paradigm of performing biological science that deviates from&nbsp;investigating single genes, their functions, and roles. <br /> </font></p> <p><font size="3">The main reason of an independent biological discipline is that it deals with very large sets of genetic information to automatically analyze information using interaction and network concepts. Genomics inevitably employs high performance computing and bioinformatics technologies.</font><br /> </p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">&nbsp; </font></span></p> <div v:shape="_x0000_s1026"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 32pt"><font color="#339966" size="5">&quot;[[Genome sequencing is not Genomics]]&quot;</font></span></div> <p><br /> </p> <p><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">History of the field</font></span></strong></p> <p><font size="3">Genomics was practically founded by Fred Sanger group in 1970s when they developed&nbsp;a gene sequencing technique and completed the first genomes; namely bacteriophage &Phi;-X174; (5,368 bp),&nbsp;the human mitochondrial genome, and lamda virus.</font></p> <p><font size="3">In 1972, Walter Fiers and his team at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology of the University of Ghent (Ghent, Belgium) were the first to determine the sequence of a gene: the gene for Bacteriophage MS2 coat protein.<sup id="_ref-0" class="reference">[1]</sup> In 1976, the team determined the complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA.<sup id="_ref-1" class="reference">[2]</sup> The first DNA-based genome to be sequenced in its entirety was that of bacteriophage &Phi;-X174; (5,368 bp), sequenced by Frederick Sanger in 1977<sup id="_ref-2" class="reference">[3]</sup>. The first free-living organism to be sequenced was that of <em>Haemophilus influenzae</em> (1.8 Mb) in 1995, and since then genomes are being sequenced at a rapid pace. A rough draft of the human genome was completed by Sanger centre and the Human Genome Project in early 2001.</font></p> <p><font size="3">As of September 2007, the complete sequence was known of about 1879 viruses <sup id="_ref-3" class="reference">[4]</sup>, 577 bacterial species and roughly 23 eukaryote organisms, of which about half are fungi. <sup id="_ref-4" class="reference">[5]</sup> Most of the bacteria whose genomes have been completely sequenced are problematic disease-causing agents, such as <em>Haemophilus influenzae</em>. Of the other sequenced species, most were chosen because they were well-studied model organisms or promised to become good models. Yeast (<em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em>) has long been an important model organism for the eukaryotic cell, while the fruit fly <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> has been a very important tool (notably in early pre-molecular genetics). The worm <em>Caenorhabditis elegans</em> is an often used simple model for multicellular organisms. The zebrafish <em>Brachydanio rerio</em> is used for many developmental studies on the molecular level and the flower <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em> is a model organism for flowering plants. The Japanese pufferfish (<em>Takifugu rubripes</em>) and the spotted green pufferfish (<em>Tetraodon nigroviridis</em>) are interesting because of their small and compact genomes, containing very little non-coding DNA compared to most species. <sup id="_ref-5" class="reference">[6]</sup> <sup id="_ref-6" class="reference">[7]</sup> The mammals dog (<em>Canis familiaris</em>), <sup id="_ref-7" class="reference">[8]</sup> brown rat (<em>Rattus norvegicus</em>), mouse (<em>Mus musculus</em>), and chimpanzee (<em>Pan troglodytes</em>) are all important model animals in medical research.</font></p> <p><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">Bacteriophage Genomics</font></span></strong></p> <p><font size="3">Bacteriophages have played and continue to play a key role in bacterial genetics and molecular biology. Historically, they were used to define gene structure and gene regulation. Also the first genome to be sequenced was a bacteriophage. However, bacteriophage research did not lead the genomics revolution, which is clearly dominated by bacterial genomics. Only very recently has the study of bacteriophage genomes become prominent, thereby enabling researchers to understand the mechanisms underlying phage evolution. Bacteriophage genome sequences can be obtained through direct sequencing of isolated bacteriophages, but can also be derived as part of microbial genomes. Analysis of bacterial genomes has shown that a substantial amount of microbial DNA consists of prophage sequences and prophage-like elements. A detailed database mining of these sequences offers insights into the role of prophages in shaping the bacterial genome.<sup id="_ref-McGrath_0" class="reference">[9]</sup></font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">Cyanobacteria Genomics</font></span></strong></p> <p><font size="3">At present there are 24 cyanobacteria for which a total genome sequence is available. 15 of these cyanobacteria come from the marine environment. These are six <em>Prochlorococcus</em><em>Synechococcus</em> strains, <em>Trichodesmium erythraeum</em> IMS101 and <em>Crocosphaera watsonii</em> [[WH8501. Several studies have demonstrated how these sequences could be used very successfully to infer important ecological and physiological characteristics of marine cyanobacteria. However, there are many more genome projects currently in progress, amongst those there are further <em>Prochlorococcus</em> and marine <em>Synechococcus</em> isolates, <em>Acaryochloris</em> and <em>Prochloron</em>, the N₂-fixing filamentous cyanobacteria <em>Nodularia spumigena</em>, <em>Lyngbya aestuarii</em> and <em>Lyngbya majuscula</em>, as well as bacteriophages infecting marine cyanobaceria. Thus, the growing body of genome information can also be tapped in a more general way to address global problems by applying a comparative approach. Some new and exciting examples of progress in this field are the identification of genes for regulatory RNAs, insights into the evolutionary origin of photosynthesis, or estimation of the contribution of horizontal gene transfer to the genomes that have been analyzed.<sup id="_ref-Herrero_0" class="reference">[10]</sup></font></p> <p><font size="4">[[Genome sequencing and genomics]]</font></p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">See also</font></span></strong></p> <ul> <li><font size="3">[[Pangenomics]] and [[Pangenome]]</font> </li> <li><font size="3">[[Personal Genome Project]]</font> </li> <li><font size="3">[[Omics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Proteomics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Interactomics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Functional genomics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Computational genomics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Nitrogenomics]]</font> </li> <li><font size="3">[[Pathogenomics]]</font> </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span class="editsection"></span><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">References</font></span></strong></p> <ol class="references"> <li id="_note-0"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-0">^</a></strong> Min Jou W, Haegeman G, Ysebaert M, Fiers W., Nucleotide sequence of the gene coding for the bacteriophage MS2 coat protein, Nature. 1972 May 12;237(5350):82-8 </font></li> <li id="_note-1"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-1">^</a></strong> Fiers W et al., Complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA - primary and secondary structure of replicase gene, Nature, 260, 500-507, 1976 </font></li> <li id="_note-2"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-2">^</a></strong> Sanger F, Air GM, Barrell BG, Brown NL, Coulson AR, Fiddes CA, Hutchison CA, Slocombe PM, Smith M., Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA, Nature. 1977 Feb 24;265(5596):687-95 </font></li> <li id="_note-3"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-3">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/VIRUSES/virostat.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/VIRUSES/virostat.html"><em>The Viral Genomes Resource</em>, NCBI Friday, 14 September, 2007</a></font> </li> <li id="_note-4"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-4">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/static/gpstat.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/static/gpstat.html"><em>Genome Project Statistic</em>, NCBI Friday, 14 September, 2007</a></font> </li> <li id="_note-5"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-5">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3760766.stm" rel="nofollow" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3760766.stm">BBC article <em>Human gene number slashed</em> from Wednesday, 20 October, 2004</a></font> </li> <li id="_note-6"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-6">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2003/10/16/pufferfish_fruitfly/index.shtml" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2003/10/16/pufferfish_fruitfly/index.shtml">CBSE News, Thursday October 16, 2003</a></font> </li> <li id="_note-7"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-7">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.genome.gov/12511476" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.gov/12511476">NHGRI, pressrelease of the publishing of the dog genome</a></font> </li> <li id="_note-McGrath"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-McGrath_0">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="book">Mc Grath S and van Sinderen D (editors). (2007). <em><a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage">Bacteriophage: Genetics and Molecular Biology</a></em>, 1st ed., Caister Academic Press. <a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage">ISBN 978-1-904455-14-1</a> .</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Bacteriophage%3A+Genetics+and+Molecular+Biology&amp;rft.au=Mc+Grath+S+and+van+Sinderen+D+%28editors%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fphage">&nbsp;</span></font> </li> <li id="_note-Herrero"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-Herrero_0">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="book">Herrero A and Flores E (editor). (2008). <em><a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan">The Cyanobacteria: Molecular Biology, Genomics and Evolution</a></em>, 1st ed., Caister Academic Press. <a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan">ISBN 978-1-904455-15-8</a> .</cite></font><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cyanobacteria%3A+Molecular+Biology%2C+Genomics+and+Evolution&amp;rft.au=Herrero+A+and+Flores+E+%28editor%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fcyan"><font size="3"> </font><br /> </span></li> </ol> <p><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cyanobacteria%3A+Molecular+Biology%2C+Genomics+and+Evolution&amp;rft.au=Herrero+A+and+Flores+E+%28editor%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fcyan"><font size="5"><br /> Web links</font><br /> [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics Wikipedia Genomics link]<br /> [http://omics.org Omics.org]<br /> [http://totalomics.com Totalomics.com]<br /> </span></p> c22840c12dd303599a5f1f4d6855ffb686b0e82a 0 1844 3039 2010-08-09T15:27:09Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5">The Human Genome Rights</font>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> - [http://biofoundation.net BioFoundation]<br /> <br /> <font size="4">[[Everyone has the right to know one's own genome information by birth]].</font><br /> <br /> It is the most fundamental right for&nbsp;a biological information object in the universe to know one's own information construct such as one's own genome. It is about knowing oneself and understanding the network of interaction partners around one.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <font size="4">[[Everyone has the right to protect one's own genome information by birth]].</font><br /> <br /> It is the second most fundamental right for a biological information object in the universe to protect and conceal one's own information construct such as one's own genome to protect one own interest and dignity in the biological&nbsp;interaction network.<br /> <br /> <font size="4">[[Everyone has the right not to be discriminated solely by one's own genome type and information by birth]].</font><br /> <br /> It is the third most fundamental right for a biological information object, such as a human, in the universe not to be discriminated by one's own information construct type such as one's own genome in order to have an equal opportunity of survival and living in the biological&nbsp;interaction network.<br /> <br /> * This is to prevent a situation where a society or a company excludes certain people for his/her genome type in a competition and employment. The third right has many issues as phenotypes often endow discrimination in societies. For example, an&nbsp;army can excludes certain voluteers for their physical features. It is a kind of discrimination. An employer can discriminate applicants duly because the type of work is such.&nbsp;<br /> The genome type of excluded volunteers/applicants are associated with phenotypes. However, the association can never be 100% in biological world, it is not acceptable to pre-exclude volunteers by checking the genometypes only. This will be similar to discriminating people for his/her racial background (here, race implies some genetic background).&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <font size="4"><strong>[[What is the human genome rights?]]</strong></font><br /> <br /> Every biological information object, such as a human being, is born with a set of inherited genetic information. That information was not&nbsp;chosen by&nbsp;him- or&nbsp;herself before one's own birth.&nbsp;Individuals&nbsp;can not&nbsp;opt to be born or not although one's previous genetic entities predispose such a birth (eg.,&nbsp;parents agree&nbsp;biologically agree to give births). Each individual can not choose one's own composition of such genetic information at the time of birth. The human genome rights is a social agreement among us in the biological interaction network that at least each one has the right to have an access to one's own genome make-up so that one knows one's own genomic construct to understand oneself and cope with one's life with one's own decision and responsibility.<br /> The second chapter of the human genome rights is to provide options to everyone to manage,&nbsp;enhance,&nbsp;and protect one's life.&nbsp;<br /> The third chapter of the human genome rights is to provide&nbsp;a social contract to everyone that they are not discriminated by his or&nbsp;her genomic make-up in acquiring&nbsp;equal opportunity&nbsp;in societies.<br /> <br /> &nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> <font size="4"><strong>[[How to contribute to this Human Genome Rights Declaration?]]</strong></font><br /> <br /> <br /> <font size="3">[http://humangenomerights.org Human Genome Rights declaration home page]</font><br /> <br /> <br /> 64a6db39a8670e2230fa0016ff810dcaf9cad11b 0 1881 3042 2010-08-10T06:06:32Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="3"><font size="5">The first female genome sequence available.</font><br /> <br /> The first fully sequenced and publicized female human genome is PGP9.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> PGP9 is Dr. Rosalynn Gill's.<br /> <br /> It was sequenced and analyzed by PGP and Theragen BiO Institute(PGI).<br /> <br /> The data are available from : ftp://bioftp.org/BiO/Store/Genome/<br /> <br /> <hr /> <br /> [http://femalegenome.org FemaleGenome.org]: Dedicated female genome data and analysis site.<br /> </font> e351a52d9c3e834ea86b5e5d3f09a7a603ab0093 3043 2010-08-10T06:07:26Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="3"><font size="5">The first female genome sequence available.</font><br /> <br /> The first fully sequenced and publicized female human genome is PGP9.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> PGP9 is Dr. Rosalynn Gill's.<br /> <br /> It was sequenced and analyzed by PGP and Theragen BiO Institute(PGI).<br /> <br /> The data are available from : ftp://bioftp.org/BiO/Store/Genome/<br /> <br /> <hr /> <br /> [http://femalegenome.org FemaleGenome.org]: Dedicated female genome data and analysis site.<br /> [http://totalomics.com Totalomics.com]: Low cost large scale genome sequencing solution.</font> 2a794b6d5047ca84fc02be6b4a4d269657d8c06c 0 1882 3048 2010-08-11T18:57:25Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <div class="rprt abstract"> <p class="citation"><a title="Breast cancer research and treatment." href="javascript:AL_get(this, 'jour', 'Breast Cancer Res Treat.');" _sg="true">Breast Cancer Res Treat.</a> 2010 Aug 10. [Epub ahead of print]</p> <h1 class="title">Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection.</h1> <p class="auth_list"><a href="/pubmed?term=%22Fendt%20L%22%5BAuthor%5D" _sg="true">Fendt L</a>, <a href="/pubmed?term=%22Niederst%C3%A4tter%20H%22%5BAuthor%5D" _sg="true">Niederst&auml;tter H</a>, <a href="/pubmed?term=%22Huber%20G%22%5BAuthor%5D" _sg="true">Huber G</a>, <a href="/pubmed?term=%22Zelger%20B%22%5BAuthor%5D" _sg="true">Zelger B</a>, <a href="/pubmed?term=%22D%C3%BCnser%20M%22%5BAuthor%5D" _sg="true">D&uuml;nser M</a>, <a href="/pubmed?term=%22Seifarth%20C%22%5BAuthor%5D" _sg="true">Seifarth C</a>, <a href="/pubmed?term=%22R%C3%B6ck%20A%22%5BAuthor%5D" _sg="true">R&ouml;ck A</a>, <a href="/pubmed?term=%22Sch%C3%A4fer%20G%22%5BAuthor%5D" _sg="true">Sch&auml;fer G</a>, <a href="/pubmed?term=%22Klocker%20H%22%5BAuthor%5D" _sg="true">Klocker H</a>, <a href="/pubmed?term=%22Parson%20W%22%5BAuthor%5D" _sg="true">Parson W</a>.</p> <p class="aff">Institute of Legal Medicine, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.</p> <div class="abstract_text"> <h3 class="abstract_label">Abstract</h3> <p>The occurrence of heteroplasmy and mixtures is technically challenging for the analysis of mitochondrial DNA. More than that, observed mutations need to be carefully interpreted in the light of the phylogeny as mitochondrial DNA is a uniparental marker reflecting human evolution. Earlier attempts to explain the role of mtDNA in cancerous tissues led to substantial confusion in medical genetics mainly due to the presentation of low sequence data quality and misinterpretation of mutations representing a particular haplogroup background rather than being cancer-specific. The focus of this study is to characterize the extent and level of mutations in breast cancer samples obtained by tissue microdissection by application of an evaluated full mtDNA genome sequencing protocol. We amplified and sequenced the complete mitochondrial genomes of microdissected breast cancer cells of 15 patients and compared the results to those obtained from paired non-cancerous breast tissue derived from the same patients. We observed differences in the heteroplasmic states of substitutions between cancerous and normal cells, one of which was affecting a position that has been previously reported in lung cancer and another one that has been identified in 16 epithelial ovarian tumors, possibly indicating functional relevance. In the coding region, we found full transitions in two cancerous mitochondrial genomes and 12 heteroplasmic substitutions as compared to the non-cancerous breast cells. We identified somatic mutations over the entire mtDNA of human breast cancer cells potentially impairing the mitochondrial OXPHOS system.</p> </div> <p class="rprtid"><span class="pmid">PMID: 20697806 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]</span></p> <p><span class="rprtlinks"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20697806">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20697806</a></span></p> </div> 26599ee679267347cb52f4a8358066c58dc2728b 3049 2010-08-11T18:58:42Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <div class="rprt abstract"> <p class="citation"><a title="Breast cancer research and treatment." _sg="true" href="javascript:AL_get(this, 'jour', 'Breast Cancer Res Treat.');">Breast Cancer Res Treat.</a> 2010 Aug 10. [Epub ahead of print]</p> <h1 class="title"><font color="#0000ff">Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection.</font></h1> <p class="auth_list"><a _sg="true" href="/pubmed?term=%22Fendt%20L%22%5BAuthor%5D">Fendt L</a>, <a _sg="true" href="/pubmed?term=%22Niederst%C3%A4tter%20H%22%5BAuthor%5D">Niederst&auml;tter H</a>, <a _sg="true" href="/pubmed?term=%22Huber%20G%22%5BAuthor%5D">Huber G</a>, <a _sg="true" href="/pubmed?term=%22Zelger%20B%22%5BAuthor%5D">Zelger B</a>, <a _sg="true" href="/pubmed?term=%22D%C3%BCnser%20M%22%5BAuthor%5D">D&uuml;nser M</a>, <a _sg="true" href="/pubmed?term=%22Seifarth%20C%22%5BAuthor%5D">Seifarth C</a>, <a _sg="true" href="/pubmed?term=%22R%C3%B6ck%20A%22%5BAuthor%5D">R&ouml;ck A</a>, <a _sg="true" href="/pubmed?term=%22Sch%C3%A4fer%20G%22%5BAuthor%5D">Sch&auml;fer G</a>, <a _sg="true" href="/pubmed?term=%22Klocker%20H%22%5BAuthor%5D">Klocker H</a>, <a _sg="true" href="/pubmed?term=%22Parson%20W%22%5BAuthor%5D">Parson W</a>.</p> <p class="aff">Institute of Legal Medicine, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.</p> <div class="abstract_text"> <h3 class="abstract_label">Abstract</h3> <p>The occurrence of heteroplasmy and mixtures is technically challenging for the analysis of mitochondrial DNA. More than that, observed mutations need to be carefully interpreted in the light of the phylogeny as mitochondrial DNA is a uniparental marker reflecting human evolution. Earlier attempts to explain the role of mtDNA in cancerous tissues led to substantial confusion in medical genetics mainly due to the presentation of low sequence data quality and misinterpretation of mutations representing a particular haplogroup background rather than being cancer-specific. The focus of this study is to characterize the extent and level of mutations in breast cancer samples obtained by tissue microdissection by application of an evaluated full mtDNA genome sequencing protocol. We amplified and sequenced the complete mitochondrial genomes of microdissected breast cancer cells of 15 patients and compared the results to those obtained from paired non-cancerous breast tissue derived from the same patients. We observed differences in the heteroplasmic states of substitutions between cancerous and normal cells, one of which was affecting a position that has been previously reported in lung cancer and another one that has been identified in 16 epithelial ovarian tumors, possibly indicating functional relevance. In the coding region, we found full transitions in two cancerous mitochondrial genomes and 12 heteroplasmic substitutions as compared to the non-cancerous breast cells. We identified somatic mutations over the entire mtDNA of human breast cancer cells potentially impairing the mitochondrial OXPHOS system.</p> </div> <p class="rprtid"><span class="pmid">PMID: 20697806 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]</span></p> <p><span class="rprtlinks"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20697806">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20697806</a></span></p> </div> aa9f2a74029dddfc0e3ac7d4ef1c4e6026ced00e 3050 2010-08-11T18:58:58Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <div class="rprt abstract"> <p class="citation"><a title="Breast cancer research and treatment." _sg="true" href="javascript:AL_get(this, 'jour', 'Breast Cancer Res Treat.');">Breast Cancer Res Treat.</a> 2010 Aug 10. [Epub ahead of print]</p> <h1 class="title"><font color="#993300" size="3">Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection.</font></h1> <p class="auth_list"><a _sg="true" href="/pubmed?term=%22Fendt%20L%22%5BAuthor%5D">Fendt L</a>, <a _sg="true" href="/pubmed?term=%22Niederst%C3%A4tter%20H%22%5BAuthor%5D">Niederst&auml;tter H</a>, <a _sg="true" href="/pubmed?term=%22Huber%20G%22%5BAuthor%5D">Huber G</a>, <a _sg="true" href="/pubmed?term=%22Zelger%20B%22%5BAuthor%5D">Zelger B</a>, <a _sg="true" href="/pubmed?term=%22D%C3%BCnser%20M%22%5BAuthor%5D">D&uuml;nser M</a>, <a _sg="true" href="/pubmed?term=%22Seifarth%20C%22%5BAuthor%5D">Seifarth C</a>, <a _sg="true" href="/pubmed?term=%22R%C3%B6ck%20A%22%5BAuthor%5D">R&ouml;ck A</a>, <a _sg="true" href="/pubmed?term=%22Sch%C3%A4fer%20G%22%5BAuthor%5D">Sch&auml;fer G</a>, <a _sg="true" href="/pubmed?term=%22Klocker%20H%22%5BAuthor%5D">Klocker H</a>, <a _sg="true" href="/pubmed?term=%22Parson%20W%22%5BAuthor%5D">Parson W</a>.</p> <p class="aff">Institute of Legal Medicine, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.</p> <div class="abstract_text"> <h3 class="abstract_label">Abstract</h3> <p>The occurrence of heteroplasmy and mixtures is technically challenging for the analysis of mitochondrial DNA. More than that, observed mutations need to be carefully interpreted in the light of the phylogeny as mitochondrial DNA is a uniparental marker reflecting human evolution. Earlier attempts to explain the role of mtDNA in cancerous tissues led to substantial confusion in medical genetics mainly due to the presentation of low sequence data quality and misinterpretation of mutations representing a particular haplogroup background rather than being cancer-specific. The focus of this study is to characterize the extent and level of mutations in breast cancer samples obtained by tissue microdissection by application of an evaluated full mtDNA genome sequencing protocol. We amplified and sequenced the complete mitochondrial genomes of microdissected breast cancer cells of 15 patients and compared the results to those obtained from paired non-cancerous breast tissue derived from the same patients. We observed differences in the heteroplasmic states of substitutions between cancerous and normal cells, one of which was affecting a position that has been previously reported in lung cancer and another one that has been identified in 16 epithelial ovarian tumors, possibly indicating functional relevance. In the coding region, we found full transitions in two cancerous mitochondrial genomes and 12 heteroplasmic substitutions as compared to the non-cancerous breast cells. We identified somatic mutations over the entire mtDNA of human breast cancer cells potentially impairing the mitochondrial OXPHOS system.</p> </div> <p class="rprtid"><span class="pmid">PMID: 20697806 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]</span></p> <p><span class="rprtlinks"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20697806">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20697806</a></span></p> </div> 0c9f2aca5811d34b33d3c796ab8680bd77af6799 0 1673 3051 2010-08-16T19:09:33Z Absh1us 101 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font color="#000000"><strong>Nutrigenomics</strong> is the study of molecular relationships between nutrition and the response of genes, with the aim of extrapolating how such subtle changes can affect human health.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></sup> Nutrigenomics focuses on the effect of nutrients on the genome, proteome, and metabolome. By determining the mechanism of the effects of nutrients or the effects of a nutritional regime, Nutrigenomics tries to define the relationship between these specific nutrients and specific nutrient regimes (diets) on human health. Nutrigenomics has been associated with the idea of personalized nutrition based on genotype. While there is hope that nutrigenomics will ultimately enable such personalised dietary advice, it is a science still in its infancy and its contribution to public health over the next decade is thought to be minor.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-muller_1-0"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Definitions</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000">Nutrigenomics focuses on the effect of nutrients on the genome, proteome, and metabolome. It is applying the sciences of genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics to human nutrition in order to understand the relationship between nutrition and health. Nutrigenomics is a new science and has several different definitions. Nutrigenomics has been defined as the application of high-throughput genomic tools in nutrition research.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-muller_1-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></sup> The term high throughput tools in nutrigenomics refers to genetic tools that enable literally millions of genetic screening tests to be conducted at a single time. When such high throughput screening is applied in nutrition research, it allows the examination of how nutrients affect the thousands of genes present in the human genome. Nutrigenomics involves the characterization of gene products and the physiological function and interactions of these products. This includes how nutrients impact on the production and action of specific gene products and how these proteins in turn affect the response to nutrients. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Background and preventive health</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000">Throughout the 20th century, nutritional science focused on finding vitamins and minerals, defining their use and preventing the deficiency diseases that they caused. As the nutrition related health problems of the developed world shifted to overnutrition, obesity and type two diabetes, the focus of modern medicine and of nutritional science changed accordingly.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">In order to address the increasing incidence of these diet-related-diseases, the role of diet and nutrition has been and continues to be extensively studied. To prevent the development of disease, nutrition research is investigating how nutrition can optimize and maintain cellular, tissue, organ and whole body homeostasis. This requires understanding how nutrients act at the molecular level. This involves a multitude of nutrient-related interactions at the gene, protein and metabolic levels. As a result, nutrition research has shifted from epidemiology and physiology to molecular biology and genetics<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-muller_1-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></sup> and nutrigenomics was born.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">The emergence and development of nutrigenomics has been possible due to powerful developments in genetic research. Inter-individual differences in genetics, or genetic variability, which have an effect on metabolism and on phenotypes were recognized early in nutrition research, and such phenotypes were described. With the progress in genetics, biochemical disorders with a high nutritional relevance were linked to a genetic origin. Genetic disorders which cause pathological effects were described. Such genetic disorders include the polymorphism in the gene for the hormone Leptin which results in gross obesity. Other gene polymorphisms were described with consequences for human nutrition. The folate metabolism is a good example, where a common polymorphism exists for the gene that encodes the methylene-tetrahydro-folate reductase (MTHFR).</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">It was realized however, that there are possibly thousands of other gene polymorphisms which may result in minor deviations in nutritional biochemistry, where only marginal or additive effects would result from these deviations. The tools to study the physiological impact were not available at the time and are only now becoming available enabling the development of nutrigenomics. Such tools include those that measure the transcriptome - DNA microarray, Exon array, Tiling arrays, single nucleotide polymorphism arrays and genotyping. Tools that measure the proteome are less developed. These include methods based on gel electrophoresis, chromatography and mass spectrometry. Finally the tools that measure the metabolome are also less developed and include methods based on nuclear magnetic resonance imaging and mass spectrometry often in combination with gas and liquid chromatography.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Rationale and aims of nutrigenomics</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000">In nutrigenomics, nutrients are seen as signals that tell a specific cell in the body about the diet. The nutrients are detected by a sensor system in the cell. Such a sensory system works like sensory ecology whereby the cell obtains information through the signal, the nutrient, about its environment, which is the diet. The sensory system that interprets information from nutrients about the dietary environment include transcription factors together with many additional proteins. Once the nutrient interacts with such a sensory system, it changes gene, protein expression and metabolite production in accordance with the level of nutrient it senses. As a result, different diets should elicit different patterns of gene and protein expression and metabolite production. Nutrigenomics seeks to describe the patterns of these effects which have been referred to as <em>dietary signatures</em>. Such dietary signatures are examined in specific cells, tissues and organisms and in this way the manner by which nutrition influences homeostasis is investigated. Genes which are affected by differing levels of nutrients need first to be identified and then their regulation is studied. Differences in this regulation as a result of differences in genes between individuals are also studied. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-muller_1-3"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">It is hoped that by building up knowledge in this area, nutrigenomics will promote an increased understanding of how nutrition influences metabolic pathways and homeostatic control, which will then be used to prevent the development of chronic diet related diseases such as obesity and type two diabetes. Part of the approach of nutrigenomics involves finding markers of the early phase of diet related diseases; this is the phase at which intervention with nutrition can return the patient to health. As nutrigenomics seeks to understand the effect of different genetic predispositions in the development of such diseases, once a marker has been found and measured in an individual, the extent to which they are susceptible to the development of that disease will be quantified and personalized dietary recommendation can be given for that person.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">The aims of nutrigenomics also includes being able to demonstrate the effect of bioactive food compounds on health and the effect of health foods on health, which should lead to the development of functional foods that will keep people healthy according to their individual needs.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Nutrigenomics is a rapidly emerging science still in its beginning stages. It is uncertain whether the tools to study protein expression and metabolite production have been developed to the point as to enable efficient and reliable measurements. Also once such research has been achieved, it will need to be integrated together in order to produce results and dietary recommendations. All of these technologies are still in the process of development.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">References</font></span></h2> <div class="references-small"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-0"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Chavez A, Munoz de Chavez M (2003). &quot;<em>Nutrigenomics in public health nutrition:</em> short-term perspectives<em>&quot;. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 57(Suppl. 1)97-100</em> </font></li> <li id="cite_note-muller-1"><font color="#000000">^ ^{<em><strong>a</strong></em>} ^{<em><strong>b</strong></em>} ^{<em><strong>c</strong></em>} ^{<em><strong>d</strong></em>} M&uuml;ller M, Kersten S. (2003). &quot;<em>Nutrigenomics: Goals and Perspectives.</em>&quot;. Nature Reviews Genetics 4. 315 -322 </font></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Trayhurn P. (2003). &quot;<em>Nutritional genomics-&quot;Nutrigenomics&quot;</em>&quot;. British Journal Nutrition. 89:1-2 </font></li> </ol> </div> <p><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Articles</font></span></h3> <ul> <li><font color="#000000">Kaput J, Perlina A, Hatipoglu B, Bartholomew A, Nikolsky Y. &quot;Nutrigenomics: concepts and applications to pharmacogenomics and clinical medicine&quot; Pharmacogenomics. 8(4) 2007 </font></li> </ul> <p><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">See also</font></span></h2> <ul> <li><font color="#000000">Diet (nutrition) </font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Nutritional genomics </font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Public Health Genomics </font></li> </ul> <p><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">External links</font></span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" title="http://nutrigenomics.ucdavis.edu" rel="nofollow" href="http://nutrigenomics.ucdavis.edu/"><font color="#000000">Center for Nutritional Genomics, University of California, Davis multi-disciplinary research in nutritional genomics</font></a><font color="#000000"> </font></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.nugo.org" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nugo.org/"><font color="#000000">NuGO - the European Nutrigenomics Organisation</font></a><font color="#000000"> </font></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.nutrigenomics.org.nz" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nutrigenomics.org.nz/"><font color="#000000">The New Zealand Nutrigenomics Collaboration</font></a><font color="#000000"> </font></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.isnn.info/isnn.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.isnn.info/isnn.html"><font color="#000000">ISNN - International Society of Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics</font></a><font color="#000000"> </font></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.isnn.info/isnn.html" href="http://www.wa-liability-insurance.com/"><font color="#000000">Liability Insurance WA</font></a><font color="#000000"> </font></li> </ul> <ul> <li><a class="external text" title="http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?Aktion=ShowPDF&amp;ProduktNr=223064&amp;ArtikelNr=59578&amp;filename=59578.pdf" rel="nofollow" href="http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?Aktion=ShowPDF&amp;ProduktNr=223064&amp;ArtikelNr=59578&amp;filename=59578.pdf"><font color="#000000">&quot;Genetic Variation and Dietary Response&quot; from World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics, Vol. 80</font></a><font color="#000000"> </font></li> </ul> b034b24529b6fdf15a3fa26e01a80cbe9ae7d0b7 3054 2010-08-17T18:09:47Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font color="#000000"><strong>Nutrigenomics</strong> is the study of molecular relationships between nutrition and the response of genes, with the aim of extrapolating how such subtle changes can affect human health.<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></sup> Nutrigenomics focuses on the effect of nutrients on the genome, proteome, and metabolome. By determining the mechanism of the effects of nutrients or the effects of a nutritional regime, Nutrigenomics tries to define the relationship between these specific nutrients and specific nutrient regimes (diets) on human health. Nutrigenomics has been associated with the idea of personalized nutrition based on genotype. While there is hope that nutrigenomics will ultimately enable such personalised dietary advice, it is a science still in its infancy and its contribution to public health over the next decade is thought to be minor.<sup id="cite_ref-muller_1-0" class="reference"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Definitions</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000">Nutrigenomics focuses on the effect of nutrients on the genome, proteome, and metabolome. It is applying the sciences of genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics to human nutrition in order to understand the relationship between nutrition and health. Nutrigenomics is a new science and has several different definitions. Nutrigenomics has been defined as the application of high-throughput genomic tools in nutrition research.<sup id="cite_ref-muller_1-1" class="reference"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></sup> The term high throughput tools in nutrigenomics refers to genetic tools that enable literally millions of genetic screening tests to be conducted at a single time. When such high throughput screening is applied in nutrition research, it allows the examination of how nutrients affect the thousands of genes present in the human genome. Nutrigenomics involves the characterization of gene products and the physiological function and interactions of these products. This includes how nutrients impact on the production and action of specific gene products and how these proteins in turn affect the response to nutrients. <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Background and preventive health</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000">Throughout the 20th century, nutritional science focused on finding vitamins and minerals, defining their use and preventing the deficiency diseases that they caused. As the nutrition related health problems of the developed world shifted to overnutrition, obesity and type two diabetes, the focus of modern medicine and of nutritional science changed accordingly.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">In order to address the increasing incidence of these diet-related-diseases, the role of diet and nutrition has been and continues to be extensively studied. To prevent the development of disease, nutrition research is investigating how nutrition can optimize and maintain cellular, tissue, organ and whole body homeostasis. This requires understanding how nutrients act at the molecular level. This involves a multitude of nutrient-related interactions at the gene, protein and metabolic levels. As a result, nutrition research has shifted from epidemiology and physiology to molecular biology and genetics<sup id="cite_ref-muller_1-2" class="reference"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></sup> and nutrigenomics was born.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">The emergence and development of nutrigenomics has been possible due to powerful developments in genetic research. Inter-individual differences in genetics, or genetic variability, which have an effect on metabolism and on phenotypes were recognized early in nutrition research, and such phenotypes were described. With the progress in genetics, biochemical disorders with a high nutritional relevance were linked to a genetic origin. Genetic disorders which cause pathological effects were described. Such genetic disorders include the polymorphism in the gene for the hormone Leptin which results in gross obesity. Other gene polymorphisms were described with consequences for human nutrition. The folate metabolism is a good example, where a common polymorphism exists for the gene that encodes the methylene-tetrahydro-folate reductase (MTHFR).</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">It was realized however, that there are possibly thousands of other gene polymorphisms which may result in minor deviations in nutritional biochemistry, where only marginal or additive effects would result from these deviations. The tools to study the physiological impact were not available at the time and are only now becoming available enabling the development of nutrigenomics. Such tools include those that measure the transcriptome - DNA microarray, Exon array, Tiling arrays, single nucleotide polymorphism arrays and genotyping. Tools that measure the proteome are less developed. These include methods based on gel electrophoresis, chromatography and mass spectrometry. Finally the tools that measure the metabolome are also less developed and include methods based on nuclear magnetic resonance imaging and mass spectrometry often in combination with gas and liquid chromatography.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Rationale and aims of nutrigenomics</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000">In nutrigenomics, nutrients are seen as signals that tell a specific cell in the body about the diet. The nutrients are detected by a sensor system in the cell. Such a sensory system works like sensory ecology whereby the cell obtains information through the signal, the nutrient, about its environment, which is the diet. The sensory system that interprets information from nutrients about the dietary environment include transcription factors together with many additional proteins. Once the nutrient interacts with such a sensory system, it changes gene, protein expression and metabolite production in accordance with the level of nutrient it senses. As a result, different diets should elicit different patterns of gene and protein expression and metabolite production. Nutrigenomics seeks to describe the patterns of these effects which have been referred to as <em>dietary signatures</em>. Such dietary signatures are examined in specific cells, tissues and organisms and in this way the manner by which nutrition influences homeostasis is investigated. Genes which are affected by differing levels of nutrients need first to be identified and then their regulation is studied. Differences in this regulation as a result of differences in genes between individuals are also studied. <sup id="cite_ref-muller_1-3" class="reference"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">It is hoped that by building up knowledge in this area, nutrigenomics will promote an increased understanding of how nutrition influences metabolic pathways and homeostatic control, which will then be used to prevent the development of chronic diet related diseases such as obesity and type two diabetes. Part of the approach of nutrigenomics involves finding markers of the early phase of diet related diseases; this is the phase at which intervention with nutrition can return the patient to health. As nutrigenomics seeks to understand the effect of different genetic predispositions in the development of such diseases, once a marker has been found and measured in an individual, the extent to which they are susceptible to the development of that disease will be quantified and personalized dietary recommendation can be given for that person.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">The aims of nutrigenomics also includes being able to demonstrate the effect of bioactive food compounds on health and the effect of health foods on health, which should lead to the development of functional foods that will keep people healthy according to their individual needs.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Nutrigenomics is a rapidly emerging science still in its beginning stages. It is uncertain whether the tools to study protein expression and metabolite production have been developed to the point as to enable efficient and reliable measurements. Also once such research has been achieved, it will need to be integrated together in order to produce results and dietary recommendations. All of these technologies are still in the process of development.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">References</font></span></h2> <div class="references-small"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-0"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Chavez A, Munoz de Chavez M (2003). &quot;<em>Nutrigenomics in public health nutrition:</em> short-term perspectives<em>&quot;. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 57(Suppl. 1)97-100</em> </font></li> <li id="cite_note-muller-1"><font color="#000000">^ ^{<em><strong>a</strong></em>} ^{<em><strong>b</strong></em>} ^{<em><strong>c</strong></em>} ^{<em><strong>d</strong></em>} M&uuml;ller M, Kersten S. (2003). &quot;<em>Nutrigenomics: Goals and Perspectives.</em>&quot;. Nature Reviews Genetics 4. 315 -322 </font></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Trayhurn P. (2003). &quot;<em>Nutritional genomics-&quot;Nutrigenomics&quot;</em>&quot;. British Journal Nutrition. 89:1-2 </font></li> </ol> </div> <p><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Articles</font></span></h3> <ul> <li><font color="#000000">Kaput J, Perlina A, Hatipoglu B, Bartholomew A, Nikolsky Y. &quot;Nutrigenomics: concepts and applications to pharmacogenomics and clinical medicine&quot; Pharmacogenomics. 8(4) 2007 </font></li> </ul> <p><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">See also</font></span></h2> <ul> <li><font color="#000000">Diet (nutrition) </font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Nutritional genomics </font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Public Health Genomics </font></li> </ul> <p><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">External links</font></span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" title="http://nutrigenomics.ucdavis.edu" rel="nofollow" href="http://nutrigenomics.ucdavis.edu/"><font color="#000000">Center for Nutritional Genomics, University of California, Davis multi-disciplinary research in nutritional genomics</font></a><font color="#000000"> </font></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.nugo.org" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nugo.org/"><font color="#000000">NuGO - the European Nutrigenomics Organisation</font></a><font color="#000000"> </font></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.nutrigenomics.org.nz" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nutrigenomics.org.nz/"><font color="#000000">The New Zealand Nutrigenomics Collaboration</font></a><font color="#000000"> </font></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.isnn.info/isnn.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.isnn.info/isnn.html"><font color="#000000">ISNN - International Society of Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics</font></a><font color="#000000"> </font></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?Aktion=ShowPDF&amp;ProduktNr=223064&amp;ArtikelNr=59578&amp;filename=59578.pdf" rel="nofollow" href="http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?Aktion=ShowPDF&amp;ProduktNr=223064&amp;ArtikelNr=59578&amp;filename=59578.pdf"><font color="#000000">&quot;Genetic Variation and Dietary Response&quot; from World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics, Vol. 80</font></a><font color="#000000"> </font></li> </ul> 03bca477cfcfa2330ee0a3deac69ef5a39e120d3 0 1883 3052 2010-08-17T17:33:22Z Pgriston 102 wikitext text/x-wiki <a href="javascript:void(0);/*1282066445780*/"><br /> Tom Sawyer Software </a><br /> Along with the human genome project's identification of more than 30,000 human genes comes the awareness that sequencing genes is only the beginning. Researchers now face the difficult task of understanding how these genes interact with one another in complex networks. Applications using Tom Sawyer's sophisticated graph layout technology can produce diagrams that clearly show the relationships between this complex data. 427882719ea4c6079a81f231b5ce16a1786be7d3 3053 2010-08-17T17:33:52Z Pgriston 102 wikitext text/x-wiki <a href="http://www.tomsawyer.com/industries/lifesciences.php"><br /> Tom Sawyer Software </a><br /> Along with the human genome project's identification of more than 30,000 human genes comes the awareness that sequencing genes is only the beginning. Researchers now face the difficult task of understanding how these genes interact with one another in complex networks. Applications using Tom Sawyer's sophisticated graph layout technology can produce diagrams that clearly show the relationships between this complex data. 79927a177049cb1c0ede57b37d00409f891fdd76 0 1616 3055 2010-08-17T20:39:29Z Absh1us 101 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>The term <strong>DNA sequencing</strong> encompasses biochemical methods for determining the order of the nucleotide bases, adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine, in a DNA oligonucleotide. The sequence of DNA constitutes the heritable genetic information in nuclei, plasmids, mitochondria, and chloroplasts that forms the basis for the developmental programs of all living organisms. Determining the DNA sequence is therefore useful in basic research studying fundamental biological processes, as well as in applied fields such as diagnostic or forensic research. The advent of DNA sequencing has significantly accelerated biological research and discovery. The rapid speed of sequencing attained with modern DNA sequencing technology has been instrumental in the large-scale sequencing of the human genome, in the Human Genome Project. Related projects, often by scientific collaboration across continents, have generated the complete DNA sequences of many animal, plant, and microbial genomes.</p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 502px"><img class="thumbimage" height="106" alt="DNA Sequence Trace" width="500" border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/89/Mutation_Surveyor_Trace.jpg/500px-Mutation_Surveyor_Trace.jpg" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><span class="" style="BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 2px; DISPLAY: inline-block; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 2px; FONT-SIZE: 0px; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #0000ff; BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 2px; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #0000ff; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; CURSOR: hand; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #0000ff; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 2px; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #0000ff"><span style="DISPLAY: inline-block; FILTER: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.AlphaImageLoader(src='http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png'); WIDTH: 1px; HEIGHT: 1px"></span></span></div> DNA Sequence Trace</div> </div> </div> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Early methods</span></h2> <p>For thirty years, a large proportion of DNA sequencing has been carried out with the chain-termination method developed by Frederick Sanger and coworkers in 1975.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><font color="#800080">[1]</font></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><font color="#800080">[2]</font></sup> Prior to the development of rapid DNA sequencing methods in the early 1970s by Sanger in England and Walter Gilbert and Allan Maxam at Harvard,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><font color="#800080">[3]</font></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><font color="#800080">[4]</font></sup> a number of laborious methods were used. For instance, in 1973<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><font color="#800080">[5]</font></sup> Gilbert and Maxam reported the sequence of 24 basepairs using a method known as wandering-spot analysis.</p> <p>RNA sequencing, which for technical reasons is easier to perform than DNA sequencing, was one of the earliest forms of nucleotide sequencing. The major landmark of RNA sequencing, dating from the pre-recombinant DNA era, is the sequence of the first complete gene and then the complete genome of Bacteriophage MS2, identified and published by Walter Fiers and his coworkers at the University of Ghent (Ghent, Belgium), published between 1972<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"><font color="#800080">[6]</font></sup> and 1976.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"><font color="#800080">[7]</font></sup></p> <p><font color="#800080"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Maxam-Gilbert sequencing</span></h2> <p>In 1976-1977, Allan Maxam and Walter Gilbert developed a DNA sequencing method based on chemical modification of DNA and subsequent cleavage at specific bases [1]. Although Maxam and Gilbert published their chemical sequencing method two years after the ground-breaking paper of Sanger and Coulson on plus-minus sequencing,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7"><font color="#800080">[8]</font></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8"><font color="#800080">[9]</font></sup> Maxam-Gilbert sequencing rapidly became more popular, since purified DNA could be used directly, while the initial Sanger method required that each read start be cloned for production of single-stranded DNA. However, with the development and improvement of the chain-termination method (see below), Maxam-Gilbert sequencing has fallen out of favour due to its technical complexity, extensive use of hazardous chemicals, and difficulties with scale-up. In addition, unlike the chain-termination method, chemicals used in the Maxam-Gilbert method cannot easily be customized for use in a standard molecular biology kit.</p> <p>In brief, the method requires radioactive labelling at one end and purification of the DNA fragment to be sequenced. Chemical treatment generates breaks at a small proportion of one or two of the four nucleotide bases in each of four reactions (G, A+G, C, C+T). Thus a series of labelled fragments is generated, from the radiolabelled end to the first 'cut' site in each molecule. The fragments are then size-separated by gel electrophoresis, with the four reactions arranged side by side. To visualize the fragments generated in each reaction, the gel is exposed to X-ray film for autoradiography, yielding an image of a series of dark 'bands' corresponding to the radiolabelled DNA fragments, from which the sequence may be inferred.</p> <p>Also sometimes known as 'chemical sequencing', this method originated in the study of DNA-protein interactions (footprinting), nucleic acid structure and epigenetic modifications to DNA, and within these it still has important applications.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Chain-termination methods</span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 162px"><img class="thumbimage" height="332" alt="Part of a radioactively labelled sequencing gel" width="160" border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Sequencing.jpg" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><span class="" style="BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 2px; DISPLAY: inline-block; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 2px; FONT-SIZE: 0px; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #0000ff; BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 2px; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #0000ff; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; CURSOR: hand; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #0000ff; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 2px; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #0000ff"><span style="DISPLAY: inline-block; FILTER: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.AlphaImageLoader(src='http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png'); WIDTH: 1px; HEIGHT: 1px"></span></span></div> Part of a radioactively labelled sequencing gel</div> </div> </div> <p>While the chemical sequencing method of Maxam and Gilbert, and the plus-minus method of Sanger and Coulson were orders of magnitude faster than previous methods, the chain-terminator method developed by Sanger was even more efficient, and rapidly became the method of choice. The Maxam-Gilbert technique requires the use of highly toxic chemicals, and large amounts of radiolabeled DNA, whereas the chain-terminator method uses fewer toxic chemicals and lower amounts of radioactivity. The key principle of the Sanger method was the use of dideoxynucleotides triphosphates (ddNTPs) as DNA chain terminators.</p> <p>The classical chain-termination or Sanger method requires a single-stranded DNA template, a DNA primer, a DNA polymerase, radioactively or fluorescently labeled nucleotides, and modified nucleotides that terminate DNA strand elongation. The DNA sample is divided into four separate sequencing reactions, containing the four standard deoxynucleotides (dATP, dGTP, dCTP and dTTP) and the DNA polymerase. To each reaction is added only one of the four dideoxynucleotides (ddATP, ddGTP, ddCTP, or ddTTP). These dideoxynucleotides are the chain-terminating nucleotides, lacking a 3'-OH group required for the formation of a phosphodiester bond between two nucleotides during DNA strand elongation. Incorporation of a dideoxynucleotide into the nascent (elongating) DNA strand therefore terminates DNA strand extension, resulting in various DNA fragments of varying length. The dideoxynucleotides are added at lower concentration than the standard deoxynucleotides to allow strand elongation sufficient for sequence analysis.</p> [http://www.california-liability-insurance.com/ General Liability Insurance CA] <p>The newly synthesized and labeled DNA fragments are heat denatured, and separated by size (with a resolution of just one nucleotide) by gel electrophoresis on a denaturing polyacrylamide-urea gel. Each of the four DNA synthesis reactions is run in one of four individual lanes (lanes A, T, G, C); the DNA bands are then visualized by autoradiography or UV light, and the DNA sequence can be directly read off the X-ray film or gel image. In the image on the right, X-ray film was exposed to the gel, and the dark bands correspond to DNA fragments of different lengths. A dark band in a lane indicates a DNA fragment that is the result of chain termination after incorporation of a dideoxynucleotide (ddATP, ddGTP, ddCTP, or ddTTP). The terminal nucleotide base can be identified according to which dideoxynucleotide was added in the reaction giving that band. The relative positions of the different bands among the four lanes are then used to read (from bottom to top) the DNA sequence as indicated.</p> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 182px"><img class="thumbimage" height="240" alt="DNA fragments can be labeled by using a radioactive or fluorescent tag on the primer (1), in the new DNA strand with a labeled dNTP, or with a labeled ddNTP. (click to expand)" width="180" border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/df/DNA_Sequencin_3_labeling_methods.jpg/180px-DNA_Sequencin_3_labeling_methods.jpg" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><span class="" style="BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 2px; DISPLAY: inline-block; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 2px; FONT-SIZE: 0px; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #0000ff; BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 2px; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #0000ff; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; CURSOR: hand; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #0000ff; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 2px; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #0000ff"><span style="DISPLAY: inline-block; FILTER: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.AlphaImageLoader(src='http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png'); WIDTH: 1px; HEIGHT: 1px"></span></span></div> DNA fragments can be labeled by using a radioactive or fluorescent tag on the primer (1), in the new DNA strand with a labeled dNTP, or with a labeled ddNTP. (click to expand)</div> </div> </div> <p>There are some technical variations of chain-termination sequencing. In one method, the DNA fragments are tagged with nucleotides containing radioactive phosphorus for radiolabelling. Alternatively, a primer labeled at the 5&rsquo; end with a fluorescent dye is used for the tagging. Four separate reactions are still required, but DNA fragments with dye labels can be read using an optical system, facilitating faster and more economical analysis and automation. This approach is known as 'dye-primer sequencing'. The later development by L Hood and coworkers<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9"><font color="#800080">[10]</font></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10"><font color="#800080">[11]</font></sup> of fluorescently labeled ddNTPs and primers set the stage for automated, high-throughput DNA sequencing.</p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 182px"><img class="thumbimage" height="256" alt="Sequence ladder by radioactive sequencing compared to fluorescent peaks (click to expand)" width="180" border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3d/Radioactive_Fluorescent_Seq.jpg/180px-Radioactive_Fluorescent_Seq.jpg" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><span class="" style="BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 2px; DISPLAY: inline-block; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 2px; FONT-SIZE: 0px; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #0000ff; BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 2px; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #0000ff; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; CURSOR: hand; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #0000ff; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 2px; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #0000ff"><span style="DISPLAY: inline-block; FILTER: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.AlphaImageLoader(src='http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png'); WIDTH: 1px; HEIGHT: 1px"></span></span></div> Sequence ladder by radioactive sequencing compared to fluorescent peaks (click to expand)</div> </div> </div> <p>The different chain-termination methods have greatly simplified the amount of work and planning needed for DNA sequencing. For example, the chain-termination-based &quot;Sequenase&quot; kit from USB Biochemicals contains most of the reagents needed for sequencing, prealiquoted and ready to use. Some sequencing problems can occur with the Sanger method, such as non-specific binding of the primer to the DNA, affecting accurate read-out of the DNA sequence. In addition, secondary structures within the DNA template, or contaminating RNA randomly priming at the DNA template can also affect the fidelity of the obtained sequence. Other contaminants affecting the reaction may consist of extraneous DNA or inhibitors of the DNA polymerase.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Dye-terminator sequencing</span></h3> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 182px"><img class="thumbimage" height="109" alt="Capillary electrophoresis (click to expand)" width="180" border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fe/CE_Basic.jpg/180px-CE_Basic.jpg" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><span class="" style="BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 2px; DISPLAY: inline-block; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 2px; FONT-SIZE: 0px; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #0000ff; BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 2px; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #0000ff; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; CURSOR: hand; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #0000ff; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 2px; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #0000ff"><span style="DISPLAY: inline-block; FILTER: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.AlphaImageLoader(src='http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png'); WIDTH: 1px; HEIGHT: 1px"></span></span></div> Capillary electrophoresis (click to expand)</div> </div> </div> <p>An alternative to primer labelling is labelling of the chain terminators, a method commonly called 'dye-terminator sequencing'. The major advantage of this method is that the sequencing can be performed in a single reaction, rather than four reactions as in the labelled-primer method. In dye-terminator sequencing, each of the four dideoxynucleotide chain terminators is labelled with a different fluorescent dye, each fluorescing at a different wavelength. This method is attractive because of its greater expediency and speed and is now the mainstay in automated sequencing with computer-controlled sequence analyzers (see below). Its potential limitations include dye effects due to differences in the incorporation of the dye-labelled chain terminators into the DNA fragment, resulting in unequal peak heights and shapes in the electronic DNA sequence trace chromatogram after capillary electrophoresis (see figure to the right). This problem has largely been overcome with the introduction of new DNA polymerase enzyme systems and dyes that minimize incorporation variability, as well as methods for eliminating &quot;dye blobs&quot;, caused by certain chemical characteristics of the dyes that can result in artifacts in DNA sequence traces. The dye-terminator sequencing method, along with automated high-throughput DNA sequence analyzers, is now being used for the vast majority of sequencing projects, as it is both easier to perform and lower in cost than most previous sequencing methods.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Challenges</span></h3> <p>Modern sequencing typically produces a sequence that has poor quality in the first 15-40 bases, a high quality region of 700-900 bases, and then quickly deteriorating quality. Base calling software typically outputs an estimate of quality along with the sequence to aid in quality trimming.</p> <p>Before the DNA can be sequenced, linker sequences are attached to its ends, and it is inserted into a cloning vector. The resulting sequence can therefore often contain parts of the vector or the linker sequences, which must be filtered out prior to analysis. In contrast, emerging sequencing technologies based on pyrosequencing often avoid using cloning vectors.</p> <p>During PCR amplification, unrelated sequences can hybridize, and the resulting clone can be a chimaeric sequence, containing fragments from both sequences. Another problem is polymerase stuttering, where the polymerase repeatedly outputs the same fragments, giving an artificially long low-complexity part of the sequence.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Automation and sample preparation</span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 182px"><img class="thumbimage" height="42" alt="View of the start of an example dye-terminator read (click to expand)" width="180" border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Sanger_sequencing_read_display.gif/180px-Sanger_sequencing_read_display.gif" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><span class="" style="BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 2px; DISPLAY: inline-block; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 2px; FONT-SIZE: 0px; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #0000ff; BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 2px; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #0000ff; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; CURSOR: hand; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #0000ff; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 2px; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #0000ff"><span style="DISPLAY: inline-block; FILTER: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.AlphaImageLoader(src='http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png'); WIDTH: 1px; HEIGHT: 1px"></span></span></div> View of the start of an example dye-terminator read (click to expand)</div> </div> </div> <p>Modern automated DNA sequencing instruments (DNA sequencers) can sequence up to 384 fluorescently labelled samples in a single batch (run) and perform as many as 24 runs a day. However, automated DNA sequencers carry out only DNA-size-based separation (by capillary electrophoresis), detection and recording of dye fluorescence, and data output as fluorescent peak trace chromatograms. Sequencing reactions by thermocycling, cleanup and re-suspension in a buffer solution before loading onto the sequencer are performed separately. In the past, an operator had to trim the low quality ends (see image in the right) of every sequence manually in order to remove the sequencing errors. However, today, software like Fast Chromatogram Viewer can automatically trim the ends at batch. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Large-scale sequencing strategies</span></h2> <p>Current methods can directly sequence only relatively short (300-1000 nucleotides long) DNA fragments in a single reaction. [2]. The main obstacle to sequencing DNA fragments above this size limit is insufficient power of separation for resolving large DNA fragments that differ in length by only one nucleotide. Limitations on ddNTP incorporation were largely solved by Tabor at Harvard Medical, Carl Fuller at USB biochemicals, and their coworkers.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Reeve.2CFuller_11-0"><font color="#800080">[12]</font></sup></p> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 182px"><font color="#800080"><img class="thumbimage" height="240" alt="Genomic DNA is fragmented into random pieces and cloned as a bacterial library. DNA from individual bacterial clones is sequenced and the sequence is assembled by using overlapping regions.(click to expand)" width="180" border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/60/DNA_Sequencing_gDNA_libraries.jpg/180px-DNA_Sequencing_gDNA_libraries.jpg" /></font> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><span class="" style="BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 2px; DISPLAY: inline-block; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 2px; FONT-SIZE: 0px; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #0000ff; BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 2px; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #0000ff; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; CURSOR: hand; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #0000ff; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 2px; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #0000ff"><span style="DISPLAY: inline-block; FILTER: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.AlphaImageLoader(src='http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png'); WIDTH: 1px; HEIGHT: 1px"></span></span></div> Genomic DNA is fragmented into random pieces and cloned as a bacterial library. DNA from individual bacterial clones is sequenced and the sequence is assembled by using overlapping regions.(click to expand)</div> </div> </div> <p>Large-scale sequencing aims at sequencing very long DNA fragments. Even relatively small bacterial <font color="#800080">genomes</font> contain millions of nucleotides, and the human chromosome 1 alone contains about 246 million bases. Therefore, some approaches consist of cutting (with restriction enzymes) or shearing (with mechanical forces) large DNA fragments into shorter DNA fragments. The fragmented DNA is cloned into a DNA vector, usually a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC), and amplified in <em>Escherichia coli</em>. The amplified DNA can then be purified from the bacterial cells (a disadvantage of bacterial clones for sequencing is that some DNA sequences may be inherently <em>un-clonable</em> in some or all available bacterial strains, due to deleterious effect of the cloned sequence on the host bacterium or other effects). These short DNA fragments purified from individual bacterial colonies are then individually and completely sequenced and assembled electronically into one long, contiguous sequence by identifying 100%-identical overlapping sequences between them (shotgun sequencing). This method does not require any pre-existing information about the sequence of the DNA and is often referred to as <em>de novo</em> sequencing. Gaps in the assembled sequence may be filled by Primer walking, often with sub-cloning steps (or transposon-based sequencing depending on the size of the remaining region to be sequenced). These strategies all involve taking many small <em>reads</em> of the DNA by one of the above methods and subsequently assembling them into a contiguous sequence. The different strategies have different tradeoffs in speed and accuracy; the shotgun method is the most practical for sequencing large genomes, but its assembly process is complex and potentially error-prone - particularly in the presence of sequence repeats. Because of this, the assembly of the human genome is not literally complete &mdash; the repetitive sequences of the centromeres, telomeres, and some other parts of chromosomes result in gaps in the genome assembly. Despite having only 93% of the full genome assembled, the Human Genome Project was declared complete because their definition of human genome sequencing was limited to euchromatic sequence (99% complete at the time), excluding these intractable repetitive regions.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12"><font color="#800080">[13]</font></sup></p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 182px"><font color="#800080"><img class="thumbimage" height="247" alt="Resequencing steps. Sample prep: Extraction of nucleic acid. Template prep: Amplification and preparation of a small region of the target region. Sequencing steps. (click to expand)" width="180" border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a1/Sequencing_workflow.jpg/180px-Sequencing_workflow.jpg" /></font> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><span class="" style="BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 2px; DISPLAY: inline-block; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 2px; FONT-SIZE: 0px; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #0000ff; BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 2px; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #0000ff; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; CURSOR: hand; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #0000ff; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 2px; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #0000ff"><span style="DISPLAY: inline-block; FILTER: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.AlphaImageLoader(src='http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png'); WIDTH: 1px; HEIGHT: 1px"></span></span></div> Resequencing steps. Sample prep: Extraction of nucleic acid. Template prep: Amplification and preparation of a small region of the target region. Sequencing steps. (click to expand)</div> </div> </div> <p>The human genome is about 3 billion (3,000,000,000) bp long;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13"><font color="#800080">[14]</font></sup> if the average fragment length is 500 bases, it would take a minimum of six million (3 billion/500) to sequence the human genome (not allowing for overlap = 1-fold coverage). Keeping track of such a high number of sequences presents significant challenges, only held down by developing and coordinating several procedural and computational algorithms, such as efficient database development and management.</p> <p><em>Resequencing</em> or <em>targeted sequencing</em> is utilized for determining a change in DNA sequence from a &quot;reference&quot; sequence. It is often performed using PCR to amplify the region of interest (pre-existing DNA sequence is required to design the PCR primers). Resequencing uses three steps, extraction of DNA or RNA from biological tissue; amplification of the RNA or DNA (often by PCR); followed by sequencing. The resultant sequence is compared to a reference or a normal sample to detect mutations.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">New sequencing methods</span></h2> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">High-throughput sequencing</span></h3> <p>The high demand for low cost sequencing has given rise to a number of high-throughput sequencing technologies.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14"><font color="#800080">[15]</font></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15"><font color="#800080">[16]</font></sup> These efforts have been funded by public and private institutions as well as privately researched and commercialized by biotechnology companies. High-throughput sequencing technologies are intended to lower the cost of sequencing DNA libraries beyond what is possible with the current dye-terminator method based on DNA separation by capillary electrophoresis. Many of the new high-throughput methods use methods that parallelize the sequencing process, producing thousands or millions of sequences at once.</p> <dl><dt>In vitro clonal amplification </dt></dl> <p>As molecular detection methods are often not sensitive enough for single molecule sequencing, most approaches use an <em>in vitro</em> cloning step to generate many copies of each individual molecule. Emulsion PCR is one method, isolating individual DNA molecules along with primer-coated beads in aqueous bubbles within an oil phase. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) then coats each bead with clonal copies of the isolated library molecule and these beads are subsequently immobilized for later sequencing. Emulsion PCR is used in the methods published by Marguilis et al. (commercialized by 454 Life Sciences, acquired by Roche), Shendure and Porreca et al. (also known as &quot;polony sequencing&quot;) and SOLiD sequencing, (developed by Agencourt and acquired by Applied Biosystems).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Margulies_16-0"><font color="#800080">[17]</font></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-polony_sequencing_17-0"><font color="#800080">[18]</font></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-solid_sequencing_18-0"><font color="#800080">[19]</font></sup> Another method for <em>in vitro</em> clonal amplification is &quot;bridge PCR&quot;, where fragments are amplified upon primers attached to a solid surface, developed and used by Solexa (now owned by Illumina). These methods both produce many physically isolated locations which each contain many copies of a single fragment. The single-molecule method developed by Stephen Quake's laboratory (later commercialized by Helicos) skips this amplification step, directly fixing DNA molecules to a surface.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19"><font color="#800080">[20]</font></sup></p> <dl><dt>Parallelized sequencing </dt></dl> <p>Once clonal DNA sequences are physically localized to separate positions on a surface, various sequencing approaches may be used to determine the DNA sequences of all locations, in parallel. &quot;Sequencing by synthesis&quot;, like the popular dye-termination electrophoretic sequencing, uses the process of DNA synthesis by DNA polymerase to identify the bases present in the complementary DNA molecule. Reversible terminator methods (used by Illumina and Helicos) use reversible versions of dye-terminators, adding one nucleotide at a time, detecting fluorescence corresponding to that position, then removing the blocking group to allow the polymerization of another nucleotide. Pyrosequencing (used by 454) also uses DNA polymerization to add nucleotides, adding one type of nucleotide at a time, then detecting and quantifying the number of nucleotides added to a given location through the light emitted by the release of attached pyrophosphates.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Margulies_16-1"><font color="#800080">[17]</font></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20"><font color="#800080">[21]</font></sup></p> <p>&quot;Sequencing by ligation&quot; is another enzymatic method of sequencing, using a DNA ligase enzyme rather than polymerase to identify the target sequence.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21"><font color="#800080">[22]</font></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-polony_sequencing_17-1"><font color="#800080">[18]</font></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-solid_sequencing_18-1"><font color="#800080">[19]</font></sup> Used in the polony method and in the SOLiD technology offered by Applied Biosystems, this method uses a pool of all possible oligonucleotides of a fixed length, labeled according to the sequenced position. Oligonucleotides are annealed and ligated; the preferential ligation by DNA ligase for matching sequences results in a signal corresponding to the complementary sequence at that position.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Other sequencing technologies</span></h3> <p>Other methods of DNA sequencing may have advantages in terms of efficiency or accuracy. Like traditional dye-terminator sequencing, they are limited to sequencing single isolated DNA fragments. &quot;Sequencing by hybridization&quot; is a non-enzymatic method that uses a DNA microarray. In this method, a single pool of unknown DNA is fluorescently labeled and hybridized to an array of known sequences. If the unknown DNA hybridizes strongly to a given spot on the array, causing it to &quot;light up&quot;, then that sequence is inferred to exist within the unknown DNA being sequenced.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22"><font color="#800080">[23]</font></sup> Mass spectrometry can also be used to sequence DNA molecules; conventional chain-termination reactions produce DNA molecules of different lengths and the length of these fragments is then determined by the mass differences between them (rather than using gel separation).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23"><font color="#800080">[24]</font></sup></p> <p>There are new proposals for DNA sequencing, which are in development, but remain to be proven. These include labeling the DNA polymerase,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24"><font color="#800080">[25]</font></sup> reading the sequence as a DNA strand transits through nanopores,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25"><font color="#800080">[26]</font></sup> and microscopy-based techniques, such as AFM or electron microscopy that are used to identify the positions of individual nucleotides within long DNA fragments by nucleotide labeling with heavier elements (e.g., halogens) for visual detection and recording.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26"><font color="#800080">[27]</font></sup> In October 2006 the NIH issued a news release describing novel sequencing techniques and announcing several grant awards.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27"><font color="#800080">[28]</font></sup></p> <p>In October 2006, the X Prize Foundation established the Archon X Prize, intending to award $10 million to &quot;the first Team that can build a device and use it to sequence 100 human genomes within 10 days or less, with an accuracy of no more than one error in every 100,000 bases sequenced, with sequences accurately covering at least 98% of the genome, and at a recurring cost of no more than $10,000 (US) per genome.&quot;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28"><font color="#800080">[29]</font></sup></p> <p><font color="#800080"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Major landmarks in DNA sequencing</span></h2> <ul> <li>1953 Discovery of the structure of the DNA double helix. </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1972 Development of recombinant DNA technology, which permits isolation of defined fragments of DNA; prior to this, the only accessible samples for sequencing were from bacteriophage or virus DNA. </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1975 The first complete DNA genome to be sequenced is that of bacteriophage &phi;X174 </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1977 Allan Maxam and Walter Gilbert publish &quot;DNA sequencing by chemical degradation&quot; [3]. Fred Sanger, independently, publishes &quot;DNA sequencing by enzymatic synthesis&quot;. </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1980 Fred Sanger and Wally Gilbert receive the Nobel Prize in Chemistry <ul> <li>EMBL-bank, the first nucleotide sequence repository, is started at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1982 Genbank starts as a public repository of DNA sequences. <ul> <li>Andre Marion and Sam Eletr from Hewlett Packard start Applied Biosystems in May, which comes to dominate automated sequencing. </li> <li>Akiyoshi Wada proposes automated sequencing and gets support to build robots with help from Hitachi. </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1984 Medical Research Council scientists decipher the complete DNA sequence of the Epstein-Barr virus, 170 kb. </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1985 Kary Mullis and colleagues develop the polymerase chain reaction, a technique to replicate small fragments of DNA </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1986 Leroy E. Hood's laboratory at the California Institute of Technology and Smith announce the first semi-automated DNA sequencing machine. </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1987 Applied Biosystems markets first automated sequencing machine, the model ABI 370. <ul> <li>Walter Gilbert leaves the U.S. National Research Council genome panel to start Genome Corp., with the goal of sequencing and commercializing the data. </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1990 The U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) begins large-scale sequencing trials on <em>Mycoplasma capricolum</em>, <em>Escherichia coli</em>, <em>Caenorhabditis elegans</em>, and <em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em> (at 75 cents (US)/base). <ul> <li>Barry Karger (January<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-29"><font color="#800080">[30]</font></sup>), Lloyd Smith (August<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-30"><font color="#800080">[31]</font></sup>), and Norman Dovichi (September<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-31"><font color="#800080">[32]</font></sup>) publish on capillary electrophoresis. </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1991 Craig Venter develops strategy to find expressed genes with ESTs (Expressed Sequence Tags). <ul> <li>Uberbacher develops GRAIL, a gene-prediction program. </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1992 Craig Venter leaves NIH to set up The Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR). <ul> <li>William Haseltine heads Human Genome Sciences, to commercialize TIGR products. </li> <li>Wellcome Trust begins participation in the Human Genome Project. </li> <li>Simon et al. develop BACs (Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes) for cloning. </li> <li>First chromosome physical maps published: <ul> <li>Page et al. - Y chromosome<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-32"><font color="#800080">[33]</font></sup>; </li> <li>Cohen et al. chromosome 21<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-33"><font color="#800080">[34]</font></sup>. </li> <li>Lander - complete mouse genetic map<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-34"><font color="#800080">[35]</font></sup>; </li> <li>Weissenbach - complete human genetic map<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-35"><font color="#800080">[36]</font></sup>. </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1993 Wellcome Trust and MRC open Sanger Centre, near Cambridge, UK. <ul> <li>The GenBank database migrates from Los Alamos (DOE) to NCBI (NIH). </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1995 Venter, Fraser and Smith publish first sequence of free-living organism, <em>Haemophilus influenzae</em> (genome size of 1.8 Mb). <ul> <li>Richard Mathies et al. publish on sequencing dyes (PNAS, May)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-36"><font color="#800080">[37]</font></sup>. </li> <li>Michael Reeve and Carl Fuller, thermostable polymerase for sequencing<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Reeve.2CFuller_11-1"><font color="#800080">[12]</font></sup>. </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1996 International HGP partners agree to release sequence data into public databases within 24 hours. <ul> <li>International consortium releases genome sequence of yeast <em>S. cerevisiae</em> (genome size of 12.1 Mb). </li> <li>Yoshihide Hayashizaki's at RIKEN completes the first set of full-length mouse cDNAs. </li> <li>ABI introduces a capillary electrophoresis system, the ABI310 sequence analyzer. </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1997 Blattner, Plunkett et al. publish the sequence of E. coli (genome size of 5 Mb)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-37"><font color="#800080">[38]</font></sup> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1998 Phil Green and Brent Ewing of Washington University publish <code>&ldquo;phred&rdquo;</code> for interpreting sequencer data (in use since &lsquo;95)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-38"><font color="#800080">[39]</font></sup>. <ul> <li>Venter starts new company &ldquo;Celera&rdquo;; &ldquo;will sequence HG in 3 yrs for $300m.&rdquo; </li> <li>Applied Biosystems introduces the 3700 capillary sequencing machine. </li> <li>Wellcome Trust doubles support for the HGP to $330 million for 1/3 of the sequencing. </li> <li>NIH &amp; DOE goal: &quot;working draft&quot; of the human genome by 2001. </li> <li>Sulston, Waterston et al finish sequence of <em>C. elegans</em> (genome size of 97Mb)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-39"><font color="#800080">[40]</font></sup>. </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1999 NIH moves up completion date for rough draft, to spring 2000. <ul> <li>NIH launches the mouse genome sequencing project. </li> <li>First sequence of human chromosome 22 published<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-40"><font color="#800080">[41]</font></sup>. </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>2000 Celera and collaborators sequence fruit fly <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> (genome size of 180Mb) - validation of Venter's shotgun method. HGP and Celera debate issues related to data release. <ul> <li>HGP consortium publishes sequence of chromosome 21.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-41"><font color="#800080">[42]</font></sup> </li> <li>HGP &amp; Celera jointly announce working drafts of HG sequence, promise joint publication. </li> <li>Estimates for the number of genes in the human genome range from 35,000 to 120,000. International consortium completes first plant sequence, <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em> (genome size of 125 Mb). </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>2001 HGP consortium publishes Human Genome Sequence draft in Nature (15 Feb)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-42"><font color="#800080">[43]</font></sup>. <ul> <li>Celera publishes the Human Genome sequence<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-43"><font color="#800080">[44]</font></sup>. </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>2005 420,000 VariantSEQr human resequencing primer sequences published on new NCBI Probe database. </li> </ul> <ul> <li>2007 For the first time, a set of closely related species (12 Drosophilidae) are sequenced, launching the era of phylogenomics. <ul> <li>Craig Venter publishes his full diploid genome: the first human genome to be sequenced completely. </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>2008 An international consortium launches The 1000 Genomes Project, aimed to study human genetic variability. </li> </ul> <ul> <li>2008 Leiden University Medical Center scientists decipher the first complete DNA sequence of a woman.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-44"><font color="#800080">[45]</font></sup> </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">See also</span></h2> <ul> <li><font color="#800080">Sequencing</font> </li> <li>Genome project - how entire genomes are assembled from these short sequences. </li> <li>Applied Biosystems - provided most of the chemistry and equipment for the genome projects. Next-generation technology for very high data generation rates. </li> <li>454 Life Sciences - company specializing in high-throughput DNA sequencing using a sequencing-by-synthesis approach. </li> <li>Illumina (company) - Advancing genetic analysis one billion bases at a time; whole genome sequencing. </li> <li>Joint Genome Institute - sequencing center from the US Department of Energy whose mission is to provide integrated high-throughput sequencing and computational analysis to enable genomic-scale/systems-based scientific approaches to DOE-relevant challenges in energy and the environment. </li> <li>DNA field-effect transistor </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Citations</span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="moz-column-count: 2; webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-0"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> Sanger F, Coulson AR. A rapid method for determining sequences in DNA by primed synthesis with DNA polymerase. J Mol Biol. 1975 May 25;94(3):441&ndash;448 </li> <li id="cite_note-1"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> F. Sanger, S. Nicklen, and A. R. Coulson, DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1977 December; 74(12): 5463&ndash;5467 </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> Maxam AM, Gilbert W., A new method for sequencing DNA, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1977 Feb;74(2):560-4 </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> Unknown </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1973 December; 70(12 Pt 1-2): 3581&ndash;3584. The Nucleotide Sequence of the lac Operator, Walter Gilbert and Allan Maxam </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> Min Jou W, Haegeman G, Ysebaert M, Fiers W., Nucleotide sequence of the gene coding for the bacteriophage MS2 coat protein, Nature. 1972 May 12;237(5350):82-8 </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> Complete nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage MS2 RNA: primary and secondary structure of the replicase gene. <em>Nature</em>. 1976 Apr 8;260(5551):500-7. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> Sanger, F. &amp; Coulson, A. R. (1975) J. Mol. Biol. 94, 441-448 </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> Unknown </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> Nature. 1986 Jun 12-18;321(6071):674-9. Fluorescence detection in automated DNA sequence analysis. We have developed a method for the partial automation of DNA sequence analysis. Fluorescence detection of the DNA fragments is accomplished by means of a fluorophore covalently attached to the oligonucleotide primer used in enzymatic DNA sequence analysis. A different coloured fluorophore is used for each of the reactions specific for the bases A, C, G and T. The reaction mixtures are combined and co-electrophoresed down a single polyacrylamide gel tube, the separated fluorescent bands of DNA are detected near the bottom of the tube, and the sequence information is acquired directly by computer. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> Nucleic Acids Res. 1985 Apr 11;13(7):2399-412. The synthesis of oligonucleotides containing an aliphatic amino group at the 5' terminus: synthesis of fluorescent DNA primers for use in DNA sequence analysis. Note that Oxford University Press, the publishers of the journal Nucleic Acids Research, make the full contents of this journal available online for free - you can download a copy of this paper for yourself&nbsp;!! </li> <li id="cite_note-Reeve.2CFuller-11">^ ^{<em><strong><font color="#800080">a</font></strong></em>} ^{<em><strong><font color="#800080">b</font></strong></em>} <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">&quot;A novel thermostable polymerase for DNA sequencing.&quot; (1995-08-31). <em>Nature</em> <strong>376</strong> (6543): 796-797. doi:<span class="plainlinks neverexpand">10.1038/376796a0</span>. PMID 7651542.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=A+novel+thermostable+polymerase+for+DNA+sequencing.&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.date=1995-08-31&amp;rft.volume=376&amp;rft.issue=6543&amp;rft.pages=796-797&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/7651542&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F376796a0"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium (2004). &quot;Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome.&quot;. <em>Nature</em> <strong>431</strong> (7011): 931-45. doi:<span class="plainlinks neverexpand">10.1038/nature03001</span>. PMID 15496913.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Finishing+the+euchromatic+sequence+of+the+human+genome.&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=431&amp;rft.issue=7011&amp;rft.au=International+Human+Genome+Sequencing+Consortium&amp;rft.pages=931-45&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15496913&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnature03001"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> paper available online </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> Human Genome Project Information </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Neil Hall (2007). &quot;Advanced sequencing technologies and their wider impact in microbiology&quot;. <em>The Journal of Experimental Biology</em> <strong>209</strong>: 1518-1525.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Advanced+sequencing+technologies+and+their+wider+impact+in+microbiology&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Experimental+Biology&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.volume=209&amp;rft.au=Neil+Hall&amp;rft.pages=1518-1525"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">G.M. Church (2006). &quot;Genomes for ALL&quot;. <em>Scientific American</em> <strong>294</strong> (1): 47-54. PMID 16468433.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genomes+for+ALL&amp;rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=294&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.au=G.M.+Church&amp;rft.pages=47-54&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16468433"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Margulies-16">^ ^{<em><strong><font color="#800080">a</font></strong></em>} ^{<em><strong><font color="#800080">b</font></strong></em>} <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">M. Margulies, et al. (2005). &quot;Genome sequencing in microfabricated high-density picolitre reactors&quot;. <em>Nature</em> <strong>437</strong>: 376-380.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+sequencing+in+microfabricated+high-density+picolitre+reactors&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=437&amp;rft.au=M.+Margulies%2C+et+al.&amp;rft.pages=376-380"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-polony_sequencing-17">^ ^{<em><strong><font color="#800080">a</font></strong></em>} ^{<em><strong><font color="#800080">b</font></strong></em>} <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">J. Shendure, G.J. Porreca, N.B. Reppas, X. Lin, J.Pe McCutcheon, A.M. Rosenbaum, M.D. Wang, K. Zhang, R.D. Mitra and G.M. Church (2005). &quot;Accurate Multiplex Polony Sequencing of an Evolved Bacterial Genome&quot;. <em>Science</em> <strong>309</strong> (5741): 1728-1732. doi:<span class="plainlinks neverexpand">10.1126/science.1117389</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Accurate+Multiplex+Polony+Sequencing+of+an+Evolved+Bacterial+Genome&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=309&amp;rft.issue=5741&amp;rft.au=J.+Shendure%2C+G.J.+Porreca%2C+N.B.+Reppas%2C+X.+Lin%2C+J.Pe+McCutcheon%2C+A.M.+Rosenbaum%2C+M.D.+Wang%2C+K.+Zhang%2C+R.D.+Mitra+and+G.M.+Church&amp;rft.pages=1728-1732&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.1117389"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-solid_sequencing-18">^ ^{<em><strong><font color="#800080">a</font></strong></em>} ^{<em><strong><font color="#800080">b</font></strong></em>} http://solid.appliedbiosystems.com/ - Applied Biosystems' SOLiD technology </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Braslavsky, I., Hebert, H., Kartalov, E. and Quake, S.R. (2003). &quot;Sequence information can be obtained from single DNA molecules&quot;. <em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</em> <strong>100</strong>: 3960&ndash;3964. doi:<span class="plainlinks neverexpand">10.1073/pnas.0230489100</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Sequence+information+can+be+obtained+from+single+DNA+molecules&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=100&amp;rft.au=Braslavsky%2C+I.%2C+Hebert%2C+H.%2C+Kartalov%2C+E.+and+Quake%2C+S.R.&amp;rft.pages=3960%E2%80%933964&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.0230489100"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span>full text available online </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">M. Ronaghi, S. Karamohamed, B. Pettersson, M. Uhlen, and P. Nyren (1996). &quot;Real-time DNA sequencing using detection of pyrophosphate release&quot;. <em>Analytical Biochemistry</em> <strong>242</strong>: 84=89. doi:<span class="plainlinks neverexpand">10.1006/abio.1996.0432</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Real-time+DNA+sequencing+using+detection+of+pyrophosphate+release&amp;rft.jtitle=Analytical+Biochemistry&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.volume=242&amp;rft.au=M.+Ronaghi%2C+S.+Karamohamed%2C+B.+Pettersson%2C+M.+Uhlen%2C+and+P.+Nyren&amp;rft.pages=84%3D89&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1006%2Fabio.1996.0432"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> S. C. Macevicz, US Patent 5750341, filed 1995 </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">G.J. Hanna, V.A. Johnson, D.R. Kuritzkes, D.D. Richman, J. Martinez-Picado, L. Sutton, J.D. Hazelwood, R.T. D'Aquila (2000). &quot;Comparison of sequencing by hybridization and cycle sequencing for genotyping of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase&quot;. <em>Journal of Clinical Microbiology</em> <strong>38</strong> (7): 2715. PMID 10878069.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Comparison+of+sequencing+by+hybridization+and+cycle+sequencing+for+genotyping+of+human+immunodeficiency+virus+type+1+reverse+transcriptase&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Clinical+Microbiology&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.volume=38&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.au=G.J.+Hanna%2C+V.A.+Johnson%2C+D.R.+Kuritzkes%2C+D.D.+Richman%2C+J.+Martinez-Picado%2C+L.+Sutton%2C+J.D.+Hazelwood%2C+R.T.+D%27Aquila&amp;rft.pages=2715&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/10878069"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">J.R. Edwards, H.Ruparel, and J. Ju. &quot;Mass-spectrometry DNA sequencing&quot;. <em>Mutation Research</em> <strong>573</strong> (1-2): 3-12.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Mass-spectrometry+DNA+sequencing&amp;rft.jtitle=Mutation+Research&amp;rft.volume=573&amp;rft.issue=1-2&amp;rft.au=J.R.+Edwards%2C+H.Ruparel%2C+and+J.+Ju&amp;rft.pages=3-12"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> VisiGen Biotechnologies Inc. - Technology Overview </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> The Harvard Nanopore Group </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> USPTO application # 20060029957 assigned to ZS genetics http://www.freepatentsonline.com/20060029957.html </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> NHGRI Aims to Make DNA Sequencing Faster, More Cost Effective, NIH News Release, 4 October 2006 </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> &quot;PRIZE Overview: Archon X PRIZE for Genomics&quot; </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Karger, Barry L.; A. Guttman, A. S. Cohen, D. N. Heiger (1990-01-15). &quot;Analytical and micropreparative ultrahigh resolution of oligonucleotides by polyacrylamide gel high-performance capillary electrophoresis&quot;. <em>Analytical Chemistry</em> <strong>62</strong> (2): 137 - 141. doi:<span class="plainlinks neverexpand">10.1021/ac00201a010</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Analytical+and+micropreparative+ultrahigh+resolution+of+oligonucleotides+by+polyacrylamide+gel+high-performance+capillary+electrophoresis&amp;rft.jtitle=Analytical+Chemistry&amp;rft.date=1990-01-15&amp;rft.volume=62&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.aulast=Karger&amp;rft.aufirst=Barry+L.&amp;rft.pages=137+-+141&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1021%2Fac00201a010"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span>|url=|format=|accessdate=2007-10-08 </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Smith, Lloyd M.; Luckey JA, Drossman H, Kostichka AJ, Mead DA, D'Cunha J, Norris TB (1990-08-11). &quot;High speed DNA sequencing by capillary electrophoresis.&quot;. <em>Nucleic Acids Research</em> <strong>18</strong>: 4417-4421. PMID 2388826 doi:10.1093/nar/18.15.4417.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=High+speed+DNA+sequencing+by+capillary+electrophoresis.&amp;rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Research&amp;rft.date=1990-08-11&amp;rft.volume=18&amp;rft.aulast=Smith&amp;rft.aufirst=Lloyd+M.&amp;rft.pages=4417-4421&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/2388826+%5B%5BDigital+object+identifier%7Cdoi%5D%5D%3A%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1093%252Fnar%252F18.15.4417+10.1093%2Fnar%2F18.15.4417%5D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnar.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F18%2F15%2F4417"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Dovichi, Norman J.; H.P. Swerdlow, S. Wu , H.R. Harke (1990-09-07). &quot;Capillary gel electrophoresis for DNA sequencing: laser-induced fluorescence detection with the sheath flow cuvette&quot;. <em>Journal of Chromatography</em> <strong>516</strong>: 61-67. PMID 2286629.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Capillary+gel+electrophoresis+for+DNA+sequencing%3A+laser-induced+fluorescence+detection+with+the+sheath+flow+cuvette&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chromatography&amp;rft.date=1990-09-07&amp;rft.volume=516&amp;rft.aulast=Dovichi&amp;rft.aufirst=Norman+J.&amp;rft.pages=61-67&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/2286629"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Page, DC; Foote S, Vollrath D, Hilton A (1992-10-02). &quot;The human Y chromosome: overlapping DNA clones spanning the euchromatic region.&quot;. <em>Science</em> <strong>258</strong> (5079): 60-66. PMID 1359640.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+human+Y+chromosome%3A+overlapping+DNA+clones+spanning+the+euchromatic+region.&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.date=1992-10-02&amp;rft.volume=258&amp;rft.issue=5079&amp;rft.aulast=Page&amp;rft.aufirst=DC&amp;rft.pages=60-66&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/1359640"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Cohen, Daniel; Ilya Chumakov, Philippe Rigault, Sophie Guillou, Pierre Ougen, Alain Billaut, Ghislaine Guasconi, Patricia Gervy, Isabelle LeGall, Pascal Soularue, Laurent Grinas, Lydie Bougueleret, Christine Bellann&eacute;-Chantelot, Bruno Lacroix, Emmanuel Barillot, Philippe Gesnouin, Stuart Pook, Guy Vaysseix, Gerard Frelat, Annette Schmitz, Jean-Luc Sambucy, Assumpcio Bosch, Xavier Estivill, Jean Weissenbachparallel, Alain Vignal, Harold Riethman, David Cox, David Patterson, Kathleen Gardiner, Masahira Hattori, Yoshiyuki Sakaki, Hitoshi Ichikawa, Misao Ohki, Denis Le Paslier, Roland Heilig, Stylianos Antonarakis (1992-10-01). &quot;Continuum of overlapping clones spanning the entire human chromosome 21q&quot;. <em>Nature</em> <strong>359</strong> (6394): 380-387. doi:<span class="plainlinks neverexpand">10.1038/359380a0</span>. PMID 1406950 doi:10.1038/359380a0.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Continuum+of+overlapping+clones+spanning+the+entire+human+chromosome+21q&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.date=1992-10-01&amp;rft.volume=359&amp;rft.issue=6394&amp;rft.aulast=Cohen&amp;rft.aufirst=Daniel&amp;rft.pages=380-387&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/1406950+%5B%5BDigital+object+identifier%7Cdoi%5D%5D%3A%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1038%252F359380a0+10.1038%2F359380a0%5D&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F359380a0"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Lander, E. S.; Dietrich W, Katz H, Lincoln SE, Shin HS, Friedman J, Dracopoli NC (1992-06). &quot;A Genetic Map of the Mouse Suitable for Typing Intraspecific Crosses&quot;. <em>Genetics</em> <strong>131</strong>: 423-447. PMID 1353738.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=A+Genetic+Map+of+the+Mouse+Suitable+for+Typing+Intraspecific+Crosses&amp;rft.jtitle=Genetics&amp;rft.date=1992-06&amp;rft.volume=131&amp;rft.aulast=Lander&amp;rft.aufirst=E.+S.&amp;rft.pages=423-447&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/1353738&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genetics.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F131%2F2%2F423"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Weissenbach, Jean; Gyapay G, Dib C, Vignal A, Morissette J, Millasseau P, Vaysseix G, Lathrop M. (1992-10-29). &quot;A second-generation linkage map of the human genome&quot;. <em>Nature</em> <strong>359</strong>: 794 - 801. doi:<span class="plainlinks neverexpand">10.1038/359794a0</span>. PMID 1436057 doi:10.1038/359794a0.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=A+second-generation+linkage+map+of+the+human+genome&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.date=1992-10-29&amp;rft.volume=359&amp;rft.aulast=Weissenbach&amp;rft.aufirst=Jean&amp;rft.pages=794+-+801&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/1436057+%5B%5BDigital+object+identifier%7Cdoi%5D%5D%3A%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1038%252F359794a0+10.1038%2F359794a0%5D&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F359794a0"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Mathies, R. A.; Ju J, Ruan C, Fuller CW, Glazer AN (1995-05-09). &quot;Fluorescence Energy Transfer Dye-Labeled Primers for DNA Sequencing and Analysis&quot;. <em>PNAS</em> <strong>92</strong>: 4347-4351. PMID 7753809.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Fluorescence+Energy+Transfer+Dye-Labeled+Primers+for+DNA+Sequencing+and+Analysis&amp;rft.jtitle=PNAS&amp;rft.date=1995-05-09&amp;rft.volume=92&amp;rft.aulast=Mathies&amp;rft.aufirst=R.+A.&amp;rft.pages=4347-4351&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/7753809&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpubmed%26pubmedid%3D7753809"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Blattner, F. R.; Frederick R. Blattner, Guy Plunkett III, Craig A. Bloch, Nicole T. Perna, Valerie Burland, Monica Riley, Julio Collado-Vides, Jeremy D. Glasner, Christopher K. Rode, George F. Mayhew, Jason Gregor, Nelson Wayne Davis, Heather A. Kirkpatrick, Michael A. Goeden, Debra J. Rose, Bob Mau, Ying Shao (1997-09-05). &quot;The Complete Genome Sequence of Escherichia coli K-12&quot;. <em>Science</em> <strong>277</strong> (5331): 1453-1462. doi:<span class="plainlinks neverexpand">10.1126/science.277.5331.1453</span>. PMID 9278503 doi:10.1126/science.277.5331.1453.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+Complete+Genome+Sequence+of+Escherichia+coli+K-12&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.date=1997-09-05&amp;rft.volume=277&amp;rft.issue=5331&amp;rft.au=Blattner%2C+F.+R.&amp;rft.pages=1453-1462&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/9278503+%5B%5BDigital+object+identifier%7Cdoi%5D%5D%3A%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1126%252Fscience.277.5331.1453+10.1126%2Fscience.277.5331.1453%5D&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.277.5331.1453"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">&quot;Base-calling of automated sequencer traces using phred. II. Error probabilities.&quot; (1998-03). <em>Genome Reserarch</em> <strong>8</strong> (3): 186-94. PMID 9521922.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Base-calling+of+automated+sequencer+traces+using+phred.+II.+Error+probabilities.&amp;rft.jtitle=Genome+Reserarch&amp;rft.date=1998-03&amp;rft.volume=8&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=186-94&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/9521922"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">The C.&amp;Nbsp;Elegans Sequencing Consortium,; The C. elegans Sequencing Consortium (1998-12-11). &quot;Genome Sequence of the Nematode C. elegans: A Platform for Investigating Biology&quot;. <em>Science</em> <strong>282</strong> (5396): 2012-2018. doi:<span class="plainlinks neverexpand">10.1126/science.282.5396.2012</span>. PMID 9851916 doi:10.1126/science.282.5396.2012.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+Sequence+of+the+Nematode+C.+elegans%3A+A+Platform+for+Investigating+Biology&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.date=1998-12-11&amp;rft.volume=282&amp;rft.issue=5396&amp;rft.au=The+C.%26Nbsp%3BElegans+Sequencing+Consortium%2C&amp;rft.pages=2012-2018&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/9851916+%5B%5BDigital+object+identifier%7Cdoi%5D%5D%3A%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1126%252Fscience.282.5396.2012+10.1126%2Fscience.282.5396.2012%5D&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.282.5396.2012"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">&quot;The DNA sequence of human chromosome 22&quot; (1999-12-02). <em>Nature</em> <strong>402</strong> (6761): 489-495. doi:<span class="plainlinks neverexpand">10.1038/990031</span>. PMID 10591208.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+DNA+sequence+of+human+chromosome+22&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.date=1999-12-02&amp;rft.volume=402&amp;rft.issue=6761&amp;rft.pages=489-495&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/10591208&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F990031"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> Hattori, M., A. Fujiyama, T. D. Taylor, H. Watanabe, T. Yada, H.-S. Park, A. Toyoda, K. Ishii, Y. Totoki, D.-K. Choi, E. Soeda, M. Ohki, T. Takagi, Y. Sakaki; S. Taudienk, K. Blechschmidtk, A. Polleyk, U. Menzelk, J. Delabar, K. Kumpfk, R. Lehmannk, D. Patterson, K. Reichwaldk, A. Rumpk, M. Schillhabelk, A. Schudyk, W. Zimmermannk, A. Rosenthalk; J. KudohI, K. ShibuyaI, K. KawasakiI, S. AsakawaI, A. ShintaniI, T. SasakiI, K. NagamineI, S. MitsuyamaI, S. E. Antonarakis, S. MinoshimaI, N. ShimizuI, G. Nordsiek, K. Hornischer, P. Brandt, M. Scharfe, O. Scho&Egrave;n, A. Desario, J. Reichelt, G. Kauer, H. Bloecker; J. Ramser, A. Beck, S. Klages, S. Hennig, L. Riesselmann, E. Dagand, T. Haaf, S. Wehrmeyer, K. Borzym, K. Gardiner, D. Nizetickk, F. Francis, H. Lehrach, R. Reinhardt, and M.-L. Yaspo, (2000). The DNA sequence of human chromosome 21. Nature 405: 311-319. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">&quot;Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome&quot; (2001-02-15). <em>Nature</em> <strong>409</strong> (6822): 860-921. doi:<span class="plainlinks neverexpand">10.1038/35057062</span>. PMID 11237011.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Initial+sequencing+and+analysis+of+the+human+genome&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.date=2001-02-15&amp;rft.volume=409&amp;rft.issue=6822&amp;rft.pages=860-921&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11237011&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F35057062"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Venter, J. C.; et al (2001-02-16). &quot;The sequence of the human genome.&quot;. <em>Science</em> <strong>291</strong> (5507): 1304-51. doi:<span class="plainlinks neverexpand">10.1126/science.1058040</span>. PMID 11181995 doi:10.1126/science.1058040.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+sequence+of+the+human+genome.&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.date=2001-02-16&amp;rft.volume=291&amp;rft.issue=5507&amp;rft.aulast=Venter&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+C.&amp;rft.pages=1304-51&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11181995+%5B%5BDigital+object+identifier%7Cdoi%5D%5D%3A%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1126%252Fscience.1058040+10.1126%2Fscience.1058040%5D&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.1058040"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> &quot;Scientists encode first woman's genome&quot;, <em>msnbc.com</em>, Microsoft, 2008-05-27. Retrieved on 2008-05-27.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;rft.type=newspaperArticle&amp;rft.subject=News&amp;rft.title=Scientists+encode+first+woman%27s+genome&amp;rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msnbc.msn.com%2Fid%2F24840903%2F&amp;rft.source=msnbc.com&amp;rft.publisher=Microsoft&amp;rft.date=2008-05-27"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> </ol> </div> <p><a id="External_links" name="External_links"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.jgi.doe.gov/education/how/how30minflash.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.jgi.doe.gov/education/how/how30minflash.html">DNA Sequencing: Dye Terminator Animation</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.genomics.xprize.org" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomics.xprize.org/">Archon Genomics X PRIZE</a> - $10 million competition for fast and inexpensive sequencing technology </li> </ul> a23c137be87a391c758fdb3b23357bf04274a5f1 0 1523 3056 2010-08-17T20:39:37Z Absh1us 101 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><strong>Affymetrix</strong> (NASDAQ:&nbsp;AFFX) is a manufacturer of DNA microarrays, based in Santa Clara, California, United States. The company was co-founded by Dr. Stephen Fodor in 1992. The company was begun as a unit in Affymax N.V. in 1991 by Fodor's group, which had in the late 1980's developed methods for fabricating DNA microarrays, called &quot;GeneChips&quot; according to the Affymetrix trademark, using semiconductor manufacturing techniques. The company's first product, an HIV genotyping GeneChip, was introduced in 1994 and the company went public in 1996. As a result of their pioneering work and the ensuing popularity of microrarray products, Affymetrix derives significant benefit from its patent portfolio in this area.</p> <p>Acquisitions have included Genetic MicroSystems for slide-based microarrays and scanners and Neomorphic for bioinformatics. In 2000 Perlegen Sciences was spun out to focus on wafer-scale genomics for massive data creation and collection required for characterizing population variance of genomic markers and expression for the drug discovery process.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Description of Product</span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 152px"><img class="thumbimage" height="136" alt="Example of two Affymetrix chips" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Affymetrix-microarray.jpg/150px-Affymetrix-microarray.jpg" width="150" border="0" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify" style="FLOAT: right"><img height="11" alt="" src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></div> Example of two Affymetrix chips</div> </div> </div> <p>Affymetrix makes quartz chips for analysis of DNA Microarrays. These chips are sold under the trademarked name GeneChip. Affymetrix's GeneChips assist researchers in quickly scanning for the presence of particular genes in a biological sample. Within this area, Affymetrix is focused on oligonucleotide microarrays. These microarrays are used to determine which genes exist in a sample by detecting specific pieces of mRNA. A single chip can be used to do thousands of experiments in parallel. Chips can be used only once.</p> <p>Affymetrix sells both mass produced GeneChips intended to match scientifically important parts of human and other animal genomes. It also operates the Affymetrix Made-to-Order Program which makes custom chips available to researchers.</p> <p>Affymetrix manufactures its GeneChips using photolithography. Glass chips are relatively expensive; list prices range from $50-$500 depending on the capabilities of the single-use chip.</p> <p>Competitors in the DNA Microarray business include Illumina, GE Healthcare, Ocimum Biosolutions, Applied Biosystems, Beckman Coulter, Eppendorf Biochip Systems[1], and Agilent. There are also various inexpensive plastic-based technologies under development in small companies and laboratories around the world. It has been widely speculated that mass-produced plastic chips can be produced at lower prices than Affymetrix's quartz chips.</p> <p>The company also manufactures machinery for high speed analysis of biological samples. List prices for the newest DNA arrayers, which prepare and place samples onto chips, are around $250,000 each. Scanners which read the results from the chip list from $150,000 for complete starter systems to $325,000 for high-throughput systems. Substantially lower retail prices have been seen in the market.</p> <p>The business model of Affymetrix is based on these sources for revenue: consumables; instruments; subscription, service, license; royalty; and sales to Perlegen Sciences. Affymetrix currently controls 82% of the DNA microarray market<sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since February 2007" style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap">[<em>citation needed</em>]</span></sup> in terms of sales.</p>[http://www.california-liability-insurance.com/ General Liability Insurance CA] <p>Affymetrix has established a licensing program to make its intellectual property accessible to stimulate the broad commercialization of genome analysis technologies. Licensing fees have offset weak product sales in Q3-2006. They have several collaboration relationships with other companies that utilize their patented GeneChip technology.</p> <p>Currently Affymetrix is fighting a patent infringement lawsuit against Illumina, alleging the infringement of six Affymetrix patents. A pre-trial hearing favors Affymetrix, but the trial is not until May 2007.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li>Affymetrix Homepage </li> <li>Perlegen Sciences Homepage </li> <li>DNAVision - Affymetrix official service provider. </li> <li>Genevestigator - Web-based database and analysis tool to study gene expression across many tissues, developmental stages, drugs, stimuli, and genetic modifications. The database contains data from thousands of Affymetrix microarrays. </li> </ul> <p><a id="References" name="References"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.affymetrix.com/corporate/history/index.affx" href="http://www.affymetrix.com/corporate/history/index.affx" rel="nofollow">Affymetrix - Corporate History</a>. Affymetrix. Retrieved on <a title="2006" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006">2006</a>-<a title="November 20" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_20">11-20</a>. <em>Note: reference includes all child pages and documents of this page, inclusive. There is some contradiction in specific details of the founding of Affymetrix among documents found here.</em> </li> </ul> <!-- Pre-expand include size: 9592 bytes Post-expand include size: 2743 bytes Template argument size: 1294 bytes Maximum: 2048000 bytes --><!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:662399-0!1!0!default!!en!2 and timestamp 20071105164129 --> <div class="printfooter"></div> 9d24c3ad8db34c2ee148c79ef51d6c20d89bc3e5 3063 2010-08-18T07:24:46Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><strong>Affymetrix</strong> (NASDAQ:&nbsp;AFFX) is a manufacturer of DNA microarrays, based in Santa Clara, California, United States. The company was co-founded by Dr. Stephen Fodor in 1992. The company was begun as a unit in Affymax N.V. in 1991 by Fodor's group, which had in the late 1980's developed methods for fabricating DNA microarrays, called &quot;GeneChips&quot; according to the Affymetrix trademark, using semiconductor manufacturing techniques. The company's first product, an HIV genotyping GeneChip, was introduced in 1994 and the company went public in 1996. As a result of their pioneering work and the ensuing popularity of microrarray products, Affymetrix derives significant benefit from its patent portfolio in this area.</p> <p>Acquisitions have included Genetic MicroSystems for slide-based microarrays and scanners and Neomorphic for bioinformatics. In 2000 Perlegen Sciences was spun out to focus on wafer-scale genomics for massive data creation and collection required for characterizing population variance of genomic markers and expression for the drug discovery process.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Description of Product</span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="WIDTH: 152px" class="thumbinner"><img class="thumbimage" border="0" alt="Example of two Affymetrix chips" width="150" height="136" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Affymetrix-microarray.jpg/150px-Affymetrix-microarray.jpg" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div style="FLOAT: right" class="magnify"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></div> Example of two Affymetrix chips</div> </div> </div> <p>Affymetrix makes quartz chips for analysis of DNA Microarrays. These chips are sold under the trademarked name GeneChip. Affymetrix's GeneChips assist researchers in quickly scanning for the presence of particular genes in a biological sample. Within this area, Affymetrix is focused on oligonucleotide microarrays. These microarrays are used to determine which genes exist in a sample by detecting specific pieces of mRNA. A single chip can be used to do thousands of experiments in parallel. Chips can be used only once.</p> <p>Affymetrix sells both mass produced GeneChips intended to match scientifically important parts of human and other animal genomes. It also operates the Affymetrix Made-to-Order Program which makes custom chips available to researchers.</p> <p>Affymetrix manufactures its GeneChips using photolithography. Glass chips are relatively expensive; list prices range from $50-$500 depending on the capabilities of the single-use chip.</p> <p>Competitors in the DNA Microarray business include Illumina, GE Healthcare, Ocimum Biosolutions, Applied Biosystems, Beckman Coulter, Eppendorf Biochip Systems[1], and Agilent. There are also various inexpensive plastic-based technologies under development in small companies and laboratories around the world. It has been widely speculated that mass-produced plastic chips can be produced at lower prices than Affymetrix's quartz chips.</p> <p>The company also manufactures machinery for high speed analysis of biological samples. List prices for the newest DNA arrayers, which prepare and place samples onto chips, are around $250,000 each. Scanners which read the results from the chip list from $150,000 for complete starter systems to $325,000 for high-throughput systems. Substantially lower retail prices have been seen in the market.</p> <p>The business model of Affymetrix is based on these sources for revenue: consumables; instruments; subscription, service, license; royalty; and sales to Perlegen Sciences. Affymetrix currently controls 82% of the DNA microarray market<sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><span style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since February 2007">[<em>citation needed</em>]</span></sup> in terms of sales.</p> <p>Affymetrix has established a licensing program to make its intellectual property accessible to stimulate the broad commercialization of genome analysis technologies. Licensing fees have offset weak product sales in Q3-2006. They have several collaboration relationships with other companies that utilize their patented GeneChip technology.</p> <p>Currently Affymetrix is fighting a patent infringement lawsuit against Illumina, alleging the infringement of six Affymetrix patents. A pre-trial hearing favors Affymetrix, but the trial is not until May 2007.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li>Affymetrix Homepage </li> <li>Perlegen Sciences Homepage </li> <li>DNAVision - Affymetrix official service provider. </li> <li>Genevestigator - Web-based database and analysis tool to study gene expression across many tissues, developmental stages, drugs, stimuli, and genetic modifications. The database contains data from thousands of Affymetrix microarrays. </li> </ul> <p><a id="References" name="References"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.affymetrix.com/corporate/history/index.affx" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.affymetrix.com/corporate/history/index.affx">Affymetrix - Corporate History</a>. Affymetrix. Retrieved on <a title="2006" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006">2006</a>-<a title="November 20" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_20">11-20</a>. <em>Note: reference includes all child pages and documents of this page, inclusive. There is some contradiction in specific details of the founding of Affymetrix among documents found here.</em> </li> </ul> <!-- Pre-expand include size: 9592 bytes Post-expand include size: 2743 bytes Template argument size: 1294 bytes Maximum: 2048000 bytes --><!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:662399-0!1!0!default!!en!2 and timestamp 20071105164129 --> <div class="printfooter"></div> 8e0a3ad477b9f6fd71490b44ede5e4d2b3aa3e6f 0 1529 3057 2010-08-17T20:41:28Z Absh1us 101 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font size="3"><strong>Frederick Sanger</strong>, OM, CH, CBE, FRS (born 13 August 1918) is an English biochemist and a two time Nobel laureate in chemistry. He is the fourth person in the world to have been awarded two Nobel Prizes.</font></p> <p><font size="3"><strong>&quot;...The human genome sequence is of no commercial value in itself. It must be kept freely available so that many scientists of differing expertise can work on it to advance medicine. ...&quot;<br /> </strong></font></p> <p><span class="mw-headline"><font size="5"><br /> Early years</font></span></p> <p><font size="3">Sanger was born on August 13, 1918, in Rendcomb, a small village in Gloucestershire. He was the second son of Frederick Sanger, a medical practitioner and his wife Cicely. He was educated at Bryanston School and then completed his Bachelor of Arts in natural sciences from St John's College, Cambridge in 1939. He originally intended to study medicine, but became interested in biochemistry as some of the leading biochemists in the world were at Cambridge at the time. He completed his PhD in 1943. He discovered the structure of proteins, most famously that of insulin. He also contributed to the determination of base sequences in DNA.</font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span class="mw-headline"><font size="5">Research</font></span></p> <p>Sanger determined the complete amino acid sequence of insulin in 1955. In doing so, he proved that proteins have definite structures. He began by degrading insulin into short fragments by mixing the trypsin enzyme (that hydrolyses the peptide/amide bonds between amino acids that make up the primary structure of proteins) with an insulin solution. He then undertook a form of chromatography on the mixture by applying a small sample of the mixture to one end of a sheet of filter paper. He passed a solvent through the filter paper in one direction, and passed an electric current through the paper in the opposite direction. Depending on their solubility and charge, the different fragments of insulin moved to different positions on the paper, creating a distinct pattern. Sanger called these patterns &ldquo;fingerprints&rdquo;. Like human fingerprints, these patterns were characteristic for each protein, and reproducible. He reassembled the short fragments into longer sequences to deduce the complete structure of insulin. Sanger concluded that the protein insulin had a precise amino acid sequence. It was this achievement that earned him his first Nobel prize in Chemistry in 1958.</p> <p>In 1975, he developed the chain termination method of DNA sequencing, also known as the <em>Dideoxy termination method</em> or the <em>Sanger method</em>.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-0">[1]</sup> Two years later he used his technique to successfully sequence the genome of the Phage &Phi;-X174; the first fully sequenced DNA-based genome. He did this entirely by hand. This has been of key importance in such projects as the Human Genome Project and earned him his second Nobel prize in Chemistry in 1980, together with Walter Gilbert. The only other laureates to have done so were Marie Curie, Linus Pauling and John Bardeen. He is the only person to receive both prizes in chemistry. In 1979, he was awarded the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University together with Walter Gilbert and Paul Berg, co-winners of the 1980 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.</p> <p>Sanger also produced a revolutionary way of transcribing DNA using ethanol as a buffer.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span class="mw-headline"><font size="5">Later in life</font></span></p> <p>Frederick Sanger retired in 1982. In 1992, the Wellcome Trust and the Medical Research Council founded the Sanger Centre (now the Sanger Institute), named after him. The Sanger Institute, located near Cambridge, England, is one of the world's most important centers for genome research and played a prominent role in sequencing the human genome.</p> <p>In 2007 the British Biochemical Society was given a grant by the Wellcome Trust to catalog and preserve the 35 laboratory notebooks in which Sanger recorded his remarkable research from 1944 to 1981. In reporting this matter, Science magazine noted that Sanger, &quot;the most self-effacing person you could hope to meet,&quot; now was spending his time gardening at his Cambridgeshire home.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-1">[2]</sup></p> <p>Even in retirement, Sanger used his extensive knowledge of DNA to aid modern scientists and professors in their work.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span class="mw-headline"><font size="5">Awards and honours</font></span></p> <ul> <li>Frederick Sanger, Esq. (13 August 1918-1943) </li> <li>Dr Frederick Sanger (1943-18 March 1954) </li> <li>Dr Frederick Sanger [OBE] for for help in the manufacture of cheese </li> <li>Dr Frederick Sanger, FRS (18 March 1954-1963) </li> <li>Dr Frederick Sanger, CBE, FRS (1963-1981) </li> <li>Dr Frederick Sanger, CH, CBE, FRS (1981-11 February 1986) </li> <li>Dr Frederick Sanger, OM, CH, CBE, FRS (11 February 1986-present) </li> <li>1958 Nobel Prize for &quot;work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin&quot; </li> <li>1980 Nobel Prize for &quot;contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids&quot; </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span class="mw-headline"><font size="5">References</font></span></p> <div class="references-small"> <ol class="references"> <li id="_note-0"><strong>^</strong> Sanger F, Nicklen S, Coulson AR., DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1977 Dec;74(12):5463-7 </li> <li id="_note-1"><strong>^</strong> &quot;A Life in Science&quot; from the &quot;Newsmakers&quot; page edited by Yudhijit Bhattachjee, Science 317: 879, 2007 </li> </ol> </div> <p><a id="External_links" name="External_links"></a></p> <p><span class="mw-headline"><font size="5">External links</font></span></p> <ul> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/">The Sanger Institute</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/Info/Intro/sanger.shtml" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/Info/Intro/sanger.shtml">About Fred Sanger, biography from the Sanger Institute</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://almaz.com/nobel/chemistry/1958a.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://almaz.com/nobel/chemistry/1958a.html">About the 1958 Nobel Prize</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://almaz.com/nobel/chemistry/1980c.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://almaz.com/nobel/chemistry/1980c.html">About the 1980 Nobel Prize</a> </li> <li><a title="Association of Biomolecular Resource Facilities" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Biomolecular_Resource_Facilities">Association of Biomolecular Resource Facilities</a> 1994 Award </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.vega.org.uk/series/facetoface/sanger/index.php" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.vega.org.uk/series/facetoface/sanger/index.php">Fred Sanger</a> Freeview Video Documentary by The Vega Science Trust </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.npg.org.uk/live/search/person.asp?search=ss&amp;sText=Sanger&amp;LinkID=mp06016" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.npg.org.uk/live/search/person.asp?search=ss&amp;sText=Sanger&amp;LinkID=mp06016">National Portrait Gallery</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" href="http://www.california-liability-insurance.com/">General Liability Insurance CA</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.cumc.columbia.edu/horwitz/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cumc.columbia.edu/horwitz/">The Official Site of Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize</a> </li> <li>[http://www.vega.org.uk/video/programme/18 Interview with Sanger] </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> 87fb143b591220c2794f8dbbf74e61025dd1d9ae 3062 2010-08-18T07:24:18Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font size="3"><strong>Frederick Sanger</strong>, OM, CH, CBE, FRS (born 13 August 1918) is an English biochemist and a two time Nobel laureate in chemistry. He is the fourth person in the world to have been awarded two Nobel Prizes.</font></p> <p><font size="3"><strong>&quot;...The human genome sequence is of no commercial value in itself. It must be kept freely available so that many scientists of differing expertise can work on it to advance medicine. ...&quot;<br /> </strong></font></p> <p><span class="mw-headline"><font size="5"><br /> Early years</font></span></p> <p><font size="3">Sanger was born on August 13, 1918, in Rendcomb, a small village in Gloucestershire. He was the second son of Frederick Sanger, a medical practitioner and his wife Cicely. He was educated at Bryanston School and then completed his Bachelor of Arts in natural sciences from St John's College, Cambridge in 1939. He originally intended to study medicine, but became interested in biochemistry as some of the leading biochemists in the world were at Cambridge at the time. He completed his PhD in 1943. He discovered the structure of proteins, most famously that of insulin. He also contributed to the determination of base sequences in DNA.</font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span class="mw-headline"><font size="5">Research</font></span></p> <p>Sanger determined the complete amino acid sequence of insulin in 1955. In doing so, he proved that proteins have definite structures. He began by degrading insulin into short fragments by mixing the trypsin enzyme (that hydrolyses the peptide/amide bonds between amino acids that make up the primary structure of proteins) with an insulin solution. He then undertook a form of chromatography on the mixture by applying a small sample of the mixture to one end of a sheet of filter paper. He passed a solvent through the filter paper in one direction, and passed an electric current through the paper in the opposite direction. Depending on their solubility and charge, the different fragments of insulin moved to different positions on the paper, creating a distinct pattern. Sanger called these patterns &ldquo;fingerprints&rdquo;. Like human fingerprints, these patterns were characteristic for each protein, and reproducible. He reassembled the short fragments into longer sequences to deduce the complete structure of insulin. Sanger concluded that the protein insulin had a precise amino acid sequence. It was this achievement that earned him his first Nobel prize in Chemistry in 1958.</p> <p>In 1975, he developed the chain termination method of DNA sequencing, also known as the <em>Dideoxy termination method</em> or the <em>Sanger method</em>.<sup id="_ref-0" class="reference">[1]</sup> Two years later he used his technique to successfully sequence the genome of the Phage &Phi;-X174; the first fully sequenced DNA-based genome. He did this entirely by hand. This has been of key importance in such projects as the Human Genome Project and earned him his second Nobel prize in Chemistry in 1980, together with Walter Gilbert. The only other laureates to have done so were Marie Curie, Linus Pauling and John Bardeen. He is the only person to receive both prizes in chemistry. In 1979, he was awarded the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University together with Walter Gilbert and Paul Berg, co-winners of the 1980 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.</p> <p>Sanger also produced a revolutionary way of transcribing DNA using ethanol as a buffer.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span class="mw-headline"><font size="5">Later in life</font></span></p> <p>Frederick Sanger retired in 1982. In 1992, the Wellcome Trust and the Medical Research Council founded the Sanger Centre (now the Sanger Institute), named after him. The Sanger Institute, located near Cambridge, England, is one of the world's most important centers for genome research and played a prominent role in sequencing the human genome.</p> <p>In 2007 the British Biochemical Society was given a grant by the Wellcome Trust to catalog and preserve the 35 laboratory notebooks in which Sanger recorded his remarkable research from 1944 to 1981. In reporting this matter, Science magazine noted that Sanger, &quot;the most self-effacing person you could hope to meet,&quot; now was spending his time gardening at his Cambridgeshire home.<sup id="_ref-1" class="reference">[2]</sup></p> <p>Even in retirement, Sanger used his extensive knowledge of DNA to aid modern scientists and professors in their work.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span class="mw-headline"><font size="5">Awards and honours</font></span></p> <ul> <li>Frederick Sanger, Esq. (13 August 1918-1943) </li> <li>Dr Frederick Sanger (1943-18 March 1954) </li> <li>Dr Frederick Sanger [OBE] for for help in the manufacture of cheese </li> <li>Dr Frederick Sanger, FRS (18 March 1954-1963) </li> <li>Dr Frederick Sanger, CBE, FRS (1963-1981) </li> <li>Dr Frederick Sanger, CH, CBE, FRS (1981-11 February 1986) </li> <li>Dr Frederick Sanger, OM, CH, CBE, FRS (11 February 1986-present) </li> <li>1958 Nobel Prize for &quot;work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin&quot; </li> <li>1980 Nobel Prize for &quot;contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids&quot; </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span class="mw-headline"><font size="5">References</font></span></p> <div class="references-small"> <ol class="references"> <li id="_note-0"><strong>^</strong> Sanger F, Nicklen S, Coulson AR., DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1977 Dec;74(12):5463-7 </li> <li id="_note-1"><strong>^</strong> &quot;A Life in Science&quot; from the &quot;Newsmakers&quot; page edited by Yudhijit Bhattachjee, Science 317: 879, 2007 </li> </ol> </div> <p><a id="External_links" name="External_links"></a></p> <p><span class="mw-headline"><font size="5">External links</font></span></p> <ul> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/">The Sanger Institute</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/Info/Intro/sanger.shtml" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/Info/Intro/sanger.shtml">About Fred Sanger, biography from the Sanger Institute</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://almaz.com/nobel/chemistry/1958a.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://almaz.com/nobel/chemistry/1958a.html">About the 1958 Nobel Prize</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://almaz.com/nobel/chemistry/1980c.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://almaz.com/nobel/chemistry/1980c.html">About the 1980 Nobel Prize</a> </li> <li><a title="Association of Biomolecular Resource Facilities" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Biomolecular_Resource_Facilities">Association of Biomolecular Resource Facilities</a> 1994 Award </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.vega.org.uk/series/facetoface/sanger/index.php" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.vega.org.uk/series/facetoface/sanger/index.php">Fred Sanger</a> Freeview Video Documentary by The Vega Science Trust </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.npg.org.uk/live/search/person.asp?search=ss&amp;sText=Sanger&amp;LinkID=mp06016" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.npg.org.uk/live/search/person.asp?search=ss&amp;sText=Sanger&amp;LinkID=mp06016">National Portrait Gallery</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.cumc.columbia.edu/horwitz/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cumc.columbia.edu/horwitz/">The Official Site of Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize</a> </li> <li>[http://www.vega.org.uk/video/programme/18 Interview with Sanger] </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> 9a328161f9d9db2c4fa1587cb5b2ee6f3e86b8a1 0 1633 3058 2010-08-17T20:43:48Z Absh1us 101 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong><font color="#ff0000" size="4">As of early 2008, there are over 4600 genomes/chromosomes/plasmids sequenced.<br /> <br /> </font></strong><strong><font color="#ff0000" size="4"><img alt="" src="/FCKeditor/editor/images/smiley/msn/lightbulb.gif" /></font><font color="#993300">&nbsp;For&nbsp;an efficient trackinig of&nbsp;sequencing projects, we would like you to&nbsp;inform/register your sequencing projects in Genomics.org.<br /> </font><br /> <font size="4">[[List of fully sequenced genomes]]</font> (please add if you find a missing one)<br /> <br /> <font size="3"><img alt="" src="/FCKeditor/editor/images/smiley/msn/lightbulb.gif" />List from GenomeNewsNetwork</font><br /> <table cellpadding="0" width="700"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="smallblk" valign="top" width="209" height="65"><a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#aero"><font color="#810081"><em>Aeropyrum pernix</em> </font></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#agro"><em>Agrobacterium tumefaciens</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#anab"><em>Anabaena</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#anop"><em>Anopheles gambiae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#apis_mellifera"><em>Apis mellifera</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#aqui"><em>Aquifex aeolicus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#arab"><em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#arch"><em>Archaeoglobus fulgidus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#ashbya_gossypii"><em>Ashbya gossypii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bacianth"><em>Bacillus anthracis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bacc"><em>Bacillus cereus</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bacihalo"><em>Bacillus halodurans</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bacillus_licheniformis"><em>Bacillus licheniformis</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bacisub"><em>Bacillus subtilis</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bacteroides_fragilis"><em>Bacteroides fragilis</em> </a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bacth"><em>Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron</em> </a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bartonella_henselae"><em>Bartonella henselae</em> </a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bartonella_quintana"><em>Bartonella quintana</em> </a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bdellovibrio_bacteriovorus"><em>Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bifi"><em>Bifidobacterium longum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bloc"><em>Blochmannia floridanus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bord1"><em>Bordetella bronchiseptica</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bord2"><em>Bordetella parapertussis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bord3"><em>Bordetella pertussis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#borr"><em>Borrelia burgdorferi</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#brad"><em>Bradyrhizobium japonicum</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bruc"><em>Brucella melitensis</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#brucs"><em>Brucella suis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#buch"><em>Buchnera aphidicola</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#burkholderia_mallei"><em>Burkholderia mallei</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#burkholderia_pseudomallei"><em>Burkholderia pseudomallei</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#caenorhabditis_briggsae"><em>Caenorhabditis briggsae</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#caen"><em>Caenorhabditis elegans</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#camp"><em>Campylobacter jejuni</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#candida_glabrata"><em>Candida glabrata</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#canis_familiaris"><em>Canis familiaris</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#caul"><em>Caulobacter crescentus</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#chlam"><em>Chlamydia muridarum</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#chlat"><em>Chlamydia trachomatis</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#chlac"><em>Chlamydophila caviae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#chlap"><em>Chlamydophila pneumoniae</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#chltep"><em>Chlorobium tepidum</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#chromobacterium_violaceum"><em>Chromobacterium violaceum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#cion"><em>Ciona intestinalis</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#closa"><em>Clostridium acetobutylicum</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#closp"><em>Clostridium perfringens</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#clost"><em>Clostridium tetani</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#corynebacterium_diphtheriae"><em>Corynebacterium diphtheriae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#cory"><em>Corynebacterium efficiens</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#coxb"><em>Coxiella burnetii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#cryptosporidium_hominis"><em>Cryptosporidium hominis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#cryptosporidium_parvum"><em>Cryptosporidium parvum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#cyanidioschyzon_merolae"><em>Cyanidioschyzon merolae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#debaryomyces_hansenii"><em>Debaryomyces hansenii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#dein"><em>Deinococcus radiodurans</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#desulfotalea_psychrophila"><em>Desulfotalea psychrophila</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#desulfovibrio_vulgaris"><em>Desulfovibrio vulgaris</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#dros"><em>Drosophila melanogaster</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#ence"><em>Encephalitozoon cuniculi</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#ente"><em>Enterococcus faecalis</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#erwinia_carotovora"><em>Erwinia carotovora</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#esch"><em>Escherichia coli</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#fuso"><em>Fusobacterium nucleatum</em></a> <br /> </td> <td class="smallblk" valign="top" width="231" height="65"><a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#gallus_gallus"><em>Gallus gallus</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.california-liability-insurance.com/"><em>General Liability Insurance CA</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#geobacter_sulfurreducens"><em>Geobacter sulfurreducens</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#gloeobacter_violaceus"><em>Gloeobacter violaceus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#guil"><em>Guillardia theta</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#haemd"><em>Haemophilus ducreyi</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#haem"><em>Haemophilus influenzae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#halo"><em>Halobacterium</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#helih"><em>Helicobacter hepaticus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#heli"><em>Helicobacter pylori</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#homo"><em>Homo sapiens</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#kluyveromyces_waltii"><em>Kluyveromyces waltii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#lactobacillus_johnsonii"><em>Lactobacillus johnsonii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#lacb"><em>Lactobacillus plantarum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#legionella_pneumophila"><em>Legionella pneumophila</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#leifsonia_xyli"><em>Leifsonia xyli</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#lact"><em>Lactococcus lactis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#lepto"><em>Leptospira interrogans</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#listi"><em>Listeria innocua</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#listm"><em>Listeria monocytogenes</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#magna"><em>Magnaporthe grisea</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mannheimia_succiniciproducens"><em>Mannheimia succiniciproducens</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mesoplasma_florum"><em>Mesoplasma florum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#meso"><em>Mesorhizobium loti</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#methb"><em>Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#methbur"><em>Methanococcoides burtonii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#methj"><em>Methanococcus jannaschii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#methanococcus_maripaludis"><em>Methanococcus maripaludis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#methfri"><em>Methanogenium frigidum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#methp"><em>Methanopyrus kandleri</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#methsa"><em>Methanosarcina acetivorans</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#methsm"><em>Methanosarcina mazei</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#methylococcus_capsulatus"><em>Methylococcus capsulatus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mouse"><em>Mus musculus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycob"><em>Mycobacterium bovis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycol"><em>Mycobacterium leprae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycop"><em>Mycobacterium paratuberculosis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycot"><em>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycopga"><em>Mycoplasma gallisepticum </em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycopg"><em>Mycoplasma genitalium</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycoplasma_mycoides"><em>Mycoplasma mycoides</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycoppe"><em>Mycoplasma penetrans</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycoppn"><em>Mycoplasma pneumoniae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycoppu"><em>Mycoplasma pulmonis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycoplasma_mobile"><em>Mycoplasma mobile</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#nanoarchaeum_equitans"><em>Nanoarchaeum equitans</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#neiss"><em>Neisseria meningitidis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#neuro"><em>Neurospora crassa</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#nitro"><em>Nitrosomonas europaea</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#nocardia_farcinica"><em>Nocardia farcinica</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#ocea"><em>Oceanobacillus iheyensis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#onions_yellows_phytoplasma"><em>Onions yellows phytoplasma</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#oryz"><em>Oryza sativa</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#pan_troglodytes"><em>Pan troglodytes</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#past"><em>Pasteurella multocida</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#phanerochaete_chrysosporium"><em>Phanerochaete chrysosporium</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#photo"><em>Photorhabdus luminescens</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#picrophilus_torridus"><em>Picrophilus torridus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#plasf"><em>Plasmodium falciparum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#plasy"><em>Plasmodium yoelii yoelii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#populus_trichocarpa"><em>Populus trichocarpa</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#porphy_gin"><em>Porphyromonas gingivalis</em></a> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#proc"><em>Prochlorococcus marinus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#propionibacterium_acnes"><em>Propionibacterium acnes</em></a><br /> </td> <td class="smallblk" valign="top" width="250" height="65"><a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#protochlamydia_amoebophila"><em>Protochlamydia amoebophila</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#pseuda"><em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#pseudp"><em>Pseudomonas putida</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#psyrin"><em>Pseudomonas syringae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#pyrobac"><em>Pyrobaculum aerophilum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#pyrocaby"><em>Pyrococcus abyssi</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#pyrocfur"><em>Pyrococcus furiosus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#pyroch"><em>Pyrococcus horikoshii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#pyrolobus_fumarii"><em>Pyrolobus fumarii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#rals"><em>Ralstonia solanacearum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#rattus_norvegicus"><em>Rattus norvegicus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#rhod"><em>Rhodopirellula baltica</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#rhodopseudomonas_palustris"><em>Rhodopseudomonas palustris</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#rickc"><em>Rickettsia conorii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#rickettsia_typhi"><em>Rickettsia typhi</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#rickp"><em>Rickettsia prowazekii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#ricks"><em>Rickettsia sibirica</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#sacc"><em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#saccharopolyspora_erythraea"><em>Saccharopolyspora erythraea</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#salmtyp"><em>Salmonella enterica</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#salmtypm"><em>Salmonella typhimurium</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#schizpo"><em>Schizosaccharomyces pombe</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#shew"><em>Shewanella oneidensis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#shig"><em>Shigella flexneria</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#sinor"><em>Sinorhizobium meliloti</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#staphaur"><em>Staphylococcus aureus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#stapep"><em>Staphylococcus epidermidis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#strepa"><em>Streptococcus agalactiae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#strepm"><em>Streptococcus mutans</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#strepp"><em>Streptococcus pneumoniae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#streppyo"><em>Streptococcus pyogenes</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#streptococcus_thermophilus"><em>Streptococcus thermophilus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#saver"><em>Streptomyces avermitilis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#scoe"><em>Streptomyces coelicolor</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#sulf"><em>Sulfolobus solfataricus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#sulftoko"><em>Sulfolobus tokodaii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#synec"><em>Synechococcus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#syne"><em>Synechocystis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#takifugu"><em>Takifugu rubripes</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#tetraodon_nigroviridis"><em>Tetraodon nigroviridis</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#thalassiosira_pseudonana"><em>Thalassiosira pseudonana</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#thermoana"><em>Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#thermoacid"><em>Thermoplasma acidophilum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#thermovol"><em>Thermoplasma volcanium</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#thermosy"><em>Thermosynechococcus elongatus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#thermotmari"><em>Thermotagoa maritima</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#thermus_thermophilus"><em>Thermus thermophilus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#treponema_denticola"><em>Treponema denticola</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#trep"><em>Treponema pallidum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#twhip"><em>Tropheryma whipplei</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#urea"><em>Ureaplasma urealyticum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#vibr"><em>Vibrio cholerae</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#vibp"><em>Vibrio parahaemolyticus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#vibrv"><em>Vibrio vulnificus</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#wiggle"><em>Wigglesworthia glossinidia</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#wolbachia_pipientis"><em>Wolbachia pipientis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#wolinella_succinogenes"><em>Wolinella succinogenes</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#xantax"><em>Xanthomonas axonopodis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#xancamp"><em>Xanthomonas campestris</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#xyel"><em>Xylella fastidiosa</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#yarrowia lipolytica"><em>Yarrowia lipolytica</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#yersinia_pseudotuberculosis"><em>Yersinia pseudotuberculosis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#yers"><em>Yersinia pestis</em></a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </strong> 37b96a13cc0cc7525b3f06569085653b392db7ef 3061 2010-08-18T07:23:53Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong><font color="#ff0000" size="4">As of early 2008, there are over 4600 genomes/chromosomes/plasmids sequenced.<br /> <br /> </font></strong><strong><font color="#ff0000" size="4"><img alt="" src="/FCKeditor/editor/images/smiley/msn/lightbulb.gif" /></font><font color="#993300">&nbsp;For&nbsp;an efficient trackinig of&nbsp;sequencing projects, we would like you to&nbsp;inform/register your sequencing projects in Genomics.org.<br /> </font><br /> <font size="4">[[List of fully sequenced genomes]]</font> (please add if you find a missing one)<br /> <br /> <font size="3"><img alt="" src="/FCKeditor/editor/images/smiley/msn/lightbulb.gif" />List from GenomeNewsNetwork</font><br /> <table cellpadding="0" width="700"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="smallblk" height="65" valign="top" width="209"><a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#aero"><font color="#810081"><em>Aeropyrum pernix</em> </font></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#agro"><em>Agrobacterium tumefaciens</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#anab"><em>Anabaena</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#anop"><em>Anopheles gambiae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#apis_mellifera"><em>Apis mellifera</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#aqui"><em>Aquifex aeolicus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#arab"><em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#arch"><em>Archaeoglobus fulgidus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#ashbya_gossypii"><em>Ashbya gossypii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bacianth"><em>Bacillus anthracis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bacc"><em>Bacillus cereus</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bacihalo"><em>Bacillus halodurans</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bacillus_licheniformis"><em>Bacillus licheniformis</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bacisub"><em>Bacillus subtilis</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bacteroides_fragilis"><em>Bacteroides fragilis</em> </a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bacth"><em>Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron</em> </a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bartonella_henselae"><em>Bartonella henselae</em> </a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bartonella_quintana"><em>Bartonella quintana</em> </a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bdellovibrio_bacteriovorus"><em>Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bifi"><em>Bifidobacterium longum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bloc"><em>Blochmannia floridanus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bord1"><em>Bordetella bronchiseptica</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bord2"><em>Bordetella parapertussis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bord3"><em>Bordetella pertussis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#borr"><em>Borrelia burgdorferi</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#brad"><em>Bradyrhizobium japonicum</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#bruc"><em>Brucella melitensis</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#brucs"><em>Brucella suis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#buch"><em>Buchnera aphidicola</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#burkholderia_mallei"><em>Burkholderia mallei</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1.shtml#burkholderia_pseudomallei"><em>Burkholderia pseudomallei</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#caenorhabditis_briggsae"><em>Caenorhabditis briggsae</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#caen"><em>Caenorhabditis elegans</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#camp"><em>Campylobacter jejuni</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#candida_glabrata"><em>Candida glabrata</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#canis_familiaris"><em>Canis familiaris</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#caul"><em>Caulobacter crescentus</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#chlam"><em>Chlamydia muridarum</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#chlat"><em>Chlamydia trachomatis</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#chlac"><em>Chlamydophila caviae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#chlap"><em>Chlamydophila pneumoniae</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#chltep"><em>Chlorobium tepidum</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#chromobacterium_violaceum"><em>Chromobacterium violaceum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#cion"><em>Ciona intestinalis</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#closa"><em>Clostridium acetobutylicum</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#closp"><em>Clostridium perfringens</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#clost"><em>Clostridium tetani</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#corynebacterium_diphtheriae"><em>Corynebacterium diphtheriae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#cory"><em>Corynebacterium efficiens</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#coxb"><em>Coxiella burnetii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#cryptosporidium_hominis"><em>Cryptosporidium hominis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#cryptosporidium_parvum"><em>Cryptosporidium parvum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#cyanidioschyzon_merolae"><em>Cyanidioschyzon merolae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#debaryomyces_hansenii"><em>Debaryomyces hansenii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#dein"><em>Deinococcus radiodurans</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#desulfotalea_psychrophila"><em>Desulfotalea psychrophila</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#desulfovibrio_vulgaris"><em>Desulfovibrio vulgaris</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#dros"><em>Drosophila melanogaster</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#ence"><em>Encephalitozoon cuniculi</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#ente"><em>Enterococcus faecalis</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#erwinia_carotovora"><em>Erwinia carotovora</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#esch"><em>Escherichia coli</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#fuso"><em>Fusobacterium nucleatum</em></a> <br /> </td> <td class="smallblk" height="65" valign="top" width="231"><a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#gallus_gallus"><em>Gallus gallus</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#geobacter_sulfurreducens"><em>Geobacter sulfurreducens</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#gloeobacter_violaceus"><em>Gloeobacter violaceus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p1a.shtml#guil"><em>Guillardia theta</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#haemd"><em>Haemophilus ducreyi</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#haem"><em>Haemophilus influenzae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#halo"><em>Halobacterium</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#helih"><em>Helicobacter hepaticus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#heli"><em>Helicobacter pylori</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#homo"><em>Homo sapiens</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#kluyveromyces_waltii"><em>Kluyveromyces waltii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#lactobacillus_johnsonii"><em>Lactobacillus johnsonii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#lacb"><em>Lactobacillus plantarum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#legionella_pneumophila"><em>Legionella pneumophila</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#leifsonia_xyli"><em>Leifsonia xyli</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#lact"><em>Lactococcus lactis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#lepto"><em>Leptospira interrogans</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#listi"><em>Listeria innocua</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#listm"><em>Listeria monocytogenes</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#magna"><em>Magnaporthe grisea</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mannheimia_succiniciproducens"><em>Mannheimia succiniciproducens</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mesoplasma_florum"><em>Mesoplasma florum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#meso"><em>Mesorhizobium loti</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#methb"><em>Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#methbur"><em>Methanococcoides burtonii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#methj"><em>Methanococcus jannaschii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#methanococcus_maripaludis"><em>Methanococcus maripaludis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#methfri"><em>Methanogenium frigidum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#methp"><em>Methanopyrus kandleri</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#methsa"><em>Methanosarcina acetivorans</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#methsm"><em>Methanosarcina mazei</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#methylococcus_capsulatus"><em>Methylococcus capsulatus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mouse"><em>Mus musculus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycob"><em>Mycobacterium bovis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycol"><em>Mycobacterium leprae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycop"><em>Mycobacterium paratuberculosis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycot"><em>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycopga"><em>Mycoplasma gallisepticum </em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycopg"><em>Mycoplasma genitalium</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycoplasma_mycoides"><em>Mycoplasma mycoides</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycoppe"><em>Mycoplasma penetrans</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycoppn"><em>Mycoplasma pneumoniae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycoppu"><em>Mycoplasma pulmonis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#mycoplasma_mobile"><em>Mycoplasma mobile</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#nanoarchaeum_equitans"><em>Nanoarchaeum equitans</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#neiss"><em>Neisseria meningitidis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#neuro"><em>Neurospora crassa</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#nitro"><em>Nitrosomonas europaea</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p2.shtml#nocardia_farcinica"><em>Nocardia farcinica</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#ocea"><em>Oceanobacillus iheyensis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#onions_yellows_phytoplasma"><em>Onions yellows phytoplasma</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#oryz"><em>Oryza sativa</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#pan_troglodytes"><em>Pan troglodytes</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#past"><em>Pasteurella multocida</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#phanerochaete_chrysosporium"><em>Phanerochaete chrysosporium</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#photo"><em>Photorhabdus luminescens</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#picrophilus_torridus"><em>Picrophilus torridus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#plasf"><em>Plasmodium falciparum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#plasy"><em>Plasmodium yoelii yoelii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#populus_trichocarpa"><em>Populus trichocarpa</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#porphy_gin"><em>Porphyromonas gingivalis</em></a> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#proc"><em>Prochlorococcus marinus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#propionibacterium_acnes"><em>Propionibacterium acnes</em></a><br /> </td> <td class="smallblk" height="65" valign="top" width="250"><a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#protochlamydia_amoebophila"><em>Protochlamydia amoebophila</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#pseuda"><em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#pseudp"><em>Pseudomonas putida</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#psyrin"><em>Pseudomonas syringae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#pyrobac"><em>Pyrobaculum aerophilum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#pyrocaby"><em>Pyrococcus abyssi</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#pyrocfur"><em>Pyrococcus furiosus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#pyroch"><em>Pyrococcus horikoshii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#pyrolobus_fumarii"><em>Pyrolobus fumarii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#rals"><em>Ralstonia solanacearum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#rattus_norvegicus"><em>Rattus norvegicus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#rhod"><em>Rhodopirellula baltica</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#rhodopseudomonas_palustris"><em>Rhodopseudomonas palustris</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#rickc"><em>Rickettsia conorii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#rickettsia_typhi"><em>Rickettsia typhi</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#rickp"><em>Rickettsia prowazekii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#ricks"><em>Rickettsia sibirica</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#sacc"><em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#saccharopolyspora_erythraea"><em>Saccharopolyspora erythraea</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#salmtyp"><em>Salmonella enterica</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#salmtypm"><em>Salmonella typhimurium</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#schizpo"><em>Schizosaccharomyces pombe</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#shew"><em>Shewanella oneidensis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#shig"><em>Shigella flexneria</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#sinor"><em>Sinorhizobium meliloti</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#staphaur"><em>Staphylococcus aureus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#stapep"><em>Staphylococcus epidermidis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#strepa"><em>Streptococcus agalactiae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#strepm"><em>Streptococcus mutans</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#strepp"><em>Streptococcus pneumoniae</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#streppyo"><em>Streptococcus pyogenes</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#streptococcus_thermophilus"><em>Streptococcus thermophilus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#saver"><em>Streptomyces avermitilis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#scoe"><em>Streptomyces coelicolor</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#sulf"><em>Sulfolobus solfataricus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#sulftoko"><em>Sulfolobus tokodaii</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#synec"><em>Synechococcus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p3.shtml#syne"><em>Synechocystis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#takifugu"><em>Takifugu rubripes</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#tetraodon_nigroviridis"><em>Tetraodon nigroviridis</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#thalassiosira_pseudonana"><em>Thalassiosira pseudonana</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#thermoana"><em>Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#thermoacid"><em>Thermoplasma acidophilum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#thermovol"><em>Thermoplasma volcanium</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#thermosy"><em>Thermosynechococcus elongatus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#thermotmari"><em>Thermotagoa maritima</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#thermus_thermophilus"><em>Thermus thermophilus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#treponema_denticola"><em>Treponema denticola</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#trep"><em>Treponema pallidum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#twhip"><em>Tropheryma whipplei</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#urea"><em>Ureaplasma urealyticum</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#vibr"><em>Vibrio cholerae</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#vibp"><em>Vibrio parahaemolyticus</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#vibrv"><em>Vibrio vulnificus</em></a> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#wiggle"><em>Wigglesworthia glossinidia</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#wolbachia_pipientis"><em>Wolbachia pipientis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#wolinella_succinogenes"><em>Wolinella succinogenes</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#xantax"><em>Xanthomonas axonopodis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#xancamp"><em>Xanthomonas campestris</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#xyel"><em>Xylella fastidiosa</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#yarrowia lipolytica"><em>Yarrowia lipolytica</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#yersinia_pseudotuberculosis"><em>Yersinia pseudotuberculosis</em></a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/sequenced_genomes/genome_guide_p4.shtml#yers"><em>Yersinia pestis</em></a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </strong> 6610831bd2ebc672ad44b2e21a01e31f54b8dcda 0 1573 3059 2010-08-17T20:45:20Z Absh1us 101 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5">Genomics Companies</font>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <br /> [[454 Life Sciences]]<br /> [[Acacia Biosciences]]<br /> [[ACLARA BioSciences, Inc.]]<br /> [[Advanced Center for Genome Technology]]<br /> [[Abgenomics]]: Hong Kong based.<br /> [[Advalytix AG]] : Advalytix is a leading provider of highly innovative solutions for Life Science Research and Diagnostics.&nbsp;<br /> [[Affymax Research Institute]]: <span class="url">www.affymax.com</span><br /> <a href="http://www.agilixcorp.com/">Agilix</a>: <font size="2">developer of next generation functional genomics and proteomics platform technologies for the systematic discovery and analysis of genes, their protein products and related biological functions</font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.agencourt.com/">Agencourt Bioscience</a></font> : Beverly MA USA: <font size="2">developer of next generation functional genomics and proteomics platform technologies for the systematic discovery and analysis of genes, their protein products and related biological functions.</font><br /> <font color="#000000">[[Agy Therapeutics]]:&nbsp; <span class="url">www.biodatabases.com</span></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.alphagene.com/">AlphaGene</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.altheatech.com/">Althea Technologies</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.amershambiosciences.com/na/">Amersham Biosciences</a></font>&nbsp;<br /> <font color="#000000">[[Amita]]: <br /> <a href="http://www.apgenomics.com/">AP Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.applied-genomics.com/">Applied Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000">[[Array Biopharma]]</font> <br /> <a href="http://www.ariad.com/" target="new"><font color="#000000">Ariad</font></a><br /> <a href="http://www.avalonrx.com/">Avalon Pharmaceuticals</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.automatedcell.com/" target="new">Automated Cell</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.axxam.com/">Axxam</a><br /> [[Azign Biosciences]]: <span style="font-weight: bold;" id="ctl00_PageCenterContent_StandardProfileInfo_CompanyNameLabel">Azign Bioscience A/S, <span id="ctl00_PageCenterContent_StandardProfileInfo_CityLabel">Copenhagen SV</span>&nbsp; <span id="ctl00_PageCenterContent_StandardProfileInfo_StateProvinceLabel"></span>&nbsp; <span id="ctl00_PageCenterContent_StandardProfileInfo_PostalCodeLabel">DK-2450</span>&nbsp; <span id="ctl00_PageCenterContent_StandardProfileInfo_CountryLabel">Denmark</span></span><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bangaloregenei.com/" target="new">Bangalore Genei</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.beyondgenomics.com/" target="new">Beyond Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioarrays.com/" target="new">BioArray Solutions</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biocarta.com/">Biocarta</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biocarta.com/">Biofrontera Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.biogen.com/">Biogen</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biogenex.com/">BioGenex</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biosearchtech.com/">Biosearch Technologies</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.blueheronbio.com/">BlueHeron Biotech</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://biominerva.com/">BioMinerva</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.capitalgenomix.com/">Capital Genomix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.cellulargenomics.com/" target="new">Cellular Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.cerep.fr/Cerep/Utilisateur/index.asp" target="new">Cerep</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.chemogenix.com/products_en.html" target="new">ChemoGenix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.chimerx.com/" target="new">CHIMERx</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.chugaibio.com/" target="new">Chugai Biopharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.cimsoft.com/">Cimarron</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.clinomicslabs.net/" target="new">Clinomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.cobrabio.com/">Cobra</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.combimatrix.com/home.shtml" target="new">CombiMatrix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.combinatorx.com/" target="new">CombinatoRx</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biocomplex.de/" target="new">Complex Biosystems</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.compucyte.com/" target="new">CompuCyte</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.cemines.com/main.html">Cemines</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.microsensor.com/CMS_Splash_cm.html">Clinical MicroSensors</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.cybergenome.com/">CyberGenome Technologies</a> <br /> <a href="http://cytogenix.com/">CytoGenix</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.cytogenomic.com/">Cytogenomics</a><br /> <a href="http://www.cyvera.com/">CyVera</a><br /> <font color="#000000">[[deCODE]]</font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.deltagen.com/" target="new">Deltagen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.diadexus.com/" target="new">diaDexus</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.digem.fr/" target="new">DiGEM</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://digigenomics.com/" target="new">DigiGenomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.dgt.com/" target="new">Digital Gene</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="https://www.directgenomics.com/" target="new">DirectGenomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.dna20.com/">DNA 2.0</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.dnalandmarks.ca/" target="new">DNA LandMarks</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://dnalink.com/" target="new">DNA Link</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.takara.co.jp/dragon/index-e.htm" target="new">Dragon Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.egeeninc.com/" target="new">EGeen</a><br /> <a href="http://eirxtherapeutics.com/">EiRx Therapeutics</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.engeneos.com/">engeneOS</a><br /> </font><font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.eosbiotech.com/" target="new">EOS</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.epicentre.com/main.asp" target="new">Epicentre</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.epigenomics.com/" target="new">Epigenomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.epochbiolabs.com/">Epoch Biolabs</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.eurogentec.com/" target="new">Eurogentec</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://europroteome.com/" target="new">Europroteome</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.exactsciences.com/_index.htm" target="new">Exact Sciences</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://exalpha.com/">Exalpha</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.exiqon.com/" target="new">Exiqon</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.eurogentec.be/hp/hp.htm" target="new">Eurogentec</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.europroteome.com/" target="new">Europroteome</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.fallingrain.com/" target="new">Falling Rain Genomics</a></font>&nbsp;<br /> [[Functional Biosciences Inc.]]<br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gala.com/" target="new">Gala Design</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.galapagosgenomics.com/" target="new">Galapagos Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.genearrays.com/">Gene Arrays</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genecopoeia.com/" target="new">GeneCopoeia</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.geneka.com/" target="new">Geneka</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genemachines.com/">GeneMachines</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genentech.com/" target="new">Genentech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gtg.com.au/" target="new">Genetic Technologies</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genetix.co.uk/" target="new">Genetix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genetrace.com/flash3page.html" target="new">GeneTrace Systems</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.genetronics.com/">GeneTronics</a> <br /> <a href="http://genwaybio.com/">GeneWay Biotech</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.geneworks.com/">GeneWorks</a> <br /> <a href="http://genstruct.com/">Genestruct</a><br /> <a href="General Liability Insurance CA">http://www.california-liability-insurance.com/</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genhunter.com/">GenHunter</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.geniconsciences.com/">Genicon Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomac.com/">Genomac</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomeexplorations.com/">Genome Explorations</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomex.com/">Genome Express</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomems.com/">GenoMEMS</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://genomatix.gsf.de/">Genomatix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomex.com/" target="new">Genomex</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.getdna.com/">Genomics Collaborative</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomicsone.com/">Genomics One</a></font>&nbsp;<br /> [http://www.genomicsproteomics.com/ GenomicsProteomics]<br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomicsolutions.com/" target="new">Genomic Solutions</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genoptera.com/" target="new">Genoptera</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genosys.com/index2.html" target="new">Genosys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genotypictech.com/index.htm" target="new">Genotypic Technology</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genpakdna.com/" target="new">GenPak</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genxy.com/" target="new">Genset</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genstruct.com/" target="new">Genstruct</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.genusbiosystems.com/">GenUs BioSytems</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genzyme.com/" target="new">Genzyme</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.globalgenomics.com/" target="new">Global Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.glycofi.com/" target="new">GlycoFi</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.glycominds.com/" target="new">Glycominds</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gorillagenomics.com/" target="new">Gorilla Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gpc-biotech.com/" target="new">GPC Biotech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gmpgenetics.com/phase1/html/intro_frameset.html" target="new">GMP Genetics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://guavatechnologies.com/">Guava Technologies</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gvkbio.com/" target="new">Gvk bio</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.hamiltonthorne.com/" target="new">Hamilton Thorne Biosciences</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://helixbiomedix.com/">Helix Biomedix</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.htgenomics.com/" target="new">High Throughput Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.hgsi.com/" target="new">Human Genome Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.uvs.is/" target="new">Iceland Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.imgenex.com/">Imgenex</a><br /> <a href="http://www.impath.com/">Impath</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.infoceutics.com/">Infoceutics</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.inimexpharma.com/">Inimex Pharmaceuticals</a><br /> <a href="http://www.invivogen.com/">InvivoGen</a><br /> <a href="http://www.integragen.com/">Gen</a><br /> <a href="http://www.integragen.com/">Integragen</a><br /> <a href="http://www.interomex.com/">Interomex</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.intradigm.com/">Intradigm</a> <br /> <a href="http://eng.intronbio.com/">iNtRON Biotechnology</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://jaxmice.jax.org/index.shtml" target="new">Jackson Lab</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.jivanbio.com/">Jivan Biologics</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.kalypsys.com/" target="new">Kalypsys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.keryxbiopharm.com/" target="new">Keryx Biopharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.keygene.com/" target="new">Keygene</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.lark.com/">Lark Technologies</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.dnastar.com/" target="new">Lasergene</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.lynk-biotech.com/services.htm" target="new">Link Biotechnologies</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.lynxgen.com/" target="new">Lynx</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.metabometrix.com/" target="new">Metabometrix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.microgenomics.com/" target="new">MicroGenomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.meta-helix.com/">Metahelix Life Sciences</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mlnm.com/MLNM99.shtml" target="new">Millennium</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.miraibio.com/" target="new">MiraiBio</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mobious.com/" target="new">Mobious Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.myriad.com/" target="new">Myriad Genetics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mwg-biotech.com/html/index.shtml" target="new">MWG Biotech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.nanogen.com/www1/index.htm">Nanogen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.newchemicalentities.com/">New Chemical Entities</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://odysseythera.com/">Odyssey Thera</a><br /> <a href="http://www.omnipharm.com/">OmniScience</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.opgen.com/">OpGen</a><br /> <a href="http://www.orphagen.com/">Orphagen Pharmaceuticals</a><br /> <font size="+0"><a href="http://www.oscient.com/" target="new"><font color="#000000">Oscient Pharmaceuticals</font></a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pangene.com/">PanGene</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.panomics.com/">Panomics</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.peoplesgenetics.com/">Peoples Genetics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.perbio.com/">Perbio</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pharmaseq.com/multiplex_assays.htm" target="new">PharmaSeq</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.phase1tox.com/" target="new">Phase-1 Molecular Toxicology</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.phenomixcorp.com/" target="new">Phenomix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.phylogenyinc.com/" target="new">Phylogeny</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://physiogenix.com/" target="new">PhysioGenix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.plexxikon.com/" target="new">Plexxikon</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pluvita.com/" target="new">Pluvita</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.primalinc.com/">Primal</a><br /> <a href="http://primerdesign.co.uk/">Primer Design</a><br /> <a href="http://www.prolexys.com/">Prolexis</a><br /> <a href="http://proteinpathways.com/">ProteinPathways</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://proteologics.com/" target="new">Proteologics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.psygenomics.com/" target="new">Psychiatric Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.purelyproteins.com/" target="new">Purely Proteins</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pyxisgenomics.com/" target="new">Pyxis Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.quarkbiotech.com/" target="new">Quark Biotech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.renovis.com/" target="new">Renovis</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.resgen.com/" target="new">Research Genetics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://ribomed.com/">Ribomed</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.rigel.com/" target="new">Rigel</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.rnature.com/">Rnature</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.rosettagenomics.com/">Rosetta Genomics</a><br /> <a href="http://www.sbio.com/">S*BIO</a><br /> <a href="http://www.see-gene.com/">Seegene</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.seqwright.com/">SeqwrighT</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.signalgene.com/">SignalGene</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.stratagene.com/" target="new">Stratagene</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.sunbio.co.kr/sunbio/eng-main.html" target="new">SunBio</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.switch-biotech.com/">Switch Biotech</a> <br /> <a href="http://syntem.com/">Syntem</a><br /> <a href="http://www.syntheticgenetics.com/">Synthetic Genetics</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.tgs.com.tw/index_e.htm">Taiwan Genome Sciences</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.takara.co.jp/english/bio_e/">TaKaRa Zhuzo</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.targetedmolecules.com/">Targeted Molecules</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.tcgaresearch.org/">TCGA</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.tigr.org/" target="new">TIGR</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.thinkgen.com/" target="new">ThinkGen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://tranzyme.com/" target="new">Tranzyme</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.turbogenomics.com/" target="new">TurboWorx</a></font> <a href="http://www.unigene.com/"><br /> Unigene</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.umangenomics.com/main.asp" target="new">UmanGenomics</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.ubi.ca/">United Bioinformatica</a>&nbsp;<br /> <font color="#000000">[[US Genomics]]</font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.valentis.com/" target="new">Valentis</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.valigen.com/" target="new">ValiGen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.vbc-genomics.com/" target="new">VBC-Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.virinova.de/">Virinova</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.visiblegenetics.com/">Visible Genetics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.vitagenomics.com/">Vita Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.xcellsyz.com/">Xcellsyz</a><br /> <a href="http://www.zp.dk/">Zealand Pharma</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.zen-bio.com/">Zen</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.zengen.com/">Zengen</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.zeptosens.com/">Zeptosens</a></font> <br /> &nbsp;<br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Platform Technologies - GPCRs</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://www.7tm.com/">7TM Pharma</a><br /> <font color="#000000">[[Acadia Pharmaceuticals]]: Web Site: <a href="http://www.acadia-pharm.com/">www.acadia-pharm.com</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.aptusgenomics.com/">Aptus Genomics</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.atugen.com/" target="new">Atugen</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.discoverx.com/" target="new">DiscoveRx</a></font><br /> <a href="Animal%20Genomics%0Ahttp://www.norakbio.com/">Norak Bioscience</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.predixpharm.com/">Predix</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.synapticcorp.com/">Synaptic Pharmaceuticals</a><br /> <br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Platform Technologies - Kinases</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ambitbio.com/">Ambit Bioscience</a><br /> <a href="http://www.qtlbio.com/">QTL Biosystems</a><br /> </font><br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Platform Technologies - Ion Channels</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://www.cellectricon.com/">Cellectricon</a><br /> <a href="http://www.evotec.com/">Evotec OAI</a><br /> <a href="http://www.hydrabiosciences.com/">Hydra Biosciences</a><br /> <a href="Platform%20Technologies%20-%20Kinases%0Ahttp://www.iongate.de/">IonGate</a><br /> <a href="http://www.nanion.de/">Nanion</a><br /> &nbsp;<br /> <br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Platform Technologies - Nuclear Receptors</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="Platform%20Technologies%20-%20Kinases%0Ahttp://www.genfit.com/">Genfit Biopharmaceutical</a><br /> <a href="http://www.ligand.com/">Ligand Pharmaceuticals</a><br /> <br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Platform Technologies - Carbohydrate</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://www.absorber.se/">AbSorber</a><br /> &nbsp;<br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Animal Genomics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biopsytec.de/">Biopsytec</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.cellectis.com/">Cellectis</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.criver.com/">Charles River Laboratories</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.daniolabs.com/">DanioLabs</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.deltagen.com/">Deltagen</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.gala.com/"><font color="#000000">Gala Biotech</font></a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.geneticmodels.com/">Genetic Models</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.geneticsolutions.com.au/content/page.asp">GeneticSolutions</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomicfx.com/index.html">GenomicFX</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://phylonix.com/">Phylonix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://zygogen.com/">Zygogen</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Plant Genomics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.agrinomics.com/">Agrinomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.akkadix.com/">Akkadix</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://arcadiabio.com/">Arcadia Biosciences</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.avesthagen.com/">AvesthaGen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.cereon.com/" target="new">Cereon</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.exelixis.com/" target="new">Exelixis Plant Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gentech.fr/" target="new">Gentech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.icongenetics.com/home.html" target="new">Icon Genetics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mendelbio.com/" target="new">Mendel Biotechnology</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.oriongenomics.com/" target="new">Orion Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.phytagenics.com/" target="new">Phytagenics</a><br /> <a href="http://www.phytomyco.net/">PhytoMyco</a><br /> </font><a href="http://seaphire.com/">Seaphire</a><br /> &nbsp;<br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Microbial Genomics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://www.bacbarcodes.com/">Bacterial Barcodes</a><a href="http://www.evolv-us.com/"><br /> </a><font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.evolv-us.com/">Evolvus</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://integratedgenomics.com/">Integrated Genomics</a><br /> <a href="http://microbia.com/">Microbia</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.xanagen.com/index-e.html">Xanagen</a></font><br /> <br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Clinical Genomics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.appliedphenomics.com/">Applied Phenomics</a><br /> <a href="http://www.ardais.com/">Ardais</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.clinphone.com/">ClinPhone</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.expressionpathology.com/">Expression Pathology</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genvault.com/">GenVault</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pharsight.com/">Pharsight</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.precisionmed.com/">PrecisionMed</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">ChemoGenomics/Chemical Genetics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ambitbio.com/">Ambit Bioscience</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.amphoracorp.com/" target="new">Amphora</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.chemovation.com/">ChemOvation</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.comgenex.com/" target="new">ComGenex</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.graffinity.com/" target="new">Graffinity Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.iconixpharm.com/">Iconix Pharmaceuticals</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ipi.com/" target="new">Infinity Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.morphochem.ch/">MorphoChem</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.neogenesis.com/">NeoGenesis</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">SNPs, PharmacoGenomics &amp; Population Genetics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.454.com/" target="new">454 Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.affymetrix.com/" target="new">Affymetrix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.asperbio.com/" target="new">Asper Biotech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://bioventures.com/" target="new">BioVentures</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.cepheid.com/index3.html" target="new">Cepheid</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.dnaprint.com/" target="new">DNAPrint Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.dna.com/home" target="new">DNA Sciences</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.dnavision.be/">DNA Vision</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.dxsgenotyping.com/" target="new">DxS</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.encode.is/" target="new">enCode</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.epicentre.com/main.asp" target="new">Epicentre</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.epidauros.de/en/home_fla.html" target="new">Epidauros</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.expressionanalysis.com/">Expression Analysis</a><br /> <a href="http://www.galileogenomics.com/" target="new"><font color="#000000">Galileo Genomics</font></a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gamida-sense.com/" target="new">Gamida-Sense Diagnostics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genaissance.com/" target="new">Genaissance</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.genecheck.com/">GeneCheck</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.geneohm.com/" target="new">GeneOhm Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.geneseek.com/" target="new">GeneSeek</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genprofile.com/" target="new">GenProfile</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gentris.com/" target="new">Gentris</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.hibergen.com/" target="new">Hibergen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.hubitgenomix.com/eng/index.html" target="new">HuBit Genomix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.idahotech.com/" target="new">Idaho Technology</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.idgene.com/home.html" target="new">idGENE</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.illumina.com/" target="new">Illumina</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.leveninc.com/" target="new">Leven</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.miraibio.com/" target="new">MiraiBio</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://molecularstaging.com/" target="new">Molecular Staging</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.nanogen.com/www1/index.htm">Nanogen</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.thetagen.com/thetagen.htm" target="new">New Chemical Entities</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.nuvelo.com/" target="new">Nuvelo</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.opgen.com/" target="new">OpGen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.orchid.com/">Orchid Biosciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.oxagen.co.uk/">Oxagen</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.panomics.com/">Panomics</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.p-gene.com/">ParAllele</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.peoplesgenetics.com/home.shtml">Peoples Genetics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.perlegen.com/main.html">Perlegen Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.polygenyx.com/" target="new">PolyGenyx</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.polymorphicdna.com/">Polymorphic DNA Technologies</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ppgx.com/" target="new">PPGx</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pyrosequencing.com/" target="new">Pyrosequencing</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.qiagengenomics.com/" target="new">Qiagen Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.rexagen.com/">Rexagen</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.rubicongenomics.com/" target="new">Rubicon Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.sequenom.com/home/seq_flash.htm" target="new">Sequenom</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.solexa.com/" target="new">Solexa</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.thermohybaid.com/cgi-bin/pg.exe?00000000000000070001d0fe00000002000012d4" target="new">ThermoHybaid</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.trevigen.com/" target="new">Trevigen</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://trimgen.com/">TrimGen</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.twt.com/" target="new">Third Wave Technologies</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.umangenomics.com/" target="new">UmanGenomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.usgenomics.com/" target="new">U.S. Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.valigen.com/" target="new">ValiGen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.varianinc.com/cgi-bin/nav?varinc/docs/biosolutions/index&amp;cid=374264" target="new">Varian</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.vitagenomics.com/" target="new">Vita Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.vysis.com/">Vysis</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.xanthon.com/">Xanthon</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.xenongenetics.com/">Xenon Genetics</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Functional &amp; Comparative Genomics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.acadia-pharm.com/" target="new">Acadia Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ark-genomics.org/" target="new">ARK Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.artemis.com/main.html" target="new">Artemis</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.athersys.com/" target="new">Athersys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.axaron.com/" target="new">Axaron</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.cambriabio.com/" target="new">Cambria Biosciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.develogen.com/splash.html" target="new">DeveloGen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.devgen.com/" target="new">Devgen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.elegene.com/" target="new">EleGene</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.elitra.com/" target="new">Elitra Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.exelixis.com/" target="new">Exelixis</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.galapagosgenomics.com/" target="new">Galapagos Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genfit.com/flash.htm" target="new">Genfit</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genodyssee.com/Default.htm" target="new">GenOdyssee</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomar.com/" target="new">Genomar</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.paradigmgenetics.com/" target="new">Icoria</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="imgenex.com" target="new">Imgenex</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ingenium-ag.com/" target="new">Ingenium</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.marligen.com/" target="new">Marligen Bioscience</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mermaidbio.com/" target="new">Mermaid Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.nautilusbiotech.com/" target="new">Nautilus Biotech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.phylonix.com/animate.js" target="new">Phylonix Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.the-genetics.com/" target="new">The Genetics Company</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.unionbio.com/">Union Biometrica</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.xantos.de/">Xantos Biomedicine</a><br /> <a href="http://www.zygogen.com/">Zygogen</a> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">ToxicoGenomics &amp; ADMET<br /> </font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://www.chemovation.com/">ChemOvation</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.exonhit.com/" target="new">ExonHit Therapeutics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genelogic.com/" target="new">GeneLogic</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genpharmtox.com/english/index_e.html" target="new">GenPharm Tox BioTech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gentest.com/" target="new">GenTest</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.mergen-ltd.com/">Mergen</a><br /> <a href="http://www.noabbiodiscoveries.com/">NoAb BioDiscoveries</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.xeno.com/index2.html">Xenometrix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.xenopharm.com/" target="new">XenoPharm</a></font> <br /> &nbsp;&nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">siRNA, Antisense &amp; Other&nbsp;</font></strong> <br /> <strong><font color="#000000">Nucleic acid Technologies</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.allelebiotech.com/">Allele Biotechnology</a><br /> <a href="http://www.alnylam.com/" target="new">Alnylam Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.amaxa.com/" target="new">Amaxa</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ambion.com/" target="new">Ambion</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.anadyspharma.com/" target="new">Anadys Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.araios.com/">Araios</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.archemix.com/flash.html" target="new">Archemix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.atugen.com/" target="new">Atugen</a><br /> <a href="http://www.avibio.com/">AVI BioPharma</a><br /> <a href="http://www.avocel.com/">Avocel</a><br /> </font><font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.benitec.com/" target="new">Benitec</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.biolegio.com/">Biolegio</a><br /> <a href="http://www.cellsignal.com/">Cell Signaling Technology</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.cenix-bioscience.com/" target="new">Cenix BioScience</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://cureon.com/">Cureon</a><br /> <a href="http://www.cyntellect.com/">Cyntellect</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.dharmacon.com/" target="new">Dharmacon</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.epibio.com/">Epicentre Biotechnologies</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://expressgenes.com/" target="new">GeneExpression Systems</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.genetherapysystems.com/">Gene Therapy Systems</a><br /> <a href="http://www.gene-tools.com/">Gene-Tools</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genetrove.com/" target="new">GeneTrove</a><br /> </font><a href="http://www.genlantis.com/">Genlantis</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genta.com/">Genta</a><br /> </font><font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.hybridon.com/" target="new">Hybridon</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ibisrna.com/" target="new">Ibis Therapeutics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.imgenex.com/">Imgenex</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.immusol.com/" target="new">Immusol</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.indexpharmab.com/">InDex Pharmaceuticals</a><br /> <a href="http://www.idtdna.com/">Integrated DNA Technologies</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.intronn.com/" target="new">Intronn</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.invivogen.com/">InvivoGen</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.isip.com/" target="new">Isis Pharmaceuticals</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.lorusthera.com/">Lorus Therapeutics</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.messagepharm.com/" target="new">Message Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mirusbio.com/" target="new">Mirus Bio</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.molecula.com/" target="new">Molecula Research Laboratories</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.monomer.com/">Monomer Sciences</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.nascacell.de/" target="new">NascaCell</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.noxxon.net/" target="new">Noxxon</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.nucleonicsinc.com/">Nucleonics</a><br /> <a href="http://www.oligoengine.com/">OligoEngine</a><br /> <a href="http://www.orbigen.com/">Orbigen</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://origenix.com/main/index.php" target="new">Origenix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.proligo.com/" target="new">Proligo</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ptcbio.com/big/indexhome.html" target="new">PTC Therapeutics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.qiagen.com/" target="new">Qiagen</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.rpi.com/">Ribozyme Pharmaceuticals</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.rnature.com/">RNAture</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.rnax.de/">RNAx</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.sequiturinc.com/indexflash.html" target="new">Sequitor</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.sirna.com/">Sirna Therapeutics</a><br /> <a href="http://somagenics.com/">SomaGenics</a><br /> <a href="http://www.springbio.com/">Spring Bioscience</a><br /> &nbsp;<br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Nucleic acid Labelling &amp; Detection</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://www.enzobio.com/">Enzo Biochem</a><br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center">&nbsp;<strong><font color="#000000">Transcription Factors &amp; Transcription Regulation</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.epigene.com/">EpiGenesis Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gendaq.com/home.htm">Gendaq</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genedetect.com/" target="new">GeneDetect.com</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mermaidbio.com/" target="new">Mermaid Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.panomics.com/" target="new">Panomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.rheogene.com/p-tech.htm">RheoGene</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.sangamo.com/" target="new">Sangamo Biosciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.toolgen.co.kr/english/main.htm" target="new">Toolgen</a></font> <br /> &nbsp;<br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Transgenics Companies</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://avigenics.com/">AviGenics</a><a href="http://www.bioprotein.com/index_flash.htm" target="new"><br /> </a><font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioprotein.com/" target="new">BioProtein Technologies</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.dnxsciences.com/" target="new">DNX Transgenics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.gala.com/">Gala Botech</a><br /> <a href="http://www.genoway.com/">GenOway</a><br /> <a href="http://www.ingenotyping.com/">Ingenotyping</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.lexicon-genetics.com//" target="new">Lexicon Genetics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.pharming.com/">Pharming Technology</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.macrogen.com/english/index.html" target="new">Macrogen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mermaidbio.com/" target="new">Mermaid Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.nucleis.com/">Nucleis</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.tosk.com/" target="new">Tosk</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.tranxenogen.com/" target="new">TranXenoGen</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.xenogen.com/">Xenogen</a><br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Gene Engineering</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.aptagen.com/">Aptagen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.maxygen.com/webpage_templates/home.php3?page_name=home" target="new">Maxygen</a><br /> </font><font color="#000000"><br /> </font> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Glycomics &amp; Carb Chips</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://www.glycogenesys.com/">GlycoGenesys</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.glycominds.com/">Glycominds</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.glycotope.com/">Glycotope</a><br /> <br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Metabolomics</span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://www.esainc.com/">ESA</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.paradigmgenetics.com/" target="new">Icoria</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.metanomics.de/">Metanomics</a><br /> <a href="http://www.surromed.com/Technology.html">SurroMed</a> a6eb4d56db66270b73fdd4fdf6d5449f57ea69d8 3060 2010-08-17T20:46:27Z Absh1us 101 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5">Genomics Companies</font>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <br /> [[454 Life Sciences]]<br /> [[Acacia Biosciences]]<br /> [[ACLARA BioSciences, Inc.]]<br /> [[Advanced Center for Genome Technology]]<br /> [[Abgenomics]]: Hong Kong based.<br /> [[Advalytix AG]] : Advalytix is a leading provider of highly innovative solutions for Life Science Research and Diagnostics.&nbsp;<br /> [[Affymax Research Institute]]: <span class="url">www.affymax.com</span><br /> <a href="http://www.agilixcorp.com/">Agilix</a>: <font size="2">developer of next generation functional genomics and proteomics platform technologies for the systematic discovery and analysis of genes, their protein products and related biological functions</font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.agencourt.com/">Agencourt Bioscience</a></font> : Beverly MA USA: <font size="2">developer of next generation functional genomics and proteomics platform technologies for the systematic discovery and analysis of genes, their protein products and related biological functions.</font><br /> <font color="#000000">[[Agy Therapeutics]]:&nbsp; <span class="url">www.biodatabases.com</span></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.alphagene.com/">AlphaGene</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.altheatech.com/">Althea Technologies</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.amershambiosciences.com/na/">Amersham Biosciences</a></font>&nbsp;<br /> <font color="#000000">[[Amita]]: <br /> <a href="http://www.apgenomics.com/">AP Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.applied-genomics.com/">Applied Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000">[[Array Biopharma]]</font> <br /> <a href="http://www.ariad.com/" target="new"><font color="#000000">Ariad</font></a><br /> <a href="http://www.avalonrx.com/">Avalon Pharmaceuticals</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.automatedcell.com/" target="new">Automated Cell</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.axxam.com/">Axxam</a><br /> [[Azign Biosciences]]: <span style="font-weight: bold;" id="ctl00_PageCenterContent_StandardProfileInfo_CompanyNameLabel">Azign Bioscience A/S, <span id="ctl00_PageCenterContent_StandardProfileInfo_CityLabel">Copenhagen SV</span>&nbsp; <span id="ctl00_PageCenterContent_StandardProfileInfo_StateProvinceLabel"></span>&nbsp; <span id="ctl00_PageCenterContent_StandardProfileInfo_PostalCodeLabel">DK-2450</span>&nbsp; <span id="ctl00_PageCenterContent_StandardProfileInfo_CountryLabel">Denmark</span></span><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bangaloregenei.com/" target="new">Bangalore Genei</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.beyondgenomics.com/" target="new">Beyond Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioarrays.com/" target="new">BioArray Solutions</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biocarta.com/">Biocarta</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biocarta.com/">Biofrontera Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.biogen.com/">Biogen</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biogenex.com/">BioGenex</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biosearchtech.com/">Biosearch Technologies</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.blueheronbio.com/">BlueHeron Biotech</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://biominerva.com/">BioMinerva</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.capitalgenomix.com/">Capital Genomix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.cellulargenomics.com/" target="new">Cellular Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.cerep.fr/Cerep/Utilisateur/index.asp" target="new">Cerep</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.chemogenix.com/products_en.html" target="new">ChemoGenix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.chimerx.com/" target="new">CHIMERx</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.chugaibio.com/" target="new">Chugai Biopharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.cimsoft.com/">Cimarron</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.clinomicslabs.net/" target="new">Clinomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.cobrabio.com/">Cobra</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.combimatrix.com/home.shtml" target="new">CombiMatrix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.combinatorx.com/" target="new">CombinatoRx</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biocomplex.de/" target="new">Complex Biosystems</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.compucyte.com/" target="new">CompuCyte</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.cemines.com/main.html">Cemines</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.microsensor.com/CMS_Splash_cm.html">Clinical MicroSensors</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.cybergenome.com/">CyberGenome Technologies</a> <br /> <a href="http://cytogenix.com/">CytoGenix</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.cytogenomic.com/">Cytogenomics</a><br /> <a href="http://www.cyvera.com/">CyVera</a><br /> <font color="#000000">[[deCODE]]</font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.deltagen.com/" target="new">Deltagen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.diadexus.com/" target="new">diaDexus</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.digem.fr/" target="new">DiGEM</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://digigenomics.com/" target="new">DigiGenomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.dgt.com/" target="new">Digital Gene</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="https://www.directgenomics.com/" target="new">DirectGenomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.dna20.com/">DNA 2.0</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.dnalandmarks.ca/" target="new">DNA LandMarks</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://dnalink.com/" target="new">DNA Link</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.takara.co.jp/dragon/index-e.htm" target="new">Dragon Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.egeeninc.com/" target="new">EGeen</a><br /> <a href="http://eirxtherapeutics.com/">EiRx Therapeutics</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.engeneos.com/">engeneOS</a><br /> </font><font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.eosbiotech.com/" target="new">EOS</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.epicentre.com/main.asp" target="new">Epicentre</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.epigenomics.com/" target="new">Epigenomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.epochbiolabs.com/">Epoch Biolabs</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.eurogentec.com/" target="new">Eurogentec</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://europroteome.com/" target="new">Europroteome</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.exactsciences.com/_index.htm" target="new">Exact Sciences</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://exalpha.com/">Exalpha</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.exiqon.com/" target="new">Exiqon</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.eurogentec.be/hp/hp.htm" target="new">Eurogentec</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.europroteome.com/" target="new">Europroteome</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.fallingrain.com/" target="new">Falling Rain Genomics</a></font>&nbsp;<br /> [[Functional Biosciences Inc.]]<br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gala.com/" target="new">Gala Design</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.galapagosgenomics.com/" target="new">Galapagos Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.genearrays.com/">Gene Arrays</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genecopoeia.com/" target="new">GeneCopoeia</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.geneka.com/" target="new">Geneka</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genemachines.com/">GeneMachines</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genentech.com/" target="new">Genentech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gtg.com.au/" target="new">Genetic Technologies</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genetix.co.uk/" target="new">Genetix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genetrace.com/flash3page.html" target="new">GeneTrace Systems</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.genetronics.com/">GeneTronics</a> <br /> <a href="http://genwaybio.com/">GeneWay Biotech</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.geneworks.com/">GeneWorks</a> <br /> <a href="http://genstruct.com/">Genestruct</a><br /> <a href="http://www.california-liability-insurance.com/">General Liability Insurance CA</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genhunter.com/">GenHunter</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.geniconsciences.com/">Genicon Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomac.com/">Genomac</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomeexplorations.com/">Genome Explorations</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomex.com/">Genome Express</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomems.com/">GenoMEMS</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://genomatix.gsf.de/">Genomatix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomex.com/" target="new">Genomex</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.getdna.com/">Genomics Collaborative</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomicsone.com/">Genomics One</a></font>&nbsp;<br /> [http://www.genomicsproteomics.com/ GenomicsProteomics]<br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomicsolutions.com/" target="new">Genomic Solutions</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genoptera.com/" target="new">Genoptera</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genosys.com/index2.html" target="new">Genosys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genotypictech.com/index.htm" target="new">Genotypic Technology</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genpakdna.com/" target="new">GenPak</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genxy.com/" target="new">Genset</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genstruct.com/" target="new">Genstruct</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.genusbiosystems.com/">GenUs BioSytems</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genzyme.com/" target="new">Genzyme</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.globalgenomics.com/" target="new">Global Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.glycofi.com/" target="new">GlycoFi</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.glycominds.com/" target="new">Glycominds</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gorillagenomics.com/" target="new">Gorilla Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gpc-biotech.com/" target="new">GPC Biotech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gmpgenetics.com/phase1/html/intro_frameset.html" target="new">GMP Genetics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://guavatechnologies.com/">Guava Technologies</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gvkbio.com/" target="new">Gvk bio</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.hamiltonthorne.com/" target="new">Hamilton Thorne Biosciences</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://helixbiomedix.com/">Helix Biomedix</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.htgenomics.com/" target="new">High Throughput Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.hgsi.com/" target="new">Human Genome Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.uvs.is/" target="new">Iceland Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.imgenex.com/">Imgenex</a><br /> <a href="http://www.impath.com/">Impath</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.infoceutics.com/">Infoceutics</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.inimexpharma.com/">Inimex Pharmaceuticals</a><br /> <a href="http://www.invivogen.com/">InvivoGen</a><br /> <a href="http://www.integragen.com/">Gen</a><br /> <a href="http://www.integragen.com/">Integragen</a><br /> <a href="http://www.interomex.com/">Interomex</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.intradigm.com/">Intradigm</a> <br /> <a href="http://eng.intronbio.com/">iNtRON Biotechnology</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://jaxmice.jax.org/index.shtml" target="new">Jackson Lab</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.jivanbio.com/">Jivan Biologics</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.kalypsys.com/" target="new">Kalypsys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.keryxbiopharm.com/" target="new">Keryx Biopharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.keygene.com/" target="new">Keygene</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.lark.com/">Lark Technologies</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.dnastar.com/" target="new">Lasergene</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.lynk-biotech.com/services.htm" target="new">Link Biotechnologies</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.lynxgen.com/" target="new">Lynx</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.metabometrix.com/" target="new">Metabometrix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.microgenomics.com/" target="new">MicroGenomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.meta-helix.com/">Metahelix Life Sciences</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mlnm.com/MLNM99.shtml" target="new">Millennium</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.miraibio.com/" target="new">MiraiBio</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mobious.com/" target="new">Mobious Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.myriad.com/" target="new">Myriad Genetics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mwg-biotech.com/html/index.shtml" target="new">MWG Biotech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.nanogen.com/www1/index.htm">Nanogen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.newchemicalentities.com/">New Chemical Entities</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://odysseythera.com/">Odyssey Thera</a><br /> <a href="http://www.omnipharm.com/">OmniScience</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.opgen.com/">OpGen</a><br /> <a href="http://www.orphagen.com/">Orphagen Pharmaceuticals</a><br /> <font size="+0"><a href="http://www.oscient.com/" target="new"><font color="#000000">Oscient Pharmaceuticals</font></a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pangene.com/">PanGene</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.panomics.com/">Panomics</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.peoplesgenetics.com/">Peoples Genetics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.perbio.com/">Perbio</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pharmaseq.com/multiplex_assays.htm" target="new">PharmaSeq</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.phase1tox.com/" target="new">Phase-1 Molecular Toxicology</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.phenomixcorp.com/" target="new">Phenomix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.phylogenyinc.com/" target="new">Phylogeny</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://physiogenix.com/" target="new">PhysioGenix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.plexxikon.com/" target="new">Plexxikon</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pluvita.com/" target="new">Pluvita</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.primalinc.com/">Primal</a><br /> <a href="http://primerdesign.co.uk/">Primer Design</a><br /> <a href="http://www.prolexys.com/">Prolexis</a><br /> <a href="http://proteinpathways.com/">ProteinPathways</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://proteologics.com/" target="new">Proteologics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.psygenomics.com/" target="new">Psychiatric Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.purelyproteins.com/" target="new">Purely Proteins</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pyxisgenomics.com/" target="new">Pyxis Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.quarkbiotech.com/" target="new">Quark Biotech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.renovis.com/" target="new">Renovis</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.resgen.com/" target="new">Research Genetics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://ribomed.com/">Ribomed</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.rigel.com/" target="new">Rigel</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.rnature.com/">Rnature</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.rosettagenomics.com/">Rosetta Genomics</a><br /> <a href="http://www.sbio.com/">S*BIO</a><br /> <a href="http://www.see-gene.com/">Seegene</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.seqwright.com/">SeqwrighT</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.signalgene.com/">SignalGene</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.stratagene.com/" target="new">Stratagene</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.sunbio.co.kr/sunbio/eng-main.html" target="new">SunBio</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.switch-biotech.com/">Switch Biotech</a> <br /> <a href="http://syntem.com/">Syntem</a><br /> <a href="http://www.syntheticgenetics.com/">Synthetic Genetics</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.tgs.com.tw/index_e.htm">Taiwan Genome Sciences</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.takara.co.jp/english/bio_e/">TaKaRa Zhuzo</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.targetedmolecules.com/">Targeted Molecules</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.tcgaresearch.org/">TCGA</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.tigr.org/" target="new">TIGR</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.thinkgen.com/" target="new">ThinkGen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://tranzyme.com/" target="new">Tranzyme</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.turbogenomics.com/" target="new">TurboWorx</a></font> <a href="http://www.unigene.com/"><br /> Unigene</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.umangenomics.com/main.asp" target="new">UmanGenomics</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.ubi.ca/">United Bioinformatica</a>&nbsp;<br /> <font color="#000000">[[US Genomics]]</font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.valentis.com/" target="new">Valentis</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.valigen.com/" target="new">ValiGen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.vbc-genomics.com/" target="new">VBC-Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.virinova.de/">Virinova</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.visiblegenetics.com/">Visible Genetics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.vitagenomics.com/">Vita Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.xcellsyz.com/">Xcellsyz</a><br /> <a href="http://www.zp.dk/">Zealand Pharma</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.zen-bio.com/">Zen</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.zengen.com/">Zengen</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.zeptosens.com/">Zeptosens</a></font> <br /> &nbsp;<br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Platform Technologies - GPCRs</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://www.7tm.com/">7TM Pharma</a><br /> <font color="#000000">[[Acadia Pharmaceuticals]]: Web Site: <a href="http://www.acadia-pharm.com/">www.acadia-pharm.com</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.aptusgenomics.com/">Aptus Genomics</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.atugen.com/" target="new">Atugen</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.discoverx.com/" target="new">DiscoveRx</a></font><br /> <a href="Animal%20Genomics%0Ahttp://www.norakbio.com/">Norak Bioscience</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.predixpharm.com/">Predix</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.synapticcorp.com/">Synaptic Pharmaceuticals</a><br /> <br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Platform Technologies - Kinases</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ambitbio.com/">Ambit Bioscience</a><br /> <a href="http://www.qtlbio.com/">QTL Biosystems</a><br /> </font><br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Platform Technologies - Ion Channels</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://www.cellectricon.com/">Cellectricon</a><br /> <a href="http://www.evotec.com/">Evotec OAI</a><br /> <a href="http://www.hydrabiosciences.com/">Hydra Biosciences</a><br /> <a href="Platform%20Technologies%20-%20Kinases%0Ahttp://www.iongate.de/">IonGate</a><br /> <a href="http://www.nanion.de/">Nanion</a><br /> &nbsp;<br /> <br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Platform Technologies - Nuclear Receptors</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="Platform%20Technologies%20-%20Kinases%0Ahttp://www.genfit.com/">Genfit Biopharmaceutical</a><br /> <a href="http://www.ligand.com/">Ligand Pharmaceuticals</a><br /> <br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Platform Technologies - Carbohydrate</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://www.absorber.se/">AbSorber</a><br /> &nbsp;<br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Animal Genomics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biopsytec.de/">Biopsytec</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.cellectis.com/">Cellectis</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.criver.com/">Charles River Laboratories</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.daniolabs.com/">DanioLabs</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.deltagen.com/">Deltagen</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.gala.com/"><font color="#000000">Gala Biotech</font></a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.geneticmodels.com/">Genetic Models</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.geneticsolutions.com.au/content/page.asp">GeneticSolutions</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomicfx.com/index.html">GenomicFX</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://phylonix.com/">Phylonix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://zygogen.com/">Zygogen</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Plant Genomics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.agrinomics.com/">Agrinomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.akkadix.com/">Akkadix</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://arcadiabio.com/">Arcadia Biosciences</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.avesthagen.com/">AvesthaGen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.cereon.com/" target="new">Cereon</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.exelixis.com/" target="new">Exelixis Plant Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gentech.fr/" target="new">Gentech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.icongenetics.com/home.html" target="new">Icon Genetics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mendelbio.com/" target="new">Mendel Biotechnology</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.oriongenomics.com/" target="new">Orion Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.phytagenics.com/" target="new">Phytagenics</a><br /> <a href="http://www.phytomyco.net/">PhytoMyco</a><br /> </font><a href="http://seaphire.com/">Seaphire</a><br /> &nbsp;<br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Microbial Genomics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://www.bacbarcodes.com/">Bacterial Barcodes</a><a href="http://www.evolv-us.com/"><br /> </a><font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.evolv-us.com/">Evolvus</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://integratedgenomics.com/">Integrated Genomics</a><br /> <a href="http://microbia.com/">Microbia</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.xanagen.com/index-e.html">Xanagen</a></font><br /> <br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Clinical Genomics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.appliedphenomics.com/">Applied Phenomics</a><br /> <a href="http://www.ardais.com/">Ardais</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.clinphone.com/">ClinPhone</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.expressionpathology.com/">Expression Pathology</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genvault.com/">GenVault</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pharsight.com/">Pharsight</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.precisionmed.com/">PrecisionMed</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">ChemoGenomics/Chemical Genetics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ambitbio.com/">Ambit Bioscience</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.amphoracorp.com/" target="new">Amphora</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.chemovation.com/">ChemOvation</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.comgenex.com/" target="new">ComGenex</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.graffinity.com/" target="new">Graffinity Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.iconixpharm.com/">Iconix Pharmaceuticals</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ipi.com/" target="new">Infinity Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.morphochem.ch/">MorphoChem</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.neogenesis.com/">NeoGenesis</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">SNPs, PharmacoGenomics &amp; Population Genetics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.454.com/" target="new">454 Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.affymetrix.com/" target="new">Affymetrix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.asperbio.com/" target="new">Asper Biotech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://bioventures.com/" target="new">BioVentures</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.cepheid.com/index3.html" target="new">Cepheid</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.dnaprint.com/" target="new">DNAPrint Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.dna.com/home" target="new">DNA Sciences</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.dnavision.be/">DNA Vision</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.dxsgenotyping.com/" target="new">DxS</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.encode.is/" target="new">enCode</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.epicentre.com/main.asp" target="new">Epicentre</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.epidauros.de/en/home_fla.html" target="new">Epidauros</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.expressionanalysis.com/">Expression Analysis</a><br /> <a href="http://www.galileogenomics.com/" target="new"><font color="#000000">Galileo Genomics</font></a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gamida-sense.com/" target="new">Gamida-Sense Diagnostics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genaissance.com/" target="new">Genaissance</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.genecheck.com/">GeneCheck</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.geneohm.com/" target="new">GeneOhm Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.geneseek.com/" target="new">GeneSeek</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genprofile.com/" target="new">GenProfile</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gentris.com/" target="new">Gentris</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.hibergen.com/" target="new">Hibergen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.hubitgenomix.com/eng/index.html" target="new">HuBit Genomix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.idahotech.com/" target="new">Idaho Technology</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.idgene.com/home.html" target="new">idGENE</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.illumina.com/" target="new">Illumina</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.leveninc.com/" target="new">Leven</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.miraibio.com/" target="new">MiraiBio</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://molecularstaging.com/" target="new">Molecular Staging</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.nanogen.com/www1/index.htm">Nanogen</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.thetagen.com/thetagen.htm" target="new">New Chemical Entities</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.nuvelo.com/" target="new">Nuvelo</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.opgen.com/" target="new">OpGen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.orchid.com/">Orchid Biosciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.oxagen.co.uk/">Oxagen</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.panomics.com/">Panomics</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.p-gene.com/">ParAllele</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.peoplesgenetics.com/home.shtml">Peoples Genetics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.perlegen.com/main.html">Perlegen Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.polygenyx.com/" target="new">PolyGenyx</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.polymorphicdna.com/">Polymorphic DNA Technologies</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ppgx.com/" target="new">PPGx</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pyrosequencing.com/" target="new">Pyrosequencing</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.qiagengenomics.com/" target="new">Qiagen Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.rexagen.com/">Rexagen</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.rubicongenomics.com/" target="new">Rubicon Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.sequenom.com/home/seq_flash.htm" target="new">Sequenom</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.solexa.com/" target="new">Solexa</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.thermohybaid.com/cgi-bin/pg.exe?00000000000000070001d0fe00000002000012d4" target="new">ThermoHybaid</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.trevigen.com/" target="new">Trevigen</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://trimgen.com/">TrimGen</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.twt.com/" target="new">Third Wave Technologies</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.umangenomics.com/" target="new">UmanGenomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.usgenomics.com/" target="new">U.S. Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.valigen.com/" target="new">ValiGen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.varianinc.com/cgi-bin/nav?varinc/docs/biosolutions/index&amp;cid=374264" target="new">Varian</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.vitagenomics.com/" target="new">Vita Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.vysis.com/">Vysis</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.xanthon.com/">Xanthon</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.xenongenetics.com/">Xenon Genetics</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Functional &amp; Comparative Genomics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.acadia-pharm.com/" target="new">Acadia Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ark-genomics.org/" target="new">ARK Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.artemis.com/main.html" target="new">Artemis</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.athersys.com/" target="new">Athersys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.axaron.com/" target="new">Axaron</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.cambriabio.com/" target="new">Cambria Biosciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.develogen.com/splash.html" target="new">DeveloGen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.devgen.com/" target="new">Devgen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.elegene.com/" target="new">EleGene</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.elitra.com/" target="new">Elitra Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.exelixis.com/" target="new">Exelixis</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.galapagosgenomics.com/" target="new">Galapagos Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genfit.com/flash.htm" target="new">Genfit</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genodyssee.com/Default.htm" target="new">GenOdyssee</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomar.com/" target="new">Genomar</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.paradigmgenetics.com/" target="new">Icoria</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="imgenex.com" target="new">Imgenex</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ingenium-ag.com/" target="new">Ingenium</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.marligen.com/" target="new">Marligen Bioscience</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mermaidbio.com/" target="new">Mermaid Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.nautilusbiotech.com/" target="new">Nautilus Biotech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.phylonix.com/animate.js" target="new">Phylonix Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.the-genetics.com/" target="new">The Genetics Company</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.unionbio.com/">Union Biometrica</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.xantos.de/">Xantos Biomedicine</a><br /> <a href="http://www.zygogen.com/">Zygogen</a> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">ToxicoGenomics &amp; ADMET<br /> </font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://www.chemovation.com/">ChemOvation</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.exonhit.com/" target="new">ExonHit Therapeutics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genelogic.com/" target="new">GeneLogic</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genpharmtox.com/english/index_e.html" target="new">GenPharm Tox BioTech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gentest.com/" target="new">GenTest</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.mergen-ltd.com/">Mergen</a><br /> <a href="http://www.noabbiodiscoveries.com/">NoAb BioDiscoveries</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.xeno.com/index2.html">Xenometrix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.xenopharm.com/" target="new">XenoPharm</a></font> <br /> &nbsp;&nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">siRNA, Antisense &amp; Other&nbsp;</font></strong> <br /> <strong><font color="#000000">Nucleic acid Technologies</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.allelebiotech.com/">Allele Biotechnology</a><br /> <a href="http://www.alnylam.com/" target="new">Alnylam Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.amaxa.com/" target="new">Amaxa</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ambion.com/" target="new">Ambion</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.anadyspharma.com/" target="new">Anadys Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.araios.com/">Araios</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.archemix.com/flash.html" target="new">Archemix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.atugen.com/" target="new">Atugen</a><br /> <a href="http://www.avibio.com/">AVI BioPharma</a><br /> <a href="http://www.avocel.com/">Avocel</a><br /> </font><font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.benitec.com/" target="new">Benitec</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.biolegio.com/">Biolegio</a><br /> <a href="http://www.cellsignal.com/">Cell Signaling Technology</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.cenix-bioscience.com/" target="new">Cenix BioScience</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://cureon.com/">Cureon</a><br /> <a href="http://www.cyntellect.com/">Cyntellect</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.dharmacon.com/" target="new">Dharmacon</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.epibio.com/">Epicentre Biotechnologies</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://expressgenes.com/" target="new">GeneExpression Systems</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.genetherapysystems.com/">Gene Therapy Systems</a><br /> <a href="http://www.gene-tools.com/">Gene-Tools</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genetrove.com/" target="new">GeneTrove</a><br /> </font><a href="http://www.genlantis.com/">Genlantis</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genta.com/">Genta</a><br /> </font><font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.hybridon.com/" target="new">Hybridon</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ibisrna.com/" target="new">Ibis Therapeutics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.imgenex.com/">Imgenex</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.immusol.com/" target="new">Immusol</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.indexpharmab.com/">InDex Pharmaceuticals</a><br /> <a href="http://www.idtdna.com/">Integrated DNA Technologies</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.intronn.com/" target="new">Intronn</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.invivogen.com/">InvivoGen</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.isip.com/" target="new">Isis Pharmaceuticals</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.lorusthera.com/">Lorus Therapeutics</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.messagepharm.com/" target="new">Message Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mirusbio.com/" target="new">Mirus Bio</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.molecula.com/" target="new">Molecula Research Laboratories</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.monomer.com/">Monomer Sciences</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.nascacell.de/" target="new">NascaCell</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.noxxon.net/" target="new">Noxxon</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.nucleonicsinc.com/">Nucleonics</a><br /> <a href="http://www.oligoengine.com/">OligoEngine</a><br /> <a href="http://www.orbigen.com/">Orbigen</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://origenix.com/main/index.php" target="new">Origenix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.proligo.com/" target="new">Proligo</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ptcbio.com/big/indexhome.html" target="new">PTC Therapeutics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.qiagen.com/" target="new">Qiagen</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.rpi.com/">Ribozyme Pharmaceuticals</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.rnature.com/">RNAture</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.rnax.de/">RNAx</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.sequiturinc.com/indexflash.html" target="new">Sequitor</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.sirna.com/">Sirna Therapeutics</a><br /> <a href="http://somagenics.com/">SomaGenics</a><br /> <a href="http://www.springbio.com/">Spring Bioscience</a><br /> &nbsp;<br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Nucleic acid Labelling &amp; Detection</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://www.enzobio.com/">Enzo Biochem</a><br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center">&nbsp;<strong><font color="#000000">Transcription Factors &amp; Transcription Regulation</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.epigene.com/">EpiGenesis Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gendaq.com/home.htm">Gendaq</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genedetect.com/" target="new">GeneDetect.com</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mermaidbio.com/" target="new">Mermaid Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.panomics.com/" target="new">Panomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.rheogene.com/p-tech.htm">RheoGene</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.sangamo.com/" target="new">Sangamo Biosciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.toolgen.co.kr/english/main.htm" target="new">Toolgen</a></font> <br /> &nbsp;<br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Transgenics Companies</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://avigenics.com/">AviGenics</a><a href="http://www.bioprotein.com/index_flash.htm" target="new"><br /> </a><font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioprotein.com/" target="new">BioProtein Technologies</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.dnxsciences.com/" target="new">DNX Transgenics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.gala.com/">Gala Botech</a><br /> <a href="http://www.genoway.com/">GenOway</a><br /> <a href="http://www.ingenotyping.com/">Ingenotyping</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.lexicon-genetics.com//" target="new">Lexicon Genetics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.pharming.com/">Pharming Technology</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.macrogen.com/english/index.html" target="new">Macrogen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mermaidbio.com/" target="new">Mermaid Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.nucleis.com/">Nucleis</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.tosk.com/" target="new">Tosk</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.tranxenogen.com/" target="new">TranXenoGen</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.xenogen.com/">Xenogen</a><br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Gene Engineering</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.aptagen.com/">Aptagen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.maxygen.com/webpage_templates/home.php3?page_name=home" target="new">Maxygen</a><br /> </font><font color="#000000"><br /> </font> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Glycomics &amp; Carb Chips</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://www.glycogenesys.com/">GlycoGenesys</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.glycominds.com/">Glycominds</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.glycotope.com/">Glycotope</a><br /> <br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Metabolomics</span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://www.esainc.com/">ESA</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.paradigmgenetics.com/" target="new">Icoria</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.metanomics.de/">Metanomics</a><br /> <a href="http://www.surromed.com/Technology.html">SurroMed</a> 01e0c115a922d14ea0843d6473f6573401a69786 0 1884 3066 2010-08-20T04:19:19Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <a href="http://www.genomeweb.com/dxpgx/scripps-sanofi-personalized-medicine-pact-focus-initial-pgx-research-diabetes-ag">http://www.genomeweb.com/dxpgx/scripps-sanofi-personalized-medicine-pact-focus-initial-pgx-research-diabetes-ag</a> ee38bd412f8713c5e9f201ac5352788823db56e8 0 1707 3072 2010-08-21T22:14:47Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Craig Venter's genome]]: Published in PlosBiology 2007 October. [http://koreangenome.org/images/d/dd/10.1371_journal.pbio.0050254-L.pdf PDF file]&nbsp;<br /> [[James Watson's genome]]:&nbsp;The second Caucasian personal genome.<br /> [[Yang Huanming's genome]]: The first Chinese genome.<br /> [[Kim Seong-jin's genome]]: The first Korean genome. Freely available from [[Bioftp.org]] ftp site. dbba84f306c4462604e6dc24f8eb1749fd533c23 0 1885 3073 2010-08-21T22:15:21Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4"><font size="6">Bioftp.org: <font color="#666699">an openfree FTP site.</font></font><br /> <br /> http://bioftp.org<br /> ftp://bioftp.org</font><br /> <br /> 0cd0659095dc971e15e42c9fddbad35d18e75675 0 1748 3079 2010-09-03T12:00:40Z Absh11us 105 wikitext text/x-wiki <div id="pagetitle"> <h3>&nbsp;SOL Genomics Network</h3> </div> <div class="indentedcontent"> <p>The SOL Genomics Network (SGN) is a clade oriented database dedicated to the biology of the Solanaceae family which includes a large number of closely related and many agronomically important species such as tomato, potato, tobacco, eggplant, pepper, and the ornamental <em>Petunia hybrida</em>.</p> <p>SGN is part of the International Solanaceae Initiative (SOL), which has the long-term goal of creating a network of resources and information to address key questions in plant adaptation and diversification.</p> <p>A key problem of the post-genomic era is the linking of the phenome to the genome, and SGN allows to track and help discover new such linkages.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <br /> <a href="http://sgn.cornell.edu/">http://sgn.cornell.edu/</a><br /> <br /> </p> <div class="subheading"><a href="http://www.sol2009.org/"><font color="#0066cc">SOL 2009 Meeting</font></a> </div> <div class="boxsubcontent">The <a href="http://www.sol2009.org/"><font color="#0066cc">meeting for the Solanaceae community</font></a><br /> <a href="http://www.essaywriters.net/">freelance writing jobs</a><br /> Nov 8-13, 2009<br /> New Delhi, India<br /> </div> </div> 71116c76ba811e5e7b9d1e896ad59fcc7577ca48 3084 2010-09-06T23:03:01Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <div id="pagetitle"> <h3>&nbsp;SOL Genomics Network</h3> </div> <div class="indentedcontent"> <p>The SOL Genomics Network (SGN) is a clade oriented database dedicated to the biology of the Solanaceae family which includes a large number of closely related and many agronomically important species such as tomato, potato, tobacco, eggplant, pepper, and the ornamental <em>Petunia hybrida</em>.</p> <p>SGN is part of the International Solanaceae Initiative (SOL), which has the long-term goal of creating a network of resources and information to address key questions in plant adaptation and diversification.</p> <p>A key problem of the post-genomic era is the linking of the phenome to the genome, and SGN allows to track and help discover new such linkages.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <br /> <a href="http://sgn.cornell.edu/">http://sgn.cornell.edu/</a><br /> <br /> </p> <div class="subheading"><a href="http://www.sol2009.org/"><font color="#0066cc">SOL 2009 Meeting</font></a> </div> <div class="boxsubcontent">The <a href="http://www.sol2009.org/"><font color="#0066cc">meeting for the Solanaceae community</font></a><br /> Nov 8-13, 2009<br /> New Delhi, India<br /> </div> </div> a3db94eea8cf07a15c3342d37594f0e5e4b680e3 0 1706 3080 2010-09-03T12:04:59Z Absh11us 105 wikitext text/x-wiki Center for Integrative Genomics! <br /> The Center for Integrative Genomics at Berkeley is a research center bringing together researchers from several traditionally isolated fields of study to analyze and compare the genome sequences of a broad spectrum of organisms to determine the mechanisms responsible for evolutionary diversity among animals, plants and microbes. <br /> <br /> Faculty at the Center are drawn from a number of academic departments at UC Berkeley and Lawrence Berkeley National Labs, including molecular and cellular biology, integrative biology, statistics, computer science, bioengineering, plant and microbial biology, biostatistics, mathematics, physics, and public health. <br /> <br /> One of the Center's primary objectives is to decode regulatory DNA - the regions of the genome that control gene expression - and the protein factors that bind to them. By understanding how a common set of genes is deployed differently in various organisms, we hope to reveal the mechanisms of evolution. Many of our projects involve the study of the organisms shown above. Click on one to find out more. <br /> <br /> <br /> Mailing address: <br /> UC Berkeley MCB <br /> CIG 142 LSA #3200 <br /> Berkeley, CA 94720-3200 <br /> <br /> Fax: 510-643-5785 <br /> <br /> <a href="http://www.asiawriters.com/">writer jobs</a> e6ff01b8b83be4a8a7493b9c8e22e78bcbe385a2 0 1509 3081 2010-09-06T10:27:23Z Neha.sanghi 106 wikitext text/x-wiki <table border="1" cellspacing="0" summary="" cellpadding="0" width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000" size="3">[http://bioinformatics.ws Bioinformatics] Companies</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><br /> <strong>[[Big Bioinformatics Companies]]</strong><br /> <br /> [[3rd Millennium]]</font> : Waltham, MA 02451. USA: provider of custom informatics systems, management consulting services, and packaged software products for the life sciences. <br /> <font color="#000000">[[Aber Genomic Computing]]: Aberystwyth, UK</font><br /> [[Acero]]<br /> <font color="#000000">[[AgileBio]]: NY, USA. and Paris France</font><br /> <a href="http://www.allometra.com/">Allometra</a>: [[Allometra]] [[PyMood]]<br /> <a href="http://www.amartus.com/">Amartus</a>: Enterprise Software Solutions<br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.anedabio.com/">Aneda</a></font> : Gond down?<br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.apocom.com/">ApoCom Genomics</a></font> : [[ApoCom Genomics]]<br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.arraygenetics.com/about_array_genetics.html">Array Genetics</a></font> : [[Array Genetics]] DNA microarray data analysis tools.<br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.artificial-life.com/">Artificial Life</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://avesthagen.com/">Avesthagen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://base4.com/">Base4</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.bioalma.com/">Bioalma</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biodata.com/company">BioData</a></font> : BioData Inc. develops and markets state of the art <a target="new" href="http://www.biodata.com/">laboratory management</a> tools designed especially for researchers in the academic and industrial markets.<br /> <font color="#000000">[[BioDiscovery.com]]</font> : BioDiscovery develops and sells&nbsp;software and services&nbsp;for drug discovery and diagnostics by efficiently managing, integrating, and analyzing data generated using high-throughput microarray technology<br /> <font color="#000000">[http://www.japanorama.com/dd/index.html Darwin Domains] from Japanorama.com<br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.bioinformaticsservices.com/">Bioinformatics Services</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.bioinformaticssolutions.com/">Bioinformatics Solutions</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biodata.com/">BioKM</a></font>: BioKM was designed to meet the everyday needs of researchers. It is an online laboratory management tool from <a target="new" href="http://www.biodata.com/company">BioData</a>. Manage your research progress, samples, and experimental results. <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biolateral.com.au/">BioLateral</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biomax.de/">BioMax Informatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biomedcomp.com/">Biomedical Computing</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.bmi-heidelberg.com/">Biomedical Informatics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://biomind.com/">BioMind</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biosoft.com/">BioSoft</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biosolve.de/">BioSolve</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biotiquesystems.com/">Biotique Systems</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biotools.com/">BioTools</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biowisdom.com/">BioWisdom</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://caesarsoftware.com/">Caesar Software</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.changbioscience.com/">Chang Bioscience</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.chemcomp.com/">Chemical Computing Group</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.cimsoft.com/">Cimarron Software</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.clcbio.com/">CLC Bio</a>: [[CLC Bio]]: Bioinformatics Workbench<br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://cognia.com/">Cognia</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://compassbioinfo.com/">Compass Bioinformatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.compassgenomics.com/">Compass Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.compudrug.com/">CompuDrug</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.cgen.com/">Compugen</a></font> :&nbsp;&nbsp;discovery and licensing of product candidates to the drug and diagnostic industry<br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.concurrentpharma.com/">Concurrent Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://dnr.cc/">Correla</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.correlogic.com/">Correlogic Systems</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://corimbia.com/">Corimbia</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.cresset-bmd.com/">Cresset BioMolecular Discovery</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.cybergene.se/">CyberGene</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.duii.com/">Data Unlimited</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.decodon.com/">Decodon</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.d-trends.com/">D'Trends</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.eidogen.com/">Eidogen</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.egenetics.com/">Electric Genetics</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.eragen.com/">Eragen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.fractalgenomics.com/">Fractal Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gemini-genomics.com/">Gemini Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000">[http://www.genecodes.com Gene Codes Corperation]: MI, USA. : Sequencher package.<br /> <a href="http://www.genedata.com/">GeneData</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gene-it.com/">Gene-IT</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.geneticxchange.com/Home.html">GeneticXchange</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.genetix.com/">Genetix</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genebio.com/">Geneva Bioinformatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genmatrix.com/">GenMatrix</a></font><br /> [http://www.genologics.com/ Genologics] Bioinformatics software company<br /> <a href="http://www.genolyze.com/">Genolyze </a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genomica.com/">Genomica</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomicdiscoverytools.com/">Genomic Discovery Tools</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://genomix.com/">Genomix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genops.com/indexnet.html">Genops Bioinformatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genstruct.com/">GenStruct</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.gentech.fr/English-site/Gentech/Home.html">GenTech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.geospiza.com/">Geospiza</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.helixinfosystems.com/">HelixInfoSystems</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.ibiomatics.com/">iBiomatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.idrtech.com/">IDRTech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.incellico.com/">Incellico</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.incogen.com/">INCOGEN</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.incyte.com/">InCyte</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://informagen.com/">Informagen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.inforsense.com/">InforSense</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.ingenovis.com/">Ingenovis</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.interactiva.de/">Interactiva</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.inpharmatica.com/main.html">Inpharmatica</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.insightful.com/default_class5.asp">Insightful Corporation</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.insilico-biotechnology.com/">Insilico Biotechnology</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.insilicolabs.com/">In Silico Labs</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.insilico.com/">Insilico Software</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.inveniobio.com/">InvenioBioSolutions</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.io-informatics.com/">IO Informatics</a><br /> <a href="http://www.iuvita.com/">IuVita</a><br /> <a href="http://janssen-genomics.com/">Janssen Genomics</a><br /> <a href="http://www.kennatechnologies.com/">Kenna Technologies</a><br /> <a href="http://www.kinematik.com/">KineMatik</a><br /> <font color="#000000">[http://www.labcollector.com/ Labcollector from AgileBio]<br /> <a target="new" href="../../C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/skpray/My%20Documents/My%20Webs/_private/www.lablogic.com">LabLogic</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.lionbioscience.com/">LION BioScience</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.ludesi.com/">Ludesi</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.mantik.de/">Mantik Bioinformatik</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.matrixscience.com/cgi/index.pl?page=../home.html">Matrix Science</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.mdli.com/cgi/dynamic/welcome.html">MDL Information Systems</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.metabolic-explorer.com/">METabolic EXplorer</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://metaworksinc.com/">MetaWorks</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.microdiscovery.de/">MicroDiscovery</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.miraibio.com/">MiraiBio</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.mag.com/">Molecular Application Group</a></font> <br /> <a href="https://www.molecularconnections.com/">Molecular Connections</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.mol-net.de/">Molecular Networks</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.molecularware.com/">MolecularWare</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://morpho-inc.com/">Morpho</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.mpi-softtech.com/">MPI Software Technology</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.neomorphic.com/">Neomorphic</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.netgenics.com/">NetGenics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.netid.com/index.html">Net-ID</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://nexusgenomics.com/"><font color="#000000">Nexus Genomics</font></a><br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.ocimumbio.com/"><font color="#000000">Ocimum Biosolutions</font></a>&nbsp;<br /> OITEK, Korea http://oitek.com<br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.omnigon.com/">Omnigon Technologies</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.eyesopen.com/">OpenEye</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.origenel.com/">OriGenel</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.packardbiochip.com/index2.htm">Packard BioChip Technologies</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.partek.com/">Partek</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.pharmadm.com/">PharmaDM</a></font>&nbsp;<br /> [http://www.physiomics-plc.com Physiomics-plc]: Oxford Science park, <a href="mailto:info@physiomics-plc.com">info@physiomics-plc.com</a>&nbsp;UK. [[Physiomics-PLC]]<br /> <a href="http://www.premierbiosoft.com/">Premier Biosoft</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://proinformatix.com/">Proinformatix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.proteinmechanics.com/">Protein Mechanics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.prosanos.com/">ProSanos</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.proteom.com/">Proteom</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.qgene.com/">QGene</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.q-pharm.com/home">Quantum Pharmaceuticals</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.rabbithutch.com/">RabbitHutch</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.receptorscience.com/">Receptor Science</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://redstormscientific.com/">Redstorm Scientific</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://rescentris.com/"><font color="#808080" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Rescentris</font></a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.rosettabio.com/home.html">Rosetta Biosoftware</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.science-factory.com/">Science Factory</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.scinovaindia.com/">Scinova</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.sgi.com/chembio/">Silicon Graphics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.silicoinsights.com/">Silico Insights</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.simulations-plus.com/">Simulations Plus</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.softberry.com/">SoftBerry</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.softgenetics.com/">SoftGenetics</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.spsoft.com/">Southwest Parallel Software</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.starbridgesystems.com/">StarBridge Systems</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.strandgenomics.com/">Strand Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.synamatix.com/"><font color="#000000">Synamatix</font></a><br /> <a href="http://sysarris.com/">SysArris</a><br /> <a href="http://teranode.com/">Teranode</a><br /> <a href="http://www.textco.com/">Textco</a><a href="http://www.textco.com/"> BioSoftware</a><br /> <a href="http://www.transgenic-software.com/">Transgenic Software</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.tripos.com/">Tripos</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.turbogenomics.com/">Turbo Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.ubi.ca/">United Bioinformatica</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.vglab.com/">Virtual Genetics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.visipoint.fi/">Visipoint</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.vizxlabs.com/">VizXlabs</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.wabansoftware.com/">Waban Software</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://webgenetics.com/">WebGenetics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.wireworkswest.com/">WireWorks West</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.x-mine.com/">X-MINE</a></font>&nbsp;<br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.xcelrislabs.com/">Xcelris Labs</a></font> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.xpogen.com/">Xpogen</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Sequence Database Providers</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.celera.com/home.asp">Celera Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.curagen.com/">CuraGen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genelogic.com/">GeneLogic</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.incyte.com/">IncyteGenomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.nuvelo.com/">Nuvelo</a> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Sequence Analysis Softwares</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.aborygen.com/">AbOrygen</a><br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.accelrys.com/">Accelrys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biowire.com/bw_jsp/j_welcome_top.jsp">Biowire.com</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.dnastar.com/">DNAStar</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.doubletwist.com/">DoubleTwist</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.egenetics.com/">Electric Genetics</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.bionavigator.com/">Entigen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genamics.com/">Genamics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genecodes.com/">GeneCodes</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.gentech.fr/English-site/Btx_pages/Biotechnix_3d_home.html">GenTech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.informaxinc.com/">InforMax</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.miraibio.com/">MiraiBio</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.mbinsights.com/">Molecular Biology Insights</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.premierbiosoft.com/">Premier Biosoft</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.redasoft.com/">Redasoft</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.scied.com/">Sci-Ed Software</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.textco.com/">Textco</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Transcription Factor Binding Prediction</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://www.genomicdiscoverytools.com/">Genomic Discovery Tools</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><br /> </font> <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Pharmaco &amp; Toxico Informatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.accelrys.com/">Accelrys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.camitro.com/">Camitro</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.goldenhelix.com/">Golden Helix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.leadscope.com/">LeadScope</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.chem.leeds.ac.uk/luk/">Lhasa</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mdli.com/">MDL Information Systems</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.multicase.com/">MultiCASE</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.scivision.com/">SciVision</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.simulations-plus.com/">Simulations Plus</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.tripos.com/">Tripos</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">ChemInformatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.aureus-pharma.com/">Aureus-Pharma</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.cambridgesoft.com/">CambridgeSoft</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://chemaxon.com/">ChemAxon</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://cheminnovation.com/">ChemInnovation Software</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.chemistry-software.com/">Chemistry-Software.com</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://chemsw.com/">ChemSW</a><br /> <a href="http://www.darpharma.com/">DarPharma</a><br /> <a href="http://www.daylight.com/">Daylight</a><br /> <a href="http://globalchemicaldata.com/">Global Chemical Data</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.hyper.com/">Hypercube</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.idbs.co.uk/index_a.asp?nav_version=flas">IDBS</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.jubilantbiosys.com/">Jubilant Biosys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.libraria.com/">Libraria</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.locusdiscovery.com/">Locus Discovery</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.mol-net.de/">Molecular Networks</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.molinspiration.com/">Molinspiration</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://optive.com/">Optive Research</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.predixpharm.com/">Predix</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://quorex.com/">Quorex</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.scitegic.com/main.html">SciTegic</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.sertanty.com/">Sertanty</a><br /> <a href="http://www.surfacelogix.com/">Surface Logix</a><br /> <a href="http://www.synthematix.com/">Synthematix</a><br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Clinical Informatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ardais.com/">Ardais</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.biobyte.com/">BioByte</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.chemnavigator.com/">ChemNavigator</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.goldenhelix.com/">Golden Helix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/">IBM Life Sciences</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.iuvita.com/">IuVita</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ppdinformatics.com/">PPD Informatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pharsight.com/">Pharsight</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.phaseforward.com/">Phase Forward</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.phase-it.de/">Phase-IT</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pluvita.com/">Pluvita</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.surromed.com/Technology.html">SurroMed</a> <br /> <br /> <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Toxico Informatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.druglogic.com/">DrugLogic</a><br /> [[Entelos]]</font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genelogic.com/">GeneLogic</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.mergen-ltd.com/">Mergen</a><br /> &nbsp; <br /> <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Ontology Informatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.egenetics.com/">Electric Genetics</a></font><br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">MassSpec, 2D Gel &amp; Image Analysis Informatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.amershambiosciences.com/na/">Amersham Biosciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.axon.com/">Axon Instruments</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.balthazarbio.com/">BioBridge Computing</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.daltonics.bruker.com/">Bruker Daltonics</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.2dgels.com/">Compugen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.cytomation.com/">Cytomation</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.decodon.de/">Decodon</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.definiens.com/">Definiens</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genebio.com/">Geneva Bioinformatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomicsolutions.com/">Genomic Solutions</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.ludesi.com/">Ludesi</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.sciex.com/">MDS Sciex</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mediacy.com/">Media Cybernetics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.micromass.co.uk/default7.asp">MicroMass</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.nonlinear.com/">Nonlinear Dynamics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.proteometrics.com/">ProteoMetrics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.proteomeworkssystem.com/">ProteomeWorks System</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.scanalytics.com/">Scanalytics</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.scimagix.com/">Scimagix</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.thermoquest.com/">ThermoFinnigan</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.vialogy.com/">ViaLogy</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">3D Animation &amp; Visulization</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.aborygen.com/">AbOrygen</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="Data%20Mining%20&amp;%20Visualization%0Ahttp://www.animech.com/">Animech</a><br /> </font><a href="http://www.sidectech.com/">Sidec Technologies</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><br /> </font> <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Data Mining &amp; Visualization</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.affymetrix.com/">Affymetrix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.anvilinformatics.com/">AnVil Informatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.applied-maths.com/home.html">Applied Maths</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.ariadnegenomics.com/">Ariadne Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biodiscovery.com/">BioDiscovery</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biosift.com/">BioSift</a></font> &nbsp; &nbsp;<br /> <a href="http://biomining.com/">BioMining</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.contentsoft.de/">ContentSoft</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://silicocyte.com/">CytoGenomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.enodar.com/">Enodar</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.expressionanalysis.com/">Expression Analysis</a><br /> <a href="http://genome-explorations.com/">Genome-Explorations</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://imaging.brocku.ca/">Imaging Research</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.incellico.com/">Incellico</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://insightful.com/">Insightful</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.iobion.com/">Iobion Informatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://isenseit.com/">iSenseIt</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.megametrics.com/">MegaMetrics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.molmine.com/">MolMine</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.nag.com/">NAG</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://omniviz.com/">OmniViz</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.optimaldesign.com/">Optimal Design</a><br /> <font size="+0"><a target="new" href="http://www.predictivepatterns.com/"><font color="#000000">Predictive Patterns Software</font></a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.purpleinsight.com/home.html">Purple Insight</a><br /> <a href="http://www.sgi.com/">SGI</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.salford-systems.com/">Salford Systems</a> <br /> <a href="http://silicocyte.com/">SilicoCyte</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.sigenetics.com/">Silicon Genetics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.spotfire.com/">SpotFire</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.strandgenomics.com/">Strand Genomics</a><br /> </font><font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.visual-bioinformatics.com/">Visual Bioinformatics</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="middle" align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Protein Folding &amp; Structural Informatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.accelrys.com/">Accelrys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.algonomics.com/">AlgoNomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.astex-technology.com/home.htm">Astex Technology</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.cengent.com/"><font color="#000000">Cengent Therapeutics</font></a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.emeraldbiostructures.com/">Emerald Biostructures</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.molsoft.com/">MolSoft</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.psf-ag.com/index.htm">PSF biotech</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://proceryon.com/">Proceryon</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.prospectgenomics.com/">Prospect Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.rib-x.com/">Rib-X</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.sireen.de/">Sireen</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.stromix.com/">Structural Genomix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.tripos.com/">Tripos</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Genetic &amp; Regulatory Networks</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.akceli.com/">Akceli</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.ariadnegenomics.com/">Ariadne Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://cellnomica.com/">Cellnomica</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.fractalgenomics.com/">Fractal Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.gene-networks.com/">Gene Networks</a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomatica.com/">Genomatica</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.pubgene.com/">PubGene</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.tomsawyer.com/industry/bioinformatics.html">Tom Sawyer Software</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.genego.com/">GeneGo</a> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Molecular Simulation &amp; Modelling</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://www.camitro.com/home.htm">Camitro</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.cellnomica.com/">Cellnomica</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.entelos.com/">Entelos</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gnsbiotech.com/">Gene Network Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.hippron.com/">Hippron Physiomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.paradigmgenetics.com/">Icoria</a></font><br /> <a href="http://immunetrics.com/">Immunetrics</a><br /> <a href="http://www.physiome.com/">Physiome</a> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Computer Aided Drug Design<br /> &amp; In Silico Screening<br /> </font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.4sc.de/">4SC</a><br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.accelrys.com/">Accelrys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.denovopharma.com/">De Novo Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://kemia.com/">Kemia</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.nanodesign.com/">Nanodesign</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.ribotargets.com/corporate/corporate_overview.html">RiboTargets</a> <br /> <a href="http://sunesis.com/">Sunesis</a> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Computing Resource Providers</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.avaki.com/">Avaki</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.argentys.com/">Argentys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biosentients.com/">Biosentients</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biodigm.com/">Biodigm</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioreason.com/">Bioreason</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.computefarm.com/">Blackstone Computing</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.criticalsoftware.com/hpc/">Critical Software</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.darwindomains.com/">Darwin Domains</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.esolvbin.com/">E-bin Solutions</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.geneticxchange.com/">GeneticXchange</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.graphlogic.com/">GraphLogic</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www-1.ibm.com/servers/hpc/">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.labvantage.com/">LabVantage</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.linuxlabs.com/">Linux Labs</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.linuxnetworx.com/">Linux Networx</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.msa.com/medical/">Medical Science Associates</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.nextgen.com/">NextGen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.parabon.com/">Parabon</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.paracel.com/">Paracel</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.platform.com/">Platform Computing</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.racksaver.com/">RackSaver</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.rlx.com/">RLX Technologies</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.secant.com/">Secant Technologies</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.sgi.com/">SGI</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.sun.com/">Sun Microsystems</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.timelogic.com/bioinform1.html">TimeLogic</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.turbogenomics.com/">TurboGenomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.viaken.com/">Viaken</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.visualgenomics.com/">Visual Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.wsm.com/">Western Scientific</a> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Information Providers</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ameripath.com/">AmeriPath</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.embase.com/">EMBASE</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genesage.com/">GeneSage</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomichealth.com/home.html">Genomic Health</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pharmawatch.com/">Pharma Watch Communications</a></font> <br /> <br /> <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Laboratory Information Management System</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://www.ais-lims.com/">Analystical Information Systems</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biodata.com/">BioKM</a></font>: BioKM was designed to meet the everyday needs of researchers. It is an online laboratory management tool from <a target="new" href="http://www.biodata.com/company">BioData</a>. Manage your research progress, samples, and experimental results. <br /> <a href="http://blazesystems.com/">Blaze Systems</a><br /> <a href="http://www.genologics.com/">GenoLogics</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://gensys.com/">GenSys</a><br /> <a href="http://www.id-bs.com/">IDBS</a><br /> <a href="http://www.innaphase.com/">InnaPhase</a></font><br /> <a href="http://lablynx.com/">Lablynx</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.labtronics.com/">Labtronics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://labvantage.com/">LabVantage</a><br /> <a href="http://www.labware.com/">LabWare</a><br /> <a href="http://www.neolytica.com/">Neolytica</a><br /> <a href="http://www.nugenesis.com/">NuGenesis Technologies</a><br /> <a href="http://www.lims-software.com/">QSI</a><a target="new" href="http://www.sibio.net/"><br /> Sibio <br /> </a><font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.scisw.com/">Scientific Software</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://scinomix.com/">Scinomix</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://starlims.com/">StarLIMS</a><br /> <a href="http://telecation.com/">Telecation</a><br /> <a href="http://www.thermo.com/">Thermo Electron Corporation</a><br /> &nbsp;<br /> <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Text Mining &amp; Litrature Search</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.ariadnegenomics.com/">Ariadne Genomics</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biowisdom.com/">BioWisdom</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.clearforest.com/">ClearForest</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.facultyof1000.com/start.asp">Faculty of 1000</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomewatch.biz/">GenomeWatch</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ingenuity.com/">Ingenuity</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.inpharmix.com/">InPharmix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pathinfo.com/">Pathology Informatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.proteome.com/">Proteome</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.reeltwo.com/">Reel Two</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.spss.com/applications/science/">SPSS</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.temis-group.com/">TEMIS Group</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.vglab.com/">Virtual Genetics</a></font> <br /> <br /> <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Semantic Integration</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.landcglobal.com/">Language and Computing</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.synquiry.com/">Synquiry</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Business Intelligence &amp; Consulting</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://world.std.com/%7Eafs/">AFS Informatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://members.aol.com/alsobrookj/bioconsult.htm">Alsobrook Biotechnology Consulting</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biobridge.com/">BioBridge</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioscorpio.com/">Bioscorpio</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioseeker.com/">BioSeeker Group</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioteam.net/">BioTeam.net</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://main.biozak.com/">BioZak</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.btechnews.com/">Btech Investor</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.caddinformatics.com/">CADDinformatics Consulting</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.calyxbio.com/">Calyx</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.carecapital.com/">Care Capital</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.chemicalsimulations.com/">Chemical Simulations Group</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.dresources.com/">Decision Resources</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.djkpartners.com/">DJK Partners</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.dianoetica.com/">Dianoetica</a><br /> <a href="http://www.elashoffconsulting.com/">Elashoff Consulting</a><br /> <a href="http://evobio.info/">Evolutionary Bioinformatics</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.fkpi.com/altindex.html">Feinstein Kean Healthcare</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.frontlinesmc.com/">Front Line Strategic Consulting</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.healthtechnetwork.com/index.htm">Health Technology Networks</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://insightful.com/">Insightful</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.pharmabiotech.ch/">Jain PharmaBiotech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.krugconsulting.com/">Krug Consulting Group<br /> </a><a href="http://www.milser.co.in/">Milser</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.mogene.com/">MOgene</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.nigeons.com/eng/index.html">Nigeons</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.pointpurchasing.com/">Point Purchasing</a><br /> <a href="http://www.proteomeconsult.com/">Proteome Consult</a><a href="http://www.rresults.com/"><br /> </a><font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.rresults.com/">Research Results</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://rxlogix.com/">RxLogix</a><br /> <a href="http://www.sellscience.com/">SellScience</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioinformaticist.biz/">Tahoe Informatics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.transadvancis.com/">TransADVANcis</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.windhover.com/">Windhover<br /> <br /> </a></font> <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Technology Investing</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biobridge.com/">Clairus Technology</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.genechem.com/html/brief.html">GeneChem</a><br /> <br /> <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Product Comparison &amp; Reviews</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://biocompare.com/index.asp">BioCompare</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.biowire.com/">Biowire.com</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.selectscience.net/">SelectScience.net</a> <br /> <br /> <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Laboratory Products Vendors&nbsp;</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.abcam.com/">Abcam-antibodies</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.atcc.org/">ATCC</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.atcg.com/">ATCG</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.antibodyresource.com/">Antibody Resource</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://store.bio.com/os/start/store1/store.html">Bio.com (softwares)</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biosupplynet.com/">BioSupplyNet</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.chemconnect.com/">ChemConnect</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.chemdex.com/">Chemdex</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.iscpubs.com/bg/us/usidir.html">Lab Crawler</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.mdyn.com/">Molecular Dynamics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://antibodies-probes.com/">MSRS antibodies</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.oligoengine.com/">OligoEngine</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.pharmagene.com/home.htm">PharmaGene</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.sciquest.com/">SciQuest</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Used or Pre-Owned Laboratory Equipments</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bestlabdeals.com/">Best Lab Deals</a><br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.biobid.com/">BioBid</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biosurplus.com/">BioSurplus</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.labdollars.com/">Lab Dollars</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.labjunk.com/HOME.cfm">Labjunk.com</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.labequip.com/">Lab Equip</a><br /> <a href="http://labtrader.com/">Lab Trader</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.labx.com/">LabX</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.labextreme.com/">Lab eXtreme</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.liscientific.com/">Long Island Scientific</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.pegasusscientific.com/">Pegasus Scientific</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://scical.com/">Scientific Calibrations</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.seeinc.com/">Scientific Equipment Exchange</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.triadsci.com/">Triad Scientific</a></font> </font> 8a6269bd45de258667bffa9d49029b7a9b2c3e11 3082 2010-09-06T10:28:11Z Neha.sanghi 106 wikitext text/x-wiki <table border="1" cellspacing="0" summary="" cellpadding="0" width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000" size="3">[http://bioinformatics.ws Bioinformatics] Companies</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><br /> <strong>[[Big Bioinformatics Companies]]</strong><br /> <br /> [[3rd Millennium]]</font> : Waltham, MA 02451. USA: provider of custom informatics systems, management consulting services, and packaged software products for the life sciences. <br /> <font color="#000000">[[Aber Genomic Computing]]: Aberystwyth, UK</font><br /> [[Acero]]<br /> <font color="#000000">[[AgileBio]]: NY, USA. and Paris France</font><br /> <a href="http://www.allometra.com/">Allometra</a>: [[Allometra]] [[PyMood]]<br /> <a href="http://www.amartus.com/">Amartus</a>: Enterprise Software Solutions<br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.anedabio.com/">Aneda</a></font> : Gond down?<br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.apocom.com/">ApoCom Genomics</a></font> : [[ApoCom Genomics]]<br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.arraygenetics.com/about_array_genetics.html">Array Genetics</a></font> : [[Array Genetics]] DNA microarray data analysis tools.<br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.artificial-life.com/">Artificial Life</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://avesthagen.com/">Avesthagen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://base4.com/">Base4</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.bioalma.com/">Bioalma</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biodata.com/company">BioData</a></font> : BioData Inc. develops and markets state of the art <a target="new" href="http://www.biodata.com/">laboratory management</a> tools designed especially for researchers in the academic and industrial markets.<br /> <font color="#000000">[[BioDiscovery.com]]</font> : BioDiscovery develops and sells&nbsp;software and services&nbsp;for drug discovery and diagnostics by efficiently managing, integrating, and analyzing data generated using high-throughput microarray technology<br /> <font color="#000000">[http://www.japanorama.com/dd/index.html Darwin Domains] from Japanorama.com<br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.bioinformaticsservices.com/">Bioinformatics Services</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.bioinformaticssolutions.com/">Bioinformatics Solutions</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biodata.com/">BioKM</a></font>: BioKM was designed to meet the everyday needs of researchers. It is an online laboratory management tool from <a target="new" href="http://www.biodata.com/company">BioData</a>. Manage your research progress, samples, and experimental results. <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biolateral.com.au/">BioLateral</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biomax.de/">BioMax Informatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biomedcomp.com/">Biomedical Computing</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.bmi-heidelberg.com/">Biomedical Informatics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://biomind.com/">BioMind</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biosoft.com/">BioSoft</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biosolve.de/">BioSolve</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biotiquesystems.com/">Biotique Systems</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biotools.com/">BioTools</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biowisdom.com/">BioWisdom</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://caesarsoftware.com/">Caesar Software</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.changbioscience.com/">Chang Bioscience</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.chemcomp.com/">Chemical Computing Group</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.cimsoft.com/">Cimarron Software</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.clcbio.com/">CLC Bio</a>: [[CLC Bio]]: Bioinformatics Workbench<br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://cognia.com/">Cognia</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://compassbioinfo.com/">Compass Bioinformatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.compassgenomics.com/">Compass Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.compudrug.com/">CompuDrug</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.cgen.com/">Compugen</a></font> :&nbsp;&nbsp;discovery and licensing of product candidates to the drug and diagnostic industry<br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.concurrentpharma.com/">Concurrent Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://dnr.cc/">Correla</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.correlogic.com/">Correlogic Systems</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://corimbia.com/">Corimbia</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.cresset-bmd.com/">Cresset BioMolecular Discovery</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.cybergene.se/">CyberGene</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.duii.com/">Data Unlimited</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.decodon.com/">Decodon</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.d-trends.com/">D'Trends</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.eidogen.com/">Eidogen</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.egenetics.com/">Electric Genetics</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.eragen.com/">Eragen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.fractalgenomics.com/">Fractal Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gemini-genomics.com/">Gemini Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000">[http://www.genecodes.com Gene Codes Corperation]: MI, USA. : Sequencher package.<br /> <a href="http://www.genedata.com/">GeneData</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gene-it.com/">Gene-IT</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.geneticxchange.com/Home.html">GeneticXchange</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.genetix.com/">Genetix</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genebio.com/">Geneva Bioinformatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genmatrix.com/">GenMatrix</a></font><br /> [http://www.genologics.com/ Genologics] Bioinformatics software company<br /> <a href="http://www.genolyze.com/">Genolyze </a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genomica.com/">Genomica</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomicdiscoverytools.com/">Genomic Discovery Tools</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://genomix.com/">Genomix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genops.com/indexnet.html">Genops Bioinformatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genstruct.com/">GenStruct</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.gentech.fr/English-site/Gentech/Home.html">GenTech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.geospiza.com/">Geospiza</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.helixinfosystems.com/">HelixInfoSystems</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.ibiomatics.com/">iBiomatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.idrtech.com/">IDRTech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.incellico.com/">Incellico</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.incogen.com/">INCOGEN</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.incyte.com/">InCyte</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://informagen.com/">Informagen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.inforsense.com/">InforSense</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.ingenovis.com/">Ingenovis</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.interactiva.de/">Interactiva</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.inpharmatica.com/main.html">Inpharmatica</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.insightful.com/default_class5.asp">Insightful Corporation</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.insilico-biotechnology.com/">Insilico Biotechnology</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.insilicolabs.com/">In Silico Labs</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.insilico.com/">Insilico Software</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.inveniobio.com/">InvenioBioSolutions</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.io-informatics.com/">IO Informatics</a><br /> <a href="http://www.iuvita.com/">IuVita</a><br /> <a href="http://janssen-genomics.com/">Janssen Genomics</a><br /> <a href="http://www.kennatechnologies.com/">Kenna Technologies</a><br /> <a href="http://www.kinematik.com/">KineMatik</a><br /> <font color="#000000">[http://www.labcollector.com/ Labcollector from AgileBio]<br /> <a target="new" href="../../C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/skpray/My%20Documents/My%20Webs/_private/www.lablogic.com">LabLogic</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.lionbioscience.com/">LION BioScience</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.ludesi.com/">Ludesi</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.mantik.de/">Mantik Bioinformatik</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.matrixscience.com/cgi/index.pl?page=../home.html">Matrix Science</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.mdli.com/cgi/dynamic/welcome.html">MDL Information Systems</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.metabolic-explorer.com/">METabolic EXplorer</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://metaworksinc.com/">MetaWorks</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.microdiscovery.de/">MicroDiscovery</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.miraibio.com/">MiraiBio</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.mag.com/">Molecular Application Group</a></font> <br /> <a href="https://www.molecularconnections.com/">Molecular Connections</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.mol-net.de/">Molecular Networks</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.molecularware.com/">MolecularWare</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://morpho-inc.com/">Morpho</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.mpi-softtech.com/">MPI Software Technology</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.neomorphic.com/">Neomorphic</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.netgenics.com/">NetGenics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.netid.com/index.html">Net-ID</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://nexusgenomics.com/"><font color="#000000">Nexus Genomics</font></a><br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.ocimumbio.com/"><font color="#000000">Ocimum Biosolutions</font></a>&nbsp;<br /> OITEK, Korea http://oitek.com<br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.omnigon.com/">Omnigon Technologies</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.eyesopen.com/">OpenEye</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.origenel.com/">OriGenel</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.packardbiochip.com/index2.htm">Packard BioChip Technologies</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.partek.com/">Partek</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.pharmadm.com/">PharmaDM</a></font>&nbsp;<br /> [http://www.physiomics-plc.com Physiomics-plc]: Oxford Science park, <a href="mailto:info@physiomics-plc.com">info@physiomics-plc.com</a>&nbsp;UK. [[Physiomics-PLC]]<br /> <a href="http://www.premierbiosoft.com/">Premier Biosoft</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://proinformatix.com/">Proinformatix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.proteinmechanics.com/">Protein Mechanics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.prosanos.com/">ProSanos</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.proteom.com/">Proteom</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.qgene.com/">QGene</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.q-pharm.com/home">Quantum Pharmaceuticals</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.rabbithutch.com/">RabbitHutch</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.receptorscience.com/">Receptor Science</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://redstormscientific.com/">Redstorm Scientific</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://rescentris.com/"><font color="#808080" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Rescentris</font></a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.rosettabio.com/home.html">Rosetta Biosoftware</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.science-factory.com/">Science Factory</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.scinovaindia.com/">Scinova</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.sgi.com/chembio/">Silicon Graphics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.silicoinsights.com/">Silico Insights</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.simulations-plus.com/">Simulations Plus</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.softberry.com/">SoftBerry</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.softgenetics.com/">SoftGenetics</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.spsoft.com/">Southwest Parallel Software</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.starbridgesystems.com/">StarBridge Systems</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.strandgenomics.com/">Strand Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.synamatix.com/"><font color="#000000">Synamatix</font></a><br /> <a href="http://sysarris.com/">SysArris</a><br /> <a href="http://teranode.com/">Teranode</a><br /> <a href="http://www.textco.com/">Textco</a><a href="http://www.textco.com/"> BioSoftware</a><br /> <a href="http://www.transgenic-software.com/">Transgenic Software</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.tripos.com/">Tripos</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.turbogenomics.com/">Turbo Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.ubi.ca/">United Bioinformatica</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.vglab.com/">Virtual Genetics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.visipoint.fi/">Visipoint</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.vizxlabs.com/">VizXlabs</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.wabansoftware.com/">Waban Software</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://webgenetics.com/">WebGenetics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.wireworkswest.com/">WireWorks West</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.x-mine.com/">X-MINE</a></font>&nbsp;<br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.xcelrislabs.com/">Xcelris Labs</a></font>>&nbsp;<br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.xpogen.com/">Xpogen</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Sequence Database Providers</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.celera.com/home.asp">Celera Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.curagen.com/">CuraGen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genelogic.com/">GeneLogic</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.incyte.com/">IncyteGenomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.nuvelo.com/">Nuvelo</a> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Sequence Analysis Softwares</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.aborygen.com/">AbOrygen</a><br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.accelrys.com/">Accelrys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biowire.com/bw_jsp/j_welcome_top.jsp">Biowire.com</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.dnastar.com/">DNAStar</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.doubletwist.com/">DoubleTwist</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.egenetics.com/">Electric Genetics</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.bionavigator.com/">Entigen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genamics.com/">Genamics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genecodes.com/">GeneCodes</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.gentech.fr/English-site/Btx_pages/Biotechnix_3d_home.html">GenTech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.informaxinc.com/">InforMax</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.miraibio.com/">MiraiBio</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.mbinsights.com/">Molecular Biology Insights</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.premierbiosoft.com/">Premier Biosoft</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.redasoft.com/">Redasoft</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.scied.com/">Sci-Ed Software</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.textco.com/">Textco</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Transcription Factor Binding Prediction</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://www.genomicdiscoverytools.com/">Genomic Discovery Tools</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><br /> </font> <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Pharmaco &amp; Toxico Informatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.accelrys.com/">Accelrys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.camitro.com/">Camitro</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.goldenhelix.com/">Golden Helix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.leadscope.com/">LeadScope</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.chem.leeds.ac.uk/luk/">Lhasa</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mdli.com/">MDL Information Systems</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.multicase.com/">MultiCASE</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.scivision.com/">SciVision</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.simulations-plus.com/">Simulations Plus</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.tripos.com/">Tripos</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">ChemInformatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.aureus-pharma.com/">Aureus-Pharma</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.cambridgesoft.com/">CambridgeSoft</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://chemaxon.com/">ChemAxon</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://cheminnovation.com/">ChemInnovation Software</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.chemistry-software.com/">Chemistry-Software.com</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://chemsw.com/">ChemSW</a><br /> <a href="http://www.darpharma.com/">DarPharma</a><br /> <a href="http://www.daylight.com/">Daylight</a><br /> <a href="http://globalchemicaldata.com/">Global Chemical Data</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.hyper.com/">Hypercube</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.idbs.co.uk/index_a.asp?nav_version=flas">IDBS</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.jubilantbiosys.com/">Jubilant Biosys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.libraria.com/">Libraria</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.locusdiscovery.com/">Locus Discovery</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.mol-net.de/">Molecular Networks</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.molinspiration.com/">Molinspiration</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://optive.com/">Optive Research</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.predixpharm.com/">Predix</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://quorex.com/">Quorex</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.scitegic.com/main.html">SciTegic</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.sertanty.com/">Sertanty</a><br /> <a href="http://www.surfacelogix.com/">Surface Logix</a><br /> <a href="http://www.synthematix.com/">Synthematix</a><br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Clinical Informatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ardais.com/">Ardais</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.biobyte.com/">BioByte</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.chemnavigator.com/">ChemNavigator</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.goldenhelix.com/">Golden Helix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/">IBM Life Sciences</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.iuvita.com/">IuVita</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ppdinformatics.com/">PPD Informatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pharsight.com/">Pharsight</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.phaseforward.com/">Phase Forward</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.phase-it.de/">Phase-IT</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pluvita.com/">Pluvita</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.surromed.com/Technology.html">SurroMed</a> <br /> <br /> <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Toxico Informatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.druglogic.com/">DrugLogic</a><br /> [[Entelos]]</font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genelogic.com/">GeneLogic</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.mergen-ltd.com/">Mergen</a><br /> &nbsp; <br /> <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Ontology Informatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.egenetics.com/">Electric Genetics</a></font><br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">MassSpec, 2D Gel &amp; Image Analysis Informatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.amershambiosciences.com/na/">Amersham Biosciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.axon.com/">Axon Instruments</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.balthazarbio.com/">BioBridge Computing</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.daltonics.bruker.com/">Bruker Daltonics</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.2dgels.com/">Compugen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.cytomation.com/">Cytomation</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.decodon.de/">Decodon</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.definiens.com/">Definiens</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genebio.com/">Geneva Bioinformatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomicsolutions.com/">Genomic Solutions</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.ludesi.com/">Ludesi</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.sciex.com/">MDS Sciex</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mediacy.com/">Media Cybernetics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.micromass.co.uk/default7.asp">MicroMass</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.nonlinear.com/">Nonlinear Dynamics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.proteometrics.com/">ProteoMetrics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.proteomeworkssystem.com/">ProteomeWorks System</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.scanalytics.com/">Scanalytics</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.scimagix.com/">Scimagix</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.thermoquest.com/">ThermoFinnigan</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.vialogy.com/">ViaLogy</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">3D Animation &amp; Visulization</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.aborygen.com/">AbOrygen</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="Data%20Mining%20&amp;%20Visualization%0Ahttp://www.animech.com/">Animech</a><br /> </font><a href="http://www.sidectech.com/">Sidec Technologies</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><br /> </font> <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Data Mining &amp; Visualization</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.affymetrix.com/">Affymetrix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.anvilinformatics.com/">AnVil Informatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.applied-maths.com/home.html">Applied Maths</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.ariadnegenomics.com/">Ariadne Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biodiscovery.com/">BioDiscovery</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biosift.com/">BioSift</a></font> &nbsp; &nbsp;<br /> <a href="http://biomining.com/">BioMining</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.contentsoft.de/">ContentSoft</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://silicocyte.com/">CytoGenomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.enodar.com/">Enodar</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.expressionanalysis.com/">Expression Analysis</a><br /> <a href="http://genome-explorations.com/">Genome-Explorations</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://imaging.brocku.ca/">Imaging Research</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.incellico.com/">Incellico</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://insightful.com/">Insightful</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.iobion.com/">Iobion Informatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://isenseit.com/">iSenseIt</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.megametrics.com/">MegaMetrics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.molmine.com/">MolMine</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.nag.com/">NAG</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://omniviz.com/">OmniViz</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.optimaldesign.com/">Optimal Design</a><br /> <font size="+0"><a target="new" href="http://www.predictivepatterns.com/"><font color="#000000">Predictive Patterns Software</font></a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.purpleinsight.com/home.html">Purple Insight</a><br /> <a href="http://www.sgi.com/">SGI</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.salford-systems.com/">Salford Systems</a> <br /> <a href="http://silicocyte.com/">SilicoCyte</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.sigenetics.com/">Silicon Genetics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.spotfire.com/">SpotFire</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.strandgenomics.com/">Strand Genomics</a><br /> </font><font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.visual-bioinformatics.com/">Visual Bioinformatics</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="middle" align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Protein Folding &amp; Structural Informatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.accelrys.com/">Accelrys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.algonomics.com/">AlgoNomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.astex-technology.com/home.htm">Astex Technology</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.cengent.com/"><font color="#000000">Cengent Therapeutics</font></a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.emeraldbiostructures.com/">Emerald Biostructures</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.molsoft.com/">MolSoft</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.psf-ag.com/index.htm">PSF biotech</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://proceryon.com/">Proceryon</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.prospectgenomics.com/">Prospect Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.rib-x.com/">Rib-X</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.sireen.de/">Sireen</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.stromix.com/">Structural Genomix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.tripos.com/">Tripos</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Genetic &amp; Regulatory Networks</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.akceli.com/">Akceli</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.ariadnegenomics.com/">Ariadne Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://cellnomica.com/">Cellnomica</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.fractalgenomics.com/">Fractal Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.gene-networks.com/">Gene Networks</a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomatica.com/">Genomatica</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.pubgene.com/">PubGene</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.tomsawyer.com/industry/bioinformatics.html">Tom Sawyer Software</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.genego.com/">GeneGo</a> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Molecular Simulation &amp; Modelling</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://www.camitro.com/home.htm">Camitro</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.cellnomica.com/">Cellnomica</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.entelos.com/">Entelos</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gnsbiotech.com/">Gene Network Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.hippron.com/">Hippron Physiomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.paradigmgenetics.com/">Icoria</a></font><br /> <a href="http://immunetrics.com/">Immunetrics</a><br /> <a href="http://www.physiome.com/">Physiome</a> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Computer Aided Drug Design<br /> &amp; In Silico Screening<br /> </font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.4sc.de/">4SC</a><br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.accelrys.com/">Accelrys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.denovopharma.com/">De Novo Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://kemia.com/">Kemia</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.nanodesign.com/">Nanodesign</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.ribotargets.com/corporate/corporate_overview.html">RiboTargets</a> <br /> <a href="http://sunesis.com/">Sunesis</a> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Computing Resource Providers</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.avaki.com/">Avaki</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.argentys.com/">Argentys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biosentients.com/">Biosentients</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biodigm.com/">Biodigm</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioreason.com/">Bioreason</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.computefarm.com/">Blackstone Computing</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.criticalsoftware.com/hpc/">Critical Software</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.darwindomains.com/">Darwin Domains</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.esolvbin.com/">E-bin Solutions</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.geneticxchange.com/">GeneticXchange</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.graphlogic.com/">GraphLogic</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www-1.ibm.com/servers/hpc/">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.labvantage.com/">LabVantage</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.linuxlabs.com/">Linux Labs</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.linuxnetworx.com/">Linux Networx</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.msa.com/medical/">Medical Science Associates</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.nextgen.com/">NextGen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.parabon.com/">Parabon</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.paracel.com/">Paracel</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.platform.com/">Platform Computing</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.racksaver.com/">RackSaver</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.rlx.com/">RLX Technologies</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.secant.com/">Secant Technologies</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.sgi.com/">SGI</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.sun.com/">Sun Microsystems</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.timelogic.com/bioinform1.html">TimeLogic</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.turbogenomics.com/">TurboGenomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.viaken.com/">Viaken</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.visualgenomics.com/">Visual Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.wsm.com/">Western Scientific</a> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Information Providers</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ameripath.com/">AmeriPath</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.embase.com/">EMBASE</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genesage.com/">GeneSage</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomichealth.com/home.html">Genomic Health</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pharmawatch.com/">Pharma Watch Communications</a></font> <br /> <br /> <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Laboratory Information Management System</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://www.ais-lims.com/">Analystical Information Systems</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biodata.com/">BioKM</a></font>: BioKM was designed to meet the everyday needs of researchers. It is an online laboratory management tool from <a target="new" href="http://www.biodata.com/company">BioData</a>. Manage your research progress, samples, and experimental results. <br /> <a href="http://blazesystems.com/">Blaze Systems</a><br /> <a href="http://www.genologics.com/">GenoLogics</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://gensys.com/">GenSys</a><br /> <a href="http://www.id-bs.com/">IDBS</a><br /> <a href="http://www.innaphase.com/">InnaPhase</a></font><br /> <a href="http://lablynx.com/">Lablynx</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.labtronics.com/">Labtronics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://labvantage.com/">LabVantage</a><br /> <a href="http://www.labware.com/">LabWare</a><br /> <a href="http://www.neolytica.com/">Neolytica</a><br /> <a href="http://www.nugenesis.com/">NuGenesis Technologies</a><br /> <a href="http://www.lims-software.com/">QSI</a><a target="new" href="http://www.sibio.net/"><br /> Sibio <br /> </a><font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.scisw.com/">Scientific Software</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://scinomix.com/">Scinomix</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://starlims.com/">StarLIMS</a><br /> <a href="http://telecation.com/">Telecation</a><br /> <a href="http://www.thermo.com/">Thermo Electron Corporation</a><br /> &nbsp;<br /> <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Text Mining &amp; Litrature Search</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.ariadnegenomics.com/">Ariadne Genomics</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biowisdom.com/">BioWisdom</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.clearforest.com/">ClearForest</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.facultyof1000.com/start.asp">Faculty of 1000</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomewatch.biz/">GenomeWatch</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ingenuity.com/">Ingenuity</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.inpharmix.com/">InPharmix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pathinfo.com/">Pathology Informatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.proteome.com/">Proteome</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.reeltwo.com/">Reel Two</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.spss.com/applications/science/">SPSS</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.temis-group.com/">TEMIS Group</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.vglab.com/">Virtual Genetics</a></font> <br /> <br /> <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Semantic Integration</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.landcglobal.com/">Language and Computing</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.synquiry.com/">Synquiry</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Business Intelligence &amp; Consulting</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://world.std.com/%7Eafs/">AFS Informatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://members.aol.com/alsobrookj/bioconsult.htm">Alsobrook Biotechnology Consulting</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biobridge.com/">BioBridge</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioscorpio.com/">Bioscorpio</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioseeker.com/">BioSeeker Group</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioteam.net/">BioTeam.net</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://main.biozak.com/">BioZak</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.btechnews.com/">Btech Investor</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.caddinformatics.com/">CADDinformatics Consulting</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.calyxbio.com/">Calyx</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.carecapital.com/">Care Capital</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.chemicalsimulations.com/">Chemical Simulations Group</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.dresources.com/">Decision Resources</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.djkpartners.com/">DJK Partners</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.dianoetica.com/">Dianoetica</a><br /> <a href="http://www.elashoffconsulting.com/">Elashoff Consulting</a><br /> <a href="http://evobio.info/">Evolutionary Bioinformatics</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.fkpi.com/altindex.html">Feinstein Kean Healthcare</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.frontlinesmc.com/">Front Line Strategic Consulting</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.healthtechnetwork.com/index.htm">Health Technology Networks</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://insightful.com/">Insightful</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.pharmabiotech.ch/">Jain PharmaBiotech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.krugconsulting.com/">Krug Consulting Group<br /> </a><a href="http://www.milser.co.in/">Milser</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.mogene.com/">MOgene</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.nigeons.com/eng/index.html">Nigeons</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.pointpurchasing.com/">Point Purchasing</a><br /> <a href="http://www.proteomeconsult.com/">Proteome Consult</a><a href="http://www.rresults.com/"><br /> </a><font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.rresults.com/">Research Results</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://rxlogix.com/">RxLogix</a><br /> <a href="http://www.sellscience.com/">SellScience</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioinformaticist.biz/">Tahoe Informatics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.transadvancis.com/">TransADVANcis</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.windhover.com/">Windhover<br /> <br /> </a></font> <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Technology Investing</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biobridge.com/">Clairus Technology</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.genechem.com/html/brief.html">GeneChem</a><br /> <br /> <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Product Comparison &amp; Reviews</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://biocompare.com/index.asp">BioCompare</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.biowire.com/">Biowire.com</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.selectscience.net/">SelectScience.net</a> <br /> <br /> <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Laboratory Products Vendors&nbsp;</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.abcam.com/">Abcam-antibodies</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.atcc.org/">ATCC</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.atcg.com/">ATCG</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.antibodyresource.com/">Antibody Resource</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://store.bio.com/os/start/store1/store.html">Bio.com (softwares)</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biosupplynet.com/">BioSupplyNet</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.chemconnect.com/">ChemConnect</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.chemdex.com/">Chemdex</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.iscpubs.com/bg/us/usidir.html">Lab Crawler</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.mdyn.com/">Molecular Dynamics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://antibodies-probes.com/">MSRS antibodies</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.oligoengine.com/">OligoEngine</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.pharmagene.com/home.htm">PharmaGene</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.sciquest.com/">SciQuest</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Used or Pre-Owned Laboratory Equipments</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bestlabdeals.com/">Best Lab Deals</a><br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.biobid.com/">BioBid</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biosurplus.com/">BioSurplus</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.labdollars.com/">Lab Dollars</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.labjunk.com/HOME.cfm">Labjunk.com</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.labequip.com/">Lab Equip</a><br /> <a href="http://labtrader.com/">Lab Trader</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.labx.com/">LabX</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.labextreme.com/">Lab eXtreme</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.liscientific.com/">Long Island Scientific</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.pegasusscientific.com/">Pegasus Scientific</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://scical.com/">Scientific Calibrations</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.seeinc.com/">Scientific Equipment Exchange</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.triadsci.com/">Triad Scientific</a></font> </font> 73e3d8ba47a72a59232a7e895bfc8c4171bff1a8 3083 2010-09-06T10:28:48Z Neha.sanghi 106 wikitext text/x-wiki <table border="1" cellspacing="0" summary="" cellpadding="0" width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000" size="3">[http://bioinformatics.ws Bioinformatics] Companies</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><br /> <strong>[[Big Bioinformatics Companies]]</strong><br /> <br /> [[3rd Millennium]]</font> : Waltham, MA 02451. USA: provider of custom informatics systems, management consulting services, and packaged software products for the life sciences. <br /> <font color="#000000">[[Aber Genomic Computing]]: Aberystwyth, UK</font><br /> [[Acero]]<br /> <font color="#000000">[[AgileBio]]: NY, USA. and Paris France</font><br /> <a href="http://www.allometra.com/">Allometra</a>: [[Allometra]] [[PyMood]]<br /> <a href="http://www.amartus.com/">Amartus</a>: Enterprise Software Solutions<br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.anedabio.com/">Aneda</a></font> : Gond down?<br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.apocom.com/">ApoCom Genomics</a></font> : [[ApoCom Genomics]]<br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.arraygenetics.com/about_array_genetics.html">Array Genetics</a></font> : [[Array Genetics]] DNA microarray data analysis tools.<br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.artificial-life.com/">Artificial Life</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://avesthagen.com/">Avesthagen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://base4.com/">Base4</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.bioalma.com/">Bioalma</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biodata.com/company">BioData</a></font> : BioData Inc. develops and markets state of the art <a target="new" href="http://www.biodata.com/">laboratory management</a> tools designed especially for researchers in the academic and industrial markets.<br /> <font color="#000000">[[BioDiscovery.com]]</font> : BioDiscovery develops and sells&nbsp;software and services&nbsp;for drug discovery and diagnostics by efficiently managing, integrating, and analyzing data generated using high-throughput microarray technology<br /> <font color="#000000">[http://www.japanorama.com/dd/index.html Darwin Domains] from Japanorama.com<br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.bioinformaticsservices.com/">Bioinformatics Services</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.bioinformaticssolutions.com/">Bioinformatics Solutions</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biodata.com/">BioKM</a></font>: BioKM was designed to meet the everyday needs of researchers. It is an online laboratory management tool from <a target="new" href="http://www.biodata.com/company">BioData</a>. Manage your research progress, samples, and experimental results. <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biolateral.com.au/">BioLateral</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biomax.de/">BioMax Informatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biomedcomp.com/">Biomedical Computing</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.bmi-heidelberg.com/">Biomedical Informatics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://biomind.com/">BioMind</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biosoft.com/">BioSoft</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biosolve.de/">BioSolve</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biotiquesystems.com/">Biotique Systems</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biotools.com/">BioTools</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biowisdom.com/">BioWisdom</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://caesarsoftware.com/">Caesar Software</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.changbioscience.com/">Chang Bioscience</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.chemcomp.com/">Chemical Computing Group</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.cimsoft.com/">Cimarron Software</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.clcbio.com/">CLC Bio</a>: [[CLC Bio]]: Bioinformatics Workbench<br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://cognia.com/">Cognia</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://compassbioinfo.com/">Compass Bioinformatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.compassgenomics.com/">Compass Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.compudrug.com/">CompuDrug</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.cgen.com/">Compugen</a></font> :&nbsp;&nbsp;discovery and licensing of product candidates to the drug and diagnostic industry<br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.concurrentpharma.com/">Concurrent Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://dnr.cc/">Correla</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.correlogic.com/">Correlogic Systems</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://corimbia.com/">Corimbia</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.cresset-bmd.com/">Cresset BioMolecular Discovery</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.cybergene.se/">CyberGene</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.duii.com/">Data Unlimited</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.decodon.com/">Decodon</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.d-trends.com/">D'Trends</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.eidogen.com/">Eidogen</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.egenetics.com/">Electric Genetics</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.eragen.com/">Eragen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.fractalgenomics.com/">Fractal Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gemini-genomics.com/">Gemini Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000">[http://www.genecodes.com Gene Codes Corperation]: MI, USA. : Sequencher package.<br /> <a href="http://www.genedata.com/">GeneData</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gene-it.com/">Gene-IT</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.geneticxchange.com/Home.html">GeneticXchange</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.genetix.com/">Genetix</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genebio.com/">Geneva Bioinformatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genmatrix.com/">GenMatrix</a></font><br /> [http://www.genologics.com/ Genologics] Bioinformatics software company<br /> <a href="http://www.genolyze.com/">Genolyze </a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genomica.com/">Genomica</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomicdiscoverytools.com/">Genomic Discovery Tools</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://genomix.com/">Genomix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genops.com/indexnet.html">Genops Bioinformatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genstruct.com/">GenStruct</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.gentech.fr/English-site/Gentech/Home.html">GenTech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.geospiza.com/">Geospiza</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.helixinfosystems.com/">HelixInfoSystems</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.ibiomatics.com/">iBiomatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.idrtech.com/">IDRTech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.incellico.com/">Incellico</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.incogen.com/">INCOGEN</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.incyte.com/">InCyte</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://informagen.com/">Informagen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.inforsense.com/">InforSense</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.ingenovis.com/">Ingenovis</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.interactiva.de/">Interactiva</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.inpharmatica.com/main.html">Inpharmatica</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.insightful.com/default_class5.asp">Insightful Corporation</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.insilico-biotechnology.com/">Insilico Biotechnology</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.insilicolabs.com/">In Silico Labs</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.insilico.com/">Insilico Software</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.inveniobio.com/">InvenioBioSolutions</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.io-informatics.com/">IO Informatics</a><br /> <a href="http://www.iuvita.com/">IuVita</a><br /> <a href="http://janssen-genomics.com/">Janssen Genomics</a><br /> <a href="http://www.kennatechnologies.com/">Kenna Technologies</a><br /> <a href="http://www.kinematik.com/">KineMatik</a><br /> <font color="#000000">[http://www.labcollector.com/ Labcollector from AgileBio]<br /> <a target="new" href="../../C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/skpray/My%20Documents/My%20Webs/_private/www.lablogic.com">LabLogic</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.lionbioscience.com/">LION BioScience</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.ludesi.com/">Ludesi</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.mantik.de/">Mantik Bioinformatik</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.matrixscience.com/cgi/index.pl?page=../home.html">Matrix Science</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.mdli.com/cgi/dynamic/welcome.html">MDL Information Systems</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.metabolic-explorer.com/">METabolic EXplorer</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://metaworksinc.com/">MetaWorks</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.microdiscovery.de/">MicroDiscovery</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.miraibio.com/">MiraiBio</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.mag.com/">Molecular Application Group</a></font> <br /> <a href="https://www.molecularconnections.com/">Molecular Connections</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.mol-net.de/">Molecular Networks</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.molecularware.com/">MolecularWare</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://morpho-inc.com/">Morpho</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.mpi-softtech.com/">MPI Software Technology</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.neomorphic.com/">Neomorphic</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.netgenics.com/">NetGenics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.netid.com/index.html">Net-ID</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://nexusgenomics.com/"><font color="#000000">Nexus Genomics</font></a><br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.ocimumbio.com/"><font color="#000000">Ocimum Biosolutions</font></a>&nbsp;<br /> OITEK, Korea http://oitek.com<br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.omnigon.com/">Omnigon Technologies</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.eyesopen.com/">OpenEye</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.origenel.com/">OriGenel</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.packardbiochip.com/index2.htm">Packard BioChip Technologies</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.partek.com/">Partek</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.pharmadm.com/">PharmaDM</a></font>&nbsp;<br /> [http://www.physiomics-plc.com Physiomics-plc]: Oxford Science park, <a href="mailto:info@physiomics-plc.com">info@physiomics-plc.com</a>&nbsp;UK. [[Physiomics-PLC]]<br /> <a href="http://www.premierbiosoft.com/">Premier Biosoft</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://proinformatix.com/">Proinformatix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.proteinmechanics.com/">Protein Mechanics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.prosanos.com/">ProSanos</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.proteom.com/">Proteom</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.qgene.com/">QGene</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.q-pharm.com/home">Quantum Pharmaceuticals</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.rabbithutch.com/">RabbitHutch</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.receptorscience.com/">Receptor Science</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://redstormscientific.com/">Redstorm Scientific</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://rescentris.com/"><font color="#808080" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Rescentris</font></a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.rosettabio.com/home.html">Rosetta Biosoftware</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.science-factory.com/">Science Factory</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.scinovaindia.com/">Scinova</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.sgi.com/chembio/">Silicon Graphics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.silicoinsights.com/">Silico Insights</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.simulations-plus.com/">Simulations Plus</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.softberry.com/">SoftBerry</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.softgenetics.com/">SoftGenetics</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.spsoft.com/">Southwest Parallel Software</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.starbridgesystems.com/">StarBridge Systems</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.strandgenomics.com/">Strand Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.synamatix.com/"><font color="#000000">Synamatix</font></a><br /> <a href="http://sysarris.com/">SysArris</a><br /> <a href="http://teranode.com/">Teranode</a><br /> <a href="http://www.textco.com/">Textco</a><a href="http://www.textco.com/"> BioSoftware</a><br /> <a href="http://www.transgenic-software.com/">Transgenic Software</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.tripos.com/">Tripos</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.turbogenomics.com/">Turbo Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.ubi.ca/">United Bioinformatica</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.vglab.com/">Virtual Genetics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.visipoint.fi/">Visipoint</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.vizxlabs.com/">VizXlabs</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.wabansoftware.com/">Waban Software</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://webgenetics.com/">WebGenetics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.wireworkswest.com/">WireWorks West</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.x-mine.com/">X-MINE</a></font>&nbsp;<br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.xcelrislabs.com/">Xcelris Labs</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.xpogen.com/">Xpogen</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Sequence Database Providers</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.celera.com/home.asp">Celera Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.curagen.com/">CuraGen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genelogic.com/">GeneLogic</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.incyte.com/">IncyteGenomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.nuvelo.com/">Nuvelo</a> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Sequence Analysis Softwares</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.aborygen.com/">AbOrygen</a><br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.accelrys.com/">Accelrys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biowire.com/bw_jsp/j_welcome_top.jsp">Biowire.com</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.dnastar.com/">DNAStar</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.doubletwist.com/">DoubleTwist</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.egenetics.com/">Electric Genetics</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.bionavigator.com/">Entigen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genamics.com/">Genamics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genecodes.com/">GeneCodes</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.gentech.fr/English-site/Btx_pages/Biotechnix_3d_home.html">GenTech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.informaxinc.com/">InforMax</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.miraibio.com/">MiraiBio</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.mbinsights.com/">Molecular Biology Insights</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.premierbiosoft.com/">Premier Biosoft</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.redasoft.com/">Redasoft</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.scied.com/">Sci-Ed Software</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.textco.com/">Textco</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Transcription Factor Binding Prediction</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://www.genomicdiscoverytools.com/">Genomic Discovery Tools</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><br /> </font> <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Pharmaco &amp; Toxico Informatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.accelrys.com/">Accelrys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.camitro.com/">Camitro</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.goldenhelix.com/">Golden Helix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.leadscope.com/">LeadScope</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.chem.leeds.ac.uk/luk/">Lhasa</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mdli.com/">MDL Information Systems</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.multicase.com/">MultiCASE</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.scivision.com/">SciVision</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.simulations-plus.com/">Simulations Plus</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.tripos.com/">Tripos</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">ChemInformatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.aureus-pharma.com/">Aureus-Pharma</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.cambridgesoft.com/">CambridgeSoft</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://chemaxon.com/">ChemAxon</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://cheminnovation.com/">ChemInnovation Software</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.chemistry-software.com/">Chemistry-Software.com</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://chemsw.com/">ChemSW</a><br /> <a href="http://www.darpharma.com/">DarPharma</a><br /> <a href="http://www.daylight.com/">Daylight</a><br /> <a href="http://globalchemicaldata.com/">Global Chemical Data</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.hyper.com/">Hypercube</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.idbs.co.uk/index_a.asp?nav_version=flas">IDBS</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.jubilantbiosys.com/">Jubilant Biosys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.libraria.com/">Libraria</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.locusdiscovery.com/">Locus Discovery</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.mol-net.de/">Molecular Networks</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.molinspiration.com/">Molinspiration</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://optive.com/">Optive Research</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.predixpharm.com/">Predix</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://quorex.com/">Quorex</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.scitegic.com/main.html">SciTegic</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.sertanty.com/">Sertanty</a><br /> <a href="http://www.surfacelogix.com/">Surface Logix</a><br /> <a href="http://www.synthematix.com/">Synthematix</a><br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Clinical Informatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ardais.com/">Ardais</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.biobyte.com/">BioByte</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.chemnavigator.com/">ChemNavigator</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.goldenhelix.com/">Golden Helix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/">IBM Life Sciences</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.iuvita.com/">IuVita</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ppdinformatics.com/">PPD Informatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pharsight.com/">Pharsight</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.phaseforward.com/">Phase Forward</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.phase-it.de/">Phase-IT</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pluvita.com/">Pluvita</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.surromed.com/Technology.html">SurroMed</a> <br /> <br /> <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Toxico Informatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.druglogic.com/">DrugLogic</a><br /> [[Entelos]]</font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genelogic.com/">GeneLogic</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.mergen-ltd.com/">Mergen</a><br /> &nbsp; <br /> <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Ontology Informatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.egenetics.com/">Electric Genetics</a></font><br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">MassSpec, 2D Gel &amp; Image Analysis Informatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.amershambiosciences.com/na/">Amersham Biosciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.axon.com/">Axon Instruments</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.balthazarbio.com/">BioBridge Computing</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.daltonics.bruker.com/">Bruker Daltonics</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.2dgels.com/">Compugen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.cytomation.com/">Cytomation</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.decodon.de/">Decodon</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.definiens.com/">Definiens</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genebio.com/">Geneva Bioinformatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomicsolutions.com/">Genomic Solutions</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.ludesi.com/">Ludesi</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.sciex.com/">MDS Sciex</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mediacy.com/">Media Cybernetics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.micromass.co.uk/default7.asp">MicroMass</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.nonlinear.com/">Nonlinear Dynamics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.proteometrics.com/">ProteoMetrics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.proteomeworkssystem.com/">ProteomeWorks System</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.scanalytics.com/">Scanalytics</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.scimagix.com/">Scimagix</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.thermoquest.com/">ThermoFinnigan</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.vialogy.com/">ViaLogy</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">3D Animation &amp; Visulization</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.aborygen.com/">AbOrygen</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="Data%20Mining%20&amp;%20Visualization%0Ahttp://www.animech.com/">Animech</a><br /> </font><a href="http://www.sidectech.com/">Sidec Technologies</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><br /> </font> <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Data Mining &amp; Visualization</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.affymetrix.com/">Affymetrix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.anvilinformatics.com/">AnVil Informatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.applied-maths.com/home.html">Applied Maths</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.ariadnegenomics.com/">Ariadne Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biodiscovery.com/">BioDiscovery</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biosift.com/">BioSift</a></font> &nbsp; &nbsp;<br /> <a href="http://biomining.com/">BioMining</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.contentsoft.de/">ContentSoft</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://silicocyte.com/">CytoGenomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.enodar.com/">Enodar</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.expressionanalysis.com/">Expression Analysis</a><br /> <a href="http://genome-explorations.com/">Genome-Explorations</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://imaging.brocku.ca/">Imaging Research</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.incellico.com/">Incellico</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://insightful.com/">Insightful</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.iobion.com/">Iobion Informatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://isenseit.com/">iSenseIt</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.megametrics.com/">MegaMetrics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.molmine.com/">MolMine</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.nag.com/">NAG</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://omniviz.com/">OmniViz</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.optimaldesign.com/">Optimal Design</a><br /> <font size="+0"><a target="new" href="http://www.predictivepatterns.com/"><font color="#000000">Predictive Patterns Software</font></a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.purpleinsight.com/home.html">Purple Insight</a><br /> <a href="http://www.sgi.com/">SGI</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.salford-systems.com/">Salford Systems</a> <br /> <a href="http://silicocyte.com/">SilicoCyte</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.sigenetics.com/">Silicon Genetics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.spotfire.com/">SpotFire</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.strandgenomics.com/">Strand Genomics</a><br /> </font><font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.visual-bioinformatics.com/">Visual Bioinformatics</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="middle" align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Protein Folding &amp; Structural Informatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.accelrys.com/">Accelrys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.algonomics.com/">AlgoNomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.astex-technology.com/home.htm">Astex Technology</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.cengent.com/"><font color="#000000">Cengent Therapeutics</font></a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.emeraldbiostructures.com/">Emerald Biostructures</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.molsoft.com/">MolSoft</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.psf-ag.com/index.htm">PSF biotech</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://proceryon.com/">Proceryon</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.prospectgenomics.com/">Prospect Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.rib-x.com/">Rib-X</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.sireen.de/">Sireen</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.stromix.com/">Structural Genomix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.tripos.com/">Tripos</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Genetic &amp; Regulatory Networks</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.akceli.com/">Akceli</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.ariadnegenomics.com/">Ariadne Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://cellnomica.com/">Cellnomica</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.fractalgenomics.com/">Fractal Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.gene-networks.com/">Gene Networks</a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomatica.com/">Genomatica</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.pubgene.com/">PubGene</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.tomsawyer.com/industry/bioinformatics.html">Tom Sawyer Software</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.genego.com/">GeneGo</a> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Molecular Simulation &amp; Modelling</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://www.camitro.com/home.htm">Camitro</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.cellnomica.com/">Cellnomica</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.entelos.com/">Entelos</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gnsbiotech.com/">Gene Network Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.hippron.com/">Hippron Physiomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.paradigmgenetics.com/">Icoria</a></font><br /> <a href="http://immunetrics.com/">Immunetrics</a><br /> <a href="http://www.physiome.com/">Physiome</a> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Computer Aided Drug Design<br /> &amp; In Silico Screening<br /> </font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.4sc.de/">4SC</a><br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.accelrys.com/">Accelrys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.denovopharma.com/">De Novo Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://kemia.com/">Kemia</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.nanodesign.com/">Nanodesign</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.ribotargets.com/corporate/corporate_overview.html">RiboTargets</a> <br /> <a href="http://sunesis.com/">Sunesis</a> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Computing Resource Providers</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.avaki.com/">Avaki</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.argentys.com/">Argentys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biosentients.com/">Biosentients</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biodigm.com/">Biodigm</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioreason.com/">Bioreason</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.computefarm.com/">Blackstone Computing</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.criticalsoftware.com/hpc/">Critical Software</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.darwindomains.com/">Darwin Domains</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.esolvbin.com/">E-bin Solutions</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.geneticxchange.com/">GeneticXchange</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.graphlogic.com/">GraphLogic</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www-1.ibm.com/servers/hpc/">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.labvantage.com/">LabVantage</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.linuxlabs.com/">Linux Labs</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.linuxnetworx.com/">Linux Networx</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.msa.com/medical/">Medical Science Associates</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.nextgen.com/">NextGen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.parabon.com/">Parabon</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.paracel.com/">Paracel</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.platform.com/">Platform Computing</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.racksaver.com/">RackSaver</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.rlx.com/">RLX Technologies</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.secant.com/">Secant Technologies</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.sgi.com/">SGI</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.sun.com/">Sun Microsystems</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.timelogic.com/bioinform1.html">TimeLogic</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.turbogenomics.com/">TurboGenomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.viaken.com/">Viaken</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.visualgenomics.com/">Visual Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.wsm.com/">Western Scientific</a> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Information Providers</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ameripath.com/">AmeriPath</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.embase.com/">EMBASE</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genesage.com/">GeneSage</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomichealth.com/home.html">Genomic Health</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pharmawatch.com/">Pharma Watch Communications</a></font> <br /> <br /> <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Laboratory Information Management System</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://www.ais-lims.com/">Analystical Information Systems</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biodata.com/">BioKM</a></font>: BioKM was designed to meet the everyday needs of researchers. It is an online laboratory management tool from <a target="new" href="http://www.biodata.com/company">BioData</a>. Manage your research progress, samples, and experimental results. <br /> <a href="http://blazesystems.com/">Blaze Systems</a><br /> <a href="http://www.genologics.com/">GenoLogics</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://gensys.com/">GenSys</a><br /> <a href="http://www.id-bs.com/">IDBS</a><br /> <a href="http://www.innaphase.com/">InnaPhase</a></font><br /> <a href="http://lablynx.com/">Lablynx</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.labtronics.com/">Labtronics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://labvantage.com/">LabVantage</a><br /> <a href="http://www.labware.com/">LabWare</a><br /> <a href="http://www.neolytica.com/">Neolytica</a><br /> <a href="http://www.nugenesis.com/">NuGenesis Technologies</a><br /> <a href="http://www.lims-software.com/">QSI</a><a target="new" href="http://www.sibio.net/"><br /> Sibio <br /> </a><font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.scisw.com/">Scientific Software</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://scinomix.com/">Scinomix</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://starlims.com/">StarLIMS</a><br /> <a href="http://telecation.com/">Telecation</a><br /> <a href="http://www.thermo.com/">Thermo Electron Corporation</a><br /> &nbsp;<br /> <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Text Mining &amp; Litrature Search</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.ariadnegenomics.com/">Ariadne Genomics</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biowisdom.com/">BioWisdom</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.clearforest.com/">ClearForest</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.facultyof1000.com/start.asp">Faculty of 1000</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomewatch.biz/">GenomeWatch</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ingenuity.com/">Ingenuity</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.inpharmix.com/">InPharmix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pathinfo.com/">Pathology Informatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.proteome.com/">Proteome</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.reeltwo.com/">Reel Two</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.spss.com/applications/science/">SPSS</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.temis-group.com/">TEMIS Group</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.vglab.com/">Virtual Genetics</a></font> <br /> <br /> <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Semantic Integration</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.landcglobal.com/">Language and Computing</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.synquiry.com/">Synquiry</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Business Intelligence &amp; Consulting</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://world.std.com/%7Eafs/">AFS Informatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://members.aol.com/alsobrookj/bioconsult.htm">Alsobrook Biotechnology Consulting</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biobridge.com/">BioBridge</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioscorpio.com/">Bioscorpio</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioseeker.com/">BioSeeker Group</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioteam.net/">BioTeam.net</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://main.biozak.com/">BioZak</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.btechnews.com/">Btech Investor</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.caddinformatics.com/">CADDinformatics Consulting</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.calyxbio.com/">Calyx</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.carecapital.com/">Care Capital</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.chemicalsimulations.com/">Chemical Simulations Group</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.dresources.com/">Decision Resources</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.djkpartners.com/">DJK Partners</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.dianoetica.com/">Dianoetica</a><br /> <a href="http://www.elashoffconsulting.com/">Elashoff Consulting</a><br /> <a href="http://evobio.info/">Evolutionary Bioinformatics</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.fkpi.com/altindex.html">Feinstein Kean Healthcare</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.frontlinesmc.com/">Front Line Strategic Consulting</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.healthtechnetwork.com/index.htm">Health Technology Networks</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://insightful.com/">Insightful</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.pharmabiotech.ch/">Jain PharmaBiotech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.krugconsulting.com/">Krug Consulting Group<br /> </a><a href="http://www.milser.co.in/">Milser</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.mogene.com/">MOgene</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.nigeons.com/eng/index.html">Nigeons</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.pointpurchasing.com/">Point Purchasing</a><br /> <a href="http://www.proteomeconsult.com/">Proteome Consult</a><a href="http://www.rresults.com/"><br /> </a><font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.rresults.com/">Research Results</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://rxlogix.com/">RxLogix</a><br /> <a href="http://www.sellscience.com/">SellScience</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioinformaticist.biz/">Tahoe Informatics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.transadvancis.com/">TransADVANcis</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.windhover.com/">Windhover<br /> <br /> </a></font> <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Technology Investing</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biobridge.com/">Clairus Technology</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.genechem.com/html/brief.html">GeneChem</a><br /> <br /> <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Product Comparison &amp; Reviews</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://biocompare.com/index.asp">BioCompare</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.biowire.com/">Biowire.com</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.selectscience.net/">SelectScience.net</a> <br /> <br /> <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Laboratory Products Vendors&nbsp;</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.abcam.com/">Abcam-antibodies</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.atcc.org/">ATCC</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.atcg.com/">ATCG</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.antibodyresource.com/">Antibody Resource</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://store.bio.com/os/start/store1/store.html">Bio.com (softwares)</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biosupplynet.com/">BioSupplyNet</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.chemconnect.com/">ChemConnect</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.chemdex.com/">Chemdex</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.iscpubs.com/bg/us/usidir.html">Lab Crawler</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.mdyn.com/">Molecular Dynamics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://antibodies-probes.com/">MSRS antibodies</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.oligoengine.com/">OligoEngine</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.pharmagene.com/home.htm">PharmaGene</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.sciquest.com/">SciQuest</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Used or Pre-Owned Laboratory Equipments</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bestlabdeals.com/">Best Lab Deals</a><br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.biobid.com/">BioBid</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biosurplus.com/">BioSurplus</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.labdollars.com/">Lab Dollars</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.labjunk.com/HOME.cfm">Labjunk.com</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.labequip.com/">Lab Equip</a><br /> <a href="http://labtrader.com/">Lab Trader</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.labx.com/">LabX</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.labextreme.com/">Lab eXtreme</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.liscientific.com/">Long Island Scientific</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.pegasusscientific.com/">Pegasus Scientific</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://scical.com/">Scientific Calibrations</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.seeinc.com/">Scientific Equipment Exchange</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.triadsci.com/">Triad Scientific</a></font> </font> 36a44a96981998de01218f82acb8254abc67dc44 0 1887 3088 2010-09-11T23:24:07Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki Mitochondrial Genomics ([[Mitogenomics]])<br /> eab7e343cf64a9e30fc70a0ef8b979a61f598e35 0 1888 3089 2010-09-12T05:08:08Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Genetic Testing and Indigenous Populations]]<br /> [[Looking for&nbsp;optimal&nbsp;partners through marital Genetic Screening]] 1b85e3cb998afb902c1476df1f24fae99f8e77bb 3090 2010-09-12T05:09:16Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5">[[Genetic Testing and Indigenous Populations]]<br /> [[Looking for&nbsp;optimal&nbsp;partners through marital Genetic Screening]]&nbsp;<br /> [[Designer Babies: Ethical Considerations]]<br /> [[Genetic Engineering Organisms and Transgenics]]<br /> [[Human Cloning]]</font> 44266e2d3f21da42b3dd142e2a1b2958a735039f 3091 2010-09-12T05:09:22Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">[[Genetic Testing and Indigenous Populations]]<br /> [[Looking for&nbsp;optimal&nbsp;partners through marital Genetic Screening]]&nbsp;<br /> [[Designer Babies: Ethical Considerations]]<br /> [[Genetic Engineering Organisms and Transgenics]]<br /> [[Human Cloning]]</font> 9937a526b6c15a0424f9a690bf1115ee06f1c310 3092 2010-09-12T05:09:30Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">[[Genetic Testing and Indigenous Populations]]<br /> <br /> [[Looking for&nbsp;optimal&nbsp;partners through marital Genetic Screening]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> [[Designer Babies: Ethical Considerations]]<br /> <br /> [[Genetic Engineering Organisms and Transgenics]]<br /> <br /> [[Human Cloning]]</font> 315cb1ca4c439cbf586783fc683d69d6994b1d0f 0 1888 3093 2010-09-12T05:10:07Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">[[Genetic Testing and Indigenous Populations]]<br /> <br /> [[Looking for&nbsp;optimal&nbsp;partners through marital Genetic Screening]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> [[Designer Babies: Ethical Considerations]]<br /> <br /> [[Genetic Engineering Organisms and Transgenics]]<br /> <br /> [[Human Cloning]]</font>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <font size="4">[[Designing Insects]]</font> 07f42730393e98281a76474b1b62541e67119a12 0 1889 3095 2010-09-12T10:04:42Z S 72 wikitext text/x-wiki Multi-Platform Next-Generation Sequencing of the Domestic Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo): Genome Assembly and Analysis<br /> <br /> [[Turkey genome authors]] 4a94dee59e599916f94cf3941fe2e82d2e19a5bd 3097 2010-09-12T10:06:22Z S 72 wikitext text/x-wiki Multi-Platform Next-Generation Sequencing of the Domestic Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo): Genome Assembly and Analysis<br /> <br /> [[Turkey genome authors]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <br /> <h2 xpathlocation="noSelect">Abstract</h2> <p xpathlocation="/article[1]/front[1]/article-meta[1]/abstract[2]/p[1]">A synergistic combination of two next-generation sequencing platforms with a detailed comparative BAC physical contig map provided a cost-effective assembly of the genome sequence of the domestic turkey (<em>Meleagris gallopavo</em>). Heterozygosity of the sequenced source genome allowed discovery of more than 600,000 high quality single nucleotide variants. Despite this heterozygosity, the current genome assembly (~1.1 Gb) includes 917 Mb of sequence assigned to specific turkey chromosomes. Annotation identified nearly 16,000 genes, with 15,093 recognized as protein coding and 611 as non-coding RNA genes. Comparative analysis of the turkey, chicken, and zebra finch genomes, and comparing avian to mammalian species, supports the characteristic stability of avian genomes and identifies genes unique to the avian lineage. Clear differences are seen in number and variety of genes of the avian immune system where expansions and novel genes are less frequent than examples of gene loss. The turkey genome sequence provides resources to further understand the evolution of vertebrate genomes and genetic variation underlying economically important quantitative traits in poultry. This integrated approach may be a model for providing both gene and chromosome level assemblies of other species with agricultural, ecological, and evolutionary interest.<br /> <br /> </p> <div class="abstract" xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:aml="http://topazproject.org/aml/" xpathlocation="/article[1]/front[1]/article-meta[1]/abstract[3]"><a id="abstract2" title="Author Summary" name="abstract2" toc="abstract2"></a> <h2 xpathlocation="noSelect">Author Summary</h2> <p xpathlocation="/article[1]/front[1]/article-meta[1]/abstract[3]/p[1]">In contrast to the compact sequence of viruses and bacteria, determining the complete genome sequence of complex vertebrate genomes can be a daunting task. With the advent of &ldquo;next-generation&rdquo; sequencing platforms, it is now possible to rapidly sequence and assemble a vertebrate genome, especially for species for which genomic resources&mdash;genetic maps and markers&mdash;are currently available. We used a combination of two next-generation sequencing platforms, Roche 454 and Illumina GAII, and unique assembly tools to sequence the genome of the agriculturally important turkey, <em>Meleagris gallopavo</em>. Our draft assembly comprises approximately 1.1 gigabases of which 917 megabytes are assigned to specific chromosomes. Comparisons of the turkey genome sequence with those of the chicken, <em>Gallus gallus</em>, and the zebra finch, <em>Taeniopygia guttata</em>, provide insights into the evolution of the avian lineage. This genome sequence will facilitate discovery of agriculturally important genetic variants.</p> </div> <div class="articleinfo" xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:aml="http://topazproject.org/aml/" xpathlocation="noSelect"> <p><strong>Citation: </strong>Dalloul RA, Long JA, Zimin AV, Aslam L, Beal K, et al. (2010) Multi-Platform Next-Generation Sequencing of the Domestic Turkey (<em>Meleagris gallopavo</em>): Genome Assembly and Analysis. PLoS Biol 8(9): e1000475. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000475</p> <p><strong>Academic Editor: </strong>Richard J. Roberts, New England Biolabs, United States of America</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>Received:</strong> December 21, 2009; <strong>Accepted:</strong> July 27, 2010; <strong>Published:</strong> September 7, 2010</p> <p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Public Domain declaration which stipulates that, once placed in the public domain, this work may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose.</p> <p><strong>Funding:</strong> Funding for sequencing was supported by Roche Applied Science, the University of Minnesota (College of Veterinary Medicine, and College of Food, Agricultural &amp; Natural Resource Sciences), the Utah State University (Center for Integrated Biosystems), the Virginia Bioinformatics Institute Core Lab Facility, Virginia Tech University (College of Agriculture &amp; Life Sciences, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Fralin Biotechnology Center, Office of Vice President for Research), the Intramural Research Programs of the USDA Agricultural Research Service and the NIH National Institute on Aging, and Multi-State Research Support Program (USDA-NIFA-NRSP8). Funding for assembly, annotation and genomic analyses was provided by The Center for Genomics regulation and the European Community (Barcelona, Spain), &ldquo;Landesstipendium Sachsen&rdquo;, the Free State of Saxony under the auspices of the &ldquo;Landesexzellenzinitiative LIFE&rdquo; (Germany), the NIH National Human Genome Research Institute (#R01-HG002945), the NIH National Library of Medicine (#R01-LM006845), the National Science Foundation (#DMS0616585), The Quantomics Project from 7th Framework Programe of the European Union, the Spanish Ministry of Science, The Wellcome Trust, the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture Animal Genome Program (#'s 2005-35205-15451; 2007-0212704; 2007-35205-17880; 2008-04049; 2008-35205-18720; 2009-35205-05302; 2010-65205-20412) and Ministry of Science &amp; Technology (Korea Science &amp; Engineering Foundation) of Korea (R01-2007-000-20456-0). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.</p> <p><strong>Competing interests:</strong> The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.</p> <p><strong>Abbreviations: </strong>BAC, bacterial artificial chromosome; BES, BAC end sequence; CNV, copy number variation; ESTs, expressed sequence tags; FISH, fluorescence in situ hybridization; GO, gene ontology; LINE, long interspersed nuclear element; MHC, major histocompatibility complex; miRNA, micro-RNA; ncRNA, non-coding RNA; NGS, next-generation sequencing; RPG, rate pattern group; SINE, short interspersed nuclear element; snoRNA, small nucleolar RNA; SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism; SNV, single nucleotide variant (SNP/indel); TE, transposable element; TLR, Toll-like receptor; WGS, whole genome shotgun</p> <p><a name="cor1"></a>* E-mail: <a href="mailto:reedx054@umn.edu"><font color="#0066cc">reedx054@umn.edu</font></a><br /> <br /> </p> </div> af0a9bbf8b1e74cdd0fd24954f4a8087fa63ebbe 3098 2010-09-12T10:07:20Z S 72 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5">Multi-Platform Next-Generation Sequencing of the Domestic Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo): Genome Assembly and Analysis</font><br /> <br /> [[Turkey genome authors]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <br /> <h2 xpathlocation="noSelect">Abstract</h2> <p xpathlocation="/article[1]/front[1]/article-meta[1]/abstract[2]/p[1]">A synergistic combination of two next-generation sequencing platforms with a detailed comparative BAC physical contig map provided a cost-effective assembly of the genome sequence of the domestic turkey (<em>Meleagris gallopavo</em>). Heterozygosity of the sequenced source genome allowed discovery of more than 600,000 high quality single nucleotide variants. Despite this heterozygosity, the current genome assembly (~1.1 Gb) includes 917 Mb of sequence assigned to specific turkey chromosomes. Annotation identified nearly 16,000 genes, with 15,093 recognized as protein coding and 611 as non-coding RNA genes. Comparative analysis of the turkey, chicken, and zebra finch genomes, and comparing avian to mammalian species, supports the characteristic stability of avian genomes and identifies genes unique to the avian lineage. Clear differences are seen in number and variety of genes of the avian immune system where expansions and novel genes are less frequent than examples of gene loss. The turkey genome sequence provides resources to further understand the evolution of vertebrate genomes and genetic variation underlying economically important quantitative traits in poultry. This integrated approach may be a model for providing both gene and chromosome level assemblies of other species with agricultural, ecological, and evolutionary interest.<br /> <br /> </p> <div class="abstract" xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:aml="http://topazproject.org/aml/" xpathlocation="/article[1]/front[1]/article-meta[1]/abstract[3]"><a id="abstract2" title="Author Summary" name="abstract2" toc="abstract2"></a> <h2 xpathlocation="noSelect">Author Summary</h2> <p xpathlocation="/article[1]/front[1]/article-meta[1]/abstract[3]/p[1]">In contrast to the compact sequence of viruses and bacteria, determining the complete genome sequence of complex vertebrate genomes can be a daunting task. With the advent of &ldquo;next-generation&rdquo; sequencing platforms, it is now possible to rapidly sequence and assemble a vertebrate genome, especially for species for which genomic resources&mdash;genetic maps and markers&mdash;are currently available. We used a combination of two next-generation sequencing platforms, Roche 454 and Illumina GAII, and unique assembly tools to sequence the genome of the agriculturally important turkey, <em>Meleagris gallopavo</em>. Our draft assembly comprises approximately 1.1 gigabases of which 917 megabytes are assigned to specific chromosomes. Comparisons of the turkey genome sequence with those of the chicken, <em>Gallus gallus</em>, and the zebra finch, <em>Taeniopygia guttata</em>, provide insights into the evolution of the avian lineage. This genome sequence will facilitate discovery of agriculturally important genetic variants.</p> </div> <div class="articleinfo" xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:aml="http://topazproject.org/aml/" xpathlocation="noSelect"> <p><strong>Citation: </strong>Dalloul RA, Long JA, Zimin AV, Aslam L, Beal K, et al. (2010) Multi-Platform Next-Generation Sequencing of the Domestic Turkey (<em>Meleagris gallopavo</em>): Genome Assembly and Analysis. PLoS Biol 8(9): e1000475. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000475</p> <p><strong>Academic Editor: </strong>Richard J. Roberts, New England Biolabs, United States of America</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>Received:</strong> December 21, 2009; <strong>Accepted:</strong> July 27, 2010; <strong>Published:</strong> September 7, 2010</p> <p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Public Domain declaration which stipulates that, once placed in the public domain, this work may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose.</p> <p><strong>Funding:</strong> Funding for sequencing was supported by Roche Applied Science, the University of Minnesota (College of Veterinary Medicine, and College of Food, Agricultural &amp; Natural Resource Sciences), the Utah State University (Center for Integrated Biosystems), the Virginia Bioinformatics Institute Core Lab Facility, Virginia Tech University (College of Agriculture &amp; Life Sciences, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Fralin Biotechnology Center, Office of Vice President for Research), the Intramural Research Programs of the USDA Agricultural Research Service and the NIH National Institute on Aging, and Multi-State Research Support Program (USDA-NIFA-NRSP8). Funding for assembly, annotation and genomic analyses was provided by The Center for Genomics regulation and the European Community (Barcelona, Spain), &ldquo;Landesstipendium Sachsen&rdquo;, the Free State of Saxony under the auspices of the &ldquo;Landesexzellenzinitiative LIFE&rdquo; (Germany), the NIH National Human Genome Research Institute (#R01-HG002945), the NIH National Library of Medicine (#R01-LM006845), the National Science Foundation (#DMS0616585), The Quantomics Project from 7th Framework Programe of the European Union, the Spanish Ministry of Science, The Wellcome Trust, the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture Animal Genome Program (#'s 2005-35205-15451; 2007-0212704; 2007-35205-17880; 2008-04049; 2008-35205-18720; 2009-35205-05302; 2010-65205-20412) and Ministry of Science &amp; Technology (Korea Science &amp; Engineering Foundation) of Korea (R01-2007-000-20456-0). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.</p> <p><strong>Competing interests:</strong> The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.</p> <p><strong>Abbreviations: </strong>BAC, bacterial artificial chromosome; BES, BAC end sequence; CNV, copy number variation; ESTs, expressed sequence tags; FISH, fluorescence in situ hybridization; GO, gene ontology; LINE, long interspersed nuclear element; MHC, major histocompatibility complex; miRNA, micro-RNA; ncRNA, non-coding RNA; NGS, next-generation sequencing; RPG, rate pattern group; SINE, short interspersed nuclear element; snoRNA, small nucleolar RNA; SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism; SNV, single nucleotide variant (SNP/indel); TE, transposable element; TLR, Toll-like receptor; WGS, whole genome shotgun</p> <p><a name="cor1"></a>* E-mail: <a href="mailto:reedx054@umn.edu"><font color="#0066cc">reedx054@umn.edu</font></a><br /> <br /> </p> </div> 1bb02e3b6843c826fffead137aaadf9f002da3c3 3099 2010-09-12T10:07:44Z S 72 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5">Multi-Platform Next-Generation Sequencing of the Domestic Turkey (<em>Meleagris gallopavo</em>): Genome Assembly and Analysis</font><br /> <br /> [[Turkey genome authors]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <br /> <h2 xpathlocation="noSelect">Abstract</h2> <p xpathlocation="/article[1]/front[1]/article-meta[1]/abstract[2]/p[1]">A synergistic combination of two next-generation sequencing platforms with a detailed comparative BAC physical contig map provided a cost-effective assembly of the genome sequence of the domestic turkey (<em>Meleagris gallopavo</em>). Heterozygosity of the sequenced source genome allowed discovery of more than 600,000 high quality single nucleotide variants. Despite this heterozygosity, the current genome assembly (~1.1 Gb) includes 917 Mb of sequence assigned to specific turkey chromosomes. Annotation identified nearly 16,000 genes, with 15,093 recognized as protein coding and 611 as non-coding RNA genes. Comparative analysis of the turkey, chicken, and zebra finch genomes, and comparing avian to mammalian species, supports the characteristic stability of avian genomes and identifies genes unique to the avian lineage. Clear differences are seen in number and variety of genes of the avian immune system where expansions and novel genes are less frequent than examples of gene loss. The turkey genome sequence provides resources to further understand the evolution of vertebrate genomes and genetic variation underlying economically important quantitative traits in poultry. This integrated approach may be a model for providing both gene and chromosome level assemblies of other species with agricultural, ecological, and evolutionary interest.<br /> <br /> </p> <div class="abstract" xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:aml="http://topazproject.org/aml/" xpathlocation="/article[1]/front[1]/article-meta[1]/abstract[3]"><a id="abstract2" title="Author Summary" name="abstract2" toc="abstract2"></a> <h2 xpathlocation="noSelect">Author Summary</h2> <p xpathlocation="/article[1]/front[1]/article-meta[1]/abstract[3]/p[1]">In contrast to the compact sequence of viruses and bacteria, determining the complete genome sequence of complex vertebrate genomes can be a daunting task. With the advent of &ldquo;next-generation&rdquo; sequencing platforms, it is now possible to rapidly sequence and assemble a vertebrate genome, especially for species for which genomic resources&mdash;genetic maps and markers&mdash;are currently available. We used a combination of two next-generation sequencing platforms, Roche 454 and Illumina GAII, and unique assembly tools to sequence the genome of the agriculturally important turkey, <em>Meleagris gallopavo</em>. Our draft assembly comprises approximately 1.1 gigabases of which 917 megabytes are assigned to specific chromosomes. Comparisons of the turkey genome sequence with those of the chicken, <em>Gallus gallus</em>, and the zebra finch, <em>Taeniopygia guttata</em>, provide insights into the evolution of the avian lineage. This genome sequence will facilitate discovery of agriculturally important genetic variants.</p> </div> <div class="articleinfo" xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:aml="http://topazproject.org/aml/" xpathlocation="noSelect"> <p><strong>Citation: </strong>Dalloul RA, Long JA, Zimin AV, Aslam L, Beal K, et al. (2010) Multi-Platform Next-Generation Sequencing of the Domestic Turkey (<em>Meleagris gallopavo</em>): Genome Assembly and Analysis. PLoS Biol 8(9): e1000475. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000475</p> <p><strong>Academic Editor: </strong>Richard J. Roberts, New England Biolabs, United States of America</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>Received:</strong> December 21, 2009; <strong>Accepted:</strong> July 27, 2010; <strong>Published:</strong> September 7, 2010</p> <p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Public Domain declaration which stipulates that, once placed in the public domain, this work may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose.</p> <p><strong>Funding:</strong> Funding for sequencing was supported by Roche Applied Science, the University of Minnesota (College of Veterinary Medicine, and College of Food, Agricultural &amp; Natural Resource Sciences), the Utah State University (Center for Integrated Biosystems), the Virginia Bioinformatics Institute Core Lab Facility, Virginia Tech University (College of Agriculture &amp; Life Sciences, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Fralin Biotechnology Center, Office of Vice President for Research), the Intramural Research Programs of the USDA Agricultural Research Service and the NIH National Institute on Aging, and Multi-State Research Support Program (USDA-NIFA-NRSP8). Funding for assembly, annotation and genomic analyses was provided by The Center for Genomics regulation and the European Community (Barcelona, Spain), &ldquo;Landesstipendium Sachsen&rdquo;, the Free State of Saxony under the auspices of the &ldquo;Landesexzellenzinitiative LIFE&rdquo; (Germany), the NIH National Human Genome Research Institute (#R01-HG002945), the NIH National Library of Medicine (#R01-LM006845), the National Science Foundation (#DMS0616585), The Quantomics Project from 7th Framework Programe of the European Union, the Spanish Ministry of Science, The Wellcome Trust, the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture Animal Genome Program (#'s 2005-35205-15451; 2007-0212704; 2007-35205-17880; 2008-04049; 2008-35205-18720; 2009-35205-05302; 2010-65205-20412) and Ministry of Science &amp; Technology (Korea Science &amp; Engineering Foundation) of Korea (R01-2007-000-20456-0). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.</p> <p><strong>Competing interests:</strong> The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.</p> <p><strong>Abbreviations: </strong>BAC, bacterial artificial chromosome; BES, BAC end sequence; CNV, copy number variation; ESTs, expressed sequence tags; FISH, fluorescence in situ hybridization; GO, gene ontology; LINE, long interspersed nuclear element; MHC, major histocompatibility complex; miRNA, micro-RNA; ncRNA, non-coding RNA; NGS, next-generation sequencing; RPG, rate pattern group; SINE, short interspersed nuclear element; snoRNA, small nucleolar RNA; SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism; SNV, single nucleotide variant (SNP/indel); TE, transposable element; TLR, Toll-like receptor; WGS, whole genome shotgun</p> <p><a name="cor1"></a>* E-mail: <a href="mailto:reedx054@umn.edu"><font color="#0066cc">reedx054@umn.edu</font></a><br /> <br /> </p> </div> d06e1a605ea213747f387ec690b0cc57f1edc80b 3100 2010-09-12T10:09:03Z S 72 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5">Multi-Platform Next-Generation Sequencing of the Domestic Turkey (<em>Meleagris gallopavo</em>): Genome Assembly and Analysis</font><br /> <br /> [[Turkey genome authors]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> PLOSbiology: <a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1000475">http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1000475</a><br /> <h2 xpathlocation="noSelect">Abstract</h2> <p xpathlocation="/article[1]/front[1]/article-meta[1]/abstract[2]/p[1]">A synergistic combination of two next-generation sequencing platforms with a detailed comparative BAC physical contig map provided a cost-effective assembly of the genome sequence of the domestic turkey (<em>Meleagris gallopavo</em>). Heterozygosity of the sequenced source genome allowed discovery of more than 600,000 high quality single nucleotide variants. Despite this heterozygosity, the current genome assembly (~1.1 Gb) includes 917 Mb of sequence assigned to specific turkey chromosomes. Annotation identified nearly 16,000 genes, with 15,093 recognized as protein coding and 611 as non-coding RNA genes. Comparative analysis of the turkey, chicken, and zebra finch genomes, and comparing avian to mammalian species, supports the characteristic stability of avian genomes and identifies genes unique to the avian lineage. Clear differences are seen in number and variety of genes of the avian immune system where expansions and novel genes are less frequent than examples of gene loss. The turkey genome sequence provides resources to further understand the evolution of vertebrate genomes and genetic variation underlying economically important quantitative traits in poultry. This integrated approach may be a model for providing both gene and chromosome level assemblies of other species with agricultural, ecological, and evolutionary interest.<br /> <br /> </p> <div class="abstract" xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:aml="http://topazproject.org/aml/" xpathlocation="/article[1]/front[1]/article-meta[1]/abstract[3]"> <h2 xpathlocation="noSelect"><font size="3"><strong>Received:</strong> December 21, 2009; <strong>Accepted:</strong> July 27, 2010; <strong>Published:</strong> September 7, 2010</font></h2> </div> <div class="articleinfo" xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:aml="http://topazproject.org/aml/" xpathlocation="noSelect"> <p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Public Domain declaration which stipulates that, once placed in the public domain, this work may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>Abbreviations: </strong>BAC, bacterial artificial chromosome; BES, BAC end sequence; CNV, copy number variation; ESTs, expressed sequence tags; FISH, fluorescence in situ hybridization; GO, gene ontology; LINE, long interspersed nuclear element; MHC, major histocompatibility complex; miRNA, micro-RNA; ncRNA, non-coding RNA; NGS, next-generation sequencing; RPG, rate pattern group; SINE, short interspersed nuclear element; snoRNA, small nucleolar RNA; SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism; SNV, single nucleotide variant (SNP/indel); TE, transposable element; TLR, Toll-like receptor; WGS, whole genome shotgun</p> <p>* E-mail: <a href="mailto:reedx054@umn.edu"><font color="#0066cc">reedx054@umn.edu</font></a><br /> <br /> </p> </div> 44aba9d2e16fa341b88da4f566a720e1644394cd 3101 2010-09-12T10:09:49Z S 72 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5">Multi-Platform Next-Generation Sequencing of the Domestic Turkey (<em>Meleagris gallopavo</em>): Genome Assembly and Analysis</font><br /> <br /> [[Turkey genome authors]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> PLOSbiology: <a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1000475">http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1000475</a><br /> <h2 xpathlocation="noSelect">Abstract</h2> <p xpathlocation="/article[1]/front[1]/article-meta[1]/abstract[2]/p[1]">A synergistic combination of two next-generation sequencing platforms with a detailed comparative BAC physical contig map provided a cost-effective assembly of the genome sequence of the domestic turkey (<em>Meleagris gallopavo</em>). Heterozygosity of the sequenced source genome allowed discovery of more than 600,000 high quality single nucleotide variants. Despite this heterozygosity, the current genome assembly (~1.1 Gb) includes 917 Mb of sequence assigned to specific turkey chromosomes. Annotation identified nearly 16,000 genes, with 15,093 recognized as protein coding and 611 as non-coding RNA genes. Comparative analysis of the turkey, chicken, and zebra finch genomes, and comparing avian to mammalian species, supports the characteristic stability of avian genomes and identifies genes unique to the avian lineage. Clear differences are seen in number and variety of genes of the avian immune system where expansions and novel genes are less frequent than examples of gene loss. The turkey genome sequence provides resources to further understand the evolution of vertebrate genomes and genetic variation underlying economically important quantitative traits in poultry. This integrated approach may be a model for providing both gene and chromosome level assemblies of other species with agricultural, ecological, and evolutionary interest.<br /> <br /> </p> <div class="abstract" xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:aml="http://topazproject.org/aml/" xpathlocation="/article[1]/front[1]/article-meta[1]/abstract[3]"> <h2 xpathlocation="noSelect"><font size="3"><strong>Received:</strong> December 21, 2009; <strong>Accepted:</strong> July 27, 2010; <strong>Published:</strong> September 7, 2010</font></h2> </div> <div class="articleinfo" xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:aml="http://topazproject.org/aml/" xpathlocation="noSelect"> <p><strong><font color="#339966">This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Public Domain declaration which stipulates that, once placed in the public domain, this work may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose.</font></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>Abbreviations: </strong>BAC, bacterial artificial chromosome; BES, BAC end sequence; CNV, copy number variation; ESTs, expressed sequence tags; FISH, fluorescence in situ hybridization; GO, gene ontology; LINE, long interspersed nuclear element; MHC, major histocompatibility complex; miRNA, micro-RNA; ncRNA, non-coding RNA; NGS, next-generation sequencing; RPG, rate pattern group; SINE, short interspersed nuclear element; snoRNA, small nucleolar RNA; SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism; SNV, single nucleotide variant (SNP/indel); TE, transposable element; TLR, Toll-like receptor; WGS, whole genome shotgun<br /> <br /> <strong>Citation: </strong>Dalloul RA, Long JA, Zimin AV, Aslam L, Beal K, et al. (2010) Multi-Platform Next-Generation Sequencing of the Domestic Turkey (<em>Meleagris gallopavo</em>): Genome Assembly and Analysis. PLoS Biol 8(9): e1000475. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000475</p> <p>* E-mail: <a href="mailto:reedx054@umn.edu"><font color="#0066cc">reedx054@umn.edu</font></a><br /> <br /> </p> </div> 7f64afaafa0331a385e03cf84ad189b2e5c9802f 3102 2010-09-12T10:11:13Z S 72 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5">Multi-Platform Next-Generation Sequencing of the Domestic Turkey (<em>Meleagris gallopavo</em>): Genome Assembly and Analysis</font><br /> <br /> [[Turkey genome authors]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> Published September 7, 2010<br /> <br /> PLOSbiology: <a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1000475">http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1000475</a><br /> <h2 xpathlocation="noSelect">Abstract</h2> <p xpathlocation="/article[1]/front[1]/article-meta[1]/abstract[2]/p[1]">A synergistic combination of two next-generation sequencing platforms with a detailed comparative BAC physical contig map provided a cost-effective assembly of the genome sequence of the domestic turkey (<em>Meleagris gallopavo</em>). Heterozygosity of the sequenced source genome allowed discovery of more than 600,000 high quality single nucleotide variants. Despite this heterozygosity, the current genome assembly (~1.1 Gb) includes 917 Mb of sequence assigned to specific turkey chromosomes. Annotation identified nearly 16,000 genes, with 15,093 recognized as protein coding and 611 as non-coding RNA genes. Comparative analysis of the turkey, chicken, and zebra finch genomes, and comparing avian to mammalian species, supports the characteristic stability of avian genomes and identifies genes unique to the avian lineage. Clear differences are seen in number and variety of genes of the avian immune system where expansions and novel genes are less frequent than examples of gene loss. The turkey genome sequence provides resources to further understand the evolution of vertebrate genomes and genetic variation underlying economically important quantitative traits in poultry. This integrated approach may be a model for providing both gene and chromosome level assemblies of other species with agricultural, ecological, and evolutionary interest.<br /> <br /> </p> <div class="abstract" xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:aml="http://topazproject.org/aml/" xpathlocation="/article[1]/front[1]/article-meta[1]/abstract[3]"> <h2 xpathlocation="noSelect"><font size="3"><strong>Received:</strong> December 21, 2009; <strong>Accepted:</strong> July 27, 2010; <strong>Published:</strong> September 7, 2010</font></h2> </div> <div class="articleinfo" xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:aml="http://topazproject.org/aml/" xpathlocation="noSelect"> <p><strong><font color="#339966">This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Public Domain declaration which stipulates that, once placed in the public domain, this work may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose.</font></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>Abbreviations: </strong>BAC, bacterial artificial chromosome; BES, BAC end sequence; CNV, copy number variation; ESTs, expressed sequence tags; FISH, fluorescence in situ hybridization; GO, gene ontology; LINE, long interspersed nuclear element; MHC, major histocompatibility complex; miRNA, micro-RNA; ncRNA, non-coding RNA; NGS, next-generation sequencing; RPG, rate pattern group; SINE, short interspersed nuclear element; snoRNA, small nucleolar RNA; SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism; SNV, single nucleotide variant (SNP/indel); TE, transposable element; TLR, Toll-like receptor; WGS, whole genome shotgun<br /> <br /> <strong>Citation: </strong>Dalloul RA, Long JA, Zimin AV, Aslam L, Beal K, et al. (2010) Multi-Platform Next-Generation Sequencing of the Domestic Turkey (<em>Meleagris gallopavo</em>): Genome Assembly and Analysis. PLoS Biol 8(9): e1000475. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000475</p> <p>* E-mail: <a href="mailto:reedx054@umn.edu"><font color="#0066cc">reedx054@umn.edu</font></a><br /> <br /> </p> </div> 6650d3e960f3d0a8c7a55d332c4f8e44e8fe8069 0 1890 3096 2010-09-12T10:04:51Z S 72 wikitext text/x-wiki <p class="authors" xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:aml="http://topazproject.org/aml/" xpathlocation="noSelect"><span rel="dc:creator"><span property="foaf:name">Rami A. Dalloul</span></span>^{<a href="#aff1"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">1</font></a>}^{<a href="#equal-contrib"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">#</font></a>}, <span rel="dc:creator"><span property="foaf:name">Julie A. Long</span></span>^{<a href="#aff2"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">2</font></a>}^{<a href="#equal-contrib"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">#</font></a>}, <span rel="dc:creator"><span property="foaf:name">Aleksey V. Zimin</span></span>^{<a href="#aff3"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">3</font></a>}^{<a href="#equal-contrib"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">#</font></a>}, <span rel="dc:creator"><span property="foaf:name">Luqman Aslam</span></span>^{<a href="#aff4"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">4</font></a>}, <span rel="dc:creator"><span property="foaf:name">Kathryn Beal</span></span>^{<a href="#aff5"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">5</font></a>}, <span rel="dc:creator"><span property="foaf:name">Le Ann Blomberg</span></span>^{<a href="#aff2"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">2</font></a>}, <span rel="dc:creator"><span property="foaf:name">Pascal Bouffard</span></span>^{<a href="#aff6"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">6</font></a>}, <span rel="dc:creator"><span property="foaf:name">David W. Burt</span></span>^{<a href="#aff7"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">7</font></a>}, <span rel="dc:creator"><span property="foaf:name">Oswald Crasta</span></span>^{<a href="#aff8"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">8</font></a>}<font size="2">^,^{<a href="#aff9"><font color="#0066cc">9</font></a>}</font>, <span rel="dc:creator"><span property="foaf:name">Richard P. M. A. Crooijmans</span></span>^{<a href="#aff4"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">4</font></a>}, <span rel="dc:creator"><span property="foaf:name">Kristal Cooper</span></span>^{<a href="#aff8"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">8</font></a>}, <span rel="dc:creator"><span property="foaf:name">Roger A. Coulombe</span></span>^{<a href="#aff10"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">10</font></a>}, <span rel="dc:creator"><span property="foaf:name">Supriyo De</span></span>^{<a href="#aff11"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">11</font></a>}, <span rel="dc:creator"><span property="foaf:name">Mary E. Delany</span></span>^{<a href="#aff12"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">12</font></a>}, <span rel="dc:creator"><span property="foaf:name">Jerry B. Dodgson</span></span>^{<a href="#aff13"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">13</font></a>}, <span rel="dc:creator"><span property="foaf:name">Jennifer J. Dong</span></span>^{<a href="#aff14"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">14</font></a>}, <span rel="dc:creator"><span property="foaf:name">Clive Evans</span></span>^{<a href="#aff8"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">8</font></a>}, <span rel="dc:creator"><span property="foaf:name">Karin M. Frederickson</span></span>^{<a href="#aff6"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">6</font></a>}, <span rel="dc:creator"><span property="foaf:name">Paul Flicek</span></span>^{<a href="#aff5"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">5</font></a>}, <span rel="dc:creator"><span property="foaf:name">Liliana Florea</span></span>^{<a href="#aff15"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">15</font></a>}, <span rel="dc:creator"><span property="foaf:name">Otto Folkerts</span></span>^{<a href="#aff8"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">8</font></a>}<font size="2">^,^{<a href="#aff9"><font color="#0066cc">9</font></a>}</font>, <span rel="dc:creator"><span property="foaf:name">Martien A. M. Groenen</span></span>^{<a href="#aff4"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">4</font></a>}, <span rel="dc:creator"><span property="foaf:name">Tim T. Harkins</span></span>^{<a href="#aff6"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">6</font></a>}, <span rel="dc:creator"><span property="foaf:name">Javier Herrero</span></span>^{<a href="#aff5"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">5</font></a>}, <span rel="dc:creator"><span property="foaf:name">Steve Hoffmann</span></span>^{<a href="#aff16"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">16</font></a>}<font size="2">^,^{<a href="#aff17"><font color="#0066cc">17</font></a>}</font>, <span rel="dc:creator"><span property="foaf:name">Hendrik-Jan Megens</span></span>^{<a href="#aff4"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">4</font></a>}, <span rel="dc:creator"><span property="foaf:name">Andrew Jiang</span></span>^{<a href="#aff12"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">12</font></a>}, <span rel="dc:creator"><span property="foaf:name">Pieter de Jong</span></span>^{<a href="#aff18"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">18</font></a>}, <span rel="dc:creator"><span property="foaf:name">Pete Kaiser</span></span>^{<a href="#aff19"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">19</font></a>}, <span rel="dc:creator"><span property="foaf:name">Heebal Kim</span></span>^{<a href="#aff20"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">20</font></a>}, <span rel="dc:creator"><span property="foaf:name">Kyu-Won Kim</span></span>^{<a href="#aff20"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">20</font></a>}, <span rel="dc:creator"><span property="foaf:name">Sungwon Kim</span></span>^{<a href="#aff1"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">1</font></a>}, <span rel="dc:creator"><span property="foaf:name">David Langenberger</span></span>^{<a href="#aff16"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">16</font></a>}, <span rel="dc:creator"><span property="foaf:name">Mi-Kyung Lee</span></span>^{<a href="#aff14"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">14</font></a>}, <span rel="dc:creator"><span property="foaf:name">Taeheon Lee</span></span>^{<a href="#aff20"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">20</font></a>}, <span rel="dc:creator"><span property="foaf:name">Shrinivasrao Mane</span></span>^{<a href="#aff8"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">8</font></a>}, <span rel="dc:creator"><span property="foaf:name">Guillaume Marcais</span></span>^{<a href="#aff3"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">3</font></a>}, <span rel="dc:creator"><span property="foaf:name">Manja Marz</span></span>^{<a href="#aff16"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">16</font></a>}<font size="2">^,^{<a href="#aff21"><font color="#0066cc">21</font></a>}</font>, <span rel="dc:creator"><span property="foaf:name">Audrey P. McElroy</span></span>^{<a href="#aff1"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">1</font></a>}, <span rel="dc:creator"><span property="foaf:name">Thero Modise</span></span>^{<a href="#aff8"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">8</font></a>}, <span rel="dc:creator"><span property="foaf:name">Mikhail Nefedov</span></span>^{<a href="#aff18"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">18</font></a>}, <span rel="dc:creator"><span property="foaf:name">C&eacute;dric Notredame</span></span>^{<a href="#aff22"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">22</font></a>}, <span rel="dc:creator"><span property="foaf:name">Ian R. Paton</span></span>^{<a href="#aff7"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">7</font></a>}, <span rel="dc:creator"><span property="foaf:name">William S. Payne</span></span>^{<a href="#aff13"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">13</font></a>}, <span rel="dc:creator"><span property="foaf:name">Geo Pertea</span></span>^{<a href="#aff15"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">15</font></a>}, <span rel="dc:creator"><span property="foaf:name">Dennis Prickett</span></span>^{<a href="#aff19"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">19</font></a>}, <span rel="dc:creator"><span property="foaf:name">Daniela Puiu</span></span>^{<a href="#aff15"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">15</font></a>}, <span rel="dc:creator"><span property="foaf:name">Dan Qioa</span></span>^{<a href="#aff23"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">23</font></a>}, <span rel="dc:creator"><span property="foaf:name">Emanuele Raineri</span></span>^{<a href="#aff22"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">22</font></a>}, <span rel="dc:creator"><span property="foaf:name">Magali Ruffier</span></span>^{<a href="#aff24"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">24</font></a>}, <span rel="dc:creator"><span property="foaf:name">Steven L. Salzberg</span></span>^{<a href="#aff25"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">25</font></a>}, <span rel="dc:creator"><span property="foaf:name">Michael C. Schatz</span></span>^{<a href="#aff25"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">25</font></a>}, <span rel="dc:creator"><span property="foaf:name">Chantel Scheuring</span></span>^{<a href="#aff14"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">14</font></a>}, <span rel="dc:creator"><span property="foaf:name">Carl J. Schmidt</span></span>^{<a href="#aff26"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">26</font></a>}, <span rel="dc:creator"><span property="foaf:name">Steven Schroeder</span></span>^{<a href="#aff27"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">27</font></a>}, <span rel="dc:creator"><span property="foaf:name">Stephen M. J. Searle</span></span>^{<a href="#aff24"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">24</font></a>}, <span rel="dc:creator"><span property="foaf:name">Edward J. Smith</span></span>^{<a href="#aff1"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">1</font></a>}, <span rel="dc:creator"><span property="foaf:name">Jacqueline Smith</span></span>^{<a href="#aff7"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">7</font></a>}, <span rel="dc:creator"><span property="foaf:name">Tad S. Sonstegard</span></span>^{<a href="#aff27"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">27</font></a>}, <span rel="dc:creator"><span property="foaf:name">Peter F. Stadler</span></span>^{<a href="#aff16"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">16</font></a>}<font size="2">^,^{<a href="#aff28"><font color="#0066cc">28</font></a>}^,^{<a href="#aff29"><font color="#0066cc">29</font></a>}^,^{<a href="#aff30"><font color="#0066cc">30</font></a>}^,^{<a href="#aff31"><font color="#0066cc">31</font></a>}</font>, <span rel="dc:creator"><span property="foaf:name">Hakim Tafer</span></span>^{<a href="#aff16"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">16</font></a>}<font size="2">^,^{<a href="#aff30"><font color="#0066cc">30</font></a>}</font>, <span rel="dc:creator"><span property="foaf:name">Zhijian (Jake) Tu</span></span>^{<a href="#aff32"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">32</font></a>}, <span rel="dc:creator"><span property="foaf:name">Curtis P. Van Tassell</span></span>^{<a href="#aff27"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">27</font></a>}<font size="2">^,^{<a href="#aff33"><font color="#0066cc">33</font></a>}</font>, <span rel="dc:creator"><span property="foaf:name">Albert J. Vilella</span></span>^{<a href="#aff5"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">5</font></a>}, <span rel="dc:creator"><span property="foaf:name">Kelly P. Williams</span></span>^{<a href="#aff8"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">8</font></a>}, <span rel="dc:creator"><span property="foaf:name">James A. Yorke</span></span>^{<a href="#aff3"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">3</font></a>}, <span rel="dc:creator"><span property="foaf:name">Liqing Zhang</span></span>^{<a href="#aff23"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">23</font></a>}, <span rel="dc:creator"><span property="foaf:name">Hong-Bin Zhang</span></span>^{<a href="#aff14"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">14</font></a>}, <span rel="dc:creator"><span property="foaf:name">Xiaojun Zhang</span></span>^{<a href="#aff14"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">14</font></a>}, <span rel="dc:creator"><span property="foaf:name">Yang Zhang</span></span>^{<a href="#aff14"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">14</font></a>}, <span rel="dc:creator"><span property="foaf:name">Kent M. Reed</span></span>^{<a href="#aff34"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">34</font></a>}^{<a class="fnoteref" href="#cor1"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">*</font></a>}</p> <p class="affiliations" xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:aml="http://topazproject.org/aml/" xpathlocation="noSelect"><a id="aff1" name="aff1"></a><strong>1</strong> Avian Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America, <a id="aff2" name="aff2"></a><strong>2</strong> Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America, <a id="aff3" name="aff3"></a><strong>3</strong> Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America, <a id="aff4" name="aff4"></a><strong>4</strong> Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands, <a id="aff5" name="aff5"></a><strong>5</strong> European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom, <a id="aff6" name="aff6"></a><strong>6</strong> Roche Applied Science, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America, <a id="aff7" name="aff7"></a><strong>7</strong> The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom, <a id="aff8" name="aff8"></a><strong>8</strong> Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America, <a id="aff9" name="aff9"></a><strong>9</strong> Chromatin Inc., Champaign, Illinois, United States of America, <a id="aff10" name="aff10"></a><strong>10</strong> Department of Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, United States of America, <a id="aff11" name="aff11"></a><strong>11</strong> Gene Expression and Genomics Unit, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America, <a id="aff12" name="aff12"></a><strong>12</strong> Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America, <a id="aff13" name="aff13"></a><strong>13</strong> Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America, <a id="aff14" name="aff14"></a><strong>14</strong> Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&amp;M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America, <a id="aff15" name="aff15"></a><strong>15</strong> Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America, <a id="aff16" name="aff16"></a><strong>16</strong> Department of Computer Science and Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany, <a id="aff17" name="aff17"></a><strong>17</strong> LIFE Project, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany, <a id="aff18" name="aff18"></a><strong>18</strong> Children's Hospital and Research Center at Oakland, Oakland, California, United States of America, <a id="aff19" name="aff19"></a><strong>19</strong> Institute for Animal Health, Compton, Berkshire, United Kingdom, <a id="aff20" name="aff20"></a><strong>20</strong> Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Population Genetics, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea, <a id="aff21" name="aff21"></a><strong>21</strong> Philipps-Universit&auml;t Marburg, Pharmazeutische Chemie, Marburg, Germany, <a id="aff22" name="aff22"></a><strong>22</strong> Comparative Bioinformatics, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Universitat Pompeus Fabre, Barcelona, Spain, <a id="aff23" name="aff23"></a><strong>23</strong> Department of Computer Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America, <a id="aff24" name="aff24"></a><strong>24</strong> Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom, <a id="aff25" name="aff25"></a><strong>25</strong> Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Department of Computer Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America, <a id="aff26" name="aff26"></a><strong>26</strong> Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States of America, <a id="aff27" name="aff27"></a><strong>27</strong> Bovine Functional Genomics Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America, <a id="aff28" name="aff28"></a><strong>28</strong> Max Planck Institute for Mathematics in the Sciences, Leipzig, Germany, <a id="aff29" name="aff29"></a><strong>29</strong> Fraunhofer Institut f&uuml;r Zelltherapie und Immunologie, Leipzig, Germany, <a id="aff30" name="aff30"></a><strong>30</strong> Department of Theoretical Chemistry University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria, <a id="aff31" name="aff31"></a><strong>31</strong> Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States of America, <a id="aff32" name="aff32"></a><strong>32</strong> Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America, <a id="aff33" name="aff33"></a><strong>33</strong> Animal Improvement Programs Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America, <a id="aff34" name="aff34"></a><strong>34</strong> Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America</p> 3749348139ab803e256b295bd403cc02b3f87f31 0 1891 3104 2010-09-12T10:11:39Z S 72 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5">Multi-Platform Next-Generation Sequencing of the Domestic Turkey (<em>Meleagris gallopavo</em>): Genome Assembly and Analysis<br /> <br /> </font>[[Turkey genome authors]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> Published September 7, 2010<br /> <br /> PLOSbiology: <a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1000475">http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1000475</a><br /> <h2 xpathlocation="noSelect">Abstract</h2> <p xpathlocation="/article[1]/front[1]/article-meta[1]/abstract[2]/p[1]">A synergistic combination of two next-generation sequencing platforms with a detailed comparative BAC physical contig map provided a cost-effective assembly of the genome sequence of the domestic turkey (<em>Meleagris gallopavo</em>). Heterozygosity of the sequenced source genome allowed discovery of more than 600,000 high quality single nucleotide variants. Despite this heterozygosity, the current genome assembly (~1.1 Gb) includes 917 Mb of sequence assigned to specific turkey chromosomes. Annotation identified nearly 16,000 genes, with 15,093 recognized as protein coding and 611 as non-coding RNA genes. Comparative analysis of the turkey, chicken, and zebra finch genomes, and comparing avian to mammalian species, supports the characteristic stability of avian genomes and identifies genes unique to the avian lineage. Clear differences are seen in number and variety of genes of the avian immune system where expansions and novel genes are less frequent than examples of gene loss. The turkey genome sequence provides resources to further understand the evolution of vertebrate genomes and genetic variation underlying economically important quantitative traits in poultry. This integrated approach may be a model for providing both gene and chromosome level assemblies of other species with agricultural, ecological, and evolutionary interest.<br /> <br /> </p> <div class="abstract" xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:aml="http://topazproject.org/aml/" xpathlocation="/article[1]/front[1]/article-meta[1]/abstract[3]"> <h2 xpathlocation="noSelect"><font size="3"><strong>Received:</strong> December 21, 2009; <strong>Accepted:</strong> July 27, 2010; <strong>Published:</strong> September 7, 2010</font></h2> </div> <div class="articleinfo" xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:aml="http://topazproject.org/aml/" xpathlocation="noSelect"> <p><strong><font color="#339966">This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Public Domain declaration which stipulates that, once placed in the public domain, this work may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose.</font></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>Abbreviations: </strong>BAC, bacterial artificial chromosome; BES, BAC end sequence; CNV, copy number variation; ESTs, expressed sequence tags; FISH, fluorescence in situ hybridization; GO, gene ontology; LINE, long interspersed nuclear element; MHC, major histocompatibility complex; miRNA, micro-RNA; ncRNA, non-coding RNA; NGS, next-generation sequencing; RPG, rate pattern group; SINE, short interspersed nuclear element; snoRNA, small nucleolar RNA; SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism; SNV, single nucleotide variant (SNP/indel); TE, transposable element; TLR, Toll-like receptor; WGS, whole genome shotgun<br /> <br /> <strong>Citation: </strong>Dalloul RA, Long JA, Zimin AV, Aslam L, Beal K, et al. (2010) Multi-Platform Next-Generation Sequencing of the Domestic Turkey (<em>Meleagris gallopavo</em>): Genome Assembly and Analysis. PLoS Biol 8(9): e1000475. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000475</p> <p>* E-mail: <a href="mailto:reedx054@umn.edu"><font color="#0066cc">reedx054@umn.edu</font></a><br /> <br /> </p> </div> 8f8409a38c3b325de2fb5d8b313b7212b89ede18 3127 2010-10-09T21:50:57Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5"><font size="3">[[Image:Turkey logo 2.gif]]</font> <br /> Multi-Platform Next-Generation Sequencing of the Domestic Turkey (<em>Meleagris gallopavo</em>): Genome Assembly and Analysis<br /> <br /> </font>[[Turkey genome authors]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> Published September 7, 2010<br /> <br /> PLOSbiology: <a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1000475">http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1000475</a><br /> <h2 xpathlocation="noSelect">Abstract</h2> <p xpathlocation="/article[1]/front[1]/article-meta[1]/abstract[2]/p[1]">A synergistic combination of two next-generation sequencing platforms with a detailed comparative BAC physical contig map provided a cost-effective assembly of the genome sequence of the domestic turkey (<em>Meleagris gallopavo</em>). Heterozygosity of the sequenced source genome allowed discovery of more than 600,000 high quality single nucleotide variants. Despite this heterozygosity, the current genome assembly (~1.1 Gb) includes 917 Mb of sequence assigned to specific turkey chromosomes. Annotation identified nearly 16,000 genes, with 15,093 recognized as protein coding and 611 as non-coding RNA genes. Comparative analysis of the turkey, chicken, and zebra finch genomes, and comparing avian to mammalian species, supports the characteristic stability of avian genomes and identifies genes unique to the avian lineage. Clear differences are seen in number and variety of genes of the avian immune system where expansions and novel genes are less frequent than examples of gene loss. The turkey genome sequence provides resources to further understand the evolution of vertebrate genomes and genetic variation underlying economically important quantitative traits in poultry. This integrated approach may be a model for providing both gene and chromosome level assemblies of other species with agricultural, ecological, and evolutionary interest.<br /> <br /> </p> <div class="abstract" xpathlocation="/article[1]/front[1]/article-meta[1]/abstract[3]" xmlns:aml="http://topazproject.org/aml/" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"> <h2 xpathlocation="noSelect"><font size="3"><strong>Received:</strong> December 21, 2009; <strong>Accepted:</strong> July 27, 2010; <strong>Published:</strong> September 7, 2010</font></h2> </div> <div class="articleinfo" xpathlocation="noSelect" xmlns:aml="http://topazproject.org/aml/" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"> <p><strong><font color="#339966">This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Public Domain declaration which stipulates that, once placed in the public domain, this work may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose.</font></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>Abbreviations: </strong>BAC, bacterial artificial chromosome; BES, BAC end sequence; CNV, copy number variation; ESTs, expressed sequence tags; FISH, fluorescence in situ hybridization; GO, gene ontology; LINE, long interspersed nuclear element; MHC, major histocompatibility complex; miRNA, micro-RNA; ncRNA, non-coding RNA; NGS, next-generation sequencing; RPG, rate pattern group; SINE, short interspersed nuclear element; snoRNA, small nucleolar RNA; SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism; SNV, single nucleotide variant (SNP/indel); TE, transposable element; TLR, Toll-like receptor; WGS, whole genome shotgun<br /> <br /> <strong>Citation: </strong>Dalloul RA, Long JA, Zimin AV, Aslam L, Beal K, et al. (2010) Multi-Platform Next-Generation Sequencing of the Domestic Turkey (<em>Meleagris gallopavo</em>): Genome Assembly and Analysis. PLoS Biol 8(9): e1000475. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000475</p> <p>* E-mail: <a href="mailto:reedx054@umn.edu"><font color="#0066cc">reedx054@umn.edu</font></a><br /> <br /> </p> </div> 0e5b3715b94c7e589a6eae5fa7eb2638b9a6a12c 3161 2010-10-22T14:20:17Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5"><font size="3">[[Image:Turkey logo 2.gif]]</font> <br /> Multi-Platform Next-Generation Sequencing of the Domestic Turkey (<em>Meleagris gallopavo</em>): Genome Assembly and Analysis<br /> <br /> </font>[[Turkey genome authors]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> Published September 7, 2010<br /> <br /> PLOSbiology: <a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1000475">http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1000475</a><br /> <h2 xpathlocation="noSelect">Abstract</h2> <p xpathlocation="/article[1]/front[1]/article-meta[1]/abstract[2]/p[1]"><font size="3">A synergistic combination of two next-generation sequencing platforms with a detailed comparative BAC physical contig map provided a cost-effective assembly of the genome sequence of the domestic turkey (<em>Meleagris gallopavo</em>). Heterozygosity of the sequenced source genome allowed discovery of more than 600,000 high quality single nucleotide variants. Despite this heterozygosity, the current genome assembly (~1.1 Gb) includes 917 Mb of sequence assigned to specific turkey chromosomes. Annotation identified nearly 16,000 genes, with 15,093 recognized as protein coding and 611 as non-coding RNA genes. Comparative analysis of the turkey, chicken, and zebra finch genomes, and comparing avian to mammalian species, supports the characteristic stability of avian genomes and identifies genes unique to the avian lineage. Clear differences are seen in number and variety of genes of the avian immune system where expansions and novel genes are less frequent than examples of gene loss. The turkey genome sequence provides resources to further understand the evolution of vertebrate genomes and genetic variation underlying economically important quantitative traits in poultry. This integrated approach may be a model for providing both gene and chromosome level assemblies of other species with agricultural, ecological, and evolutionary interest.<br /> </font><br /> </p> <div class="abstract" xpathlocation="/article[1]/front[1]/article-meta[1]/abstract[3]" xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:aml="http://topazproject.org/aml/"> <h2 xpathlocation="noSelect"><font size="3"><strong>Received:</strong> December 21, 2009; <strong>Accepted:</strong> July 27, 2010; <strong>Published:</strong> September 7, 2010</font></h2> </div> <div class="articleinfo" xpathlocation="noSelect" xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:aml="http://topazproject.org/aml/"> <p><strong><font color="#339966">This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Public Domain declaration which stipulates that, once placed in the public domain, this work may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose.</font></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>Abbreviations: </strong>BAC, bacterial artificial chromosome; BES, BAC end sequence; CNV, copy number variation; ESTs, expressed sequence tags; FISH, fluorescence in situ hybridization; GO, gene ontology; LINE, long interspersed nuclear element; MHC, major histocompatibility complex; miRNA, micro-RNA; ncRNA, non-coding RNA; NGS, next-generation sequencing; RPG, rate pattern group; SINE, short interspersed nuclear element; snoRNA, small nucleolar RNA; SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism; SNV, single nucleotide variant (SNP/indel); TE, transposable element; TLR, Toll-like receptor; WGS, whole genome shotgun<br /> <br /> <strong>Citation: </strong>Dalloul RA, Long JA, Zimin AV, Aslam L, Beal K, et al. (2010) Multi-Platform Next-Generation Sequencing of the Domestic Turkey (<em>Meleagris gallopavo</em>): Genome Assembly and Analysis. PLoS Biol 8(9): e1000475. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000475</p> <p>* E-mail: <a href="mailto:reedx054@umn.edu"><font color="#0066cc">reedx054@umn.edu</font></a><br /> <br /> </p> </div> f9380394bbb5fd3fbd2cf0d9baa83635e17c4e7c 0 1892 3105 2010-09-14T22:49:20Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5">Bird genome</font><br /> <br /> [[Turkey genome]]<br /> [[Chiken genome]]<br /> 88a44f8a05babb01d2abcc1c264233869270e2b5 0 1710 3106 2010-09-14T23:14:43Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font size="4">[[Archaea genomes]]<br /> [[Eubacteria genomes]]<br /> [[Eukaryote genomes]]<br /> </font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Plant genomes]]<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Animal genomes]]<br /> <br /> <font size="4">[[Model organism genomes]]</font><br /> <br /> [[C. elegans Genomics]]<br /> [[Daphnia Genomics Consortium (DGC)]]<br /> [[Dog genome]]<br /> [[Arabidopsis genome]]<br /> [[Rice Genome]]<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Rice Genome at BGI China]]<br /> <br /> </p> <hr /> <br /> <strong>Alphabetically sorted genomes sequences</strong><br /> [[Genomes A]]&nbsp; [[Genomes B]] [[Genomes C]]&nbsp; [[Genomes D]]&nbsp; [[Genomes E]]&nbsp; [[Genomes F]]&nbsp; [[Genomes G]]&nbsp; [[Genomes H]]&nbsp; [[Genomes I]]&nbsp; [[Genomes J]]&nbsp; [[Genomes K]]&nbsp; [[Genomes L]]&nbsp; [[Genomes M]]&nbsp; [[Genomes N]]&nbsp; [[Genomes O]]&nbsp; [[Genomes P]]&nbsp; [[Genomes Q]]&nbsp; [[Genomes R]]&nbsp; [[Genomes S]]&nbsp; [[Genomes T]]&nbsp; [[Genomes U]]&nbsp; [[Genomes V]]&nbsp; [[Genomes W]]&nbsp; [[Genomes X]]&nbsp; [[Genomes Y]]&nbsp; [[Genomes Z]]&nbsp; <p>&nbsp;</p> dbf0db97ab789f301d5fe06d3cc485d167cf1ad6 0 1893 3107 2010-09-14T23:14:54Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <a href="http://www.arabidopsis.org/">http://www.arabidopsis.org/</a> 5e75dd3183db02a47aab77bebcd4b649d5006642 0 1894 3108 2010-09-14T23:17:29Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki Plant genomes and genomics<br /> <br /> External links<br /> [http://plantgenome.org Plantgenome.org]<br /> <br /> b9523ab8c8863173ed8494b1ed1ced49ce639f3f 0 1895 3109 2010-09-19T00:40:16Z S 72 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5">Genome Foundation</font><br /> <br /> Genome foundation is a non-profit organization.<br /> It is&nbsp;for understanding and applying genome information of all the species on Earth and beyond.<br /> <br /> [http://genomefoundation.org GenomeFoundation.org]<br /> 1efb7bfea7eaec64ca39369effe43829ff88c15d 0 1896 3110 2010-09-19T00:45:17Z S 72 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4">Bioinformatics Wiki Site (bioinformatics.ws)</font><br /> <br /> Bioinformatics wiki site is an openfree wiki based site for providing an open portal space for everyone on Earth. It is a site managed by [[BioFoundation]].<br /> <br /> [http://bioinformatics.ws Bioinformatics.ws]<br /> <br /> 841808b379dcfb7fa57212bbfdd720ddac6af37b 0 1675 3111 2010-09-19T00:45:56Z S 72 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#339966">B</font><font color="#ff0000">i</font><font color="#0000ff">o</font>Foundation.Net is an organization for maintaining data, information, and knowledge&nbsp;databases and servers for biological information objects in the universe.<br /> It uses BioLicense for all the information and materials collected and synthesized by information processing objects such as humans and computers.</span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small">It is an openfree organization with the least possible restrictions in participating in.</span></p> <p><br /> <span style="FONT-SIZE: small">It manages thousands of bio- internet domains called </span><a class="new" title="BiO Community Cluster" href="http://biofoundation.net/index.php?title=BiO_Community_Cluster&amp;action=edit"><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000080">BiO Community Cluster</font></span></a><span style="FONT-SIZE: small">.<br /> <br /> <font color="#339966">B</font><font color="#ff0000">i</font><font color="#0000ff">o</font>Foundation.Net runs internet domains that are relevant to every aspect of biological information processing in the universe. We discover, distribute, and manage biological knowledge in the openfree scheme.<br /> <br /> The home site of <font color="#339966">B</font><font color="#ff0000">i</font><font color="#0000ff">o</font>Foundation.Net is located on-line: </span><a class="external free" title="http://biofoundation.net" rel="nofollow" href="http://biofoundation.net/"><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000080">http://biofoundation.net</font></span></a><span style="FONT-SIZE: small">.</span><br /> <br /> <font size="3"><strong>Major Projects run by BioFoundation:<br /> </strong>1) <a class="new" title="Biosophy" href="http://biofoundation.net/index.php?title=Biosophy&amp;action=edit"><font color="#000080">Biosophy</font></a>: The highest philosophy construction project by BioFoundation.<br /> 2) <a class="new" title="Biomatics" href="http://biofoundation.net/index.php?title=Biomatics&amp;action=edit"><font color="#000080">Biomatics</font></a>: The technological and engineering branch to build bioinformation universe; &quot;Biouniverse&quot;.<br /> 3) <a class="new" title="Biosociety" href="http://biofoundation.net/index.php?title=Biosociety&amp;action=edit"><font color="#000080">Biosociety</font></a>: The society established by biosophy and biomatics.<br /> 4) <a class="new" title="BioLicense" href="http://biofoundation.net/index.php?title=BioLicense&amp;action=edit"><font color="#000080">BioLicense</font></a>: BioLicense is the license scheme for all the biomedical data, information, and knowledge.<br /> <br /> </font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><font size="3"><strong>Related Sites</strong></font></p> <p><font size="3">[http://BioFoundation.net BioFoundation.net]: The official&nbsp;hub site of BioFoundation.<br /> <a class="external text" title="http://biocentre.org" rel="nofollow" href="http://biocentre.org/"><font color="#000080">Biocentre.org</font></a><br /> [http://genomefoundation.org GenomeFoundation.org]<br /> [http://omics.org Omics.org]<br /> <br /> </font></p> <p><br /> <br /> </p> ea93de69fe880493e7a5a96cd9f66294ae137442 0 1897 3112 2010-09-19T22:22:50Z S 72 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5">openfree TigerGenome Project</font><br /> <br /> [http://tigergenome.org TigerGenome.org]<br /> 9b9f813b1cc6bbc99008e1c051a64a14d2c5ab88 0 1898 3113 2010-10-06T20:58:34Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font color="#000000">In modern molecular biology and genetics, the <strong>genome</strong> is the entirety of an organism's hereditary information. It is encoded either in DNA or, for many types of virus, in RNA. The genome includes both the genes and the non-coding sequences of the DNA.<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "show"; var tocHideText = "hide"; showTocToggle(); } //]]> </script> <h2><span id="Origin_of_Term" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Origin of Term</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000">The term was adapted in 1920 by Hans Winkler, Professor of Botany at the University of Hamburg, Germany. In Greek, the word <em>genome</em> (&gamma;ί&nu;&omicron;&mu;&alpha;&iota;) means I become, I am born, to come into being. The Oxford English Dictionary suggests the name to be a blend of the words <em><strong>gen</strong>e</em> and <em>chromos<strong>ome</strong></em>. A few related <em>-ome</em> words already existed, such as <em>biome</em> and <em>rhizome</em>, forming a vocabulary into which <em>genome</em> fits systematically.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <h2><span id="Overview" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Overview</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000">Some organisms have multiple copies of chromosomes, diploid, triploid, tetraploid and so on. In classical genetics, in a sexually reproducing organism (typically eukarya) the gamete has half of the number of chromosome of the somatic cell and the genome is a full set of chromosomes in a gamete. In haploid organisms, including cells of bacteria, archaea, and in organelles including mitochondria and chloroplasts, or viruses, that similarly contain genes, the single or set of circular and/or linear chains of DNA (or RNA for some viruses), likewise constitute the <em>genome</em>. The term genome can be applied specifically to mean that stored on a complete set of <em>nuclear DNA</em> (i.e., the &quot;nuclear genome&quot;) but can also be applied to that stored within organelles that contain their own DNA, as with the &quot;mitochondrial genome&quot; or the &quot;chloroplast genome&quot;. Additionally, the genome can comprise nonchromosomal genetic elements such as viruses, plasmids, and transposable elements<sup id="cite_ref-Brock_2-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></font></sup>. When people say that the genome of a sexually reproducing species has been &quot;sequenced&quot;, typically they are referring to a determination of the sequences of one set of autosomes and one of each type of sex chromosome, which together represent both of the possible sexes. Even in species that exist in only one sex, what is described as &quot;a genome sequence&quot; may be a composite read from the chromosomes of various individuals. In general use, the phrase &quot;genetic makeup&quot; is sometimes used conversationally to mean the genome of a particular individual or organism. The study of the global properties of genomes of related organisms is usually referred to as genomics, which distinguishes it from genetics which generally studies the properties of single genes or groups of genes.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Both the number of base pairs and the number of genes vary widely from one species to another, and there is only a rough correlation between the two (an observation known as the C-value paradox). At present, the highest known number of genes is around 60,000, for the protozoan causing trichomoniasis (see List of sequenced eukaryotic genomes), almost three times as many as in the human genome.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">An analogy to the human genome stored on DNA is that of instructions stored in a library:</font></p> <ul> <li><font color="#000000">The library would contain 46 books (chromosomes)</font></li> <li><font color="#000000">The books range in size from 400 to 3340 pages (genes)</font></li> <li><font color="#000000">which is 48 to 250 million letters (A,C,G,T) per book.</font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Hence the library contains over six billion letters total;</font></li> <li><font color="#000000">The library fits into a cell nucleus the size of a pinpoint;</font></li> <li><font color="#000000">A copy of the library (all 46 books) is contained in almost every cell of our body.</font></li> </ul> <h2><span id="Types" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Types</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000">Most biological entities that are more complex than a virus sometimes or always carry additional genetic material besides that which resides in their chromosomes. In some contexts, such as sequencing the genome of a pathogenic microbe, &quot;genome&quot; is meant to include information stored on this auxiliary material, which is carried in plasmids. In such circumstances then, &quot;genome&quot; describes all of the genes and information on non-coding DNA that have the potential to be present.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">In eukaryotes such as plants, protozoa and animals, however, &quot;genome&quot; carries the typical connotation of only information on chromosomal DNA. So although these organisms contain chloroplasts and/or mitochondria that have their own DNA, the genetic information contained by DNA within these organelles is not considered part of the genome. In fact, mitochondria are sometimes said to have their own genome often referred to as the &quot;mitochondrial genome&quot;. The DNA found within the chloroplast may be referred to as the &quot;plastome&quot;.</font></p> <h2><span id="Genomes_and_genetic_variation" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Genomes and genetic variation</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000">Note that a genome does not capture the genetic diversity or the genetic polymorphism of a species. For example, the human genome sequence in principle could be determined from just half the information on the DNA of one cell from one individual. To learn what variations in genetic information underlie particular traits or diseases requires comparisons across individuals. This point explains the common usage of &quot;genome&quot; (which parallels a common usage of &quot;gene&quot;) to refer not to the information in any particular DNA sequence, but to a whole family of sequences that share a biological context.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Although this concept may seem counter intuitive, it is the same concept that says there is no particular shape that is the shape of a cheetah. Cheetahs vary, and so do the sequences of their genomes. Yet both the individual animals and their sequences share commonalities, so one can learn something about cheetahs and &quot;cheetah-ness&quot; from a single example of either.</font></p> <h2><span id="Sequencing_and_mapping" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Sequencing and mapping</font></span></h2> <div class="rellink boilerplate seealso"><font color="#000000">For more details on this topic, see Genome project.</font></div> <p><font color="#000000">The Human Genome Project was organized to map and to sequence the human genome. Other genome projects include mouse, rice, the plant <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em>, the puffer fish, bacteria like E. coli, etc. In 1976, Walter Fiers at the University of Ghent (Belgium) was the first to establish the complete nucleotide sequence of a viral RNA-genome (bacteriophage MS2). The first DNA-genome project to be completed was the Phage &Phi;-X174, with only 5386 base pairs, which was sequenced by Fred Sanger in 1977 . The first bacterial genome to be completed was that of Haemophilus influenzae, completed by a team at The Institute for Genomic Research in 1995.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">The development of new technologies has dramatically decreased the difficulty and cost of sequencing, and the number of complete genome sequences is rising rapidly. Among many genome database sites, the one maintained by the US National Institutes of Health is inclusive.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">These new technologies open up the prospect of personal genome sequencing as an important diagnostic tool. A major step toward that goal was the May 2007 <em>New York Times</em> announcement that the full genome of DNA pioneer James D. Watson was deciphered.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Whereas a genome sequence lists the order of every DNA base in a genome, a genome map identifies the landmarks. A genome map is less detailed than a genome sequence and aids in navigating around the genome.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <h2><span id="Comparison_of_different_genome_sizes" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Comparison of different genome sizes</font></span></h2> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle"><font color="#000000">Main article: Genome size</font></div> <table id="sortable_table_id_0" class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody> <tr> <th><font color="#000000">Organism type<span class="sortarrow"><img alt="↓" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></font></th> <th><font color="#000000">Organism<span class="sortarrow"><img alt="↓" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></font></th> <th><font color="#000000">Genome size (base pairs)<span class="sortarrow"><img alt="↓" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></font></th> <th><font color="#000000">mass - in pg<span class="sortarrow"><img alt="↓" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></font></th> <th><font color="#000000">Note<span class="sortarrow"><img alt="↓" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></font></th> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Virus</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Bacteriophage MS2</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">3,569</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">0.000002</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">First sequenced RNA-genome<sup id="cite_ref-Fiers1976_7-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Virus</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">SV40</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">5,224</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Fiers1978_8-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#000000"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></font></font></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Virus</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Phage &Phi;-X174</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">5,386</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">First sequenced DNA-genome<sup id="cite_ref-Sanger1977_9-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Virus</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">HIV</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">9749<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> <td><font color="#000000" size="2"></font></td> <td><font color="#000000" size="2"></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Virus</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Phage &lambda;</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">48,502</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Virus</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Mimivirus</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">1,181,404</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Largest known viral genome</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Bacterium</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Haemophilus influenzae</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">1,830,000</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">First genome of living organism, July 1995<sup id="cite_ref-Fleichmann_1995_11-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Bacterium</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Carsonella ruddii</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">159,662</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Smallest non-viral genome.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Bacterium</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Buchnera aphidicola</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">600,000</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Bacterium</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Wigglesworthia glossinidia</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">700,000</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Bacterium</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Escherichia coli</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">4,600,000</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#000000"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></font></font></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Bacterium</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"><em>Solibacter usitatus</em> (strain Ellin 6076)</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">9,970,000</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Largest known Bacterial genome</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Amoeboid</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"><em>Polychaos dubium</em> (<em>&quot;Amoeba&quot; dubia</em>)</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">670,000,000,000</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">737</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Largest known genome.<sup id="cite_ref-Parfrey2008_14-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Plant</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Arabidopsis thaliana</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">157,000,000</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">First plant genome sequenced, December 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-Greilhuber_15-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Plant</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Genlisea margaretae</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">63,400,000</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Smallest recorded flowering plant genome, 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-Greilhuber_15-1" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Plant</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Fritillaria assyrica</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">130,000,000,000</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Plant</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Populus trichocarpa</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">480,000,000</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">First tree genome, September 2006</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Moss</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Physcomitrella patens</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">480,000,000</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">First genome of a bryophyte, January 2008 <sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Yeast</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">12,100,000</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#000000"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></font></font></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Fungus</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Aspergillus nidulans</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">30,000,000</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Nematode</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Caenorhabditis elegans</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">100,300,000</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">First multicellular animal genome, December 1998<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Nematode</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Pratylenchus coffeae</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">20,000,000</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Smallest animal genome known<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Insect</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"><em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> (fruit fly)</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">130,000,000</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Adams_2000_20-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#000000"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></font></font></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Insect</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"><em>Bombyx mori</em> (silk moth)</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">530,000,000</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Insect</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"><em>Apis mellifera</em> (honey bee)</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">236,000,000</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Fish</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"><em>Tetraodon nigroviridis</em> (type of puffer fish)</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">385,000,000</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Smallest vertebrate genome known</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Mammal</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Homo sapiens</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">3,200,000,000</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">3</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Fish</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"><em>Protopterus aethiopicus</em> (marbled lungfish)</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">130,000,000,000</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">143</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Largest vertebrate genome known</font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><font color="#000000"><em>Note:</em> The DNA from a single (diploid) human cell if the 46 chromosomes were connected end-to-end and straightened, would have a length of ~2 m and a width of ~2.4 nanometers.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Since genomes and their organisms are very complex, one research strategy is to reduce the number of genes in a genome to the bare minimum and still have the organism in question survive. There is experimental work being done on minimal genomes for single cell organisms as well as minimal genomes for multicellular organisms (see Developmental biology). The work is both <em>in vivo</em> and <em>in silico</em>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <h2><span id="Genome_evolution" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Genome evolution</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000">Genomes are more than the sum of an organism's genes and have traits that may be measured and studied without reference to the details of any particular genes and their products. Researchers compare traits such as <em>chromosome number</em> (karyotype), genome size, gene order, codon usage bias, and GC-content to determine what mechanisms could have produced the great variety of genomes that exist today (for recent overviews, see Brown 2002; Saccone and Pesole 2003; Benfey and Protopapas 2004; Gibson and Muse 2004; Reese 2004; Gregory 2005).</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Duplications play a major role in shaping the genome. Duplications may range from extension of short tandem repeats, to duplication of a cluster of genes, and all the way to duplications of entire chromosomes or even entire genomes. Such duplications are probably fundamental to the creation of genetic novelty.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Horizontal gene transfer is invoked to explain how there is often extreme similarity between small portions of the genomes of two organisms that are otherwise very distantly related. Horizontal gene transfer seems to be common among many microbes. Also, eukaryotic cells seem to have experienced a transfer of some genetic material from their chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes to their nuclear chromosomes.</font></p> <h2><span id="References" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">References</font></span></h2> <div style="column-count: 2; -moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2" class="references-small references-column-count references-column-count-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-0"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> Ridley, M. (2006). <em>Genome</em>. New York, NY: Harper Perennial. <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0060194979"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN 0-06-019497-9</font></a></li> <li id="cite_note-1"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-1"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Joshua Lederberg and Alexa T. McCray (2001). <a class="external text" href="http://lhncbc.nlm.nih.gov/lhc/docs/published/2001/pub2001047.pdf" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;'Ome Sweet 'Omics -- A Genealogical Treasury of Words&quot;</font></a>. <em>The Scientist</em> <strong>15</strong> (7)<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://lhncbc.nlm.nih.gov/lhc/docs/published/2001/pub2001047.pdf" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://lhncbc.nlm.nih.gov/lhc/docs/published/2001/pub2001047.pdf</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=%27Ome+Sweet+%27Omics+--+A+Genealogical+Treasury+of+Words&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Scientist&amp;rft.aulast=Joshua+Lederberg+and+Alexa+T.+McCray&amp;rft.au=Joshua+Lederberg+and+Alexa+T.+McCray&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.volume=15&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flhncbc.nlm.nih.gov%2Flhc%2Fdocs%2Fpublished%2F2001%2Fpub2001047.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Brock-2"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Brock_2-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation book">Madigan M, Martinko J (editors) (2006). <em>Brock Biology of Microorganisms</em> (11th ed.). Prentice Hall. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/0-13-144329-1" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-144329-1"><font color="#0645ad">0-13-144329-1</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Brock+Biology+of+Microorganisms&amp;rft.aulast=Madigan+M%2C+Martinko+J+%28editors%29&amp;rft.au=Madigan+M%2C+Martinko+J+%28editors%29&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.edition=11th&amp;rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&amp;rft.isbn=0-13-144329-1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-3"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=Genome&amp;itool=toolbar" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=Genome&amp;itool=toolbar</font></a></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-4"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation news">Wade, Nicholas (2007-05-31). <a class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/31/science/31cnd-gene.html?em&amp;ex=1180843200&amp;en=19e1d55639350b73&amp;ei=5087%0A" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Genome of DNA Pioneer Is Deciphered&quot;</font></a>. <em>The New York Times</em><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/31/science/31cnd-gene.html?em&amp;ex=1180843200&amp;en=19e1d55639350b73&amp;ei=5087%0A" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/31/science/31cnd-gene.html?em&amp;ex=1180843200&amp;en=19e1d55639350b73&amp;ei=5087%0A</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-04-02</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+of+DNA+Pioneer+Is+Deciphered&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.aulast=Wade&amp;rft.aufirst=Nicholas&amp;rft.au=Wade%2C%26%2332%3BNicholas&amp;rft.date=2007-05-31&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F05%2F31%2Fscience%2F31cnd-gene.html%3Fem%26ex%3D1180843200%26en%3D19e1d55639350b73%26ei%3D5087%250A&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-5"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/whats_a_genome/Chp3_1.shtml" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/whats_a_genome/Chp3_1.shtml</font></a></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-6"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/primer/mapping.html" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/primer/mapping.html</font></a></li> <li id="cite_note-Fiers1976-7"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Fiers1976_7-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Fiers W, <em>et al.</em> (1976). <a class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v260/n5551/abs/260500a0.html" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA - primary and secondary structure of replicase gene&quot;</font></a>. <em>Nature</em> <strong>260</strong> (5551): 500&ndash;507. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F260500a0" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/260500a0</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1264203" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">1264203</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v260/n5551/abs/260500a0.html" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v260/n5551/abs/260500a0.html</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+nucleotide-sequence+of+bacteriophage+MS2-RNA+-+primary+and+secondary+structure+of+replicase+gene&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Fiers+W%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Fiers+W%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=1976&amp;rft.volume=260&amp;rft.issue=5551&amp;rft.pages=500%E2%80%93507&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F260500a0&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/1264203&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv260%2Fn5551%2Fabs%2F260500a0.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Fiers1978-8"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Fiers1978_8-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Fiers W, Contreras R, Haegemann G, Rogiers R, Van de Voorde A, Van Heuverswyn H, Van Herreweghe J, Volckaert G, Ysebaert M (1978). <a class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v273/n5658/abs/273113a0.html" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Complete nucleotide sequence of SV40 DNA&quot;</font></a>. <em>Nature</em> <strong>273</strong> (5658): 113&ndash;120. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F273113a0" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/273113a0</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/205802" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">205802</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v273/n5658/abs/273113a0.html" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v273/n5658/abs/273113a0.html</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+nucleotide+sequence+of+SV40+DNA&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Fiers+W%2C+Contreras+R%2C+Haegemann+G%2C+Rogiers+R%2C+Van+de+Voorde+A%2C+Van+Heuverswyn+H%2C+Van+Herreweghe+J%2C+Volckaert+G%2C+Ysebaert+M&amp;rft.au=Fiers+W%2C+Contreras+R%2C+Haegemann+G%2C+Rogiers+R%2C+Van+de+Voorde+A%2C+Van+Heuverswyn+H%2C+Van+Herreweghe+J%2C+Volckaert+G%2C+Ysebaert+M&amp;rft.date=1978&amp;rft.volume=273&amp;rft.issue=5658&amp;rft.pages=113%E2%80%93120&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F273113a0&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/205802&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv273%2Fn5658%2Fabs%2F273113a0.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Sanger1977-9"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Sanger1977_9-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Sanger F, Air GM, Barrell BG, Brown NL, Coulson AR, Fiddes CA, Hutchison CA, Slocombe PM, Smith M (1977). <a class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v265/n5596/abs/265687a0.html" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA&quot;</font></a>. <em>Nature</em> <strong>265</strong> (5596): 687&ndash;695. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F265687a0" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/265687a0</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/870828" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">870828</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v265/n5596/abs/265687a0.html" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v265/n5596/abs/265687a0.html</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Nucleotide+sequence+of+bacteriophage+phi+X174+DNA&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Sanger+F%2C+Air+GM%2C+Barrell+BG%2C+Brown+NL%2C+Coulson+AR%2C+Fiddes+CA%2C+Hutchison+CA%2C+Slocombe+PM%2C+Smith+M&amp;rft.au=Sanger+F%2C+Air+GM%2C+Barrell+BG%2C+Brown+NL%2C+Coulson+AR%2C+Fiddes+CA%2C+Hutchison+CA%2C+Slocombe+PM%2C+Smith+M&amp;rft.date=1977&amp;rft.volume=265&amp;rft.issue=5596&amp;rft.pages=687%E2%80%93695&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F265687a0&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/870828&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv265%2Fn5596%2Fabs%2F265687a0.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-10"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external text" href="http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/lecture/hiv9.htm" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">VIROLOGY - HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS AND AIDS, STRUCTURE: The Genome AND PROTEINS of HIV</font></a></li> <li id="cite_note-Fleichmann_1995-11"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Fleichmann_1995_11-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Fleischmann R, Adams M, White O, Clayton R, Kirkness E, Kerlavage A, Bult C, Tomb J, Dougherty B, Merrick J (1995). <a class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/269/5223/496" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Whole-genome random sequencing and assembly of Haemophilus influenzae Rd&quot;</font></a>. <em>Science</em> <strong>269</strong> (5223): 496&ndash;512. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.7542800" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.7542800</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7542800" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">7542800</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/269/5223/496" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/269/5223/496</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Whole-genome+random+sequencing+and+assembly+of+Haemophilus+influenzae+Rd&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Fleischmann+R%2C+Adams+M%2C+White+O%2C+Clayton+R%2C+Kirkness+E%2C+Kerlavage+A%2C+Bult+C%2C+Tomb+J%2C+Dougherty+B%2C+Merrick+J&amp;rft.au=Fleischmann+R%2C+Adams+M%2C+White+O%2C+Clayton+R%2C+Kirkness+E%2C+Kerlavage+A%2C+Bult+C%2C+Tomb+J%2C+Dougherty+B%2C+Merrick+J&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.volume=269&amp;rft.issue=5223&amp;rft.pages=496%E2%80%93512&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.7542800&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/7542800&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F269%2F5223%2F496&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-12"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-12"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Nakabachi A, Yamashita A, Toh H, <em>et al.</em> (October 2006). &quot;The 160-kilobase genome of the bacterial endosymbiont Carsonella&quot;. <em>Science (journal)</em> <strong>314</strong> (5797): 267. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1134196" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.1134196</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17038615" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">17038615</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+160-kilobase+genome+of+the+bacterial+endosymbiont+Carsonella&amp;rft.jtitle=Science+%28journal%29&amp;rft.aulast=Nakabachi+A%2C+Yamashita+A%2C+Toh+H%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Nakabachi+A%2C+Yamashita+A%2C+Toh+H%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=October+2006&amp;rft.volume=314&amp;rft.issue=5797&amp;rft.pages=267&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.1134196&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17038615&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-13"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-13"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Frederick R. Blattner, Guy Plunkett III, et al. (1997). <a class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/277/5331/1453" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;The Complete Genome Sequence of Escherichia coli K-12&quot;</font></a>. <em>Science</em> <strong>277</strong> (5331): 1453&ndash;1462. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.277.5331.1453" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.277.5331.1453</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9278503" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">9278503</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/277/5331/1453" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/277/5331/1453</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+Complete+Genome+Sequence+of+Escherichia+coli+K-12&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Frederick+R.+Blattner%2C+Guy+Plunkett+III%2C+et+al.&amp;rft.au=Frederick+R.+Blattner%2C+Guy+Plunkett+III%2C+et+al.&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.volume=277&amp;rft.issue=5331&amp;rft.pages=1453%E2%80%931462&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.277.5331.1453&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/9278503&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F277%2F5331%2F1453&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Parfrey2008-14"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Parfrey2008_14-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Parfrey, L.W.; Lahr, D.J.G.; Katz, L.A. (2008). &quot;The Dynamic Nature of Eukaryotic Genomes&quot;. <em>Molecular Biology and Evolution</em> <strong>25</strong> (4): 787. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsn032" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1093/molbev/msn032</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18258610" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">18258610</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+Dynamic+Nature+of+Eukaryotic+Genomes&amp;rft.jtitle=Molecular+Biology+and+Evolution&amp;rft.aulast=Parfrey%2C+L.W.&amp;rft.au=Parfrey%2C+L.W.&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=25&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=787&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsn032&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18258610&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Greilhuber-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greilhuber_15-0">^{<em><strong><font color="#0645ad" size="2">a</font></strong></em>}</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greilhuber_15-1">^{<em><strong><font color="#0645ad" size="2">b</font></strong></em>}</a> <span class="citation Journal">Greilhuber, J., Borsch, T., M&uuml;ller, K., Worberg, A., Porembski, S., and Barthlott, W. (2006). &quot;Smallest angiosperm genomes found in Lentibulariaceae, with chromosomes of bacterial size&quot;. <em>Plant Biology</em> <strong>8</strong> (6): 770&ndash;777. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1055%2Fs-2006-924101" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1055/s-2006-924101</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17203433" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">17203433</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Smallest+angiosperm+genomes+found+in+Lentibulariaceae%2C+with+chromosomes+of+bacterial+size&amp;rft.jtitle=Plant+Biology&amp;rft.aulast=Greilhuber%2C+J.%2C+Borsch%2C+T.%2C+M%C3%BCller%2C+K.%2C+Worberg%2C+A.%2C+Porembski%2C+S.%2C+and+Barthlott%2C+W.&amp;rft.au=Greilhuber%2C+J.%2C+Borsch%2C+T.%2C+M%C3%BCller%2C+K.%2C+Worberg%2C+A.%2C+Porembski%2C+S.%2C+and+Barthlott%2C+W.&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=8&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=770%E2%80%93777&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1055%2Fs-2006-924101&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17203433&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-16"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> Daniel Lang, Andreas D. Zimmer, Stefan A. Rensing, <a title="Ralf Reski" href="/wiki/Ralf_Reski"><font color="#0645ad">Ralf Reski</font></a>(2008): Exploring plant <a title="Biodiversity" href="/wiki/Biodiversity"><font color="#0645ad">biodiversity</font></a>: the Physcomitrella genome and beyond. Trends in Plant Science 13, 542-549. <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.cell.com/trends/plant-science/abstract/S1360-1385(08)00204-5" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">[1]</font></a></li> <li id="cite_note-17"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-17"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" href="http://www.yeastgenome.org/" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.yeastgenome.org/</font></a></li> <li id="cite_note-18"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-18"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">The <em>C. elegans</em> Sequencing Consortium (1998). <a class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/282/5396/2012" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Genome sequence of the nematode <em>C. elegans</em>: a platform for investigating biology&quot;</font></a>. <em><a title="Science (journal)" href="/wiki/Science_(journal)"><font color="#0645ad">Science</font></a></em> <strong>282</strong> (5396): 2012&ndash;2018. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.282.5396.2012" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.282.5396.2012</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9851916" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">9851916</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/282/5396/2012" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/282/5396/2012</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+sequence+of+the+nematode+%27%27C.+elegans%27%27%3A+a+platform+for+investigating+biology&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BScience+%28journal%29%7CScience%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=The+%27%27C.+elegans%27%27+Sequencing+Consortium&amp;rft.au=The+%27%27C.+elegans%27%27+Sequencing+Consortium&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.volume=282&amp;rft.issue=5396&amp;rft.pages=2012%E2%80%932018&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.282.5396.2012&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/9851916&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F282%2F5396%2F2012&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-19"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-19"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.genomesize.com/statistics.php?stats=entire#stats_top" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Gregory, T.R. (2005). Animal Genome Size Database. http://www.genomesize.com.&quot;</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.genomesize.com/statistics.php?stats=entire#stats_top" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.genomesize.com/statistics.php?stats=entire#stats_top</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Gregory%2C+T.R.+%282005%29.+Animal+Genome+Size+Database.+http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genomesize.com.&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genomesize.com%2Fstatistics.php%3Fstats%3Dentire%23stats_top&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Adams_2000-20"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Adams_2000_20-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Adams MD, Celniker SE, Holt RA, <em>et al.</em> (2000). <a class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/287/5461/2185" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;The genome sequence of <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em>&quot;</font></a>. <em>Science</em> <strong>287</strong> (5461): 2185&ndash;95. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.287.5461.2185" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.287.5461.2185</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10731132" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10731132</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/287/5461/2185" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/287/5461/2185</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-05-25</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+genome+sequence+of+%27%27Drosophila+melanogaster%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Adams+MD%2C+Celniker+SE%2C+Holt+RA%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Adams+MD%2C+Celniker+SE%2C+Holt+RA%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.volume=287&amp;rft.issue=5461&amp;rft.pages=2185%E2%80%9395&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.287.5461.2185&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/10731132&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F287%2F5461%2F2185&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-21"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-21"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Glass JI, Assad-Garcia N, Alperovich N, Yooseph S, Lewis MR, Maruf M, Hutchison CA 3rd, Smith HO, Venter JC (2006). <a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1324956" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Essential genes of a minimal bacterium.&quot;</font></a>. <em>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</em> <strong>103</strong> (2): 425&ndash;30. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0510013103" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1073/pnas.0510013103</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16407165" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">16407165</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Essential+genes+of+a+minimal+bacterium.&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+USA&amp;rft.aulast=Glass+JI%2C+Assad-Garcia+N%2C+Alperovich+N%2C+Yooseph+S%2C+Lewis+MR%2C+Maruf+M%2C+Hutchison+CA+3rd%2C+Smith+HO%2C+Venter+JC&amp;rft.au=Glass+JI%2C+Assad-Garcia+N%2C+Alperovich+N%2C+Yooseph+S%2C+Lewis+MR%2C+Maruf+M%2C+Hutchison+CA+3rd%2C+Smith+HO%2C+Venter+JC&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=103&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=425%E2%80%9330&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.0510013103&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16407165&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-22"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-22"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Forster AC, Church GM (2006). <a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1681520" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Towards synthesis of a minimal cell&quot;</font></a>. <em>Mol Syst Biol.</em> <strong>2:45</strong>: 45. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fmsb4100090" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/msb4100090</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16924266" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">16924266</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Towards+synthesis+of+a+minimal+cell&amp;rft.jtitle=Mol+Syst+Biol.&amp;rft.aulast=Forster+AC%2C+Church+GM&amp;rft.au=Forster+AC%2C+Church+GM&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=2%3A45&amp;rft.pages=45&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fmsb4100090&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16924266&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> </ol> </div> <h2><span id="Further_reading" class="mw-headline">Further reading</span></h2> <ul> <li><span class="citation book">Benfey, P.; Protopapas, A.D. (2004). <em>Essentials of Genomics</em>. Prentice Hall.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Essentials+of+Genomics&amp;rft.aulast=Benfey&amp;rft.aufirst=P.&amp;rft.au=Benfey%2C%26%2332%3BP.&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Brown, Terence A. (2002). <em>Genomes 2</em>. Oxford: Bios Scientific Publishers. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/978-1859960295" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1859960295"><font color="#0645ad">978-1859960295</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Genomes+2&amp;rft.aulast=Brown&amp;rft.aufirst=Terence+A.&amp;rft.au=Brown%2C%26%2332%3BTerence+A.&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Bios+Scientific+Publishers&amp;rft.isbn=978-1859960295&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Gibson, Greg; Muse, Spencer V. (2004). <em>A Primer of Genome Science</em> (Second ed.). Sunderland, Mass: Sinauer Assoc. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/0-87893-234-8" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87893-234-8"><font color="#0645ad">0-87893-234-8</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+Primer+of+Genome+Science&amp;rft.aulast=Gibson&amp;rft.aufirst=Greg&amp;rft.au=Gibson%2C%26%2332%3BGreg&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.edition=Second&amp;rft.place=Sunderland%2C+Mass&amp;rft.pub=Sinauer+Assoc&amp;rft.isbn=0-87893-234-8&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Gregory, T. Ryan (ed) (2005). <em><a title="The Evolution of the Genome" href="/wiki/The_Evolution_of_the_Genome"><font color="#0645ad">The Evolution of the Genome</font></a></em>. Elsevier. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/0-12-301463-8" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-301463-8"><font color="#0645ad">0-12-301463-8</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=%5B%5BThe+Evolution+of+the+Genome%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Gregory&amp;rft.aufirst=T.+Ryan+%28ed%29&amp;rft.au=Gregory%2C%26%2332%3BT.+Ryan+%28ed%29&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.pub=Elsevier&amp;rft.isbn=0-12-301463-8&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Reece, Richard J. (2004). <em>Analysis of Genes and Genomes</em>. Chichester: John Wiley &amp; Sons. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/0-470-84379-9" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-470-84379-9"><font color="#0645ad">0-470-84379-9</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Analysis+of+Genes+and+Genomes&amp;rft.aulast=Reece&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&amp;rft.au=Reece%2C%26%2332%3BRichard+J.&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.place=Chichester&amp;rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&amp;rft.isbn=0-470-84379-9&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Saccone, Cecilia; Pesole, Graziano (2003). <em>Handbook of Comparative Genomics</em>. Chichester: John Wiley &amp; Sons. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/0-471-39128-X" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-39128-X"><font color="#0645ad">0-471-39128-X</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Comparative+Genomics&amp;rft.aulast=Saccone&amp;rft.aufirst=Cecilia&amp;rft.au=Saccone%2C%26%2332%3BCecilia&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.place=Chichester&amp;rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&amp;rft.isbn=0-471-39128-X&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li><span class="citation Journal">Werner, E. (2003). &quot;In silico multicellular systems biology and minimal genomes&quot;. <em>Drug Discov Today</em> <strong>8</strong> (24): 1121&ndash;1127. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS1359-6446%2803%2902918-0" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1016/S1359-6446(03)02918-0</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14678738" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">14678738</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=In+silico+multicellular+systems+biology+and+minimal+genomes&amp;rft.jtitle=Drug+Discov+Today&amp;rft.aulast=Werner&amp;rft.aufirst=E.&amp;rft.au=Werner%2C%26%2332%3BE.&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=8&amp;rft.issue=24&amp;rft.pages=1121%E2%80%931127&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2FS1359-6446%2803%2902918-0&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/14678738&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> </ul> <h2><span id="External_links" class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" href="http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/dna/builddna/" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">Build a DNA Molecule</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/articles/02_01/Sizing_genomes.shtml" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">Some comparative genome sizes</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="http://www.dnai.org/" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">DNA Interactive: The History of DNA Science</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="http://www.dnaftb.org/" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">DNA From The Beginning</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="http://www.genome.gov/10001772" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">All About The Human Genome Project from Genome.gov</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="http://www.genomesize.com/" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">Animal genome size database</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="http://www.rbgkew.org.uk/cval/homepage.html" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">Plant genome size database</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="http://www.genomesonline.org/" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">GOLD:Genomes OnLine Database</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">The Genome News Network</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=genomeprj" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">NCBI Entrez Genome Project database</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/primer/genetics_genome.html" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">NCBI Genome Primer</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4994088.stm" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">BBC News - Final genome 'chapter' published</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://www.crops.org/genome/" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">The Plant Genome</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="http://img.jgi.doe.gov/" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">IMG</font></a> The Integrated Microbial Genomes system, for genome analysis by the DOE-JGI.</li> <li><a class="external text" href="http://camera.calit2.net/index.php/" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">CAMERA</font></a> Cyberinfrastructure for Metagenomics, data repository and bioinformatics tools for metagenomic research</li> <li><a class="external text" href="http://www.genecards.org/" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">GeneCards</font></a> an integrated database of human genes.</li> <li><a class="external text" href="http://genome.igib.res.in/" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">Genome@IGIB</font></a> Resources and News on the Zebrafish Genome Project @ IGIB.</li> <li><a class="external text" href="http://www.geknome.com" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">GeKnome Technologies Next-Gen Sequencing Data Analysis</font></a> Next-Gen Sequencing Data Analysis for <a title="Illumina" href="/wiki/Illumina"><font color="#0645ad">Illumina</font></a> and <a title="454" href="/wiki/454"><font color="#0645ad">454</font></a> Service from GeKnome Technologies.</li> <li><a class="external text" href="http://ascb.org/ibioseminars/brenner/brenner1.cfm" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">What Genomes Can Tell Us About the Past</font></a> - lecture by <a title="Sydney Brenner" href="/wiki/Sydney_Brenner"><font color="#0645ad">Sydney Brenner</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="http://www.imame.org/form/genome--mid80-frz.htm" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">Genome metaphor, reflecting from formal-net hierarchies, and software binaries</font></a>.</li> </ul> 1bbf41e71bd430a3d1247a5c29f1b8487418bcbc 3114 2010-10-06T20:58:44Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font color="#000000">In modern molecular biology and genetics, the <strong>genome</strong> is the entirety of an organism's hereditary information. It is encoded either in DNA or, for many types of virus, in RNA. The genome includes both the genes and the non-coding sequences of the DNA.<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <h2><span id="Origin_of_Term" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Origin of Term</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000">The term was adapted in 1920 by Hans Winkler, Professor of Botany at the University of Hamburg, Germany. In Greek, the word <em>genome</em> (&gamma;ί&nu;&omicron;&mu;&alpha;&iota;) means I become, I am born, to come into being. The Oxford English Dictionary suggests the name to be a blend of the words <em><strong>gen</strong>e</em> and <em>chromos<strong>ome</strong></em>. A few related <em>-ome</em> words already existed, such as <em>biome</em> and <em>rhizome</em>, forming a vocabulary into which <em>genome</em> fits systematically.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <h2><span id="Overview" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Overview</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000">Some organisms have multiple copies of chromosomes, diploid, triploid, tetraploid and so on. In classical genetics, in a sexually reproducing organism (typically eukarya) the gamete has half of the number of chromosome of the somatic cell and the genome is a full set of chromosomes in a gamete. In haploid organisms, including cells of bacteria, archaea, and in organelles including mitochondria and chloroplasts, or viruses, that similarly contain genes, the single or set of circular and/or linear chains of DNA (or RNA for some viruses), likewise constitute the <em>genome</em>. The term genome can be applied specifically to mean that stored on a complete set of <em>nuclear DNA</em> (i.e., the &quot;nuclear genome&quot;) but can also be applied to that stored within organelles that contain their own DNA, as with the &quot;mitochondrial genome&quot; or the &quot;chloroplast genome&quot;. Additionally, the genome can comprise nonchromosomal genetic elements such as viruses, plasmids, and transposable elements<sup id="cite_ref-Brock_2-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></font></sup>. When people say that the genome of a sexually reproducing species has been &quot;sequenced&quot;, typically they are referring to a determination of the sequences of one set of autosomes and one of each type of sex chromosome, which together represent both of the possible sexes. Even in species that exist in only one sex, what is described as &quot;a genome sequence&quot; may be a composite read from the chromosomes of various individuals. In general use, the phrase &quot;genetic makeup&quot; is sometimes used conversationally to mean the genome of a particular individual or organism. The study of the global properties of genomes of related organisms is usually referred to as genomics, which distinguishes it from genetics which generally studies the properties of single genes or groups of genes.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Both the number of base pairs and the number of genes vary widely from one species to another, and there is only a rough correlation between the two (an observation known as the C-value paradox). At present, the highest known number of genes is around 60,000, for the protozoan causing trichomoniasis (see List of sequenced eukaryotic genomes), almost three times as many as in the human genome.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">An analogy to the human genome stored on DNA is that of instructions stored in a library:</font></p> <ul> <li><font color="#000000">The library would contain 46 books (chromosomes)</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000">The books range in size from 400 to 3340 pages (genes)</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000">which is 48 to 250 million letters (A,C,G,T) per book.</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Hence the library contains over six billion letters total;</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000">The library fits into a cell nucleus the size of a pinpoint;</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000">A copy of the library (all 46 books) is contained in almost every cell of our body.</font> </li> </ul> <h2><span id="Types" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Types</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000">Most biological entities that are more complex than a virus sometimes or always carry additional genetic material besides that which resides in their chromosomes. In some contexts, such as sequencing the genome of a pathogenic microbe, &quot;genome&quot; is meant to include information stored on this auxiliary material, which is carried in plasmids. In such circumstances then, &quot;genome&quot; describes all of the genes and information on non-coding DNA that have the potential to be present.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">In eukaryotes such as plants, protozoa and animals, however, &quot;genome&quot; carries the typical connotation of only information on chromosomal DNA. So although these organisms contain chloroplasts and/or mitochondria that have their own DNA, the genetic information contained by DNA within these organelles is not considered part of the genome. In fact, mitochondria are sometimes said to have their own genome often referred to as the &quot;mitochondrial genome&quot;. The DNA found within the chloroplast may be referred to as the &quot;plastome&quot;.</font></p> <h2><span id="Genomes_and_genetic_variation" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Genomes and genetic variation</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000">Note that a genome does not capture the genetic diversity or the genetic polymorphism of a species. For example, the human genome sequence in principle could be determined from just half the information on the DNA of one cell from one individual. To learn what variations in genetic information underlie particular traits or diseases requires comparisons across individuals. This point explains the common usage of &quot;genome&quot; (which parallels a common usage of &quot;gene&quot;) to refer not to the information in any particular DNA sequence, but to a whole family of sequences that share a biological context.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Although this concept may seem counter intuitive, it is the same concept that says there is no particular shape that is the shape of a cheetah. Cheetahs vary, and so do the sequences of their genomes. Yet both the individual animals and their sequences share commonalities, so one can learn something about cheetahs and &quot;cheetah-ness&quot; from a single example of either.</font></p> <h2><span id="Sequencing_and_mapping" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Sequencing and mapping</font></span></h2> <div class="rellink boilerplate seealso"><font color="#000000">For more details on this topic, see Genome project.</font></div> <p><font color="#000000">The Human Genome Project was organized to map and to sequence the human genome. Other genome projects include mouse, rice, the plant <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em>, the puffer fish, bacteria like E. coli, etc. In 1976, Walter Fiers at the University of Ghent (Belgium) was the first to establish the complete nucleotide sequence of a viral RNA-genome (bacteriophage MS2). The first DNA-genome project to be completed was the Phage &Phi;-X174, with only 5386 base pairs, which was sequenced by Fred Sanger in 1977 . The first bacterial genome to be completed was that of Haemophilus influenzae, completed by a team at The Institute for Genomic Research in 1995.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">The development of new technologies has dramatically decreased the difficulty and cost of sequencing, and the number of complete genome sequences is rising rapidly. Among many genome database sites, the one maintained by the US National Institutes of Health is inclusive.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">These new technologies open up the prospect of personal genome sequencing as an important diagnostic tool. A major step toward that goal was the May 2007 <em>New York Times</em> announcement that the full genome of DNA pioneer James D. Watson was deciphered.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Whereas a genome sequence lists the order of every DNA base in a genome, a genome map identifies the landmarks. A genome map is less detailed than a genome sequence and aids in navigating around the genome.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <h2><span id="Comparison_of_different_genome_sizes" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Comparison of different genome sizes</font></span></h2> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle"><font color="#000000">Main article: Genome size</font></div> <table id="sortable_table_id_0" class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody> <tr> <th><font color="#000000">Organism type<span class="sortarrow"><img alt="↓" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></font></th> <th><font color="#000000">Organism<span class="sortarrow"><img alt="↓" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></font></th> <th><font color="#000000">Genome size (base pairs)<span class="sortarrow"><img alt="↓" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></font></th> <th><font color="#000000">mass - in pg<span class="sortarrow"><img alt="↓" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></font></th> <th><font color="#000000">Note<span class="sortarrow"><img alt="↓" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></font></th> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Virus</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Bacteriophage MS2</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">3,569</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">0.000002</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">First sequenced RNA-genome<sup id="cite_ref-Fiers1976_7-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Virus</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">SV40</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">5,224</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Fiers1978_8-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#000000"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></font></font></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Virus</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Phage &Phi;-X174</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">5,386</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">First sequenced DNA-genome<sup id="cite_ref-Sanger1977_9-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Virus</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">HIV</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">9749<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> <td><font color="#000000" size="2"></font></td> <td><font color="#000000" size="2"></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Virus</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Phage &lambda;</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">48,502</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Virus</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Mimivirus</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">1,181,404</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Largest known viral genome</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Bacterium</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Haemophilus influenzae</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">1,830,000</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">First genome of living organism, July 1995<sup id="cite_ref-Fleichmann_1995_11-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Bacterium</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Carsonella ruddii</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">159,662</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Smallest non-viral genome.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Bacterium</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Buchnera aphidicola</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">600,000</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Bacterium</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Wigglesworthia glossinidia</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">700,000</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Bacterium</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Escherichia coli</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">4,600,000</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#000000"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></font></font></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Bacterium</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"><em>Solibacter usitatus</em> (strain Ellin 6076)</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">9,970,000</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Largest known Bacterial genome</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Amoeboid</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"><em>Polychaos dubium</em> (<em>&quot;Amoeba&quot; dubia</em>)</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">670,000,000,000</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">737</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Largest known genome.<sup id="cite_ref-Parfrey2008_14-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Plant</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Arabidopsis thaliana</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">157,000,000</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">First plant genome sequenced, December 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-Greilhuber_15-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Plant</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Genlisea margaretae</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">63,400,000</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Smallest recorded flowering plant genome, 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-Greilhuber_15-1" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Plant</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Fritillaria assyrica</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">130,000,000,000</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Plant</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Populus trichocarpa</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">480,000,000</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">First tree genome, September 2006</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Moss</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Physcomitrella patens</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">480,000,000</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">First genome of a bryophyte, January 2008 <sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Yeast</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">12,100,000</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#000000"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></font></font></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Fungus</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Aspergillus nidulans</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">30,000,000</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Nematode</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Caenorhabditis elegans</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">100,300,000</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">First multicellular animal genome, December 1998<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Nematode</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Pratylenchus coffeae</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">20,000,000</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Smallest animal genome known<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Insect</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"><em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> (fruit fly)</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">130,000,000</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Adams_2000_20-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#000000"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></font></font></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Insect</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"><em>Bombyx mori</em> (silk moth)</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">530,000,000</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Insect</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"><em>Apis mellifera</em> (honey bee)</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">236,000,000</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Fish</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"><em>Tetraodon nigroviridis</em> (type of puffer fish)</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">385,000,000</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Smallest vertebrate genome known</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Mammal</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Homo sapiens</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">3,200,000,000</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">3</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Fish</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"><em>Protopterus aethiopicus</em> (marbled lungfish)</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">130,000,000,000</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">143</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Largest vertebrate genome known</font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><font color="#000000"><em>Note:</em> The DNA from a single (diploid) human cell if the 46 chromosomes were connected end-to-end and straightened, would have a length of ~2 m and a width of ~2.4 nanometers.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Since genomes and their organisms are very complex, one research strategy is to reduce the number of genes in a genome to the bare minimum and still have the organism in question survive. There is experimental work being done on minimal genomes for single cell organisms as well as minimal genomes for multicellular organisms (see Developmental biology). The work is both <em>in vivo</em> and <em>in silico</em>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <h2><span id="Genome_evolution" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Genome evolution</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000">Genomes are more than the sum of an organism's genes and have traits that may be measured and studied without reference to the details of any particular genes and their products. Researchers compare traits such as <em>chromosome number</em> (karyotype), genome size, gene order, codon usage bias, and GC-content to determine what mechanisms could have produced the great variety of genomes that exist today (for recent overviews, see Brown 2002; Saccone and Pesole 2003; Benfey and Protopapas 2004; Gibson and Muse 2004; Reese 2004; Gregory 2005).</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Duplications play a major role in shaping the genome. Duplications may range from extension of short tandem repeats, to duplication of a cluster of genes, and all the way to duplications of entire chromosomes or even entire genomes. Such duplications are probably fundamental to the creation of genetic novelty.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Horizontal gene transfer is invoked to explain how there is often extreme similarity between small portions of the genomes of two organisms that are otherwise very distantly related. Horizontal gene transfer seems to be common among many microbes. Also, eukaryotic cells seem to have experienced a transfer of some genetic material from their chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes to their nuclear chromosomes.</font></p> <h2><span id="References" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">References</font></span></h2> <div style="column-count: 2; -moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2" class="references-small references-column-count references-column-count-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-0"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> Ridley, M. (2006). <em>Genome</em>. New York, NY: Harper Perennial. <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0060194979"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN 0-06-019497-9</font></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-1"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-1"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Joshua Lederberg and Alexa T. McCray (2001). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://lhncbc.nlm.nih.gov/lhc/docs/published/2001/pub2001047.pdf"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;'Ome Sweet 'Omics -- A Genealogical Treasury of Words&quot;</font></a>. <em>The Scientist</em> <strong>15</strong> (7)<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://lhncbc.nlm.nih.gov/lhc/docs/published/2001/pub2001047.pdf"><font color="#3366bb">http://lhncbc.nlm.nih.gov/lhc/docs/published/2001/pub2001047.pdf</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=%27Ome+Sweet+%27Omics+--+A+Genealogical+Treasury+of+Words&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Scientist&amp;rft.aulast=Joshua+Lederberg+and+Alexa+T.+McCray&amp;rft.au=Joshua+Lederberg+and+Alexa+T.+McCray&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.volume=15&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flhncbc.nlm.nih.gov%2Flhc%2Fdocs%2Fpublished%2F2001%2Fpub2001047.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brock-2"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Brock_2-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation book">Madigan M, Martinko J (editors) (2006). <em>Brock Biology of Microorganisms</em> (11th ed.). Prentice Hall. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/0-13-144329-1" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-144329-1"><font color="#0645ad">0-13-144329-1</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Brock+Biology+of+Microorganisms&amp;rft.aulast=Madigan+M%2C+Martinko+J+%28editors%29&amp;rft.au=Madigan+M%2C+Martinko+J+%28editors%29&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.edition=11th&amp;rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&amp;rft.isbn=0-13-144329-1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-3"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=Genome&amp;itool=toolbar"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=Genome&amp;itool=toolbar</font></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-4"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation news">Wade, Nicholas (2007-05-31). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/31/science/31cnd-gene.html?em&amp;ex=1180843200&amp;en=19e1d55639350b73&amp;ei=5087%0A"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Genome of DNA Pioneer Is Deciphered&quot;</font></a>. <em>The New York Times</em><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/31/science/31cnd-gene.html?em&amp;ex=1180843200&amp;en=19e1d55639350b73&amp;ei=5087%0A"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/31/science/31cnd-gene.html?em&amp;ex=1180843200&amp;en=19e1d55639350b73&amp;ei=5087%0A</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-04-02</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+of+DNA+Pioneer+Is+Deciphered&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.aulast=Wade&amp;rft.aufirst=Nicholas&amp;rft.au=Wade%2C%26%2332%3BNicholas&amp;rft.date=2007-05-31&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F05%2F31%2Fscience%2F31cnd-gene.html%3Fem%26ex%3D1180843200%26en%3D19e1d55639350b73%26ei%3D5087%250A&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-5"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/whats_a_genome/Chp3_1.shtml"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/whats_a_genome/Chp3_1.shtml</font></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-6"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/primer/mapping.html"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/primer/mapping.html</font></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fiers1976-7"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Fiers1976_7-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Fiers W, <em>et al.</em> (1976). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v260/n5551/abs/260500a0.html"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA - primary and secondary structure of replicase gene&quot;</font></a>. <em>Nature</em> <strong>260</strong> (5551): 500&ndash;507. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F260500a0"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/260500a0</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1264203"><font color="#3366bb">1264203</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v260/n5551/abs/260500a0.html"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v260/n5551/abs/260500a0.html</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+nucleotide-sequence+of+bacteriophage+MS2-RNA+-+primary+and+secondary+structure+of+replicase+gene&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Fiers+W%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Fiers+W%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=1976&amp;rft.volume=260&amp;rft.issue=5551&amp;rft.pages=500%E2%80%93507&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F260500a0&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/1264203&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv260%2Fn5551%2Fabs%2F260500a0.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fiers1978-8"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Fiers1978_8-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Fiers W, Contreras R, Haegemann G, Rogiers R, Van de Voorde A, Van Heuverswyn H, Van Herreweghe J, Volckaert G, Ysebaert M (1978). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v273/n5658/abs/273113a0.html"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Complete nucleotide sequence of SV40 DNA&quot;</font></a>. <em>Nature</em> <strong>273</strong> (5658): 113&ndash;120. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F273113a0"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/273113a0</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/205802"><font color="#3366bb">205802</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v273/n5658/abs/273113a0.html"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v273/n5658/abs/273113a0.html</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+nucleotide+sequence+of+SV40+DNA&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Fiers+W%2C+Contreras+R%2C+Haegemann+G%2C+Rogiers+R%2C+Van+de+Voorde+A%2C+Van+Heuverswyn+H%2C+Van+Herreweghe+J%2C+Volckaert+G%2C+Ysebaert+M&amp;rft.au=Fiers+W%2C+Contreras+R%2C+Haegemann+G%2C+Rogiers+R%2C+Van+de+Voorde+A%2C+Van+Heuverswyn+H%2C+Van+Herreweghe+J%2C+Volckaert+G%2C+Ysebaert+M&amp;rft.date=1978&amp;rft.volume=273&amp;rft.issue=5658&amp;rft.pages=113%E2%80%93120&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F273113a0&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/205802&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv273%2Fn5658%2Fabs%2F273113a0.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sanger1977-9"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Sanger1977_9-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Sanger F, Air GM, Barrell BG, Brown NL, Coulson AR, Fiddes CA, Hutchison CA, Slocombe PM, Smith M (1977). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v265/n5596/abs/265687a0.html"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA&quot;</font></a>. <em>Nature</em> <strong>265</strong> (5596): 687&ndash;695. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F265687a0"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/265687a0</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/870828"><font color="#3366bb">870828</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v265/n5596/abs/265687a0.html"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v265/n5596/abs/265687a0.html</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Nucleotide+sequence+of+bacteriophage+phi+X174+DNA&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Sanger+F%2C+Air+GM%2C+Barrell+BG%2C+Brown+NL%2C+Coulson+AR%2C+Fiddes+CA%2C+Hutchison+CA%2C+Slocombe+PM%2C+Smith+M&amp;rft.au=Sanger+F%2C+Air+GM%2C+Barrell+BG%2C+Brown+NL%2C+Coulson+AR%2C+Fiddes+CA%2C+Hutchison+CA%2C+Slocombe+PM%2C+Smith+M&amp;rft.date=1977&amp;rft.volume=265&amp;rft.issue=5596&amp;rft.pages=687%E2%80%93695&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F265687a0&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/870828&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv265%2Fn5596%2Fabs%2F265687a0.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-10"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/lecture/hiv9.htm"><font color="#3366bb">VIROLOGY - HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS AND AIDS, STRUCTURE: The Genome AND PROTEINS of HIV</font></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fleichmann_1995-11"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Fleichmann_1995_11-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Fleischmann R, Adams M, White O, Clayton R, Kirkness E, Kerlavage A, Bult C, Tomb J, Dougherty B, Merrick J (1995). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/269/5223/496"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Whole-genome random sequencing and assembly of Haemophilus influenzae Rd&quot;</font></a>. <em>Science</em> <strong>269</strong> (5223): 496&ndash;512. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.7542800"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.7542800</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7542800"><font color="#3366bb">7542800</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/269/5223/496"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/269/5223/496</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Whole-genome+random+sequencing+and+assembly+of+Haemophilus+influenzae+Rd&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Fleischmann+R%2C+Adams+M%2C+White+O%2C+Clayton+R%2C+Kirkness+E%2C+Kerlavage+A%2C+Bult+C%2C+Tomb+J%2C+Dougherty+B%2C+Merrick+J&amp;rft.au=Fleischmann+R%2C+Adams+M%2C+White+O%2C+Clayton+R%2C+Kirkness+E%2C+Kerlavage+A%2C+Bult+C%2C+Tomb+J%2C+Dougherty+B%2C+Merrick+J&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.volume=269&amp;rft.issue=5223&amp;rft.pages=496%E2%80%93512&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.7542800&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/7542800&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F269%2F5223%2F496&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-12"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Nakabachi A, Yamashita A, Toh H, <em>et al.</em> (October 2006). &quot;The 160-kilobase genome of the bacterial endosymbiont Carsonella&quot;. <em>Science (journal)</em> <strong>314</strong> (5797): 267. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1134196"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.1134196</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17038615"><font color="#3366bb">17038615</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+160-kilobase+genome+of+the+bacterial+endosymbiont+Carsonella&amp;rft.jtitle=Science+%28journal%29&amp;rft.aulast=Nakabachi+A%2C+Yamashita+A%2C+Toh+H%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Nakabachi+A%2C+Yamashita+A%2C+Toh+H%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=October+2006&amp;rft.volume=314&amp;rft.issue=5797&amp;rft.pages=267&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.1134196&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17038615&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-13"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Frederick R. Blattner, Guy Plunkett III, et al. (1997). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/277/5331/1453"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;The Complete Genome Sequence of Escherichia coli K-12&quot;</font></a>. <em>Science</em> <strong>277</strong> (5331): 1453&ndash;1462. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.277.5331.1453"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.277.5331.1453</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9278503"><font color="#3366bb">9278503</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/277/5331/1453"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/277/5331/1453</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+Complete+Genome+Sequence+of+Escherichia+coli+K-12&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Frederick+R.+Blattner%2C+Guy+Plunkett+III%2C+et+al.&amp;rft.au=Frederick+R.+Blattner%2C+Guy+Plunkett+III%2C+et+al.&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.volume=277&amp;rft.issue=5331&amp;rft.pages=1453%E2%80%931462&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.277.5331.1453&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/9278503&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F277%2F5331%2F1453&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parfrey2008-14"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Parfrey2008_14-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Parfrey, L.W.; Lahr, D.J.G.; Katz, L.A. (2008). &quot;The Dynamic Nature of Eukaryotic Genomes&quot;. <em>Molecular Biology and Evolution</em> <strong>25</strong> (4): 787. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsn032"><font color="#3366bb">10.1093/molbev/msn032</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18258610"><font color="#3366bb">18258610</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+Dynamic+Nature+of+Eukaryotic+Genomes&amp;rft.jtitle=Molecular+Biology+and+Evolution&amp;rft.aulast=Parfrey%2C+L.W.&amp;rft.au=Parfrey%2C+L.W.&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=25&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=787&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsn032&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18258610&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greilhuber-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greilhuber_15-0">^{<em><strong><font color="#0645ad" size="2">a</font></strong></em>}</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greilhuber_15-1">^{<em><strong><font color="#0645ad" size="2">b</font></strong></em>}</a> <span class="citation Journal">Greilhuber, J., Borsch, T., M&uuml;ller, K., Worberg, A., Porembski, S., and Barthlott, W. (2006). &quot;Smallest angiosperm genomes found in Lentibulariaceae, with chromosomes of bacterial size&quot;. <em>Plant Biology</em> <strong>8</strong> (6): 770&ndash;777. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1055%2Fs-2006-924101"><font color="#3366bb">10.1055/s-2006-924101</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17203433"><font color="#3366bb">17203433</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Smallest+angiosperm+genomes+found+in+Lentibulariaceae%2C+with+chromosomes+of+bacterial+size&amp;rft.jtitle=Plant+Biology&amp;rft.aulast=Greilhuber%2C+J.%2C+Borsch%2C+T.%2C+M%C3%BCller%2C+K.%2C+Worberg%2C+A.%2C+Porembski%2C+S.%2C+and+Barthlott%2C+W.&amp;rft.au=Greilhuber%2C+J.%2C+Borsch%2C+T.%2C+M%C3%BCller%2C+K.%2C+Worberg%2C+A.%2C+Porembski%2C+S.%2C+and+Barthlott%2C+W.&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=8&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=770%E2%80%93777&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1055%2Fs-2006-924101&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17203433&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-16"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> Daniel Lang, Andreas D. Zimmer, Stefan A. Rensing, <a title="Ralf Reski" href="/wiki/Ralf_Reski"><font color="#0645ad">Ralf Reski</font></a>(2008): Exploring plant <a title="Biodiversity" href="/wiki/Biodiversity"><font color="#0645ad">biodiversity</font></a>: the Physcomitrella genome and beyond. Trends in Plant Science 13, 542-549. <a class="external autonumber" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cell.com/trends/plant-science/abstract/S1360-1385(08)00204-5"><font color="#3366bb">[1]</font></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-17"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.yeastgenome.org/"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.yeastgenome.org/</font></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-18"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">The <em>C. elegans</em> Sequencing Consortium (1998). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/282/5396/2012"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Genome sequence of the nematode <em>C. elegans</em>: a platform for investigating biology&quot;</font></a>. <em><a title="Science (journal)" href="/wiki/Science_(journal)"><font color="#0645ad">Science</font></a></em> <strong>282</strong> (5396): 2012&ndash;2018. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.282.5396.2012"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.282.5396.2012</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9851916"><font color="#3366bb">9851916</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/282/5396/2012"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/282/5396/2012</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+sequence+of+the+nematode+%27%27C.+elegans%27%27%3A+a+platform+for+investigating+biology&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BScience+%28journal%29%7CScience%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=The+%27%27C.+elegans%27%27+Sequencing+Consortium&amp;rft.au=The+%27%27C.+elegans%27%27+Sequencing+Consortium&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.volume=282&amp;rft.issue=5396&amp;rft.pages=2012%E2%80%932018&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.282.5396.2012&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/9851916&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F282%2F5396%2F2012&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-19"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomesize.com/statistics.php?stats=entire#stats_top"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Gregory, T.R. (2005). Animal Genome Size Database. http://www.genomesize.com.&quot;</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomesize.com/statistics.php?stats=entire#stats_top"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.genomesize.com/statistics.php?stats=entire#stats_top</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Gregory%2C+T.R.+%282005%29.+Animal+Genome+Size+Database.+http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genomesize.com.&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genomesize.com%2Fstatistics.php%3Fstats%3Dentire%23stats_top&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adams_2000-20"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Adams_2000_20-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Adams MD, Celniker SE, Holt RA, <em>et al.</em> (2000). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/287/5461/2185"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;The genome sequence of <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em>&quot;</font></a>. <em>Science</em> <strong>287</strong> (5461): 2185&ndash;95. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.287.5461.2185"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.287.5461.2185</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10731132"><font color="#3366bb">10731132</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/287/5461/2185"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/287/5461/2185</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-05-25</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+genome+sequence+of+%27%27Drosophila+melanogaster%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Adams+MD%2C+Celniker+SE%2C+Holt+RA%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Adams+MD%2C+Celniker+SE%2C+Holt+RA%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.volume=287&amp;rft.issue=5461&amp;rft.pages=2185%E2%80%9395&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.287.5461.2185&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/10731132&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F287%2F5461%2F2185&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-21"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Glass JI, Assad-Garcia N, Alperovich N, Yooseph S, Lewis MR, Maruf M, Hutchison CA 3rd, Smith HO, Venter JC (2006). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1324956"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Essential genes of a minimal bacterium.&quot;</font></a>. <em>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</em> <strong>103</strong> (2): 425&ndash;30. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0510013103"><font color="#3366bb">10.1073/pnas.0510013103</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16407165"><font color="#3366bb">16407165</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Essential+genes+of+a+minimal+bacterium.&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+USA&amp;rft.aulast=Glass+JI%2C+Assad-Garcia+N%2C+Alperovich+N%2C+Yooseph+S%2C+Lewis+MR%2C+Maruf+M%2C+Hutchison+CA+3rd%2C+Smith+HO%2C+Venter+JC&amp;rft.au=Glass+JI%2C+Assad-Garcia+N%2C+Alperovich+N%2C+Yooseph+S%2C+Lewis+MR%2C+Maruf+M%2C+Hutchison+CA+3rd%2C+Smith+HO%2C+Venter+JC&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=103&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=425%E2%80%9330&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.0510013103&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16407165&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-22"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Forster AC, Church GM (2006). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1681520"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Towards synthesis of a minimal cell&quot;</font></a>. <em>Mol Syst Biol.</em> <strong>2:45</strong>: 45. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fmsb4100090"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/msb4100090</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16924266"><font color="#3366bb">16924266</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Towards+synthesis+of+a+minimal+cell&amp;rft.jtitle=Mol+Syst+Biol.&amp;rft.aulast=Forster+AC%2C+Church+GM&amp;rft.au=Forster+AC%2C+Church+GM&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=2%3A45&amp;rft.pages=45&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fmsb4100090&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16924266&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> </ol> </div> <h2><span id="Further_reading" class="mw-headline">Further reading</span></h2> <ul> <li><span class="citation book">Benfey, P.; Protopapas, A.D. (2004). <em>Essentials of Genomics</em>. Prentice Hall.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Essentials+of+Genomics&amp;rft.aulast=Benfey&amp;rft.aufirst=P.&amp;rft.au=Benfey%2C%26%2332%3BP.&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li><span class="citation book">Brown, Terence A. (2002). <em>Genomes 2</em>. Oxford: Bios Scientific Publishers. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/978-1859960295" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1859960295"><font color="#0645ad">978-1859960295</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Genomes+2&amp;rft.aulast=Brown&amp;rft.aufirst=Terence+A.&amp;rft.au=Brown%2C%26%2332%3BTerence+A.&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Bios+Scientific+Publishers&amp;rft.isbn=978-1859960295&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li><span class="citation book">Gibson, Greg; Muse, Spencer V. (2004). <em>A Primer of Genome Science</em> (Second ed.). Sunderland, Mass: Sinauer Assoc. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/0-87893-234-8" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87893-234-8"><font color="#0645ad">0-87893-234-8</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+Primer+of+Genome+Science&amp;rft.aulast=Gibson&amp;rft.aufirst=Greg&amp;rft.au=Gibson%2C%26%2332%3BGreg&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.edition=Second&amp;rft.place=Sunderland%2C+Mass&amp;rft.pub=Sinauer+Assoc&amp;rft.isbn=0-87893-234-8&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li><span class="citation book">Gregory, T. Ryan (ed) (2005). <em><a title="The Evolution of the Genome" href="/wiki/The_Evolution_of_the_Genome"><font color="#0645ad">The Evolution of the Genome</font></a></em>. Elsevier. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/0-12-301463-8" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-301463-8"><font color="#0645ad">0-12-301463-8</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=%5B%5BThe+Evolution+of+the+Genome%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Gregory&amp;rft.aufirst=T.+Ryan+%28ed%29&amp;rft.au=Gregory%2C%26%2332%3BT.+Ryan+%28ed%29&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.pub=Elsevier&amp;rft.isbn=0-12-301463-8&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li><span class="citation book">Reece, Richard J. (2004). <em>Analysis of Genes and Genomes</em>. Chichester: John Wiley &amp; Sons. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/0-470-84379-9" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-470-84379-9"><font color="#0645ad">0-470-84379-9</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Analysis+of+Genes+and+Genomes&amp;rft.aulast=Reece&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&amp;rft.au=Reece%2C%26%2332%3BRichard+J.&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.place=Chichester&amp;rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&amp;rft.isbn=0-470-84379-9&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li><span class="citation book">Saccone, Cecilia; Pesole, Graziano (2003). <em>Handbook of Comparative Genomics</em>. Chichester: John Wiley &amp; Sons. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/0-471-39128-X" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-39128-X"><font color="#0645ad">0-471-39128-X</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Comparative+Genomics&amp;rft.aulast=Saccone&amp;rft.aufirst=Cecilia&amp;rft.au=Saccone%2C%26%2332%3BCecilia&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.place=Chichester&amp;rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&amp;rft.isbn=0-471-39128-X&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li><span class="citation Journal">Werner, E. (2003). &quot;In silico multicellular systems biology and minimal genomes&quot;. <em>Drug Discov Today</em> <strong>8</strong> (24): 1121&ndash;1127. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS1359-6446%2803%2902918-0"><font color="#3366bb">10.1016/S1359-6446(03)02918-0</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14678738"><font color="#3366bb">14678738</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=In+silico+multicellular+systems+biology+and+minimal+genomes&amp;rft.jtitle=Drug+Discov+Today&amp;rft.aulast=Werner&amp;rft.aufirst=E.&amp;rft.au=Werner%2C%26%2332%3BE.&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=8&amp;rft.issue=24&amp;rft.pages=1121%E2%80%931127&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2FS1359-6446%2803%2902918-0&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/14678738&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> </ul> <h2><span id="External_links" class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/dna/builddna/"><font color="#3366bb">Build a DNA Molecule</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/articles/02_01/Sizing_genomes.shtml"><font color="#3366bb">Some comparative genome sizes</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.dnai.org/"><font color="#3366bb">DNA Interactive: The History of DNA Science</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.dnaftb.org/"><font color="#3366bb">DNA From The Beginning</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.gov/10001772"><font color="#3366bb">All About The Human Genome Project from Genome.gov</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomesize.com/"><font color="#3366bb">Animal genome size database</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.rbgkew.org.uk/cval/homepage.html"><font color="#3366bb">Plant genome size database</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomesonline.org/"><font color="#3366bb">GOLD:Genomes OnLine Database</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/"><font color="#3366bb">The Genome News Network</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=genomeprj"><font color="#3366bb">NCBI Entrez Genome Project database</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/primer/genetics_genome.html"><font color="#3366bb">NCBI Genome Primer</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4994088.stm"><font color="#3366bb">BBC News - Final genome 'chapter' published</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.crops.org/genome/"><font color="#3366bb">The Plant Genome</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://img.jgi.doe.gov/"><font color="#3366bb">IMG</font></a> The Integrated Microbial Genomes system, for genome analysis by the DOE-JGI. </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://camera.calit2.net/index.php/"><font color="#3366bb">CAMERA</font></a> Cyberinfrastructure for Metagenomics, data repository and bioinformatics tools for metagenomic research </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genecards.org/"><font color="#3366bb">GeneCards</font></a> an integrated database of human genes. </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://genome.igib.res.in/"><font color="#3366bb">Genome@IGIB</font></a> Resources and News on the Zebrafish Genome Project @ IGIB. </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.geknome.com"><font color="#3366bb">GeKnome Technologies Next-Gen Sequencing Data Analysis</font></a> Next-Gen Sequencing Data Analysis for <a title="Illumina" href="/wiki/Illumina"><font color="#0645ad">Illumina</font></a> and <a title="454" href="/wiki/454"><font color="#0645ad">454</font></a> Service from GeKnome Technologies. </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://ascb.org/ibioseminars/brenner/brenner1.cfm"><font color="#3366bb">What Genomes Can Tell Us About the Past</font></a> - lecture by <a title="Sydney Brenner" href="/wiki/Sydney_Brenner"><font color="#0645ad">Sydney Brenner</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.imame.org/form/genome--mid80-frz.htm"><font color="#3366bb">Genome metaphor, reflecting from formal-net hierarchies, and software binaries</font></a>. </li> </ul> fef8c47c162fcd25ba182c32882ed4d5890a8fa4 3115 2010-10-06T21:06:07Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font color="#000000"><font size="3">The&nbsp;<strong>genome</strong> is the entirety of a set of sequences in an organism that&nbsp;encodes information for survival and the&nbsp;continuation of the species it belongs to. The main function of genome is information storage and processing to form an entity that utilizes envergy to keep process signals to interact with other genomes in the whole eco-system.</font><br /> <br /> The genome is universal in the universe and aliens living other planets also have genomes.<br /> <br /> The information is usually stored&nbsp;in DNA or RNA in the organisms found on Earth.<br /> <br /> The genome is often classified&nbsp;into the protein coding genes and the non-coding sequences of the DNA historically.<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>1<span>]<br /> </span></font></sup></font></p> <h2><span id="Origin_of_Term" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Origin of Term</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000">The term was adapted in 1920 by Hans Winkler, Professor of Botany at the University of Hamburg, Germany. In Greek, the word <em>genome</em> (&gamma;ί&nu;&omicron;&mu;&alpha;&iota;) means I become, I am born, to come into being. The Oxford English Dictionary suggests the name to be a blend of the words <em><strong>gen</strong>e</em> and <em>chromos<strong>ome</strong></em>. A few related <em>-ome</em> words already existed, such as <em>biome</em> and <em>rhizome</em>, forming a vocabulary into which <em>genome</em> fits systematically.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <h2><span id="Overview" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Overview</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000">Some organisms have multiple copies of chromosomes, diploid, triploid, tetraploid and so on. In classical genetics, in a sexually reproducing organism (typically eukarya) the gamete has half of the number of chromosome of the somatic cell and the genome is a full set of chromosomes in a gamete. In haploid organisms, including cells of bacteria, archaea, and in organelles including mitochondria and chloroplasts, or viruses, that similarly contain genes, the single or set of circular and/or linear chains of DNA (or RNA for some viruses), likewise constitute the <em>genome</em>. The term genome can be applied specifically to mean that stored on a complete set of <em>nuclear DNA</em> (i.e., the &quot;nuclear genome&quot;) but can also be applied to that stored within organelles that contain their own DNA, as with the &quot;mitochondrial genome&quot; or the &quot;chloroplast genome&quot;. Additionally, the genome can comprise nonchromosomal genetic elements such as viruses, plasmids, and transposable elements<sup id="cite_ref-Brock_2-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></font></sup>. When people say that the genome of a sexually reproducing species has been &quot;sequenced&quot;, typically they are referring to a determination of the sequences of one set of autosomes and one of each type of sex chromosome, which together represent both of the possible sexes. Even in species that exist in only one sex, what is described as &quot;a genome sequence&quot; may be a composite read from the chromosomes of various individuals. In general use, the phrase &quot;genetic makeup&quot; is sometimes used conversationally to mean the genome of a particular individual or organism. The study of the global properties of genomes of related organisms is usually referred to as genomics, which distinguishes it from genetics which generally studies the properties of single genes or groups of genes.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Both the number of base pairs and the number of genes vary widely from one species to another, and there is only a rough correlation between the two (an observation known as the C-value paradox). At present, the highest known number of genes is around 60,000, for the protozoan causing trichomoniasis (see List of sequenced eukaryotic genomes), almost three times as many as in the human genome.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">An analogy to the human genome stored on DNA is that of instructions stored in a library:</font></p> <ul> <li><font color="#000000">The library would contain 46 books (chromosomes)</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000">The books range in size from 400 to 3340 pages (genes)</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000">which is 48 to 250 million letters (A,C,G,T) per book.</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Hence the library contains over six billion letters total;</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000">The library fits into a cell nucleus the size of a pinpoint;</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000">A copy of the library (all 46 books) is contained in almost every cell of our body.</font> </li> </ul> <h2><span id="Types" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Types</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000">Most biological entities that are more complex than a virus sometimes or always carry additional genetic material besides that which resides in their chromosomes. In some contexts, such as sequencing the genome of a pathogenic microbe, &quot;genome&quot; is meant to include information stored on this auxiliary material, which is carried in plasmids. In such circumstances then, &quot;genome&quot; describes all of the genes and information on non-coding DNA that have the potential to be present.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">In eukaryotes such as plants, protozoa and animals, however, &quot;genome&quot; carries the typical connotation of only information on chromosomal DNA. So although these organisms contain chloroplasts and/or mitochondria that have their own DNA, the genetic information contained by DNA within these organelles is not considered part of the genome. In fact, mitochondria are sometimes said to have their own genome often referred to as the &quot;mitochondrial genome&quot;. The DNA found within the chloroplast may be referred to as the &quot;plastome&quot;.</font></p> <h2><span id="Genomes_and_genetic_variation" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Genomes and genetic variation</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000">Note that a genome does not capture the genetic diversity or the genetic polymorphism of a species. For example, the human genome sequence in principle could be determined from just half the information on the DNA of one cell from one individual. To learn what variations in genetic information underlie particular traits or diseases requires comparisons across individuals. This point explains the common usage of &quot;genome&quot; (which parallels a common usage of &quot;gene&quot;) to refer not to the information in any particular DNA sequence, but to a whole family of sequences that share a biological context.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Although this concept may seem counter intuitive, it is the same concept that says there is no particular shape that is the shape of a cheetah. Cheetahs vary, and so do the sequences of their genomes. Yet both the individual animals and their sequences share commonalities, so one can learn something about cheetahs and &quot;cheetah-ness&quot; from a single example of either.</font></p> <h2><span id="Sequencing_and_mapping" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Sequencing and mapping</font></span></h2> <div class="rellink boilerplate seealso"><font color="#000000">For more details on this topic, see Genome project.</font></div> <p><font color="#000000">The Human Genome Project was organized to map and to sequence the human genome. Other genome projects include mouse, rice, the plant <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em>, the puffer fish, bacteria like E. coli, etc. In 1976, Walter Fiers at the University of Ghent (Belgium) was the first to establish the complete nucleotide sequence of a viral RNA-genome (bacteriophage MS2). The first DNA-genome project to be completed was the Phage &Phi;-X174, with only 5386 base pairs, which was sequenced by Fred Sanger in 1977 . The first bacterial genome to be completed was that of Haemophilus influenzae, completed by a team at The Institute for Genomic Research in 1995.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">The development of new technologies has dramatically decreased the difficulty and cost of sequencing, and the number of complete genome sequences is rising rapidly. Among many genome database sites, the one maintained by the US National Institutes of Health is inclusive.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">These new technologies open up the prospect of personal genome sequencing as an important diagnostic tool. A major step toward that goal was the May 2007 <em>New York Times</em> announcement that the full genome of DNA pioneer James D. Watson was deciphered.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Whereas a genome sequence lists the order of every DNA base in a genome, a genome map identifies the landmarks. A genome map is less detailed than a genome sequence and aids in navigating around the genome.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <h2><span id="Comparison_of_different_genome_sizes" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Comparison of different genome sizes</font></span></h2> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle"><font color="#000000">Main article: Genome size</font></div> <table id="sortable_table_id_0" class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody> <tr> <th><font color="#000000">Organism type<span class="sortarrow"><img alt="↓" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></font></th> <th><font color="#000000">Organism<span class="sortarrow"><img alt="↓" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></font></th> <th><font color="#000000">Genome size (base pairs)<span class="sortarrow"><img alt="↓" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></font></th> <th><font color="#000000">mass - in pg<span class="sortarrow"><img alt="↓" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></font></th> <th><font color="#000000">Note<span class="sortarrow"><img alt="↓" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></font></th> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Virus</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Bacteriophage MS2</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">3,569</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">0.000002</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">First sequenced RNA-genome<sup id="cite_ref-Fiers1976_7-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Virus</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">SV40</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">5,224</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Fiers1978_8-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#000000"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></font></font></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Virus</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Phage &Phi;-X174</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">5,386</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">First sequenced DNA-genome<sup id="cite_ref-Sanger1977_9-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Virus</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">HIV</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">9749<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> <td><font color="#000000" size="2"></font></td> <td><font color="#000000" size="2"></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Virus</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Phage &lambda;</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">48,502</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Virus</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Mimivirus</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">1,181,404</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Largest known viral genome</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Bacterium</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Haemophilus influenzae</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">1,830,000</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">First genome of living organism, July 1995<sup id="cite_ref-Fleichmann_1995_11-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Bacterium</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Carsonella ruddii</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">159,662</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Smallest non-viral genome.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Bacterium</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Buchnera aphidicola</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">600,000</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Bacterium</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Wigglesworthia glossinidia</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">700,000</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Bacterium</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Escherichia coli</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">4,600,000</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#000000"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></font></font></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Bacterium</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"><em>Solibacter usitatus</em> (strain Ellin 6076)</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">9,970,000</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Largest known Bacterial genome</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Amoeboid</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"><em>Polychaos dubium</em> (<em>&quot;Amoeba&quot; dubia</em>)</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">670,000,000,000</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">737</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Largest known genome.<sup id="cite_ref-Parfrey2008_14-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Plant</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Arabidopsis thaliana</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">157,000,000</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">First plant genome sequenced, December 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-Greilhuber_15-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Plant</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Genlisea margaretae</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">63,400,000</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Smallest recorded flowering plant genome, 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-Greilhuber_15-1" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Plant</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Fritillaria assyrica</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">130,000,000,000</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Plant</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Populus trichocarpa</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">480,000,000</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">First tree genome, September 2006</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Moss</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Physcomitrella patens</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">480,000,000</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">First genome of a bryophyte, January 2008 <sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Yeast</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">12,100,000</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#000000"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></font></font></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Fungus</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Aspergillus nidulans</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">30,000,000</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Nematode</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Caenorhabditis elegans</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">100,300,000</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">First multicellular animal genome, December 1998<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Nematode</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Pratylenchus coffeae</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">20,000,000</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Smallest animal genome known<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Insect</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"><em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> (fruit fly)</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">130,000,000</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Adams_2000_20-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#000000"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></font></font></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Insect</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"><em>Bombyx mori</em> (silk moth)</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">530,000,000</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Insect</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"><em>Apis mellifera</em> (honey bee)</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">236,000,000</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Fish</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"><em>Tetraodon nigroviridis</em> (type of puffer fish)</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">385,000,000</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Smallest vertebrate genome known</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Mammal</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Homo sapiens</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">3,200,000,000</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">3</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Fish</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"><em>Protopterus aethiopicus</em> (marbled lungfish)</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">130,000,000,000</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">143</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Largest vertebrate genome known</font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><font color="#000000"><em>Note:</em> The DNA from a single (diploid) human cell if the 46 chromosomes were connected end-to-end and straightened, would have a length of ~2 m and a width of ~2.4 nanometers.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Since genomes and their organisms are very complex, one research strategy is to reduce the number of genes in a genome to the bare minimum and still have the organism in question survive. There is experimental work being done on minimal genomes for single cell organisms as well as minimal genomes for multicellular organisms (see Developmental biology). The work is both <em>in vivo</em> and <em>in silico</em>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <h2><span id="Genome_evolution" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Genome evolution</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000">Genomes are more than the sum of an organism's genes and have traits that may be measured and studied without reference to the details of any particular genes and their products. Researchers compare traits such as <em>chromosome number</em> (karyotype), genome size, gene order, codon usage bias, and GC-content to determine what mechanisms could have produced the great variety of genomes that exist today (for recent overviews, see Brown 2002; Saccone and Pesole 2003; Benfey and Protopapas 2004; Gibson and Muse 2004; Reese 2004; Gregory 2005).</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Duplications play a major role in shaping the genome. Duplications may range from extension of short tandem repeats, to duplication of a cluster of genes, and all the way to duplications of entire chromosomes or even entire genomes. Such duplications are probably fundamental to the creation of genetic novelty.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Horizontal gene transfer is invoked to explain how there is often extreme similarity between small portions of the genomes of two organisms that are otherwise very distantly related. Horizontal gene transfer seems to be common among many microbes. Also, eukaryotic cells seem to have experienced a transfer of some genetic material from their chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes to their nuclear chromosomes.</font></p> <h2><span id="References" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">References</font></span></h2> <div style="column-count: 2; -moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2" class="references-small references-column-count references-column-count-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-0"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> Ridley, M. (2006). <em>Genome</em>. New York, NY: Harper Perennial. <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0060194979"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN 0-06-019497-9</font></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-1"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-1"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Joshua Lederberg and Alexa T. McCray (2001). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://lhncbc.nlm.nih.gov/lhc/docs/published/2001/pub2001047.pdf"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;'Ome Sweet 'Omics -- A Genealogical Treasury of Words&quot;</font></a>. <em>The Scientist</em> <strong>15</strong> (7)<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://lhncbc.nlm.nih.gov/lhc/docs/published/2001/pub2001047.pdf"><font color="#3366bb">http://lhncbc.nlm.nih.gov/lhc/docs/published/2001/pub2001047.pdf</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=%27Ome+Sweet+%27Omics+--+A+Genealogical+Treasury+of+Words&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Scientist&amp;rft.aulast=Joshua+Lederberg+and+Alexa+T.+McCray&amp;rft.au=Joshua+Lederberg+and+Alexa+T.+McCray&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.volume=15&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flhncbc.nlm.nih.gov%2Flhc%2Fdocs%2Fpublished%2F2001%2Fpub2001047.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brock-2"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Brock_2-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation book">Madigan M, Martinko J (editors) (2006). <em>Brock Biology of Microorganisms</em> (11th ed.). Prentice Hall. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/0-13-144329-1" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-144329-1"><font color="#0645ad">0-13-144329-1</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Brock+Biology+of+Microorganisms&amp;rft.aulast=Madigan+M%2C+Martinko+J+%28editors%29&amp;rft.au=Madigan+M%2C+Martinko+J+%28editors%29&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.edition=11th&amp;rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&amp;rft.isbn=0-13-144329-1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-3"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=Genome&amp;itool=toolbar"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=Genome&amp;itool=toolbar</font></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-4"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation news">Wade, Nicholas (2007-05-31). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/31/science/31cnd-gene.html?em&amp;ex=1180843200&amp;en=19e1d55639350b73&amp;ei=5087%0A"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Genome of DNA Pioneer Is Deciphered&quot;</font></a>. <em>The New York Times</em><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/31/science/31cnd-gene.html?em&amp;ex=1180843200&amp;en=19e1d55639350b73&amp;ei=5087%0A"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/31/science/31cnd-gene.html?em&amp;ex=1180843200&amp;en=19e1d55639350b73&amp;ei=5087%0A</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-04-02</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+of+DNA+Pioneer+Is+Deciphered&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.aulast=Wade&amp;rft.aufirst=Nicholas&amp;rft.au=Wade%2C%26%2332%3BNicholas&amp;rft.date=2007-05-31&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F05%2F31%2Fscience%2F31cnd-gene.html%3Fem%26ex%3D1180843200%26en%3D19e1d55639350b73%26ei%3D5087%250A&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-5"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/whats_a_genome/Chp3_1.shtml"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/whats_a_genome/Chp3_1.shtml</font></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-6"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/primer/mapping.html"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/primer/mapping.html</font></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fiers1976-7"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Fiers1976_7-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Fiers W, <em>et al.</em> (1976). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v260/n5551/abs/260500a0.html"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA - primary and secondary structure of replicase gene&quot;</font></a>. <em>Nature</em> <strong>260</strong> (5551): 500&ndash;507. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F260500a0"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/260500a0</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1264203"><font color="#3366bb">1264203</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v260/n5551/abs/260500a0.html"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v260/n5551/abs/260500a0.html</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+nucleotide-sequence+of+bacteriophage+MS2-RNA+-+primary+and+secondary+structure+of+replicase+gene&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Fiers+W%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Fiers+W%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=1976&amp;rft.volume=260&amp;rft.issue=5551&amp;rft.pages=500%E2%80%93507&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F260500a0&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/1264203&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv260%2Fn5551%2Fabs%2F260500a0.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fiers1978-8"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Fiers1978_8-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Fiers W, Contreras R, Haegemann G, Rogiers R, Van de Voorde A, Van Heuverswyn H, Van Herreweghe J, Volckaert G, Ysebaert M (1978). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v273/n5658/abs/273113a0.html"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Complete nucleotide sequence of SV40 DNA&quot;</font></a>. <em>Nature</em> <strong>273</strong> (5658): 113&ndash;120. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F273113a0"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/273113a0</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/205802"><font color="#3366bb">205802</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v273/n5658/abs/273113a0.html"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v273/n5658/abs/273113a0.html</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+nucleotide+sequence+of+SV40+DNA&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Fiers+W%2C+Contreras+R%2C+Haegemann+G%2C+Rogiers+R%2C+Van+de+Voorde+A%2C+Van+Heuverswyn+H%2C+Van+Herreweghe+J%2C+Volckaert+G%2C+Ysebaert+M&amp;rft.au=Fiers+W%2C+Contreras+R%2C+Haegemann+G%2C+Rogiers+R%2C+Van+de+Voorde+A%2C+Van+Heuverswyn+H%2C+Van+Herreweghe+J%2C+Volckaert+G%2C+Ysebaert+M&amp;rft.date=1978&amp;rft.volume=273&amp;rft.issue=5658&amp;rft.pages=113%E2%80%93120&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F273113a0&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/205802&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv273%2Fn5658%2Fabs%2F273113a0.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sanger1977-9"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Sanger1977_9-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Sanger F, Air GM, Barrell BG, Brown NL, Coulson AR, Fiddes CA, Hutchison CA, Slocombe PM, Smith M (1977). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v265/n5596/abs/265687a0.html"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA&quot;</font></a>. <em>Nature</em> <strong>265</strong> (5596): 687&ndash;695. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F265687a0"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/265687a0</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/870828"><font color="#3366bb">870828</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v265/n5596/abs/265687a0.html"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v265/n5596/abs/265687a0.html</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Nucleotide+sequence+of+bacteriophage+phi+X174+DNA&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Sanger+F%2C+Air+GM%2C+Barrell+BG%2C+Brown+NL%2C+Coulson+AR%2C+Fiddes+CA%2C+Hutchison+CA%2C+Slocombe+PM%2C+Smith+M&amp;rft.au=Sanger+F%2C+Air+GM%2C+Barrell+BG%2C+Brown+NL%2C+Coulson+AR%2C+Fiddes+CA%2C+Hutchison+CA%2C+Slocombe+PM%2C+Smith+M&amp;rft.date=1977&amp;rft.volume=265&amp;rft.issue=5596&amp;rft.pages=687%E2%80%93695&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F265687a0&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/870828&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv265%2Fn5596%2Fabs%2F265687a0.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-10"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/lecture/hiv9.htm"><font color="#3366bb">VIROLOGY - HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS AND AIDS, STRUCTURE: The Genome AND PROTEINS of HIV</font></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fleichmann_1995-11"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Fleichmann_1995_11-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Fleischmann R, Adams M, White O, Clayton R, Kirkness E, Kerlavage A, Bult C, Tomb J, Dougherty B, Merrick J (1995). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/269/5223/496"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Whole-genome random sequencing and assembly of Haemophilus influenzae Rd&quot;</font></a>. <em>Science</em> <strong>269</strong> (5223): 496&ndash;512. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.7542800"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.7542800</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7542800"><font color="#3366bb">7542800</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/269/5223/496"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/269/5223/496</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Whole-genome+random+sequencing+and+assembly+of+Haemophilus+influenzae+Rd&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Fleischmann+R%2C+Adams+M%2C+White+O%2C+Clayton+R%2C+Kirkness+E%2C+Kerlavage+A%2C+Bult+C%2C+Tomb+J%2C+Dougherty+B%2C+Merrick+J&amp;rft.au=Fleischmann+R%2C+Adams+M%2C+White+O%2C+Clayton+R%2C+Kirkness+E%2C+Kerlavage+A%2C+Bult+C%2C+Tomb+J%2C+Dougherty+B%2C+Merrick+J&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.volume=269&amp;rft.issue=5223&amp;rft.pages=496%E2%80%93512&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.7542800&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/7542800&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F269%2F5223%2F496&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-12"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Nakabachi A, Yamashita A, Toh H, <em>et al.</em> (October 2006). &quot;The 160-kilobase genome of the bacterial endosymbiont Carsonella&quot;. <em>Science (journal)</em> <strong>314</strong> (5797): 267. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1134196"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.1134196</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17038615"><font color="#3366bb">17038615</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+160-kilobase+genome+of+the+bacterial+endosymbiont+Carsonella&amp;rft.jtitle=Science+%28journal%29&amp;rft.aulast=Nakabachi+A%2C+Yamashita+A%2C+Toh+H%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Nakabachi+A%2C+Yamashita+A%2C+Toh+H%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=October+2006&amp;rft.volume=314&amp;rft.issue=5797&amp;rft.pages=267&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.1134196&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17038615&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-13"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Frederick R. Blattner, Guy Plunkett III, et al. (1997). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/277/5331/1453"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;The Complete Genome Sequence of Escherichia coli K-12&quot;</font></a>. <em>Science</em> <strong>277</strong> (5331): 1453&ndash;1462. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.277.5331.1453"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.277.5331.1453</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9278503"><font color="#3366bb">9278503</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/277/5331/1453"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/277/5331/1453</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+Complete+Genome+Sequence+of+Escherichia+coli+K-12&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Frederick+R.+Blattner%2C+Guy+Plunkett+III%2C+et+al.&amp;rft.au=Frederick+R.+Blattner%2C+Guy+Plunkett+III%2C+et+al.&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.volume=277&amp;rft.issue=5331&amp;rft.pages=1453%E2%80%931462&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.277.5331.1453&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/9278503&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F277%2F5331%2F1453&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parfrey2008-14"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Parfrey2008_14-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Parfrey, L.W.; Lahr, D.J.G.; Katz, L.A. (2008). &quot;The Dynamic Nature of Eukaryotic Genomes&quot;. <em>Molecular Biology and Evolution</em> <strong>25</strong> (4): 787. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsn032"><font color="#3366bb">10.1093/molbev/msn032</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18258610"><font color="#3366bb">18258610</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+Dynamic+Nature+of+Eukaryotic+Genomes&amp;rft.jtitle=Molecular+Biology+and+Evolution&amp;rft.aulast=Parfrey%2C+L.W.&amp;rft.au=Parfrey%2C+L.W.&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=25&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=787&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsn032&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18258610&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greilhuber-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greilhuber_15-0">^{<em><strong><font color="#0645ad" size="2">a</font></strong></em>}</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greilhuber_15-1">^{<em><strong><font color="#0645ad" size="2">b</font></strong></em>}</a> <span class="citation Journal">Greilhuber, J., Borsch, T., M&uuml;ller, K., Worberg, A., Porembski, S., and Barthlott, W. (2006). &quot;Smallest angiosperm genomes found in Lentibulariaceae, with chromosomes of bacterial size&quot;. <em>Plant Biology</em> <strong>8</strong> (6): 770&ndash;777. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1055%2Fs-2006-924101"><font color="#3366bb">10.1055/s-2006-924101</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17203433"><font color="#3366bb">17203433</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Smallest+angiosperm+genomes+found+in+Lentibulariaceae%2C+with+chromosomes+of+bacterial+size&amp;rft.jtitle=Plant+Biology&amp;rft.aulast=Greilhuber%2C+J.%2C+Borsch%2C+T.%2C+M%C3%BCller%2C+K.%2C+Worberg%2C+A.%2C+Porembski%2C+S.%2C+and+Barthlott%2C+W.&amp;rft.au=Greilhuber%2C+J.%2C+Borsch%2C+T.%2C+M%C3%BCller%2C+K.%2C+Worberg%2C+A.%2C+Porembski%2C+S.%2C+and+Barthlott%2C+W.&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=8&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=770%E2%80%93777&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1055%2Fs-2006-924101&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17203433&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-16"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> Daniel Lang, Andreas D. Zimmer, Stefan A. Rensing, <a title="Ralf Reski" href="/wiki/Ralf_Reski"><font color="#0645ad">Ralf Reski</font></a>(2008): Exploring plant <a title="Biodiversity" href="/wiki/Biodiversity"><font color="#0645ad">biodiversity</font></a>: the Physcomitrella genome and beyond. Trends in Plant Science 13, 542-549. <a class="external autonumber" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cell.com/trends/plant-science/abstract/S1360-1385(08)00204-5"><font color="#3366bb">[1]</font></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-17"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.yeastgenome.org/"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.yeastgenome.org/</font></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-18"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">The <em>C. elegans</em> Sequencing Consortium (1998). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/282/5396/2012"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Genome sequence of the nematode <em>C. elegans</em>: a platform for investigating biology&quot;</font></a>. <em><a title="Science (journal)" href="/wiki/Science_(journal)"><font color="#0645ad">Science</font></a></em> <strong>282</strong> (5396): 2012&ndash;2018. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.282.5396.2012"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.282.5396.2012</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9851916"><font color="#3366bb">9851916</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/282/5396/2012"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/282/5396/2012</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+sequence+of+the+nematode+%27%27C.+elegans%27%27%3A+a+platform+for+investigating+biology&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BScience+%28journal%29%7CScience%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=The+%27%27C.+elegans%27%27+Sequencing+Consortium&amp;rft.au=The+%27%27C.+elegans%27%27+Sequencing+Consortium&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.volume=282&amp;rft.issue=5396&amp;rft.pages=2012%E2%80%932018&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.282.5396.2012&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/9851916&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F282%2F5396%2F2012&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-19"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomesize.com/statistics.php?stats=entire#stats_top"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Gregory, T.R. (2005). Animal Genome Size Database. http://www.genomesize.com.&quot;</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomesize.com/statistics.php?stats=entire#stats_top"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.genomesize.com/statistics.php?stats=entire#stats_top</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Gregory%2C+T.R.+%282005%29.+Animal+Genome+Size+Database.+http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genomesize.com.&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genomesize.com%2Fstatistics.php%3Fstats%3Dentire%23stats_top&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adams_2000-20"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Adams_2000_20-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Adams MD, Celniker SE, Holt RA, <em>et al.</em> (2000). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/287/5461/2185"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;The genome sequence of <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em>&quot;</font></a>. <em>Science</em> <strong>287</strong> (5461): 2185&ndash;95. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.287.5461.2185"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.287.5461.2185</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10731132"><font color="#3366bb">10731132</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/287/5461/2185"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/287/5461/2185</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-05-25</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+genome+sequence+of+%27%27Drosophila+melanogaster%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Adams+MD%2C+Celniker+SE%2C+Holt+RA%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Adams+MD%2C+Celniker+SE%2C+Holt+RA%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.volume=287&amp;rft.issue=5461&amp;rft.pages=2185%E2%80%9395&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.287.5461.2185&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/10731132&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F287%2F5461%2F2185&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-21"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Glass JI, Assad-Garcia N, Alperovich N, Yooseph S, Lewis MR, Maruf M, Hutchison CA 3rd, Smith HO, Venter JC (2006). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1324956"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Essential genes of a minimal bacterium.&quot;</font></a>. <em>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</em> <strong>103</strong> (2): 425&ndash;30. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0510013103"><font color="#3366bb">10.1073/pnas.0510013103</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16407165"><font color="#3366bb">16407165</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Essential+genes+of+a+minimal+bacterium.&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+USA&amp;rft.aulast=Glass+JI%2C+Assad-Garcia+N%2C+Alperovich+N%2C+Yooseph+S%2C+Lewis+MR%2C+Maruf+M%2C+Hutchison+CA+3rd%2C+Smith+HO%2C+Venter+JC&amp;rft.au=Glass+JI%2C+Assad-Garcia+N%2C+Alperovich+N%2C+Yooseph+S%2C+Lewis+MR%2C+Maruf+M%2C+Hutchison+CA+3rd%2C+Smith+HO%2C+Venter+JC&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=103&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=425%E2%80%9330&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.0510013103&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16407165&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-22"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Forster AC, Church GM (2006). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1681520"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Towards synthesis of a minimal cell&quot;</font></a>. <em>Mol Syst Biol.</em> <strong>2:45</strong>: 45. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fmsb4100090"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/msb4100090</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16924266"><font color="#3366bb">16924266</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Towards+synthesis+of+a+minimal+cell&amp;rft.jtitle=Mol+Syst+Biol.&amp;rft.aulast=Forster+AC%2C+Church+GM&amp;rft.au=Forster+AC%2C+Church+GM&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=2%3A45&amp;rft.pages=45&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fmsb4100090&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16924266&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> </ol> </div> <h2><span id="Further_reading" class="mw-headline">Further reading</span></h2> <ul> <li><span class="citation book">Benfey, P.; Protopapas, A.D. (2004). <em>Essentials of Genomics</em>. Prentice Hall.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Essentials+of+Genomics&amp;rft.aulast=Benfey&amp;rft.aufirst=P.&amp;rft.au=Benfey%2C%26%2332%3BP.&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li><span class="citation book">Brown, Terence A. (2002). <em>Genomes 2</em>. Oxford: Bios Scientific Publishers. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/978-1859960295" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1859960295"><font color="#0645ad">978-1859960295</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Genomes+2&amp;rft.aulast=Brown&amp;rft.aufirst=Terence+A.&amp;rft.au=Brown%2C%26%2332%3BTerence+A.&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Bios+Scientific+Publishers&amp;rft.isbn=978-1859960295&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li><span class="citation book">Gibson, Greg; Muse, Spencer V. (2004). <em>A Primer of Genome Science</em> (Second ed.). Sunderland, Mass: Sinauer Assoc. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/0-87893-234-8" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87893-234-8"><font color="#0645ad">0-87893-234-8</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+Primer+of+Genome+Science&amp;rft.aulast=Gibson&amp;rft.aufirst=Greg&amp;rft.au=Gibson%2C%26%2332%3BGreg&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.edition=Second&amp;rft.place=Sunderland%2C+Mass&amp;rft.pub=Sinauer+Assoc&amp;rft.isbn=0-87893-234-8&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li><span class="citation book">Gregory, T. Ryan (ed) (2005). <em><a title="The Evolution of the Genome" href="/wiki/The_Evolution_of_the_Genome"><font color="#0645ad">The Evolution of the Genome</font></a></em>. Elsevier. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/0-12-301463-8" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-301463-8"><font color="#0645ad">0-12-301463-8</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=%5B%5BThe+Evolution+of+the+Genome%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Gregory&amp;rft.aufirst=T.+Ryan+%28ed%29&amp;rft.au=Gregory%2C%26%2332%3BT.+Ryan+%28ed%29&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.pub=Elsevier&amp;rft.isbn=0-12-301463-8&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li><span class="citation book">Reece, Richard J. (2004). <em>Analysis of Genes and Genomes</em>. Chichester: John Wiley &amp; Sons. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/0-470-84379-9" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-470-84379-9"><font color="#0645ad">0-470-84379-9</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Analysis+of+Genes+and+Genomes&amp;rft.aulast=Reece&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&amp;rft.au=Reece%2C%26%2332%3BRichard+J.&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.place=Chichester&amp;rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&amp;rft.isbn=0-470-84379-9&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li><span class="citation book">Saccone, Cecilia; Pesole, Graziano (2003). <em>Handbook of Comparative Genomics</em>. Chichester: John Wiley &amp; Sons. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/0-471-39128-X" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-39128-X"><font color="#0645ad">0-471-39128-X</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Comparative+Genomics&amp;rft.aulast=Saccone&amp;rft.aufirst=Cecilia&amp;rft.au=Saccone%2C%26%2332%3BCecilia&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.place=Chichester&amp;rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&amp;rft.isbn=0-471-39128-X&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li><span class="citation Journal">Werner, E. (2003). &quot;In silico multicellular systems biology and minimal genomes&quot;. <em>Drug Discov Today</em> <strong>8</strong> (24): 1121&ndash;1127. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS1359-6446%2803%2902918-0"><font color="#3366bb">10.1016/S1359-6446(03)02918-0</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14678738"><font color="#3366bb">14678738</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=In+silico+multicellular+systems+biology+and+minimal+genomes&amp;rft.jtitle=Drug+Discov+Today&amp;rft.aulast=Werner&amp;rft.aufirst=E.&amp;rft.au=Werner%2C%26%2332%3BE.&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=8&amp;rft.issue=24&amp;rft.pages=1121%E2%80%931127&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2FS1359-6446%2803%2902918-0&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/14678738&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> </ul> <h2><span id="External_links" class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/dna/builddna/"><font color="#3366bb">Build a DNA Molecule</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/articles/02_01/Sizing_genomes.shtml"><font color="#3366bb">Some comparative genome sizes</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.dnai.org/"><font color="#3366bb">DNA Interactive: The History of DNA Science</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.dnaftb.org/"><font color="#3366bb">DNA From The Beginning</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.gov/10001772"><font color="#3366bb">All About The Human Genome Project from Genome.gov</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomesize.com/"><font color="#3366bb">Animal genome size database</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.rbgkew.org.uk/cval/homepage.html"><font color="#3366bb">Plant genome size database</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomesonline.org/"><font color="#3366bb">GOLD:Genomes OnLine Database</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/"><font color="#3366bb">The Genome News Network</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=genomeprj"><font color="#3366bb">NCBI Entrez Genome Project database</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/primer/genetics_genome.html"><font color="#3366bb">NCBI Genome Primer</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4994088.stm"><font color="#3366bb">BBC News - Final genome 'chapter' published</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.crops.org/genome/"><font color="#3366bb">The Plant Genome</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://img.jgi.doe.gov/"><font color="#3366bb">IMG</font></a> The Integrated Microbial Genomes system, for genome analysis by the DOE-JGI. </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://camera.calit2.net/index.php/"><font color="#3366bb">CAMERA</font></a> Cyberinfrastructure for Metagenomics, data repository and bioinformatics tools for metagenomic research </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genecards.org/"><font color="#3366bb">GeneCards</font></a> an integrated database of human genes. </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://genome.igib.res.in/"><font color="#3366bb">Genome@IGIB</font></a> Resources and News on the Zebrafish Genome Project @ IGIB. </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.geknome.com"><font color="#3366bb">GeKnome Technologies Next-Gen Sequencing Data Analysis</font></a> Next-Gen Sequencing Data Analysis for <a title="Illumina" href="/wiki/Illumina"><font color="#0645ad">Illumina</font></a> and <a title="454" href="/wiki/454"><font color="#0645ad">454</font></a> Service from GeKnome Technologies. </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://ascb.org/ibioseminars/brenner/brenner1.cfm"><font color="#3366bb">What Genomes Can Tell Us About the Past</font></a> - lecture by <a title="Sydney Brenner" href="/wiki/Sydney_Brenner"><font color="#0645ad">Sydney Brenner</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.imame.org/form/genome--mid80-frz.htm"><font color="#3366bb">Genome metaphor, reflecting from formal-net hierarchies, and software binaries</font></a>. </li> </ul> 24ae24f5dbaa92e3ff1fb1284adfbdb81bc3aadf 3116 2010-10-06T21:06:21Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font color="#000000"><font size="3">The&nbsp;<strong>genome</strong> is the entirety of a set of sequences in an organism that&nbsp;encodes information for survival and the&nbsp;continuation of the species it belongs to. The main function of genome is information storage and processing to form an entity that utilizes envergy to keep process signals to interact with other genomes in the whole eco-system.</font><br /> <br /> <font size="3">The genome is universal in the universe and aliens living other planets also have genomes.<br /> <br /> The information is usually stored&nbsp;in DNA or RNA in the organisms found on Earth.<br /> <br /> The genome is often classified&nbsp;into the protein coding genes and the non-coding sequences of the DNA historically.</font><sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><font size="3"><span>[</span>1</font><span><font size="3">]</font><br /> </span></font></sup></font></p> <h2><span id="Origin_of_Term" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Origin of Term</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000">The term was adapted in 1920 by Hans Winkler, Professor of Botany at the University of Hamburg, Germany. In Greek, the word <em>genome</em> (&gamma;ί&nu;&omicron;&mu;&alpha;&iota;) means I become, I am born, to come into being. The Oxford English Dictionary suggests the name to be a blend of the words <em><strong>gen</strong>e</em> and <em>chromos<strong>ome</strong></em>. A few related <em>-ome</em> words already existed, such as <em>biome</em> and <em>rhizome</em>, forming a vocabulary into which <em>genome</em> fits systematically.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <h2><span id="Overview" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Overview</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000">Some organisms have multiple copies of chromosomes, diploid, triploid, tetraploid and so on. In classical genetics, in a sexually reproducing organism (typically eukarya) the gamete has half of the number of chromosome of the somatic cell and the genome is a full set of chromosomes in a gamete. In haploid organisms, including cells of bacteria, archaea, and in organelles including mitochondria and chloroplasts, or viruses, that similarly contain genes, the single or set of circular and/or linear chains of DNA (or RNA for some viruses), likewise constitute the <em>genome</em>. The term genome can be applied specifically to mean that stored on a complete set of <em>nuclear DNA</em> (i.e., the &quot;nuclear genome&quot;) but can also be applied to that stored within organelles that contain their own DNA, as with the &quot;mitochondrial genome&quot; or the &quot;chloroplast genome&quot;. Additionally, the genome can comprise nonchromosomal genetic elements such as viruses, plasmids, and transposable elements<sup id="cite_ref-Brock_2-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></font></sup>. When people say that the genome of a sexually reproducing species has been &quot;sequenced&quot;, typically they are referring to a determination of the sequences of one set of autosomes and one of each type of sex chromosome, which together represent both of the possible sexes. Even in species that exist in only one sex, what is described as &quot;a genome sequence&quot; may be a composite read from the chromosomes of various individuals. In general use, the phrase &quot;genetic makeup&quot; is sometimes used conversationally to mean the genome of a particular individual or organism. The study of the global properties of genomes of related organisms is usually referred to as genomics, which distinguishes it from genetics which generally studies the properties of single genes or groups of genes.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Both the number of base pairs and the number of genes vary widely from one species to another, and there is only a rough correlation between the two (an observation known as the C-value paradox). At present, the highest known number of genes is around 60,000, for the protozoan causing trichomoniasis (see List of sequenced eukaryotic genomes), almost three times as many as in the human genome.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">An analogy to the human genome stored on DNA is that of instructions stored in a library:</font></p> <ul> <li><font color="#000000">The library would contain 46 books (chromosomes)</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000">The books range in size from 400 to 3340 pages (genes)</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000">which is 48 to 250 million letters (A,C,G,T) per book.</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000">Hence the library contains over six billion letters total;</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000">The library fits into a cell nucleus the size of a pinpoint;</font> </li> <li><font color="#000000">A copy of the library (all 46 books) is contained in almost every cell of our body.</font> </li> </ul> <h2><span id="Types" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Types</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000">Most biological entities that are more complex than a virus sometimes or always carry additional genetic material besides that which resides in their chromosomes. In some contexts, such as sequencing the genome of a pathogenic microbe, &quot;genome&quot; is meant to include information stored on this auxiliary material, which is carried in plasmids. In such circumstances then, &quot;genome&quot; describes all of the genes and information on non-coding DNA that have the potential to be present.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">In eukaryotes such as plants, protozoa and animals, however, &quot;genome&quot; carries the typical connotation of only information on chromosomal DNA. So although these organisms contain chloroplasts and/or mitochondria that have their own DNA, the genetic information contained by DNA within these organelles is not considered part of the genome. In fact, mitochondria are sometimes said to have their own genome often referred to as the &quot;mitochondrial genome&quot;. The DNA found within the chloroplast may be referred to as the &quot;plastome&quot;.</font></p> <h2><span id="Genomes_and_genetic_variation" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Genomes and genetic variation</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000">Note that a genome does not capture the genetic diversity or the genetic polymorphism of a species. For example, the human genome sequence in principle could be determined from just half the information on the DNA of one cell from one individual. To learn what variations in genetic information underlie particular traits or diseases requires comparisons across individuals. This point explains the common usage of &quot;genome&quot; (which parallels a common usage of &quot;gene&quot;) to refer not to the information in any particular DNA sequence, but to a whole family of sequences that share a biological context.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Although this concept may seem counter intuitive, it is the same concept that says there is no particular shape that is the shape of a cheetah. Cheetahs vary, and so do the sequences of their genomes. Yet both the individual animals and their sequences share commonalities, so one can learn something about cheetahs and &quot;cheetah-ness&quot; from a single example of either.</font></p> <h2><span id="Sequencing_and_mapping" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Sequencing and mapping</font></span></h2> <div class="rellink boilerplate seealso"><font color="#000000">For more details on this topic, see Genome project.</font></div> <p><font color="#000000">The Human Genome Project was organized to map and to sequence the human genome. Other genome projects include mouse, rice, the plant <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em>, the puffer fish, bacteria like E. coli, etc. In 1976, Walter Fiers at the University of Ghent (Belgium) was the first to establish the complete nucleotide sequence of a viral RNA-genome (bacteriophage MS2). The first DNA-genome project to be completed was the Phage &Phi;-X174, with only 5386 base pairs, which was sequenced by Fred Sanger in 1977 . The first bacterial genome to be completed was that of Haemophilus influenzae, completed by a team at The Institute for Genomic Research in 1995.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">The development of new technologies has dramatically decreased the difficulty and cost of sequencing, and the number of complete genome sequences is rising rapidly. Among many genome database sites, the one maintained by the US National Institutes of Health is inclusive.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">These new technologies open up the prospect of personal genome sequencing as an important diagnostic tool. A major step toward that goal was the May 2007 <em>New York Times</em> announcement that the full genome of DNA pioneer James D. Watson was deciphered.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Whereas a genome sequence lists the order of every DNA base in a genome, a genome map identifies the landmarks. A genome map is less detailed than a genome sequence and aids in navigating around the genome.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <h2><span id="Comparison_of_different_genome_sizes" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Comparison of different genome sizes</font></span></h2> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle"><font color="#000000">Main article: Genome size</font></div> <table id="sortable_table_id_0" class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody> <tr> <th><font color="#000000">Organism type<span class="sortarrow"><img alt="↓" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></font></th> <th><font color="#000000">Organism<span class="sortarrow"><img alt="↓" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></font></th> <th><font color="#000000">Genome size (base pairs)<span class="sortarrow"><img alt="↓" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></font></th> <th><font color="#000000">mass - in pg<span class="sortarrow"><img alt="↓" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></font></th> <th><font color="#000000">Note<span class="sortarrow"><img alt="↓" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></font></th> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Virus</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Bacteriophage MS2</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">3,569</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">0.000002</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">First sequenced RNA-genome<sup id="cite_ref-Fiers1976_7-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Virus</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">SV40</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">5,224</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Fiers1978_8-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#000000"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></font></font></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Virus</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Phage &Phi;-X174</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">5,386</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">First sequenced DNA-genome<sup id="cite_ref-Sanger1977_9-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Virus</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">HIV</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">9749<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> <td><font color="#000000" size="2"></font></td> <td><font color="#000000" size="2"></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Virus</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Phage &lambda;</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">48,502</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Virus</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Mimivirus</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">1,181,404</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Largest known viral genome</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Bacterium</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Haemophilus influenzae</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">1,830,000</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">First genome of living organism, July 1995<sup id="cite_ref-Fleichmann_1995_11-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Bacterium</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Carsonella ruddii</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">159,662</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Smallest non-viral genome.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Bacterium</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Buchnera aphidicola</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">600,000</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Bacterium</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Wigglesworthia glossinidia</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">700,000</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Bacterium</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Escherichia coli</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">4,600,000</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#000000"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></font></font></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Bacterium</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"><em>Solibacter usitatus</em> (strain Ellin 6076)</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">9,970,000</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Largest known Bacterial genome</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Amoeboid</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"><em>Polychaos dubium</em> (<em>&quot;Amoeba&quot; dubia</em>)</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">670,000,000,000</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">737</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Largest known genome.<sup id="cite_ref-Parfrey2008_14-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Plant</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Arabidopsis thaliana</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">157,000,000</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">First plant genome sequenced, December 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-Greilhuber_15-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Plant</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Genlisea margaretae</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">63,400,000</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Smallest recorded flowering plant genome, 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-Greilhuber_15-1" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Plant</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Fritillaria assyrica</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">130,000,000,000</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Plant</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Populus trichocarpa</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">480,000,000</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">First tree genome, September 2006</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Moss</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Physcomitrella patens</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">480,000,000</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">First genome of a bryophyte, January 2008 <sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Yeast</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">12,100,000</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#000000"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></font></font></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Fungus</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Aspergillus nidulans</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">30,000,000</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Nematode</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Caenorhabditis elegans</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">100,300,000</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">First multicellular animal genome, December 1998<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Nematode</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Pratylenchus coffeae</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">20,000,000</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Smallest animal genome known<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Insect</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"><em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> (fruit fly)</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">130,000,000</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Adams_2000_20-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#000000"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></font></font></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Insect</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"><em>Bombyx mori</em> (silk moth)</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">530,000,000</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Insect</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"><em>Apis mellifera</em> (honey bee)</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">236,000,000</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Fish</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"><em>Tetraodon nigroviridis</em> (type of puffer fish)</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">385,000,000</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Smallest vertebrate genome known</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Mammal</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Homo sapiens</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">3,200,000,000</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">3</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Fish</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"><em>Protopterus aethiopicus</em> (marbled lungfish)</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">130,000,000,000</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">143</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Largest vertebrate genome known</font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><font color="#000000"><em>Note:</em> The DNA from a single (diploid) human cell if the 46 chromosomes were connected end-to-end and straightened, would have a length of ~2 m and a width of ~2.4 nanometers.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Since genomes and their organisms are very complex, one research strategy is to reduce the number of genes in a genome to the bare minimum and still have the organism in question survive. There is experimental work being done on minimal genomes for single cell organisms as well as minimal genomes for multicellular organisms (see Developmental biology). The work is both <em>in vivo</em> and <em>in silico</em>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <h2><span id="Genome_evolution" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Genome evolution</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000">Genomes are more than the sum of an organism's genes and have traits that may be measured and studied without reference to the details of any particular genes and their products. Researchers compare traits such as <em>chromosome number</em> (karyotype), genome size, gene order, codon usage bias, and GC-content to determine what mechanisms could have produced the great variety of genomes that exist today (for recent overviews, see Brown 2002; Saccone and Pesole 2003; Benfey and Protopapas 2004; Gibson and Muse 2004; Reese 2004; Gregory 2005).</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Duplications play a major role in shaping the genome. Duplications may range from extension of short tandem repeats, to duplication of a cluster of genes, and all the way to duplications of entire chromosomes or even entire genomes. Such duplications are probably fundamental to the creation of genetic novelty.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Horizontal gene transfer is invoked to explain how there is often extreme similarity between small portions of the genomes of two organisms that are otherwise very distantly related. Horizontal gene transfer seems to be common among many microbes. Also, eukaryotic cells seem to have experienced a transfer of some genetic material from their chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes to their nuclear chromosomes.</font></p> <h2><span id="References" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">References</font></span></h2> <div style="column-count: 2; -moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2" class="references-small references-column-count references-column-count-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-0"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> Ridley, M. (2006). <em>Genome</em>. New York, NY: Harper Perennial. <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0060194979"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN 0-06-019497-9</font></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-1"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-1"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Joshua Lederberg and Alexa T. McCray (2001). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://lhncbc.nlm.nih.gov/lhc/docs/published/2001/pub2001047.pdf"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;'Ome Sweet 'Omics -- A Genealogical Treasury of Words&quot;</font></a>. <em>The Scientist</em> <strong>15</strong> (7)<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://lhncbc.nlm.nih.gov/lhc/docs/published/2001/pub2001047.pdf"><font color="#3366bb">http://lhncbc.nlm.nih.gov/lhc/docs/published/2001/pub2001047.pdf</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=%27Ome+Sweet+%27Omics+--+A+Genealogical+Treasury+of+Words&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Scientist&amp;rft.aulast=Joshua+Lederberg+and+Alexa+T.+McCray&amp;rft.au=Joshua+Lederberg+and+Alexa+T.+McCray&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.volume=15&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flhncbc.nlm.nih.gov%2Flhc%2Fdocs%2Fpublished%2F2001%2Fpub2001047.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brock-2"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Brock_2-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation book">Madigan M, Martinko J (editors) (2006). <em>Brock Biology of Microorganisms</em> (11th ed.). Prentice Hall. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/0-13-144329-1" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-144329-1"><font color="#0645ad">0-13-144329-1</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Brock+Biology+of+Microorganisms&amp;rft.aulast=Madigan+M%2C+Martinko+J+%28editors%29&amp;rft.au=Madigan+M%2C+Martinko+J+%28editors%29&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.edition=11th&amp;rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&amp;rft.isbn=0-13-144329-1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-3"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=Genome&amp;itool=toolbar"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=Genome&amp;itool=toolbar</font></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-4"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation news">Wade, Nicholas (2007-05-31). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/31/science/31cnd-gene.html?em&amp;ex=1180843200&amp;en=19e1d55639350b73&amp;ei=5087%0A"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Genome of DNA Pioneer Is Deciphered&quot;</font></a>. <em>The New York Times</em><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/31/science/31cnd-gene.html?em&amp;ex=1180843200&amp;en=19e1d55639350b73&amp;ei=5087%0A"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/31/science/31cnd-gene.html?em&amp;ex=1180843200&amp;en=19e1d55639350b73&amp;ei=5087%0A</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-04-02</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+of+DNA+Pioneer+Is+Deciphered&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.aulast=Wade&amp;rft.aufirst=Nicholas&amp;rft.au=Wade%2C%26%2332%3BNicholas&amp;rft.date=2007-05-31&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F05%2F31%2Fscience%2F31cnd-gene.html%3Fem%26ex%3D1180843200%26en%3D19e1d55639350b73%26ei%3D5087%250A&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-5"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/whats_a_genome/Chp3_1.shtml"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/whats_a_genome/Chp3_1.shtml</font></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-6"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/primer/mapping.html"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/primer/mapping.html</font></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fiers1976-7"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Fiers1976_7-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Fiers W, <em>et al.</em> (1976). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v260/n5551/abs/260500a0.html"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA - primary and secondary structure of replicase gene&quot;</font></a>. <em>Nature</em> <strong>260</strong> (5551): 500&ndash;507. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F260500a0"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/260500a0</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1264203"><font color="#3366bb">1264203</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v260/n5551/abs/260500a0.html"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v260/n5551/abs/260500a0.html</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+nucleotide-sequence+of+bacteriophage+MS2-RNA+-+primary+and+secondary+structure+of+replicase+gene&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Fiers+W%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Fiers+W%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=1976&amp;rft.volume=260&amp;rft.issue=5551&amp;rft.pages=500%E2%80%93507&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F260500a0&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/1264203&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv260%2Fn5551%2Fabs%2F260500a0.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fiers1978-8"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Fiers1978_8-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Fiers W, Contreras R, Haegemann G, Rogiers R, Van de Voorde A, Van Heuverswyn H, Van Herreweghe J, Volckaert G, Ysebaert M (1978). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v273/n5658/abs/273113a0.html"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Complete nucleotide sequence of SV40 DNA&quot;</font></a>. <em>Nature</em> <strong>273</strong> (5658): 113&ndash;120. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F273113a0"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/273113a0</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/205802"><font color="#3366bb">205802</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v273/n5658/abs/273113a0.html"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v273/n5658/abs/273113a0.html</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+nucleotide+sequence+of+SV40+DNA&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Fiers+W%2C+Contreras+R%2C+Haegemann+G%2C+Rogiers+R%2C+Van+de+Voorde+A%2C+Van+Heuverswyn+H%2C+Van+Herreweghe+J%2C+Volckaert+G%2C+Ysebaert+M&amp;rft.au=Fiers+W%2C+Contreras+R%2C+Haegemann+G%2C+Rogiers+R%2C+Van+de+Voorde+A%2C+Van+Heuverswyn+H%2C+Van+Herreweghe+J%2C+Volckaert+G%2C+Ysebaert+M&amp;rft.date=1978&amp;rft.volume=273&amp;rft.issue=5658&amp;rft.pages=113%E2%80%93120&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F273113a0&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/205802&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv273%2Fn5658%2Fabs%2F273113a0.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sanger1977-9"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Sanger1977_9-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Sanger F, Air GM, Barrell BG, Brown NL, Coulson AR, Fiddes CA, Hutchison CA, Slocombe PM, Smith M (1977). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v265/n5596/abs/265687a0.html"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA&quot;</font></a>. <em>Nature</em> <strong>265</strong> (5596): 687&ndash;695. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F265687a0"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/265687a0</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/870828"><font color="#3366bb">870828</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v265/n5596/abs/265687a0.html"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v265/n5596/abs/265687a0.html</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Nucleotide+sequence+of+bacteriophage+phi+X174+DNA&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Sanger+F%2C+Air+GM%2C+Barrell+BG%2C+Brown+NL%2C+Coulson+AR%2C+Fiddes+CA%2C+Hutchison+CA%2C+Slocombe+PM%2C+Smith+M&amp;rft.au=Sanger+F%2C+Air+GM%2C+Barrell+BG%2C+Brown+NL%2C+Coulson+AR%2C+Fiddes+CA%2C+Hutchison+CA%2C+Slocombe+PM%2C+Smith+M&amp;rft.date=1977&amp;rft.volume=265&amp;rft.issue=5596&amp;rft.pages=687%E2%80%93695&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F265687a0&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/870828&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv265%2Fn5596%2Fabs%2F265687a0.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-10"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/lecture/hiv9.htm"><font color="#3366bb">VIROLOGY - HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS AND AIDS, STRUCTURE: The Genome AND PROTEINS of HIV</font></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fleichmann_1995-11"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Fleichmann_1995_11-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Fleischmann R, Adams M, White O, Clayton R, Kirkness E, Kerlavage A, Bult C, Tomb J, Dougherty B, Merrick J (1995). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/269/5223/496"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Whole-genome random sequencing and assembly of Haemophilus influenzae Rd&quot;</font></a>. <em>Science</em> <strong>269</strong> (5223): 496&ndash;512. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.7542800"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.7542800</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7542800"><font color="#3366bb">7542800</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/269/5223/496"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/269/5223/496</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Whole-genome+random+sequencing+and+assembly+of+Haemophilus+influenzae+Rd&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Fleischmann+R%2C+Adams+M%2C+White+O%2C+Clayton+R%2C+Kirkness+E%2C+Kerlavage+A%2C+Bult+C%2C+Tomb+J%2C+Dougherty+B%2C+Merrick+J&amp;rft.au=Fleischmann+R%2C+Adams+M%2C+White+O%2C+Clayton+R%2C+Kirkness+E%2C+Kerlavage+A%2C+Bult+C%2C+Tomb+J%2C+Dougherty+B%2C+Merrick+J&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.volume=269&amp;rft.issue=5223&amp;rft.pages=496%E2%80%93512&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.7542800&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/7542800&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F269%2F5223%2F496&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-12"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Nakabachi A, Yamashita A, Toh H, <em>et al.</em> (October 2006). &quot;The 160-kilobase genome of the bacterial endosymbiont Carsonella&quot;. <em>Science (journal)</em> <strong>314</strong> (5797): 267. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1134196"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.1134196</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17038615"><font color="#3366bb">17038615</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+160-kilobase+genome+of+the+bacterial+endosymbiont+Carsonella&amp;rft.jtitle=Science+%28journal%29&amp;rft.aulast=Nakabachi+A%2C+Yamashita+A%2C+Toh+H%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Nakabachi+A%2C+Yamashita+A%2C+Toh+H%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=October+2006&amp;rft.volume=314&amp;rft.issue=5797&amp;rft.pages=267&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.1134196&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17038615&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-13"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Frederick R. Blattner, Guy Plunkett III, et al. (1997). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/277/5331/1453"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;The Complete Genome Sequence of Escherichia coli K-12&quot;</font></a>. <em>Science</em> <strong>277</strong> (5331): 1453&ndash;1462. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.277.5331.1453"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.277.5331.1453</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9278503"><font color="#3366bb">9278503</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/277/5331/1453"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/277/5331/1453</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+Complete+Genome+Sequence+of+Escherichia+coli+K-12&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Frederick+R.+Blattner%2C+Guy+Plunkett+III%2C+et+al.&amp;rft.au=Frederick+R.+Blattner%2C+Guy+Plunkett+III%2C+et+al.&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.volume=277&amp;rft.issue=5331&amp;rft.pages=1453%E2%80%931462&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.277.5331.1453&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/9278503&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F277%2F5331%2F1453&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parfrey2008-14"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Parfrey2008_14-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Parfrey, L.W.; Lahr, D.J.G.; Katz, L.A. (2008). &quot;The Dynamic Nature of Eukaryotic Genomes&quot;. <em>Molecular Biology and Evolution</em> <strong>25</strong> (4): 787. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsn032"><font color="#3366bb">10.1093/molbev/msn032</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18258610"><font color="#3366bb">18258610</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+Dynamic+Nature+of+Eukaryotic+Genomes&amp;rft.jtitle=Molecular+Biology+and+Evolution&amp;rft.aulast=Parfrey%2C+L.W.&amp;rft.au=Parfrey%2C+L.W.&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=25&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=787&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsn032&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18258610&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greilhuber-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greilhuber_15-0">^{<em><strong><font color="#0645ad" size="2">a</font></strong></em>}</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greilhuber_15-1">^{<em><strong><font color="#0645ad" size="2">b</font></strong></em>}</a> <span class="citation Journal">Greilhuber, J., Borsch, T., M&uuml;ller, K., Worberg, A., Porembski, S., and Barthlott, W. (2006). &quot;Smallest angiosperm genomes found in Lentibulariaceae, with chromosomes of bacterial size&quot;. <em>Plant Biology</em> <strong>8</strong> (6): 770&ndash;777. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1055%2Fs-2006-924101"><font color="#3366bb">10.1055/s-2006-924101</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17203433"><font color="#3366bb">17203433</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Smallest+angiosperm+genomes+found+in+Lentibulariaceae%2C+with+chromosomes+of+bacterial+size&amp;rft.jtitle=Plant+Biology&amp;rft.aulast=Greilhuber%2C+J.%2C+Borsch%2C+T.%2C+M%C3%BCller%2C+K.%2C+Worberg%2C+A.%2C+Porembski%2C+S.%2C+and+Barthlott%2C+W.&amp;rft.au=Greilhuber%2C+J.%2C+Borsch%2C+T.%2C+M%C3%BCller%2C+K.%2C+Worberg%2C+A.%2C+Porembski%2C+S.%2C+and+Barthlott%2C+W.&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=8&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=770%E2%80%93777&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1055%2Fs-2006-924101&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17203433&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-16"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> Daniel Lang, Andreas D. Zimmer, Stefan A. Rensing, <a title="Ralf Reski" href="/wiki/Ralf_Reski"><font color="#0645ad">Ralf Reski</font></a>(2008): Exploring plant <a title="Biodiversity" href="/wiki/Biodiversity"><font color="#0645ad">biodiversity</font></a>: the Physcomitrella genome and beyond. Trends in Plant Science 13, 542-549. <a class="external autonumber" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cell.com/trends/plant-science/abstract/S1360-1385(08)00204-5"><font color="#3366bb">[1]</font></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-17"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.yeastgenome.org/"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.yeastgenome.org/</font></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-18"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">The <em>C. elegans</em> Sequencing Consortium (1998). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/282/5396/2012"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Genome sequence of the nematode <em>C. elegans</em>: a platform for investigating biology&quot;</font></a>. <em><a title="Science (journal)" href="/wiki/Science_(journal)"><font color="#0645ad">Science</font></a></em> <strong>282</strong> (5396): 2012&ndash;2018. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.282.5396.2012"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.282.5396.2012</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9851916"><font color="#3366bb">9851916</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/282/5396/2012"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/282/5396/2012</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+sequence+of+the+nematode+%27%27C.+elegans%27%27%3A+a+platform+for+investigating+biology&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BScience+%28journal%29%7CScience%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=The+%27%27C.+elegans%27%27+Sequencing+Consortium&amp;rft.au=The+%27%27C.+elegans%27%27+Sequencing+Consortium&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.volume=282&amp;rft.issue=5396&amp;rft.pages=2012%E2%80%932018&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.282.5396.2012&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/9851916&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F282%2F5396%2F2012&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-19"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomesize.com/statistics.php?stats=entire#stats_top"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Gregory, T.R. (2005). Animal Genome Size Database. http://www.genomesize.com.&quot;</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomesize.com/statistics.php?stats=entire#stats_top"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.genomesize.com/statistics.php?stats=entire#stats_top</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Gregory%2C+T.R.+%282005%29.+Animal+Genome+Size+Database.+http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genomesize.com.&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genomesize.com%2Fstatistics.php%3Fstats%3Dentire%23stats_top&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adams_2000-20"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Adams_2000_20-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Adams MD, Celniker SE, Holt RA, <em>et al.</em> (2000). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/287/5461/2185"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;The genome sequence of <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em>&quot;</font></a>. <em>Science</em> <strong>287</strong> (5461): 2185&ndash;95. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.287.5461.2185"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.287.5461.2185</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10731132"><font color="#3366bb">10731132</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/287/5461/2185"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/287/5461/2185</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-05-25</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+genome+sequence+of+%27%27Drosophila+melanogaster%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Adams+MD%2C+Celniker+SE%2C+Holt+RA%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Adams+MD%2C+Celniker+SE%2C+Holt+RA%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.volume=287&amp;rft.issue=5461&amp;rft.pages=2185%E2%80%9395&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.287.5461.2185&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/10731132&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F287%2F5461%2F2185&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-21"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Glass JI, Assad-Garcia N, Alperovich N, Yooseph S, Lewis MR, Maruf M, Hutchison CA 3rd, Smith HO, Venter JC (2006). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1324956"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Essential genes of a minimal bacterium.&quot;</font></a>. <em>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</em> <strong>103</strong> (2): 425&ndash;30. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0510013103"><font color="#3366bb">10.1073/pnas.0510013103</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16407165"><font color="#3366bb">16407165</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Essential+genes+of+a+minimal+bacterium.&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+USA&amp;rft.aulast=Glass+JI%2C+Assad-Garcia+N%2C+Alperovich+N%2C+Yooseph+S%2C+Lewis+MR%2C+Maruf+M%2C+Hutchison+CA+3rd%2C+Smith+HO%2C+Venter+JC&amp;rft.au=Glass+JI%2C+Assad-Garcia+N%2C+Alperovich+N%2C+Yooseph+S%2C+Lewis+MR%2C+Maruf+M%2C+Hutchison+CA+3rd%2C+Smith+HO%2C+Venter+JC&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=103&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=425%E2%80%9330&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.0510013103&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16407165&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-22"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Forster AC, Church GM (2006). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1681520"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Towards synthesis of a minimal cell&quot;</font></a>. <em>Mol Syst Biol.</em> <strong>2:45</strong>: 45. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fmsb4100090"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/msb4100090</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16924266"><font color="#3366bb">16924266</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Towards+synthesis+of+a+minimal+cell&amp;rft.jtitle=Mol+Syst+Biol.&amp;rft.aulast=Forster+AC%2C+Church+GM&amp;rft.au=Forster+AC%2C+Church+GM&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=2%3A45&amp;rft.pages=45&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fmsb4100090&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16924266&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> </ol> </div> <h2><span id="Further_reading" class="mw-headline">Further reading</span></h2> <ul> <li><span class="citation book">Benfey, P.; Protopapas, A.D. (2004). <em>Essentials of Genomics</em>. Prentice Hall.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Essentials+of+Genomics&amp;rft.aulast=Benfey&amp;rft.aufirst=P.&amp;rft.au=Benfey%2C%26%2332%3BP.&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li><span class="citation book">Brown, Terence A. (2002). <em>Genomes 2</em>. Oxford: Bios Scientific Publishers. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/978-1859960295" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1859960295"><font color="#0645ad">978-1859960295</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Genomes+2&amp;rft.aulast=Brown&amp;rft.aufirst=Terence+A.&amp;rft.au=Brown%2C%26%2332%3BTerence+A.&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Bios+Scientific+Publishers&amp;rft.isbn=978-1859960295&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li><span class="citation book">Gibson, Greg; Muse, Spencer V. (2004). <em>A Primer of Genome Science</em> (Second ed.). Sunderland, Mass: Sinauer Assoc. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/0-87893-234-8" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87893-234-8"><font color="#0645ad">0-87893-234-8</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+Primer+of+Genome+Science&amp;rft.aulast=Gibson&amp;rft.aufirst=Greg&amp;rft.au=Gibson%2C%26%2332%3BGreg&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.edition=Second&amp;rft.place=Sunderland%2C+Mass&amp;rft.pub=Sinauer+Assoc&amp;rft.isbn=0-87893-234-8&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li><span class="citation book">Gregory, T. Ryan (ed) (2005). <em><a title="The Evolution of the Genome" href="/wiki/The_Evolution_of_the_Genome"><font color="#0645ad">The Evolution of the Genome</font></a></em>. Elsevier. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/0-12-301463-8" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-301463-8"><font color="#0645ad">0-12-301463-8</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=%5B%5BThe+Evolution+of+the+Genome%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Gregory&amp;rft.aufirst=T.+Ryan+%28ed%29&amp;rft.au=Gregory%2C%26%2332%3BT.+Ryan+%28ed%29&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.pub=Elsevier&amp;rft.isbn=0-12-301463-8&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li><span class="citation book">Reece, Richard J. (2004). <em>Analysis of Genes and Genomes</em>. Chichester: John Wiley &amp; Sons. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/0-470-84379-9" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-470-84379-9"><font color="#0645ad">0-470-84379-9</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Analysis+of+Genes+and+Genomes&amp;rft.aulast=Reece&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&amp;rft.au=Reece%2C%26%2332%3BRichard+J.&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.place=Chichester&amp;rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&amp;rft.isbn=0-470-84379-9&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li><span class="citation book">Saccone, Cecilia; Pesole, Graziano (2003). <em>Handbook of Comparative Genomics</em>. Chichester: John Wiley &amp; Sons. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/0-471-39128-X" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-39128-X"><font color="#0645ad">0-471-39128-X</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Comparative+Genomics&amp;rft.aulast=Saccone&amp;rft.aufirst=Cecilia&amp;rft.au=Saccone%2C%26%2332%3BCecilia&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.place=Chichester&amp;rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&amp;rft.isbn=0-471-39128-X&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li><span class="citation Journal">Werner, E. (2003). &quot;In silico multicellular systems biology and minimal genomes&quot;. <em>Drug Discov Today</em> <strong>8</strong> (24): 1121&ndash;1127. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS1359-6446%2803%2902918-0"><font color="#3366bb">10.1016/S1359-6446(03)02918-0</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14678738"><font color="#3366bb">14678738</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=In+silico+multicellular+systems+biology+and+minimal+genomes&amp;rft.jtitle=Drug+Discov+Today&amp;rft.aulast=Werner&amp;rft.aufirst=E.&amp;rft.au=Werner%2C%26%2332%3BE.&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=8&amp;rft.issue=24&amp;rft.pages=1121%E2%80%931127&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2FS1359-6446%2803%2902918-0&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/14678738&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> </ul> <h2><span id="External_links" class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/dna/builddna/"><font color="#3366bb">Build a DNA Molecule</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/articles/02_01/Sizing_genomes.shtml"><font color="#3366bb">Some comparative genome sizes</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.dnai.org/"><font color="#3366bb">DNA Interactive: The History of DNA Science</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.dnaftb.org/"><font color="#3366bb">DNA From The Beginning</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.gov/10001772"><font color="#3366bb">All About The Human Genome Project from Genome.gov</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomesize.com/"><font color="#3366bb">Animal genome size database</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.rbgkew.org.uk/cval/homepage.html"><font color="#3366bb">Plant genome size database</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomesonline.org/"><font color="#3366bb">GOLD:Genomes OnLine Database</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/"><font color="#3366bb">The Genome News Network</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=genomeprj"><font color="#3366bb">NCBI Entrez Genome Project database</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/primer/genetics_genome.html"><font color="#3366bb">NCBI Genome Primer</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4994088.stm"><font color="#3366bb">BBC News - Final genome 'chapter' published</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.crops.org/genome/"><font color="#3366bb">The Plant Genome</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://img.jgi.doe.gov/"><font color="#3366bb">IMG</font></a> The Integrated Microbial Genomes system, for genome analysis by the DOE-JGI. </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://camera.calit2.net/index.php/"><font color="#3366bb">CAMERA</font></a> Cyberinfrastructure for Metagenomics, data repository and bioinformatics tools for metagenomic research </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genecards.org/"><font color="#3366bb">GeneCards</font></a> an integrated database of human genes. </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://genome.igib.res.in/"><font color="#3366bb">Genome@IGIB</font></a> Resources and News on the Zebrafish Genome Project @ IGIB. </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.geknome.com"><font color="#3366bb">GeKnome Technologies Next-Gen Sequencing Data Analysis</font></a> Next-Gen Sequencing Data Analysis for <a title="Illumina" href="/wiki/Illumina"><font color="#0645ad">Illumina</font></a> and <a title="454" href="/wiki/454"><font color="#0645ad">454</font></a> Service from GeKnome Technologies. </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://ascb.org/ibioseminars/brenner/brenner1.cfm"><font color="#3366bb">What Genomes Can Tell Us About the Past</font></a> - lecture by <a title="Sydney Brenner" href="/wiki/Sydney_Brenner"><font color="#0645ad">Sydney Brenner</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.imame.org/form/genome--mid80-frz.htm"><font color="#3366bb">Genome metaphor, reflecting from formal-net hierarchies, and software binaries</font></a>. </li> </ul> 4b8bde148e43d29a6f3b50141e66f1d57052206a 3117 2010-10-06T21:14:48Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font color="#000000"><font size="3">The&nbsp;<strong>genome</strong> is the entirety of a set of sequences in an organism that&nbsp;encodes information for survival and the&nbsp;continuation of the species it belongs to. </font></font></p> <p><font color="#000000"><font size="3">The main function of genome is information storage and processing to form an entity that utilizes envergy to keep processing signals to interact with other genomes in the whole eco-system.</font><br /> <br /> <font size="3">The genome is universal in the universe and aliens living other planets also have genomes. </font></font></p> <p><font color="#000000"><font size="3">The information is usually stored&nbsp;in DNA or RNA in the organisms found on Earth.<br /> <br /> The genome is often classified&nbsp;into the protein coding genes and the non-coding sequences of the DNA historically.<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><font size="3"><span>[</span>1</font><span><font size="3">]</font><br /> </span></font></sup></font></font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: large"><font color="#000000">The essence of genome</font></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><font color="#000000"><font size="3">The essence of genomes is that it is the foundation of spontaneous information processing network that can utilizes energy in time axis. The genome is a kind of linearly expressed language system.</font></font><font color="#000000"><font size="3"><br /> <br /> </font></font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: large"><span id="Origin_of_Term" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Origin of Term</font></span></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">The term was adapted in 1920 by [[Hans Winkler]], Professor of Botany at the University of Hamburg, Germany. In Greek, the word <em>genome</em> (&gamma;ί&nu;&omicron;&mu;&alpha;&iota;) means I become, I am born, to come into being. </font></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">The Oxford English Dictionary suggests the name to be a blend of the words <em><strong>gen</strong>e</em> and <em>chromos<strong>ome</strong></em>. A few related <em>-ome</em> words already existed, such as <em>biome</em> and <em>rhizome</em>, forming a vocabulary into which <em>genome</em> fits systematically.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference">[2]</sup></font></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: large"><span id="Overview" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Overview</font></span></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">Some organisms have multiple copies of chromosomes, diploid, triploid, tetraploid and so on. In classical genetics, in a sexually reproducing organism (typically eukarya) the gamete has half of the number of chromosome of the somatic cell and the genome is a full set of chromosomes in a gamete. In haploid organisms, including cells of bacteria, archaea, and in organelles including mitochondria and chloroplasts, or viruses, that similarly contain genes, the single or set of circular and/or linear chains of DNA (or RNA for some viruses), likewise constitute the <em>genome</em>. The term genome can be applied specifically to mean that stored on a complete set of <em>nuclear DNA</em> (i.e., the &quot;nuclear genome&quot;) but can also be applied to that stored within organelles that contain their own DNA, as with the &quot;mitochondrial genome&quot; or the &quot;chloroplast genome&quot;. Additionally, the genome can comprise nonchromosomal genetic elements such as viruses, plasmids, and transposable elements<sup id="cite_ref-Brock_2-0" class="reference">[3]</sup>. When people say that the genome of a sexually reproducing species has been &quot;sequenced&quot;, typically they are referring to a determination of the sequences of one set of autosomes and one of each type of sex chromosome, which together represent both of the possible sexes. Even in species that exist in only one sex, what is described as &quot;a genome sequence&quot; may be a composite read from the chromosomes of various individuals. In general use, the phrase &quot;genetic makeup&quot; is sometimes used conversationally to mean the genome of a particular individual or organism. The study of the global properties of genomes of related organisms is usually referred to as genomics, which distinguishes it from genetics which generally studies the properties of single genes or groups of genes.</font></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">Both the number of base pairs and the number of genes vary widely from one species to another, and there is only a rough correlation between the two (an observation known as the C-value paradox). At present, the highest known number of genes is around 60,000, for the protozoan causing trichomoniasis (see List of sequenced eukaryotic genomes), almost three times as many as in the human genome.</font></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">An analogy to the human genome stored on DNA is that of instructions stored in a library:</font></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">The library would contain 46 books (chromosomes)</font> </span></li> <li><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">The books range in size from 400 to 3340 pages (genes)</font> </span></li> <li><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">which is 48 to 250 million letters (A,C,G,T) per book.</font> </span></li> <li><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">Hence the library contains over six billion letters total;</font> </span></li> <li><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">The library fits into a cell nucleus the size of a pinpoint;</font> </span></li> <li><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">A copy of the library (all 46 books) is contained in almost every cell of our body.</font> </span></li> </ul> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: large"><span id="Types" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Types</font></span></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">Most biological entities that are more complex than a virus sometimes or always carry additional genetic material besides that which resides in their chromosomes. In some contexts, such as sequencing the genome of a pathogenic microbe, &quot;genome&quot; is meant to include information stored on this auxiliary material, which is carried in plasmids. In such circumstances then, &quot;genome&quot; describes all of the genes and information on non-coding DNA that have the potential to be present.</font></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">In eukaryotes such as plants, protozoa and animals, however, &quot;genome&quot; carries the typical connotation of only information on chromosomal DNA. So although these organisms contain chloroplasts and/or mitochondria that have their own DNA, the genetic information contained by DNA within these organelles is not considered part of the genome. In fact, mitochondria are sometimes said to have their own genome often referred to as the &quot;mitochondrial genome&quot;. The DNA found within the chloroplast may be referred to as the &quot;plastome&quot;.</font></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: large"><span id="Genomes_and_genetic_variation" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Genomes and genetic variation</font></span></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">Note that a genome does not capture the genetic diversity or the genetic polymorphism of a species. For example, the human genome sequence in principle could be determined from just half the information on the DNA of one cell from one individual. To learn what variations in genetic information underlie particular traits or diseases requires comparisons across individuals. This point explains the common usage of &quot;genome&quot; (which parallels a common usage of &quot;gene&quot;) to refer not to the information in any particular DNA sequence, but to a whole family of sequences that share a biological context.</font></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">Although this concept may seem counter intuitive, it is the same concept that says there is no particular shape that is the shape of a cheetah. Cheetahs vary, and so do the sequences of their genomes. Yet both the individual animals and their sequences share commonalities, so one can learn something about cheetahs and &quot;cheetah-ness&quot; from a single example of either.</font></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: large"><span id="Sequencing_and_mapping" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Sequencing and mapping</font></span></span></p> <div class="rellink boilerplate seealso"><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">For more details on this topic, see Genome project.</font></span></div> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">The Human Genome Project was organized to map and to sequence the human genome. Other genome projects include mouse, rice, the plant <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em>, the puffer fish, bacteria like E. coli, etc. In 1976, Walter Fiers at the University of Ghent (Belgium) was the first to establish the complete nucleotide sequence of a viral RNA-genome (bacteriophage MS2). The first DNA-genome project to be completed was the Phage &Phi;-X174, with only 5386 base pairs, which was sequenced by Fred Sanger in 1977 . The first bacterial genome to be completed was that of Haemophilus influenzae, completed by a team at The Institute for Genomic Research in 1995.</font></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">The development of new technologies has dramatically decreased the difficulty and cost of sequencing, and the number of complete genome sequences is rising rapidly. Among many genome database sites, the one maintained by the US National Institutes of Health is inclusive.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference">[4]</sup></font></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">These new technologies open up the prospect of personal genome sequencing as an important diagnostic tool. A major step toward that goal was the May 2007 <em>New York Times</em> announcement that the full genome of DNA pioneer James D. Watson was deciphered.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference">[5]</sup></font></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">Whereas a genome sequence lists the order of every DNA base in a genome, a genome map identifies the landmarks. A genome map is less detailed than a genome sequence and aids in navigating around the genome.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference">[6]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference">[7]</sup></font></span></p> <h2><span id="Comparison_of_different_genome_sizes" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Comparison of different genome sizes</font></span></h2> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle"><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">Main article: Genome size</font></span></div> <p> <table id="sortable_table_id_0" class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody> <tr> <th><font color="#000000">Organism type<span class="sortarrow"><img alt="↓" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></font></th> <th><font color="#000000">Organism<span class="sortarrow"><img alt="↓" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></font></th> <th><font color="#000000">Genome size (base pairs)<span class="sortarrow"><img alt="↓" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></font></th> <th><font color="#000000">mass - in pg<span class="sortarrow"><img alt="↓" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></font></th> <th><font color="#000000">Note<span class="sortarrow"><img alt="↓" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></font></th> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Virus</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Bacteriophage MS2</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">3,569</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">0.000002</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">First sequenced RNA-genome<sup id="cite_ref-Fiers1976_7-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Virus</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">SV40</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">5,224</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Fiers1978_8-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#000000"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></font></font></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Virus</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Phage &Phi;-X174</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">5,386</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">First sequenced DNA-genome<sup id="cite_ref-Sanger1977_9-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Virus</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">HIV</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">9749<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Virus</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Phage &lambda;</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">48,502</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Virus</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Mimivirus</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">1,181,404</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">Largest known viral genome</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Bacterium</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Haemophilus influenzae</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">1,830,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">First genome of living organism, July 1995<sup id="cite_ref-Fleichmann_1995_11-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Bacterium</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Carsonella ruddii</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">159,662</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">Smallest non-viral genome.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Bacterium</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Buchnera aphidicola</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">600,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Bacterium</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Wigglesworthia glossinidia</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">700,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Bacterium</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Escherichia coli</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">4,600,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#000000"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></font></font></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Bacterium</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"><em>Solibacter usitatus</em> (strain Ellin 6076)</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">9,970,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">Largest known Bacterial genome</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Amoeboid</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"><em>Polychaos dubium</em> (<em>&quot;Amoeba&quot; dubia</em>)</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">670,000,000,000</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">737</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Largest known genome.<sup id="cite_ref-Parfrey2008_14-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Plant</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Arabidopsis thaliana</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">157,000,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">First plant genome sequenced, December 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-Greilhuber_15-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Plant</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Genlisea margaretae</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">63,400,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">Smallest recorded flowering plant genome, 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-Greilhuber_15-1" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Plant</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Fritillaria assyrica</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">130,000,000,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Plant</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Populus trichocarpa</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">480,000,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">First tree genome, September 2006</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Moss</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Physcomitrella patens</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">480,000,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">First genome of a bryophyte, January 2008 <sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Yeast</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">12,100,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#000000"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></font></font></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Fungus</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Aspergillus nidulans</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">30,000,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Nematode</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Caenorhabditis elegans</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">100,300,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">First multicellular animal genome, December 1998<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Nematode</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Pratylenchus coffeae</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">20,000,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">Smallest animal genome known<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Insect</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"><em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> (fruit fly)</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">130,000,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Adams_2000_20-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#000000"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></font></font></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Insect</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"><em>Bombyx mori</em> (silk moth)</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">530,000,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Insect</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"><em>Apis mellifera</em> (honey bee)</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">236,000,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Fish</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"><em>Tetraodon nigroviridis</em> (type of puffer fish)</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">385,000,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">Smallest vertebrate genome known</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Mammal</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Homo sapiens</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">3,200,000,000</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">3</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Fish</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"><em>Protopterus aethiopicus</em> (marbled lungfish)</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">130,000,000,000</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">143</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Largest vertebrate genome known</font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000"><em>Note:</em> The DNA from a single (diploid) human cell if the 46 chromosomes were connected end-to-end and straightened, would have a length of ~2 m and a width of ~2.4 nanometers.</font></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">Since genomes and their organisms are very complex, one research strategy is to reduce the number of genes in a genome to the bare minimum and still have the organism in question survive. There is experimental work being done on minimal genomes for single cell organisms as well as minimal genomes for multicellular organisms (see Developmental biology). The work is both <em>in vivo</em> and <em>in silico</em>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference">[22]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference">[23]</sup></font></span></p> <h2><span id="Genome_evolution" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Genome evolution</font></span></h2> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">Genomes are more than the sum of an organism's genes and have traits that may be measured and studied without reference to the details of any particular genes and their products. Researchers compare traits such as <em>chromosome number</em> (karyotype), genome size, gene order, codon usage bias, and GC-content to determine what mechanisms could have produced the great variety of genomes that exist today (for recent overviews, see Brown 2002; Saccone and Pesole 2003; Benfey and Protopapas 2004; Gibson and Muse 2004; Reese 2004; Gregory 2005).</font></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">Duplications play a major role in shaping the genome. Duplications may range from extension of short tandem repeats, to duplication of a cluster of genes, and all the way to duplications of entire chromosomes or even entire genomes. Such duplications are probably fundamental to the creation of genetic novelty.</font></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">Horizontal gene transfer is invoked to explain how there is often extreme similarity between small portions of the genomes of two organisms that are otherwise very distantly related. Horizontal gene transfer seems to be common among many microbes. Also, eukaryotic cells seem to have experienced a transfer of some genetic material from their chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes to their nuclear chromosomes.</font></span></p> <h2><span id="References" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">References</font></span></h2> <div style="column-count: 2; -moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2" class="references-small references-column-count references-column-count-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-0"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> Ridley, M. (2006). <em>Genome</em>. New York, NY: Harper Perennial. <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0060194979"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN 0-06-019497-9</font></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-1"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-1"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Joshua Lederberg and Alexa T. McCray (2001). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://lhncbc.nlm.nih.gov/lhc/docs/published/2001/pub2001047.pdf"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;'Ome Sweet 'Omics -- A Genealogical Treasury of Words&quot;</font></a>. <em>The Scientist</em> <strong>15</strong> (7)<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://lhncbc.nlm.nih.gov/lhc/docs/published/2001/pub2001047.pdf"><font color="#3366bb">http://lhncbc.nlm.nih.gov/lhc/docs/published/2001/pub2001047.pdf</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=%27Ome+Sweet+%27Omics+--+A+Genealogical+Treasury+of+Words&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Scientist&amp;rft.aulast=Joshua+Lederberg+and+Alexa+T.+McCray&amp;rft.au=Joshua+Lederberg+and+Alexa+T.+McCray&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.volume=15&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flhncbc.nlm.nih.gov%2Flhc%2Fdocs%2Fpublished%2F2001%2Fpub2001047.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brock-2"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Brock_2-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation book">Madigan M, Martinko J (editors) (2006). <em>Brock Biology of Microorganisms</em> (11th ed.). Prentice Hall. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/0-13-144329-1" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-144329-1"><font color="#0645ad">0-13-144329-1</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Brock+Biology+of+Microorganisms&amp;rft.aulast=Madigan+M%2C+Martinko+J+%28editors%29&amp;rft.au=Madigan+M%2C+Martinko+J+%28editors%29&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.edition=11th&amp;rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&amp;rft.isbn=0-13-144329-1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-3"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=Genome&amp;itool=toolbar"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=Genome&amp;itool=toolbar</font></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-4"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation news">Wade, Nicholas (2007-05-31). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/31/science/31cnd-gene.html?em&amp;ex=1180843200&amp;en=19e1d55639350b73&amp;ei=5087%0A"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Genome of DNA Pioneer Is Deciphered&quot;</font></a>. <em>The New York Times</em><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/31/science/31cnd-gene.html?em&amp;ex=1180843200&amp;en=19e1d55639350b73&amp;ei=5087%0A"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/31/science/31cnd-gene.html?em&amp;ex=1180843200&amp;en=19e1d55639350b73&amp;ei=5087%0A</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-04-02</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+of+DNA+Pioneer+Is+Deciphered&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.aulast=Wade&amp;rft.aufirst=Nicholas&amp;rft.au=Wade%2C%26%2332%3BNicholas&amp;rft.date=2007-05-31&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F05%2F31%2Fscience%2F31cnd-gene.html%3Fem%26ex%3D1180843200%26en%3D19e1d55639350b73%26ei%3D5087%250A&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-5"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/whats_a_genome/Chp3_1.shtml"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/whats_a_genome/Chp3_1.shtml</font></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-6"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/primer/mapping.html"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/primer/mapping.html</font></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fiers1976-7"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Fiers1976_7-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Fiers W, <em>et al.</em> (1976). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v260/n5551/abs/260500a0.html"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA - primary and secondary structure of replicase gene&quot;</font></a>. <em>Nature</em> <strong>260</strong> (5551): 500&ndash;507. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F260500a0"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/260500a0</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1264203"><font color="#3366bb">1264203</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v260/n5551/abs/260500a0.html"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v260/n5551/abs/260500a0.html</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+nucleotide-sequence+of+bacteriophage+MS2-RNA+-+primary+and+secondary+structure+of+replicase+gene&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Fiers+W%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Fiers+W%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=1976&amp;rft.volume=260&amp;rft.issue=5551&amp;rft.pages=500%E2%80%93507&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F260500a0&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/1264203&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv260%2Fn5551%2Fabs%2F260500a0.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fiers1978-8"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Fiers1978_8-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Fiers W, Contreras R, Haegemann G, Rogiers R, Van de Voorde A, Van Heuverswyn H, Van Herreweghe J, Volckaert G, Ysebaert M (1978). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v273/n5658/abs/273113a0.html"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Complete nucleotide sequence of SV40 DNA&quot;</font></a>. <em>Nature</em> <strong>273</strong> (5658): 113&ndash;120. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F273113a0"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/273113a0</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/205802"><font color="#3366bb">205802</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v273/n5658/abs/273113a0.html"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v273/n5658/abs/273113a0.html</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+nucleotide+sequence+of+SV40+DNA&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Fiers+W%2C+Contreras+R%2C+Haegemann+G%2C+Rogiers+R%2C+Van+de+Voorde+A%2C+Van+Heuverswyn+H%2C+Van+Herreweghe+J%2C+Volckaert+G%2C+Ysebaert+M&amp;rft.au=Fiers+W%2C+Contreras+R%2C+Haegemann+G%2C+Rogiers+R%2C+Van+de+Voorde+A%2C+Van+Heuverswyn+H%2C+Van+Herreweghe+J%2C+Volckaert+G%2C+Ysebaert+M&amp;rft.date=1978&amp;rft.volume=273&amp;rft.issue=5658&amp;rft.pages=113%E2%80%93120&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F273113a0&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/205802&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv273%2Fn5658%2Fabs%2F273113a0.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sanger1977-9"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Sanger1977_9-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Sanger F, Air GM, Barrell BG, Brown NL, Coulson AR, Fiddes CA, Hutchison CA, Slocombe PM, Smith M (1977). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v265/n5596/abs/265687a0.html"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA&quot;</font></a>. <em>Nature</em> <strong>265</strong> (5596): 687&ndash;695. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F265687a0"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/265687a0</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/870828"><font color="#3366bb">870828</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v265/n5596/abs/265687a0.html"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v265/n5596/abs/265687a0.html</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Nucleotide+sequence+of+bacteriophage+phi+X174+DNA&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Sanger+F%2C+Air+GM%2C+Barrell+BG%2C+Brown+NL%2C+Coulson+AR%2C+Fiddes+CA%2C+Hutchison+CA%2C+Slocombe+PM%2C+Smith+M&amp;rft.au=Sanger+F%2C+Air+GM%2C+Barrell+BG%2C+Brown+NL%2C+Coulson+AR%2C+Fiddes+CA%2C+Hutchison+CA%2C+Slocombe+PM%2C+Smith+M&amp;rft.date=1977&amp;rft.volume=265&amp;rft.issue=5596&amp;rft.pages=687%E2%80%93695&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F265687a0&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/870828&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv265%2Fn5596%2Fabs%2F265687a0.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-10"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/lecture/hiv9.htm"><font color="#3366bb">VIROLOGY - HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS AND AIDS, STRUCTURE: The Genome AND PROTEINS of HIV</font></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fleichmann_1995-11"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Fleichmann_1995_11-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Fleischmann R, Adams M, White O, Clayton R, Kirkness E, Kerlavage A, Bult C, Tomb J, Dougherty B, Merrick J (1995). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/269/5223/496"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Whole-genome random sequencing and assembly of Haemophilus influenzae Rd&quot;</font></a>. <em>Science</em> <strong>269</strong> (5223): 496&ndash;512. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.7542800"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.7542800</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7542800"><font color="#3366bb">7542800</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/269/5223/496"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/269/5223/496</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Whole-genome+random+sequencing+and+assembly+of+Haemophilus+influenzae+Rd&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Fleischmann+R%2C+Adams+M%2C+White+O%2C+Clayton+R%2C+Kirkness+E%2C+Kerlavage+A%2C+Bult+C%2C+Tomb+J%2C+Dougherty+B%2C+Merrick+J&amp;rft.au=Fleischmann+R%2C+Adams+M%2C+White+O%2C+Clayton+R%2C+Kirkness+E%2C+Kerlavage+A%2C+Bult+C%2C+Tomb+J%2C+Dougherty+B%2C+Merrick+J&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.volume=269&amp;rft.issue=5223&amp;rft.pages=496%E2%80%93512&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.7542800&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/7542800&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F269%2F5223%2F496&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-12"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Nakabachi A, Yamashita A, Toh H, <em>et al.</em> (October 2006). &quot;The 160-kilobase genome of the bacterial endosymbiont Carsonella&quot;. <em>Science (journal)</em> <strong>314</strong> (5797): 267. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1134196"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.1134196</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17038615"><font color="#3366bb">17038615</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+160-kilobase+genome+of+the+bacterial+endosymbiont+Carsonella&amp;rft.jtitle=Science+%28journal%29&amp;rft.aulast=Nakabachi+A%2C+Yamashita+A%2C+Toh+H%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Nakabachi+A%2C+Yamashita+A%2C+Toh+H%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=October+2006&amp;rft.volume=314&amp;rft.issue=5797&amp;rft.pages=267&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.1134196&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17038615&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-13"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Frederick R. Blattner, Guy Plunkett III, et al. (1997). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/277/5331/1453"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;The Complete Genome Sequence of Escherichia coli K-12&quot;</font></a>. <em>Science</em> <strong>277</strong> (5331): 1453&ndash;1462. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.277.5331.1453"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.277.5331.1453</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9278503"><font color="#3366bb">9278503</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/277/5331/1453"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/277/5331/1453</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+Complete+Genome+Sequence+of+Escherichia+coli+K-12&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Frederick+R.+Blattner%2C+Guy+Plunkett+III%2C+et+al.&amp;rft.au=Frederick+R.+Blattner%2C+Guy+Plunkett+III%2C+et+al.&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.volume=277&amp;rft.issue=5331&amp;rft.pages=1453%E2%80%931462&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.277.5331.1453&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/9278503&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F277%2F5331%2F1453&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parfrey2008-14"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Parfrey2008_14-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Parfrey, L.W.; Lahr, D.J.G.; Katz, L.A. (2008). &quot;The Dynamic Nature of Eukaryotic Genomes&quot;. <em>Molecular Biology and Evolution</em> <strong>25</strong> (4): 787. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsn032"><font color="#3366bb">10.1093/molbev/msn032</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18258610"><font color="#3366bb">18258610</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+Dynamic+Nature+of+Eukaryotic+Genomes&amp;rft.jtitle=Molecular+Biology+and+Evolution&amp;rft.aulast=Parfrey%2C+L.W.&amp;rft.au=Parfrey%2C+L.W.&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=25&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=787&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsn032&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18258610&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greilhuber-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greilhuber_15-0">^{<em><strong><font color="#0645ad" size="2">a</font></strong></em>}</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greilhuber_15-1">^{<em><strong><font color="#0645ad" size="2">b</font></strong></em>}</a> <span class="citation Journal">Greilhuber, J., Borsch, T., M&uuml;ller, K., Worberg, A., Porembski, S., and Barthlott, W. (2006). &quot;Smallest angiosperm genomes found in Lentibulariaceae, with chromosomes of bacterial size&quot;. <em>Plant Biology</em> <strong>8</strong> (6): 770&ndash;777. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1055%2Fs-2006-924101"><font color="#3366bb">10.1055/s-2006-924101</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17203433"><font color="#3366bb">17203433</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Smallest+angiosperm+genomes+found+in+Lentibulariaceae%2C+with+chromosomes+of+bacterial+size&amp;rft.jtitle=Plant+Biology&amp;rft.aulast=Greilhuber%2C+J.%2C+Borsch%2C+T.%2C+M%C3%BCller%2C+K.%2C+Worberg%2C+A.%2C+Porembski%2C+S.%2C+and+Barthlott%2C+W.&amp;rft.au=Greilhuber%2C+J.%2C+Borsch%2C+T.%2C+M%C3%BCller%2C+K.%2C+Worberg%2C+A.%2C+Porembski%2C+S.%2C+and+Barthlott%2C+W.&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=8&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=770%E2%80%93777&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1055%2Fs-2006-924101&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17203433&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-16"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> Daniel Lang, Andreas D. Zimmer, Stefan A. Rensing, <a title="Ralf Reski" href="/wiki/Ralf_Reski"><font color="#0645ad">Ralf Reski</font></a>(2008): Exploring plant <a title="Biodiversity" href="/wiki/Biodiversity"><font color="#0645ad">biodiversity</font></a>: the Physcomitrella genome and beyond. Trends in Plant Science 13, 542-549. <a class="external autonumber" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cell.com/trends/plant-science/abstract/S1360-1385(08)00204-5"><font color="#3366bb">[1]</font></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-17"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.yeastgenome.org/"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.yeastgenome.org/</font></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-18"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">The <em>C. elegans</em> Sequencing Consortium (1998). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/282/5396/2012"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Genome sequence of the nematode <em>C. elegans</em>: a platform for investigating biology&quot;</font></a>. <em><a title="Science (journal)" href="/wiki/Science_(journal)"><font color="#0645ad">Science</font></a></em> <strong>282</strong> (5396): 2012&ndash;2018. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.282.5396.2012"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.282.5396.2012</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9851916"><font color="#3366bb">9851916</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/282/5396/2012"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/282/5396/2012</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+sequence+of+the+nematode+%27%27C.+elegans%27%27%3A+a+platform+for+investigating+biology&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BScience+%28journal%29%7CScience%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=The+%27%27C.+elegans%27%27+Sequencing+Consortium&amp;rft.au=The+%27%27C.+elegans%27%27+Sequencing+Consortium&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.volume=282&amp;rft.issue=5396&amp;rft.pages=2012%E2%80%932018&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.282.5396.2012&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/9851916&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F282%2F5396%2F2012&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-19"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomesize.com/statistics.php?stats=entire#stats_top"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Gregory, T.R. (2005). Animal Genome Size Database. http://www.genomesize.com.&quot;</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomesize.com/statistics.php?stats=entire#stats_top"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.genomesize.com/statistics.php?stats=entire#stats_top</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Gregory%2C+T.R.+%282005%29.+Animal+Genome+Size+Database.+http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genomesize.com.&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genomesize.com%2Fstatistics.php%3Fstats%3Dentire%23stats_top&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adams_2000-20"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Adams_2000_20-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Adams MD, Celniker SE, Holt RA, <em>et al.</em> (2000). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/287/5461/2185"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;The genome sequence of <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em>&quot;</font></a>. <em>Science</em> <strong>287</strong> (5461): 2185&ndash;95. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.287.5461.2185"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.287.5461.2185</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10731132"><font color="#3366bb">10731132</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/287/5461/2185"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/287/5461/2185</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-05-25</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+genome+sequence+of+%27%27Drosophila+melanogaster%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Adams+MD%2C+Celniker+SE%2C+Holt+RA%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Adams+MD%2C+Celniker+SE%2C+Holt+RA%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.volume=287&amp;rft.issue=5461&amp;rft.pages=2185%E2%80%9395&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.287.5461.2185&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/10731132&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F287%2F5461%2F2185&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-21"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Glass JI, Assad-Garcia N, Alperovich N, Yooseph S, Lewis MR, Maruf M, Hutchison CA 3rd, Smith HO, Venter JC (2006). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1324956"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Essential genes of a minimal bacterium.&quot;</font></a>. <em>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</em> <strong>103</strong> (2): 425&ndash;30. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0510013103"><font color="#3366bb">10.1073/pnas.0510013103</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16407165"><font color="#3366bb">16407165</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Essential+genes+of+a+minimal+bacterium.&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+USA&amp;rft.aulast=Glass+JI%2C+Assad-Garcia+N%2C+Alperovich+N%2C+Yooseph+S%2C+Lewis+MR%2C+Maruf+M%2C+Hutchison+CA+3rd%2C+Smith+HO%2C+Venter+JC&amp;rft.au=Glass+JI%2C+Assad-Garcia+N%2C+Alperovich+N%2C+Yooseph+S%2C+Lewis+MR%2C+Maruf+M%2C+Hutchison+CA+3rd%2C+Smith+HO%2C+Venter+JC&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=103&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=425%E2%80%9330&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.0510013103&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16407165&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-22"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Forster AC, Church GM (2006). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1681520"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Towards synthesis of a minimal cell&quot;</font></a>. <em>Mol Syst Biol.</em> <strong>2:45</strong>: 45. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fmsb4100090"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/msb4100090</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16924266"><font color="#3366bb">16924266</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Towards+synthesis+of+a+minimal+cell&amp;rft.jtitle=Mol+Syst+Biol.&amp;rft.aulast=Forster+AC%2C+Church+GM&amp;rft.au=Forster+AC%2C+Church+GM&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=2%3A45&amp;rft.pages=45&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fmsb4100090&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16924266&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> </ol> </div> <h2><span id="Further_reading" class="mw-headline">Further reading</span></h2> <ul> <li><span class="citation book">Benfey, P.; Protopapas, A.D. (2004). <em>Essentials of Genomics</em>. Prentice Hall.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Essentials+of+Genomics&amp;rft.aulast=Benfey&amp;rft.aufirst=P.&amp;rft.au=Benfey%2C%26%2332%3BP.&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li><span class="citation book">Brown, Terence A. (2002). <em>Genomes 2</em>. Oxford: Bios Scientific Publishers. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/978-1859960295" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1859960295"><font color="#0645ad">978-1859960295</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Genomes+2&amp;rft.aulast=Brown&amp;rft.aufirst=Terence+A.&amp;rft.au=Brown%2C%26%2332%3BTerence+A.&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Bios+Scientific+Publishers&amp;rft.isbn=978-1859960295&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li><span class="citation book">Gibson, Greg; Muse, Spencer V. (2004). <em>A Primer of Genome Science</em> (Second ed.). Sunderland, Mass: Sinauer Assoc. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/0-87893-234-8" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87893-234-8"><font color="#0645ad">0-87893-234-8</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+Primer+of+Genome+Science&amp;rft.aulast=Gibson&amp;rft.aufirst=Greg&amp;rft.au=Gibson%2C%26%2332%3BGreg&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.edition=Second&amp;rft.place=Sunderland%2C+Mass&amp;rft.pub=Sinauer+Assoc&amp;rft.isbn=0-87893-234-8&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li><span class="citation book">Gregory, T. Ryan (ed) (2005). <em><a title="The Evolution of the Genome" href="/wiki/The_Evolution_of_the_Genome"><font color="#0645ad">The Evolution of the Genome</font></a></em>. Elsevier. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/0-12-301463-8" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-301463-8"><font color="#0645ad">0-12-301463-8</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=%5B%5BThe+Evolution+of+the+Genome%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Gregory&amp;rft.aufirst=T.+Ryan+%28ed%29&amp;rft.au=Gregory%2C%26%2332%3BT.+Ryan+%28ed%29&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.pub=Elsevier&amp;rft.isbn=0-12-301463-8&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li><span class="citation book">Reece, Richard J. (2004). <em>Analysis of Genes and Genomes</em>. Chichester: John Wiley &amp; Sons. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/0-470-84379-9" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-470-84379-9"><font color="#0645ad">0-470-84379-9</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Analysis+of+Genes+and+Genomes&amp;rft.aulast=Reece&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&amp;rft.au=Reece%2C%26%2332%3BRichard+J.&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.place=Chichester&amp;rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&amp;rft.isbn=0-470-84379-9&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li><span class="citation book">Saccone, Cecilia; Pesole, Graziano (2003). <em>Handbook of Comparative Genomics</em>. Chichester: John Wiley &amp; Sons. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/0-471-39128-X" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-39128-X"><font color="#0645ad">0-471-39128-X</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Comparative+Genomics&amp;rft.aulast=Saccone&amp;rft.aufirst=Cecilia&amp;rft.au=Saccone%2C%26%2332%3BCecilia&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.place=Chichester&amp;rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&amp;rft.isbn=0-471-39128-X&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li><span class="citation Journal">Werner, E. (2003). &quot;In silico multicellular systems biology and minimal genomes&quot;. <em>Drug Discov Today</em> <strong>8</strong> (24): 1121&ndash;1127. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS1359-6446%2803%2902918-0"><font color="#3366bb">10.1016/S1359-6446(03)02918-0</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14678738"><font color="#3366bb">14678738</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=In+silico+multicellular+systems+biology+and+minimal+genomes&amp;rft.jtitle=Drug+Discov+Today&amp;rft.aulast=Werner&amp;rft.aufirst=E.&amp;rft.au=Werner%2C%26%2332%3BE.&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=8&amp;rft.issue=24&amp;rft.pages=1121%E2%80%931127&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2FS1359-6446%2803%2902918-0&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/14678738&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> </ul> <h2><span id="External_links" class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><font color="#3366bb">[http://genomics.org Genomics.org]</font> </li> <li>[http://omics.org Omics.org] </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/dna/builddna/"><font color="#3366bb">Build a DNA Molecule</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/articles/02_01/Sizing_genomes.shtml"><font color="#3366bb">Some comparative genome sizes</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.dnai.org/"><font color="#3366bb">DNA Interactive: The History of DNA Science</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.dnaftb.org/"><font color="#3366bb">DNA From The Beginning</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.gov/10001772"><font color="#3366bb">All About The Human Genome Project from Genome.gov</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomesize.com/"><font color="#3366bb">Animal genome size database</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.rbgkew.org.uk/cval/homepage.html"><font color="#3366bb">Plant genome size database</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomesonline.org/"><font color="#3366bb">GOLD:Genomes OnLine Database</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/"><font color="#3366bb">The Genome News Network</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=genomeprj"><font color="#3366bb">NCBI Entrez Genome Project database</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/primer/genetics_genome.html"><font color="#3366bb">NCBI Genome Primer</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4994088.stm"><font color="#3366bb">BBC News - Final genome 'chapter' published</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.crops.org/genome/"><font color="#3366bb">The Plant Genome</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://img.jgi.doe.gov/"><font color="#3366bb">IMG</font></a> The Integrated Microbial Genomes system, for genome analysis by the DOE-JGI. </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://camera.calit2.net/index.php/"><font color="#3366bb">CAMERA</font></a> Cyberinfrastructure for Metagenomics, data repository and bioinformatics tools for metagenomic research </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genecards.org/"><font color="#3366bb">GeneCards</font></a> an integrated database of human genes. </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://genome.igib.res.in/"><font color="#3366bb">Genome@IGIB</font></a> Resources and News on the Zebrafish Genome Project @ IGIB. </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.geknome.com"><font color="#3366bb">GeKnome Technologies Next-Gen Sequencing Data Analysis</font></a> Next-Gen Sequencing Data Analysis for <a title="Illumina" href="/wiki/Illumina"><font color="#0645ad">Illumina</font></a> and <a title="454" href="/wiki/454"><font color="#0645ad">454</font></a> Service from GeKnome Technologies. </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://ascb.org/ibioseminars/brenner/brenner1.cfm"><font color="#3366bb">What Genomes Can Tell Us About the Past</font></a> - lecture by <a title="Sydney Brenner" href="/wiki/Sydney_Brenner"><font color="#0645ad">Sydney Brenner</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.imame.org/form/genome--mid80-frz.htm"><font color="#3366bb">Genome metaphor, reflecting from formal-net hierarchies, and software binaries</font></a>. </li> </ul> d0f56b0c9de9acd127bd6054a0d872ee68c6ab2c 3118 2010-10-06T21:32:56Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font color="#000000"><font size="3">The&nbsp;<strong>genome</strong> is the entirety&nbsp;set of sequences in an organism that&nbsp;encodes information for survival and the&nbsp;continuation of the species it belongs to. </font></font></p> <p><font color="#000000"><font size="3">The main function of genome is information storage and processing to form an entity that utilizes envergy to keep processing signals to interact with other genomes in the whole eco-system.</font><br /> <br /> <font size="3">The genome is universal in the universe and aliens living other planets also have genomes. </font></font></p> <p><font color="#000000"><font size="3">The information is usually stored&nbsp;in DNA or RNA in the organisms found on Earth.<br /> <br /> The genome is often classified&nbsp;into the protein coding genes and the non-coding sequences of the DNA historically.<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><font size="3"><span>[</span>1</font><span><font size="3">]</font><br /> </span></font></sup></font></font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: large"><font color="#000000">The essence of genome</font></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><font color="#000000"><font size="3">The essence of genomes is that it is the foundation of spontaneous information processing network that can utilizes energy in time axis. The genome is a kind of linearly expressed language system.</font></font><font color="#000000"><font size="3"><br /> <br /> </font></font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: large"><span id="Origin_of_Term" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Origin of Term</font></span></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">The term was adapted in 1920 by [[Hans Winkler]], Professor of Botany at the University of Hamburg, Germany. In Greek, the word <em>genome</em> (&gamma;ί&nu;&omicron;&mu;&alpha;&iota;) means I become, I am born, to come into being. </font></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">The Oxford English Dictionary suggests the name to be a blend of the words <em><strong>gen</strong>e</em> and <em>chromos<strong>ome</strong></em>. A few related <em>-ome</em> words already existed, such as <em>biome</em> and <em>rhizome</em>, forming a vocabulary into which <em>genome</em> fits systematically.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference">[2]</sup></font></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: large"><span id="Overview" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Overview</font></span></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">Some organisms have multiple copies of chromosomes, diploid, triploid, tetraploid and so on. In classical genetics, in a sexually reproducing organism (typically eukarya) the gamete has half of the number of chromosome of the somatic cell and the genome is a full set of chromosomes in a gamete. In haploid organisms, including cells of bacteria, archaea, and in organelles including mitochondria and chloroplasts, or viruses, that similarly contain genes, the single or set of circular and/or linear chains of DNA (or RNA for some viruses), likewise constitute the <em>genome</em>. The term genome can be applied specifically to mean that stored on a complete set of <em>nuclear DNA</em> (i.e., the &quot;nuclear genome&quot;) but can also be applied to that stored within organelles that contain their own DNA, as with the &quot;mitochondrial genome&quot; or the &quot;chloroplast genome&quot;. Additionally, the genome can comprise nonchromosomal genetic elements such as viruses, plasmids, and transposable elements<sup id="cite_ref-Brock_2-0" class="reference">[3]</sup>. When people say that the genome of a sexually reproducing species has been &quot;sequenced&quot;, typically they are referring to a determination of the sequences of one set of autosomes and one of each type of sex chromosome, which together represent both of the possible sexes. Even in species that exist in only one sex, what is described as &quot;a genome sequence&quot; may be a composite read from the chromosomes of various individuals. In general use, the phrase &quot;genetic makeup&quot; is sometimes used conversationally to mean the genome of a particular individual or organism. The study of the global properties of genomes of related organisms is usually referred to as genomics, which distinguishes it from genetics which generally studies the properties of single genes or groups of genes.</font></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">Both the number of base pairs and the number of genes vary widely from one species to another, and there is only a rough correlation between the two (an observation known as the C-value paradox). At present, the highest known number of genes is around 60,000, for the protozoan causing trichomoniasis (see List of sequenced eukaryotic genomes), almost three times as many as in the human genome.</font></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">An analogy to the human genome stored on DNA is that of instructions stored in a library:</font></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">The library would contain 46 books (chromosomes)</font> </span></li> <li><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">The books range in size from 400 to 3340 pages (genes)</font> </span></li> <li><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">which is 48 to 250 million letters (A,C,G,T) per book.</font> </span></li> <li><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">Hence the library contains over six billion letters total;</font> </span></li> <li><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">The library fits into a cell nucleus the size of a pinpoint;</font> </span></li> <li><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">A copy of the library (all 46 books) is contained in almost every cell of our body.</font> </span></li> </ul> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: large"><span id="Types" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Types</font></span></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">Most biological entities that are more complex than a virus sometimes or always carry additional genetic material besides that which resides in their chromosomes. In some contexts, such as sequencing the genome of a pathogenic microbe, &quot;genome&quot; is meant to include information stored on this auxiliary material, which is carried in plasmids. In such circumstances then, &quot;genome&quot; describes all of the genes and information on non-coding DNA that have the potential to be present.</font></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">In eukaryotes such as plants, protozoa and animals, however, &quot;genome&quot; carries the typical connotation of only information on chromosomal DNA. So although these organisms contain chloroplasts and/or mitochondria that have their own DNA, the genetic information contained by DNA within these organelles is not considered part of the genome. In fact, mitochondria are sometimes said to have their own genome often referred to as the &quot;mitochondrial genome&quot;. The DNA found within the chloroplast may be referred to as the &quot;plastome&quot;.</font></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: large"><span id="Genomes_and_genetic_variation" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Genomes and genetic variation</font></span></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">Note that a genome does not capture the genetic diversity or the genetic polymorphism of a species. For example, the human genome sequence in principle could be determined from just half the information on the DNA of one cell from one individual. To learn what variations in genetic information underlie particular traits or diseases requires comparisons across individuals. This point explains the common usage of &quot;genome&quot; (which parallels a common usage of &quot;gene&quot;) to refer not to the information in any particular DNA sequence, but to a whole family of sequences that share a biological context.</font></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">Although this concept may seem counter intuitive, it is the same concept that says there is no particular shape that is the shape of a cheetah. Cheetahs vary, and so do the sequences of their genomes. Yet both the individual animals and their sequences share commonalities, so one can learn something about cheetahs and &quot;cheetah-ness&quot; from a single example of either.</font></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: large"><span id="Sequencing_and_mapping" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Sequencing and mapping</font></span></span></p> <div class="rellink boilerplate seealso"><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">For more details on this topic, see Genome project.</font></span></div> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">The Human Genome Project was organized to map and to sequence the human genome. Other genome projects include mouse, rice, the plant <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em>, the puffer fish, bacteria like E. coli, etc. In 1976, Walter Fiers at the University of Ghent (Belgium) was the first to establish the complete nucleotide sequence of a viral RNA-genome (bacteriophage MS2). The first DNA-genome project to be completed was the Phage &Phi;-X174, with only 5386 base pairs, which was sequenced by Fred Sanger in 1977 . The first bacterial genome to be completed was that of Haemophilus influenzae, completed by a team at The Institute for Genomic Research in 1995.</font></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">The development of new technologies has dramatically decreased the difficulty and cost of sequencing, and the number of complete genome sequences is rising rapidly. Among many genome database sites, the one maintained by the US National Institutes of Health is inclusive.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference">[4]</sup></font></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">These new technologies open up the prospect of personal genome sequencing as an important diagnostic tool. A major step toward that goal was the May 2007 <em>New York Times</em> announcement that the full genome of DNA pioneer James D. Watson was deciphered.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference">[5]</sup></font></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">Whereas a genome sequence lists the order of every DNA base in a genome, a genome map identifies the landmarks. A genome map is less detailed than a genome sequence and aids in navigating around the genome.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference">[6]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference">[7]</sup></font></span></p> <h2><span id="Comparison_of_different_genome_sizes" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Comparison of different genome sizes</font></span></h2> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle"><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">Main article: Genome size</font></span></div> <p> <table id="sortable_table_id_0" class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody> <tr> <th><font color="#000000">Organism type<span class="sortarrow"><img alt="↓" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></font></th> <th><font color="#000000">Organism<span class="sortarrow"><img alt="↓" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></font></th> <th><font color="#000000">Genome size (base pairs)<span class="sortarrow"><img alt="↓" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></font></th> <th><font color="#000000">mass - in pg<span class="sortarrow"><img alt="↓" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></font></th> <th><font color="#000000">Note<span class="sortarrow"><img alt="↓" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></font></th> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Virus</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Bacteriophage MS2</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">3,569</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">0.000002</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">First sequenced RNA-genome<sup id="cite_ref-Fiers1976_7-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Virus</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">SV40</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">5,224</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Fiers1978_8-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#000000"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></font></font></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Virus</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Phage &Phi;-X174</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">5,386</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">First sequenced DNA-genome<sup id="cite_ref-Sanger1977_9-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Virus</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">HIV</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">9749<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Virus</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Phage &lambda;</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">48,502</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Virus</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Mimivirus</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">1,181,404</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">Largest known viral genome</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Bacterium</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Haemophilus influenzae</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">1,830,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">First genome of living organism, July 1995<sup id="cite_ref-Fleichmann_1995_11-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Bacterium</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Carsonella ruddii</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">159,662</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">Smallest non-viral genome.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Bacterium</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Buchnera aphidicola</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">600,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Bacterium</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Wigglesworthia glossinidia</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">700,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Bacterium</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Escherichia coli</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">4,600,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#000000"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></font></font></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Bacterium</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"><em>Solibacter usitatus</em> (strain Ellin 6076)</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">9,970,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">Largest known Bacterial genome</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Amoeboid</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"><em>Polychaos dubium</em> (<em>&quot;Amoeba&quot; dubia</em>)</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">670,000,000,000</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">737</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Largest known genome.<sup id="cite_ref-Parfrey2008_14-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Plant</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Arabidopsis thaliana</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">157,000,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">First plant genome sequenced, December 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-Greilhuber_15-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Plant</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Genlisea margaretae</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">63,400,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">Smallest recorded flowering plant genome, 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-Greilhuber_15-1" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Plant</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Fritillaria assyrica</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">130,000,000,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Plant</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Populus trichocarpa</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">480,000,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">First tree genome, September 2006</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Moss</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Physcomitrella patens</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">480,000,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">First genome of a bryophyte, January 2008 <sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Yeast</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">12,100,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#000000"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></font></font></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Fungus</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Aspergillus nidulans</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">30,000,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Nematode</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Caenorhabditis elegans</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">100,300,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">First multicellular animal genome, December 1998<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Nematode</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Pratylenchus coffeae</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">20,000,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">Smallest animal genome known<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Insect</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"><em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> (fruit fly)</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">130,000,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Adams_2000_20-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#000000"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></font></font></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Insect</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"><em>Bombyx mori</em> (silk moth)</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">530,000,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Insect</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"><em>Apis mellifera</em> (honey bee)</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">236,000,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Fish</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"><em>Tetraodon nigroviridis</em> (type of puffer fish)</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">385,000,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">Smallest vertebrate genome known</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Mammal</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Homo sapiens</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">3,200,000,000</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">3</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Fish</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"><em>Protopterus aethiopicus</em> (marbled lungfish)</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">130,000,000,000</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">143</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Largest vertebrate genome known</font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000"><em>Note:</em> The DNA from a single (diploid) human cell if the 46 chromosomes were connected end-to-end and straightened, would have a length of ~2 m and a width of ~2.4 nanometers.</font></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">Since genomes and their organisms are very complex, one research strategy is to reduce the number of genes in a genome to the bare minimum and still have the organism in question survive. There is experimental work being done on minimal genomes for single cell organisms as well as minimal genomes for multicellular organisms (see Developmental biology). The work is both <em>in vivo</em> and <em>in silico</em>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference">[22]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference">[23]</sup></font></span></p> <h2><span id="Genome_evolution" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Genome evolution</font></span></h2> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">Genomes are more than the sum of an organism's genes and have traits that may be measured and studied without reference to the details of any particular genes and their products. Researchers compare traits such as <em>chromosome number</em> (karyotype), genome size, gene order, codon usage bias, and GC-content to determine what mechanisms could have produced the great variety of genomes that exist today (for recent overviews, see Brown 2002; Saccone and Pesole 2003; Benfey and Protopapas 2004; Gibson and Muse 2004; Reese 2004; Gregory 2005).</font></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">Duplications play a major role in shaping the genome. Duplications may range from extension of short tandem repeats, to duplication of a cluster of genes, and all the way to duplications of entire chromosomes or even entire genomes. Such duplications are probably fundamental to the creation of genetic novelty.</font></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">Horizontal gene transfer is invoked to explain how there is often extreme similarity between small portions of the genomes of two organisms that are otherwise very distantly related. Horizontal gene transfer seems to be common among many microbes. Also, eukaryotic cells seem to have experienced a transfer of some genetic material from their chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes to their nuclear chromosomes.</font></span></p> <h2><span id="References" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">References</font></span></h2> <div style="column-count: 2; -moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2" class="references-small references-column-count references-column-count-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-0"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> Ridley, M. (2006). <em>Genome</em>. New York, NY: Harper Perennial. <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0060194979"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN 0-06-019497-9</font></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-1"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-1"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Joshua Lederberg and Alexa T. McCray (2001). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://lhncbc.nlm.nih.gov/lhc/docs/published/2001/pub2001047.pdf"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;'Ome Sweet 'Omics -- A Genealogical Treasury of Words&quot;</font></a>. <em>The Scientist</em> <strong>15</strong> (7)<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://lhncbc.nlm.nih.gov/lhc/docs/published/2001/pub2001047.pdf"><font color="#3366bb">http://lhncbc.nlm.nih.gov/lhc/docs/published/2001/pub2001047.pdf</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=%27Ome+Sweet+%27Omics+--+A+Genealogical+Treasury+of+Words&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Scientist&amp;rft.aulast=Joshua+Lederberg+and+Alexa+T.+McCray&amp;rft.au=Joshua+Lederberg+and+Alexa+T.+McCray&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.volume=15&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flhncbc.nlm.nih.gov%2Flhc%2Fdocs%2Fpublished%2F2001%2Fpub2001047.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brock-2"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Brock_2-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation book">Madigan M, Martinko J (editors) (2006). <em>Brock Biology of Microorganisms</em> (11th ed.). Prentice Hall. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/0-13-144329-1" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-144329-1"><font color="#0645ad">0-13-144329-1</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Brock+Biology+of+Microorganisms&amp;rft.aulast=Madigan+M%2C+Martinko+J+%28editors%29&amp;rft.au=Madigan+M%2C+Martinko+J+%28editors%29&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.edition=11th&amp;rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&amp;rft.isbn=0-13-144329-1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-3"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=Genome&amp;itool=toolbar"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=Genome&amp;itool=toolbar</font></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-4"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation news">Wade, Nicholas (2007-05-31). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/31/science/31cnd-gene.html?em&amp;ex=1180843200&amp;en=19e1d55639350b73&amp;ei=5087%0A"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Genome of DNA Pioneer Is Deciphered&quot;</font></a>. <em>The New York Times</em><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/31/science/31cnd-gene.html?em&amp;ex=1180843200&amp;en=19e1d55639350b73&amp;ei=5087%0A"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/31/science/31cnd-gene.html?em&amp;ex=1180843200&amp;en=19e1d55639350b73&amp;ei=5087%0A</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-04-02</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+of+DNA+Pioneer+Is+Deciphered&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.aulast=Wade&amp;rft.aufirst=Nicholas&amp;rft.au=Wade%2C%26%2332%3BNicholas&amp;rft.date=2007-05-31&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F05%2F31%2Fscience%2F31cnd-gene.html%3Fem%26ex%3D1180843200%26en%3D19e1d55639350b73%26ei%3D5087%250A&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-5"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/whats_a_genome/Chp3_1.shtml"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/whats_a_genome/Chp3_1.shtml</font></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-6"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/primer/mapping.html"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/primer/mapping.html</font></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fiers1976-7"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Fiers1976_7-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Fiers W, <em>et al.</em> (1976). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v260/n5551/abs/260500a0.html"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA - primary and secondary structure of replicase gene&quot;</font></a>. <em>Nature</em> <strong>260</strong> (5551): 500&ndash;507. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F260500a0"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/260500a0</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1264203"><font color="#3366bb">1264203</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v260/n5551/abs/260500a0.html"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v260/n5551/abs/260500a0.html</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+nucleotide-sequence+of+bacteriophage+MS2-RNA+-+primary+and+secondary+structure+of+replicase+gene&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Fiers+W%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Fiers+W%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=1976&amp;rft.volume=260&amp;rft.issue=5551&amp;rft.pages=500%E2%80%93507&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F260500a0&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/1264203&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv260%2Fn5551%2Fabs%2F260500a0.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fiers1978-8"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Fiers1978_8-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Fiers W, Contreras R, Haegemann G, Rogiers R, Van de Voorde A, Van Heuverswyn H, Van Herreweghe J, Volckaert G, Ysebaert M (1978). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v273/n5658/abs/273113a0.html"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Complete nucleotide sequence of SV40 DNA&quot;</font></a>. <em>Nature</em> <strong>273</strong> (5658): 113&ndash;120. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F273113a0"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/273113a0</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/205802"><font color="#3366bb">205802</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v273/n5658/abs/273113a0.html"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v273/n5658/abs/273113a0.html</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+nucleotide+sequence+of+SV40+DNA&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Fiers+W%2C+Contreras+R%2C+Haegemann+G%2C+Rogiers+R%2C+Van+de+Voorde+A%2C+Van+Heuverswyn+H%2C+Van+Herreweghe+J%2C+Volckaert+G%2C+Ysebaert+M&amp;rft.au=Fiers+W%2C+Contreras+R%2C+Haegemann+G%2C+Rogiers+R%2C+Van+de+Voorde+A%2C+Van+Heuverswyn+H%2C+Van+Herreweghe+J%2C+Volckaert+G%2C+Ysebaert+M&amp;rft.date=1978&amp;rft.volume=273&amp;rft.issue=5658&amp;rft.pages=113%E2%80%93120&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F273113a0&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/205802&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv273%2Fn5658%2Fabs%2F273113a0.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sanger1977-9"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Sanger1977_9-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Sanger F, Air GM, Barrell BG, Brown NL, Coulson AR, Fiddes CA, Hutchison CA, Slocombe PM, Smith M (1977). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v265/n5596/abs/265687a0.html"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA&quot;</font></a>. <em>Nature</em> <strong>265</strong> (5596): 687&ndash;695. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F265687a0"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/265687a0</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/870828"><font color="#3366bb">870828</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v265/n5596/abs/265687a0.html"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v265/n5596/abs/265687a0.html</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Nucleotide+sequence+of+bacteriophage+phi+X174+DNA&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Sanger+F%2C+Air+GM%2C+Barrell+BG%2C+Brown+NL%2C+Coulson+AR%2C+Fiddes+CA%2C+Hutchison+CA%2C+Slocombe+PM%2C+Smith+M&amp;rft.au=Sanger+F%2C+Air+GM%2C+Barrell+BG%2C+Brown+NL%2C+Coulson+AR%2C+Fiddes+CA%2C+Hutchison+CA%2C+Slocombe+PM%2C+Smith+M&amp;rft.date=1977&amp;rft.volume=265&amp;rft.issue=5596&amp;rft.pages=687%E2%80%93695&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F265687a0&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/870828&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv265%2Fn5596%2Fabs%2F265687a0.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-10"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/lecture/hiv9.htm"><font color="#3366bb">VIROLOGY - HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS AND AIDS, STRUCTURE: The Genome AND PROTEINS of HIV</font></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fleichmann_1995-11"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Fleichmann_1995_11-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Fleischmann R, Adams M, White O, Clayton R, Kirkness E, Kerlavage A, Bult C, Tomb J, Dougherty B, Merrick J (1995). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/269/5223/496"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Whole-genome random sequencing and assembly of Haemophilus influenzae Rd&quot;</font></a>. <em>Science</em> <strong>269</strong> (5223): 496&ndash;512. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.7542800"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.7542800</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7542800"><font color="#3366bb">7542800</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/269/5223/496"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/269/5223/496</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Whole-genome+random+sequencing+and+assembly+of+Haemophilus+influenzae+Rd&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Fleischmann+R%2C+Adams+M%2C+White+O%2C+Clayton+R%2C+Kirkness+E%2C+Kerlavage+A%2C+Bult+C%2C+Tomb+J%2C+Dougherty+B%2C+Merrick+J&amp;rft.au=Fleischmann+R%2C+Adams+M%2C+White+O%2C+Clayton+R%2C+Kirkness+E%2C+Kerlavage+A%2C+Bult+C%2C+Tomb+J%2C+Dougherty+B%2C+Merrick+J&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.volume=269&amp;rft.issue=5223&amp;rft.pages=496%E2%80%93512&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.7542800&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/7542800&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F269%2F5223%2F496&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-12"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Nakabachi A, Yamashita A, Toh H, <em>et al.</em> (October 2006). &quot;The 160-kilobase genome of the bacterial endosymbiont Carsonella&quot;. <em>Science (journal)</em> <strong>314</strong> (5797): 267. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1134196"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.1134196</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17038615"><font color="#3366bb">17038615</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+160-kilobase+genome+of+the+bacterial+endosymbiont+Carsonella&amp;rft.jtitle=Science+%28journal%29&amp;rft.aulast=Nakabachi+A%2C+Yamashita+A%2C+Toh+H%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Nakabachi+A%2C+Yamashita+A%2C+Toh+H%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=October+2006&amp;rft.volume=314&amp;rft.issue=5797&amp;rft.pages=267&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.1134196&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17038615&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-13"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Frederick R. Blattner, Guy Plunkett III, et al. (1997). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/277/5331/1453"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;The Complete Genome Sequence of Escherichia coli K-12&quot;</font></a>. <em>Science</em> <strong>277</strong> (5331): 1453&ndash;1462. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.277.5331.1453"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.277.5331.1453</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9278503"><font color="#3366bb">9278503</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/277/5331/1453"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/277/5331/1453</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+Complete+Genome+Sequence+of+Escherichia+coli+K-12&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Frederick+R.+Blattner%2C+Guy+Plunkett+III%2C+et+al.&amp;rft.au=Frederick+R.+Blattner%2C+Guy+Plunkett+III%2C+et+al.&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.volume=277&amp;rft.issue=5331&amp;rft.pages=1453%E2%80%931462&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.277.5331.1453&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/9278503&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F277%2F5331%2F1453&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parfrey2008-14"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Parfrey2008_14-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Parfrey, L.W.; Lahr, D.J.G.; Katz, L.A. (2008). &quot;The Dynamic Nature of Eukaryotic Genomes&quot;. <em>Molecular Biology and Evolution</em> <strong>25</strong> (4): 787. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsn032"><font color="#3366bb">10.1093/molbev/msn032</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18258610"><font color="#3366bb">18258610</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+Dynamic+Nature+of+Eukaryotic+Genomes&amp;rft.jtitle=Molecular+Biology+and+Evolution&amp;rft.aulast=Parfrey%2C+L.W.&amp;rft.au=Parfrey%2C+L.W.&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=25&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=787&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsn032&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18258610&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greilhuber-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greilhuber_15-0">^{<em><strong><font color="#0645ad" size="2">a</font></strong></em>}</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greilhuber_15-1">^{<em><strong><font color="#0645ad" size="2">b</font></strong></em>}</a> <span class="citation Journal">Greilhuber, J., Borsch, T., M&uuml;ller, K., Worberg, A., Porembski, S., and Barthlott, W. (2006). &quot;Smallest angiosperm genomes found in Lentibulariaceae, with chromosomes of bacterial size&quot;. <em>Plant Biology</em> <strong>8</strong> (6): 770&ndash;777. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1055%2Fs-2006-924101"><font color="#3366bb">10.1055/s-2006-924101</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17203433"><font color="#3366bb">17203433</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Smallest+angiosperm+genomes+found+in+Lentibulariaceae%2C+with+chromosomes+of+bacterial+size&amp;rft.jtitle=Plant+Biology&amp;rft.aulast=Greilhuber%2C+J.%2C+Borsch%2C+T.%2C+M%C3%BCller%2C+K.%2C+Worberg%2C+A.%2C+Porembski%2C+S.%2C+and+Barthlott%2C+W.&amp;rft.au=Greilhuber%2C+J.%2C+Borsch%2C+T.%2C+M%C3%BCller%2C+K.%2C+Worberg%2C+A.%2C+Porembski%2C+S.%2C+and+Barthlott%2C+W.&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=8&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=770%E2%80%93777&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1055%2Fs-2006-924101&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17203433&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-16"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> Daniel Lang, Andreas D. Zimmer, Stefan A. Rensing, <a title="Ralf Reski" href="/wiki/Ralf_Reski"><font color="#0645ad">Ralf Reski</font></a>(2008): Exploring plant <a title="Biodiversity" href="/wiki/Biodiversity"><font color="#0645ad">biodiversity</font></a>: the Physcomitrella genome and beyond. Trends in Plant Science 13, 542-549. <a class="external autonumber" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cell.com/trends/plant-science/abstract/S1360-1385(08)00204-5"><font color="#3366bb">[1]</font></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-17"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.yeastgenome.org/"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.yeastgenome.org/</font></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-18"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">The <em>C. elegans</em> Sequencing Consortium (1998). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/282/5396/2012"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Genome sequence of the nematode <em>C. elegans</em>: a platform for investigating biology&quot;</font></a>. <em><a title="Science (journal)" href="/wiki/Science_(journal)"><font color="#0645ad">Science</font></a></em> <strong>282</strong> (5396): 2012&ndash;2018. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.282.5396.2012"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.282.5396.2012</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9851916"><font color="#3366bb">9851916</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/282/5396/2012"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/282/5396/2012</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+sequence+of+the+nematode+%27%27C.+elegans%27%27%3A+a+platform+for+investigating+biology&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BScience+%28journal%29%7CScience%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=The+%27%27C.+elegans%27%27+Sequencing+Consortium&amp;rft.au=The+%27%27C.+elegans%27%27+Sequencing+Consortium&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.volume=282&amp;rft.issue=5396&amp;rft.pages=2012%E2%80%932018&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.282.5396.2012&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/9851916&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F282%2F5396%2F2012&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-19"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomesize.com/statistics.php?stats=entire#stats_top"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Gregory, T.R. (2005). Animal Genome Size Database. http://www.genomesize.com.&quot;</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomesize.com/statistics.php?stats=entire#stats_top"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.genomesize.com/statistics.php?stats=entire#stats_top</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Gregory%2C+T.R.+%282005%29.+Animal+Genome+Size+Database.+http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genomesize.com.&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genomesize.com%2Fstatistics.php%3Fstats%3Dentire%23stats_top&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adams_2000-20"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Adams_2000_20-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Adams MD, Celniker SE, Holt RA, <em>et al.</em> (2000). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/287/5461/2185"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;The genome sequence of <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em>&quot;</font></a>. <em>Science</em> <strong>287</strong> (5461): 2185&ndash;95. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.287.5461.2185"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.287.5461.2185</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10731132"><font color="#3366bb">10731132</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/287/5461/2185"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/287/5461/2185</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-05-25</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+genome+sequence+of+%27%27Drosophila+melanogaster%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Adams+MD%2C+Celniker+SE%2C+Holt+RA%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Adams+MD%2C+Celniker+SE%2C+Holt+RA%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.volume=287&amp;rft.issue=5461&amp;rft.pages=2185%E2%80%9395&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.287.5461.2185&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/10731132&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F287%2F5461%2F2185&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-21"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Glass JI, Assad-Garcia N, Alperovich N, Yooseph S, Lewis MR, Maruf M, Hutchison CA 3rd, Smith HO, Venter JC (2006). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1324956"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Essential genes of a minimal bacterium.&quot;</font></a>. <em>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</em> <strong>103</strong> (2): 425&ndash;30. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0510013103"><font color="#3366bb">10.1073/pnas.0510013103</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16407165"><font color="#3366bb">16407165</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Essential+genes+of+a+minimal+bacterium.&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+USA&amp;rft.aulast=Glass+JI%2C+Assad-Garcia+N%2C+Alperovich+N%2C+Yooseph+S%2C+Lewis+MR%2C+Maruf+M%2C+Hutchison+CA+3rd%2C+Smith+HO%2C+Venter+JC&amp;rft.au=Glass+JI%2C+Assad-Garcia+N%2C+Alperovich+N%2C+Yooseph+S%2C+Lewis+MR%2C+Maruf+M%2C+Hutchison+CA+3rd%2C+Smith+HO%2C+Venter+JC&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=103&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=425%E2%80%9330&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.0510013103&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16407165&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-22"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Forster AC, Church GM (2006). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1681520"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Towards synthesis of a minimal cell&quot;</font></a>. <em>Mol Syst Biol.</em> <strong>2:45</strong>: 45. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fmsb4100090"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/msb4100090</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16924266"><font color="#3366bb">16924266</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Towards+synthesis+of+a+minimal+cell&amp;rft.jtitle=Mol+Syst+Biol.&amp;rft.aulast=Forster+AC%2C+Church+GM&amp;rft.au=Forster+AC%2C+Church+GM&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=2%3A45&amp;rft.pages=45&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fmsb4100090&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16924266&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> </ol> </div> <h2><span id="Further_reading" class="mw-headline">Further reading</span></h2> <ul> <li><span class="citation book">Benfey, P.; Protopapas, A.D. (2004). <em>Essentials of Genomics</em>. Prentice Hall.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Essentials+of+Genomics&amp;rft.aulast=Benfey&amp;rft.aufirst=P.&amp;rft.au=Benfey%2C%26%2332%3BP.&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li><span class="citation book">Brown, Terence A. (2002). <em>Genomes 2</em>. Oxford: Bios Scientific Publishers. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/978-1859960295" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1859960295"><font color="#0645ad">978-1859960295</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Genomes+2&amp;rft.aulast=Brown&amp;rft.aufirst=Terence+A.&amp;rft.au=Brown%2C%26%2332%3BTerence+A.&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Bios+Scientific+Publishers&amp;rft.isbn=978-1859960295&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li><span class="citation book">Gibson, Greg; Muse, Spencer V. (2004). <em>A Primer of Genome Science</em> (Second ed.). Sunderland, Mass: Sinauer Assoc. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/0-87893-234-8" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87893-234-8"><font color="#0645ad">0-87893-234-8</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+Primer+of+Genome+Science&amp;rft.aulast=Gibson&amp;rft.aufirst=Greg&amp;rft.au=Gibson%2C%26%2332%3BGreg&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.edition=Second&amp;rft.place=Sunderland%2C+Mass&amp;rft.pub=Sinauer+Assoc&amp;rft.isbn=0-87893-234-8&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li><span class="citation book">Gregory, T. Ryan (ed) (2005). <em><a title="The Evolution of the Genome" href="/wiki/The_Evolution_of_the_Genome"><font color="#0645ad">The Evolution of the Genome</font></a></em>. Elsevier. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/0-12-301463-8" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-301463-8"><font color="#0645ad">0-12-301463-8</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=%5B%5BThe+Evolution+of+the+Genome%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Gregory&amp;rft.aufirst=T.+Ryan+%28ed%29&amp;rft.au=Gregory%2C%26%2332%3BT.+Ryan+%28ed%29&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.pub=Elsevier&amp;rft.isbn=0-12-301463-8&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li><span class="citation book">Reece, Richard J. (2004). <em>Analysis of Genes and Genomes</em>. Chichester: John Wiley &amp; Sons. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/0-470-84379-9" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-470-84379-9"><font color="#0645ad">0-470-84379-9</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Analysis+of+Genes+and+Genomes&amp;rft.aulast=Reece&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&amp;rft.au=Reece%2C%26%2332%3BRichard+J.&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.place=Chichester&amp;rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&amp;rft.isbn=0-470-84379-9&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li><span class="citation book">Saccone, Cecilia; Pesole, Graziano (2003). <em>Handbook of Comparative Genomics</em>. Chichester: John Wiley &amp; Sons. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/0-471-39128-X" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-39128-X"><font color="#0645ad">0-471-39128-X</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Comparative+Genomics&amp;rft.aulast=Saccone&amp;rft.aufirst=Cecilia&amp;rft.au=Saccone%2C%26%2332%3BCecilia&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.place=Chichester&amp;rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&amp;rft.isbn=0-471-39128-X&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li><span class="citation Journal">Werner, E. (2003). &quot;In silico multicellular systems biology and minimal genomes&quot;. <em>Drug Discov Today</em> <strong>8</strong> (24): 1121&ndash;1127. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS1359-6446%2803%2902918-0"><font color="#3366bb">10.1016/S1359-6446(03)02918-0</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14678738"><font color="#3366bb">14678738</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=In+silico+multicellular+systems+biology+and+minimal+genomes&amp;rft.jtitle=Drug+Discov+Today&amp;rft.aulast=Werner&amp;rft.aufirst=E.&amp;rft.au=Werner%2C%26%2332%3BE.&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=8&amp;rft.issue=24&amp;rft.pages=1121%E2%80%931127&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2FS1359-6446%2803%2902918-0&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/14678738&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> </ul> <h2><span id="External_links" class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><font color="#3366bb">[http://genomics.org Genomics.org]</font> </li> <li>[http://omics.org Omics.org] </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/dna/builddna/"><font color="#3366bb">Build a DNA Molecule</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/articles/02_01/Sizing_genomes.shtml"><font color="#3366bb">Some comparative genome sizes</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.dnai.org/"><font color="#3366bb">DNA Interactive: The History of DNA Science</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.dnaftb.org/"><font color="#3366bb">DNA From The Beginning</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.gov/10001772"><font color="#3366bb">All About The Human Genome Project from Genome.gov</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomesize.com/"><font color="#3366bb">Animal genome size database</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.rbgkew.org.uk/cval/homepage.html"><font color="#3366bb">Plant genome size database</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomesonline.org/"><font color="#3366bb">GOLD:Genomes OnLine Database</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/"><font color="#3366bb">The Genome News Network</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=genomeprj"><font color="#3366bb">NCBI Entrez Genome Project database</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/primer/genetics_genome.html"><font color="#3366bb">NCBI Genome Primer</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4994088.stm"><font color="#3366bb">BBC News - Final genome 'chapter' published</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.crops.org/genome/"><font color="#3366bb">The Plant Genome</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://img.jgi.doe.gov/"><font color="#3366bb">IMG</font></a> The Integrated Microbial Genomes system, for genome analysis by the DOE-JGI. </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://camera.calit2.net/index.php/"><font color="#3366bb">CAMERA</font></a> Cyberinfrastructure for Metagenomics, data repository and bioinformatics tools for metagenomic research </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genecards.org/"><font color="#3366bb">GeneCards</font></a> an integrated database of human genes. </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://genome.igib.res.in/"><font color="#3366bb">Genome@IGIB</font></a> Resources and News on the Zebrafish Genome Project @ IGIB. </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.geknome.com"><font color="#3366bb">GeKnome Technologies Next-Gen Sequencing Data Analysis</font></a> Next-Gen Sequencing Data Analysis for <a title="Illumina" href="/wiki/Illumina"><font color="#0645ad">Illumina</font></a> and <a title="454" href="/wiki/454"><font color="#0645ad">454</font></a> Service from GeKnome Technologies. </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://ascb.org/ibioseminars/brenner/brenner1.cfm"><font color="#3366bb">What Genomes Can Tell Us About the Past</font></a> - lecture by <a title="Sydney Brenner" href="/wiki/Sydney_Brenner"><font color="#0645ad">Sydney Brenner</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.imame.org/form/genome--mid80-frz.htm"><font color="#3366bb">Genome metaphor, reflecting from formal-net hierarchies, and software binaries</font></a>. </li> </ul> 4b93f791cc31c78732df1b7e364cea78f9338bf2 3119 2010-10-06T21:33:36Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font color="#000000"><font size="3">The&nbsp;<strong>genome</strong> is the entire&nbsp;set of sequences in an organism that&nbsp;encodes information for survival and the&nbsp;continuation of the species it belongs to. </font></font></p> <p><font color="#000000"><font size="3">The main function of genome is information storage and processing to form an entity that utilizes envergy to keep processing signals to interact with other genomes in the whole eco-system.</font><br /> <br /> <font size="3">The genome is universal in the universe and aliens living other planets also have genomes. </font></font></p> <p><font color="#000000"><font size="3">The information is usually stored&nbsp;in DNA or RNA in the organisms found on Earth.<br /> <br /> The genome is often classified&nbsp;into the protein coding genes and the non-coding sequences of the DNA historically.<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><font size="3"><span>[</span>1</font><span><font size="3">]</font><br /> </span></font></sup></font></font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: large"><font color="#000000">The essence of genome</font></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><font color="#000000"><font size="3">The essence of genomes is that it is the foundation of spontaneous information processing network that can utilizes energy in time axis. The genome is a kind of linearly expressed language system.</font></font><font color="#000000"><font size="3"><br /> <br /> </font></font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: large"><span id="Origin_of_Term" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Origin of Term</font></span></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">The term was adapted in 1920 by [[Hans Winkler]], Professor of Botany at the University of Hamburg, Germany. In Greek, the word <em>genome</em> (&gamma;ί&nu;&omicron;&mu;&alpha;&iota;) means I become, I am born, to come into being. </font></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">The Oxford English Dictionary suggests the name to be a blend of the words <em><strong>gen</strong>e</em> and <em>chromos<strong>ome</strong></em>. A few related <em>-ome</em> words already existed, such as <em>biome</em> and <em>rhizome</em>, forming a vocabulary into which <em>genome</em> fits systematically.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference">[2]</sup></font></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: large"><span id="Overview" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Overview</font></span></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">Some organisms have multiple copies of chromosomes, diploid, triploid, tetraploid and so on. In classical genetics, in a sexually reproducing organism (typically eukarya) the gamete has half of the number of chromosome of the somatic cell and the genome is a full set of chromosomes in a gamete. In haploid organisms, including cells of bacteria, archaea, and in organelles including mitochondria and chloroplasts, or viruses, that similarly contain genes, the single or set of circular and/or linear chains of DNA (or RNA for some viruses), likewise constitute the <em>genome</em>. The term genome can be applied specifically to mean that stored on a complete set of <em>nuclear DNA</em> (i.e., the &quot;nuclear genome&quot;) but can also be applied to that stored within organelles that contain their own DNA, as with the &quot;mitochondrial genome&quot; or the &quot;chloroplast genome&quot;. Additionally, the genome can comprise nonchromosomal genetic elements such as viruses, plasmids, and transposable elements<sup id="cite_ref-Brock_2-0" class="reference">[3]</sup>. When people say that the genome of a sexually reproducing species has been &quot;sequenced&quot;, typically they are referring to a determination of the sequences of one set of autosomes and one of each type of sex chromosome, which together represent both of the possible sexes. Even in species that exist in only one sex, what is described as &quot;a genome sequence&quot; may be a composite read from the chromosomes of various individuals. In general use, the phrase &quot;genetic makeup&quot; is sometimes used conversationally to mean the genome of a particular individual or organism. The study of the global properties of genomes of related organisms is usually referred to as genomics, which distinguishes it from genetics which generally studies the properties of single genes or groups of genes.</font></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">Both the number of base pairs and the number of genes vary widely from one species to another, and there is only a rough correlation between the two (an observation known as the C-value paradox). At present, the highest known number of genes is around 60,000, for the protozoan causing trichomoniasis (see List of sequenced eukaryotic genomes), almost three times as many as in the human genome.</font></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">An analogy to the human genome stored on DNA is that of instructions stored in a library:</font></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">The library would contain 46 books (chromosomes)</font> </span></li> <li><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">The books range in size from 400 to 3340 pages (genes)</font> </span></li> <li><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">which is 48 to 250 million letters (A,C,G,T) per book.</font> </span></li> <li><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">Hence the library contains over six billion letters total;</font> </span></li> <li><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">The library fits into a cell nucleus the size of a pinpoint;</font> </span></li> <li><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">A copy of the library (all 46 books) is contained in almost every cell of our body.</font> </span></li> </ul> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: large"><span id="Types" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Types</font></span></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">Most biological entities that are more complex than a virus sometimes or always carry additional genetic material besides that which resides in their chromosomes. In some contexts, such as sequencing the genome of a pathogenic microbe, &quot;genome&quot; is meant to include information stored on this auxiliary material, which is carried in plasmids. In such circumstances then, &quot;genome&quot; describes all of the genes and information on non-coding DNA that have the potential to be present.</font></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">In eukaryotes such as plants, protozoa and animals, however, &quot;genome&quot; carries the typical connotation of only information on chromosomal DNA. So although these organisms contain chloroplasts and/or mitochondria that have their own DNA, the genetic information contained by DNA within these organelles is not considered part of the genome. In fact, mitochondria are sometimes said to have their own genome often referred to as the &quot;mitochondrial genome&quot;. The DNA found within the chloroplast may be referred to as the &quot;plastome&quot;.</font></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: large"><span id="Genomes_and_genetic_variation" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Genomes and genetic variation</font></span></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">Note that a genome does not capture the genetic diversity or the genetic polymorphism of a species. For example, the human genome sequence in principle could be determined from just half the information on the DNA of one cell from one individual. To learn what variations in genetic information underlie particular traits or diseases requires comparisons across individuals. This point explains the common usage of &quot;genome&quot; (which parallels a common usage of &quot;gene&quot;) to refer not to the information in any particular DNA sequence, but to a whole family of sequences that share a biological context.</font></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">Although this concept may seem counter intuitive, it is the same concept that says there is no particular shape that is the shape of a cheetah. Cheetahs vary, and so do the sequences of their genomes. Yet both the individual animals and their sequences share commonalities, so one can learn something about cheetahs and &quot;cheetah-ness&quot; from a single example of either.</font></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: large"><span id="Sequencing_and_mapping" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Sequencing and mapping</font></span></span></p> <div class="rellink boilerplate seealso"><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">For more details on this topic, see Genome project.</font></span></div> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">The Human Genome Project was organized to map and to sequence the human genome. Other genome projects include mouse, rice, the plant <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em>, the puffer fish, bacteria like E. coli, etc. In 1976, Walter Fiers at the University of Ghent (Belgium) was the first to establish the complete nucleotide sequence of a viral RNA-genome (bacteriophage MS2). The first DNA-genome project to be completed was the Phage &Phi;-X174, with only 5386 base pairs, which was sequenced by Fred Sanger in 1977 . The first bacterial genome to be completed was that of Haemophilus influenzae, completed by a team at The Institute for Genomic Research in 1995.</font></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">The development of new technologies has dramatically decreased the difficulty and cost of sequencing, and the number of complete genome sequences is rising rapidly. Among many genome database sites, the one maintained by the US National Institutes of Health is inclusive.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference">[4]</sup></font></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">These new technologies open up the prospect of personal genome sequencing as an important diagnostic tool. A major step toward that goal was the May 2007 <em>New York Times</em> announcement that the full genome of DNA pioneer James D. Watson was deciphered.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference">[5]</sup></font></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">Whereas a genome sequence lists the order of every DNA base in a genome, a genome map identifies the landmarks. A genome map is less detailed than a genome sequence and aids in navigating around the genome.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference">[6]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference">[7]</sup></font></span></p> <h2><span id="Comparison_of_different_genome_sizes" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Comparison of different genome sizes</font></span></h2> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle"><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">Main article: Genome size</font></span></div> <p> <table id="sortable_table_id_0" class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody> <tr> <th><font color="#000000">Organism type<span class="sortarrow"><img alt="↓" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></font></th> <th><font color="#000000">Organism<span class="sortarrow"><img alt="↓" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></font></th> <th><font color="#000000">Genome size (base pairs)<span class="sortarrow"><img alt="↓" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></font></th> <th><font color="#000000">mass - in pg<span class="sortarrow"><img alt="↓" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></font></th> <th><font color="#000000">Note<span class="sortarrow"><img alt="↓" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></font></th> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Virus</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Bacteriophage MS2</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">3,569</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">0.000002</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">First sequenced RNA-genome<sup id="cite_ref-Fiers1976_7-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Virus</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">SV40</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">5,224</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Fiers1978_8-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#000000"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></font></font></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Virus</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Phage &Phi;-X174</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">5,386</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">First sequenced DNA-genome<sup id="cite_ref-Sanger1977_9-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Virus</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">HIV</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">9749<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Virus</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Phage &lambda;</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">48,502</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Virus</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Mimivirus</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">1,181,404</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">Largest known viral genome</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Bacterium</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Haemophilus influenzae</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">1,830,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">First genome of living organism, July 1995<sup id="cite_ref-Fleichmann_1995_11-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Bacterium</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Carsonella ruddii</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">159,662</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">Smallest non-viral genome.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Bacterium</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Buchnera aphidicola</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">600,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Bacterium</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Wigglesworthia glossinidia</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">700,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Bacterium</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Escherichia coli</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">4,600,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#000000"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></font></font></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Bacterium</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"><em>Solibacter usitatus</em> (strain Ellin 6076)</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">9,970,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">Largest known Bacterial genome</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Amoeboid</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"><em>Polychaos dubium</em> (<em>&quot;Amoeba&quot; dubia</em>)</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">670,000,000,000</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">737</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Largest known genome.<sup id="cite_ref-Parfrey2008_14-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Plant</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Arabidopsis thaliana</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">157,000,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">First plant genome sequenced, December 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-Greilhuber_15-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Plant</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Genlisea margaretae</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">63,400,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">Smallest recorded flowering plant genome, 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-Greilhuber_15-1" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Plant</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Fritillaria assyrica</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">130,000,000,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Plant</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Populus trichocarpa</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">480,000,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">First tree genome, September 2006</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Moss</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Physcomitrella patens</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">480,000,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">First genome of a bryophyte, January 2008 <sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Yeast</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">12,100,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#000000"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></font></font></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Fungus</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Aspergillus nidulans</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">30,000,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Nematode</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Caenorhabditis elegans</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">100,300,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">First multicellular animal genome, December 1998<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Nematode</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Pratylenchus coffeae</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">20,000,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">Smallest animal genome known<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Insect</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"><em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> (fruit fly)</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">130,000,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Adams_2000_20-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#000000"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></font></font></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Insect</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"><em>Bombyx mori</em> (silk moth)</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">530,000,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Insect</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"><em>Apis mellifera</em> (honey bee)</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">236,000,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Fish</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"><em>Tetraodon nigroviridis</em> (type of puffer fish)</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">385,000,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">Smallest vertebrate genome known</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Mammal</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Homo sapiens</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">3,200,000,000</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">3</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Fish</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"><em>Protopterus aethiopicus</em> (marbled lungfish)</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">130,000,000,000</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">143</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Largest vertebrate genome known</font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000"><em>Note:</em> The DNA from a single (diploid) human cell if the 46 chromosomes were connected end-to-end and straightened, would have a length of ~2 m and a width of ~2.4 nanometers.</font></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">Since genomes and their organisms are very complex, one research strategy is to reduce the number of genes in a genome to the bare minimum and still have the organism in question survive. There is experimental work being done on minimal genomes for single cell organisms as well as minimal genomes for multicellular organisms (see Developmental biology). The work is both <em>in vivo</em> and <em>in silico</em>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference">[22]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference">[23]</sup></font></span></p> <h2><span id="Genome_evolution" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Genome evolution</font></span></h2> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">Genomes are more than the sum of an organism's genes and have traits that may be measured and studied without reference to the details of any particular genes and their products. Researchers compare traits such as <em>chromosome number</em> (karyotype), genome size, gene order, codon usage bias, and GC-content to determine what mechanisms could have produced the great variety of genomes that exist today (for recent overviews, see Brown 2002; Saccone and Pesole 2003; Benfey and Protopapas 2004; Gibson and Muse 2004; Reese 2004; Gregory 2005).</font></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">Duplications play a major role in shaping the genome. Duplications may range from extension of short tandem repeats, to duplication of a cluster of genes, and all the way to duplications of entire chromosomes or even entire genomes. Such duplications are probably fundamental to the creation of genetic novelty.</font></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">Horizontal gene transfer is invoked to explain how there is often extreme similarity between small portions of the genomes of two organisms that are otherwise very distantly related. Horizontal gene transfer seems to be common among many microbes. Also, eukaryotic cells seem to have experienced a transfer of some genetic material from their chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes to their nuclear chromosomes.</font></span></p> <h2><span id="References" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">References</font></span></h2> <div style="column-count: 2; -moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2" class="references-small references-column-count references-column-count-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-0"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> Ridley, M. (2006). <em>Genome</em>. New York, NY: Harper Perennial. <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0060194979"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN 0-06-019497-9</font></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-1"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-1"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Joshua Lederberg and Alexa T. McCray (2001). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://lhncbc.nlm.nih.gov/lhc/docs/published/2001/pub2001047.pdf"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;'Ome Sweet 'Omics -- A Genealogical Treasury of Words&quot;</font></a>. <em>The Scientist</em> <strong>15</strong> (7)<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://lhncbc.nlm.nih.gov/lhc/docs/published/2001/pub2001047.pdf"><font color="#3366bb">http://lhncbc.nlm.nih.gov/lhc/docs/published/2001/pub2001047.pdf</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=%27Ome+Sweet+%27Omics+--+A+Genealogical+Treasury+of+Words&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Scientist&amp;rft.aulast=Joshua+Lederberg+and+Alexa+T.+McCray&amp;rft.au=Joshua+Lederberg+and+Alexa+T.+McCray&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.volume=15&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flhncbc.nlm.nih.gov%2Flhc%2Fdocs%2Fpublished%2F2001%2Fpub2001047.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brock-2"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Brock_2-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation book">Madigan M, Martinko J (editors) (2006). <em>Brock Biology of Microorganisms</em> (11th ed.). Prentice Hall. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/0-13-144329-1" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-144329-1"><font color="#0645ad">0-13-144329-1</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Brock+Biology+of+Microorganisms&amp;rft.aulast=Madigan+M%2C+Martinko+J+%28editors%29&amp;rft.au=Madigan+M%2C+Martinko+J+%28editors%29&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.edition=11th&amp;rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&amp;rft.isbn=0-13-144329-1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-3"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=Genome&amp;itool=toolbar"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=Genome&amp;itool=toolbar</font></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-4"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation news">Wade, Nicholas (2007-05-31). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/31/science/31cnd-gene.html?em&amp;ex=1180843200&amp;en=19e1d55639350b73&amp;ei=5087%0A"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Genome of DNA Pioneer Is Deciphered&quot;</font></a>. <em>The New York Times</em><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/31/science/31cnd-gene.html?em&amp;ex=1180843200&amp;en=19e1d55639350b73&amp;ei=5087%0A"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/31/science/31cnd-gene.html?em&amp;ex=1180843200&amp;en=19e1d55639350b73&amp;ei=5087%0A</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-04-02</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+of+DNA+Pioneer+Is+Deciphered&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.aulast=Wade&amp;rft.aufirst=Nicholas&amp;rft.au=Wade%2C%26%2332%3BNicholas&amp;rft.date=2007-05-31&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F05%2F31%2Fscience%2F31cnd-gene.html%3Fem%26ex%3D1180843200%26en%3D19e1d55639350b73%26ei%3D5087%250A&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-5"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/whats_a_genome/Chp3_1.shtml"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/whats_a_genome/Chp3_1.shtml</font></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-6"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/primer/mapping.html"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/primer/mapping.html</font></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fiers1976-7"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Fiers1976_7-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Fiers W, <em>et al.</em> (1976). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v260/n5551/abs/260500a0.html"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA - primary and secondary structure of replicase gene&quot;</font></a>. <em>Nature</em> <strong>260</strong> (5551): 500&ndash;507. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F260500a0"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/260500a0</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1264203"><font color="#3366bb">1264203</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v260/n5551/abs/260500a0.html"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v260/n5551/abs/260500a0.html</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+nucleotide-sequence+of+bacteriophage+MS2-RNA+-+primary+and+secondary+structure+of+replicase+gene&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Fiers+W%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Fiers+W%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=1976&amp;rft.volume=260&amp;rft.issue=5551&amp;rft.pages=500%E2%80%93507&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F260500a0&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/1264203&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv260%2Fn5551%2Fabs%2F260500a0.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fiers1978-8"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Fiers1978_8-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Fiers W, Contreras R, Haegemann G, Rogiers R, Van de Voorde A, Van Heuverswyn H, Van Herreweghe J, Volckaert G, Ysebaert M (1978). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v273/n5658/abs/273113a0.html"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Complete nucleotide sequence of SV40 DNA&quot;</font></a>. <em>Nature</em> <strong>273</strong> (5658): 113&ndash;120. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F273113a0"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/273113a0</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/205802"><font color="#3366bb">205802</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v273/n5658/abs/273113a0.html"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v273/n5658/abs/273113a0.html</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+nucleotide+sequence+of+SV40+DNA&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Fiers+W%2C+Contreras+R%2C+Haegemann+G%2C+Rogiers+R%2C+Van+de+Voorde+A%2C+Van+Heuverswyn+H%2C+Van+Herreweghe+J%2C+Volckaert+G%2C+Ysebaert+M&amp;rft.au=Fiers+W%2C+Contreras+R%2C+Haegemann+G%2C+Rogiers+R%2C+Van+de+Voorde+A%2C+Van+Heuverswyn+H%2C+Van+Herreweghe+J%2C+Volckaert+G%2C+Ysebaert+M&amp;rft.date=1978&amp;rft.volume=273&amp;rft.issue=5658&amp;rft.pages=113%E2%80%93120&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F273113a0&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/205802&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv273%2Fn5658%2Fabs%2F273113a0.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sanger1977-9"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Sanger1977_9-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Sanger F, Air GM, Barrell BG, Brown NL, Coulson AR, Fiddes CA, Hutchison CA, Slocombe PM, Smith M (1977). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v265/n5596/abs/265687a0.html"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA&quot;</font></a>. <em>Nature</em> <strong>265</strong> (5596): 687&ndash;695. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F265687a0"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/265687a0</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/870828"><font color="#3366bb">870828</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v265/n5596/abs/265687a0.html"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v265/n5596/abs/265687a0.html</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Nucleotide+sequence+of+bacteriophage+phi+X174+DNA&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Sanger+F%2C+Air+GM%2C+Barrell+BG%2C+Brown+NL%2C+Coulson+AR%2C+Fiddes+CA%2C+Hutchison+CA%2C+Slocombe+PM%2C+Smith+M&amp;rft.au=Sanger+F%2C+Air+GM%2C+Barrell+BG%2C+Brown+NL%2C+Coulson+AR%2C+Fiddes+CA%2C+Hutchison+CA%2C+Slocombe+PM%2C+Smith+M&amp;rft.date=1977&amp;rft.volume=265&amp;rft.issue=5596&amp;rft.pages=687%E2%80%93695&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F265687a0&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/870828&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv265%2Fn5596%2Fabs%2F265687a0.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-10"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/lecture/hiv9.htm"><font color="#3366bb">VIROLOGY - HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS AND AIDS, STRUCTURE: The Genome AND PROTEINS of HIV</font></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fleichmann_1995-11"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Fleichmann_1995_11-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Fleischmann R, Adams M, White O, Clayton R, Kirkness E, Kerlavage A, Bult C, Tomb J, Dougherty B, Merrick J (1995). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/269/5223/496"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Whole-genome random sequencing and assembly of Haemophilus influenzae Rd&quot;</font></a>. <em>Science</em> <strong>269</strong> (5223): 496&ndash;512. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.7542800"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.7542800</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7542800"><font color="#3366bb">7542800</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/269/5223/496"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/269/5223/496</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Whole-genome+random+sequencing+and+assembly+of+Haemophilus+influenzae+Rd&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Fleischmann+R%2C+Adams+M%2C+White+O%2C+Clayton+R%2C+Kirkness+E%2C+Kerlavage+A%2C+Bult+C%2C+Tomb+J%2C+Dougherty+B%2C+Merrick+J&amp;rft.au=Fleischmann+R%2C+Adams+M%2C+White+O%2C+Clayton+R%2C+Kirkness+E%2C+Kerlavage+A%2C+Bult+C%2C+Tomb+J%2C+Dougherty+B%2C+Merrick+J&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.volume=269&amp;rft.issue=5223&amp;rft.pages=496%E2%80%93512&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.7542800&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/7542800&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F269%2F5223%2F496&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-12"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Nakabachi A, Yamashita A, Toh H, <em>et al.</em> (October 2006). &quot;The 160-kilobase genome of the bacterial endosymbiont Carsonella&quot;. <em>Science (journal)</em> <strong>314</strong> (5797): 267. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1134196"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.1134196</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17038615"><font color="#3366bb">17038615</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+160-kilobase+genome+of+the+bacterial+endosymbiont+Carsonella&amp;rft.jtitle=Science+%28journal%29&amp;rft.aulast=Nakabachi+A%2C+Yamashita+A%2C+Toh+H%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Nakabachi+A%2C+Yamashita+A%2C+Toh+H%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=October+2006&amp;rft.volume=314&amp;rft.issue=5797&amp;rft.pages=267&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.1134196&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17038615&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-13"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Frederick R. Blattner, Guy Plunkett III, et al. (1997). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/277/5331/1453"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;The Complete Genome Sequence of Escherichia coli K-12&quot;</font></a>. <em>Science</em> <strong>277</strong> (5331): 1453&ndash;1462. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.277.5331.1453"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.277.5331.1453</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9278503"><font color="#3366bb">9278503</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/277/5331/1453"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/277/5331/1453</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+Complete+Genome+Sequence+of+Escherichia+coli+K-12&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Frederick+R.+Blattner%2C+Guy+Plunkett+III%2C+et+al.&amp;rft.au=Frederick+R.+Blattner%2C+Guy+Plunkett+III%2C+et+al.&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.volume=277&amp;rft.issue=5331&amp;rft.pages=1453%E2%80%931462&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.277.5331.1453&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/9278503&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F277%2F5331%2F1453&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parfrey2008-14"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Parfrey2008_14-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Parfrey, L.W.; Lahr, D.J.G.; Katz, L.A. (2008). &quot;The Dynamic Nature of Eukaryotic Genomes&quot;. <em>Molecular Biology and Evolution</em> <strong>25</strong> (4): 787. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsn032"><font color="#3366bb">10.1093/molbev/msn032</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18258610"><font color="#3366bb">18258610</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+Dynamic+Nature+of+Eukaryotic+Genomes&amp;rft.jtitle=Molecular+Biology+and+Evolution&amp;rft.aulast=Parfrey%2C+L.W.&amp;rft.au=Parfrey%2C+L.W.&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=25&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=787&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsn032&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18258610&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greilhuber-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greilhuber_15-0">^{<em><strong><font color="#0645ad" size="2">a</font></strong></em>}</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greilhuber_15-1">^{<em><strong><font color="#0645ad" size="2">b</font></strong></em>}</a> <span class="citation Journal">Greilhuber, J., Borsch, T., M&uuml;ller, K., Worberg, A., Porembski, S., and Barthlott, W. (2006). &quot;Smallest angiosperm genomes found in Lentibulariaceae, with chromosomes of bacterial size&quot;. <em>Plant Biology</em> <strong>8</strong> (6): 770&ndash;777. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1055%2Fs-2006-924101"><font color="#3366bb">10.1055/s-2006-924101</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17203433"><font color="#3366bb">17203433</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Smallest+angiosperm+genomes+found+in+Lentibulariaceae%2C+with+chromosomes+of+bacterial+size&amp;rft.jtitle=Plant+Biology&amp;rft.aulast=Greilhuber%2C+J.%2C+Borsch%2C+T.%2C+M%C3%BCller%2C+K.%2C+Worberg%2C+A.%2C+Porembski%2C+S.%2C+and+Barthlott%2C+W.&amp;rft.au=Greilhuber%2C+J.%2C+Borsch%2C+T.%2C+M%C3%BCller%2C+K.%2C+Worberg%2C+A.%2C+Porembski%2C+S.%2C+and+Barthlott%2C+W.&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=8&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=770%E2%80%93777&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1055%2Fs-2006-924101&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17203433&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-16"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> Daniel Lang, Andreas D. Zimmer, Stefan A. Rensing, <a title="Ralf Reski" href="/wiki/Ralf_Reski"><font color="#0645ad">Ralf Reski</font></a>(2008): Exploring plant <a title="Biodiversity" href="/wiki/Biodiversity"><font color="#0645ad">biodiversity</font></a>: the Physcomitrella genome and beyond. Trends in Plant Science 13, 542-549. <a class="external autonumber" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cell.com/trends/plant-science/abstract/S1360-1385(08)00204-5"><font color="#3366bb">[1]</font></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-17"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.yeastgenome.org/"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.yeastgenome.org/</font></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-18"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">The <em>C. elegans</em> Sequencing Consortium (1998). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/282/5396/2012"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Genome sequence of the nematode <em>C. elegans</em>: a platform for investigating biology&quot;</font></a>. <em><a title="Science (journal)" href="/wiki/Science_(journal)"><font color="#0645ad">Science</font></a></em> <strong>282</strong> (5396): 2012&ndash;2018. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.282.5396.2012"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.282.5396.2012</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9851916"><font color="#3366bb">9851916</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/282/5396/2012"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/282/5396/2012</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+sequence+of+the+nematode+%27%27C.+elegans%27%27%3A+a+platform+for+investigating+biology&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BScience+%28journal%29%7CScience%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=The+%27%27C.+elegans%27%27+Sequencing+Consortium&amp;rft.au=The+%27%27C.+elegans%27%27+Sequencing+Consortium&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.volume=282&amp;rft.issue=5396&amp;rft.pages=2012%E2%80%932018&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.282.5396.2012&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/9851916&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F282%2F5396%2F2012&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-19"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomesize.com/statistics.php?stats=entire#stats_top"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Gregory, T.R. (2005). Animal Genome Size Database. http://www.genomesize.com.&quot;</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomesize.com/statistics.php?stats=entire#stats_top"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.genomesize.com/statistics.php?stats=entire#stats_top</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Gregory%2C+T.R.+%282005%29.+Animal+Genome+Size+Database.+http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genomesize.com.&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genomesize.com%2Fstatistics.php%3Fstats%3Dentire%23stats_top&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adams_2000-20"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Adams_2000_20-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Adams MD, Celniker SE, Holt RA, <em>et al.</em> (2000). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/287/5461/2185"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;The genome sequence of <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em>&quot;</font></a>. <em>Science</em> <strong>287</strong> (5461): 2185&ndash;95. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.287.5461.2185"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.287.5461.2185</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10731132"><font color="#3366bb">10731132</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/287/5461/2185"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/287/5461/2185</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-05-25</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+genome+sequence+of+%27%27Drosophila+melanogaster%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Adams+MD%2C+Celniker+SE%2C+Holt+RA%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Adams+MD%2C+Celniker+SE%2C+Holt+RA%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.volume=287&amp;rft.issue=5461&amp;rft.pages=2185%E2%80%9395&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.287.5461.2185&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/10731132&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F287%2F5461%2F2185&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-21"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Glass JI, Assad-Garcia N, Alperovich N, Yooseph S, Lewis MR, Maruf M, Hutchison CA 3rd, Smith HO, Venter JC (2006). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1324956"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Essential genes of a minimal bacterium.&quot;</font></a>. <em>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</em> <strong>103</strong> (2): 425&ndash;30. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0510013103"><font color="#3366bb">10.1073/pnas.0510013103</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16407165"><font color="#3366bb">16407165</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Essential+genes+of+a+minimal+bacterium.&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+USA&amp;rft.aulast=Glass+JI%2C+Assad-Garcia+N%2C+Alperovich+N%2C+Yooseph+S%2C+Lewis+MR%2C+Maruf+M%2C+Hutchison+CA+3rd%2C+Smith+HO%2C+Venter+JC&amp;rft.au=Glass+JI%2C+Assad-Garcia+N%2C+Alperovich+N%2C+Yooseph+S%2C+Lewis+MR%2C+Maruf+M%2C+Hutchison+CA+3rd%2C+Smith+HO%2C+Venter+JC&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=103&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=425%E2%80%9330&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.0510013103&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16407165&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-22"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Forster AC, Church GM (2006). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1681520"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Towards synthesis of a minimal cell&quot;</font></a>. <em>Mol Syst Biol.</em> <strong>2:45</strong>: 45. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fmsb4100090"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/msb4100090</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16924266"><font color="#3366bb">16924266</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Towards+synthesis+of+a+minimal+cell&amp;rft.jtitle=Mol+Syst+Biol.&amp;rft.aulast=Forster+AC%2C+Church+GM&amp;rft.au=Forster+AC%2C+Church+GM&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=2%3A45&amp;rft.pages=45&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fmsb4100090&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16924266&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> </ol> </div> <h2><span id="Further_reading" class="mw-headline">Further reading</span></h2> <ul> <li><span class="citation book">Benfey, P.; Protopapas, A.D. (2004). <em>Essentials of Genomics</em>. Prentice Hall.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Essentials+of+Genomics&amp;rft.aulast=Benfey&amp;rft.aufirst=P.&amp;rft.au=Benfey%2C%26%2332%3BP.&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li><span class="citation book">Brown, Terence A. (2002). <em>Genomes 2</em>. Oxford: Bios Scientific Publishers. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/978-1859960295" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1859960295"><font color="#0645ad">978-1859960295</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Genomes+2&amp;rft.aulast=Brown&amp;rft.aufirst=Terence+A.&amp;rft.au=Brown%2C%26%2332%3BTerence+A.&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Bios+Scientific+Publishers&amp;rft.isbn=978-1859960295&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li><span class="citation book">Gibson, Greg; Muse, Spencer V. (2004). <em>A Primer of Genome Science</em> (Second ed.). Sunderland, Mass: Sinauer Assoc. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/0-87893-234-8" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87893-234-8"><font color="#0645ad">0-87893-234-8</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+Primer+of+Genome+Science&amp;rft.aulast=Gibson&amp;rft.aufirst=Greg&amp;rft.au=Gibson%2C%26%2332%3BGreg&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.edition=Second&amp;rft.place=Sunderland%2C+Mass&amp;rft.pub=Sinauer+Assoc&amp;rft.isbn=0-87893-234-8&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li><span class="citation book">Gregory, T. Ryan (ed) (2005). <em><a title="The Evolution of the Genome" href="/wiki/The_Evolution_of_the_Genome"><font color="#0645ad">The Evolution of the Genome</font></a></em>. Elsevier. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/0-12-301463-8" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-301463-8"><font color="#0645ad">0-12-301463-8</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=%5B%5BThe+Evolution+of+the+Genome%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Gregory&amp;rft.aufirst=T.+Ryan+%28ed%29&amp;rft.au=Gregory%2C%26%2332%3BT.+Ryan+%28ed%29&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.pub=Elsevier&amp;rft.isbn=0-12-301463-8&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li><span class="citation book">Reece, Richard J. (2004). <em>Analysis of Genes and Genomes</em>. Chichester: John Wiley &amp; Sons. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/0-470-84379-9" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-470-84379-9"><font color="#0645ad">0-470-84379-9</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Analysis+of+Genes+and+Genomes&amp;rft.aulast=Reece&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&amp;rft.au=Reece%2C%26%2332%3BRichard+J.&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.place=Chichester&amp;rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&amp;rft.isbn=0-470-84379-9&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li><span class="citation book">Saccone, Cecilia; Pesole, Graziano (2003). <em>Handbook of Comparative Genomics</em>. Chichester: John Wiley &amp; Sons. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/0-471-39128-X" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-39128-X"><font color="#0645ad">0-471-39128-X</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Comparative+Genomics&amp;rft.aulast=Saccone&amp;rft.aufirst=Cecilia&amp;rft.au=Saccone%2C%26%2332%3BCecilia&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.place=Chichester&amp;rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&amp;rft.isbn=0-471-39128-X&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li><span class="citation Journal">Werner, E. (2003). &quot;In silico multicellular systems biology and minimal genomes&quot;. <em>Drug Discov Today</em> <strong>8</strong> (24): 1121&ndash;1127. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS1359-6446%2803%2902918-0"><font color="#3366bb">10.1016/S1359-6446(03)02918-0</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14678738"><font color="#3366bb">14678738</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=In+silico+multicellular+systems+biology+and+minimal+genomes&amp;rft.jtitle=Drug+Discov+Today&amp;rft.aulast=Werner&amp;rft.aufirst=E.&amp;rft.au=Werner%2C%26%2332%3BE.&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=8&amp;rft.issue=24&amp;rft.pages=1121%E2%80%931127&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2FS1359-6446%2803%2902918-0&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/14678738&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> </ul> <h2><span id="External_links" class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><font color="#3366bb">[http://genomics.org Genomics.org]</font> </li> <li>[http://omics.org Omics.org] </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/dna/builddna/"><font color="#3366bb">Build a DNA Molecule</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/articles/02_01/Sizing_genomes.shtml"><font color="#3366bb">Some comparative genome sizes</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.dnai.org/"><font color="#3366bb">DNA Interactive: The History of DNA Science</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.dnaftb.org/"><font color="#3366bb">DNA From The Beginning</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.gov/10001772"><font color="#3366bb">All About The Human Genome Project from Genome.gov</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomesize.com/"><font color="#3366bb">Animal genome size database</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.rbgkew.org.uk/cval/homepage.html"><font color="#3366bb">Plant genome size database</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomesonline.org/"><font color="#3366bb">GOLD:Genomes OnLine Database</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/"><font color="#3366bb">The Genome News Network</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=genomeprj"><font color="#3366bb">NCBI Entrez Genome Project database</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/primer/genetics_genome.html"><font color="#3366bb">NCBI Genome Primer</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4994088.stm"><font color="#3366bb">BBC News - Final genome 'chapter' published</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.crops.org/genome/"><font color="#3366bb">The Plant Genome</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://img.jgi.doe.gov/"><font color="#3366bb">IMG</font></a> The Integrated Microbial Genomes system, for genome analysis by the DOE-JGI. </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://camera.calit2.net/index.php/"><font color="#3366bb">CAMERA</font></a> Cyberinfrastructure for Metagenomics, data repository and bioinformatics tools for metagenomic research </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genecards.org/"><font color="#3366bb">GeneCards</font></a> an integrated database of human genes. </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://genome.igib.res.in/"><font color="#3366bb">Genome@IGIB</font></a> Resources and News on the Zebrafish Genome Project @ IGIB. </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.geknome.com"><font color="#3366bb">GeKnome Technologies Next-Gen Sequencing Data Analysis</font></a> Next-Gen Sequencing Data Analysis for <a title="Illumina" href="/wiki/Illumina"><font color="#0645ad">Illumina</font></a> and <a title="454" href="/wiki/454"><font color="#0645ad">454</font></a> Service from GeKnome Technologies. </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://ascb.org/ibioseminars/brenner/brenner1.cfm"><font color="#3366bb">What Genomes Can Tell Us About the Past</font></a> - lecture by <a title="Sydney Brenner" href="/wiki/Sydney_Brenner"><font color="#0645ad">Sydney Brenner</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.imame.org/form/genome--mid80-frz.htm"><font color="#3366bb">Genome metaphor, reflecting from formal-net hierarchies, and software binaries</font></a>. </li> </ul> 6671f604ee72d5571791d7459efab0a3f292809d 3120 2010-10-06T21:34:30Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font color="#000000"><font size="3">The&nbsp;<strong>genome</strong> is the entire&nbsp;set of sequences in an organism that&nbsp;encodes information for survival and the&nbsp;continuation of the species it belongs to. </font></font></p> <p><font color="#000000"><font size="3">The main function of genome is information storage and processing to form an entity that utilizes energy to keep processing signals to interact with other genomes in the whole eco-system.</font><br /> <br /> <font size="3">The genome is universal in the universe and aliens living other planets also have genomes. </font></font></p> <p><font color="#000000"><font size="3">The information is usually stored&nbsp;in DNA or RNA in the organisms found on Earth.<br /> <br /> The genome is often classified&nbsp;into the protein coding genes and the non-coding sequences of the DNA historically.<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><font size="3"><span>[</span>1</font><span><font size="3">]</font><br /> </span></font></sup></font></font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: large"><font color="#000000">The essence of genome</font></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><font color="#000000"><font size="3">The essence of genomes is that it is the foundation of spontaneous information processing network that can utilizes energy in time axis. The genome is a kind of linearly expressed language system.</font></font><font color="#000000"><font size="3"><br /> <br /> </font></font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: large"><span id="Origin_of_Term" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Origin of Term</font></span></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">The term was adapted in 1920 by [[Hans Winkler]], Professor of Botany at the University of Hamburg, Germany. In Greek, the word <em>genome</em> (&gamma;ί&nu;&omicron;&mu;&alpha;&iota;) means I become, I am born, to come into being. </font></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">The Oxford English Dictionary suggests the name to be a blend of the words <em><strong>gen</strong>e</em> and <em>chromos<strong>ome</strong></em>. A few related <em>-ome</em> words already existed, such as <em>biome</em> and <em>rhizome</em>, forming a vocabulary into which <em>genome</em> fits systematically.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference">[2]</sup></font></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: large"><span id="Overview" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Overview</font></span></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">Some organisms have multiple copies of chromosomes, diploid, triploid, tetraploid and so on. In classical genetics, in a sexually reproducing organism (typically eukarya) the gamete has half of the number of chromosome of the somatic cell and the genome is a full set of chromosomes in a gamete. In haploid organisms, including cells of bacteria, archaea, and in organelles including mitochondria and chloroplasts, or viruses, that similarly contain genes, the single or set of circular and/or linear chains of DNA (or RNA for some viruses), likewise constitute the <em>genome</em>. The term genome can be applied specifically to mean that stored on a complete set of <em>nuclear DNA</em> (i.e., the &quot;nuclear genome&quot;) but can also be applied to that stored within organelles that contain their own DNA, as with the &quot;mitochondrial genome&quot; or the &quot;chloroplast genome&quot;. Additionally, the genome can comprise nonchromosomal genetic elements such as viruses, plasmids, and transposable elements<sup id="cite_ref-Brock_2-0" class="reference">[3]</sup>. When people say that the genome of a sexually reproducing species has been &quot;sequenced&quot;, typically they are referring to a determination of the sequences of one set of autosomes and one of each type of sex chromosome, which together represent both of the possible sexes. Even in species that exist in only one sex, what is described as &quot;a genome sequence&quot; may be a composite read from the chromosomes of various individuals. In general use, the phrase &quot;genetic makeup&quot; is sometimes used conversationally to mean the genome of a particular individual or organism. The study of the global properties of genomes of related organisms is usually referred to as genomics, which distinguishes it from genetics which generally studies the properties of single genes or groups of genes.</font></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">Both the number of base pairs and the number of genes vary widely from one species to another, and there is only a rough correlation between the two (an observation known as the C-value paradox). At present, the highest known number of genes is around 60,000, for the protozoan causing trichomoniasis (see List of sequenced eukaryotic genomes), almost three times as many as in the human genome.</font></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">An analogy to the human genome stored on DNA is that of instructions stored in a library:</font></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">The library would contain 46 books (chromosomes)</font> </span></li> <li><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">The books range in size from 400 to 3340 pages (genes)</font> </span></li> <li><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">which is 48 to 250 million letters (A,C,G,T) per book.</font> </span></li> <li><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">Hence the library contains over six billion letters total;</font> </span></li> <li><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">The library fits into a cell nucleus the size of a pinpoint;</font> </span></li> <li><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">A copy of the library (all 46 books) is contained in almost every cell of our body.</font> </span></li> </ul> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: large"><span id="Types" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Types</font></span></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">Most biological entities that are more complex than a virus sometimes or always carry additional genetic material besides that which resides in their chromosomes. In some contexts, such as sequencing the genome of a pathogenic microbe, &quot;genome&quot; is meant to include information stored on this auxiliary material, which is carried in plasmids. In such circumstances then, &quot;genome&quot; describes all of the genes and information on non-coding DNA that have the potential to be present.</font></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">In eukaryotes such as plants, protozoa and animals, however, &quot;genome&quot; carries the typical connotation of only information on chromosomal DNA. So although these organisms contain chloroplasts and/or mitochondria that have their own DNA, the genetic information contained by DNA within these organelles is not considered part of the genome. In fact, mitochondria are sometimes said to have their own genome often referred to as the &quot;mitochondrial genome&quot;. The DNA found within the chloroplast may be referred to as the &quot;plastome&quot;.</font></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: large"><span id="Genomes_and_genetic_variation" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Genomes and genetic variation</font></span></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">Note that a genome does not capture the genetic diversity or the genetic polymorphism of a species. For example, the human genome sequence in principle could be determined from just half the information on the DNA of one cell from one individual. To learn what variations in genetic information underlie particular traits or diseases requires comparisons across individuals. This point explains the common usage of &quot;genome&quot; (which parallels a common usage of &quot;gene&quot;) to refer not to the information in any particular DNA sequence, but to a whole family of sequences that share a biological context.</font></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">Although this concept may seem counter intuitive, it is the same concept that says there is no particular shape that is the shape of a cheetah. Cheetahs vary, and so do the sequences of their genomes. Yet both the individual animals and their sequences share commonalities, so one can learn something about cheetahs and &quot;cheetah-ness&quot; from a single example of either.</font></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: large"><span id="Sequencing_and_mapping" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Sequencing and mapping</font></span></span></p> <div class="rellink boilerplate seealso"><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">For more details on this topic, see Genome project.</font></span></div> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">The Human Genome Project was organized to map and to sequence the human genome. Other genome projects include mouse, rice, the plant <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em>, the puffer fish, bacteria like E. coli, etc. In 1976, Walter Fiers at the University of Ghent (Belgium) was the first to establish the complete nucleotide sequence of a viral RNA-genome (bacteriophage MS2). The first DNA-genome project to be completed was the Phage &Phi;-X174, with only 5386 base pairs, which was sequenced by Fred Sanger in 1977 . The first bacterial genome to be completed was that of Haemophilus influenzae, completed by a team at The Institute for Genomic Research in 1995.</font></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">The development of new technologies has dramatically decreased the difficulty and cost of sequencing, and the number of complete genome sequences is rising rapidly. Among many genome database sites, the one maintained by the US National Institutes of Health is inclusive.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference">[4]</sup></font></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">These new technologies open up the prospect of personal genome sequencing as an important diagnostic tool. A major step toward that goal was the May 2007 <em>New York Times</em> announcement that the full genome of DNA pioneer James D. Watson was deciphered.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference">[5]</sup></font></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">Whereas a genome sequence lists the order of every DNA base in a genome, a genome map identifies the landmarks. A genome map is less detailed than a genome sequence and aids in navigating around the genome.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference">[6]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference">[7]</sup></font></span></p> <h2><span id="Comparison_of_different_genome_sizes" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Comparison of different genome sizes</font></span></h2> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle"><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">Main article: Genome size</font></span></div> <p> <table id="sortable_table_id_0" class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody> <tr> <th><font color="#000000">Organism type<span class="sortarrow"><img alt="↓" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></font></th> <th><font color="#000000">Organism<span class="sortarrow"><img alt="↓" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></font></th> <th><font color="#000000">Genome size (base pairs)<span class="sortarrow"><img alt="↓" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></font></th> <th><font color="#000000">mass - in pg<span class="sortarrow"><img alt="↓" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></font></th> <th><font color="#000000">Note<span class="sortarrow"><img alt="↓" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></font></th> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Virus</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Bacteriophage MS2</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">3,569</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">0.000002</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">First sequenced RNA-genome<sup id="cite_ref-Fiers1976_7-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Virus</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">SV40</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">5,224</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Fiers1978_8-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#000000"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></font></font></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Virus</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Phage &Phi;-X174</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">5,386</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">First sequenced DNA-genome<sup id="cite_ref-Sanger1977_9-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Virus</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">HIV</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">9749<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Virus</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Phage &lambda;</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">48,502</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Virus</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Mimivirus</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">1,181,404</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">Largest known viral genome</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Bacterium</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Haemophilus influenzae</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">1,830,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">First genome of living organism, July 1995<sup id="cite_ref-Fleichmann_1995_11-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Bacterium</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Carsonella ruddii</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">159,662</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">Smallest non-viral genome.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Bacterium</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Buchnera aphidicola</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">600,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Bacterium</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Wigglesworthia glossinidia</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">700,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Bacterium</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Escherichia coli</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">4,600,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#000000"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></font></font></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Bacterium</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"><em>Solibacter usitatus</em> (strain Ellin 6076)</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">9,970,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">Largest known Bacterial genome</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Amoeboid</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"><em>Polychaos dubium</em> (<em>&quot;Amoeba&quot; dubia</em>)</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">670,000,000,000</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">737</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Largest known genome.<sup id="cite_ref-Parfrey2008_14-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Plant</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Arabidopsis thaliana</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">157,000,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">First plant genome sequenced, December 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-Greilhuber_15-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Plant</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Genlisea margaretae</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">63,400,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">Smallest recorded flowering plant genome, 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-Greilhuber_15-1" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Plant</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Fritillaria assyrica</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">130,000,000,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Plant</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Populus trichocarpa</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">480,000,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">First tree genome, September 2006</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Moss</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Physcomitrella patens</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">480,000,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">First genome of a bryophyte, January 2008 <sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Yeast</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">12,100,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#000000"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></font></font></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Fungus</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Aspergillus nidulans</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">30,000,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Nematode</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Caenorhabditis elegans</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">100,300,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">First multicellular animal genome, December 1998<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Nematode</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Pratylenchus coffeae</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">20,000,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">Smallest animal genome known<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Insect</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"><em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> (fruit fly)</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">130,000,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Adams_2000_20-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#000000"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></font></font></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Insect</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"><em>Bombyx mori</em> (silk moth)</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">530,000,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Insect</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"><em>Apis mellifera</em> (honey bee)</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">236,000,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Fish</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"><em>Tetraodon nigroviridis</em> (type of puffer fish)</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">385,000,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">Smallest vertebrate genome known</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Mammal</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Homo sapiens</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">3,200,000,000</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">3</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Fish</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"><em>Protopterus aethiopicus</em> (marbled lungfish)</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">130,000,000,000</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">143</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Largest vertebrate genome known</font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000"><em>Note:</em> The DNA from a single (diploid) human cell if the 46 chromosomes were connected end-to-end and straightened, would have a length of ~2 m and a width of ~2.4 nanometers.</font></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">Since genomes and their organisms are very complex, one research strategy is to reduce the number of genes in a genome to the bare minimum and still have the organism in question survive. There is experimental work being done on minimal genomes for single cell organisms as well as minimal genomes for multicellular organisms (see Developmental biology). The work is both <em>in vivo</em> and <em>in silico</em>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference">[22]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference">[23]</sup></font></span></p> <h2><span id="Genome_evolution" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Genome evolution</font></span></h2> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">Genomes are more than the sum of an organism's genes and have traits that may be measured and studied without reference to the details of any particular genes and their products. Researchers compare traits such as <em>chromosome number</em> (karyotype), genome size, gene order, codon usage bias, and GC-content to determine what mechanisms could have produced the great variety of genomes that exist today (for recent overviews, see Brown 2002; Saccone and Pesole 2003; Benfey and Protopapas 2004; Gibson and Muse 2004; Reese 2004; Gregory 2005).</font></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">Duplications play a major role in shaping the genome. Duplications may range from extension of short tandem repeats, to duplication of a cluster of genes, and all the way to duplications of entire chromosomes or even entire genomes. Such duplications are probably fundamental to the creation of genetic novelty.</font></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">Horizontal gene transfer is invoked to explain how there is often extreme similarity between small portions of the genomes of two organisms that are otherwise very distantly related. Horizontal gene transfer seems to be common among many microbes. Also, eukaryotic cells seem to have experienced a transfer of some genetic material from their chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes to their nuclear chromosomes.</font></span></p> <h2><span id="References" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">References</font></span></h2> <div style="column-count: 2; -moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2" class="references-small references-column-count references-column-count-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-0"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> Ridley, M. (2006). <em>Genome</em>. New York, NY: Harper Perennial. <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0060194979"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN 0-06-019497-9</font></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-1"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-1"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Joshua Lederberg and Alexa T. McCray (2001). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://lhncbc.nlm.nih.gov/lhc/docs/published/2001/pub2001047.pdf"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;'Ome Sweet 'Omics -- A Genealogical Treasury of Words&quot;</font></a>. <em>The Scientist</em> <strong>15</strong> (7)<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://lhncbc.nlm.nih.gov/lhc/docs/published/2001/pub2001047.pdf"><font color="#3366bb">http://lhncbc.nlm.nih.gov/lhc/docs/published/2001/pub2001047.pdf</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=%27Ome+Sweet+%27Omics+--+A+Genealogical+Treasury+of+Words&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Scientist&amp;rft.aulast=Joshua+Lederberg+and+Alexa+T.+McCray&amp;rft.au=Joshua+Lederberg+and+Alexa+T.+McCray&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.volume=15&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flhncbc.nlm.nih.gov%2Flhc%2Fdocs%2Fpublished%2F2001%2Fpub2001047.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brock-2"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Brock_2-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation book">Madigan M, Martinko J (editors) (2006). <em>Brock Biology of Microorganisms</em> (11th ed.). Prentice Hall. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/0-13-144329-1" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-144329-1"><font color="#0645ad">0-13-144329-1</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Brock+Biology+of+Microorganisms&amp;rft.aulast=Madigan+M%2C+Martinko+J+%28editors%29&amp;rft.au=Madigan+M%2C+Martinko+J+%28editors%29&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.edition=11th&amp;rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&amp;rft.isbn=0-13-144329-1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-3"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=Genome&amp;itool=toolbar"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=Genome&amp;itool=toolbar</font></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-4"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation news">Wade, Nicholas (2007-05-31). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/31/science/31cnd-gene.html?em&amp;ex=1180843200&amp;en=19e1d55639350b73&amp;ei=5087%0A"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Genome of DNA Pioneer Is Deciphered&quot;</font></a>. <em>The New York Times</em><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/31/science/31cnd-gene.html?em&amp;ex=1180843200&amp;en=19e1d55639350b73&amp;ei=5087%0A"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/31/science/31cnd-gene.html?em&amp;ex=1180843200&amp;en=19e1d55639350b73&amp;ei=5087%0A</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-04-02</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+of+DNA+Pioneer+Is+Deciphered&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.aulast=Wade&amp;rft.aufirst=Nicholas&amp;rft.au=Wade%2C%26%2332%3BNicholas&amp;rft.date=2007-05-31&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F05%2F31%2Fscience%2F31cnd-gene.html%3Fem%26ex%3D1180843200%26en%3D19e1d55639350b73%26ei%3D5087%250A&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-5"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/whats_a_genome/Chp3_1.shtml"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/whats_a_genome/Chp3_1.shtml</font></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-6"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/primer/mapping.html"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/primer/mapping.html</font></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fiers1976-7"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Fiers1976_7-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Fiers W, <em>et al.</em> (1976). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v260/n5551/abs/260500a0.html"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA - primary and secondary structure of replicase gene&quot;</font></a>. <em>Nature</em> <strong>260</strong> (5551): 500&ndash;507. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F260500a0"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/260500a0</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1264203"><font color="#3366bb">1264203</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v260/n5551/abs/260500a0.html"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v260/n5551/abs/260500a0.html</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+nucleotide-sequence+of+bacteriophage+MS2-RNA+-+primary+and+secondary+structure+of+replicase+gene&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Fiers+W%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Fiers+W%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=1976&amp;rft.volume=260&amp;rft.issue=5551&amp;rft.pages=500%E2%80%93507&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F260500a0&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/1264203&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv260%2Fn5551%2Fabs%2F260500a0.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fiers1978-8"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Fiers1978_8-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Fiers W, Contreras R, Haegemann G, Rogiers R, Van de Voorde A, Van Heuverswyn H, Van Herreweghe J, Volckaert G, Ysebaert M (1978). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v273/n5658/abs/273113a0.html"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Complete nucleotide sequence of SV40 DNA&quot;</font></a>. <em>Nature</em> <strong>273</strong> (5658): 113&ndash;120. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F273113a0"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/273113a0</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/205802"><font color="#3366bb">205802</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v273/n5658/abs/273113a0.html"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v273/n5658/abs/273113a0.html</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+nucleotide+sequence+of+SV40+DNA&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Fiers+W%2C+Contreras+R%2C+Haegemann+G%2C+Rogiers+R%2C+Van+de+Voorde+A%2C+Van+Heuverswyn+H%2C+Van+Herreweghe+J%2C+Volckaert+G%2C+Ysebaert+M&amp;rft.au=Fiers+W%2C+Contreras+R%2C+Haegemann+G%2C+Rogiers+R%2C+Van+de+Voorde+A%2C+Van+Heuverswyn+H%2C+Van+Herreweghe+J%2C+Volckaert+G%2C+Ysebaert+M&amp;rft.date=1978&amp;rft.volume=273&amp;rft.issue=5658&amp;rft.pages=113%E2%80%93120&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F273113a0&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/205802&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv273%2Fn5658%2Fabs%2F273113a0.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sanger1977-9"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Sanger1977_9-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Sanger F, Air GM, Barrell BG, Brown NL, Coulson AR, Fiddes CA, Hutchison CA, Slocombe PM, Smith M (1977). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v265/n5596/abs/265687a0.html"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA&quot;</font></a>. <em>Nature</em> <strong>265</strong> (5596): 687&ndash;695. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F265687a0"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/265687a0</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/870828"><font color="#3366bb">870828</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v265/n5596/abs/265687a0.html"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v265/n5596/abs/265687a0.html</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Nucleotide+sequence+of+bacteriophage+phi+X174+DNA&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Sanger+F%2C+Air+GM%2C+Barrell+BG%2C+Brown+NL%2C+Coulson+AR%2C+Fiddes+CA%2C+Hutchison+CA%2C+Slocombe+PM%2C+Smith+M&amp;rft.au=Sanger+F%2C+Air+GM%2C+Barrell+BG%2C+Brown+NL%2C+Coulson+AR%2C+Fiddes+CA%2C+Hutchison+CA%2C+Slocombe+PM%2C+Smith+M&amp;rft.date=1977&amp;rft.volume=265&amp;rft.issue=5596&amp;rft.pages=687%E2%80%93695&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F265687a0&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/870828&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv265%2Fn5596%2Fabs%2F265687a0.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-10"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/lecture/hiv9.htm"><font color="#3366bb">VIROLOGY - HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS AND AIDS, STRUCTURE: The Genome AND PROTEINS of HIV</font></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fleichmann_1995-11"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Fleichmann_1995_11-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Fleischmann R, Adams M, White O, Clayton R, Kirkness E, Kerlavage A, Bult C, Tomb J, Dougherty B, Merrick J (1995). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/269/5223/496"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Whole-genome random sequencing and assembly of Haemophilus influenzae Rd&quot;</font></a>. <em>Science</em> <strong>269</strong> (5223): 496&ndash;512. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.7542800"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.7542800</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7542800"><font color="#3366bb">7542800</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/269/5223/496"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/269/5223/496</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Whole-genome+random+sequencing+and+assembly+of+Haemophilus+influenzae+Rd&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Fleischmann+R%2C+Adams+M%2C+White+O%2C+Clayton+R%2C+Kirkness+E%2C+Kerlavage+A%2C+Bult+C%2C+Tomb+J%2C+Dougherty+B%2C+Merrick+J&amp;rft.au=Fleischmann+R%2C+Adams+M%2C+White+O%2C+Clayton+R%2C+Kirkness+E%2C+Kerlavage+A%2C+Bult+C%2C+Tomb+J%2C+Dougherty+B%2C+Merrick+J&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.volume=269&amp;rft.issue=5223&amp;rft.pages=496%E2%80%93512&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.7542800&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/7542800&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F269%2F5223%2F496&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-12"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Nakabachi A, Yamashita A, Toh H, <em>et al.</em> (October 2006). &quot;The 160-kilobase genome of the bacterial endosymbiont Carsonella&quot;. <em>Science (journal)</em> <strong>314</strong> (5797): 267. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1134196"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.1134196</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17038615"><font color="#3366bb">17038615</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+160-kilobase+genome+of+the+bacterial+endosymbiont+Carsonella&amp;rft.jtitle=Science+%28journal%29&amp;rft.aulast=Nakabachi+A%2C+Yamashita+A%2C+Toh+H%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Nakabachi+A%2C+Yamashita+A%2C+Toh+H%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=October+2006&amp;rft.volume=314&amp;rft.issue=5797&amp;rft.pages=267&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.1134196&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17038615&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-13"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Frederick R. Blattner, Guy Plunkett III, et al. (1997). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/277/5331/1453"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;The Complete Genome Sequence of Escherichia coli K-12&quot;</font></a>. <em>Science</em> <strong>277</strong> (5331): 1453&ndash;1462. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.277.5331.1453"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.277.5331.1453</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9278503"><font color="#3366bb">9278503</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/277/5331/1453"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/277/5331/1453</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+Complete+Genome+Sequence+of+Escherichia+coli+K-12&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Frederick+R.+Blattner%2C+Guy+Plunkett+III%2C+et+al.&amp;rft.au=Frederick+R.+Blattner%2C+Guy+Plunkett+III%2C+et+al.&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.volume=277&amp;rft.issue=5331&amp;rft.pages=1453%E2%80%931462&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.277.5331.1453&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/9278503&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F277%2F5331%2F1453&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parfrey2008-14"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Parfrey2008_14-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Parfrey, L.W.; Lahr, D.J.G.; Katz, L.A. (2008). &quot;The Dynamic Nature of Eukaryotic Genomes&quot;. <em>Molecular Biology and Evolution</em> <strong>25</strong> (4): 787. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsn032"><font color="#3366bb">10.1093/molbev/msn032</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18258610"><font color="#3366bb">18258610</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+Dynamic+Nature+of+Eukaryotic+Genomes&amp;rft.jtitle=Molecular+Biology+and+Evolution&amp;rft.aulast=Parfrey%2C+L.W.&amp;rft.au=Parfrey%2C+L.W.&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=25&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=787&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsn032&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18258610&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greilhuber-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greilhuber_15-0">^{<em><strong><font color="#0645ad" size="2">a</font></strong></em>}</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greilhuber_15-1">^{<em><strong><font color="#0645ad" size="2">b</font></strong></em>}</a> <span class="citation Journal">Greilhuber, J., Borsch, T., M&uuml;ller, K., Worberg, A., Porembski, S., and Barthlott, W. (2006). &quot;Smallest angiosperm genomes found in Lentibulariaceae, with chromosomes of bacterial size&quot;. <em>Plant Biology</em> <strong>8</strong> (6): 770&ndash;777. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1055%2Fs-2006-924101"><font color="#3366bb">10.1055/s-2006-924101</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17203433"><font color="#3366bb">17203433</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Smallest+angiosperm+genomes+found+in+Lentibulariaceae%2C+with+chromosomes+of+bacterial+size&amp;rft.jtitle=Plant+Biology&amp;rft.aulast=Greilhuber%2C+J.%2C+Borsch%2C+T.%2C+M%C3%BCller%2C+K.%2C+Worberg%2C+A.%2C+Porembski%2C+S.%2C+and+Barthlott%2C+W.&amp;rft.au=Greilhuber%2C+J.%2C+Borsch%2C+T.%2C+M%C3%BCller%2C+K.%2C+Worberg%2C+A.%2C+Porembski%2C+S.%2C+and+Barthlott%2C+W.&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=8&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=770%E2%80%93777&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1055%2Fs-2006-924101&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17203433&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-16"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> Daniel Lang, Andreas D. Zimmer, Stefan A. Rensing, <a title="Ralf Reski" href="/wiki/Ralf_Reski"><font color="#0645ad">Ralf Reski</font></a>(2008): Exploring plant <a title="Biodiversity" href="/wiki/Biodiversity"><font color="#0645ad">biodiversity</font></a>: the Physcomitrella genome and beyond. Trends in Plant Science 13, 542-549. <a class="external autonumber" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cell.com/trends/plant-science/abstract/S1360-1385(08)00204-5"><font color="#3366bb">[1]</font></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-17"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.yeastgenome.org/"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.yeastgenome.org/</font></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-18"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">The <em>C. elegans</em> Sequencing Consortium (1998). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/282/5396/2012"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Genome sequence of the nematode <em>C. elegans</em>: a platform for investigating biology&quot;</font></a>. <em><a title="Science (journal)" href="/wiki/Science_(journal)"><font color="#0645ad">Science</font></a></em> <strong>282</strong> (5396): 2012&ndash;2018. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.282.5396.2012"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.282.5396.2012</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9851916"><font color="#3366bb">9851916</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/282/5396/2012"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/282/5396/2012</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+sequence+of+the+nematode+%27%27C.+elegans%27%27%3A+a+platform+for+investigating+biology&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BScience+%28journal%29%7CScience%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=The+%27%27C.+elegans%27%27+Sequencing+Consortium&amp;rft.au=The+%27%27C.+elegans%27%27+Sequencing+Consortium&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.volume=282&amp;rft.issue=5396&amp;rft.pages=2012%E2%80%932018&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.282.5396.2012&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/9851916&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F282%2F5396%2F2012&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-19"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomesize.com/statistics.php?stats=entire#stats_top"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Gregory, T.R. (2005). Animal Genome Size Database. http://www.genomesize.com.&quot;</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomesize.com/statistics.php?stats=entire#stats_top"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.genomesize.com/statistics.php?stats=entire#stats_top</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Gregory%2C+T.R.+%282005%29.+Animal+Genome+Size+Database.+http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genomesize.com.&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genomesize.com%2Fstatistics.php%3Fstats%3Dentire%23stats_top&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adams_2000-20"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Adams_2000_20-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Adams MD, Celniker SE, Holt RA, <em>et al.</em> (2000). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/287/5461/2185"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;The genome sequence of <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em>&quot;</font></a>. <em>Science</em> <strong>287</strong> (5461): 2185&ndash;95. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.287.5461.2185"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.287.5461.2185</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10731132"><font color="#3366bb">10731132</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/287/5461/2185"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/287/5461/2185</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-05-25</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+genome+sequence+of+%27%27Drosophila+melanogaster%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Adams+MD%2C+Celniker+SE%2C+Holt+RA%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Adams+MD%2C+Celniker+SE%2C+Holt+RA%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.volume=287&amp;rft.issue=5461&amp;rft.pages=2185%E2%80%9395&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.287.5461.2185&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/10731132&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F287%2F5461%2F2185&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-21"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Glass JI, Assad-Garcia N, Alperovich N, Yooseph S, Lewis MR, Maruf M, Hutchison CA 3rd, Smith HO, Venter JC (2006). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1324956"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Essential genes of a minimal bacterium.&quot;</font></a>. <em>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</em> <strong>103</strong> (2): 425&ndash;30. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0510013103"><font color="#3366bb">10.1073/pnas.0510013103</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16407165"><font color="#3366bb">16407165</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Essential+genes+of+a+minimal+bacterium.&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+USA&amp;rft.aulast=Glass+JI%2C+Assad-Garcia+N%2C+Alperovich+N%2C+Yooseph+S%2C+Lewis+MR%2C+Maruf+M%2C+Hutchison+CA+3rd%2C+Smith+HO%2C+Venter+JC&amp;rft.au=Glass+JI%2C+Assad-Garcia+N%2C+Alperovich+N%2C+Yooseph+S%2C+Lewis+MR%2C+Maruf+M%2C+Hutchison+CA+3rd%2C+Smith+HO%2C+Venter+JC&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=103&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=425%E2%80%9330&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.0510013103&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16407165&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-22"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Forster AC, Church GM (2006). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1681520"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Towards synthesis of a minimal cell&quot;</font></a>. <em>Mol Syst Biol.</em> <strong>2:45</strong>: 45. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fmsb4100090"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/msb4100090</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16924266"><font color="#3366bb">16924266</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Towards+synthesis+of+a+minimal+cell&amp;rft.jtitle=Mol+Syst+Biol.&amp;rft.aulast=Forster+AC%2C+Church+GM&amp;rft.au=Forster+AC%2C+Church+GM&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=2%3A45&amp;rft.pages=45&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fmsb4100090&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16924266&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> </ol> </div> <h2><span id="Further_reading" class="mw-headline">Further reading</span></h2> <ul> <li><span class="citation book">Benfey, P.; Protopapas, A.D. (2004). <em>Essentials of Genomics</em>. Prentice Hall.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Essentials+of+Genomics&amp;rft.aulast=Benfey&amp;rft.aufirst=P.&amp;rft.au=Benfey%2C%26%2332%3BP.&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li><span class="citation book">Brown, Terence A. (2002). <em>Genomes 2</em>. Oxford: Bios Scientific Publishers. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/978-1859960295" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1859960295"><font color="#0645ad">978-1859960295</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Genomes+2&amp;rft.aulast=Brown&amp;rft.aufirst=Terence+A.&amp;rft.au=Brown%2C%26%2332%3BTerence+A.&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Bios+Scientific+Publishers&amp;rft.isbn=978-1859960295&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li><span class="citation book">Gibson, Greg; Muse, Spencer V. (2004). <em>A Primer of Genome Science</em> (Second ed.). Sunderland, Mass: Sinauer Assoc. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/0-87893-234-8" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87893-234-8"><font color="#0645ad">0-87893-234-8</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+Primer+of+Genome+Science&amp;rft.aulast=Gibson&amp;rft.aufirst=Greg&amp;rft.au=Gibson%2C%26%2332%3BGreg&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.edition=Second&amp;rft.place=Sunderland%2C+Mass&amp;rft.pub=Sinauer+Assoc&amp;rft.isbn=0-87893-234-8&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li><span class="citation book">Gregory, T. Ryan (ed) (2005). <em><a title="The Evolution of the Genome" href="/wiki/The_Evolution_of_the_Genome"><font color="#0645ad">The Evolution of the Genome</font></a></em>. Elsevier. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/0-12-301463-8" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-301463-8"><font color="#0645ad">0-12-301463-8</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=%5B%5BThe+Evolution+of+the+Genome%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Gregory&amp;rft.aufirst=T.+Ryan+%28ed%29&amp;rft.au=Gregory%2C%26%2332%3BT.+Ryan+%28ed%29&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.pub=Elsevier&amp;rft.isbn=0-12-301463-8&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li><span class="citation book">Reece, Richard J. (2004). <em>Analysis of Genes and Genomes</em>. Chichester: John Wiley &amp; Sons. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/0-470-84379-9" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-470-84379-9"><font color="#0645ad">0-470-84379-9</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Analysis+of+Genes+and+Genomes&amp;rft.aulast=Reece&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&amp;rft.au=Reece%2C%26%2332%3BRichard+J.&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.place=Chichester&amp;rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&amp;rft.isbn=0-470-84379-9&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li><span class="citation book">Saccone, Cecilia; Pesole, Graziano (2003). <em>Handbook of Comparative Genomics</em>. Chichester: John Wiley &amp; Sons. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/0-471-39128-X" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-39128-X"><font color="#0645ad">0-471-39128-X</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Comparative+Genomics&amp;rft.aulast=Saccone&amp;rft.aufirst=Cecilia&amp;rft.au=Saccone%2C%26%2332%3BCecilia&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.place=Chichester&amp;rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&amp;rft.isbn=0-471-39128-X&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li><span class="citation Journal">Werner, E. (2003). &quot;In silico multicellular systems biology and minimal genomes&quot;. <em>Drug Discov Today</em> <strong>8</strong> (24): 1121&ndash;1127. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS1359-6446%2803%2902918-0"><font color="#3366bb">10.1016/S1359-6446(03)02918-0</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14678738"><font color="#3366bb">14678738</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=In+silico+multicellular+systems+biology+and+minimal+genomes&amp;rft.jtitle=Drug+Discov+Today&amp;rft.aulast=Werner&amp;rft.aufirst=E.&amp;rft.au=Werner%2C%26%2332%3BE.&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=8&amp;rft.issue=24&amp;rft.pages=1121%E2%80%931127&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2FS1359-6446%2803%2902918-0&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/14678738&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> </ul> <h2><span id="External_links" class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><font color="#3366bb">[http://genomics.org Genomics.org]</font> </li> <li>[http://omics.org Omics.org] </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/dna/builddna/"><font color="#3366bb">Build a DNA Molecule</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/articles/02_01/Sizing_genomes.shtml"><font color="#3366bb">Some comparative genome sizes</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.dnai.org/"><font color="#3366bb">DNA Interactive: The History of DNA Science</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.dnaftb.org/"><font color="#3366bb">DNA From The Beginning</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.gov/10001772"><font color="#3366bb">All About The Human Genome Project from Genome.gov</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomesize.com/"><font color="#3366bb">Animal genome size database</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.rbgkew.org.uk/cval/homepage.html"><font color="#3366bb">Plant genome size database</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomesonline.org/"><font color="#3366bb">GOLD:Genomes OnLine Database</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/"><font color="#3366bb">The Genome News Network</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=genomeprj"><font color="#3366bb">NCBI Entrez Genome Project database</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/primer/genetics_genome.html"><font color="#3366bb">NCBI Genome Primer</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4994088.stm"><font color="#3366bb">BBC News - Final genome 'chapter' published</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.crops.org/genome/"><font color="#3366bb">The Plant Genome</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://img.jgi.doe.gov/"><font color="#3366bb">IMG</font></a> The Integrated Microbial Genomes system, for genome analysis by the DOE-JGI. </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://camera.calit2.net/index.php/"><font color="#3366bb">CAMERA</font></a> Cyberinfrastructure for Metagenomics, data repository and bioinformatics tools for metagenomic research </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genecards.org/"><font color="#3366bb">GeneCards</font></a> an integrated database of human genes. </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://genome.igib.res.in/"><font color="#3366bb">Genome@IGIB</font></a> Resources and News on the Zebrafish Genome Project @ IGIB. </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.geknome.com"><font color="#3366bb">GeKnome Technologies Next-Gen Sequencing Data Analysis</font></a> Next-Gen Sequencing Data Analysis for <a title="Illumina" href="/wiki/Illumina"><font color="#0645ad">Illumina</font></a> and <a title="454" href="/wiki/454"><font color="#0645ad">454</font></a> Service from GeKnome Technologies. </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://ascb.org/ibioseminars/brenner/brenner1.cfm"><font color="#3366bb">What Genomes Can Tell Us About the Past</font></a> - lecture by <a title="Sydney Brenner" href="/wiki/Sydney_Brenner"><font color="#0645ad">Sydney Brenner</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.imame.org/form/genome--mid80-frz.htm"><font color="#3366bb">Genome metaphor, reflecting from formal-net hierarchies, and software binaries</font></a>. </li> </ul> 4caa688a073c3b1c3c57252d5cc2bd63d36478bc 3121 2010-10-06T21:37:02Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font color="#000000"><font size="3">The&nbsp;<strong>genome</strong> is the entire&nbsp;set of sequences in an organism that&nbsp;encodes information for survival and the&nbsp;continuation of the species it belongs to. </font></font></p> <p><font color="#000000"><font size="3">The main function of genome is information storaging and processing to form an entity that utilizes energy to keep processing signals to interact with other genomes in the whole eco-system.</font><br /> <br /> <font size="3">The genome is universal in the universe and aliens living other planets also have genomes. </font></font></p> <p><font color="#000000"><font size="3">The information is usually stored&nbsp;in DNA or RNA in the organisms found on Earth.<br /> <br /> The genome is often classified&nbsp;into the protein coding genes and the non-coding sequences of the DNA historically.<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><font size="3"><span>[</span>1</font><span><font size="3">]</font><br /> </span></font></sup></font></font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: large"><font color="#000000">The essence of genome</font></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><font color="#000000"><font size="3">The essence of genomes is that it is the foundation of spontaneous information processing network that can utilizes energy in time axis. The genome is a kind of linearly expressed language system.</font></font><font color="#000000"><font size="3"><br /> <br /> </font></font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: large"><span id="Origin_of_Term" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Origin of Term</font></span></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">The term was adapted in 1920 by [[Hans Winkler]], Professor of Botany at the University of Hamburg, Germany. In Greek, the word <em>genome</em> (&gamma;ί&nu;&omicron;&mu;&alpha;&iota;) means I become, I am born, to come into being. </font></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">The Oxford English Dictionary suggests the name to be a blend of the words <em><strong>gen</strong>e</em> and <em>chromos<strong>ome</strong></em>. A few related <em>-ome</em> words already existed, such as <em>biome</em> and <em>rhizome</em>, forming a vocabulary into which <em>genome</em> fits systematically.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference">[2]</sup></font></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: large"><span id="Overview" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Overview</font></span></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">Some organisms have multiple copies of chromosomes, diploid, triploid, tetraploid and so on. In classical genetics, in a sexually reproducing organism (typically eukarya) the gamete has half of the number of chromosome of the somatic cell and the genome is a full set of chromosomes in a gamete. In haploid organisms, including cells of bacteria, archaea, and in organelles including mitochondria and chloroplasts, or viruses, that similarly contain genes, the single or set of circular and/or linear chains of DNA (or RNA for some viruses), likewise constitute the <em>genome</em>. The term genome can be applied specifically to mean that stored on a complete set of <em>nuclear DNA</em> (i.e., the &quot;nuclear genome&quot;) but can also be applied to that stored within organelles that contain their own DNA, as with the &quot;mitochondrial genome&quot; or the &quot;chloroplast genome&quot;. Additionally, the genome can comprise nonchromosomal genetic elements such as viruses, plasmids, and transposable elements<sup id="cite_ref-Brock_2-0" class="reference">[3]</sup>. When people say that the genome of a sexually reproducing species has been &quot;sequenced&quot;, typically they are referring to a determination of the sequences of one set of autosomes and one of each type of sex chromosome, which together represent both of the possible sexes. Even in species that exist in only one sex, what is described as &quot;a genome sequence&quot; may be a composite read from the chromosomes of various individuals. In general use, the phrase &quot;genetic makeup&quot; is sometimes used conversationally to mean the genome of a particular individual or organism. The study of the global properties of genomes of related organisms is usually referred to as genomics, which distinguishes it from genetics which generally studies the properties of single genes or groups of genes.</font></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">Both the number of base pairs and the number of genes vary widely from one species to another, and there is only a rough correlation between the two (an observation known as the C-value paradox). At present, the highest known number of genes is around 60,000, for the protozoan causing trichomoniasis (see List of sequenced eukaryotic genomes), almost three times as many as in the human genome.</font></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">An analogy to the human genome stored on DNA is that of instructions stored in a library:</font></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">The library would contain 46 books (chromosomes)</font> </span></li> <li><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">The books range in size from 400 to 3340 pages (genes)</font> </span></li> <li><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">which is 48 to 250 million letters (A,C,G,T) per book.</font> </span></li> <li><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">Hence the library contains over six billion letters total;</font> </span></li> <li><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">The library fits into a cell nucleus the size of a pinpoint;</font> </span></li> <li><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">A copy of the library (all 46 books) is contained in almost every cell of our body.</font> </span></li> </ul> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: large"><span id="Types" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Types</font></span></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">Most biological entities that are more complex than a virus sometimes or always carry additional genetic material besides that which resides in their chromosomes. In some contexts, such as sequencing the genome of a pathogenic microbe, &quot;genome&quot; is meant to include information stored on this auxiliary material, which is carried in plasmids. In such circumstances then, &quot;genome&quot; describes all of the genes and information on non-coding DNA that have the potential to be present.</font></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">In eukaryotes such as plants, protozoa and animals, however, &quot;genome&quot; carries the typical connotation of only information on chromosomal DNA. So although these organisms contain chloroplasts and/or mitochondria that have their own DNA, the genetic information contained by DNA within these organelles is not considered part of the genome. In fact, mitochondria are sometimes said to have their own genome often referred to as the &quot;mitochondrial genome&quot;. The DNA found within the chloroplast may be referred to as the &quot;plastome&quot;.</font></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: large"><span id="Genomes_and_genetic_variation" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Genomes and genetic variation</font></span></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">Note that a genome does not capture the genetic diversity or the genetic polymorphism of a species. For example, the human genome sequence in principle could be determined from just half the information on the DNA of one cell from one individual. To learn what variations in genetic information underlie particular traits or diseases requires comparisons across individuals. This point explains the common usage of &quot;genome&quot; (which parallels a common usage of &quot;gene&quot;) to refer not to the information in any particular DNA sequence, but to a whole family of sequences that share a biological context.</font></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">Although this concept may seem counter intuitive, it is the same concept that says there is no particular shape that is the shape of a cheetah. Cheetahs vary, and so do the sequences of their genomes. Yet both the individual animals and their sequences share commonalities, so one can learn something about cheetahs and &quot;cheetah-ness&quot; from a single example of either.</font></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: large"><span id="Sequencing_and_mapping" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Sequencing and mapping</font></span></span></p> <div class="rellink boilerplate seealso"><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">For more details on this topic, see Genome project.</font></span></div> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">The Human Genome Project was organized to map and to sequence the human genome. Other genome projects include mouse, rice, the plant <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em>, the puffer fish, bacteria like E. coli, etc. In 1976, Walter Fiers at the University of Ghent (Belgium) was the first to establish the complete nucleotide sequence of a viral RNA-genome (bacteriophage MS2). The first DNA-genome project to be completed was the Phage &Phi;-X174, with only 5386 base pairs, which was sequenced by Fred Sanger in 1977 . The first bacterial genome to be completed was that of Haemophilus influenzae, completed by a team at The Institute for Genomic Research in 1995.</font></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">The development of new technologies has dramatically decreased the difficulty and cost of sequencing, and the number of complete genome sequences is rising rapidly. Among many genome database sites, the one maintained by the US National Institutes of Health is inclusive.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference">[4]</sup></font></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">These new technologies open up the prospect of personal genome sequencing as an important diagnostic tool. A major step toward that goal was the May 2007 <em>New York Times</em> announcement that the full genome of DNA pioneer James D. Watson was deciphered.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference">[5]</sup></font></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">Whereas a genome sequence lists the order of every DNA base in a genome, a genome map identifies the landmarks. A genome map is less detailed than a genome sequence and aids in navigating around the genome.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference">[6]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference">[7]</sup></font></span></p> <h2><span id="Comparison_of_different_genome_sizes" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Comparison of different genome sizes</font></span></h2> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle"><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">Main article: Genome size</font></span></div> <p> <table id="sortable_table_id_0" class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody> <tr> <th><font color="#000000">Organism type<span class="sortarrow"><img alt="↓" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></font></th> <th><font color="#000000">Organism<span class="sortarrow"><img alt="↓" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></font></th> <th><font color="#000000">Genome size (base pairs)<span class="sortarrow"><img alt="↓" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></font></th> <th><font color="#000000">mass - in pg<span class="sortarrow"><img alt="↓" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></font></th> <th><font color="#000000">Note<span class="sortarrow"><img alt="↓" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></font></th> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Virus</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Bacteriophage MS2</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">3,569</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">0.000002</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">First sequenced RNA-genome<sup id="cite_ref-Fiers1976_7-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Virus</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">SV40</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">5,224</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Fiers1978_8-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#000000"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></font></font></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Virus</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Phage &Phi;-X174</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">5,386</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">First sequenced DNA-genome<sup id="cite_ref-Sanger1977_9-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Virus</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">HIV</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">9749<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Virus</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Phage &lambda;</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">48,502</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Virus</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Mimivirus</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">1,181,404</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">Largest known viral genome</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Bacterium</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Haemophilus influenzae</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">1,830,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">First genome of living organism, July 1995<sup id="cite_ref-Fleichmann_1995_11-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Bacterium</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Carsonella ruddii</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">159,662</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">Smallest non-viral genome.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Bacterium</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Buchnera aphidicola</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">600,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Bacterium</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Wigglesworthia glossinidia</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">700,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Bacterium</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Escherichia coli</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">4,600,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#000000"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></font></font></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Bacterium</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"><em>Solibacter usitatus</em> (strain Ellin 6076)</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">9,970,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">Largest known Bacterial genome</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Amoeboid</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"><em>Polychaos dubium</em> (<em>&quot;Amoeba&quot; dubia</em>)</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">670,000,000,000</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">737</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Largest known genome.<sup id="cite_ref-Parfrey2008_14-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Plant</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Arabidopsis thaliana</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">157,000,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">First plant genome sequenced, December 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-Greilhuber_15-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Plant</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Genlisea margaretae</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">63,400,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">Smallest recorded flowering plant genome, 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-Greilhuber_15-1" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Plant</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Fritillaria assyrica</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">130,000,000,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Plant</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Populus trichocarpa</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">480,000,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">First tree genome, September 2006</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Moss</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Physcomitrella patens</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">480,000,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">First genome of a bryophyte, January 2008 <sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Yeast</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">12,100,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#000000"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></font></font></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Fungus</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Aspergillus nidulans</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">30,000,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Nematode</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Caenorhabditis elegans</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">100,300,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">First multicellular animal genome, December 1998<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Nematode</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Pratylenchus coffeae</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">20,000,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">Smallest animal genome known<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Insect</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"><em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> (fruit fly)</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">130,000,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Adams_2000_20-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#000000"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></font></font></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Insect</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"><em>Bombyx mori</em> (silk moth)</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">530,000,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Insect</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"><em>Apis mellifera</em> (honey bee)</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">236,000,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Fish</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"><em>Tetraodon nigroviridis</em> (type of puffer fish)</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">385,000,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">Smallest vertebrate genome known</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Mammal</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Homo sapiens</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">3,200,000,000</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">3</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Fish</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"><em>Protopterus aethiopicus</em> (marbled lungfish)</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">130,000,000,000</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">143</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Largest vertebrate genome known</font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000"><em>Note:</em> The DNA from a single (diploid) human cell if the 46 chromosomes were connected end-to-end and straightened, would have a length of ~2 m and a width of ~2.4 nanometers.</font></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">Since genomes and their organisms are very complex, one research strategy is to reduce the number of genes in a genome to the bare minimum and still have the organism in question survive. There is experimental work being done on minimal genomes for single cell organisms as well as minimal genomes for multicellular organisms (see Developmental biology). The work is both <em>in vivo</em> and <em>in silico</em>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference">[22]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference">[23]</sup></font></span></p> <h2><span id="Genome_evolution" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Genome evolution</font></span></h2> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">Genomes are more than the sum of an organism's genes and have traits that may be measured and studied without reference to the details of any particular genes and their products. Researchers compare traits such as <em>chromosome number</em> (karyotype), genome size, gene order, codon usage bias, and GC-content to determine what mechanisms could have produced the great variety of genomes that exist today (for recent overviews, see Brown 2002; Saccone and Pesole 2003; Benfey and Protopapas 2004; Gibson and Muse 2004; Reese 2004; Gregory 2005).</font></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">Duplications play a major role in shaping the genome. Duplications may range from extension of short tandem repeats, to duplication of a cluster of genes, and all the way to duplications of entire chromosomes or even entire genomes. Such duplications are probably fundamental to the creation of genetic novelty.</font></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font color="#000000">Horizontal gene transfer is invoked to explain how there is often extreme similarity between small portions of the genomes of two organisms that are otherwise very distantly related. Horizontal gene transfer seems to be common among many microbes. Also, eukaryotic cells seem to have experienced a transfer of some genetic material from their chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes to their nuclear chromosomes.</font></span></p> <h2><span id="References" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">References</font></span></h2> <div style="column-count: 2; -moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2" class="references-small references-column-count references-column-count-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-0"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> Ridley, M. (2006). <em>Genome</em>. New York, NY: Harper Perennial. <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0060194979"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN 0-06-019497-9</font></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-1"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-1"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Joshua Lederberg and Alexa T. McCray (2001). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://lhncbc.nlm.nih.gov/lhc/docs/published/2001/pub2001047.pdf"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;'Ome Sweet 'Omics -- A Genealogical Treasury of Words&quot;</font></a>. <em>The Scientist</em> <strong>15</strong> (7)<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://lhncbc.nlm.nih.gov/lhc/docs/published/2001/pub2001047.pdf"><font color="#3366bb">http://lhncbc.nlm.nih.gov/lhc/docs/published/2001/pub2001047.pdf</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=%27Ome+Sweet+%27Omics+--+A+Genealogical+Treasury+of+Words&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Scientist&amp;rft.aulast=Joshua+Lederberg+and+Alexa+T.+McCray&amp;rft.au=Joshua+Lederberg+and+Alexa+T.+McCray&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.volume=15&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flhncbc.nlm.nih.gov%2Flhc%2Fdocs%2Fpublished%2F2001%2Fpub2001047.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brock-2"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Brock_2-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation book">Madigan M, Martinko J (editors) (2006). <em>Brock Biology of Microorganisms</em> (11th ed.). Prentice Hall. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/0-13-144329-1" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-144329-1"><font color="#0645ad">0-13-144329-1</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Brock+Biology+of+Microorganisms&amp;rft.aulast=Madigan+M%2C+Martinko+J+%28editors%29&amp;rft.au=Madigan+M%2C+Martinko+J+%28editors%29&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.edition=11th&amp;rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&amp;rft.isbn=0-13-144329-1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-3"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=Genome&amp;itool=toolbar"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=Genome&amp;itool=toolbar</font></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-4"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation news">Wade, Nicholas (2007-05-31). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/31/science/31cnd-gene.html?em&amp;ex=1180843200&amp;en=19e1d55639350b73&amp;ei=5087%0A"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Genome of DNA Pioneer Is Deciphered&quot;</font></a>. <em>The New York Times</em><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/31/science/31cnd-gene.html?em&amp;ex=1180843200&amp;en=19e1d55639350b73&amp;ei=5087%0A"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/31/science/31cnd-gene.html?em&amp;ex=1180843200&amp;en=19e1d55639350b73&amp;ei=5087%0A</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-04-02</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+of+DNA+Pioneer+Is+Deciphered&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.aulast=Wade&amp;rft.aufirst=Nicholas&amp;rft.au=Wade%2C%26%2332%3BNicholas&amp;rft.date=2007-05-31&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F05%2F31%2Fscience%2F31cnd-gene.html%3Fem%26ex%3D1180843200%26en%3D19e1d55639350b73%26ei%3D5087%250A&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-5"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/whats_a_genome/Chp3_1.shtml"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/whats_a_genome/Chp3_1.shtml</font></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-6"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/primer/mapping.html"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/primer/mapping.html</font></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fiers1976-7"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Fiers1976_7-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Fiers W, <em>et al.</em> (1976). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v260/n5551/abs/260500a0.html"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA - primary and secondary structure of replicase gene&quot;</font></a>. <em>Nature</em> <strong>260</strong> (5551): 500&ndash;507. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F260500a0"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/260500a0</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1264203"><font color="#3366bb">1264203</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v260/n5551/abs/260500a0.html"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v260/n5551/abs/260500a0.html</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+nucleotide-sequence+of+bacteriophage+MS2-RNA+-+primary+and+secondary+structure+of+replicase+gene&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Fiers+W%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Fiers+W%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=1976&amp;rft.volume=260&amp;rft.issue=5551&amp;rft.pages=500%E2%80%93507&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F260500a0&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/1264203&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv260%2Fn5551%2Fabs%2F260500a0.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fiers1978-8"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Fiers1978_8-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Fiers W, Contreras R, Haegemann G, Rogiers R, Van de Voorde A, Van Heuverswyn H, Van Herreweghe J, Volckaert G, Ysebaert M (1978). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v273/n5658/abs/273113a0.html"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Complete nucleotide sequence of SV40 DNA&quot;</font></a>. <em>Nature</em> <strong>273</strong> (5658): 113&ndash;120. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F273113a0"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/273113a0</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/205802"><font color="#3366bb">205802</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v273/n5658/abs/273113a0.html"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v273/n5658/abs/273113a0.html</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+nucleotide+sequence+of+SV40+DNA&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Fiers+W%2C+Contreras+R%2C+Haegemann+G%2C+Rogiers+R%2C+Van+de+Voorde+A%2C+Van+Heuverswyn+H%2C+Van+Herreweghe+J%2C+Volckaert+G%2C+Ysebaert+M&amp;rft.au=Fiers+W%2C+Contreras+R%2C+Haegemann+G%2C+Rogiers+R%2C+Van+de+Voorde+A%2C+Van+Heuverswyn+H%2C+Van+Herreweghe+J%2C+Volckaert+G%2C+Ysebaert+M&amp;rft.date=1978&amp;rft.volume=273&amp;rft.issue=5658&amp;rft.pages=113%E2%80%93120&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F273113a0&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/205802&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv273%2Fn5658%2Fabs%2F273113a0.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sanger1977-9"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Sanger1977_9-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Sanger F, Air GM, Barrell BG, Brown NL, Coulson AR, Fiddes CA, Hutchison CA, Slocombe PM, Smith M (1977). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v265/n5596/abs/265687a0.html"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA&quot;</font></a>. <em>Nature</em> <strong>265</strong> (5596): 687&ndash;695. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F265687a0"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/265687a0</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/870828"><font color="#3366bb">870828</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v265/n5596/abs/265687a0.html"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v265/n5596/abs/265687a0.html</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Nucleotide+sequence+of+bacteriophage+phi+X174+DNA&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Sanger+F%2C+Air+GM%2C+Barrell+BG%2C+Brown+NL%2C+Coulson+AR%2C+Fiddes+CA%2C+Hutchison+CA%2C+Slocombe+PM%2C+Smith+M&amp;rft.au=Sanger+F%2C+Air+GM%2C+Barrell+BG%2C+Brown+NL%2C+Coulson+AR%2C+Fiddes+CA%2C+Hutchison+CA%2C+Slocombe+PM%2C+Smith+M&amp;rft.date=1977&amp;rft.volume=265&amp;rft.issue=5596&amp;rft.pages=687%E2%80%93695&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F265687a0&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/870828&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv265%2Fn5596%2Fabs%2F265687a0.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-10"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/lecture/hiv9.htm"><font color="#3366bb">VIROLOGY - HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS AND AIDS, STRUCTURE: The Genome AND PROTEINS of HIV</font></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fleichmann_1995-11"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Fleichmann_1995_11-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Fleischmann R, Adams M, White O, Clayton R, Kirkness E, Kerlavage A, Bult C, Tomb J, Dougherty B, Merrick J (1995). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/269/5223/496"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Whole-genome random sequencing and assembly of Haemophilus influenzae Rd&quot;</font></a>. <em>Science</em> <strong>269</strong> (5223): 496&ndash;512. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.7542800"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.7542800</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7542800"><font color="#3366bb">7542800</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/269/5223/496"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/269/5223/496</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Whole-genome+random+sequencing+and+assembly+of+Haemophilus+influenzae+Rd&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Fleischmann+R%2C+Adams+M%2C+White+O%2C+Clayton+R%2C+Kirkness+E%2C+Kerlavage+A%2C+Bult+C%2C+Tomb+J%2C+Dougherty+B%2C+Merrick+J&amp;rft.au=Fleischmann+R%2C+Adams+M%2C+White+O%2C+Clayton+R%2C+Kirkness+E%2C+Kerlavage+A%2C+Bult+C%2C+Tomb+J%2C+Dougherty+B%2C+Merrick+J&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.volume=269&amp;rft.issue=5223&amp;rft.pages=496%E2%80%93512&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.7542800&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/7542800&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F269%2F5223%2F496&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-12"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Nakabachi A, Yamashita A, Toh H, <em>et al.</em> (October 2006). &quot;The 160-kilobase genome of the bacterial endosymbiont Carsonella&quot;. <em>Science (journal)</em> <strong>314</strong> (5797): 267. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1134196"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.1134196</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17038615"><font color="#3366bb">17038615</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+160-kilobase+genome+of+the+bacterial+endosymbiont+Carsonella&amp;rft.jtitle=Science+%28journal%29&amp;rft.aulast=Nakabachi+A%2C+Yamashita+A%2C+Toh+H%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Nakabachi+A%2C+Yamashita+A%2C+Toh+H%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=October+2006&amp;rft.volume=314&amp;rft.issue=5797&amp;rft.pages=267&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.1134196&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17038615&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-13"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Frederick R. Blattner, Guy Plunkett III, et al. (1997). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/277/5331/1453"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;The Complete Genome Sequence of Escherichia coli K-12&quot;</font></a>. <em>Science</em> <strong>277</strong> (5331): 1453&ndash;1462. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.277.5331.1453"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.277.5331.1453</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9278503"><font color="#3366bb">9278503</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/277/5331/1453"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/277/5331/1453</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+Complete+Genome+Sequence+of+Escherichia+coli+K-12&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Frederick+R.+Blattner%2C+Guy+Plunkett+III%2C+et+al.&amp;rft.au=Frederick+R.+Blattner%2C+Guy+Plunkett+III%2C+et+al.&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.volume=277&amp;rft.issue=5331&amp;rft.pages=1453%E2%80%931462&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.277.5331.1453&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/9278503&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F277%2F5331%2F1453&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parfrey2008-14"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Parfrey2008_14-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Parfrey, L.W.; Lahr, D.J.G.; Katz, L.A. (2008). &quot;The Dynamic Nature of Eukaryotic Genomes&quot;. <em>Molecular Biology and Evolution</em> <strong>25</strong> (4): 787. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsn032"><font color="#3366bb">10.1093/molbev/msn032</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18258610"><font color="#3366bb">18258610</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+Dynamic+Nature+of+Eukaryotic+Genomes&amp;rft.jtitle=Molecular+Biology+and+Evolution&amp;rft.aulast=Parfrey%2C+L.W.&amp;rft.au=Parfrey%2C+L.W.&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=25&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=787&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsn032&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18258610&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greilhuber-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greilhuber_15-0">^{<em><strong><font color="#0645ad" size="2">a</font></strong></em>}</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greilhuber_15-1">^{<em><strong><font color="#0645ad" size="2">b</font></strong></em>}</a> <span class="citation Journal">Greilhuber, J., Borsch, T., M&uuml;ller, K., Worberg, A., Porembski, S., and Barthlott, W. (2006). &quot;Smallest angiosperm genomes found in Lentibulariaceae, with chromosomes of bacterial size&quot;. <em>Plant Biology</em> <strong>8</strong> (6): 770&ndash;777. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1055%2Fs-2006-924101"><font color="#3366bb">10.1055/s-2006-924101</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17203433"><font color="#3366bb">17203433</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Smallest+angiosperm+genomes+found+in+Lentibulariaceae%2C+with+chromosomes+of+bacterial+size&amp;rft.jtitle=Plant+Biology&amp;rft.aulast=Greilhuber%2C+J.%2C+Borsch%2C+T.%2C+M%C3%BCller%2C+K.%2C+Worberg%2C+A.%2C+Porembski%2C+S.%2C+and+Barthlott%2C+W.&amp;rft.au=Greilhuber%2C+J.%2C+Borsch%2C+T.%2C+M%C3%BCller%2C+K.%2C+Worberg%2C+A.%2C+Porembski%2C+S.%2C+and+Barthlott%2C+W.&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=8&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=770%E2%80%93777&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1055%2Fs-2006-924101&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17203433&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-16"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> Daniel Lang, Andreas D. Zimmer, Stefan A. Rensing, <a title="Ralf Reski" href="/wiki/Ralf_Reski"><font color="#0645ad">Ralf Reski</font></a>(2008): Exploring plant <a title="Biodiversity" href="/wiki/Biodiversity"><font color="#0645ad">biodiversity</font></a>: the Physcomitrella genome and beyond. Trends in Plant Science 13, 542-549. <a class="external autonumber" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cell.com/trends/plant-science/abstract/S1360-1385(08)00204-5"><font color="#3366bb">[1]</font></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-17"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.yeastgenome.org/"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.yeastgenome.org/</font></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-18"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">The <em>C. elegans</em> Sequencing Consortium (1998). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/282/5396/2012"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Genome sequence of the nematode <em>C. elegans</em>: a platform for investigating biology&quot;</font></a>. <em><a title="Science (journal)" href="/wiki/Science_(journal)"><font color="#0645ad">Science</font></a></em> <strong>282</strong> (5396): 2012&ndash;2018. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.282.5396.2012"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.282.5396.2012</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9851916"><font color="#3366bb">9851916</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/282/5396/2012"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/282/5396/2012</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+sequence+of+the+nematode+%27%27C.+elegans%27%27%3A+a+platform+for+investigating+biology&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BScience+%28journal%29%7CScience%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=The+%27%27C.+elegans%27%27+Sequencing+Consortium&amp;rft.au=The+%27%27C.+elegans%27%27+Sequencing+Consortium&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.volume=282&amp;rft.issue=5396&amp;rft.pages=2012%E2%80%932018&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.282.5396.2012&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/9851916&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F282%2F5396%2F2012&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-19"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomesize.com/statistics.php?stats=entire#stats_top"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Gregory, T.R. (2005). Animal Genome Size Database. http://www.genomesize.com.&quot;</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomesize.com/statistics.php?stats=entire#stats_top"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.genomesize.com/statistics.php?stats=entire#stats_top</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Gregory%2C+T.R.+%282005%29.+Animal+Genome+Size+Database.+http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genomesize.com.&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genomesize.com%2Fstatistics.php%3Fstats%3Dentire%23stats_top&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adams_2000-20"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Adams_2000_20-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Adams MD, Celniker SE, Holt RA, <em>et al.</em> (2000). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/287/5461/2185"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;The genome sequence of <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em>&quot;</font></a>. <em>Science</em> <strong>287</strong> (5461): 2185&ndash;95. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.287.5461.2185"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.287.5461.2185</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10731132"><font color="#3366bb">10731132</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/287/5461/2185"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/287/5461/2185</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-05-25</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+genome+sequence+of+%27%27Drosophila+melanogaster%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Adams+MD%2C+Celniker+SE%2C+Holt+RA%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Adams+MD%2C+Celniker+SE%2C+Holt+RA%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.volume=287&amp;rft.issue=5461&amp;rft.pages=2185%E2%80%9395&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.287.5461.2185&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/10731132&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F287%2F5461%2F2185&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-21"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Glass JI, Assad-Garcia N, Alperovich N, Yooseph S, Lewis MR, Maruf M, Hutchison CA 3rd, Smith HO, Venter JC (2006). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1324956"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Essential genes of a minimal bacterium.&quot;</font></a>. <em>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</em> <strong>103</strong> (2): 425&ndash;30. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0510013103"><font color="#3366bb">10.1073/pnas.0510013103</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16407165"><font color="#3366bb">16407165</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Essential+genes+of+a+minimal+bacterium.&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+USA&amp;rft.aulast=Glass+JI%2C+Assad-Garcia+N%2C+Alperovich+N%2C+Yooseph+S%2C+Lewis+MR%2C+Maruf+M%2C+Hutchison+CA+3rd%2C+Smith+HO%2C+Venter+JC&amp;rft.au=Glass+JI%2C+Assad-Garcia+N%2C+Alperovich+N%2C+Yooseph+S%2C+Lewis+MR%2C+Maruf+M%2C+Hutchison+CA+3rd%2C+Smith+HO%2C+Venter+JC&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=103&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=425%E2%80%9330&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.0510013103&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16407165&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-22"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Forster AC, Church GM (2006). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1681520"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Towards synthesis of a minimal cell&quot;</font></a>. <em>Mol Syst Biol.</em> <strong>2:45</strong>: 45. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fmsb4100090"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/msb4100090</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16924266"><font color="#3366bb">16924266</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Towards+synthesis+of+a+minimal+cell&amp;rft.jtitle=Mol+Syst+Biol.&amp;rft.aulast=Forster+AC%2C+Church+GM&amp;rft.au=Forster+AC%2C+Church+GM&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=2%3A45&amp;rft.pages=45&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fmsb4100090&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16924266&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> </ol> </div> <h2><span id="Further_reading" class="mw-headline">Further reading</span></h2> <ul> <li><span class="citation book">Benfey, P.; Protopapas, A.D. (2004). <em>Essentials of Genomics</em>. Prentice Hall.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Essentials+of+Genomics&amp;rft.aulast=Benfey&amp;rft.aufirst=P.&amp;rft.au=Benfey%2C%26%2332%3BP.&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li><span class="citation book">Brown, Terence A. (2002). <em>Genomes 2</em>. Oxford: Bios Scientific Publishers. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/978-1859960295" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1859960295"><font color="#0645ad">978-1859960295</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Genomes+2&amp;rft.aulast=Brown&amp;rft.aufirst=Terence+A.&amp;rft.au=Brown%2C%26%2332%3BTerence+A.&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Bios+Scientific+Publishers&amp;rft.isbn=978-1859960295&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li><span class="citation book">Gibson, Greg; Muse, Spencer V. (2004). <em>A Primer of Genome Science</em> (Second ed.). Sunderland, Mass: Sinauer Assoc. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/0-87893-234-8" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87893-234-8"><font color="#0645ad">0-87893-234-8</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+Primer+of+Genome+Science&amp;rft.aulast=Gibson&amp;rft.aufirst=Greg&amp;rft.au=Gibson%2C%26%2332%3BGreg&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.edition=Second&amp;rft.place=Sunderland%2C+Mass&amp;rft.pub=Sinauer+Assoc&amp;rft.isbn=0-87893-234-8&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li><span class="citation book">Gregory, T. Ryan (ed) (2005). <em><a title="The Evolution of the Genome" href="/wiki/The_Evolution_of_the_Genome"><font color="#0645ad">The Evolution of the Genome</font></a></em>. Elsevier. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/0-12-301463-8" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-301463-8"><font color="#0645ad">0-12-301463-8</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=%5B%5BThe+Evolution+of+the+Genome%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Gregory&amp;rft.aufirst=T.+Ryan+%28ed%29&amp;rft.au=Gregory%2C%26%2332%3BT.+Ryan+%28ed%29&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.pub=Elsevier&amp;rft.isbn=0-12-301463-8&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li><span class="citation book">Reece, Richard J. (2004). <em>Analysis of Genes and Genomes</em>. Chichester: John Wiley &amp; Sons. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/0-470-84379-9" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-470-84379-9"><font color="#0645ad">0-470-84379-9</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Analysis+of+Genes+and+Genomes&amp;rft.aulast=Reece&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&amp;rft.au=Reece%2C%26%2332%3BRichard+J.&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.place=Chichester&amp;rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&amp;rft.isbn=0-470-84379-9&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li><span class="citation book">Saccone, Cecilia; Pesole, Graziano (2003). <em>Handbook of Comparative Genomics</em>. Chichester: John Wiley &amp; Sons. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/0-471-39128-X" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-39128-X"><font color="#0645ad">0-471-39128-X</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Comparative+Genomics&amp;rft.aulast=Saccone&amp;rft.aufirst=Cecilia&amp;rft.au=Saccone%2C%26%2332%3BCecilia&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.place=Chichester&amp;rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&amp;rft.isbn=0-471-39128-X&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li><span class="citation Journal">Werner, E. (2003). &quot;In silico multicellular systems biology and minimal genomes&quot;. <em>Drug Discov Today</em> <strong>8</strong> (24): 1121&ndash;1127. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS1359-6446%2803%2902918-0"><font color="#3366bb">10.1016/S1359-6446(03)02918-0</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14678738"><font color="#3366bb">14678738</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=In+silico+multicellular+systems+biology+and+minimal+genomes&amp;rft.jtitle=Drug+Discov+Today&amp;rft.aulast=Werner&amp;rft.aufirst=E.&amp;rft.au=Werner%2C%26%2332%3BE.&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=8&amp;rft.issue=24&amp;rft.pages=1121%E2%80%931127&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2FS1359-6446%2803%2902918-0&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/14678738&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> </ul> <h2><span id="External_links" class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><font color="#3366bb">[http://genomics.org Genomics.org]</font> </li> <li>[http://omics.org Omics.org] </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/dna/builddna/"><font color="#3366bb">Build a DNA Molecule</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/articles/02_01/Sizing_genomes.shtml"><font color="#3366bb">Some comparative genome sizes</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.dnai.org/"><font color="#3366bb">DNA Interactive: The History of DNA Science</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.dnaftb.org/"><font color="#3366bb">DNA From The Beginning</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.gov/10001772"><font color="#3366bb">All About The Human Genome Project from Genome.gov</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomesize.com/"><font color="#3366bb">Animal genome size database</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.rbgkew.org.uk/cval/homepage.html"><font color="#3366bb">Plant genome size database</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomesonline.org/"><font color="#3366bb">GOLD:Genomes OnLine Database</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/"><font color="#3366bb">The Genome News Network</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=genomeprj"><font color="#3366bb">NCBI Entrez Genome Project database</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/primer/genetics_genome.html"><font color="#3366bb">NCBI Genome Primer</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4994088.stm"><font color="#3366bb">BBC News - Final genome 'chapter' published</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.crops.org/genome/"><font color="#3366bb">The Plant Genome</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://img.jgi.doe.gov/"><font color="#3366bb">IMG</font></a> The Integrated Microbial Genomes system, for genome analysis by the DOE-JGI. </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://camera.calit2.net/index.php/"><font color="#3366bb">CAMERA</font></a> Cyberinfrastructure for Metagenomics, data repository and bioinformatics tools for metagenomic research </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genecards.org/"><font color="#3366bb">GeneCards</font></a> an integrated database of human genes. </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://genome.igib.res.in/"><font color="#3366bb">Genome@IGIB</font></a> Resources and News on the Zebrafish Genome Project @ IGIB. </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.geknome.com"><font color="#3366bb">GeKnome Technologies Next-Gen Sequencing Data Analysis</font></a> Next-Gen Sequencing Data Analysis for <a title="Illumina" href="/wiki/Illumina"><font color="#0645ad">Illumina</font></a> and <a title="454" href="/wiki/454"><font color="#0645ad">454</font></a> Service from GeKnome Technologies. </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://ascb.org/ibioseminars/brenner/brenner1.cfm"><font color="#3366bb">What Genomes Can Tell Us About the Past</font></a> - lecture by <a title="Sydney Brenner" href="/wiki/Sydney_Brenner"><font color="#0645ad">Sydney Brenner</font></a> </li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.imame.org/form/genome--mid80-frz.htm"><font color="#3366bb">Genome metaphor, reflecting from formal-net hierarchies, and software binaries</font></a>. </li> </ul> 0e22e66feb374a6e813dd7990c1d84b6049a0f72 0 1534 3122 2010-10-06T21:39:53Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font size="4">Sequencing technology<br /> Sequencing companies<br /> [[Sequencing assembly program]]<br /> </font><br /> <br /> <hr /> <font size="6">What is sequencing?<br /> <br /> </font><font size="3">In genetics and biochemistry, <strong>sequencing</strong> means to determine the primary structure (sequence) of an unbranched biopolymer. Sequencing results in a symbolic linear depiction known as a <strong>sequence</strong> which succinctly summarizes much of the atomic-level structure of the sequenced molecule. </font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">[[DNA sequencing]]</span></h2> <p><font size="3">DNA sequencing is the process of determining the nucleotide order of a given <font color="#810081">DNA</font> fragment. Thus far, most DNA sequencing has been performed using the chain termination method developed by Frederick Sanger. This technique uses sequence-specific termination of a DNA synthesis reaction using modified nucleotide substrates. However, new sequencing technologies such as Pyrosequencing are gaining an increasing share of the sequencing market. More genome data is being produced by pyrosequencing than Sanger DNA sequencing these days. Pyrosequencing has enabled rapid genome sequencing. Bacterial genome can be sequenced in a single run with several X coverage with this technique. This technique was also used to sequence the genome of James Watson recently.</font></p> <p><font size="3">The sequence of DNA encodes the necessary information for living things to survive and reproduce. Determining the sequence is therefore useful in 'pure' research into why and how organisms live, as well as in applied subjects. Because of the key nature of DNA to living things, knowledge of DNA sequence may come in useful in practically any biological research. For example, in medicine it can be used to identify, diagnose and potentially develop treatments for genetic diseases. Similarly, research into pathogens may lead to treatments for contagious diseases. Biotechnology is a burgeoning discipline, with the potential for many useful products and services.</font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Sanger sequencing</span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="WIDTH: 162px" class="thumbinner"><img class="thumbimage" border="0" alt="Part of a radioactively labelled sequencing gel" width="160" height="332" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Sequencing.jpg" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div style="FLOAT: right" class="magnify"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></div> Part of a radioactively labelled sequencing gel</div> </div> </div> <p><font size="3">In chain terminator sequencing (Sanger sequencing), extension is initiated at a specific site on the template DNA by using a short oligonucleotide 'primer' complementary to the template at that region. The oligonucleotide primer is extended using a DNA polymerase, an enzyme that replicates DNA. Included with the primer and DNA polymerase are the four deoxynucleotide bases (DNA building blocks), along with a low concentration of a chain terminating nucleotide (most commonly a <strong>di-</strong>deoxynucleotide). Limited incorporation of the chain terminating nucleotide by the DNA polymerase results in a series of related DNA fragments that are terminated only at positions where that particular nucleotide is used. The fragments are then size-separated by electrophoresis in a slab polyacrylamide gel, or more commonly now, in a narrow glass tube (capillary) filled with a viscous polymer.</font></p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="WIDTH: 182px" class="thumbinner"><img class="thumbimage" border="0" alt="View of the start of an example dye-terminator read (click to expand)" width="180" height="42" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Sanger_sequencing_read_display.gif/180px-Sanger_sequencing_read_display.gif" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div style="FLOAT: right" class="magnify"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></div> View of the start of an example dye-terminator read (click to expand)</div> </div> </div> <p><font size="3">An alternative to the labelling of the primer is to label the terminators instead, commonly called 'dye terminator sequencing'. The major advantage of this approach is the complete sequencing set can be performed in a single reaction, rather than the four needed with the labeled-primer approach. This is accomplished by labelling each of the dideoxynucleotide chain-terminators with a separate fluorescent dye, which fluoresces at a different wavelength. This method is easier and quicker than the dye primer approach, but may produce more uneven data peaks (different heights), due to a template dependent difference in the incorporation of the large dye chain-terminators. This problem has been significantly reduced with the introduction of new enzymes and dyes that minimize incorporation variability.</font></p> <p><font size="3">This method is now used for the vast majority of sequencing reactions as it is both simpler and cheaper. The major reason for this is that the primers do not have to be separately labelled (which can be a significant expense for a single-use custom primer), although this is less of a concern with frequently used 'universal' primers.</font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Pyrosequencing</span></h3> <p><font size="3">Pyrosequencing, which was originally developed by Mostafa Ronaghi, has been commercialized by Biotage (for low throughput sequencing) and 454 Life Sciences (for high-throughput sequencing). The latter platform sequences roughly 100 megabases in a 7-hour run with a single machine. In the array-based method (commercialized by 454 Life Sciences), single-stranded DNA is annealed to beads and amplified via emPCR. These DNA-bound beads are then placed into wells on a fiber-optic chip along with enzymes which produce light in the presence of ATP. When free nucleotides are washed over this chip, light is produced as ATP is generated when nucleotides join with their complementary base pairs. Addition of one (or more) nucleotide(s) results in a reaction that generates a light signal that is recorded by the CCD camera in the instrument. The signal strength is proportional to the number of nucleotides, for example, homopolymer stretches, incorporated in a single nucleotide flow. [1]</font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">RNA sequencing</span></h2> <p><font size="3"><font color="#810081">RNA</font> is less stable in the cell, and also more prone to nuclease attack experimentally. As RNA is generated by transcription from DNA, the information is already present in the cell's DNA. However, it is sometimes desirable to sequence RNA molecules. In particular, in Eukaryotes RNA molecules are not necessarily co-linear with their DNA template, as introns are excised. To sequence RNA, the usual method is first to reverse transcribe the sample to generate DNA fragments. This can then be sequenced as described above.</font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Protein sequencing</span></h2> <p><font size="3">Methods for performing protein sequencing include:</font></p> <ul> <li><font size="3">Edman degradation </font></li> <li><font size="3">Peptide mass fingerprinting </font></li> <li><font size="3">Mass spectrometry </font></li> <li><font size="3">Protease digests </font></li> </ul> <p><font size="3">If the gene encoding the protein can be identified it is currently much easier to sequence the DNA and infer the protein sequence. Determining part of a protein's amino-acid sequence (often one end) by one of the above methods may be sufficient to enable the identification of a clone carrying the gene.</font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Polysaccharide sequencing</span></h2> <p><font size="3">Though polysaccharides are also biopolymers, it is not so common to talk of 'sequencing' a polysaccharide, for several reasons. Although many polysaccharides are linear, many have branches. Many different units (individual monosaccharides) can be used, and bonded in different ways. However, the main theoretical reason is that whereas the other polymers listed here are primarily generated in a 'template-dependent' manner by one processive enzyme, each individual join in a polysaccharide may be formed by a different enzyme. In many cases the assembly is not uniquely specified; depending on which enzyme acts, one of several different units may be incorporated. This can lead to a family of similar molecules being formed. This is particularly true for plant polysaccharides. Methods for the structure determination of oligosaccharides and polysaccharides include NMR spectroscopy and methylation analysis<sup id="_ref-0" class="reference">[1]</sup>.</font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">See also</span></h2> <ul> <li><font size="3">Genetic code </font></li> <li><font size="3">Sequence motif </font></li> <li><font size="3">[http://sequenceome.org Sequenceome.org] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[http://glycome.net Glycome.net]</font> </li> </ul> <p><a id="References" name="References"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <div class="references-small"> <ol class="references"> <li id="_note-0"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequencing#_ref-0">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.stenutz.eu/sop" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.stenutz.eu/sop">A practical guide to structural analysis of carbohydrates</a> </li> </ol> </div> 557d9d1eb34f2816c1d8104bf216bb622c34d023 3124 2010-10-06T21:47:02Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font size="4">Sequencing technology<br /> Sequencing companies<br /> [[Sequencing assembly program]]<br /> </font><br /> <br /> </p> <hr /> <font size="6">What is sequencing?<br /> <font size="3">Sequencing means to determine the order of signals in a polymer.</font>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </font><font size="3">In genetics and biochemistry, <strong>sequencing</strong> means to determine the primary structure (sequence) of an unbranched biopolymer. Sequencing results in a symbolic linear depiction known as a <strong>sequence</strong> which succinctly summarizes much of the atomic-level structure of the sequenced molecule. </font> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">[[DNA sequencing]]</span></h2> <p><font size="3">DNA sequencing is the process of determining the nucleotide order of a given <font color="#810081">DNA</font> fragment. Thus far, most DNA sequencing has been performed using the chain termination method developed by Frederick Sanger. This technique uses sequence-specific termination of a DNA synthesis reaction using modified nucleotide substrates. However, new sequencing technologies such as Pyrosequencing are gaining an increasing share of the sequencing market. More genome data is being produced by pyrosequencing than Sanger DNA sequencing these days. Pyrosequencing has enabled rapid genome sequencing. Bacterial genome can be sequenced in a single run with several X coverage with this technique. This technique was also used to sequence the genome of James Watson recently.</font></p> <p><font size="3">The sequence of DNA encodes the necessary information for living things to survive and reproduce. Determining the sequence is therefore useful in 'pure' research into why and how organisms live, as well as in applied subjects. Because of the key nature of DNA to living things, knowledge of DNA sequence may come in useful in practically any biological research. For example, in medicine it can be used to identify, diagnose and potentially develop treatments for genetic diseases. Similarly, research into pathogens may lead to treatments for contagious diseases. Biotechnology is a burgeoning discipline, with the potential for many useful products and services.</font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Sanger sequencing</span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="WIDTH: 162px" class="thumbinner"><img class="thumbimage" border="0" alt="Part of a radioactively labelled sequencing gel" width="160" height="332" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Sequencing.jpg" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div style="FLOAT: right" class="magnify"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></div> Part of a radioactively labelled sequencing gel</div> </div> </div> <p><font size="3">In chain terminator sequencing (Sanger sequencing), extension is initiated at a specific site on the template DNA by using a short oligonucleotide 'primer' complementary to the template at that region. The oligonucleotide primer is extended using a DNA polymerase, an enzyme that replicates DNA. Included with the primer and DNA polymerase are the four deoxynucleotide bases (DNA building blocks), along with a low concentration of a chain terminating nucleotide (most commonly a <strong>di-</strong>deoxynucleotide). Limited incorporation of the chain terminating nucleotide by the DNA polymerase results in a series of related DNA fragments that are terminated only at positions where that particular nucleotide is used. The fragments are then size-separated by electrophoresis in a slab polyacrylamide gel, or more commonly now, in a narrow glass tube (capillary) filled with a viscous polymer.</font></p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="WIDTH: 182px" class="thumbinner"><img class="thumbimage" border="0" alt="View of the start of an example dye-terminator read (click to expand)" width="180" height="42" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Sanger_sequencing_read_display.gif/180px-Sanger_sequencing_read_display.gif" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div style="FLOAT: right" class="magnify"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></div> View of the start of an example dye-terminator read (click to expand)</div> </div> </div> <p><font size="3">An alternative to the labelling of the primer is to label the terminators instead, commonly called 'dye terminator sequencing'. The major advantage of this approach is the complete sequencing set can be performed in a single reaction, rather than the four needed with the labeled-primer approach. This is accomplished by labelling each of the dideoxynucleotide chain-terminators with a separate fluorescent dye, which fluoresces at a different wavelength. This method is easier and quicker than the dye primer approach, but may produce more uneven data peaks (different heights), due to a template dependent difference in the incorporation of the large dye chain-terminators. This problem has been significantly reduced with the introduction of new enzymes and dyes that minimize incorporation variability.</font></p> <p><font size="3">This method is now used for the vast majority of sequencing reactions as it is both simpler and cheaper. The major reason for this is that the primers do not have to be separately labelled (which can be a significant expense for a single-use custom primer), although this is less of a concern with frequently used 'universal' primers.</font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Pyrosequencing</span></h3> <p><font size="3">Pyrosequencing, which was originally developed by Mostafa Ronaghi, has been commercialized by Biotage (for low throughput sequencing) and 454 Life Sciences (for high-throughput sequencing). The latter platform sequences roughly 100 megabases in a 7-hour run with a single machine. In the array-based method (commercialized by 454 Life Sciences), single-stranded DNA is annealed to beads and amplified via emPCR. These DNA-bound beads are then placed into wells on a fiber-optic chip along with enzymes which produce light in the presence of ATP. When free nucleotides are washed over this chip, light is produced as ATP is generated when nucleotides join with their complementary base pairs. Addition of one (or more) nucleotide(s) results in a reaction that generates a light signal that is recorded by the CCD camera in the instrument. The signal strength is proportional to the number of nucleotides, for example, homopolymer stretches, incorporated in a single nucleotide flow. [1]</font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">RNA sequencing</span></h2> <p><font size="3"><font color="#810081">RNA</font> is less stable in the cell, and also more prone to nuclease attack experimentally. As RNA is generated by transcription from DNA, the information is already present in the cell's DNA. However, it is sometimes desirable to sequence RNA molecules. In particular, in Eukaryotes RNA molecules are not necessarily co-linear with their DNA template, as introns are excised. To sequence RNA, the usual method is first to reverse transcribe the sample to generate DNA fragments. This can then be sequenced as described above.</font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Protein sequencing</span></h2> <p><font size="3">Methods for performing protein sequencing include:</font></p> <ul> <li><font size="3">Edman degradation </font></li> <li><font size="3">Peptide mass fingerprinting </font></li> <li><font size="3">Mass spectrometry </font></li> <li><font size="3">Protease digests </font></li> </ul> <p><font size="3">If the gene encoding the protein can be identified it is currently much easier to sequence the DNA and infer the protein sequence. Determining part of a protein's amino-acid sequence (often one end) by one of the above methods may be sufficient to enable the identification of a clone carrying the gene.</font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Polysaccharide sequencing</span></h2> <p><font size="3">Though polysaccharides are also biopolymers, it is not so common to talk of 'sequencing' a polysaccharide, for several reasons. Although many polysaccharides are linear, many have branches. Many different units (individual monosaccharides) can be used, and bonded in different ways. However, the main theoretical reason is that whereas the other polymers listed here are primarily generated in a 'template-dependent' manner by one processive enzyme, each individual join in a polysaccharide may be formed by a different enzyme. In many cases the assembly is not uniquely specified; depending on which enzyme acts, one of several different units may be incorporated. This can lead to a family of similar molecules being formed. This is particularly true for plant polysaccharides. Methods for the structure determination of oligosaccharides and polysaccharides include NMR spectroscopy and methylation analysis<sup id="_ref-0" class="reference">[1]</sup>.</font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">See also</span></h2> <ul> <li><font size="3">Genetic code </font></li> <li><font size="3">Sequence motif </font></li> <li><font size="3">[http://sequenceome.org Sequenceome.org] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[http://glycome.net Glycome.net]</font> </li> </ul> <p><a id="References" name="References"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <div class="references-small"> <ol class="references"> <li id="_note-0"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequencing#_ref-0">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.stenutz.eu/sop" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.stenutz.eu/sop">A practical guide to structural analysis of carbohydrates</a> </li> </ol> </div> fa37e4e5b1c62fc37d89fc2a26d7d03f5000d324 0 1899 3123 2010-10-06T21:44:08Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="3"><strong>What is sequence (in biology)?</strong></font><br /> <font size="3"><br /> A&nbsp;sequence is an ordered list of objects. A sequence is a discrete function.&nbsp;<br /> A sequence usually contains information.<br /> <br /> </font><br /> 5299cae28e1018599444043a7742bb56e89c7719 6 1900 3125 2010-10-09T12:18:12Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 0 1901 3128 2010-10-09T21:53:42Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki [http://article.pubs.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/ppv/RPViewDoc?issn=1480-3321&amp;volume=46&amp;issue=5&amp;startPage=914 A first-generation map of the turkey genome]: 2003. 7d67d24285458b211615cd38b272a88ddd4d353c 0 1902 3131 2010-10-10T08:35:53Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <br /> <br /> <font size="4">Paris Japonica: Researchers Claim Simple White Flower Has World's Longest Genome&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </font><a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/10/07/paris-japonica-researcher_n_754557.html">http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/10/07/paris-japonica-researcher_n_754557.html</a><br /> <br /> <a href="http://www.kew.org"><font color="#399800">http://www.kew.org</font></a> d86df5bf73ce4b496eed049638c9e087c1e9f1b3 3132 2010-10-10T08:37:01Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <br /> <br /> <font size="4">Paris Japonica: Researchers Claim Simple White Flower Has World's Longest Genome&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </font><a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/10/07/paris-japonica-researcher_n_754557.html">http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/10/07/paris-japonica-researcher_n_754557.html</a><br /> <br /> <br /> <font size="5">About Paris japonica</font><br /> <p><em><strong>Paris japonica</strong></em> (<a title="Japanese language" href="/wiki/Japanese_language"><font color="#0645ad">Japanese</font></a>: <span lang="ja" xml:lang="ja">キヌガサソウ属, <em>Kinugasasou</em> meaning 'canopy plant'</span>) is a species of the genus <em><a title="Paris (genus)" href="/wiki/Paris_(genus)"><font color="#0645ad">Paris</font></a></em> in the family <a title="Melanthiaceae" href="/wiki/Melanthiaceae"><font color="#0645ad">Melanthiaceae</font></a>, which has the largest <a title="Genome" href="/wiki/Genome"><font color="#0645ad">genome</font></a> of any organism yet assayed, about 150 billion <a title="Base pair" href="/wiki/Base_pair"><font color="#0645ad">base pairs</font></a> long.<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-0"><font size="2"><font color="#0645ad"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></font></font></a></sup> An <a class="mw-redirect" title="Octoploid" href="/wiki/Octoploid"><font color="#0645ad">octoploid</font></a> and suspected <a class="mw-redirect" title="Allopolyploid" href="/wiki/Allopolyploid"><font color="#0645ad">allopolyploid</font></a> hybrid of four species, it has 40 chromosomes. It is native to <a class="mw-redirect" title="Sub-alpine" href="/wiki/Sub-alpine"><font color="#0645ad">sub-alpine</font></a> regions of <a title="Japan" href="/wiki/Japan"><font color="#0645ad">Japan</font></a>.</p> <h2><span id="Characteristics" class="mw-headline">Characteristics</span></h2> <p>A slow growing perennial, it flowers in July. The showy white star-like flower is borne above a single <a title="Whorl (botany)" href="/wiki/Whorl_(botany)"><font color="#0645ad">whorl</font></a> of about eight stem leaves. It prefers cool, humid, shady places.</p> <p>The rare flower has a genome 50 times bigger than humans. With 150 billion base pairs of DNA per cell, it is the biggest genome in the world, and the DNA from a single cell stretched out end-to-end it would be taller than 300&nbsp;feet (91 m), such as <a title="Big Ben" href="/wiki/Big_Ben"><font color="#0645ad">Big Ben</font></a>.</p> <p>The flower has 19 billion more base pairs than the previous record holder, the <a title="Marbled lungfish" href="/wiki/Marbled_lungfish"><font color="#0645ad">marbled lungfish</font></a>, whose 130 billion base pairs weigh in at 132.83 picograms per cell.</p> <h2><span id="References" class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <div class="references-small"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-0"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external text" href="http://www.kew.org/news/kew-scientists-discover-largest-genome.htm" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">Kew scientists discover the largest genome of them all</font></a></li> </ol> </div> <h2><span id="External_links" class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <p><a class="external text" href="http://rareplants.co.uk/page.asp?id=parisjapon" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">Rareplants page</font></a><br /> <a href="http://www.kew.org"><font color="#399800">http://www.kew.org</font></a>&nbsp;<br /> </p> b87e39013fb6d25bd12ce4f68148b06522602ad6 3134 2010-10-10T08:37:51Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <br /> <br /> <font size="4">Paris Japonica: Researchers Claim Simple White Flower Has World's Longest Genome&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </font><a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/10/07/paris-japonica-researcher_n_754557.html">http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/10/07/paris-japonica-researcher_n_754557.html</a><br /> <br /> [[Image:Paris japonica Kinugasasou in Hakusan 2003 7 27 openfree.jpg|thumb]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <font size="5">About Paris japonica</font><br /> <p><em><strong>Paris japonica</strong></em> (<a title="Japanese language" href="/wiki/Japanese_language"><font color="#0645ad">Japanese</font></a>: <span lang="ja" xml:lang="ja">キヌガサソウ属, <em>Kinugasasou</em> meaning 'canopy plant'</span>) is a species of the genus <em><a title="Paris (genus)" href="/wiki/Paris_(genus)"><font color="#0645ad">Paris</font></a></em> in the family <a title="Melanthiaceae" href="/wiki/Melanthiaceae"><font color="#0645ad">Melanthiaceae</font></a>, which has the largest <a title="Genome" href="/wiki/Genome"><font color="#0645ad">genome</font></a> of any organism yet assayed, about 150 billion <a title="Base pair" href="/wiki/Base_pair"><font color="#0645ad">base pairs</font></a> long.<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-0"><font size="2"><font color="#0645ad"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></font></font></a></sup> An <a class="mw-redirect" title="Octoploid" href="/wiki/Octoploid"><font color="#0645ad">octoploid</font></a> and suspected <a class="mw-redirect" title="Allopolyploid" href="/wiki/Allopolyploid"><font color="#0645ad">allopolyploid</font></a> hybrid of four species, it has 40 chromosomes. It is native to <a class="mw-redirect" title="Sub-alpine" href="/wiki/Sub-alpine"><font color="#0645ad">sub-alpine</font></a> regions of <a title="Japan" href="/wiki/Japan"><font color="#0645ad">Japan</font></a>.</p> <h2><span id="Characteristics" class="mw-headline">Characteristics</span></h2> <p>A slow growing perennial, it flowers in July. The showy white star-like flower is borne above a single <a title="Whorl (botany)" href="/wiki/Whorl_(botany)"><font color="#0645ad">whorl</font></a> of about eight stem leaves. It prefers cool, humid, shady places.</p> <p>The rare flower has a genome 50 times bigger than humans. With 150 billion base pairs of DNA per cell, it is the biggest genome in the world, and the DNA from a single cell stretched out end-to-end it would be taller than 300&nbsp;feet (91 m), such as <a title="Big Ben" href="/wiki/Big_Ben"><font color="#0645ad">Big Ben</font></a>.</p> <p>The flower has 19 billion more base pairs than the previous record holder, the <a title="Marbled lungfish" href="/wiki/Marbled_lungfish"><font color="#0645ad">marbled lungfish</font></a>, whose 130 billion base pairs weigh in at 132.83 picograms per cell.</p> <h2><span id="References" class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <div class="references-small"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-0"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.kew.org/news/kew-scientists-discover-largest-genome.htm"><font color="#3366bb">Kew scientists discover the largest genome of them all</font></a> </li> </ol> </div> <h2><span id="External_links" class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <p><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://rareplants.co.uk/page.asp?id=parisjapon"><font color="#3366bb">Rareplants page</font></a><br /> <a href="http://www.kew.org"><font color="#399800">http://www.kew.org</font></a>&nbsp;<br /> </p> 9a5fc515a586ea6d35695c7976d46a5a946b5c70 6 1903 3133 2010-10-10T08:37:33Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 6 1904 3136 2010-10-10T08:45:33Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 6 1905 3138 2010-10-10T08:47:05Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 0 1906 3141 2010-10-10T08:50:49Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5">Genome size</font><br /> <br /> This is for listing genome size information.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <font size="4">External links</font><br /> [http://genomesize.org GenomeSize.org]: openfree genome size site.<br /> [http://genomesize.com Genomesize.com]: Animal Genome Sze DB by [[Ryan Gregory, Canada]]<br /> 2a37de930fd82e31c1906613f4d849ee9458b2ad 0 1907 3142 2010-10-10T08:51:09Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p class="ryan_name">Dr. T. Ryan Gregory <br /> <br /> Mailing Address: Dept. of Integrative Biology <br /> University of Guelph <br /> 50 Stone Rd. E. <br /> Guelph, Ontario <br /> N1G 2W1 Canada. <br /> Email: database@genomesize.com <br /> </p> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top"><strong>Mailing Address:</strong></td> <td>Dept. of Integrative Biology<br /> University of Guelph<br /> 50 Stone Rd. E.<br /> Guelph, Ontario<br /> N1G 2W1 Canada.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>Email:</strong> </td> <td><a href="mailto:database@genomesize.com"><font color="#0066cc">database@genomesize.com</font></a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> 74f3780f40ef8182e3212ccbee3b41c4355d9778 3143 2010-10-10T08:51:18Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p class="ryan_name">Dr. T. Ryan Gregory <br /> <br /> Mailing Address: Dept. of Integrative Biology <br /> University of Guelph <br /> 50 Stone Rd. E. <br /> Guelph, Ontario <br /> N1G 2W1 Canada. <br /> Email: database@genomesize.com <br /> </p> fb37a472ec11bc67a8724cdbd26e14a46234a4e8 0 1878 3145 2010-10-10T08:53:49Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4"><font size="3"><strong>►[[Image:Paris japonica logo openfree.gif]] [[The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica]]: 20101009 &rArr; [[Genome size]] <br /> ►[[Image:Turkey logo 2.gif]] [[Turkey genome sequenced 20100907]] &rArr; [[Bird genome]] <br /> ►[[Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging]] 20100818 <br /> ►[[Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection]]: 20100810 <br /> ►Theragen [[Totalomics Solutions Launched]] 20100711 &rArr;[[Genome sequencing product]] <br /> ►[[Personal Genomics Institute established]] 20100419 &rArr;[[Genome Institutes]] <br /> ►[[The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill]]: PGP9. 20100330. <br /> ►[[The dynamic genome of Hydra]] Nature. 2010 Mar 25 &rArr; [[Animal Genome]] <br /> ►[[The Human Genome Rights]] Declaration. 20100315 &rArr;[[GenomeEthics]] <br /> ►[[GET conference Boston by PGP]] Boston, 27th April. <br /> ► [[IonTorrent ion-sequencing machine announced publically]] <br /> ►20100310 [[Whole-Genome Sequencing in a Patient with Charcot&ndash;Marie&ndash;Tooth Neuropathy]] <br /> ► GATC Biotech Purchases [[HiSeq 2000]] Instrument. 20100126. &rArr;[[GenomeSequencer]] <br /> <br /> 20100303:</strong> [[Theragen Inc. launched a personal genome typing service similar to 23andme's. However, the product was withheld due to legal issues.]] <br /> <strong>20091230:</strong> [[Theragen Inc. in Korea launches commercial full genome and SNP chip personal genome service. The first in Asia]]<br /> <strong>20090928:</strong> [[Potato genome draft announced]]<strong><br /> 20090810:</strong> [[A Caucasian human genome was sequenced by Helicos single molecule sequencer]].<br /> <strong>20090805:</strong> [[Recurring Mutations Found by Full length Sequencing of an Acute Myeloid Leukemia Genome (AML)]]. [[N Engl J Med]]<br /> <strong>20090802:</strong> [[The complete genome sequence of Triticum mosaic virus is published in Arch Vriol.]]<br /> <strong>20090730</strong>: [[Crocodile genome map published in BMC Genomics]].<br /> <strong>20090727</strong>: [[A new multiplex sequencing method published by MPI group for highly degraded DNA fragments. Cave bear mitochondria]]<br /> 20090724: DNA Sequencing and&nbsp;Array Drive 8% Growth for Roche in First Half of 2009. [[454 GS FLX]] and [[Nimblegen]]. [http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/dna-sequencing-systems-arrays-drive-8-percent-growth-roche-applied-science-first]<br /> <strong>20090724</strong>: BGI (Beijing Genomics Institute) in China participates in orchid genome (<em>[[Phalaenopsis equestris]]) </em>sequencing. [http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/bgi-china-partners-sequence-orchids]<br /> <strong>20090716</strong>: Navigenics Lowers Health Compass Price to $999 USD. [http://www.genomeweb.com/dxpgx/navigenics-lowers-health-compass-price-1k]<br /> <strong>20090716</strong>: Celera Uses&nbsp;Automated Workflows for Genomics [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/17/celera-pushes-boundaries.html]<br /> 20090716: [[A draft genomic sequence for a worm, Schistosoma japonicum, was published]].<br /> 20090716: Genomes Of Parasitic Flatworms Decoded: <em>Schistosoma mansoni</em> and <em>Schistosoma japonicum</em> [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090715131439.htm]<br /> <strong>20090716</strong>: <!-- a href=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl?z2090023735&amp;z=950242273 target=_parent><b>Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</b></a --></font><a target="_parent" d.moreover.com="" click="" c.moreover.com="" href="http://www.bioportfolio.co.uk/cgi-bin/dialogserver.exe?CMD=hit.displayMdoc&amp;ID=3022030&amp;HITNO=2&amp;MSIZE=634&amp;LANGUAGE=en&amp;FILE=doc.NEWSFEED&amp;SAVEQUERY00=Genomics&amp;SAVEPROP00=L%3den&amp;SAVEDB=news&amp;SAVEORGANISE_CODED=R:date&amp;R=3022030&amp;THISHREF=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl%3fz2090023735%26amp%3bz%3d950242273&amp;THEHOST=site d.moreover.com"><strong><font color="#0066cc" size="3">Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</font></strong></a><font size="3">&nbsp;<br /> <strong>20090715</strong>: [[Pathway Genomics]] starts the Direct-to-Consumer Genomics service as 23andme and Decodeme [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/15/pathway-consumer-genomics.html]<br /> <strong>20090714</strong>: OryzaSNP Consortium IDs Thousands of Variants in Rice Genome: [http://www.genomeweb.com/arrays/oryzasnp-consortium-ids-thousands-variants-rice-genome]&nbsp;<br /> <strong>20090709</strong>: [[The second Korean pesonal genome was sequenced by a Korean team and analyzed by US researchers]] (Macrogen and Seoul University Medical School)<br /> <strong>20090630</strong>: [[Genomic linkage map of the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni]]:&nbsp; <em>Genome Biology</em> 2009, <strong>10</strong><strong>:</strong>R71<span class="pseudotab">doi:10.1186/gb-2009-10-6-r71</span>&nbsp;<br /> 20090629: [[Melon Genome Map was publicized by US researchers]]<br /> <strong>20090616</strong>: Illumina Launches Personal Genome-Sequencing Service Using Genome Analyzer II. [http://scienceblogs.com/geneticfuture/2009/06/illumina_launches_personal_gen.php]<br /> <strong>20090604</strong>: [[An integrated genetic and cytogenetic map of the cucumber genome was announced in PLOS One]]<br /> <strong>20090603</strong>: [[Neanderthal genome sequeced by MPI Germany and Roche]]<br /> <strong>20090601</strong>: Microsoft buys Rosetta Biosoftware from Merck. Merck becomes the client of Microsoft.<br /> <strong>20090529:&nbsp;</strong>[[A new malaria agent in African chimpanzees found]]. <br /> <strong>20090526</strong>: [[The first Korean Genome Sequence analysis]] by two Korean teams&nbsp;published in [http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2009/05/26/gr.092197.109.full.pdf+html Genome Research article]<br /> 20081208: [[Soybean genome, G. max data publicized]]<br /> <strong>20081204</strong>: [http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/tech/2008/12/133_35578.html Korean Genome Publicized]. The sequencing and bioinformatic analyses were carried out by two&nbsp;Korean teams. <br /> </font><br /> <br /> <hr /> [[Genomics News Links]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Biotechnology News Sites]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Science News Sites]]<br /> <br /> </font> 550bcadccca80e3c898071425965cdec9fe1defa 3146 2010-10-10T08:56:51Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4"><font size="3"><strong>20101009: [[Image:Paris japonica logo openfree.gif]] [[The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica]]: &rArr; [[Genome size]] <br /> 20100907: [[Image:Turkey logo 2.gif]] [[Turkey genome sequenced 20100907]] &rArr; [[Bird genome]]&nbsp;<br /> 20100818: [[Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging]] <br /> 20100810:[[Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection]]: <br /> 20100711:Theragen [[Totalomics Solutions Launched]] &rArr;[[Genome sequencing product]] <br /> 20100427: [[GET conference Boston by PGP]] Boston, 27th April.&nbsp;<br /> 20100419: [[Personal Genomics Institute established]] &rArr;[[Genome Institutes]] <br /> 20100401: [[IonTorrent ion-sequencing machine announced publically]] <br /> 20100330:[[The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill]]: PGP9. 20100330.&nbsp;<br /> 20100325: [[The dynamic genome of Hydra]] Nature. 2010 Mar 25 &rArr; [[Animal Genome]]&nbsp;<br /> 20100315:[[The Human Genome Rights]] Declaration. 20100315 &rArr;[[GenomeEthics]]&nbsp;<br /> 20100310: [[Whole-Genome Sequencing in a Patient with Charcot&ndash;Marie&ndash;Tooth Neuropathy]] <br /> 20100126: GATC Biotech Purchases [[HiSeq 2000]] Instrument. . &rArr;[[GenomeSequencer]] <br /> 20100303:</strong> [[Theragen Inc. launched a personal genome typing service similar to 23andme's. However, the product was withheld due to legal issues.]] <br /> <strong>20091230:</strong> [[Theragen Inc. in Korea launches commercial full genome and SNP chip personal genome service. The first in Asia]]<br /> <strong>20090928:</strong> [[Potato genome draft announced]]<strong><br /> 20090810:</strong> [[A Caucasian human genome was sequenced by Helicos single molecule sequencer]].<br /> <strong>20090805:</strong> [[Recurring Mutations Found by Full length Sequencing of an Acute Myeloid Leukemia Genome (AML)]]. [[N Engl J Med]]<br /> <strong>20090802:</strong> [[The complete genome sequence of Triticum mosaic virus is published in Arch Vriol.]]<br /> <strong>20090730</strong>: [[Crocodile genome map published in BMC Genomics]].<br /> <strong>20090727</strong>: [[A new multiplex sequencing method published by MPI group for highly degraded DNA fragments. Cave bear mitochondria]]<br /> 20090724: DNA Sequencing and&nbsp;Array Drive 8% Growth for Roche in First Half of 2009. [[454 GS FLX]] and [[Nimblegen]]. [http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/dna-sequencing-systems-arrays-drive-8-percent-growth-roche-applied-science-first]<br /> <strong>20090724</strong>: BGI (Beijing Genomics Institute) in China participates in orchid genome (<em>[[Phalaenopsis equestris]]) </em>sequencing. [http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/bgi-china-partners-sequence-orchids]<br /> <strong>20090716</strong>: Navigenics Lowers Health Compass Price to $999 USD. [http://www.genomeweb.com/dxpgx/navigenics-lowers-health-compass-price-1k]<br /> <strong>20090716</strong>: Celera Uses&nbsp;Automated Workflows for Genomics [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/17/celera-pushes-boundaries.html]<br /> 20090716: [[A draft genomic sequence for a worm, Schistosoma japonicum, was published]].<br /> 20090716: Genomes Of Parasitic Flatworms Decoded: <em>Schistosoma mansoni</em> and <em>Schistosoma japonicum</em> [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090715131439.htm]<br /> <strong>20090716</strong>: <!-- a href=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl?z2090023735&amp;z=950242273 target=_parent><b>Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</b></a --></font><a target="_parent" d.moreover.com="" click="" c.moreover.com="" href="http://www.bioportfolio.co.uk/cgi-bin/dialogserver.exe?CMD=hit.displayMdoc&amp;ID=3022030&amp;HITNO=2&amp;MSIZE=634&amp;LANGUAGE=en&amp;FILE=doc.NEWSFEED&amp;SAVEQUERY00=Genomics&amp;SAVEPROP00=L%3den&amp;SAVEDB=news&amp;SAVEORGANISE_CODED=R:date&amp;R=3022030&amp;THISHREF=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl%3fz2090023735%26amp%3bz%3d950242273&amp;THEHOST=site d.moreover.com"><strong><font color="#0066cc" size="3">Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</font></strong></a><font size="3">&nbsp;<br /> <strong>20090715</strong>: [[Pathway Genomics]] starts the Direct-to-Consumer Genomics service as 23andme and Decodeme [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/15/pathway-consumer-genomics.html]<br /> <strong>20090714</strong>: OryzaSNP Consortium IDs Thousands of Variants in Rice Genome: [http://www.genomeweb.com/arrays/oryzasnp-consortium-ids-thousands-variants-rice-genome]&nbsp;<br /> <strong>20090709</strong>: [[The second Korean pesonal genome was sequenced by a Korean team and analyzed by US researchers]] (Macrogen and Seoul University Medical School)<br /> <strong>20090630</strong>: [[Genomic linkage map of the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni]]:&nbsp; <em>Genome Biology</em> 2009, <strong>10</strong><strong>:</strong>R71<span class="pseudotab">doi:10.1186/gb-2009-10-6-r71</span>&nbsp;<br /> 20090629: [[Melon Genome Map was publicized by US researchers]]<br /> <strong>20090616</strong>: Illumina Launches Personal Genome-Sequencing Service Using Genome Analyzer II. [http://scienceblogs.com/geneticfuture/2009/06/illumina_launches_personal_gen.php]<br /> <strong>20090604</strong>: [[An integrated genetic and cytogenetic map of the cucumber genome was announced in PLOS One]]<br /> <strong>20090603</strong>: [[Neanderthal genome sequeced by MPI Germany and Roche]]<br /> <strong>20090601</strong>: Microsoft buys Rosetta Biosoftware from Merck. Merck becomes the client of Microsoft.<br /> <strong>20090529:&nbsp;</strong>[[A new malaria agent in African chimpanzees found]]. <br /> <strong>20090526</strong>: [[The first Korean Genome Sequence analysis]] by two Korean teams&nbsp;published in [http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2009/05/26/gr.092197.109.full.pdf+html Genome Research article]<br /> 20081208: [[Soybean genome, G. max data publicized]]<br /> <strong>20081204</strong>: [http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/tech/2008/12/133_35578.html Korean Genome Publicized]. The sequencing and bioinformatic analyses were carried out by two&nbsp;Korean teams. <br /> </font><br /> <br /> <hr /> [[Genomics News Links]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Biotechnology News Sites]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Science News Sites]]<br /> <br /> </font> f8e3443ca6190596de8e4c611338f13b922209ce 3154 2010-10-10T09:09:36Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4"><font size="3"><strong>20101009: [[Image:Paris japonica logo openfree.gif]] [[The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica]]: &rArr; [[Genome size]] <br /> 20100907: [[Image:Turkey logo 2.gif]] [[Turkey genome sequenced 20100907]] &rArr; [[Bird genome]]&nbsp;<br /> 20100818: [[Image:Scripps logo openfree 1.gif]] [[Image:Sanofi aventis logo1.gif]] </strong></font><font size="3"><strong>[[Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging]]</strong> <br /> <strong>20100810:[[Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection]]: <br /> 20100711:Theragen [[Totalomics Solutions Launched]] &rArr;[[Genome sequencing product]] <br /> 20100427: [[GET conference Boston by PGP]] Boston, 27th April.&nbsp;<br /> 20100419: [[Personal Genomics Institute established]] &rArr;[[Genome Institutes]] <br /> 20100401: [[IonTorrent ion-sequencing machine announced publically]] <br /> 20100330:[[The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill]]: PGP9. 20100330.&nbsp;<br /> 20100325: [[The dynamic genome of Hydra]] Nature. 2010 Mar 25 &rArr; [[Animal Genome]]&nbsp;<br /> 20100315:[[The Human Genome Rights]] Declaration. 20100315 &rArr;[[GenomeEthics]]&nbsp;<br /> 20100310: [[Whole-Genome Sequencing in a Patient with Charcot&ndash;Marie&ndash;Tooth Neuropathy]] <br /> 20100126: GATC Biotech Purchases [[HiSeq 2000]] Instrument. . &rArr;[[GenomeSequencer]] <br /> 20100303:</strong> [[Theragen Inc. launched a personal genome typing service similar to 23andme's. However, the product was withheld due to legal issues.]] <br /> <strong>20091230:</strong> [[Theragen Inc. in Korea launches commercial full genome and SNP chip personal genome service. The first in Asia]]<br /> <strong>20090928:</strong> [[Potato genome draft announced]]</font><strong><br /> <font size="3">20090810:</font></strong><font size="3"> [[A Caucasian human genome was sequenced by Helicos single molecule sequencer]].<br /> <strong>20090805:</strong> [[Recurring Mutations Found by Full length Sequencing of an Acute Myeloid Leukemia Genome (AML)]]. [[N Engl J Med]]<br /> <strong>20090802:</strong> [[The complete genome sequence of Triticum mosaic virus is published in Arch Vriol.]]<br /> <strong>20090730</strong>: [[Crocodile genome map published in BMC Genomics]].<br /> <strong>20090727</strong>: [[A new multiplex sequencing method published by MPI group for highly degraded DNA fragments. Cave bear mitochondria]]<br /> 20090724: DNA Sequencing and&nbsp;Array Drive 8% Growth for Roche in First Half of 2009. [[454 GS FLX]] and [[Nimblegen]]. [http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/dna-sequencing-systems-arrays-drive-8-percent-growth-roche-applied-science-first]<br /> <strong>20090724</strong>: BGI (Beijing Genomics Institute) in China participates in orchid genome (<em>[[Phalaenopsis equestris]]) </em>sequencing. [http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/bgi-china-partners-sequence-orchids]<br /> <strong>20090716</strong>: Navigenics Lowers Health Compass Price to $999 USD. [http://www.genomeweb.com/dxpgx/navigenics-lowers-health-compass-price-1k]<br /> <strong>20090716</strong>: Celera Uses&nbsp;Automated Workflows for Genomics [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/17/celera-pushes-boundaries.html]<br /> 20090716: [[A draft genomic sequence for a worm, Schistosoma japonicum, was published]].<br /> 20090716: Genomes Of Parasitic Flatworms Decoded: <em>Schistosoma mansoni</em> and <em>Schistosoma japonicum</em> [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090715131439.htm]<br /> <strong>20090716</strong>: <!-- a href=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl?z2090023735&amp;z=950242273 target=_parent><b>Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</b></a --></font><a target="_parent" d.moreover.com="" click="" c.moreover.com="" href="http://www.bioportfolio.co.uk/cgi-bin/dialogserver.exe?CMD=hit.displayMdoc&amp;ID=3022030&amp;HITNO=2&amp;MSIZE=634&amp;LANGUAGE=en&amp;FILE=doc.NEWSFEED&amp;SAVEQUERY00=Genomics&amp;SAVEPROP00=L%3den&amp;SAVEDB=news&amp;SAVEORGANISE_CODED=R:date&amp;R=3022030&amp;THISHREF=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl%3fz2090023735%26amp%3bz%3d950242273&amp;THEHOST=site d.moreover.com"><strong><font color="#0066cc" size="3">Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</font></strong></a><font size="3">&nbsp;<br /> <strong>20090715</strong>: [[Pathway Genomics]] starts the Direct-to-Consumer Genomics service as 23andme and Decodeme [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/15/pathway-consumer-genomics.html]<br /> <strong>20090714</strong>: OryzaSNP Consortium IDs Thousands of Variants in Rice Genome: [http://www.genomeweb.com/arrays/oryzasnp-consortium-ids-thousands-variants-rice-genome]&nbsp;<br /> <strong>20090709</strong>: [[The second Korean pesonal genome was sequenced by a Korean team and analyzed by US researchers]] (Macrogen and Seoul University Medical School)<br /> <strong>20090630</strong>: [[Genomic linkage map of the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni]]:&nbsp; <em>Genome Biology</em> 2009, <strong>10</strong><strong>:</strong>R71<span class="pseudotab">doi:10.1186/gb-2009-10-6-r71</span>&nbsp;<br /> 20090629: [[Melon Genome Map was publicized by US researchers]]<br /> <strong>20090616</strong>: Illumina Launches Personal Genome-Sequencing Service Using Genome Analyzer II. [http://scienceblogs.com/geneticfuture/2009/06/illumina_launches_personal_gen.php]<br /> <strong>20090604</strong>: [[An integrated genetic and cytogenetic map of the cucumber genome was announced in PLOS One]]<br /> <strong>20090603</strong>: [[Neanderthal genome sequeced by MPI Germany and Roche]]<br /> <strong>20090601</strong>: Microsoft buys Rosetta Biosoftware from Merck. Merck becomes the client of Microsoft.<br /> <strong>20090529:&nbsp;</strong>[[A new malaria agent in African chimpanzees found]]. <br /> <strong>20090526</strong>: [[The first Korean Genome Sequence analysis]] by two Korean teams&nbsp;published in [http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2009/05/26/gr.092197.109.full.pdf+html Genome Research article]<br /> 20081208: [[Soybean genome, G. max data publicized]]<br /> <strong>20081204</strong>: [http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/tech/2008/12/133_35578.html Korean Genome Publicized]. The sequencing and bioinformatic analyses were carried out by two&nbsp;Korean teams. <br /> </font><br /> <br /> <hr /> [[Genomics News Links]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Biotechnology News Sites]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Science News Sites]]<br /> <br /> </font> 56e2c5b7f2772dea2502c92f6805f3a87491462f 3155 2010-10-10T09:10:59Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="4"><font size="3"><strong>20101009: [[Image:Paris japonica logo openfree.gif]] [[The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica]]: &rArr; [[Genome size]] <br /> 20100907: [[Image:Turkey logo 2.gif]] [[Turkey genome sequenced 20100907]] &rArr; [[Bird genome]]&nbsp;<br /> 20100818: [[Image:Scripps logo openfree 1.gif]] [[Image:Sanofi aventis logo1.gif]] </strong></font><font size="3"><strong>[[Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging]]</strong> <br /> <strong>20100810:[[Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection]]<br /> <br /> 20100711:Theragen [[Totalomics Solutions Launched]] &rArr;[[Genome sequencing product]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20100427: [[GET conference Boston by PGP]] Boston, 27th April.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20100419: [[Personal Genomics Institute established]] &rArr;[[Genome Institutes]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20100401: [[IonTorrent ion-sequencing machine announced publically]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20100330:[[The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill]]: PGP9. 20100330.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20100325: [[The dynamic genome of Hydra]] Nature. 2010 Mar 25 &rArr; [[Animal Genome]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20100315:[[The Human Genome Rights]] Declaration. 20100315 &rArr;[[GenomeEthics]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20100310: [[Whole-Genome Sequencing in a Patient with Charcot&ndash;Marie&ndash;Tooth Neuropathy]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20100126: GATC Biotech Purchases [[HiSeq 2000]] Instrument. . &rArr;[[GenomeSequencer]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20100303:</strong> [[Theragen Inc. launched a personal genome typing service similar to 23andme's. However, the product was&nbsp;<br /> withheld due to legal issues.]]&nbsp;<br /> <strong><br /> 20091230:</strong> [[Theragen Inc. in Korea launches commercial full genome and SNP chip personal genome service. The first in Asia]]<br /> <strong><br /> 20090928:</strong> [[Potato genome draft announced]]</font><strong><br /> <font size="3"><br /> 20090810:</font></strong><font size="3"> [[A Caucasian human genome was sequenced by Helicos single molecule sequencer]].<br /> <strong><br /> 20090805:</strong> [[Recurring Mutations Found by Full length Sequencing of an Acute Myeloid Leukemia Genome (AML)]]. [[N&nbsp;<br /> Engl J Med]]<br /> <strong><br /> 20090802:</strong> [[The complete genome sequence of Triticum mosaic virus is published in Arch Vriol.]]<br /> <strong><br /> 20090730</strong>: [[Crocodile genome map published in BMC Genomics]].<br /> <strong><br /> 20090727</strong>: [[A new multiplex sequencing method published by MPI group for highly degraded DNA fragments. Cave&nbsp;<br /> bear mitochondria]]<br /> <br /> <strong>20090724</strong>: DNA Sequencing and&nbsp;Array Drive 8% Growth for Roche in First Half of 2009. [[454 GS FLX]] and [[Nimblegen]]. [http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/dna-sequencing-systems-arrays-drive-8-percent-growth-roche-applied-science-first]<br /> <br /> <strong>20090724</strong>: BGI (Beijing Genomics Institute) in China participates in orchid genome (<em>[[Phalaenopsis equestris]]) </em>sequencing. [http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/bgi-china-partners-sequence-orchids]<br /> <strong><br /> 20090716</strong>: Navigenics Lowers Health Compass Price to $999 USD. [http://www.genomeweb.com/dxpgx/navigenics-<br /> lowers-health-compass-price-1k]<br /> <strong><br /> 20090716</strong>: Celera Uses&nbsp;Automated Workflows for Genomics [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/17/celera-pushes-boundaries.html]<br /> <br /> <strong>20090716</strong>: [[A draft genomic sequence for a worm, Schistosoma japonicum, was published]].<br /> <br /> <strong>20090716</strong>: Genomes Of Parasitic Flatworms Decoded: <em>Schistosoma mansoni</em> and <em>Schistosoma japonicum</em> [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090715131439.htm]<br /> <strong><br /> 20090716</strong>: <!-- a href=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl?z2090023735&amp;z=950242273 target=_parent><b>Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</b></a --></font><a target="_parent" d.moreover.com="" click="" c.moreover.com="" href="http://www.bioportfolio.co.uk/cgi-bin/dialogserver.exe?CMD=hit.displayMdoc&amp;ID=3022030&amp;HITNO=2&amp;MSIZE=634&amp;LANGUAGE=en&amp;FILE=doc.NEWSFEED&amp;SAVEQUERY00=Genomics&amp;SAVEPROP00=L%3den&amp;SAVEDB=news&amp;SAVEORGANISE_CODED=R:date&amp;R=3022030&amp;THISHREF=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl%3fz2090023735%26amp%3bz%3d950242273&amp;THEHOST=site d.moreover.com"><strong><font color="#0066cc" size="3">Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</font></strong></a><font size="3">&nbsp;<br /> <strong><br /> 20090715</strong>: [[Pathway Genomics]] starts the Direct-to-Consumer Genomics service as 23andme and Decodeme&nbsp;<br /> [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/15/pathway-consumer-genomics.html]<br /> <strong><br /> 20090714</strong>: OryzaSNP Consortium IDs Thousands of Variants in Rice Genome: [http://www.genomeweb.com/arrays/oryzasnp-consortium-ids-thousands-variants-rice-genome]&nbsp;<br /> <strong><br /> 20090709</strong>: [[The second Korean pesonal genome was sequenced by a Korean team and analyzed by US researchers]] (Macrogen and Seoul University Medical School)<br /> <strong><br /> 20090630</strong>: [[Genomic linkage map of the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni]]:&nbsp; <em>Genome Biology</em> 2009, <strong>10</strong><strong>:</strong>R71<span class="pseudotab">doi:10.1186/gb-2009-10-6-r71</span>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <strong>20090629</strong>: [[Melon Genome Map was publicized by US researchers]]<br /> <strong><br /> 20090616</strong>: Illumina Launches Personal Genome-Sequencing Service Using Genome Analyzer II. [http://scienceblogs.com/geneticfuture/2009/06/illumina_launches_personal_gen.php]<br /> <strong><br /> 20090604</strong>: [[An integrated genetic and cytogenetic map of the cucumber genome was announced in PLOS One]]<br /> <strong><br /> 20090603</strong>: [[Neanderthal genome sequeced by MPI Germany and Roche]]<br /> <strong><br /> 20090601</strong>: Microsoft buys Rosetta Biosoftware from Merck. Merck becomes the client of Microsoft.<br /> <strong><br /> 20090529:&nbsp;</strong>[[A new malaria agent in African chimpanzees found]].&nbsp;<br /> <strong><br /> 20090526</strong>: [[The first Korean Genome Sequence analysis]] by two Korean teams&nbsp;published in&nbsp;<br /> [http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2009/05/26/gr.092197.109.full.pdf+html Genome Research article]<br /> <br /> <strong>20081208</strong>: [[Soybean genome, G. max data publicized]]<br /> <strong><br /> 20081204</strong>: [http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/tech/2008/12/133_35578.html Korean Genome Publicized]. The sequencing and bioinformatic analyses were carried out by two&nbsp;Korean teams. <br /> </font><br /> <br /> <hr /> [[Genomics News Links]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Biotechnology News Sites]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Science News Sites]]<br /> <br /> </font> 4baa6773f8389074ce1411e892d11679e0c3f92e 6 1908 3150 2010-10-10T09:05:15Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 6 1909 3152 2010-10-10T09:07:56Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 0 1910 3160 2010-10-16T05:40:24Z Haarpflege101 108 wikitext text/x-wiki <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves /> <w:TrackFormatting /> <w:PunctuationKerning /> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas /> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF /> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-SG</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables /> <w:SnapToGridInCell /> <w:WrapTextWithPunct /> <w:UseAsianBreakRules /> <w:DontGrowAutofit /> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark /> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp /> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables /> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx /> <w:Word11KerningPairs /> <w:CachedColBalance /> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math" /> <m:brkBin m:val="before" /> <m:brkBinSub m:val="&#45;-" /> <m:smallFrac m:val="off" /> <m:dispDef /> <m:lMargin m:val="0" /> <m:rMargin m:val="0" /> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup" /> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440" /> <m:intLim m:val="subSup" /> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr" /> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true" DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99" LatentStyleCount="267"> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading" /> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--> <p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;">[url=http://www.laofoyehair.com/en_02_treatment_01_growth.html]Hair Growth [/url]<span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><strong style="">Hair Cycle</strong></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves /> <w:TrackFormatting /> <w:PunctuationKerning /> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas /> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF /> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-SG</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables /> <w:SnapToGridInCell /> <w:WrapTextWithPunct /> <w:UseAsianBreakRules /> <w:DontGrowAutofit /> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark /> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp /> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables /> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx /> <w:Word11KerningPairs /> <w:CachedColBalance /> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math" /> <m:brkBin m:val="before" /> <m:brkBinSub m:val="&#45;-" /> <m:smallFrac m:val="off" /> <m:dispDef /> <m:lMargin m:val="0" /> <m:rMargin m:val="0" /> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup" /> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440" /> <m:intLim m:val="subSup" /> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr" /> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true" DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99" LatentStyleCount="267"> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading" /> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0cm; mso-para-margin-right:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0cm; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;">[url=http://www.laofoyehair.com/en_02_treatment_01_growth.html]Hair grow [/url]<span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;"> from inside a hair bulb deep in a hair follicle (root). Mostly a few hair can grow from one follicle. Each hair grows for a few years. When one hair drops off, (50 &ndash; 100 hairs a day) a new hair should grow in its place. A good healthy follicle should reproduce hair by itself. This is the hair cycle.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;">&nbsp;</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><strong style="">Causes of Hair Loss</strong></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;">The follicle is buried deep in the fat of the scalp. It is connected to the blood vessels and nerves and feeds through the dermal papilla. Stress and medication affects the health of the follicle. When the dermal papilla is under-nourished by the blood vessels or stressed, it becomes too weak to support new hair growth. i.e. more hair seem to be lost without replacement, thus resulting hair-loss.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;">&nbsp;</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><strong style="">Genetic/Hereditary Hair Condition</strong></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;">Scientist and doctors are still not able to determine the causes to genetic hair condition but suspect that it has everything to do with the family&rsquo;s blood makeup and diet habits.</span></p> 8b5466eeeacc616492b5e37d8e2bfe434fd1e89d 0 1911 3162 2010-10-27T00:55:25Z Jinuk 109 wikitext text/x-wiki aaa 7e240de74fb1ed08fa08d38063f6a6a91462a815 3163 2010-10-27T01:10:02Z Jinuk 109 wikitext text/x-wiki <table border='1' align='left'> <tr align='center' style='background-color:#ddd; height:25px'> <td><b>Taxid</b></td> <td><b>Specics Name</b></td> <td><b>Count (Samples)</b></td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;9606</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Homo sapiens</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>159&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;10090</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Mus musculus</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>85&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;408172</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;marine metagenome</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>71&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;7227</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Drosophila melanogaster</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>61&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;6239</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Caenorhabditis elegans</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>30&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;3702</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Arabidopsis thaliana</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>23&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;4932</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Saccharomyces cerevisiae</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>23&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;256318</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;metagenome sequence</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>20&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;4577</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Zea mays</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>14&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;496922</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;coral metagenome</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>13&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;4530</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Oryza sativa</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>9&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;449393</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;freshwater metagenome</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>9&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;2</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Bacteria</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>8&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;4896</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Schizosaccharomyces pombe</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>7&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;496920</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;saltern metagenome</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>7&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;3847</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Glycine max</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>7&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;496924</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;fish metagenome</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>7&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;29760</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Vitis vinifera</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>6&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;496921</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;stromatolite metagenome</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>6&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;410658</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;soil metagenome</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>6&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;630390</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Puccinia triticina 1-1 BBBD Race 1</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>5&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;8364</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Xenopus (Silurana) tropicalis</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>5&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;3352</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Pinus taeda</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>5&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;408170</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;human gut metagenome</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>5&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;1392</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Bacillus anthracis</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>5&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;562</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Escherichia coli</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>4&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;1773</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Mycobacterium tuberculosis</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>4&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;11676</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Human immunodeficiency virus 1</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>4&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;36329</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Plasmodium falciparum 3D7</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>4&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;32630</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;synthetic construct</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>4&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;77133</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;uncultured bacterium</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>4&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;9823</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Sus scrofa</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>4&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;9031</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Gallus gallus</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>4&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;3880</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Medicago truncatula</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>3&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;5833</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Plasmodium falciparum</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>3&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;35608</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Artemisia annua</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>3&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;10116</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Rattus norvegicus</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>3&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;7955</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Danio rerio</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>3&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;15368</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Brachypodium distachyon</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>3&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;704108</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;mixed DNA library</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>3&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;646099</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;human metagenome</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>3&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;7237</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Drosophila pseudoobscura</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>3&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;7460</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Apis mellifera</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>3&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;693744</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Vibrio cholerae NG288-36</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>3&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;7091</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Bombyx mori</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>3&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;59689</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Arabidopsis lyrata</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>3&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;4751</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Fungi</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>3&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;10239</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Viruses</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>3&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;410661</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;mouse gut metagenome</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>2&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;470</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Acinetobacter baumannii</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>2&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;3708</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Brassica napus</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>2&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;33419</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Heliconius numata</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>2&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;69293</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Gasterosteus aculeatus</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>2&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;7719</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Ciona intestinalis</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>2&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;90370</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>2&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;412755</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;marine sediment metagenome</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>2&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;491071</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Burkholderia tuberum STM678</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>2&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;491072</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Burkholderia unamae MTI-641</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>2&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;1280</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Staphylococcus aureus</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>2&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;183674</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Miscanthus x giganteus</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>2&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;5811</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Toxoplasma gondii</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>2&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;413997</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Escherichia coli B str. REL606</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>2&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;7741</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Branchiostoma belcheri</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>2&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;446469</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Sanguibacter keddieii DSM 10542</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>2&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;545776</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Treponema paraluiscuniculi Cuniculi A</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>2&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;30069</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Anopheles stephensi</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>2&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;4931</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Saccharomyces bayanus</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>2&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;9598</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Pan troglodytes</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>2&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;5791</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Physarum polycephalum</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>2&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;81077</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;artificial sequences</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>2&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;491075</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Enterococcus faecalis HH22</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>2&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;333849</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Enterococcus faecium DO</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>2&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;491074</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Enterococcus faecalis TX0104</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>2&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;9315</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Macropus eugenii</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>2&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;7130</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Manduca sexta</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>2&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;34621</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Dermacentor variabilis</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>2&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;525259</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Clostridium difficile NAP08</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>2&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;525258</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Clostridium difficile NAP07</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>2&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;573061</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Clostridium cellulovorans 743B</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>2&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;1188</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Tolypothrix sp. PCC 7601</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>2&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;491078</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Treponema pallidum subsp. pertenue str. SamoaD</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>2&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;455434</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum SS14</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>2&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;243276</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum str. Nichols</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>2&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;287</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Pseudomonas aeruginosa</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>2&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;527639</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;wastewater metagenome</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>2&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;7029</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Acyrthosiphon pisum</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>2&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;89462</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Bubalus bubalis</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>2&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;3659</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Cucumis sativus</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>2&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;476272</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Blautia hydrogenotrophica DSM 10507</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>2&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;272943</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Rhodobacter sphaeroides 2.4.1</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>2&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;39946</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Oryza sativa Indica Group</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>2&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;10096</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Mus spretus</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>2&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;11103</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Hepatitis C virus</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>2&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;9305</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Sarcophilus harrisii</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>2&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;9615</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Canis lupus familiaris</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>2&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;277990</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Amaranthus tuberculatus</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>2&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;491081</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum str. Dallas1</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>2&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;511145</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Escherichia coli str. K-12 substr. MG1655</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>2&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;208964</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>2&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;264203</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Zymomonas mobilis subsp. mobilis ZM4</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>2&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;4081</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Solanum lycopersicum</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>2&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;100272</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;uncultured eukaryote</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>2&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;367110</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Neurospora crassa OR74A</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>2&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;491077</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Lactobacillus reuteri SD2112</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>2&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;491080</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Treponema pallidum subsp. pertenue str. Gauthier</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>2&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;491079</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Treponema pallidum subsp. pertenue str. CDC2</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>2&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;9739</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Tursiops truncatus</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>2&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;381124</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Zea mays subsp. mays</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>2&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;37347</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Tupaia belangeri</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>2&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;186616</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;environmental samples</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>2&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;83332</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>2&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;445972</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Anaerotruncus colihominis DSM 17241</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;340101</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Victivallis vadensis ATCC BAA-548</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;445970</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Alistipes putredinis DSM 17216</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;5787</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Dictyostelium giganteum</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;457397</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Clostridium sp. 1_1_41A1FAA</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;664263</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Puccinia triticina Race 161</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;664264</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Puccinia triticina Race 9</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;565144</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Vibrio sp. HV10</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;8090</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Oryzias latipes</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;29729</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Gossypium arboreum</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;7234</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Drosophila persimilis</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;679198</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Aggregatibacter aphrophilus F0387</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;665951</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Lachnospiraceae bacterium 8_1_57FAA</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;287375</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Zygaena filipendulae</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;665943</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Eggerthella sp. 1_3_56FAA</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;450746</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Coprobacillus sp. 8_1_38FAA</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;4146</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Olea europaea</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;7004</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Locusta migratoria</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;520460</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Brucella ceti M13/05/1</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;500640</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Citrobacter youngae ATCC 29220</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;751994</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;gamma proteobacterium HIMB30</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;203682</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Planctomycetes</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;751996</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Roseobacter sp. R2A57</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;504728</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Meiothermus ruber DSM 1279</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;526226</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Gordonia bronchialis DSM 43247</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;5855</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Plasmodium vivax</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;5861</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Plasmodium yoelii</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;7394</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Glossina morsitans</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;633149</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Brevundimonas subvibrioides ATCC 15264</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;54126</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Pristionchus pacificus</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;439481</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Aciduliprofundum boonei T469</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;649639</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Bacillus cellulosilyticus DSM 2522</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;54388</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Paratyphi A</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;9913</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Bos taurus</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;528351</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Neisseria gonorrhoeae F62</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;2711</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Citrus sinensis</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;596328</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Mobiluncus mulieris 28-1</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;104341</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Postia placenta</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;436308</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Nitrosopumilus maritimus SCM1</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;426368</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Methanococcus maripaludis C7</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;666684</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Afipia sp. 1NLS2</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;243261</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Burkholderia sp. Ch1-1</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;696844</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Acidobacterium sp. MP5ACTX9</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;640512</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Burkholderia sp. CCGE1003</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;400187</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Erynnis propertius</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;77252</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Papilio zelicaon</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;665953</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Bacteroides eggerthii 1_2_48FAA</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;450748</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Propionibacterium sp. 5_U_42AFAA</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;658083</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Lachnospiraceae bacterium 6_1_63FAA</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;5476</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Candida albicans</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;9014</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Colinus virginianus</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;658665</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Dorea sp. D27</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;506600</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;chicken gut metagenome</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;451638</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Roseburia faecis M72/1</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;565652</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Enterococcus casseliflavus EC30</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;565654</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Enterococcus casseliflavus EC10</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;565653</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Enterococcus gallinarum EG2</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;565650</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Enterococcus faecalis D6</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;520458</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Brucella ceti M490/95/1</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;520457</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Brucella ceti B1/94</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;520455</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Brucella abortus bv. 9 str. C68</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;520466</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Brucella melitensis bv. 3 str. Ether</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;28152</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Yersinia kristensenii</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;13616</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Monodelphis domestica</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;395095</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Mycobacterium tuberculosis str. Haarlem</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;550693</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Escherichia albertii B156</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;640293</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;candidate division NC10</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;591153</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae FF5</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;345076</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Vibrio cholerae V52</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;701178</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Francisella tularensis subsp. tularensis FSC043</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;497965</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Cyanothece sp. PCC 7822</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;679200</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Johnsonella ignava ATCC 51276</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;216592</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Escherichia coli 042</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;3818</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Arachis hypogaea</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;7240</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Drosophila simulans</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;195883</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Laodelphax striatellus</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;12307</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Cucumber mosaic virus (strain FNY)</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;446466</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Cellulomonas flavigena DSM 20109</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;748231</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Mycobacterium tuberculosis 210_4C15_16C1</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;748234</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Mycobacterium tuberculosis 210_4C15_16C1_56C1</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;6277</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Acanthocheilonema viteae</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;565637</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Enterococcus faecalis T2</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;585204</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Streptococcus mitis SK597</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;45264</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Acropora millepora</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;565639</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Enterococcus faecalis T8</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;565638</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Enterococcus faecalis T3</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;393127</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Listeria monocytogenes Finland 1988</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;78331</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Mycobacterium canettii</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;37349</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Mammuthus primigenius</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;411461</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Dorea formicigenerans ATCC 27755</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;9483</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Callithrix jacchus</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;445974</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Clostridium ramosum DSM 1402</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;34816</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Morone saxatilis</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;559301</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Lactobacillus gasseri MV-22</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;596323</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Leptotrichia goodfellowii F0264</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;3339</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Pinus contorta</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;79012</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Dictyostelium firmibasis</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;575564</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Acinetobacter sp. RUH2624</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;748227</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Mycobacterium tuberculosis 210_8C6</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;748230</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Mycobacterium tuberculosis 210_4C15</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;748232</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Mycobacterium tuberculosis 210_4C15_16C1_48C1</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;748225</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Mycobacterium tuberculosis NJT210GTG</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;748229</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Mycobacterium tuberculosis 210_32C4</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;748228</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Mycobacterium tuberculosis 210_16C10</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;520464</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Brucella melitensis bv. 1 str. Rev.1</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;679197</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Segniliparus rugosus ATCC BAA-974</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;665952</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Bacillus smithii 7_3_47FAA</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;565655</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Enterococcus casseliflavus EC20</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;673350</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Helicobacter pylori HPKX_438_CA4C2</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;7427</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Nasonia longicornis</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;7426</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Nasonia giraulti</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;4513</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Hordeum vulgare</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;564619</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Scheffersomyces stipitis Shi21</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;8839</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Anas platyrhynchos</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;79327</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Schmidtea mediterranea</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;195</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Campylobacter coli</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;481877</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Enterocytozoon bieneusi H348</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;447095</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Ajellomyces dermatitidis ATCC 26199</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;701091</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Cochliobolus heterostrophus C5</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;5147</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Sordaria macrospora</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;7200</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Lutzomyia longipalpis</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;669465</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Mycobacterium bovis str. Ravenel</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;506599</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;bovine gut metagenome</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;575611</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Prevotella buccae D17</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;7962</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Cyprinus carpio</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;626369</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Granulicatella elegans ATCC 700633</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;562972</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Actinomyces odontolyticus C702</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;39947</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Oryza sativa Japonica Group</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;190802</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Cleome gynandra</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;469592</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Bacteroides sp. 3_1_19</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;748239</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Mycobacterium tuberculosis 210_4C31_16C1_24C1</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;748233</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Mycobacterium tuberculosis 210_4C15_16C1_48C2</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;748240</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Mycobacterium tuberculosis 210_4C31_16C1_40C1</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;642492</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Clostridium lentocellum DSM 5427</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;469591</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Bacteroides sp. 20_3</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;694570</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Clostridium botulinum 5311a</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;483217</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Bacteroides dorei DSM 17855</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;499172</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Helicobacter pylori HPKX_438_CA4C1</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;499171</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Helicobacter pylori HPKX_438_AG0C1</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;4155</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Mimulus guttatus</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;525898</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Sulfurospirillum deleyianum DSM 6946</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;383379</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Toxoplasma gondii RH</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;485914</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Halomicrobium mukohataei DSM 12286</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;5807</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Cryptosporidium parvum</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;519442</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Halorhabdus utahensis DSM 12940</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;526225</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Geodermatophilus obscurus DSM 43160</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;29485</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Yersinia rohdei</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;349965</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Yersinia intermedia ATCC 29909</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;562018</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Streptococcus pyogenes AA472</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;497964</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Chthoniobacter flavus Ellin428</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;395492</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii WSM2304</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;27288</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Naumovia castellii</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;367830</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus USA300</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;39758</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Mayetiola destructor</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;7238</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Drosophila sechellia</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;658089</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Lachnospiraceae bacterium 5_1_63FAA</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;658086</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Lachnospiraceae bacterium 3_1_57FAA_CT1</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;658085</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Lachnospiraceae bacterium 5_1_57FAA</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;658082</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Lachnospiraceae bacterium 2_1_58FAA</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;393126</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Listeria monocytogenes FSL R2-561</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;89981</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Saccharomyces bayanus x Saccharomyces cerevisiae</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;471472</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Chlamydia trachomatis 434/Bu</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;683840</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Microbotryum violaceum p1A1 Lamole</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;471874</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Providencia stuartii ATCC 25827</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;471881</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Proteus penneri ATCC 35198</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;471871</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Clostridium sporogenes ATCC 15579</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;471872</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Streptococcus infantarius subsp. infantarius ATCC BAA-102</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;470146</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Coprococcus comes ATCC 27758</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;471870</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Bacteroides intestinalis DSM 17393</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;470145</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Bacteroides coprocola DSM 17136</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;9261</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Tachyglossus aculeatus</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;6337</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Trichinella pseudospiralis</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;596325</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Lactobacillus jensenii 269-3</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;226899</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Grosmannia clavigera</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;40674</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Mammalia</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;561230</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum PC1</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;479436</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Veillonella parvula DSM 2008</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;521674</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Planctomyces limnophilus DSM 3776</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;565648</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Enterococcus faecalis JH1</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;35005</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Thamnophis elegans</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;10847</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Enterobacteria phage phiX174</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;9043</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Lophura edwardsi</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;164513</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Mycobacterium tuberculosis 210</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;525278</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Enterococcus faecalis TX1322</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;525283</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Fusobacterium nucleatum subsp. nucleatum ATCC 23726</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;525371</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Roseomonas cervicalis ATCC 49957</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;575587</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Acinetobacter junii SH205</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;575585</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Acinetobacter calcoaceticus RUH2202</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;525281</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Escherichia coli 83972</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;575584</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Acinetobacter baumannii ATCC 19606</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;665954</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Bacteroides ovatus 3_8_47FAA</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;8255</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Paralichthys olivaceus</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;5501</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Coccidioides immitis</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;491120</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Francisella tularensis subsp. tularensis ATCC 6223</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;545771</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Francisella tularensis B-SA</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;491122</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Francisella tularensis subsp. holarctica MI001730</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;491121</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Francisella tularensis subsp. holarctica KO971026</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;491125</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Francisella tularensis subsp. holarctica RC503</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;661087</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Olsenella sp. oral taxon 809 str. F0356</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;658664</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Ralstonia sp. 5_7_47FAA</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;590409</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Dickeya dadantii Ech586</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;589861</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus CCSD1</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;573060</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Acidovorax delafieldii 2AN</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;579137</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Methanocaldococcus vulcanius M7</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;561231</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Pectobacterium wasabiae WPP163</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;555778</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Halothiobacillus neapolitanus c2</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;641892</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Candidatus Sulcia muelleri DMIN</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;439495</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Pseudovibrio sp. JE062</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;86029</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Bacillus subtilis subsp. natto</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;35758</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Streptomyces ghanaensis</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;520461</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Brucella pinnipedialis B2/94</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;520462</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Brucella pinnipedialis M292/94/1</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;553175</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Porphyromonas endodontalis ATCC 35406</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;640132</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Segniliparus rotundus DSM 44985</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;525369</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Proteus mirabilis ATCC 29906</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;525366</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Lactobacillus vaginalis ATCC 49540</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;525373</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Sphingobacterium spiritivorum ATCC 33861</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;525370</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Rhodococcus equi ATCC 33707</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;525363</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Lactobacillus sakei subsp. carnosus DSM 15831</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;525362</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Lactobacillus ruminis ATCC 25644</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;525365</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Lactobacillus ultunensis DSM 16047</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;525364</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Lactobacillus salivarius ATCC 11741</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;548475</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus TCH70</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;564287</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Bacillus vallismortis NRRL B-14890</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;228457</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Laternula elliptica</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;144406</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Microctonus aethiopoides</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;113334</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Melitaea cinxia</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;697902</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Escherichia coli ETEC TW14691</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;697901</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Escherichia coli ETEC WS2068A</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;697897</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Escherichia coli ETEC DS168-1</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;697898</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Escherichia coli ETEC TW03741</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;697900</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Escherichia coli ETEC TW03452</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;697899</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Escherichia coli ETEC TW03439</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;9646</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Ailuropoda melanoleuca</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;31870</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Glomerella graminicola</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;9783</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Elephas maximus</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;176853</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Crepidula fornicata</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;174633</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;4100</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Nicotiana benthamiana</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;693737</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Vibrio cholerae O145B</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;693736</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Vibrio cholerae CS351</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;693741</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Vibrio cholerae 0139-ARG</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;693740</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Vibrio cholerae PG38</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;693738</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Vibrio cholerae T5957</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;104503</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Euphydryas aurinia</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;4550</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Secale cereale</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;7463</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Apis florea</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;3124</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Coleochaete orbicularis</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;428127</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Eubacterium dolichum DSM 3991</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;525318</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Lactobacillus buchneri ATCC 11577</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;525310</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Lactobacillus brevis subsp. gravesensis ATCC 27305</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;548478</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Corynebacterium glucuronolyticum ATCC 51866</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;525284</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Gardnerella vaginalis ATCC 14019</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;588121</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Streptococcus agalactiae str. Camel</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;525327</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Lactobacillus hilgardii ATCC 8290</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;525271</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29200</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;7159</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Aedes aegypti</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;77259</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Papilio dardanus</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;652103</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Rhodopseudomonas palustris DX-1</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;658659</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Erysipelotrichaceae bacterium 3_1_53</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;525909</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Acidimicrobium ferrooxidans DSM 10331</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;521098</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius subsp. acidocaldarius DSM 446</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;520463</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Brucella pinnipedialis M163/99/10</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;553209</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Enterococcus faecalis TUSoD Ef11</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;546270</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Gemella haemolysans ATCC 10379</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;553198</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Propionibacterium acidifaciens F0233</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;553219</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Campylobacter showae RM3277</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;553218</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Campylobacter rectus RM3267</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;553184</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Atopobium rimae ATCC 49626</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;553199</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Propionibacterium acnes SK137</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;553206</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Corynebacterium tuberculostearicum SK141</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;208526</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Gallus gallus gallus</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;232363</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Synechococcus sp. CB0205</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;744983</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Loktanella sp. SE62</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;39291</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Athelia rolfsii</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;6198</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Opisthorchis viverrini</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;313587</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Methanogenium frigidum Ace-2</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;491073</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Burkholderia sp. PVA5</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;1408</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Bacillus pumilus</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;575588</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Acinetobacter lwoffii SH145</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;215358</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Larimichthys crocea</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;658080</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Ralstonia sp. 5_2_56FAA</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;702444</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Bacteroides ovatus SD CC 2a</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;702450</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Turicibacter sp. PC909</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;702446</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Bacteroides vulgatus PC510</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;791161</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Enterococcus faecium PC4.1</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;702447</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Bacteroides xylanisolvens SD CC 1b</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;791166</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Enterococcus faecalis PC1.1</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;126957</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Strigamia maritima</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;5911</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Tetrahymena thermophila</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;9940</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Ovis aries</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;592316</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Pantoea sp. At-9b</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;543728</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Variovorax paradoxus S110</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;399795</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Comamonas testosteroni KF-1</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;595494</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Tolumonas auensis DSM 9187</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;396595</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Thioalkalivibrio sp. K90mix</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;544556</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Geobacillus sp. Y412MC61</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;516466</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Burkholderia sp. H160</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;521011</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Methanosphaerula palustris E1-9c</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;520468</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Brucella melitensis bv. 1 str. 63/33</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;658087</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Lachnospiraceae bacterium 7_1_58FAA</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;744979</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Ahrensia sp. R2A130</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;35570</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Stomoxys calcitrans</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;744985</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;alpha proteobacterium HIMB59</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;391609</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Dehalobium chlorocoercia DF-1</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;744984</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Alteromonas sp. BB2AT2</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;580331</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Thermoanaerobacter italicus Ab9</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;648999</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Micromonospora sp. L5</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;687916</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Yersinia pestis KIM D27</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;491076</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Lactobacillus crispatus JV-V01</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;620833</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Fusobacterium periodonticum D10</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;469586</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Bacteroides sp. 1_1_6</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;4102</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Petunia x hybrida</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;29486</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Yersinia ruckeri</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;33060</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Yersinia mollaretii</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;349966</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Yersinia frederiksenii ATCC 33641</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;634</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Yersinia bercovieri</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;527002</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Yersinia aldovae ATCC 35236</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;565649</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Enterococcus faecalis Fly1</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;575612</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Prevotella melaninogenica D18</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;565651</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Enterococcus faecalis ARO1/DG</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;525255</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Anaerococcus tetradius ATCC 35098</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;525246</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Actinomyces urogenitalis DSM 15434</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;528348</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Neisseria gonorrhoeae DGI2</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;553177</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Capnocytophaga sputigena ATCC 33612</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;59312</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Sarcophaga crassipalpis</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;2925</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Alexandrium catenella</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;596319</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Staphylococcus warneri L37603</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;465541</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Streptomyces sp. Mg1</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;591159</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Streptomyces viridochromogenes DSM 40736</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;7165</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Anopheles gambiae</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;440497</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Lactobacillus jensenii 1153</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;153948</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Nitrosomonas sp. AL212</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;582899</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Hyphomicrobium denitrificans ATCC 51888</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;581103</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Geobacillus sp. Y4.1MC1</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;453363</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Streptococcus pneumoniae SP195</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;453362</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Streptococcus pneumoniae CDC1873-00</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;453365</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Streptococcus pneumoniae CDC3059-06</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;453364</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Streptococcus pneumoniae CDC0288-04</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;461836</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Thecamonas trahens ATCC 50062</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;39716</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Paulinella</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;491123</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Francisella tularensis subsp. holarctica OR96246</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;575599</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Lactobacillus fermentum 28-3-CHN</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;575606</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Lactobacillus jensenii 27-2-CHN</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;575615</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Prevotella sp. oral taxon 317 str. F0108</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;58529</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Senecio madagascariensis</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;565657</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Enterococcus faecium 1,231,502</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;565658</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Enterococcus faecium 1,231,501</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;565659</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Enterococcus faecium 1,141,733</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;565660</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Enterococcus faecium 1,231,410</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;565661</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Enterococcus faecium 1,231,408</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;565662</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Enterococcus faecium Com12</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;565663</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Enterococcus faecium Com15</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;500633</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Clostridium hiranonis DSM 13275</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;500632</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Clostridium nexile DSM 1787</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;29172</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Dictyocaulus viviparus</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;457429</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Streptomyces pristinaespiralis ATCC 25486</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;465543</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Streptomyces sp. SPB74</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;395961</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Cyanothece sp. PCC 7425</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;93780</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Heritiera littoralis</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;562017</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Streptococcus pyogenes SS1447</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;528355</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Neisseria gonorrhoeae PID1</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;396597</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Burkholderia ambifaria MEX-5</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;395965</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Methylocella silvestris BL2</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;591157</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Streptomyces sp. SPB78</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;658081</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Lachnospiraceae bacterium 1_1_57FAA</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;658655</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Lachnospiraceae bacterium 1_4_56FAA</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;580233</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Saccharomyces paradoxus Z1</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;554290</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Paratyphi A str. AKU_12601</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;639283</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Starkeya novella DSM 506</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;170187</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Streptococcus pneumoniae TIGR4</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;553178</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Capnocytophaga gingivalis ATCC 33624</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;553174</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Prevotella melaninogenica ATCC 25845</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;7209</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Loa loa</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;644344</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Brucella melitensis bv. 3 str. K26</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;585131</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus 67-331</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;553207</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Corynebacterium matruchotii ATCC 14266</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;702443</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Bacteroides ovatus SD CMC 3f</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;596317</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Staphylococcus epidermidis SK135</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;596330</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Peptoniphilus lacrimalis 315-B</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;596315</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Peptostreptococcus stomatis DSM 17678</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;596312</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Micrococcus luteus SK58</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;543526</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Haloterrigena turkmenica DSM 5511</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;395494</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Gallionella capsiferriformans ES-2</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;520495</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Brucella suis bv. 1 str. 63/169</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;418459</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici CRL 75-36-700-3</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;440496</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Lactobacillus crispatus CTV-05</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;345341</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Kutzneria sp. 744</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;591158</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Streptomyces sp. AA4</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;575591</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Brucella abortus NCTC 8038</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;457425</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Streptomyces albus J1074</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;585160</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus WBG10049</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;561522</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Streptococcus pyogenes MGAS2111</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;316385</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Escherichia coli str. K-12 substr. DH10B</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;621372</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Paenibacillus sp. oral taxon 786 str. D14</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;575593</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Lachnospiraceae oral taxon 107 str. F0167</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;548485</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Lactobacillus reuteri MM4-1A</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;575590</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Bacteroidetes oral taxon 274 str. F0058</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;575565</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Acinetobacter sp. SH024</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;525262</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Corynebacterium jeikeium ATCC 43734</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;575609</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Peptoniphilus sp. oral taxon 386 str. F0131</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;548479</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Mobiluncus curtisii ATCC 43063</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;575594</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Lactobacillus coleohominis 101-4-CHN</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;525268</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Corynebacterium striatum ATCC 6940</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;232348</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Synechococcus sp. CB0101</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;79684</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Microtus ochrogaster</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;683838</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Puccinia striiformis 2K041-Yr9</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;546269</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Filifactor alocis ATCC 35896</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;395963</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Beijerinckia indica subsp. indica ATCC 9039</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;395495</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Leptothrix cholodnii SP-6</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;480224</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Chloroflexus sp. Y-400-fl</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;65393</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Cyanothece sp. PCC 7424</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;10091</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Mus musculus castaneus</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;9595</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Gorilla gorilla gorilla</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;509190</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Caulobacter segnis ATCC 21756</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;3345</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Pinus monticola</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;59861</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Coregonus clupeaformis</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;431595</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Pythium ultimum DAOM BR144</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;323851</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Prunus persica var. nucipersica</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;109461</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Varroa destructor</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;3747</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Fragaria x ananassa</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;329562</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Planktothrix rubescens NIVA-CYA 98</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;469378</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Cryptobacterium curtum DSM 15641</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;471856</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Jonesia denitrificans DSM 20603</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;469383</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Conexibacter woesei DSM 14684</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;471855</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Slackia heliotrinireducens DSM 20476</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;479434</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Sphaerobacter thermophilus DSM 20745</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;469371</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Thermobispora bispora DSM 43833</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;479435</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Kribbella flavida DSM 17836</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;6500</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Aplysia californica</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;525245</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Actinomyces coleocanis DSM 15436</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;525367</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Listeria grayi DSM 20601</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;521460</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Caldicellulosiruptor bescii DSM 6725</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;535289</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Acidovorax ebreus TPSY</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;5141</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Neurospora crassa</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;565646</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Enterococcus faecalis HIP11704</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;596327</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Porphyromonas uenonis 60-3</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;6183</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Schistosoma mansoni</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;675638</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Alatina moseri</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;3696</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Populus deltoides</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;101203</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Saprolegnia parasitica</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;395962</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Cyanothece sp. PCC 8802</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;528352</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Neisseria gonorrhoeae FA19</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;5821</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Plasmodium berghei</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;5865</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Babesia bovis</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;528356</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Neisseria gonorrhoeae PID18</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;528345</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Neisseria gonorrhoeae 1291</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;437701</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Brucella sp. F5/99</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;553217</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Enhydrobacter aerosaccus SK60</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;520453</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Brucella abortus bv. 5 str. B3196</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;520452</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Brucella abortus bv. 4 str. 292</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;555088</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Dethiobacter alkaliphilus AHT 1</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;536056</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Escherichia coli DH1</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;30611</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Otolemur garnettii</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;352165</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Pyramidobacter piscolens W5455</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;6526</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Biomphalaria glabrata</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;29170</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Ancylostoma caninum</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;3067</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Volvox carteri</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;653733</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;bacterium S5</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;10029</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Cricetulus griseus</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;744249</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Human herpesvirus 1 strain H129</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;679188</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Lactobacillus crispatus 214-1</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;596326</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Lactobacillus jensenii 208-1</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;521096</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Tsukamurella paurometabola DSM 20162</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;504472</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Spirosoma linguale DSM 74</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;411487</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Eubacterium sp. L2-7</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;114524</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Saccharomyces kudriavzevii</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;687450</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Mycobacterium tuberculosis KL2850</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;565665</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Enterococcus faecium D344SRF</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;51750</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Python molurus</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;596309</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Rhodococcus erythropolis SK121</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;443144</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Geobacter sp. M21</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;28610</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Rhagoletis pomonella</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;644968</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Desulfovibrio sp. FW1012B</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;212035</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Acanthamoeba polyphaga mimivirus</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;181096</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Corvus corone cornix</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;1314</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Streptococcus pyogenes</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;626359</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici 05KEN156/04</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;6293</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Wuchereria bancrofti</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;85962</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Helicobacter pylori 26695</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;428406</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Ralstonia pickettii 12D</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;278957</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Opitutaceae bacterium TAV2</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;419610</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Methylobacterium extorquens PA1</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;699187</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Treponema denticola F0402</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;450747</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Dorea sp. 4_1_36FAA</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;653386</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Actinomyces sp. oral taxon 849 str. F0330</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;638303</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Thermocrinis albus DSM 14484</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;337</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Burkholderia glumae</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;670894</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Escherichia coli E128010</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;670892</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Escherichia coli 3431</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;670893</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Escherichia coli EPECa14</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;670904</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Escherichia coli 1180</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;670905</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Escherichia coli 1357</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;670890</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Escherichia coli LT-68</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;670899</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Escherichia coli RN587/1</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;670897</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Escherichia coli 2362-75</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;553201</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Rothia mucilaginosa ATCC 25296</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;495036</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Geobacillus sp. G11MC16</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;528354</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Neisseria gonorrhoeae MS11</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;596322</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Streptococcus salivarius SK126</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;751992</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Prochlorococcus sp. UH18301</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;12144</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Cymbidium ringspot virus</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;693747</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Vibrio mimicus 7555</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;526224</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Brachyspira murdochii DSM 12563</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;697896</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Escherichia coli ETEC TW03574</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;665027</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Pseudomonas syringae pv. aesculi str. NCPPB3681</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;408169</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;metagenomes</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;671143</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;NC10 bacterium 'Dutch sediment'</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;562983</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Gemella sanguinis M325</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;583355</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Coraliomargarita akajimensis DSM 45221</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;90371</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;513052</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Burkholderia multivorans CGD2</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;513051</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Burkholderia multivorans CGD1</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;452919</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;ice metagenome</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;513053</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Burkholderia multivorans CGD2M</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;499554</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Lycaeides sp. alpine</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;585202</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Streptococcus mitis SK321</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;585201</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Newport str. CVM36720</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;400682</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Amphimedon queenslandica</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;67593</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Phytophthora sojae</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;573059</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Desulfovibrio vulgaris RCH1</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;565647</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Enterococcus faecalis E1Sol</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;565644</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Enterococcus faecalis CH188</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;565645</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Enterococcus faecalis Merz96</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;565643</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Enterococcus faecalis DS5</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;565641</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Enterococcus faecalis X98</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;565642</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 4200</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;565640</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Enterococcus faecalis T11</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;520456</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Brucella neotomae 5K33</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;8040</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Salvelinus namaycush</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;520448</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Brucella sp. NVSL 07-0026</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;520489</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Brucella suis bv. 5 str. 513</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;575597</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Lactobacillus crispatus MV-3A-US</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;548476</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Corynebacterium aurimucosum ATCC 700975</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;575614</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Prevotella sp. oral taxon 299 str. F0039</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;520465</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Brucella melitensis bv. 2 str. 63/9</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;520449</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Brucella sp. 83/13</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;520451</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Brucella abortus bv. 3 str. Tulya</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;521097</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Capnocytophaga ochracea DSM 7271</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;279714</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Lutiella nitroferrum 2002</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;8296</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Ambystoma mexicanum</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;83333</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Escherichia coli K-12</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;536019</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Mesorhizobium opportunistum WSM2075</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;446470</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Stackebrandtia nassauensis DSM 44728</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;133409</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Polysphondylium violaceum</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;361076</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Dictyostelium intermedium</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;93934</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Coturnix japonica</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;626360</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici 06KEN-19-V-3</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;520454</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Brucella abortus bv. 6 str. 870</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;662107</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;phyllosphere metagenome</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;1522</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Clostridium innocuum</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;591001</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Acidaminococcus fermentans DSM 20731</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;10304</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Herpes simplex virus (type 1 / strain F)</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;10377</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Human herpesvirus 4 (strain B95-8)</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;39053</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Mammut americanum</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;223761</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Gonystylus bancanus</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;3988</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Ricinus communis</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;146530</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Avena barbata</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;68872</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Striga hermonthica</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;537970</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Helicobacter canadensis MIT 98-5491</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;552535</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Helicobacter pullorum NCTC 12824</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;525380</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Streptococcus pneumoniae ST 618</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;748241</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Mycobacterium tuberculosis 210_4C31_16C2_24C1</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;36080</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Mucor circinelloides</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;748236</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Mycobacterium tuberculosis 210_4C31</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;748235</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Mycobacterium tuberculosis 210_4C15_16C1_56C2</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;748238</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Mycobacterium tuberculosis 210_4C31_16C2</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;748237</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Mycobacterium tuberculosis 210_4C31_16C1</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;748242</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Mycobacterium tuberculosis 210_4C31_16C2_24C2</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;509633</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAb1</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;71139</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Eucalyptus grandis</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;2261</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Pyrococcus furiosus</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;198215</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Shigella flexneri 2a str. 2457T</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;216599</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Shigella sonnei 53G</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;754093</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Shigella dysenteriae 1617</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;679199</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Prevotella sp. oral taxon 302 str. F0323</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;679201</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Selenomonas infelix ATCC 43532</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;693991</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Fusobacterium nucleatum subsp. polymorphum F0401</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;9796</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Equus caballus</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;404933</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Astrosporangium hypotensionis</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;526218</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Sebaldella termitidis ATCC 33386</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;525897</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Desulfomicrobium baculatum DSM 4028</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;519441</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Streptobacillus moniliformis DSM 12112</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;523791</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Kangiella koreensis DSM 16069</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;522772</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Denitrovibrio acetiphilus DSM 12809</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;589924</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Ferroglobus placidus DSM 10642</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;664262</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Puccinia triticina PRTUS35</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;658662</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Parabacteroides sp. D26</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;562981</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Gemella haemolysans M341</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;29497</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Vibrio splendidus</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;435832</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Neisseria mucosa C102</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;435838</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Staphylococcus caprae C87</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;435830</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Actinomyces graevenitzii C83</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;564663</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Leptotrichia goodfellowii D28</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;435837</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Staphylococcus hominis subsp. hominis C80</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;44588</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Panax quinquefolius</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;81985</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Capsella rubella</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;537209</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Mycobacterium tuberculosis GM 1503</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;547559</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Natrialba magadii ATCC 43099</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;324057</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Paenibacillus sp. JDR-2</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;396596</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Burkholderia ambifaria IOP40-10</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;395960</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Rhodopseudomonas palustris TIE-1</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;85643</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Thauera sp. MZ1T</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;452863</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Arthrobacter chlorophenolicus A6</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;455488</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Anaeromyxobacter dehalogenans 2CP-1</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;1639</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Listeria monocytogenes</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;44689</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Dictyostelium discoideum</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;469008</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;561229</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Dickeya zeae Ech1591</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;579405</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Dickeya dadantii Ech703</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;9544</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Macaca mulatta</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;3469</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Papaver somniferum</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;694571</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Clostridium botulinum 4411</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;74613</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Glycyrrhiza uralensis</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;3711</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Brassica rapa</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;46170</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;100577</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Ficus tinctoria</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;572547</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Aminobacterium colombiense DSM 12261</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;548470</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus MN8</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;7229</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Drosophila miranda</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;224308</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis str. 168</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;697894</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Escherichia coli ETEC WS3080A</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;644281</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Methanocaldococcus sp. FS406-22</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;473819</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Bifidobacterium dentium ATCC 27678</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;471875</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Ruminococcus lactaris ATCC 29176</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;478749</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Bryantella formatexigens DSM 14469</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;94289</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Sterkiella histriomuscorum</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;502869</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Saccharomyces cerevisiae YJM451</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;61180</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Oesophagostomum dentatum</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;484018</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Bacteroides plebeius DSM 17135</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;447135</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Myodes glareolus</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;3467</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Eschscholzia californica</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;570506</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Escherichia coli O157:H7 str. FRIK966</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;515635</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Dictyoglomus turgidum DSM 6724</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;660026</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Fusarium oxysporum Fov24500</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;479432</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Streptosporangium roseum DSM 43021</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;5697</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Trypanosoma evansi</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;9157</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Parus major</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;3635</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Gossypium hirsutum</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;5786</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Dictyostelium purpureum</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;30195</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Bombus terrestris</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;573</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Klebsiella pneumoniae</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;548474</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus TCH130</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;525374</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Staphylococcus epidermidis BCM-HMP0060</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;520488</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Brucella suis bv. 4 str. 40</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;224914</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Brucella melitensis bv. 1 str. 16M</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;465515</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Micrococcus luteus NCTC 2665</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;590168</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Thermotoga naphthophila RKU-10</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;595493</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Saccharomyces cerevisiae x Saccharomyces paradoxus</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;411488</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Clostridium sp. A2-232</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;451640</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Catenibacterium mitsuokai DSM 15897</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;47926</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;environmental samples</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;75379</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Thiomonas intermedia K12</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;591019</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Staphylothermus hellenicus DSM 12710</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;588857</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Thermoanaerobacter sp. X561</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;588581</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Clostridium papyrosolvens DSM 2782</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;255622</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Tragopogon miscellus</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;457428</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Streptomyces lividans TK24</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;7213</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Ceratitis capitata</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;679193</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Propionibacterium acnes SK182</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;658088</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Lachnospiraceae bacterium 9_1_43BFAA</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;1769</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Mycobacterium leprae</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;525260</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Corynebacterium accolens ATCC 49725</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;525376</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Staphylococcus epidermidis W23144</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;525378</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Staphylococcus epidermidis M23864:W1</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;525381</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Streptococcus pneumoniae TCH8431/19A</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;13164</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Myzus persicae</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;709348</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Corallus hortulanus</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;452637</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Opitutus terrae PB90-1</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;273057</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Sulfolobus solfataricus P2</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;693742</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Vibrio cholerae 5052</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;693743</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Vibrio cholerae PS15</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;525263</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Corynebacterium lipophiloflavum DSM 44291</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;525309</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Lactobacillus antri DSM 16041</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;525256</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Atopobium vaginae DSM 15829</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;548480</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis ATCC 55813</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;525330</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Lactobacillus johnsonii ATCC 33200</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;525325</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Lactobacillus fermentum ATCC 14931</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;525337</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei ATCC 25302</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;525306</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4796</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;525338</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Lactobacillus plantarum subsp. plantarum ATCC 14917</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;525361</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Lactobacillus rhamnosus LMS2-1</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;658084</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Lachnospiraceae bacterium 4_1_47FAA</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;445932</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Elusimicrobium minutum Pei191</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;460265</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Methylobacterium nodulans ORS 2060</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;441620</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Methylobacterium populi BJ001</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;439235</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Desulfatibacillum alkenivorans AK-01</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;456320</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Methanococcus voltae A3</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;447217</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Anaeromyxobacter sp. K</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;51029</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Heterodera glycines</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;6085</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Hydra magnipapillata</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;439292</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Bacillus selenitireducens MLS10</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;440085</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Methylobacterium chloromethanicum CM4</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;643561</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae ATCC 19860</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;697893</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Escherichia coli ETEC TW03576</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;644283</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Micromonospora aurantiaca ATCC 27029</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;8022</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Oncorhynchus mykiss</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;61964</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;environmental samples</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;38727</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Panicum virgatum</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;663278</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Ethanoligenens harbinense YUAN-3</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;457415</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Synergistes sp. 3_1_syn1</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;457430</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Streptomyces roseosporus NRRL 11379</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;553212</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Staphylococcus capitis SK14</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;553220</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Campylobacter gracilis RM3268</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;553204</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Corynebacterium amycolatum SK46</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;201717</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Myotragus balearicus</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;578459</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Rhodotorula graminis WP1</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;679194</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Propionibacterium acnes J139</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;679196</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Lactobacillus gasseri 224-1</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;686660</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Veillonella parvula ATCC 17745</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;7038</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Bemisia tabaci</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;5755</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Acanthamoeba castellanii</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;86255</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Allocentrotus fragilis</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;666681</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Methylotenera sp. 301</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;48416</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Zoarces viviparus</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;572546</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Archaeoglobus profundus DSM 5631</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;552811</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Dehalogenimonas lykanthroporepellens BL-DC-9</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;520487</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Brucella suis bv. 3 str. 686</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;697903</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Escherichia coli ETEC WS1896A</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;1352</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Enterococcus faecium</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;699218</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Megasphaera genomosp. type_1 str. 28L</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;656388</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Escherichia coli H252</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;5062</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Aspergillus oryzae</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;526222</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Desulfovibrio salexigens DSM 2638</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;525146</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Desulfovibrio desulfuricans subsp. desulfuricans str. ATCC 27774</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;585501</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Oribacterium sinus F0268</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;525279</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Enterococcus faecium TX1330</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;548473</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus TCH60</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;36166</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Megaselia scalaris</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;650199</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Pseudoalteromonas sp. 2ta16</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;562016</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Streptococcus pyogenes AA216</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;562982</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Gemella moribillum M424</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;9555</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Papio anubis</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;393011</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Francisella tularensis subsp. holarctica OSU18</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;474186</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Enterococcus faecalis OG1RF</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;352472</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Dictyostelium discoideum AX4</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;4020</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Tropaeolum majus</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;361072</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Dictyostelium citrinum</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;883</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Desulfovibrio vulgaris str. 'Miyazaki F'</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;347257</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Mycoplasma agalactiae PG2</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;676247</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Amphilophus astorquii</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;675512</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Mycobacterium tuberculosis SUMu001</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;596324</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Treponema vincentii ATCC 35580</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;1290</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Staphylococcus hominis</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;446462</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Actinosynnema mirum DSM 43827</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;387005</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Onchocerca flexuosa</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;573065</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Asticcacaulis excentricus CB 48</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;580332</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Sideroxydans lithotrophicus ES-1</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;536227</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Clostridium carboxidivorans P7</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;582402</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Hirschia baltica ATCC 49814</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;443143</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Geobacter sp. M18</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;582744</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Methylovorus sp. SIP3-4</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;386894</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Streptococcus iniae 9117</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;545774</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus TX20005</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;281081</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Lolium perenne subsp. perenne</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;655981</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Geomyces destructans</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;59796</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Amphora</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;48399</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Crocodylus acutus</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;1301</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Streptococcus</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;520459</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Brucella ceti M644/93/1</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;500635</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Mitsuokella multacida DSM 20544</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;37862</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Heterorhabditis bacteriophora</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;500639</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Enterobacter cancerogenus ATCC 35316</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;500638</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Edwardsiella tarda ATCC 23685</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;526227</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Meiothermus silvanus DSM 9946</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;446465</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Brachybacterium faecium DSM 4810</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;562971</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Achromobacter xylosoxidans C54</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;77306</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Paralabidochromis chilotes</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;8128</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Oreochromis niloticus</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;36779</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;596318</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Acinetobacter radioresistens SK82</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;553171</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Prevotella bivia JCVIHMP010</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;467200</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Streptomyces griseoflavus Tu4000</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;463191</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Streptomyces sviceus ATCC 29083</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;443255</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Streptomyces clavuligerus ATCC 27064</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;457427</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Streptomyces hygroscopicus ATCC 53653</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;457406</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Micromonospora sp. M42</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;253839</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Streptomyces sp. C</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;645465</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Streptomyces sp. e14</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;219305</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Micromonospora sp. ATCC 39149</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;457431</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Streptomyces roseosporus NRRL 15998</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;10245</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Vaccinia virus</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;518766</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Rhodothermus marinus DSM 4252</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;563036</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Streptococcus sp. C300</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;396588</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Thioalkalivibrio sp. HL-EbGR7</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;679189</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Prevotella timonensis CRIS 5C-B1</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;565636</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Enterococcus faecalis T1</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;2788</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Porphyra yezoensis</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;320771</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;bacterium Ellin514</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;9258</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Ornithorhynchus anatinus</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;483216</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Bacteroides eggerthii DSM 20697</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;384638</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Bacteroides pectinophilus</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;411486</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Clostridium sp. M62/1</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;43988</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Cyanothece</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;653446</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Ajellomyces dermatitidis ATCC 18188</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;471853</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Beutenbergia cavernae DSM 12333</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;521095</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Atopobium parvulum DSM 20469</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;525919</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Anaerococcus prevotii DSM 20548</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;446471</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Xylanimonas cellulosilytica DSM 15894</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;596320</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Neisseria flavescens SK114</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;485918</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Chitinophaga pinensis DSM 2588</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;437490</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Striacosta albicosta</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;158543</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Aristolochia fimbriata</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;670888</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Escherichia coli 1827-70</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;526962</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Acinetobacter baumannii WBL7355</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;471852</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Thermomonospora curvata DSM 43183</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;171918</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Heliconius melpomene cythera</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;469381</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Dethiosulfovibrio peptidovorans DSM 11002</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;583358</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Thermoanaerobacter mathranii subsp. mathranii str. A3</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;469382</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Halogeometricum borinquense DSM 11551</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;5808</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Cryptosporidium muris</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;453366</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Streptococcus pneumoniae MLV-016</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;453361</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Streptococcus pneumoniae CDC1087-00</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;3886</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Phaseolus coccineus</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;105023</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Nothobranchius furzeri</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;242619</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Porphyromonas gingivalis W83</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;525326</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Lactobacillus gasseri JV-V03</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;525329</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Lactobacillus jensenii JV-V16</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;525341</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Lactobacillus reuteri CF48-3A</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;38869</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Salvia sclarea</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;5306</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Phanerochaete chrysosporium</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;630527</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Lactobacillus gasseri 202-4</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;521045</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Kosmotoga olearia TBF 19.5.1</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;452471</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Candidatus Amoebophilus asiaticus 5a2</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;126740</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Thermotoga sp. RQ2</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;41431</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Cyanothece sp. PCC 8801</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;426355</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Methylobacterium radiotolerans JCM 2831</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;633145</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Dehalococcoides sp. GT</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;679192</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Bulleidia extructa W1219</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;679191</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Prevotella amnii CRIS 21A-A</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;679190</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Prevotella buccalis ATCC 35310</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;553607</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Staphylococcus aureus A10153</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;72917</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Conyza canadensis</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;634956</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius C56-YS93</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;525903</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Thermanaerovibrio acidaminovorans DSM 6589</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;502025</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Haliangium ochraceum DSM 14365</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;652616</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Mycobacterium tuberculosis str. Erdman</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;403677</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Phytophthora infestans T30-4</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;572477</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Allochromatium vinosum DSM 180</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;523794</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Leptotrichia buccalis C-1013-b</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;479437</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Eggerthella lenta DSM 2243</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;272630</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Methylobacterium extorquens AM1</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;100235</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;uncultured actinomycete</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;3218</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Physcomitrella patens</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;562020</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Neisseria meningitidis N1568</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;59374</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Fibrobacter succinogenes subsp. succinogenes S85</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;573064</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Methanocaldococcus fervens AG86</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;467661</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Rhodobacteraceae bacterium KLH11</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;578460</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Nosema ceranae BRL01</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;596329</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Peptostreptococcus anaerobius 653-L</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;380704</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Aspergillus niger ATCC 1015</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;585200</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Streptomyces sp. H668</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;471223</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Geobacillus sp. WCH70</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;528353</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Neisseria gonorrhoeae FA6140</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;528346</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Neisseria gonorrhoeae 35/02</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;528360</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Neisseria gonorrhoeae SK-93-1035</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;528358</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Neisseria gonorrhoeae PID332</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;528359</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Neisseria gonorrhoeae SK-92-679</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;520450</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Brucella abortus bv. 2 str. 86/8/59</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;658663</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Porphyromonas sp. 31_2</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;31271</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr style='height:25px'> <td style='width:77px'>&nbsp;1496</td> <td style='width:237px'>&nbsp;Clostridium difficile</td> <td style='width:123px' align='right'>1&nbsp;</td> </tr> </table> a6b0425d8d4093680f3becbf2b380271dcc929b5 0 1912 3164 2010-10-27T01:10:14Z Jinuk 109 wikitext text/x-wiki 2 da4b9237bacccdf19c0760cab7aec4a8359010b0 0 1913 3165 2010-10-27T01:11:37Z Jinuk 109 wikitext text/x-wiki 3 77de68daecd823babbb58edb1c8e14d7106e83bb 0 1914 3167 2010-10-30T15:11:40Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <h1 id="headline" class="story"><font size="5">Is the Shape of a Genome as Important as Its Content?<br /> </font><br /> <font size="3">H. Tanizawa, O. Iwasaki, A. Tanaka, J. R. Capizzi, P. Wickramasinghe, M. Lee, Z. Fu, K.-i. Noma. Mapping of long-range associations throughout the fission yeast genome reveals global genome organization linked to transcriptional regulation. Nucleic Acids Research, 2010; DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkq955 <br /> </font></h1> 94f85e187b222946f2e8f663e9ad3eac2f91dc0b 3168 2010-10-30T15:12:12Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki Genome Structure Is the Shape of a Genome as Important as Its Content? H. Tanizawa, O. Iwasaki, A. Tanaka, J. R. Capizzi, P. Wickramasinghe, M. Lee, Z. Fu, K.-i. Noma. Mapping of long-range associations throughout the fission yeast genome reveals global genome organization linked to transcriptional regulation. Nucleic Acids Research, 2010; DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkq955 ea444ee2c813562df78fb13c9a6ff62f5ef17775 3169 2010-10-30T15:12:34Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5">Genome Structure&nbsp;<br /> </font><br /> <font size="4">Is the Shape of a Genome as Important as Its Content?&nbsp;<br /> </font><br /> <font size="3">H. Tanizawa, O. Iwasaki, A. Tanaka, J. R. Capizzi, P. Wickramasinghe, M. Lee, Z. Fu, K.-i. Noma. Mapping of long-range associations throughout the fission yeast genome reveals global genome organization linked to transcriptional regulation. Nucleic Acids Research, 2010; DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkq955</font> b36fba8a561cae0e29662058778d9d6d6ddea37d 0 1915 3170 2010-10-30T15:13:20Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki [http://genomics.org/index.php/Count Genomics.org's Genome Count] 45c4e90848f271df2fdfd6016ed09ff3c5def7cc 0 1902 3172 3134 2010-11-04T05:21:38Z S 72 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><br /> <br /> <font size="4">Paris Japonica: Researchers Claim Simple White Flower Has World's Longest Genome&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </font><a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/10/07/paris-japonica-researcher_n_754557.html">http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/10/07/paris-japonica-researcher_n_754557.html</a><br /> <br /> [[Image:Paris japonica Kinugasasou in Hakusan 2003 7 27 openfree.jpg|thumb]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <font size="5">About Paris japonica</font><br /> &nbsp;</p> <p><em><strong>Paris japonica</strong></em> (<a title="Japanese language" href="/wiki/Japanese_language"><font color="#0645ad">Japanese</font></a>: <span lang="ja" xml:lang="ja">キヌガサソウ属, <em>Kinugasasou</em> meaning 'canopy plant'</span>) is a species of the genus <em><a title="Paris (genus)" href="/wiki/Paris_(genus)"><font color="#0645ad">Paris</font></a></em> in the family <a title="Melanthiaceae" href="/wiki/Melanthiaceae"><font color="#0645ad">Melanthiaceae</font></a>, which has the largest <a title="Genome" href="/wiki/Genome"><font color="#0645ad">genome</font></a> of any organism yet assayed, about 150 billion <a title="Base pair" href="/wiki/Base_pair"><font color="#0645ad">base pairs</font></a> long.<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-0"><font size="2"><font color="#0645ad"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></font></font></a></sup> An <a class="mw-redirect" title="Octoploid" href="/wiki/Octoploid"><font color="#0645ad">octoploid</font></a> and suspected <a class="mw-redirect" title="Allopolyploid" href="/wiki/Allopolyploid"><font color="#0645ad">allopolyploid</font></a> hybrid of four species, it has 40 chromosomes. It is native to <a class="mw-redirect" title="Sub-alpine" href="/wiki/Sub-alpine"><font color="#0645ad">sub-alpine</font></a> regions of <a title="Japan" href="/wiki/Japan"><font color="#0645ad">Japan</font></a>.</p> <h2><span id="Characteristics" class="mw-headline">Characteristics</span></h2> <p>A slow growing perennial, it flowers in July. The showy white star-like flower is borne above a single <a title="Whorl (botany)" href="/wiki/Whorl_(botany)"><font color="#0645ad">whorl</font></a> of about eight stem leaves. It prefers cool, humid, shady places.</p> <p>The rare flower has a genome 50 times bigger than humans. With 150 billion base pairs of DNA per cell, it is the biggest genome in the world, and the DNA from a single cell stretched out end-to-end it would be taller than 300&nbsp;feet (91 m), such as <a title="Big Ben" href="/wiki/Big_Ben"><font color="#0645ad">Big Ben</font></a>.</p> <p>The flower has 19 billion more base pairs than the previous record holder, the <a title="Marbled lungfish" href="/wiki/Marbled_lungfish"><font color="#0645ad">marbled lungfish</font></a>, whose 130 billion base pairs weigh in at 132.83 picograms per cell.</p> <h2><span id="References" class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <div class="references-small"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-0"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.kew.org/news/kew-scientists-discover-largest-genome.htm"><font color="#3366bb">Kew scientists discover the largest genome of them all</font></a></li> </ol> </div> <h2><span id="External_links" class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <p><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://rareplants.co.uk/page.asp?id=parisjapon"><font color="#3366bb">Rareplants page</font></a><br /> <a href="http://www.kew.org"><font color="#399800">http://www.kew.org</font></a>&nbsp;<br /> &nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> e3e1e775a02375c6e7d3a158c82d11bb3bdc404a 0 1916 3173 2010-11-08T10:40:56Z WikiSysop 1 Created page with "<p>The N50 contig size is a weighted median value and defined as <br /> the length of the smallest contig S in the sorted list of all <br /> contigs where the cumulative length f..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p>The N50 contig size is a weighted median value and defined as <br /> the length of the smallest contig S in the sorted list of all <br /> contigs where the cumulative length from the largest contig to <br /> contig S is at least 50% of the total length.<br /> &nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>perl -e 'my ($len,$total)=(0,0);my @x;while(&lt;&gt;){if(/^[\&gt;\@]/){if($len&gt;0){$total+=$len;push@x,$len;};$len=0;}else{s/\s//g;$len+=length($_);}}if ($len&gt;0){$total+=$len;push @x,$len;}@x=sort{$b&lt;=&gt;$a}@x; my ($count,$half)=(0,0);for (my $j=0;$j&lt;@x;$j++){$count+=$x[$j];if(($count&gt;=$total/2)&amp;&amp;($half==0)){print &quot;N50: $x[$j]\n&quot;;$half=$x[$j]}elsif($count&gt;=$total*0.9){print &quot;N90: $x[$j]\n&quot;;exit;}}'&nbsp; contigs.fahttp://seqanswers.com/forums/showthread.php?t=2766</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><a href="http://seqanswers.com/forums/showthread.php?t=2766">http://seqanswers.com/forums/showthread.php?t=2766</a></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> c7d11b783813956851b74fa698d76cec4a72c41f 3174 3173 2010-11-08T10:41:31Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>The N50 contig size is a weighted median value and defined as <br /> the length of the smallest contig S in the sorted list of all <br /> contigs where the cumulative length from the largest contig to <br /> contig S is at least 50% of the total length.<br /> &nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>perl -e 'my ($len,$total)=(0,0);my @x;while(&lt;&gt;){if(/^[\&gt;\@]/){if($len&gt;0){$total+=$len;push@x,$len;};$len=0;}else{s/\s//g;$len+=length($_);}}if ($len&gt;0){$total+=$len;push @x,$len;}@x=sort{$b&lt;=&gt;$a}@x; my ($count,$half)=(0,0);for (my $j=0;$j&lt;@x;$j++){$count+=$x[$j];if(($count&gt;=$total/2)&amp;&amp;($half==0)){print &quot;N50: $x[$j]\n&quot;;$half=$x[$j]}elsif($count&gt;=$total*0.9){print &quot;N90: $x[$j]\n&quot;;exit;}}'&nbsp; contigs.fahttp://seqanswers.com/forums/showthread.php?t=2766</p> <p>[[N50 N90 calculation using Perl code]]&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><a href="http://seqanswers.com/forums/showthread.php?t=2766">http://seqanswers.com/forums/showthread.php?t=2766</a></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 2203ca1a68ba603ebed0fdefd81db06449117771 0 1917 3175 2010-11-08T10:41:47Z WikiSysop 1 Created page with "<p><span style="font-family: Courier New">#/usr/bin/perl -w<br /> use strict;<br /> my ($len,$total)=(0,0);<br /> my @x;<br /> while(&lt;&gt;){<br /> if(/^[\&gt;\@]/){<br /> if($..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-family: Courier New">#/usr/bin/perl -w<br /> use strict;<br /> my ($len,$total)=(0,0);<br /> my @x;<br /> while(&lt;&gt;){<br /> if(/^[\&gt;\@]/){<br /> if($len&gt;0){<br /> $total+=$len;<br /> push @x,$len;<br /> }<br /> $len=0;<br /> }<br /> else{<br /> s/\s//g;<br /> $len+=length($_);<br /> }<br /> }<br /> if ($len&gt;0){<br /> $total+=$len;<br /> push @x,$len;<br /> }<br /> @x=sort{$b&lt;=&gt;$a} @x; <br /> my ($count,$half)=(0,0);<br /> for (my $j=0;$j&lt;@x;$j++){<br /> $count+=$x[$j];<br /> if (($count&gt;=$total/2)&amp;&amp;($half==0)){<br /> print &quot;N50: $x[$j]\n&quot;;<br /> $half=$x[$j]<br /> }elsif ($count&gt;=$total*0.9){<br /> print &quot;N90: $x[$j]\n&quot;;<br /> exit;<br /> }<br /> }</span></p> 17c8c361567b0c560febdbe785ec46a42372606c 0 1586 3176 2720 2010-11-08T10:43:31Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><strong><font size="5">Genomics portals</font></strong><br /> <br /> &nbsp;</p> <table style="width: 770px; height: 62px" border="1" cellspacing="1" summary="" cellpadding="1" width="770" height="62"> <tbody> <tr> <td>[http://123genomics.com 123genomics.com]</td> <td> <div align="center"><font class="size8 Helvetica8" color="#d36100" face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif"><strong>A&nbsp;Genomics, Proteomics and Bioinformatics Knowledge Base</strong></font></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[Pedro's Biomolecular Research Tools]]</td> <td>&nbsp;Local copy of Pedro's Biomolecular Research Tools</td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;[http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/BioNet/Pedro/research_tools.html Pedro's Biomolecular Research Tools]<br /> &nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;Pedro's BioMolecular Research Tools: A Collection of WWW Links to Information&nbsp; &amp; Services Useful to Molecular Biologists</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[Science Magazine Functional Genomics Portal]]</td> <td>&nbsp;Science magazine's Functional Genomics Portal</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[Genomics.co.uk]]</td> <td>UK based genomics related portal. With some patents information</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[GenomeLibrary.org]]</td> <td>[[GenomeLibrary.net]]</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[GebomeService.org]]</td> <td>[[GenomeServcie.net]]</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[SeqAnswers.com]]: The next generation sequencing community</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> a30ef632a449e2744e1e6675e400f6e4a0dd456b 0 1918 3177 2010-11-08T10:52:07Z WikiSysop 1 Created page with "<p><a href="http://seqanswers.com/">http://seqanswers.com/</a></p>" wikitext text/x-wiki <p><a href="http://seqanswers.com/">http://seqanswers.com/</a></p> 4ada298feddd3e35b454666cc34b8a59110b1a1e 0 1919 3178 2010-11-08T10:52:51Z WikiSysop 1 Created page with "<p><span style="font-family: Arial"><span style="widows: 2; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; border-collapse: separate; font: 16px sans-serif; white-space: normal; orphans..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-family: Arial"><span style="widows: 2; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; border-collapse: separate; font: 16px sans-serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px" class="Apple-style-span"><span style="line-height: 19px; font-size: 13px" class="Apple-style-span"><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /> </span></span></span><span style="widows: 2; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; border-collapse: separate; font: 16px sans-serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px" class="Apple-style-span"><span style="line-height: 19px; font-size: 13px" class="Apple-style-span"> <table style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 13px" id="sortable_table_id_0" class="sortable" border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: rgb(240,240,240); background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" align="center"><span style="font-family: Arial"><b>Region</b></span><a style="background-image: none; margin: 0px 0.3em; color: rgb(6,69,173); text-decoration: none; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="sortheader" onclick="ts_resortTable(this);return false;" href="http://seqanswers.com/wiki/Next_Gen_Sequencing_Service_Provider#"><span style="font-family: Arial"><span class="sortarrow"><img style="border-bottom-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; vertical-align: middle; border-left-style: none" alt="&darr;" src="http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></span></a></td> <td style="background-color: rgb(240,240,240); background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" align="center"><span style="font-family: Arial"><b>Country</b><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span></span><a style="background-image: none; margin: 0px 0.3em; color: rgb(6,69,173); text-decoration: none; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="sortheader" onclick="ts_resortTable(this);return false;" href="http://seqanswers.com/wiki/Next_Gen_Sequencing_Service_Provider#"><span style="font-family: Arial"><span class="sortarrow"><img style="border-bottom-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; vertical-align: middle; border-left-style: none" alt="&darr;" src="http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></span></a></td> <td style="background-color: rgb(240,240,240); background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" align="center"><span style="font-family: Arial"><b>Company</b><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span></span><a style="background-image: none; margin: 0px 0.3em; color: rgb(6,69,173); text-decoration: none; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="sortheader" onclick="ts_resortTable(this);return false;" href="http://seqanswers.com/wiki/Next_Gen_Sequencing_Service_Provider#"><span style="font-family: Arial"><span class="sortarrow"><img style="border-bottom-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; vertical-align: middle; border-left-style: none" alt="&darr;" src="http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></span></a></td> <td style="background-color: rgb(240,240,240); background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" align="center"><span style="font-family: Arial"><b>Homepage</b><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span></span><a style="background-image: none; margin: 0px 0.3em; color: rgb(6,69,173); text-decoration: none; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="sortheader" onclick="ts_resortTable(this);return false;" href="http://seqanswers.com/wiki/Next_Gen_Sequencing_Service_Provider#"><span style="font-family: Arial"><span class="sortarrow"><img style="border-bottom-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; vertical-align: middle; border-left-style: none" alt="&darr;" src="http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></span></a></td> <td style="background-color: rgb(240,240,240); background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" align="center"><span style="font-family: Arial"><b>Instruments</b><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span></span><a style="background-image: none; margin: 0px 0.3em; color: rgb(6,69,173); text-decoration: none; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="sortheader" onclick="ts_resortTable(this);return false;" href="http://seqanswers.com/wiki/Next_Gen_Sequencing_Service_Provider#"><span style="font-family: Arial"><span class="sortarrow"><img style="border-bottom-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; vertical-align: middle; border-left-style: none" alt="&darr;" src="http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></span></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Asia</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">China</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Beijing Genomics Institute</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://www.genomics.org.cn/en/index.php" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.genomics.org.cn/en/index.php</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / Illumina / SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Asia</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">India</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">The Center for Genomic Applications [TCGA]</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://tcgaresearch.org/" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://tcgaresearch.org/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Informatics / 454 / Illumina / Comprehensive Genome Annotation Services including Manual Curation of Annotations from Literature</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Asia</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">India</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Genotypic</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://genotypic.co.in/newgen/" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://genotypic.co.in/newgen/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / Helicos / Illumina / SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Asia</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">India</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Geschickten Solutions</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://www.geschickten.com/" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.geschickten.com/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Informatics</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Asia</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">India</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Ocimum Biosolutions</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://www.ocimumbio.com/web/" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.ocimumbio.com/web/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / Illumina / Informatics / SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Asia</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">India</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Xcelris Labs</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://www.xcelrislabs.com/" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.xcelrislabs.com/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Asia</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Japan</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Riken Genesis</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://www.rikengenesis.jp/en/index.html" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.rikengenesis.jp/en/index.html</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">&nbsp;??</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Asia</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Korea</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Macrogen</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://www.macrogen.com/" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.macrogen.com/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / Illumina / SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Asia</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Singapore</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">AIT Biotech</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://www.aitbiotech.com/HTPSequencing.htm" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.aitbiotech.com/HTPSequencing.htm</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Asia</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Taiwan</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">MissionBio</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://www.missionbio.com.tw/" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.missionbio.com.tw/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Oceania</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Australia</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">AGRF</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://www.agrf.org.au/NEW-SERVICE-illumina-GA-II-Next-Generation.html" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.agrf.org.au/NEW-SERVICE-illumina-GA-II-Next-Generation.html</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Oceania</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Australia</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Geneworks</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://www.geneworks.com.au/Content.aspx?p=84" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.geneworks.com.au/Content.aspx?p=84</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Oceania</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Australia</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Micromon</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://dna.med.monash.edu.au/" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://dna.med.monash.edu.au/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina / Informatics</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Oceania</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">New Zealand (definitely not Australia)</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Allan Wilson Centre Genome Service at Massey University</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://www.allanwilsoncentre.ac.nz/AWCGSintro.htm" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.allanwilsoncentre.ac.nz/AWCGSintro.htm</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Oceania</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">New Zealand (definitely not Australia)</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">University of Otago</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://sequence.otago.ac.nz/index.html" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://sequence.otago.ac.nz/index.html</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Many</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Cogenics</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://www.cogenics.com/sequencing/service/NextGenSequencingService.cfm" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.cogenics.com/sequencing/service/NextGenSequencingService.cfm</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Many</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">GATC Biotech</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://www.gatc-biotech.com/en/index.php" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.gatc-biotech.com/en/index.php</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Austria</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://i122server.vu-wien.ac.at/pop/seq/VetCore2.htm" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://i122server.vu-wien.ac.at/pop/seq/VetCore2.htm</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Belgium</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">VIB MicroArray Facility</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://www.microarrays.be/" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.microarrays.be</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / Informatics</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Belgium</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">NXT GNT</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://www.nxtgnt.com/" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.nxtgnt.com</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / Illumina / Informatics</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">France</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Integragen</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://www.integragen.com/" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.integragen.com/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">France</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Montpellier GenomiX</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://mgx.montp.inserm.fr/" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://mgx.montp.inserm.fr/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Germany</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">CeGaT</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://www.cegat.de/" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.cegat.de/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Germany</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">DKFZ</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://www.dkfz.de/gpcf/next_generation_sequencing_2.html" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.dkfz.de/gpcf/next_generation_sequencing_2.html</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / Illumina / SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Germany</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">febit</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://www.febit.com/microarray-sequencing/next-generation-sequencing/overview/" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.febit.com/microarray-sequencing/next-generation-sequencing/overview/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Germany</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Functional Genomics Center zurich</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://www.fgcz.ethz.ch/applications/gt/ngsequencing" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.fgcz.ethz.ch/applications/gt/ngsequencing</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Germany</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Eurofins MWG Operon</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://www.eurofinsdna.com/products-services/next-generation-sequencing.html" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.eurofinsdna.com/products-services/next-generation-sequencing.html</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Germany</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Fasteris</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://www.fasteris.com/" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.fasteris.com/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Germany</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">LGC</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://www.agowa.de/" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.agowa.de/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Germany</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Seq.IT</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://www.seq-it.de/" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.seq-it.de/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Hungary</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Astrid Research</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://www.astridresearch.com/" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.astridresearch.com/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Bioinformatics</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Hungary</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">BAYGEN</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://baygen.hu/" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://baygen.hu/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Italy</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Applied Genomics Institute</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://www.appliedgenomics.org/" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.appliedgenomics.org/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina / Informatics</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Italy</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">BMR Genomics</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://www.bmr-genomics.com/" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.bmr-genomics.com</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Italy</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">GENOMNIA</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://www.genomnia.com/" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.genomnia.com/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">The Netherlands</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">ServiceXS</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://www.servicexs.com/servicexs+is+powered+by/illumina/illumina+ga+ii+sequencing" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.servicexs.com/servicexs+is+powered+by/illumina/illumina+ga+ii+sequencing</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">The Netherlands</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Baseclear</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://www.baseclear.com/services/" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.baseclear.com/services/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Norway</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Norwegian Sequencing Center</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://www.sequencing.uio.no/" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.sequencing.uio.no/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Portugal</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Biocant</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://www.biocant.pt/" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.biocant.pt/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Spain</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Era7 Bioinformatcs</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://www.era7bioinformatics.com/" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.era7bioinformatics.com/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Informatics</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Spain</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Sistemas Gen&radic;&ge;micos</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://www.sistemasgenomicos.com/" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.sistemasgenomicos.com/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Sweden</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Uppsala Genome Center</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://www.genpat.uu.se/node453" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.genpat.uu.se/node453</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Switzerland</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Fasteris</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://www.fasteris.com/" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.fasteris.com/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Switzerland</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Microsynth</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://www.microsynth.ch/" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.microsynth.ch/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">UK</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">AGOWA - LGC</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/document-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 18px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://www.lgc.co.uk/pdf/Next%20gen%20sequencing%20flyer%20web.pdf" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.lgc.co.uk/pdf/Next%20gen%20sequencing%20flyer%20web.pdf</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">UK</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Exeter</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://biosciences.exeter.ac.uk/genome_analyser/" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://biosciences.exeter.ac.uk/genome_analyser/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">UK</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Food and Environment Research Agency</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://www.fera.defra.gov.uk/scienceResearch/science/biosecurity/nextGenerationSequencing.cfm" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.fera.defra.gov.uk/scienceResearch/science/biosecurity/nextGenerationSequencing.cfm</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">UK</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Geneservice</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://www.geneservice.co.uk/services/sequencing/" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.geneservice.co.uk/services/sequencing/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">UK</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Newcastle University</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://www.ncl.ac.uk/ihg/research/facilities/flx/gsflx.html" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.ncl.ac.uk/ihg/research/facilities/flx/gsflx.html</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">UK</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">University of Birmingham</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://www.genomics.bham.ac.uk/" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.genomics.bham.ac.uk/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">UK</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">University of Edinburgh (The Gene Pool)</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://genepool.bio.ed.ac.uk/" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://genepool.bio.ed.ac.uk/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">UK</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">University of Leicester</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://www.le.ac.uk/nucleus/" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.le.ac.uk/nucleus/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">UK</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">University of Liverpool</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://www.liv.ac.uk/agf/index.html" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.liv.ac.uk/agf/index.html</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">UK</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">University of York</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://www.york.ac.uk/depts/biol/tf/genomics/GL_454.html" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.york.ac.uk/depts/biol/tf/genomics/GL_454.html</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Canada</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Genome Sciences Centre</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://www.bcgsc.ca/services/" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.bcgsc.ca/services/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Canada</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://www.genomequebecplatforms.com/mcgill/home/index.aspx" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.genomequebecplatforms.com/mcgill/home/index.aspx</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Canada</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">The Centre for Applied Genomics - Toronto Sick Kids</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://www.tcag.ca/dnaSequencingSynthesis.html#5" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.tcag.ca/dnaSequencingSynthesis.html#5</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / Illumina / SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Mexico</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Unidad Universitaria de Secuenciacion Masiva</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://uusm.unam.mx/" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://uusm.unam.mx/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - CA</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Centrillion Biosciences</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://www.centrillionbio.com/" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.centrillionbio.com/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - CA</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Ambry Genetics</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://www.ambrygen.com/Pharmacogenomic_Services/Next_Gen_Sequencing.asp" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.ambrygen.com/Pharmacogenomic_Services/Next_Gen_Sequencing.asp</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - CA/TX</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Eureka Genomics</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://www.eurekagenomics.com/services_nextgen.html" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.eurekagenomics.com/services_nextgen.html</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - CA</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Prognosys</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://www.prognosysbio.com/" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.prognosysbio.com/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - CA</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">UCLA</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://www.genoseq.ucla.edu/action/view/Gsflx" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.genoseq.ucla.edu/action/view/Gsflx</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - DE</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">University of Delaware</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://www.udel.edu/dnasequence/Site/Sequencing_%26_Genotyping_Center.html" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.udel.edu/dnasequence/Site/Sequencing_%26_Genotyping_Center.html</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - FL</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">University of Florida</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://www.biotech.ufl.edu/servicefees.html#454sequencing" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.biotech.ufl.edu/servicefees.html#454sequencing</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - IA</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Iowa State University</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://www.dna.iastate.edu/frame_nextgen.html" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.dna.iastate.edu/frame_nextgen.html</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - IL</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Northwestern</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://www.cgm.northwestern.edu/cgm/Core-Facilities/Genomics-Core" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.cgm.northwestern.edu/cgm/Core-Facilities/Genomics-Core</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - KS</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Kansas State University Integrated Genomics Facility</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://www.ksre.ksu.edu/igenomics/DesktopDefault.aspx" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.ksre.ksu.edu/igenomics/DesktopDefault.aspx</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - MA</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Agencourt</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://agencourt.com/services/nextgen/index.php" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://agencourt.com/services/nextgen/index.php</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - MA</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Broad Institute</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://www.broadinstitute.org/" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.broadinstitute.org/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina / SOLiD / 454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - MA</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Children's Hospital Boston</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://core.iddrc.org/molecular-genetics/?page_id=10" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://core.iddrc.org/molecular-genetics/?page_id=10</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - MA</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Harvard Med School</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://genome.med.harvard.edu/services/nextgen/ViewOverview.action" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://genome.med.harvard.edu/services/nextgen/ViewOverview.action</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - MA</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Tufts</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://www.tucf.org/nextgen-f.html" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.tucf.org/nextgen-f.html</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - MD</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">BioReliance</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://www.bioreliance.com/genomic_services.aspx/" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.bioreliance.com/genomic_services.aspx/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / Bioinformatics</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - MD</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Edgebio</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://www.edgebio.com/services/" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.edgebio.com/services/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - MD</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Johns Hopkins University</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://grcf.jhmi.edu/hts/" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://grcf.jhmi.edu/hts/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - MI</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Michigan State University</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://rtsf.msu.edu/genomics/" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://rtsf.msu.edu/genomics/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - MO</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Cofactor Genomics</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://www.cofactorgenomics.com/" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.cofactorgenomics.com/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina / SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - MO</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">The Genome Center at Washington University</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://genome.wustl.edu/" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://genome.wustl.edu/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina / SOLiD / 454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - NC</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Duke University</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://www.genome.duke.edu/cores/sequencing/" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.genome.duke.edu/cores/sequencing/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - NC</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">NC State University - Genomic Sciences Lab</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://gsl.cals.ncsu.edu/" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://gsl.cals.ncsu.edu/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - NC</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Expression Analysis</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://www.expressionanalysis.com/" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.expressionanalysis.com/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - NE</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">University of Nebraska-Lincoln</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://cage.unl.edu/" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://cage.unl.edu/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - NM</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">NCGR</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://sequencing.ncgr.org/" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://sequencing.ncgr.org/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina / SOLiD / PacBio / Genotyping / Inoformatics</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - NM</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">NM State University</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://biology.nmsu.edu/" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://biology.nmsu.edu/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / Informatics</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - NY</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Albert Einstein College of Medicine</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://www.einstein.yu.edu/home/SharedFacilities/ViewFacility.asp?ID=53" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.einstein.yu.edu/home/SharedFacilities/ViewFacility.asp?ID=53</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina, 454, Bioinformatics</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - NY</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Cornell University</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://cores.lifesciences.cornell.edu/brcinfo/?f=1" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://cores.lifesciences.cornell.edu/brcinfo/?f=1</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - NY</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Columbia University</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://hiccc.columbia.edu/deepsequencing/" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://hiccc.columbia.edu/deepsequencing/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454, Illumina, SOLiD / Informatics</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - NY?</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Creative Genomics</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://www.creative-genomics.com/gene/sequence.html" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.creative-genomics.com/gene/sequence.html</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - PA</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">University of Pennsylvania</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://www.med.upenn.edu/dnaseq/" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.med.upenn.edu/dnaseq/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - SC</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">EnGencore</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://engencore.sc.edu/" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://engencore.sc.edu/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - TN</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Vanderbilt University</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/lock-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 18px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="https://gtc.vanderbilt.edu/" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">https://gtc.vanderbilt.edu/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - TX</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">SeqWright</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://www.seqwright.com/researchservices/nextgensequencing.html" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.seqwright.com/researchservices/nextgensequencing.html</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - UT</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">University of Utah MA Core</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://bioserver.hci.utah.edu/BioInfo/index.php/Main_Page" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://bioserver.hci.utah.edu/BioInfo/index.php/Main_Page</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina / Informatics</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - VA</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Virginia Bioinformatics Institute</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/lock-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 18px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="https://www.vbi.vt.edu/core_laboratory_facility/gs-flx_sequencing/" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">https://www.vbi.vt.edu/core_laboratory_facility/gs-flx_sequencing/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - VA</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">University of Virginia Genomics Core Facility</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://www.virginia.edu/biology/research/genomics.html" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.virginia.edu/biology/research/genomics.html</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">South America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Brazil</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Laboratorio de Genomica e Expressao</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" href="http://www.lge.ibi.unicamp.br/" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.lge.ibi.unicamp.br/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Bioinformatics</span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </span></span></p> e507675bb6285d6d7ec6881383a803886d2a8a6d 3179 3178 2010-11-08T10:53:56Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-family: Arial"><span style="widows: 2; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; border-collapse: separate; font: 16px sans-serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px" class="Apple-style-span"><span style="line-height: 19px; font-size: 13px" class="Apple-style-span"><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /> </span></span></span><span style="widows: 2; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; border-collapse: separate; font: 16px sans-serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px" class="Apple-style-span"><span style="line-height: 19px; font-size: 13px" class="Apple-style-span"> <table style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 13px" id="sortable_table_id_0" class="sortable" border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: rgb(240,240,240); background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" align="center"><span style="font-family: Arial"><b>Region</b></span><a style="background-image: none; margin: 0px 0.3em; color: rgb(6,69,173); text-decoration: none; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="sortheader" onclick="ts_resortTable(this);return false;" href="http://seqanswers.com/wiki/Next_Gen_Sequencing_Service_Provider#"><span style="font-family: Arial"><span class="sortarrow"><img style="border-bottom-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; vertical-align: middle; border-left-style: none" alt="&darr;" src="http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></span></a></td> <td style="background-color: rgb(240,240,240); background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" align="center"><span style="font-family: Arial"><b>Country</b><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span></span><a style="background-image: none; margin: 0px 0.3em; color: rgb(6,69,173); text-decoration: none; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="sortheader" onclick="ts_resortTable(this);return false;" href="http://seqanswers.com/wiki/Next_Gen_Sequencing_Service_Provider#"><span style="font-family: Arial"><span class="sortarrow"><img style="border-bottom-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; vertical-align: middle; border-left-style: none" alt="&darr;" src="http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></span></a></td> <td style="background-color: rgb(240,240,240); background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" align="center"><span style="font-family: Arial"><b>Company</b><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span></span><a style="background-image: none; margin: 0px 0.3em; color: rgb(6,69,173); text-decoration: none; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="sortheader" onclick="ts_resortTable(this);return false;" href="http://seqanswers.com/wiki/Next_Gen_Sequencing_Service_Provider#"><span style="font-family: Arial"><span class="sortarrow"><img style="border-bottom-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; vertical-align: middle; border-left-style: none" alt="&darr;" src="http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></span></a></td> <td style="background-color: rgb(240,240,240); background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" align="center"><span style="font-family: Arial"><b>Homepage</b><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span></span><a style="background-image: none; margin: 0px 0.3em; color: rgb(6,69,173); text-decoration: none; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="sortheader" onclick="ts_resortTable(this);return false;" href="http://seqanswers.com/wiki/Next_Gen_Sequencing_Service_Provider#"><span style="font-family: Arial"><span class="sortarrow"><img style="border-bottom-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; vertical-align: middle; border-left-style: none" alt="&darr;" src="http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></span></a></td> <td style="background-color: rgb(240,240,240); background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" align="center"><span style="font-family: Arial"><b>Instruments</b><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span></span><a style="background-image: none; margin: 0px 0.3em; color: rgb(6,69,173); text-decoration: none; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="sortheader" onclick="ts_resortTable(this);return false;" href="http://seqanswers.com/wiki/Next_Gen_Sequencing_Service_Provider#"><span style="font-family: Arial"><span class="sortarrow"><img style="border-bottom-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; vertical-align: middle; border-left-style: none" alt="&darr;" src="http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></span></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Asia</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">China</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Beijing Genomics Institute</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomics.org.cn/en/index.php"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.genomics.org.cn/en/index.php</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / Illumina / SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Asia</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">India</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">The Center for Genomic Applications [TCGA]</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://tcgaresearch.org/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://tcgaresearch.org/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Informatics / 454 / Illumina / Comprehensive Genome Annotation Services including Manual Curation of Annotations from Literature</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Asia</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">India</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Genotypic</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://genotypic.co.in/newgen/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://genotypic.co.in/newgen/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / Helicos / Illumina / SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Asia</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">India</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Geschickten Solutions</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.geschickten.com/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.geschickten.com/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Informatics</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Asia</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">India</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Ocimum Biosolutions</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ocimumbio.com/web/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.ocimumbio.com/web/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / Illumina / Informatics / SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Asia</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">India</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Xcelris Labs</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.xcelrislabs.com/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.xcelrislabs.com/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Asia</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Japan</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Riken Genesis</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.rikengenesis.jp/en/index.html"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.rikengenesis.jp/en/index.html</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">&nbsp;??</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Asia</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Korea</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Macrogen</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.macrogen.com/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.macrogen.com/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / Illumina / SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Asia</td> <td>Korea</td> <td>TheragenEtex</td> <td><a href="http://totalomics.kr">http://totalomics.kr</a></td> <td>Illumina (GA2, HiSeq)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Asia</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Singapore</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">AIT Biotech</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.aitbiotech.com/HTPSequencing.htm"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.aitbiotech.com/HTPSequencing.htm</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Asia</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Taiwan</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">MissionBio</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.missionbio.com.tw/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.missionbio.com.tw/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Oceania</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Australia</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">AGRF</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.agrf.org.au/NEW-SERVICE-illumina-GA-II-Next-Generation.html"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.agrf.org.au/NEW-SERVICE-illumina-GA-II-Next-Generation.html</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Oceania</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Australia</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Geneworks</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.geneworks.com.au/Content.aspx?p=84"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.geneworks.com.au/Content.aspx?p=84</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Oceania</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Australia</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Micromon</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://dna.med.monash.edu.au/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://dna.med.monash.edu.au/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina / Informatics</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Oceania</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">New Zealand (definitely not Australia)</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Allan Wilson Centre Genome Service at Massey University</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.allanwilsoncentre.ac.nz/AWCGSintro.htm"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.allanwilsoncentre.ac.nz/AWCGSintro.htm</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Oceania</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">New Zealand (definitely not Australia)</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">University of Otago</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://sequence.otago.ac.nz/index.html"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://sequence.otago.ac.nz/index.html</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Many</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Cogenics</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cogenics.com/sequencing/service/NextGenSequencingService.cfm"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.cogenics.com/sequencing/service/NextGenSequencingService.cfm</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Many</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">GATC Biotech</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.gatc-biotech.com/en/index.php"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.gatc-biotech.com/en/index.php</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Austria</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://i122server.vu-wien.ac.at/pop/seq/VetCore2.htm"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://i122server.vu-wien.ac.at/pop/seq/VetCore2.htm</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Belgium</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">VIB MicroArray Facility</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.microarrays.be/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.microarrays.be</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / Informatics</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Belgium</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">NXT GNT</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nxtgnt.com/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.nxtgnt.com</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / Illumina / Informatics</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">France</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Integragen</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.integragen.com/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.integragen.com/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">France</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Montpellier GenomiX</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://mgx.montp.inserm.fr/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://mgx.montp.inserm.fr/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Germany</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">CeGaT</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cegat.de/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.cegat.de/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Germany</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">DKFZ</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.dkfz.de/gpcf/next_generation_sequencing_2.html"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.dkfz.de/gpcf/next_generation_sequencing_2.html</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / Illumina / SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Germany</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">febit</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.febit.com/microarray-sequencing/next-generation-sequencing/overview/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.febit.com/microarray-sequencing/next-generation-sequencing/overview/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Germany</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Functional Genomics Center zurich</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.fgcz.ethz.ch/applications/gt/ngsequencing"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.fgcz.ethz.ch/applications/gt/ngsequencing</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Germany</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Eurofins MWG Operon</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.eurofinsdna.com/products-services/next-generation-sequencing.html"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.eurofinsdna.com/products-services/next-generation-sequencing.html</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Germany</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Fasteris</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.fasteris.com/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.fasteris.com/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Germany</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">LGC</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.agowa.de/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.agowa.de/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Germany</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Seq.IT</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.seq-it.de/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.seq-it.de/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Hungary</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Astrid Research</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.astridresearch.com/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.astridresearch.com/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Bioinformatics</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Hungary</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">BAYGEN</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://baygen.hu/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://baygen.hu/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Italy</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Applied Genomics Institute</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.appliedgenomics.org/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.appliedgenomics.org/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina / Informatics</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Italy</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">BMR Genomics</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.bmr-genomics.com/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.bmr-genomics.com</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Italy</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">GENOMNIA</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomnia.com/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.genomnia.com/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">The Netherlands</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">ServiceXS</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.servicexs.com/servicexs+is+powered+by/illumina/illumina+ga+ii+sequencing"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.servicexs.com/servicexs+is+powered+by/illumina/illumina+ga+ii+sequencing</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">The Netherlands</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Baseclear</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.baseclear.com/services/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.baseclear.com/services/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Norway</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Norwegian Sequencing Center</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sequencing.uio.no/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.sequencing.uio.no/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Portugal</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Biocant</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.biocant.pt/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.biocant.pt/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Spain</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Era7 Bioinformatcs</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.era7bioinformatics.com/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.era7bioinformatics.com/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Informatics</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Spain</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Sistemas Gen&radic;&ge;micos</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sistemasgenomicos.com/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.sistemasgenomicos.com/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Sweden</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Uppsala Genome Center</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genpat.uu.se/node453"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.genpat.uu.se/node453</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Switzerland</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Fasteris</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.fasteris.com/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.fasteris.com/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Switzerland</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Microsynth</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.microsynth.ch/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.microsynth.ch/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">UK</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">AGOWA - LGC</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/document-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 18px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.lgc.co.uk/pdf/Next%20gen%20sequencing%20flyer%20web.pdf"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.lgc.co.uk/pdf/Next%20gen%20sequencing%20flyer%20web.pdf</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">UK</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Exeter</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://biosciences.exeter.ac.uk/genome_analyser/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://biosciences.exeter.ac.uk/genome_analyser/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">UK</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Food and Environment Research Agency</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.fera.defra.gov.uk/scienceResearch/science/biosecurity/nextGenerationSequencing.cfm"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.fera.defra.gov.uk/scienceResearch/science/biosecurity/nextGenerationSequencing.cfm</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">UK</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Geneservice</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.geneservice.co.uk/services/sequencing/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.geneservice.co.uk/services/sequencing/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">UK</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Newcastle University</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncl.ac.uk/ihg/research/facilities/flx/gsflx.html"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.ncl.ac.uk/ihg/research/facilities/flx/gsflx.html</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">UK</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">University of Birmingham</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomics.bham.ac.uk/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.genomics.bham.ac.uk/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">UK</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">University of Edinburgh (The Gene Pool)</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://genepool.bio.ed.ac.uk/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://genepool.bio.ed.ac.uk/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">UK</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">University of Leicester</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.le.ac.uk/nucleus/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.le.ac.uk/nucleus/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">UK</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">University of Liverpool</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.liv.ac.uk/agf/index.html"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.liv.ac.uk/agf/index.html</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">UK</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">University of York</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.york.ac.uk/depts/biol/tf/genomics/GL_454.html"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.york.ac.uk/depts/biol/tf/genomics/GL_454.html</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Canada</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Genome Sciences Centre</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.bcgsc.ca/services/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.bcgsc.ca/services/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Canada</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomequebecplatforms.com/mcgill/home/index.aspx"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.genomequebecplatforms.com/mcgill/home/index.aspx</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Canada</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">The Centre for Applied Genomics - Toronto Sick Kids</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.tcag.ca/dnaSequencingSynthesis.html#5"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.tcag.ca/dnaSequencingSynthesis.html#5</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / Illumina / SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Mexico</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Unidad Universitaria de Secuenciacion Masiva</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://uusm.unam.mx/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://uusm.unam.mx/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - CA</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Centrillion Biosciences</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.centrillionbio.com/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.centrillionbio.com/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - CA</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Ambry Genetics</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ambrygen.com/Pharmacogenomic_Services/Next_Gen_Sequencing.asp"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.ambrygen.com/Pharmacogenomic_Services/Next_Gen_Sequencing.asp</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - CA/TX</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Eureka Genomics</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.eurekagenomics.com/services_nextgen.html"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.eurekagenomics.com/services_nextgen.html</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - CA</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Prognosys</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.prognosysbio.com/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.prognosysbio.com/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - CA</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">UCLA</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genoseq.ucla.edu/action/view/Gsflx"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.genoseq.ucla.edu/action/view/Gsflx</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - DE</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">University of Delaware</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.udel.edu/dnasequence/Site/Sequencing_%26_Genotyping_Center.html"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.udel.edu/dnasequence/Site/Sequencing_%26_Genotyping_Center.html</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - FL</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">University of Florida</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.biotech.ufl.edu/servicefees.html#454sequencing"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.biotech.ufl.edu/servicefees.html#454sequencing</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - IA</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Iowa State University</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.dna.iastate.edu/frame_nextgen.html"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.dna.iastate.edu/frame_nextgen.html</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - IL</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Northwestern</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cgm.northwestern.edu/cgm/Core-Facilities/Genomics-Core"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.cgm.northwestern.edu/cgm/Core-Facilities/Genomics-Core</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - KS</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Kansas State University Integrated Genomics Facility</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ksre.ksu.edu/igenomics/DesktopDefault.aspx"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.ksre.ksu.edu/igenomics/DesktopDefault.aspx</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - MA</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Agencourt</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://agencourt.com/services/nextgen/index.php"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://agencourt.com/services/nextgen/index.php</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - MA</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Broad Institute</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.broadinstitute.org/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.broadinstitute.org/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina / SOLiD / 454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - MA</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Children's Hospital Boston</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://core.iddrc.org/molecular-genetics/?page_id=10"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://core.iddrc.org/molecular-genetics/?page_id=10</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - MA</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Harvard Med School</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://genome.med.harvard.edu/services/nextgen/ViewOverview.action"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://genome.med.harvard.edu/services/nextgen/ViewOverview.action</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - MA</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Tufts</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.tucf.org/nextgen-f.html"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.tucf.org/nextgen-f.html</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - MD</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">BioReliance</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.bioreliance.com/genomic_services.aspx/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.bioreliance.com/genomic_services.aspx/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / Bioinformatics</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - MD</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Edgebio</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.edgebio.com/services/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.edgebio.com/services/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - MD</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Johns Hopkins University</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://grcf.jhmi.edu/hts/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://grcf.jhmi.edu/hts/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - MI</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Michigan State University</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://rtsf.msu.edu/genomics/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://rtsf.msu.edu/genomics/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - MO</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Cofactor Genomics</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cofactorgenomics.com/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.cofactorgenomics.com/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina / SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - MO</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">The Genome Center at Washington University</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://genome.wustl.edu/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://genome.wustl.edu/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina / SOLiD / 454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - NC</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Duke University</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.duke.edu/cores/sequencing/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.genome.duke.edu/cores/sequencing/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - NC</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">NC State University - Genomic Sciences Lab</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://gsl.cals.ncsu.edu/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://gsl.cals.ncsu.edu/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - NC</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Expression Analysis</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.expressionanalysis.com/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.expressionanalysis.com/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - NE</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">University of Nebraska-Lincoln</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://cage.unl.edu/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://cage.unl.edu/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - NM</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">NCGR</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://sequencing.ncgr.org/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://sequencing.ncgr.org/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina / SOLiD / PacBio / Genotyping / Inoformatics</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - NM</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">NM State University</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://biology.nmsu.edu/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://biology.nmsu.edu/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / Informatics</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - NY</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Albert Einstein College of Medicine</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.einstein.yu.edu/home/SharedFacilities/ViewFacility.asp?ID=53"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.einstein.yu.edu/home/SharedFacilities/ViewFacility.asp?ID=53</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina, 454, Bioinformatics</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - NY</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Cornell University</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://cores.lifesciences.cornell.edu/brcinfo/?f=1"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://cores.lifesciences.cornell.edu/brcinfo/?f=1</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - NY</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Columbia University</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://hiccc.columbia.edu/deepsequencing/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://hiccc.columbia.edu/deepsequencing/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454, Illumina, SOLiD / Informatics</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - NY?</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Creative Genomics</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.creative-genomics.com/gene/sequence.html"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.creative-genomics.com/gene/sequence.html</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - PA</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">University of Pennsylvania</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.med.upenn.edu/dnaseq/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.med.upenn.edu/dnaseq/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - SC</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">EnGencore</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://engencore.sc.edu/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://engencore.sc.edu/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - TN</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Vanderbilt University</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/lock-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 18px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="https://gtc.vanderbilt.edu/"><span style="font-family: Arial">https://gtc.vanderbilt.edu/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - TX</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">SeqWright</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.seqwright.com/researchservices/nextgensequencing.html"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.seqwright.com/researchservices/nextgensequencing.html</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - UT</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">University of Utah MA Core</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://bioserver.hci.utah.edu/BioInfo/index.php/Main_Page"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://bioserver.hci.utah.edu/BioInfo/index.php/Main_Page</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina / Informatics</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - VA</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Virginia Bioinformatics Institute</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/lock-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 18px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.vbi.vt.edu/core_laboratory_facility/gs-flx_sequencing/"><span style="font-family: Arial">https://www.vbi.vt.edu/core_laboratory_facility/gs-flx_sequencing/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - VA</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">University of Virginia Genomics Core Facility</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.virginia.edu/biology/research/genomics.html"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.virginia.edu/biology/research/genomics.html</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">South America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Brazil</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Laboratorio de Genomica e Expressao</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.lge.ibi.unicamp.br/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.lge.ibi.unicamp.br/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Bioinformatics</span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </span></span></p> babf5209d1b1e452595fd69107ca1cd26babba79 3180 3179 2010-11-08T10:54:54Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size: large"><span style="font-family: Arial"><span style="widows: 2; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; border-collapse: separate; font: 16px sans-serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px" class="Apple-style-span"><span style="line-height: 19px" class="Apple-style-span">Genome, Transcriptome, Epigenome, Metagenome sequencing service providers</span></span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial"><span style="widows: 2; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; border-collapse: separate; font: 16px sans-serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px" class="Apple-style-span"><span style="line-height: 19px; font-size: 13px" class="Apple-style-span"><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /> </span></span></span><span style="widows: 2; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; border-collapse: separate; font: 16px sans-serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px" class="Apple-style-span"><span style="line-height: 19px; font-size: 13px" class="Apple-style-span"> <table style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 13px" id="sortable_table_id_0" class="sortable" border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: rgb(240,240,240); background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" align="center"><span style="font-family: Arial"><b>Region</b></span><a style="background-image: none; margin: 0px 0.3em; color: rgb(6,69,173); text-decoration: none; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="sortheader" onclick="ts_resortTable(this);return false;" href="http://seqanswers.com/wiki/Next_Gen_Sequencing_Service_Provider#"><span style="font-family: Arial"><span class="sortarrow"><img style="border-bottom-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; vertical-align: middle; border-left-style: none" alt="&darr;" src="http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></span></a></td> <td style="background-color: rgb(240,240,240); background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" align="center"><span style="font-family: Arial"><b>Country</b><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span></span><a style="background-image: none; margin: 0px 0.3em; color: rgb(6,69,173); text-decoration: none; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="sortheader" onclick="ts_resortTable(this);return false;" href="http://seqanswers.com/wiki/Next_Gen_Sequencing_Service_Provider#"><span style="font-family: Arial"><span class="sortarrow"><img style="border-bottom-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; vertical-align: middle; border-left-style: none" alt="&darr;" src="http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></span></a></td> <td style="background-color: rgb(240,240,240); background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" align="center"><span style="font-family: Arial"><b>Company</b><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span></span><a style="background-image: none; margin: 0px 0.3em; color: rgb(6,69,173); text-decoration: none; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="sortheader" onclick="ts_resortTable(this);return false;" href="http://seqanswers.com/wiki/Next_Gen_Sequencing_Service_Provider#"><span style="font-family: Arial"><span class="sortarrow"><img style="border-bottom-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; vertical-align: middle; border-left-style: none" alt="&darr;" src="http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></span></a></td> <td style="background-color: rgb(240,240,240); background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" align="center"><span style="font-family: Arial"><b>Homepage</b><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span></span><a style="background-image: none; margin: 0px 0.3em; color: rgb(6,69,173); text-decoration: none; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="sortheader" onclick="ts_resortTable(this);return false;" href="http://seqanswers.com/wiki/Next_Gen_Sequencing_Service_Provider#"><span style="font-family: Arial"><span class="sortarrow"><img style="border-bottom-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; vertical-align: middle; border-left-style: none" alt="&darr;" src="http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></span></a></td> <td style="background-color: rgb(240,240,240); background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" align="center"><span style="font-family: Arial"><b>Instruments</b><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span></span><a style="background-image: none; margin: 0px 0.3em; color: rgb(6,69,173); text-decoration: none; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="sortheader" onclick="ts_resortTable(this);return false;" href="http://seqanswers.com/wiki/Next_Gen_Sequencing_Service_Provider#"><span style="font-family: Arial"><span class="sortarrow"><img style="border-bottom-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; vertical-align: middle; border-left-style: none" alt="&darr;" src="http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></span></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Asia</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">China</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Beijing Genomics Institute</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomics.org.cn/en/index.php"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.genomics.org.cn/en/index.php</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / Illumina / SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Asia</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">India</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">The Center for Genomic Applications [TCGA]</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://tcgaresearch.org/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://tcgaresearch.org/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Informatics / 454 / Illumina / Comprehensive Genome Annotation Services including Manual Curation of Annotations from Literature</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Asia</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">India</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Genotypic</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://genotypic.co.in/newgen/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://genotypic.co.in/newgen/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / Helicos / Illumina / SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Asia</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">India</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Geschickten Solutions</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.geschickten.com/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.geschickten.com/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Informatics</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Asia</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">India</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Ocimum Biosolutions</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ocimumbio.com/web/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.ocimumbio.com/web/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / Illumina / Informatics / SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Asia</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">India</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Xcelris Labs</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.xcelrislabs.com/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.xcelrislabs.com/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Asia</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Japan</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Riken Genesis</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.rikengenesis.jp/en/index.html"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.rikengenesis.jp/en/index.html</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">&nbsp;??</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Asia</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Korea</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Macrogen</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.macrogen.com/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.macrogen.com/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / Illumina / SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Asia</td> <td>Korea</td> <td>TheragenEtex</td> <td><a href="http://totalomics.kr">http://totalomics.kr</a></td> <td>Illumina (GA2, HiSeq)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Asia</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Singapore</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">AIT Biotech</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.aitbiotech.com/HTPSequencing.htm"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.aitbiotech.com/HTPSequencing.htm</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Asia</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Taiwan</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">MissionBio</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.missionbio.com.tw/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.missionbio.com.tw/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Oceania</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Australia</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">AGRF</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.agrf.org.au/NEW-SERVICE-illumina-GA-II-Next-Generation.html"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.agrf.org.au/NEW-SERVICE-illumina-GA-II-Next-Generation.html</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Oceania</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Australia</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Geneworks</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.geneworks.com.au/Content.aspx?p=84"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.geneworks.com.au/Content.aspx?p=84</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Oceania</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Australia</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Micromon</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://dna.med.monash.edu.au/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://dna.med.monash.edu.au/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina / Informatics</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Oceania</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">New Zealand (definitely not Australia)</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Allan Wilson Centre Genome Service at Massey University</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.allanwilsoncentre.ac.nz/AWCGSintro.htm"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.allanwilsoncentre.ac.nz/AWCGSintro.htm</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Oceania</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">New Zealand (definitely not Australia)</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">University of Otago</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://sequence.otago.ac.nz/index.html"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://sequence.otago.ac.nz/index.html</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Many</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Cogenics</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cogenics.com/sequencing/service/NextGenSequencingService.cfm"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.cogenics.com/sequencing/service/NextGenSequencingService.cfm</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Many</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">GATC Biotech</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.gatc-biotech.com/en/index.php"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.gatc-biotech.com/en/index.php</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Austria</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://i122server.vu-wien.ac.at/pop/seq/VetCore2.htm"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://i122server.vu-wien.ac.at/pop/seq/VetCore2.htm</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Belgium</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">VIB MicroArray Facility</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.microarrays.be/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.microarrays.be</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / Informatics</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Belgium</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">NXT GNT</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nxtgnt.com/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.nxtgnt.com</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / Illumina / Informatics</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">France</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Integragen</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.integragen.com/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.integragen.com/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">France</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Montpellier GenomiX</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://mgx.montp.inserm.fr/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://mgx.montp.inserm.fr/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Germany</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">CeGaT</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cegat.de/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.cegat.de/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Germany</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">DKFZ</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.dkfz.de/gpcf/next_generation_sequencing_2.html"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.dkfz.de/gpcf/next_generation_sequencing_2.html</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / Illumina / SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Germany</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">febit</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.febit.com/microarray-sequencing/next-generation-sequencing/overview/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.febit.com/microarray-sequencing/next-generation-sequencing/overview/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Germany</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Functional Genomics Center zurich</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.fgcz.ethz.ch/applications/gt/ngsequencing"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.fgcz.ethz.ch/applications/gt/ngsequencing</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Germany</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Eurofins MWG Operon</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.eurofinsdna.com/products-services/next-generation-sequencing.html"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.eurofinsdna.com/products-services/next-generation-sequencing.html</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Germany</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Fasteris</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.fasteris.com/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.fasteris.com/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Germany</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">LGC</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.agowa.de/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.agowa.de/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Germany</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Seq.IT</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.seq-it.de/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.seq-it.de/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Hungary</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Astrid Research</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.astridresearch.com/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.astridresearch.com/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Bioinformatics</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Hungary</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">BAYGEN</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://baygen.hu/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://baygen.hu/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Italy</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Applied Genomics Institute</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.appliedgenomics.org/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.appliedgenomics.org/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina / Informatics</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Italy</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">BMR Genomics</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.bmr-genomics.com/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.bmr-genomics.com</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Italy</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">GENOMNIA</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomnia.com/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.genomnia.com/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">The Netherlands</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">ServiceXS</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.servicexs.com/servicexs+is+powered+by/illumina/illumina+ga+ii+sequencing"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.servicexs.com/servicexs+is+powered+by/illumina/illumina+ga+ii+sequencing</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">The Netherlands</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Baseclear</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.baseclear.com/services/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.baseclear.com/services/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Norway</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Norwegian Sequencing Center</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sequencing.uio.no/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.sequencing.uio.no/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Portugal</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Biocant</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.biocant.pt/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.biocant.pt/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Spain</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Era7 Bioinformatcs</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.era7bioinformatics.com/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.era7bioinformatics.com/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Informatics</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Spain</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Sistemas Gen&radic;&ge;micos</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sistemasgenomicos.com/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.sistemasgenomicos.com/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Sweden</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Uppsala Genome Center</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genpat.uu.se/node453"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.genpat.uu.se/node453</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Switzerland</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Fasteris</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.fasteris.com/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.fasteris.com/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Switzerland</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Microsynth</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.microsynth.ch/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.microsynth.ch/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">UK</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">AGOWA - LGC</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/document-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 18px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.lgc.co.uk/pdf/Next%20gen%20sequencing%20flyer%20web.pdf"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.lgc.co.uk/pdf/Next%20gen%20sequencing%20flyer%20web.pdf</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">UK</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Exeter</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://biosciences.exeter.ac.uk/genome_analyser/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://biosciences.exeter.ac.uk/genome_analyser/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">UK</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Food and Environment Research Agency</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.fera.defra.gov.uk/scienceResearch/science/biosecurity/nextGenerationSequencing.cfm"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.fera.defra.gov.uk/scienceResearch/science/biosecurity/nextGenerationSequencing.cfm</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">UK</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Geneservice</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.geneservice.co.uk/services/sequencing/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.geneservice.co.uk/services/sequencing/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">UK</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Newcastle University</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncl.ac.uk/ihg/research/facilities/flx/gsflx.html"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.ncl.ac.uk/ihg/research/facilities/flx/gsflx.html</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">UK</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">University of Birmingham</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomics.bham.ac.uk/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.genomics.bham.ac.uk/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">UK</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">University of Edinburgh (The Gene Pool)</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://genepool.bio.ed.ac.uk/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://genepool.bio.ed.ac.uk/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">UK</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">University of Leicester</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.le.ac.uk/nucleus/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.le.ac.uk/nucleus/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">UK</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">University of Liverpool</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.liv.ac.uk/agf/index.html"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.liv.ac.uk/agf/index.html</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">UK</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">University of York</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.york.ac.uk/depts/biol/tf/genomics/GL_454.html"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.york.ac.uk/depts/biol/tf/genomics/GL_454.html</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Canada</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Genome Sciences Centre</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.bcgsc.ca/services/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.bcgsc.ca/services/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Canada</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomequebecplatforms.com/mcgill/home/index.aspx"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.genomequebecplatforms.com/mcgill/home/index.aspx</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Canada</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">The Centre for Applied Genomics - Toronto Sick Kids</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.tcag.ca/dnaSequencingSynthesis.html#5"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.tcag.ca/dnaSequencingSynthesis.html#5</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / Illumina / SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Mexico</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Unidad Universitaria de Secuenciacion Masiva</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://uusm.unam.mx/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://uusm.unam.mx/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - CA</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Centrillion Biosciences</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.centrillionbio.com/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.centrillionbio.com/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - CA</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Ambry Genetics</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ambrygen.com/Pharmacogenomic_Services/Next_Gen_Sequencing.asp"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.ambrygen.com/Pharmacogenomic_Services/Next_Gen_Sequencing.asp</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - CA/TX</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Eureka Genomics</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.eurekagenomics.com/services_nextgen.html"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.eurekagenomics.com/services_nextgen.html</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - CA</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Prognosys</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.prognosysbio.com/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.prognosysbio.com/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - CA</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">UCLA</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genoseq.ucla.edu/action/view/Gsflx"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.genoseq.ucla.edu/action/view/Gsflx</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - DE</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">University of Delaware</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.udel.edu/dnasequence/Site/Sequencing_%26_Genotyping_Center.html"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.udel.edu/dnasequence/Site/Sequencing_%26_Genotyping_Center.html</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - FL</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">University of Florida</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.biotech.ufl.edu/servicefees.html#454sequencing"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.biotech.ufl.edu/servicefees.html#454sequencing</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - IA</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Iowa State University</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.dna.iastate.edu/frame_nextgen.html"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.dna.iastate.edu/frame_nextgen.html</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - IL</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Northwestern</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cgm.northwestern.edu/cgm/Core-Facilities/Genomics-Core"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.cgm.northwestern.edu/cgm/Core-Facilities/Genomics-Core</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - KS</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Kansas State University Integrated Genomics Facility</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ksre.ksu.edu/igenomics/DesktopDefault.aspx"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.ksre.ksu.edu/igenomics/DesktopDefault.aspx</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - MA</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Agencourt</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://agencourt.com/services/nextgen/index.php"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://agencourt.com/services/nextgen/index.php</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - MA</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Broad Institute</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.broadinstitute.org/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.broadinstitute.org/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina / SOLiD / 454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - MA</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Children's Hospital Boston</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://core.iddrc.org/molecular-genetics/?page_id=10"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://core.iddrc.org/molecular-genetics/?page_id=10</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - MA</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Harvard Med School</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://genome.med.harvard.edu/services/nextgen/ViewOverview.action"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://genome.med.harvard.edu/services/nextgen/ViewOverview.action</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - MA</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Tufts</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.tucf.org/nextgen-f.html"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.tucf.org/nextgen-f.html</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - MD</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">BioReliance</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.bioreliance.com/genomic_services.aspx/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.bioreliance.com/genomic_services.aspx/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / Bioinformatics</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - MD</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Edgebio</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.edgebio.com/services/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.edgebio.com/services/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - MD</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Johns Hopkins University</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://grcf.jhmi.edu/hts/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://grcf.jhmi.edu/hts/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - MI</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Michigan State University</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://rtsf.msu.edu/genomics/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://rtsf.msu.edu/genomics/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - MO</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Cofactor Genomics</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cofactorgenomics.com/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.cofactorgenomics.com/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina / SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - MO</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">The Genome Center at Washington University</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://genome.wustl.edu/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://genome.wustl.edu/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina / SOLiD / 454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - NC</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Duke University</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.duke.edu/cores/sequencing/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.genome.duke.edu/cores/sequencing/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - NC</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">NC State University - Genomic Sciences Lab</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://gsl.cals.ncsu.edu/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://gsl.cals.ncsu.edu/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - NC</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Expression Analysis</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.expressionanalysis.com/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.expressionanalysis.com/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - NE</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">University of Nebraska-Lincoln</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://cage.unl.edu/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://cage.unl.edu/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - NM</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">NCGR</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://sequencing.ncgr.org/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://sequencing.ncgr.org/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina / SOLiD / PacBio / Genotyping / Inoformatics</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - NM</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">NM State University</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://biology.nmsu.edu/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://biology.nmsu.edu/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / Informatics</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - NY</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Albert Einstein College of Medicine</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.einstein.yu.edu/home/SharedFacilities/ViewFacility.asp?ID=53"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.einstein.yu.edu/home/SharedFacilities/ViewFacility.asp?ID=53</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina, 454, Bioinformatics</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - NY</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Cornell University</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://cores.lifesciences.cornell.edu/brcinfo/?f=1"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://cores.lifesciences.cornell.edu/brcinfo/?f=1</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - NY</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Columbia University</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://hiccc.columbia.edu/deepsequencing/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://hiccc.columbia.edu/deepsequencing/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454, Illumina, SOLiD / Informatics</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - NY?</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Creative Genomics</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.creative-genomics.com/gene/sequence.html"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.creative-genomics.com/gene/sequence.html</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - PA</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">University of Pennsylvania</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.med.upenn.edu/dnaseq/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.med.upenn.edu/dnaseq/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - SC</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">EnGencore</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://engencore.sc.edu/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://engencore.sc.edu/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - TN</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Vanderbilt University</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/lock-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 18px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="https://gtc.vanderbilt.edu/"><span style="font-family: Arial">https://gtc.vanderbilt.edu/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - TX</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">SeqWright</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.seqwright.com/researchservices/nextgensequencing.html"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.seqwright.com/researchservices/nextgensequencing.html</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - UT</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">University of Utah MA Core</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://bioserver.hci.utah.edu/BioInfo/index.php/Main_Page"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://bioserver.hci.utah.edu/BioInfo/index.php/Main_Page</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina / Informatics</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - VA</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Virginia Bioinformatics Institute</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/lock-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 18px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.vbi.vt.edu/core_laboratory_facility/gs-flx_sequencing/"><span style="font-family: Arial">https://www.vbi.vt.edu/core_laboratory_facility/gs-flx_sequencing/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - VA</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">University of Virginia Genomics Core Facility</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.virginia.edu/biology/research/genomics.html"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.virginia.edu/biology/research/genomics.html</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">South America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Brazil</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Laboratorio de Genomica e Expressao</span></td> <td><a style="background-image: url(http://seqanswers.com/w/skins/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.lge.ibi.unicamp.br/"><span style="font-family: Arial">http://www.lge.ibi.unicamp.br/</span></a></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Bioinformatics</span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </span></span></p> ec15f6197166079e77c99916150c301f1575d78c 3181 3180 2010-11-08T10:57:02Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: large"><span style="font-family: Arial"><span style="widows: 2; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; border-collapse: separate; font: 16px sans-serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px" class="Apple-style-span"><span style="line-height: 19px" class="Apple-style-span">Genome, Transcriptome, Epigenome, Metagenome sequencing service providers (add yours here)</span></span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial"><span style="widows: 2; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; border-collapse: separate; font: 16px sans-serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px" class="Apple-style-span"><span style="line-height: 19px; font-size: 13px" class="Apple-style-span"><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /> </span></span></span><span style="widows: 2; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; border-collapse: separate; font: 16px sans-serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px" class="Apple-style-span"><span style="line-height: 19px; font-size: 13px" class="Apple-style-span"> <table style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 13px" id="sortable_table_id_0" class="sortable" border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: rgb(240,240,240); background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" align="center"><span style="font-family: Arial"><b>Region</b></span><a style="background-image: none; margin: 0px 0.3em; color: rgb(6,69,173); text-decoration: none; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="sortheader" onclick="ts_resortTable(this);return false;" href="http://seqanswers.com/wiki/Next_Gen_Sequencing_Service_Provider#"></a></td> <td style="background-color: rgb(240,240,240); background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" align="center"><span style="font-family: Arial"><b>Country</b><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span></span><a style="background-image: none; margin: 0px 0.3em; color: rgb(6,69,173); text-decoration: none; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="sortheader" onclick="ts_resortTable(this);return false;" href="http://seqanswers.com/wiki/Next_Gen_Sequencing_Service_Provider#"></a></td> <td style="background-color: rgb(240,240,240); background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" align="center"><span style="font-family: Arial"><b>Company</b><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span></span><a style="background-image: none; margin: 0px 0.3em; color: rgb(6,69,173); text-decoration: none; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="sortheader" onclick="ts_resortTable(this);return false;" href="http://seqanswers.com/wiki/Next_Gen_Sequencing_Service_Provider#"></a></td> <td style="background-color: rgb(240,240,240); background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" align="center"><span style="font-family: Arial"><b>Homepage</b><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span></span><a style="background-image: none; margin: 0px 0.3em; color: rgb(6,69,173); text-decoration: none; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="sortheader" onclick="ts_resortTable(this);return false;" href="http://seqanswers.com/wiki/Next_Gen_Sequencing_Service_Provider#"></a></td> <td style="background-color: rgb(240,240,240); background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" align="center"><span style="font-family: Arial"><b>Instruments</b><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span></span><a style="background-image: none; margin: 0px 0.3em; color: rgb(6,69,173); text-decoration: none; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="sortheader" onclick="ts_resortTable(this);return false;" href="http://seqanswers.com/wiki/Next_Gen_Sequencing_Service_Provider#"></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Asia</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">China</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Beijing Genomics Institute</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.genomics.org.cn/en/index.php">http://www.genomics.org.cn/en/index.php</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / Illumina / SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Asia</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">India</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">The Center for Genomic Applications [TCGA]</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://tcgaresearch.org/">http://tcgaresearch.org/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Informatics / 454 / Illumina / Comprehensive Genome Annotation Services including Manual Curation of Annotations from Literature</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Asia</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">India</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Genotypic</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://genotypic.co.in/newgen/">http://genotypic.co.in/newgen/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / Helicos / Illumina / SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Asia</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">India</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Geschickten Solutions</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.geschickten.com/">http://www.geschickten.com/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Informatics</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Asia</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">India</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Ocimum Biosolutions</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.ocimumbio.com/web/">http://www.ocimumbio.com/web/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / Illumina / Informatics / SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Asia</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">India</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Xcelris Labs</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.xcelrislabs.com/">http://www.xcelrislabs.com/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Asia</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Japan</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Riken Genesis</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.rikengenesis.jp/en/index.html">http://www.rikengenesis.jp/en/index.html</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">&nbsp;??</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Asia</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Korea</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Macrogen</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.macrogen.com/">http://www.macrogen.com/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / Illumina / SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Asia</td> <td>Korea</td> <td>TheragenEtex</td> <td><a href="http://totalomics.kr">http://totalomics.kr</a></td> <td>Illumina (GA2, HiSeq)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Asia</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Singapore</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">AIT Biotech</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.aitbiotech.com/HTPSequencing.htm">http://www.aitbiotech.com/HTPSequencing.htm</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Asia</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Taiwan</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">MissionBio</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.missionbio.com.tw/">http://www.missionbio.com.tw/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Oceania</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Australia</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">AGRF</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.agrf.org.au/NEW-SERVICE-illumina-GA-II-Next-Generation.html">http://www.agrf.org.au/NEW-SERVICE-illumina-GA-II-Next-Generation.html</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Oceania</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Australia</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Geneworks</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.geneworks.com.au/Content.aspx?p=84">http://www.geneworks.com.au/Content.aspx?p=84</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Oceania</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Australia</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Micromon</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://dna.med.monash.edu.au/">http://dna.med.monash.edu.au/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina / Informatics</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Oceania</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">New Zealand (definitely not Australia)</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Allan Wilson Centre Genome Service at Massey University</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.allanwilsoncentre.ac.nz/AWCGSintro.htm">http://www.allanwilsoncentre.ac.nz/AWCGSintro.htm</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Oceania</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">New Zealand (definitely not Australia)</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">University of Otago</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://sequence.otago.ac.nz/index.html">http://sequence.otago.ac.nz/index.html</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Many</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Cogenics</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.cogenics.com/sequencing/service/NextGenSequencingService.cfm">http://www.cogenics.com/sequencing/service/NextGenSequencingService.cfm</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Many</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">GATC Biotech</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.gatc-biotech.com/en/index.php">http://www.gatc-biotech.com/en/index.php</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Austria</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://i122server.vu-wien.ac.at/pop/seq/VetCore2.htm">http://i122server.vu-wien.ac.at/pop/seq/VetCore2.htm</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Belgium</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">VIB MicroArray Facility</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.microarrays.be">http://www.microarrays.be</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / Informatics</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Belgium</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">NXT GNT</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.nxtgnt.com">http://www.nxtgnt.com</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / Illumina / Informatics</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">France</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Integragen</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.integragen.com/">http://www.integragen.com/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">France</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Montpellier GenomiX</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://mgx.montp.inserm.fr/">http://mgx.montp.inserm.fr/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Germany</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">CeGaT</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.cegat.de/">http://www.cegat.de/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Germany</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">DKFZ</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.dkfz.de/gpcf/next_generation_sequencing_2.html">http://www.dkfz.de/gpcf/next_generation_sequencing_2.html</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / Illumina / SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Germany</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">febit</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.febit.com/microarray-sequencing/next-generation-sequencing/overview/">http://www.febit.com/microarray-sequencing/next-generation-sequencing/overview/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Germany</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Functional Genomics Center zurich</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.fgcz.ethz.ch/applications/gt/ngsequencing">http://www.fgcz.ethz.ch/applications/gt/ngsequencing</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Germany</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Eurofins MWG Operon</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.eurofinsdna.com/products-services/next-generation-sequencing.html">http://www.eurofinsdna.com/products-services/next-generation-sequencing.html</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Germany</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Fasteris</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.fasteris.com/">http://www.fasteris.com/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Germany</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">LGC</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.agowa.de/">http://www.agowa.de/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Germany</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Seq.IT</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.seq-it.de/">http://www.seq-it.de/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Hungary</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Astrid Research</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.astridresearch.com/">http://www.astridresearch.com/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Bioinformatics</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Hungary</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">BAYGEN</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://baygen.hu/">http://baygen.hu/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Italy</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Applied Genomics Institute</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.appliedgenomics.org/">http://www.appliedgenomics.org/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina / Informatics</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Italy</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">BMR Genomics</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.bmr-genomics.com">http://www.bmr-genomics.com</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Italy</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">GENOMNIA</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.genomnia.com/">http://www.genomnia.com/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">The Netherlands</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">ServiceXS</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.servicexs.com/servicexs+is+powered+by/illumina/illumina+ga+ii+sequencing">http://www.servicexs.com/servicexs+is+powered+by/illumina/illumina+ga+ii+sequencing</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">The Netherlands</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Baseclear</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.baseclear.com/services/">http://www.baseclear.com/services/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Norway</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Norwegian Sequencing Center</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.sequencing.uio.no/">http://www.sequencing.uio.no/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Portugal</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Biocant</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.biocant.pt/">http://www.biocant.pt/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Spain</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Era7 Bioinformatcs</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.era7bioinformatics.com/">http://www.era7bioinformatics.com/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Informatics</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Spain</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Sistemas Gen&radic;&ge;micos</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.sistemasgenomicos.com/">http://www.sistemasgenomicos.com/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Sweden</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Uppsala Genome Center</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.genpat.uu.se/node453">http://www.genpat.uu.se/node453</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Switzerland</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Fasteris</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.fasteris.com/">http://www.fasteris.com/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Switzerland</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Microsynth</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.microsynth.ch/">http://www.microsynth.ch/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">UK</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">AGOWA - LGC</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.lgc.co.uk/pdf/Next%20gen%20sequencing%20flyer%20web.pdf">http://www.lgc.co.uk/pdf/Next%20gen%20sequencing%20flyer%20web.pdf</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">UK</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Exeter</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://biosciences.exeter.ac.uk/genome_analyser/">http://biosciences.exeter.ac.uk/genome_analyser/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">UK</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Food and Environment Research Agency</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.fera.defra.gov.uk/scienceResearch/science/biosecurity/nextGenerationSequencing.cfm">http://www.fera.defra.gov.uk/scienceResearch/science/biosecurity/nextGenerationSequencing.cfm</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">UK</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Geneservice</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.geneservice.co.uk/services/sequencing/">http://www.geneservice.co.uk/services/sequencing/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">UK</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Newcastle University</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.ncl.ac.uk/ihg/research/facilities/flx/gsflx.html">http://www.ncl.ac.uk/ihg/research/facilities/flx/gsflx.html</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">UK</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">University of Birmingham</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.genomics.bham.ac.uk/">http://www.genomics.bham.ac.uk/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">UK</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">University of Edinburgh (The Gene Pool)</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://genepool.bio.ed.ac.uk/">http://genepool.bio.ed.ac.uk/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">UK</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">University of Leicester</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.le.ac.uk/nucleus/">http://www.le.ac.uk/nucleus/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">UK</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">University of Liverpool</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.liv.ac.uk/agf/index.html">http://www.liv.ac.uk/agf/index.html</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">UK</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">University of York</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.york.ac.uk/depts/biol/tf/genomics/GL_454.html">http://www.york.ac.uk/depts/biol/tf/genomics/GL_454.html</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Canada</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Genome Sciences Centre</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.bcgsc.ca/services/">http://www.bcgsc.ca/services/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Canada</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.genomequebecplatforms.com/mcgill/home/index.aspx">http://www.genomequebecplatforms.com/mcgill/home/index.aspx</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Canada</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">The Centre for Applied Genomics - Toronto Sick Kids</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.tcag.ca/dnaSequencingSynthesis.html#5">http://www.tcag.ca/dnaSequencingSynthesis.html#5</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / Illumina / SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Mexico</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Unidad Universitaria de Secuenciacion Masiva</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://uusm.unam.mx/">http://uusm.unam.mx/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - CA</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Centrillion Biosciences</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.centrillionbio.com/">http://www.centrillionbio.com/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - CA</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Ambry Genetics</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.ambrygen.com/Pharmacogenomic_Services/Next_Gen_Sequencing.asp">http://www.ambrygen.com/Pharmacogenomic_Services/Next_Gen_Sequencing.asp</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - CA/TX</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Eureka Genomics</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.eurekagenomics.com/services_nextgen.html">http://www.eurekagenomics.com/services_nextgen.html</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - CA</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Prognosys</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.prognosysbio.com/">http://www.prognosysbio.com/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - CA</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">UCLA</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.genoseq.ucla.edu/action/view/Gsflx">http://www.genoseq.ucla.edu/action/view/Gsflx</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - DE</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">University of Delaware</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.udel.edu/dnasequence/Site/Sequencing_%26_Genotyping_Center.html">http://www.udel.edu/dnasequence/Site/Sequencing_%26_Genotyping_Center.html</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - FL</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">University of Florida</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.biotech.ufl.edu/servicefees.html#454sequencing">http://www.biotech.ufl.edu/servicefees.html#454sequencing</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - IA</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Iowa State University</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.dna.iastate.edu/frame_nextgen.html">http://www.dna.iastate.edu/frame_nextgen.html</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - IL</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Northwestern</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.cgm.northwestern.edu/cgm/Core-Facilities/Genomics-Core">http://www.cgm.northwestern.edu/cgm/Core-Facilities/Genomics-Core</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - KS</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Kansas State University Integrated Genomics Facility</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.ksre.ksu.edu/igenomics/DesktopDefault.aspx">http://www.ksre.ksu.edu/igenomics/DesktopDefault.aspx</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - MA</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Agencourt</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://agencourt.com/services/nextgen/index.php">http://agencourt.com/services/nextgen/index.php</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - MA</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Broad Institute</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.broadinstitute.org/">http://www.broadinstitute.org/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina / SOLiD / 454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - MA</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Children's Hospital Boston</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://core.iddrc.org/molecular-genetics/?page_id=10">http://core.iddrc.org/molecular-genetics/?page_id=10</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - MA</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Harvard Med School</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://genome.med.harvard.edu/services/nextgen/ViewOverview.action">http://genome.med.harvard.edu/services/nextgen/ViewOverview.action</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - MA</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Tufts</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.tucf.org/nextgen-f.html">http://www.tucf.org/nextgen-f.html</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - MD</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">BioReliance</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.bioreliance.com/genomic_services.aspx/">http://www.bioreliance.com/genomic_services.aspx/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / Bioinformatics</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - MD</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Edgebio</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.edgebio.com/services/">http://www.edgebio.com/services/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - MD</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Johns Hopkins University</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://grcf.jhmi.edu/hts/">http://grcf.jhmi.edu/hts/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - MI</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Michigan State University</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://rtsf.msu.edu/genomics/">http://rtsf.msu.edu/genomics/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - MO</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Cofactor Genomics</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.cofactorgenomics.com/">http://www.cofactorgenomics.com/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina / SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - MO</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">The Genome Center at Washington University</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://genome.wustl.edu/">http://genome.wustl.edu/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina / SOLiD / 454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - NC</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Duke University</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.genome.duke.edu/cores/sequencing/">http://www.genome.duke.edu/cores/sequencing/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - NC</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">NC State University - Genomic Sciences Lab</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://gsl.cals.ncsu.edu/">http://gsl.cals.ncsu.edu/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - NC</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Expression Analysis</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.expressionanalysis.com/">http://www.expressionanalysis.com/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - NE</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">University of Nebraska-Lincoln</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://cage.unl.edu/">http://cage.unl.edu/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - NM</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">NCGR</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://sequencing.ncgr.org/">http://sequencing.ncgr.org/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina / SOLiD / PacBio / Genotyping / Inoformatics</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - NM</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">NM State University</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://biology.nmsu.edu/">http://biology.nmsu.edu/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / Informatics</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - NY</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Albert Einstein College of Medicine</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.einstein.yu.edu/home/SharedFacilities/ViewFacility.asp?ID=53">http://www.einstein.yu.edu/home/SharedFacilities/ViewFacility.asp?ID=53</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina, 454, Bioinformatics</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - NY</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Cornell University</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://cores.lifesciences.cornell.edu/brcinfo/?f=1">http://cores.lifesciences.cornell.edu/brcinfo/?f=1</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - NY</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Columbia University</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://hiccc.columbia.edu/deepsequencing/">http://hiccc.columbia.edu/deepsequencing/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454, Illumina, SOLiD / Informatics</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - NY?</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Creative Genomics</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.creative-genomics.com/gene/sequence.html">http://www.creative-genomics.com/gene/sequence.html</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - PA</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">University of Pennsylvania</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.med.upenn.edu/dnaseq/">http://www.med.upenn.edu/dnaseq/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - SC</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">EnGencore</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://engencore.sc.edu/">http://engencore.sc.edu/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - TN</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Vanderbilt University</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="https://gtc.vanderbilt.edu/">https://gtc.vanderbilt.edu/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - TX</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">SeqWright</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.seqwright.com/researchservices/nextgensequencing.html">http://www.seqwright.com/researchservices/nextgensequencing.html</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - UT</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">University of Utah MA Core</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://bioserver.hci.utah.edu/BioInfo/index.php/Main_Page">http://bioserver.hci.utah.edu/BioInfo/index.php/Main_Page</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina / Informatics</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - VA</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Virginia Bioinformatics Institute</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="https://www.vbi.vt.edu/core_laboratory_facility/gs-flx_sequencing/">https://www.vbi.vt.edu/core_laboratory_facility/gs-flx_sequencing/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - VA</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">University of Virginia Genomics Core Facility</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.virginia.edu/biology/research/genomics.html">http://www.virginia.edu/biology/research/genomics.html</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">South America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Brazil</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Laboratorio de Genomica e Expressao</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.lge.ibi.unicamp.br/">http://www.lge.ibi.unicamp.br/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Bioinformatics</span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </span></span></p> d09cc90d8225bf809b84c14248b1fbb75d828663 3182 3181 2010-11-08T10:58:11Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: large"><span style="font-family: Arial"><span style="widows: 2; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; border-collapse: separate; font: 16px sans-serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px" class="Apple-style-span"><span style="line-height: 19px" class="Apple-style-span">Genome, Transcriptome, Epigenome, Metagenome sequencing service providers (add yours here)</span></span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial"><span style="widows: 2; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; border-collapse: separate; font: 16px sans-serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px" class="Apple-style-span"><span style="line-height: 19px; font-size: 13px" class="Apple-style-span"><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /> </span></span></span><span style="widows: 2; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; border-collapse: separate; font: 16px sans-serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px" class="Apple-style-span"><span style="line-height: 19px; font-size: 13px" class="Apple-style-span"> <table style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 13px" id="sortable_table_id_0" class="sortable" border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: rgb(240,240,240); background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" align="center"><span style="font-family: Arial"><b>Region</b></span></td> <td style="background-color: rgb(240,240,240); background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" align="center"><span style="font-family: Arial"><b>Country</b><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span></span></td> <td style="background-color: rgb(240,240,240); background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" align="center"><span style="font-family: Arial"><b>Company</b><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span></span></td> <td style="background-color: rgb(240,240,240); background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" align="center">No. of Sequencers</td> <td style="background-color: rgb(240,240,240); background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" align="center"><span style="font-family: Arial"><b>Homepage</b><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;URL</span></span></td> <td style="background-color: rgb(240,240,240); background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" align="center"><span style="font-family: Arial"><b>Sequencing Instruments</b><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Asia</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">China</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Beijing Genomics Institute</span></td> <td>~ 200</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.genomics.org.cn/en/index.php">http://www.genomics.org.cn/en/index.php</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / Illumina / SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Asia</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">India</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">The Center for Genomic Applications [TCGA]</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://tcgaresearch.org/">http://tcgaresearch.org/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Informatics / 454 / Illumina / Comprehensive Genome Annotation Services including Manual Curation of Annotations from Literature</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Asia</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">India</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Genotypic</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://genotypic.co.in/newgen/">http://genotypic.co.in/newgen/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / Helicos / Illumina / SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Asia</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">India</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Geschickten Solutions</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.geschickten.com/">http://www.geschickten.com/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Informatics</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Asia</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">India</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Ocimum Biosolutions</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.ocimumbio.com/web/">http://www.ocimumbio.com/web/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / Illumina / Informatics / SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Asia</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">India</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Xcelris Labs</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.xcelrislabs.com/">http://www.xcelrislabs.com/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Asia</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Japan</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Riken Genesis</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.rikengenesis.jp/en/index.html">http://www.rikengenesis.jp/en/index.html</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">&nbsp;??</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Asia</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Korea</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Macrogen</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.macrogen.com/">http://www.macrogen.com/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / Illumina / SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Asia</td> <td>Korea</td> <td>TheragenEtex</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><a href="http://totalomics.kr">http://totalomics.kr</a></td> <td>Illumina (GA2, HiSeq)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Asia</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Singapore</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">AIT Biotech</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.aitbiotech.com/HTPSequencing.htm">http://www.aitbiotech.com/HTPSequencing.htm</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Asia</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Taiwan</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">MissionBio</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.missionbio.com.tw/">http://www.missionbio.com.tw/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Oceania</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Australia</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">AGRF</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.agrf.org.au/NEW-SERVICE-illumina-GA-II-Next-Generation.html">http://www.agrf.org.au/NEW-SERVICE-illumina-GA-II-Next-Generation.html</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Oceania</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Australia</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Geneworks</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.geneworks.com.au/Content.aspx?p=84">http://www.geneworks.com.au/Content.aspx?p=84</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Oceania</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Australia</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Micromon</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://dna.med.monash.edu.au/">http://dna.med.monash.edu.au/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina / Informatics</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Oceania</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">New Zealand (definitely not Australia)</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Allan Wilson Centre Genome Service at Massey University</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.allanwilsoncentre.ac.nz/AWCGSintro.htm">http://www.allanwilsoncentre.ac.nz/AWCGSintro.htm</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Oceania</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">New Zealand (definitely not Australia)</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">University of Otago</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://sequence.otago.ac.nz/index.html">http://sequence.otago.ac.nz/index.html</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Many</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Cogenics</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.cogenics.com/sequencing/service/NextGenSequencingService.cfm">http://www.cogenics.com/sequencing/service/NextGenSequencingService.cfm</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Many</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">GATC Biotech</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.gatc-biotech.com/en/index.php">http://www.gatc-biotech.com/en/index.php</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Austria</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://i122server.vu-wien.ac.at/pop/seq/VetCore2.htm">http://i122server.vu-wien.ac.at/pop/seq/VetCore2.htm</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Belgium</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">VIB MicroArray Facility</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.microarrays.be">http://www.microarrays.be</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / Informatics</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Belgium</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">NXT GNT</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.nxtgnt.com">http://www.nxtgnt.com</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / Illumina / Informatics</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">France</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Integragen</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.integragen.com/">http://www.integragen.com/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">France</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Montpellier GenomiX</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://mgx.montp.inserm.fr/">http://mgx.montp.inserm.fr/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Germany</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">CeGaT</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.cegat.de/">http://www.cegat.de/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Germany</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">DKFZ</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.dkfz.de/gpcf/next_generation_sequencing_2.html">http://www.dkfz.de/gpcf/next_generation_sequencing_2.html</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / Illumina / SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Germany</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">febit</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.febit.com/microarray-sequencing/next-generation-sequencing/overview/">http://www.febit.com/microarray-sequencing/next-generation-sequencing/overview/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Germany</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Functional Genomics Center zurich</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.fgcz.ethz.ch/applications/gt/ngsequencing">http://www.fgcz.ethz.ch/applications/gt/ngsequencing</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Germany</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Eurofins MWG Operon</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.eurofinsdna.com/products-services/next-generation-sequencing.html">http://www.eurofinsdna.com/products-services/next-generation-sequencing.html</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Germany</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Fasteris</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.fasteris.com/">http://www.fasteris.com/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Germany</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">LGC</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.agowa.de/">http://www.agowa.de/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Germany</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Seq.IT</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.seq-it.de/">http://www.seq-it.de/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Hungary</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Astrid Research</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.astridresearch.com/">http://www.astridresearch.com/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Bioinformatics</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Hungary</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">BAYGEN</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://baygen.hu/">http://baygen.hu/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Italy</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Applied Genomics Institute</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.appliedgenomics.org/">http://www.appliedgenomics.org/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina / Informatics</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Italy</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">BMR Genomics</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.bmr-genomics.com">http://www.bmr-genomics.com</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Italy</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">GENOMNIA</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.genomnia.com/">http://www.genomnia.com/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">The Netherlands</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">ServiceXS</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.servicexs.com/servicexs+is+powered+by/illumina/illumina+ga+ii+sequencing">http://www.servicexs.com/servicexs+is+powered+by/illumina/illumina+ga+ii+sequencing</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">The Netherlands</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Baseclear</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.baseclear.com/services/">http://www.baseclear.com/services/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Norway</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Norwegian Sequencing Center</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.sequencing.uio.no/">http://www.sequencing.uio.no/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Portugal</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Biocant</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.biocant.pt/">http://www.biocant.pt/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Spain</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Era7 Bioinformatcs</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.era7bioinformatics.com/">http://www.era7bioinformatics.com/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Informatics</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Spain</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Sistemas Gen&radic;&ge;micos</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.sistemasgenomicos.com/">http://www.sistemasgenomicos.com/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Sweden</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Uppsala Genome Center</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.genpat.uu.se/node453">http://www.genpat.uu.se/node453</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Switzerland</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Fasteris</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.fasteris.com/">http://www.fasteris.com/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Switzerland</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Microsynth</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.microsynth.ch/">http://www.microsynth.ch/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">UK</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">AGOWA - LGC</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.lgc.co.uk/pdf/Next%20gen%20sequencing%20flyer%20web.pdf">http://www.lgc.co.uk/pdf/Next%20gen%20sequencing%20flyer%20web.pdf</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">UK</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Exeter</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://biosciences.exeter.ac.uk/genome_analyser/">http://biosciences.exeter.ac.uk/genome_analyser/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">UK</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Food and Environment Research Agency</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.fera.defra.gov.uk/scienceResearch/science/biosecurity/nextGenerationSequencing.cfm">http://www.fera.defra.gov.uk/scienceResearch/science/biosecurity/nextGenerationSequencing.cfm</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">UK</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Geneservice</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.geneservice.co.uk/services/sequencing/">http://www.geneservice.co.uk/services/sequencing/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">UK</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Newcastle University</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.ncl.ac.uk/ihg/research/facilities/flx/gsflx.html">http://www.ncl.ac.uk/ihg/research/facilities/flx/gsflx.html</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">UK</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">University of Birmingham</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.genomics.bham.ac.uk/">http://www.genomics.bham.ac.uk/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">UK</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">University of Edinburgh (The Gene Pool)</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://genepool.bio.ed.ac.uk/">http://genepool.bio.ed.ac.uk/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">UK</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">University of Leicester</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.le.ac.uk/nucleus/">http://www.le.ac.uk/nucleus/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">UK</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">University of Liverpool</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.liv.ac.uk/agf/index.html">http://www.liv.ac.uk/agf/index.html</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Europe</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">UK</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">University of York</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.york.ac.uk/depts/biol/tf/genomics/GL_454.html">http://www.york.ac.uk/depts/biol/tf/genomics/GL_454.html</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Canada</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Genome Sciences Centre</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.bcgsc.ca/services/">http://www.bcgsc.ca/services/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Canada</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.genomequebecplatforms.com/mcgill/home/index.aspx">http://www.genomequebecplatforms.com/mcgill/home/index.aspx</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Canada</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">The Centre for Applied Genomics - Toronto Sick Kids</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.tcag.ca/dnaSequencingSynthesis.html#5">http://www.tcag.ca/dnaSequencingSynthesis.html#5</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / Illumina / SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Mexico</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Unidad Universitaria de Secuenciacion Masiva</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://uusm.unam.mx/">http://uusm.unam.mx/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - CA</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Centrillion Biosciences</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.centrillionbio.com/">http://www.centrillionbio.com/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - CA</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Ambry Genetics</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.ambrygen.com/Pharmacogenomic_Services/Next_Gen_Sequencing.asp">http://www.ambrygen.com/Pharmacogenomic_Services/Next_Gen_Sequencing.asp</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - CA/TX</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Eureka Genomics</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.eurekagenomics.com/services_nextgen.html">http://www.eurekagenomics.com/services_nextgen.html</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - CA</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Prognosys</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.prognosysbio.com/">http://www.prognosysbio.com/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - CA</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">UCLA</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.genoseq.ucla.edu/action/view/Gsflx">http://www.genoseq.ucla.edu/action/view/Gsflx</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - DE</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">University of Delaware</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.udel.edu/dnasequence/Site/Sequencing_%26_Genotyping_Center.html">http://www.udel.edu/dnasequence/Site/Sequencing_%26_Genotyping_Center.html</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - FL</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">University of Florida</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.biotech.ufl.edu/servicefees.html#454sequencing">http://www.biotech.ufl.edu/servicefees.html#454sequencing</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - IA</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Iowa State University</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.dna.iastate.edu/frame_nextgen.html">http://www.dna.iastate.edu/frame_nextgen.html</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - IL</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Northwestern</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.cgm.northwestern.edu/cgm/Core-Facilities/Genomics-Core">http://www.cgm.northwestern.edu/cgm/Core-Facilities/Genomics-Core</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - KS</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Kansas State University Integrated Genomics Facility</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.ksre.ksu.edu/igenomics/DesktopDefault.aspx">http://www.ksre.ksu.edu/igenomics/DesktopDefault.aspx</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - MA</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Agencourt</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://agencourt.com/services/nextgen/index.php">http://agencourt.com/services/nextgen/index.php</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - MA</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Broad Institute</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.broadinstitute.org/">http://www.broadinstitute.org/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina / SOLiD / 454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - MA</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Children's Hospital Boston</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://core.iddrc.org/molecular-genetics/?page_id=10">http://core.iddrc.org/molecular-genetics/?page_id=10</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - MA</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Harvard Med School</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://genome.med.harvard.edu/services/nextgen/ViewOverview.action">http://genome.med.harvard.edu/services/nextgen/ViewOverview.action</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - MA</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Tufts</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.tucf.org/nextgen-f.html">http://www.tucf.org/nextgen-f.html</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - MD</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">BioReliance</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.bioreliance.com/genomic_services.aspx/">http://www.bioreliance.com/genomic_services.aspx/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / Bioinformatics</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - MD</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Edgebio</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.edgebio.com/services/">http://www.edgebio.com/services/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - MD</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Johns Hopkins University</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://grcf.jhmi.edu/hts/">http://grcf.jhmi.edu/hts/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - MI</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Michigan State University</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://rtsf.msu.edu/genomics/">http://rtsf.msu.edu/genomics/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - MO</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Cofactor Genomics</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.cofactorgenomics.com/">http://www.cofactorgenomics.com/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina / SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - MO</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">The Genome Center at Washington University</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://genome.wustl.edu/">http://genome.wustl.edu/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina / SOLiD / 454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - NC</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Duke University</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.genome.duke.edu/cores/sequencing/">http://www.genome.duke.edu/cores/sequencing/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - NC</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">NC State University - Genomic Sciences Lab</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://gsl.cals.ncsu.edu/">http://gsl.cals.ncsu.edu/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - NC</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Expression Analysis</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.expressionanalysis.com/">http://www.expressionanalysis.com/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - NE</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">University of Nebraska-Lincoln</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://cage.unl.edu/">http://cage.unl.edu/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - NM</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">NCGR</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://sequencing.ncgr.org/">http://sequencing.ncgr.org/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina / SOLiD / PacBio / Genotyping / Inoformatics</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - NM</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">NM State University</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://biology.nmsu.edu/">http://biology.nmsu.edu/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / Informatics</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - NY</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Albert Einstein College of Medicine</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.einstein.yu.edu/home/SharedFacilities/ViewFacility.asp?ID=53">http://www.einstein.yu.edu/home/SharedFacilities/ViewFacility.asp?ID=53</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina, 454, Bioinformatics</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - NY</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Cornell University</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://cores.lifesciences.cornell.edu/brcinfo/?f=1">http://cores.lifesciences.cornell.edu/brcinfo/?f=1</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - NY</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Columbia University</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://hiccc.columbia.edu/deepsequencing/">http://hiccc.columbia.edu/deepsequencing/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454, Illumina, SOLiD / Informatics</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - NY?</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Creative Genomics</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.creative-genomics.com/gene/sequence.html">http://www.creative-genomics.com/gene/sequence.html</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - PA</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">University of Pennsylvania</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.med.upenn.edu/dnaseq/">http://www.med.upenn.edu/dnaseq/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - SC</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">EnGencore</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://engencore.sc.edu/">http://engencore.sc.edu/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - TN</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Vanderbilt University</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="https://gtc.vanderbilt.edu/">https://gtc.vanderbilt.edu/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - TX</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">SeqWright</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.seqwright.com/researchservices/nextgensequencing.html">http://www.seqwright.com/researchservices/nextgensequencing.html</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454 / SOLiD</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - UT</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">University of Utah MA Core</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://bioserver.hci.utah.edu/BioInfo/index.php/Main_Page">http://bioserver.hci.utah.edu/BioInfo/index.php/Main_Page</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Illumina / Informatics</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - VA</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Virginia Bioinformatics Institute</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="https://www.vbi.vt.edu/core_laboratory_facility/gs-flx_sequencing/">https://www.vbi.vt.edu/core_laboratory_facility/gs-flx_sequencing/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">North America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">USA - VA</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">University of Virginia Genomics Core Facility</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.virginia.edu/biology/research/genomics.html">http://www.virginia.edu/biology/research/genomics.html</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">454</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">South America</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Brazil</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Laboratorio de Genomica e Expressao</span></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.lge.ibi.unicamp.br/">http://www.lge.ibi.unicamp.br/</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial">Bioinformatics</span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </span></span></p> 207be548ef2c4dedd47f7bbf2fbf2a8d9521caa8 0 1878 3183 3155 2010-11-08T11:03:23Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font size="4"><font size="3"><strong>20101009: [[Image:Paris japonica logo openfree.gif]] [[The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica]]: &rArr; [[Genome size]] <br /> 20100907: [[Image:Turkey logo 2.gif]] [[Turkey genome sequenced 20100907]] &rArr; [[Bird genome]]&nbsp;<br /> 20100818: [[Image:Scripps logo openfree 1.gif]] [[Image:Sanofi aventis logo1.gif]] </strong></font><font size="3"><strong>[[Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging]]</strong> <br /> <strong>20100810:[[Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection]]<br /> <br /> 20100711:Theragen [[Totalomics Solutions Launched]] &rArr;[[Genome sequencing product]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20100427: [[GET conference Boston by PGP]] Boston, 27th April.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20100419: [[Personal Genomics Institute established]] &rArr;[[Genome Institutes]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20100401: [[IonTorrent ion-sequencing machine announced publically]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20100330:[[The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill]]: PGP9. 20100330.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20100325: [[The dynamic genome of Hydra]] Nature. 2010 Mar 25 &rArr; [[Animal Genome]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20100315:[[The Human Genome Rights]] Declaration. 20100315 &rArr;[[GenomeEthics]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20100310: [[Whole-Genome Sequencing in a Patient with Charcot&ndash;Marie&ndash;Tooth Neuropathy]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20100126: GATC Biotech Purchases [[HiSeq 2000]] Instrument. . &rArr;[[GenomeSequencer]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20100303:</strong> [[Theragen Inc. launched a personal genome typing service similar to 23andme's. However, the product was&nbsp;<br /> withheld due to legal issues.]]&nbsp;</font></font></p> <p><font size="4"><font size="3"><strong>20100121:</strong> [[The sequence of Giant Panda genome assembled de novo by NGS by BGI.]]&nbsp;<br /> <strong><br /> 20091230:</strong> [[Theragen Inc. in Korea launches commercial full genome and SNP chip personal genome service. The first in Asia]]<br /> <strong><br /> 20090928:</strong> [[Potato genome draft announced]]</font><strong><br /> <font size="3"><br /> 20090810:</font></strong><font size="3"> [[A Caucasian human genome was sequenced by Helicos single molecule sequencer]].<br /> <strong><br /> 20090805:</strong> [[Recurring Mutations Found by Full length Sequencing of an Acute Myeloid Leukemia Genome (AML)]]. [[N&nbsp;<br /> Engl J Med]]<br /> <strong><br /> 20090802:</strong> [[The complete genome sequence of Triticum mosaic virus is published in Arch Vriol.]]<br /> <strong><br /> 20090730</strong>: [[Crocodile genome map published in BMC Genomics]].<br /> <strong><br /> 20090727</strong>: [[A new multiplex sequencing method published by MPI group for highly degraded DNA fragments. Cave&nbsp;<br /> bear mitochondria]]<br /> <br /> <strong>20090724</strong>: DNA Sequencing and&nbsp;Array Drive 8% Growth for Roche in First Half of 2009. [[454 GS FLX]] and [[Nimblegen]]. [http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/dna-sequencing-systems-arrays-drive-8-percent-growth-roche-applied-science-first]<br /> <br /> <strong>20090724</strong>: BGI (Beijing Genomics Institute) in China participates in orchid genome (<em>[[Phalaenopsis equestris]]) </em>sequencing. [http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/bgi-china-partners-sequence-orchids]<br /> <strong><br /> 20090716</strong>: Navigenics Lowers Health Compass Price to $999 USD. [http://www.genomeweb.com/dxpgx/navigenics-<br /> lowers-health-compass-price-1k]<br /> <strong><br /> 20090716</strong>: Celera Uses&nbsp;Automated Workflows for Genomics [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/17/celera-pushes-boundaries.html]<br /> <br /> <strong>20090716</strong>: [[A draft genomic sequence for a worm, Schistosoma japonicum, was published]].<br /> <br /> <strong>20090716</strong>: Genomes Of Parasitic Flatworms Decoded: <em>Schistosoma mansoni</em> and <em>Schistosoma japonicum</em> [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090715131439.htm]<br /> <strong><br /> 20090716</strong>: <!-- a href=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl?z2090023735&amp;z=950242273 target=_parent><b>Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</b></a --></font><a target="_parent" c.moreover.com="" click="" d.moreover.com="" href="http://www.bioportfolio.co.uk/cgi-bin/dialogserver.exe?CMD=hit.displayMdoc&amp;ID=3022030&amp;HITNO=2&amp;MSIZE=634&amp;LANGUAGE=en&amp;FILE=doc.NEWSFEED&amp;SAVEQUERY00=Genomics&amp;SAVEPROP00=L%3den&amp;SAVEDB=news&amp;SAVEORGANISE_CODED=R:date&amp;R=3022030&amp;THISHREF=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl%3fz2090023735%26amp%3bz%3d950242273&amp;THEHOST=site d.moreover.com"><strong><font color="#0066cc" size="3">Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</font></strong></a><font size="3">&nbsp;<br /> <strong><br /> 20090715</strong>: [[Pathway Genomics]] starts the Direct-to-Consumer Genomics service as 23andme and Decodeme&nbsp;<br /> [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/15/pathway-consumer-genomics.html]<br /> <strong><br /> 20090714</strong>: OryzaSNP Consortium IDs Thousands of Variants in Rice Genome: [http://www.genomeweb.com/arrays/oryzasnp-consortium-ids-thousands-variants-rice-genome]&nbsp;<br /> <strong><br /> 20090709</strong>: [[The second Korean pesonal genome was sequenced by a Korean team and analyzed by US researchers]] (Macrogen and Seoul University Medical School)<br /> <strong><br /> 20090630</strong>: [[Genomic linkage map of the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni]]:&nbsp; <em>Genome Biology</em> 2009, <strong>10</strong><strong>:</strong>R71<span class="pseudotab">doi:10.1186/gb-2009-10-6-r71</span>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <strong>20090629</strong>: [[Melon Genome Map was publicized by US researchers]]<br /> <strong><br /> 20090616</strong>: Illumina Launches Personal Genome-Sequencing Service Using Genome Analyzer II. [http://scienceblogs.com/geneticfuture/2009/06/illumina_launches_personal_gen.php]<br /> <strong><br /> 20090604</strong>: [[An integrated genetic and cytogenetic map of the cucumber genome was announced in PLOS One]]<br /> <strong><br /> 20090603</strong>: [[Neanderthal genome sequeced by MPI Germany and Roche]]<br /> <strong><br /> 20090601</strong>: Microsoft buys Rosetta Biosoftware from Merck. Merck becomes the client of Microsoft.<br /> <strong><br /> 20090529:&nbsp;</strong>[[A new malaria agent in African chimpanzees found]].&nbsp;<br /> <strong><br /> 20090526</strong>: [[The first Korean Genome Sequence analysis]] by two Korean teams&nbsp;published in&nbsp;<br /> [http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2009/05/26/gr.092197.109.full.pdf+html Genome Research article]<br /> <br /> <strong>20081208</strong>: [[Soybean genome, G. max data publicized]]<br /> <strong><br /> 20081204</strong>: [http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/tech/2008/12/133_35578.html Korean Genome Publicized]. The sequencing and bioinformatic analyses were carried out by two&nbsp;Korean teams. <br /> </font><br /> <br /> </font></p> <p><font size="4"><hr /> [[Genomics News Links]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Biotechnology News Sites]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Science News Sites]]<br /> <br /> </font></p> ad47d6383ea471f61ee844582827f5439bda3521 3185 3183 2010-11-08T11:04:19Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font size="4"><font size="3"><strong>20101009: [[Image:Paris japonica logo openfree.gif]] [[The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica]]: &rArr; [[Genome size]] <br /> 20100907: [[Image:Turkey logo 2.gif]] [[Turkey genome sequenced 20100907]] &rArr; [[Bird genome]]&nbsp;<br /> 20100818: [[Image:Scripps logo openfree 1.gif]] [[Image:Sanofi aventis logo1.gif]] </strong></font><font size="3"><strong>[[Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging]]</strong> <br /> <strong>20100810:[[Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection]]<br /> <br /> 20100711:Theragen [[Totalomics Solutions Launched]] &rArr;[[Genome sequencing product]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20100427: [[GET conference Boston by PGP]] Boston, 27th April.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20100419: [[Personal Genomics Institute established]] &rArr;[[Genome Institutes]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20100401: [[IonTorrent ion-sequencing machine announced publically]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20100330:[[The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill]]: PGP9. 20100330.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20100325: [[The dynamic genome of Hydra]] Nature. 2010 Mar 25 &rArr; [[Animal Genome]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20100315:[[The Human Genome Rights]] Declaration. 20100315 &rArr;[[GenomeEthics]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20100310: [[Whole-Genome Sequencing in a Patient with Charcot&ndash;Marie&ndash;Tooth Neuropathy]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20100126: GATC Biotech Purchases [[HiSeq 2000]] Instrument. . &rArr;[[GenomeSequencer]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20100303:</strong> [[Theragen Inc. launched a personal genome typing service similar to 23andme's. However, the product was&nbsp;<br /> withheld due to legal issues.]]&nbsp;</font></font></p> <p><font size="4"><font size="3"><strong>20100121:</strong> [[File:Panda logo tr openfree.jpg]] [[The sequence of Giant Panda genome assembled de novo by NGS by BGI.]]&nbsp;<br /> <strong><br /> 20091230:</strong> [[Theragen Inc. in Korea launches commercial full genome and SNP chip personal genome service. The first in Asia]]<br /> <strong><br /> 20090928:</strong> [[Potato genome draft announced]]</font><strong><br /> <font size="3"><br /> 20090810:</font></strong><font size="3"> [[A Caucasian human genome was sequenced by Helicos single molecule sequencer]].<br /> <strong><br /> 20090805:</strong> [[Recurring Mutations Found by Full length Sequencing of an Acute Myeloid Leukemia Genome (AML)]]. [[N&nbsp;<br /> Engl J Med]]<br /> <strong><br /> 20090802:</strong> [[The complete genome sequence of Triticum mosaic virus is published in Arch Vriol.]]<br /> <strong><br /> 20090730</strong>: [[Crocodile genome map published in BMC Genomics]].<br /> <strong><br /> 20090727</strong>: [[A new multiplex sequencing method published by MPI group for highly degraded DNA fragments. Cave&nbsp;<br /> bear mitochondria]]<br /> <br /> <strong>20090724</strong>: DNA Sequencing and&nbsp;Array Drive 8% Growth for Roche in First Half of 2009. [[454 GS FLX]] and [[Nimblegen]]. [http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/dna-sequencing-systems-arrays-drive-8-percent-growth-roche-applied-science-first]<br /> <br /> <strong>20090724</strong>: BGI (Beijing Genomics Institute) in China participates in orchid genome (<em>[[Phalaenopsis equestris]]) </em>sequencing. [http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/bgi-china-partners-sequence-orchids]<br /> <strong><br /> 20090716</strong>: Navigenics Lowers Health Compass Price to $999 USD. [http://www.genomeweb.com/dxpgx/navigenics-<br /> lowers-health-compass-price-1k]<br /> <strong><br /> 20090716</strong>: Celera Uses&nbsp;Automated Workflows for Genomics [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/17/celera-pushes-boundaries.html]<br /> <br /> <strong>20090716</strong>: [[A draft genomic sequence for a worm, Schistosoma japonicum, was published]].<br /> <br /> <strong>20090716</strong>: Genomes Of Parasitic Flatworms Decoded: <em>Schistosoma mansoni</em> and <em>Schistosoma japonicum</em> [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090715131439.htm]<br /> <strong><br /> 20090716</strong>: <!-- a href=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl?z2090023735&amp;z=950242273 target=_parent><b>Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</b></a --></font><a target="_parent" c.moreover.com="" click="" d.moreover.com="" href="http://www.bioportfolio.co.uk/cgi-bin/dialogserver.exe?CMD=hit.displayMdoc&amp;ID=3022030&amp;HITNO=2&amp;MSIZE=634&amp;LANGUAGE=en&amp;FILE=doc.NEWSFEED&amp;SAVEQUERY00=Genomics&amp;SAVEPROP00=L%3den&amp;SAVEDB=news&amp;SAVEORGANISE_CODED=R:date&amp;R=3022030&amp;THISHREF=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl%3fz2090023735%26amp%3bz%3d950242273&amp;THEHOST=site d.moreover.com"><strong><font color="#0066cc" size="3">Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</font></strong></a><font size="3">&nbsp;<br /> <strong><br /> 20090715</strong>: [[Pathway Genomics]] starts the Direct-to-Consumer Genomics service as 23andme and Decodeme&nbsp;<br /> [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/15/pathway-consumer-genomics.html]<br /> <strong><br /> 20090714</strong>: OryzaSNP Consortium IDs Thousands of Variants in Rice Genome: [http://www.genomeweb.com/arrays/oryzasnp-consortium-ids-thousands-variants-rice-genome]&nbsp;<br /> <strong><br /> 20090709</strong>: [[The second Korean pesonal genome was sequenced by a Korean team and analyzed by US researchers]] (Macrogen and Seoul University Medical School)<br /> <strong><br /> 20090630</strong>: [[Genomic linkage map of the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni]]:&nbsp; <em>Genome Biology</em> 2009, <strong>10</strong><strong>:</strong>R71<span class="pseudotab">doi:10.1186/gb-2009-10-6-r71</span>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <strong>20090629</strong>: [[Melon Genome Map was publicized by US researchers]]<br /> <strong><br /> 20090616</strong>: Illumina Launches Personal Genome-Sequencing Service Using Genome Analyzer II. [http://scienceblogs.com/geneticfuture/2009/06/illumina_launches_personal_gen.php]<br /> <strong><br /> 20090604</strong>: [[An integrated genetic and cytogenetic map of the cucumber genome was announced in PLOS One]]<br /> <strong><br /> 20090603</strong>: [[Neanderthal genome sequeced by MPI Germany and Roche]]<br /> <strong><br /> 20090601</strong>: Microsoft buys Rosetta Biosoftware from Merck. Merck becomes the client of Microsoft.<br /> <strong><br /> 20090529:&nbsp;</strong>[[A new malaria agent in African chimpanzees found]].&nbsp;<br /> <strong><br /> 20090526</strong>: [[The first Korean Genome Sequence analysis]] by two Korean teams&nbsp;published in&nbsp;<br /> [http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2009/05/26/gr.092197.109.full.pdf+html Genome Research article]<br /> <br /> <strong>20081208</strong>: [[Soybean genome, G. max data publicized]]<br /> <strong><br /> 20081204</strong>: [http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/tech/2008/12/133_35578.html Korean Genome Publicized]. The sequencing and bioinformatic analyses were carried out by two&nbsp;Korean teams. <br /> </font><br /> <br /> </font></p> <p><font size="4"><hr /> [[Genomics News Links]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Biotechnology News Sites]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Science News Sites]]<br /> <br /> </font></p> 95ee48e3e8661b221f4575043f1f05269053e6f0 3187 3185 2010-11-08T11:05:28Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font size="4"><font size="3"><strong>20101009: [[Image:Paris japonica logo openfree.gif]] [[The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica]]: &rArr; [[Genome size]] <br /> 20100907: [[Image:Turkey logo 2.gif]] [[Turkey genome sequenced 20100907]] &rArr; [[Bird genome]]&nbsp;<br /> 20100818: [[Image:Scripps logo openfree 1.gif]] [[Image:Sanofi aventis logo1.gif]] </strong></font><font size="3"><strong>[[Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging]]</strong> <br /> <strong>20100810:[[Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection]]<br /> <br /> 20100711:Theragen [[Totalomics Solutions Launched]] &rArr;[[Genome sequencing product]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20100427: [[GET conference Boston by PGP]] Boston, 27th April.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20100419: [[Personal Genomics Institute established]] &rArr;[[Genome Institutes]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20100401: [[IonTorrent ion-sequencing machine announced publically]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20100330:[[The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill]]: PGP9. 20100330.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20100325: [[The dynamic genome of Hydra]] Nature. 2010 Mar 25 &rArr; [[Animal Genome]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20100315:[[The Human Genome Rights]] Declaration. 20100315 &rArr;[[GenomeEthics]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20100310: [[Whole-Genome Sequencing in a Patient with Charcot&ndash;Marie&ndash;Tooth Neuropathy]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20100126: GATC Biotech Purchases [[HiSeq 2000]] Instrument. . &rArr;[[GenomeSequencer]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20100303:</strong> [[Theragen Inc. launched a personal genome typing service similar to 23andme's. However, the product was&nbsp;<br /> withheld due to legal issues.]]&nbsp;</font></font></p> <p><font size="4"><font size="3"><strong>20100121:</strong> [[File:Panda logo tr openfree_2.jpg]] [[The sequence of Giant Panda genome assembled de novo by NGS by BGI.]]&nbsp;<br /> <strong><br /> 20091230:</strong> [[Theragen Inc. in Korea launches commercial full genome and SNP chip personal genome service. The first in Asia]]<br /> <strong><br /> 20090928:</strong> [[Potato genome draft announced]]</font><strong><br /> <font size="3"><br /> 20090810:</font></strong><font size="3"> [[A Caucasian human genome was sequenced by Helicos single molecule sequencer]].<br /> <strong><br /> 20090805:</strong> [[Recurring Mutations Found by Full length Sequencing of an Acute Myeloid Leukemia Genome (AML)]]. [[N&nbsp;<br /> Engl J Med]]<br /> <strong><br /> 20090802:</strong> [[The complete genome sequence of Triticum mosaic virus is published in Arch Vriol.]]<br /> <strong><br /> 20090730</strong>: [[Crocodile genome map published in BMC Genomics]].<br /> <strong><br /> 20090727</strong>: [[A new multiplex sequencing method published by MPI group for highly degraded DNA fragments. Cave&nbsp;<br /> bear mitochondria]]<br /> <br /> <strong>20090724</strong>: DNA Sequencing and&nbsp;Array Drive 8% Growth for Roche in First Half of 2009. [[454 GS FLX]] and [[Nimblegen]]. [http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/dna-sequencing-systems-arrays-drive-8-percent-growth-roche-applied-science-first]<br /> <br /> <strong>20090724</strong>: BGI (Beijing Genomics Institute) in China participates in orchid genome (<em>[[Phalaenopsis equestris]]) </em>sequencing. [http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/bgi-china-partners-sequence-orchids]<br /> <strong><br /> 20090716</strong>: Navigenics Lowers Health Compass Price to $999 USD. [http://www.genomeweb.com/dxpgx/navigenics-<br /> lowers-health-compass-price-1k]<br /> <strong><br /> 20090716</strong>: Celera Uses&nbsp;Automated Workflows for Genomics [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/17/celera-pushes-boundaries.html]<br /> <br /> <strong>20090716</strong>: [[A draft genomic sequence for a worm, Schistosoma japonicum, was published]].<br /> <br /> <strong>20090716</strong>: Genomes Of Parasitic Flatworms Decoded: <em>Schistosoma mansoni</em> and <em>Schistosoma japonicum</em> [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090715131439.htm]<br /> <strong><br /> 20090716</strong>: <!-- a href=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl?z2090023735&amp;z=950242273 target=_parent><b>Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</b></a --></font><a target="_parent" c.moreover.com="" click="" d.moreover.com="" href="http://www.bioportfolio.co.uk/cgi-bin/dialogserver.exe?CMD=hit.displayMdoc&amp;ID=3022030&amp;HITNO=2&amp;MSIZE=634&amp;LANGUAGE=en&amp;FILE=doc.NEWSFEED&amp;SAVEQUERY00=Genomics&amp;SAVEPROP00=L%3den&amp;SAVEDB=news&amp;SAVEORGANISE_CODED=R:date&amp;R=3022030&amp;THISHREF=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl%3fz2090023735%26amp%3bz%3d950242273&amp;THEHOST=site d.moreover.com"><strong><font color="#0066cc" size="3">Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</font></strong></a><font size="3">&nbsp;<br /> <strong><br /> 20090715</strong>: [[Pathway Genomics]] starts the Direct-to-Consumer Genomics service as 23andme and Decodeme&nbsp;<br /> [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/15/pathway-consumer-genomics.html]<br /> <strong><br /> 20090714</strong>: OryzaSNP Consortium IDs Thousands of Variants in Rice Genome: [http://www.genomeweb.com/arrays/oryzasnp-consortium-ids-thousands-variants-rice-genome]&nbsp;<br /> <strong><br /> 20090709</strong>: [[The second Korean pesonal genome was sequenced by a Korean team and analyzed by US researchers]] (Macrogen and Seoul University Medical School)<br /> <strong><br /> 20090630</strong>: [[Genomic linkage map of the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni]]:&nbsp; <em>Genome Biology</em> 2009, <strong>10</strong><strong>:</strong>R71<span class="pseudotab">doi:10.1186/gb-2009-10-6-r71</span>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <strong>20090629</strong>: [[Melon Genome Map was publicized by US researchers]]<br /> <strong><br /> 20090616</strong>: Illumina Launches Personal Genome-Sequencing Service Using Genome Analyzer II. [http://scienceblogs.com/geneticfuture/2009/06/illumina_launches_personal_gen.php]<br /> <strong><br /> 20090604</strong>: [[An integrated genetic and cytogenetic map of the cucumber genome was announced in PLOS One]]<br /> <strong><br /> 20090603</strong>: [[Neanderthal genome sequeced by MPI Germany and Roche]]<br /> <strong><br /> 20090601</strong>: Microsoft buys Rosetta Biosoftware from Merck. Merck becomes the client of Microsoft.<br /> <strong><br /> 20090529:&nbsp;</strong>[[A new malaria agent in African chimpanzees found]].&nbsp;<br /> <strong><br /> 20090526</strong>: [[The first Korean Genome Sequence analysis]] by two Korean teams&nbsp;published in&nbsp;<br /> [http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2009/05/26/gr.092197.109.full.pdf+html Genome Research article]<br /> <br /> <strong>20081208</strong>: [[Soybean genome, G. max data publicized]]<br /> <strong><br /> 20081204</strong>: [http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/tech/2008/12/133_35578.html Korean Genome Publicized]. The sequencing and bioinformatic analyses were carried out by two&nbsp;Korean teams. <br /> </font><br /> <br /> </font></p> <p><font size="4"><hr /> [[Genomics News Links]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Biotechnology News Sites]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Science News Sites]]<br /> <br /> </font></p> 3bfb4ff3778656bc06a668aa3143b24ce97b1363 6 1920 3184 2010-11-08T11:03:38Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 6 1921 3186 2010-11-08T11:05:05Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 0 1922 3188 2010-11-08T11:06:22Z WikiSysop 1 Created page with "<p id="cite"><i>Nature</i> <b>463</b>, 311-317 (21 January 2010) | <span class="doi"><abbr title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</abbr>:10.1038/nature08696</span>; Received 19 Au..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p id="cite"><i>Nature</i> <b>463</b>, 311-317 (21 January 2010) | <span class="doi"><abbr title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</abbr>:10.1038/nature08696</span>; Received 19 August 2009; Accepted 24 November 2009; Published online 13 December 2009</p> <p id="errorcor">&nbsp;</p> <p id="errorcor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">There is a <a xmlns="" href="http://www.nature.com/uidfinder/10.1038/nature08846">Corrigendum</a> (25 February 2010) associated with this document.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2 id="atl">The sequence and <i>de novo</i> assembly of the giant panda genome</h2> <p class="caff">Correspondence to: Jian Wang^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v463/n7279/full/nature08696.html#a1">1</a>}Jun Wang^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v463/n7279/full/nature08696.html#a1">1</a>,}^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v463/n7279/full/nature08696.html#a2">2</a>} Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to Ju.W. (Email:&nbsp;<a href="mailto:wangj@genomics.org.cn">wangj@genomics.org.cn</a>) or Ji.W. (Email:&nbsp;<a href="mailto:wangjian@genomics.org.cn">wangjian@genomics.org.cn</a>).</p> <p class="caff">This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial-Share Alike licence (<a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/</a>), which permits distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. This licence does not permit commercial exploitation, and derivative works must be licensed under the same or similar licence.</p> <div id="abs"><a class="backtotop" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v463/n7279/full/nature08696.html#top">Top<span class="hidden"> of page</span></a> <h3 class="hidden">Abstract</h3> <p class="lead">Using next-generation sequencing technology alone, we have successfully generated and assembled a draft sequence of the giant panda genome. The assembled contigs (2.25<span class="mb"><span class="mb">&thinsp;</span></span>gigabases (Gb)) cover approximately 94% of the whole genome, and the remaining gaps (0.05<span class="mb"><span class="mb">&thinsp;</span></span>Gb) seem to contain carnivore-specific repeats and tandem repeats. Comparisons with the dog and human showed that the panda genome has a lower divergence rate. The assessment of panda genes potentially underlying some of its unique traits indicated that its bamboo diet might be more dependent on its gut microbiome than its own genetic composition. We also identified more than 2.7<span class="mb"><span class="mb">&thinsp;</span></span>million heterozygous single nucleotide polymorphisms in the diploid genome. Our data and analyses provide a foundation for promoting mammalian genetic research, and demonstrate the feasibility for using next-generation sequencing technologies for accurate, cost-effective and rapid <i>de novo</i> assembly of large eukaryotic genomes.</p> </div> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> e8c9748d9130473c3dfb8011c78b53c3adfc355d 3189 3188 2010-11-08T11:06:37Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p id="cite"><i>Nature</i> <b>463</b>, 311-317 (21 January 2010) | <span class="doi"><abbr title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</abbr>:10.1038/nature08696</span>; Received 19 August 2009; Accepted 24 November 2009; Published online 13 December 2009&nbsp;</p> <h2 id="atl">The sequence and <i>de novo</i> assembly of the giant panda genome</h2> <p class="caff">Correspondence to: Jian Wang^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v463/n7279/full/nature08696.html#a1">1</a>}Jun Wang^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v463/n7279/full/nature08696.html#a1">1</a>,}^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v463/n7279/full/nature08696.html#a2">2</a>} Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to Ju.W. (Email:&nbsp;<a href="mailto:wangj@genomics.org.cn">wangj@genomics.org.cn</a>) or Ji.W. (Email:&nbsp;<a href="mailto:wangjian@genomics.org.cn">wangjian@genomics.org.cn</a>).</p> <p class="caff">This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial-Share Alike licence (<a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/</a>), which permits distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. This licence does not permit commercial exploitation, and derivative works must be licensed under the same or similar licence.</p> <div id="abs"><a class="backtotop" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v463/n7279/full/nature08696.html#top">Top<span class="hidden"> of page</span></a> <h3 class="hidden">Abstract</h3> <p class="lead">Using next-generation sequencing technology alone, we have successfully generated and assembled a draft sequence of the giant panda genome. The assembled contigs (2.25<span class="mb"><span class="mb">&thinsp;</span></span>gigabases (Gb)) cover approximately 94% of the whole genome, and the remaining gaps (0.05<span class="mb"><span class="mb">&thinsp;</span></span>Gb) seem to contain carnivore-specific repeats and tandem repeats. Comparisons with the dog and human showed that the panda genome has a lower divergence rate. The assessment of panda genes potentially underlying some of its unique traits indicated that its bamboo diet might be more dependent on its gut microbiome than its own genetic composition. We also identified more than 2.7<span class="mb"><span class="mb">&thinsp;</span></span>million heterozygous single nucleotide polymorphisms in the diploid genome. Our data and analyses provide a foundation for promoting mammalian genetic research, and demonstrate the feasibility for using next-generation sequencing technologies for accurate, cost-effective and rapid <i>de novo</i> assembly of large eukaryotic genomes.</p> </div> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> a0ec0e5994858d29f80a49c0e88ee38a73b10db3 3190 3189 2010-11-08T11:06:54Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p id="cite"><i>Nature</i> <b>463</b>, 311-317 (21 January 2010) | <span class="doi"><abbr title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</abbr>:10.1038/nature08696</span>; Received 19 August 2009; Accepted 24 November 2009; Published online 13 December 2009&nbsp;</p> <h2 id="atl">The sequence and <i>de novo</i> assembly of the giant panda genome</h2> <p class="caff">Correspondence to: Jian Wang^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v463/n7279/full/nature08696.html#a1">1</a>}Jun Wang^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v463/n7279/full/nature08696.html#a1">1</a>,}^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v463/n7279/full/nature08696.html#a2">2</a>} Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to Ju.W. (Email:&nbsp;<a href="mailto:wangj@genomics.org.cn">wangj@genomics.org.cn</a>) or Ji.W. (Email:&nbsp;<a href="mailto:wangjian@genomics.org.cn">wangjian@genomics.org.cn</a>).</p> <p class="caff">This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial-Share Alike licence (<a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/</a>), which permits distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. This licence does not permit commercial exploitation, and derivative works must be licensed under the same or similar licence.</p> <div id="abs"> <h3 class="hidden">Abstract</h3> <p class="lead"><span style="font-size: small">Using next-generation sequencing technology alone, we have successfully generated and assembled a draft sequence of the giant panda genome. The assembled contigs (2.25<span class="mb"><span class="mb">&thinsp;</span></span>gigabases (Gb)) cover approximately 94% of the whole genome, and the remaining gaps (0.05<span class="mb"><span class="mb">&thinsp;</span></span>Gb) seem to contain carnivore-specific repeats and tandem repeats. Comparisons with the dog and human showed that the panda genome has a lower divergence rate. The assessment of panda genes potentially underlying some of its unique traits indicated that its bamboo diet might be more dependent on its gut microbiome than its own genetic composition. We also identified more than 2.7<span class="mb"><span class="mb">&thinsp;</span></span>million heterozygous single nucleotide polymorphisms in the diploid genome. Our data and analyses provide a foundation for promoting mammalian genetic research, and demonstrate the feasibility for using next-generation sequencing technologies for accurate, cost-effective and rapid <i>de novo</i> assembly of large eukaryotic genomes.</span></p> </div> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 8c5c35c415a9ad8ff90e83c27e49ef9b1c0d8623 3191 3190 2010-11-08T11:07:09Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p id="cite"><i>Nature</i> <b>463</b>, 311-317 (21 January 2010) | <span class="doi"><abbr title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</abbr>:10.1038/nature08696</span>; Received 19 August 2009; Accepted 24 November 2009; Published online 13 December 2009&nbsp;</p> <h2 id="atl">The sequence and <i>de novo</i> assembly of the giant panda genome</h2> <p class="caff">Correspondence to: Jian Wang^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v463/n7279/full/nature08696.html#a1">1</a>}Jun Wang^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v463/n7279/full/nature08696.html#a1">1</a>,}^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v463/n7279/full/nature08696.html#a2">2</a>} Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to Ju.W. (Email:&nbsp;<a href="mailto:wangj@genomics.org.cn">wangj@genomics.org.cn</a>) or Ji.W. (Email:&nbsp;<a href="mailto:wangjian@genomics.org.cn">wangjian@genomics.org.cn</a>).</p> <p class="caff">This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial-Share Alike licence (<a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/</a>), which permits distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. This licence does not permit commercial exploitation, and derivative works must be licensed under the same or similar licence.</p> <div id="abs"> <h3 class="hidden">Abstract</h3> <p class="lead"><span style="font-size: small">Using next-generation sequencing technology alone, we have successfully generated and assembled a draft sequence of the giant panda genome. The assembled contigs (2.25<span class="mb"><span class="mb">&thinsp;</span></span>gigabases (Gb)) cover approximately 94% of the whole genome, and the remaining gaps (0.05<span class="mb"><span class="mb">&thinsp;</span></span>Gb) seem to contain carnivore-specific repeats and tandem repeats. Comparisons with the dog and human showed that the panda genome has a lower divergence rate. The assessment of panda genes potentially underlying some of its unique traits indicated that its bamboo diet might be more dependent on its gut microbiome than its own genetic composition. We also identified more than 2.7<span class="mb"><span class="mb">&thinsp;</span></span>million heterozygous single nucleotide polymorphisms in the diploid genome. Our data and analyses provide a foundation for promoting mammalian genetic research, and demonstrate the feasibility for using next-generation sequencing technologies for accurate, cost-effective and rapid <i>de novo</i> assembly of large eukaryotic genomes.</span></p> </div> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v463/n7279/full/nature08696.html">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v463/n7279/full/nature08696.html</a></p> 5889fecc39249fbf77d8ac85cc15f72e9a0d538f 3192 3191 2010-11-08T11:07:55Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p id="cite"><i>Nature</i> <b>463</b>, 311-317 (21 January 2010) | <span class="doi"><abbr title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</abbr>:10.1038/nature08696</span>; Received 19 August 2009; Accepted 24 November 2009; Published online 13 December 2009&nbsp;</p> <h2 id="atl">The sequence and <i>de novo</i> assembly of the giant panda genome</h2> <p class="caff">Correspondence to: Jian Wang^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v463/n7279/full/nature08696.html#a1">1</a>}Jun Wang^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v463/n7279/full/nature08696.html#a1">1</a>,}^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v463/n7279/full/nature08696.html#a2">2</a>} Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to Ju.W. (Email:&nbsp;<a href="mailto:wangj@genomics.org.cn">wangj@genomics.org.cn</a>) or Ji.W. (Email:&nbsp;<a href="mailto:wangjian@genomics.org.cn">wangjian@genomics.org.cn</a>).</p> <p class="caff">This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial-Share Alike licence (<a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/</a>), which permits distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. This licence does not permit commercial exploitation, and derivative works must be licensed under the same or similar licence.</p> <div id="abs"> <h3 class="hidden">Abstract</h3> <p class="lead"><span style="font-size: small">Using next-generation sequencing technology alone, we have successfully generated and assembled a draft sequence of the giant panda genome. The assembled contigs (2.25<span class="mb"><span class="mb">&thinsp;</span></span>gigabases (Gb)) cover approximately 94% of the whole genome, and the remaining gaps (0.05<span class="mb"><span class="mb">&thinsp;</span></span>Gb) seem to contain carnivore-specific repeats and tandem repeats. Comparisons with the dog and human showed that the panda genome has a lower divergence rate. The assessment of panda genes potentially underlying some of its unique traits indicated that its bamboo diet might be more dependent on its gut microbiome than its own genetic composition. We also identified more than 2.7<span class="mb"><span class="mb">&thinsp;</span></span>million heterozygous single nucleotide polymorphisms in the diploid genome. Our data and analyses provide a foundation for promoting mammalian genetic research, and demonstrate the feasibility for using next-generation sequencing technologies for accurate, cost-effective and rapid <i>de novo</i> assembly of large eukaryotic genomes.</span></p> </div> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v463/n7279/full/nature08696.html">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v463/n7279/full/nature08696.html</a></p> <p class="norm">The giant panda, <i>Ailuropoda melanoleura</i>, is at high risk of extinction because of human population expansion and destruction of its habitat. The latest molecular census of its population size, using faecal samples and nine microsatellite loci, provided an estimate of only 2,500&ndash;3,000<span class="mb"><span class="mb">&thinsp;</span></span>individuals, which were confined to several small mountain habitats in Western China^{<a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v463/n7279/full/nature08696.html#B1">1</a>}. The giant panda has several unusual biological and behavioural traits, including a famously restricted diet, primarily made up of bamboo, and a very low fecundity rate. Moreover, the panda holds a unique place in evolution, and there has been continuing controversy about its phylogenetic position^{<a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v463/n7279/full/nature08696.html#B2">2</a>}. At present, there is very little genetic information for the panda, which is an essential tool for detailed understanding of the biology of this organism.</p> <p class="norm">A major limitation in obtaining extensive genetic data is the prohibitive costs associated with sequencing and assembling large eukaryotic genomes. The development of next-generation massively parallel sequencing technologies, including the Roche/454 Genome Sequencer FLX Instrument, the ABI SOLiD System, and the Illumina Genome Analyser, has significantly improved sequencing throughput, reduced costs, and advanced research in many areas, including large-scale resequencing of human genomes^{<a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v463/n7279/full/nature08696.html#B3">3, </a>}^{<a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v463/n7279/full/nature08696.html#B4">4</a>}, transcriptome sequencing, messenger RNA and microRNA expression profiling, and DNA methylation studies. However, the read length of these sequencing technologies, which is much shorter than that of traditional capillary Sanger sequencing reads, has prevented its use as the sole sequencing technology in <i>de novo</i> assembly of large eukaryotic genomes.</p> <p class="norm">Here, using only Illumina Genome Analyser sequencing technology, we have generated and assembled a draft genome sequence for the giant panda with an assembled N50 contig size (defined in <a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v463/n7279/full/nature08696.html#t1">Table 1</a>) reaching 40<span class="mb"><span class="mb">&thinsp;</span></span>kilobases (kb), and an N50 scaffold size of 1.3<span class="mb"><span class="mb">&thinsp;</span></span>megabases (Mb). This represents the first, to our knowledge, fully sequenced genome of the family Ursidae and the second of the order Carnivora^{<a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v463/n7279/full/nature08696.html#B5">5</a>}. We also carried out several analyses using the complete sequence data, including genome content, evolutionary analyses, and investigation of some of the genetic features underlying the panda&rsquo;s unique biology. The work presented here should aid in understanding and carrying out further research on the genetic basis of panda&rsquo;s biology, and contribute to disease control and conservation efforts for this endangered species. Furthermore, our demonstration that next-generation sequencing technology can allow accurate <i>de novo</i> assembly of the giant panda genome will have far-reaching implications for promoting the construction of reference sequences for other animal and plant genomes in an efficient and cost-effective way.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 5963bd2dadb6f15642daea2884b1715121bc556f 0 1906 3193 3141 2010-11-08T11:35:46Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font size="5">Genome size</font><br /> <br /> This is for listing genome size information.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <font size="4">External links</font><br /> [http://genomesize.org GenomeSize.org]: openfree genome size site.<br /> [http://genomesize.com Genomesize.com]: Animal Genome Sze DB by [[Ryan Gregory, Canada]]<br /> &nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 7b01184585ce67acb417d36b67b11136986a06e3 3196 3193 2010-11-08T11:39:00Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font size="5">Genome size</font><br /> <br /> <span style="font-size: small">This is for listing genome size information.<br /> <br /> [[What is genome size?]]<br /> </span><br /> <font size="4">External links</font><br /> [http://genomesize.org GenomeSize.org]: openfree genome size site.<br /> [http://genomesize.com Genomesize.com]: Animal Genome Sze DB by [[Ryan Gregory, Canada]]<br /> &nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> b41cba7490f72e5b615b5629951118eb1c0c1876 0 1923 3194 2010-11-08T11:37:28Z WikiSysop 1 Created page with "<p><span class="infl-inline"><b>picogram</b> (<i>plural</i>&nbsp;<span class="form-of plural-form-of lang-en"><b><a title="picograms" href="/wiki/picograms#English"><font color="..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span class="infl-inline"><b>picogram</b> (<i>plural</i>&nbsp;<span class="form-of plural-form-of lang-en"><b><a title="picograms" href="/wiki/picograms#English"><font color="#0645ad">picograms</font></a></b></span>)</span></p> <ol> <li>A unit of <a title="mass" href="/wiki/mass"><font color="#0645ad">mass</font></a> equal to 0.000&nbsp;000&nbsp;000&nbsp;001 <a title="gram" href="/wiki/gram"><font color="#0645ad">grams</font></a>. Symbol: <a title="pg" href="/wiki/pg"><font color="#0645ad">pg</font></a></li> </ol> eb1e8567ac96feac9d252f2ce79a74673a493ff1 3195 3194 2010-11-08T11:37:40Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span class="infl-inline"><b>picogram</b> (<i>plural</i>&nbsp;<span class="form-of plural-form-of lang-en"><b><a title="picograms" href="/wiki/picograms#English"><font color="#0645ad">picograms</font></a></b></span>)</span></p> <ol> <li>A unit of <a title="mass" href="/wiki/mass"><font color="#0645ad">mass</font></a> equal to 0.000&nbsp;000&nbsp;000&nbsp;001 <a title="gram" href="/wiki/gram"><font color="#0645ad">grams</font></a>. Symbol: <a title="pg" href="/wiki/pg"><font color="#0645ad">pg</font></a></li> </ol> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> d582192bf4d0c126200bc94d84729c4981a16d28 0 1924 3197 2010-11-08T11:39:36Z WikiSysop 1 Created page with "<p><b>Genome size</b> is the total amount of DNA contained within one copy of a genome. It is typically measured in terms of mass in picograms (trillionths (10^{<font size="2"..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p><b>Genome size</b> is the total amount of DNA contained within one copy of a genome. It is typically measured in terms of mass in picograms (trillionths (10^{<font size="2">&minus;12</font>}) of a gram, abbreviated pg) or less frequently in Daltons or as the total number of nucleotide base pairs typically in megabases (millions of base pairs, abbreviated Mb or Mbp). One picogram equals 978 megabases.<sup id="cite_ref-Dolezel2003_0-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[1]</font>} In diploid organisms, genome size is used interchangeably with the term C-value. An organism's complexity is not directly proportional to its genome size; some single cell organisms have much more DNA than humans (see Junk DNA and C-value enigma).</p> <p> <table id="toc" class="toc"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2> <span class="toctoggle"><font size="2">[</font><font size="2">hide</font><font size="2">]</font></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Origin of the term</span></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Variation in genome size and gene content</span></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Genome reduction</span> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Genome reduction in obligate endosymbiotic species</span></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Conversion from picograms (pg) to base pairs (bp)</span></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "show"; var tocHideText = "hide"; showTocToggle(); } //]]> </script> </p> <h2><span id="Origin_of_the_term" class="mw-headline">Origin of the term</span></h2> <p>The term &quot;genome size&quot; is often erroneously attributed to Hinegardner<sup id="cite_ref-Hinegardner1976_1-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[2]</font></sup>, even in discussions dealing specifically with terminology in this area of research (e.g., Greilhuber, 2005<sup id="cite_ref-Greilhuber2005_2-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[3]</font></sup>). Notably, Hinegardner<sup id="cite_ref-Hinegardner1976_1-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[2]</font></sup> used the term only once: in the title. The term actually seems to have first appeared in 1968 when Hinegardner wondered, in the last paragraph of his article, whether &quot;cellular DNA content does, in fact, reflect genome size&quot;.<sup id="cite_ref-Hinegardner1968_3-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[4]</font></sup> In this context, &quot;genome size&quot; was being used in the sense of genotype to mean the number of genes. In a paper submitted only two months later (in February 1969), Wolf et al. (1969)<sup id="cite_ref-Wolf1969_4-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[5]</font></sup> used the term &quot;genome size&quot; throughout and in its present usage; therefore these authors should probably be credited with originating the term in its modern sense. By the early 1970s, &quot;genome size&quot; was in common usage with its present definition, probably as a result of its inclusion in Susumu Ohno's influential book <i>Evolution by Gene Duplication</i>, published in 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-Ohno1970_5-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[6]</font></sup></p> <h2><span id="Variation_in_genome_size_and_gene_content" class="mw-headline">Variation in genome size and gene content</span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width: 252px" class="thumbinner"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Genome_Sizes.png/250px-Genome_Sizes.png" width="250" height="177" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><img alt="" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" /></div> Genome Sizes</div> </div> </div> <p>The genome sizes of thousands of eukaryotes have been analyzed over the past 50 years, and these data are available in online databases for animals, plants, and fungi (see external links). Nuclear genome size is typically measured in eukaryotes using either densitometric measurements of Feulgen-stained nuclei (previously using specialized densitometers, now more commonly using computerized image analysis<sup id="cite_ref-Hardie2002_6-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[7]</font></sup>) or flow cytometry. In prokaryotes, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and complete genome sequencing are the predominant methods of genome size determination. Nuclear genome sizes are well known to vary enormously among eukaryotic species. In animals they range more than 3,300-fold, and in land plants they differ by a factor of about 1,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Bennett2005_7-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[8]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gregory2005_8-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[9]</font></sup> Protist genomes have been reported to vary more than 300,000-fold in size, but the high end of this range (<i>Amoeba</i>) has been called into question. In eukaryotes (but not prokaryotes), variation in genome size is not proportional to the number of genes, an observation that was deemed wholly counterintuitive before the discovery of non-coding DNA and which became known as the C-value paradox as a result. However, although there is no longer any paradoxical aspect to the discrepancy between genome size and gene number, this term remains in common usage. For reasons of conceptual clarification, the various puzzles that remain with regard to genome size variation instead have been suggested by one author to more accurately comprise a puzzle or an enigma (the C-value enigma). Genome size correlates with a range of features at the cell and organism levels, including cell size, cell division rate, and, depending on the taxon, body size, metabolic rate, developmental rate, organ complexity, geographical distribution, and/or extinction risk (for recent reviews, see Bennett and Leitch 2005<sup id="cite_ref-Bennett2005_7-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[8]</font></sup>; Gregory 2005<sup id="cite_ref-Gregory2005_8-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[9]</font></sup>). Based on completely sequenced genome data currently (as of April 2009) available, log-transformed gene number forms a linear correlation with log-transformed genome size in bacteria, archea, viruses, and organelles combined whereas a nonlinear (semi-natural log) correlation in eukaryotes (Hou and Lin 2009 <sup id="cite_ref-Hou2009_9-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[10]</font></sup>). The nonlinear correlation for eukaryotes, although claim of its existence contrasts the previous view that no correlation exists for this group of organisms, reflects disproportinately fast increasing noncoding DNA in increasingly large eukaryotic genomes. Although sequenced genome data are practically biased toward small genomes, which may compromise the accuracy of the empirically derived correlation, and the ultimate proof of the correlation remains to be obtained by sequencing some of the largest eukaryotic genomes, current data do not seem to rule out a correlation.</p> <h2><span id="Genome_reduction" class="mw-headline">Genome reduction</span></h2> <p><b>Genome reduction</b>, also known as <b>Genome degradation</b>, is the process by which a genome shrinks relative to its ancestor. Genomes fluctuate in size regularly, especially in Bacteria, but in some situations a genome has drastically lost content during some period.</p> <p>The most evolutionary significant cases of genome reduction may be the eukaryotic organelles that are derived from bacteria: the mitochondrion and plastid. These organelles are descended from endosymbionts, which can only survive within the host cell and which the host cell likewise needs for survival. Many mitochondria have less than 20 genes in their entire genome, whereas a free-living bacterium generally has at least 1000 genes. Many genes have been transferred to the host nucleus, while others have simply been lost and their function replaced by host processes.</p> <p>Other bacteria have become endosymbionts or obligate intracellular pathogens and experienced extensive genome reduction as a result. This process seems to be dominated by genetic drift resulting from small population size, low recombination rates, and high mutation rates, as opposed to selection for smaller genomes.</p> <p>Some free-living marine bacterioplanktons also shows signs of genome reduction, which are hypothesized to be driven by natural selection.<sup id="cite_ref-Dufresne2005_10-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[11]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Giovannoni2005_11-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[12]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Giovannoni2008_12-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[13]</font></sup></p> <h3><span id="Genome_reduction_in_obligate_endosymbiotic_species" class="mw-headline">Genome reduction in obligate endosymbiotic species</span></h3> <p><b>Obligate endosymbiotic species</b> are characterized by a complete inability to survive external to their <b>host</b> environment. These species have become a considerable threat to human health, as they are often highly capable of evading human immune systems and manipulating the host environment to acquire nutrients. A common explanation for these keen manipulative abilities is the <b>compact</b> and <b>efficient</b> genomic structure consistently found in obligate endosymbionts. This compact genome structure is the result of massive losses of extraneous DNA - an occurrence that is exclusively associated with the loss of a free-living stage. In fact, as much as 90% of the genetic material can be lost when a species makes the evolutionary transition from a <b>free-living</b> to <b>obligate intracellular</b> lifestyle. Common examples of species with reduced genomes include: <i>Buchnera aphidicola</i>, <i>Rickettsia prowazekii</i> and <i>Mycobacterium leprae</i>. One obligate endosymbiont of psyllid, <i>Candidatus Carsonella ruddii</i>, has the smallest genome currently known among cellular organisms at 160kb.<sup id="cite_ref-Nakabachi2006_13-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[14]</font></sup> It is important to note, however, that some obligate intracellular species have positive fitness effects on their hosts. (See also mutualists and parasites.)</p> <p>The <b>reductive evolution model</b> has been proposed as an effort to define the genomic commonalities seen in all obligate endosymbionts.<sup id="cite_ref-Wernegreen2005_14-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[15]</font></sup> This model illustrates four general features of reduced genomes and obligate intracellular species:</p> <ol> <li>&lsquo;genome streamlining&rsquo; resulting from relaxed selection on genes that are superfluous in the intracellular environment;</li> <li>a bias towards deletions (rather than insertions), which heavily affects genes that have been disrupted by accumulation of mutations (pseudogenes)<sup id="cite_ref-Moran2004_15-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[16]</font></sup>;</li> <li>very little or no capability for acquiring new DNA; and</li> <li>considerable reduction of effective population size in endosymbiotic populations, particularly in species that rely on vertical transmission.</li> </ol> <p>Based on this model, it is clear that endosymbionts face different adaptive challenges than free-living species.</p> <h2><span id="Conversion_from_picograms_.28pg.29_to_base_pairs_.28bp.29" class="mw-headline">Conversion from picograms (pg) to base pairs (bp)</span></h2> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: C-value</div> <dl><dd><img class="tex" alt="\text{number of base pairs} = \text{mass in pg}\times0.978\times10^9" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/8/c/9/8c90d61ecd0582de9bbf6cfdf03d9f95.png" /></dd></dl> <p>or simply:</p> <dl><dd><span class="texhtml"><font face="바탕">1pg = 978Mb</font></span><sup id="cite_ref-Dolezel2003_0-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[1]</font></sup></dd></dl> <h2><span id="See_also" class="mw-headline">See also</span></h2> <ul> <li>Comparison of different genome sizes</li> <li>Animal Genome Size Database</li> <li>Cell nucleus</li> <li>Comparative genomics</li> <li>C-value</li> <li>C-value enigma</li> <li>Genome</li> <li>Human genome</li> <li>Junk DNA</li> <li>Noncoding DNA</li> <li>Plant DNA C-values Database</li> <li>Selfish DNA</li> <li>Transposable elements</li> </ul> <h2><span id="References" class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <div style="column-count: 2; -moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2" class="references-small references-column-count references-column-count-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Dolezel2003-0">^ ^{<i><b><font size="2">a</font></b></i>} ^{<i><b><font size="2">b</font></b></i>} <span class="citation Journal">Dolezel J, Barto&scaron; J, Voglmayr H, Greilhuber J (2003). &quot;Nuclear DNA content and genome size of trout and human&quot;. <i>Cytometry A</i> <b>51</b> (2): 127&ndash;128. doi:10.1002/cyto.a.10013. PMID&nbsp;12541287.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Nuclear+DNA+content+and+genome+size+of+trout+and+human&amp;rft.jtitle=Cytometry+A&amp;rft.aulast=Dolezel+J%2C+Barto%C5%A1+J%2C+Voglmayr+H%2C+Greilhuber+J&amp;rft.au=Dolezel+J%2C+Barto%C5%A1+J%2C+Voglmayr+H%2C+Greilhuber+J&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=51&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=127%E2%80%93128&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1002%2Fcyto.a.10013&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12541287&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Hinegardner1976-1">^ ^{<i><b><font size="2">a</font></b></i>} ^{<i><b><font size="2">b</font></b></i>} <span class="citation book">Hinegardner R (1976). &quot;Evolution of genome size&quot;. In F.J. Ayala. <i>Molecular Evolution</i>. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland. pp.&nbsp;179&ndash;199.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Evolution+of+genome+size&amp;rft.atitle=Molecular+Evolution&amp;rft.aulast=Hinegardner+R&amp;rft.au=Hinegardner+R&amp;rft.date=1976&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B179%E2%80%93199&amp;rft.pub=Sinauer+Associates%2C+Inc.%2C+Sunderland&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Greilhuber2005-2"><b>^</b> <span class="citation Journal">Greilhuber J, Doležel J, Lys&aacute;k M, Bennett MD (2005). &quot;The origin, evolution and proposed stabilization of the terms 'genome size' and 'C-value' to describe nuclear DNA contents&quot;. <i>Annals of Botany</i> <b>95</b> (1): 255&ndash;260. doi:10.1093/aob/mci019. PMID&nbsp;15596473.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+origin%2C+evolution+and+proposed+stabilization+of+the+terms+%27genome+size%27+and+%27C-value%27+to+describe+nuclear+DNA+contents&amp;rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Botany&amp;rft.aulast=Greilhuber+J%2C+Dole%C5%BEel+J%2C+Lys%C3%A1k+M%2C+Bennett+MD&amp;rft.au=Greilhuber+J%2C+Dole%C5%BEel+J%2C+Lys%C3%A1k+M%2C+Bennett+MD&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=95&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=255%E2%80%93260&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Faob%2Fmci019&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15596473&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Hinegardner1968-3"><b>^</b> <span class="citation Journal">Hinegardner R (1968). &quot;Evolution of cellular DNA content in teleost fishes&quot;. <i>American Naturalist</i> <b>102</b>: 517&ndash;523. doi:10.1086/282564.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Evolution+of+cellular+DNA+content+in+teleost+fishes&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Naturalist&amp;rft.aulast=Hinegardner+R&amp;rft.au=Hinegardner+R&amp;rft.date=1968&amp;rft.volume=102&amp;rft.pages=517%E2%80%93523&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1086%2F282564&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Wolf1969-4"><b>^</b> <span class="citation Journal">Wolf U, Ritter H, Atkin NB, Ohno S (1969). &quot;Polyploidization in the fish family Cyprinidae, Order Cypriniformes. I. DNA-content and chromosome sets in various species of Cyprinidae&quot;. <i>Humangenetik</i> <b>7</b> (3): 240&ndash;244. PMID&nbsp;5800705.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Polyploidization+in+the+fish+family+Cyprinidae%2C+Order+Cypriniformes.+I.+DNA-content+and+chromosome+sets+in+various+species+of+Cyprinidae&amp;rft.jtitle=Humangenetik&amp;rft.aulast=Wolf+U%2C+Ritter+H%2C+Atkin+NB%2C+Ohno+S&amp;rft.au=Wolf+U%2C+Ritter+H%2C+Atkin+NB%2C+Ohno+S&amp;rft.date=1969&amp;rft.volume=7&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=240%E2%80%93244&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/5800705&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Ohno1970-5"><b>^</b> <span class="citation book">Ohno S (1970). <i>Evolution by Gene Duplication</i>. New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN&nbsp;0045750157.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Evolution+by+Gene+Duplication&amp;rft.aulast=Ohno+S&amp;rft.au=Ohno+S&amp;rft.date=1970&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&amp;rft.isbn=0045750157&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Hardie2002-6"><b>^</b> <span class="citation Journal">Hardie DC, Gregory TR, Hebert PDN (2002). &quot;From pixels to picograms: a beginners' guide to genome quantification by Feulgen image analysis densitometry&quot;. <i>Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry</i> <b>50</b> (6): 735&ndash;749. PMID&nbsp;12019291.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=From+pixels+to+picograms%3A+a+beginners%27+guide+to+genome+quantification+by+Feulgen+image+analysis+densitometry&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Histochemistry+and+Cytochemistry&amp;rft.aulast=Hardie+DC%2C+Gregory+TR%2C+Hebert+PDN&amp;rft.au=Hardie+DC%2C+Gregory+TR%2C+Hebert+PDN&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.volume=50&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=735%E2%80%93749&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12019291&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Bennett2005-7">^ ^{<i><b><font size="2">a</font></b></i>} ^{<i><b><font size="2">b</font></b></i>} <span class="citation book">Bennett MD, Leitch IJ (2005). &quot;Genome size evolution in plants&quot;. In T.R. Gregory. <i>The Evolution of the Genome</i>. San Diego: Elsevier. pp.&nbsp;89&ndash;162.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Genome+size+evolution+in+plants&amp;rft.atitle=%5B%5BThe+Evolution+of+the+Genome%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Bennett+MD%2C+Leitch+IJ&amp;rft.au=Bennett+MD%2C+Leitch+IJ&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B89%E2%80%93162&amp;rft.place=San+Diego&amp;rft.pub=Elsevier&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Gregory2005-8">^ ^{<i><b><font size="2">a</font></b></i>} ^{<i><b><font size="2">b</font></b></i>} <span class="citation book">Gregory TR (2005). &quot;Genome size evolution in animals&quot;. In T.R. Gregory. <i>The Evolution of the Genome</i>. San Diego: Elsevier. pp.&nbsp;3&ndash;87.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Genome+size+evolution+in+animals&amp;rft.atitle=%5B%5BThe+Evolution+of+the+Genome%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Gregory+TR&amp;rft.au=Gregory+TR&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B3%E2%80%9387&amp;rft.place=San+Diego&amp;rft.pub=Elsevier&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Hou2009-9"><b>^</b> <span class="citation Journal">Hou Y, Lin S (2009). &quot;Distinct Gene Number- Genome Size Relationships for Eukaryotes and Non-Eukaryotes: Gene Content Estimation for Dinoflagellate Genomes&quot;. <i>PLoS ONE</i> <b>4</b> (9): e6978.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Distinct+Gene+Number-+Genome+Size+Relationships+for+Eukaryotes+and+Non-Eukaryotes%3A+Gene+Content+Estimation+for+Dinoflagellate+Genomes&amp;rft.jtitle=PLoS+ONE&amp;rft.aulast=Hou+Y%2C+Lin+S&amp;rft.au=Hou+Y%2C+Lin+S&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.volume=4&amp;rft.issue=9&amp;rft.pages=e6978&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Dufresne2005-10"><b>^</b> <span class="citation Journal">Dufresne A, Garczarek L, Partensky F (2005). &quot;Accelerated evolution associated with genome reduction in a free-living prokaryote&quot;. <i>Genome Biol</i> <b>6</b>: R14.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Accelerated+evolution+associated+with+genome+reduction+in+a+free-living+prokaryote&amp;rft.jtitle=Genome+Biol&amp;rft.aulast=Dufresne+A%2C+Garczarek+L%2C+Partensky+F&amp;rft.au=Dufresne+A%2C+Garczarek+L%2C+Partensky+F&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=6&amp;rft.pages=R14&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Giovannoni2005-11"><b>^</b> <span class="citation Journal">Giovannoni SJ, et al. (2005). &quot;Genome streamlining in a cosmopolitan oceanic bacterium&quot;. <i>Science</i> <b>309</b> (5738): 1242&ndash;1245. doi:10.1126/science.1114057. PMID&nbsp;16109880.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+streamlining+in+a+cosmopolitan+oceanic+bacterium&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Giovannoni+SJ%2C+et+al.&amp;rft.au=Giovannoni+SJ%2C+et+al.&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=309&amp;rft.issue=5738&amp;rft.pages=1242%E2%80%931245&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.1114057&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16109880&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Giovannoni2008-12"><b>^</b> <span class="citation Journal">Giovannoni SJ, et al. (2008). &quot;The small genome of an abundant coastal ocean methylotroph&quot;. <i>Environmental Microbiology</i> <b>10</b> (7): 1771&ndash;1782. doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01598.x. PMID&nbsp;18393994.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+small+genome+of+an+abundant+coastal+ocean+methylotroph&amp;rft.jtitle=Environmental+Microbiology&amp;rft.aulast=Giovannoni+SJ%2C+et+al.&amp;rft.au=Giovannoni+SJ%2C+et+al.&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=10&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.pages=1771%E2%80%931782&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1111%2Fj.1462-2920.2008.01598.x&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18393994&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Nakabachi2006-13"><b>^</b> <span class="citation Journal">Nakabachi A, et al. (2006). &quot;The 160-kilobase genome of the bacterial endosymbiont <i>Carsonella</i>&quot;. <i>Science</i> <b>314</b>: 267&ndash;267. doi:10.1126/science.1134196.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+160-kilobase+genome+of+the+bacterial+endosymbiont+%27%27Carsonella%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Nakabachi+A%2C+et+al.&amp;rft.au=Nakabachi+A%2C+et+al.&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=314&amp;rft.pages=267%E2%80%93267&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.1134196&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Wernegreen2005-14"><b>^</b> <span class="citation Journal">Wernegreen J (2005). &quot;For better or worse: Genomic consequences of genomic mutualism and parasitism&quot; (PDF). <i>Current Opinion in Genetics and Development</i> <b>15</b>: 1&ndash;12<span class="printonly">. http://journals2005.pasteur.ac.ir/COGD/15(6).pdf#page=10</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=For+better+or+worse%3A+Genomic+consequences+of+genomic+mutualism+and+parasitism&amp;rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Genetics+and+Development&amp;rft.aulast=Wernegreen+J&amp;rft.au=Wernegreen+J&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=15&amp;rft.pages=1%E2%80%9312&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals2005.pasteur.ac.ir%2FCOGD%2F15%286%29.pdf%23page%3D10&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Moran2004-15"><b>^</b> <span class="citation Journal">Moran NA, Plague GR (2004). &quot;Genomic changes following host restriction in bacteria&quot;. <i>Current Opinion in Genetics &amp; Development</i> <b>14</b>: 627&ndash;633. doi:10.1016/j.gde.2004.09.003.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genomic+changes+following+host+restriction+in+bacteria&amp;rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Genetics+%26+Development&amp;rft.aulast=Moran+NA%2C+Plague+GR&amp;rft.au=Moran+NA%2C+Plague+GR&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=14&amp;rft.pages=627%E2%80%93633&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.gde.2004.09.003&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> </ol> </div> <h3><span id="Further_reading" class="mw-headline">Further reading</span></h3> <ul> <li><a class="external text" href="http://www.chlamydiae.com/docs/Chlamydiales/ev_genomedegradn.asp" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">Evolution of Chlamydiaceae</font></a></li> <li><span class="citation Journal">Andersson JO Andersson SG (1999). <a class="external text" href="http://mbe.oupjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/16/9/1178" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Genome degradation is an ongoing process in Rickettsia&quot;</font></a>. <i>Molecular Biology and Evolution</i> <b>16</b> (9): 1178&ndash;1191. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10486973" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10486973</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://mbe.oupjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/16/9/1178" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://mbe.oupjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/16/9/1178</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+degradation+is+an+ongoing+process+in+Rickettsia&amp;rft.jtitle=Molecular+Biology+and+Evolution&amp;rft.aulast=Andersson+JO+Andersson+SG&amp;rft.au=Andersson+JO+Andersson+SG&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.volume=16&amp;rft.issue=9&amp;rft.pages=1178%E2%80%931191&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/10486973&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmbe.oupjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F16%2F9%2F1178&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> </ul> <h2><span id="External_links" class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" href="http://www.genomesize.com" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">Animal Genome Size Database</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="http://www.rbgkew.org.uk/cval/homepage.html" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">Plant DNA C-values Database</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="http://www.zbi.ee/fungal-genomesize/index.php" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">Fungal Genome Size Database</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/FD/" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">Fungal Database</font></a> &mdash; by CBS</li> </ul> 9f69b14cf5fde69aff2a2ff1e858018f329e783b 3198 3197 2010-11-08T11:39:49Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><b>Genome size</b> is the total amount of DNA contained within one copy of a genome. It is typically measured in terms of mass in picograms (trillionths (10^{<font size="2">&minus;12</font>}) of a gram, abbreviated pg) or less frequently in Daltons or as the total number of nucleotide base pairs typically in megabases (millions of base pairs, abbreviated Mb or Mbp). One picogram equals 978 megabases.<sup id="cite_ref-Dolezel2003_0-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[1]</font></sup> In diploid organisms, genome size is used interchangeably with the term C-value. An organism's complexity is not directly proportional to its genome size; some single cell organisms have much more DNA than humans (see Junk DNA and C-value enigma).</p> <h2><span id="Origin_of_the_term" class="mw-headline">Origin of the term</span></h2> <p>The term &quot;genome size&quot; is often erroneously attributed to Hinegardner<sup id="cite_ref-Hinegardner1976_1-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[2]</font></sup>, even in discussions dealing specifically with terminology in this area of research (e.g., Greilhuber, 2005<sup id="cite_ref-Greilhuber2005_2-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[3]</font></sup>). Notably, Hinegardner<sup id="cite_ref-Hinegardner1976_1-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[2]</font></sup> used the term only once: in the title. The term actually seems to have first appeared in 1968 when Hinegardner wondered, in the last paragraph of his article, whether &quot;cellular DNA content does, in fact, reflect genome size&quot;.<sup id="cite_ref-Hinegardner1968_3-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[4]</font></sup> In this context, &quot;genome size&quot; was being used in the sense of genotype to mean the number of genes. In a paper submitted only two months later (in February 1969), Wolf et al. (1969)<sup id="cite_ref-Wolf1969_4-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[5]</font></sup> used the term &quot;genome size&quot; throughout and in its present usage; therefore these authors should probably be credited with originating the term in its modern sense. By the early 1970s, &quot;genome size&quot; was in common usage with its present definition, probably as a result of its inclusion in Susumu Ohno's influential book <i>Evolution by Gene Duplication</i>, published in 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-Ohno1970_5-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[6]</font></sup></p> <h2><span id="Variation_in_genome_size_and_gene_content" class="mw-headline">Variation in genome size and gene content</span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width: 252px" class="thumbinner"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="250" height="177" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Genome_Sizes.png/250px-Genome_Sizes.png" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></div> Genome Sizes</div> </div> </div> <p>The genome sizes of thousands of eukaryotes have been analyzed over the past 50 years, and these data are available in online databases for animals, plants, and fungi (see external links). Nuclear genome size is typically measured in eukaryotes using either densitometric measurements of Feulgen-stained nuclei (previously using specialized densitometers, now more commonly using computerized image analysis<sup id="cite_ref-Hardie2002_6-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[7]</font></sup>) or flow cytometry. In prokaryotes, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and complete genome sequencing are the predominant methods of genome size determination. Nuclear genome sizes are well known to vary enormously among eukaryotic species. In animals they range more than 3,300-fold, and in land plants they differ by a factor of about 1,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Bennett2005_7-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[8]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gregory2005_8-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[9]</font></sup> Protist genomes have been reported to vary more than 300,000-fold in size, but the high end of this range (<i>Amoeba</i>) has been called into question. In eukaryotes (but not prokaryotes), variation in genome size is not proportional to the number of genes, an observation that was deemed wholly counterintuitive before the discovery of non-coding DNA and which became known as the C-value paradox as a result. However, although there is no longer any paradoxical aspect to the discrepancy between genome size and gene number, this term remains in common usage. For reasons of conceptual clarification, the various puzzles that remain with regard to genome size variation instead have been suggested by one author to more accurately comprise a puzzle or an enigma (the C-value enigma). Genome size correlates with a range of features at the cell and organism levels, including cell size, cell division rate, and, depending on the taxon, body size, metabolic rate, developmental rate, organ complexity, geographical distribution, and/or extinction risk (for recent reviews, see Bennett and Leitch 2005<sup id="cite_ref-Bennett2005_7-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[8]</font></sup>; Gregory 2005<sup id="cite_ref-Gregory2005_8-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[9]</font></sup>). Based on completely sequenced genome data currently (as of April 2009) available, log-transformed gene number forms a linear correlation with log-transformed genome size in bacteria, archea, viruses, and organelles combined whereas a nonlinear (semi-natural log) correlation in eukaryotes (Hou and Lin 2009 <sup id="cite_ref-Hou2009_9-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[10]</font></sup>). The nonlinear correlation for eukaryotes, although claim of its existence contrasts the previous view that no correlation exists for this group of organisms, reflects disproportinately fast increasing noncoding DNA in increasingly large eukaryotic genomes. Although sequenced genome data are practically biased toward small genomes, which may compromise the accuracy of the empirically derived correlation, and the ultimate proof of the correlation remains to be obtained by sequencing some of the largest eukaryotic genomes, current data do not seem to rule out a correlation.</p> <h2><span id="Genome_reduction" class="mw-headline">Genome reduction</span></h2> <p><b>Genome reduction</b>, also known as <b>Genome degradation</b>, is the process by which a genome shrinks relative to its ancestor. Genomes fluctuate in size regularly, especially in Bacteria, but in some situations a genome has drastically lost content during some period.</p> <p>The most evolutionary significant cases of genome reduction may be the eukaryotic organelles that are derived from bacteria: the mitochondrion and plastid. These organelles are descended from endosymbionts, which can only survive within the host cell and which the host cell likewise needs for survival. Many mitochondria have less than 20 genes in their entire genome, whereas a free-living bacterium generally has at least 1000 genes. Many genes have been transferred to the host nucleus, while others have simply been lost and their function replaced by host processes.</p> <p>Other bacteria have become endosymbionts or obligate intracellular pathogens and experienced extensive genome reduction as a result. This process seems to be dominated by genetic drift resulting from small population size, low recombination rates, and high mutation rates, as opposed to selection for smaller genomes.</p> <p>Some free-living marine bacterioplanktons also shows signs of genome reduction, which are hypothesized to be driven by natural selection.<sup id="cite_ref-Dufresne2005_10-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[11]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Giovannoni2005_11-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[12]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Giovannoni2008_12-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[13]</font></sup></p> <h3><span id="Genome_reduction_in_obligate_endosymbiotic_species" class="mw-headline">Genome reduction in obligate endosymbiotic species</span></h3> <p><b>Obligate endosymbiotic species</b> are characterized by a complete inability to survive external to their <b>host</b> environment. These species have become a considerable threat to human health, as they are often highly capable of evading human immune systems and manipulating the host environment to acquire nutrients. A common explanation for these keen manipulative abilities is the <b>compact</b> and <b>efficient</b> genomic structure consistently found in obligate endosymbionts. This compact genome structure is the result of massive losses of extraneous DNA - an occurrence that is exclusively associated with the loss of a free-living stage. In fact, as much as 90% of the genetic material can be lost when a species makes the evolutionary transition from a <b>free-living</b> to <b>obligate intracellular</b> lifestyle. Common examples of species with reduced genomes include: <i>Buchnera aphidicola</i>, <i>Rickettsia prowazekii</i> and <i>Mycobacterium leprae</i>. One obligate endosymbiont of psyllid, <i>Candidatus Carsonella ruddii</i>, has the smallest genome currently known among cellular organisms at 160kb.<sup id="cite_ref-Nakabachi2006_13-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[14]</font></sup> It is important to note, however, that some obligate intracellular species have positive fitness effects on their hosts. (See also mutualists and parasites.)</p> <p>The <b>reductive evolution model</b> has been proposed as an effort to define the genomic commonalities seen in all obligate endosymbionts.<sup id="cite_ref-Wernegreen2005_14-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[15]</font></sup> This model illustrates four general features of reduced genomes and obligate intracellular species:</p> <ol> <li>&lsquo;genome streamlining&rsquo; resulting from relaxed selection on genes that are superfluous in the intracellular environment;</li> <li>a bias towards deletions (rather than insertions), which heavily affects genes that have been disrupted by accumulation of mutations (pseudogenes)<sup id="cite_ref-Moran2004_15-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[16]</font></sup>;</li> <li>very little or no capability for acquiring new DNA; and</li> <li>considerable reduction of effective population size in endosymbiotic populations, particularly in species that rely on vertical transmission.</li> </ol> <p>Based on this model, it is clear that endosymbionts face different adaptive challenges than free-living species.</p> <h2><span id="Conversion_from_picograms_.28pg.29_to_base_pairs_.28bp.29" class="mw-headline">Conversion from picograms (pg) to base pairs (bp)</span></h2> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: C-value</div> <dl><dd><img class="tex" alt="\text{number of base pairs} = \text{mass in pg}\times0.978\times10^9" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/8/c/9/8c90d61ecd0582de9bbf6cfdf03d9f95.png" /></dd></dl> <p>or simply:</p> <dl><dd><span class="texhtml"><font face="바탕">1pg = 978Mb</font></span><sup id="cite_ref-Dolezel2003_0-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[1]</font></sup></dd></dl> <h2><span id="See_also" class="mw-headline">See also</span></h2> <ul> <li>Comparison of different genome sizes</li> <li>Animal Genome Size Database</li> <li>Cell nucleus</li> <li>Comparative genomics</li> <li>C-value</li> <li>C-value enigma</li> <li>Genome</li> <li>Human genome</li> <li>Junk DNA</li> <li>Noncoding DNA</li> <li>Plant DNA C-values Database</li> <li>Selfish DNA</li> <li>Transposable elements</li> </ul> <h2><span id="References" class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <div style="column-count: 2; -moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2" class="references-small references-column-count references-column-count-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Dolezel2003-0">^ ^{<i><b><font size="2">a</font></b></i>} ^{<i><b><font size="2">b</font></b></i>} <span class="citation Journal">Dolezel J, Barto&scaron; J, Voglmayr H, Greilhuber J (2003). &quot;Nuclear DNA content and genome size of trout and human&quot;. <i>Cytometry A</i> <b>51</b> (2): 127&ndash;128. doi:10.1002/cyto.a.10013. PMID&nbsp;12541287.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Nuclear+DNA+content+and+genome+size+of+trout+and+human&amp;rft.jtitle=Cytometry+A&amp;rft.aulast=Dolezel+J%2C+Barto%C5%A1+J%2C+Voglmayr+H%2C+Greilhuber+J&amp;rft.au=Dolezel+J%2C+Barto%C5%A1+J%2C+Voglmayr+H%2C+Greilhuber+J&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=51&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=127%E2%80%93128&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1002%2Fcyto.a.10013&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12541287&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Hinegardner1976-1">^ ^{<i><b><font size="2">a</font></b></i>} ^{<i><b><font size="2">b</font></b></i>} <span class="citation book">Hinegardner R (1976). &quot;Evolution of genome size&quot;. In F.J. Ayala. <i>Molecular Evolution</i>. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland. pp.&nbsp;179&ndash;199.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Evolution+of+genome+size&amp;rft.atitle=Molecular+Evolution&amp;rft.aulast=Hinegardner+R&amp;rft.au=Hinegardner+R&amp;rft.date=1976&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B179%E2%80%93199&amp;rft.pub=Sinauer+Associates%2C+Inc.%2C+Sunderland&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Greilhuber2005-2"><b>^</b> <span class="citation Journal">Greilhuber J, Doležel J, Lys&aacute;k M, Bennett MD (2005). &quot;The origin, evolution and proposed stabilization of the terms 'genome size' and 'C-value' to describe nuclear DNA contents&quot;. <i>Annals of Botany</i> <b>95</b> (1): 255&ndash;260. doi:10.1093/aob/mci019. PMID&nbsp;15596473.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+origin%2C+evolution+and+proposed+stabilization+of+the+terms+%27genome+size%27+and+%27C-value%27+to+describe+nuclear+DNA+contents&amp;rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Botany&amp;rft.aulast=Greilhuber+J%2C+Dole%C5%BEel+J%2C+Lys%C3%A1k+M%2C+Bennett+MD&amp;rft.au=Greilhuber+J%2C+Dole%C5%BEel+J%2C+Lys%C3%A1k+M%2C+Bennett+MD&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=95&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=255%E2%80%93260&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Faob%2Fmci019&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15596473&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Hinegardner1968-3"><b>^</b> <span class="citation Journal">Hinegardner R (1968). &quot;Evolution of cellular DNA content in teleost fishes&quot;. <i>American Naturalist</i> <b>102</b>: 517&ndash;523. doi:10.1086/282564.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Evolution+of+cellular+DNA+content+in+teleost+fishes&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Naturalist&amp;rft.aulast=Hinegardner+R&amp;rft.au=Hinegardner+R&amp;rft.date=1968&amp;rft.volume=102&amp;rft.pages=517%E2%80%93523&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1086%2F282564&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Wolf1969-4"><b>^</b> <span class="citation Journal">Wolf U, Ritter H, Atkin NB, Ohno S (1969). &quot;Polyploidization in the fish family Cyprinidae, Order Cypriniformes. I. DNA-content and chromosome sets in various species of Cyprinidae&quot;. <i>Humangenetik</i> <b>7</b> (3): 240&ndash;244. PMID&nbsp;5800705.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Polyploidization+in+the+fish+family+Cyprinidae%2C+Order+Cypriniformes.+I.+DNA-content+and+chromosome+sets+in+various+species+of+Cyprinidae&amp;rft.jtitle=Humangenetik&amp;rft.aulast=Wolf+U%2C+Ritter+H%2C+Atkin+NB%2C+Ohno+S&amp;rft.au=Wolf+U%2C+Ritter+H%2C+Atkin+NB%2C+Ohno+S&amp;rft.date=1969&amp;rft.volume=7&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=240%E2%80%93244&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/5800705&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Ohno1970-5"><b>^</b> <span class="citation book">Ohno S (1970). <i>Evolution by Gene Duplication</i>. New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN&nbsp;0045750157.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Evolution+by+Gene+Duplication&amp;rft.aulast=Ohno+S&amp;rft.au=Ohno+S&amp;rft.date=1970&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&amp;rft.isbn=0045750157&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Hardie2002-6"><b>^</b> <span class="citation Journal">Hardie DC, Gregory TR, Hebert PDN (2002). &quot;From pixels to picograms: a beginners' guide to genome quantification by Feulgen image analysis densitometry&quot;. <i>Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry</i> <b>50</b> (6): 735&ndash;749. PMID&nbsp;12019291.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=From+pixels+to+picograms%3A+a+beginners%27+guide+to+genome+quantification+by+Feulgen+image+analysis+densitometry&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Histochemistry+and+Cytochemistry&amp;rft.aulast=Hardie+DC%2C+Gregory+TR%2C+Hebert+PDN&amp;rft.au=Hardie+DC%2C+Gregory+TR%2C+Hebert+PDN&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.volume=50&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=735%E2%80%93749&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12019291&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Bennett2005-7">^ ^{<i><b><font size="2">a</font></b></i>} ^{<i><b><font size="2">b</font></b></i>} <span class="citation book">Bennett MD, Leitch IJ (2005). &quot;Genome size evolution in plants&quot;. In T.R. Gregory. <i>The Evolution of the Genome</i>. San Diego: Elsevier. pp.&nbsp;89&ndash;162.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Genome+size+evolution+in+plants&amp;rft.atitle=%5B%5BThe+Evolution+of+the+Genome%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Bennett+MD%2C+Leitch+IJ&amp;rft.au=Bennett+MD%2C+Leitch+IJ&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B89%E2%80%93162&amp;rft.place=San+Diego&amp;rft.pub=Elsevier&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Gregory2005-8">^ ^{<i><b><font size="2">a</font></b></i>} ^{<i><b><font size="2">b</font></b></i>} <span class="citation book">Gregory TR (2005). &quot;Genome size evolution in animals&quot;. In T.R. Gregory. <i>The Evolution of the Genome</i>. San Diego: Elsevier. pp.&nbsp;3&ndash;87.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Genome+size+evolution+in+animals&amp;rft.atitle=%5B%5BThe+Evolution+of+the+Genome%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Gregory+TR&amp;rft.au=Gregory+TR&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B3%E2%80%9387&amp;rft.place=San+Diego&amp;rft.pub=Elsevier&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Hou2009-9"><b>^</b> <span class="citation Journal">Hou Y, Lin S (2009). &quot;Distinct Gene Number- Genome Size Relationships for Eukaryotes and Non-Eukaryotes: Gene Content Estimation for Dinoflagellate Genomes&quot;. <i>PLoS ONE</i> <b>4</b> (9): e6978.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Distinct+Gene+Number-+Genome+Size+Relationships+for+Eukaryotes+and+Non-Eukaryotes%3A+Gene+Content+Estimation+for+Dinoflagellate+Genomes&amp;rft.jtitle=PLoS+ONE&amp;rft.aulast=Hou+Y%2C+Lin+S&amp;rft.au=Hou+Y%2C+Lin+S&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.volume=4&amp;rft.issue=9&amp;rft.pages=e6978&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Dufresne2005-10"><b>^</b> <span class="citation Journal">Dufresne A, Garczarek L, Partensky F (2005). &quot;Accelerated evolution associated with genome reduction in a free-living prokaryote&quot;. <i>Genome Biol</i> <b>6</b>: R14.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Accelerated+evolution+associated+with+genome+reduction+in+a+free-living+prokaryote&amp;rft.jtitle=Genome+Biol&amp;rft.aulast=Dufresne+A%2C+Garczarek+L%2C+Partensky+F&amp;rft.au=Dufresne+A%2C+Garczarek+L%2C+Partensky+F&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=6&amp;rft.pages=R14&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Giovannoni2005-11"><b>^</b> <span class="citation Journal">Giovannoni SJ, et al. (2005). &quot;Genome streamlining in a cosmopolitan oceanic bacterium&quot;. <i>Science</i> <b>309</b> (5738): 1242&ndash;1245. doi:10.1126/science.1114057. PMID&nbsp;16109880.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+streamlining+in+a+cosmopolitan+oceanic+bacterium&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Giovannoni+SJ%2C+et+al.&amp;rft.au=Giovannoni+SJ%2C+et+al.&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=309&amp;rft.issue=5738&amp;rft.pages=1242%E2%80%931245&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.1114057&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16109880&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Giovannoni2008-12"><b>^</b> <span class="citation Journal">Giovannoni SJ, et al. (2008). &quot;The small genome of an abundant coastal ocean methylotroph&quot;. <i>Environmental Microbiology</i> <b>10</b> (7): 1771&ndash;1782. doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01598.x. PMID&nbsp;18393994.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+small+genome+of+an+abundant+coastal+ocean+methylotroph&amp;rft.jtitle=Environmental+Microbiology&amp;rft.aulast=Giovannoni+SJ%2C+et+al.&amp;rft.au=Giovannoni+SJ%2C+et+al.&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=10&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.pages=1771%E2%80%931782&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1111%2Fj.1462-2920.2008.01598.x&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18393994&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Nakabachi2006-13"><b>^</b> <span class="citation Journal">Nakabachi A, et al. (2006). &quot;The 160-kilobase genome of the bacterial endosymbiont <i>Carsonella</i>&quot;. <i>Science</i> <b>314</b>: 267&ndash;267. doi:10.1126/science.1134196.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+160-kilobase+genome+of+the+bacterial+endosymbiont+%27%27Carsonella%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Nakabachi+A%2C+et+al.&amp;rft.au=Nakabachi+A%2C+et+al.&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=314&amp;rft.pages=267%E2%80%93267&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.1134196&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Wernegreen2005-14"><b>^</b> <span class="citation Journal">Wernegreen J (2005). &quot;For better or worse: Genomic consequences of genomic mutualism and parasitism&quot; (PDF). <i>Current Opinion in Genetics and Development</i> <b>15</b>: 1&ndash;12<span class="printonly">. http://journals2005.pasteur.ac.ir/COGD/15(6).pdf#page=10</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=For+better+or+worse%3A+Genomic+consequences+of+genomic+mutualism+and+parasitism&amp;rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Genetics+and+Development&amp;rft.aulast=Wernegreen+J&amp;rft.au=Wernegreen+J&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=15&amp;rft.pages=1%E2%80%9312&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals2005.pasteur.ac.ir%2FCOGD%2F15%286%29.pdf%23page%3D10&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Moran2004-15"><b>^</b> <span class="citation Journal">Moran NA, Plague GR (2004). &quot;Genomic changes following host restriction in bacteria&quot;. <i>Current Opinion in Genetics &amp; Development</i> <b>14</b>: 627&ndash;633. doi:10.1016/j.gde.2004.09.003.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genomic+changes+following+host+restriction+in+bacteria&amp;rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Genetics+%26+Development&amp;rft.aulast=Moran+NA%2C+Plague+GR&amp;rft.au=Moran+NA%2C+Plague+GR&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=14&amp;rft.pages=627%E2%80%93633&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.gde.2004.09.003&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> </ol> </div> <h3><span id="Further_reading" class="mw-headline">Further reading</span></h3> <ul> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.chlamydiae.com/docs/Chlamydiales/ev_genomedegradn.asp"><font color="#3366bb">Evolution of Chlamydiaceae</font></a></li> <li><span class="citation Journal">Andersson JO Andersson SG (1999). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://mbe.oupjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/16/9/1178"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Genome degradation is an ongoing process in Rickettsia&quot;</font></a>. <i>Molecular Biology and Evolution</i> <b>16</b> (9): 1178&ndash;1191. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10486973"><font color="#3366bb">10486973</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://mbe.oupjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/16/9/1178"><font color="#3366bb">http://mbe.oupjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/16/9/1178</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+degradation+is+an+ongoing+process+in+Rickettsia&amp;rft.jtitle=Molecular+Biology+and+Evolution&amp;rft.aulast=Andersson+JO+Andersson+SG&amp;rft.au=Andersson+JO+Andersson+SG&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.volume=16&amp;rft.issue=9&amp;rft.pages=1178%E2%80%931191&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/10486973&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmbe.oupjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F16%2F9%2F1178&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> </ul> <h2><span id="External_links" class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomesize.com"><font color="#3366bb">Animal Genome Size Database</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.rbgkew.org.uk/cval/homepage.html"><font color="#3366bb">Plant DNA C-values Database</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.zbi.ee/fungal-genomesize/index.php"><font color="#3366bb">Fungal Genome Size Database</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/FD/"><font color="#3366bb">Fungal Database</font></a> &mdash; by CBS</li> </ul> d74d724846d6882c2250c0a64304e6f6510ea7cf 3199 3198 2010-11-08T11:48:08Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><b>Genome size</b> is the total amount of DNA contained within one copy of a genome. It is typically measured in terms of mass in picograms (trillionths (10^{<font size="2">&minus;12</font>}) of a gram, abbreviated pg) or less frequently in Daltons or as the total number of nucleotide base pairs typically in megabases (millions of base pairs, abbreviated Mb or Mbp).</p> <p>One picogram equals 978 megabases.<sup id="cite_ref-Dolezel2003_0-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[1]</font></sup> In diploid organisms, genome size is used interchangeably with the term [[C-value]]. An organism's complexity is not directly proportional to its genome size; some single cell organisms have much more DNA than humans (see Junk DNA and C-value enigma).</p> <h2><span id="Origin_of_the_term" class="mw-headline">Origin of the term</span></h2> <p>The term &quot;genome size&quot; is often erroneously attributed to Hinegardner<sup id="cite_ref-Hinegardner1976_1-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[2]</font></sup>, even in discussions dealing specifically with terminology in this area of research (e.g., Greilhuber, 2005<sup id="cite_ref-Greilhuber2005_2-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[3]</font></sup>). Notably, Hinegardner<sup id="cite_ref-Hinegardner1976_1-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[2]</font></sup> used the term only once: in the title. The term actually seems to have first appeared in 1968 when Hinegardner wondered, in the last paragraph of his article, whether &quot;cellular DNA content does, in fact, reflect genome size&quot;.<sup id="cite_ref-Hinegardner1968_3-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[4]</font></sup> In this context, &quot;genome size&quot; was being used in the sense of genotype to mean the number of genes. In a paper submitted only two months later (in February 1969), Wolf et al. (1969)<sup id="cite_ref-Wolf1969_4-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[5]</font></sup> used the term &quot;genome size&quot; throughout and in its present usage; therefore these authors should probably be credited with originating the term in its modern sense. By the early 1970s, &quot;genome size&quot; was in common usage with its present definition, probably as a result of its inclusion in Susumu Ohno's influential book <i>Evolution by Gene Duplication</i>, published in 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-Ohno1970_5-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[6]</font></sup></p> <h2><span id="Variation_in_genome_size_and_gene_content" class="mw-headline">Variation in genome size and gene content</span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width: 252px" class="thumbinner"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="250" height="177" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Genome_Sizes.png/250px-Genome_Sizes.png" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></div> Genome Sizes</div> </div> </div> <p>The genome sizes of thousands of eukaryotes have been analyzed over the past 50 years, and these data are available in online databases for animals, plants, and fungi (see external links). Nuclear genome size is typically measured in eukaryotes using either densitometric measurements of Feulgen-stained nuclei (previously using specialized densitometers, now more commonly using computerized image analysis<sup id="cite_ref-Hardie2002_6-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[7]</font></sup>) or flow cytometry. In prokaryotes, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and complete genome sequencing are the predominant methods of genome size determination. Nuclear genome sizes are well known to vary enormously among eukaryotic species. In animals they range more than 3,300-fold, and in land plants they differ by a factor of about 1,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Bennett2005_7-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[8]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gregory2005_8-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[9]</font></sup> Protist genomes have been reported to vary more than 300,000-fold in size, but the high end of this range (<i>Amoeba</i>) has been called into question. In eukaryotes (but not prokaryotes), variation in genome size is not proportional to the number of genes, an observation that was deemed wholly counterintuitive before the discovery of non-coding DNA and which became known as the C-value paradox as a result. However, although there is no longer any paradoxical aspect to the discrepancy between genome size and gene number, this term remains in common usage. For reasons of conceptual clarification, the various puzzles that remain with regard to genome size variation instead have been suggested by one author to more accurately comprise a puzzle or an enigma (the C-value enigma). Genome size correlates with a range of features at the cell and organism levels, including cell size, cell division rate, and, depending on the taxon, body size, metabolic rate, developmental rate, organ complexity, geographical distribution, and/or extinction risk (for recent reviews, see Bennett and Leitch 2005<sup id="cite_ref-Bennett2005_7-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[8]</font></sup>; Gregory 2005<sup id="cite_ref-Gregory2005_8-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[9]</font></sup>). Based on completely sequenced genome data currently (as of April 2009) available, log-transformed gene number forms a linear correlation with log-transformed genome size in bacteria, archea, viruses, and organelles combined whereas a nonlinear (semi-natural log) correlation in eukaryotes (Hou and Lin 2009 <sup id="cite_ref-Hou2009_9-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[10]</font></sup>). The nonlinear correlation for eukaryotes, although claim of its existence contrasts the previous view that no correlation exists for this group of organisms, reflects disproportinately fast increasing noncoding DNA in increasingly large eukaryotic genomes. Although sequenced genome data are practically biased toward small genomes, which may compromise the accuracy of the empirically derived correlation, and the ultimate proof of the correlation remains to be obtained by sequencing some of the largest eukaryotic genomes, current data do not seem to rule out a correlation.</p> <h2><span id="Genome_reduction" class="mw-headline">Genome reduction</span></h2> <p><b>Genome reduction</b>, also known as <b>Genome degradation</b>, is the process by which a genome shrinks relative to its ancestor. Genomes fluctuate in size regularly, especially in Bacteria, but in some situations a genome has drastically lost content during some period.</p> <p>The most evolutionary significant cases of genome reduction may be the eukaryotic organelles that are derived from bacteria: the mitochondrion and plastid. These organelles are descended from endosymbionts, which can only survive within the host cell and which the host cell likewise needs for survival. Many mitochondria have less than 20 genes in their entire genome, whereas a free-living bacterium generally has at least 1000 genes. Many genes have been transferred to the host nucleus, while others have simply been lost and their function replaced by host processes.</p> <p>Other bacteria have become endosymbionts or obligate intracellular pathogens and experienced extensive genome reduction as a result. This process seems to be dominated by genetic drift resulting from small population size, low recombination rates, and high mutation rates, as opposed to selection for smaller genomes.</p> <p>Some free-living marine bacterioplanktons also shows signs of genome reduction, which are hypothesized to be driven by natural selection.<sup id="cite_ref-Dufresne2005_10-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[11]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Giovannoni2005_11-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[12]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Giovannoni2008_12-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[13]</font></sup></p> <h3><span id="Genome_reduction_in_obligate_endosymbiotic_species" class="mw-headline">Genome reduction in obligate endosymbiotic species</span></h3> <p><b>Obligate endosymbiotic species</b> are characterized by a complete inability to survive external to their <b>host</b> environment. These species have become a considerable threat to human health, as they are often highly capable of evading human immune systems and manipulating the host environment to acquire nutrients. A common explanation for these keen manipulative abilities is the <b>compact</b> and <b>efficient</b> genomic structure consistently found in obligate endosymbionts. This compact genome structure is the result of massive losses of extraneous DNA - an occurrence that is exclusively associated with the loss of a free-living stage. In fact, as much as 90% of the genetic material can be lost when a species makes the evolutionary transition from a <b>free-living</b> to <b>obligate intracellular</b> lifestyle. Common examples of species with reduced genomes include: <i>Buchnera aphidicola</i>, <i>Rickettsia prowazekii</i> and <i>Mycobacterium leprae</i>. One obligate endosymbiont of psyllid, <i>Candidatus Carsonella ruddii</i>, has the smallest genome currently known among cellular organisms at 160kb.<sup id="cite_ref-Nakabachi2006_13-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[14]</font></sup> It is important to note, however, that some obligate intracellular species have positive fitness effects on their hosts. (See also mutualists and parasites.)</p> <p>The <b>reductive evolution model</b> has been proposed as an effort to define the genomic commonalities seen in all obligate endosymbionts.<sup id="cite_ref-Wernegreen2005_14-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[15]</font></sup> This model illustrates four general features of reduced genomes and obligate intracellular species:</p> <ol> <li>&lsquo;genome streamlining&rsquo; resulting from relaxed selection on genes that are superfluous in the intracellular environment;</li> <li>a bias towards deletions (rather than insertions), which heavily affects genes that have been disrupted by accumulation of mutations (pseudogenes)<sup id="cite_ref-Moran2004_15-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[16]</font></sup>;</li> <li>very little or no capability for acquiring new DNA; and</li> <li>considerable reduction of effective population size in endosymbiotic populations, particularly in species that rely on vertical transmission.</li> </ol> <p>Based on this model, it is clear that endosymbionts face different adaptive challenges than free-living species.</p> <h2><span id="Conversion_from_picograms_.28pg.29_to_base_pairs_.28bp.29" class="mw-headline">Conversion from picograms (pg) to base pairs (bp)</span></h2> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: C-value</div> <dl><dd><img class="tex" alt="\text{number of base pairs} = \text{mass in pg}\times0.978\times10^9" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/8/c/9/8c90d61ecd0582de9bbf6cfdf03d9f95.png" /></dd></dl> <p>or simply:</p> <dl><dd><span class="texhtml"><font face="바탕">1pg = 978Mb</font></span><sup id="cite_ref-Dolezel2003_0-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[1]</font></sup></dd></dl> <h2><span id="See_also" class="mw-headline">See also</span></h2> <ul> <li>Comparison of different genome sizes</li> <li>Animal Genome Size Database</li> <li>Cell nucleus</li> <li>Comparative genomics</li> <li>C-value</li> <li>C-value enigma</li> <li>Genome</li> <li>Human genome</li> <li>Junk DNA</li> <li>Noncoding DNA</li> <li>Plant DNA C-values Database</li> <li>Selfish DNA</li> <li>Transposable elements</li> </ul> <h2><span id="References" class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <div style="column-count: 2; -moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2" class="references-small references-column-count references-column-count-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Dolezel2003-0">^ ^{<i><b><font size="2">a</font></b></i>} ^{<i><b><font size="2">b</font></b></i>} <span class="citation Journal">Dolezel J, Barto&scaron; J, Voglmayr H, Greilhuber J (2003). &quot;Nuclear DNA content and genome size of trout and human&quot;. <i>Cytometry A</i> <b>51</b> (2): 127&ndash;128. doi:10.1002/cyto.a.10013. PMID&nbsp;12541287.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Nuclear+DNA+content+and+genome+size+of+trout+and+human&amp;rft.jtitle=Cytometry+A&amp;rft.aulast=Dolezel+J%2C+Barto%C5%A1+J%2C+Voglmayr+H%2C+Greilhuber+J&amp;rft.au=Dolezel+J%2C+Barto%C5%A1+J%2C+Voglmayr+H%2C+Greilhuber+J&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=51&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=127%E2%80%93128&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1002%2Fcyto.a.10013&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12541287&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Hinegardner1976-1">^ ^{<i><b><font size="2">a</font></b></i>} ^{<i><b><font size="2">b</font></b></i>} <span class="citation book">Hinegardner R (1976). &quot;Evolution of genome size&quot;. In F.J. Ayala. <i>Molecular Evolution</i>. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland. pp.&nbsp;179&ndash;199.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Evolution+of+genome+size&amp;rft.atitle=Molecular+Evolution&amp;rft.aulast=Hinegardner+R&amp;rft.au=Hinegardner+R&amp;rft.date=1976&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B179%E2%80%93199&amp;rft.pub=Sinauer+Associates%2C+Inc.%2C+Sunderland&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Greilhuber2005-2"><b>^</b> <span class="citation Journal">Greilhuber J, Doležel J, Lys&aacute;k M, Bennett MD (2005). &quot;The origin, evolution and proposed stabilization of the terms 'genome size' and 'C-value' to describe nuclear DNA contents&quot;. <i>Annals of Botany</i> <b>95</b> (1): 255&ndash;260. doi:10.1093/aob/mci019. PMID&nbsp;15596473.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+origin%2C+evolution+and+proposed+stabilization+of+the+terms+%27genome+size%27+and+%27C-value%27+to+describe+nuclear+DNA+contents&amp;rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Botany&amp;rft.aulast=Greilhuber+J%2C+Dole%C5%BEel+J%2C+Lys%C3%A1k+M%2C+Bennett+MD&amp;rft.au=Greilhuber+J%2C+Dole%C5%BEel+J%2C+Lys%C3%A1k+M%2C+Bennett+MD&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=95&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=255%E2%80%93260&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Faob%2Fmci019&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15596473&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Hinegardner1968-3"><b>^</b> <span class="citation Journal">Hinegardner R (1968). &quot;Evolution of cellular DNA content in teleost fishes&quot;. <i>American Naturalist</i> <b>102</b>: 517&ndash;523. doi:10.1086/282564.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Evolution+of+cellular+DNA+content+in+teleost+fishes&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Naturalist&amp;rft.aulast=Hinegardner+R&amp;rft.au=Hinegardner+R&amp;rft.date=1968&amp;rft.volume=102&amp;rft.pages=517%E2%80%93523&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1086%2F282564&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Wolf1969-4"><b>^</b> <span class="citation Journal">Wolf U, Ritter H, Atkin NB, Ohno S (1969). &quot;Polyploidization in the fish family Cyprinidae, Order Cypriniformes. I. DNA-content and chromosome sets in various species of Cyprinidae&quot;. <i>Humangenetik</i> <b>7</b> (3): 240&ndash;244. PMID&nbsp;5800705.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Polyploidization+in+the+fish+family+Cyprinidae%2C+Order+Cypriniformes.+I.+DNA-content+and+chromosome+sets+in+various+species+of+Cyprinidae&amp;rft.jtitle=Humangenetik&amp;rft.aulast=Wolf+U%2C+Ritter+H%2C+Atkin+NB%2C+Ohno+S&amp;rft.au=Wolf+U%2C+Ritter+H%2C+Atkin+NB%2C+Ohno+S&amp;rft.date=1969&amp;rft.volume=7&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=240%E2%80%93244&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/5800705&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Ohno1970-5"><b>^</b> <span class="citation book">Ohno S (1970). <i>Evolution by Gene Duplication</i>. New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN&nbsp;0045750157.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Evolution+by+Gene+Duplication&amp;rft.aulast=Ohno+S&amp;rft.au=Ohno+S&amp;rft.date=1970&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&amp;rft.isbn=0045750157&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Hardie2002-6"><b>^</b> <span class="citation Journal">Hardie DC, Gregory TR, Hebert PDN (2002). &quot;From pixels to picograms: a beginners' guide to genome quantification by Feulgen image analysis densitometry&quot;. <i>Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry</i> <b>50</b> (6): 735&ndash;749. PMID&nbsp;12019291.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=From+pixels+to+picograms%3A+a+beginners%27+guide+to+genome+quantification+by+Feulgen+image+analysis+densitometry&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Histochemistry+and+Cytochemistry&amp;rft.aulast=Hardie+DC%2C+Gregory+TR%2C+Hebert+PDN&amp;rft.au=Hardie+DC%2C+Gregory+TR%2C+Hebert+PDN&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.volume=50&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=735%E2%80%93749&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12019291&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Bennett2005-7">^ ^{<i><b><font size="2">a</font></b></i>} ^{<i><b><font size="2">b</font></b></i>} <span class="citation book">Bennett MD, Leitch IJ (2005). &quot;Genome size evolution in plants&quot;. In T.R. Gregory. <i>The Evolution of the Genome</i>. San Diego: Elsevier. pp.&nbsp;89&ndash;162.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Genome+size+evolution+in+plants&amp;rft.atitle=%5B%5BThe+Evolution+of+the+Genome%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Bennett+MD%2C+Leitch+IJ&amp;rft.au=Bennett+MD%2C+Leitch+IJ&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B89%E2%80%93162&amp;rft.place=San+Diego&amp;rft.pub=Elsevier&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Gregory2005-8">^ ^{<i><b><font size="2">a</font></b></i>} ^{<i><b><font size="2">b</font></b></i>} <span class="citation book">Gregory TR (2005). &quot;Genome size evolution in animals&quot;. In T.R. Gregory. <i>The Evolution of the Genome</i>. San Diego: Elsevier. pp.&nbsp;3&ndash;87.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Genome+size+evolution+in+animals&amp;rft.atitle=%5B%5BThe+Evolution+of+the+Genome%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Gregory+TR&amp;rft.au=Gregory+TR&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B3%E2%80%9387&amp;rft.place=San+Diego&amp;rft.pub=Elsevier&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Hou2009-9"><b>^</b> <span class="citation Journal">Hou Y, Lin S (2009). &quot;Distinct Gene Number- Genome Size Relationships for Eukaryotes and Non-Eukaryotes: Gene Content Estimation for Dinoflagellate Genomes&quot;. <i>PLoS ONE</i> <b>4</b> (9): e6978.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Distinct+Gene+Number-+Genome+Size+Relationships+for+Eukaryotes+and+Non-Eukaryotes%3A+Gene+Content+Estimation+for+Dinoflagellate+Genomes&amp;rft.jtitle=PLoS+ONE&amp;rft.aulast=Hou+Y%2C+Lin+S&amp;rft.au=Hou+Y%2C+Lin+S&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.volume=4&amp;rft.issue=9&amp;rft.pages=e6978&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Dufresne2005-10"><b>^</b> <span class="citation Journal">Dufresne A, Garczarek L, Partensky F (2005). &quot;Accelerated evolution associated with genome reduction in a free-living prokaryote&quot;. <i>Genome Biol</i> <b>6</b>: R14.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Accelerated+evolution+associated+with+genome+reduction+in+a+free-living+prokaryote&amp;rft.jtitle=Genome+Biol&amp;rft.aulast=Dufresne+A%2C+Garczarek+L%2C+Partensky+F&amp;rft.au=Dufresne+A%2C+Garczarek+L%2C+Partensky+F&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=6&amp;rft.pages=R14&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Giovannoni2005-11"><b>^</b> <span class="citation Journal">Giovannoni SJ, et al. (2005). &quot;Genome streamlining in a cosmopolitan oceanic bacterium&quot;. <i>Science</i> <b>309</b> (5738): 1242&ndash;1245. doi:10.1126/science.1114057. PMID&nbsp;16109880.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+streamlining+in+a+cosmopolitan+oceanic+bacterium&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Giovannoni+SJ%2C+et+al.&amp;rft.au=Giovannoni+SJ%2C+et+al.&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=309&amp;rft.issue=5738&amp;rft.pages=1242%E2%80%931245&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.1114057&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16109880&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Giovannoni2008-12"><b>^</b> <span class="citation Journal">Giovannoni SJ, et al. (2008). &quot;The small genome of an abundant coastal ocean methylotroph&quot;. <i>Environmental Microbiology</i> <b>10</b> (7): 1771&ndash;1782. doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01598.x. PMID&nbsp;18393994.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+small+genome+of+an+abundant+coastal+ocean+methylotroph&amp;rft.jtitle=Environmental+Microbiology&amp;rft.aulast=Giovannoni+SJ%2C+et+al.&amp;rft.au=Giovannoni+SJ%2C+et+al.&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=10&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.pages=1771%E2%80%931782&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1111%2Fj.1462-2920.2008.01598.x&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18393994&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Nakabachi2006-13"><b>^</b> <span class="citation Journal">Nakabachi A, et al. (2006). &quot;The 160-kilobase genome of the bacterial endosymbiont <i>Carsonella</i>&quot;. <i>Science</i> <b>314</b>: 267&ndash;267. doi:10.1126/science.1134196.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+160-kilobase+genome+of+the+bacterial+endosymbiont+%27%27Carsonella%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Nakabachi+A%2C+et+al.&amp;rft.au=Nakabachi+A%2C+et+al.&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=314&amp;rft.pages=267%E2%80%93267&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.1134196&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Wernegreen2005-14"><b>^</b> <span class="citation Journal">Wernegreen J (2005). &quot;For better or worse: Genomic consequences of genomic mutualism and parasitism&quot; (PDF). <i>Current Opinion in Genetics and Development</i> <b>15</b>: 1&ndash;12<span class="printonly">. http://journals2005.pasteur.ac.ir/COGD/15(6).pdf#page=10</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=For+better+or+worse%3A+Genomic+consequences+of+genomic+mutualism+and+parasitism&amp;rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Genetics+and+Development&amp;rft.aulast=Wernegreen+J&amp;rft.au=Wernegreen+J&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=15&amp;rft.pages=1%E2%80%9312&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals2005.pasteur.ac.ir%2FCOGD%2F15%286%29.pdf%23page%3D10&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Moran2004-15"><b>^</b> <span class="citation Journal">Moran NA, Plague GR (2004). &quot;Genomic changes following host restriction in bacteria&quot;. <i>Current Opinion in Genetics &amp; Development</i> <b>14</b>: 627&ndash;633. doi:10.1016/j.gde.2004.09.003.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genomic+changes+following+host+restriction+in+bacteria&amp;rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Genetics+%26+Development&amp;rft.aulast=Moran+NA%2C+Plague+GR&amp;rft.au=Moran+NA%2C+Plague+GR&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=14&amp;rft.pages=627%E2%80%93633&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.gde.2004.09.003&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> </ol> </div> <h3><span id="Further_reading" class="mw-headline">Further reading</span></h3> <ul> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.chlamydiae.com/docs/Chlamydiales/ev_genomedegradn.asp"><font color="#3366bb">Evolution of Chlamydiaceae</font></a></li> <li><span class="citation Journal">Andersson JO Andersson SG (1999). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://mbe.oupjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/16/9/1178"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Genome degradation is an ongoing process in Rickettsia&quot;</font></a>. <i>Molecular Biology and Evolution</i> <b>16</b> (9): 1178&ndash;1191. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10486973"><font color="#3366bb">10486973</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://mbe.oupjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/16/9/1178"><font color="#3366bb">http://mbe.oupjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/16/9/1178</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+degradation+is+an+ongoing+process+in+Rickettsia&amp;rft.jtitle=Molecular+Biology+and+Evolution&amp;rft.aulast=Andersson+JO+Andersson+SG&amp;rft.au=Andersson+JO+Andersson+SG&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.volume=16&amp;rft.issue=9&amp;rft.pages=1178%E2%80%931191&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/10486973&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmbe.oupjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F16%2F9%2F1178&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> </ul> <h2><span id="External_links" class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomesize.com"><font color="#3366bb">Animal Genome Size Database</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.rbgkew.org.uk/cval/homepage.html"><font color="#3366bb">Plant DNA C-values Database</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.zbi.ee/fungal-genomesize/index.php"><font color="#3366bb">Fungal Genome Size Database</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/FD/"><font color="#3366bb">Fungal Database</font></a> &mdash; by CBS</li> </ul> a919c12db7ca80af61fec02cfcc3a75b9f2413c7 0 1925 3200 2010-11-08T11:48:41Z WikiSysop 1 Created page with "<p>The term <b>C-value</b> refers to the amount of <font color="#0645ad">DNA</font> contained within a <font color="#0645ad">haploid</font> <font color="#0645ad">nucleus</font> (..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p>The term <b>C-value</b> refers to the amount of <font color="#0645ad">DNA</font> contained within a <font color="#0645ad">haploid</font> <font color="#0645ad">nucleus</font> (e.g. a <font color="#0645ad">gamete</font>) or one half the amount in a <font color="#0645ad">diploid</font> <font color="#0645ad">somatic cell</font> of a <font color="#0645ad">eukaryotic</font> organism. In some cases (notably among diploid organisms), the terms C-value and <font color="#0645ad">genome size</font> are used interchangeably, however in <font color="#0645ad">polyploids</font> the C-value may represent two <font color="#0645ad">genomes</font> contained within the same nucleus. Greilhuber et al.<sup id="cite_ref-Greilhuber2005_0-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0645ad"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></font></font></sup> have suggested some new layers of terminology and associated abbreviations to clarify this issue, but these somewhat complex additions have yet to be used by other authors. C-values are reported in <font color="#0645ad">picograms</font>.</p> <p> <table id="toc" class="toc"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2> <span class="toctoggle"><font size="2">[</font><font color="#0645ad" size="2">hide</font><font size="2">]</font></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><font color="#0645ad"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Origin of the term</span></font></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><font color="#0645ad"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Variation among species</span></font></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><font color="#0645ad"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Calculating C-values</span></font></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><font color="#0645ad"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></font></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><font color="#0645ad"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></font></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><font color="#0645ad"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></font></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> <h2><span id="Origin_of_the_term" class="mw-headline">Origin of the term</span></h2> <p>Many authors have incorrectly assumed that the &quot;C&quot; in &quot;C-value&quot; refers to &quot;characteristic&quot;, &quot;content&quot;, or &quot;complement&quot;. Even among authors who have attempted to trace the origin of the term, there had been some confusion because Hewson Swift did not define it explicitly when he coined it in 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-Swift1950_1-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0645ad"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></font></font></sup> In his original paper, Swift appeared to use the designation &quot;1C value&quot;, &quot;2C value&quot;, etc., in reference to &quot;classes&quot; of DNA content (e.g., Gregory 2001<sup id="cite_ref-Gregory2001_2-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0645ad"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></font></font></sup>, 2002<sup id="cite_ref-Gregory2002_3-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0645ad"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></font></font></sup>); however, Swift explained in personal correspondence to Prof. Michael D. Bennett in 1975 that &quot;I am afraid the letter C stood for nothing more glamorous than 'constant', i.e., the amount of DNA that was characteristic of a particular <font color="#0645ad">genotype</font>&quot; (quoted in Bennett and Leitch 2005<sup id="cite_ref-Bennett2005_4-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0645ad"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></font></font></sup>). This is in reference to the report in 1948 by Vendrely and Vendrely of a &quot;remarkable constancy in the nuclear DNA content of all the cells in all the individuals within a given animal species&quot; (translated from the original <font color="#0645ad">French</font>).<sup id="cite_ref-Vendrely1948_5-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0645ad"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></font></font></sup> Swift's study of this topic related specifically to variation (or lack thereof) among <font color="#0645ad">chromosome</font> sets in different cell types within individuals, but his notation evolved into &quot;C-value&quot; in reference to the haploid DNA content of individual species and retains this usage today.</p> <h2><span id="Variation_among_species" class="mw-headline">Variation among species</span></h2> <div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">See also: <font color="#0645ad">C-value enigma</font></div> <p>C-values vary enormously among species. In animals they range more than 3,300-fold, and in land plants they differ by a factor of about 1,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Bennett2005_4-1" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0645ad"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></font></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gregory2005_6-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0645ad"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></font></font></sup> <font color="#0645ad">Protist</font> genomes have been reported to vary more than 300,000-fold in size, but the high end of this range (<i><font color="#0645ad">Amoeba</font></i>) has been called into question. Variation in C-values bears no relationship to the complexity of the organism or the number of <font color="#0645ad">genes</font> contained in its genome, an observation that was deemed wholly counterintuitive before the discovery of <font color="#0645ad">non-coding DNA</font> and which became known as the <font color="#0645ad">C-value paradox</font> as a result. However, although there is no longer any <font color="#0645ad">paradoxical</font> aspect to the discrepancy between C-value and gene number, this term remains in common usage. For reasons of conceptual clarification, the various puzzles that remain with regard to genome size variation instead have been suggested to more accurately comprise a complex but clearly defined puzzle known as the C-value enigma. C-values correlate with a range of features at the <font color="#0645ad">cell</font> and organism levels, including cell size, <font color="#0645ad">cell division</font> rate, and, depending on the <font color="#0645ad">taxon</font>, body size, <font color="#0645ad">metabolic rate</font>, developmental rate, <font color="#0645ad">organ</font> complexity, geographical distribution, and/or <font color="#0645ad">extinction</font> risk (for recent reviews, see Bennett and Leitch 2005<sup id="cite_ref-Bennett2005_4-2" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0645ad"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></font></font></sup>; Gregory 2005<sup id="cite_ref-Gregory2005_6-1" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0645ad"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></font></font></sup>.)</p> <h2><span id="Calculating_C-values" class="mw-headline">Calculating C-values</span></h2> <div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Table 1: Relative Molecular Weights of Nucleotides&dagger;</caption> <tbody> <tr> <th>Nucleotide</th> <th>Chemical formula</th> <th>Relative <font color="#0645ad">molecular weight</font></th> </tr> <tr> <td>2&prime;-deoxyadenosine 5&prime;-monophosphate</td> <td>C_{<font size="2">10</font>}H_{<font size="2">14</font>}N_{<font size="2">5</font>}O_{<font size="2">6</font>}P</td> <td align="right">331.2213</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2&prime;-deoxythymidine 5&prime;-monophosphate</td> <td>C_{<font size="2">10</font>}H_{<font size="2">15</font>}N_{<font size="2">2</font>}O_{<font size="2">8</font>}P</td> <td align="right">322.2079</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2&prime;-deoxyguanosine 5&prime;-monophosphate</td> <td>C_{<font size="2">10</font>}H_{<font size="2">14</font>}N_{<font size="2">5</font>}O_{<font size="2">7</font>}P</td> <td align="right">347.2207</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2&prime;-deoxycytidine 5&prime;-monophosphate</td> <td>C_{<font size="2">9</font>}H_{<font size="2">14</font>}N_{<font size="2">3</font>}O_{<font size="2">7</font>}P</td> <td align="right">307.1966</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&dagger;Source of table: Doležel <i>et al.</i>, 2003<sup id="cite_ref-Dolezel2003_7-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0645ad"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></font></font></sup></p> </div> <p>By using the data in Table 1, relative weights of nucleotide pairs can be calculated as follows: AT = 615.3830 and GC = 616.3711. Provided the ratio of AT to GC pairs is 1:1, the mean relative weight of one nucleotide pair is 615.8771 (&plusmn;1%).<sup id="cite_ref-Dolezel2003_7-1" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0645ad"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></font></font></sup></p> <p>The relative molecular weight may be converted to an absolute value by multiplying it by the <font color="#0645ad">atomic mass unit</font> (1 u), which equals one-twelfth of a mass of 12C, i.e., 1.660539 &times; 10^{<font size="2">-27</font>} kg. Consequently, the mean weight of one nucleotide pair would be 1.023 &times; 10^{<font size="2">-9</font>} <font color="#0645ad">pg</font>, and 1 pg of DNA would represent 0.978 &times; 10^{<font size="2">9</font>} base pairs.<sup id="cite_ref-Dolezel2003_7-2" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0645ad"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></font></font></sup></p> <p>The formulas for converting the number of nucleotide pairs (or base pairs) to picograms of DNA and vice-versa are:<sup id="cite_ref-Dolezel2003_7-3" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0645ad"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></font></font></sup></p> <pre> genome size (bp) = (0.978 x 10^{<font size="2">9</font>}) x DNA content (pg) DNA content (pg) = genome size (bp) / (0.978 x 10^{<font size="2">9</font>}) 1 pg = 978 Mb </pre> <p>The current estimates for human female and male diploid genome sizes are 6.406 &times; 10^{<font size="2">9</font>} bp and 6.294 &times; 10^{<font size="2">9</font>} bp, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-IHGSC2001_8-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0645ad"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></font></font></sup> By using the conversion formulas given above, diploid human female and male nuclei in G_{<font size="2">1</font>} phase of the <font color="#0645ad">cell cycle</font> should contain 6.550 and 6.436 pg of DNA, respectively.</p> <h2><span id="References" class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <div class="references-small"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Greilhuber2005-0"><b><font color="#0645ad">^</font></b> <span class="citation Journal">Greilhuber J, Doležel J, Lys&aacute;k M, Bennett MD (2005). &quot;The origin, evolution and proposed stabilization of the terms 'genome size' and 'C-value' to describe nuclear DNA contents&quot;. <i>Annals of Botany</i> <b>95</b>: 255&ndash;260.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+origin%2C+evolution+and+proposed+stabilization+of+the+terms+%27genome+size%27+and+%27C-value%27+to+describe+nuclear+DNA+contents&amp;rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Botany&amp;rft.aulast=Greilhuber+J%2C+Dole%C5%BEel+J%2C+Lys%C3%A1k+M%2C+Bennett+MD&amp;rft.au=Greilhuber+J%2C+Dole%C5%BEel+J%2C+Lys%C3%A1k+M%2C+Bennett+MD&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=95&amp;rft.pages=255%E2%80%93260&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:C-value"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Swift1950-1"><b><font color="#0645ad">^</font></b> <span class="citation Journal">Swift H (1950). &quot;The constancy of deoxyribose nucleic acid in plant nuclei&quot;. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA</i> <b>36</b>: 643&ndash;654.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+constancy+of+deoxyribose+nucleic+acid+in+plant+nuclei&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+USA&amp;rft.aulast=Swift+H&amp;rft.au=Swift+H&amp;rft.date=1950&amp;rft.volume=36&amp;rft.pages=643%E2%80%93654&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:C-value"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Gregory2001-2"><b><font color="#0645ad">^</font></b> <span class="citation Journal">Gregory TR (2001). &quot;Coincidence, coevolution, or causation? DNA content, cell size, and the C-value enigma&quot;. <i>Biological Reviews</i> <b>76</b>: 65&ndash;101.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Coincidence%2C+coevolution%2C+or+causation%3F+DNA+content%2C+cell+size%2C+and+the+C-value+enigma&amp;rft.jtitle=Biological+Reviews&amp;rft.aulast=Gregory+TR&amp;rft.au=Gregory+TR&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.volume=76&amp;rft.pages=65%E2%80%93101&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:C-value"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Gregory2002-3"><b><font color="#0645ad">^</font></b> <span class="citation Journal">Gregory TR (2002). &quot;A bird's-eye view of the C-value enigma: genome size, cell size, and metabolic rate in the class Aves&quot;. <i>Evolution</i> <b>56</b>: 121&ndash;130.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=A+bird%27s-eye+view+of+the+C-value+enigma%3A+genome+size%2C+cell+size%2C+and+metabolic+rate+in+the+class+Aves&amp;rft.jtitle=Evolution&amp;rft.aulast=Gregory+TR&amp;rft.au=Gregory+TR&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.volume=56&amp;rft.pages=121%E2%80%93130&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:C-value"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Bennett2005-4">^ ^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="2">a</font></b></i>} ^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="2">b</font></b></i>} ^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="2">c</font></b></i>} <span class="citation book">Bennett MD, Leitch IJ (2005). &quot;Genome size evolution in plants&quot;. In T.R. Gregory. <i><font color="#0645ad">The Evolution of the Genome</font></i>. San Diego: Elsevier. p.&nbsp;89&ndash;162.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Genome+size+evolution+in+plants&amp;rft.atitle=%5B%5BThe+Evolution+of+the+Genome%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Bennett+MD%2C+Leitch+IJ&amp;rft.au=Bennett+MD%2C+Leitch+IJ&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B89%E2%80%93162&amp;rft.place=San+Diego&amp;rft.pub=Elsevier&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:C-value"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Vendrely1948-5"><b><font color="#0645ad">^</font></b> <span class="citation Journal">Vendrely R, Vendrely C (1948). &quot;La teneur du noyau cellulaire en acide d&eacute;soxyribonucl&eacute;ique &agrave; travers les organes, les individus et les esp&egrave;ces animales&nbsp;: Techniques et premiers r&eacute;sultats&quot; (in French). <i>Experientia</i> <b>4</b>: 434&ndash;436.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=La+teneur+du+noyau+cellulaire+en+acide+d%C3%A9soxyribonucl%C3%A9ique+%C3%A0+travers+les+organes%2C+les+individus+et+les+esp%C3%A8ces+animales%26nbsp%3B%3A+Techniques+et+premiers+r%C3%A9sultats&amp;rft.jtitle=Experientia&amp;rft.aulast=Vendrely+R%2C+Vendrely+C&amp;rft.au=Vendrely+R%2C+Vendrely+C&amp;rft.date=1948&amp;rft.volume=4&amp;rft.pages=434%E2%80%93436&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:C-value"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Gregory2005-6">^ ^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="2">a</font></b></i>} ^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="2">b</font></b></i>} <span class="citation book">Gregory TR (2005). &quot;Genome size evolution in animals&quot;. In T.R. Gregory. <i><font color="#0645ad">The Evolution of the Genome</font></i>. San Diego: Elsevier. p.&nbsp;3&ndash;87.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Genome+size+evolution+in+animals&amp;rft.atitle=%5B%5BThe+Evolution+of+the+Genome%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Gregory+TR&amp;rft.au=Gregory+TR&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B3%E2%80%9387&amp;rft.place=San+Diego&amp;rft.pub=Elsevier&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:C-value"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Dolezel2003-7">^ ^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="2">a</font></b></i>} ^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="2">b</font></b></i>} ^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="2">c</font></b></i>} ^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="2">d</font></b></i>} <span class="citation Journal">Doležel J, Barto&scaron; J,Voglmayr H, Greilhuber J (2003). &quot;Letter to the editor: Nuclear DNA Content and Genome Size of Trout and Human&quot;. <i>Cytometry</i> <b>51A</b> (2): 127&ndash;128. <font color="#0645ad">doi</font>:<font color="#3366bb">10.1002/cyto.a.10013</font>. <font color="#0645ad">PMID</font>&nbsp;<font color="#3366bb">12541287</font>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Letter+to+the+editor%3A+Nuclear+DNA+Content+and+Genome+Size+of+Trout+and+Human&amp;rft.jtitle=Cytometry&amp;rft.aulast=Dole%C5%BEel+J%2C+Barto%C5%A1+J%2CVoglmayr+H%2C+Greilhuber+J&amp;rft.au=Dole%C5%BEel+J%2C+Barto%C5%A1+J%2CVoglmayr+H%2C+Greilhuber+J&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=51A&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=127%E2%80%93128&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1002%2Fcyto.a.10013&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12541287&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:C-value"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-IHGSC2001-8"><b><font color="#0645ad">^</font></b> <span class="citation Journal">Lander, ES; Linton, LM; Birren, B; Nusbaum, C; Zody, MC; Baldwin, J; Devon, K; Dewar, K <i>et al</i>. (2001). &quot;International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium. Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome&quot;. <i>Nature</i> <b>409</b> (6822): 860&ndash;921. <font color="#0645ad">doi</font>:<font color="#3366bb">10.1038/35057062</font>. <font color="#0645ad">PMID</font>&nbsp;<font color="#3366bb">11237011</font>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=International+Human+Genome+Sequencing+Consortium.+Initial+sequencing+and+analysis+of+the+human+genome&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Lander&amp;rft.aufirst=ES&amp;rft.au=Lander%2C%26%2332%3BES&amp;rft.au=Linton%2C%26%2332%3BLM&amp;rft.au=Birren%2C%26%2332%3BB&amp;rft.au=Nusbaum%2C%26%2332%3BC&amp;rft.au=Zody%2C%26%2332%3BMC&amp;rft.au=Baldwin%2C%26%2332%3BJ&amp;rft.au=Devon%2C%26%2332%3BK&amp;rft.au=Dewar%2C%26%2332%3BK&amp;rft.au=Doyle%2C%26%2332%3BM&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.volume=409&amp;rft.issue=6822&amp;rft.pages=860%E2%80%93921&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F35057062&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11237011&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:C-value"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> </ol> </div> <h2><span id="See_also" class="mw-headline">See also</span></h2> <ul> <li><a title="Animal Genome Size Database" href="/wiki/Animal_Genome_Size_Database"><font color="#0645ad">Animal Genome Size Database</font></a></li> <li><a title="Cell nucleus" href="/wiki/Cell_nucleus"><font color="#0645ad">Cell nucleus</font></a></li> <li><a title="Comparative genomics" href="/wiki/Comparative_genomics"><font color="#0645ad">Comparative genomics</font></a></li> <li><a title="C-value enigma" href="/wiki/C-value_enigma"><font color="#0645ad">C-value enigma</font></a></li> <li><a title="Genome" href="/wiki/Genome"><font color="#0645ad">Genome</font></a></li> <li><a title="Genome size" href="/wiki/Genome_size"><font color="#0645ad">Genome size</font></a></li> <li><a title="Human genome" href="/wiki/Human_genome"><font color="#0645ad">Human genome</font></a></li> <li><a class="mw-redirect" title="Junk DNA" href="/wiki/Junk_DNA"><font color="#0645ad">Junk DNA</font></a></li> <li><a title="Noncoding DNA" href="/wiki/Noncoding_DNA"><font color="#0645ad">Noncoding DNA</font></a></li> <li><a title="Plant DNA C-values Database" href="/wiki/Plant_DNA_C-values_Database"><font color="#0645ad">Plant DNA C-values Database</font></a></li> <li><a title="Selfish DNA" href="/wiki/Selfish_DNA"><font color="#0645ad">Selfish DNA</font></a></li> <li><a class="mw-redirect" title="Transposable elements" href="/wiki/Transposable_elements"><font color="#0645ad">Transposable elementsashkan</font></a></li> </ul> <h2><span id="External_links" class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" href="http://www.genomesize.com" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">Animal Genome Size Database</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="http://www.rbgkew.org.uk/cval/homepage.html" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">Plant DNA C-values Database</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="http://www.zbi.ee/fungal-genomesize/index.php" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">Fungal Genome Size Database</font></a></li> </ul> 2e992eb17c5cbcea15ced1707a710b79a5cf667f 0 1926 3202 2010-11-09T05:18:57Z WikiSysop 1 Created page with "<p><span style="font-size: x-large">Genomic Ethics</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p>" wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: x-large">Genomic Ethics</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> f08298889c9e8ba799761f06440487519cebb060 0 1927 3206 2010-11-09T10:40:13Z WikiSysop 1 Created page with "<p><span style="font-size: large">Plant genomics</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>[[Soybean genomics]]: Glycine max, Glycine soja</p>" wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: large">Plant genomics</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>[[Soybean genomics]]: Glycine max, Glycine soja</p> 831601a72b039e27b870a52ae39288bdb468229c 3209 3206 2010-11-09T10:45:40Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: large">Plant genomics</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>[[Soybean genomics]]: Glycine max, Glycine soja</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size: large">External links</span></p> <p>[http://www.phytozome.org/ Phytozome.org]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> de2545c659a323472683c69b761438f14c3ca36d 0 1928 3207 2010-11-09T10:41:11Z WikiSysop 1 Created page with "<p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size: large">External links</span></p> <p>[http://soybase.org/ Soybase.org]</p> <p>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mapview/map_searc..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size: large">External links</span></p> <p>[http://soybase.org/ Soybase.org]</p> <p>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mapview/map_search.cgi?taxid=3847 Glycine max (soybean) geome] from NCBI site.</p> 41487233dc3960dd618e86283382e84ba15ee289 3208 3207 2010-11-09T10:45:00Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size: large">External links</span></p> <p>[http://soybase.org/ Soybase.org]</p> <p>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mapview/map_search.cgi?taxid=3847 Glycine max (soybean) geome] from NCBI site.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 27280c6d54fb6c067aa7d5042ba895a4e956cbed 0 1929 3212 2010-11-10T03:09:06Z WikiSysop 1 Created page with "<p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>External links</p> <p>[http://bioconference.org Bioconference.org]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p>" wikitext text/x-wiki <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>External links</p> <p>[http://bioconference.org Bioconference.org]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 9e78796bb9995ba72508a4fcaafbba5c931481d2 0 1930 3214 2010-11-10T03:13:30Z WikiSysop 1 Created page with "<p><span style="font-size: large">Genomics Images</span></p> <p>[[Chromosome images]]</p>" wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: large">Genomics Images</span></p> <p>[[Chromosome images]]</p> a0bf23e7ab4515f051c326fb42b948b8c3a1ae6d 0 1931 3215 2010-11-10T03:14:27Z WikiSysop 1 Created page with "<p class="ar13D"><b>Gallery: </b>Human Chromosomes from &quot;Human Genome Landmarks: Selected Genes, Traits, and Disorders&quot; Poster, 2002,</p> <p class="ar13D"><a href="http..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p class="ar13D"><b>Gallery: </b>Human Chromosomes from &quot;Human Genome Landmarks: Selected Genes, Traits, and Disorders&quot; Poster, 2002,</p> <p class="ar13D"><a href="http://genomics.energy.gov/genegateway/">http://genomics.energy.gov/genegateway/</a></p> <p class="ar13D"> <table id="search" cellspacing="0" summary="search" cellpadding="0" name="search"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="10" colspan="2">&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="700"> <table id="display" cellspacing="0" summary="display table" cellpadding="0" name="display"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="760"> <table id="Results" cellspacing="0" summary="Results table" cellpadding="0" width="100%" name="Results"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="360" valign="top"> <table id="Results" border="0" cellspacing="20" summary="Results table" cellpadding="0" name="Results"> <!-- Start of item block --> <tbody> <tr> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-01.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" src="thumbnails/490.jpg" height="112" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-02.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" src="thumbnails/491.jpg" height="112" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-03.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" src="thumbnails/492.jpg" height="112" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-04.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" src="thumbnails/493.jpg" height="112" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-05.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" src="thumbnails/494.jpg" height="112" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-06.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" src="thumbnails/495.jpg" height="112" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-07.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" src="thumbnails/496.jpg" height="112" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-08.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" src="thumbnails/497.jpg" height="112" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-09.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" src="thumbnails/498.jpg" height="112" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-10.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" src="thumbnails/499.jpg" height="112" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-11.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" src="thumbnails/500.jpg" height="112" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-12.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" src="thumbnails/501.jpg" height="112" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-13.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" src="thumbnails/502.jpg" height="112" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-14.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" src="thumbnails/503.jpg" height="112" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-15.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" src="thumbnails/504.jpg" height="112" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-16.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" src="thumbnails/505.jpg" height="112" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-17.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" src="thumbnails/506.jpg" height="112" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-18.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" src="thumbnails/507.jpg" height="112" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-19.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" src="thumbnails/508.jpg" height="112" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-20.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" src="thumbnails/509.jpg" height="112" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> <p> <table id="ResultsNav" border="0" cellspacing="1" summary="Results navigation" cellpadding="1" width="95%" name="ResultsNav"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p class="ar12D">Displaying records 1 - 20 of 48</p> </td> <td nowrap="nowrap" align="right"> <p class="ar12D">Page: 1 <a href="gallery-02.html">2</a> <a href="gallery-03.html">3</a> &nbsp; | &nbsp; <a href="gallery-02.html">next</a> &nbsp; &gt;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table id="search" cellspacing="0" summary="search" cellpadding="0" name="search"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="10" colspan="2"><img border="0" alt="spacer" src="./media/spacer.gif" width="1" height="5" /></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="700"> <table id="display" cellspacing="0" summary="display table" cellpadding="0" name="display"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="760"> <table id="Results" cellspacing="0" summary="Results table" cellpadding="0" width="100%" name="Results"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="360" valign="top"> <table id="Results" border="0" cellspacing="20" summary="Results table" cellpadding="0" name="Results"> <!-- Start of item block --> <tbody> <tr> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-01.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" src="thumbnails/490.jpg" height="112" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-02.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" src="thumbnails/491.jpg" height="112" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-03.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" src="thumbnails/492.jpg" height="112" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-04.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" src="thumbnails/493.jpg" height="112" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-05.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" src="thumbnails/494.jpg" height="112" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-06.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" src="thumbnails/495.jpg" height="112" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-07.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" src="thumbnails/496.jpg" height="112" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-08.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" src="thumbnails/497.jpg" height="112" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-09.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" src="thumbnails/498.jpg" height="112" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-10.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" src="thumbnails/499.jpg" height="112" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-11.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" src="thumbnails/500.jpg" height="112" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-12.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" src="thumbnails/501.jpg" height="112" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-13.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" src="thumbnails/502.jpg" height="112" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-14.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" src="thumbnails/503.jpg" height="112" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-15.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" src="thumbnails/504.jpg" height="112" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-16.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" src="thumbnails/505.jpg" height="112" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-17.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" src="thumbnails/506.jpg" height="112" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-18.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" src="thumbnails/507.jpg" height="112" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-19.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" src="thumbnails/508.jpg" height="112" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-20.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" src="thumbnails/509.jpg" height="112" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> <!-- End of item block --> </tbody> </table> <table id="ResultsNav" border="0" cellspacing="1" summary="Results navigation" cellpadding="1" width="95%" name="ResultsNav"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p class="ar12D">Displaying records 1 - 20 of 48</p> </td> <td nowrap="nowrap" align="right"> <p class="ar12D">Page: 1 <a href="gallery-02.html">2</a> <a href="gallery-03.html">3</a> &nbsp; | &nbsp; <a href="gallery-02.html">next</a> &nbsp; &gt;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <hr /> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <br /> <table id="footer" cellspacing="0" summary="footer table" cellpadding="0" name="footer"> <tbody> <tr> <td><img border="0" alt="spacer" src="./media/spacer.gif" width="45" height="1" /></td> <td valign="top" width="700"> <p class="ar12D"><!-- Footer HTML --></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <br /> &nbsp;</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <br /> <p class="ar12Dsm"><strong><a name="credits"></a>Image Use and Credits</strong><br /> Almost all the images on these pages are original graphics created by the U.S. Department of Energy Genome Program's Genome Management Information System (GMIS). You will recognize GMIS images by their credit line. Permission to use these graphics is not needed, but please credit the U.S. Department of Energy Genome Programs and provide the website http://genomics.energy.gov. All other images were provided by third parties and not created by the U.S. Department of Energy. You must contact the person listed in the credit line before using those images.</p> <p class="ar12Dsm">Please contact us with <a href="http://public.ornl.gov/hgmis/external/comment_form.cfm">questions or feedback.</a></p> <hr /> <p class="ar12Dsm">&nbsp;</p> <p class="ar12Dsm">Contact the <a href="mailto:martinsa@ornl.gov">Webmaster</a> * <a href="http://genomicscience.energy.gov/disclaimer.shtml">Disclaimer</a></p> <p class="ar12Dsm">This image gallery is a special feature of the genomics.energy.gov website administered by the Genome Management Information System for the <a href="http://www.sc.doe.gov/ober/ober_top.html">Office of Biological and Environmental Research</a> of the <a href="http://www.science.doe.gov/">U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science</a>.</p> <p class="ar12Dsm"><em>Base url: http://genomics.energy.gov</em></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> aef3b31a8588437807fe85f32ab3fd45a279fe59 3217 3215 2010-11-10T03:16:20Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p class="ar13D"><b>Gallery: </b>Human Chromosomes from &quot;Human Genome Landmarks: Selected Genes, Traits, and Disorders&quot; Poster, 2002,</p> <p class="ar13D"><a href="http://genomics.energy.gov/genegateway/">http://genomics.energy.gov/genegateway/</a></p> <p class="ar13D"> <table id="search" cellspacing="0" summary="search" cellpadding="0" name="search"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="10" colspan="2">&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="700"> <table id="display" cellspacing="0" summary="display table" cellpadding="0" name="display"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="760"> <table id="Results" cellspacing="0" summary="Results table" cellpadding="0" width="100%" name="Results"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="360" valign="top"> <table id="Results" border="0" cellspacing="20" summary="Results table" cellpadding="0" name="Results"> <!-- Start of item block --> <tbody> <tr> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block -->[[File:Chr1.jpg]]<a href="detail.np/detail-01.html">&nbsp;<!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-02.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/491.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-03.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/492.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-04.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/493.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-05.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/494.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-06.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/495.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-07.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/496.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-08.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/497.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-09.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/498.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-10.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/499.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-11.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/500.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-12.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/501.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-13.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/502.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-14.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/503.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-15.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/504.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-16.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/505.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-17.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/506.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-18.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/507.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-19.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/508.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-20.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/509.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> <p> <table id="ResultsNav" border="0" cellspacing="1" summary="Results navigation" cellpadding="1" width="95%" name="ResultsNav"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p class="ar12D">Displaying records 1 - 20 of 48</p> </td> <td nowrap="nowrap" align="right"> <p class="ar12D">Page: 1 <a href="gallery-02.html">2</a> <a href="gallery-03.html">3</a> &nbsp; | &nbsp; <a href="gallery-02.html">next</a> &nbsp; &gt;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table id="search" cellspacing="0" summary="search" cellpadding="0" name="search"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="10" colspan="2"><img border="0" alt="spacer" width="1" height="5" src="./media/spacer.gif" /></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="700"> <table id="display" cellspacing="0" summary="display table" cellpadding="0" name="display"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="760"> <table id="Results" cellspacing="0" summary="Results table" cellpadding="0" width="100%" name="Results"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="360" valign="top"> <table id="Results" border="0" cellspacing="20" summary="Results table" cellpadding="0" name="Results"> <!-- Start of item block --> <tbody> <tr> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-01.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/490.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-02.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/491.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-03.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/492.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-04.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/493.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-05.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/494.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-06.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/495.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-07.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/496.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-08.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/497.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-09.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/498.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-10.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/499.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-11.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/500.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-12.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/501.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-13.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/502.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-14.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/503.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-15.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/504.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-16.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/505.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-17.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/506.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-18.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/507.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-19.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/508.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-20.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/509.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> <!-- End of item block --> </tbody> </table> <table id="ResultsNav" border="0" cellspacing="1" summary="Results navigation" cellpadding="1" width="95%" name="ResultsNav"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p class="ar12D">Displaying records 1 - 20 of 48</p> </td> <td nowrap="nowrap" align="right"> <p class="ar12D">Page: 1 <a href="gallery-02.html">2</a> <a href="gallery-03.html">3</a> &nbsp; | &nbsp; <a href="gallery-02.html">next</a> &nbsp; &gt;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <hr /> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <br /> <table id="footer" cellspacing="0" summary="footer table" cellpadding="0" name="footer"> <tbody> <tr> <td><img border="0" alt="spacer" width="45" height="1" src="./media/spacer.gif" /></td> <td valign="top" width="700"> <p class="ar12D"><!-- Footer HTML --></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <br /> &nbsp;</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <br /> <p class="ar12Dsm"><strong><a name="credits"></a>Image Use and Credits</strong><br /> Almost all the images on these pages are original graphics created by the U.S. Department of Energy Genome Program's Genome Management Information System (GMIS). You will recognize GMIS images by their credit line. Permission to use these graphics is not needed, but please credit the U.S. Department of Energy Genome Programs and provide the website http://genomics.energy.gov. All other images were provided by third parties and not created by the U.S. Department of Energy. You must contact the person listed in the credit line before using those images.</p> <p class="ar12Dsm">Please contact us with <a href="http://public.ornl.gov/hgmis/external/comment_form.cfm">questions or feedback.</a></p> <hr /> <p class="ar12Dsm">&nbsp;</p> <p class="ar12Dsm">Contact the <a href="mailto:martinsa@ornl.gov">Webmaster</a> * <a href="http://genomicscience.energy.gov/disclaimer.shtml">Disclaimer</a></p> <p class="ar12Dsm">This image gallery is a special feature of the genomics.energy.gov website administered by the Genome Management Information System for the <a href="http://www.sc.doe.gov/ober/ober_top.html">Office of Biological and Environmental Research</a> of the <a href="http://www.science.doe.gov/">U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science</a>.</p> <p class="ar12Dsm"><em>Base url: http://genomics.energy.gov</em></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> 1e43e0c020c7bc779040e9bf655bc1357520889a 3218 3217 2010-11-10T03:17:08Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p class="ar13D"><b>Gallery: </b>Human Chromosomes from &quot;Human Genome Landmarks: Selected Genes, Traits, and Disorders&quot; Poster, 2002,</p> <p class="ar13D"><a href="http://genomics.energy.gov/genegateway/">http://genomics.energy.gov/genegateway/</a></p> <p class="ar13D"> <table id="search" cellspacing="0" summary="search" cellpadding="0" name="search"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="10" colspan="2">&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="700"> <table id="display" cellspacing="0" summary="display table" cellpadding="0" name="display"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="760"> <table id="Results" cellspacing="0" summary="Results table" cellpadding="0" width="100%" name="Results"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="360" valign="top"> <table id="Results" border="0" cellspacing="20" summary="Results table" cellpadding="0" name="Results"> <!-- Start of item block --> <tbody> <tr> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block -->[[File:Chr1.jpg|thumb]]<a href="detail.np/detail-01.html">&nbsp;<!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-02.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/491.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-03.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/492.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-04.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/493.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-05.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/494.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-06.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/495.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-07.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/496.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-08.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/497.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-09.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/498.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-10.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/499.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-11.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/500.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-12.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/501.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-13.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/502.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-14.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/503.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-15.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/504.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-16.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/505.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-17.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/506.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-18.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/507.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-19.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/508.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-20.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/509.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> <p> <table id="ResultsNav" border="0" cellspacing="1" summary="Results navigation" cellpadding="1" width="95%" name="ResultsNav"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p class="ar12D">Displaying records 1 - 20 of 48</p> </td> <td nowrap="nowrap" align="right"> <p class="ar12D">Page: 1 <a href="gallery-02.html">2</a> <a href="gallery-03.html">3</a> &nbsp; | &nbsp; <a href="gallery-02.html">next</a> &nbsp; &gt;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table id="search" cellspacing="0" summary="search" cellpadding="0" name="search"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="10" colspan="2"><img border="0" alt="spacer" width="1" height="5" src="./media/spacer.gif" /></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="700"> <table id="display" cellspacing="0" summary="display table" cellpadding="0" name="display"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="760"> <table id="Results" cellspacing="0" summary="Results table" cellpadding="0" width="100%" name="Results"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="360" valign="top"> <table id="Results" border="0" cellspacing="20" summary="Results table" cellpadding="0" name="Results"> <!-- Start of item block --> <tbody> <tr> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-01.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/490.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-02.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/491.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-03.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/492.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-04.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/493.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-05.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/494.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-06.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/495.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-07.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/496.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-08.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/497.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-09.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/498.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-10.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/499.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-11.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/500.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-12.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/501.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-13.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/502.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-14.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/503.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-15.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/504.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-16.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/505.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-17.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/506.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-18.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/507.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-19.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/508.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-20.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/509.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> <!-- End of item block --> </tbody> </table> <table id="ResultsNav" border="0" cellspacing="1" summary="Results navigation" cellpadding="1" width="95%" name="ResultsNav"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p class="ar12D">Displaying records 1 - 20 of 48</p> </td> <td nowrap="nowrap" align="right"> <p class="ar12D">Page: 1 <a href="gallery-02.html">2</a> <a href="gallery-03.html">3</a> &nbsp; | &nbsp; <a href="gallery-02.html">next</a> &nbsp; &gt;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <hr /> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <br /> <table id="footer" cellspacing="0" summary="footer table" cellpadding="0" name="footer"> <tbody> <tr> <td><img border="0" alt="spacer" width="45" height="1" src="./media/spacer.gif" /></td> <td valign="top" width="700"> <p class="ar12D"><!-- Footer HTML --></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <br /> &nbsp;</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <br /> <p class="ar12Dsm"><strong><a name="credits"></a>Image Use and Credits</strong><br /> Almost all the images on these pages are original graphics created by the U.S. Department of Energy Genome Program's Genome Management Information System (GMIS). You will recognize GMIS images by their credit line. Permission to use these graphics is not needed, but please credit the U.S. Department of Energy Genome Programs and provide the website http://genomics.energy.gov. All other images were provided by third parties and not created by the U.S. Department of Energy. You must contact the person listed in the credit line before using those images.</p> <p class="ar12Dsm">Please contact us with <a href="http://public.ornl.gov/hgmis/external/comment_form.cfm">questions or feedback.</a></p> <hr /> <p class="ar12Dsm">&nbsp;</p> <p class="ar12Dsm">Contact the <a href="mailto:martinsa@ornl.gov">Webmaster</a> * <a href="http://genomicscience.energy.gov/disclaimer.shtml">Disclaimer</a></p> <p class="ar12Dsm">This image gallery is a special feature of the genomics.energy.gov website administered by the Genome Management Information System for the <a href="http://www.sc.doe.gov/ober/ober_top.html">Office of Biological and Environmental Research</a> of the <a href="http://www.science.doe.gov/">U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science</a>.</p> <p class="ar12Dsm"><em>Base url: http://genomics.energy.gov</em></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> aff49cbc7ee8e61107d368ce3b850445b2c5bb14 3219 3218 2010-11-10T03:17:41Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p class="ar13D"><b>Gallery: </b>Human Chromosomes from &quot;Human Genome Landmarks: Selected Genes, Traits, and Disorders&quot; Poster, 2002,</p> <p class="ar13D"><a href="http://genomics.energy.gov/genegateway/">http://genomics.energy.gov/genegateway/</a></p> <p class="ar13D"> <table id="search" cellspacing="0" summary="search" cellpadding="0" width="100%" name="search"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="10" colspan="2">&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="700"> <table id="display" cellspacing="0" summary="display table" cellpadding="0" name="display"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="760"> <table id="Results" cellspacing="0" summary="Results table" cellpadding="0" width="100%" name="Results"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="360" valign="top"> <table id="Results" border="0" cellspacing="20" summary="Results table" cellpadding="0" width="100%" name="Results"> <!-- Start of item block --> <tbody> <tr> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block -->[[File:Chr1.jpg|thumb]]<a href="detail.np/detail-01.html">&nbsp;<!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-02.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/491.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-03.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/492.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-04.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/493.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-05.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/494.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-06.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/495.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-07.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/496.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-08.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/497.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-09.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/498.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-10.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/499.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-11.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/500.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-12.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/501.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-13.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/502.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-14.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/503.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-15.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/504.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-16.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/505.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-17.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/506.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-18.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/507.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-19.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/508.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-20.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/509.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> <p> <table id="ResultsNav" border="0" cellspacing="1" summary="Results navigation" cellpadding="1" width="95%" name="ResultsNav"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p class="ar12D">Displaying records 1 - 20 of 48</p> </td> <td nowrap="nowrap" align="right"> <p class="ar12D">Page: 1 <a href="gallery-02.html">2</a> <a href="gallery-03.html">3</a> &nbsp; | &nbsp; <a href="gallery-02.html">next</a> &nbsp; &gt;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table id="search" cellspacing="0" summary="search" cellpadding="0" name="search"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="10" colspan="2"><img border="0" alt="spacer" width="1" height="5" src="./media/spacer.gif" /></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="700"> <table id="display" cellspacing="0" summary="display table" cellpadding="0" name="display"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="760"> <table id="Results" cellspacing="0" summary="Results table" cellpadding="0" width="100%" name="Results"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="360" valign="top"> <table id="Results" border="0" cellspacing="20" summary="Results table" cellpadding="0" name="Results"> <!-- Start of item block --> <tbody> <tr> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-01.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/490.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-02.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/491.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-03.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/492.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-04.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/493.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-05.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/494.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-06.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/495.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-07.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/496.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-08.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/497.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-09.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/498.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-10.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/499.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-11.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/500.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-12.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/501.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-13.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/502.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-14.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/503.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-15.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/504.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-16.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/505.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-17.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/506.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-18.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/507.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-19.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/508.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-20.html"><img border="0" alt="thumbnail" height="112" src="thumbnails/509.jpg" /> <!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> <!-- End of item block --> </tbody> </table> <table id="ResultsNav" border="0" cellspacing="1" summary="Results navigation" cellpadding="1" width="95%" name="ResultsNav"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p class="ar12D">Displaying records 1 - 20 of 48</p> </td> <td nowrap="nowrap" align="right"> <p class="ar12D">Page: 1 <a href="gallery-02.html">2</a> <a href="gallery-03.html">3</a> &nbsp; | &nbsp; <a href="gallery-02.html">next</a> &nbsp; &gt;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <hr /> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <br /> <table id="footer" cellspacing="0" summary="footer table" cellpadding="0" name="footer"> <tbody> <tr> <td><img border="0" alt="spacer" width="45" height="1" src="./media/spacer.gif" /></td> <td valign="top" width="700"> <p class="ar12D"><!-- Footer HTML --></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <br /> &nbsp;</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <br /> <p class="ar12Dsm"><strong><a name="credits"></a>Image Use and Credits</strong><br /> Almost all the images on these pages are original graphics created by the U.S. Department of Energy Genome Program's Genome Management Information System (GMIS). You will recognize GMIS images by their credit line. Permission to use these graphics is not needed, but please credit the U.S. Department of Energy Genome Programs and provide the website http://genomics.energy.gov. All other images were provided by third parties and not created by the U.S. Department of Energy. You must contact the person listed in the credit line before using those images.</p> <p class="ar12Dsm">Please contact us with <a href="http://public.ornl.gov/hgmis/external/comment_form.cfm">questions or feedback.</a></p> <hr /> <p class="ar12Dsm">&nbsp;</p> <p class="ar12Dsm">Contact the <a href="mailto:martinsa@ornl.gov">Webmaster</a> * <a href="http://genomicscience.energy.gov/disclaimer.shtml">Disclaimer</a></p> <p class="ar12Dsm">This image gallery is a special feature of the genomics.energy.gov website administered by the Genome Management Information System for the <a href="http://www.sc.doe.gov/ober/ober_top.html">Office of Biological and Environmental Research</a> of the <a href="http://www.science.doe.gov/">U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science</a>.</p> <p class="ar12Dsm"><em>Base url: http://genomics.energy.gov</em></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> d6db9ca7880514d49e36317c44b1f9e6930f2747 3220 3219 2010-11-10T03:18:36Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p class="ar13D"><b>Gallery: </b>Human Chromosomes from &quot;Human Genome Landmarks: Selected Genes, Traits, and Disorders&quot; Poster, 2002,</p> <p class="ar13D"><a href="http://genomics.energy.gov/genegateway/">http://genomics.energy.gov/genegateway/</a></p> <p class="ar13D"> <table id="search" cellspacing="0" summary="search" cellpadding="0" width="100%" name="search"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="10" colspan="2">&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="700"> <table id="display" cellspacing="0" summary="display table" cellpadding="0" name="display"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="760"> <table id="Results" cellspacing="0" summary="Results table" cellpadding="0" width="100%" name="Results"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="360" valign="top"> <table id="Results" border="0" cellspacing="20" summary="Results table" cellpadding="0" width="100%" name="Results"> <!-- Start of item block --> <tbody> <tr> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block -->[[File:Chr1.jpg|thumb]]<a href="detail.np/detail-01.html">&nbsp;<!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-02.html">&nbsp;<!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-03.html">&nbsp;<!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-04.html">&nbsp;<!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-05.html">&nbsp;<!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-06.html">&nbsp;<!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-07.html">&nbsp;<!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-08.html">&nbsp;<!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-09.html">&nbsp;<!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-10.html">&nbsp;<!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-11.html">&nbsp;<!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-12.html">&nbsp;<!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-13.html">&nbsp;<!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-14.html">&nbsp;<!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-15.html">&nbsp;<!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-16.html">&nbsp;<!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-17.html">&nbsp;<!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-18.html">&nbsp;<!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-19.html">&nbsp;<!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" width="100%" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-20.html">&nbsp;<!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 4f8612eaa34a785a151cdba61df6ad683a3703e7 6 1932 3216 2010-11-10T03:16:01Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 6 1933 3221 2010-11-10T03:19:39Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 0 1931 3222 3220 2010-11-10T03:20:08Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p class="ar13D"><b>Gallery: </b>Human Chromosomes from &quot;Human Genome Landmarks: Selected Genes, Traits, and Disorders&quot; Poster, 2002,</p> <p class="ar13D"><a href="http://genomics.energy.gov/genegateway/">http://genomics.energy.gov/genegateway/</a></p> <p class="ar13D"> <table id="search" cellspacing="0" summary="search" cellpadding="0" width="100%" name="search"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="10" colspan="2">&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="700"> <table id="display" cellspacing="0" summary="display table" cellpadding="0" name="display"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="760"> <table id="Results" cellspacing="0" summary="Results table" cellpadding="0" width="100%" name="Results"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="360" valign="top"> <table id="Results" border="0" cellspacing="20" summary="Results table" cellpadding="0" width="100%" name="Results"> <!-- Start of item block --> <tbody> <tr> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block -->[[File:Chr1.jpg|thumb]]<a href="detail.np/detail-01.html">&nbsp;<!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-02.html">&nbsp;<!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a>[[File:Chr2.jpg|thumb]]<a href="detail.np/detail-01.html">&nbsp;<!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-03.html">&nbsp;<!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-04.html">&nbsp;<!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-05.html">&nbsp;<!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-06.html">&nbsp;<!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-07.html">&nbsp;<!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-08.html">&nbsp;<!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-09.html">&nbsp;<!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-10.html">&nbsp;<!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-11.html">&nbsp;<!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-12.html">&nbsp;<!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-13.html">&nbsp;<!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-14.html">&nbsp;<!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-15.html">&nbsp;<!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-16.html">&nbsp;<!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-17.html">&nbsp;<!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-18.html">&nbsp;<!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-19.html">&nbsp;<!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" width="100%" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-20.html">&nbsp;<!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 953db86b4dddfb1e271e143753e2d6ae060f6cbe 3223 3222 2010-11-10T03:20:59Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p class="ar13D"><b>Gallery: </b>Human Chromosomes from &quot;Human Genome Landmarks: Selected Genes, Traits, and Disorders&quot; Poster, 2002,</p> <p class="ar13D"><a href="http://genomics.energy.gov/genegateway/">http://genomics.energy.gov/genegateway/</a></p> <p class="ar13D"> <table id="search" cellspacing="0" summary="search" cellpadding="0" width="100%" name="search"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="10" colspan="2">&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="700"> <table id="display" cellspacing="0" summary="display table" cellpadding="0" name="display"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="760"> <table id="Results" cellspacing="0" summary="Results table" cellpadding="0" width="100%" name="Results"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="360" valign="top"> <table id="Results" border="0" cellspacing="20" summary="Results table" cellpadding="0" width="100%" name="Results"> <!-- Start of item block --> <tbody> <tr> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block -->[[File:Chr1.jpg|thumb]]<a href="detail.np/detail-01.html">&nbsp;<!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-02.html">&nbsp;<!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a>[[File:Chr2.jpg|thumb]]<a href="detail.np/detail-01.html">&nbsp;<!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-03.html">&nbsp;<!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-04.html">&nbsp;<!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-05.html">&nbsp;<!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-06.html">&nbsp;<!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-07.html">&nbsp;<!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-08.html">&nbsp;<!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-09.html">&nbsp;<!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-10.html">&nbsp;<!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-11.html">&nbsp;<!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-12.html">&nbsp;<!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-13.html">&nbsp;<!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-14.html">&nbsp;<!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-15.html">&nbsp;<!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-16.html">&nbsp;<!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-17.html">&nbsp;<!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-18.html">&nbsp;<!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-19.html">&nbsp;<!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td class="borderAll" height="100%" valign="top"> <table id="record" cellspacing="10" summary="record detail" cellpadding="5" width="100%" name="record"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="120" valign="bottom" width="120" align="center"><!-- OnClickAction block --><a href="detail.np/detail-20.html">&nbsp;<!-- OnClickAction cleanup --></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p class="ar11D"><!-- Field information --><br /> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> <p>&nbsp;Permission to use these graphics is not needed, but please credit the U.S. Department of Energy Genome Programs and provide the website http://genomics.energy.gov. All other images were provided by third parties and not created by the U.S. Department of Energy. You must contact the person listed in the credit line before using those images.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 17138b8c760c86c23914d9cbc0f1e8fad8d22b70 0 1936 3228 2010-11-14T05:18:46Z WikiSysop 1 Created page with "<p>[[The first Cyano bacterium sequenced]]:</p>" wikitext text/x-wiki <p>[[The first Cyano bacterium sequenced]]:</p> cb7526b4c0ae2621cda88de6432611a40fb5287b 3233 3228 2010-11-14T05:22:00Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>[[The first Cyano bacterium sequenced]]:&nbsp;Synechocystis sp. PCC6803</p> <p>[[The fisrt archae genome sequenced]]:&nbsp;[[Methanococcus jannaschii]]</p> 0794db94e2e381726c8257d00d43f5a977cb7474 3234 3233 2010-11-14T05:22:37Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>[[The first bacterium sequenced]]:&nbsp;Haemophilus influenzae<br /> [[The first Cyano bacterium sequenced]]:&nbsp;Synechocystis sp. PCC6803</p> <p>[[The fisrt archae genome sequenced]]:&nbsp;[[Methanococcus jannaschii]]</p> 89cac47d372dad2887c3f5a47e49c3eb73b051d0 0 1937 3229 2010-11-14T05:19:15Z WikiSysop 1 Created page with "<p>Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 is a freshwater cyanobacterium capable of both phototrophic growth by oxygenic photosynthesis in sunlight and heterotrophic growth by glycolysis and ..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p>Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 is a freshwater cyanobacterium capable of both phototrophic growth by oxygenic photosynthesis in sunlight and heterotrophic growth by glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation during dark periods. Transitions of light and dark phases are effectively anticipated by a circadian clock.</p> <p>Contents [hide]<br /> 1 Overview<br /> 2 Light-activated heterotrophy<br /> 3 References<br /> 4 Databases<br /> &nbsp;<br /> [edit] Overview<br /> Cyanobacteria are model microorganisms for the study of photosynthesis, carbon and nitrogen assimilation, evolution of plant plastids, and adaptability to environmental stresses. Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 is one of the most highly studied cyanobacteria as it can grow both autotrophically or heterotrophically in the absence of light. It was isolated from a freshwater lake in 1968 and is easily transformed by exogenous DNA. The photosynthetic apparatus is very similar to the one found in plants. This organism also exhibits phototactic movement.</p> <p>[edit] Light-activated heterotrophy<br /> It can live completely heterotrophically in the dark, but for yet unknown reasons requires a minimum of 5 to 15 minutes (blue) light per day. This regulatory role of light is intact in both PSI and PSII deficient strains.[1]</p> <p>NDH-2 is a regulatory quinone:NAD(P)H oxidoreductase[2] global analysis of circadian gene expression indicates that translation genes are expressed at the early subjective day.[3]</p> <p>Some glycolytic genes are regulated by sll1330 under light and glucose-supplemented conditions. One of the most important glycolytic genes is fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (fbaA). The mRNA level of fbaA is increased under light and glucose-supplemented conditions. But in &Delta;sll1330, fbaA is not increased under same conditions.[4]</p> <p>[edit] References<br /> 1.^ Anderson SL and McIntosh L (May 1991). &quot;Light-activated heterotrophic growth of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803: a blue-light-requiring process&quot;. J Bacteriol 173 (9): 2761&ndash;2767. PMID 1902208. <br /> 2.^ Howitt CA, Udall PK, and Vermaas WF (July 1999). &quot;Type 2 NADH dehydrogenases in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 are involved in regulation rather than respiration&quot;. J Bacteriol 181 (13): 3994&ndash;4003. PMID 10383967. <br /> 3.^ Kucho K, Okamoto K, Tsuchiya Y, Nomura S, Nango M, Kanehisa M, and Ishiura M (March 2005). &quot;Global analysis of circadian expression in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803&quot;. J Bacteriol 187 (6): 2190&ndash;2199. doi:10.1128/JB.187.6.2190-2199.2005. PMID 15743968. <br /> 4.^ Yusuke Tabei, Katsuhiko Okada and Mikio Tsuzuki (April 2007). &quot;Sll1330 controls the expression of glycolytic genes in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803&quot;. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun 355 (4): 1045&ndash;1050. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.02.065. PMID 17331473. <br /> [edit] Databases<br /> SynechoNET: integrated protein-protein interaction database of a model cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. SynechoNET is a specialized cyanobacterial protein-protein interaction database. It shows feasible cyanobacterial domain-domain interactions, as well as their protein level interactions using the model cyanobacterium, Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Additionally, SynechoNET provides transmembrane topology and domain information, as well as the interaction networks in graphical web interfaces.<br /> CyanoBase: Cyanobacteria carry a complete set of genes for oxygenic photosynthesis, which is the most fundamental life process on the earth. This organism is also interesting from an evolutional viewpoint, for it was born in a very ancient age and has survived in various environments. Chloroplast is believed to have evolved from cyanobacterial ancestors which developed an endosymbiontic relationship with a eukaryotic host cell. CyanoBase provides an easy way of accessing the sequences and all-inclusive annotation data on the structures of the cyanobacterial genomes. This database was originally developed by Makoto Hirosawa, Takakazu Kaneko and Satoshi Tabata, and the current version of CyanoBase has been developed and maintained by Yasukazu Nakamura, Takakazu Kaneko, and Satoshi Tabata at Kazusa DNA Research Institute.<br /> STRING: STRING is a database of known and predicted protein-protein interactions.The interactions include direct (physical) and indirect (functional) associations; they are derived from four sources: Genomic Context, High-throughpot Experiments, (Conserved) Coexpression, and Previous Knowledge. The database currently contains 1,513,782 proteins in 373 species. Especially, the database provides interactions for Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803.<br /> cTFbase: cTFbase contains 1288 putative TFs identified from 21 fully sequenced cyanobacterial genomes. Through its user-friendly interactive interface, users can employ various criteria to retrieve all TF sequences and their detailed annotation information, including sequence features, domain architecture and sequence similarity against the linked databases. Furthermore, cTFbase also provides phylogenetic trees of individual TF family, multiple sequence alignments of the DNA-binding domain and ortholog identification from any selected genomes.<br /> &nbsp;</p> 21c3ec8e367a09746064a4c0bb93754fd777cd6e 3230 3229 2010-11-14T05:20:18Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 is a freshwater cyanobacterium capable of both phototrophic growth by oxygenic photosynthesis in sunlight and heterotrophic growth by glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation during dark periods. Transitions of light and dark phases are effectively anticipated by a circadian clock.</p> <p>Contents [hide]<br /> 1 Overview<br /> 2 Light-activated heterotrophy<br /> 3 References<br /> 4 Databases<br /> &nbsp;<br /> [edit] Overview<br /> Cyanobacteria are model microorganisms for the study of photosynthesis, carbon and nitrogen assimilation, evolution of plant plastids, and adaptability to environmental stresses. Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 is one of the most highly studied cyanobacteria as it can grow both autotrophically or heterotrophically in the absence of light. It was isolated from a freshwater lake in 1968 and is easily transformed by exogenous DNA. The photosynthetic apparatus is very similar to the one found in plants. This organism also exhibits phototactic movement.</p> <p>[edit] Light-activated heterotrophy<br /> It can live completely heterotrophically in the dark, but for yet unknown reasons requires a minimum of 5 to 15 minutes (blue) light per day. This regulatory role of light is intact in both PSI and PSII deficient strains.[1]</p> <p>NDH-2 is a regulatory quinone:NAD(P)H oxidoreductase[2] global analysis of circadian gene expression indicates that translation genes are expressed at the early subjective day.[3]</p> <p>Some glycolytic genes are regulated by sll1330 under light and glucose-supplemented conditions. One of the most important glycolytic genes is fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (fbaA). The mRNA level of fbaA is increased under light and glucose-supplemented conditions. But in &Delta;sll1330, fbaA is not increased under same conditions.[4]</p> <p>[edit] References<br /> 1.^ Anderson SL and McIntosh L (May 1991). &quot;Light-activated heterotrophic growth of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803: a blue-light-requiring process&quot;. J Bacteriol 173 (9): 2761&ndash;2767. PMID 1902208. <br /> 2.^ Howitt CA, Udall PK, and Vermaas WF (July 1999). &quot;Type 2 NADH dehydrogenases in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 are involved in regulation rather than respiration&quot;. J Bacteriol 181 (13): 3994&ndash;4003. PMID 10383967. <br /> 3.^ Kucho K, Okamoto K, Tsuchiya Y, Nomura S, Nango M, Kanehisa M, and Ishiura M (March 2005). &quot;Global analysis of circadian expression in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803&quot;. J Bacteriol 187 (6): 2190&ndash;2199. doi:10.1128/JB.187.6.2190-2199.2005. PMID 15743968. <br /> 4.^ Yusuke Tabei, Katsuhiko Okada and Mikio Tsuzuki (April 2007). &quot;Sll1330 controls the expression of glycolytic genes in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803&quot;. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun 355 (4): 1045&ndash;1050. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.02.065. PMID 17331473. <br /> [edit] Databases<br /> SynechoNET: integrated protein-protein interaction database of a model cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. SynechoNET is a specialized cyanobacterial protein-protein interaction database. It shows feasible cyanobacterial domain-domain interactions, as well as their protein level interactions using the model cyanobacterium, Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Additionally, SynechoNET provides transmembrane topology and domain information, as well as the interaction networks in graphical web interfaces.<br /> CyanoBase: Cyanobacteria carry a complete set of genes for oxygenic photosynthesis, which is the most fundamental life process on the earth. This organism is also interesting from an evolutional viewpoint, for it was born in a very ancient age and has survived in various environments. Chloroplast is believed to have evolved from cyanobacterial ancestors which developed an endosymbiontic relationship with a eukaryotic host cell. CyanoBase provides an easy way of accessing the sequences and all-inclusive annotation data on the structures of the cyanobacterial genomes. This database was originally developed by Makoto Hirosawa, Takakazu Kaneko and Satoshi Tabata, and the current version of CyanoBase has been developed and maintained by Yasukazu Nakamura, Takakazu Kaneko, and Satoshi Tabata at Kazusa DNA Research Institute.<br /> STRING: STRING is a database of known and predicted protein-protein interactions.The interactions include direct (physical) and indirect (functional) associations; they are derived from four sources: Genomic Context, High-throughpot Experiments, (Conserved) Coexpression, and Previous Knowledge. The database currently contains 1,513,782 proteins in 373 species. Especially, the database provides interactions for Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803.<br /> cTFbase: cTFbase contains 1288 putative TFs identified from 21 fully sequenced cyanobacterial genomes. Through its user-friendly interactive interface, users can employ various criteria to retrieve all TF sequences and their detailed annotation information, including sequence features, domain architecture and sequence similarity against the linked databases. Furthermore, cTFbase also provides phylogenetic trees of individual TF family, multiple sequence alignments of the DNA-binding domain and ortholog identification from any selected genomes.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>[[Methanococcus jannascii]]<br /> &nbsp;</p> eaf219d98c908cd83aeeadbe3cc636957a282f89 3253 3230 2010-11-14T05:58:55Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>[[Synechocystis sp. PCC6803]] is a freshwater cyanobacterium capable of both phototrophic growth by oxygenic photosynthesis in sunlight and heterotrophic growth by glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation during dark periods. Transitions of light and dark phases are effectively anticipated by a circadian clock.</p> <p>&nbsp;<br /> <b> Overview<br /> </b>Cyanobacteria are model microorganisms for the study of photosynthesis, carbon and nitrogen assimilation, evolution of plant plastids, and adaptability to environmental stresses. Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 is one of the most highly studied cyanobacteria as it can grow both autotrophically or heterotrophically in the absence of light. It was isolated from a freshwater lake in 1968 and is easily transformed by exogenous DNA. The photosynthetic apparatus is very similar to the one found in plants. This organism also exhibits phototactic movement.</p> <p><b>Light-activated heterotrophy<br /> </b>It can live completely heterotrophically in the dark, but for yet unknown reasons requires a minimum of 5 to 15 minutes (blue) light per day. This regulatory role of light is intact in both PSI and PSII deficient strains.[1]</p> <p>NDH-2 is a regulatory quinone:NAD(P)H oxidoreductase[2] global analysis of circadian gene expression indicates that translation genes are expressed at the early subjective day.[3]</p> <p>Some glycolytic genes are regulated by sll1330 under light and glucose-supplemented conditions. One of the most important glycolytic genes is fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (fbaA). The mRNA level of fbaA is increased under light and glucose-supplemented conditions. But in &Delta;sll1330, fbaA is not increased under same conditions.[4]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><b>Paper:</b></p> <p>[[Sequence Analysis of the Genome of the Unicellular Cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. Strain PCC6803. II. Sequence Determination of the Entire Genome and Assignment of Potential Protein-coding Regions. DNA research 1996]]<br /> &nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><b>References</b><br /> 1.^ Anderson SL and McIntosh L (May 1991). &quot;Light-activated heterotrophic growth of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803: a blue-light-requiring process&quot;. J Bacteriol 173 (9): 2761&ndash;2767. PMID 1902208. <br /> 2.^ Howitt CA, Udall PK, and Vermaas WF (July 1999). &quot;Type 2 NADH dehydrogenases in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 are involved in regulation rather than respiration&quot;. J Bacteriol 181 (13): 3994&ndash;4003. PMID 10383967. <br /> 3.^ Kucho K, Okamoto K, Tsuchiya Y, Nomura S, Nango M, Kanehisa M, and Ishiura M (March 2005). &quot;Global analysis of circadian expression in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803&quot;. J Bacteriol 187 (6): 2190&ndash;2199. doi:10.1128/JB.187.6.2190-2199.2005. PMID 15743968. <br /> 4.^ Yusuke Tabei, Katsuhiko Okada and Mikio Tsuzuki (April 2007). &quot;Sll1330 controls the expression of glycolytic genes in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803&quot;. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun 355 (4): 1045&ndash;1050. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.02.065. PMID 17331473. <br /> [edit] Databases<br /> SynechoNET: integrated protein-protein interaction database of a model cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. SynechoNET is a specialized cyanobacterial protein-protein interaction database. It shows feasible cyanobacterial domain-domain interactions, as well as their protein level interactions using the model cyanobacterium, Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Additionally, SynechoNET provides transmembrane topology and domain information, as well as the interaction networks in graphical web interfaces.<br /> CyanoBase: Cyanobacteria carry a complete set of genes for oxygenic photosynthesis, which is the most fundamental life process on the earth. This organism is also interesting from an evolutional viewpoint, for it was born in a very ancient age and has survived in various environments. Chloroplast is believed to have evolved from cyanobacterial ancestors which developed an endosymbiontic relationship with a eukaryotic host cell. CyanoBase provides an easy way of accessing the sequences and all-inclusive annotation data on the structures of the cyanobacterial genomes. This database was originally developed by Makoto Hirosawa, Takakazu Kaneko and Satoshi Tabata, and the current version of CyanoBase has been developed and maintained by Yasukazu Nakamura, Takakazu Kaneko, and Satoshi Tabata at Kazusa DNA Research Institute.<br /> STRING: STRING is a database of known and predicted protein-protein interactions.The interactions include direct (physical) and indirect (functional) associations; they are derived from four sources: Genomic Context, High-throughpot Experiments, (Conserved) Coexpression, and Previous Knowledge. The database currently contains 1,513,782 proteins in 373 species. Especially, the database provides interactions for Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803.<br /> cTFbase: cTFbase contains 1288 putative TFs identified from 21 fully sequenced cyanobacterial genomes. Through its user-friendly interactive interface, users can employ various criteria to retrieve all TF sequences and their detailed annotation information, including sequence features, domain architecture and sequence similarity against the linked databases. Furthermore, cTFbase also provides phylogenetic trees of individual TF family, multiple sequence alignments of the DNA-binding domain and ortholog identification from any selected genomes.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>[[Methanococcus jannascii]]<br /> &nbsp;</p> a8e21d2e39d993bf520ef0379b3926aa0ca9c186 0 1938 3231 2010-11-14T05:20:49Z WikiSysop 1 Created page with "<p><span style="color: #000000">In </span><span style="color: #000000">taxonomy</span><span style="color: #000000">, <i><b>Methanocaldococcus</b></i> is a </span><span style="col..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="color: #000000">In </span><span style="color: #000000">taxonomy</span><span style="color: #000000">, <i><b>Methanocaldococcus</b></i> is a </span><span style="color: #000000">genus</span><span style="color: #000000"> of the </span><span style="color: #000000">Methanocaldococcaceae</span><span style="color: #000000">.</span><sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><span style="color: #000000"><font size="2">[1]</font></span></sup></p> <p><span style="color: #000000"><i><b>Methanocaldococcus</b></i> formerly known as <i><b>Methanococcus</b></i> is a genus of </span><span style="color: #000000">coccoid</span><span style="color: #000000">methanogens</span><span style="color: #000000">. They are all </span><span style="color: #000000">mesophiles</span><span style="color: #000000">, except the </span><span style="color: #000000">thermophilic</span><span style="color: #000000"> <i>M. thermolithotrophicus</i> and the </span><span style="color: #000000">hyperthermophilic</span><span style="color: #000000"> <i>M. jannaschii</i>. The latter was discovered at the base of a &ldquo;white smoker&rdquo; chimney at 21&deg;</span><span style="color: #000000">N</span><span style="color: #000000"> on the </span><span style="color: #000000">East Pacific Rise</span><span style="color: #000000"><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[2]</font></sup> and it was the first </span><span style="color: #000000">archaean</span><span style="color: #000000">genome</span><span style="color: #000000"> to be completely sequenced, revealing many novel and </span><span style="color: #000000">eukaryote</span><span style="color: #000000">-like elements.</span><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><span style="color: #000000"><font size="2">[3]</font></span></sup></p> <p> <table id="toc" class="toc"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <div id="toctitle"> <h2><span style="color: #000000">Contents</span></h2> <span style="color: #000000"><span class="toctoggle"><font size="2">[</font></span></span><span class="toctoggle"><span style="color: #000000"><font size="2">hide</font></span><span style="color: #000000"><font size="2">]</font></span></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><span style="color: #000000"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></span></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><span style="color: #000000"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span> </span> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><span style="color: #000000"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Scientific journals</span></span></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><span style="color: #000000"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Scientific books</span></span></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><span style="color: #000000"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Scientific databases</span></span></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6">&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <span style="color: #000000"> <script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "show"; var tocHideText = "hide"; showTocToggle(); } //]]> </script> </span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="References" class="mw-headline">References</span></span></h2> <div style="column-count: 1; -moz-column-count: 1; -webkit-column-count: 1" class="references-small"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-0"><span style="color: #000000"><b>^</b></span><span style="color: #000000"> See the </span><span style="color: #000000">NCBI</span><span style="color: #000000">webpage on Methanocaldococcus</span><span style="color: #000000">. Data extracted from the </span><span class="citation web"><span style="color: #000000">&quot;NCBI taxonomy resources&quot;</span><span style="color: #000000">. </span><span style="color: #000000">National Center for Biotechnology Information</span><span style="color: #000000"><span class="printonly">. </span></span><span class="printonly"><span style="color: #000000">ftp://ftp.ncbi.nih.gov/pub/taxonomy/</span></span></span><span style="color: #000000"><span class="citation web"><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-03-19</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=NCBI+taxonomy+resources&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BNational+Center+for+Biotechnology+Information%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=ftp%3A%2F%2Fftp.ncbi.nih.gov%2Fpub%2Ftaxonomy%2F&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Methanocaldococcus"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-1"><span style="color: #000000"><b>^</b></span><span style="color: #000000"> <span class="citation Journal">W.J. Jones, <i>et al.</i> (December 1983). &quot;<i>Methanococcus jannaschii</i> sp. nov., an extremely thermophilic methanogen from a submarine hydrothermal vent&quot;. <i>Arch. Microbiol.</i> <b>136</b> (4): 254&ndash;261. </span></span><span class="citation Journal"><span style="color: #000000">doi</span><span style="color: #000000">:</span><span style="color: #000000">10.1007/BF00425213</span></span><span style="color: #000000"><span class="citation Journal">.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=%27%27Methanococcus+jannaschii%27%27+sp.+nov.%2C+an+extremely+thermophilic+methanogen+from+a+submarine+hydrothermal+vent&amp;rft.jtitle=Arch.+Microbiol.&amp;rft.aulast=W.J.+Jones%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=W.J.+Jones%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=December+1983&amp;rft.volume=136&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=254%E2%80%93261&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2FBF00425213&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Methanocaldococcus"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span style="color: #000000"><b>^</b></span><span style="color: #000000"> <span class="citation Journal">C.J. Bult, <i>et al.</i> (August 1996). &quot;Complete genome sequence of the methanogenic archaeon, <i>Methanococcus jannaschii</i>&quot;. </span></span><span class="citation Journal"><i><span style="color: #000000">Science</span></i><span style="color: #000000"> <b>273</b> (5278): 1058&ndash;1073. </span><span style="color: #000000">doi</span><span style="color: #000000">:</span><span style="color: #000000">10.1126/science.273.5278.1058</span></span><span style="color: #000000"><span class="citation Journal">.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+the+methanogenic+archaeon%2C+%27%27Methanococcus+jannaschii%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BScience+%28journal%29%7CScience%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=C.J.+Bult%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=C.J.+Bult%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=August+1996&amp;rft.volume=273&amp;rft.issue=5278&amp;rft.pages=1058%E2%80%931073&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.273.5278.1058&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Methanocaldococcus"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> </ol> </div> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Further_reading" class="mw-headline">Further reading</span></span></h2> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Scientific_journals" class="mw-headline">Scientific journals</span></span></h3> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Scientific_books" class="mw-headline">Scientific books</span></span></h3> <ul> <li><span style="color: #000000"><span class="citation book">Whitman, WB (2001). &quot;Genus I. Methanocaldococcus gen. nov.&quot;. In DR Boone and RW Castenholz, eds.. <i>Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology Volume 1: The Archaea and the deeply branching and phototrophic Bacteria</i> (2nd ed.). New York: Springer Verlag. </span></span><span class="citation book"><span style="color: #000000">ISBN</span><span style="color: #000000">&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #000000">978-0387987712</span></span><span style="color: #000000"><span class="citation book">.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Genus+I.+Methanocaldococcus+gen.+nov.&amp;rft.atitle=Bergey%27s+Manual+of+Systematic+Bacteriology+Volume+1%3A+The+Archaea+and+the+deeply+branching+and+phototrophic+Bacteria&amp;rft.aulast=Whitman&amp;rft.aufirst=WB&amp;rft.au=Whitman%2C%26%2332%3BWB&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.edition=2nd&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Springer+Verlag&amp;rft.isbn=978-0387987712&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Methanocaldococcus"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> </ul> <ul> <li><span style="color: #000000"><span class="citation book">Whitman WB, Boone DR, Koga Y (2001). &quot;Family II. Methanocaldococcaceae fam. nov.&quot;. In DR Boone and RW Castenholz, eds.. <i>Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology Volume 1: The Archaea and the deeply branching and phototrophic Bacteria</i> (2nd ed.). New York: Springer Verlag. </span></span><span class="citation book"><span style="color: #000000">ISBN</span><span style="color: #000000">&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #000000">978-0387987712</span></span><span style="color: #000000"><span class="citation book">.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Family+II.+Methanocaldococcaceae+fam.+nov.&amp;rft.atitle=Bergey%27s+Manual+of+Systematic+Bacteriology+Volume+1%3A+The+Archaea+and+the+deeply+branching+and+phototrophic+Bacteria&amp;rft.aulast=Whitman+WB%2C+Boone+DR%2C+Koga+Y&amp;rft.au=Whitman+WB%2C+Boone+DR%2C+Koga+Y&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.edition=2nd&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Springer+Verlag&amp;rft.isbn=978-0387987712&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Methanocaldococcus"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> </ul> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Scientific_databases" class="mw-headline">Scientific databases</span></span></h3> <ul> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&amp;term=Methanocaldococcus" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">PubMed references for Methanocaldococcus</font></a></span></li> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pmc&amp;term=Methanocaldococcus" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">PubMed Central references for Methanocaldococcus</font></a></span></li> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Methanocaldococcus" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">Google Scholar references for Methanocaldococcus</font></a></span></li> </ul> <h2><span id="External_links" class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&amp;id=196118" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">NCBI taxonomy page for Methanocaldococcus</font></a></span></li> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="http://tolweb.org/tree/home.pages/searchTOL?taxon=Methanocaldococcus&amp;Submit2=Find" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">Search Tree of Life taxonomy pages for Methanocaldococcus</font></a></span></li> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2006/search_results.php?search_string=Methanocaldococcus&amp;match_whole_words=on" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">Search Species2000 page for Methanocaldococcus</font></a></span></li> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Special:Search?search=Methanocaldococcus&amp;go=Go" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">MicrobeWiki page for Methanocaldococcus</font></a></span></li> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="http://www.bacterio.cict.fr/m/methanocaldococcus.html" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">LSPN page for Methanocaldococcus</font></a></span></li> <li><a class="external text" href="http://archaea.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgGateway?db=methJann1" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">Information on type species 'Methanocaldococcus jannaschii'</font></a></li> </ul> <p> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 2px; padding-right: 2px; padding-top: 2px"> <table style="width: 100%; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: inherit" id="collapsibleTable0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" cellspacing="0"> <tbody> <tr> <th class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><span class="collapseButton">[<a id="collapseButton0" href="#"><font color="#0645ad">hide</font></a>]</span> <div style="text-align: left; width: 6em; float: left"> <div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; font-size: xx-small; border-top: medium none; font-weight: normal; border-right: medium none; padding-top: 0px" class="noprint plainlinks navbar"><a title="Template:Extremophile" href="/wiki/Template:Extremophile"><span style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; border-right: medium none" title="View this template"><font color="#0645ad">v</font></span></a>&nbsp;<font size="1"><span style="font-size: 80%">&bull;</span>&nbsp;</font><a title="Template talk:Extremophile" href="/wiki/Template_talk:Extremophile"><span style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; border-right: medium none" title="Discuss this template"><font color="#0645ad">d</font></span></a>&nbsp;<font size="1"><span style="font-size: 80%">&bull;</span>&nbsp;</font><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Extremophile&amp;action=edit" rel="nofollow"><span style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; border-right: medium none" title="Edit this template"><font color="#3366bb">e</font></span></a></div> </div> <span style="font-size: 110%"><a title="Extremophile" href="/wiki/Extremophile"><font color="#0645ad" size="3">Extremophiles</font></a></span></th> </tr> <tr style="height: 2px"> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center" class="navbox-group">Types</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-left: 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; width: 100%; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-top: 0em"> <div> <p><a title="Acidophile (organisms)" href="/wiki/Acidophile_(organisms)"><font color="#0645ad">Acidophile</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Alkaliphile" href="/wiki/Alkaliphile"><font color="#0645ad">Alkaliphile</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Capnophile" href="/wiki/Capnophile"><font color="#0645ad">Capnophile</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Endolith" href="/wiki/Endolith"><font color="#0645ad">Endolith</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Halophile" href="/wiki/Halophile"><font color="#0645ad">Halophile</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Hypolith" href="/wiki/Hypolith"><font color="#0645ad">Hypolith</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Lipophilic bacteria" href="/wiki/Lipophilic_bacteria"><font color="#0645ad">Lipophile</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Lithoautotroph" href="/wiki/Lithoautotroph"><font color="#0645ad">Lithoautotroph</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Lithophile" href="/wiki/Lithophile"><font color="#0645ad">Lithophile</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Methanogen" href="/wiki/Methanogen"><font color="#0645ad">Methanogen</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Metalotolerant" href="/wiki/Metalotolerant"><font color="#0645ad">Metalotolerant</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Oligotroph" href="/wiki/Oligotroph"><font color="#0645ad">Oligotroph</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Osmophile" href="/wiki/Osmophile"><font color="#0645ad">Osmophile</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Piezophile" href="/wiki/Piezophile"><font color="#0645ad">Piezophile</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Polyextremophile" href="/wiki/Polyextremophile"><font color="#0645ad">Polyextremophile</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Psychrophile" href="/wiki/Psychrophile"><font color="#0645ad">Psychrophile</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Radioresistance" href="/wiki/Radioresistance"><font color="#0645ad">Radioresistant</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Thermophile" href="/wiki/Thermophile"><font color="#0645ad">Thermophile</font></a>/<a title="Hyperthermophile" href="/wiki/Hyperthermophile"><font color="#0645ad">Hyperthermophile</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Thermoacidophile" href="/wiki/Thermoacidophile"><font color="#0645ad">Thermoacidophile</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Xerophile" href="/wiki/Xerophile"><font color="#0645ad">Xerophile</font></a></p> </div> </div> </td> <td style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 2px; width: 0%; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" rowspan="5"><a class="image" title="Deinococcus radiodurans" href="/wiki/File:Deinococcus_radiodurans.jpg"><font color="#0645ad"><img alt="Deinococcus radiodurans" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Deinococcus_radiodurans.jpg/150px-Deinococcus_radiodurans.jpg" width="150" height="173" /></font></a> <div style="line-height: 1.2em; font-size: 85%; padding-top: 0.3em">The <a title="Radioresistance" href="/wiki/Radioresistance"><font color="#0645ad">radioresistant</font></a> bacterium <i><a title="Deinococcus radiodurans" href="/wiki/Deinococcus_radiodurans"><font color="#0645ad">Deinococcus radiodurans</font></a></i></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 2px"> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center" class="navbox-group"><span style="line-height: 1.2em">Notable<br /> extremophiles</span></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-left: 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; width: 100%; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-top: 0em">&nbsp;</div> <table style="width: 100%" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" cellspacing="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 0em; padding-right: 0em" class="navbox-group"> <div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.75em; padding-right: 0.75em; padding-top: 0em"><a title="Bacteria" href="/wiki/Bacteria"><font color="#0645ad">Bacteria</font></a></div> </td> <td style="text-align: left; border-left: 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; width: 100%; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-top: 0em"> <div> <p><i><a title="Chloroflexus aurantiacus" href="/wiki/Chloroflexus_aurantiacus"><font color="#0645ad">Chloroflexus aurantiacus</font></a></i><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <i><a title="Deinococcus radiodurans" href="/wiki/Deinococcus_radiodurans"><font color="#0645ad">Deinococcus radiodurans</font></a></i><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Deinococcus-Thermus" href="/wiki/Deinococcus-Thermus"><font color="#0645ad">Deinococcus-Thermus</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Snottite" href="/wiki/Snottite"><font color="#0645ad">Snottite</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <i><a title="Thermus aquaticus" href="/wiki/Thermus_aquaticus"><font color="#0645ad">Thermus aquaticus</font></a></i><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <i><a title="Thermus thermophilus" href="/wiki/Thermus_thermophilus"><font color="#0645ad">Thermus thermophilus</font></a></i><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <i><a title="Spirochaeta americana" href="/wiki/Spirochaeta_americana"><font color="#0645ad">Spirochaeta americana</font></a></i></p> </div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 2px"> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 0em; padding-right: 0em" class="navbox-group"> <div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.75em; padding-right: 0.75em; padding-top: 0em"><a title="Archaea" href="/wiki/Archaea"><font color="#0645ad">Archaea</font></a></div> </td> <td style="text-align: left; border-left: 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; width: 100%; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-top: 0em"> <div> <p><i><a title="Pyrococcus furiosus" href="/wiki/Pyrococcus_furiosus"><font color="#0645ad">Pyrococcus furiosus</font></a></i><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Strain 121" href="/wiki/Strain_121"><font color="#0645ad">Strain 121</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <i><a title="Pyrolobus fumarii" href="/wiki/Pyrolobus_fumarii"><font color="#0645ad">Pyrolobus fumarii</font></a></i></p> </div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 2px"> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 0em; padding-right: 0em" class="navbox-group"> <div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.75em; padding-right: 0.75em; padding-top: 0em"><a title="Animal" href="/wiki/Animal"><font color="#0645ad">Animalia</font></a></div> </td> <td style="text-align: left; border-left: 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; width: 100%; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-top: 0em"> <div> <p><i><a title="Paralvinella sulfincola" href="/wiki/Paralvinella_sulfincola"><font color="#0645ad">Paralvinella sulfincola</font></a></i><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Pompeii worm" href="/wiki/Pompeii_worm"><font color="#0645ad">Pompeii worm</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <i><a class="mw-redirect" title="Tardigrada" href="/wiki/Tardigrada"><font color="#0645ad">Tardigrada</font></a></i></p> </div> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 2px"> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center" class="navbox-group">Related articles</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-left: 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; width: 100%; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-top: 0em"> <div> <p><a title="Abiogenic petroleum origin" href="/wiki/Abiogenic_petroleum_origin"><font color="#0645ad">Abiogenic petroleum origin</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Acidithiobacillales" href="/wiki/Acidithiobacillales"><font color="#0645ad">Acidithiobacillales</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Acidobacteria" href="/wiki/Acidobacteria"><font color="#0645ad">Acidobacteria</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Acidophiles in acid mine drainage" href="/wiki/Acidophiles_in_acid_mine_drainage"><font color="#0645ad">Acidophiles in acid mine drainage</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Archaeoglobaceae" href="/wiki/Archaeoglobaceae"><font color="#0645ad">Archaeoglobaceae</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Berkeley Pit" href="/wiki/Berkeley_Pit"><font color="#0645ad">Berkeley Pit</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Blood Falls" href="/wiki/Blood_Falls"><font color="#0645ad">Blood Falls</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Crenarchaeota" href="/wiki/Crenarchaeota"><font color="#0645ad">Crenarchaeota</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Grylloblattidae" href="/wiki/Grylloblattidae"><font color="#0645ad">Grylloblattidae</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Halobacteria" href="/wiki/Halobacteria"><font color="#0645ad">Halobacteria</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <i><a title="Halobacterium" href="/wiki/Halobacterium"><font color="#0645ad">Halobacterium</font></a></i><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <i><a title="Helaeomyia petrolei" href="/wiki/Helaeomyia_petrolei"><font color="#0645ad">Helaeomyia petrolei</font></a></i><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Hydrothermal vent" href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent"><font color="#0645ad">Hydrothermal vent</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <i><a title="Methanopyrus" href="/wiki/Methanopyrus"><font color="#0645ad">Methanopyrus</font></a></i><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Movile Cave" href="/wiki/Movile_Cave"><font color="#0645ad">Movile Cave</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Radioresistance" href="/wiki/Radioresistance"><font color="#0645ad">Radioresistance</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Radiotrophic fungus" href="/wiki/Radiotrophic_fungus"><font color="#0645ad">Radiotrophic fungus</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Rio Tinto (river)" href="/wiki/Rio_Tinto_(river)"><font color="#0645ad">Rio Tinto</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Taq polymerase" href="/wiki/Taq_polymerase"><font color="#0645ad">Taq polymerase</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Thermostability" href="/wiki/Thermostability"><font color="#0645ad">Thermostability</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Thermotogae" href="/wiki/Thermotogae"><font color="#0645ad">Thermotogae</font></a></p> </div> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> e041af9cb5fca78b36c7363850bdcead822f1148 3232 3231 2010-11-14T05:21:02Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="color: #000000">In </span><span style="color: #000000">taxonomy</span><span style="color: #000000">, <i><b>Methanocaldococcus</b></i> is a </span><span style="color: #000000">genus</span><span style="color: #000000"> of the </span><span style="color: #000000">Methanocaldococcaceae</span><span style="color: #000000">.</span><sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><span style="color: #000000"><font size="2">[1]</font></span></sup></p> <p><span style="color: #000000"><i><b>Methanocaldococcus</b></i> formerly known as <i><b>Methanococcus</b></i> is a genus of </span><span style="color: #000000">coccoid</span><span style="color: #000000">methanogens</span><span style="color: #000000">. They are all </span><span style="color: #000000">mesophiles</span><span style="color: #000000">, except the </span><span style="color: #000000">thermophilic</span><span style="color: #000000"> <i>M. thermolithotrophicus</i> and the </span><span style="color: #000000">hyperthermophilic</span><span style="color: #000000"> <i>M. jannaschii</i>. The latter was discovered at the base of a &ldquo;white smoker&rdquo; chimney at 21&deg;</span><span style="color: #000000">N</span><span style="color: #000000"> on the </span><span style="color: #000000">East Pacific Rise</span><span style="color: #000000"><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[2]</font></sup> and it was the first </span><span style="color: #000000">archaean</span><span style="color: #000000">genome</span><span style="color: #000000"> to be completely sequenced, revealing many novel and </span><span style="color: #000000">eukaryote</span><span style="color: #000000">-like elements.</span><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><span style="color: #000000"><font size="2">[3]</font></span></sup></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="References" class="mw-headline">References</span></span></h2> <div style="column-count: 1; -moz-column-count: 1; -webkit-column-count: 1" class="references-small"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-0"><span style="color: #000000"><b>^</b></span><span style="color: #000000"> See the </span><span style="color: #000000">NCBI</span><span style="color: #000000">webpage on Methanocaldococcus</span><span style="color: #000000">. Data extracted from the </span><span class="citation web"><span style="color: #000000">&quot;NCBI taxonomy resources&quot;</span><span style="color: #000000">. </span><span style="color: #000000">National Center for Biotechnology Information</span><span style="color: #000000"><span class="printonly">. </span></span><span class="printonly"><span style="color: #000000">ftp://ftp.ncbi.nih.gov/pub/taxonomy/</span></span></span><span style="color: #000000"><span class="citation web"><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-03-19</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=NCBI+taxonomy+resources&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BNational+Center+for+Biotechnology+Information%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=ftp%3A%2F%2Fftp.ncbi.nih.gov%2Fpub%2Ftaxonomy%2F&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Methanocaldococcus"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-1"><span style="color: #000000"><b>^</b></span><span style="color: #000000"> <span class="citation Journal">W.J. Jones, <i>et al.</i> (December 1983). &quot;<i>Methanococcus jannaschii</i> sp. nov., an extremely thermophilic methanogen from a submarine hydrothermal vent&quot;. <i>Arch. Microbiol.</i> <b>136</b> (4): 254&ndash;261. </span></span><span class="citation Journal"><span style="color: #000000">doi</span><span style="color: #000000">:</span><span style="color: #000000">10.1007/BF00425213</span></span><span style="color: #000000"><span class="citation Journal">.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=%27%27Methanococcus+jannaschii%27%27+sp.+nov.%2C+an+extremely+thermophilic+methanogen+from+a+submarine+hydrothermal+vent&amp;rft.jtitle=Arch.+Microbiol.&amp;rft.aulast=W.J.+Jones%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=W.J.+Jones%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=December+1983&amp;rft.volume=136&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=254%E2%80%93261&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2FBF00425213&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Methanocaldococcus"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span style="color: #000000"><b>^</b></span><span style="color: #000000"> <span class="citation Journal">C.J. Bult, <i>et al.</i> (August 1996). &quot;Complete genome sequence of the methanogenic archaeon, <i>Methanococcus jannaschii</i>&quot;. </span></span><span class="citation Journal"><i><span style="color: #000000">Science</span></i><span style="color: #000000"> <b>273</b> (5278): 1058&ndash;1073. </span><span style="color: #000000">doi</span><span style="color: #000000">:</span><span style="color: #000000">10.1126/science.273.5278.1058</span></span><span style="color: #000000"><span class="citation Journal">.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+the+methanogenic+archaeon%2C+%27%27Methanococcus+jannaschii%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BScience+%28journal%29%7CScience%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=C.J.+Bult%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=C.J.+Bult%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=August+1996&amp;rft.volume=273&amp;rft.issue=5278&amp;rft.pages=1058%E2%80%931073&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.273.5278.1058&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Methanocaldococcus"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> </ol> </div> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Further_reading" class="mw-headline">Further reading</span></span></h2> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Scientific_journals" class="mw-headline">Scientific journals</span></span></h3> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Scientific_books" class="mw-headline">Scientific books</span></span></h3> <ul> <li><span style="color: #000000"><span class="citation book">Whitman, WB (2001). &quot;Genus I. Methanocaldococcus gen. nov.&quot;. In DR Boone and RW Castenholz, eds.. <i>Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology Volume 1: The Archaea and the deeply branching and phototrophic Bacteria</i> (2nd ed.). New York: Springer Verlag. </span></span><span class="citation book"><span style="color: #000000">ISBN</span><span style="color: #000000">&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #000000">978-0387987712</span></span><span style="color: #000000"><span class="citation book">.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Genus+I.+Methanocaldococcus+gen.+nov.&amp;rft.atitle=Bergey%27s+Manual+of+Systematic+Bacteriology+Volume+1%3A+The+Archaea+and+the+deeply+branching+and+phototrophic+Bacteria&amp;rft.aulast=Whitman&amp;rft.aufirst=WB&amp;rft.au=Whitman%2C%26%2332%3BWB&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.edition=2nd&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Springer+Verlag&amp;rft.isbn=978-0387987712&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Methanocaldococcus"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> </ul> <ul> <li><span style="color: #000000"><span class="citation book">Whitman WB, Boone DR, Koga Y (2001). &quot;Family II. Methanocaldococcaceae fam. nov.&quot;. In DR Boone and RW Castenholz, eds.. <i>Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology Volume 1: The Archaea and the deeply branching and phototrophic Bacteria</i> (2nd ed.). New York: Springer Verlag. </span></span><span class="citation book"><span style="color: #000000">ISBN</span><span style="color: #000000">&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #000000">978-0387987712</span></span><span style="color: #000000"><span class="citation book">.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Family+II.+Methanocaldococcaceae+fam.+nov.&amp;rft.atitle=Bergey%27s+Manual+of+Systematic+Bacteriology+Volume+1%3A+The+Archaea+and+the+deeply+branching+and+phototrophic+Bacteria&amp;rft.aulast=Whitman+WB%2C+Boone+DR%2C+Koga+Y&amp;rft.au=Whitman+WB%2C+Boone+DR%2C+Koga+Y&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.edition=2nd&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Springer+Verlag&amp;rft.isbn=978-0387987712&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Methanocaldococcus"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> </ul> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Scientific_databases" class="mw-headline">Scientific databases</span></span></h3> <ul> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&amp;term=Methanocaldococcus"><font color="#3366bb">PubMed references for Methanocaldococcus</font></a></span></li> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pmc&amp;term=Methanocaldococcus"><font color="#3366bb">PubMed Central references for Methanocaldococcus</font></a></span></li> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Methanocaldococcus"><font color="#3366bb">Google Scholar references for Methanocaldococcus</font></a></span></li> </ul> <h2><span id="External_links" class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&amp;id=196118"><font color="#3366bb">NCBI taxonomy page for Methanocaldococcus</font></a></span></li> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://tolweb.org/tree/home.pages/searchTOL?taxon=Methanocaldococcus&amp;Submit2=Find"><font color="#3366bb">Search Tree of Life taxonomy pages for Methanocaldococcus</font></a></span></li> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2006/search_results.php?search_string=Methanocaldococcus&amp;match_whole_words=on"><font color="#3366bb">Search Species2000 page for Methanocaldococcus</font></a></span></li> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Special:Search?search=Methanocaldococcus&amp;go=Go"><font color="#3366bb">MicrobeWiki page for Methanocaldococcus</font></a></span></li> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.bacterio.cict.fr/m/methanocaldococcus.html"><font color="#3366bb">LSPN page for Methanocaldococcus</font></a></span></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://archaea.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgGateway?db=methJann1"><font color="#3366bb">Information on type species 'Methanocaldococcus jannaschii'</font></a></li> </ul> <p> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 2px; padding-right: 2px; padding-top: 2px"> <table style="width: 100%; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%" id="collapsibleTable0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" cellspacing="0"> <tbody> <tr> <th class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><span class="collapseButton">[<a id="collapseButton0" href="#"><font color="#0645ad">hide</font></a>]</span> <div style="text-align: left; width: 6em; float: left"> <div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; font-size: xx-small; border-top: medium none; font-weight: normal; border-right: medium none; padding-top: 0px" class="noprint plainlinks navbar"><a title="Template:Extremophile" href="/wiki/Template:Extremophile"><span style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; border-right: medium none" title="View this template"><font color="#0645ad">v</font></span></a>&nbsp;<font size="1"><span style="font-size: 80%">&bull;</span>&nbsp;</font><a title="Template talk:Extremophile" href="/wiki/Template_talk:Extremophile"><span style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; border-right: medium none" title="Discuss this template"><font color="#0645ad">d</font></span></a>&nbsp;<font size="1"><span style="font-size: 80%">&bull;</span>&nbsp;</font><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Extremophile&amp;action=edit"><span style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; border-right: medium none" title="Edit this template"><font color="#3366bb">e</font></span></a></div> </div> <span style="font-size: 110%"><a title="Extremophile" href="/wiki/Extremophile"><font color="#0645ad" size="3">Extremophiles</font></a></span></th> </tr> <tr style="height: 2px"> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center" class="navbox-group">Types</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-left: 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; width: 100%; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-top: 0em"> <div> <p><a title="Acidophile (organisms)" href="/wiki/Acidophile_(organisms)"><font color="#0645ad">Acidophile</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Alkaliphile" href="/wiki/Alkaliphile"><font color="#0645ad">Alkaliphile</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Capnophile" href="/wiki/Capnophile"><font color="#0645ad">Capnophile</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Endolith" href="/wiki/Endolith"><font color="#0645ad">Endolith</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Halophile" href="/wiki/Halophile"><font color="#0645ad">Halophile</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Hypolith" href="/wiki/Hypolith"><font color="#0645ad">Hypolith</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Lipophilic bacteria" href="/wiki/Lipophilic_bacteria"><font color="#0645ad">Lipophile</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Lithoautotroph" href="/wiki/Lithoautotroph"><font color="#0645ad">Lithoautotroph</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Lithophile" href="/wiki/Lithophile"><font color="#0645ad">Lithophile</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Methanogen" href="/wiki/Methanogen"><font color="#0645ad">Methanogen</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Metalotolerant" href="/wiki/Metalotolerant"><font color="#0645ad">Metalotolerant</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Oligotroph" href="/wiki/Oligotroph"><font color="#0645ad">Oligotroph</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Osmophile" href="/wiki/Osmophile"><font color="#0645ad">Osmophile</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Piezophile" href="/wiki/Piezophile"><font color="#0645ad">Piezophile</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Polyextremophile" href="/wiki/Polyextremophile"><font color="#0645ad">Polyextremophile</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Psychrophile" href="/wiki/Psychrophile"><font color="#0645ad">Psychrophile</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Radioresistance" href="/wiki/Radioresistance"><font color="#0645ad">Radioresistant</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Thermophile" href="/wiki/Thermophile"><font color="#0645ad">Thermophile</font></a>/<a title="Hyperthermophile" href="/wiki/Hyperthermophile"><font color="#0645ad">Hyperthermophile</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Thermoacidophile" href="/wiki/Thermoacidophile"><font color="#0645ad">Thermoacidophile</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Xerophile" href="/wiki/Xerophile"><font color="#0645ad">Xerophile</font></a></p> </div> </div> </td> <td style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 2px; width: 0%; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" rowspan="5"><a class="image" title="Deinococcus radiodurans" href="/wiki/File:Deinococcus_radiodurans.jpg"><font color="#0645ad"><img alt="Deinococcus radiodurans" width="150" height="173" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Deinococcus_radiodurans.jpg/150px-Deinococcus_radiodurans.jpg" /></font></a> <div style="line-height: 1.2em; font-size: 85%; padding-top: 0.3em">The <a title="Radioresistance" href="/wiki/Radioresistance"><font color="#0645ad">radioresistant</font></a> bacterium <i><a title="Deinococcus radiodurans" href="/wiki/Deinococcus_radiodurans"><font color="#0645ad">Deinococcus radiodurans</font></a></i></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 2px"> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center" class="navbox-group"><span style="line-height: 1.2em">Notable<br /> extremophiles</span></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-left: 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; width: 100%; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-top: 0em">&nbsp;</div> <table style="width: 100%" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" cellspacing="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 0em; padding-right: 0em" class="navbox-group"> <div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.75em; padding-right: 0.75em; padding-top: 0em"><a title="Bacteria" href="/wiki/Bacteria"><font color="#0645ad">Bacteria</font></a></div> </td> <td style="text-align: left; border-left: 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; width: 100%; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-top: 0em"> <div> <p><i><a title="Chloroflexus aurantiacus" href="/wiki/Chloroflexus_aurantiacus"><font color="#0645ad">Chloroflexus aurantiacus</font></a></i><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <i><a title="Deinococcus radiodurans" href="/wiki/Deinococcus_radiodurans"><font color="#0645ad">Deinococcus radiodurans</font></a></i><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Deinococcus-Thermus" href="/wiki/Deinococcus-Thermus"><font color="#0645ad">Deinococcus-Thermus</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Snottite" href="/wiki/Snottite"><font color="#0645ad">Snottite</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <i><a title="Thermus aquaticus" href="/wiki/Thermus_aquaticus"><font color="#0645ad">Thermus aquaticus</font></a></i><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <i><a title="Thermus thermophilus" href="/wiki/Thermus_thermophilus"><font color="#0645ad">Thermus thermophilus</font></a></i><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <i><a title="Spirochaeta americana" href="/wiki/Spirochaeta_americana"><font color="#0645ad">Spirochaeta americana</font></a></i></p> </div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 2px"> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 0em; padding-right: 0em" class="navbox-group"> <div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.75em; padding-right: 0.75em; padding-top: 0em"><a title="Archaea" href="/wiki/Archaea"><font color="#0645ad">Archaea</font></a></div> </td> <td style="text-align: left; border-left: 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; width: 100%; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-top: 0em"> <div> <p><i><a title="Pyrococcus furiosus" href="/wiki/Pyrococcus_furiosus"><font color="#0645ad">Pyrococcus furiosus</font></a></i><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Strain 121" href="/wiki/Strain_121"><font color="#0645ad">Strain 121</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <i><a title="Pyrolobus fumarii" href="/wiki/Pyrolobus_fumarii"><font color="#0645ad">Pyrolobus fumarii</font></a></i></p> </div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 2px"> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 0em; padding-right: 0em" class="navbox-group"> <div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.75em; padding-right: 0.75em; padding-top: 0em"><a title="Animal" href="/wiki/Animal"><font color="#0645ad">Animalia</font></a></div> </td> <td style="text-align: left; border-left: 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; width: 100%; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-top: 0em"> <div> <p><i><a title="Paralvinella sulfincola" href="/wiki/Paralvinella_sulfincola"><font color="#0645ad">Paralvinella sulfincola</font></a></i><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Pompeii worm" href="/wiki/Pompeii_worm"><font color="#0645ad">Pompeii worm</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <i><a class="mw-redirect" title="Tardigrada" href="/wiki/Tardigrada"><font color="#0645ad">Tardigrada</font></a></i></p> </div> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 2px"> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center" class="navbox-group">Related articles</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-left: 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; width: 100%; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-top: 0em"> <div> <p><a title="Abiogenic petroleum origin" href="/wiki/Abiogenic_petroleum_origin"><font color="#0645ad">Abiogenic petroleum origin</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Acidithiobacillales" href="/wiki/Acidithiobacillales"><font color="#0645ad">Acidithiobacillales</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Acidobacteria" href="/wiki/Acidobacteria"><font color="#0645ad">Acidobacteria</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Acidophiles in acid mine drainage" href="/wiki/Acidophiles_in_acid_mine_drainage"><font color="#0645ad">Acidophiles in acid mine drainage</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Archaeoglobaceae" href="/wiki/Archaeoglobaceae"><font color="#0645ad">Archaeoglobaceae</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Berkeley Pit" href="/wiki/Berkeley_Pit"><font color="#0645ad">Berkeley Pit</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Blood Falls" href="/wiki/Blood_Falls"><font color="#0645ad">Blood Falls</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Crenarchaeota" href="/wiki/Crenarchaeota"><font color="#0645ad">Crenarchaeota</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Grylloblattidae" href="/wiki/Grylloblattidae"><font color="#0645ad">Grylloblattidae</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Halobacteria" href="/wiki/Halobacteria"><font color="#0645ad">Halobacteria</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <i><a title="Halobacterium" href="/wiki/Halobacterium"><font color="#0645ad">Halobacterium</font></a></i><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <i><a title="Helaeomyia petrolei" href="/wiki/Helaeomyia_petrolei"><font color="#0645ad">Helaeomyia petrolei</font></a></i><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Hydrothermal vent" href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent"><font color="#0645ad">Hydrothermal vent</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <i><a title="Methanopyrus" href="/wiki/Methanopyrus"><font color="#0645ad">Methanopyrus</font></a></i><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Movile Cave" href="/wiki/Movile_Cave"><font color="#0645ad">Movile Cave</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Radioresistance" href="/wiki/Radioresistance"><font color="#0645ad">Radioresistance</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Radiotrophic fungus" href="/wiki/Radiotrophic_fungus"><font color="#0645ad">Radiotrophic fungus</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Rio Tinto (river)" href="/wiki/Rio_Tinto_(river)"><font color="#0645ad">Rio Tinto</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Taq polymerase" href="/wiki/Taq_polymerase"><font color="#0645ad">Taq polymerase</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Thermostability" href="/wiki/Thermostability"><font color="#0645ad">Thermostability</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Thermotogae" href="/wiki/Thermotogae"><font color="#0645ad">Thermotogae</font></a></p> </div> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> 14c3d5a5fe3dcb9af38178ec203108fde960056f 0 1939 3235 2010-11-14T05:23:20Z WikiSysop 1 Created page with "<p><i><b>Haemophilus influenzae</b></i>, formerly called <b>Pfeiffer's bacillus</b> or <i><b>Bacillus influenzae</b></i>, is a non-motile <a class="mw-redirect" title="Gram-negat..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p><i><b>Haemophilus influenzae</b></i>, formerly called <b>Pfeiffer's bacillus</b> or <i><b>Bacillus influenzae</b></i>, is a non-motile <a class="mw-redirect" title="Gram-negative" href="/wiki/Gram-negative"><font color="#0645ad">Gram-negative</font></a> <a title="Bacillus (shape)" href="/wiki/Bacillus_(shape)"><font color="#0645ad">rod-shaped</font></a> <a class="mw-redirect" title="Bacterium" href="/wiki/Bacterium"><font color="#0645ad">bacterium</font></a> first described in 1892 by <a title="Richard Friedrich Johannes Pfeiffer" href="/wiki/Richard_Friedrich_Johannes_Pfeiffer"><font color="#0645ad">Richard Pfeiffer</font></a> during an <a title="Influenza" href="/wiki/Influenza"><font color="#0645ad">influenza</font></a> <a title="Pandemic" href="/wiki/Pandemic"><font color="#0645ad">pandemic</font></a>. A member of the <i><a title="Pasteurellaceae" href="/wiki/Pasteurellaceae"><font color="#0645ad">Pasteurellaceae</font></a></i> family, it is generally <a title="Aerobic organism" href="/wiki/Aerobic_organism"><font color="#0645ad">aerobic</font></a>, but can grow as a <a class="mw-redirect" title="Facultative anaerobe" href="/wiki/Facultative_anaerobe"><font color="#0645ad">facultative anaerobe</font></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-KuhnertChristensen_0-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KuhnertChristensen-0"><font size="2"><font color="#0645ad"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></font></font></a></sup> <i>H. influenzae</i> was mistakenly considered to be the cause of <a title="Influenza" href="/wiki/Influenza"><font color="#0645ad">influenza</font></a> until 1933, when the viral <a title="Etiology" href="/wiki/Etiology"><font color="#0645ad">etiology</font></a> of the flu became apparent. Still, <i>H. influenzae</i> is responsible for a wide range of clinical diseases.</p> <p><i>H. influenzae</i> was the first free-living organism to have its entire genome sequenced. The sequencing project was completed and published in 1995.</p> <p> <table id="toc" class="toc"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2> <span class="toctoggle"><font size="2">[</font><a id="togglelink" class="internal" href="#"><font color="#0645ad" size="2">hide</font></a><font size="2">]</font></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Serotypes"><font color="#0645ad"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Serotypes</span></font></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Diseases"><font color="#0645ad"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Diseases</span></font></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Diagnosis"><font color="#0645ad"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Diagnosis</span></font></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Culture"><font color="#0645ad"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Culture</span></font></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Latex_particle_agglutination"><font color="#0645ad"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Latex particle agglutination</span></font></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Molecular_Methods"><font color="#0645ad"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Molecular Methods</span></font></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Interaction_with_Streptococcus_pneumoniae"><font color="#0645ad"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Interaction with Streptococcus pneumoniae</span></font></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Treatment"><font color="#0645ad"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Treatment</span></font></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Sequencing"><font color="#0645ad"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Sequencing</span></font></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#See_also"><font color="#0645ad"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></font></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#References"><font color="#0645ad"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></font></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#External_links"><font color="#0645ad"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></font></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> <h2><span id="Serotypes" class="mw-headline">Serotypes</span></h2> <p>In 1930, 2 major categories of <i>H. influenzae</i> were defined: the unencapsulated strains and the encapsulated strains. Encapsulated strains were classified on the basis of their distinct capsular antigens. There are six generally recognized types of encapsulated <i>H. influenzae</i>: a, b, c, d, e, and f.<sup id="cite_ref-Sherris_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sherris-1"><font size="2"><font color="#0645ad"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></font></font></a></sup> Genetic diversity among unencapsulated strains is greater than within the encapsulated group. Unencapsulated strains are termed nontypable (NTHi) because they lack capsular serotypes, however they can be classified by multi-locus sequence typing. The <a title="Pathogenesis" href="/wiki/Pathogenesis"><font color="#0645ad">pathogenesis</font></a> of <i>H. influenzae</i> infections is not completely understood, although the presence of the capsule in encapsulated type b (Hib), a serotype causing conditions such as <a title="Epiglottitis" href="/wiki/Epiglottitis"><font color="#0645ad">epiglottitis</font></a>, is known to be a major factor in virulence. Their capsule allows them to resist <a title="Phagocytosis" href="/wiki/Phagocytosis"><font color="#0645ad">phagocytosis</font></a> and complement-mediated <a title="Lysis" href="/wiki/Lysis"><font color="#0645ad">lysis</font></a> in the non-immune host. The unencapsulated strains are almost always less invasive, however they can produce an inflammatory response in humans which can lead to many symptoms. Vaccination with <a title="Hib vaccine" href="/wiki/Hib_vaccine"><font color="#0645ad">Hib conjugate vaccine</font></a> is effective in preventing Hib infection. Several vaccines are now available for routine use against Hib, however vaccines are not yet available against NTHi.</p> <h2><span id="Diseases" class="mw-headline">Diseases</span></h2> <p> <table style="text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em; width: 22em; font-size: 88%" class="infobox" cellspacing="5"> <tbody> <tr> <th style="text-align: center; background-color: lightgrey; font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold" colspan="2">Haemophilus influenzae infection</th> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center" colspan="2"><i>Classification and external resources</i></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left" scope="row"><a class="mw-redirect" title="ICD" href="/wiki/ICD"><font color="#0645ad">ICD</font></a>-<a class="mw-redirect" title="List of ICD-10 codes" href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-10_codes"><font color="#0645ad">10</font></a></th> <td><a class="mw-redirect" title="ICD-10 Chapter A" href="/wiki/ICD-10_Chapter_A"><font color="#0645ad">A</font></a><a class="external text" href="http://apps.who.int/classifications/apps/icd/icd10online/?ga40.htm+a492" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">49.2</font></a></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left" scope="row"><a class="mw-redirect" title="ICD" href="/wiki/ICD"><font color="#0645ad">ICD</font></a>-<a title="List of ICD-9 codes" href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes"><font color="#0645ad">9</font></a></th> <td><a class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=041.5" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">041.5</font></a></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left" scope="row"><a title="Diseases Database" href="/wiki/Diseases_Database"><font color="#0645ad">DiseasesDB</font></a></th> <td><a class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb5570.htm" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">5570</font></a></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left" scope="row"><a title="MedlinePlus" href="/wiki/MedlinePlus"><font color="#0645ad">MedlinePlus</font></a></th> <td><a class="external text" href="http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000612.htm" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">000612</font></a> (Meningitis)</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left" scope="row"><a title="EMedicine" href="/wiki/EMedicine"><font color="#0645ad">eMedicine</font></a></th> <td><a class="external text" href="http://search.medscape.com/emedicine-search?queryText=Haemophilus%20influenzae" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">topic list</font></a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> <p>Most strains of <i>H. influenzae</i> are opportunistic pathogens - that is, they usually live in their host without causing disease, but cause problems only when other factors (such as a viral infection or reduced immune function) create an opportunity.</p> <p>Naturally-acquired disease caused by <i>H. influenzae</i> seems to occur in humans only. In infants and young children, <i>H. influenzae</i> type b (Hib) causes <a title="Bacteremia" href="/wiki/Bacteremia"><font color="#0645ad">bacteremia</font></a>, <a title="Pneumonia" href="/wiki/Pneumonia"><font color="#0645ad">pneumonia</font></a>, and acute bacterial <a title="Meningitis" href="/wiki/Meningitis"><font color="#0645ad">meningitis</font></a>. Occasionally, it causes <a title="Cellulitis" href="/wiki/Cellulitis"><font color="#0645ad">cellulitis</font></a>, <a title="Osteomyelitis" href="/wiki/Osteomyelitis"><font color="#0645ad">osteomyelitis</font></a>, <a title="Epiglottitis" href="/wiki/Epiglottitis"><font color="#0645ad">epiglottitis</font></a>, and <a class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious arthritis" href="/wiki/Infectious_arthritis"><font color="#0645ad">infectious arthritis</font></a>. Due to routine use of the Hib conjugate vaccine in the U.S. since 1990, the incidence of invasive Hib disease has decreased to 1.3/100,000 in children. However, Hib remains a major cause of lower respiratory tract infections in infants and children in developing countries where vaccine is not widely used. Unencapsulated <i>H. influenzae</i> causes ear infections (<a title="Otitis media" href="/wiki/Otitis_media"><font color="#0645ad">otitis media</font></a>), eye infections (<a title="Conjunctivitis" href="/wiki/Conjunctivitis"><font color="#0645ad">conjunctivitis</font></a>), and <a title="Sinusitis" href="/wiki/Sinusitis"><font color="#0645ad">sinusitis</font></a> in children and is associated with <a title="Pneumonia" href="/wiki/Pneumonia"><font color="#0645ad">pneumonia</font></a>.</p> <h2><span id="Diagnosis" class="mw-headline">Diagnosis</span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width: 252px" class="thumbinner"><a class="image" href="/wiki/File:Haemophilus_influenzae_Gram.JPG"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Haemophilus_influenzae_Gram.JPG/250px-Haemophilus_influenzae_Gram.JPG" width="250" height="209" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" title="Enlarge" href="/wiki/File:Haemophilus_influenzae_Gram.JPG"><img alt="" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> <i>H. influenzae</i> Gram stain of a sputum sample, appear as Gram negative cocco-bacilli.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><font size="1"><font color="#0645ad"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></font></font></a></sup></div> </div> </div> <p>Clinical diagnosis of <i>H. influenzae</i> is typically performed by <a class="mw-redirect" title="Bacterial culture" href="/wiki/Bacterial_culture"><font color="#0645ad">bacterial culture</font></a> or <a class="mw-redirect" title="Latex particle agglutination" href="/wiki/Latex_particle_agglutination"><font color="#0645ad">latex particle agglutination</font></a>. Diagnosis is considered confirmed when the organism is isolated from a sterile body site. In this respect, <i>H. influenzae</i> cultured from the nasopharyngeal cavity or sputum would not indicate <i>H. influenzae</i> disease because these sites are colonized in disease free individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-Puri_1999_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Puri_1999-3"><font size="2"><font color="#0645ad"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></font></font></a></sup> However <i>H. influenzae</i> isolated from cerebrospinal fluid or blood would indicate a <i>H. influenzae</i> infection.</p> <h3><span id="Culture" class="mw-headline">Culture</span></h3> <p>Bacterial culture of <i>H. influenzae</i> is performed on agar plates, preferably <a title="Chocolate agar" href="/wiki/Chocolate_agar"><font color="#0645ad">Chocolate agar</font></a>, plate with added <a title="Hemin" href="/wiki/Hemin"><font color="#0645ad">X</font></a>(Hemin) &amp; <a title="Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide" href="/wiki/Nicotinamide_adenine_dinucleotide"><font color="#0645ad">V</font></a>(NAD) factors at 37&deg;C in an enriched CO2 incubator.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><font size="2"><font color="#0645ad"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></font></font></a></sup> Blood agar growth is only achieved as a satellite phenomenon around other bacteria. Colonies of <i>H. influenzae</i> appear as convex, smooth, pale, grey or transparent colonies. <a class="mw-redirect" title="Gram stain" href="/wiki/Gram_stain"><font color="#0645ad">Gram-stained</font></a> and microscopic observation of a specimen of <i>H. influenzae</i> will show Gram-negative, coccobacilli, with no specific arrangement. The cultured organism can be further characterized using <a title="Catalase" href="/wiki/Catalase"><font color="#0645ad">catalase</font></a> and <a title="Oxidase" href="/wiki/Oxidase"><font color="#0645ad">oxidase</font></a> tests, both of which should be positive. Further serological is necessary to distinguish the capsular polysaccharide and differentiate between <i>H. influenzae</i> b and non-encapsulated species.</p> <p>Although highly specific, bacterial culture of <i>H. influenzae</i> lacks in sensitivity. Use of antibiotics prior to sample collection greatly reduces the isolation rate by killing the bacteria before identification is possible.<sup id="cite_ref-John_1991_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_1991-5"><font size="2"><font color="#0645ad"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></font></font></a></sup> Beyond this, <i>H. influenzae</i> is a finicky bacterium to culture, and any modification of culture procedures can greatly reduce isolation rates. Poor quality of laboratories in developing countries has resulted in poor isolation rates of <i>H. influenzae</i>.</p> <p>H. influenzae will grow in the hemolytic zone of Staphylococcus aureus on Blood Agar plates. The hemolysis of cells by Staph. aureus releases nutrients vital to the growth of H. influenzae. H. influenzae will not grow outside the hemolytic zone of Staph. aureus due to the lack of nutrients in these areas.</p> <h3><span id="Latex_particle_agglutination" class="mw-headline">Latex particle agglutination</span></h3> <p><a class="mw-redirect" title="Latex particle agglutination test" href="/wiki/Latex_particle_agglutination_test"><font color="#0645ad">Latex particle agglutination test</font></a> (LAT) is a more sensitive method to detect <i>H. influenzae</i> than culture.<sup id="cite_ref-Kennedy_2007_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kennedy_2007-6"><font size="2"><font color="#0645ad"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></font></font></a></sup> Because the method relies on antigen rather than viable bacteria, the results are not disrupted by prior antibiotic use. It also has the added benefit of being much quicker than culture methods. However, antibiotic sensitivity is not possible with LAT, so a parallel culture is necessary.</p> <h3><span id="Molecular_Methods" class="mw-headline">Molecular Methods</span></h3> <p><a title="Polymerase chain reaction" href="/wiki/Polymerase_chain_reaction"><font color="#0645ad">Polymerase chain reaction</font></a> (PCR) assays have been proven to be more sensitive than either LAT or culture tests and highly specific.<sup id="cite_ref-Kennedy_2007_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kennedy_2007-6"><font size="2"><font color="#0645ad"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></font></font></a></sup> However, PCR assays have not yet become routine in clinical settings. Counter-current immunoelectrophoresis has been shown to be an effective research diagnostic method, but has been largely supplanted by PCR.</p> <h2><span id="Interaction_with_Streptococcus_pneumoniae" class="mw-headline">Interaction with <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i></span></h2> <p>Both <i>H. influenzae</i> and <i><a title="Streptococcus pneumoniae" href="/wiki/Streptococcus_pneumoniae"><font color="#0645ad">S. pneumoniae</font></a></i> can be found in the upper respiratory system of humans. A study of competition in a laboratory revealed that, in a petri dish, <i>S. pneumoniae</i> always overpowered <i>H. influenzae</i> by attacking it with <a title="Hydrogen peroxide" href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide"><font color="#0645ad">hydrogen peroxide</font></a> and stripping off the surface molecules that <i>H. influenzae</i> needs for survival.</p> <p>When both bacteria are placed together into a nasal cavity, within 2 weeks, only <i>H. influenzae</i> survives. When either is placed separately into a nasal cavity, each one survives. Upon examining the upper respiratory tissue from mice exposed to both bacteria species, an extraordinarily large number of <a class="mw-redirect" title="Neutrophils" href="/wiki/Neutrophils"><font color="#0645ad">neutrophils</font></a> (immune cells) was found. In mice exposed to only one bacteria, the cells were not present.</p> <p>Lab tests showed that neutrophils exposed to dead <i>H. influenzae</i> were more aggressive in attacking <i>S. pneumoniae</i> than unexposed neutrophils. Exposure to dead <i>H. influenzae</i> had no effect on live <i>H. influenzae</i>.</p> <p>Two scenarios may be responsible for this response:</p> <ol> <li>When <i>H. influenzae</i> is attacked by <i>S. pneumoniae</i>, it signals the immune system to attack the <i>S. pneumoniae</i></li> <li>The combination of the two species together triggers an immune system response that is not set off by either species individually.</li> </ol> <p>It is unclear why <i>H. influenzae</i> is not affected by the immune response.<sup id="cite_ref-Lysenko_2005_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lysenko_2005-7"><font size="2"><font color="#0645ad"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></font></font></a></sup></p> <h2><span id="Treatment" class="mw-headline">Treatment</span></h2> <p><i>Haemophilus influenzae</i> produces beta-lactamases, and it is also able to modify its penicillin binding proteins, so it has gained resistance to the penicillin family of antibiotics. In severe cases <a title="Cefotaxime" href="/wiki/Cefotaxime"><font color="#0645ad">cefotaxime</font></a> and <a title="Ceftriaxone" href="/wiki/Ceftriaxone"><font color="#0645ad">ceftriaxone</font></a> are the elected antibiotics, delivered directly into the bloodstream, and for the less severe cases an association of <a title="Ampicillin" href="/wiki/Ampicillin"><font color="#0645ad">ampicillin</font></a> and <a title="Sulbactam" href="/wiki/Sulbactam"><font color="#0645ad">sulbactam</font></a>, <a class="mw-redirect" title="Cephalosporins" href="/wiki/Cephalosporins"><font color="#0645ad">cephalosporins</font></a> of the second and third generation, or <a class="mw-redirect" title="Fluoroquinolones" href="/wiki/Fluoroquinolones"><font color="#0645ad">fluoroquinolones</font></a>. Macrolide antibiotics (e.g. <a title="Clarithromycin" href="/wiki/Clarithromycin"><font color="#0645ad">clarithromycin</font></a>) may be used in patients with a history of allergy to beta-lactam antibiotics.</p> <h2><span id="Sequencing" class="mw-headline">Sequencing</span></h2> <p><i>H. influenzae</i> was the first free-living organism to have its entire genome sequenced. Haemophilus was chosen because one of the project leaders, Nobel laureate <a title="Hamilton Smith" href="/wiki/Hamilton_Smith"><font color="#0645ad">Hamilton Smith</font></a>, had been working on it for decades and was able to provide high-quality DNA libraries. The genome consists of 1,830,140 base pairs of DNA in a single circular chromosome that contains 1740 protein-coding genes, 58 transfer RNA genes <a class="mw-redirect" title="TRNA" href="/wiki/TRNA"><font color="#0645ad">tRNA</font></a>, and 18 other RNA genes. The sequencing method used was <a class="mw-redirect" title="Whole-genome shotgun" href="/wiki/Whole-genome_shotgun"><font color="#0645ad">Whole genome shotgun</font></a>. The sequencing project, completed and published in <i><a title="Science (journal)" href="/wiki/Science_(journal)"><font color="#0645ad">Science</font></a></i> in 1995, was conducted at <a title="The Institute for Genomic Research" href="/wiki/The_Institute_for_Genomic_Research"><font color="#0645ad">The Institute for Genomic Research</font></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fleichmann_1995_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fleichmann_1995-8"><font size="2"><font color="#0645ad"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></font></font></a></sup></p> <h2><span id="See_also" class="mw-headline">See also</span></h2> <p> <table style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid; border-left: #aaa 1px solid; background-color: #f9f9f9; border-top: #aaa 1px solid; border-right: #aaa 1px solid" class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="30" height="40" /></td> <td class="mbox-text">Wikimedia Commons has media related to: <i><b><a class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Haemophilus influenzae" href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Haemophilus_influenzae"><font color="#3366bb">Haemophilus influenzae</font></a></b></i></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> <ul> <li><a title="Pasteurellaceae" href="/wiki/Pasteurellaceae"><font color="#0645ad">Pasteurellaceae</font></a></li> <li><a title="Maurice Hilleman" href="/wiki/Maurice_Hilleman"><font color="#0645ad">Maurice Hilleman</font></a></li> <li><a title="Hattie Alexander" href="/wiki/Hattie_Alexander"><font color="#0645ad">Hattie Alexander</font></a></li> <li><a title="Hib vaccine" href="/wiki/Hib_vaccine"><font color="#0645ad">Hib vaccine</font></a></li> <li><a title="Haemophilus influenzae cellulitis" href="/wiki/Haemophilus_influenzae_cellulitis"><font color="#0645ad">Haemophilus influenzae cellulitis</font></a></li> </ul> <h2><span id="References" class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <div class="references-small"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-KuhnertChristensen-0"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KuhnertChristensen_0-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation book">Kuhnert P; Christensen H (editors). (2008). <i>Pasteurellaceae: Biology, Genomics and Molecular Aspects</i>. Caister Academic Press. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-34-9" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-34-9"><font color="#0645ad">978-1-904455-34-9</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Pasteurellaceae%3A+Biology%2C+Genomics+and+Molecular+Aspects&amp;rft.aulast=Kuhnert+P%3B+Christensen+H+%28editors%29.&amp;rft.au=Kuhnert+P%3B+Christensen+H+%28editors%29.&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-904455-34-9&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Sherris-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sherris_1-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation book">Ryan KJ; Ray CG (editors) (2004). <i>Sherris Medical Microbiology</i> (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. pp.&nbsp;396&ndash;401. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/0838585299" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0838585299"><font color="#0645ad">0838585299</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Sherris+Medical+Microbiology&amp;rft.aulast=Ryan+KJ%3B+Ray+CG+%28editors%29&amp;rft.au=Ryan+KJ%3B+Ray+CG+%28editors%29&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B396%26ndash%3B401&amp;rft.edition=4th&amp;rft.pub=McGraw+Hill&amp;rft.isbn=0838585299&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation book">Behrman, Richard E.; Robert M Kliegman and Hal B. Jenson (2004). <a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=6a_lLbxRKwkC" rel="nofollow"><i><font color="#3366bb">Nelson Tratado de Pediatr&iacute;a</font></i></a>. Elsevier. p.&nbsp;904. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/8481747475" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8481747475"><font color="#0645ad">8481747475</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://books.google.com/?id=6a_lLbxRKwkC" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://books.google.com/?id=6a_lLbxRKwkC</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-09-11</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Nelson+Tratado+de+Pediatr%C3%ADa&amp;rft.aulast=Behrman&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard+E.&amp;rft.au=Behrman%2C%26%2332%3BRichard+E.&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B904&amp;rft.pub=Elsevier&amp;rft.isbn=8481747475&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D6a_lLbxRKwkC&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Puri_1999-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Puri_1999_3-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Puri J, Talwar V, Juneja M, Agarwal KN, Gupta HC (1999). &quot;Prevalence of anti-microbial resistance among respiratory isolates of Haemophilus influenzae&quot;. <i>Indian Pediatr</i> <b>36</b> (10): 1029&ndash;32. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10745313" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10745313</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Prevalence+of+anti-microbial+resistance+among+respiratory+isolates+of+Haemophilus+influenzae&amp;rft.jtitle=Indian+Pediatr&amp;rft.aulast=Puri+J%2C+Talwar+V%2C+Juneja+M%2C+Agarwal+KN%2C+Gupta+HC&amp;rft.au=Puri+J%2C+Talwar+V%2C+Juneja+M%2C+Agarwal+KN%2C+Gupta+HC&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.volume=36&amp;rft.issue=10&amp;rft.pages=1029%E2%80%9332&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/10745313&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal"><i>Generic protocol for population-based surveillance of Haemophilus influenzae type B</i>. World Health Organization. 1997. WHO/VRD/GEN/95.05.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Generic+protocol+for+population-based++surveillance+of+Haemophilus+influenzae+type+B&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-John_1991-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-John_1991_5-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">John TJ, Cherian T, Steinhoff MC, Simoes EA, John M (1991). &quot;Etiology of acute respiratory infections in children in tropical southern India&quot;. <i>Rev Infect Dis</i> <b>13</b>: Suppl 6:S463&ndash;9. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1862277" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">1862277</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Etiology+of+acute+respiratory+infections+in+children+in+tropical+southern+India&amp;rft.jtitle=Rev+Infect+Dis&amp;rft.aulast=John+TJ%2C+Cherian+T%2C+Steinhoff+MC%2C+Simoes+EA%2C+John+M&amp;rft.au=John+TJ%2C+Cherian+T%2C+Steinhoff+MC%2C+Simoes+EA%2C+John+M&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.volume=13&amp;rft.pages=Suppl+6%3AS463%E2%80%939&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/1862277&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Kennedy_2007-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy_2007_6-0">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="2">a</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy_2007_6-1">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="2">b</font></b></i>}</a> <span class="citation Journal">Kennedy WA, Chang SJ, Purdy K, LE T, Kilgore PE, Kim JS et al. (2007). <a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2870670" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Incidence of bacterial meningitis in Asia using enhanced CSF testing: polymerase chain reaction, latex agglutination and culture&quot;</font></a>. <i>Epidemiol Infect</i> <b>135</b> (7): 1217&ndash;26. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS0950268806007734" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1017/S0950268806007734</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17274856" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">17274856</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Incidence+of+bacterial+meningitis+in+Asia+using+enhanced+CSF+testing%3A+polymerase+chain+reaction%2C+latex+agglutination+and+culture&amp;rft.jtitle=Epidemiol+Infect&amp;rft.aulast=Kennedy+WA%2C+Chang+SJ%2C+Purdy+K%2C+LE+T%2C+Kilgore+PE%2C+Kim+JS+et+al.&amp;rft.au=Kennedy+WA%2C+Chang+SJ%2C+Purdy+K%2C+LE+T%2C+Kilgore+PE%2C+Kim+JS+et+al.&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.volume=135&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.pages=1217%E2%80%9326&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1017%2FS0950268806007734&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17274856&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Lysenko_2005-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lysenko_2005_7-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Lysenko E, Ratner A, Nelson A, Weiser J (2005). <a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1238736" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;The role of innate immune responses in the outcome of interspecies competition for colonization of mucosal surfaces&quot;</font></a>. <i>PLoS Pathog</i> <b>1</b> (1): e1. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.0010001" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1371/journal.ppat.0010001</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16201010" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">16201010</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+role+of+innate+immune+responses+in+the+outcome+of+interspecies+competition+for+colonization+of+mucosal+surfaces&amp;rft.jtitle=PLoS+Pathog&amp;rft.aulast=Lysenko+E%2C+Ratner+A%2C+Nelson+A%2C+Weiser+J&amp;rft.au=Lysenko+E%2C+Ratner+A%2C+Nelson+A%2C+Weiser+J&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=e1&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.0010001&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16201010&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Fleichmann_1995-8"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fleichmann_1995_8-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Fleischmann R, Adams M, White O, Clayton R, Kirkness E, Kerlavage A, Bult C, Tomb J, Dougherty B, Merrick J (1995). <a class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/269/5223/496" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Whole-genome random sequencing and assembly of Haemophilus influenzae Rd&quot;</font></a>. <i>Science</i> <b>269</b> (5223): 496&ndash;512. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.7542800" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.7542800</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7542800" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">7542800</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/269/5223/496" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/269/5223/496</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Whole-genome+random+sequencing+and+assembly+of+Haemophilus+influenzae+Rd&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Fleischmann+R%2C+Adams+M%2C+White+O%2C+Clayton+R%2C+Kirkness+E%2C+Kerlavage+A%2C+Bult+C%2C+Tomb+J%2C+Dougherty+B%2C+Merrick+J&amp;rft.au=Fleischmann+R%2C+Adams+M%2C+White+O%2C+Clayton+R%2C+Kirkness+E%2C+Kerlavage+A%2C+Bult+C%2C+Tomb+J%2C+Dougherty+B%2C+Merrick+J&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.volume=269&amp;rft.issue=5223&amp;rft.pages=496%E2%80%93512&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.7542800&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/7542800&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F269%2F5223%2F496&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> </ol> </div> <h2>&nbsp;<span id="External_links" class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" href="http://www.who.int/immunization/topics/hib/en/index.html" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">Hib information</font></a> on the <a title="World Health Organization" href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization"><font color="#0645ad">World Health Organization</font></a> (WHO) site.</li> <li><a class="external text" href="http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/haeminfluserob_t.htm" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">Fact sheet</font></a> on the <a title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention" href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention"><font color="#0645ad">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</font></a> (CDC) site.</li> <li><a class="external text" href="http://www.hibaction.org" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">Hib Initiative</font></a> - from <a title="Johns Hopkins University" href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University"><font color="#0645ad">Johns Hopkins University</font></a>, <a title="London School of Hygiene &amp; Tropical Medicine" href="/wiki/London_School_of_Hygiene_%26_Tropical_Medicine"><font color="#0645ad">London School of Hygiene &amp; Tropical Medicine</font></a>, <a title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention" href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention"><font color="#0645ad">CDC</font></a> &amp; <a title="World Health Organization" href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization"><font color="#0645ad">WHO</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="http://www.worldpneumoniaday.org" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">November 2nd: World Pneumonia Day Website</font></a></li> </ul> 2e25300de5b2a29a1c28e41202ae1bb9a36ecdc5 3236 3235 2010-11-14T05:23:40Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><i><b>Haemophilus </b></i><span style="color: #000000"><i><b>influenzae</b></i>, formerly called <b>Pfeiffer's bacillus</b> or <i><b>Bacillus influenzae</b></i>, is a non-motile Gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium first described in 1892 by Richard Pfeiffer during an influenza pandemic. A member of the <i>Pasteurellaceae</i> family, it is generally aerobic, but can grow as a facultative anaerobe.<sup id="cite_ref-KuhnertChristensen_0-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[1]</font></sup> <i>H. influenzae</i> was mistakenly considered to be the cause of influenza until 1933, when the viral etiology of the flu became apparent. Still, <i>H. influenzae</i> is responsible for a wide range of clinical diseases.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000"><i>H. influenzae</i> was the first free-living organism to have its entire genome sequenced. The sequencing project was completed and published in 1995.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Serotypes" class="mw-headline">Serotypes</span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000">In 1930, 2 major categories of <i>H. influenzae</i> were defined: the unencapsulated strains and the encapsulated strains. Encapsulated strains were classified on the basis of their distinct capsular antigens. There are six generally recognized types of encapsulated <i>H. influenzae</i>: a, b, c, d, e, and f.<sup id="cite_ref-Sherris_1-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[2]</font></sup> Genetic diversity among unencapsulated strains is greater than within the encapsulated group. Unencapsulated strains are termed nontypable (NTHi) because they lack capsular serotypes, however they can be classified by multi-locus sequence typing. The pathogenesis of <i>H. influenzae</i> infections is not completely understood, although the presence of the capsule in encapsulated type b (Hib), a serotype causing conditions such as epiglottitis, is known to be a major factor in virulence. Their capsule allows them to resist phagocytosis and complement-mediated lysis in the non-immune host. The unencapsulated strains are almost always less invasive, however they can produce an inflammatory response in humans which can lead to many symptoms. Vaccination with Hib conjugate vaccine is effective in preventing Hib infection. Several vaccines are now available for routine use against Hib, however vaccines are not yet available against NTHi.</span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Diseases" class="mw-headline">Diseases</span></span></h2> <p> <table style="text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em; width: 22em; font-size: 88%" class="infobox" cellspacing="5"> <tbody> <tr> <th style="text-align: center; background-color: lightgrey; font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold" colspan="2"><span style="color: #000000">Haemophilus influenzae infection</span></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center" colspan="2"><span style="color: #000000"><i>Classification and external resources</i></span></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left" scope="row"><span style="color: #000000">ICD-10</span></th> <td><span style="color: #000000">A49.2</span></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left" scope="row"><span style="color: #000000">ICD-9</span></th> <td><span style="color: #000000">041.5</span></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left" scope="row"><span style="color: #000000">DiseasesDB</span></th> <td><span style="color: #000000">5570</span></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left" scope="row"><span style="color: #000000">MedlinePlus</span></th> <td><span style="color: #000000">000612 (Meningitis)</span></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left" scope="row"><span style="color: #000000">eMedicine</span></th> <td><span style="color: #000000">topic list</span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Most strains of <i>H. influenzae</i> are opportunistic pathogens - that is, they usually live in their host without causing disease, but cause problems only when other factors (such as a viral infection or reduced immune function) create an opportunity.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Naturally-acquired disease caused by <i>H. influenzae</i> seems to occur in humans only. In infants and young children, <i>H. influenzae</i> type b (Hib) causes bacteremia, pneumonia, and acute bacterial meningitis. Occasionally, it causes cellulitis, osteomyelitis, epiglottitis, and infectious arthritis. Due to routine use of the Hib conjugate vaccine in the U.S. since 1990, the incidence of invasive Hib disease has decreased to 1.3/100,000 in children. However, Hib remains a major cause of lower respiratory tract infections in infants and children in developing countries where vaccine is not widely used. Unencapsulated <i>H. influenzae</i> causes ear infections (otitis media), eye infections (conjunctivitis), and sinusitis in children and is associated with pneumonia.</span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Diagnosis" class="mw-headline">Diagnosis</span></span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width: 252px" class="thumbinner"><span style="color: #000000"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="250" height="209" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Haemophilus_influenzae_Gram.JPG/250px-Haemophilus_influenzae_Gram.JPG" /> </span> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><span style="color: #000000"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></span></div> <span style="color: #000000"><i>H. influenzae</i> Gram stain of a sputum sample, appear as Gram negative cocco-bacilli.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><font size="1">[3]</font></sup></span></div> </div> </div> <p><span style="color: #000000">Clinical diagnosis of <i>H. influenzae</i> is typically performed by bacterial culture or latex particle agglutination. Diagnosis is considered confirmed when the organism is isolated from a sterile body site. In this respect, <i>H. influenzae</i> cultured from the nasopharyngeal cavity or sputum would not indicate <i>H. influenzae</i> disease because these sites are colonized in disease free individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-Puri_1999_3-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[4]</font></sup> However <i>H. influenzae</i> isolated from cerebrospinal fluid or blood would indicate a <i>H. influenzae</i> infection.</span></p> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Culture" class="mw-headline">Culture</span></span></h3> <p><span style="color: #000000">Bacterial culture of <i>H. influenzae</i> is performed on agar plates, preferably Chocolate agar, plate with added X(Hemin) &amp; V(NAD) factors at 37&deg;C in an enriched CO2 incubator.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><font size="2">[5]</font></sup> Blood agar growth is only achieved as a satellite phenomenon around other bacteria. Colonies of <i>H. influenzae</i> appear as convex, smooth, pale, grey or transparent colonies. Gram-stained and microscopic observation of a specimen of <i>H. influenzae</i> will show Gram-negative, coccobacilli, with no specific arrangement. The cultured organism can be further characterized using catalase and oxidase tests, both of which should be positive. Further serological is necessary to distinguish the capsular polysaccharide and differentiate between <i>H. influenzae</i> b and non-encapsulated species.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Although highly specific, bacterial culture of <i>H. influenzae</i> lacks in sensitivity. Use of antibiotics prior to sample collection greatly reduces the isolation rate by killing the bacteria before identification is possible.<sup id="cite_ref-John_1991_5-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[6]</font></sup> Beyond this, <i>H. influenzae</i> is a finicky bacterium to culture, and any modification of culture procedures can greatly reduce isolation rates. Poor quality of laboratories in developing countries has resulted in poor isolation rates of <i>H. influenzae</i>.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">H. influenzae will grow in the hemolytic zone of Staphylococcus aureus on Blood Agar plates. The hemolysis of cells by Staph. aureus releases nutrients vital to the growth of H. influenzae. H. influenzae will not grow outside the hemolytic zone of Staph. aureus due to the lack of nutrients in these areas.</span></p> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Latex_particle_agglutination" class="mw-headline">Latex particle agglutination</span></span></h3> <p><span style="color: #000000">Latex particle agglutination test (LAT) is a more sensitive method to detect <i>H. influenzae</i> than culture.<sup id="cite_ref-Kennedy_2007_6-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[7]</font></sup> Because the method relies on antigen rather than viable bacteria, the results are not disrupted by prior antibiotic use. It also has the added benefit of being much quicker than culture methods. However, antibiotic sensitivity is not possible with LAT, so a parallel culture is necessary.</span></p> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Molecular_Methods" class="mw-headline">Molecular Methods</span></span></h3> <p><span style="color: #000000">Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays have been proven to be more sensitive than either LAT or culture tests and highly specific.<sup id="cite_ref-Kennedy_2007_6-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[7]</font></sup> However, PCR assays have not yet become routine in clinical settings. Counter-current immunoelectrophoresis has been shown to be an effective research diagnostic method, but has been largely supplanted by PCR.</span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Interaction_with_Streptococcus_pneumoniae" class="mw-headline">Interaction with <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i></span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000">Both <i>H. influenzae</i> and <i>S. pneumoniae</i> can be found in the upper respiratory system of humans. A study of competition in a laboratory revealed that, in a petri dish, <i>S. pneumoniae</i> always overpowered <i>H. influenzae</i> by attacking it with hydrogen peroxide and stripping off the surface molecules that <i>H. influenzae</i> needs for survival.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">When both bacteria are placed together into a nasal cavity, within 2 weeks, only <i>H. influenzae</i> survives. When either is placed separately into a nasal cavity, each one survives. Upon examining the upper respiratory tissue from mice exposed to both bacteria species, an extraordinarily large number of neutrophils (immune cells) was found. In mice exposed to only one bacteria, the cells were not present.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Lab tests showed that neutrophils exposed to dead <i>H. influenzae</i> were more aggressive in attacking <i>S. pneumoniae</i> than unexposed neutrophils. Exposure to dead <i>H. influenzae</i> had no effect on live <i>H. influenzae</i>.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Two scenarios may be responsible for this response:</span></p> <ol> <li><span style="color: #000000">When <i>H. influenzae</i> is attacked by <i>S. pneumoniae</i>, it signals the immune system to attack the <i>S. pneumoniae</i> </span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">The combination of the two species together triggers an immune system response that is not set off by either species individually. </span></li> </ol> <p><span style="color: #000000">It is unclear why <i>H. influenzae</i> is not affected by the immune response.<sup id="cite_ref-Lysenko_2005_7-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[8]</font></sup></span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Treatment" class="mw-headline">Treatment</span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000"><i>Haemophilus influenzae</i> produces beta-lactamases, and it is also able to modify its penicillin binding proteins, so it has gained resistance to the penicillin family of antibiotics. In severe cases cefotaxime and ceftriaxone are the elected antibiotics, delivered directly into the bloodstream, and for the less severe cases an association of ampicillin and sulbactam, cephalosporins of the second and third generation, or fluoroquinolones. Macrolide antibiotics (e.g. clarithromycin) may be used in patients with a history of allergy to beta-lactam antibiotics.</span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Sequencing" class="mw-headline">Sequencing</span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000"><i>H. influenzae</i> was the first free-living organism to have its entire genome sequenced. Haemophilus was chosen because one of the project leaders, Nobel laureate Hamilton Smith, had been working on it for decades and was able to provide high-quality DNA libraries. The genome consists of 1,830,140 base pairs of DNA in a single circular chromosome that contains 1740 protein-coding genes, 58 transfer RNA genes tRNA, and 18 other RNA genes. The sequencing method used was Whole genome shotgun. The sequencing project, completed and published in <i>Science</i> in 1995, was conducted at The Institute for Genomic Research.<sup id="cite_ref-Fleichmann_1995_8-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[9]</font></sup></span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="See_also" class="mw-headline">See also</span></span></h2> <p> <table style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid; border-left: #aaa 1px solid; background-color: #f9f9f9; border-top: #aaa 1px solid; border-right: #aaa 1px solid" class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span style="color: #000000"><img alt="" width="30" height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" /></span></td> <td class="mbox-text"><span style="color: #000000">Wikimedia Commons has media related to: <i><b>Haemophilus influenzae</b></i></span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> <ul> <li><span style="color: #000000">Pasteurellaceae </span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Maurice Hilleman </span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Hattie Alexander </span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Hib vaccine </span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Haemophilus influenzae cellulitis </span></li> </ul> <h2><span id="References" class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <div class="references-small"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-KuhnertChristensen-0"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KuhnertChristensen_0-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation book">Kuhnert P; Christensen H (editors). (2008). <i>Pasteurellaceae: Biology, Genomics and Molecular Aspects</i>. Caister Academic Press. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-34-9" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-34-9"><font color="#0645ad">978-1-904455-34-9</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Pasteurellaceae%3A+Biology%2C+Genomics+and+Molecular+Aspects&amp;rft.aulast=Kuhnert+P%3B+Christensen+H+%28editors%29.&amp;rft.au=Kuhnert+P%3B+Christensen+H+%28editors%29.&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-904455-34-9&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Sherris-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sherris_1-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation book">Ryan KJ; Ray CG (editors) (2004). <i>Sherris Medical Microbiology</i> (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. pp.&nbsp;396&ndash;401. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/0838585299" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0838585299"><font color="#0645ad">0838585299</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Sherris+Medical+Microbiology&amp;rft.aulast=Ryan+KJ%3B+Ray+CG+%28editors%29&amp;rft.au=Ryan+KJ%3B+Ray+CG+%28editors%29&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B396%26ndash%3B401&amp;rft.edition=4th&amp;rft.pub=McGraw+Hill&amp;rft.isbn=0838585299&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation book">Behrman, Richard E.; Robert M Kliegman and Hal B. Jenson (2004). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://books.google.com/?id=6a_lLbxRKwkC"><i><font color="#3366bb">Nelson Tratado de Pediatr&iacute;a</font></i></a>. Elsevier. p.&nbsp;904. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/8481747475" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8481747475"><font color="#0645ad">8481747475</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://books.google.com/?id=6a_lLbxRKwkC"><font color="#3366bb">http://books.google.com/?id=6a_lLbxRKwkC</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-09-11</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Nelson+Tratado+de+Pediatr%C3%ADa&amp;rft.aulast=Behrman&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard+E.&amp;rft.au=Behrman%2C%26%2332%3BRichard+E.&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B904&amp;rft.pub=Elsevier&amp;rft.isbn=8481747475&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D6a_lLbxRKwkC&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Puri_1999-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Puri_1999_3-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Puri J, Talwar V, Juneja M, Agarwal KN, Gupta HC (1999). &quot;Prevalence of anti-microbial resistance among respiratory isolates of Haemophilus influenzae&quot;. <i>Indian Pediatr</i> <b>36</b> (10): 1029&ndash;32. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10745313"><font color="#3366bb">10745313</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Prevalence+of+anti-microbial+resistance+among+respiratory+isolates+of+Haemophilus+influenzae&amp;rft.jtitle=Indian+Pediatr&amp;rft.aulast=Puri+J%2C+Talwar+V%2C+Juneja+M%2C+Agarwal+KN%2C+Gupta+HC&amp;rft.au=Puri+J%2C+Talwar+V%2C+Juneja+M%2C+Agarwal+KN%2C+Gupta+HC&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.volume=36&amp;rft.issue=10&amp;rft.pages=1029%E2%80%9332&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/10745313&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal"><i>Generic protocol for population-based surveillance of Haemophilus influenzae type B</i>. World Health Organization. 1997. WHO/VRD/GEN/95.05.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Generic+protocol+for+population-based++surveillance+of+Haemophilus+influenzae+type+B&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-John_1991-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-John_1991_5-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">John TJ, Cherian T, Steinhoff MC, Simoes EA, John M (1991). &quot;Etiology of acute respiratory infections in children in tropical southern India&quot;. <i>Rev Infect Dis</i> <b>13</b>: Suppl 6:S463&ndash;9. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1862277"><font color="#3366bb">1862277</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Etiology+of+acute+respiratory+infections+in+children+in+tropical+southern+India&amp;rft.jtitle=Rev+Infect+Dis&amp;rft.aulast=John+TJ%2C+Cherian+T%2C+Steinhoff+MC%2C+Simoes+EA%2C+John+M&amp;rft.au=John+TJ%2C+Cherian+T%2C+Steinhoff+MC%2C+Simoes+EA%2C+John+M&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.volume=13&amp;rft.pages=Suppl+6%3AS463%E2%80%939&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/1862277&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Kennedy_2007-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy_2007_6-0">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="2">a</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy_2007_6-1">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="2">b</font></b></i>}</a> <span class="citation Journal">Kennedy WA, Chang SJ, Purdy K, LE T, Kilgore PE, Kim JS et al. (2007). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2870670"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Incidence of bacterial meningitis in Asia using enhanced CSF testing: polymerase chain reaction, latex agglutination and culture&quot;</font></a>. <i>Epidemiol Infect</i> <b>135</b> (7): 1217&ndash;26. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS0950268806007734"><font color="#3366bb">10.1017/S0950268806007734</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17274856"><font color="#3366bb">17274856</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Incidence+of+bacterial+meningitis+in+Asia+using+enhanced+CSF+testing%3A+polymerase+chain+reaction%2C+latex+agglutination+and+culture&amp;rft.jtitle=Epidemiol+Infect&amp;rft.aulast=Kennedy+WA%2C+Chang+SJ%2C+Purdy+K%2C+LE+T%2C+Kilgore+PE%2C+Kim+JS+et+al.&amp;rft.au=Kennedy+WA%2C+Chang+SJ%2C+Purdy+K%2C+LE+T%2C+Kilgore+PE%2C+Kim+JS+et+al.&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.volume=135&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.pages=1217%E2%80%9326&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1017%2FS0950268806007734&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17274856&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Lysenko_2005-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lysenko_2005_7-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Lysenko E, Ratner A, Nelson A, Weiser J (2005). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1238736"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;The role of innate immune responses in the outcome of interspecies competition for colonization of mucosal surfaces&quot;</font></a>. <i>PLoS Pathog</i> <b>1</b> (1): e1. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.0010001"><font color="#3366bb">10.1371/journal.ppat.0010001</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16201010"><font color="#3366bb">16201010</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+role+of+innate+immune+responses+in+the+outcome+of+interspecies+competition+for+colonization+of+mucosal+surfaces&amp;rft.jtitle=PLoS+Pathog&amp;rft.aulast=Lysenko+E%2C+Ratner+A%2C+Nelson+A%2C+Weiser+J&amp;rft.au=Lysenko+E%2C+Ratner+A%2C+Nelson+A%2C+Weiser+J&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=e1&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.0010001&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16201010&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Fleichmann_1995-8"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fleichmann_1995_8-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Fleischmann R, Adams M, White O, Clayton R, Kirkness E, Kerlavage A, Bult C, Tomb J, Dougherty B, Merrick J (1995). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/269/5223/496"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Whole-genome random sequencing and assembly of Haemophilus influenzae Rd&quot;</font></a>. <i>Science</i> <b>269</b> (5223): 496&ndash;512. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.7542800"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.7542800</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7542800"><font color="#3366bb">7542800</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/269/5223/496"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/269/5223/496</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Whole-genome+random+sequencing+and+assembly+of+Haemophilus+influenzae+Rd&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Fleischmann+R%2C+Adams+M%2C+White+O%2C+Clayton+R%2C+Kirkness+E%2C+Kerlavage+A%2C+Bult+C%2C+Tomb+J%2C+Dougherty+B%2C+Merrick+J&amp;rft.au=Fleischmann+R%2C+Adams+M%2C+White+O%2C+Clayton+R%2C+Kirkness+E%2C+Kerlavage+A%2C+Bult+C%2C+Tomb+J%2C+Dougherty+B%2C+Merrick+J&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.volume=269&amp;rft.issue=5223&amp;rft.pages=496%E2%80%93512&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.7542800&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/7542800&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F269%2F5223%2F496&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> </ol> </div> <h2>&nbsp;<span id="External_links" class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.who.int/immunization/topics/hib/en/index.html"><font color="#3366bb">Hib information</font></a> on the <a title="World Health Organization" href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization"><font color="#0645ad">World Health Organization</font></a> (WHO) site.</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/haeminfluserob_t.htm"><font color="#3366bb">Fact sheet</font></a> on the <a title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention" href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention"><font color="#0645ad">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</font></a> (CDC) site.</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.hibaction.org"><font color="#3366bb">Hib Initiative</font></a> - from <a title="Johns Hopkins University" href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University"><font color="#0645ad">Johns Hopkins University</font></a>, <a title="London School of Hygiene &amp; Tropical Medicine" href="/wiki/London_School_of_Hygiene_%26_Tropical_Medicine"><font color="#0645ad">London School of Hygiene &amp; Tropical Medicine</font></a>, <a title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention" href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention"><font color="#0645ad">CDC</font></a> &amp; <a title="World Health Organization" href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization"><font color="#0645ad">WHO</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.worldpneumoniaday.org"><font color="#3366bb">November 2nd: World Pneumonia Day Website</font></a></li> </ul> aae16efc178dc99cfe4fa3044365578aca704e9b 3237 3236 2010-11-14T05:23:56Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><i><b>Haemophilus </b></i><span style="color: #000000"><i><b>influenzae</b></i>, formerly called <b>Pfeiffer's bacillus</b> or <i><b>Bacillus influenzae</b></i>, is a non-motile Gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium first described in 1892 by Richard Pfeiffer during an influenza pandemic. A member of the <i>Pasteurellaceae</i> family, it is generally aerobic, but can grow as a facultative anaerobe.<sup id="cite_ref-KuhnertChristensen_0-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[1]</font></sup> <i>H. influenzae</i> was mistakenly considered to be the cause of influenza until 1933, when the viral etiology of the flu became apparent. Still, <i>H. influenzae</i> is responsible for a wide range of clinical diseases.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000"><i>H. influenzae</i> was the first free-living organism to have its entire genome sequenced. The sequencing project was completed and published in 1995.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Serotypes" class="mw-headline">Serotypes</span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000">In 1930, 2 major categories of <i>H. influenzae</i> were defined: the unencapsulated strains and the encapsulated strains. Encapsulated strains were classified on the basis of their distinct capsular antigens. There are six generally recognized types of encapsulated <i>H. influenzae</i>: a, b, c, d, e, and f.<sup id="cite_ref-Sherris_1-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[2]</font></sup> Genetic diversity among unencapsulated strains is greater than within the encapsulated group. Unencapsulated strains are termed nontypable (NTHi) because they lack capsular serotypes, however they can be classified by multi-locus sequence typing. The pathogenesis of <i>H. influenzae</i> infections is not completely understood, although the presence of the capsule in encapsulated type b (Hib), a serotype causing conditions such as epiglottitis, is known to be a major factor in virulence. Their capsule allows them to resist phagocytosis and complement-mediated lysis in the non-immune host. The unencapsulated strains are almost always less invasive, however they can produce an inflammatory response in humans which can lead to many symptoms. Vaccination with Hib conjugate vaccine is effective in preventing Hib infection. Several vaccines are now available for routine use against Hib, however vaccines are not yet available against NTHi.</span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Diseases" class="mw-headline">Diseases</span></span></h2> <p> <table style="text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em; width: 22em; font-size: 88%" class="infobox" cellspacing="5"> <tbody> <tr> <th style="text-align: center; background-color: lightgrey; font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold" colspan="2"><span style="color: #000000">Haemophilus influenzae infection</span></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center" colspan="2"><span style="color: #000000"><i>Classification and external resources</i></span></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left" scope="row"><span style="color: #000000">ICD-10</span></th> <td><span style="color: #000000">A49.2</span></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left" scope="row"><span style="color: #000000">ICD-9</span></th> <td><span style="color: #000000">041.5</span></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left" scope="row"><span style="color: #000000">DiseasesDB</span></th> <td><span style="color: #000000">5570</span></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left" scope="row"><span style="color: #000000">MedlinePlus</span></th> <td><span style="color: #000000">000612 (Meningitis)</span></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left" scope="row"><span style="color: #000000">eMedicine</span></th> <td><span style="color: #000000">topic list</span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Most strains of <i>H. influenzae</i> are opportunistic pathogens - that is, they usually live in their host without causing disease, but cause problems only when other factors (such as a viral infection or reduced immune function) create an opportunity.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Naturally-acquired disease caused by <i>H. influenzae</i> seems to occur in humans only. In infants and young children, <i>H. influenzae</i> type b (Hib) causes bacteremia, pneumonia, and acute bacterial meningitis. Occasionally, it causes cellulitis, osteomyelitis, epiglottitis, and infectious arthritis. Due to routine use of the Hib conjugate vaccine in the U.S. since 1990, the incidence of invasive Hib disease has decreased to 1.3/100,000 in children. However, Hib remains a major cause of lower respiratory tract infections in infants and children in developing countries where vaccine is not widely used. Unencapsulated <i>H. influenzae</i> causes ear infections (otitis media), eye infections (conjunctivitis), and sinusitis in children and is associated with pneumonia.</span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Diagnosis" class="mw-headline">Diagnosis</span></span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width: 252px" class="thumbinner"><span style="color: #000000"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="250" height="209" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Haemophilus_influenzae_Gram.JPG/250px-Haemophilus_influenzae_Gram.JPG" /> </span> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><span style="color: #000000"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></span></div> <span style="color: #000000"><i>H. influenzae</i> Gram stain of a sputum sample, appear as Gram negative cocco-bacilli.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><font size="1">[3]</font></sup></span></div> </div> </div> <p><span style="color: #000000">Clinical diagnosis of <i>H. influenzae</i> is typically performed by bacterial culture or latex particle agglutination. Diagnosis is considered confirmed when the organism is isolated from a sterile body site. In this respect, <i>H. influenzae</i> cultured from the nasopharyngeal cavity or sputum would not indicate <i>H. influenzae</i> disease because these sites are colonized in disease free individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-Puri_1999_3-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[4]</font></sup> However <i>H. influenzae</i> isolated from cerebrospinal fluid or blood would indicate a <i>H. influenzae</i> infection.</span></p> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Culture" class="mw-headline">Culture</span></span></h3> <p><span style="color: #000000">Bacterial culture of <i>H. influenzae</i> is performed on agar plates, preferably Chocolate agar, plate with added X(Hemin) &amp; V(NAD) factors at 37&deg;C in an enriched CO2 incubator.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><font size="2">[5]</font></sup> Blood agar growth is only achieved as a satellite phenomenon around other bacteria. Colonies of <i>H. influenzae</i> appear as convex, smooth, pale, grey or transparent colonies. Gram-stained and microscopic observation of a specimen of <i>H. influenzae</i> will show Gram-negative, coccobacilli, with no specific arrangement. The cultured organism can be further characterized using catalase and oxidase tests, both of which should be positive. Further serological is necessary to distinguish the capsular polysaccharide and differentiate between <i>H. influenzae</i> b and non-encapsulated species.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Although highly specific, bacterial culture of <i>H. influenzae</i> lacks in sensitivity. Use of antibiotics prior to sample collection greatly reduces the isolation rate by killing the bacteria before identification is possible.<sup id="cite_ref-John_1991_5-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[6]</font></sup> Beyond this, <i>H. influenzae</i> is a finicky bacterium to culture, and any modification of culture procedures can greatly reduce isolation rates. Poor quality of laboratories in developing countries has resulted in poor isolation rates of <i>H. influenzae</i>.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">H. influenzae will grow in the hemolytic zone of Staphylococcus aureus on Blood Agar plates. The hemolysis of cells by Staph. aureus releases nutrients vital to the growth of H. influenzae. H. influenzae will not grow outside the hemolytic zone of Staph. aureus due to the lack of nutrients in these areas.</span></p> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Latex_particle_agglutination" class="mw-headline">Latex particle agglutination</span></span></h3> <p><span style="color: #000000">Latex particle agglutination test (LAT) is a more sensitive method to detect <i>H. influenzae</i> than culture.<sup id="cite_ref-Kennedy_2007_6-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[7]</font></sup> Because the method relies on antigen rather than viable bacteria, the results are not disrupted by prior antibiotic use. It also has the added benefit of being much quicker than culture methods. However, antibiotic sensitivity is not possible with LAT, so a parallel culture is necessary.</span></p> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Molecular_Methods" class="mw-headline">Molecular Methods</span></span></h3> <p><span style="color: #000000">Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays have been proven to be more sensitive than either LAT or culture tests and highly specific.<sup id="cite_ref-Kennedy_2007_6-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[7]</font></sup> However, PCR assays have not yet become routine in clinical settings. Counter-current immunoelectrophoresis has been shown to be an effective research diagnostic method, but has been largely supplanted by PCR.</span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Interaction_with_Streptococcus_pneumoniae" class="mw-headline">Interaction with <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i></span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000">Both <i>H. influenzae</i> and <i>S. pneumoniae</i> can be found in the upper respiratory system of humans. A study of competition in a laboratory revealed that, in a petri dish, <i>S. pneumoniae</i> always overpowered <i>H. influenzae</i> by attacking it with hydrogen peroxide and stripping off the surface molecules that <i>H. influenzae</i> needs for survival.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">When both bacteria are placed together into a nasal cavity, within 2 weeks, only <i>H. influenzae</i> survives. When either is placed separately into a nasal cavity, each one survives. Upon examining the upper respiratory tissue from mice exposed to both bacteria species, an extraordinarily large number of neutrophils (immune cells) was found. In mice exposed to only one bacteria, the cells were not present.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Lab tests showed that neutrophils exposed to dead <i>H. influenzae</i> were more aggressive in attacking <i>S. pneumoniae</i> than unexposed neutrophils. Exposure to dead <i>H. influenzae</i> had no effect on live <i>H. influenzae</i>.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Two scenarios may be responsible for this response:</span></p> <ol> <li><span style="color: #000000">When <i>H. influenzae</i> is attacked by <i>S. pneumoniae</i>, it signals the immune system to attack the <i>S. pneumoniae</i> </span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">The combination of the two species together triggers an immune system response that is not set off by either species individually. </span></li> </ol> <p><span style="color: #000000">It is unclear why <i>H. influenzae</i> is not affected by the immune response.<sup id="cite_ref-Lysenko_2005_7-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[8]</font></sup></span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Treatment" class="mw-headline">Treatment</span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000"><i>Haemophilus influenzae</i> produces beta-lactamases, and it is also able to modify its penicillin binding proteins, so it has gained resistance to the penicillin family of antibiotics. In severe cases cefotaxime and ceftriaxone are the elected antibiotics, delivered directly into the bloodstream, and for the less severe cases an association of ampicillin and sulbactam, cephalosporins of the second and third generation, or fluoroquinolones. Macrolide antibiotics (e.g. clarithromycin) may be used in patients with a history of allergy to beta-lactam antibiotics.</span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Sequencing" class="mw-headline">Sequencing</span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000"><i>H. influenzae</i> was the first free-living organism to have its entire genome sequenced. Haemophilus was chosen because one of the project leaders, Nobel laureate Hamilton Smith, had been working on it for decades and was able to provide high-quality DNA libraries. The genome consists of 1,830,140 base pairs of DNA in a single circular chromosome that contains 1740 protein-coding genes, 58 transfer RNA genes tRNA, and 18 other RNA genes. The sequencing method used was Whole genome shotgun. The sequencing project, completed and published in <i>Science</i> in 1995, was conducted at The Institute for Genomic Research.<sup id="cite_ref-Fleichmann_1995_8-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[9]</font></sup></span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="See_also" class="mw-headline">See also</span></span></h2> <p> <table style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid; border-left: #aaa 1px solid; background-color: #f9f9f9; border-top: #aaa 1px solid; border-right: #aaa 1px solid" class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span style="color: #000000"><img alt="" width="30" height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" /></span></td> <td class="mbox-text"><span style="color: #000000">Wikimedia Commons has media related to: <i><b>Haemophilus influenzae</b></i></span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> <ul> <li><span style="color: #000000">Pasteurellaceae </span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Maurice Hilleman </span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Hattie Alexander </span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Hib vaccine </span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Haemophilus influenzae cellulitis </span></li> </ul> <h2><span id="References" class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <div class="references-small"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-KuhnertChristensen-0"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KuhnertChristensen_0-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation book">Kuhnert P; Christensen H (editors). (2008). <i>Pasteurellaceae: Biology, Genomics and Molecular Aspects</i>. Caister Academic Press. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-34-9" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-34-9"><font color="#0645ad">978-1-904455-34-9</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Pasteurellaceae%3A+Biology%2C+Genomics+and+Molecular+Aspects&amp;rft.aulast=Kuhnert+P%3B+Christensen+H+%28editors%29.&amp;rft.au=Kuhnert+P%3B+Christensen+H+%28editors%29.&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-904455-34-9&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Sherris-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sherris_1-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation book">Ryan KJ; Ray CG (editors) (2004). <i>Sherris Medical Microbiology</i> (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. pp.&nbsp;396&ndash;401. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/0838585299" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0838585299"><font color="#0645ad">0838585299</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Sherris+Medical+Microbiology&amp;rft.aulast=Ryan+KJ%3B+Ray+CG+%28editors%29&amp;rft.au=Ryan+KJ%3B+Ray+CG+%28editors%29&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B396%26ndash%3B401&amp;rft.edition=4th&amp;rft.pub=McGraw+Hill&amp;rft.isbn=0838585299&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation book">Behrman, Richard E.; Robert M Kliegman and Hal B. Jenson (2004). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://books.google.com/?id=6a_lLbxRKwkC"><i><font color="#3366bb">Nelson Tratado de Pediatr&iacute;a</font></i></a>. Elsevier. p.&nbsp;904. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/8481747475" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8481747475"><font color="#0645ad">8481747475</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://books.google.com/?id=6a_lLbxRKwkC"><font color="#3366bb">http://books.google.com/?id=6a_lLbxRKwkC</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-09-11</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Nelson+Tratado+de+Pediatr%C3%ADa&amp;rft.aulast=Behrman&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard+E.&amp;rft.au=Behrman%2C%26%2332%3BRichard+E.&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B904&amp;rft.pub=Elsevier&amp;rft.isbn=8481747475&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D6a_lLbxRKwkC&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Puri_1999-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Puri_1999_3-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Puri J, Talwar V, Juneja M, Agarwal KN, Gupta HC (1999). &quot;Prevalence of anti-microbial resistance among respiratory isolates of Haemophilus influenzae&quot;. <i>Indian Pediatr</i> <b>36</b> (10): 1029&ndash;32. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10745313"><font color="#3366bb">10745313</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Prevalence+of+anti-microbial+resistance+among+respiratory+isolates+of+Haemophilus+influenzae&amp;rft.jtitle=Indian+Pediatr&amp;rft.aulast=Puri+J%2C+Talwar+V%2C+Juneja+M%2C+Agarwal+KN%2C+Gupta+HC&amp;rft.au=Puri+J%2C+Talwar+V%2C+Juneja+M%2C+Agarwal+KN%2C+Gupta+HC&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.volume=36&amp;rft.issue=10&amp;rft.pages=1029%E2%80%9332&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/10745313&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal"><i>Generic protocol for population-based surveillance of Haemophilus influenzae type B</i>. World Health Organization. 1997. WHO/VRD/GEN/95.05.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Generic+protocol+for+population-based++surveillance+of+Haemophilus+influenzae+type+B&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-John_1991-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-John_1991_5-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">John TJ, Cherian T, Steinhoff MC, Simoes EA, John M (1991). &quot;Etiology of acute respiratory infections in children in tropical southern India&quot;. <i>Rev Infect Dis</i> <b>13</b>: Suppl 6:S463&ndash;9. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1862277"><font color="#3366bb">1862277</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Etiology+of+acute+respiratory+infections+in+children+in+tropical+southern+India&amp;rft.jtitle=Rev+Infect+Dis&amp;rft.aulast=John+TJ%2C+Cherian+T%2C+Steinhoff+MC%2C+Simoes+EA%2C+John+M&amp;rft.au=John+TJ%2C+Cherian+T%2C+Steinhoff+MC%2C+Simoes+EA%2C+John+M&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.volume=13&amp;rft.pages=Suppl+6%3AS463%E2%80%939&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/1862277&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Kennedy_2007-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy_2007_6-0">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="2">a</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy_2007_6-1">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="2">b</font></b></i>}</a> <span class="citation Journal">Kennedy WA, Chang SJ, Purdy K, LE T, Kilgore PE, Kim JS et al. (2007). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2870670"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Incidence of bacterial meningitis in Asia using enhanced CSF testing: polymerase chain reaction, latex agglutination and culture&quot;</font></a>. <i>Epidemiol Infect</i> <b>135</b> (7): 1217&ndash;26. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS0950268806007734"><font color="#3366bb">10.1017/S0950268806007734</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17274856"><font color="#3366bb">17274856</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Incidence+of+bacterial+meningitis+in+Asia+using+enhanced+CSF+testing%3A+polymerase+chain+reaction%2C+latex+agglutination+and+culture&amp;rft.jtitle=Epidemiol+Infect&amp;rft.aulast=Kennedy+WA%2C+Chang+SJ%2C+Purdy+K%2C+LE+T%2C+Kilgore+PE%2C+Kim+JS+et+al.&amp;rft.au=Kennedy+WA%2C+Chang+SJ%2C+Purdy+K%2C+LE+T%2C+Kilgore+PE%2C+Kim+JS+et+al.&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.volume=135&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.pages=1217%E2%80%9326&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1017%2FS0950268806007734&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17274856&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Lysenko_2005-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lysenko_2005_7-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Lysenko E, Ratner A, Nelson A, Weiser J (2005). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1238736"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;The role of innate immune responses in the outcome of interspecies competition for colonization of mucosal surfaces&quot;</font></a>. <i>PLoS Pathog</i> <b>1</b> (1): e1. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.0010001"><font color="#3366bb">10.1371/journal.ppat.0010001</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16201010"><font color="#3366bb">16201010</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+role+of+innate+immune+responses+in+the+outcome+of+interspecies+competition+for+colonization+of+mucosal+surfaces&amp;rft.jtitle=PLoS+Pathog&amp;rft.aulast=Lysenko+E%2C+Ratner+A%2C+Nelson+A%2C+Weiser+J&amp;rft.au=Lysenko+E%2C+Ratner+A%2C+Nelson+A%2C+Weiser+J&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=e1&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.0010001&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16201010&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Fleichmann_1995-8"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fleichmann_1995_8-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Fleischmann R, Adams M, White O, Clayton R, Kirkness E, Kerlavage A, Bult C, Tomb J, Dougherty B, Merrick J (1995). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/269/5223/496"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Whole-genome random sequencing and assembly of Haemophilus influenzae Rd&quot;</font></a>. <i>Science</i> <b>269</b> (5223): 496&ndash;512. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.7542800"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.7542800</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7542800"><font color="#3366bb">7542800</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/269/5223/496"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/269/5223/496</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Whole-genome+random+sequencing+and+assembly+of+Haemophilus+influenzae+Rd&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Fleischmann+R%2C+Adams+M%2C+White+O%2C+Clayton+R%2C+Kirkness+E%2C+Kerlavage+A%2C+Bult+C%2C+Tomb+J%2C+Dougherty+B%2C+Merrick+J&amp;rft.au=Fleischmann+R%2C+Adams+M%2C+White+O%2C+Clayton+R%2C+Kirkness+E%2C+Kerlavage+A%2C+Bult+C%2C+Tomb+J%2C+Dougherty+B%2C+Merrick+J&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.volume=269&amp;rft.issue=5223&amp;rft.pages=496%E2%80%93512&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.7542800&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/7542800&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F269%2F5223%2F496&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> </ol> </div> <h2>&nbsp;<span id="External_links" class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.who.int/immunization/topics/hib/en/index.html"><font color="#3366bb">Hib information</font></a> on the <a title="World Health Organization" href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization"><font color="#0645ad">World Health Organization</font></a> (WHO) site.</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/haeminfluserob_t.htm"><font color="#3366bb">Fact sheet</font></a> on the <a title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention" href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention"><font color="#0645ad">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</font></a> (CDC) site.</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.hibaction.org"><font color="#3366bb">Hib Initiative</font></a> - from <a title="Johns Hopkins University" href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University"><font color="#0645ad">Johns Hopkins University</font></a>, <a title="London School of Hygiene &amp; Tropical Medicine" href="/wiki/London_School_of_Hygiene_%26_Tropical_Medicine"><font color="#0645ad">London School of Hygiene &amp; Tropical Medicine</font></a>, <a title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention" href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention"><font color="#0645ad">CDC</font></a> &amp; <a title="World Health Organization" href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization"><font color="#0645ad">WHO</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.worldpneumoniaday.org"><font color="#3366bb">November 2nd: World Pneumonia Day Website</font></a></li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 412bf01ebba6985e969a72c937b6963406f286e8 3238 3237 2010-11-14T05:24:14Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><i><b>Haemophilus </b></i><span style="color: #000000"><i><b>influenzae</b></i>, formerly called <b>Pfeiffer's bacillus</b> or <i><b>Bacillus influenzae</b></i>, is a non-motile Gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium first described in 1892 by Richard Pfeiffer during an influenza pandemic. A member of the <i>Pasteurellaceae</i> family, it is generally aerobic, but can grow as a facultative anaerobe.<sup id="cite_ref-KuhnertChristensen_0-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[1]</font></sup> <i>H. influenzae</i> was mistakenly considered to be the cause of influenza until 1933, when the viral etiology of the flu became apparent. Still, <i>H. influenzae</i> is responsible for a wide range of clinical diseases.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000"><i>H. influenzae</i> was the first free-living organism to have its entire genome sequenced. The sequencing project was completed and published in 1995.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Serotypes" class="mw-headline">Serotypes</span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000">In 1930, 2 major categories of <i>H. influenzae</i> were defined: the unencapsulated strains and the encapsulated strains. Encapsulated strains were classified on the basis of their distinct capsular antigens. There are six generally recognized types of encapsulated <i>H. influenzae</i>: a, b, c, d, e, and f.<sup id="cite_ref-Sherris_1-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[2]</font></sup> Genetic diversity among unencapsulated strains is greater than within the encapsulated group. Unencapsulated strains are termed nontypable (NTHi) because they lack capsular serotypes, however they can be classified by multi-locus sequence typing. The pathogenesis of <i>H. influenzae</i> infections is not completely understood, although the presence of the capsule in encapsulated type b (Hib), a serotype causing conditions such as epiglottitis, is known to be a major factor in virulence. Their capsule allows them to resist phagocytosis and complement-mediated lysis in the non-immune host. The unencapsulated strains are almost always less invasive, however they can produce an inflammatory response in humans which can lead to many symptoms. Vaccination with Hib conjugate vaccine is effective in preventing Hib infection. Several vaccines are now available for routine use against Hib, however vaccines are not yet available against NTHi.</span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Diseases" class="mw-headline">Diseases</span></span></h2> <p> <table style="text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em; width: 22em; font-size: 88%" class="infobox" cellspacing="5"> <tbody> <tr> <th style="text-align: center; background-color: lightgrey; font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold" colspan="2"><span style="color: #000000">Haemophilus influenzae infection</span></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center" colspan="2"><span style="color: #000000"><i>Classification and external resources</i></span></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left" scope="row"><span style="color: #000000">ICD-10</span></th> <td><span style="color: #000000">A49.2</span></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left" scope="row"><span style="color: #000000">ICD-9</span></th> <td><span style="color: #000000">041.5</span></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left" scope="row"><span style="color: #000000">DiseasesDB</span></th> <td><span style="color: #000000">5570</span></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left" scope="row"><span style="color: #000000">MedlinePlus</span></th> <td><span style="color: #000000">000612 (Meningitis)</span></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left" scope="row"><span style="color: #000000">eMedicine</span></th> <td><span style="color: #000000">topic list</span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Most strains of <i>H. influenzae</i> are opportunistic pathogens - that is, they usually live in their host without causing disease, but cause problems only when other factors (such as a viral infection or reduced immune function) create an opportunity.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Naturally-acquired disease caused by <i>H. influenzae</i> seems to occur in humans only. In infants and young children, <i>H. influenzae</i> type b (Hib) causes bacteremia, pneumonia, and acute bacterial meningitis. Occasionally, it causes cellulitis, osteomyelitis, epiglottitis, and infectious arthritis. Due to routine use of the Hib conjugate vaccine in the U.S. since 1990, the incidence of invasive Hib disease has decreased to 1.3/100,000 in children. However, Hib remains a major cause of lower respiratory tract infections in infants and children in developing countries where vaccine is not widely used. Unencapsulated <i>H. influenzae</i> causes ear infections (otitis media), eye infections (conjunctivitis), and sinusitis in children and is associated with pneumonia.</span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Diagnosis" class="mw-headline">Diagnosis</span></span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width: 252px" class="thumbinner"><span style="color: #000000"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="250" height="209" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Haemophilus_influenzae_Gram.JPG/250px-Haemophilus_influenzae_Gram.JPG" /> </span> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><span style="color: #000000"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></span></div> <span style="color: #000000"><i>H. influenzae</i> Gram stain of a sputum sample, appear as Gram negative cocco-bacilli.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><font size="1">[3]</font></sup></span></div> </div> </div> <p><span style="color: #000000">Clinical diagnosis of <i>H. influenzae</i> is typically performed by bacterial culture or latex particle agglutination. Diagnosis is considered confirmed when the organism is isolated from a sterile body site. In this respect, <i>H. influenzae</i> cultured from the nasopharyngeal cavity or sputum would not indicate <i>H. influenzae</i> disease because these sites are colonized in disease free individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-Puri_1999_3-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[4]</font></sup> However <i>H. influenzae</i> isolated from cerebrospinal fluid or blood would indicate a <i>H. influenzae</i> infection.</span></p> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Culture" class="mw-headline">Culture</span></span></h3> <p><span style="color: #000000">Bacterial culture of <i>H. influenzae</i> is performed on agar plates, preferably Chocolate agar, plate with added X(Hemin) &amp; V(NAD) factors at 37&deg;C in an enriched CO2 incubator.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><font size="2">[5]</font></sup> Blood agar growth is only achieved as a satellite phenomenon around other bacteria. Colonies of <i>H. influenzae</i> appear as convex, smooth, pale, grey or transparent colonies. Gram-stained and microscopic observation of a specimen of <i>H. influenzae</i> will show Gram-negative, coccobacilli, with no specific arrangement. The cultured organism can be further characterized using catalase and oxidase tests, both of which should be positive. Further serological is necessary to distinguish the capsular polysaccharide and differentiate between <i>H. influenzae</i> b and non-encapsulated species.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Although highly specific, bacterial culture of <i>H. influenzae</i> lacks in sensitivity. Use of antibiotics prior to sample collection greatly reduces the isolation rate by killing the bacteria before identification is possible.<sup id="cite_ref-John_1991_5-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[6]</font></sup> Beyond this, <i>H. influenzae</i> is a finicky bacterium to culture, and any modification of culture procedures can greatly reduce isolation rates. Poor quality of laboratories in developing countries has resulted in poor isolation rates of <i>H. influenzae</i>.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">H. influenzae will grow in the hemolytic zone of Staphylococcus aureus on Blood Agar plates. The hemolysis of cells by Staph. aureus releases nutrients vital to the growth of H. influenzae. H. influenzae will not grow outside the hemolytic zone of Staph. aureus due to the lack of nutrients in these areas.</span></p> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Latex_particle_agglutination" class="mw-headline">Latex particle agglutination</span></span></h3> <p><span style="color: #000000">Latex particle agglutination test (LAT) is a more sensitive method to detect <i>H. influenzae</i> than culture.<sup id="cite_ref-Kennedy_2007_6-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[7]</font></sup> Because the method relies on antigen rather than viable bacteria, the results are not disrupted by prior antibiotic use. It also has the added benefit of being much quicker than culture methods. However, antibiotic sensitivity is not possible with LAT, so a parallel culture is necessary.</span></p> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Molecular_Methods" class="mw-headline">Molecular Methods</span></span></h3> <p><span style="color: #000000">Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays have been proven to be more sensitive than either LAT or culture tests and highly specific.<sup id="cite_ref-Kennedy_2007_6-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[7]</font></sup> However, PCR assays have not yet become routine in clinical settings. Counter-current immunoelectrophoresis has been shown to be an effective research diagnostic method, but has been largely supplanted by PCR.</span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Interaction_with_Streptococcus_pneumoniae" class="mw-headline">Interaction with <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i></span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000">Both <i>H. influenzae</i> and <i>S. pneumoniae</i> can be found in the upper respiratory system of humans. A study of competition in a laboratory revealed that, in a petri dish, <i>S. pneumoniae</i> always overpowered <i>H. influenzae</i> by attacking it with hydrogen peroxide and stripping off the surface molecules that <i>H. influenzae</i> needs for survival.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">When both bacteria are placed together into a nasal cavity, within 2 weeks, only <i>H. influenzae</i> survives. When either is placed separately into a nasal cavity, each one survives. Upon examining the upper respiratory tissue from mice exposed to both bacteria species, an extraordinarily large number of neutrophils (immune cells) was found. In mice exposed to only one bacteria, the cells were not present.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Lab tests showed that neutrophils exposed to dead <i>H. influenzae</i> were more aggressive in attacking <i>S. pneumoniae</i> than unexposed neutrophils. Exposure to dead <i>H. influenzae</i> had no effect on live <i>H. influenzae</i>.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Two scenarios may be responsible for this response:</span></p> <ol> <li><span style="color: #000000">When <i>H. influenzae</i> is attacked by <i>S. pneumoniae</i>, it signals the immune system to attack the <i>S. pneumoniae</i> </span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">The combination of the two species together triggers an immune system response that is not set off by either species individually. </span></li> </ol> <p><span style="color: #000000">It is unclear why <i>H. influenzae</i> is not affected by the immune response.<sup id="cite_ref-Lysenko_2005_7-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[8]</font></sup></span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Treatment" class="mw-headline">Treatment</span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000"><i>Haemophilus influenzae</i> produces beta-lactamases, and it is also able to modify its penicillin binding proteins, so it has gained resistance to the penicillin family of antibiotics. In severe cases cefotaxime and ceftriaxone are the elected antibiotics, delivered directly into the bloodstream, and for the less severe cases an association of ampicillin and sulbactam, cephalosporins of the second and third generation, or fluoroquinolones. Macrolide antibiotics (e.g. clarithromycin) may be used in patients with a history of allergy to beta-lactam antibiotics.</span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Sequencing" class="mw-headline">Sequencing</span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000"><i>H. influenzae</i> was the first free-living organism to have its entire genome sequenced. Haemophilus was chosen because one of the project leaders, Nobel laureate Hamilton Smith, had been working on it for decades and was able to provide high-quality DNA libraries. The genome consists of 1,830,140 base pairs of DNA in a single circular chromosome that contains 1740 protein-coding genes, 58 transfer RNA genes tRNA, and 18 other RNA genes. The sequencing method used was Whole genome shotgun. The sequencing project, completed and published in <i>Science</i> in 1995, was conducted at The Institute for Genomic Research.<sup id="cite_ref-Fleichmann_1995_8-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[9]</font></sup></span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="See_also" class="mw-headline">See also</span></span></h2> <p>&nbsp;</p> <ul> <li><span style="color: #000000">Pasteurellaceae </span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Maurice Hilleman </span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Hattie Alexander </span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Hib vaccine </span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Haemophilus influenzae cellulitis </span></li> </ul> <h2><span id="References" class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <div class="references-small"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-KuhnertChristensen-0"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KuhnertChristensen_0-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation book">Kuhnert P; Christensen H (editors). (2008). <i>Pasteurellaceae: Biology, Genomics and Molecular Aspects</i>. Caister Academic Press. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-34-9" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-34-9"><font color="#0645ad">978-1-904455-34-9</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Pasteurellaceae%3A+Biology%2C+Genomics+and+Molecular+Aspects&amp;rft.aulast=Kuhnert+P%3B+Christensen+H+%28editors%29.&amp;rft.au=Kuhnert+P%3B+Christensen+H+%28editors%29.&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-904455-34-9&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Sherris-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sherris_1-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation book">Ryan KJ; Ray CG (editors) (2004). <i>Sherris Medical Microbiology</i> (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. pp.&nbsp;396&ndash;401. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/0838585299" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0838585299"><font color="#0645ad">0838585299</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Sherris+Medical+Microbiology&amp;rft.aulast=Ryan+KJ%3B+Ray+CG+%28editors%29&amp;rft.au=Ryan+KJ%3B+Ray+CG+%28editors%29&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B396%26ndash%3B401&amp;rft.edition=4th&amp;rft.pub=McGraw+Hill&amp;rft.isbn=0838585299&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation book">Behrman, Richard E.; Robert M Kliegman and Hal B. Jenson (2004). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://books.google.com/?id=6a_lLbxRKwkC"><i><font color="#3366bb">Nelson Tratado de Pediatr&iacute;a</font></i></a>. Elsevier. p.&nbsp;904. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/8481747475" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8481747475"><font color="#0645ad">8481747475</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://books.google.com/?id=6a_lLbxRKwkC"><font color="#3366bb">http://books.google.com/?id=6a_lLbxRKwkC</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-09-11</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Nelson+Tratado+de+Pediatr%C3%ADa&amp;rft.aulast=Behrman&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard+E.&amp;rft.au=Behrman%2C%26%2332%3BRichard+E.&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B904&amp;rft.pub=Elsevier&amp;rft.isbn=8481747475&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D6a_lLbxRKwkC&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Puri_1999-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Puri_1999_3-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Puri J, Talwar V, Juneja M, Agarwal KN, Gupta HC (1999). &quot;Prevalence of anti-microbial resistance among respiratory isolates of Haemophilus influenzae&quot;. <i>Indian Pediatr</i> <b>36</b> (10): 1029&ndash;32. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10745313"><font color="#3366bb">10745313</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Prevalence+of+anti-microbial+resistance+among+respiratory+isolates+of+Haemophilus+influenzae&amp;rft.jtitle=Indian+Pediatr&amp;rft.aulast=Puri+J%2C+Talwar+V%2C+Juneja+M%2C+Agarwal+KN%2C+Gupta+HC&amp;rft.au=Puri+J%2C+Talwar+V%2C+Juneja+M%2C+Agarwal+KN%2C+Gupta+HC&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.volume=36&amp;rft.issue=10&amp;rft.pages=1029%E2%80%9332&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/10745313&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal"><i>Generic protocol for population-based surveillance of Haemophilus influenzae type B</i>. World Health Organization. 1997. WHO/VRD/GEN/95.05.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Generic+protocol+for+population-based++surveillance+of+Haemophilus+influenzae+type+B&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-John_1991-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-John_1991_5-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">John TJ, Cherian T, Steinhoff MC, Simoes EA, John M (1991). &quot;Etiology of acute respiratory infections in children in tropical southern India&quot;. <i>Rev Infect Dis</i> <b>13</b>: Suppl 6:S463&ndash;9. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1862277"><font color="#3366bb">1862277</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Etiology+of+acute+respiratory+infections+in+children+in+tropical+southern+India&amp;rft.jtitle=Rev+Infect+Dis&amp;rft.aulast=John+TJ%2C+Cherian+T%2C+Steinhoff+MC%2C+Simoes+EA%2C+John+M&amp;rft.au=John+TJ%2C+Cherian+T%2C+Steinhoff+MC%2C+Simoes+EA%2C+John+M&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.volume=13&amp;rft.pages=Suppl+6%3AS463%E2%80%939&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/1862277&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Kennedy_2007-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy_2007_6-0">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="2">a</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy_2007_6-1">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="2">b</font></b></i>}</a> <span class="citation Journal">Kennedy WA, Chang SJ, Purdy K, LE T, Kilgore PE, Kim JS et al. (2007). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2870670"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Incidence of bacterial meningitis in Asia using enhanced CSF testing: polymerase chain reaction, latex agglutination and culture&quot;</font></a>. <i>Epidemiol Infect</i> <b>135</b> (7): 1217&ndash;26. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS0950268806007734"><font color="#3366bb">10.1017/S0950268806007734</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17274856"><font color="#3366bb">17274856</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Incidence+of+bacterial+meningitis+in+Asia+using+enhanced+CSF+testing%3A+polymerase+chain+reaction%2C+latex+agglutination+and+culture&amp;rft.jtitle=Epidemiol+Infect&amp;rft.aulast=Kennedy+WA%2C+Chang+SJ%2C+Purdy+K%2C+LE+T%2C+Kilgore+PE%2C+Kim+JS+et+al.&amp;rft.au=Kennedy+WA%2C+Chang+SJ%2C+Purdy+K%2C+LE+T%2C+Kilgore+PE%2C+Kim+JS+et+al.&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.volume=135&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.pages=1217%E2%80%9326&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1017%2FS0950268806007734&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17274856&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Lysenko_2005-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lysenko_2005_7-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Lysenko E, Ratner A, Nelson A, Weiser J (2005). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1238736"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;The role of innate immune responses in the outcome of interspecies competition for colonization of mucosal surfaces&quot;</font></a>. <i>PLoS Pathog</i> <b>1</b> (1): e1. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.0010001"><font color="#3366bb">10.1371/journal.ppat.0010001</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16201010"><font color="#3366bb">16201010</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+role+of+innate+immune+responses+in+the+outcome+of+interspecies+competition+for+colonization+of+mucosal+surfaces&amp;rft.jtitle=PLoS+Pathog&amp;rft.aulast=Lysenko+E%2C+Ratner+A%2C+Nelson+A%2C+Weiser+J&amp;rft.au=Lysenko+E%2C+Ratner+A%2C+Nelson+A%2C+Weiser+J&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=e1&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.0010001&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16201010&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Fleichmann_1995-8"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fleichmann_1995_8-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Fleischmann R, Adams M, White O, Clayton R, Kirkness E, Kerlavage A, Bult C, Tomb J, Dougherty B, Merrick J (1995). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/269/5223/496"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Whole-genome random sequencing and assembly of Haemophilus influenzae Rd&quot;</font></a>. <i>Science</i> <b>269</b> (5223): 496&ndash;512. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.7542800"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.7542800</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7542800"><font color="#3366bb">7542800</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/269/5223/496"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/269/5223/496</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Whole-genome+random+sequencing+and+assembly+of+Haemophilus+influenzae+Rd&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Fleischmann+R%2C+Adams+M%2C+White+O%2C+Clayton+R%2C+Kirkness+E%2C+Kerlavage+A%2C+Bult+C%2C+Tomb+J%2C+Dougherty+B%2C+Merrick+J&amp;rft.au=Fleischmann+R%2C+Adams+M%2C+White+O%2C+Clayton+R%2C+Kirkness+E%2C+Kerlavage+A%2C+Bult+C%2C+Tomb+J%2C+Dougherty+B%2C+Merrick+J&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.volume=269&amp;rft.issue=5223&amp;rft.pages=496%E2%80%93512&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.7542800&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/7542800&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F269%2F5223%2F496&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> </ol> </div> <h2>&nbsp;<span id="External_links" class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.who.int/immunization/topics/hib/en/index.html"><font color="#3366bb">Hib information</font></a> on the <a title="World Health Organization" href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization"><font color="#0645ad">World Health Organization</font></a> (WHO) site.</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/haeminfluserob_t.htm"><font color="#3366bb">Fact sheet</font></a> on the <a title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention" href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention"><font color="#0645ad">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</font></a> (CDC) site.</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.hibaction.org"><font color="#3366bb">Hib Initiative</font></a> - from <a title="Johns Hopkins University" href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University"><font color="#0645ad">Johns Hopkins University</font></a>, <a title="London School of Hygiene &amp; Tropical Medicine" href="/wiki/London_School_of_Hygiene_%26_Tropical_Medicine"><font color="#0645ad">London School of Hygiene &amp; Tropical Medicine</font></a>, <a title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention" href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention"><font color="#0645ad">CDC</font></a> &amp; <a title="World Health Organization" href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization"><font color="#0645ad">WHO</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.worldpneumoniaday.org"><font color="#3366bb">November 2nd: World Pneumonia Day Website</font></a></li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 9c114ee4ffe7f8a4e00ff4126c6540006ab23b62 3239 3238 2010-11-14T05:24:43Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><i><b>[[Haemophilus </b></i><span style="color: #000000"><i><b>influenzae]]</b></i>, formerly called <b>Pfeiffer's bacillus</b> or <i><b>Bacillus influenzae</b></i>, is a non-motile Gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium first described in 1892 by Richard Pfeiffer during an influenza pandemic. A member of the <i>Pasteurellaceae</i> family, it is generally aerobic, but can grow as a facultative anaerobe.<sup id="cite_ref-KuhnertChristensen_0-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[1]</font></sup> <i>H. influenzae</i> was mistakenly considered to be the cause of influenza until 1933, when the viral etiology of the flu became apparent. Still, <i>H. influenzae</i> is responsible for a wide range of clinical diseases.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000"><i>H. influenzae</i> was the first free-living organism to have its entire genome sequenced. The sequencing project was completed and published in 1995.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Serotypes" class="mw-headline">Serotypes</span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000">In 1930, 2 major categories of <i>H. influenzae</i> were defined: the unencapsulated strains and the encapsulated strains. Encapsulated strains were classified on the basis of their distinct capsular antigens. There are six generally recognized types of encapsulated <i>H. influenzae</i>: a, b, c, d, e, and f.<sup id="cite_ref-Sherris_1-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[2]</font></sup> Genetic diversity among unencapsulated strains is greater than within the encapsulated group. Unencapsulated strains are termed nontypable (NTHi) because they lack capsular serotypes, however they can be classified by multi-locus sequence typing. The pathogenesis of <i>H. influenzae</i> infections is not completely understood, although the presence of the capsule in encapsulated type b (Hib), a serotype causing conditions such as epiglottitis, is known to be a major factor in virulence. Their capsule allows them to resist phagocytosis and complement-mediated lysis in the non-immune host. The unencapsulated strains are almost always less invasive, however they can produce an inflammatory response in humans which can lead to many symptoms. Vaccination with Hib conjugate vaccine is effective in preventing Hib infection. Several vaccines are now available for routine use against Hib, however vaccines are not yet available against NTHi.</span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Diseases" class="mw-headline">Diseases</span></span></h2> <p> <table style="text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em; width: 22em; font-size: 88%" class="infobox" cellspacing="5"> <tbody> <tr> <th style="text-align: center; background-color: lightgrey; font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold" colspan="2"><span style="color: #000000">Haemophilus influenzae infection</span></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center" colspan="2"><span style="color: #000000"><i>Classification and external resources</i></span></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left" scope="row"><span style="color: #000000">ICD-10</span></th> <td><span style="color: #000000">A49.2</span></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left" scope="row"><span style="color: #000000">ICD-9</span></th> <td><span style="color: #000000">041.5</span></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left" scope="row"><span style="color: #000000">DiseasesDB</span></th> <td><span style="color: #000000">5570</span></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left" scope="row"><span style="color: #000000">MedlinePlus</span></th> <td><span style="color: #000000">000612 (Meningitis)</span></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left" scope="row"><span style="color: #000000">eMedicine</span></th> <td><span style="color: #000000">topic list</span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Most strains of <i>H. influenzae</i> are opportunistic pathogens - that is, they usually live in their host without causing disease, but cause problems only when other factors (such as a viral infection or reduced immune function) create an opportunity.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Naturally-acquired disease caused by <i>H. influenzae</i> seems to occur in humans only. In infants and young children, <i>H. influenzae</i> type b (Hib) causes bacteremia, pneumonia, and acute bacterial meningitis. Occasionally, it causes cellulitis, osteomyelitis, epiglottitis, and infectious arthritis. Due to routine use of the Hib conjugate vaccine in the U.S. since 1990, the incidence of invasive Hib disease has decreased to 1.3/100,000 in children. However, Hib remains a major cause of lower respiratory tract infections in infants and children in developing countries where vaccine is not widely used. Unencapsulated <i>H. influenzae</i> causes ear infections (otitis media), eye infections (conjunctivitis), and sinusitis in children and is associated with pneumonia.</span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Diagnosis" class="mw-headline">Diagnosis</span></span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width: 252px" class="thumbinner"><span style="color: #000000"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="250" height="209" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Haemophilus_influenzae_Gram.JPG/250px-Haemophilus_influenzae_Gram.JPG" /> </span> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><span style="color: #000000"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></span></div> <span style="color: #000000"><i>H. influenzae</i> Gram stain of a sputum sample, appear as Gram negative cocco-bacilli.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><font size="1">[3]</font></sup></span></div> </div> </div> <p><span style="color: #000000">Clinical diagnosis of <i>H. influenzae</i> is typically performed by bacterial culture or latex particle agglutination. Diagnosis is considered confirmed when the organism is isolated from a sterile body site. In this respect, <i>H. influenzae</i> cultured from the nasopharyngeal cavity or sputum would not indicate <i>H. influenzae</i> disease because these sites are colonized in disease free individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-Puri_1999_3-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[4]</font></sup> However <i>H. influenzae</i> isolated from cerebrospinal fluid or blood would indicate a <i>H. influenzae</i> infection.</span></p> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Culture" class="mw-headline">Culture</span></span></h3> <p><span style="color: #000000">Bacterial culture of <i>H. influenzae</i> is performed on agar plates, preferably Chocolate agar, plate with added X(Hemin) &amp; V(NAD) factors at 37&deg;C in an enriched CO2 incubator.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><font size="2">[5]</font></sup> Blood agar growth is only achieved as a satellite phenomenon around other bacteria. Colonies of <i>H. influenzae</i> appear as convex, smooth, pale, grey or transparent colonies. Gram-stained and microscopic observation of a specimen of <i>H. influenzae</i> will show Gram-negative, coccobacilli, with no specific arrangement. The cultured organism can be further characterized using catalase and oxidase tests, both of which should be positive. Further serological is necessary to distinguish the capsular polysaccharide and differentiate between <i>H. influenzae</i> b and non-encapsulated species.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Although highly specific, bacterial culture of <i>H. influenzae</i> lacks in sensitivity. Use of antibiotics prior to sample collection greatly reduces the isolation rate by killing the bacteria before identification is possible.<sup id="cite_ref-John_1991_5-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[6]</font></sup> Beyond this, <i>H. influenzae</i> is a finicky bacterium to culture, and any modification of culture procedures can greatly reduce isolation rates. Poor quality of laboratories in developing countries has resulted in poor isolation rates of <i>H. influenzae</i>.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">H. influenzae will grow in the hemolytic zone of Staphylococcus aureus on Blood Agar plates. The hemolysis of cells by Staph. aureus releases nutrients vital to the growth of H. influenzae. H. influenzae will not grow outside the hemolytic zone of Staph. aureus due to the lack of nutrients in these areas.</span></p> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Latex_particle_agglutination" class="mw-headline">Latex particle agglutination</span></span></h3> <p><span style="color: #000000">Latex particle agglutination test (LAT) is a more sensitive method to detect <i>H. influenzae</i> than culture.<sup id="cite_ref-Kennedy_2007_6-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[7]</font></sup> Because the method relies on antigen rather than viable bacteria, the results are not disrupted by prior antibiotic use. It also has the added benefit of being much quicker than culture methods. However, antibiotic sensitivity is not possible with LAT, so a parallel culture is necessary.</span></p> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Molecular_Methods" class="mw-headline">Molecular Methods</span></span></h3> <p><span style="color: #000000">Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays have been proven to be more sensitive than either LAT or culture tests and highly specific.<sup id="cite_ref-Kennedy_2007_6-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[7]</font></sup> However, PCR assays have not yet become routine in clinical settings. Counter-current immunoelectrophoresis has been shown to be an effective research diagnostic method, but has been largely supplanted by PCR.</span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Interaction_with_Streptococcus_pneumoniae" class="mw-headline">Interaction with <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i></span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000">Both <i>H. influenzae</i> and <i>S. pneumoniae</i> can be found in the upper respiratory system of humans. A study of competition in a laboratory revealed that, in a petri dish, <i>S. pneumoniae</i> always overpowered <i>H. influenzae</i> by attacking it with hydrogen peroxide and stripping off the surface molecules that <i>H. influenzae</i> needs for survival.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">When both bacteria are placed together into a nasal cavity, within 2 weeks, only <i>H. influenzae</i> survives. When either is placed separately into a nasal cavity, each one survives. Upon examining the upper respiratory tissue from mice exposed to both bacteria species, an extraordinarily large number of neutrophils (immune cells) was found. In mice exposed to only one bacteria, the cells were not present.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Lab tests showed that neutrophils exposed to dead <i>H. influenzae</i> were more aggressive in attacking <i>S. pneumoniae</i> than unexposed neutrophils. Exposure to dead <i>H. influenzae</i> had no effect on live <i>H. influenzae</i>.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Two scenarios may be responsible for this response:</span></p> <ol> <li><span style="color: #000000">When <i>H. influenzae</i> is attacked by <i>S. pneumoniae</i>, it signals the immune system to attack the <i>S. pneumoniae</i> </span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">The combination of the two species together triggers an immune system response that is not set off by either species individually. </span></li> </ol> <p><span style="color: #000000">It is unclear why <i>H. influenzae</i> is not affected by the immune response.<sup id="cite_ref-Lysenko_2005_7-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[8]</font></sup></span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Treatment" class="mw-headline">Treatment</span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000"><i>Haemophilus influenzae</i> produces beta-lactamases, and it is also able to modify its penicillin binding proteins, so it has gained resistance to the penicillin family of antibiotics. In severe cases cefotaxime and ceftriaxone are the elected antibiotics, delivered directly into the bloodstream, and for the less severe cases an association of ampicillin and sulbactam, cephalosporins of the second and third generation, or fluoroquinolones. Macrolide antibiotics (e.g. clarithromycin) may be used in patients with a history of allergy to beta-lactam antibiotics.</span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Sequencing" class="mw-headline">Sequencing</span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000"><i>H. influenzae</i> was the first free-living organism to have its entire genome sequenced. Haemophilus was chosen because one of the project leaders, Nobel laureate Hamilton Smith, had been working on it for decades and was able to provide high-quality DNA libraries. The genome consists of 1,830,140 base pairs of DNA in a single circular chromosome that contains 1740 protein-coding genes, 58 transfer RNA genes tRNA, and 18 other RNA genes. The sequencing method used was Whole genome shotgun. The sequencing project, completed and published in <i>Science</i> in 1995, was conducted at The Institute for Genomic Research.<sup id="cite_ref-Fleichmann_1995_8-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[9]</font></sup></span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="See_also" class="mw-headline">See also</span></span></h2> <p>&nbsp;</p> <ul> <li><span style="color: #000000">Pasteurellaceae </span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Maurice Hilleman </span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Hattie Alexander </span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Hib vaccine </span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Haemophilus influenzae cellulitis </span></li> </ul> <h2><span id="References" class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <div class="references-small"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-KuhnertChristensen-0"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KuhnertChristensen_0-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation book">Kuhnert P; Christensen H (editors). (2008). <i>Pasteurellaceae: Biology, Genomics and Molecular Aspects</i>. Caister Academic Press. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-34-9" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-34-9"><font color="#0645ad">978-1-904455-34-9</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Pasteurellaceae%3A+Biology%2C+Genomics+and+Molecular+Aspects&amp;rft.aulast=Kuhnert+P%3B+Christensen+H+%28editors%29.&amp;rft.au=Kuhnert+P%3B+Christensen+H+%28editors%29.&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-904455-34-9&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Sherris-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sherris_1-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation book">Ryan KJ; Ray CG (editors) (2004). <i>Sherris Medical Microbiology</i> (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. pp.&nbsp;396&ndash;401. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/0838585299" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0838585299"><font color="#0645ad">0838585299</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Sherris+Medical+Microbiology&amp;rft.aulast=Ryan+KJ%3B+Ray+CG+%28editors%29&amp;rft.au=Ryan+KJ%3B+Ray+CG+%28editors%29&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B396%26ndash%3B401&amp;rft.edition=4th&amp;rft.pub=McGraw+Hill&amp;rft.isbn=0838585299&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation book">Behrman, Richard E.; Robert M Kliegman and Hal B. Jenson (2004). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://books.google.com/?id=6a_lLbxRKwkC"><i><font color="#3366bb">Nelson Tratado de Pediatr&iacute;a</font></i></a>. Elsevier. p.&nbsp;904. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/8481747475" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8481747475"><font color="#0645ad">8481747475</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://books.google.com/?id=6a_lLbxRKwkC"><font color="#3366bb">http://books.google.com/?id=6a_lLbxRKwkC</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-09-11</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Nelson+Tratado+de+Pediatr%C3%ADa&amp;rft.aulast=Behrman&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard+E.&amp;rft.au=Behrman%2C%26%2332%3BRichard+E.&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B904&amp;rft.pub=Elsevier&amp;rft.isbn=8481747475&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D6a_lLbxRKwkC&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Puri_1999-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Puri_1999_3-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Puri J, Talwar V, Juneja M, Agarwal KN, Gupta HC (1999). &quot;Prevalence of anti-microbial resistance among respiratory isolates of Haemophilus influenzae&quot;. <i>Indian Pediatr</i> <b>36</b> (10): 1029&ndash;32. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10745313"><font color="#3366bb">10745313</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Prevalence+of+anti-microbial+resistance+among+respiratory+isolates+of+Haemophilus+influenzae&amp;rft.jtitle=Indian+Pediatr&amp;rft.aulast=Puri+J%2C+Talwar+V%2C+Juneja+M%2C+Agarwal+KN%2C+Gupta+HC&amp;rft.au=Puri+J%2C+Talwar+V%2C+Juneja+M%2C+Agarwal+KN%2C+Gupta+HC&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.volume=36&amp;rft.issue=10&amp;rft.pages=1029%E2%80%9332&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/10745313&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal"><i>Generic protocol for population-based surveillance of Haemophilus influenzae type B</i>. World Health Organization. 1997. WHO/VRD/GEN/95.05.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Generic+protocol+for+population-based++surveillance+of+Haemophilus+influenzae+type+B&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-John_1991-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-John_1991_5-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">John TJ, Cherian T, Steinhoff MC, Simoes EA, John M (1991). &quot;Etiology of acute respiratory infections in children in tropical southern India&quot;. <i>Rev Infect Dis</i> <b>13</b>: Suppl 6:S463&ndash;9. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1862277"><font color="#3366bb">1862277</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Etiology+of+acute+respiratory+infections+in+children+in+tropical+southern+India&amp;rft.jtitle=Rev+Infect+Dis&amp;rft.aulast=John+TJ%2C+Cherian+T%2C+Steinhoff+MC%2C+Simoes+EA%2C+John+M&amp;rft.au=John+TJ%2C+Cherian+T%2C+Steinhoff+MC%2C+Simoes+EA%2C+John+M&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.volume=13&amp;rft.pages=Suppl+6%3AS463%E2%80%939&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/1862277&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Kennedy_2007-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy_2007_6-0">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="2">a</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy_2007_6-1">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="2">b</font></b></i>}</a> <span class="citation Journal">Kennedy WA, Chang SJ, Purdy K, LE T, Kilgore PE, Kim JS et al. (2007). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2870670"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Incidence of bacterial meningitis in Asia using enhanced CSF testing: polymerase chain reaction, latex agglutination and culture&quot;</font></a>. <i>Epidemiol Infect</i> <b>135</b> (7): 1217&ndash;26. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS0950268806007734"><font color="#3366bb">10.1017/S0950268806007734</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17274856"><font color="#3366bb">17274856</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Incidence+of+bacterial+meningitis+in+Asia+using+enhanced+CSF+testing%3A+polymerase+chain+reaction%2C+latex+agglutination+and+culture&amp;rft.jtitle=Epidemiol+Infect&amp;rft.aulast=Kennedy+WA%2C+Chang+SJ%2C+Purdy+K%2C+LE+T%2C+Kilgore+PE%2C+Kim+JS+et+al.&amp;rft.au=Kennedy+WA%2C+Chang+SJ%2C+Purdy+K%2C+LE+T%2C+Kilgore+PE%2C+Kim+JS+et+al.&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.volume=135&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.pages=1217%E2%80%9326&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1017%2FS0950268806007734&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17274856&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Lysenko_2005-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lysenko_2005_7-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Lysenko E, Ratner A, Nelson A, Weiser J (2005). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1238736"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;The role of innate immune responses in the outcome of interspecies competition for colonization of mucosal surfaces&quot;</font></a>. <i>PLoS Pathog</i> <b>1</b> (1): e1. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.0010001"><font color="#3366bb">10.1371/journal.ppat.0010001</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16201010"><font color="#3366bb">16201010</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+role+of+innate+immune+responses+in+the+outcome+of+interspecies+competition+for+colonization+of+mucosal+surfaces&amp;rft.jtitle=PLoS+Pathog&amp;rft.aulast=Lysenko+E%2C+Ratner+A%2C+Nelson+A%2C+Weiser+J&amp;rft.au=Lysenko+E%2C+Ratner+A%2C+Nelson+A%2C+Weiser+J&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=e1&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.0010001&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16201010&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Fleichmann_1995-8"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fleichmann_1995_8-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Fleischmann R, Adams M, White O, Clayton R, Kirkness E, Kerlavage A, Bult C, Tomb J, Dougherty B, Merrick J (1995). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/269/5223/496"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Whole-genome random sequencing and assembly of Haemophilus influenzae Rd&quot;</font></a>. <i>Science</i> <b>269</b> (5223): 496&ndash;512. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.7542800"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.7542800</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7542800"><font color="#3366bb">7542800</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/269/5223/496"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/269/5223/496</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Whole-genome+random+sequencing+and+assembly+of+Haemophilus+influenzae+Rd&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Fleischmann+R%2C+Adams+M%2C+White+O%2C+Clayton+R%2C+Kirkness+E%2C+Kerlavage+A%2C+Bult+C%2C+Tomb+J%2C+Dougherty+B%2C+Merrick+J&amp;rft.au=Fleischmann+R%2C+Adams+M%2C+White+O%2C+Clayton+R%2C+Kirkness+E%2C+Kerlavage+A%2C+Bult+C%2C+Tomb+J%2C+Dougherty+B%2C+Merrick+J&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.volume=269&amp;rft.issue=5223&amp;rft.pages=496%E2%80%93512&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.7542800&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/7542800&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F269%2F5223%2F496&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> </ol> </div> <h2>&nbsp;<span id="External_links" class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.who.int/immunization/topics/hib/en/index.html"><font color="#3366bb">Hib information</font></a> on the <a title="World Health Organization" href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization"><font color="#0645ad">World Health Organization</font></a> (WHO) site.</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/haeminfluserob_t.htm"><font color="#3366bb">Fact sheet</font></a> on the <a title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention" href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention"><font color="#0645ad">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</font></a> (CDC) site.</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.hibaction.org"><font color="#3366bb">Hib Initiative</font></a> - from <a title="Johns Hopkins University" href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University"><font color="#0645ad">Johns Hopkins University</font></a>, <a title="London School of Hygiene &amp; Tropical Medicine" href="/wiki/London_School_of_Hygiene_%26_Tropical_Medicine"><font color="#0645ad">London School of Hygiene &amp; Tropical Medicine</font></a>, <a title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention" href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention"><font color="#0645ad">CDC</font></a> &amp; <a title="World Health Organization" href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization"><font color="#0645ad">WHO</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.worldpneumoniaday.org"><font color="#3366bb">November 2nd: World Pneumonia Day Website</font></a></li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> d082679ed1fbc100aad4c206562df4b065d69863 3240 3239 2010-11-14T05:24:58Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><b>[[Haemophilus </b><span style="color: #000000"><b>influenzae]]</b>, formerly called <b>Pfeiffer's bacillus</b> or <i><b>Bacillus influenzae</b></i>, is a non-motile Gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium first described in 1892 by Richard Pfeiffer during an influenza pandemic. A member of the <i>Pasteurellaceae</i> family, it is generally aerobic, but can grow as a facultative anaerobe.<sup id="cite_ref-KuhnertChristensen_0-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[1]</font></sup> <i>H. influenzae</i> was mistakenly considered to be the cause of influenza until 1933, when the viral etiology of the flu became apparent. Still, <i>H. influenzae</i> is responsible for a wide range of clinical diseases.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000"><i>H. influenzae</i> was the first free-living organism to have its entire genome sequenced. The sequencing project was completed and published in 1995.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Serotypes" class="mw-headline">Serotypes</span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000">In 1930, 2 major categories of <i>H. influenzae</i> were defined: the unencapsulated strains and the encapsulated strains. Encapsulated strains were classified on the basis of their distinct capsular antigens. There are six generally recognized types of encapsulated <i>H. influenzae</i>: a, b, c, d, e, and f.<sup id="cite_ref-Sherris_1-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[2]</font></sup> Genetic diversity among unencapsulated strains is greater than within the encapsulated group. Unencapsulated strains are termed nontypable (NTHi) because they lack capsular serotypes, however they can be classified by multi-locus sequence typing. The pathogenesis of <i>H. influenzae</i> infections is not completely understood, although the presence of the capsule in encapsulated type b (Hib), a serotype causing conditions such as epiglottitis, is known to be a major factor in virulence. Their capsule allows them to resist phagocytosis and complement-mediated lysis in the non-immune host. The unencapsulated strains are almost always less invasive, however they can produce an inflammatory response in humans which can lead to many symptoms. Vaccination with Hib conjugate vaccine is effective in preventing Hib infection. Several vaccines are now available for routine use against Hib, however vaccines are not yet available against NTHi.</span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Diseases" class="mw-headline">Diseases</span></span></h2> <p> <table style="text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em; width: 22em; font-size: 88%" class="infobox" cellspacing="5"> <tbody> <tr> <th style="text-align: center; background-color: lightgrey; font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold" colspan="2"><span style="color: #000000">Haemophilus influenzae infection</span></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center" colspan="2"><span style="color: #000000"><i>Classification and external resources</i></span></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left" scope="row"><span style="color: #000000">ICD-10</span></th> <td><span style="color: #000000">A49.2</span></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left" scope="row"><span style="color: #000000">ICD-9</span></th> <td><span style="color: #000000">041.5</span></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left" scope="row"><span style="color: #000000">DiseasesDB</span></th> <td><span style="color: #000000">5570</span></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left" scope="row"><span style="color: #000000">MedlinePlus</span></th> <td><span style="color: #000000">000612 (Meningitis)</span></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left" scope="row"><span style="color: #000000">eMedicine</span></th> <td><span style="color: #000000">topic list</span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Most strains of <i>H. influenzae</i> are opportunistic pathogens - that is, they usually live in their host without causing disease, but cause problems only when other factors (such as a viral infection or reduced immune function) create an opportunity.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Naturally-acquired disease caused by <i>H. influenzae</i> seems to occur in humans only. In infants and young children, <i>H. influenzae</i> type b (Hib) causes bacteremia, pneumonia, and acute bacterial meningitis. Occasionally, it causes cellulitis, osteomyelitis, epiglottitis, and infectious arthritis. Due to routine use of the Hib conjugate vaccine in the U.S. since 1990, the incidence of invasive Hib disease has decreased to 1.3/100,000 in children. However, Hib remains a major cause of lower respiratory tract infections in infants and children in developing countries where vaccine is not widely used. Unencapsulated <i>H. influenzae</i> causes ear infections (otitis media), eye infections (conjunctivitis), and sinusitis in children and is associated with pneumonia.</span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Diagnosis" class="mw-headline">Diagnosis</span></span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width: 252px" class="thumbinner"><span style="color: #000000"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="250" height="209" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Haemophilus_influenzae_Gram.JPG/250px-Haemophilus_influenzae_Gram.JPG" /> </span> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><span style="color: #000000"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></span></div> <span style="color: #000000"><i>H. influenzae</i> Gram stain of a sputum sample, appear as Gram negative cocco-bacilli.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><font size="1">[3]</font></sup></span></div> </div> </div> <p><span style="color: #000000">Clinical diagnosis of <i>H. influenzae</i> is typically performed by bacterial culture or latex particle agglutination. Diagnosis is considered confirmed when the organism is isolated from a sterile body site. In this respect, <i>H. influenzae</i> cultured from the nasopharyngeal cavity or sputum would not indicate <i>H. influenzae</i> disease because these sites are colonized in disease free individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-Puri_1999_3-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[4]</font></sup> However <i>H. influenzae</i> isolated from cerebrospinal fluid or blood would indicate a <i>H. influenzae</i> infection.</span></p> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Culture" class="mw-headline">Culture</span></span></h3> <p><span style="color: #000000">Bacterial culture of <i>H. influenzae</i> is performed on agar plates, preferably Chocolate agar, plate with added X(Hemin) &amp; V(NAD) factors at 37&deg;C in an enriched CO2 incubator.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><font size="2">[5]</font></sup> Blood agar growth is only achieved as a satellite phenomenon around other bacteria. Colonies of <i>H. influenzae</i> appear as convex, smooth, pale, grey or transparent colonies. Gram-stained and microscopic observation of a specimen of <i>H. influenzae</i> will show Gram-negative, coccobacilli, with no specific arrangement. The cultured organism can be further characterized using catalase and oxidase tests, both of which should be positive. Further serological is necessary to distinguish the capsular polysaccharide and differentiate between <i>H. influenzae</i> b and non-encapsulated species.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Although highly specific, bacterial culture of <i>H. influenzae</i> lacks in sensitivity. Use of antibiotics prior to sample collection greatly reduces the isolation rate by killing the bacteria before identification is possible.<sup id="cite_ref-John_1991_5-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[6]</font></sup> Beyond this, <i>H. influenzae</i> is a finicky bacterium to culture, and any modification of culture procedures can greatly reduce isolation rates. Poor quality of laboratories in developing countries has resulted in poor isolation rates of <i>H. influenzae</i>.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">H. influenzae will grow in the hemolytic zone of Staphylococcus aureus on Blood Agar plates. The hemolysis of cells by Staph. aureus releases nutrients vital to the growth of H. influenzae. H. influenzae will not grow outside the hemolytic zone of Staph. aureus due to the lack of nutrients in these areas.</span></p> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Latex_particle_agglutination" class="mw-headline">Latex particle agglutination</span></span></h3> <p><span style="color: #000000">Latex particle agglutination test (LAT) is a more sensitive method to detect <i>H. influenzae</i> than culture.<sup id="cite_ref-Kennedy_2007_6-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[7]</font></sup> Because the method relies on antigen rather than viable bacteria, the results are not disrupted by prior antibiotic use. It also has the added benefit of being much quicker than culture methods. However, antibiotic sensitivity is not possible with LAT, so a parallel culture is necessary.</span></p> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Molecular_Methods" class="mw-headline">Molecular Methods</span></span></h3> <p><span style="color: #000000">Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays have been proven to be more sensitive than either LAT or culture tests and highly specific.<sup id="cite_ref-Kennedy_2007_6-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[7]</font></sup> However, PCR assays have not yet become routine in clinical settings. Counter-current immunoelectrophoresis has been shown to be an effective research diagnostic method, but has been largely supplanted by PCR.</span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Interaction_with_Streptococcus_pneumoniae" class="mw-headline">Interaction with <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i></span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000">Both <i>H. influenzae</i> and <i>S. pneumoniae</i> can be found in the upper respiratory system of humans. A study of competition in a laboratory revealed that, in a petri dish, <i>S. pneumoniae</i> always overpowered <i>H. influenzae</i> by attacking it with hydrogen peroxide and stripping off the surface molecules that <i>H. influenzae</i> needs for survival.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">When both bacteria are placed together into a nasal cavity, within 2 weeks, only <i>H. influenzae</i> survives. When either is placed separately into a nasal cavity, each one survives. Upon examining the upper respiratory tissue from mice exposed to both bacteria species, an extraordinarily large number of neutrophils (immune cells) was found. In mice exposed to only one bacteria, the cells were not present.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Lab tests showed that neutrophils exposed to dead <i>H. influenzae</i> were more aggressive in attacking <i>S. pneumoniae</i> than unexposed neutrophils. Exposure to dead <i>H. influenzae</i> had no effect on live <i>H. influenzae</i>.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Two scenarios may be responsible for this response:</span></p> <ol> <li><span style="color: #000000">When <i>H. influenzae</i> is attacked by <i>S. pneumoniae</i>, it signals the immune system to attack the <i>S. pneumoniae</i> </span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">The combination of the two species together triggers an immune system response that is not set off by either species individually. </span></li> </ol> <p><span style="color: #000000">It is unclear why <i>H. influenzae</i> is not affected by the immune response.<sup id="cite_ref-Lysenko_2005_7-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[8]</font></sup></span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Treatment" class="mw-headline">Treatment</span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000"><i>Haemophilus influenzae</i> produces beta-lactamases, and it is also able to modify its penicillin binding proteins, so it has gained resistance to the penicillin family of antibiotics. In severe cases cefotaxime and ceftriaxone are the elected antibiotics, delivered directly into the bloodstream, and for the less severe cases an association of ampicillin and sulbactam, cephalosporins of the second and third generation, or fluoroquinolones. Macrolide antibiotics (e.g. clarithromycin) may be used in patients with a history of allergy to beta-lactam antibiotics.</span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Sequencing" class="mw-headline">Sequencing</span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000"><i>H. influenzae</i> was the first free-living organism to have its entire genome sequenced. Haemophilus was chosen because one of the project leaders, Nobel laureate Hamilton Smith, had been working on it for decades and was able to provide high-quality DNA libraries. The genome consists of 1,830,140 base pairs of DNA in a single circular chromosome that contains 1740 protein-coding genes, 58 transfer RNA genes tRNA, and 18 other RNA genes. The sequencing method used was Whole genome shotgun. The sequencing project, completed and published in <i>Science</i> in 1995, was conducted at The Institute for Genomic Research.<sup id="cite_ref-Fleichmann_1995_8-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[9]</font></sup></span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="See_also" class="mw-headline">See also</span></span></h2> <p>&nbsp;</p> <ul> <li><span style="color: #000000">Pasteurellaceae </span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Maurice Hilleman </span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Hattie Alexander </span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Hib vaccine </span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Haemophilus influenzae cellulitis </span></li> </ul> <h2><span id="References" class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <div class="references-small"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-KuhnertChristensen-0"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KuhnertChristensen_0-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation book">Kuhnert P; Christensen H (editors). (2008). <i>Pasteurellaceae: Biology, Genomics and Molecular Aspects</i>. Caister Academic Press. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-34-9" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-34-9"><font color="#0645ad">978-1-904455-34-9</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Pasteurellaceae%3A+Biology%2C+Genomics+and+Molecular+Aspects&amp;rft.aulast=Kuhnert+P%3B+Christensen+H+%28editors%29.&amp;rft.au=Kuhnert+P%3B+Christensen+H+%28editors%29.&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-904455-34-9&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Sherris-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sherris_1-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation book">Ryan KJ; Ray CG (editors) (2004). <i>Sherris Medical Microbiology</i> (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. pp.&nbsp;396&ndash;401. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/0838585299" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0838585299"><font color="#0645ad">0838585299</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Sherris+Medical+Microbiology&amp;rft.aulast=Ryan+KJ%3B+Ray+CG+%28editors%29&amp;rft.au=Ryan+KJ%3B+Ray+CG+%28editors%29&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B396%26ndash%3B401&amp;rft.edition=4th&amp;rft.pub=McGraw+Hill&amp;rft.isbn=0838585299&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation book">Behrman, Richard E.; Robert M Kliegman and Hal B. Jenson (2004). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://books.google.com/?id=6a_lLbxRKwkC"><i><font color="#3366bb">Nelson Tratado de Pediatr&iacute;a</font></i></a>. Elsevier. p.&nbsp;904. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/8481747475" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8481747475"><font color="#0645ad">8481747475</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://books.google.com/?id=6a_lLbxRKwkC"><font color="#3366bb">http://books.google.com/?id=6a_lLbxRKwkC</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-09-11</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Nelson+Tratado+de+Pediatr%C3%ADa&amp;rft.aulast=Behrman&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard+E.&amp;rft.au=Behrman%2C%26%2332%3BRichard+E.&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B904&amp;rft.pub=Elsevier&amp;rft.isbn=8481747475&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D6a_lLbxRKwkC&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Puri_1999-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Puri_1999_3-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Puri J, Talwar V, Juneja M, Agarwal KN, Gupta HC (1999). &quot;Prevalence of anti-microbial resistance among respiratory isolates of Haemophilus influenzae&quot;. <i>Indian Pediatr</i> <b>36</b> (10): 1029&ndash;32. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10745313"><font color="#3366bb">10745313</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Prevalence+of+anti-microbial+resistance+among+respiratory+isolates+of+Haemophilus+influenzae&amp;rft.jtitle=Indian+Pediatr&amp;rft.aulast=Puri+J%2C+Talwar+V%2C+Juneja+M%2C+Agarwal+KN%2C+Gupta+HC&amp;rft.au=Puri+J%2C+Talwar+V%2C+Juneja+M%2C+Agarwal+KN%2C+Gupta+HC&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.volume=36&amp;rft.issue=10&amp;rft.pages=1029%E2%80%9332&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/10745313&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal"><i>Generic protocol for population-based surveillance of Haemophilus influenzae type B</i>. World Health Organization. 1997. WHO/VRD/GEN/95.05.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Generic+protocol+for+population-based++surveillance+of+Haemophilus+influenzae+type+B&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-John_1991-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-John_1991_5-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">John TJ, Cherian T, Steinhoff MC, Simoes EA, John M (1991). &quot;Etiology of acute respiratory infections in children in tropical southern India&quot;. <i>Rev Infect Dis</i> <b>13</b>: Suppl 6:S463&ndash;9. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1862277"><font color="#3366bb">1862277</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Etiology+of+acute+respiratory+infections+in+children+in+tropical+southern+India&amp;rft.jtitle=Rev+Infect+Dis&amp;rft.aulast=John+TJ%2C+Cherian+T%2C+Steinhoff+MC%2C+Simoes+EA%2C+John+M&amp;rft.au=John+TJ%2C+Cherian+T%2C+Steinhoff+MC%2C+Simoes+EA%2C+John+M&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.volume=13&amp;rft.pages=Suppl+6%3AS463%E2%80%939&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/1862277&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Kennedy_2007-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy_2007_6-0">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="2">a</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy_2007_6-1">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="2">b</font></b></i>}</a> <span class="citation Journal">Kennedy WA, Chang SJ, Purdy K, LE T, Kilgore PE, Kim JS et al. (2007). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2870670"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Incidence of bacterial meningitis in Asia using enhanced CSF testing: polymerase chain reaction, latex agglutination and culture&quot;</font></a>. <i>Epidemiol Infect</i> <b>135</b> (7): 1217&ndash;26. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS0950268806007734"><font color="#3366bb">10.1017/S0950268806007734</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17274856"><font color="#3366bb">17274856</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Incidence+of+bacterial+meningitis+in+Asia+using+enhanced+CSF+testing%3A+polymerase+chain+reaction%2C+latex+agglutination+and+culture&amp;rft.jtitle=Epidemiol+Infect&amp;rft.aulast=Kennedy+WA%2C+Chang+SJ%2C+Purdy+K%2C+LE+T%2C+Kilgore+PE%2C+Kim+JS+et+al.&amp;rft.au=Kennedy+WA%2C+Chang+SJ%2C+Purdy+K%2C+LE+T%2C+Kilgore+PE%2C+Kim+JS+et+al.&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.volume=135&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.pages=1217%E2%80%9326&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1017%2FS0950268806007734&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17274856&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Lysenko_2005-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lysenko_2005_7-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Lysenko E, Ratner A, Nelson A, Weiser J (2005). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1238736"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;The role of innate immune responses in the outcome of interspecies competition for colonization of mucosal surfaces&quot;</font></a>. <i>PLoS Pathog</i> <b>1</b> (1): e1. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.0010001"><font color="#3366bb">10.1371/journal.ppat.0010001</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16201010"><font color="#3366bb">16201010</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+role+of+innate+immune+responses+in+the+outcome+of+interspecies+competition+for+colonization+of+mucosal+surfaces&amp;rft.jtitle=PLoS+Pathog&amp;rft.aulast=Lysenko+E%2C+Ratner+A%2C+Nelson+A%2C+Weiser+J&amp;rft.au=Lysenko+E%2C+Ratner+A%2C+Nelson+A%2C+Weiser+J&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=e1&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.0010001&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16201010&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Fleichmann_1995-8"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fleichmann_1995_8-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Fleischmann R, Adams M, White O, Clayton R, Kirkness E, Kerlavage A, Bult C, Tomb J, Dougherty B, Merrick J (1995). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/269/5223/496"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Whole-genome random sequencing and assembly of Haemophilus influenzae Rd&quot;</font></a>. <i>Science</i> <b>269</b> (5223): 496&ndash;512. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.7542800"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.7542800</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7542800"><font color="#3366bb">7542800</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/269/5223/496"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/269/5223/496</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Whole-genome+random+sequencing+and+assembly+of+Haemophilus+influenzae+Rd&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Fleischmann+R%2C+Adams+M%2C+White+O%2C+Clayton+R%2C+Kirkness+E%2C+Kerlavage+A%2C+Bult+C%2C+Tomb+J%2C+Dougherty+B%2C+Merrick+J&amp;rft.au=Fleischmann+R%2C+Adams+M%2C+White+O%2C+Clayton+R%2C+Kirkness+E%2C+Kerlavage+A%2C+Bult+C%2C+Tomb+J%2C+Dougherty+B%2C+Merrick+J&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.volume=269&amp;rft.issue=5223&amp;rft.pages=496%E2%80%93512&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.7542800&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/7542800&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F269%2F5223%2F496&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> </ol> </div> <h2>&nbsp;<span id="External_links" class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.who.int/immunization/topics/hib/en/index.html"><font color="#3366bb">Hib information</font></a> on the <a title="World Health Organization" href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization"><font color="#0645ad">World Health Organization</font></a> (WHO) site.</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/haeminfluserob_t.htm"><font color="#3366bb">Fact sheet</font></a> on the <a title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention" href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention"><font color="#0645ad">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</font></a> (CDC) site.</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.hibaction.org"><font color="#3366bb">Hib Initiative</font></a> - from <a title="Johns Hopkins University" href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University"><font color="#0645ad">Johns Hopkins University</font></a>, <a title="London School of Hygiene &amp; Tropical Medicine" href="/wiki/London_School_of_Hygiene_%26_Tropical_Medicine"><font color="#0645ad">London School of Hygiene &amp; Tropical Medicine</font></a>, <a title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention" href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention"><font color="#0645ad">CDC</font></a> &amp; <a title="World Health Organization" href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization"><font color="#0645ad">WHO</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.worldpneumoniaday.org"><font color="#3366bb">November 2nd: World Pneumonia Day Website</font></a></li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> b9bdae5b327110eda103fb20f37030ca83b9a0ff 3241 3240 2010-11-14T05:25:11Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><b><span style="color: #000000">[[Haemophilus influenzae]],</span></b><span style="color: #000000">&nbsp;formerly called <b>Pfeiffer's bacillus</b> or <i><b>Bacillus influenzae</b></i>, is a non-motile Gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium first described in 1892 by Richard Pfeiffer during an influenza pandemic. A member of the <i>Pasteurellaceae</i> family, it is generally aerobic, but can grow as a facultative anaerobe.<sup id="cite_ref-KuhnertChristensen_0-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[1]</font></sup> <i>H. influenzae</i> was mistakenly considered to be the cause of influenza until 1933, when the viral etiology of the flu became apparent. Still, <i>H. influenzae</i> is responsible for a wide range of clinical diseases.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000"><i>H. influenzae</i> was the first free-living organism to have its entire genome sequenced. The sequencing project was completed and published in 1995.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Serotypes" class="mw-headline">Serotypes</span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000">In 1930, 2 major categories of <i>H. influenzae</i> were defined: the unencapsulated strains and the encapsulated strains. Encapsulated strains were classified on the basis of their distinct capsular antigens. There are six generally recognized types of encapsulated <i>H. influenzae</i>: a, b, c, d, e, and f.<sup id="cite_ref-Sherris_1-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[2]</font></sup> Genetic diversity among unencapsulated strains is greater than within the encapsulated group. Unencapsulated strains are termed nontypable (NTHi) because they lack capsular serotypes, however they can be classified by multi-locus sequence typing. The pathogenesis of <i>H. influenzae</i> infections is not completely understood, although the presence of the capsule in encapsulated type b (Hib), a serotype causing conditions such as epiglottitis, is known to be a major factor in virulence. Their capsule allows them to resist phagocytosis and complement-mediated lysis in the non-immune host. The unencapsulated strains are almost always less invasive, however they can produce an inflammatory response in humans which can lead to many symptoms. Vaccination with Hib conjugate vaccine is effective in preventing Hib infection. Several vaccines are now available for routine use against Hib, however vaccines are not yet available against NTHi.</span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Diseases" class="mw-headline">Diseases</span></span></h2> <p> <table style="text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em; width: 22em; font-size: 88%" class="infobox" cellspacing="5"> <tbody> <tr> <th style="text-align: center; background-color: lightgrey; font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold" colspan="2"><span style="color: #000000">Haemophilus influenzae infection</span></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center" colspan="2"><span style="color: #000000"><i>Classification and external resources</i></span></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left" scope="row"><span style="color: #000000">ICD-10</span></th> <td><span style="color: #000000">A49.2</span></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left" scope="row"><span style="color: #000000">ICD-9</span></th> <td><span style="color: #000000">041.5</span></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left" scope="row"><span style="color: #000000">DiseasesDB</span></th> <td><span style="color: #000000">5570</span></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left" scope="row"><span style="color: #000000">MedlinePlus</span></th> <td><span style="color: #000000">000612 (Meningitis)</span></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left" scope="row"><span style="color: #000000">eMedicine</span></th> <td><span style="color: #000000">topic list</span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Most strains of <i>H. influenzae</i> are opportunistic pathogens - that is, they usually live in their host without causing disease, but cause problems only when other factors (such as a viral infection or reduced immune function) create an opportunity.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Naturally-acquired disease caused by <i>H. influenzae</i> seems to occur in humans only. In infants and young children, <i>H. influenzae</i> type b (Hib) causes bacteremia, pneumonia, and acute bacterial meningitis. Occasionally, it causes cellulitis, osteomyelitis, epiglottitis, and infectious arthritis. Due to routine use of the Hib conjugate vaccine in the U.S. since 1990, the incidence of invasive Hib disease has decreased to 1.3/100,000 in children. However, Hib remains a major cause of lower respiratory tract infections in infants and children in developing countries where vaccine is not widely used. Unencapsulated <i>H. influenzae</i> causes ear infections (otitis media), eye infections (conjunctivitis), and sinusitis in children and is associated with pneumonia.</span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Diagnosis" class="mw-headline">Diagnosis</span></span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width: 252px" class="thumbinner"><span style="color: #000000"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="250" height="209" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Haemophilus_influenzae_Gram.JPG/250px-Haemophilus_influenzae_Gram.JPG" /> </span> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><span style="color: #000000"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></span></div> <span style="color: #000000"><i>H. influenzae</i> Gram stain of a sputum sample, appear as Gram negative cocco-bacilli.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><font size="1">[3]</font></sup></span></div> </div> </div> <p><span style="color: #000000">Clinical diagnosis of <i>H. influenzae</i> is typically performed by bacterial culture or latex particle agglutination. Diagnosis is considered confirmed when the organism is isolated from a sterile body site. In this respect, <i>H. influenzae</i> cultured from the nasopharyngeal cavity or sputum would not indicate <i>H. influenzae</i> disease because these sites are colonized in disease free individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-Puri_1999_3-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[4]</font></sup> However <i>H. influenzae</i> isolated from cerebrospinal fluid or blood would indicate a <i>H. influenzae</i> infection.</span></p> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Culture" class="mw-headline">Culture</span></span></h3> <p><span style="color: #000000">Bacterial culture of <i>H. influenzae</i> is performed on agar plates, preferably Chocolate agar, plate with added X(Hemin) &amp; V(NAD) factors at 37&deg;C in an enriched CO2 incubator.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><font size="2">[5]</font></sup> Blood agar growth is only achieved as a satellite phenomenon around other bacteria. Colonies of <i>H. influenzae</i> appear as convex, smooth, pale, grey or transparent colonies. Gram-stained and microscopic observation of a specimen of <i>H. influenzae</i> will show Gram-negative, coccobacilli, with no specific arrangement. The cultured organism can be further characterized using catalase and oxidase tests, both of which should be positive. Further serological is necessary to distinguish the capsular polysaccharide and differentiate between <i>H. influenzae</i> b and non-encapsulated species.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Although highly specific, bacterial culture of <i>H. influenzae</i> lacks in sensitivity. Use of antibiotics prior to sample collection greatly reduces the isolation rate by killing the bacteria before identification is possible.<sup id="cite_ref-John_1991_5-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[6]</font></sup> Beyond this, <i>H. influenzae</i> is a finicky bacterium to culture, and any modification of culture procedures can greatly reduce isolation rates. Poor quality of laboratories in developing countries has resulted in poor isolation rates of <i>H. influenzae</i>.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">H. influenzae will grow in the hemolytic zone of Staphylococcus aureus on Blood Agar plates. The hemolysis of cells by Staph. aureus releases nutrients vital to the growth of H. influenzae. H. influenzae will not grow outside the hemolytic zone of Staph. aureus due to the lack of nutrients in these areas.</span></p> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Latex_particle_agglutination" class="mw-headline">Latex particle agglutination</span></span></h3> <p><span style="color: #000000">Latex particle agglutination test (LAT) is a more sensitive method to detect <i>H. influenzae</i> than culture.<sup id="cite_ref-Kennedy_2007_6-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[7]</font></sup> Because the method relies on antigen rather than viable bacteria, the results are not disrupted by prior antibiotic use. It also has the added benefit of being much quicker than culture methods. However, antibiotic sensitivity is not possible with LAT, so a parallel culture is necessary.</span></p> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Molecular_Methods" class="mw-headline">Molecular Methods</span></span></h3> <p><span style="color: #000000">Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays have been proven to be more sensitive than either LAT or culture tests and highly specific.<sup id="cite_ref-Kennedy_2007_6-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[7]</font></sup> However, PCR assays have not yet become routine in clinical settings. Counter-current immunoelectrophoresis has been shown to be an effective research diagnostic method, but has been largely supplanted by PCR.</span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Interaction_with_Streptococcus_pneumoniae" class="mw-headline">Interaction with <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i></span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000">Both <i>H. influenzae</i> and <i>S. pneumoniae</i> can be found in the upper respiratory system of humans. A study of competition in a laboratory revealed that, in a petri dish, <i>S. pneumoniae</i> always overpowered <i>H. influenzae</i> by attacking it with hydrogen peroxide and stripping off the surface molecules that <i>H. influenzae</i> needs for survival.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">When both bacteria are placed together into a nasal cavity, within 2 weeks, only <i>H. influenzae</i> survives. When either is placed separately into a nasal cavity, each one survives. Upon examining the upper respiratory tissue from mice exposed to both bacteria species, an extraordinarily large number of neutrophils (immune cells) was found. In mice exposed to only one bacteria, the cells were not present.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Lab tests showed that neutrophils exposed to dead <i>H. influenzae</i> were more aggressive in attacking <i>S. pneumoniae</i> than unexposed neutrophils. Exposure to dead <i>H. influenzae</i> had no effect on live <i>H. influenzae</i>.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Two scenarios may be responsible for this response:</span></p> <ol> <li><span style="color: #000000">When <i>H. influenzae</i> is attacked by <i>S. pneumoniae</i>, it signals the immune system to attack the <i>S. pneumoniae</i> </span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">The combination of the two species together triggers an immune system response that is not set off by either species individually. </span></li> </ol> <p><span style="color: #000000">It is unclear why <i>H. influenzae</i> is not affected by the immune response.<sup id="cite_ref-Lysenko_2005_7-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[8]</font></sup></span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Treatment" class="mw-headline">Treatment</span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000"><i>Haemophilus influenzae</i> produces beta-lactamases, and it is also able to modify its penicillin binding proteins, so it has gained resistance to the penicillin family of antibiotics. In severe cases cefotaxime and ceftriaxone are the elected antibiotics, delivered directly into the bloodstream, and for the less severe cases an association of ampicillin and sulbactam, cephalosporins of the second and third generation, or fluoroquinolones. Macrolide antibiotics (e.g. clarithromycin) may be used in patients with a history of allergy to beta-lactam antibiotics.</span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Sequencing" class="mw-headline">Sequencing</span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000"><i>H. influenzae</i> was the first free-living organism to have its entire genome sequenced. Haemophilus was chosen because one of the project leaders, Nobel laureate Hamilton Smith, had been working on it for decades and was able to provide high-quality DNA libraries. The genome consists of 1,830,140 base pairs of DNA in a single circular chromosome that contains 1740 protein-coding genes, 58 transfer RNA genes tRNA, and 18 other RNA genes. The sequencing method used was Whole genome shotgun. The sequencing project, completed and published in <i>Science</i> in 1995, was conducted at The Institute for Genomic Research.<sup id="cite_ref-Fleichmann_1995_8-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[9]</font></sup></span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="See_also" class="mw-headline">See also</span></span></h2> <p>&nbsp;</p> <ul> <li><span style="color: #000000">Pasteurellaceae </span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Maurice Hilleman </span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Hattie Alexander </span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Hib vaccine </span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Haemophilus influenzae cellulitis </span></li> </ul> <h2><span id="References" class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <div class="references-small"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-KuhnertChristensen-0"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KuhnertChristensen_0-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation book">Kuhnert P; Christensen H (editors). (2008). <i>Pasteurellaceae: Biology, Genomics and Molecular Aspects</i>. Caister Academic Press. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-34-9" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-34-9"><font color="#0645ad">978-1-904455-34-9</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Pasteurellaceae%3A+Biology%2C+Genomics+and+Molecular+Aspects&amp;rft.aulast=Kuhnert+P%3B+Christensen+H+%28editors%29.&amp;rft.au=Kuhnert+P%3B+Christensen+H+%28editors%29.&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-904455-34-9&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Sherris-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sherris_1-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation book">Ryan KJ; Ray CG (editors) (2004). <i>Sherris Medical Microbiology</i> (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. pp.&nbsp;396&ndash;401. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/0838585299" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0838585299"><font color="#0645ad">0838585299</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Sherris+Medical+Microbiology&amp;rft.aulast=Ryan+KJ%3B+Ray+CG+%28editors%29&amp;rft.au=Ryan+KJ%3B+Ray+CG+%28editors%29&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B396%26ndash%3B401&amp;rft.edition=4th&amp;rft.pub=McGraw+Hill&amp;rft.isbn=0838585299&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation book">Behrman, Richard E.; Robert M Kliegman and Hal B. Jenson (2004). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://books.google.com/?id=6a_lLbxRKwkC"><i><font color="#3366bb">Nelson Tratado de Pediatr&iacute;a</font></i></a>. Elsevier. p.&nbsp;904. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/8481747475" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8481747475"><font color="#0645ad">8481747475</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://books.google.com/?id=6a_lLbxRKwkC"><font color="#3366bb">http://books.google.com/?id=6a_lLbxRKwkC</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-09-11</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Nelson+Tratado+de+Pediatr%C3%ADa&amp;rft.aulast=Behrman&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard+E.&amp;rft.au=Behrman%2C%26%2332%3BRichard+E.&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B904&amp;rft.pub=Elsevier&amp;rft.isbn=8481747475&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D6a_lLbxRKwkC&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Puri_1999-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Puri_1999_3-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Puri J, Talwar V, Juneja M, Agarwal KN, Gupta HC (1999). &quot;Prevalence of anti-microbial resistance among respiratory isolates of Haemophilus influenzae&quot;. <i>Indian Pediatr</i> <b>36</b> (10): 1029&ndash;32. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10745313"><font color="#3366bb">10745313</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Prevalence+of+anti-microbial+resistance+among+respiratory+isolates+of+Haemophilus+influenzae&amp;rft.jtitle=Indian+Pediatr&amp;rft.aulast=Puri+J%2C+Talwar+V%2C+Juneja+M%2C+Agarwal+KN%2C+Gupta+HC&amp;rft.au=Puri+J%2C+Talwar+V%2C+Juneja+M%2C+Agarwal+KN%2C+Gupta+HC&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.volume=36&amp;rft.issue=10&amp;rft.pages=1029%E2%80%9332&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/10745313&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal"><i>Generic protocol for population-based surveillance of Haemophilus influenzae type B</i>. World Health Organization. 1997. WHO/VRD/GEN/95.05.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Generic+protocol+for+population-based++surveillance+of+Haemophilus+influenzae+type+B&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-John_1991-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-John_1991_5-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">John TJ, Cherian T, Steinhoff MC, Simoes EA, John M (1991). &quot;Etiology of acute respiratory infections in children in tropical southern India&quot;. <i>Rev Infect Dis</i> <b>13</b>: Suppl 6:S463&ndash;9. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1862277"><font color="#3366bb">1862277</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Etiology+of+acute+respiratory+infections+in+children+in+tropical+southern+India&amp;rft.jtitle=Rev+Infect+Dis&amp;rft.aulast=John+TJ%2C+Cherian+T%2C+Steinhoff+MC%2C+Simoes+EA%2C+John+M&amp;rft.au=John+TJ%2C+Cherian+T%2C+Steinhoff+MC%2C+Simoes+EA%2C+John+M&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.volume=13&amp;rft.pages=Suppl+6%3AS463%E2%80%939&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/1862277&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Kennedy_2007-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy_2007_6-0">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="2">a</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy_2007_6-1">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="2">b</font></b></i>}</a> <span class="citation Journal">Kennedy WA, Chang SJ, Purdy K, LE T, Kilgore PE, Kim JS et al. (2007). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2870670"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Incidence of bacterial meningitis in Asia using enhanced CSF testing: polymerase chain reaction, latex agglutination and culture&quot;</font></a>. <i>Epidemiol Infect</i> <b>135</b> (7): 1217&ndash;26. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS0950268806007734"><font color="#3366bb">10.1017/S0950268806007734</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17274856"><font color="#3366bb">17274856</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Incidence+of+bacterial+meningitis+in+Asia+using+enhanced+CSF+testing%3A+polymerase+chain+reaction%2C+latex+agglutination+and+culture&amp;rft.jtitle=Epidemiol+Infect&amp;rft.aulast=Kennedy+WA%2C+Chang+SJ%2C+Purdy+K%2C+LE+T%2C+Kilgore+PE%2C+Kim+JS+et+al.&amp;rft.au=Kennedy+WA%2C+Chang+SJ%2C+Purdy+K%2C+LE+T%2C+Kilgore+PE%2C+Kim+JS+et+al.&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.volume=135&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.pages=1217%E2%80%9326&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1017%2FS0950268806007734&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17274856&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Lysenko_2005-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lysenko_2005_7-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Lysenko E, Ratner A, Nelson A, Weiser J (2005). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1238736"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;The role of innate immune responses in the outcome of interspecies competition for colonization of mucosal surfaces&quot;</font></a>. <i>PLoS Pathog</i> <b>1</b> (1): e1. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.0010001"><font color="#3366bb">10.1371/journal.ppat.0010001</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16201010"><font color="#3366bb">16201010</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+role+of+innate+immune+responses+in+the+outcome+of+interspecies+competition+for+colonization+of+mucosal+surfaces&amp;rft.jtitle=PLoS+Pathog&amp;rft.aulast=Lysenko+E%2C+Ratner+A%2C+Nelson+A%2C+Weiser+J&amp;rft.au=Lysenko+E%2C+Ratner+A%2C+Nelson+A%2C+Weiser+J&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=e1&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.0010001&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16201010&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Fleichmann_1995-8"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fleichmann_1995_8-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Fleischmann R, Adams M, White O, Clayton R, Kirkness E, Kerlavage A, Bult C, Tomb J, Dougherty B, Merrick J (1995). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/269/5223/496"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Whole-genome random sequencing and assembly of Haemophilus influenzae Rd&quot;</font></a>. <i>Science</i> <b>269</b> (5223): 496&ndash;512. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.7542800"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.7542800</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7542800"><font color="#3366bb">7542800</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/269/5223/496"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/269/5223/496</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Whole-genome+random+sequencing+and+assembly+of+Haemophilus+influenzae+Rd&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Fleischmann+R%2C+Adams+M%2C+White+O%2C+Clayton+R%2C+Kirkness+E%2C+Kerlavage+A%2C+Bult+C%2C+Tomb+J%2C+Dougherty+B%2C+Merrick+J&amp;rft.au=Fleischmann+R%2C+Adams+M%2C+White+O%2C+Clayton+R%2C+Kirkness+E%2C+Kerlavage+A%2C+Bult+C%2C+Tomb+J%2C+Dougherty+B%2C+Merrick+J&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.volume=269&amp;rft.issue=5223&amp;rft.pages=496%E2%80%93512&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.7542800&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/7542800&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F269%2F5223%2F496&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> </ol> </div> <h2>&nbsp;<span id="External_links" class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.who.int/immunization/topics/hib/en/index.html"><font color="#3366bb">Hib information</font></a> on the <a title="World Health Organization" href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization"><font color="#0645ad">World Health Organization</font></a> (WHO) site.</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/haeminfluserob_t.htm"><font color="#3366bb">Fact sheet</font></a> on the <a title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention" href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention"><font color="#0645ad">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</font></a> (CDC) site.</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.hibaction.org"><font color="#3366bb">Hib Initiative</font></a> - from <a title="Johns Hopkins University" href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University"><font color="#0645ad">Johns Hopkins University</font></a>, <a title="London School of Hygiene &amp; Tropical Medicine" href="/wiki/London_School_of_Hygiene_%26_Tropical_Medicine"><font color="#0645ad">London School of Hygiene &amp; Tropical Medicine</font></a>, <a title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention" href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention"><font color="#0645ad">CDC</font></a> &amp; <a title="World Health Organization" href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization"><font color="#0645ad">WHO</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.worldpneumoniaday.org"><font color="#3366bb">November 2nd: World Pneumonia Day Website</font></a></li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 4b787d7da2c90bfab4c0ccd97df8b7b6de392823 0 1940 3242 2010-11-14T05:25:27Z WikiSysop 1 Created page with "<p><b><span style="color: #000000">[[Haemophilus influenzae]],</span></b><span style="color: #000000">&nbsp;formerly called <b>Pfeiffer's bacillus</b> or <i><b>Bacillus influenza..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p><b><span style="color: #000000">[[Haemophilus influenzae]],</span></b><span style="color: #000000">&nbsp;formerly called <b>Pfeiffer's bacillus</b> or <i><b>Bacillus influenzae</b></i>, is a non-motile Gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium first described in 1892 by Richard Pfeiffer during an influenza pandemic. A member of the <i>Pasteurellaceae</i> family, it is generally aerobic, but can grow as a facultative anaerobe.<sup id="cite_ref-KuhnertChristensen_0-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[1]</font></sup> <i>H. influenzae</i> was mistakenly considered to be the cause of influenza until 1933, when the viral etiology of the flu became apparent. Still, <i>H. influenzae</i> is responsible for a wide range of clinical diseases.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000"><i>H. influenzae</i> was the first free-living organism to have its entire genome sequenced. The sequencing project was completed and published in 1995.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Serotypes" class="mw-headline">Serotypes</span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000">In 1930, 2 major categories of <i>H. influenzae</i> were defined: the unencapsulated strains and the encapsulated strains. Encapsulated strains were classified on the basis of their distinct capsular antigens. There are six generally recognized types of encapsulated <i>H. influenzae</i>: a, b, c, d, e, and f.<sup id="cite_ref-Sherris_1-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[2]</font></sup> Genetic diversity among unencapsulated strains is greater than within the encapsulated group. Unencapsulated strains are termed nontypable (NTHi) because they lack capsular serotypes, however they can be classified by multi-locus sequence typing. The pathogenesis of <i>H. influenzae</i> infections is not completely understood, although the presence of the capsule in encapsulated type b (Hib), a serotype causing conditions such as epiglottitis, is known to be a major factor in virulence. Their capsule allows them to resist phagocytosis and complement-mediated lysis in the non-immune host. The unencapsulated strains are almost always less invasive, however they can produce an inflammatory response in humans which can lead to many symptoms. Vaccination with Hib conjugate vaccine is effective in preventing Hib infection. Several vaccines are now available for routine use against Hib, however vaccines are not yet available against NTHi.</span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Diseases" class="mw-headline">Diseases</span></span></h2> <p> <table style="text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em; width: 22em; font-size: 88%" class="infobox" cellspacing="5"> <tbody> <tr> <th style="text-align: center; background-color: lightgrey; font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold" colspan="2"><span style="color: #000000">Haemophilus influenzae infection</span></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center" colspan="2"><span style="color: #000000"><i>Classification and external resources</i></span></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left" scope="row"><span style="color: #000000">ICD-10</span></th> <td><span style="color: #000000">A49.2</span></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left" scope="row"><span style="color: #000000">ICD-9</span></th> <td><span style="color: #000000">041.5</span></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left" scope="row"><span style="color: #000000">DiseasesDB</span></th> <td><span style="color: #000000">5570</span></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left" scope="row"><span style="color: #000000">MedlinePlus</span></th> <td><span style="color: #000000">000612 (Meningitis)</span></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left" scope="row"><span style="color: #000000">eMedicine</span></th> <td><span style="color: #000000">topic list</span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Most strains of <i>H. influenzae</i> are opportunistic pathogens - that is, they usually live in their host without causing disease, but cause problems only when other factors (such as a viral infection or reduced immune function) create an opportunity.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Naturally-acquired disease caused by <i>H. influenzae</i> seems to occur in humans only. In infants and young children, <i>H. influenzae</i> type b (Hib) causes bacteremia, pneumonia, and acute bacterial meningitis. Occasionally, it causes cellulitis, osteomyelitis, epiglottitis, and infectious arthritis. Due to routine use of the Hib conjugate vaccine in the U.S. since 1990, the incidence of invasive Hib disease has decreased to 1.3/100,000 in children. However, Hib remains a major cause of lower respiratory tract infections in infants and children in developing countries where vaccine is not widely used. Unencapsulated <i>H. influenzae</i> causes ear infections (otitis media), eye infections (conjunctivitis), and sinusitis in children and is associated with pneumonia.</span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Diagnosis" class="mw-headline">Diagnosis</span></span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width: 252px" class="thumbinner"><span style="color: #000000"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="250" height="209" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Haemophilus_influenzae_Gram.JPG/250px-Haemophilus_influenzae_Gram.JPG" /> </span> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><span style="color: #000000"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></span></div> <span style="color: #000000"><i>H. influenzae</i> Gram stain of a sputum sample, appear as Gram negative cocco-bacilli.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><font size="1">[3]</font></sup></span></div> </div> </div> <p><span style="color: #000000">Clinical diagnosis of <i>H. influenzae</i> is typically performed by bacterial culture or latex particle agglutination. Diagnosis is considered confirmed when the organism is isolated from a sterile body site. In this respect, <i>H. influenzae</i> cultured from the nasopharyngeal cavity or sputum would not indicate <i>H. influenzae</i> disease because these sites are colonized in disease free individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-Puri_1999_3-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[4]</font></sup> However <i>H. influenzae</i> isolated from cerebrospinal fluid or blood would indicate a <i>H. influenzae</i> infection.</span></p> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Culture" class="mw-headline">Culture</span></span></h3> <p><span style="color: #000000">Bacterial culture of <i>H. influenzae</i> is performed on agar plates, preferably Chocolate agar, plate with added X(Hemin) &amp; V(NAD) factors at 37&deg;C in an enriched CO2 incubator.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><font size="2">[5]</font></sup> Blood agar growth is only achieved as a satellite phenomenon around other bacteria. Colonies of <i>H. influenzae</i> appear as convex, smooth, pale, grey or transparent colonies. Gram-stained and microscopic observation of a specimen of <i>H. influenzae</i> will show Gram-negative, coccobacilli, with no specific arrangement. The cultured organism can be further characterized using catalase and oxidase tests, both of which should be positive. Further serological is necessary to distinguish the capsular polysaccharide and differentiate between <i>H. influenzae</i> b and non-encapsulated species.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Although highly specific, bacterial culture of <i>H. influenzae</i> lacks in sensitivity. Use of antibiotics prior to sample collection greatly reduces the isolation rate by killing the bacteria before identification is possible.<sup id="cite_ref-John_1991_5-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[6]</font></sup> Beyond this, <i>H. influenzae</i> is a finicky bacterium to culture, and any modification of culture procedures can greatly reduce isolation rates. Poor quality of laboratories in developing countries has resulted in poor isolation rates of <i>H. influenzae</i>.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">H. influenzae will grow in the hemolytic zone of Staphylococcus aureus on Blood Agar plates. The hemolysis of cells by Staph. aureus releases nutrients vital to the growth of H. influenzae. H. influenzae will not grow outside the hemolytic zone of Staph. aureus due to the lack of nutrients in these areas.</span></p> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Latex_particle_agglutination" class="mw-headline">Latex particle agglutination</span></span></h3> <p><span style="color: #000000">Latex particle agglutination test (LAT) is a more sensitive method to detect <i>H. influenzae</i> than culture.<sup id="cite_ref-Kennedy_2007_6-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[7]</font></sup> Because the method relies on antigen rather than viable bacteria, the results are not disrupted by prior antibiotic use. It also has the added benefit of being much quicker than culture methods. However, antibiotic sensitivity is not possible with LAT, so a parallel culture is necessary.</span></p> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Molecular_Methods" class="mw-headline">Molecular Methods</span></span></h3> <p><span style="color: #000000">Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays have been proven to be more sensitive than either LAT or culture tests and highly specific.<sup id="cite_ref-Kennedy_2007_6-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[7]</font></sup> However, PCR assays have not yet become routine in clinical settings. Counter-current immunoelectrophoresis has been shown to be an effective research diagnostic method, but has been largely supplanted by PCR.</span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Interaction_with_Streptococcus_pneumoniae" class="mw-headline">Interaction with <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i></span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000">Both <i>H. influenzae</i> and <i>S. pneumoniae</i> can be found in the upper respiratory system of humans. A study of competition in a laboratory revealed that, in a petri dish, <i>S. pneumoniae</i> always overpowered <i>H. influenzae</i> by attacking it with hydrogen peroxide and stripping off the surface molecules that <i>H. influenzae</i> needs for survival.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">When both bacteria are placed together into a nasal cavity, within 2 weeks, only <i>H. influenzae</i> survives. When either is placed separately into a nasal cavity, each one survives. Upon examining the upper respiratory tissue from mice exposed to both bacteria species, an extraordinarily large number of neutrophils (immune cells) was found. In mice exposed to only one bacteria, the cells were not present.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Lab tests showed that neutrophils exposed to dead <i>H. influenzae</i> were more aggressive in attacking <i>S. pneumoniae</i> than unexposed neutrophils. Exposure to dead <i>H. influenzae</i> had no effect on live <i>H. influenzae</i>.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Two scenarios may be responsible for this response:</span></p> <ol> <li><span style="color: #000000">When <i>H. influenzae</i> is attacked by <i>S. pneumoniae</i>, it signals the immune system to attack the <i>S. pneumoniae</i> </span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">The combination of the two species together triggers an immune system response that is not set off by either species individually. </span></li> </ol> <p><span style="color: #000000">It is unclear why <i>H. influenzae</i> is not affected by the immune response.<sup id="cite_ref-Lysenko_2005_7-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[8]</font></sup></span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Treatment" class="mw-headline">Treatment</span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000"><i>Haemophilus influenzae</i> produces beta-lactamases, and it is also able to modify its penicillin binding proteins, so it has gained resistance to the penicillin family of antibiotics. In severe cases cefotaxime and ceftriaxone are the elected antibiotics, delivered directly into the bloodstream, and for the less severe cases an association of ampicillin and sulbactam, cephalosporins of the second and third generation, or fluoroquinolones. Macrolide antibiotics (e.g. clarithromycin) may be used in patients with a history of allergy to beta-lactam antibiotics.</span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Sequencing" class="mw-headline">Sequencing</span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000"><i>H. influenzae</i> was the first free-living organism to have its entire genome sequenced. Haemophilus was chosen because one of the project leaders, Nobel laureate Hamilton Smith, had been working on it for decades and was able to provide high-quality DNA libraries. The genome consists of 1,830,140 base pairs of DNA in a single circular chromosome that contains 1740 protein-coding genes, 58 transfer RNA genes tRNA, and 18 other RNA genes. The sequencing method used was Whole genome shotgun. The sequencing project, completed and published in <i>Science</i> in 1995, was conducted at The Institute for Genomic Research.<sup id="cite_ref-Fleichmann_1995_8-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[9]</font></sup></span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="See_also" class="mw-headline">See also</span></span></h2> <p>&nbsp;</p> <ul> <li><span style="color: #000000">Pasteurellaceae </span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Maurice Hilleman </span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Hattie Alexander </span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Hib vaccine </span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Haemophilus influenzae cellulitis </span></li> </ul> <h2><span id="References" class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <div class="references-small"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-KuhnertChristensen-0"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KuhnertChristensen_0-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation book">Kuhnert P; Christensen H (editors). (2008). <i>Pasteurellaceae: Biology, Genomics and Molecular Aspects</i>. Caister Academic Press. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-34-9" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-34-9"><font color="#0645ad">978-1-904455-34-9</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Pasteurellaceae%3A+Biology%2C+Genomics+and+Molecular+Aspects&amp;rft.aulast=Kuhnert+P%3B+Christensen+H+%28editors%29.&amp;rft.au=Kuhnert+P%3B+Christensen+H+%28editors%29.&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-904455-34-9&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Sherris-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sherris_1-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation book">Ryan KJ; Ray CG (editors) (2004). <i>Sherris Medical Microbiology</i> (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. pp.&nbsp;396&ndash;401. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/0838585299" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0838585299"><font color="#0645ad">0838585299</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Sherris+Medical+Microbiology&amp;rft.aulast=Ryan+KJ%3B+Ray+CG+%28editors%29&amp;rft.au=Ryan+KJ%3B+Ray+CG+%28editors%29&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B396%26ndash%3B401&amp;rft.edition=4th&amp;rft.pub=McGraw+Hill&amp;rft.isbn=0838585299&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation book">Behrman, Richard E.; Robert M Kliegman and Hal B. Jenson (2004). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://books.google.com/?id=6a_lLbxRKwkC"><i><font color="#3366bb">Nelson Tratado de Pediatr&iacute;a</font></i></a>. Elsevier. p.&nbsp;904. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/8481747475" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8481747475"><font color="#0645ad">8481747475</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://books.google.com/?id=6a_lLbxRKwkC"><font color="#3366bb">http://books.google.com/?id=6a_lLbxRKwkC</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-09-11</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Nelson+Tratado+de+Pediatr%C3%ADa&amp;rft.aulast=Behrman&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard+E.&amp;rft.au=Behrman%2C%26%2332%3BRichard+E.&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B904&amp;rft.pub=Elsevier&amp;rft.isbn=8481747475&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D6a_lLbxRKwkC&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Puri_1999-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Puri_1999_3-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Puri J, Talwar V, Juneja M, Agarwal KN, Gupta HC (1999). &quot;Prevalence of anti-microbial resistance among respiratory isolates of Haemophilus influenzae&quot;. <i>Indian Pediatr</i> <b>36</b> (10): 1029&ndash;32. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10745313"><font color="#3366bb">10745313</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Prevalence+of+anti-microbial+resistance+among+respiratory+isolates+of+Haemophilus+influenzae&amp;rft.jtitle=Indian+Pediatr&amp;rft.aulast=Puri+J%2C+Talwar+V%2C+Juneja+M%2C+Agarwal+KN%2C+Gupta+HC&amp;rft.au=Puri+J%2C+Talwar+V%2C+Juneja+M%2C+Agarwal+KN%2C+Gupta+HC&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.volume=36&amp;rft.issue=10&amp;rft.pages=1029%E2%80%9332&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/10745313&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal"><i>Generic protocol for population-based surveillance of Haemophilus influenzae type B</i>. World Health Organization. 1997. WHO/VRD/GEN/95.05.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Generic+protocol+for+population-based++surveillance+of+Haemophilus+influenzae+type+B&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-John_1991-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-John_1991_5-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">John TJ, Cherian T, Steinhoff MC, Simoes EA, John M (1991). &quot;Etiology of acute respiratory infections in children in tropical southern India&quot;. <i>Rev Infect Dis</i> <b>13</b>: Suppl 6:S463&ndash;9. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1862277"><font color="#3366bb">1862277</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Etiology+of+acute+respiratory+infections+in+children+in+tropical+southern+India&amp;rft.jtitle=Rev+Infect+Dis&amp;rft.aulast=John+TJ%2C+Cherian+T%2C+Steinhoff+MC%2C+Simoes+EA%2C+John+M&amp;rft.au=John+TJ%2C+Cherian+T%2C+Steinhoff+MC%2C+Simoes+EA%2C+John+M&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.volume=13&amp;rft.pages=Suppl+6%3AS463%E2%80%939&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/1862277&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Kennedy_2007-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy_2007_6-0">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="2">a</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy_2007_6-1">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="2">b</font></b></i>}</a> <span class="citation Journal">Kennedy WA, Chang SJ, Purdy K, LE T, Kilgore PE, Kim JS et al. (2007). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2870670"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Incidence of bacterial meningitis in Asia using enhanced CSF testing: polymerase chain reaction, latex agglutination and culture&quot;</font></a>. <i>Epidemiol Infect</i> <b>135</b> (7): 1217&ndash;26. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS0950268806007734"><font color="#3366bb">10.1017/S0950268806007734</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17274856"><font color="#3366bb">17274856</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Incidence+of+bacterial+meningitis+in+Asia+using+enhanced+CSF+testing%3A+polymerase+chain+reaction%2C+latex+agglutination+and+culture&amp;rft.jtitle=Epidemiol+Infect&amp;rft.aulast=Kennedy+WA%2C+Chang+SJ%2C+Purdy+K%2C+LE+T%2C+Kilgore+PE%2C+Kim+JS+et+al.&amp;rft.au=Kennedy+WA%2C+Chang+SJ%2C+Purdy+K%2C+LE+T%2C+Kilgore+PE%2C+Kim+JS+et+al.&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.volume=135&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.pages=1217%E2%80%9326&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1017%2FS0950268806007734&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17274856&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Lysenko_2005-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lysenko_2005_7-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Lysenko E, Ratner A, Nelson A, Weiser J (2005). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1238736"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;The role of innate immune responses in the outcome of interspecies competition for colonization of mucosal surfaces&quot;</font></a>. <i>PLoS Pathog</i> <b>1</b> (1): e1. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.0010001"><font color="#3366bb">10.1371/journal.ppat.0010001</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16201010"><font color="#3366bb">16201010</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+role+of+innate+immune+responses+in+the+outcome+of+interspecies+competition+for+colonization+of+mucosal+surfaces&amp;rft.jtitle=PLoS+Pathog&amp;rft.aulast=Lysenko+E%2C+Ratner+A%2C+Nelson+A%2C+Weiser+J&amp;rft.au=Lysenko+E%2C+Ratner+A%2C+Nelson+A%2C+Weiser+J&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=e1&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.0010001&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16201010&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Fleichmann_1995-8"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fleichmann_1995_8-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Fleischmann R, Adams M, White O, Clayton R, Kirkness E, Kerlavage A, Bult C, Tomb J, Dougherty B, Merrick J (1995). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/269/5223/496"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Whole-genome random sequencing and assembly of Haemophilus influenzae Rd&quot;</font></a>. <i>Science</i> <b>269</b> (5223): 496&ndash;512. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.7542800"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.7542800</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7542800"><font color="#3366bb">7542800</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/269/5223/496"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/269/5223/496</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Whole-genome+random+sequencing+and+assembly+of+Haemophilus+influenzae+Rd&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Fleischmann+R%2C+Adams+M%2C+White+O%2C+Clayton+R%2C+Kirkness+E%2C+Kerlavage+A%2C+Bult+C%2C+Tomb+J%2C+Dougherty+B%2C+Merrick+J&amp;rft.au=Fleischmann+R%2C+Adams+M%2C+White+O%2C+Clayton+R%2C+Kirkness+E%2C+Kerlavage+A%2C+Bult+C%2C+Tomb+J%2C+Dougherty+B%2C+Merrick+J&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.volume=269&amp;rft.issue=5223&amp;rft.pages=496%E2%80%93512&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.7542800&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/7542800&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F269%2F5223%2F496&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> </ol> </div> <h2>&nbsp;<span id="External_links" class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.who.int/immunization/topics/hib/en/index.html"><font color="#3366bb">Hib information</font></a> on the <a title="World Health Organization" href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization"><font color="#0645ad">World Health Organization</font></a> (WHO) site.</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/haeminfluserob_t.htm"><font color="#3366bb">Fact sheet</font></a> on the <a title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention" href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention"><font color="#0645ad">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</font></a> (CDC) site.</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.hibaction.org"><font color="#3366bb">Hib Initiative</font></a> - from <a title="Johns Hopkins University" href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University"><font color="#0645ad">Johns Hopkins University</font></a>, <a title="London School of Hygiene &amp; Tropical Medicine" href="/wiki/London_School_of_Hygiene_%26_Tropical_Medicine"><font color="#0645ad">London School of Hygiene &amp; Tropical Medicine</font></a>, <a title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention" href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention"><font color="#0645ad">CDC</font></a> &amp; <a title="World Health Organization" href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization"><font color="#0645ad">WHO</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.worldpneumoniaday.org"><font color="#3366bb">November 2nd: World Pneumonia Day Website</font></a></li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 4b787d7da2c90bfab4c0ccd97df8b7b6de392823 3258 3242 2010-11-14T06:07:56Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><b><span style="color: #000000">[[Haemophilus influenzae]],</span></b><span style="color: #000000">&nbsp;formerly called <b>Pfeiffer's bacillus</b> or <i><b>Bacillus influenzae</b></i>, is a non-motile Gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium first described in 1892 by Richard Pfeiffer during an influenza pandemic. A member of the <i>Pasteurellaceae</i> family, it is generally aerobic, but can grow as a facultative anaerobe.<sup id="cite_ref-KuhnertChristensen_0-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[1]</font></sup> <i>H. influenzae</i> was mistakenly considered to be the cause of influenza until 1933, when the viral etiology of the flu became apparent. Still, <i>H. influenzae</i> is responsible for a wide range of clinical diseases.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000"><i>H. influenzae</i> was the first free-living organism to have its entire genome sequenced. The sequencing project was completed and published in 1995.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Serotypes" class="mw-headline">Serotypes</span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000">In 1930, 2 major categories of <i>H. influenzae</i> were defined: the unencapsulated strains and the encapsulated strains. Encapsulated strains were classified on the basis of their distinct capsular antigens. There are six generally recognized types of encapsulated <i>H. influenzae</i>: a, b, c, d, e, and f.<sup id="cite_ref-Sherris_1-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[2]</font></sup> Genetic diversity among unencapsulated strains is greater than within the encapsulated group. Unencapsulated strains are termed nontypable (NTHi) because they lack capsular serotypes, however they can be classified by multi-locus sequence typing. The pathogenesis of <i>H. influenzae</i> infections is not completely understood, although the presence of the capsule in encapsulated type b (Hib), a serotype causing conditions such as epiglottitis, is known to be a major factor in virulence. Their capsule allows them to resist phagocytosis and complement-mediated lysis in the non-immune host. The unencapsulated strains are almost always less invasive, however they can produce an inflammatory response in humans which can lead to many symptoms. Vaccination with Hib conjugate vaccine is effective in preventing Hib infection. Several vaccines are now available for routine use against Hib, however vaccines are not yet available against NTHi.</span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Diseases" class="mw-headline">Diseases</span></span></h2> <p> <table style="text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em; width: 22em; font-size: 88%" class="infobox" cellspacing="5"> <tbody> <tr> <th style="text-align: center; background-color: lightgrey; font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold" colspan="2"><span style="color: #000000">Haemophilus influenzae infection</span></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center" colspan="2"><span style="color: #000000"><i>Classification and external resources</i></span></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left" scope="row"><span style="color: #000000">ICD-10</span></th> <td><span style="color: #000000">A49.2</span></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left" scope="row"><span style="color: #000000">ICD-9</span></th> <td><span style="color: #000000">041.5</span></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left" scope="row"><span style="color: #000000">DiseasesDB</span></th> <td><span style="color: #000000">5570</span></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left" scope="row"><span style="color: #000000">MedlinePlus</span></th> <td><span style="color: #000000">000612 (Meningitis)</span></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left" scope="row"><span style="color: #000000">eMedicine</span></th> <td><span style="color: #000000">topic list</span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Most strains of <i>H. influenzae</i> are opportunistic pathogens - that is, they usually live in their host without causing disease, but cause problems only when other factors (such as a viral infection or reduced immune function) create an opportunity.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Naturally-acquired disease caused by <i>H. influenzae</i> seems to occur in humans only. In infants and young children, <i>H. influenzae</i> type b (Hib) causes bacteremia, pneumonia, and acute bacterial meningitis. Occasionally, it causes cellulitis, osteomyelitis, epiglottitis, and infectious arthritis. Due to routine use of the Hib conjugate vaccine in the U.S. since 1990, the incidence of invasive Hib disease has decreased to 1.3/100,000 in children. However, Hib remains a major cause of lower respiratory tract infections in infants and children in developing countries where vaccine is not widely used. Unencapsulated <i>H. influenzae</i> causes ear infections (otitis media), eye infections (conjunctivitis), and sinusitis in children and is associated with pneumonia.</span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Diagnosis" class="mw-headline">Diagnosis</span></span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width: 252px" class="thumbinner"><span style="color: #000000"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="250" height="209" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Haemophilus_influenzae_Gram.JPG/250px-Haemophilus_influenzae_Gram.JPG" /> </span> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><span style="color: #000000"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></span></div> <span style="color: #000000"><i>H. influenzae</i> Gram stain of a sputum sample, appear as Gram negative cocco-bacilli.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><font size="1">[3]</font></sup></span></div> </div> </div> <p><span style="color: #000000">Clinical diagnosis of <i>H. influenzae</i> is typically performed by bacterial culture or latex particle agglutination. Diagnosis is considered confirmed when the organism is isolated from a sterile body site. In this respect, <i>H. influenzae</i> cultured from the nasopharyngeal cavity or sputum would not indicate <i>H. influenzae</i> disease because these sites are colonized in disease free individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-Puri_1999_3-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[4]</font></sup> However <i>H. influenzae</i> isolated from cerebrospinal fluid or blood would indicate a <i>H. influenzae</i> infection.</span></p> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Culture" class="mw-headline">Culture</span></span></h3> <p><span style="color: #000000">Bacterial culture of <i>H. influenzae</i> is performed on agar plates, preferably Chocolate agar, plate with added X(Hemin) &amp; V(NAD) factors at 37&deg;C in an enriched CO2 incubator.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><font size="2">[5]</font></sup> Blood agar growth is only achieved as a satellite phenomenon around other bacteria. Colonies of <i>H. influenzae</i> appear as convex, smooth, pale, grey or transparent colonies. Gram-stained and microscopic observation of a specimen of <i>H. influenzae</i> will show Gram-negative, coccobacilli, with no specific arrangement. The cultured organism can be further characterized using catalase and oxidase tests, both of which should be positive. Further serological is necessary to distinguish the capsular polysaccharide and differentiate between <i>H. influenzae</i> b and non-encapsulated species.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Although highly specific, bacterial culture of <i>H. influenzae</i> lacks in sensitivity. Use of antibiotics prior to sample collection greatly reduces the isolation rate by killing the bacteria before identification is possible.<sup id="cite_ref-John_1991_5-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[6]</font></sup> Beyond this, <i>H. influenzae</i> is a finicky bacterium to culture, and any modification of culture procedures can greatly reduce isolation rates. Poor quality of laboratories in developing countries has resulted in poor isolation rates of <i>H. influenzae</i>.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">H. influenzae will grow in the hemolytic zone of Staphylococcus aureus on Blood Agar plates. The hemolysis of cells by Staph. aureus releases nutrients vital to the growth of H. influenzae. H. influenzae will not grow outside the hemolytic zone of Staph. aureus due to the lack of nutrients in these areas.</span></p> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Latex_particle_agglutination" class="mw-headline">Latex particle agglutination</span></span></h3> <p><span style="color: #000000">Latex particle agglutination test (LAT) is a more sensitive method to detect <i>H. influenzae</i> than culture.<sup id="cite_ref-Kennedy_2007_6-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[7]</font></sup> Because the method relies on antigen rather than viable bacteria, the results are not disrupted by prior antibiotic use. It also has the added benefit of being much quicker than culture methods. However, antibiotic sensitivity is not possible with LAT, so a parallel culture is necessary.</span></p> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Molecular_Methods" class="mw-headline">Molecular Methods</span></span></h3> <p><span style="color: #000000">Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays have been proven to be more sensitive than either LAT or culture tests and highly specific.<sup id="cite_ref-Kennedy_2007_6-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[7]</font></sup> However, PCR assays have not yet become routine in clinical settings. Counter-current immunoelectrophoresis has been shown to be an effective research diagnostic method, but has been largely supplanted by PCR.</span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Interaction_with_Streptococcus_pneumoniae" class="mw-headline">Interaction with <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i></span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000">Both <i>H. influenzae</i> and <i>S. pneumoniae</i> can be found in the upper respiratory system of humans. A study of competition in a laboratory revealed that, in a petri dish, <i>S. pneumoniae</i> always overpowered <i>H. influenzae</i> by attacking it with hydrogen peroxide and stripping off the surface molecules that <i>H. influenzae</i> needs for survival.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">When both bacteria are placed together into a nasal cavity, within 2 weeks, only <i>H. influenzae</i> survives. When either is placed separately into a nasal cavity, each one survives. Upon examining the upper respiratory tissue from mice exposed to both bacteria species, an extraordinarily large number of neutrophils (immune cells) was found. In mice exposed to only one bacteria, the cells were not present.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Lab tests showed that neutrophils exposed to dead <i>H. influenzae</i> were more aggressive in attacking <i>S. pneumoniae</i> than unexposed neutrophils. Exposure to dead <i>H. influenzae</i> had no effect on live <i>H. influenzae</i>.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Two scenarios may be responsible for this response:</span></p> <ol> <li><span style="color: #000000">When <i>H. influenzae</i> is attacked by <i>S. pneumoniae</i>, it signals the immune system to attack the <i>S. pneumoniae</i> </span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">The combination of the two species together triggers an immune system response that is not set off by either species individually. </span></li> </ol> <p><span style="color: #000000">It is unclear why <i>H. influenzae</i> is not affected by the immune response.<sup id="cite_ref-Lysenko_2005_7-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[8]</font></sup></span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Treatment" class="mw-headline">Treatment</span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000"><i>Haemophilus influenzae</i> produces beta-lactamases, and it is also able to modify its penicillin binding proteins, so it has gained resistance to the penicillin family of antibiotics. In severe cases cefotaxime and ceftriaxone are the elected antibiotics, delivered directly into the bloodstream, and for the less severe cases an association of ampicillin and sulbactam, cephalosporins of the second and third generation, or fluoroquinolones. Macrolide antibiotics (e.g. clarithromycin) may be used in patients with a history of allergy to beta-lactam antibiotics.</span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Sequencing" class="mw-headline">Sequencing</span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000"><i>H. influenzae</i> was the first free-living organism to have its entire genome sequenced. Haemophilus was chosen because one of the project leaders, Nobel laureate Hamilton Smith, had been working on it for decades and was able to provide high-quality DNA libraries. The genome consists of 1,830,140 base pairs of DNA in a single circular chromosome that contains 1740 protein-coding genes, 58 transfer RNA genes tRNA, and 18 other RNA genes. The sequencing method used was Whole genome shotgun. The sequencing project, completed and published in <i>Science</i> in 1995, was conducted at The Institute for Genomic Research.<sup id="cite_ref-Fleichmann_1995_8-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[9]</font></sup></span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="See_also" class="mw-headline">See also</span></span></h2> <p>&nbsp;</p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Pasteurellaceae </span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Maurice Hilleman </span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Hattie Alexander </span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Hib vaccine </span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Haemophilus influenzae cellulitis </span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small">[[Haemophilus influenzae Science paper abstract]]</span></li> </ul> <h2><span id="References" class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <div class="references-small"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-KuhnertChristensen-0"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KuhnertChristensen_0-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation book">Kuhnert P; Christensen H (editors). (2008). <i>Pasteurellaceae: Biology, Genomics and Molecular Aspects</i>. Caister Academic Press. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-34-9" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-34-9"><font color="#0645ad">978-1-904455-34-9</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Pasteurellaceae%3A+Biology%2C+Genomics+and+Molecular+Aspects&amp;rft.aulast=Kuhnert+P%3B+Christensen+H+%28editors%29.&amp;rft.au=Kuhnert+P%3B+Christensen+H+%28editors%29.&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-904455-34-9&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Sherris-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sherris_1-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation book">Ryan KJ; Ray CG (editors) (2004). <i>Sherris Medical Microbiology</i> (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. pp.&nbsp;396&ndash;401. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/0838585299" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0838585299"><font color="#0645ad">0838585299</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Sherris+Medical+Microbiology&amp;rft.aulast=Ryan+KJ%3B+Ray+CG+%28editors%29&amp;rft.au=Ryan+KJ%3B+Ray+CG+%28editors%29&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B396%26ndash%3B401&amp;rft.edition=4th&amp;rft.pub=McGraw+Hill&amp;rft.isbn=0838585299&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation book">Behrman, Richard E.; Robert M Kliegman and Hal B. Jenson (2004). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://books.google.com/?id=6a_lLbxRKwkC"><i><font color="#3366bb">Nelson Tratado de Pediatr&iacute;a</font></i></a>. Elsevier. p.&nbsp;904. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/8481747475" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8481747475"><font color="#0645ad">8481747475</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://books.google.com/?id=6a_lLbxRKwkC"><font color="#3366bb">http://books.google.com/?id=6a_lLbxRKwkC</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-09-11</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Nelson+Tratado+de+Pediatr%C3%ADa&amp;rft.aulast=Behrman&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard+E.&amp;rft.au=Behrman%2C%26%2332%3BRichard+E.&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B904&amp;rft.pub=Elsevier&amp;rft.isbn=8481747475&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D6a_lLbxRKwkC&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Puri_1999-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Puri_1999_3-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Puri J, Talwar V, Juneja M, Agarwal KN, Gupta HC (1999). &quot;Prevalence of anti-microbial resistance among respiratory isolates of Haemophilus influenzae&quot;. <i>Indian Pediatr</i> <b>36</b> (10): 1029&ndash;32. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10745313"><font color="#3366bb">10745313</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Prevalence+of+anti-microbial+resistance+among+respiratory+isolates+of+Haemophilus+influenzae&amp;rft.jtitle=Indian+Pediatr&amp;rft.aulast=Puri+J%2C+Talwar+V%2C+Juneja+M%2C+Agarwal+KN%2C+Gupta+HC&amp;rft.au=Puri+J%2C+Talwar+V%2C+Juneja+M%2C+Agarwal+KN%2C+Gupta+HC&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.volume=36&amp;rft.issue=10&amp;rft.pages=1029%E2%80%9332&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/10745313&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal"><i>Generic protocol for population-based surveillance of Haemophilus influenzae type B</i>. World Health Organization. 1997. WHO/VRD/GEN/95.05.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Generic+protocol+for+population-based++surveillance+of+Haemophilus+influenzae+type+B&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-John_1991-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-John_1991_5-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">John TJ, Cherian T, Steinhoff MC, Simoes EA, John M (1991). &quot;Etiology of acute respiratory infections in children in tropical southern India&quot;. <i>Rev Infect Dis</i> <b>13</b>: Suppl 6:S463&ndash;9. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1862277"><font color="#3366bb">1862277</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Etiology+of+acute+respiratory+infections+in+children+in+tropical+southern+India&amp;rft.jtitle=Rev+Infect+Dis&amp;rft.aulast=John+TJ%2C+Cherian+T%2C+Steinhoff+MC%2C+Simoes+EA%2C+John+M&amp;rft.au=John+TJ%2C+Cherian+T%2C+Steinhoff+MC%2C+Simoes+EA%2C+John+M&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.volume=13&amp;rft.pages=Suppl+6%3AS463%E2%80%939&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/1862277&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Kennedy_2007-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy_2007_6-0">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="2">a</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy_2007_6-1">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="2">b</font></b></i>}</a> <span class="citation Journal">Kennedy WA, Chang SJ, Purdy K, LE T, Kilgore PE, Kim JS et al. (2007). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2870670"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Incidence of bacterial meningitis in Asia using enhanced CSF testing: polymerase chain reaction, latex agglutination and culture&quot;</font></a>. <i>Epidemiol Infect</i> <b>135</b> (7): 1217&ndash;26. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS0950268806007734"><font color="#3366bb">10.1017/S0950268806007734</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17274856"><font color="#3366bb">17274856</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Incidence+of+bacterial+meningitis+in+Asia+using+enhanced+CSF+testing%3A+polymerase+chain+reaction%2C+latex+agglutination+and+culture&amp;rft.jtitle=Epidemiol+Infect&amp;rft.aulast=Kennedy+WA%2C+Chang+SJ%2C+Purdy+K%2C+LE+T%2C+Kilgore+PE%2C+Kim+JS+et+al.&amp;rft.au=Kennedy+WA%2C+Chang+SJ%2C+Purdy+K%2C+LE+T%2C+Kilgore+PE%2C+Kim+JS+et+al.&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.volume=135&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.pages=1217%E2%80%9326&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1017%2FS0950268806007734&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17274856&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Lysenko_2005-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lysenko_2005_7-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Lysenko E, Ratner A, Nelson A, Weiser J (2005). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1238736"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;The role of innate immune responses in the outcome of interspecies competition for colonization of mucosal surfaces&quot;</font></a>. <i>PLoS Pathog</i> <b>1</b> (1): e1. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.0010001"><font color="#3366bb">10.1371/journal.ppat.0010001</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16201010"><font color="#3366bb">16201010</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+role+of+innate+immune+responses+in+the+outcome+of+interspecies+competition+for+colonization+of+mucosal+surfaces&amp;rft.jtitle=PLoS+Pathog&amp;rft.aulast=Lysenko+E%2C+Ratner+A%2C+Nelson+A%2C+Weiser+J&amp;rft.au=Lysenko+E%2C+Ratner+A%2C+Nelson+A%2C+Weiser+J&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=e1&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.0010001&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16201010&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Fleichmann_1995-8"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fleichmann_1995_8-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Fleischmann R, Adams M, White O, Clayton R, Kirkness E, Kerlavage A, Bult C, Tomb J, Dougherty B, Merrick J (1995). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/269/5223/496"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Whole-genome random sequencing and assembly of Haemophilus influenzae Rd&quot;</font></a>. <i>Science</i> <b>269</b> (5223): 496&ndash;512. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.7542800"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.7542800</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7542800"><font color="#3366bb">7542800</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/269/5223/496"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/269/5223/496</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Whole-genome+random+sequencing+and+assembly+of+Haemophilus+influenzae+Rd&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Fleischmann+R%2C+Adams+M%2C+White+O%2C+Clayton+R%2C+Kirkness+E%2C+Kerlavage+A%2C+Bult+C%2C+Tomb+J%2C+Dougherty+B%2C+Merrick+J&amp;rft.au=Fleischmann+R%2C+Adams+M%2C+White+O%2C+Clayton+R%2C+Kirkness+E%2C+Kerlavage+A%2C+Bult+C%2C+Tomb+J%2C+Dougherty+B%2C+Merrick+J&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.volume=269&amp;rft.issue=5223&amp;rft.pages=496%E2%80%93512&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.7542800&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/7542800&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F269%2F5223%2F496&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> </ol> </div> <h2>&nbsp;<span id="External_links" class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.who.int/immunization/topics/hib/en/index.html"><font color="#3366bb">Hib information</font></a> on the <a title="World Health Organization" href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization"><font color="#0645ad">World Health Organization</font></a> (WHO) site.</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/haeminfluserob_t.htm"><font color="#3366bb">Fact sheet</font></a> on the <a title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention" href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention"><font color="#0645ad">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</font></a> (CDC) site.</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.hibaction.org"><font color="#3366bb">Hib Initiative</font></a> - from <a title="Johns Hopkins University" href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University"><font color="#0645ad">Johns Hopkins University</font></a>, <a title="London School of Hygiene &amp; Tropical Medicine" href="/wiki/London_School_of_Hygiene_%26_Tropical_Medicine"><font color="#0645ad">London School of Hygiene &amp; Tropical Medicine</font></a>, <a title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention" href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention"><font color="#0645ad">CDC</font></a> &amp; <a title="World Health Organization" href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization"><font color="#0645ad">WHO</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.worldpneumoniaday.org"><font color="#3366bb">November 2nd: World Pneumonia Day Website</font></a></li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> a2a6eaa3b25050093f91b299749df635557b7392 0 1941 3244 2010-11-14T05:50:44Z WikiSysop 1 Created page with "<p><span style="color: #000000">In </span><span style="color: #000000">taxonomy</span><span style="color: #000000">, <i><b>Methanocaldococcus</b></i> is a </span><span style="col..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="color: #000000">In </span><span style="color: #000000">taxonomy</span><span style="color: #000000">, <i><b>Methanocaldococcus</b></i> is a </span><span style="color: #000000">genus</span><span style="color: #000000"> of the </span><span style="color: #000000">Methanocaldococcaceae</span><span style="color: #000000">.</span><sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><span style="color: #000000"><font size="2">[1]</font></span></sup></p> <p><span style="color: #000000"><i><b>Methanocaldococcus</b></i> formerly known as <i><b>Methanococcus</b></i> is a genus of </span><span style="color: #000000">coccoid</span><span style="color: #000000">methanogens</span><span style="color: #000000">. They are all </span><span style="color: #000000">mesophiles</span><span style="color: #000000">, except the </span><span style="color: #000000">thermophilic</span><span style="color: #000000"> <i>M. thermolithotrophicus</i> and the </span><span style="color: #000000">hyperthermophilic</span><span style="color: #000000"> <i>M. jannaschii</i>. The latter was discovered at the base of a &ldquo;white smoker&rdquo; chimney at 21&deg;</span><span style="color: #000000">N</span><span style="color: #000000"> on the </span><span style="color: #000000">East Pacific Rise</span><span style="color: #000000"><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[2]</font></sup> and it was the first </span><span style="color: #000000">archaean</span><span style="color: #000000">genome</span><span style="color: #000000"> to be completely sequenced, revealing many novel and </span><span style="color: #000000">eukaryote</span><span style="color: #000000">-like elements.</span><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><span style="color: #000000"><font size="2">[3]</font></span></sup></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="References" class="mw-headline">References</span></span></h2> <div style="column-count: 1; -moz-column-count: 1; -webkit-column-count: 1" class="references-small"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-0"><span style="color: #000000"><b>^</b></span><span style="color: #000000"> See the </span><span style="color: #000000">NCBI</span><span style="color: #000000">webpage on Methanocaldococcus</span><span style="color: #000000">. Data extracted from the </span><span class="citation web"><span style="color: #000000">&quot;NCBI taxonomy resources&quot;</span><span style="color: #000000">. </span><span style="color: #000000">National Center for Biotechnology Information</span><span style="color: #000000"><span class="printonly">. </span></span><span class="printonly"><span style="color: #000000">ftp://ftp.ncbi.nih.gov/pub/taxonomy/</span></span></span><span style="color: #000000"><span class="citation web"><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-03-19</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=NCBI+taxonomy+resources&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BNational+Center+for+Biotechnology+Information%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=ftp%3A%2F%2Fftp.ncbi.nih.gov%2Fpub%2Ftaxonomy%2F&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Methanocaldococcus"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-1"><span style="color: #000000"><b>^</b></span><span style="color: #000000"> <span class="citation Journal">W.J. Jones, <i>et al.</i> (December 1983). &quot;<i>Methanococcus jannaschii</i> sp. nov., an extremely thermophilic methanogen from a submarine hydrothermal vent&quot;. <i>Arch. Microbiol.</i> <b>136</b> (4): 254&ndash;261. </span></span><span class="citation Journal"><span style="color: #000000">doi</span><span style="color: #000000">:</span><span style="color: #000000">10.1007/BF00425213</span></span><span style="color: #000000"><span class="citation Journal">.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=%27%27Methanococcus+jannaschii%27%27+sp.+nov.%2C+an+extremely+thermophilic+methanogen+from+a+submarine+hydrothermal+vent&amp;rft.jtitle=Arch.+Microbiol.&amp;rft.aulast=W.J.+Jones%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=W.J.+Jones%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=December+1983&amp;rft.volume=136&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=254%E2%80%93261&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2FBF00425213&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Methanocaldococcus"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span style="color: #000000"><b>^</b></span><span style="color: #000000"> <span class="citation Journal">C.J. Bult, <i>et al.</i> (August 1996). &quot;Complete genome sequence of the methanogenic archaeon, <i>Methanococcus jannaschii</i>&quot;. </span></span><span class="citation Journal"><i><span style="color: #000000">Science</span></i><span style="color: #000000"> <b>273</b> (5278): 1058&ndash;1073. </span><span style="color: #000000">doi</span><span style="color: #000000">:</span><span style="color: #000000">10.1126/science.273.5278.1058</span></span><span style="color: #000000"><span class="citation Journal">.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+the+methanogenic+archaeon%2C+%27%27Methanococcus+jannaschii%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BScience+%28journal%29%7CScience%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=C.J.+Bult%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=C.J.+Bult%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=August+1996&amp;rft.volume=273&amp;rft.issue=5278&amp;rft.pages=1058%E2%80%931073&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.273.5278.1058&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Methanocaldococcus"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> </ol> </div> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Further_reading" class="mw-headline">Further reading</span></span></h2> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Scientific_journals" class="mw-headline">Scientific journals</span></span></h3> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Scientific_books" class="mw-headline">Scientific books</span></span></h3> <ul> <li><span style="color: #000000"><span class="citation book">Whitman, WB (2001). &quot;Genus I. Methanocaldococcus gen. nov.&quot;. In DR Boone and RW Castenholz, eds.. <i>Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology Volume 1: The Archaea and the deeply branching and phototrophic Bacteria</i> (2nd ed.). New York: Springer Verlag. </span></span><span class="citation book"><span style="color: #000000">ISBN</span><span style="color: #000000">&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #000000">978-0387987712</span></span><span style="color: #000000"><span class="citation book">.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Genus+I.+Methanocaldococcus+gen.+nov.&amp;rft.atitle=Bergey%27s+Manual+of+Systematic+Bacteriology+Volume+1%3A+The+Archaea+and+the+deeply+branching+and+phototrophic+Bacteria&amp;rft.aulast=Whitman&amp;rft.aufirst=WB&amp;rft.au=Whitman%2C%26%2332%3BWB&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.edition=2nd&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Springer+Verlag&amp;rft.isbn=978-0387987712&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Methanocaldococcus"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> </ul> <ul> <li><span style="color: #000000"><span class="citation book">Whitman WB, Boone DR, Koga Y (2001). &quot;Family II. Methanocaldococcaceae fam. nov.&quot;. In DR Boone and RW Castenholz, eds.. <i>Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology Volume 1: The Archaea and the deeply branching and phototrophic Bacteria</i> (2nd ed.). New York: Springer Verlag. </span></span><span class="citation book"><span style="color: #000000">ISBN</span><span style="color: #000000">&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #000000">978-0387987712</span></span><span style="color: #000000"><span class="citation book">.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Family+II.+Methanocaldococcaceae+fam.+nov.&amp;rft.atitle=Bergey%27s+Manual+of+Systematic+Bacteriology+Volume+1%3A+The+Archaea+and+the+deeply+branching+and+phototrophic+Bacteria&amp;rft.aulast=Whitman+WB%2C+Boone+DR%2C+Koga+Y&amp;rft.au=Whitman+WB%2C+Boone+DR%2C+Koga+Y&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.edition=2nd&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Springer+Verlag&amp;rft.isbn=978-0387987712&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Methanocaldococcus"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> </ul> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Scientific_databases" class="mw-headline">Scientific databases</span></span></h3> <ul> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&amp;term=Methanocaldococcus"><font color="#3366bb">PubMed references for Methanocaldococcus</font></a></span></li> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pmc&amp;term=Methanocaldococcus"><font color="#3366bb">PubMed Central references for Methanocaldococcus</font></a></span></li> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Methanocaldococcus"><font color="#3366bb">Google Scholar references for Methanocaldococcus</font></a></span></li> </ul> <h2><span id="External_links" class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&amp;id=196118"><font color="#3366bb">NCBI taxonomy page for Methanocaldococcus</font></a></span></li> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://tolweb.org/tree/home.pages/searchTOL?taxon=Methanocaldococcus&amp;Submit2=Find"><font color="#3366bb">Search Tree of Life taxonomy pages for Methanocaldococcus</font></a></span></li> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2006/search_results.php?search_string=Methanocaldococcus&amp;match_whole_words=on"><font color="#3366bb">Search Species2000 page for Methanocaldococcus</font></a></span></li> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Special:Search?search=Methanocaldococcus&amp;go=Go"><font color="#3366bb">MicrobeWiki page for Methanocaldococcus</font></a></span></li> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.bacterio.cict.fr/m/methanocaldococcus.html"><font color="#3366bb">LSPN page for Methanocaldococcus</font></a></span></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://archaea.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgGateway?db=methJann1"><font color="#3366bb">Information on type species 'Methanocaldococcus jannaschii'</font></a></li> </ul> <p> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 2px; padding-right: 2px; padding-top: 2px"> <table style="width: 100%; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%" id="collapsibleTable0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" cellspacing="0"> <tbody> <tr> <th class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><span class="collapseButton">[<a id="collapseButton0" href="#"><font color="#0645ad">hide</font></a>]</span> <div style="text-align: left; width: 6em; float: left"> <div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; font-size: xx-small; border-top: medium none; font-weight: normal; border-right: medium none; padding-top: 0px" class="noprint plainlinks navbar"><a title="Template:Extremophile" href="/wiki/Template:Extremophile"><span style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; border-right: medium none" title="View this template"><font color="#0645ad">v</font></span></a>&nbsp;<font size="1"><span style="font-size: 80%">&bull;</span>&nbsp;</font><a title="Template talk:Extremophile" href="/wiki/Template_talk:Extremophile"><span style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; border-right: medium none" title="Discuss this template"><font color="#0645ad">d</font></span></a>&nbsp;<font size="1"><span style="font-size: 80%">&bull;</span>&nbsp;</font><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Extremophile&amp;action=edit"><span style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; border-right: medium none" title="Edit this template"><font color="#3366bb">e</font></span></a></div> </div> <span style="font-size: 110%"><a title="Extremophile" href="/wiki/Extremophile"><font color="#0645ad" size="3">Extremophiles</font></a></span></th> </tr> <tr style="height: 2px"> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center" class="navbox-group">Types</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-left: 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; width: 100%; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-top: 0em"> <div> <p><a title="Acidophile (organisms)" href="/wiki/Acidophile_(organisms)"><font color="#0645ad">Acidophile</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Alkaliphile" href="/wiki/Alkaliphile"><font color="#0645ad">Alkaliphile</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Capnophile" href="/wiki/Capnophile"><font color="#0645ad">Capnophile</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Endolith" href="/wiki/Endolith"><font color="#0645ad">Endolith</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Halophile" href="/wiki/Halophile"><font color="#0645ad">Halophile</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Hypolith" href="/wiki/Hypolith"><font color="#0645ad">Hypolith</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Lipophilic bacteria" href="/wiki/Lipophilic_bacteria"><font color="#0645ad">Lipophile</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Lithoautotroph" href="/wiki/Lithoautotroph"><font color="#0645ad">Lithoautotroph</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Lithophile" href="/wiki/Lithophile"><font color="#0645ad">Lithophile</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Methanogen" href="/wiki/Methanogen"><font color="#0645ad">Methanogen</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Metalotolerant" href="/wiki/Metalotolerant"><font color="#0645ad">Metalotolerant</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Oligotroph" href="/wiki/Oligotroph"><font color="#0645ad">Oligotroph</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Osmophile" href="/wiki/Osmophile"><font color="#0645ad">Osmophile</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Piezophile" href="/wiki/Piezophile"><font color="#0645ad">Piezophile</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Polyextremophile" href="/wiki/Polyextremophile"><font color="#0645ad">Polyextremophile</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Psychrophile" href="/wiki/Psychrophile"><font color="#0645ad">Psychrophile</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Radioresistance" href="/wiki/Radioresistance"><font color="#0645ad">Radioresistant</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Thermophile" href="/wiki/Thermophile"><font color="#0645ad">Thermophile</font></a>/<a title="Hyperthermophile" href="/wiki/Hyperthermophile"><font color="#0645ad">Hyperthermophile</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Thermoacidophile" href="/wiki/Thermoacidophile"><font color="#0645ad">Thermoacidophile</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Xerophile" href="/wiki/Xerophile"><font color="#0645ad">Xerophile</font></a></p> </div> </div> </td> <td style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 2px; width: 0%; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" rowspan="5"><a class="image" title="Deinococcus radiodurans" href="/wiki/File:Deinococcus_radiodurans.jpg"><font color="#0645ad"><img alt="Deinococcus radiodurans" width="150" height="173" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Deinococcus_radiodurans.jpg/150px-Deinococcus_radiodurans.jpg" /></font></a> <div style="line-height: 1.2em; font-size: 85%; padding-top: 0.3em">The <a title="Radioresistance" href="/wiki/Radioresistance"><font color="#0645ad">radioresistant</font></a> bacterium <i><a title="Deinococcus radiodurans" href="/wiki/Deinococcus_radiodurans"><font color="#0645ad">Deinococcus radiodurans</font></a></i></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 2px"> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center" class="navbox-group"><span style="line-height: 1.2em">Notable<br /> extremophiles</span></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-left: 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; width: 100%; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-top: 0em">&nbsp;</div> <table style="width: 100%" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" cellspacing="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 0em; padding-right: 0em" class="navbox-group"> <div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.75em; padding-right: 0.75em; padding-top: 0em"><a title="Bacteria" href="/wiki/Bacteria"><font color="#0645ad">Bacteria</font></a></div> </td> <td style="text-align: left; border-left: 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; width: 100%; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-top: 0em"> <div> <p><i><a title="Chloroflexus aurantiacus" href="/wiki/Chloroflexus_aurantiacus"><font color="#0645ad">Chloroflexus aurantiacus</font></a></i><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <i><a title="Deinococcus radiodurans" href="/wiki/Deinococcus_radiodurans"><font color="#0645ad">Deinococcus radiodurans</font></a></i><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Deinococcus-Thermus" href="/wiki/Deinococcus-Thermus"><font color="#0645ad">Deinococcus-Thermus</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Snottite" href="/wiki/Snottite"><font color="#0645ad">Snottite</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <i><a title="Thermus aquaticus" href="/wiki/Thermus_aquaticus"><font color="#0645ad">Thermus aquaticus</font></a></i><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <i><a title="Thermus thermophilus" href="/wiki/Thermus_thermophilus"><font color="#0645ad">Thermus thermophilus</font></a></i><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <i><a title="Spirochaeta americana" href="/wiki/Spirochaeta_americana"><font color="#0645ad">Spirochaeta americana</font></a></i></p> </div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 2px"> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 0em; padding-right: 0em" class="navbox-group"> <div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.75em; padding-right: 0.75em; padding-top: 0em"><a title="Archaea" href="/wiki/Archaea"><font color="#0645ad">Archaea</font></a></div> </td> <td style="text-align: left; border-left: 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; width: 100%; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-top: 0em"> <div> <p><i><a title="Pyrococcus furiosus" href="/wiki/Pyrococcus_furiosus"><font color="#0645ad">Pyrococcus furiosus</font></a></i><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Strain 121" href="/wiki/Strain_121"><font color="#0645ad">Strain 121</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <i><a title="Pyrolobus fumarii" href="/wiki/Pyrolobus_fumarii"><font color="#0645ad">Pyrolobus fumarii</font></a></i></p> </div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 2px"> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 0em; padding-right: 0em" class="navbox-group"> <div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.75em; padding-right: 0.75em; padding-top: 0em"><a title="Animal" href="/wiki/Animal"><font color="#0645ad">Animalia</font></a></div> </td> <td style="text-align: left; border-left: 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; width: 100%; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-top: 0em"> <div> <p><i><a title="Paralvinella sulfincola" href="/wiki/Paralvinella_sulfincola"><font color="#0645ad">Paralvinella sulfincola</font></a></i><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Pompeii worm" href="/wiki/Pompeii_worm"><font color="#0645ad">Pompeii worm</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <i><a class="mw-redirect" title="Tardigrada" href="/wiki/Tardigrada"><font color="#0645ad">Tardigrada</font></a></i></p> </div> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 2px"> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center" class="navbox-group">Related articles</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-left: 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; width: 100%; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-top: 0em"> <div> <p><a title="Abiogenic petroleum origin" href="/wiki/Abiogenic_petroleum_origin"><font color="#0645ad">Abiogenic petroleum origin</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Acidithiobacillales" href="/wiki/Acidithiobacillales"><font color="#0645ad">Acidithiobacillales</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Acidobacteria" href="/wiki/Acidobacteria"><font color="#0645ad">Acidobacteria</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Acidophiles in acid mine drainage" href="/wiki/Acidophiles_in_acid_mine_drainage"><font color="#0645ad">Acidophiles in acid mine drainage</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Archaeoglobaceae" href="/wiki/Archaeoglobaceae"><font color="#0645ad">Archaeoglobaceae</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Berkeley Pit" href="/wiki/Berkeley_Pit"><font color="#0645ad">Berkeley Pit</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Blood Falls" href="/wiki/Blood_Falls"><font color="#0645ad">Blood Falls</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Crenarchaeota" href="/wiki/Crenarchaeota"><font color="#0645ad">Crenarchaeota</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Grylloblattidae" href="/wiki/Grylloblattidae"><font color="#0645ad">Grylloblattidae</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Halobacteria" href="/wiki/Halobacteria"><font color="#0645ad">Halobacteria</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <i><a title="Halobacterium" href="/wiki/Halobacterium"><font color="#0645ad">Halobacterium</font></a></i><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <i><a title="Helaeomyia petrolei" href="/wiki/Helaeomyia_petrolei"><font color="#0645ad">Helaeomyia petrolei</font></a></i><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Hydrothermal vent" href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent"><font color="#0645ad">Hydrothermal vent</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <i><a title="Methanopyrus" href="/wiki/Methanopyrus"><font color="#0645ad">Methanopyrus</font></a></i><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Movile Cave" href="/wiki/Movile_Cave"><font color="#0645ad">Movile Cave</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Radioresistance" href="/wiki/Radioresistance"><font color="#0645ad">Radioresistance</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Radiotrophic fungus" href="/wiki/Radiotrophic_fungus"><font color="#0645ad">Radiotrophic fungus</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Rio Tinto (river)" href="/wiki/Rio_Tinto_(river)"><font color="#0645ad">Rio Tinto</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Taq polymerase" href="/wiki/Taq_polymerase"><font color="#0645ad">Taq polymerase</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Thermostability" href="/wiki/Thermostability"><font color="#0645ad">Thermostability</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Thermotogae" href="/wiki/Thermotogae"><font color="#0645ad">Thermotogae</font></a></p> </div> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> 14c3d5a5fe3dcb9af38178ec203108fde960056f 3245 3244 2010-11-14T05:51:18Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="color: #000000">In </span><span style="color: #000000">taxonomy</span><span style="color: #000000">, <i><b>Methanocaldococcus</b></i> is a </span><span style="color: #000000">genus</span><span style="color: #000000"> of the </span><span style="color: #000000">Methanocaldococcaceae</span><span style="color: #000000">.</span><sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><span style="color: #000000"><font size="2">[1]</font></span></sup></p> <p><span style="color: #000000"><i><b>Methanocaldococcus</b></i> formerly known as <i><b>Methanococcus</b></i> is a genus of </span><span style="color: #000000">coccoid</span><span style="color: #000000">methanogens</span><span style="color: #000000">. They are all </span><span style="color: #000000">mesophiles</span><span style="color: #000000">, except the </span><span style="color: #000000">thermophilic</span><span style="color: #000000"> <i>M. thermolithotrophicus</i> and the </span><span style="color: #000000">hyperthermophilic</span><span style="color: #000000"> <i>M. jannaschii</i>. The latter was discovered at the base of a &ldquo;white smoker&rdquo; chimney at 21&deg;</span><span style="color: #000000">N</span><span style="color: #000000"> on the </span><span style="color: #000000">East Pacific Rise</span><span style="color: #000000"><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[2]</font></sup> and it was the first </span><span style="color: #000000">archaean</span><span style="color: #000000">genome</span><span style="color: #000000"> to be completely sequenced, revealing many novel and </span><span style="color: #000000">eukaryote</span><span style="color: #000000">-like elements.</span><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><span style="color: #000000"><font size="2">[3]</font></span></sup></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="References" class="mw-headline">References</span></span></h2> <div style="column-count: 1; -moz-column-count: 1; -webkit-column-count: 1" class="references-small"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-0"><span style="color: #000000"><b>^</b></span><span style="color: #000000"> See the </span><span style="color: #000000">NCBI</span><span style="color: #000000">webpage on Methanocaldococcus</span><span style="color: #000000">. Data extracted from the </span><span class="citation web"><span style="color: #000000">&quot;NCBI taxonomy resources&quot;</span><span style="color: #000000">. </span><span style="color: #000000">National Center for Biotechnology Information</span><span style="color: #000000"><span class="printonly">. </span></span><span class="printonly"><span style="color: #000000">ftp://ftp.ncbi.nih.gov/pub/taxonomy/</span></span></span><span style="color: #000000"><span class="citation web"><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-03-19</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=NCBI+taxonomy+resources&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BNational+Center+for+Biotechnology+Information%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=ftp%3A%2F%2Fftp.ncbi.nih.gov%2Fpub%2Ftaxonomy%2F&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Methanocaldococcus"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-1"><span style="color: #000000"><b>^</b></span><span style="color: #000000"> <span class="citation Journal">W.J. Jones, <i>et al.</i> (December 1983). &quot;<i>Methanococcus jannaschii</i> sp. nov., an extremely thermophilic methanogen from a submarine hydrothermal vent&quot;. <i>Arch. Microbiol.</i> <b>136</b> (4): 254&ndash;261. </span></span><span class="citation Journal"><span style="color: #000000">doi</span><span style="color: #000000">:</span><span style="color: #000000">10.1007/BF00425213</span></span><span style="color: #000000"><span class="citation Journal">.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=%27%27Methanococcus+jannaschii%27%27+sp.+nov.%2C+an+extremely+thermophilic+methanogen+from+a+submarine+hydrothermal+vent&amp;rft.jtitle=Arch.+Microbiol.&amp;rft.aulast=W.J.+Jones%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=W.J.+Jones%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=December+1983&amp;rft.volume=136&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=254%E2%80%93261&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2FBF00425213&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Methanocaldococcus"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span style="color: #000000"><b>^</b></span><span style="color: #000000"> <span class="citation Journal">C.J. Bult, <i>et al.</i> (August 1996). &quot;Complete genome sequence of the methanogenic archaeon, <i>Methanococcus jannaschii</i>&quot;. </span></span><span class="citation Journal"><i><span style="color: #000000">Science</span></i><span style="color: #000000"> <b>273</b> (5278): 1058&ndash;1073. </span><span style="color: #000000">doi</span><span style="color: #000000">:</span><span style="color: #000000">10.1126/science.273.5278.1058</span></span><span style="color: #000000"><span class="citation Journal">.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+the+methanogenic+archaeon%2C+%27%27Methanococcus+jannaschii%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BScience+%28journal%29%7CScience%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=C.J.+Bult%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=C.J.+Bult%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=August+1996&amp;rft.volume=273&amp;rft.issue=5278&amp;rft.pages=1058%E2%80%931073&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.273.5278.1058&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Methanocaldococcus"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> </ol> </div> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Further_reading" class="mw-headline">Further reading</span></span></h2> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Scientific_journals" class="mw-headline">Scientific journals</span></span></h3> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Scientific_books" class="mw-headline">Scientific books</span></span></h3> <ul> <li><span style="color: #000000"><span class="citation book">Whitman, WB (2001). &quot;Genus I. Methanocaldococcus gen. nov.&quot;. In DR Boone and RW Castenholz, eds.. <i>Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology Volume 1: The Archaea and the deeply branching and phototrophic Bacteria</i> (2nd ed.). New York: Springer Verlag. </span></span><span class="citation book"><span style="color: #000000">ISBN</span><span style="color: #000000">&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #000000">978-0387987712</span></span><span style="color: #000000"><span class="citation book">.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Genus+I.+Methanocaldococcus+gen.+nov.&amp;rft.atitle=Bergey%27s+Manual+of+Systematic+Bacteriology+Volume+1%3A+The+Archaea+and+the+deeply+branching+and+phototrophic+Bacteria&amp;rft.aulast=Whitman&amp;rft.aufirst=WB&amp;rft.au=Whitman%2C%26%2332%3BWB&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.edition=2nd&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Springer+Verlag&amp;rft.isbn=978-0387987712&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Methanocaldococcus"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> </ul> <ul> <li><span style="color: #000000"><span class="citation book">Whitman WB, Boone DR, Koga Y (2001). &quot;Family II. Methanocaldococcaceae fam. nov.&quot;. In DR Boone and RW Castenholz, eds.. <i>Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology Volume 1: The Archaea and the deeply branching and phototrophic Bacteria</i> (2nd ed.). New York: Springer Verlag. </span></span><span class="citation book"><span style="color: #000000">ISBN</span><span style="color: #000000">&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #000000">978-0387987712</span></span><span style="color: #000000"><span class="citation book">.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Family+II.+Methanocaldococcaceae+fam.+nov.&amp;rft.atitle=Bergey%27s+Manual+of+Systematic+Bacteriology+Volume+1%3A+The+Archaea+and+the+deeply+branching+and+phototrophic+Bacteria&amp;rft.aulast=Whitman+WB%2C+Boone+DR%2C+Koga+Y&amp;rft.au=Whitman+WB%2C+Boone+DR%2C+Koga+Y&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.edition=2nd&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Springer+Verlag&amp;rft.isbn=978-0387987712&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Methanocaldococcus"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> </ul> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Scientific_databases" class="mw-headline">Scientific databases</span></span></h3> <ul> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&amp;term=Methanocaldococcus"><font color="#3366bb">PubMed references for Methanocaldococcus</font></a></span></li> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pmc&amp;term=Methanocaldococcus"><font color="#3366bb">PubMed Central references for Methanocaldococcus</font></a></span></li> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Methanocaldococcus"><font color="#3366bb">Google Scholar references for Methanocaldococcus</font></a></span></li> </ul> <h2><span id="External_links" class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&amp;id=196118"><font color="#3366bb">NCBI taxonomy page for Methanocaldococcus</font></a></span></li> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://tolweb.org/tree/home.pages/searchTOL?taxon=Methanocaldococcus&amp;Submit2=Find"><font color="#3366bb">Search Tree of Life taxonomy pages for Methanocaldococcus</font></a></span></li> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2006/search_results.php?search_string=Methanocaldococcus&amp;match_whole_words=on"><font color="#3366bb">Search Species2000 page for Methanocaldococcus</font></a></span></li> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Special:Search?search=Methanocaldococcus&amp;go=Go"><font color="#3366bb">MicrobeWiki page for Methanocaldococcus</font></a></span></li> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.bacterio.cict.fr/m/methanocaldococcus.html"><font color="#3366bb">LSPN page for Methanocaldococcus</font></a></span></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://archaea.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgGateway?db=methJann1"><font color="#3366bb">Information on type species 'Methanocaldococcus jannaschii'</font></a></li> </ul> <p> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 2px; padding-right: 2px; padding-top: 2px"> <table style="width: 100%; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%" id="collapsibleTable0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" cellspacing="0"> <tbody> <tr> <th class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><span class="collapseButton">[<a id="collapseButton0" href="#"><font color="#0645ad">hide</font></a>]</span> <div style="text-align: left; width: 6em; float: left"> <div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; font-size: xx-small; border-top: medium none; font-weight: normal; border-right: medium none; padding-top: 0px" class="noprint plainlinks navbar"><a title="Template:Extremophile" href="/wiki/Template:Extremophile"><span style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; border-right: medium none" title="View this template"><font color="#0645ad">v</font></span></a>&nbsp;<font size="1"><span style="font-size: 80%">&bull;</span>&nbsp;</font><a title="Template talk:Extremophile" href="/wiki/Template_talk:Extremophile"><span style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; border-right: medium none" title="Discuss this template"><font color="#0645ad">d</font></span></a>&nbsp;<font size="1"><span style="font-size: 80%">&bull;</span>&nbsp;</font><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Extremophile&amp;action=edit"><span style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; border-right: medium none" title="Edit this template"><font color="#3366bb">e</font></span></a></div> </div> <span style="font-size: 110%"><a title="Extremophile" href="/wiki/Extremophile"><font color="#0645ad" size="3">Extremophiles</font></a></span></th> </tr> <tr style="height: 2px"> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center" class="navbox-group">Types</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-left: 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; width: 100%; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-top: 0em"> <div> <p><a title="Acidophile (organisms)" href="/wiki/Acidophile_(organisms)"><font color="#0645ad">Acidophile</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Alkaliphile" href="/wiki/Alkaliphile"><font color="#0645ad">Alkaliphile</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Capnophile" href="/wiki/Capnophile"><font color="#0645ad">Capnophile</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Endolith" href="/wiki/Endolith"><font color="#0645ad">Endolith</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Halophile" href="/wiki/Halophile"><font color="#0645ad">Halophile</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Hypolith" href="/wiki/Hypolith"><font color="#0645ad">Hypolith</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Lipophilic bacteria" href="/wiki/Lipophilic_bacteria"><font color="#0645ad">Lipophile</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Lithoautotroph" href="/wiki/Lithoautotroph"><font color="#0645ad">Lithoautotroph</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Lithophile" href="/wiki/Lithophile"><font color="#0645ad">Lithophile</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Methanogen" href="/wiki/Methanogen"><font color="#0645ad">Methanogen</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Metalotolerant" href="/wiki/Metalotolerant"><font color="#0645ad">Metalotolerant</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Oligotroph" href="/wiki/Oligotroph"><font color="#0645ad">Oligotroph</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Osmophile" href="/wiki/Osmophile"><font color="#0645ad">Osmophile</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Piezophile" href="/wiki/Piezophile"><font color="#0645ad">Piezophile</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Polyextremophile" href="/wiki/Polyextremophile"><font color="#0645ad">Polyextremophile</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Psychrophile" href="/wiki/Psychrophile"><font color="#0645ad">Psychrophile</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Radioresistance" href="/wiki/Radioresistance"><font color="#0645ad">Radioresistant</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Thermophile" href="/wiki/Thermophile"><font color="#0645ad">Thermophile</font></a>/<a title="Hyperthermophile" href="/wiki/Hyperthermophile"><font color="#0645ad">Hyperthermophile</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Thermoacidophile" href="/wiki/Thermoacidophile"><font color="#0645ad">Thermoacidophile</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Xerophile" href="/wiki/Xerophile"><font color="#0645ad">Xerophile</font></a></p> </div> </div> </td> <td style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 2px; width: 0%; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" rowspan="5"><a class="image" title="Deinococcus radiodurans" href="/wiki/File:Deinococcus_radiodurans.jpg"><font color="#0645ad"><img alt="Deinococcus radiodurans" width="150" height="173" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Deinococcus_radiodurans.jpg/150px-Deinococcus_radiodurans.jpg" /></font></a> <div style="line-height: 1.2em; font-size: 85%; padding-top: 0.3em">The <a title="Radioresistance" href="/wiki/Radioresistance"><font color="#0645ad">radioresistant</font></a> bacterium <i><a title="Deinococcus radiodurans" href="/wiki/Deinococcus_radiodurans"><font color="#0645ad">Deinococcus radiodurans</font></a></i></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 2px"> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center" class="navbox-group"><span style="line-height: 1.2em">Notable<br /> extremophiles</span></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-left: 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; width: 100%; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-top: 0em">&nbsp;</div> <table style="width: 100%" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" cellspacing="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 0em; padding-right: 0em" class="navbox-group"> <div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.75em; padding-right: 0.75em; padding-top: 0em"><a title="Bacteria" href="/wiki/Bacteria"><font color="#0645ad">Bacteria</font></a></div> </td> <td style="text-align: left; border-left: 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; width: 100%; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-top: 0em"> <div> <p><i><a title="Chloroflexus aurantiacus" href="/wiki/Chloroflexus_aurantiacus"><font color="#0645ad">Chloroflexus aurantiacus</font></a></i><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <i><a title="Deinococcus radiodurans" href="/wiki/Deinococcus_radiodurans"><font color="#0645ad">Deinococcus radiodurans</font></a></i><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Deinococcus-Thermus" href="/wiki/Deinococcus-Thermus"><font color="#0645ad">Deinococcus-Thermus</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Snottite" href="/wiki/Snottite"><font color="#0645ad">Snottite</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <i><a title="Thermus aquaticus" href="/wiki/Thermus_aquaticus"><font color="#0645ad">Thermus aquaticus</font></a></i><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <i><a title="Thermus thermophilus" href="/wiki/Thermus_thermophilus"><font color="#0645ad">Thermus thermophilus</font></a></i><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <i><a title="Spirochaeta americana" href="/wiki/Spirochaeta_americana"><font color="#0645ad">Spirochaeta americana</font></a></i></p> </div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 2px"> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 0em; padding-right: 0em" class="navbox-group"> <div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.75em; padding-right: 0.75em; padding-top: 0em"><a title="Archaea" href="/wiki/Archaea"><font color="#0645ad">Archaea</font></a></div> </td> <td style="text-align: left; border-left: 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; width: 100%; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-top: 0em"> <div> <p><i><a title="Pyrococcus furiosus" href="/wiki/Pyrococcus_furiosus"><font color="#0645ad">Pyrococcus furiosus</font></a></i><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Strain 121" href="/wiki/Strain_121"><font color="#0645ad">Strain 121</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <i><a title="Pyrolobus fumarii" href="/wiki/Pyrolobus_fumarii"><font color="#0645ad">Pyrolobus fumarii</font></a></i></p> </div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 2px"> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 0em; padding-right: 0em" class="navbox-group"> <div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.75em; padding-right: 0.75em; padding-top: 0em"><a title="Animal" href="/wiki/Animal"><font color="#0645ad">Animalia</font></a></div> </td> <td style="text-align: left; border-left: 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; width: 100%; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-top: 0em"> <div> <p><i><a title="Paralvinella sulfincola" href="/wiki/Paralvinella_sulfincola"><font color="#0645ad">Paralvinella sulfincola</font></a></i><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Pompeii worm" href="/wiki/Pompeii_worm"><font color="#0645ad">Pompeii worm</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <i><a class="mw-redirect" title="Tardigrada" href="/wiki/Tardigrada"><font color="#0645ad">Tardigrada</font></a></i></p> </div> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 2px"> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center" class="navbox-group">Related articles</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-left: 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; width: 100%; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-top: 0em"> <div> <p><a title="Abiogenic petroleum origin" href="/wiki/Abiogenic_petroleum_origin"><font color="#0645ad">Abiogenic petroleum origin</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Acidithiobacillales" href="/wiki/Acidithiobacillales"><font color="#0645ad">Acidithiobacillales</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Acidobacteria" href="/wiki/Acidobacteria"><font color="#0645ad">Acidobacteria</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Acidophiles in acid mine drainage" href="/wiki/Acidophiles_in_acid_mine_drainage"><font color="#0645ad">Acidophiles in acid mine drainage</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Archaeoglobaceae" href="/wiki/Archaeoglobaceae"><font color="#0645ad">Archaeoglobaceae</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Berkeley Pit" href="/wiki/Berkeley_Pit"><font color="#0645ad">Berkeley Pit</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Blood Falls" href="/wiki/Blood_Falls"><font color="#0645ad">Blood Falls</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Crenarchaeota" href="/wiki/Crenarchaeota"><font color="#0645ad">Crenarchaeota</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Grylloblattidae" href="/wiki/Grylloblattidae"><font color="#0645ad">Grylloblattidae</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Halobacteria" href="/wiki/Halobacteria"><font color="#0645ad">Halobacteria</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <i><a title="Halobacterium" href="/wiki/Halobacterium"><font color="#0645ad">Halobacterium</font></a></i><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <i><a title="Helaeomyia petrolei" href="/wiki/Helaeomyia_petrolei"><font color="#0645ad">Helaeomyia petrolei</font></a></i><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Hydrothermal vent" href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent"><font color="#0645ad">Hydrothermal vent</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <i><a title="Methanopyrus" href="/wiki/Methanopyrus"><font color="#0645ad">Methanopyrus</font></a></i><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Movile Cave" href="/wiki/Movile_Cave"><font color="#0645ad">Movile Cave</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Radioresistance" href="/wiki/Radioresistance"><font color="#0645ad">Radioresistance</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Radiotrophic fungus" href="/wiki/Radiotrophic_fungus"><font color="#0645ad">Radiotrophic fungus</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Rio Tinto (river)" href="/wiki/Rio_Tinto_(river)"><font color="#0645ad">Rio Tinto</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Taq polymerase" href="/wiki/Taq_polymerase"><font color="#0645ad">Taq polymerase</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Thermostability" href="/wiki/Thermostability"><font color="#0645ad">Thermostability</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Thermotogae" href="/wiki/Thermotogae"><font color="#0645ad">Thermotogae</font></a></p> </div> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>[[Microbial genomics]]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 8f39692a70abc2da4bac79c20d83edd9a93944b3 3248 3245 2010-11-14T05:53:54Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="color: #000000">In </span><span style="color: #000000">taxonomy</span><span style="color: #000000">, <i><b>Methanocaldococcus</b></i> is a </span><span style="color: #000000">genus</span><span style="color: #000000"> of the </span><span style="color: #000000">Methanocaldococcaceae</span><span style="color: #000000">.</span><sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><span style="color: #000000"><font size="2">[1]</font></span></sup></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000"><b>Methanocaldococcus</b> formerly known as <b>Methanococcus</b> is a genus of </span><span style="color: #000000">coccoid</span><span style="color: #000000">methanogens</span><span style="color: #000000">. They are all </span><span style="color: #000000">mesophiles</span><span style="color: #000000">, except the </span><span style="color: #000000">thermophilic</span><span style="color: #000000"> <i>M. </i>thermolithotrophicus and the </span><span style="color: #000000">hyperthermophilic</span><span style="color: #000000"> <b>M. jannaschii</b>. </span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">The latter was discovered at the base of a &ldquo;white smoker&rdquo; chimney at 21&deg;</span><span style="color: #000000">N</span><span style="color: #000000"> on the </span><span style="color: #000000">East Pacific Rise</span><span style="color: #000000"><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference">[2]</sup> and it was the first </span><span style="color: #000000">archaean</span><span style="color: #000000">genome</span><span style="color: #000000"> to be completely sequenced, revealing many novel and </span><span style="color: #000000">eukaryote</span><span style="color: #000000">-like elements.</span><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><span style="color: #000000">[3]</span></sup></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000"><span class="mw-headline">M. jannaschii is the first archae bacterium to be sequenced by Craig Venter's group.</span></span></span></p> <p><b><span style="font-size: large"><span style="color: #000000"><span id="References" class="mw-headline">References</span></span></span></b></p> <div style="column-count: 1; -moz-column-count: 1; -webkit-column-count: 1" class="references-small"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-0"><span style="color: #000000"><b>^</b></span><span style="color: #000000"> See the </span><span style="color: #000000">NCBI</span><span style="color: #000000">webpage on Methanocaldococcus</span><span style="color: #000000">. Data extracted from the </span><span class="citation web"><span style="color: #000000">&quot;NCBI taxonomy resources&quot;</span><span style="color: #000000">. </span><span style="color: #000000">National Center for Biotechnology Information</span><span style="color: #000000"><span class="printonly">. </span></span><span class="printonly"><span style="color: #000000">ftp://ftp.ncbi.nih.gov/pub/taxonomy/</span></span></span><span style="color: #000000"><span class="citation web"><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-03-19</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=NCBI+taxonomy+resources&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BNational+Center+for+Biotechnology+Information%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=ftp%3A%2F%2Fftp.ncbi.nih.gov%2Fpub%2Ftaxonomy%2F&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Methanocaldococcus"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-1"><span style="color: #000000"><b>^</b></span><span style="color: #000000"> <span class="citation Journal">W.J. Jones, <i>et al.</i> (December 1983). &quot;<i>Methanococcus jannaschii</i> sp. nov., an extremely thermophilic methanogen from a submarine hydrothermal vent&quot;. <i>Arch. Microbiol.</i> <b>136</b> (4): 254&ndash;261. </span></span><span class="citation Journal"><span style="color: #000000">doi</span><span style="color: #000000">:</span><span style="color: #000000">10.1007/BF00425213</span></span><span style="color: #000000"><span class="citation Journal">.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=%27%27Methanococcus+jannaschii%27%27+sp.+nov.%2C+an+extremely+thermophilic+methanogen+from+a+submarine+hydrothermal+vent&amp;rft.jtitle=Arch.+Microbiol.&amp;rft.aulast=W.J.+Jones%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=W.J.+Jones%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=December+1983&amp;rft.volume=136&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=254%E2%80%93261&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2FBF00425213&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Methanocaldococcus"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span style="color: #000000"><b>^</b></span><span style="color: #000000"> <span class="citation Journal">C.J. Bult, <i>et al.</i> (August 1996). &quot;Complete genome sequence of the methanogenic archaeon, <i>Methanococcus jannaschii</i>&quot;. </span></span><span class="citation Journal"><i><span style="color: #000000">Science</span></i><span style="color: #000000"> <b>273</b> (5278): 1058&ndash;1073. </span><span style="color: #000000">doi</span><span style="color: #000000">:</span><span style="color: #000000">10.1126/science.273.5278.1058</span></span><span style="color: #000000"><span class="citation Journal">.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+the+methanogenic+archaeon%2C+%27%27Methanococcus+jannaschii%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BScience+%28journal%29%7CScience%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=C.J.+Bult%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=C.J.+Bult%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=August+1996&amp;rft.volume=273&amp;rft.issue=5278&amp;rft.pages=1058%E2%80%931073&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.273.5278.1058&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Methanocaldococcus"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> </ol> </div> <p><b><span style="font-size: large"><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Further_reading" class="mw-headline">Further reading</span></span></span></b></p> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Scientific_journals" class="mw-headline">Scientific journals</span></span></h3> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Scientific_books" class="mw-headline">Scientific books</span></span></h3> <ul> <li><span style="color: #000000"><span class="citation book">Whitman, WB (2001). &quot;Genus I. Methanocaldococcus gen. nov.&quot;. In DR Boone and RW Castenholz, eds.. <i>Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology Volume 1: The Archaea and the deeply branching and phototrophic Bacteria</i> (2nd ed.). New York: Springer Verlag. </span></span><span class="citation book"><span style="color: #000000">ISBN</span><span style="color: #000000">&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #000000">978-0387987712</span></span><span style="color: #000000"><span class="citation book">.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Genus+I.+Methanocaldococcus+gen.+nov.&amp;rft.atitle=Bergey%27s+Manual+of+Systematic+Bacteriology+Volume+1%3A+The+Archaea+and+the+deeply+branching+and+phototrophic+Bacteria&amp;rft.aulast=Whitman&amp;rft.aufirst=WB&amp;rft.au=Whitman%2C%26%2332%3BWB&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.edition=2nd&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Springer+Verlag&amp;rft.isbn=978-0387987712&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Methanocaldococcus"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> </ul> <ul> <li><span style="color: #000000"><span class="citation book">Whitman WB, Boone DR, Koga Y (2001). &quot;Family II. Methanocaldococcaceae fam. nov.&quot;. In DR Boone and RW Castenholz, eds.. <i>Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology Volume 1: The Archaea and the deeply branching and phototrophic Bacteria</i> (2nd ed.). New York: Springer Verlag. </span></span><span class="citation book"><span style="color: #000000">ISBN</span><span style="color: #000000">&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #000000">978-0387987712</span></span><span style="color: #000000"><span class="citation book">.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Family+II.+Methanocaldococcaceae+fam.+nov.&amp;rft.atitle=Bergey%27s+Manual+of+Systematic+Bacteriology+Volume+1%3A+The+Archaea+and+the+deeply+branching+and+phototrophic+Bacteria&amp;rft.aulast=Whitman+WB%2C+Boone+DR%2C+Koga+Y&amp;rft.au=Whitman+WB%2C+Boone+DR%2C+Koga+Y&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.edition=2nd&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Springer+Verlag&amp;rft.isbn=978-0387987712&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Methanocaldococcus"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> </ul> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Scientific_databases" class="mw-headline">Scientific databases</span></span></h3> <ul> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&amp;term=Methanocaldococcus"><font color="#3366bb">PubMed references for Methanocaldococcus</font></a></span></li> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pmc&amp;term=Methanocaldococcus"><font color="#3366bb">PubMed Central references for Methanocaldococcus</font></a></span></li> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Methanocaldococcus"><font color="#3366bb">Google Scholar references for Methanocaldococcus</font></a></span></li> </ul> <h2><span id="External_links" class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&amp;id=196118"><font color="#3366bb">NCBI taxonomy page for Methanocaldococcus</font></a></span></li> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://tolweb.org/tree/home.pages/searchTOL?taxon=Methanocaldococcus&amp;Submit2=Find"><font color="#3366bb">Search Tree of Life taxonomy pages for Methanocaldococcus</font></a></span></li> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2006/search_results.php?search_string=Methanocaldococcus&amp;match_whole_words=on"><font color="#3366bb">Search Species2000 page for Methanocaldococcus</font></a></span></li> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Special:Search?search=Methanocaldococcus&amp;go=Go"><font color="#3366bb">MicrobeWiki page for Methanocaldococcus</font></a></span></li> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.bacterio.cict.fr/m/methanocaldococcus.html"><font color="#3366bb">LSPN page for Methanocaldococcus</font></a></span></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://archaea.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgGateway?db=methJann1"><font color="#3366bb">Information on type species 'Methanocaldococcus jannaschii'</font></a></li> </ul> <p> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 2px; padding-right: 2px; padding-top: 2px"> <table style="width: 100%; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%" id="collapsibleTable0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" cellspacing="0"> <tbody> <tr> <th class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><span class="collapseButton">[<a id="collapseButton0" href="#"><font color="#0645ad">hide</font></a>]</span> <div style="text-align: left; width: 6em; float: left"> <div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; font-size: xx-small; border-top: medium none; font-weight: normal; border-right: medium none; padding-top: 0px" class="noprint plainlinks navbar"><a title="Template:Extremophile" href="/wiki/Template:Extremophile"><span style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; border-right: medium none" title="View this template"><font color="#0645ad">v</font></span></a>&nbsp;<font size="1"><span style="font-size: 80%">&bull;</span>&nbsp;</font><a title="Template talk:Extremophile" href="/wiki/Template_talk:Extremophile"><span style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; border-right: medium none" title="Discuss this template"><font color="#0645ad">d</font></span></a>&nbsp;<font size="1"><span style="font-size: 80%">&bull;</span>&nbsp;</font><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Extremophile&amp;action=edit"><span style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; border-right: medium none" title="Edit this template"><font color="#3366bb">e</font></span></a></div> </div> <span style="font-size: 110%"><a title="Extremophile" href="/wiki/Extremophile"><font color="#0645ad" size="3">Extremophiles</font></a></span></th> </tr> <tr style="height: 2px"> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center" class="navbox-group">Types</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-left: 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; width: 100%; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-top: 0em"> <div> <p><a title="Acidophile (organisms)" href="/wiki/Acidophile_(organisms)"><font color="#0645ad">Acidophile</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Alkaliphile" href="/wiki/Alkaliphile"><font color="#0645ad">Alkaliphile</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Capnophile" href="/wiki/Capnophile"><font color="#0645ad">Capnophile</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Endolith" href="/wiki/Endolith"><font color="#0645ad">Endolith</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Halophile" href="/wiki/Halophile"><font color="#0645ad">Halophile</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Hypolith" href="/wiki/Hypolith"><font color="#0645ad">Hypolith</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Lipophilic bacteria" href="/wiki/Lipophilic_bacteria"><font color="#0645ad">Lipophile</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Lithoautotroph" href="/wiki/Lithoautotroph"><font color="#0645ad">Lithoautotroph</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Lithophile" href="/wiki/Lithophile"><font color="#0645ad">Lithophile</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Methanogen" href="/wiki/Methanogen"><font color="#0645ad">Methanogen</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Metalotolerant" href="/wiki/Metalotolerant"><font color="#0645ad">Metalotolerant</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Oligotroph" href="/wiki/Oligotroph"><font color="#0645ad">Oligotroph</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Osmophile" href="/wiki/Osmophile"><font color="#0645ad">Osmophile</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Piezophile" href="/wiki/Piezophile"><font color="#0645ad">Piezophile</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Polyextremophile" href="/wiki/Polyextremophile"><font color="#0645ad">Polyextremophile</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Psychrophile" href="/wiki/Psychrophile"><font color="#0645ad">Psychrophile</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Radioresistance" href="/wiki/Radioresistance"><font color="#0645ad">Radioresistant</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Thermophile" href="/wiki/Thermophile"><font color="#0645ad">Thermophile</font></a>/<a title="Hyperthermophile" href="/wiki/Hyperthermophile"><font color="#0645ad">Hyperthermophile</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Thermoacidophile" href="/wiki/Thermoacidophile"><font color="#0645ad">Thermoacidophile</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Xerophile" href="/wiki/Xerophile"><font color="#0645ad">Xerophile</font></a></p> </div> </div> </td> <td style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 2px; width: 0%; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" rowspan="5"><a class="image" title="Deinococcus radiodurans" href="/wiki/File:Deinococcus_radiodurans.jpg"><font color="#0645ad"><img alt="Deinococcus radiodurans" width="150" height="173" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Deinococcus_radiodurans.jpg/150px-Deinococcus_radiodurans.jpg" /></font></a> <div style="line-height: 1.2em; font-size: 85%; padding-top: 0.3em">The <a title="Radioresistance" href="/wiki/Radioresistance"><font color="#0645ad">radioresistant</font></a> bacterium <i><a title="Deinococcus radiodurans" href="/wiki/Deinococcus_radiodurans"><font color="#0645ad">Deinococcus radiodurans</font></a></i></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 2px"> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center" class="navbox-group"><span style="line-height: 1.2em">Notable<br /> extremophiles</span></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-left: 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; width: 100%; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-top: 0em">&nbsp;</div> <table style="width: 100%" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" cellspacing="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 0em; padding-right: 0em" class="navbox-group"> <div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.75em; padding-right: 0.75em; padding-top: 0em"><a title="Bacteria" href="/wiki/Bacteria"><font color="#0645ad">Bacteria</font></a></div> </td> <td style="text-align: left; border-left: 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; width: 100%; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-top: 0em"> <div> <p><i><a title="Chloroflexus aurantiacus" href="/wiki/Chloroflexus_aurantiacus"><font color="#0645ad">Chloroflexus aurantiacus</font></a></i><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <i><a title="Deinococcus radiodurans" href="/wiki/Deinococcus_radiodurans"><font color="#0645ad">Deinococcus radiodurans</font></a></i><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Deinococcus-Thermus" href="/wiki/Deinococcus-Thermus"><font color="#0645ad">Deinococcus-Thermus</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Snottite" href="/wiki/Snottite"><font color="#0645ad">Snottite</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <i><a title="Thermus aquaticus" href="/wiki/Thermus_aquaticus"><font color="#0645ad">Thermus aquaticus</font></a></i><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <i><a title="Thermus thermophilus" href="/wiki/Thermus_thermophilus"><font color="#0645ad">Thermus thermophilus</font></a></i><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <i><a title="Spirochaeta americana" href="/wiki/Spirochaeta_americana"><font color="#0645ad">Spirochaeta americana</font></a></i></p> </div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 2px"> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 0em; padding-right: 0em" class="navbox-group"> <div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.75em; padding-right: 0.75em; padding-top: 0em"><a title="Archaea" href="/wiki/Archaea"><font color="#0645ad">Archaea</font></a></div> </td> <td style="text-align: left; border-left: 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; width: 100%; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-top: 0em"> <div> <p><i><a title="Pyrococcus furiosus" href="/wiki/Pyrococcus_furiosus"><font color="#0645ad">Pyrococcus furiosus</font></a></i><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Strain 121" href="/wiki/Strain_121"><font color="#0645ad">Strain 121</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <i><a title="Pyrolobus fumarii" href="/wiki/Pyrolobus_fumarii"><font color="#0645ad">Pyrolobus fumarii</font></a></i></p> </div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 2px"> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 0em; padding-right: 0em" class="navbox-group"> <div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.75em; padding-right: 0.75em; padding-top: 0em"><a title="Animal" href="/wiki/Animal"><font color="#0645ad">Animalia</font></a></div> </td> <td style="text-align: left; border-left: 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; width: 100%; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-top: 0em"> <div> <p><i><a title="Paralvinella sulfincola" href="/wiki/Paralvinella_sulfincola"><font color="#0645ad">Paralvinella sulfincola</font></a></i><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Pompeii worm" href="/wiki/Pompeii_worm"><font color="#0645ad">Pompeii worm</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <i><a class="mw-redirect" title="Tardigrada" href="/wiki/Tardigrada"><font color="#0645ad">Tardigrada</font></a></i></p> </div> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 2px"> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center" class="navbox-group">Related articles</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-left: 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; width: 100%; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-top: 0em"> <div> <p><a title="Abiogenic petroleum origin" href="/wiki/Abiogenic_petroleum_origin"><font color="#0645ad">Abiogenic petroleum origin</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Acidithiobacillales" href="/wiki/Acidithiobacillales"><font color="#0645ad">Acidithiobacillales</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Acidobacteria" href="/wiki/Acidobacteria"><font color="#0645ad">Acidobacteria</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Acidophiles in acid mine drainage" href="/wiki/Acidophiles_in_acid_mine_drainage"><font color="#0645ad">Acidophiles in acid mine drainage</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Archaeoglobaceae" href="/wiki/Archaeoglobaceae"><font color="#0645ad">Archaeoglobaceae</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Berkeley Pit" href="/wiki/Berkeley_Pit"><font color="#0645ad">Berkeley Pit</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Blood Falls" href="/wiki/Blood_Falls"><font color="#0645ad">Blood Falls</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Crenarchaeota" href="/wiki/Crenarchaeota"><font color="#0645ad">Crenarchaeota</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Grylloblattidae" href="/wiki/Grylloblattidae"><font color="#0645ad">Grylloblattidae</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Halobacteria" href="/wiki/Halobacteria"><font color="#0645ad">Halobacteria</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <i><a title="Halobacterium" href="/wiki/Halobacterium"><font color="#0645ad">Halobacterium</font></a></i><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <i><a title="Helaeomyia petrolei" href="/wiki/Helaeomyia_petrolei"><font color="#0645ad">Helaeomyia petrolei</font></a></i><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Hydrothermal vent" href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent"><font color="#0645ad">Hydrothermal vent</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <i><a title="Methanopyrus" href="/wiki/Methanopyrus"><font color="#0645ad">Methanopyrus</font></a></i><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Movile Cave" href="/wiki/Movile_Cave"><font color="#0645ad">Movile Cave</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Radioresistance" href="/wiki/Radioresistance"><font color="#0645ad">Radioresistance</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Radiotrophic fungus" href="/wiki/Radiotrophic_fungus"><font color="#0645ad">Radiotrophic fungus</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Rio Tinto (river)" href="/wiki/Rio_Tinto_(river)"><font color="#0645ad">Rio Tinto</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Taq polymerase" href="/wiki/Taq_polymerase"><font color="#0645ad">Taq polymerase</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Thermostability" href="/wiki/Thermostability"><font color="#0645ad">Thermostability</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Thermotogae" href="/wiki/Thermotogae"><font color="#0645ad">Thermotogae</font></a></p> </div> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>[[Microbial genomics]]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 9836f1a2af86453d65f7e3e8a85c460b74090433 3249 3248 2010-11-14T05:54:03Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="color: #000000">In </span><span style="color: #000000">taxonomy</span><span style="color: #000000">, <i><b>Methanocaldococcus</b></i> is a </span><span style="color: #000000">genus</span><span style="color: #000000"> of the </span><span style="color: #000000">Methanocaldococcaceae</span><span style="color: #000000">.</span><sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><span style="color: #000000"><font size="2">[1]</font></span></sup></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000"><b>Methanocaldococcus</b> formerly known as <b>Methanococcus</b> is a genus of </span><span style="color: #000000">coccoid</span><span style="color: #000000">methanogens</span><span style="color: #000000">. They are all </span><span style="color: #000000">mesophiles</span><span style="color: #000000">, except the </span><span style="color: #000000">thermophilic</span><span style="color: #000000"> <i>M. </i>thermolithotrophicus and the </span><span style="color: #000000">hyperthermophilic</span><span style="color: #000000"> <b>M. jannaschii</b>. </span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">The latter was discovered at the base of a &ldquo;white smoker&rdquo; chimney at 21&deg;</span><span style="color: #000000">N</span><span style="color: #000000"> on the </span><span style="color: #000000">East Pacific Rise</span><span style="color: #000000"><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference">[2]</sup> and it was the first </span><span style="color: #000000">archaean</span><span style="color: #000000">genome</span><span style="color: #000000"> to be completely sequenced, revealing many novel and </span><span style="color: #000000">eukaryote</span><span style="color: #000000">-like elements.</span><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><span style="color: #000000">[3]</span></sup></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000"><span class="mw-headline">M. jannaschii is the first archae bacterium to be sequenced by Craig Venter's group.</span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><b><span style="font-size: large"><span style="color: #000000"><span id="References" class="mw-headline">References</span></span></span></b></p> <div style="column-count: 1; -moz-column-count: 1; -webkit-column-count: 1" class="references-small"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-0"><span style="color: #000000"><b>^</b></span><span style="color: #000000"> See the </span><span style="color: #000000">NCBI</span><span style="color: #000000">webpage on Methanocaldococcus</span><span style="color: #000000">. Data extracted from the </span><span class="citation web"><span style="color: #000000">&quot;NCBI taxonomy resources&quot;</span><span style="color: #000000">. </span><span style="color: #000000">National Center for Biotechnology Information</span><span style="color: #000000"><span class="printonly">. </span></span><span class="printonly"><span style="color: #000000">ftp://ftp.ncbi.nih.gov/pub/taxonomy/</span></span></span><span style="color: #000000"><span class="citation web"><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-03-19</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=NCBI+taxonomy+resources&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BNational+Center+for+Biotechnology+Information%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=ftp%3A%2F%2Fftp.ncbi.nih.gov%2Fpub%2Ftaxonomy%2F&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Methanocaldococcus"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-1"><span style="color: #000000"><b>^</b></span><span style="color: #000000"> <span class="citation Journal">W.J. Jones, <i>et al.</i> (December 1983). &quot;<i>Methanococcus jannaschii</i> sp. nov., an extremely thermophilic methanogen from a submarine hydrothermal vent&quot;. <i>Arch. Microbiol.</i> <b>136</b> (4): 254&ndash;261. </span></span><span class="citation Journal"><span style="color: #000000">doi</span><span style="color: #000000">:</span><span style="color: #000000">10.1007/BF00425213</span></span><span style="color: #000000"><span class="citation Journal">.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=%27%27Methanococcus+jannaschii%27%27+sp.+nov.%2C+an+extremely+thermophilic+methanogen+from+a+submarine+hydrothermal+vent&amp;rft.jtitle=Arch.+Microbiol.&amp;rft.aulast=W.J.+Jones%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=W.J.+Jones%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=December+1983&amp;rft.volume=136&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=254%E2%80%93261&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2FBF00425213&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Methanocaldococcus"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span style="color: #000000"><b>^</b></span><span style="color: #000000"> <span class="citation Journal">C.J. Bult, <i>et al.</i> (August 1996). &quot;Complete genome sequence of the methanogenic archaeon, <i>Methanococcus jannaschii</i>&quot;. </span></span><span class="citation Journal"><i><span style="color: #000000">Science</span></i><span style="color: #000000"> <b>273</b> (5278): 1058&ndash;1073. </span><span style="color: #000000">doi</span><span style="color: #000000">:</span><span style="color: #000000">10.1126/science.273.5278.1058</span></span><span style="color: #000000"><span class="citation Journal">.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+the+methanogenic+archaeon%2C+%27%27Methanococcus+jannaschii%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BScience+%28journal%29%7CScience%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=C.J.+Bult%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=C.J.+Bult%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=August+1996&amp;rft.volume=273&amp;rft.issue=5278&amp;rft.pages=1058%E2%80%931073&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.273.5278.1058&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Methanocaldococcus"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> </ol> </div> <p><b><span style="font-size: large"><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Further_reading" class="mw-headline">Further reading</span></span></span></b></p> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Scientific_journals" class="mw-headline">Scientific journals</span></span></h3> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Scientific_books" class="mw-headline">Scientific books</span></span></h3> <ul> <li><span style="color: #000000"><span class="citation book">Whitman, WB (2001). &quot;Genus I. Methanocaldococcus gen. nov.&quot;. In DR Boone and RW Castenholz, eds.. <i>Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology Volume 1: The Archaea and the deeply branching and phototrophic Bacteria</i> (2nd ed.). New York: Springer Verlag. </span></span><span class="citation book"><span style="color: #000000">ISBN</span><span style="color: #000000">&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #000000">978-0387987712</span></span><span style="color: #000000"><span class="citation book">.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Genus+I.+Methanocaldococcus+gen.+nov.&amp;rft.atitle=Bergey%27s+Manual+of+Systematic+Bacteriology+Volume+1%3A+The+Archaea+and+the+deeply+branching+and+phototrophic+Bacteria&amp;rft.aulast=Whitman&amp;rft.aufirst=WB&amp;rft.au=Whitman%2C%26%2332%3BWB&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.edition=2nd&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Springer+Verlag&amp;rft.isbn=978-0387987712&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Methanocaldococcus"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> </ul> <ul> <li><span style="color: #000000"><span class="citation book">Whitman WB, Boone DR, Koga Y (2001). &quot;Family II. Methanocaldococcaceae fam. nov.&quot;. In DR Boone and RW Castenholz, eds.. <i>Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology Volume 1: The Archaea and the deeply branching and phototrophic Bacteria</i> (2nd ed.). New York: Springer Verlag. </span></span><span class="citation book"><span style="color: #000000">ISBN</span><span style="color: #000000">&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #000000">978-0387987712</span></span><span style="color: #000000"><span class="citation book">.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Family+II.+Methanocaldococcaceae+fam.+nov.&amp;rft.atitle=Bergey%27s+Manual+of+Systematic+Bacteriology+Volume+1%3A+The+Archaea+and+the+deeply+branching+and+phototrophic+Bacteria&amp;rft.aulast=Whitman+WB%2C+Boone+DR%2C+Koga+Y&amp;rft.au=Whitman+WB%2C+Boone+DR%2C+Koga+Y&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.edition=2nd&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Springer+Verlag&amp;rft.isbn=978-0387987712&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Methanocaldococcus"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> </ul> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Scientific_databases" class="mw-headline">Scientific databases</span></span></h3> <ul> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&amp;term=Methanocaldococcus"><font color="#3366bb">PubMed references for Methanocaldococcus</font></a></span></li> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pmc&amp;term=Methanocaldococcus"><font color="#3366bb">PubMed Central references for Methanocaldococcus</font></a></span></li> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Methanocaldococcus"><font color="#3366bb">Google Scholar references for Methanocaldococcus</font></a></span></li> </ul> <h2><span id="External_links" class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&amp;id=196118"><font color="#3366bb">NCBI taxonomy page for Methanocaldococcus</font></a></span></li> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://tolweb.org/tree/home.pages/searchTOL?taxon=Methanocaldococcus&amp;Submit2=Find"><font color="#3366bb">Search Tree of Life taxonomy pages for Methanocaldococcus</font></a></span></li> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2006/search_results.php?search_string=Methanocaldococcus&amp;match_whole_words=on"><font color="#3366bb">Search Species2000 page for Methanocaldococcus</font></a></span></li> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Special:Search?search=Methanocaldococcus&amp;go=Go"><font color="#3366bb">MicrobeWiki page for Methanocaldococcus</font></a></span></li> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.bacterio.cict.fr/m/methanocaldococcus.html"><font color="#3366bb">LSPN page for Methanocaldococcus</font></a></span></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://archaea.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgGateway?db=methJann1"><font color="#3366bb">Information on type species 'Methanocaldococcus jannaschii'</font></a></li> </ul> <p> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 2px; padding-right: 2px; padding-top: 2px"> <table style="width: 100%; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%" id="collapsibleTable0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" cellspacing="0"> <tbody> <tr> <th class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><span class="collapseButton">[<a id="collapseButton0" href="#"><font color="#0645ad">hide</font></a>]</span> <div style="text-align: left; width: 6em; float: left"> <div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; font-size: xx-small; border-top: medium none; font-weight: normal; border-right: medium none; padding-top: 0px" class="noprint plainlinks navbar"><a title="Template:Extremophile" href="/wiki/Template:Extremophile"><span style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; border-right: medium none" title="View this template"><font color="#0645ad">v</font></span></a>&nbsp;<font size="1"><span style="font-size: 80%">&bull;</span>&nbsp;</font><a title="Template talk:Extremophile" href="/wiki/Template_talk:Extremophile"><span style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; border-right: medium none" title="Discuss this template"><font color="#0645ad">d</font></span></a>&nbsp;<font size="1"><span style="font-size: 80%">&bull;</span>&nbsp;</font><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Extremophile&amp;action=edit"><span style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; border-right: medium none" title="Edit this template"><font color="#3366bb">e</font></span></a></div> </div> <span style="font-size: 110%"><a title="Extremophile" href="/wiki/Extremophile"><font color="#0645ad" size="3">Extremophiles</font></a></span></th> </tr> <tr style="height: 2px"> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center" class="navbox-group">Types</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-left: 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; width: 100%; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-top: 0em"> <div> <p><a title="Acidophile (organisms)" href="/wiki/Acidophile_(organisms)"><font color="#0645ad">Acidophile</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Alkaliphile" href="/wiki/Alkaliphile"><font color="#0645ad">Alkaliphile</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Capnophile" href="/wiki/Capnophile"><font color="#0645ad">Capnophile</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Endolith" href="/wiki/Endolith"><font color="#0645ad">Endolith</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Halophile" href="/wiki/Halophile"><font color="#0645ad">Halophile</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Hypolith" href="/wiki/Hypolith"><font color="#0645ad">Hypolith</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Lipophilic bacteria" href="/wiki/Lipophilic_bacteria"><font color="#0645ad">Lipophile</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Lithoautotroph" href="/wiki/Lithoautotroph"><font color="#0645ad">Lithoautotroph</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Lithophile" href="/wiki/Lithophile"><font color="#0645ad">Lithophile</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Methanogen" href="/wiki/Methanogen"><font color="#0645ad">Methanogen</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Metalotolerant" href="/wiki/Metalotolerant"><font color="#0645ad">Metalotolerant</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Oligotroph" href="/wiki/Oligotroph"><font color="#0645ad">Oligotroph</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Osmophile" href="/wiki/Osmophile"><font color="#0645ad">Osmophile</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Piezophile" href="/wiki/Piezophile"><font color="#0645ad">Piezophile</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Polyextremophile" href="/wiki/Polyextremophile"><font color="#0645ad">Polyextremophile</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Psychrophile" href="/wiki/Psychrophile"><font color="#0645ad">Psychrophile</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Radioresistance" href="/wiki/Radioresistance"><font color="#0645ad">Radioresistant</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Thermophile" href="/wiki/Thermophile"><font color="#0645ad">Thermophile</font></a>/<a title="Hyperthermophile" href="/wiki/Hyperthermophile"><font color="#0645ad">Hyperthermophile</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Thermoacidophile" href="/wiki/Thermoacidophile"><font color="#0645ad">Thermoacidophile</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Xerophile" href="/wiki/Xerophile"><font color="#0645ad">Xerophile</font></a></p> </div> </div> </td> <td style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 2px; width: 0%; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" rowspan="5"><a class="image" title="Deinococcus radiodurans" href="/wiki/File:Deinococcus_radiodurans.jpg"><font color="#0645ad"><img alt="Deinococcus radiodurans" width="150" height="173" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Deinococcus_radiodurans.jpg/150px-Deinococcus_radiodurans.jpg" /></font></a> <div style="line-height: 1.2em; font-size: 85%; padding-top: 0.3em">The <a title="Radioresistance" href="/wiki/Radioresistance"><font color="#0645ad">radioresistant</font></a> bacterium <i><a title="Deinococcus radiodurans" href="/wiki/Deinococcus_radiodurans"><font color="#0645ad">Deinococcus radiodurans</font></a></i></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 2px"> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center" class="navbox-group"><span style="line-height: 1.2em">Notable<br /> extremophiles</span></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-left: 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; width: 100%; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-top: 0em">&nbsp;</div> <table style="width: 100%" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" cellspacing="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 0em; padding-right: 0em" class="navbox-group"> <div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.75em; padding-right: 0.75em; padding-top: 0em"><a title="Bacteria" href="/wiki/Bacteria"><font color="#0645ad">Bacteria</font></a></div> </td> <td style="text-align: left; border-left: 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; width: 100%; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-top: 0em"> <div> <p><i><a title="Chloroflexus aurantiacus" href="/wiki/Chloroflexus_aurantiacus"><font color="#0645ad">Chloroflexus aurantiacus</font></a></i><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <i><a title="Deinococcus radiodurans" href="/wiki/Deinococcus_radiodurans"><font color="#0645ad">Deinococcus radiodurans</font></a></i><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Deinococcus-Thermus" href="/wiki/Deinococcus-Thermus"><font color="#0645ad">Deinococcus-Thermus</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Snottite" href="/wiki/Snottite"><font color="#0645ad">Snottite</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <i><a title="Thermus aquaticus" href="/wiki/Thermus_aquaticus"><font color="#0645ad">Thermus aquaticus</font></a></i><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <i><a title="Thermus thermophilus" href="/wiki/Thermus_thermophilus"><font color="#0645ad">Thermus thermophilus</font></a></i><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <i><a title="Spirochaeta americana" href="/wiki/Spirochaeta_americana"><font color="#0645ad">Spirochaeta americana</font></a></i></p> </div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 2px"> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 0em; padding-right: 0em" class="navbox-group"> <div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.75em; padding-right: 0.75em; padding-top: 0em"><a title="Archaea" href="/wiki/Archaea"><font color="#0645ad">Archaea</font></a></div> </td> <td style="text-align: left; border-left: 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; width: 100%; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-top: 0em"> <div> <p><i><a title="Pyrococcus furiosus" href="/wiki/Pyrococcus_furiosus"><font color="#0645ad">Pyrococcus furiosus</font></a></i><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Strain 121" href="/wiki/Strain_121"><font color="#0645ad">Strain 121</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <i><a title="Pyrolobus fumarii" href="/wiki/Pyrolobus_fumarii"><font color="#0645ad">Pyrolobus fumarii</font></a></i></p> </div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 2px"> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 0em; padding-right: 0em" class="navbox-group"> <div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.75em; padding-right: 0.75em; padding-top: 0em"><a title="Animal" href="/wiki/Animal"><font color="#0645ad">Animalia</font></a></div> </td> <td style="text-align: left; border-left: 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; width: 100%; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-top: 0em"> <div> <p><i><a title="Paralvinella sulfincola" href="/wiki/Paralvinella_sulfincola"><font color="#0645ad">Paralvinella sulfincola</font></a></i><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Pompeii worm" href="/wiki/Pompeii_worm"><font color="#0645ad">Pompeii worm</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <i><a class="mw-redirect" title="Tardigrada" href="/wiki/Tardigrada"><font color="#0645ad">Tardigrada</font></a></i></p> </div> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 2px"> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center" class="navbox-group">Related articles</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-left: 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; width: 100%; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-top: 0em"> <div> <p><a title="Abiogenic petroleum origin" href="/wiki/Abiogenic_petroleum_origin"><font color="#0645ad">Abiogenic petroleum origin</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Acidithiobacillales" href="/wiki/Acidithiobacillales"><font color="#0645ad">Acidithiobacillales</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Acidobacteria" href="/wiki/Acidobacteria"><font color="#0645ad">Acidobacteria</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Acidophiles in acid mine drainage" href="/wiki/Acidophiles_in_acid_mine_drainage"><font color="#0645ad">Acidophiles in acid mine drainage</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Archaeoglobaceae" href="/wiki/Archaeoglobaceae"><font color="#0645ad">Archaeoglobaceae</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Berkeley Pit" href="/wiki/Berkeley_Pit"><font color="#0645ad">Berkeley Pit</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Blood Falls" href="/wiki/Blood_Falls"><font color="#0645ad">Blood Falls</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Crenarchaeota" href="/wiki/Crenarchaeota"><font color="#0645ad">Crenarchaeota</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Grylloblattidae" href="/wiki/Grylloblattidae"><font color="#0645ad">Grylloblattidae</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Halobacteria" href="/wiki/Halobacteria"><font color="#0645ad">Halobacteria</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <i><a title="Halobacterium" href="/wiki/Halobacterium"><font color="#0645ad">Halobacterium</font></a></i><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <i><a title="Helaeomyia petrolei" href="/wiki/Helaeomyia_petrolei"><font color="#0645ad">Helaeomyia petrolei</font></a></i><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Hydrothermal vent" href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent"><font color="#0645ad">Hydrothermal vent</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <i><a title="Methanopyrus" href="/wiki/Methanopyrus"><font color="#0645ad">Methanopyrus</font></a></i><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Movile Cave" href="/wiki/Movile_Cave"><font color="#0645ad">Movile Cave</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Radioresistance" href="/wiki/Radioresistance"><font color="#0645ad">Radioresistance</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Radiotrophic fungus" href="/wiki/Radiotrophic_fungus"><font color="#0645ad">Radiotrophic fungus</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Rio Tinto (river)" href="/wiki/Rio_Tinto_(river)"><font color="#0645ad">Rio Tinto</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Taq polymerase" href="/wiki/Taq_polymerase"><font color="#0645ad">Taq polymerase</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Thermostability" href="/wiki/Thermostability"><font color="#0645ad">Thermostability</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Thermotogae" href="/wiki/Thermotogae"><font color="#0645ad">Thermotogae</font></a></p> </div> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>[[Microbial genomics]]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 3a4ee6e6b9528893e6403d0b9f51e8affcd3b16f 3250 3249 2010-11-14T05:55:39Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="color: #000000">In </span><span style="color: #000000">taxonomy</span><span style="color: #000000">, <i><b>Methanocaldococcus</b></i> is a </span><span style="color: #000000">genus</span><span style="color: #000000"> of the </span><span style="color: #000000">Methanocaldococcaceae</span><span style="color: #000000">.</span><sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><span style="color: #000000"><font size="2">[1]</font></span></sup></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000"><b>Methanocaldococcus</b> formerly known as <b>Methanococcus</b> is a genus of </span><span style="color: #000000">coccoid</span><span style="color: #000000">methanogens</span><span style="color: #000000">. They are all </span><span style="color: #000000">mesophiles</span><span style="color: #000000">, except the </span><span style="color: #000000">thermophilic</span><span style="color: #000000"> <i>M. </i>thermolithotrophicus and the </span><span style="color: #000000">hyperthermophilic</span><span style="color: #000000"> <b>M. jannaschii</b>. </span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">The latter was discovered at the base of a &ldquo;white smoker&rdquo; chimney at 21&deg;</span><span style="color: #000000">N</span><span style="color: #000000"> on the </span><span style="color: #000000">East Pacific Rise</span><span style="color: #000000"><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference">[2]</sup> and it was the first </span><span style="color: #000000">archaean</span><span style="color: #000000">genome</span><span style="color: #000000"> to be completely sequenced, revealing many novel and </span><span style="color: #000000">eukaryote</span><span style="color: #000000">-like elements.</span><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><span style="color: #000000">[3]</span></sup></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000"><span class="mw-headline">M. jannaschii is the first archae bacterium to be sequenced by Craig Venter's group.</span></span></span></p> <p>[[M. jannaschii publication detail with an abstract]] 1996. Science.</p> <p><b><span style="font-size: large"><span style="color: #000000"><span id="References" class="mw-headline">References</span></span></span></b></p> <div style="column-count: 1; -moz-column-count: 1; -webkit-column-count: 1" class="references-small"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-0"><span style="color: #000000"><b>^</b></span><span style="color: #000000"> See the </span><span style="color: #000000">NCBI</span><span style="color: #000000">webpage on Methanocaldococcus</span><span style="color: #000000">. Data extracted from the </span><span class="citation web"><span style="color: #000000">&quot;NCBI taxonomy resources&quot;</span><span style="color: #000000">. </span><span style="color: #000000">National Center for Biotechnology Information</span><span style="color: #000000"><span class="printonly">. </span></span><span class="printonly"><span style="color: #000000">ftp://ftp.ncbi.nih.gov/pub/taxonomy/</span></span></span><span style="color: #000000"><span class="citation web"><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-03-19</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=NCBI+taxonomy+resources&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BNational+Center+for+Biotechnology+Information%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=ftp%3A%2F%2Fftp.ncbi.nih.gov%2Fpub%2Ftaxonomy%2F&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Methanocaldococcus"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-1"><span style="color: #000000"><b>^</b></span><span style="color: #000000"> <span class="citation Journal">W.J. Jones, <i>et al.</i> (December 1983). &quot;<i>Methanococcus jannaschii</i> sp. nov., an extremely thermophilic methanogen from a submarine hydrothermal vent&quot;. <i>Arch. Microbiol.</i> <b>136</b> (4): 254&ndash;261. </span></span><span class="citation Journal"><span style="color: #000000">doi</span><span style="color: #000000">:</span><span style="color: #000000">10.1007/BF00425213</span></span><span style="color: #000000"><span class="citation Journal">.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=%27%27Methanococcus+jannaschii%27%27+sp.+nov.%2C+an+extremely+thermophilic+methanogen+from+a+submarine+hydrothermal+vent&amp;rft.jtitle=Arch.+Microbiol.&amp;rft.aulast=W.J.+Jones%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=W.J.+Jones%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=December+1983&amp;rft.volume=136&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=254%E2%80%93261&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2FBF00425213&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Methanocaldococcus"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span style="color: #000000"><b>^</b></span><span style="color: #000000"> <span class="citation Journal">C.J. Bult, <i>et al.</i> (August 1996). &quot;Complete genome sequence of the methanogenic archaeon, <i>Methanococcus jannaschii</i>&quot;. </span></span><span class="citation Journal"><i><span style="color: #000000">Science</span></i><span style="color: #000000"> <b>273</b> (5278): 1058&ndash;1073. </span><span style="color: #000000">doi</span><span style="color: #000000">:</span><span style="color: #000000">10.1126/science.273.5278.1058</span></span><span style="color: #000000"><span class="citation Journal">.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+the+methanogenic+archaeon%2C+%27%27Methanococcus+jannaschii%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BScience+%28journal%29%7CScience%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=C.J.+Bult%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=C.J.+Bult%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=August+1996&amp;rft.volume=273&amp;rft.issue=5278&amp;rft.pages=1058%E2%80%931073&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.273.5278.1058&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Methanocaldococcus"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> </ol> </div> <p><b><span style="font-size: large"><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Further_reading" class="mw-headline">Further reading</span></span></span></b></p> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Scientific_journals" class="mw-headline">Scientific journals</span></span></h3> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Scientific_books" class="mw-headline">Scientific books</span></span></h3> <ul> <li><span style="color: #000000"><span class="citation book">Whitman, WB (2001). &quot;Genus I. Methanocaldococcus gen. nov.&quot;. In DR Boone and RW Castenholz, eds.. <i>Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology Volume 1: The Archaea and the deeply branching and phototrophic Bacteria</i> (2nd ed.). New York: Springer Verlag. </span></span><span class="citation book"><span style="color: #000000">ISBN</span><span style="color: #000000">&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #000000">978-0387987712</span></span><span style="color: #000000"><span class="citation book">.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Genus+I.+Methanocaldococcus+gen.+nov.&amp;rft.atitle=Bergey%27s+Manual+of+Systematic+Bacteriology+Volume+1%3A+The+Archaea+and+the+deeply+branching+and+phototrophic+Bacteria&amp;rft.aulast=Whitman&amp;rft.aufirst=WB&amp;rft.au=Whitman%2C%26%2332%3BWB&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.edition=2nd&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Springer+Verlag&amp;rft.isbn=978-0387987712&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Methanocaldococcus"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> </ul> <ul> <li><span style="color: #000000"><span class="citation book">Whitman WB, Boone DR, Koga Y (2001). &quot;Family II. Methanocaldococcaceae fam. nov.&quot;. In DR Boone and RW Castenholz, eds.. <i>Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology Volume 1: The Archaea and the deeply branching and phototrophic Bacteria</i> (2nd ed.). New York: Springer Verlag. </span></span><span class="citation book"><span style="color: #000000">ISBN</span><span style="color: #000000">&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #000000">978-0387987712</span></span><span style="color: #000000"><span class="citation book">.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Family+II.+Methanocaldococcaceae+fam.+nov.&amp;rft.atitle=Bergey%27s+Manual+of+Systematic+Bacteriology+Volume+1%3A+The+Archaea+and+the+deeply+branching+and+phototrophic+Bacteria&amp;rft.aulast=Whitman+WB%2C+Boone+DR%2C+Koga+Y&amp;rft.au=Whitman+WB%2C+Boone+DR%2C+Koga+Y&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.edition=2nd&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Springer+Verlag&amp;rft.isbn=978-0387987712&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Methanocaldococcus"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> </ul> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Scientific_databases" class="mw-headline">Scientific databases</span></span></h3> <ul> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&amp;term=Methanocaldococcus"><font color="#3366bb">PubMed references for Methanocaldococcus</font></a></span></li> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pmc&amp;term=Methanocaldococcus"><font color="#3366bb">PubMed Central references for Methanocaldococcus</font></a></span></li> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Methanocaldococcus"><font color="#3366bb">Google Scholar references for Methanocaldococcus</font></a></span></li> </ul> <h2><span id="External_links" class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&amp;id=196118"><font color="#3366bb">NCBI taxonomy page for Methanocaldococcus</font></a></span></li> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://tolweb.org/tree/home.pages/searchTOL?taxon=Methanocaldococcus&amp;Submit2=Find"><font color="#3366bb">Search Tree of Life taxonomy pages for Methanocaldococcus</font></a></span></li> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2006/search_results.php?search_string=Methanocaldococcus&amp;match_whole_words=on"><font color="#3366bb">Search Species2000 page for Methanocaldococcus</font></a></span></li> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Special:Search?search=Methanocaldococcus&amp;go=Go"><font color="#3366bb">MicrobeWiki page for Methanocaldococcus</font></a></span></li> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.bacterio.cict.fr/m/methanocaldococcus.html"><font color="#3366bb">LSPN page for Methanocaldococcus</font></a></span></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://archaea.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgGateway?db=methJann1"><font color="#3366bb">Information on type species 'Methanocaldococcus jannaschii'</font></a></li> </ul> <p> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 2px; padding-right: 2px; padding-top: 2px"> <table style="width: 100%; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%" id="collapsibleTable0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" cellspacing="0"> <tbody> <tr> <th class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><span class="collapseButton">[<a id="collapseButton0" href="#"><font color="#0645ad">hide</font></a>]</span> <div style="text-align: left; width: 6em; float: left"> <div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; font-size: xx-small; border-top: medium none; font-weight: normal; border-right: medium none; padding-top: 0px" class="noprint plainlinks navbar"><a title="Template:Extremophile" href="/wiki/Template:Extremophile"><span style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; border-right: medium none" title="View this template"><font color="#0645ad">v</font></span></a>&nbsp;<font size="1"><span style="font-size: 80%">&bull;</span>&nbsp;</font><a title="Template talk:Extremophile" href="/wiki/Template_talk:Extremophile"><span style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; border-right: medium none" title="Discuss this template"><font color="#0645ad">d</font></span></a>&nbsp;<font size="1"><span style="font-size: 80%">&bull;</span>&nbsp;</font><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Extremophile&amp;action=edit"><span style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; border-right: medium none" title="Edit this template"><font color="#3366bb">e</font></span></a></div> </div> <span style="font-size: 110%"><a title="Extremophile" href="/wiki/Extremophile"><font color="#0645ad" size="3">Extremophiles</font></a></span></th> </tr> <tr style="height: 2px"> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center" class="navbox-group">Types</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-left: 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; width: 100%; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-top: 0em"> <div> <p><a title="Acidophile (organisms)" href="/wiki/Acidophile_(organisms)"><font color="#0645ad">Acidophile</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Alkaliphile" href="/wiki/Alkaliphile"><font color="#0645ad">Alkaliphile</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Capnophile" href="/wiki/Capnophile"><font color="#0645ad">Capnophile</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Endolith" href="/wiki/Endolith"><font color="#0645ad">Endolith</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Halophile" href="/wiki/Halophile"><font color="#0645ad">Halophile</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Hypolith" href="/wiki/Hypolith"><font color="#0645ad">Hypolith</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Lipophilic bacteria" href="/wiki/Lipophilic_bacteria"><font color="#0645ad">Lipophile</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Lithoautotroph" href="/wiki/Lithoautotroph"><font color="#0645ad">Lithoautotroph</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Lithophile" href="/wiki/Lithophile"><font color="#0645ad">Lithophile</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Methanogen" href="/wiki/Methanogen"><font color="#0645ad">Methanogen</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Metalotolerant" href="/wiki/Metalotolerant"><font color="#0645ad">Metalotolerant</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Oligotroph" href="/wiki/Oligotroph"><font color="#0645ad">Oligotroph</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Osmophile" href="/wiki/Osmophile"><font color="#0645ad">Osmophile</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Piezophile" href="/wiki/Piezophile"><font color="#0645ad">Piezophile</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Polyextremophile" href="/wiki/Polyextremophile"><font color="#0645ad">Polyextremophile</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Psychrophile" href="/wiki/Psychrophile"><font color="#0645ad">Psychrophile</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Radioresistance" href="/wiki/Radioresistance"><font color="#0645ad">Radioresistant</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Thermophile" href="/wiki/Thermophile"><font color="#0645ad">Thermophile</font></a>/<a title="Hyperthermophile" href="/wiki/Hyperthermophile"><font color="#0645ad">Hyperthermophile</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Thermoacidophile" href="/wiki/Thermoacidophile"><font color="#0645ad">Thermoacidophile</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Xerophile" href="/wiki/Xerophile"><font color="#0645ad">Xerophile</font></a></p> </div> </div> </td> <td style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 2px; width: 0%; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" rowspan="5"><a class="image" title="Deinococcus radiodurans" href="/wiki/File:Deinococcus_radiodurans.jpg"><font color="#0645ad"><img alt="Deinococcus radiodurans" width="150" height="173" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Deinococcus_radiodurans.jpg/150px-Deinococcus_radiodurans.jpg" /></font></a> <div style="line-height: 1.2em; font-size: 85%; padding-top: 0.3em">The <a title="Radioresistance" href="/wiki/Radioresistance"><font color="#0645ad">radioresistant</font></a> bacterium <i><a title="Deinococcus radiodurans" href="/wiki/Deinococcus_radiodurans"><font color="#0645ad">Deinococcus radiodurans</font></a></i></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 2px"> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center" class="navbox-group"><span style="line-height: 1.2em">Notable<br /> extremophiles</span></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-left: 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; width: 100%; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-top: 0em">&nbsp;</div> <table style="width: 100%" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" cellspacing="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 0em; padding-right: 0em" class="navbox-group"> <div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.75em; padding-right: 0.75em; padding-top: 0em"><a title="Bacteria" href="/wiki/Bacteria"><font color="#0645ad">Bacteria</font></a></div> </td> <td style="text-align: left; border-left: 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; width: 100%; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-top: 0em"> <div> <p><i><a title="Chloroflexus aurantiacus" href="/wiki/Chloroflexus_aurantiacus"><font color="#0645ad">Chloroflexus aurantiacus</font></a></i><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <i><a title="Deinococcus radiodurans" href="/wiki/Deinococcus_radiodurans"><font color="#0645ad">Deinococcus radiodurans</font></a></i><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Deinococcus-Thermus" href="/wiki/Deinococcus-Thermus"><font color="#0645ad">Deinococcus-Thermus</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Snottite" href="/wiki/Snottite"><font color="#0645ad">Snottite</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <i><a title="Thermus aquaticus" href="/wiki/Thermus_aquaticus"><font color="#0645ad">Thermus aquaticus</font></a></i><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <i><a title="Thermus thermophilus" href="/wiki/Thermus_thermophilus"><font color="#0645ad">Thermus thermophilus</font></a></i><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <i><a title="Spirochaeta americana" href="/wiki/Spirochaeta_americana"><font color="#0645ad">Spirochaeta americana</font></a></i></p> </div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 2px"> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 0em; padding-right: 0em" class="navbox-group"> <div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.75em; padding-right: 0.75em; padding-top: 0em"><a title="Archaea" href="/wiki/Archaea"><font color="#0645ad">Archaea</font></a></div> </td> <td style="text-align: left; border-left: 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; width: 100%; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-top: 0em"> <div> <p><i><a title="Pyrococcus furiosus" href="/wiki/Pyrococcus_furiosus"><font color="#0645ad">Pyrococcus furiosus</font></a></i><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Strain 121" href="/wiki/Strain_121"><font color="#0645ad">Strain 121</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <i><a title="Pyrolobus fumarii" href="/wiki/Pyrolobus_fumarii"><font color="#0645ad">Pyrolobus fumarii</font></a></i></p> </div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 2px"> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 0em; padding-right: 0em" class="navbox-group"> <div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.75em; padding-right: 0.75em; padding-top: 0em"><a title="Animal" href="/wiki/Animal"><font color="#0645ad">Animalia</font></a></div> </td> <td style="text-align: left; border-left: 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; width: 100%; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-top: 0em"> <div> <p><i><a title="Paralvinella sulfincola" href="/wiki/Paralvinella_sulfincola"><font color="#0645ad">Paralvinella sulfincola</font></a></i><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Pompeii worm" href="/wiki/Pompeii_worm"><font color="#0645ad">Pompeii worm</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <i><a class="mw-redirect" title="Tardigrada" href="/wiki/Tardigrada"><font color="#0645ad">Tardigrada</font></a></i></p> </div> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 2px"> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center" class="navbox-group">Related articles</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-left: 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; width: 100%; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-top: 0em"> <div> <p><a title="Abiogenic petroleum origin" href="/wiki/Abiogenic_petroleum_origin"><font color="#0645ad">Abiogenic petroleum origin</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Acidithiobacillales" href="/wiki/Acidithiobacillales"><font color="#0645ad">Acidithiobacillales</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Acidobacteria" href="/wiki/Acidobacteria"><font color="#0645ad">Acidobacteria</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Acidophiles in acid mine drainage" href="/wiki/Acidophiles_in_acid_mine_drainage"><font color="#0645ad">Acidophiles in acid mine drainage</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Archaeoglobaceae" href="/wiki/Archaeoglobaceae"><font color="#0645ad">Archaeoglobaceae</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Berkeley Pit" href="/wiki/Berkeley_Pit"><font color="#0645ad">Berkeley Pit</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Blood Falls" href="/wiki/Blood_Falls"><font color="#0645ad">Blood Falls</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Crenarchaeota" href="/wiki/Crenarchaeota"><font color="#0645ad">Crenarchaeota</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Grylloblattidae" href="/wiki/Grylloblattidae"><font color="#0645ad">Grylloblattidae</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Halobacteria" href="/wiki/Halobacteria"><font color="#0645ad">Halobacteria</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <i><a title="Halobacterium" href="/wiki/Halobacterium"><font color="#0645ad">Halobacterium</font></a></i><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <i><a title="Helaeomyia petrolei" href="/wiki/Helaeomyia_petrolei"><font color="#0645ad">Helaeomyia petrolei</font></a></i><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Hydrothermal vent" href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent"><font color="#0645ad">Hydrothermal vent</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <i><a title="Methanopyrus" href="/wiki/Methanopyrus"><font color="#0645ad">Methanopyrus</font></a></i><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Movile Cave" href="/wiki/Movile_Cave"><font color="#0645ad">Movile Cave</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Radioresistance" href="/wiki/Radioresistance"><font color="#0645ad">Radioresistance</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Radiotrophic fungus" href="/wiki/Radiotrophic_fungus"><font color="#0645ad">Radiotrophic fungus</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Rio Tinto (river)" href="/wiki/Rio_Tinto_(river)"><font color="#0645ad">Rio Tinto</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Taq polymerase" href="/wiki/Taq_polymerase"><font color="#0645ad">Taq polymerase</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Thermostability" href="/wiki/Thermostability"><font color="#0645ad">Thermostability</font></a><span style="font-weight: bold">&nbsp;&middot;</span> <a title="Thermotogae" href="/wiki/Thermotogae"><font color="#0645ad">Thermotogae</font></a></p> </div> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>[[Microbial genomics]]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> ab5900983f6721916df1779c405976006fe42f52 0 1942 3247 2010-11-14T05:52:03Z WikiSysop 1 Created page with "<p>[[The first bacterium sequenced]]:&nbsp;Haemophilus influenzae<br /> [[The first Cyano bacterium sequenced]]:&nbsp;Synechocystis sp. PCC6803</p> <p>[[The fisrt archae genome s..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p>[[The first bacterium sequenced]]:&nbsp;Haemophilus influenzae<br /> [[The first Cyano bacterium sequenced]]:&nbsp;Synechocystis sp. PCC6803</p> <p>[[The fisrt archae genome sequenced]]:&nbsp;[[Methanococcus jannaschii]]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> dc5db55e3f69ced92440fcfd1c2157ca88a06d71 3263 3247 2010-11-14T06:36:26Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>[[The first bacterium sequenced]]:&nbsp;Haemophilus influenzae<br /> [[The first Cyano bacterium sequenced]]:&nbsp;Synechocystis sp. PCC6803</p> <p>[[The fisrt archae genome sequenced]]:&nbsp;[[Methanococcus jannaschii]]</p> <p>[[Mycoplazma genitalium]]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 0559b205cebec0c766580e4f209585d431509c2b 0 1943 3251 2010-11-14T05:56:13Z WikiSysop 1 Created page with "<p>&nbsp;</p> <div style="text-align: left; margin: 0cm 0cm 3.6pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; word-break: keep-all" align="left"><b><span style="color: #333333; font-size..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p>&nbsp;</p> <div style="text-align: left; margin: 0cm 0cm 3.6pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; word-break: keep-all" align="left"><b><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 11pt">Complete Genome Sequence of the Methanogenic Archaeon, <i>Methanococcus jannaschii</i> </span></b></div> <div style="text-align: left; margin: 12pt 0cm; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; word-break: keep-all" align="left"><b><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9pt">Carol J. Bult, Owen White, Gary J. Olsen, Lixin Zhou, Robert D. Fleischmann, Granger G. Sutton, Judith A. Blake, Lisa M. FitzGerald, Rebecca A. Clayton, Jeannine D. Gocayne, Anthony R. Kerlavage, Brian A. Dougherty, Jean-Francois Tomb, Mark D. Adams, Claudia I. Reich, Ross Overbeek, Ewen F. Kirkness, Keith G. Weinstock, Joseph M. Merrick, Anna Glodek, John L. Scott, Neil S.&nbsp;M. Geoghagen, Janice F. Weidman, Joyce L. Fuhrmann, Dave Nguyen, Teresa R. Utterback, Jenny M. Kelley, Jeremy D. Peterson, Paul W. Sadow, Michael C. Hanna, Matthew D. Cotton, Kevin M. Roberts, Margaret A. Hurst, Brian P. Kaine, Mark Borodovsky, Hans-Peter Klenk, Claire M. Fraser, Hamilton O. Smith, Carl R. Woese, J. Craig Venter <a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/273/5278/1058#FN1">^{<span style="color: #2e6d8f">*</span>}</a> </span></b></div> <div style="text-align: left; margin: 12pt 0cm; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; word-break: keep-all" align="left"><span style="color: #333333"><font size="2">The complete 1.66-megabase pair genome sequence of an autotrophic archaeon, <i>Methanococcus jannaschii</i>, and its 58- and 16-kilobase pair extrachromosomal elements have been determined by whole-genome random sequencing. A total of 1738&nbsp;predicted protein-coding genes were identified; however, only a minority of these (38&nbsp;percent) could be assigned a putative cellular role with high confidence. Although the majority of genes related to energy production, cell division, and metabolism in <i>M.&nbsp;jannaschii</i> are most similar to those found in Bacteria, most of the genes involved in transcription, translation, and replication in <i>M.&nbsp;jannaschii</i> are more similar to those found in Eukaryotes. </font></span></div> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>[[Microbial genomics]]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> fee7ef87e0d8bdb0542608f7f69958270a79bff3 3252 3251 2010-11-14T05:56:30Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>&nbsp;</p> <div style="text-align: left; margin: 0cm 0cm 3.6pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; word-break: keep-all" align="left"><b><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 11pt">Complete Genome Sequence of the Methanogenic Archaeon, <i>Methanococcus jannaschii</i> </span></b></div> <div style="text-align: left; margin: 12pt 0cm; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; word-break: keep-all" align="left"><b><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9pt">Carol J. Bult, Owen White, Gary J. Olsen, Lixin Zhou, Robert D. Fleischmann, Granger G. Sutton, Judith A. Blake, Lisa M. FitzGerald, Rebecca A. Clayton, Jeannine D. Gocayne, Anthony R. Kerlavage, Brian A. Dougherty, Jean-Francois Tomb, Mark D. Adams, Claudia I. Reich, Ross Overbeek, Ewen F. Kirkness, Keith G. Weinstock, Joseph M. Merrick, Anna Glodek, John L. Scott, Neil S.&nbsp;M. Geoghagen, Janice F. Weidman, Joyce L. Fuhrmann, Dave Nguyen, Teresa R. Utterback, Jenny M. Kelley, Jeremy D. Peterson, Paul W. Sadow, Michael C. Hanna, Matthew D. Cotton, Kevin M. Roberts, Margaret A. Hurst, Brian P. Kaine, Mark Borodovsky, Hans-Peter Klenk, Claire M. Fraser, Hamilton O. Smith, Carl R. Woese, J. [[Craig Venter]] <a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/273/5278/1058#FN1">^{<span style="color: #2e6d8f">*</span>}</a> </span></b></div> <div style="text-align: left; margin: 12pt 0cm; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; word-break: keep-all" align="left"><span style="color: #333333"><font size="2">The complete 1.66-megabase pair genome sequence of an autotrophic archaeon, <i>Methanococcus jannaschii</i>, and its 58- and 16-kilobase pair extrachromosomal elements have been determined by whole-genome random sequencing. A total of 1738&nbsp;predicted protein-coding genes were identified; however, only a minority of these (38&nbsp;percent) could be assigned a putative cellular role with high confidence. Although the majority of genes related to energy production, cell division, and metabolism in <i>M.&nbsp;jannaschii</i> are most similar to those found in Bacteria, most of the genes involved in transcription, translation, and replication in <i>M.&nbsp;jannaschii</i> are more similar to those found in Eukaryotes. </font></span></div> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>[[Microbial genomics]]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 99fa99b1d114fdf9418e8fe62f8f752175bbe0fa 0 1944 3254 2010-11-14T05:59:41Z WikiSysop 1 Created page with "<p><span style="font-size: medium">Sequence Analysis of the Genome of the Unicellular Cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. Strain PCC6803. II. Sequence Determination of the Entire Ge..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: medium">Sequence Analysis of the Genome of the Unicellular Cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. Strain PCC6803. II. Sequence Determination of the Entire Genome and Assignment of Potential Protein-coding Regions </span></p> <p><br /> Takakazu Kaneko1, Shusei Sato1, Hirokazu Kotani1, Ayako Tanaka1, Erika Asamizu1, Yasukazu Nakamura1, Nobuyuki Miyajima1, Makoto Hirosawa1, Masahiro Sugiura2, Shigemi Sasamoto1, Takaharu Kimura1, Tsutomu Hosouchi1, Ai Matsuno1, Akiko Muraki1, Naomi Nakazaki1, Kaoru Naruo1, Satomi Okumura1, Sayaka Shimpo1, Chie Takeuchi1, Tsuyuko Wada1, Akiko Watanabe1, Manabu Yamada1, Miho Yasuda1 and Satoshi Tabata1,*</p> <p><br /> 1Kazusa DNA Research Institute 1532-3 Yana, Kisarazu, Chiba 292, Japan<br /> 2Center for Gene Research, Nagoya University Furho-cho, Nagoya 464-01, Japan<br /> * To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel. +81-438-52-3933, Fax. +81-438-52-3934, E-mail: <a href="mailto:tabata@kazusa.or.jp">tabata@kazusa.or.jp</a><br /> Received June 19, 1996.</p> <p><br /> <span style="font-size: medium"><b>Abstract<br /> </b></span><span style="font-size: small">The sequence determination of the entire genome of the Synechocystis sp. strain PCC6803 was completed. The total length of the genome finally confirmed was 3,573,470 bp, including the previously reported sequence of 1,003,450 bp from map position 64% to 92% of the genome. The entire sequence was assembled from the sequences of the physical map-based contigs of cosmid clones and of &lambda; clones and long PCR products which were used for gap-filling. The accuracy of the sequence was guaranteed by analysis of both strands of DNA through the entire genome. The authenticity of the assembled sequence was supported by restriction analysis of long PCR products, which were directly amplified from the genomic DNA using the assembled sequence data. To predict the potential protein-coding regions, analysis of open reading frames (ORFs), analysis by the GeneMark program and similarity search to databases were performed. As a result, a total of 3,168 potential protein genes were assigned on the genome, in which 145 (4.6%) were identical to reported genes and 1,257 (39.6%) and 340 (10.8%) showed similarity to reported and hypothetical genes, respectively. The remaining 1,426 (45.0%) had no apparent similarity to any genes in databases. Among the potential protein genes assigned, 128 were related to the genes participating in photosynthetic reactions. The sum of the sequences coding for potential protein genes occupies 87% of the genome length. By adding rRNA and tRNA genes, therefore, the genome has a very compact arrangement of protein- and RNA-coding regions. A notable feature on the gene organization of the genome was that 99 ORFs, which showed similarity to transposase genes and could be classified into 6 groups, were found spread all over the genome, and at least 26 of them appeared to remain intact. The result implies that rearrangement of the genome occurred frequently during and after establishment of this species. <br /> </span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><a href="http://dnaresearch.oxfordjournals.org/content/3/3/109.abstract">http://dnaresearch.oxfordjournals.org/content/3/3/109.abstract</a></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> a9a8bc9cb4e9cb2eaef36d5401d6022a9f49c294 3255 3254 2010-11-14T06:00:06Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: medium">Sequence Analysis of the Genome of the Unicellular Cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. Strain PCC6803. II. Sequence Determination of the Entire Genome and Assignment of Potential Protein-coding Regions. </span></p> <p><br /> Takakazu Kaneko1, Shusei Sato1, Hirokazu Kotani1, Ayako Tanaka1, Erika Asamizu1, Yasukazu Nakamura1, Nobuyuki Miyajima1, Makoto Hirosawa1, Masahiro Sugiura2, Shigemi Sasamoto1, Takaharu Kimura1, Tsutomu Hosouchi1, Ai Matsuno1, Akiko Muraki1, Naomi Nakazaki1, Kaoru Naruo1, Satomi Okumura1, Sayaka Shimpo1, Chie Takeuchi1, Tsuyuko Wada1, Akiko Watanabe1, Manabu Yamada1, Miho Yasuda1 and [[Satoshi Tabata]]1,*</p> <p><br /> 1Kazusa DNA Research Institute 1532-3 Yana, Kisarazu, Chiba 292, Japan<br /> 2Center for Gene Research, Nagoya University Furho-cho, Nagoya 464-01, Japan<br /> * To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel. +81-438-52-3933, Fax. +81-438-52-3934, E-mail: <a href="mailto:tabata@kazusa.or.jp">tabata@kazusa.or.jp</a><br /> Received June 19, 1996.</p> <p><br /> <span style="font-size: medium"><b>Abstract<br /> </b></span><span style="font-size: small">The sequence determination of the entire genome of the Synechocystis sp. strain PCC6803 was completed. The total length of the genome finally confirmed was 3,573,470 bp, including the previously reported sequence of 1,003,450 bp from map position 64% to 92% of the genome. The entire sequence was assembled from the sequences of the physical map-based contigs of cosmid clones and of &lambda; clones and long PCR products which were used for gap-filling. The accuracy of the sequence was guaranteed by analysis of both strands of DNA through the entire genome. The authenticity of the assembled sequence was supported by restriction analysis of long PCR products, which were directly amplified from the genomic DNA using the assembled sequence data. To predict the potential protein-coding regions, analysis of open reading frames (ORFs), analysis by the GeneMark program and similarity search to databases were performed. As a result, a total of 3,168 potential protein genes were assigned on the genome, in which 145 (4.6%) were identical to reported genes and 1,257 (39.6%) and 340 (10.8%) showed similarity to reported and hypothetical genes, respectively. The remaining 1,426 (45.0%) had no apparent similarity to any genes in databases. Among the potential protein genes assigned, 128 were related to the genes participating in photosynthetic reactions. The sum of the sequences coding for potential protein genes occupies 87% of the genome length. By adding rRNA and tRNA genes, therefore, the genome has a very compact arrangement of protein- and RNA-coding regions. A notable feature on the gene organization of the genome was that 99 ORFs, which showed similarity to transposase genes and could be classified into 6 groups, were found spread all over the genome, and at least 26 of them appeared to remain intact. The result implies that rearrangement of the genome occurred frequently during and after establishment of this species. <br /> </span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><a href="http://dnaresearch.oxfordjournals.org/content/3/3/109.abstract">http://dnaresearch.oxfordjournals.org/content/3/3/109.abstract</a></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> b7f83f60e6ec5510bddcd6a7a24f4fe8149c85b0 0 1945 3256 2010-11-14T06:01:22Z WikiSysop 1 Created page with "<p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>Bult et al. 1996. Complete Genome Sequence of the Methanogenic Archaeon, <i>Methanococcus jannaschii</i>. Science 273: 1058-1072.</p>" wikitext text/x-wiki <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>Bult et al. 1996. Complete Genome Sequence of the Methanogenic Archaeon, <i>Methanococcus jannaschii</i>. Science 273: 1058-1072.</p> af905722ade76f4c84d19944db687f78713a4a8f 3257 3256 2010-11-14T06:04:43Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>Bult et al. 1996. Complete Genome Sequence of the Methanogenic Archaeon, <i>Methanococcus jannaschii</i>. Science 273: 1058-1072.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>[[Haemophilus influenzae]]</p> 8c1331a0a99d4c21d2df8ec774ebe2b8852b49ee 0 1946 3259 2010-11-14T06:08:56Z WikiSysop 1 Created page with "<p><span style="font-size: medium"><b>Whole-Genome Random Sequencing and Assembly of Haemophilus Influenzae Rd<br /> </b></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">Fleischmann..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: medium"><b>Whole-Genome Random Sequencing and Assembly of Haemophilus Influenzae Rd<br /> </b></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">Fleischmann, Robert D.; Adams, Mark D.; White, Owen; Clayton, Rebecca A.; Kirkness, Ewen F.; Kerlavage, Anthony R.; Bult, Carol J.; Tomb, Jean-Francois; Dougherty, Brian A.; Merrick, Joseph M.; McKenney, Keith; Sutton, Granger; Fitzhugh, Will; Fields, Chris; Gocyne, Jeannie D.; Scott, John; Shirley, Robert; Liu, Li-Ing; Glodek, Anna; Kelley, Jenny M.; Weidman, Janice F.; Phillips, Cheryl A.; Spriggs, Tracy; Hedblom, Eva; Cotton, Matthew D.; Utterback, Teresa R.; Hanna, Michael C.; Nguyen, David T.; Saudek, Deborah M.; Brandon, Rhonda C.; Fine, Leah D.; Fritchman, Janice L.; Fuhrmann, Joyce L.; Geoghagen, N. S. M.; Gnehm, Cheryl L.; McDonald, Lisa A.; Small, Keith V.; Fraser, Claire M.; Smith, Hamilton O.; Venter, J. Craig<br /> </span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">An approach for genome analysis based on sequencing and assembly of unselected pieces of DNA from the whole chromosome has been applied to obtain the complete nucleotide sequence (1,830, 137 base pairs) of the genome from the bacterium Haemophilus influenzae Rd. This approach eliminates the need for initial mapping efforts and is therefore applicable to the vast array of microbial species for which genome maps are unavailable. The H. influenzae Rd genome sequence (Genome Sequence DataBase accession number L42023) represents the only complete genome sequence from a free-living organism. </span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">Science, Volume 269, Issue 5223, pp. 496-498,507-512.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; DOI: 10.1126/science.7542800 <br /> </span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> e9ec33fe208a36dbe12abca23a3c3c12a5168696 3260 3259 2010-11-14T06:09:17Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: medium"><b>Whole-Genome Random Sequencing and Assembly of Haemophilus Influenzae Rd<br /> </b></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">Fleischmann, Robert D.; Adams, Mark D.; White, Owen; Clayton, Rebecca A.; Kirkness, Ewen F.; Kerlavage, Anthony R.; Bult, Carol J.; Tomb, Jean-Francois; Dougherty, Brian A.; Merrick, Joseph M.; McKenney, Keith; Sutton, Granger; Fitzhugh, Will; Fields, Chris; Gocyne, Jeannie D.; Scott, John; Shirley, Robert; Liu, Li-Ing; Glodek, Anna; Kelley, Jenny M.; Weidman, Janice F.; Phillips, Cheryl A.; Spriggs, Tracy; Hedblom, Eva; Cotton, Matthew D.; Utterback, Teresa R.; Hanna, Michael C.; Nguyen, David T.; Saudek, Deborah M.; Brandon, Rhonda C.; Fine, Leah D.; Fritchman, Janice L.; Fuhrmann, Joyce L.; Geoghagen, N. S. M.; Gnehm, Cheryl L.; McDonald, Lisa A.; Small, Keith V.; Fraser, Claire M.; Smith, Hamilton O.; Venter, J. Craig<br /> </span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">An approach for genome analysis based on sequencing and assembly of unselected pieces of DNA from the whole chromosome has been applied to obtain the complete nucleotide sequence (1,830, 137 base pairs) of the genome from the bacterium Haemophilus influenzae Rd. This approach eliminates the need for initial mapping efforts and is therefore applicable to the vast array of microbial species for which genome maps are unavailable. The H. influenzae Rd genome sequence (Genome Sequence DataBase accession number L42023) represents the only complete genome sequence from a free-living organism. </span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">Science, Volume 269, Issue 5223, pp. 496-498,507-512.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; DOI: 10.1126/science.7542800 <br /> </span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size: small">[[Haemophilus Influenzae]] </span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 68ef2025722e685ddfaa942035c1b88e08f323c9 3261 3260 2010-11-14T06:09:27Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: medium"><b>Whole-Genome Random Sequencing and Assembly of Haemophilus Influenzae Rd<br /> </b></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">Fleischmann, Robert D.; Adams, Mark D.; White, Owen; Clayton, Rebecca A.; Kirkness, Ewen F.; Kerlavage, Anthony R.; Bult, Carol J.; Tomb, Jean-Francois; Dougherty, Brian A.; Merrick, Joseph M.; McKenney, Keith; Sutton, Granger; Fitzhugh, Will; Fields, Chris; Gocyne, Jeannie D.; Scott, John; Shirley, Robert; Liu, Li-Ing; Glodek, Anna; Kelley, Jenny M.; Weidman, Janice F.; Phillips, Cheryl A.; Spriggs, Tracy; Hedblom, Eva; Cotton, Matthew D.; Utterback, Teresa R.; Hanna, Michael C.; Nguyen, David T.; Saudek, Deborah M.; Brandon, Rhonda C.; Fine, Leah D.; Fritchman, Janice L.; Fuhrmann, Joyce L.; Geoghagen, N. S. M.; Gnehm, Cheryl L.; McDonald, Lisa A.; Small, Keith V.; Fraser, Claire M.; Smith, Hamilton O.; Venter, J. Craig<br /> </span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">An approach for genome analysis based on sequencing and assembly of unselected pieces of DNA from the whole chromosome has been applied to obtain the complete nucleotide sequence (1,830, 137 base pairs) of the genome from the bacterium Haemophilus influenzae Rd. This approach eliminates the need for initial mapping efforts and is therefore applicable to the vast array of microbial species for which genome maps are unavailable. The H. influenzae Rd genome sequence (Genome Sequence DataBase accession number L42023) represents the only complete genome sequence from a free-living organism. </span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">Science, Volume 269, Issue 5223, pp. 496-498,507-512.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; DOI: 10.1126/science.7542800 <br /> </span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size: small">[[Haemophilus influenzae]] </span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 23797706474a25a91a8e7243346a9ee840831434 3262 3261 2010-11-14T06:10:13Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: medium"><b>Whole-Genome Random Sequencing and Assembly of Haemophilus Influenzae Rd<br /> </b></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">Fleischmann, Robert D.; Adams, Mark D.; White, Owen; Clayton, Rebecca A.; Kirkness, Ewen F.; Kerlavage, Anthony R.; Bult, Carol J.; Tomb, Jean-Francois; Dougherty, Brian A.; Merrick, Joseph M.; McKenney, Keith; Sutton, Granger; Fitzhugh, Will; Fields, Chris; Gocyne, Jeannie D.; Scott, John; Shirley, Robert; Liu, Li-Ing; Glodek, Anna; Kelley, Jenny M.; Weidman, Janice F.; Phillips, Cheryl A.; Spriggs, Tracy; Hedblom, Eva; Cotton, Matthew D.; Utterback, Teresa R.; Hanna, Michael C.; Nguyen, David T.; Saudek, Deborah M.; Brandon, Rhonda C.; Fine, Leah D.; Fritchman, Janice L.; Fuhrmann, Joyce L.; Geoghagen, N. S. M.; Gnehm, Cheryl L.; McDonald, Lisa A.; Small, Keith V.; Fraser, Claire M.; Smith, Hamilton O.; Venter, J. Craig<br /> </span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">An approach for genome analysis based on sequencing and assembly of unselected pieces of DNA from the whole chromosome has been applied to obtain the complete nucleotide sequence (1,830, 137 base pairs) of the genome from the bacterium Haemophilus influenzae Rd. This approach eliminates the need for initial mapping efforts and is therefore applicable to the vast array of microbial species for which genome maps are unavailable. The H. influenzae Rd genome sequence (Genome Sequence DataBase accession number L42023) represents the only complete genome sequence from a free-living organism. </span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">Science, Volume 269, Issue 5223, pp. 496-498,507-512.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; DOI: 10.1126/science.7542800 <br /> </span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size: small">[[Haemophilus influenzae]] </span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">[[Methanococcus jannaschii]]</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 7e6fd5efa0cf4fbee8b5d1a1c1b7dde865aff3d1 0 1947 3264 2010-11-14T06:37:02Z WikiSysop 1 Created page with "<p><span style="color: #000000"><i><b>Mycoplasma genitalium</b></i> is a small parasitic bacterium which lives on the ciliated epithelial cells of the primate genital and respira..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="color: #000000"><i><b>Mycoplasma genitalium</b></i> is a small parasitic bacterium which lives on the ciliated epithelial cells of the primate genital and respiratory tracts. <i>M. genitalium</i> is the smallest known free-living bacterium, and the second-smallest bacterium after the recently-discovered endosymbiont <i>Carsonella ruddii</i>. Until the discovery of <i>Nanoarchaeum</i> in 2002, <i>M. genitalium</i> was also considered to be the organism with the smallest genome.<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[1]</font></sup></span></p> <p> <table id="toc" class="toc"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <div id="toctitle"> <h2><span style="color: #000000">Contents</span></h2> <span style="color: #000000"><span class="toctoggle"><font size="2">[</font><font size="2">hide</font><font size="2">]</font></span></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><span style="color: #000000"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Overview</span></span></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><span style="color: #000000"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Symptoms</span></span></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><span style="color: #000000"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Treatment</span></span></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><span style="color: #000000"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Synthetic life</span></span></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><span style="color: #000000"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></span></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><span style="color: #000000"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></span></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7">&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <span style="color: #000000"> </span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Overview" class="mw-headline">Overview</span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000"><i>Mycoplasma genitalium</i> was originally isolated in 1980 from urethral specimens of two male patients with non-gonococcal urethritis. Infection by <i>M. genitalium</i> seems fairly common, can be transmitted between partners during unprotected sexual intercourse, and can be treated with antibiotics; however, the organism's role in genital diseases is still unclear.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">The genome of <i>M. genitalium</i> consists of 521 genes (482 protein encoding genes) in one circular chromosome of 582,970 base pairs. An initial study of the M. genitalium genome with random sequencing was performed by Peterson in 1993. It was then sequenced by Fraser and others. It was found to contain only 470 predicted coding regions, including genes required for DNA replication, transcription and translation, DNA repair, cellular transport, and energy metabolism.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[2]</font></sup> It was the second complete bacterial genome ever sequenced, after Haemophilus influenzae. The small genome of <i>M. genitalium</i> made it the organism of choice in The Minimal Genome Project, a study to find the smallest set of genetic material necessary to sustain life.</span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Symptoms" class="mw-headline">Symptoms</span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000">Various symptoms of infection: an infected person may have some or all symptoms, or may be asymptomatic.</span></p> <ul> <li><span style="color: #000000">Urethritis (in men)</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Discharge (both sexes)</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Burning while urinating (both sexes)</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Arthritis/reactive arthritis (mostly men)</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Vaginal itching</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Pain during intercourse (women)</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">This infection is associated with bacterial vaginosis</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">In the long term, this infection is suspected to cause pelvic inflammatory disease</span></li> </ul> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Treatment" class="mw-headline">Treatment</span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000">The CDC recommends using<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><font size="2">[3]</font></sup> one of these treatments, in this order of prevalence (the first is known to be the most effective, the others are alternative treatments)</span></p> <ul> <li><span style="color: #000000">Azithromycin 1 g orally in a single dose</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Doxycycline 100 mg orally twice a day for 7 days</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Erythromycin base 500 mg orally four times a day for 7 days</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Erythromycin ethylsuccinate 800 mg orally four times a day for 7 days</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Ofloxacin 300 mg orally twice a day for 7 days</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Levofloxacin 500 mg orally once daily for 7 days</span></li> </ul> <p><span style="color: #000000">However, this study Azithromycin Failure in Mycoplasma genitalium Urethritis says that &quot;...doxycycline and levofloxacin have substantial failure rates...&quot; and &quot;...Recurrent urethral symptoms following azithromycin therapy only occurred in persons with persistent M. genitalium infection and resolved with moxifloxacin.&quot;</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">So moxifloxacin appears to be an alternative treatment after one of the other treatments have already failed (Azithromycin 1g is the preferred first line treatment).</span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Synthetic_life" class="mw-headline">Synthetic life</span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000">In October 2007, a team of scientists headed by DNA researcher Craig Venter and Nobel laureate Hamilton Smith announced that they plan to create the first artificial life form in history by creating a synthetic chromosome which they plan to inject into the <i>M. genitalium</i> bacterium, potentially resulting in an artificial species dubbed <i>Mycoplasma laboratorium</i> or <i>Mycoplasma JCVI-1.0</i> after the research centre in which it was created, the J. Craig Venter Institute in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><font size="2">[4]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><font size="2">[5]</font></sup></span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">On 24 January 2008, the same team reported to have synthesized the complete 582,970 base pair genome of <i>M. genitalium</i> (a key gene that enables the wild organism to cause disease was knocked out). The final stage of synthesis was completed inside a <i>M capricolum</i> which had its DNA removed, with the help of yeast cells.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><font size="2">[6]</font></sup> On 20 May 2010 they reported success with a similar process, using instead the genome of Mycoplasma mycoides, creating what some called the first artificial life.<sup id="cite_ref-wiredlife_6-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[7]</font></sup></span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="See_also" class="mw-headline">See also</span></span></h2> <ul> <li><span style="color: #000000">The Minimal Genome Project</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Candidatus Carsonella ruddii</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Arthritis / Reactive arthritis / Septic arthritis</span></li> </ul> <h2><span id="References" class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <div class="references-small"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-0"><b><a href="#cite_ref-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Aside from <a title="Virus" href="/wiki/Virus"><font color="#0645ad">viruses</font></a>&mdash;however, it is not agreed upon whether or not viruses constitute life.</li> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Fraser, Claire M.; <i>et al.</i> (1995). &quot;The Minimal Gene Complement of Mycoplasma genitalium&quot;. <i>Science</i> <b>270</b> (5235): 397&ndash;404. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.270.5235.397" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.270.5235.397</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+Minimal+Gene+Complement+of+Mycoplasma+genitalium&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Fraser&amp;rft.aufirst=Claire+M.&amp;rft.au=Fraser%2C%26%2332%3BClaire+M.&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.volume=270&amp;rft.issue=5235&amp;rft.pages=397%E2%80%93404&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.270.5235.397&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mycoplasma_genitalium"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <a class="external free" href="http://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment/2006/urethritis-and-cervicitis.htm#uc2" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment/2006/urethritis-and-cervicitis.htm#uc2</font></a></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation news">Pilkington, Ed (2007-10-06). <a class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2007/oct/06/genetics.climatechange" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;I am creating artificial life, declares US gene pioneer&quot;</font></a>. <i><a title="The Guardian" href="/wiki/The_Guardian"><font color="#0645ad">The Guardian</font></a></i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2007/oct/06/genetics.climatechange" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2007/oct/06/genetics.climatechange</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=I+am+creating+artificial+life%2C+declares+US+gene+pioneer&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BThe+Guardian%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Pilkington&amp;rft.aufirst=Ed&amp;rft.au=Pilkington%2C%26%2332%3BEd&amp;rft.date=2007-10-06&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Fscience%2F2007%2Foct%2F06%2Fgenetics.climatechange&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mycoplasma_genitalium"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation news">Briggs, Helen (2008-01-24). <a class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7203186.stm" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Synthetic life 'advance' reported&quot;</font></a>. <i><a title="BBC News" href="/wiki/BBC_News"><font color="#0645ad">BBC News</font></a></i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7203186.stm" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7203186.stm</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Synthetic+life+%27advance%27+reported&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BBBC+News%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Briggs&amp;rft.aufirst=Helen&amp;rft.au=Briggs%2C%26%2332%3BHelen&amp;rft.date=2008-01-24&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fsci%2Ftech%2F7203186.stm&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mycoplasma_genitalium"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation news">Ball, Philip (2008-01-24). <a class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/news/2008/080124/full/news.2008.522.html" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Genome stitched together by hand&quot;</font></a>. <i>Nature News</i>. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnews.2008.522" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/news.2008.522</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.nature.com/news/2008/080124/full/news.2008.522.html" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.nature.com/news/2008/080124/full/news.2008.522.html</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+stitched+together+by+hand&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature+News&amp;rft.aulast=Ball&amp;rft.aufirst=Philip&amp;rft.au=Ball%2C%26%2332%3BPhilip&amp;rft.date=2008-01-24&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnews.2008.522&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnews%2F2008%2F080124%2Ffull%2Fnews.2008.522.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mycoplasma_genitalium"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-wiredlife-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wiredlife_6-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation web">Swaby, Rachel. [On 20 May 2010 they report success with the implantation of th &quot;Scientists Create First Self-Replicating Synthetic Life&quot;]. Wired<span class="printonly">. On 20 May 2010 they report success with the implantation of th</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 21 May 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Scientists+Create+First+Self-Replicating+Synthetic+Life&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Swaby&amp;rft.aufirst=Rachel&amp;rft.au=Swaby%2C%26%2332%3BRachel&amp;rft.pub=Wired&amp;rft_id=On+20+May+2010+they+report+success+with+the+implantation+of+th&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mycoplasma_genitalium"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> </ol> </div> <h2><span id="External_links" class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" href="http://www.hpa.org.uk/cfi/stbrl/Mycoplasma_genitalium_ref_work.htm" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">Mycoplasma genitalium Reference Work</font></a> at the <a class="mw-redirect" title="UK Health Protection Agency" href="/wiki/UK_Health_Protection_Agency"><font color="#0645ad">UK Health Protection Agency</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="http://cmr.jcvi.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?database=gmg" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">Mycoplasma genitalium G-37 genome page</font></a></li> </ul> 8dfcee9e64a773d1ca51eb9f03dbbd19ae1b4607 3265 3264 2010-11-14T06:37:12Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="color: #000000"><i><b>Mycoplasma genitalium</b></i> is a small parasitic bacterium which lives on the ciliated epithelial cells of the primate genital and respiratory tracts. <i>M. genitalium</i> is the smallest known free-living bacterium, and the second-smallest bacterium after the recently-discovered endosymbiont <i>Carsonella ruddii</i>. Until the discovery of <i>Nanoarchaeum</i> in 2002, <i>M. genitalium</i> was also considered to be the organism with the smallest genome.<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[1]</font></sup></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Overview" class="mw-headline">Overview</span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000"><i>Mycoplasma genitalium</i> was originally isolated in 1980 from urethral specimens of two male patients with non-gonococcal urethritis. Infection by <i>M. genitalium</i> seems fairly common, can be transmitted between partners during unprotected sexual intercourse, and can be treated with antibiotics; however, the organism's role in genital diseases is still unclear.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">The genome of <i>M. genitalium</i> consists of 521 genes (482 protein encoding genes) in one circular chromosome of 582,970 base pairs. An initial study of the M. genitalium genome with random sequencing was performed by Peterson in 1993. It was then sequenced by Fraser and others. It was found to contain only 470 predicted coding regions, including genes required for DNA replication, transcription and translation, DNA repair, cellular transport, and energy metabolism.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[2]</font></sup> It was the second complete bacterial genome ever sequenced, after Haemophilus influenzae. The small genome of <i>M. genitalium</i> made it the organism of choice in The Minimal Genome Project, a study to find the smallest set of genetic material necessary to sustain life.</span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Symptoms" class="mw-headline">Symptoms</span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000">Various symptoms of infection: an infected person may have some or all symptoms, or may be asymptomatic.</span></p> <ul> <li><span style="color: #000000">Urethritis (in men)</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Discharge (both sexes)</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Burning while urinating (both sexes)</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Arthritis/reactive arthritis (mostly men)</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Vaginal itching</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Pain during intercourse (women)</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">This infection is associated with bacterial vaginosis</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">In the long term, this infection is suspected to cause pelvic inflammatory disease</span></li> </ul> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Treatment" class="mw-headline">Treatment</span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000">The CDC recommends using<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><font size="2">[3]</font></sup> one of these treatments, in this order of prevalence (the first is known to be the most effective, the others are alternative treatments)</span></p> <ul> <li><span style="color: #000000">Azithromycin 1 g orally in a single dose</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Doxycycline 100 mg orally twice a day for 7 days</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Erythromycin base 500 mg orally four times a day for 7 days</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Erythromycin ethylsuccinate 800 mg orally four times a day for 7 days</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Ofloxacin 300 mg orally twice a day for 7 days</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Levofloxacin 500 mg orally once daily for 7 days</span></li> </ul> <p><span style="color: #000000">However, this study Azithromycin Failure in Mycoplasma genitalium Urethritis says that &quot;...doxycycline and levofloxacin have substantial failure rates...&quot; and &quot;...Recurrent urethral symptoms following azithromycin therapy only occurred in persons with persistent M. genitalium infection and resolved with moxifloxacin.&quot;</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">So moxifloxacin appears to be an alternative treatment after one of the other treatments have already failed (Azithromycin 1g is the preferred first line treatment).</span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Synthetic_life" class="mw-headline">Synthetic life</span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000">In October 2007, a team of scientists headed by DNA researcher Craig Venter and Nobel laureate Hamilton Smith announced that they plan to create the first artificial life form in history by creating a synthetic chromosome which they plan to inject into the <i>M. genitalium</i> bacterium, potentially resulting in an artificial species dubbed <i>Mycoplasma laboratorium</i> or <i>Mycoplasma JCVI-1.0</i> after the research centre in which it was created, the J. Craig Venter Institute in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><font size="2">[4]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><font size="2">[5]</font></sup></span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">On 24 January 2008, the same team reported to have synthesized the complete 582,970 base pair genome of <i>M. genitalium</i> (a key gene that enables the wild organism to cause disease was knocked out). The final stage of synthesis was completed inside a <i>M capricolum</i> which had its DNA removed, with the help of yeast cells.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><font size="2">[6]</font></sup> On 20 May 2010 they reported success with a similar process, using instead the genome of Mycoplasma mycoides, creating what some called the first artificial life.<sup id="cite_ref-wiredlife_6-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[7]</font></sup></span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="See_also" class="mw-headline">See also</span></span></h2> <ul> <li><span style="color: #000000">The Minimal Genome Project</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Candidatus Carsonella ruddii</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Arthritis / Reactive arthritis / Septic arthritis</span></li> </ul> <h2><span id="References" class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <div class="references-small"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-0"><b><a href="#cite_ref-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Aside from <a title="Virus" href="/wiki/Virus"><font color="#0645ad">viruses</font></a>&mdash;however, it is not agreed upon whether or not viruses constitute life.</li> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Fraser, Claire M.; <i>et al.</i> (1995). &quot;The Minimal Gene Complement of Mycoplasma genitalium&quot;. <i>Science</i> <b>270</b> (5235): 397&ndash;404. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.270.5235.397"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.270.5235.397</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+Minimal+Gene+Complement+of+Mycoplasma+genitalium&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Fraser&amp;rft.aufirst=Claire+M.&amp;rft.au=Fraser%2C%26%2332%3BClaire+M.&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.volume=270&amp;rft.issue=5235&amp;rft.pages=397%E2%80%93404&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.270.5235.397&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mycoplasma_genitalium"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment/2006/urethritis-and-cervicitis.htm#uc2"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment/2006/urethritis-and-cervicitis.htm#uc2</font></a></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation news">Pilkington, Ed (2007-10-06). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2007/oct/06/genetics.climatechange"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;I am creating artificial life, declares US gene pioneer&quot;</font></a>. <i><a title="The Guardian" href="/wiki/The_Guardian"><font color="#0645ad">The Guardian</font></a></i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2007/oct/06/genetics.climatechange"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2007/oct/06/genetics.climatechange</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=I+am+creating+artificial+life%2C+declares+US+gene+pioneer&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BThe+Guardian%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Pilkington&amp;rft.aufirst=Ed&amp;rft.au=Pilkington%2C%26%2332%3BEd&amp;rft.date=2007-10-06&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Fscience%2F2007%2Foct%2F06%2Fgenetics.climatechange&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mycoplasma_genitalium"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation news">Briggs, Helen (2008-01-24). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7203186.stm"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Synthetic life 'advance' reported&quot;</font></a>. <i><a title="BBC News" href="/wiki/BBC_News"><font color="#0645ad">BBC News</font></a></i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7203186.stm"><font color="#3366bb">http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7203186.stm</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Synthetic+life+%27advance%27+reported&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BBBC+News%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Briggs&amp;rft.aufirst=Helen&amp;rft.au=Briggs%2C%26%2332%3BHelen&amp;rft.date=2008-01-24&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fsci%2Ftech%2F7203186.stm&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mycoplasma_genitalium"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation news">Ball, Philip (2008-01-24). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/news/2008/080124/full/news.2008.522.html"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Genome stitched together by hand&quot;</font></a>. <i>Nature News</i>. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnews.2008.522"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/news.2008.522</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/news/2008/080124/full/news.2008.522.html"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.nature.com/news/2008/080124/full/news.2008.522.html</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+stitched+together+by+hand&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature+News&amp;rft.aulast=Ball&amp;rft.aufirst=Philip&amp;rft.au=Ball%2C%26%2332%3BPhilip&amp;rft.date=2008-01-24&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnews.2008.522&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnews%2F2008%2F080124%2Ffull%2Fnews.2008.522.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mycoplasma_genitalium"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-wiredlife-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wiredlife_6-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation web">Swaby, Rachel. [On 20 May 2010 they report success with the implantation of th &quot;Scientists Create First Self-Replicating Synthetic Life&quot;]. Wired<span class="printonly">. On 20 May 2010 they report success with the implantation of th</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 21 May 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Scientists+Create+First+Self-Replicating+Synthetic+Life&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Swaby&amp;rft.aufirst=Rachel&amp;rft.au=Swaby%2C%26%2332%3BRachel&amp;rft.pub=Wired&amp;rft_id=On+20+May+2010+they+report+success+with+the+implantation+of+th&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mycoplasma_genitalium"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> </ol> </div> <h2><span id="External_links" class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.hpa.org.uk/cfi/stbrl/Mycoplasma_genitalium_ref_work.htm"><font color="#3366bb">Mycoplasma genitalium Reference Work</font></a> at the <a class="mw-redirect" title="UK Health Protection Agency" href="/wiki/UK_Health_Protection_Agency"><font color="#0645ad">UK Health Protection Agency</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://cmr.jcvi.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?database=gmg"><font color="#3366bb">Mycoplasma genitalium G-37 genome page</font></a></li> </ul> d5ae96ee16e6cea81cc3322d1347e70e2cf73ffd 3266 3265 2010-11-14T06:41:01Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="color: #000000"><i><b>Mycoplasma genitalium</b></i> is a small parasitic bacterium which lives on the ciliated epithelial cells of the primate genital and respiratory tracts. <i>M. genitalium</i> is the smallest known free-living bacterium, and the second-smallest bacterium after the recently-discovered endosymbiont <i>Carsonella ruddii</i>. Until the discovery of <i>Nanoarchaeum</i> in 2002, <i>M. genitalium</i> was also considered to be the organism with the smallest genome.<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[1]</font></sup></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Overview" class="mw-headline">Overview</span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000"><i>Mycoplasma genitalium</i> was originally isolated in 1980 from urethral specimens of two male patients with non-gonococcal urethritis. Infection by <i>M. genitalium</i> seems fairly common, can be transmitted between partners during unprotected sexual intercourse, and can be treated with antibiotics; however, the organism's role in genital diseases is still unclear.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">The genome of <i>M. genitalium</i> consists of 521 genes (482 protein encoding genes) in one circular chromosome of 582,970 base pairs. An initial study of the M. genitalium genome with random sequencing was performed by Peterson in 1993. It was then sequenced by Fraser and others. It was found to contain only 470 predicted coding regions, including genes required for DNA replication, transcription and translation, DNA repair, cellular transport, and energy metabolism.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[2]</font></sup> It was the second complete bacterial genome ever sequenced, after Haemophilus influenzae. The small genome of <i>M. genitalium</i> made it the organism of choice in The Minimal Genome Project, a study to find the smallest set of genetic material necessary to sustain life.</span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Symptoms" class="mw-headline">Symptoms</span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000">Various symptoms of infection: an infected person may have some or all symptoms, or may be asymptomatic.</span></p> <ul> <li><span style="color: #000000">Urethritis (in men)</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Discharge (both sexes)</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Burning while urinating (both sexes)</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Arthritis/reactive arthritis (mostly men)</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Vaginal itching</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Pain during intercourse (women)</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">This infection is associated with bacterial vaginosis</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">In the long term, this infection is suspected to cause pelvic inflammatory disease</span></li> </ul> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Treatment" class="mw-headline">Treatment</span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000">The CDC recommends using<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><font size="2">[3]</font></sup> one of these treatments, in this order of prevalence (the first is known to be the most effective, the others are alternative treatments)</span></p> <ul> <li><span style="color: #000000">Azithromycin 1 g orally in a single dose</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Doxycycline 100 mg orally twice a day for 7 days</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Erythromycin base 500 mg orally four times a day for 7 days</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Erythromycin ethylsuccinate 800 mg orally four times a day for 7 days</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Ofloxacin 300 mg orally twice a day for 7 days</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Levofloxacin 500 mg orally once daily for 7 days</span></li> </ul> <p><span style="color: #000000">However, this study Azithromycin Failure in Mycoplasma genitalium Urethritis says that &quot;...doxycycline and levofloxacin have substantial failure rates...&quot; and &quot;...Recurrent urethral symptoms following azithromycin therapy only occurred in persons with persistent M. genitalium infection and resolved with moxifloxacin.&quot;</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">So moxifloxacin appears to be an alternative treatment after one of the other treatments have already failed (Azithromycin 1g is the preferred first line treatment).</span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Synthetic_life" class="mw-headline">Synthetic life</span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000">In October 2007, a team of scientists headed by DNA researcher Craig Venter and Nobel laureate Hamilton Smith announced that they plan to create the first artificial life form in history by creating a synthetic chromosome which they plan to inject into the <i>M. genitalium</i> bacterium, potentially resulting in an artificial species dubbed <i>Mycoplasma laboratorium</i> or <i>Mycoplasma JCVI-1.0</i> after the research centre in which it was created, the J. Craig Venter Institute in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><font size="2">[4]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><font size="2">[5]</font></sup></span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">On 24 January 2008, the same team reported to have synthesized the complete 582,970 base pair genome of <i>M. genitalium</i> (a key gene that enables the wild organism to cause disease was knocked out). The final stage of synthesis was completed inside a <i>M capricolum</i> which had its DNA removed, with the help of yeast cells.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><font size="2">[6]</font></sup> On 20 May 2010 they reported success with a similar process, using instead the genome of Mycoplasma mycoides, creating what some called the first artificial life.<sup id="cite_ref-wiredlife_6-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[7]</font></sup></span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="See_also" class="mw-headline">See also</span></span></h2> <ul> <li><span style="color: #000000">The Minimal Genome Project</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Candidatus Carsonella ruddii</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Arthritis / Reactive arthritis / Septic arthritis</span></li> </ul> <h2><span id="References" class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <div class="references-small"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-0"><b><a href="#cite_ref-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Aside from <a title="Virus" href="/wiki/Virus"><font color="#0645ad">viruses</font></a>&mdash;however, it is not agreed upon whether or not viruses constitute life.</li> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Fraser, Claire M.; <i>et al.</i> (1995). &quot;<b>[[The Minimal Gene Complement of Mycoplasma genitalium]]</b>&quot;. <i>Science</i> <b>270</b> (5235): 397&ndash;404. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.270.5235.397"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.270.5235.397</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+Minimal+Gene+Complement+of+Mycoplasma+genitalium&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Fraser&amp;rft.aufirst=Claire+M.&amp;rft.au=Fraser%2C%26%2332%3BClaire+M.&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.volume=270&amp;rft.issue=5235&amp;rft.pages=397%E2%80%93404&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.270.5235.397&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mycoplasma_genitalium"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment/2006/urethritis-and-cervicitis.htm#uc2"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment/2006/urethritis-and-cervicitis.htm#uc2</font></a></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation news">Pilkington, Ed (2007-10-06). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2007/oct/06/genetics.climatechange"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;I am creating artificial life, declares US gene pioneer&quot;</font></a>. <i><a title="The Guardian" href="/wiki/The_Guardian"><font color="#0645ad">The Guardian</font></a></i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2007/oct/06/genetics.climatechange"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2007/oct/06/genetics.climatechange</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=I+am+creating+artificial+life%2C+declares+US+gene+pioneer&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BThe+Guardian%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Pilkington&amp;rft.aufirst=Ed&amp;rft.au=Pilkington%2C%26%2332%3BEd&amp;rft.date=2007-10-06&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Fscience%2F2007%2Foct%2F06%2Fgenetics.climatechange&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mycoplasma_genitalium"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation news">Briggs, Helen (2008-01-24). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7203186.stm"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Synthetic life 'advance' reported&quot;</font></a>. <i><a title="BBC News" href="/wiki/BBC_News"><font color="#0645ad">BBC News</font></a></i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7203186.stm"><font color="#3366bb">http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7203186.stm</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Synthetic+life+%27advance%27+reported&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BBBC+News%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Briggs&amp;rft.aufirst=Helen&amp;rft.au=Briggs%2C%26%2332%3BHelen&amp;rft.date=2008-01-24&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fsci%2Ftech%2F7203186.stm&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mycoplasma_genitalium"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation news">Ball, Philip (2008-01-24). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/news/2008/080124/full/news.2008.522.html"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Genome stitched together by hand&quot;</font></a>. <i>Nature News</i>. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnews.2008.522"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/news.2008.522</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/news/2008/080124/full/news.2008.522.html"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.nature.com/news/2008/080124/full/news.2008.522.html</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+stitched+together+by+hand&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature+News&amp;rft.aulast=Ball&amp;rft.aufirst=Philip&amp;rft.au=Ball%2C%26%2332%3BPhilip&amp;rft.date=2008-01-24&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnews.2008.522&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnews%2F2008%2F080124%2Ffull%2Fnews.2008.522.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mycoplasma_genitalium"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-wiredlife-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wiredlife_6-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation web">Swaby, Rachel. [On 20 May 2010 they report success with the implantation of th &quot;Scientists Create First Self-Replicating Synthetic Life&quot;]. Wired<span class="printonly">. On 20 May 2010 they report success with the implantation of th</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 21 May 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Scientists+Create+First+Self-Replicating+Synthetic+Life&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Swaby&amp;rft.aufirst=Rachel&amp;rft.au=Swaby%2C%26%2332%3BRachel&amp;rft.pub=Wired&amp;rft_id=On+20+May+2010+they+report+success+with+the+implantation+of+th&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mycoplasma_genitalium"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> </ol> </div> <h2><span id="External_links" class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.hpa.org.uk/cfi/stbrl/Mycoplasma_genitalium_ref_work.htm"><font color="#3366bb">Mycoplasma genitalium Reference Work</font></a> at the <a class="mw-redirect" title="UK Health Protection Agency" href="/wiki/UK_Health_Protection_Agency"><font color="#0645ad">UK Health Protection Agency</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://cmr.jcvi.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?database=gmg"><font color="#3366bb">Mycoplasma genitalium G-37 genome page</font></a></li> </ul> 7bf5509facc995d64d1124e81aa51a41ba8d0b88 3275 3266 2010-11-14T08:42:52Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="color: #000000"><i><b>Mycoplasma genitalium</b></i> is a small parasitic bacterium which lives on the ciliated epithelial cells of the primate genital and respiratory tracts. <i>M. genitalium</i> is the smallest known free-living bacterium, and the second-smallest bacterium after the recently-discovered endosymbiont <i>Carsonella ruddii</i>. Until the discovery of <i>Nanoarchaeum</i> in 2002, <i>M. genitalium</i> was also considered to be the organism with the smallest genome.<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[1]</font></sup></span></p> <p>[[File:Mycoplasma genitalium genome.gif]]</p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Overview" class="mw-headline">Overview</span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000"><i>Mycoplasma genitalium</i> was originally isolated in 1980 from urethral specimens of two male patients with non-gonococcal urethritis. Infection by <i>M. genitalium</i> seems fairly common, can be transmitted between partners during unprotected sexual intercourse, and can be treated with antibiotics; however, the organism's role in genital diseases is still unclear.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">The genome of <i>M. genitalium</i> consists of 521 genes (482 protein encoding genes) in one circular chromosome of 582,970 base pairs. An initial study of the M. genitalium genome with random sequencing was performed by Peterson in 1993. It was then sequenced by Fraser and others. It was found to contain only 470 predicted coding regions, including genes required for DNA replication, transcription and translation, DNA repair, cellular transport, and energy metabolism.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[2]</font></sup> It was the second complete bacterial genome ever sequenced, after Haemophilus influenzae. The small genome of <i>M. genitalium</i> made it the organism of choice in The Minimal Genome Project, a study to find the smallest set of genetic material necessary to sustain life.</span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Symptoms" class="mw-headline">Symptoms</span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000">Various symptoms of infection: an infected person may have some or all symptoms, or may be asymptomatic.</span></p> <ul> <li><span style="color: #000000">Urethritis (in men)</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Discharge (both sexes)</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Burning while urinating (both sexes)</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Arthritis/reactive arthritis (mostly men)</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Vaginal itching</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Pain during intercourse (women)</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">This infection is associated with bacterial vaginosis</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">In the long term, this infection is suspected to cause pelvic inflammatory disease</span></li> </ul> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Treatment" class="mw-headline">Treatment</span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000">The CDC recommends using<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><font size="2">[3]</font></sup> one of these treatments, in this order of prevalence (the first is known to be the most effective, the others are alternative treatments)</span></p> <ul> <li><span style="color: #000000">Azithromycin 1 g orally in a single dose</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Doxycycline 100 mg orally twice a day for 7 days</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Erythromycin base 500 mg orally four times a day for 7 days</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Erythromycin ethylsuccinate 800 mg orally four times a day for 7 days</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Ofloxacin 300 mg orally twice a day for 7 days</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Levofloxacin 500 mg orally once daily for 7 days</span></li> </ul> <p><span style="color: #000000">However, this study Azithromycin Failure in Mycoplasma genitalium Urethritis says that &quot;...doxycycline and levofloxacin have substantial failure rates...&quot; and &quot;...Recurrent urethral symptoms following azithromycin therapy only occurred in persons with persistent M. genitalium infection and resolved with moxifloxacin.&quot;</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">So moxifloxacin appears to be an alternative treatment after one of the other treatments have already failed (Azithromycin 1g is the preferred first line treatment).</span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Synthetic_life" class="mw-headline">Synthetic life</span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000">In October 2007, a team of scientists headed by DNA researcher Craig Venter and Nobel laureate Hamilton Smith announced that they plan to create the first artificial life form in history by creating a synthetic chromosome which they plan to inject into the <i>M. genitalium</i> bacterium, potentially resulting in an artificial species dubbed <i>Mycoplasma laboratorium</i> or <i>Mycoplasma JCVI-1.0</i> after the research centre in which it was created, the J. Craig Venter Institute in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><font size="2">[4]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><font size="2">[5]</font></sup></span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">On 24 January 2008, the same team reported to have synthesized the complete 582,970 base pair genome of <i>M. genitalium</i> (a key gene that enables the wild organism to cause disease was knocked out). The final stage of synthesis was completed inside a <i>M capricolum</i> which had its DNA removed, with the help of yeast cells.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><font size="2">[6]</font></sup> On 20 May 2010 they reported success with a similar process, using instead the genome of Mycoplasma mycoides, creating what some called the first artificial life.<sup id="cite_ref-wiredlife_6-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[7]</font></sup></span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="See_also" class="mw-headline">See also</span></span></h2> <ul> <li><span style="color: #000000">The Minimal Genome Project</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Candidatus Carsonella ruddii</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Arthritis / Reactive arthritis / Septic arthritis</span></li> </ul> <h2><span id="References" class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <div class="references-small"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-0"><b><a href="#cite_ref-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Aside from <a title="Virus" href="/wiki/Virus"><font color="#0645ad">viruses</font></a>&mdash;however, it is not agreed upon whether or not viruses constitute life.</li> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Fraser, Claire M.; <i>et al.</i> (1995). &quot;<b>[[The Minimal Gene Complement of Mycoplasma genitalium]]</b>&quot;. <i>Science</i> <b>270</b> (5235): 397&ndash;404. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.270.5235.397"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.270.5235.397</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+Minimal+Gene+Complement+of+Mycoplasma+genitalium&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Fraser&amp;rft.aufirst=Claire+M.&amp;rft.au=Fraser%2C%26%2332%3BClaire+M.&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.volume=270&amp;rft.issue=5235&amp;rft.pages=397%E2%80%93404&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.270.5235.397&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mycoplasma_genitalium"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment/2006/urethritis-and-cervicitis.htm#uc2"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment/2006/urethritis-and-cervicitis.htm#uc2</font></a></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation news">Pilkington, Ed (2007-10-06). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2007/oct/06/genetics.climatechange"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;I am creating artificial life, declares US gene pioneer&quot;</font></a>. <i><a title="The Guardian" href="/wiki/The_Guardian"><font color="#0645ad">The Guardian</font></a></i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2007/oct/06/genetics.climatechange"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2007/oct/06/genetics.climatechange</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=I+am+creating+artificial+life%2C+declares+US+gene+pioneer&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BThe+Guardian%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Pilkington&amp;rft.aufirst=Ed&amp;rft.au=Pilkington%2C%26%2332%3BEd&amp;rft.date=2007-10-06&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Fscience%2F2007%2Foct%2F06%2Fgenetics.climatechange&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mycoplasma_genitalium"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation news">Briggs, Helen (2008-01-24). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7203186.stm"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Synthetic life 'advance' reported&quot;</font></a>. <i><a title="BBC News" href="/wiki/BBC_News"><font color="#0645ad">BBC News</font></a></i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7203186.stm"><font color="#3366bb">http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7203186.stm</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Synthetic+life+%27advance%27+reported&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BBBC+News%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Briggs&amp;rft.aufirst=Helen&amp;rft.au=Briggs%2C%26%2332%3BHelen&amp;rft.date=2008-01-24&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fsci%2Ftech%2F7203186.stm&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mycoplasma_genitalium"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation news">Ball, Philip (2008-01-24). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/news/2008/080124/full/news.2008.522.html"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Genome stitched together by hand&quot;</font></a>. <i>Nature News</i>. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnews.2008.522"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/news.2008.522</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/news/2008/080124/full/news.2008.522.html"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.nature.com/news/2008/080124/full/news.2008.522.html</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+stitched+together+by+hand&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature+News&amp;rft.aulast=Ball&amp;rft.aufirst=Philip&amp;rft.au=Ball%2C%26%2332%3BPhilip&amp;rft.date=2008-01-24&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnews.2008.522&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnews%2F2008%2F080124%2Ffull%2Fnews.2008.522.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mycoplasma_genitalium"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-wiredlife-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wiredlife_6-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation web">Swaby, Rachel. [On 20 May 2010 they report success with the implantation of th &quot;Scientists Create First Self-Replicating Synthetic Life&quot;]. Wired<span class="printonly">. On 20 May 2010 they report success with the implantation of th</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 21 May 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Scientists+Create+First+Self-Replicating+Synthetic+Life&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Swaby&amp;rft.aufirst=Rachel&amp;rft.au=Swaby%2C%26%2332%3BRachel&amp;rft.pub=Wired&amp;rft_id=On+20+May+2010+they+report+success+with+the+implantation+of+th&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mycoplasma_genitalium"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> </ol> </div> <h2><span id="External_links" class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.hpa.org.uk/cfi/stbrl/Mycoplasma_genitalium_ref_work.htm"><font color="#3366bb">Mycoplasma genitalium Reference Work</font></a> at the <a class="mw-redirect" title="UK Health Protection Agency" href="/wiki/UK_Health_Protection_Agency"><font color="#0645ad">UK Health Protection Agency</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://cmr.jcvi.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?database=gmg"><font color="#3366bb">Mycoplasma genitalium G-37 genome page</font></a></li> </ul> d966843b203d840775cba4725446cad9797d7c32 0 1948 3267 2010-11-14T06:41:39Z WikiSysop 1 Created page with "<p><span style="font-size: medium">&nbsp;&quot;The minimal gene complement of Mycoplasma genitalium.&quot;, <i>Science</i>, 1995 Oct 20; 270(5235):397-403</span></p> <p>Fraser CM..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: medium">&nbsp;&quot;The minimal gene complement of Mycoplasma genitalium.&quot;, <i>Science</i>, 1995 Oct 20; 270(5235):397-403</span></p> <p>Fraser CM, Gocayne JD, White O, Adams MD, Clayton RA, Fleischmann RD, Bult CJ, Kerlavage AR, Sutton G, Kelley JM, Fritchman RD, Weidman JF, Small KV, Sandusky M, Fuhrmann J, Nguyen D, Utterback TR, Saudek DM, Phillips CA, Merrick JM, Tomb JF, Dougherty BA, Bott KF, Hu PC, Lucier TS, Peterson SN, Smith HO, Hutchison CA 3rd, Venter JC.</p> <p><b>Abstract<br /> </b>The complete nucleotide sequence (580,070 base pairs) of the Mycoplasma genitalium genome, the smallest known genome of any free-living organism, has been determined by whole-genome random sequencing and assembly. A total of only 470 predicted coding regions were identified that include genes required for DNA replication, transcription and translation, DNA repair, cellular transport, and energy metabolism. Comparison of this genome to that of Haemophilus influenzae suggests that differences in genome content are reflected as profound differences in physiology and metabolic capacity between these two organisms.</p> <p>PMID: 7569993 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 80ae789e1aba4b72af1569911e0b6dccdd5d405d 0 1949 3270 2010-11-14T06:45:22Z WikiSysop 1 Created page with "<p><span style="font-size: large">The first genomes.</span></p> <p>[[The first human genome]]</p> <p>[[The first bacterial genome]]</p> <p>[[The first plant genome]]</p> <p>[[The..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: large">The first genomes.</span></p> <p>[[The first human genome]]</p> <p>[[The first bacterial genome]]</p> <p>[[The first plant genome]]</p> <p>[[The first Archae genome]]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 4e7102761019eb0972be4d625c5511ba3cf4a292 3271 3270 2010-11-14T06:45:31Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: large">The first genomes.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>[[The first human genome]]</p> <p>[[The first bacterial genome]]</p> <p>[[The first plant genome]]</p> <p>[[The first Archae genome]]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> e600a870f2f12f0218f934b6444746de7425c55c 3272 3271 2010-11-14T06:45:48Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><b><span style="font-size: large">The first genomes in the genomics history.</span></b></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>[[The first human genome]]</p> <p>[[The first bacterial genome]]</p> <p>[[The first plant genome]]</p> <p>[[The first Archae genome]]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 43c6e9f5f3f302eeff03411fd39b66a480f54c9e 3273 3272 2010-11-14T06:46:29Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><b><span style="font-size: large">The first genomes in the genomics history.</span></b></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>[[The first human genome]]</p> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [[The first Caucasian genome]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[The first Asian genome]]&nbsp; [[The first Chinese genome]]&nbsp; [[The first Korean genome]]</p> <p>[[The first bacterial genome]]</p> <p>[[The first plant genome]]</p> <p>[[The first Archae genome]]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> a7f6e23825f5548aeb797c9c13e3cd07469dec35 3276 3273 2010-11-14T10:19:53Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><b><span style="font-size: large">The first genomes in the genomics history.</span></b></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>[[The first human genome]]</p> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [[The first Caucasian genome]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[The first Asian genome]]&nbsp; [[The first Chinese genome]]&nbsp; [[The first Korean genome]]</p> <p>[[The first bacterial genome]]</p> <p>[[The first plant genome]]</p> <p>[[The first Archae genome]]</p> <p>[[The first&nbsp;yeast genome]]: April 1996</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 5073be38e312769e74160d48ef448bfa8c4f4b18 6 1950 3274 2010-11-14T08:42:34Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 0 1951 3277 2010-11-14T10:20:04Z WikiSysop 1 Created page with "<p><a href="http://www.genome.gov/10000510">http://www.genome.gov/10000510</a></p>" wikitext text/x-wiki <p><a href="http://www.genome.gov/10000510">http://www.genome.gov/10000510</a></p> d2dbee31d6023412e7d9450da0095fa87548fcac 3278 3277 2010-11-14T10:23:27Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><a href="http://www.genome.gov/10000510">http://www.genome.gov/10000510</a></p> <p><span class="citation Journal">Goffeau A, Barrell BG, Bussey H, Davis RW, Dujon B, Feldmann H, Galibert F, Hoheisel JD, Jacq C, Johnston M, Louis EJ, Mewes HW, Murakami Y, Philippsen P, Tettelin H, Oliver SG (Oct 1996). &quot;Life with 6000 genes&quot;. <i>Science</i> <b>274</b> (5287): 546, 563&ndash;567</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 595d90016529854cf444d7e6c34cd440b2abf813 0 1952 3279 2010-11-14T10:54:43Z WikiSysop 1 Created page with "<p><b>Yeasts</b> are eukaryotic micro-organisms classified in the kingdom Fungi, with the 1,500 species currently described<sup id="cite_ref-YeastRef1_0-0" class="reference"><fon..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p><b>Yeasts</b> are eukaryotic micro-organisms classified in the kingdom Fungi, with the 1,500 species currently described<sup id="cite_ref-YeastRef1_0-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[1]</font></sup> estimated to be only 1% of all yeast species.<sup id="cite_ref-Kurtzman2_1-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[2]</font></sup> Most reproduce asexually by budding, although a few do so by binary fission. Yeasts are unicellular, although some species with yeast forms may become multicellular through the formation of a string of connected budding cells known as <i>pseudohyphae</i>, or <i>false hyphae</i>, as seen in most molds.<sup id="cite_ref-Kurtzman1_2-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[3]</font></sup> Yeast size can vary greatly depending on the species, typically measuring 3&ndash;4&nbsp;&micro;m in diameter, although some yeasts can reach over 40&nbsp;&micro;m.<sup id="cite_ref-Walker_3-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[4]</font></sup></p> <p>The yeast species <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> has been used in baking and in fermenting alcoholic beverages for thousands of years.<sup id="cite_ref-Legras_4-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[5]</font></sup> It is also extremely important as a model organism in modern cell biology research, and is one of the most thoroughly researched eukaryotic microorganisms. Researchers have used it to gather information about the biology of the eukaryotic cell and ultimately human biology.<sup id="cite_ref-Ostergaard_5-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[6]</font></sup> Other species of yeast, such as <i>Candida albicans</i>, are opportunistic pathogens and can cause infections in humans. Yeasts have recently been used to generate electricity in microbial fuel cells,<sup id="cite_ref-YeastRef3_6-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[7]</font></sup> and produce ethanol for the biofuel industry.</p> <p>Yeasts do not form a single taxonomic or phylogenetic grouping. The term &quot;<i>yeast</i>&quot; is often taken as a synonym for <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Kurtzman1994_7-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[8]</font></sup> but the phylogenetic diversity of yeasts is shown by their placement in two separate phyla, the Ascomycota and the Basidiomycota. The budding yeasts (&quot;true yeasts&quot;) are classified in the order Saccharomycetales.<sup id="cite_ref-YeastRef2_8-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[9]</font></sup></p> <p> <table id="toc" class="toc"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2> <span class="toctoggle"><font size="2">[</font><font size="2">hide</font><font size="2">]</font></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Nutrition and growth</span></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Ecology</span></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Reproduction</span></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Uses</span> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Alcoholic beverages</span> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><span class="tocnumber">5.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Beer</span></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><span class="tocnumber">5.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Wine</span></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Baking</span></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Bioremediation</span></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><span class="tocnumber">5.4</span> <span class="toctext">Industrial ethanol production</span></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><span class="tocnumber">5.5</span> <span class="toctext">Non-alcoholic beverages</span></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><span class="tocnumber">5.6</span> <span class="toctext">Nutritional supplements</span></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><span class="tocnumber">5.7</span> <span class="toctext">Probiotics</span></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><span class="tocnumber">5.8</span> <span class="toctext">Aquarium hobby</span></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><span class="tocnumber">5.9</span> <span class="toctext">Science</span></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><span class="tocnumber">5.10</span> <span class="toctext">Yeast extract</span></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Pathogenic yeasts</span></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Food spoilage</span></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Footnotes</span> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><span class="tocnumber">9.1</span> <span class="toctext">Cited texts</span></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> <h2><span id="History" class="mw-headline">History</span></h2> <div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">See also: History of wine&nbsp;and History of beer</div> <p>The word &quot;yeast&quot; comes to us from Old English <i>gist</i>, <i>gyst</i>, and from the Indo-European root <i>yes-</i>, meaning <i>boil</i>, <i>foam</i>, or <i>bubble</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bartleby2000_9-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[10]</font></sup> Yeast microbes are probably one of the earliest domesticated organisms. People have used yeast for fermentation and baking throughout history. Archaeologists digging in Egyptian ruins found early grinding stones and baking chambers for yeasted bread, as well as drawings of 4,000-year-old bakeries and breweries.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA_10-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[11]</font></sup> In 1680 the Dutch naturalist Anton van Leeuwenhoek first microscopically observed yeast, but at the time did not consider them to be living organisms, but rather globular structures.<sup id="cite_ref-YeastRef11_11-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[12]</font></sup> In 1857 French microbiologist Louis Pasteur proved in the paper &quot;<i>M&eacute;moire sur la fermentation alcoolique</i>&quot; that alcoholic fermentation was conducted by living yeasts and not by a chemical catalyst.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA_10-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[11]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Barnett2003_12-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[13]</font></sup> Pasteur showed that by bubbling oxygen into the yeast broth, cell growth could be increased, but the fermentation inhibited &ndash; an observation later called the <i>Pasteur effect</i>.</p> <p>By the late 18th century, two yeast strains used in brewing had been identified: <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>, so called &quot;high&quot; or top yeast, and <i>S.&nbsp; carlsbergensis</i>, &quot;low&quot; or bottom yeast. High yeast was sold commercially by the Dutch for bread making starting in 1780, while around 1800, the Germans started producing <i>S.&nbsp;cerevisiae</i> in the form of cream. In 1825 a method was developed to remove the liquid so the yeast could be prepared as solid blocks.<sup id="cite_ref-Klieger2004_13-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[14]</font></sup> The industrial production of yeast blocks was enhanced by the introduction of the filter press in 1867. In 1872, Baron Max de Springer developed a manufacturing process to create granulated yeast, a technique that was used until the first World War.<sup id="cite_ref-urlLe_Comit.C3.A9_des_Fabricants_de_levure_-_COFALEC_-_repr.C3.A9sente_les_fabricants_14-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[15]</font></sup> In the United States, naturally occurring airborne yeasts were used almost exclusively until commercial yeast was marketed at the Centennial Exposition in 1876 in Philadelphia, where Charles L. Fleischmann exhibited the product and a process to use it, as well as serving the resultant baked bread.</p> <h2><span class="editsection">[edit]</span> <span id="Nutrition_and_growth" class="mw-headline">Nutrition and growth</span></h2> <p>Yeasts are chemoorganotrophs as they use organic compounds as a source of energy and do not require sunlight to grow. Carbon is obtained mostly from hexose sugars such as glucose and fructose, or disaccharides such as sucrose and maltose. Some species can metabolize pentose sugars like ribose,<sup id="cite_ref-Barnett1975_15-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[16]</font></sup> alcohols, and organic acids. Yeast species either require oxygen for aerobic cellular respiration (obligate aerobes), or are anaerobic but also have aerobic methods of energy production (facultative anaerobes). Unlike bacteria, there are no known yeast species that grow only anaerobically (obligate anaerobes). Yeasts grow best in a neutral or slightly acidic pH environment.</p> <p>Yeasts vary in what temperature range they grow best. For example, <i>Leucosporidium frigidum</i> grows at -2 to 20 &deg;C (28&nbsp;to 68&nbsp;&deg;F), <i>Saccharomyces telluris</i> at 5 to 35 &deg;C (41&nbsp;to 95&nbsp;&deg;F) and <i>Candida slooffi</i> at 28 to 45 &deg;C (82&nbsp;to 113&nbsp;&deg;F).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><font size="2">[17]</font></sup> The cells can survive freezing under certain conditions, with viability decreasing over time.</p> <p>Yeasts are generally grown in the laboratory on solid growth media or in liquid broths. Common media used for the cultivation of yeasts include potato dextrose agar (PDA) or potato dextrose broth, Wallerstein Laboratories nutrient (WLN) agar, yeast peptone dextrose agar (YPD), and yeast mould agar or broth (YM). Home brewers who cultivate yeast frequently use dried malt extract (DME) and agar as a solid growth medium. The antibiotic cycloheximide is sometimes added to yeast growth media to inhibit the growth of <i>Saccharomyces</i> yeasts and select for wild/indigenous yeast species. This will change the yeast process.</p> <p>The appearance of a white thready yeast commonly known as kahm yeast is often a byproduct of the lactofermentation (or pickling) of certain vegetables, usually the result of exposure to air. Although harmless it can give pickled vegetables a bad flavour and so must be removed regularly during fermentation.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><font size="2">[18]</font></sup></p> <h2><span class="editsection">[edit]</span> <span id="Ecology" class="mw-headline">Ecology</span></h2> <p>Yeasts are very common in the environment, but are usually isolated from sugar-rich material. Examples include naturally occurring yeasts on the skins of fruits and berries (such as grapes, apples or peaches), and exudates from plants (such as plant saps or cacti). Some yeasts are found in association with soil and insects.<sup id="cite_ref-Suh2005_18-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[19]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Slavikova2003_19-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[20]</font></sup> The ecological function and biodiversity of yeast are relatively unknown compared to those of other microorganisms.<sup id="cite_ref-herrera_20-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[21]</font></sup> Yeasts including <i>Candida albicans</i>, <i>Rhodotorula rubra</i>, <i>Torulopsis</i> and <i>Trichosporon cutaneum</i> have been found living in between people's toes as part of their skin flora.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><font size="2">[22]</font></sup> Yeasts are also present in the gut flora of mammals and some insects<sup id="cite_ref-martini_22-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[23]</font></sup> and even deep-sea environments host an array of yeasts.<sup id="cite_ref-Bass2007_23-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[24]</font></sup></p> <p>An Indian study of seven bee species and 9 plant species found that 45 species from 16 genera colonise the nectaries of flowers and honey stomachs of bees. Most were members of the <i>Candida</i> genus; the most common species in honey stomachs was <i>Dekkera intermedia</i> and in flower nectaries, <i>Candida blankii</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><font size="2">[25]</font></sup> Yeast colonising nectaries of the Stinking Hellebore have been found to raise the temperature of the flower, which may aid in attracting pollinators by increasing the evaporation of volatile organic compounds.<sup id="cite_ref-herrera_20-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[21]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><font size="2">[26]</font></sup> A black yeast has been recorded as a partner in a complex relationship between ants, their mutualistic fungus, a fungal parasite of the fungus and a bacterium that kills the parasite. The yeast have a negative effect on the bacteria that normally produce antibiotics to kill the parasite and so may affect the ants' health by allowing the parasite to spread.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><font size="2">[27]</font></sup></p> <h2><span class="editsection">[edit]</span> <span id="Reproduction" class="mw-headline">Reproduction</span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width: 252px" class="thumbinner"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Yeast_lifecycle.svg/250px-Yeast_lifecycle.svg.png" width="250" height="170" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><img alt="" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" /></div> The yeast cell's life cycle:<br /> 1. Budding<br /> 2. Conjugation<br /> 3. Spore</div> </div> </div> <div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">See also: Mating of yeast</div> <p>Yeasts have asexual and sexual reproductive cycles. The most common mode of vegetative growth in yeast is asexual reproduction by budding.<sup id="cite_ref-Balasubramanian_27-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[28]</font></sup> Here a small bud, or daughter cell, is formed on the parent cell. The nucleus of the parent cell splits into a daughter nucleus and migrates into the daughter cell. The bud continues to grow until it separates from the parent cell, forming a new cell.<sup id="cite_ref-Yeong2005_28-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[29]</font></sup> Some yeasts, including <i>Schizosaccharomyces pombe</i>, reproduce by binary fission instead of budding.<sup id="cite_ref-Balasubramanian_27-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[28]</font></sup></p> <p>Under high stress conditions haploid cells will generally die, however under the same conditions diploid cells can undergo sporulation, entering sexual reproduction (meiosis) and producing a variety of haploid spores, which can go on to mate (conjugate), reforming the diploid.<sup id="cite_ref-Neiman2005_29-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[30]</font></sup></p> <h2><span class="editsection">[edit]</span> <span id="Uses" class="mw-headline">Uses</span></h2> <p>The useful physiological properties of yeast have led to their use in the field of biotechnology. Fermentation of sugars by yeast is the oldest and largest application of this technology. Many types of yeasts are used for making many foods: baker's yeast in bread production; brewer's yeast in beer fermentation; yeast in wine fermentation and for xylitol production.<sup id="cite_ref-Rao2004_30-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[31]</font></sup> So-called red rice yeast is actually a mould, <i>Monascus purpureus</i>. Yeasts include some of the most widely used model organisms for genetics and cell biology.</p> <h3><span class="editsection">[edit]</span> <span id="Alcoholic_beverages" class="mw-headline">Alcoholic beverages</span></h3> <p>Alcoholic beverages are defined as beverages that contain ethanol (C_{<font size="2">2</font>}H_{<font size="2">5</font>}OH). This ethanol is almost always produced by fermentation &ndash; the metabolism of carbohydrates by certain species of yeast under anaerobic or low-oxygen conditions. Beverages such as wine, beer, or distilled spirits all use yeast at some stage of their production. A distilled beverage is a beverage that contains ethanol that has been purified by distillation. Carbohydrate-containing plant material is fermented by yeast, producing a dilute solution of ethanol in the process. Spirits such as whiskey and rum are prepared by distilling these dilute solutions of ethanol. Components other than ethanol are collected in the condensate, including water, esters, and other alcohols which account for the flavour of the beverage.</p> <h4><span class="editsection">[edit]</span> <span id="Beer" class="mw-headline">Beer</span></h4> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width: 222px" class="thumbinner"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/2009-03-21_Beer_brewing_bubbles.jpg/220px-2009-03-21_Beer_brewing_bubbles.jpg" width="220" height="147" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><img alt="" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" /></div> Beer being fermented by brewers yeast</div> </div> </div> <p>Brewing yeasts may be classed as &quot;top cropping&quot; (or &quot;top fermenting&quot;) and &quot;bottom cropping&quot; (or &quot;bottom-fermenting&quot;).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><font size="2">[32]</font></sup> Top cropping yeasts are so called because they form a foam at the top of the wort during fermentation. An example of a top cropping yeast is <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>, sometimes called an &quot;ale yeast&quot;.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><font size="2">[33]</font></sup> Bottom cropping yeasts are typically used to produce lager-type beers, though they can also produce ale-type beers. These yeasts ferment more sugars, creating a dryer beer, and grow well at low temperatures. An example of bottom cropping yeast is <i>Saccharomyces pastorianus</i>, formerly known as <i>Saccharomyces carlsbergensis</i>.</p> <p>The most common top cropping brewer's yeast, <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>, is the same species as the common baking yeast.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><font size="2">[34]</font></sup> However, baking and brewing yeasts typically belong to different strains, cultivated to favour different characteristics: baking yeast strains are more aggressive, in order to carbonate dough in the shortest amount of time possible; brewing yeast strains act slower, but tend to produce fewer off-flavours and tolerate higher alcohol concentrations (with some strains, up to 22%).</p> <p><i>Brettanomyces</i> is a genus of wild yeast important in brewing lambic, a beer produced not by the deliberate addition of brewer's yeasts, but by spontaneous fermentation by wild yeasts and bacteria. <i>Brettanomyces lambicus</i>, <i>B.&nbsp;bruxellensis</i> and <i>B.&nbsp;claussenii</i> are native to the Senne Valley region of Belgium, where lambic beer is produced.<sup id="cite_ref-Verachtert1995_34-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[35]</font></sup></p> <h4><span class="editsection">[edit]</span> <span id="Wine" class="mw-headline">Wine</span></h4> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width: 222px" class="thumbinner"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Yeast_on_grapes.jpg/220px-Yeast_on_grapes.jpg" width="220" height="165" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><img alt="" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" /></div> Fresh grapes</div> </div> </div> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: Fermentation (wine)</div> <p>Yeast is used in winemaking where it converts the sugars present in grape juice or must into alcohol. Yeast is normally already invisibly present on the grapes. The fermentation can be done with this endogenous wild yeast;<sup id="cite_ref-Ross_35-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[36]</font></sup> however, this may give unpredictable results depending on the exact types of yeast species present. For this reason a pure yeast culture is generally added to the must, which rapidly comes to dominate the fermentation. This represses wild yeasts and ensures a reliable and predictable fermentation.<sup id="cite_ref-Gonzalez_36-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[37]</font></sup> Most added wine yeasts are strains of <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>, though not all strains of the species are suitable.<sup id="cite_ref-Gonzalez_36-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[37]</font></sup> Different <i>S. cerevisiae</i> yeast strains have differing physiological and fermentative properties, therefore the actual strain of yeast selected can have a direct impact on the finished wine.<sup id="cite_ref-Dunn_37-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[38]</font></sup> Significant research has been undertaken into the development of novel wine yeast strains that produce atypical flavour profiles or increased complexity in wines.<sup id="cite_ref-YeastRef14_38-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[39]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McBryde_39-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[40]</font></sup></p> <p>The growth of some yeasts such as <i>Zygosaccharomyces</i> and <i>Brettanomyces</i> in wine can result in wine faults and subsequent spoilage.<sup id="cite_ref-Loureiro2003_40-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[41]</font></sup> <i>Brettanomyces</i> produces an array of metabolites when growing in wine, some of which are volatile phenolic compounds. Together these compounds are often referred to as <i>&quot;Brettanomyces character&quot;</i>, and are often described as <i>antiseptic</i> or <i>&quot;barnyard&quot;</i> type aromas. Brettanomyces is a significant contributor to wine faults within the wine industry.<sup id="cite_ref-YeastRef15_41-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[42]</font></sup></p> <h3><span class="editsection">[edit]</span> <span id="Baking" class="mw-headline">Baking</span></h3> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: Baker's yeast</div> <p>Yeast, most commonly <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>, is used in baking as a leavening agent, where it converts the fermentable sugars present in dough into the gas carbon dioxide. This causes the dough to expand or rise as gas forms pockets or bubbles. When the dough is baked the yeast dies and the air pockets &quot;set&quot;, giving the baked product a soft and spongy texture. The use of potatoes, water from potato boiling, eggs, or sugar in a bread dough accelerates the growth of yeasts. Most yeasts used in baking are of the same species common in alcoholic fermentation. Additionally, <i>Saccharomyces exiguus</i> (also known as <i>S. minor</i>) is a wild yeast found on plants, fruits, and grains that is occasionally used for baking. Sugar and vinegar are the best conditions for yeast to ferment. In bread making the yeast initially respires aerobically, producing carbon dioxide and water. When the oxygen is depleted anaerobic respiration begins, producing ethanol as a waste product; however, this evaporates during baking.<sup id="cite_ref-MooreLandecker1996p533-534_42-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[43]</font></sup></p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width: 222px" class="thumbinner"><font size="2"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Compressed_fresh_yeast_-_1.jpg/220px-Compressed_fresh_yeast_-_1.jpg" width="220" height="165" /></font> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><img alt="" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" /></div> A block of fresh yeast.</div> </div> </div> <p>It is not known when yeast was first used to bake bread. The first records that show this use came from Ancient Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-Egypt_43-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[44]</font></sup> Researchers speculate that a mixture of flour meal and water was left longer than usual on a warm day and the yeasts that occur in natural contaminants of the flour caused it to ferment before baking. The resulting bread would have been lighter and tastier than the normal flat, hard cake.</p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width: 222px" class="thumbinner"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Dry_yeast.jpg/220px-Dry_yeast.jpg" width="220" height="165" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><img alt="" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" /></div> Active dried yeast, a granulated form in which yeast is commercially sold.</div> </div> </div> <p>Today there are several retailers of baker's yeast; one of the best-known in North America is Fleischmann&rsquo;s Yeast, which was developed in 1868. During World War II Fleischmann's developed a granulated active dry yeast, which did not require refrigeration and had a longer shelf life than fresh yeast. The company created yeast that would rise twice as fast, reducing baking time. Baker's yeast is also sold as a fresh yeast compressed into a square &quot;cake&quot;. This form perishes quickly, and must therefore be used soon after production. A weak solution of water and sugar can be used to determine if yeast is expired. In the solution, active yeast will foam and bubble as it ferments the sugar into ethanol and carbon dioxide. Some recipes refer to this as proofing the yeast as it &quot;proves&quot; [tests] the viability of the yeast before the other ingredients are added. When using a sourdough starter, flour and water are added instead of sugar; this is referred to as proofing the sponge.</p> <p>When yeast is used for making bread, it is mixed with flour, salt, and warm water or milk. The dough is kneaded until it is smooth, and then left to rise, sometimes until it has doubled in size. Some bread doughs are knocked back after one rising and left to rise again. A longer rising time gives a better flavour, but the yeast can fail to raise the bread in the final stages if it is left for too long initially. The dough is then shaped into loaves, left to rise until it is the correct size, and then baked. Dried yeast is usually specified for use in a bread machine, however a (wet) sourdough starter can also work.</p> <h3><span class="editsection">[edit]</span> <span id="Bioremediation" class="mw-headline">Bioremediation</span></h3> <p>Some yeasts can find potential application in the field of bioremediation. One such yeast, <i>Yarrowia lipolytica</i>, is known to degrade palm oil mill effluent,<sup id="cite_ref-Oswal_44-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[45]</font></sup> TNT (an explosive material),<sup id="cite_ref-Jain_45-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[46]</font></sup> and other hydrocarbons such as alkanes, fatty acids, fats and oils.<sup id="cite_ref-Fickers_46-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[47]</font></sup> It can also tolerate high concentrations of salt and heavy metals,<sup id="cite_ref-Bankar2009rev_47-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[48]</font></sup> and is being investigated for its potential as a heavy metal biosorbent.<sup id="cite_ref-Bankar2009_48-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[49]</font></sup></p> <h3><span class="editsection">[edit]</span> <span id="Industrial_ethanol_production" class="mw-headline">Industrial ethanol production</span></h3> <p>The ability of yeast to convert sugar into ethanol has been harnessed by the biotechnology industry to produce ethanol fuel. The process starts by milling a feedstock, such as sugar cane, field corn, or cheap cereal grains, and then adding dilute sulfuric acid, or fungal alpha amylase enzymes, to break down the starches into complex sugars. A gluco amylase is then added to break the complex sugars down into simple sugars. After this, yeasts are added to convert the simple sugars to ethanol, which is then distilled off to obtain ethanol up to 96% in concentration.<sup id="cite_ref-YeastRef4_49-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[50]</font></sup></p> <p><i>Saccharomyces</i> yeasts have been genetically engineered to ferment xylose, one of the major fermentable sugars present in cellulosic biomasses, such as agriculture residues, paper wastes, and wood chips.<sup id="cite_ref-AEM_50-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[51]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-YeastRef5_51-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[52]</font></sup> Such a development means that ethanol can be efficiently produced from more inexpensive feedstocks, making cellulosic ethanol fuel a more competitively priced alternative to gasoline fuels.<sup id="cite_ref-YeastRef6_52-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[53]</font></sup></p> <h3><span class="editsection">[edit]</span> <span id="Non-alcoholic_beverages" class="mw-headline">Non-alcoholic beverages</span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width: 222px" class="thumbinner"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Kombucha_jar.jpg/220px-Kombucha_jar.jpg" width="220" height="249" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><img alt="" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" /></div> A Kombucha culture fermenting in a jar</div> </div> </div> <p>Root beer and other sweet carbonated beverages can be produced using the same methods as beer, except that fermentation is stopped sooner, producing carbon dioxide, but only trace amounts of alcohol, and a significant amount of sugar is left in the drink. Kvass is a fermented drink made from rye that is popular in Eastern Europe; it has a recognizable but low alcoholic content. Yeast in symbiosis with acetic acid bacteria is used in the preparation of kombucha, a fermented sweetened tea. Species of yeast found in the tea can vary, and may include: <i>Brettanomyces bruxellensis</i>, <i>Candida stellata</i>, <i>Schizosaccharomyces pombe</i>, <i>Torulaspora delbrueckii</i> and <i>Zygosaccharomyces bailii</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-YeastRef7_53-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[54]</font></sup> Kombucha is a popular beverage in Eastern Europe and some former Soviet republics under the name of Chajnyj grib (Чайный гриб). Kefir and kumis are made by fermenting milk with yeast and bacteria.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><font size="2">[55]</font></sup></p> <h3><span class="editsection">[edit]</span> <span id="Nutritional_supplements" class="mw-headline">Nutritional supplements</span></h3> <div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">See also: Tibicos</div> <p>Yeast is used in nutritional supplements popular with vegans and the health conscious, where it is often referred to as &quot;nutritional yeast&quot;. It is a deactivated yeast, usually <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>. It is an excellent source of protein and vitamins, especially the B-complex vitamins, whose functions are related to metabolism as well as other minerals and cofactors required for growth. It is also naturally low in fat and sodium. Some brands of nutritional yeast, though not all, are fortified with vitamin B12, which is produced separately by bacteria. Nutritional yeast, though it has a similar appearance to brewer's yeast, is very different and has a very different taste.</p> <p>Nutritional yeast has a nutty, cheesy, creamy flavor which makes it popular as an ingredient in cheese substitutes. It is often used by vegans in place of Parmesan cheese. Another popular use is as a topping for popcorn. It can also be used in mashed and fried potatoes, as well as putting it into scrambled eggs. It comes in the form of flakes, or as a yellow powder similar in texture to cornmeal, and can be found in the bulk aisle of most natural food stores. In Australia it is sometimes sold as &quot;savory yeast flakes&quot;. Though &quot;nutritional yeast&quot; usually refers to commercial products, inadequately fed prisoners have used &quot;home-grown&quot; yeast to prevent vitamin deficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-YeastRef8_55-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[56]</font></sup></p> <h3><span class="editsection">[edit]</span> <span id="Probiotics" class="mw-headline">Probiotics</span></h3> <p>Some probiotic supplements use the yeast <i>Saccharomyces boulardii</i> to maintain and restore the natural flora in the large and small gastrointestinal tract. <i>S. boulardii</i> has been shown to reduce the symptoms of acute diarrhea in children,<sup id="cite_ref-Centina-Sauri_56-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[57]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kurugol2005_57-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[58]</font></sup> prevent reinfection of <i>Clostridium difficile</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-McFarland1994_58-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[59]</font></sup> reduce bowel movements in diarrhea predominant IBS patients,<sup id="cite_ref-Maupas1983_59-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[60]</font></sup> and reduce the incidence of antibiotic,<sup id="cite_ref-McFarland1995_60-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[61]</font></sup> traveler's,<sup id="cite_ref-Kollaritsch1995_61-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[62]</font></sup> and HIV/AIDS<sup id="cite_ref-Saint-Marc1989_62-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[63]</font></sup> associated diarrheas.</p> <h3><span class="editsection">[edit]</span> <span id="Aquarium_hobby" class="mw-headline">Aquarium hobby</span></h3> <p>Yeast is often used by aquarium hobbyists to generate carbon dioxide (CO_{<font size="2">2</font>}) to nourish plants in planted aquariums. A homemade setup is widely used as a cheap and simple alternative to pressurized CO_{<font size="2">2</font>} systems. While not as effective as these, the homemade setup is considerably cheaper for less demanding hobbyists.</p> <p>There are several recipes for homemade CO_{<font size="2">2</font>}, but they are variations of the basic recipe: Baking yeast, with sugar, baking soda and water are added to a plastic bottle. A few drops of vegetable oil at the start reduces surface tension and speeds the release of CO_{<font size="2">2</font>}. This will produce CO_{<font size="2">2</font>} for about 2 or 3 weeks; the use of a bubble counter determines production. The CO_{<font size="2">2</font>} is injected in the aquarium via a narrow hose and released through a CO_{<font size="2">2</font>} diffuser that helps dissolve the gas in the water. The CO_{<font size="2">2</font>} is used by plants in the photosynthesis process.</p> <p>CO_{<font size="2">2</font>} injection is very important to plant growth in planted aquariums.<sup id="cite_ref-Pedersen2007_63-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[64]</font></sup></p> <h3><span class="editsection">[edit]</span> <span id="Science" class="mw-headline">Science</span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width: 222px" class="thumbinner"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Yeast_cell_english.svg/220px-Yeast_cell_english.svg.png" width="220" height="170" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><img alt="" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" /></div> Diagram showing a yeast cell</div> </div> </div> <p>Several yeasts, particularly <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>, have been widely used in genetics and cell biology. This is largely because <i>S. cerevisiae</i> is a simple eukaryotic cell, serving as a model for all eukaryotes including humans for the study of fundamental cellular processes such as the cell cycle, DNA replication, recombination, cell division and metabolism. Also yeasts are easily manipulated and cultured in the lab which has allowed for the development of powerful standard techniques, such as Yeast two-hybrid, Synthetic genetic array analysis and tetrad analysis. Many proteins important in human biology were first discovered by studying their homologs in yeast; these proteins include cell cycle proteins, signaling proteins, and protein-processing enzymes.</p> <p>On 24 April 1996 <i>S. cerevisiae</i> was announced to be the first eukaryote to have its genome, consisting of 12 million base pairs, fully sequenced as part of the Genome project.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams1996_64-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[65]</font></sup> At the time it was the most complex organism to have its full genome sequenced and took 7 years and the involvement of more than 100 laboratories to accomplish.<sup id="cite_ref-accessexcellence_65-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[66]</font></sup> The second yeast species to have its genome sequenced was <i>Schizosaccharomyces pombe</i>, which was completed in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-Wood_66-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[67]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-genomenewsnetwork_67-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[68]</font></sup> It was the sixth eukaryotic genome sequenced and consists of 13.8&nbsp;million base pairs.</p> <h3><span class="editsection">[edit]</span> <span id="Yeast_extract" class="mw-headline">Yeast extract</span></h3> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: Yeast extract</div> <p> <table style="float: right"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width: 126px" class="thumbinner"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Marmite.jpg/124px-Marmite.jpg" width="124" height="101" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><img alt="" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" /></div> Marmite and Vegemite have a distinctive dark colour</div> </div> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table style="float: right"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width: 152px" class="thumbinner"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Vegemite_and_Marmite.jpg/150px-Vegemite_and_Marmite.jpg" width="150" height="100" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><img alt="" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" /></div> Marmite and Vegemite, products made from yeast extract</div> </div> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> <p>Yeast extract is the common name for various forms of processed yeast products that are used as food additives or flavours. They are often used in the same way that monosodium glutamate (MSG) is used, and like MSG, often contain free glutamic acid. The general method for making yeast extract for food products such as Vegemite and Marmite on a commercial scale is to add salt to a suspension of yeast making the solution hypertonic, which leads to the cells shrivelling up. This triggers <i>autolysis</i>, where the yeast's digestive enzymes break their own proteins down into simpler compounds, a process of self-destruction. The dying yeast cells are then heated to complete their breakdown, after which the husks (yeast with thick cell walls which would give poor texture) are separated. Yeast autolysates are used in Vegemite and Promite (Australia); Marmite, Bovril and Oxo (the United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland and South Africa); and Cenovis (Switzerland).</p> <h2><span class="editsection">[edit]</span> <span id="Pathogenic_yeasts" class="mw-headline">Pathogenic yeasts</span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width: 252px" class="thumbinner"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/C_albicans_en.jpg/250px-C_albicans_en.jpg" width="250" height="188" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><img alt="" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" /></div> A photomicrograph of <i>Candida albicans</i> showing hyphal outgrowth and other morphological characteristics.</div> </div> </div> <p>Some species of yeast are opportunistic pathogens where they can cause infection in people with compromised immune systems.</p> <p><i>Cryptococcus neoformans</i> is a significant pathogen of immunocompromised people causing the disease termed cryptococcosis. This disease occurs in about 7&ndash;9% of AIDS patients in the USA, and a slightly smaller percentage (3&ndash;6%) in western Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-YeastRef9_68-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[69]</font></sup> The cells of the yeast are surrounded by a rigid polysaccharide capsule, which helps to prevent them from being recognised and engulfed by white blood cells in the human body.</p> <p>Yeasts of the <i>Candida</i> genus are another group of opportunistic pathogens which causes oral and vaginal infections in humans, known as candidiasis. <i>Candida</i> is commonly found as a commensal yeast in the mucus membranes of humans and other warm-blooded animals. However, sometimes these same strains can become pathogenic. Here the yeast cells sprout a hyphal outgrowth, which locally penetrates the mucosal membrane, causing irritation and shedding of the tissues.<sup id="cite_ref-YeastRef9_68-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[69]</font></sup> The pathogenic yeasts of candidiasis in probable descending order of virulence for humans are: <i>C. albicans</i>, <i>C. tropicalis</i>, <i>C. stellatoidea</i>, <i>C. glabrata</i>, <i>C. krusei</i>, <i>C. parapsilosis</i>, <i>C. guilliermondii</i>, <i>C. viswanathii</i>, <i>C. lusitaniae</i> and <i>Rhodotorula mucilaginosa</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hurley1987_69-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[70]</font></sup> <i>Candida glabrata</i> is the second most common <i>Candida</i> pathogen after <i>C. albicans</i>, causing infections of the urogenital tract, and of the bloodstream (candidemia).<sup id="cite_ref-YeastRef10_70-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[71]</font></sup></p> <h2><span class="editsection">[edit]</span> <span id="Food_spoilage" class="mw-headline">Food spoilage</span></h2> <p>Yeasts are able to grow in foods with a low pH, (5.0 or lower) and in the presence of sugars, organic acids and other easily metabolized carbon sources.<sup id="cite_ref-Kurtzman3_71-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[72]</font></sup> During their growth, yeasts metabolize some food components and produce metabolic end products. This causes the physical, chemical, and sensible properties of a food to change, and the food is spoiled.<sup id="cite_ref-Fleet_72-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[73]</font></sup> The growth of yeast within food products is often seen on their surface, as in cheeses or meats, or by the fermentation of sugars in beverages, such as juices, and semi-liquid products, such as syrups and jams.<sup id="cite_ref-Kurtzman3_71-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[72]</font></sup> The yeast of the <i>Zygosaccharomyces</i> genus have had a long history as a spoilage yeast within the food industry. This is mainly due to the fact that these species can grow in the presence of high sucrose, ethanol, acetic acid, sorbic acid, benzoic acid, and sulfur dioxide concentrations,<sup id="cite_ref-Loureiro_73-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[74]</font></sup> representing some of the commonly used food preservation methods. Methylene blue is used to test for the presence of live yeast cells.</p> <h2><span id="See_also" class="mw-headline">See also</span></h2> <div style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid; border-left: #aaa 1px solid; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 0.5em; border-top: #aaa 1px solid; border-right: #aaa 1px solid" class="noprint tright portal"> <table style="line-height: 110%; max-width: 175px; background: #f9f9f9; font-size: 85%"> <tbody> <tr> <td><a class="image" href="/wiki/File:Karl_Johanssvamp,_Iduns_kokbok.png"><img alt="Karl Johanssvamp, Iduns kokbok.png" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Karl_Johanssvamp%2C_Iduns_kokbok.png/25px-Karl_Johanssvamp%2C_Iduns_kokbok.png" width="25" height="27" /></a></td> <td style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0px"><i><b><a title="Portal:Fungi" href="/wiki/Portal:Fungi"><font color="#0645ad">Fungi portal</font></a></b></i></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <ul> <li><a class="mw-redirect" title="Fungal infection" href="/wiki/Fungal_infection"><font color="#0645ad">Fungal infection</font></a></li> <li><a class="mw-redirect" title="Yeast infection" href="/wiki/Yeast_infection"><font color="#0645ad">Yeast infection</font></a></li> <li><a title="Bioaerosol" href="/wiki/Bioaerosol"><font color="#0645ad">Bioaerosol</font></a></li> <li><a title="Baker's yeast" href="/wiki/Baker%27s_yeast"><font color="#0645ad">Baker's yeast</font></a></li> <li><a title="Candidiasis" href="/wiki/Candidiasis"><font color="#0645ad">Candidiasis</font></a> (yeast infection)</li> <li><a title="Ethanol fermentation" href="/wiki/Ethanol_fermentation"><font color="#0645ad">Ethanol fermentation</font></a></li> <li><a title="Tetrad (genetics)" href="/wiki/Tetrad_(genetics)"><font color="#0645ad">Tetrad (genetics)</font></a></li> <li><a title="Winemaking" href="/wiki/Winemaking"><font color="#0645ad">Winemaking</font></a></li> <li><a title="Start point (yeast)" href="/wiki/Start_point_(yeast)"><font color="#0645ad">Start point (yeast)</font></a></li> </ul> <div style="clear: both">&nbsp;</div> <h2><span id="Footnotes" class="mw-headline">Footnotes</span></h2> <div style="column-width: 30em; -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em" class="references-small references-column-width"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-YeastRef1-0"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YeastRef1_0-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Kurtzman, C.P., Fell, J.W. 2006. <a class="external text" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=176765" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Yeast Systematics and Phylogeny&mdash;Implications of Molecular Identification Methods for Studies in Ecology.&quot;</font></a>, Biodiversity and Ecophysiology of Yeasts, The Yeast Handbook, Springer. Retrieved January 7, 2007.</li> <li id="cite_note-Kurtzman2-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kurtzman2_1-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation book">Kurtzman CP, Pi&scaron;kur J (2006). <a class="external text" href="http://www.springerlink.com/content/aqmjetp24hpllwfa/" rel="nofollow"><i><font color="#3366bb">Taxonomy and phylogenetic diversity among the yeasts (in Comparative Genomics: Using Fungi as Models. Sunnerhagen P, Piskur J, eds.)</font></i></a>. Berlin: Springer. pp.&nbsp;29&ndash;46. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-31480-6" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-31480-6"><font color="#0645ad">978-3-540-31480-6</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.springerlink.com/content/aqmjetp24hpllwfa/" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.springerlink.com/content/aqmjetp24hpllwfa/</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Taxonomy+and+phylogenetic+diversity+among+the+yeasts+%28in+Comparative+Genomics%3A+Using+Fungi+as+Models.+Sunnerhagen+P%2C+Piskur+J%2C+eds.%29&amp;rft.aulast=Kurtzman+CP%2C+Pi%C5%A1kur+J&amp;rft.au=Kurtzman+CP%2C+Pi%C5%A1kur+J&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B29%E2%80%9346&amp;rft.place=Berlin&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-540-31480-6&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Faqmjetp24hpllwfa%2F&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Kurtzman1-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kurtzman1_2-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation book">Kurtzman CP, Fell JW (2005). <i>Biodiversity and Ecophysiology of Yeasts (in: The Yeast Handbook, G&aacute;bor P, de la Rosa CL, eds.)</i>. Berlin: Springer. pp.&nbsp;11&ndash;30. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/3-540-26100-1" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-540-26100-1"><font color="#0645ad">3-540-26100-1</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Biodiversity+and+Ecophysiology+of+Yeasts+%28in%3A+The+Yeast+Handbook%2C+G%C3%A1bor+P%2C+de+la+Rosa+CL%2C+eds.%29&amp;rft.aulast=Kurtzman+CP%2C+Fell+JW&amp;rft.au=Kurtzman+CP%2C+Fell+JW&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B11%E2%80%9330&amp;rft.place=Berlin&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.isbn=3-540-26100-1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Walker-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Walker_3-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Walker K, Skelton H, Smith K. (2002). <a class="external text" href="http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/openurl?genre=article&amp;sid=nlm:pubmed&amp;issn=0303-6987&amp;date=2002&amp;volume=29&amp;issue=10&amp;spage=616" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Cutaneous lesions showing giant yeast forms of <i>Blastomyces dermatitidis</i>&quot;</font></a>. <i>Journal of Cutaneous Pathology</i> <b>29</b> (10): 616&ndash;18. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1034%2Fj.1600-0560.2002.291009.x" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1034/j.1600-0560.2002.291009.x</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12453301" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">12453301</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/openurl?genre=article&amp;sid=nlm:pubmed&amp;issn=0303-6987&amp;date=2002&amp;volume=29&amp;issue=10&amp;spage=616" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/openurl?genre=article&amp;sid=nlm:pubmed&amp;issn=0303-6987&amp;date=2002&amp;volume=29&amp;issue=10&amp;spage=616</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Cutaneous+lesions+showing+giant+yeast+forms+of+%27%27Blastomyces+dermatitidis%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cutaneous+Pathology&amp;rft.aulast=Walker+K%2C+Skelton+H%2C+Smith+K.&amp;rft.au=Walker+K%2C+Skelton+H%2C+Smith+K.&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.volume=29&amp;rft.issue=10&amp;rft.pages=616%E2%80%9318&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1034%2Fj.1600-0560.2002.291009.x&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12453301&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blackwell-synergy.com%2Fopenurl%3Fgenre%3Darticle%26sid%3Dnlm%3Apubmed%26issn%3D0303-6987%26date%3D2002%26volume%3D29%26issue%3D10%26spage%3D616&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Legras-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Legras_4-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Jean-Luc Legras, Didier Merdinoglu, Jean-Marie Cornuet and Francis Karst. (2007.). &quot;Bread, beer and wine: Saccharomyces cerevisiae diversity reflects human history&quot;. <i>Molecular Ecology</i> <b>16</b> (10): 2091&ndash;2102. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-294X.2007.03266.x" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03266.x</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17498234" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">17498234</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Bread%2C+beer+and+wine%3A+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae+diversity+reflects+human+history&amp;rft.jtitle=Molecular+Ecology&amp;rft.aulast=Jean-Luc+Legras%2C+Didier+Merdinoglu%2C+Jean-Marie+Cornuet+and+Francis+Karst.&amp;rft.au=Jean-Luc+Legras%2C+Didier+Merdinoglu%2C+Jean-Marie+Cornuet+and+Francis+Karst.&amp;rft.date=2007.&amp;rft.volume=16&amp;rft.issue=10&amp;rft.pages=2091%E2%80%932102&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1111%2Fj.1365-294X.2007.03266.x&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17498234&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Ostergaard-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ostergaard_5-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Ostergaard S, Olsson L, Nielsen J. (2000). <a class="external text" href="http://mmbr.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=10704473" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Metabolic engineering of <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>&quot;</font></a>. <i>Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews</i> <b>64</b> (1): 34&ndash;50. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FMMBR.64.1.34-50.2000" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1128/MMBR.64.1.34-50.2000</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10704473" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10704473</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=98985" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">98985</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://mmbr.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=10704473" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://mmbr.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=10704473</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Metabolic+engineering+of+%27%27Saccharomyces+cerevisiae%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=Microbiology+and+Molecular+Biology+Reviews&amp;rft.aulast=Ostergaard+S%2C+Olsson+L%2C+Nielsen+J.&amp;rft.au=Ostergaard+S%2C+Olsson+L%2C+Nielsen+J.&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.volume=64&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=34%E2%80%9350&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FMMBR.64.1.34-50.2000&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/10704473&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmmbr.asm.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D10704473&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-YeastRef3-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YeastRef3_6-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://automation.tkk.fi/Research/BioprocessAutomation" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Biofuelcell&quot;</font></a>. Helsinki University of Technology. 2007<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://automation.tkk.fi/Research/BioprocessAutomation" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://automation.tkk.fi/Research/BioprocessAutomation</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Biofuelcell&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.pub=Helsinki+University+of+Technology&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fautomation.tkk.fi%2FResearch%2FBioprocessAutomation&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Kurtzman1994-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kurtzman1994_7-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Kurtzman CP (1994). &quot;Molecular taxonomy of the yeasts&quot;. <i>Yeast</i> <b>10</b> (13): 1727&ndash;40. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fyea.320101306" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1002/yea.320101306</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7747515" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">7747515</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Molecular+taxonomy+of+the+yeasts&amp;rft.jtitle=Yeast&amp;rft.aulast=Kurtzman+CP&amp;rft.au=Kurtzman+CP&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.volume=10&amp;rft.issue=13&amp;rft.pages=1727%E2%80%9340&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1002%2Fyea.320101306&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/7747515&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-YeastRef2-8"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YeastRef2_8-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.yeastgenome.org/VL-what_are_yeast.html" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;What are yeasts?&quot;</font></a>. <i>Yeast Virtual Library</i>. 200-09-13<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.yeastgenome.org/VL-what_are_yeast.html" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.yeastgenome.org/VL-what_are_yeast.html</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=What+are+yeasts%3F&amp;rft.atitle=Yeast+Virtual+Library&amp;rft.date=200-09-13&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yeastgenome.org%2FVL-what_are_yeast.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Bartleby2000-9"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bartleby2000_9-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation book"><a class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/61/roots/IE598.html" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Appendix I: Indo-European Roots&quot;</font></a>. <i>The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</i> (4th ed.). 2000<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.bartleby.com/61/roots/IE598.html" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.bartleby.com/61/roots/IE598.html</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-11-16</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Appendix+I%3A+Indo-European+Roots&amp;rft.atitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.edition=4th&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bartleby.com%2F61%2Froots%2FIE598.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-NASA-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NASA_10-0">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="2">a</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NASA_10-1">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="2">b</font></b></i>}</a> <span class="citation web">Phillips T. <a class="external text" href="http://science.nasa.gov/newhome/headlines/msad16mar99_1b.htm" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Planets in a Bottle: More about yeast&quot;</font></a>. <i>Science@NASA</i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://science.nasa.gov/newhome/headlines/msad16mar99_1b.htm" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://science.nasa.gov/newhome/headlines/msad16mar99_1b.htm</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Planets+in+a+Bottle%3A+More+about+yeast&amp;rft.atitle=Science%40NASA&amp;rft.aulast=Phillips+T&amp;rft.au=Phillips+T&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.nasa.gov%2Fnewhome%2Fheadlines%2Fmsad16mar99_1b.htm&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-YeastRef11-11"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YeastRef11_11-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation web">Huxley A (1871). <a class="external text" href="http://aleph0.clarku.edu/huxley/CE8/Yeast.html" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Discourses: Biological &amp; Geological (volume VIII)&nbsp;: Yeast&quot;</font></a>. <i>Collected Essays</i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://aleph0.clarku.edu/huxley/CE8/Yeast.html" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://aleph0.clarku.edu/huxley/CE8/Yeast.html</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Discourses%3A+Biological+%26+Geological+%28volume+VIII%29+%3A+Yeast&amp;rft.atitle=Collected+Essays&amp;rft.aulast=Huxley+A&amp;rft.au=Huxley+A&amp;rft.date=1871&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faleph0.clarku.edu%2Fhuxley%2FCE8%2FYeast.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Barnett2003-12"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barnett2003_12-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Barnett JA (2003). <a class="external text" href="http://mic.sgmjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12634325" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Beginnings of microbiology and biochemistry: the contribution of yeast research&quot;</font></a>. <i>Microbiology (Reading, Engl.)</i> <b>149</b> (Pt 3): 557&ndash;67. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12634325" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">12634325</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://mic.sgmjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12634325" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://mic.sgmjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12634325</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Beginnings+of+microbiology+and+biochemistry%3A+the+contribution+of+yeast+research&amp;rft.jtitle=Microbiology+%28Reading%2C+Engl.%29&amp;rft.aulast=Barnett+JA&amp;rft.au=Barnett+JA&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=149&amp;rft.issue=Pt+3&amp;rft.pages=557%E2%80%9367&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12634325&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmic.sgmjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D12634325&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Klieger2004-13"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Klieger2004_13-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation book">Klieger PC. (2004). <a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=er88eh9jA0wC&amp;lpg=PA1&amp;dq=yeast%20history%20Fleischmann&amp;pg=PA13#v=onepage&amp;q=" rel="nofollow"><i><font color="#3366bb">The Fleischmann yeast family</font></i></a>. Arcadia Publishing. p.&nbsp;13. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/978-0738533414" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0738533414"><font color="#0645ad">978-0738533414</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://books.google.com/?id=er88eh9jA0wC&amp;lpg=PA1&amp;dq=yeast%20history%20Fleischmann&amp;pg=PA13#v=onepage&amp;q=" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://books.google.com/?id=er88eh9jA0wC&amp;lpg=PA1&amp;dq=yeast%20history%20Fleischmann&amp;pg=PA13#v=onepage&amp;q=</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-02-21</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Fleischmann+yeast+family&amp;rft.aulast=Klieger+PC.&amp;rft.au=Klieger+PC.&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B13&amp;rft.pub=Arcadia++Publishing&amp;rft.isbn=978-0738533414&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3Der88eh9jA0wC%26lpg%3DPA1%26dq%3Dyeast%2520history%2520Fleischmann%26pg%3DPA13%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-urlLe_Comit.C3.A9_des_Fabricants_de_levure_-_COFALEC_-_repr.C3.A9sente_les_fabricants-14"><b><a href="#cite_ref-urlLe_Comit.C3.A9_des_Fabricants_de_levure_-_COFALEC_-_repr.C3.A9sente_les_fabricants_14-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.cofalec.com/contentO.aspx?progres" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Le Comit&eacute; des Fabricants de levure&quot;</font></a>. COFALEC<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.cofalec.com/contentO.aspx?progres" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.cofalec.com/contentO.aspx?progres</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-02-21</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Le+Comit%C3%A9+des+Fabricants+de+levure&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.pub=COFALEC&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cofalec.com%2FcontentO.aspx%3Fprogres&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Barnett1975-15"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barnett1975_15-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Barnett JA. (1975). &quot;The entry of D-ribose into some yeasts of the genus <i>Pichia</i>&quot;. <i>Journal of General Microbiology</i> <b>90</b> (1): 1&ndash;12. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1176959" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">1176959</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+entry+of+D-ribose+into+some+yeasts+of+the+genus+%27%27Pichia%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+General+Microbiology&amp;rft.aulast=Barnett+JA.&amp;rft.au=Barnett+JA.&amp;rft.date=1975&amp;rft.volume=90&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=1%E2%80%9312&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/1176959&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Arthur H, Watson K (October 1976). <a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=232826" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Thermal adaptation in yeast: growth temperatures, membrane lipid, and cytochrome composition of psychrophilic, mesophilic, and thermophilic yeasts&quot;</font></a>. <i>J. Bacteriol.</i> <b>128</b> (1): 56&ndash;68. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/988016" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">988016</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Thermal+adaptation+in+yeast%3A+growth+temperatures%2C+membrane+lipid%2C+and+cytochrome+composition+of+psychrophilic%2C+mesophilic%2C+and+thermophilic+yeasts&amp;rft.jtitle=J.+Bacteriol.&amp;rft.aulast=Arthur+H%2C+Watson+K&amp;rft.au=Arthur+H%2C+Watson+K&amp;rft.date=October+1976&amp;rft.volume=128&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=56%E2%80%9368&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/988016&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-17"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation book">Kaufmann, Klaus; Annelies Schoneck (2002). <a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=2REy7lUARrkC&amp;dq=%22kahm+yeast%22" rel="nofollow"><i><font color="#3366bb">Making Sauerkraut and Pickled Vegetables at Home: Creative Recipes for Lactic Fermented Food to Improve Your Health</font></i></a>. Google books: Book Publishing Company. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/9781553120377" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781553120377"><font color="#0645ad">9781553120377</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://books.google.com/?id=2REy7lUARrkC&amp;dq=%22kahm+yeast%22" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://books.google.com/?id=2REy7lUARrkC&amp;dq=%22kahm+yeast%22</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Making+Sauerkraut+and+Pickled+Vegetables+at+Home%3A+Creative+Recipes+for+Lactic+Fermented+Food+to+Improve+Your+Health&amp;rft.aulast=Kaufmann&amp;rft.aufirst=Klaus&amp;rft.au=Kaufmann%2C%26%2332%3BKlaus&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.place=Google+books&amp;rft.pub=Book+Publishing+Company&amp;rft.isbn=9781553120377&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D2REy7lUARrkC%26dq%3D%2522kahm%2Byeast%2522&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Suh2005-18"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Suh2005_18-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Suh SO, McHugh JV, Pollock DD, Blackwell M. (2005). &quot;The beetle gut: a hyperdiverse source of novel yeasts&quot;. <i>Mycological Research</i> <b>109</b> (Pt 3): 261&ndash;65. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS0953756205002388" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1017/S0953756205002388</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15912941" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">15912941</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+beetle+gut%3A+a+hyperdiverse+source+of+novel+yeasts&amp;rft.jtitle=Mycological+Research&amp;rft.aulast=Suh+SO%2C+McHugh+JV%2C+Pollock+DD%2C+Blackwell+M.&amp;rft.au=Suh+SO%2C+McHugh+JV%2C+Pollock+DD%2C+Blackwell+M.&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=109&amp;rft.issue=Pt+3&amp;rft.pages=261%E2%80%9365&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1017%2FS0953756205002388&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15912941&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Slavikova2003-19"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Slavikova2003_19-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Sl&aacute;vikov&aacute; E, Vadkertiov&aacute; R. (2003). &quot;The diversity of yeasts in the agricultural soil&quot;. <i>Journalof Basic Microbiology</i> <b>43</b> (5): 430&ndash;36. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fjobm.200310277" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1002/jobm.200310277</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12964187" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">12964187</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+diversity+of+yeasts+in+the+agricultural+soil&amp;rft.jtitle=Journalof+Basic+Microbiology&amp;rft.aulast=Sl%C3%A1vikov%C3%A1+E%2C+Vadkertiov%C3%A1+R.&amp;rft.au=Sl%C3%A1vikov%C3%A1+E%2C+Vadkertiov%C3%A1+R.&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=43&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=430%E2%80%9336&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1002%2Fjobm.200310277&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12964187&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-herrera-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-herrera_20-0">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="2">a</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="#cite_ref-herrera_20-1">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="2">b</font></b></i>}</a> <span class="citation Journal">Herrera, Carlos; Mar&iacute;a I. Pozo (10 February 2010). <a class="external text" href="http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2010/02/05/rspb.2009.2252.abstract" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Nectar yeasts warm the flowers of a winter-blooming plant&quot;</font></a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society Biological</i> <b>277</b> (1689): 1827&ndash;34. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2009.2252" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1098/rspb.2009.2252</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20147331" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">20147331</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2871880" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">2871880</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2010/02/05/rspb.2009.2252.abstract" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2010/02/05/rspb.2009.2252.abstract</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 10 February 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Nectar+yeasts+warm+the+flowers+of+a+winter-blooming+plant&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+Biological&amp;rft.aulast=Herrera&amp;rft.aufirst=Carlos&amp;rft.au=Herrera%2C%26%2332%3BCarlos&amp;rft.date=10+February+2010&amp;rft.volume=277&amp;rft.issue=1689&amp;rft.pages=1827%E2%80%9334&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1098%2Frspb.2009.2252&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/20147331&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frspb.royalsocietypublishing.org%2Fcontent%2Fearly%2F2010%2F02%2F05%2Frspb.2009.2252.abstract&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-21"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Oyeka CA, Ugwu LO. (2002). Fungal flora of human toe webs. Mycoses. 45(11-12):488-91. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12472726"><font color="#3366bb">PMID 12472726</font></a></li> <li id="cite_note-martini-22"><b><a href="#cite_ref-martini_22-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Martini, A (4 June 1992). <a class="external text" href="http://www.springerlink.com/content/w540551582n04358/" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Biodiversity and conservation of yeasts&quot;</font></a>. <i>Biodiversity and Conservation</i> <b>1</b>: 324&ndash;333. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00693768" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1007/BF00693768</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.springerlink.com/content/w540551582n04358/" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.springerlink.com/content/w540551582n04358/</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Biodiversity+and+conservation+of+yeasts&amp;rft.jtitle=Biodiversity+and+Conservation&amp;rft.aulast=Martini&amp;rft.aufirst=A&amp;rft.au=Martini%2C%26%2332%3BA&amp;rft.date=4+June+1992&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft.pages=324%E2%80%93333&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2FBF00693768&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fw540551582n04358%2F&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Bass2007-23"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bass2007_23-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Bass D, Howe A, Brown N, Barton H, Demidova M, Michelle H, Li L, Sanders H, Watkinson SC, Willcock S, Richards TA. (2007). <a class="external text" href="http://journals.royalsociety.org/openurl.asp?genre=article&amp;id=doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.1067" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Yeast forms dominate fungal diversity in the deep oceans&quot;</font></a>. <i>Proceedings. Biological Sciences/The Royal Society</i> <b>274</b> (1629): 3069&ndash;77. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2007.1067" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1098/rspb.2007.1067</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17939990" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">17939990</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2293941" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">2293941</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://journals.royalsociety.org/openurl.asp?genre=article&amp;id=doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.1067" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://journals.royalsociety.org/openurl.asp?genre=article&amp;id=doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.1067</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Yeast+forms+dominate+fungal+diversity+in+the+deep+oceans&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings.+Biological+Sciences%2FThe+Royal+Society&amp;rft.aulast=Bass+D%2C+Howe+A%2C+Brown+N%2C+Barton+H%2C+Demidova+M%2C+Michelle+H%2C+Li+L%2C+Sanders+H%2C+Watkinson+SC%2C+Willcock+S%2C+Richards+TA.&amp;rft.au=Bass+D%2C+Howe+A%2C+Brown+N%2C+Barton+H%2C+Demidova+M%2C+Michelle+H%2C+Li+L%2C+Sanders+H%2C+Watkinson+SC%2C+Willcock+S%2C+Richards+TA.&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.volume=274&amp;rft.issue=1629&amp;rft.pages=3069%E2%80%9377&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1098%2Frspb.2007.1067&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17939990&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.royalsociety.org%2Fopenurl.asp%3Fgenre%3Darticle%26id%3Ddoi%3A10.1098%2Frspb.2007.1067&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-24"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Sandhu, Dhanwant; Manjit Waraich (1985). <a class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/4250820" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Yeasts Associated with Pollinating Bees and Flower Nectar&quot;</font></a>. <i>Microbial Ecology</i> <b>11</b>: 51&ndash;58. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02015108" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1007/BF02015108</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/4250820" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.jstor.org/stable/4250820</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Yeasts+Associated+with+Pollinating+Bees+and+Flower+Nectar&amp;rft.jtitle=Microbial+Ecology&amp;rft.aulast=Sandhu&amp;rft.aufirst=Dhanwant&amp;rft.au=Sandhu%2C%26%2332%3BDhanwant&amp;rft.date=1985&amp;rft.volume=11&amp;rft.pages=51%E2%80%9358&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2FBF02015108&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4250820&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-25"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation news">Barley, Shanta (10 February 2010). <a class="external text" href="http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20527473.900-stinky-flower-is-kept-warm-by-yeast-partner.html" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Stinky flower is kept warm by yeast partner&quot;</font></a>. New Scientist<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20527473.900-stinky-flower-is-kept-warm-by-yeast-partner.html" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20527473.900-stinky-flower-is-kept-warm-by-yeast-partner.html</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 10 February 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Stinky+flower+is+kept+warm+by+yeast+partner&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Barley&amp;rft.aufirst=Shanta&amp;rft.au=Barley%2C%26%2332%3BShanta&amp;rft.date=10+February+2010&amp;rft.pub=New+Scientist&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fmg20527473.900-stinky-flower-is-kept-warm-by-yeast-partner.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-26"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Little, Ainslie; Cameron Currie (2008). <a class="external text" href="http://www.esajournals.org/doi/full/10.1890/07-0815.1" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Black yeast symbionts compromise the efficiency of antibiotic defenses in fungus-growing ants&quot;</font></a>. <i>Ecology</i> <b>89</b> (5): 1216&ndash;1222. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1890%2F07-0815.1" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1890/07-0815.1</font></a>. <a title="International Standard Serial Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISSN</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/issn/doi" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">= 10.1890/07-0815.1 doi = 10.1890/07-0815.1</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18543616" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">18543616</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.esajournals.org/doi/full/10.1890/07-0815.1" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.esajournals.org/doi/full/10.1890/07-0815.1</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Black+yeast+symbionts+compromise+the+efficiency+of+antibiotic+defenses+in+fungus-growing+ants&amp;rft.jtitle=Ecology&amp;rft.aulast=Little&amp;rft.aufirst=Ainslie&amp;rft.au=Little%2C%26%2332%3BAinslie&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=89&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=1216%E2%80%931222&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1890%2F07-0815.1&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18543616&amp;rft.issn=doi+%3D+10.1890%2F07-0815.1&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esajournals.org%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1890%2F07-0815.1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Balasubramanian-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Balasubramanian_27-0">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="2">a</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Balasubramanian_27-1">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="2">b</font></b></i>}</a> <span class="citation Journal">Balasubramanian MK, Bi E, Glotzer M. (2004). <a class="external text" href="http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0960982204006980" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Comparative analysis of cytokinesis in budding yeast, fission yeast and animal cells&quot;</font></a>. <i>Current Biology</i> <b>14</b> (18): R806&ndash;18. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2004.09.022" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1016/j.cub.2004.09.022</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15380095" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">15380095</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0960982204006980" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0960982204006980</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Comparative+analysis+of+cytokinesis+in+budding+yeast%2C+fission+yeast+and+animal+cells&amp;rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&amp;rft.aulast=Balasubramanian+MK%2C+Bi+E%2C+Glotzer+M.&amp;rft.au=Balasubramanian+MK%2C+Bi+E%2C+Glotzer+M.&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=14&amp;rft.issue=18&amp;rft.pages=R806%E2%80%9318&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2004.09.022&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15380095&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0960982204006980&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Yeong2005-28"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yeong2005_28-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Yeong FM. (2005). &quot;Severing all ties between mother and daughter: cell separation in budding yeast&quot;. <i>Molecular Microbiology</i> <b>55</b> (5): 1325&ndash;31. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2958.2005.04507.x" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1111/j.1365-2958.2005.04507.x</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15720543" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">15720543</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Severing+all+ties+between+mother+and+daughter%3A+cell+separation+in+budding+yeast&amp;rft.jtitle=Molecular+Microbiology&amp;rft.aulast=Yeong+FM.&amp;rft.au=Yeong+FM.&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=55&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=1325%E2%80%9331&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2958.2005.04507.x&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15720543&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Neiman2005-29"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Neiman2005_29-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Neiman AM. (2005). <a class="external text" href="http://mmbr.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16339736" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Ascospore formation in the yeast <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>&quot;</font></a>. <i>Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews</i> <b>69</b> (4): 565&ndash;84. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FMMBR.69.4.565-584.2005" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1128/MMBR.69.4.565-584.2005</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16339736" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">16339736</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1306807" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">1306807</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://mmbr.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16339736" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://mmbr.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16339736</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Ascospore+formation+in+the+yeast+%27%27Saccharomyces+cerevisiae%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=Microbiology+and+Molecular+Biology+Reviews&amp;rft.aulast=Neiman+AM.&amp;rft.au=Neiman+AM.&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=69&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=565%E2%80%9384&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FMMBR.69.4.565-584.2005&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16339736&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmmbr.asm.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D16339736&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Rao2004-30"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rao2004_30-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Rao RS, Prakasham RS, Prasad KK, Rajesham S, Sarma PN, Rao L. (2004). &quot;Xylitol production by <i>Candida</i> sp.: parameter optimization using Taguchi approach&quot;. <i>Process Biochemistry</i> <b>39</b>: 951&ndash;56. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0032-9592%2803%2900207-3" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1016/S0032-9592(03)00207-3</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Xylitol+production+by+%27%27Candida%27%27+sp.%3A+parameter+optimization+using+Taguchi+approach&amp;rft.jtitle=Process+Biochemistry&amp;rft.aulast=Rao+RS%2C+Prakasham+RS%2C+Prasad+KK%2C+Rajesham+S%2C+Sarma+PN%2C+Rao+L.&amp;rft.au=Rao+RS%2C+Prakasham+RS%2C+Prasad+KK%2C+Rajesham+S%2C+Sarma+PN%2C+Rao+L.&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=39&amp;rft.pages=951%E2%80%9356&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2FS0032-9592%2803%2900207-3&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-31"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation book"><a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=TIYbNdrIsPEC&amp;pg=PA84&amp;dq=yeasts+%22top+cropping%22&amp;q=yeasts%20%22top%20cropping%22" rel="nofollow"><i><font color="#3366bb">Handbook of brewing - Google Books</font></i></a>. books.google.co.uk. 2006-02-22. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/9780824726577" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824726577"><font color="#0645ad">9780824726577</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://books.google.com/?id=TIYbNdrIsPEC&amp;pg=PA84&amp;dq=yeasts+%22top+cropping%22&amp;q=yeasts%20%22top%20cropping%22" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://books.google.com/?id=TIYbNdrIsPEC&amp;pg=PA84&amp;dq=yeasts+%22top+cropping%22&amp;q=yeasts%20%22top%20cropping%22</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-07-12</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Handbook+of+brewing+-+Google+Books&amp;rft.date=2006-02-22&amp;rft.pub=books.google.co.uk&amp;rft.isbn=9780824726577&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DTIYbNdrIsPEC%26pg%3DPA84%26dq%3Dyeasts%2B%2522top%2Bcropping%2522%26q%3Dyeasts%2520%2522top%2520cropping%2522&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-32"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation book"><a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=DhMavBH4B18C&amp;pg=PA361&amp;dq=%22ale+yeast%22&amp;q=%22ale%20yeast%22" rel="nofollow"><i><font color="#3366bb">The Sommelier Prep Course: An ... - Google Books</font></i></a>. books.google.co.uk. 2010. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/9780470283189" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470283189"><font color="#0645ad">9780470283189</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://books.google.com/?id=DhMavBH4B18C&amp;pg=PA361&amp;dq=%22ale+yeast%22&amp;q=%22ale%20yeast%22" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://books.google.com/?id=DhMavBH4B18C&amp;pg=PA361&amp;dq=%22ale+yeast%22&amp;q=%22ale%20yeast%22</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-07-12</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Sommelier+Prep+Course%3A+An+...+-+Google+Books&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.pub=books.google.co.uk&amp;rft.isbn=9780470283189&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DDhMavBH4B18C%26pg%3DPA361%26dq%3D%2522ale%2Byeast%2522%26q%3D%2522ale%2520yeast%2522&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-33"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation book"><a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=bQcxoepvxOwC&amp;pg=PA36&amp;dq=brewing+and+baking+yeast&amp;q=brewing%20and%20baking%20yeast" rel="nofollow"><i><font color="#3366bb">Understanding baking: the art and ... - Google Books</font></i></a>. books.google.co.uk. 2002-09-09. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/9780471405467" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780471405467"><font color="#0645ad">9780471405467</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://books.google.com/?id=bQcxoepvxOwC&amp;pg=PA36&amp;dq=brewing+and+baking+yeast&amp;q=brewing%20and%20baking%20yeast" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://books.google.com/?id=bQcxoepvxOwC&amp;pg=PA36&amp;dq=brewing+and+baking+yeast&amp;q=brewing%20and%20baking%20yeast</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-08-01</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Understanding+baking%3A+the+art+and+...+-+Google+Books&amp;rft.date=2002-09-09&amp;rft.pub=books.google.co.uk&amp;rft.isbn=9780471405467&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DbQcxoepvxOwC%26pg%3DPA36%26dq%3Dbrewing%2Band%2Bbaking%2Byeast%26q%3Dbrewing%2520and%2520baking%2520yeast&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Verachtert1995-34"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Verachtert1995_34-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Verachtert H, Iserentant D. (1995). &quot;Properties of Belgian acid beers and their microflora. 1. The production of gueuze and related refreshing acid beers&quot;. <i>Cerevesia</i> <b>20</b> (1): 37&ndash;42.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Properties+of+Belgian+acid+beers+and+their+microflora.+1.+The+production+of+gueuze+and+related+refreshing+acid+beers&amp;rft.jtitle=Cerevesia&amp;rft.aulast=Verachtert+H%2C+Iserentant+D.&amp;rft.au=Verachtert+H%2C+Iserentant+D.&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.volume=20&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=37%E2%80%9342&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Ross-35"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ross_35-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Ross JP (September 1997). <a class="external text" href="http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3488/is_n9_v78/ai_19900987" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Going wild: wild yeast in winemaking&quot;</font></a>. <i>Wines &amp; Vines</i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3488/is_n9_v78/ai_19900987" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3488/is_n9_v78/ai_19900987</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Going+wild%3A+wild+yeast+in+winemaking&amp;rft.jtitle=Wines+%26+Vines&amp;rft.aulast=Ross+JP&amp;rft.au=Ross+JP&amp;rft.date=September+1997&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.findarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_m3488%2Fis_n9_v78%2Fai_19900987&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Gonzalez-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gonzalez_36-0">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="2">a</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gonzalez_36-1">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="2">b</font></b></i>}</a> <span class="citation Journal">Gonz&aacute;lez Techera A, Jubany S, Carrau FM, Gaggero C. (2001). <a class="external text" href="http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/openurl?genre=article&amp;sid=nlm:pubmed&amp;issn=0266-8254&amp;date=2001&amp;volume=33&amp;issue=1&amp;spage=71" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Differentiation of industrial wine yeast strains using microsatellite markers&quot;</font></a>. <i>Letters in Applied Microbiology</i> <b>33</b> (1): 71&ndash;75. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1472-765X.2001.00946.x" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1046/j.1472-765X.2001.00946.x</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11442819" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">11442819</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/openurl?genre=article&amp;sid=nlm:pubmed&amp;issn=0266-8254&amp;date=2001&amp;volume=33&amp;issue=1&amp;spage=71" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/openurl?genre=article&amp;sid=nlm:pubmed&amp;issn=0266-8254&amp;date=2001&amp;volume=33&amp;issue=1&amp;spage=71</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Differentiation+of+industrial+wine+yeast+strains+using+microsatellite+markers&amp;rft.jtitle=Letters+in+Applied+Microbiology&amp;rft.aulast=Gonz%C3%A1lez+Techera+A%2C+Jubany+S%2C+Carrau+FM%2C+Gaggero+C.&amp;rft.au=Gonz%C3%A1lez+Techera+A%2C+Jubany+S%2C+Carrau+FM%2C+Gaggero+C.&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.volume=33&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=71%E2%80%9375&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1046%2Fj.1472-765X.2001.00946.x&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11442819&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blackwell-synergy.com%2Fopenurl%3Fgenre%3Darticle%26sid%3Dnlm%3Apubmed%26issn%3D0266-8254%26date%3D2001%26volume%3D33%26issue%3D1%26spage%3D71&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Dunn-37"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dunn_37-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Dunn B, Levine RP, Sherlock G (2005). <a class="external text" href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/6/53" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Microarray karyotyping of commercial wine yeast strains reveals shared, as well as unique, genomic signatures&quot;</font></a>. <i>BMC Genomics</i> <b>6</b> (1): 53. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2164-6-53" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1186/1471-2164-6-53</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15833139" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">15833139</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1097725" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">1097725</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/6/53" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/6/53</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Microarray+karyotyping+of+commercial+wine+yeast+strains+reveals+shared%2C+as+well+as+unique%2C+genomic+signatures&amp;rft.jtitle=BMC+Genomics&amp;rft.aulast=Dunn+B%2C+Levine+RP%2C+Sherlock+G&amp;rft.au=Dunn+B%2C+Levine+RP%2C+Sherlock+G&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=6&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=53&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1186%2F1471-2164-6-53&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15833139&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biomedcentral.com%2F1471-2164%2F6%2F53&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-YeastRef14-38"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YeastRef14_38-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20060921160928/http://www.gwrdc.com.au/downloads/0506docs/researcher.pdf" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">Research enables yeast suppliers to expand options</font></a>. Retrieved 10 January 2007.</li> <li id="cite_note-McBryde-39"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McBryde_39-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> McBryde, Colin, Gardner, Jennifer M., de Barros Lopes, Miguel, Jiranek, Vladimir, [Generation of Novel Wine Yeast Strains by Adaptive Evolution], Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 2006 57: 423&ndash;30</li> <li id="cite_note-Loureiro2003-40"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Loureiro2003_40-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Loureiro V, Malfeito-Ferreira M. (2003). &quot;Spoilage yeasts in the wine industry&quot;. <i>International Journal of Food Microbiology</i> <b>86</b> (1-2): 23&ndash;50. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0168-1605%2803%2900246-0" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1016/S0168-1605(03)00246-0</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12892920" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">12892920</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Spoilage+yeasts+in+the+wine+industry&amp;rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Food+Microbiology&amp;rft.aulast=Loureiro+V%2C+Malfeito-Ferreira+M.&amp;rft.au=Loureiro+V%2C+Malfeito-Ferreira+M.&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=86&amp;rft.issue=1-2&amp;rft.pages=23%E2%80%9350&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2FS0168-1605%2803%2900246-0&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12892920&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-YeastRef15-41"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YeastRef15_41-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation web">Lamar J. <a class="external text" href="http://www.winepros.org/wine101/vincyc-bret.htm" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;<i>Brettanomyces</i> (Dekkera)&quot;</font></a>. <i>Vincyclopedia</i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.winepros.org/wine101/vincyc-bret.htm" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.winepros.org/wine101/vincyc-bret.htm</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=%27%27Brettanomyces%27%27+%28Dekkera%29&amp;rft.atitle=Vincyclopedia&amp;rft.aulast=Lamar+J&amp;rft.au=Lamar+J&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.winepros.org%2Fwine101%2Fvincyc-bret.htm&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-MooreLandecker1996p533-534-42"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MooreLandecker1996p533-534_42-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Moore-Landecker, pp. 533&ndash;34.</li> <li id="cite_note-Egypt-43"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Egypt_43-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Legras JL, Merdinoglu D, Cornuet JM, Karst F (May 2007). <a class="external text" href="http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/resolve/openurl?genre=article&amp;sid=nlm:pubmed&amp;issn=0962-1083&amp;date=2007&amp;volume=16&amp;issue=10&amp;spage=2091" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Bread, beer and wine: Saccharomyces cerevisiae diversity reflects human history&quot;</font></a>. <i>Molecular Ecology</i> <b>16</b> (10): 2091&ndash;102. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-294X.2007.03266.x" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03266.x</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17498234" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">17498234</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/resolve/openurl?genre=article&amp;sid=nlm:pubmed&amp;issn=0962-1083&amp;date=2007&amp;volume=16&amp;issue=10&amp;spage=2091" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/resolve/openurl?genre=article&amp;sid=nlm:pubmed&amp;issn=0962-1083&amp;date=2007&amp;volume=16&amp;issue=10&amp;spage=2091</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Bread%2C+beer+and+wine%3A+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae+diversity+reflects+human+history&amp;rft.jtitle=Molecular+Ecology&amp;rft.aulast=Legras+JL%2C+Merdinoglu+D%2C+Cornuet+JM%2C+Karst+F&amp;rft.au=Legras+JL%2C+Merdinoglu+D%2C+Cornuet+JM%2C+Karst+F&amp;rft.date=May+2007&amp;rft.volume=16&amp;rft.issue=10&amp;rft.pages=2091%E2%80%93102&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1111%2Fj.1365-294X.2007.03266.x&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17498234&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.interscience.wiley.com%2Fresolve%2Fopenurl%3Fgenre%3Darticle%26sid%3Dnlm%3Apubmed%26issn%3D0962-1083%26date%3D2007%26volume%3D16%26issue%3D10%26spage%3D2091&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Oswal-44"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oswal_44-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Oswal N, Sarma PM, Zinjarde SS, Pant A. (2002). &quot;Palm oil mill effluent treatment by a tropical marine yeast&quot;. <i>Bioresource Technology</i> <b>85</b> (1): 35&ndash;37. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0960-8524%2802%2900063-9" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1016/S0960-8524(02)00063-9</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12146640" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">12146640</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Palm+oil+mill+effluent+treatment+by+a+tropical+marine+yeast&amp;rft.jtitle=Bioresource+Technology&amp;rft.aulast=Oswal+N%2C+Sarma+PM%2C+Zinjarde+SS%2C+Pant+A.&amp;rft.au=Oswal+N%2C+Sarma+PM%2C+Zinjarde+SS%2C+Pant+A.&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.volume=85&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=35%E2%80%9337&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2FS0960-8524%2802%2900063-9&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12146640&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Jain-45"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jain_45-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Jain MR, Zinjarde SS, Deobagkar DD, Deobagkar DN. (2004). &quot;2,4,6-trinitrotoluene transformation by a tropical marine yeast, <i>Yarrowia lipolytica</i> NCIM 3589&quot;. <i>Marine Pollution Bulletin</i> <b>49</b> (9&ndash;10): 783&ndash;88. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.marpolbul.2004.06.007" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1016/j.marpolbul.2004.06.007</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15530522" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">15530522</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=2%2C4%2C6-trinitrotoluene+transformation+by+a+tropical+marine+yeast%2C+%27%27Yarrowia+lipolytica%27%27+NCIM+3589&amp;rft.jtitle=Marine+Pollution+Bulletin&amp;rft.aulast=Jain+MR%2C+Zinjarde+SS%2C+Deobagkar+DD%2C+Deobagkar+DN.&amp;rft.au=Jain+MR%2C+Zinjarde+SS%2C+Deobagkar+DD%2C+Deobagkar+DN.&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=49&amp;rft.issue=9%E2%80%9310&amp;rft.pages=783%E2%80%9388&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.marpolbul.2004.06.007&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15530522&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Fickers-46"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fickers_46-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Fickers P, Benetti PH, Wache Y, Marty A, Mauersberger S, Smit MS, Nicaud JM. (2005). &quot;Hydrophobic substrate utilisation by the yeast <i>Yarrowia lipolytica</i>, and its potential applications&quot;. <i>FEMS Yeast Research</i> <b>5</b> (6&ndash;7): 527&ndash;43. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.femsyr.2004.09.004" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1016/j.femsyr.2004.09.004</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15780653" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">15780653</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Hydrophobic+substrate+utilisation+by+the+yeast+%27%27Yarrowia+lipolytica%27%27%2C+and+its+potential+applications&amp;rft.jtitle=FEMS+Yeast+Research&amp;rft.aulast=Fickers+P%2C+Benetti+PH%2C+Wache+Y%2C+Marty+A%2C+Mauersberger+S%2C+Smit+MS%2C+Nicaud+JM.&amp;rft.au=Fickers+P%2C+Benetti+PH%2C+Wache+Y%2C+Marty+A%2C+Mauersberger+S%2C+Smit+MS%2C+Nicaud+JM.&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=5&amp;rft.issue=6%E2%80%937&amp;rft.pages=527%E2%80%9343&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.femsyr.2004.09.004&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15780653&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Bankar2009rev-47"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bankar2009rev_47-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Bankar AV, Kumar AR, Zinjarde SS. (2009). &quot;Environmental and industrial applications of <i>Yarrowia lipolytica</i>&quot;. <i>Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology</i> <b>84</b> (5): 847&ndash;65. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00253-009-2156-8" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1007/s00253-009-2156-8</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19669134" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">19669134</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Environmental+and+industrial+applications+of+%27%27Yarrowia+lipolytica%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=Applied+Microbiology+and+Biotechnology&amp;rft.aulast=Bankar+AV%2C+Kumar+AR%2C+Zinjarde+SS.&amp;rft.au=Bankar+AV%2C+Kumar+AR%2C+Zinjarde+SS.&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.volume=84&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=847%E2%80%9365&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2Fs00253-009-2156-8&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/19669134&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Bankar2009-48"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bankar2009_48-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Bankar AV, Kumar AR, Zinjarde SS. (2009). <a class="external text" href="http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0304-3894(09)00641-4" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Removal of chromium (VI) ions from aqueous solution by adsorption onto two marine isolates of <i>Yarrowia lipolytica</i>&quot;</font></a>. <i>Journal of Hazardous Materials</i> <b>170</b> (1): 487&ndash;94. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jhazmat.2009.04.070" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.04.070</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19467781" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">19467781</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0304-3894(09)00641-4" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0304-3894(09)00641-4</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-29</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Removal+of+chromium+%28VI%29+ions+from+aqueous+solution+by+adsorption+onto+two+marine+isolates+of+%27%27Yarrowia+lipolytica%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Hazardous+Materials&amp;rft.aulast=Bankar+AV%2C+Kumar+AR%2C+Zinjarde+SS.&amp;rft.au=Bankar+AV%2C+Kumar+AR%2C+Zinjarde+SS.&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.volume=170&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=487%E2%80%9394&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.jhazmat.2009.04.070&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/19467781&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0304-3894%2809%2900641-4&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-YeastRef4-49"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YeastRef4_49-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://genomicsgtl.energy.gov/biofuels/ethanolproduction.shtml" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Fuel Ethanol Production: GSP Systems Biology Research&quot;</font></a>. <i>Genomic Science Program</i>. U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://genomicsgtl.energy.gov/biofuels/ethanolproduction.shtml" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://genomicsgtl.energy.gov/biofuels/ethanolproduction.shtml</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Fuel+Ethanol+Production%3A+GSP+Systems+Biology+Research&amp;rft.atitle=Genomic+Science+Program&amp;rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Energy+Office+of+Science&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgenomicsgtl.energy.gov%2Fbiofuels%2Fethanolproduction.shtml&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-AEM-50"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AEM_50-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Brat D, Boles E, Wiedemann B. (2009). <a class="external text" href="http://aem.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=19218403" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Functional expression of a bacterial xylose isomerase in <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>&quot;</font></a>. <i>Applied and Environmental Microbiology</i> <b>75</b> (8): 2304&ndash;11. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FAEM.02522-08" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1128/AEM.02522-08</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19218403" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">19218403</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2675233" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">2675233</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://aem.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=19218403" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://aem.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=19218403</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Functional+expression+of+a+bacterial+xylose+isomerase+in+%27%27Saccharomyces+cerevisiae%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=Applied+and+Environmental+Microbiology&amp;rft.aulast=Brat+D%2C+Boles+E%2C+Wiedemann+B.&amp;rft.au=Brat+D%2C+Boles+E%2C+Wiedemann+B.&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.volume=75&amp;rft.issue=8&amp;rft.pages=2304%E2%80%9311&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FAEM.02522-08&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/19218403&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faem.asm.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D19218403&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-YeastRef5-51"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YeastRef5_51-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Ho NW, Chen Z, Brainard AP. (1998). <a class="external text" href="http://aem.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=9572962" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Genetically engineered <i>Saccharomyces</i> yeast capable of effective cofermentation of glucose and xylose&quot;</font></a>. <i>Applied and Environmental Microbiology</i> <b>64</b> (5): 1852&ndash;59. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9572962" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">9572962</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=106241" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">106241</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://aem.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=9572962" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://aem.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=9572962</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genetically+engineered+%27%27Saccharomyces%27%27+yeast+capable+of+effective+cofermentation+of+glucose+and+xylose&amp;rft.jtitle=Applied+and+Environmental+Microbiology&amp;rft.aulast=Ho+NW%2C+Chen+Z%2C+Brainard+AP.&amp;rft.au=Ho+NW%2C+Chen+Z%2C+Brainard+AP.&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.volume=64&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=1852%E2%80%9359&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/9572962&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faem.asm.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D9572962&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-YeastRef6-52"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YeastRef6_52-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation web">Siegfried A. <a class="external text" href="http://www.agriculture.purdue.edu/agcomm/AgCom/news/backgrd/9808.Ho.yeast.html" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Yeast rises to a new occasion&quot;</font></a>. Purdue University<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.agriculture.purdue.edu/agcomm/AgCom/news/backgrd/9808.Ho.yeast.html" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.agriculture.purdue.edu/agcomm/AgCom/news/backgrd/9808.Ho.yeast.html</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Yeast+rises+to+a+new+occasion&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Siegfried+A&amp;rft.au=Siegfried+A&amp;rft.pub=Purdue+University&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.agriculture.purdue.edu%2Fagcomm%2FAgCom%2Fnews%2Fbackgrd%2F9808.Ho.yeast.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-YeastRef7-53"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YeastRef7_53-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Teoh AL, Heard G, Cox J. (2004). <a class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T7K-4C76F1S-4/2/c9a198f08bec6a0a63fc884b5ff2693e" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Yeast ecology of Kombucha fermentation&quot;</font></a>. <i>International Journal of Food Microbiology</i> <b>95</b> (2): 119&ndash;26. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijfoodmicro.2003.12.020" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2003.12.020</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15282124" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">15282124</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T7K-4C76F1S-4/2/c9a198f08bec6a0a63fc884b5ff2693e" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T7K-4C76F1S-4/2/c9a198f08bec6a0a63fc884b5ff2693e</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Yeast+ecology+of+Kombucha+fermentation&amp;rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Food+Microbiology&amp;rft.aulast=Teoh+AL%2C+Heard+G%2C+Cox+J.&amp;rft.au=Teoh+AL%2C+Heard+G%2C+Cox+J.&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=95&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=119%E2%80%9326&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.ijfoodmicro.2003.12.020&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15282124&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2FB6T7K-4C76F1S-4%2F2%2Fc9a198f08bec6a0a63fc884b5ff2693e&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-54"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Lopitz-Otsoa, F; Rementeria, A; Elguezabal, N; Garaizar, J (2006). <a class="external text" href="http://www.reviberoammicol.com/2006-23/067074.pdf" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Kefir: A symbiotic yeast-bacteria community with alleged healthy capabilities&quot;</font></a> (PDF). <i>Revista Iberoamericana de Micolog&iacute;a</i> <b>23</b>: 67&ndash;74<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.reviberoammicol.com/2006-23/067074.pdf" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.reviberoammicol.com/2006-23/067074.pdf</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-06-10</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Kefir%3A+A+symbiotic+yeast-bacteria+community+with+alleged+healthy+capabilities&amp;rft.jtitle=Revista+Iberoamericana+de+Micolog%C3%ADa&amp;rft.aulast=Lopitz-Otsoa&amp;rft.aufirst=F&amp;rft.au=Lopitz-Otsoa%2C%26%2332%3BF&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=23&amp;rft.pages=67%E2%80%9374&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reviberoammicol.com%2F2006-23%2F067074.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-YeastRef8-55"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YeastRef8_55-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation web">Lee JG (ed.). <a class="external text" href="http://www.cofepow.org.uk/pages/asia_haruku2.htm" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;South East Asia Under Japanese Occupation - Harukoe (Haruku)&quot;</font></a>. <i>Children (&amp; Families) of the Far East Prisoners of War</i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.cofepow.org.uk/pages/asia_haruku2.htm" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.cofepow.org.uk/pages/asia_haruku2.htm</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=South+East+Asia+Under+Japanese+Occupation+-+Harukoe+%28Haruku%29&amp;rft.atitle=Children+%28%26+Families%29+of+the+Far+East+Prisoners+of+War&amp;rft.aulast=Lee+JG+%28ed.%29&amp;rft.au=Lee+JG+%28ed.%29&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cofepow.org.uk%2Fpages%2Fasia_haruku2.htm&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Centina-Sauri-56"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Centina-Sauri_56-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Centina-Sauri G, Sierra Basto G. (1994). &quot;Therapeutic evaluation of <i>Saccharomyces boulardii</i> in children with acute diarrhea&quot;. <i>Annals of Pediatrics</i> <b>41</b>: 397&ndash;400.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Therapeutic+evaluation+of+%27%27Saccharomyces+boulardii%27%27+in+children+with+acute+diarrhea&amp;rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Pediatrics&amp;rft.aulast=Centina-Sauri+G%2C+Sierra+Basto+G.&amp;rft.au=Centina-Sauri+G%2C+Sierra+Basto+G.&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.volume=41&amp;rft.pages=397%E2%80%93400&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Kurugol2005-57"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kurugol2005_57-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Kurugol Z, Koturoglu G. (2005). &quot;Effects of <i>Saccharomyces boulardii</i> in children with acute diarrhea&quot;. <i>Acta Paediatrica</i> <b>94</b> (1): 44&ndash;47. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F08035250410022521" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1080/08035250410022521</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15858959" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">15858959</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Effects+of+%27%27Saccharomyces+boulardii%27%27+in+children+with+acute+diarrhea&amp;rft.jtitle=Acta+Paediatrica&amp;rft.aulast=Kurugol+Z%2C+Koturoglu+G.&amp;rft.au=Kurugol+Z%2C+Koturoglu+G.&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=94&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=44%E2%80%9347&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1080%2F08035250410022521&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15858959&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-McFarland1994-58"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McFarland1994_58-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">McFarland L, Surawicz C, Greenberg R. (1994). &quot;A randomised placebo-controlled trial of <i>Saccharomyces boulardii</i> in combination with standard antibiotics for <i>Clostridium difficile</i> disease&quot;. <i>Journal of the American Medical Association</i> <b>271</b>: 1913&ndash;18. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.271.24.1913" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1001/jama.271.24.1913</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=A+randomised+placebo-controlled+trial+of+%27%27Saccharomyces+boulardii%27%27+in+combination+with+standard+antibiotics+for+%27%27Clostridium+difficile%27%27+disease&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Medical+Association&amp;rft.aulast=McFarland+L%2C+Surawicz+C%2C+Greenberg+R.&amp;rft.au=McFarland+L%2C+Surawicz+C%2C+Greenberg+R.&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.volume=271&amp;rft.pages=1913%E2%80%9318&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1001%2Fjama.271.24.1913&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Maupas1983-59"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Maupas1983_59-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Maupas J, Champemont P, Delforge M. (1983). &quot;Treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with <i>Saccharomyces boulardii</i>: a double blind, placebo controlled study&quot;. <i>Medicine Chirurgie Digestives</i> <b>12</b> (1): 77&ndash;79.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Treatment+of+irritable+bowel+syndrome+with+%27%27Saccharomyces+boulardii%27%27%3A+a+double+blind%2C+placebo+controlled+study&amp;rft.jtitle=Medicine+Chirurgie+Digestives&amp;rft.aulast=Maupas+J%2C+Champemont+P%2C+Delforge+M.&amp;rft.au=Maupas+J%2C+Champemont+P%2C+Delforge+M.&amp;rft.date=1983&amp;rft.volume=12&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=77%E2%80%9379&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-McFarland1995-60"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McFarland1995_60-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">McFarland L, Surawicz C, Greenberg R. (1995). &quot;Prevention of &beta;-lactam associated diarrhea by <i>Saccharomyces boulardii</i> compared with placebo&quot;. <i>American Journal of Gastroenterology</i> <b>90</b> (3): 439&ndash;48. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7872284" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">7872284</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Prevention+of+%CE%B2-lactam+associated+diarrhea+by+%27%27Saccharomyces+boulardii%27%27+compared+with+placebo&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Gastroenterology&amp;rft.aulast=McFarland+L%2C+Surawicz+C%2C+Greenberg+R.&amp;rft.au=McFarland+L%2C+Surawicz+C%2C+Greenberg+R.&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.volume=90&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=439%E2%80%9348&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/7872284&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Kollaritsch1995-61"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kollaritsch1995_61-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Kollaritsch H, Kemsner P, Wiedermann G, Scheiner O. (1989). <a class="external text" href="http://www.sboulardii.com/Florastor_files/gd20051131228461.pdf" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Prevention of traveller's diarrhea. Comparison of different non-antibiotic preparations&quot;</font></a>. <i>Travel Medicine International</i>: 9&ndash;17<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.sboulardii.com/Florastor_files/gd20051131228461.pdf" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.sboulardii.com/Florastor_files/gd20051131228461.pdf</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Prevention+of+traveller%27s+diarrhea.+Comparison+of+different+non-antibiotic+preparations&amp;rft.jtitle=Travel+Medicine+International&amp;rft.aulast=Kollaritsch+H%2C+Kemsner+P%2C+Wiedermann+G%2C+Scheiner+O.&amp;rft.au=Kollaritsch+H%2C+Kemsner+P%2C+Wiedermann+G%2C+Scheiner+O.&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rft.pages=9%E2%80%9317&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sboulardii.com%2FFlorastor_files%2Fgd20051131228461.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap" title="&nbsp;since September 2010"><font size="2">[<i><a title="Wikipedia:Link rot" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"><font color="#0645ad">dead link</font></a></i>]</font></span></sup></li> <li id="cite_note-Saint-Marc1989-62"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Saint-Marc1989_62-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Saint-Marc T, Blehaut H, Musial C, Touraine J. (1995). &quot;AIDS related diarrhea: a double-blind trial of <i>Saccharomyces boulardii</i>&quot;. <i>Sem H&ocirc;sp Paris</i> <b>71</b>: 735&ndash;41.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=AIDS+related+diarrhea%3A+a+double-blind+trial+of+%27%27Saccharomyces+boulardii%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=Sem+H%C3%B4sp+Paris&amp;rft.aulast=Saint-Marc+T%2C+Blehaut+H%2C+Musial+C%2C+Touraine+J.&amp;rft.au=Saint-Marc+T%2C+Blehaut+H%2C+Musial+C%2C+Touraine+J.&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.volume=71&amp;rft.pages=735%E2%80%9341&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Pedersen2007-63"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pedersen2007_63-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Pedersen O, Andersen T, Christensen C. (2007). &quot;CO_{<font size="2">2</font>} in planted aquaria&quot;. <i>The Aquatic Gardener</i> <b>20</b> (3): 24&ndash;33.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=CO%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E+in+planted+aquaria&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Aquatic+Gardener&amp;rft.aulast=Pedersen+O%2C+Andersen+T%2C+Christensen+C.&amp;rft.au=Pedersen+O%2C+Andersen+T%2C+Christensen+C.&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.volume=20&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=24%E2%80%9333&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Williams1996-64"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Williams1996_64-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Williams N. (1996). &quot;Genome Projects: Yeast genome sequence ferments new research&quot;. <i>Science</i> <b>272</b> (5261): 481. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.272.5261.481" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.272.5261.481</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8614793" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">8614793</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+Projects%3A+Yeast+genome+sequence+ferments+new+research&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Williams+N.&amp;rft.au=Williams+N.&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.volume=272&amp;rft.issue=5261&amp;rft.pages=481&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.272.5261.481&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/8614793&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-accessexcellence-65"><b><a href="#cite_ref-accessexcellence_65-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation web">Henahan S.. <a class="external text" href="http://www.accessexcellence.org/WN/SUA07/yeast496.php" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Complete DNA Sequence Of Yeast&quot;</font></a>. <i>Science Updates</i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.accessexcellence.org/WN/SUA07/yeast496.php" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.accessexcellence.org/WN/SUA07/yeast496.php</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Complete+DNA+Sequence+Of+Yeast&amp;rft.atitle=Science+Updates&amp;rft.aulast=Henahan+S.&amp;rft.au=Henahan+S.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.accessexcellence.org%2FWN%2FSUA07%2Fyeast496.php&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Wood-66"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wood_66-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Wood V, Gwilliam R, Rajandream MA, <i>et al.</i> (February 2002). &quot;The genome sequence of <i>Schizosaccharomyces pombe</i>&quot;. <i><a title="Nature (journal)" href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)"><font color="#0645ad">Nature</font></a></i> <b>415</b> (6874): 871&ndash;80. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature724" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/nature724</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11859360" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">11859360</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+genome+sequence+of+%27%27Schizosaccharomyces+pombe%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BNature+%28journal%29%7CNature%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Wood+V%2C+Gwilliam+R%2C+Rajandream+MA%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Wood+V%2C+Gwilliam+R%2C+Rajandream+MA%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=February+2002&amp;rft.volume=415&amp;rft.issue=6874&amp;rft.pages=871%E2%80%9380&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnature724&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11859360&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-genomenewsnetwork-67"><b><a href="#cite_ref-genomenewsnetwork_67-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation web">Reinert B.. <a class="external text" href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/articles/03_02/s_pombe.shtml" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;<i>Schizosaccharomyces pombe</i>: Second yeast genome sequenced&quot;</font></a>. <i>Genome News Network</i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/articles/03_02/s_pombe.shtml" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/articles/03_02/s_pombe.shtml</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=%27%27Schizosaccharomyces+pombe%27%27%3A+Second+yeast+genome+sequenced&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+News+Network&amp;rft.aulast=Reinert+B.&amp;rft.au=Reinert+B.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genomenewsnetwork.org%2Farticles%2F03_02%2Fs_pombe.shtml&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-YeastRef9-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-YeastRef9_68-0">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="2">a</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="#cite_ref-YeastRef9_68-1">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="2">b</font></b></i>}</a> <a class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20060925065545/http://helios.bto.ed.ac.uk/bto/microbes/yeast.htm" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;The Microbial World: Yeasts and yeast-like fungi&quot;</font></a>. <i>Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology</i>. Retrieved December 24, 2006.</li> <li id="cite_note-Hurley1987-69"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hurley1987_69-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Hurley, R., J. de Louvois, and A. Mulhall. 1987. Yeast as human and animal pathogens, p. 207-281. In A. H. Rose and J. S. Harrison (ed.), The yeasts, vol. 1. Academic Press, Inc., New York, N.Y.</li> <li id="cite_note-YeastRef10-70"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YeastRef10_70-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Stoyan T, Carbon J. (2004). <a class="external text" href="http://ec.asm.org/cgi/content/full/3/5/1154" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Inner kinetochore of the pathogenic yeast <i>Candida glabrata</i>&quot;</font></a>. <i>Eukaryotic Cell</i> <b>3</b> (5): 1154&ndash;63. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FEC.3.5.1154-1163.2004" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1128/EC.3.5.1154-1163.2004</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15470243" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">15470243</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=522592" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">522592</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://ec.asm.org/cgi/content/full/3/5/1154" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://ec.asm.org/cgi/content/full/3/5/1154</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009&ndash;11&ndash;28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Inner+kinetochore+of+the+pathogenic+yeast+%27%27Candida+glabrata%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=Eukaryotic+Cell&amp;rft.aulast=Stoyan+T%2C+Carbon+J.&amp;rft.au=Stoyan+T%2C+Carbon+J.&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=3&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=1154%E2%80%9363&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FEC.3.5.1154-1163.2004&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15470243&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.asm.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F3%2F5%2F1154&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Kurtzman3-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kurtzman3_71-0">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="2">a</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kurtzman3_71-1">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="2">b</font></b></i>}</a> Kurtzman, C.P. 2006. <a class="external text" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=179383" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">Detection, identification and enumeration methods for spoilage yeasts</font></a>. In: Blackburn, C. de. W, editor. Food spoilage microorganisms. Cambridge, England: Woodhead Publishing. p. 28&ndash;54.</li> <li id="cite_note-Fleet-72"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fleet_72-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Fleet GH, Praphailong W. <b>Yeasts</b>, In: Spoilage of Processed Foods: Causes and Diagnosis, AIFST (2001), Southwood Press. pp. 383&ndash;97.</li> <li id="cite_note-Loureiro-73"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Loureiro_73-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Loureiro V, Malfeito-Ferreira M (September 2003). <a class="external text" href="http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0168160503002460" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Spoilage yeasts in the wine industry&quot;</font></a>. <i>International Journal of Food Microbiology</i> <b>86</b> (1-2): 23&ndash;50. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0168-1605%2803%2900246-0" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1016/S0168-1605(03)00246-0</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12892920" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">12892920</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0168160503002460" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0168160503002460</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Spoilage+yeasts+in+the+wine+industry&amp;rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Food+Microbiology&amp;rft.aulast=Loureiro+V%2C+Malfeito-Ferreira+M&amp;rft.au=Loureiro+V%2C+Malfeito-Ferreira+M&amp;rft.date=September+2003&amp;rft.volume=86&amp;rft.issue=1-2&amp;rft.pages=23%E2%80%9350&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2FS0168-1605%2803%2900246-0&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12892920&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0168160503002460&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> </ol> </div> <h3><span id="Cited_texts" class="mw-headline">Cited texts</span></h3> <ul> <li><span class="citation book">Alexopoulos CJ, Mims CW, Blackwell M. (1996). <i>Introductory Mycology</i>. New York: Wiley. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/0-471-52229-5" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-52229-5"><font color="#0645ad">0-471-52229-5</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Introductory+Mycology&amp;rft.aulast=Alexopoulos+CJ%2C+Mims+CW%2C+Blackwell++M.&amp;rft.au=Alexopoulos+CJ%2C+Mims+CW%2C+Blackwell++M.&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Wiley&amp;rft.isbn=0-471-52229-5&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA. (2008). <i>Dictionary of the Fungi. 10th ed</i>. Wallingford: CABI. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/0-85199-826-7" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85199-826-7"><font color="#0645ad">0-85199-826-7</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+the+Fungi.+10th+ed&amp;rft.aulast=Kirk+PM%2C+Cannon+PF%2C+Minter+DW%2C+Stalpers+JA.&amp;rft.au=Kirk+PM%2C+Cannon+PF%2C+Minter+DW%2C+Stalpers+JA.&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.place=Wallingford&amp;rft.pub=CABI&amp;rft.isbn=0-85199-826-7&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Moore-Landecker E. (1996). <i>Fundamentals of the Fungi</i>. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/0-13-376864-3" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-376864-3"><font color="#0645ad">0-13-376864-3</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+the+Fungi&amp;rft.aulast=Moore-Landecker+E.&amp;rft.au=Moore-Landecker+E.&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+New+Jersey&amp;rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&amp;rft.isbn=0-13-376864-3&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> </ul> <h2><span id="External_links" class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <p> <table style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid; border-left: #aaa 1px solid; background-color: #f9f9f9; border-top: #aaa 1px solid; border-right: #aaa 1px solid" class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/37px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png" width="37" height="40" /></td> <td class="mbox-text">Look up <i><b><a class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/yeast" href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/yeast"><font color="#3366bb">yeast</font></a></b></i> in <a title="Wiktionary" href="/wiki/Wiktionary"><font color="#0645ad">Wiktionary</font></a>, the free dictionary.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid; border-left: #aaa 1px solid; background-color: #f9f9f9; border-top: #aaa 1px solid; border-right: #aaa 1px solid" class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="30" height="40" /></td> <td class="mbox-text">Wikimedia Commons has media related to: <i><b><a class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Yeast" href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Yeast"><font color="#3366bb">Yeast</font></a></b></i></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> <ul> <li><a class="external text" href="http://www.exploreyeast.com/" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">Yeast Development, Different Forms of Yeast...</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="http://moment.utmb.edu/cgi-bin/sceptrans.cgi" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">Cell cycle and metabolic cycle regulated transcription in yeast</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="http://depts.washington.edu/yeastrc/" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">Yeast Resource Center</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="http://biochemie.web.med.uni-muenchen.de/Yeast_Biol/10%20Yeast%20Growth%20and%20the%20Cell%20Cycle.pdf" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">Yeast growth and the cell cycle</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="http://wiki.yeastgenome.org/index.php/General_Topics" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">Yeast virtual library</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/prehistory/egypt/dailylife/breadmaking.htm" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">Ancient Egyptian Bread Making</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="http://www.micron.ac.uk/organisms/sacch.html" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">Current research on Yeasts at the Norwich Research Park</font></a></li> </ul> 57da595c065a99bf3c9ae9368ad46a466b4d40f9 3280 3279 2010-11-14T10:55:41Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><b>Yeasts</b> are eukaryotic micro-organisms classified in the kingdom Fungi, with the 1,500 species currently described<sup id="cite_ref-YeastRef1_0-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[1]</font></sup> estimated to be only 1% of all yeast species.<sup id="cite_ref-Kurtzman2_1-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[2]</font></sup> Most reproduce asexually by budding, although a few do so by binary fission. Yeasts are unicellular, although some species with yeast forms may become multicellular through the formation of a string of connected budding cells known as <i>pseudohyphae</i>, or <i>false hyphae</i>, as seen in most molds.<sup id="cite_ref-Kurtzman1_2-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[3]</font></sup> Yeast size can vary greatly depending on the species, typically measuring 3&ndash;4&nbsp;&micro;m in diameter, although some yeasts can reach over 40&nbsp;&micro;m.<sup id="cite_ref-Walker_3-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[4]</font></sup></p> <p>The yeast species <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> has been used in baking and in fermenting alcoholic beverages for thousands of years.<sup id="cite_ref-Legras_4-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[5]</font></sup> It is also extremely important as a model organism in modern cell biology research, and is one of the most thoroughly researched eukaryotic microorganisms. Researchers have used it to gather information about the biology of the eukaryotic cell and ultimately human biology.<sup id="cite_ref-Ostergaard_5-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[6]</font></sup> Other species of yeast, such as <i>Candida albicans</i>, are opportunistic pathogens and can cause infections in humans. Yeasts have recently been used to generate electricity in microbial fuel cells,<sup id="cite_ref-YeastRef3_6-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[7]</font></sup> and produce ethanol for the biofuel industry.</p> <p>Yeasts do not form a single taxonomic or phylogenetic grouping. The term &quot;<i>yeast</i>&quot; is often taken as a synonym for <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Kurtzman1994_7-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[8]</font></sup> but the phylogenetic diversity of yeasts is shown by their placement in two separate phyla, the Ascomycota and the Basidiomycota. The budding yeasts (&quot;true yeasts&quot;) are classified in the order Saccharomycetales.<sup id="cite_ref-YeastRef2_8-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[9]</font></sup></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span id="History" class="mw-headline">History</span></h2> <div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">See also: History of wine&nbsp;and History of beer</div> <p>The word &quot;yeast&quot; comes to us from Old English <i>gist</i>, <i>gyst</i>, and from the Indo-European root <i>yes-</i>, meaning <i>boil</i>, <i>foam</i>, or <i>bubble</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bartleby2000_9-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[10]</font></sup> Yeast microbes are probably one of the earliest domesticated organisms. People have used yeast for fermentation and baking throughout history. Archaeologists digging in Egyptian ruins found early grinding stones and baking chambers for yeasted bread, as well as drawings of 4,000-year-old bakeries and breweries.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA_10-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[11]</font></sup> In 1680 the Dutch naturalist Anton van Leeuwenhoek first microscopically observed yeast, but at the time did not consider them to be living organisms, but rather globular structures.<sup id="cite_ref-YeastRef11_11-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[12]</font></sup> In 1857 French microbiologist Louis Pasteur proved in the paper &quot;<i>M&eacute;moire sur la fermentation alcoolique</i>&quot; that alcoholic fermentation was conducted by living yeasts and not by a chemical catalyst.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA_10-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[11]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Barnett2003_12-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[13]</font></sup> Pasteur showed that by bubbling oxygen into the yeast broth, cell growth could be increased, but the fermentation inhibited &ndash; an observation later called the <i>Pasteur effect</i>.</p> <p>By the late 18th century, two yeast strains used in brewing had been identified: <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>, so called &quot;high&quot; or top yeast, and <i>S.&nbsp; carlsbergensis</i>, &quot;low&quot; or bottom yeast. High yeast was sold commercially by the Dutch for bread making starting in 1780, while around 1800, the Germans started producing <i>S.&nbsp;cerevisiae</i> in the form of cream. In 1825 a method was developed to remove the liquid so the yeast could be prepared as solid blocks.<sup id="cite_ref-Klieger2004_13-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[14]</font></sup> The industrial production of yeast blocks was enhanced by the introduction of the filter press in 1867. In 1872, Baron Max de Springer developed a manufacturing process to create granulated yeast, a technique that was used until the first World War.<sup id="cite_ref-urlLe_Comit.C3.A9_des_Fabricants_de_levure_-_COFALEC_-_repr.C3.A9sente_les_fabricants_14-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[15]</font></sup> In the United States, naturally occurring airborne yeasts were used almost exclusively until commercial yeast was marketed at the Centennial Exposition in 1876 in Philadelphia, where Charles L. Fleischmann exhibited the product and a process to use it, as well as serving the resultant baked bread.</p> <h2><span id="Nutrition_and_growth" class="mw-headline">Nutrition and growth</span></h2> <p>Yeasts are chemoorganotrophs as they use organic compounds as a source of energy and do not require sunlight to grow. Carbon is obtained mostly from hexose sugars such as glucose and fructose, or disaccharides such as sucrose and maltose. Some species can metabolize pentose sugars like ribose,<sup id="cite_ref-Barnett1975_15-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[16]</font></sup> alcohols, and organic acids. Yeast species either require oxygen for aerobic cellular respiration (obligate aerobes), or are anaerobic but also have aerobic methods of energy production (facultative anaerobes). Unlike bacteria, there are no known yeast species that grow only anaerobically (obligate anaerobes). Yeasts grow best in a neutral or slightly acidic pH environment.</p> <p>Yeasts vary in what temperature range they grow best. For example, <i>Leucosporidium frigidum</i> grows at -2 to 20 &deg;C (28&nbsp;to 68&nbsp;&deg;F), <i>Saccharomyces telluris</i> at 5 to 35 &deg;C (41&nbsp;to 95&nbsp;&deg;F) and <i>Candida slooffi</i> at 28 to 45 &deg;C (82&nbsp;to 113&nbsp;&deg;F).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><font size="2">[17]</font></sup> The cells can survive freezing under certain conditions, with viability decreasing over time.</p> <p>Yeasts are generally grown in the laboratory on solid growth media or in liquid broths. Common media used for the cultivation of yeasts include potato dextrose agar (PDA) or potato dextrose broth, Wallerstein Laboratories nutrient (WLN) agar, yeast peptone dextrose agar (YPD), and yeast mould agar or broth (YM). Home brewers who cultivate yeast frequently use dried malt extract (DME) and agar as a solid growth medium. The antibiotic cycloheximide is sometimes added to yeast growth media to inhibit the growth of <i>Saccharomyces</i> yeasts and select for wild/indigenous yeast species. This will change the yeast process.</p> <p>The appearance of a white thready yeast commonly known as kahm yeast is often a byproduct of the lactofermentation (or pickling) of certain vegetables, usually the result of exposure to air. Although harmless it can give pickled vegetables a bad flavour and so must be removed regularly during fermentation.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><font size="2">[18]</font></sup></p> <h2><span id="Ecology" class="mw-headline">Ecology</span></h2> <p>Yeasts are very common in the environment, but are usually isolated from sugar-rich material. Examples include naturally occurring yeasts on the skins of fruits and berries (such as grapes, apples or peaches), and exudates from plants (such as plant saps or cacti). Some yeasts are found in association with soil and insects.<sup id="cite_ref-Suh2005_18-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[19]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Slavikova2003_19-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[20]</font></sup> The ecological function and biodiversity of yeast are relatively unknown compared to those of other microorganisms.<sup id="cite_ref-herrera_20-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[21]</font></sup> Yeasts including <i>Candida albicans</i>, <i>Rhodotorula rubra</i>, <i>Torulopsis</i> and <i>Trichosporon cutaneum</i> have been found living in between people's toes as part of their skin flora.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><font size="2">[22]</font></sup> Yeasts are also present in the gut flora of mammals and some insects<sup id="cite_ref-martini_22-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[23]</font></sup> and even deep-sea environments host an array of yeasts.<sup id="cite_ref-Bass2007_23-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[24]</font></sup></p> <p>An Indian study of seven bee species and 9 plant species found that 45 species from 16 genera colonise the nectaries of flowers and honey stomachs of bees. Most were members of the <i>Candida</i> genus; the most common species in honey stomachs was <i>Dekkera intermedia</i> and in flower nectaries, <i>Candida blankii</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><font size="2">[25]</font></sup> Yeast colonising nectaries of the Stinking Hellebore have been found to raise the temperature of the flower, which may aid in attracting pollinators by increasing the evaporation of volatile organic compounds.<sup id="cite_ref-herrera_20-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[21]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><font size="2">[26]</font></sup> A black yeast has been recorded as a partner in a complex relationship between ants, their mutualistic fungus, a fungal parasite of the fungus and a bacterium that kills the parasite. The yeast have a negative effect on the bacteria that normally produce antibiotics to kill the parasite and so may affect the ants' health by allowing the parasite to spread.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><font size="2">[27]</font></sup></p> <h2><span id="Reproduction" class="mw-headline">Reproduction</span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width: 252px" class="thumbinner"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="250" height="170" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Yeast_lifecycle.svg/250px-Yeast_lifecycle.svg.png" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></div> The yeast cell's life cycle:<br /> 1. Budding<br /> 2. Conjugation<br /> 3. Spore</div> </div> </div> <div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">See also: Mating of yeast</div> <p>Yeasts have asexual and sexual reproductive cycles. The most common mode of vegetative growth in yeast is asexual reproduction by budding.<sup id="cite_ref-Balasubramanian_27-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[28]</font></sup> Here a small bud, or daughter cell, is formed on the parent cell. The nucleus of the parent cell splits into a daughter nucleus and migrates into the daughter cell. The bud continues to grow until it separates from the parent cell, forming a new cell.<sup id="cite_ref-Yeong2005_28-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[29]</font></sup> Some yeasts, including <i>Schizosaccharomyces pombe</i>, reproduce by binary fission instead of budding.<sup id="cite_ref-Balasubramanian_27-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[28]</font></sup></p> <p>Under high stress conditions haploid cells will generally die, however under the same conditions diploid cells can undergo sporulation, entering sexual reproduction (meiosis) and producing a variety of haploid spores, which can go on to mate (conjugate), reforming the diploid.<sup id="cite_ref-Neiman2005_29-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[30]</font></sup></p> <h2><span id="Uses" class="mw-headline">Uses</span></h2> <p>The useful physiological properties of yeast have led to their use in the field of biotechnology. Fermentation of sugars by yeast is the oldest and largest application of this technology. Many types of yeasts are used for making many foods: baker's yeast in bread production; brewer's yeast in beer fermentation; yeast in wine fermentation and for xylitol production.<sup id="cite_ref-Rao2004_30-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[31]</font></sup> So-called red rice yeast is actually a mould, <i>Monascus purpureus</i>. Yeasts include some of the most widely used model organisms for genetics and cell biology.</p> <h3><span id="Alcoholic_beverages" class="mw-headline">Alcoholic beverages</span></h3> <p>Alcoholic beverages are defined as beverages that contain ethanol (C_{<font size="2">2</font>}H_{<font size="2">5</font>}OH). This ethanol is almost always produced by fermentation &ndash; the metabolism of carbohydrates by certain species of yeast under anaerobic or low-oxygen conditions. Beverages such as wine, beer, or distilled spirits all use yeast at some stage of their production. A distilled beverage is a beverage that contains ethanol that has been purified by distillation. Carbohydrate-containing plant material is fermented by yeast, producing a dilute solution of ethanol in the process. Spirits such as whiskey and rum are prepared by distilling these dilute solutions of ethanol. Components other than ethanol are collected in the condensate, including water, esters, and other alcohols which account for the flavour of the beverage.</p> <h4><span id="Beer" class="mw-headline">Beer</span></h4> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width: 222px" class="thumbinner"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="220" height="147" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/2009-03-21_Beer_brewing_bubbles.jpg/220px-2009-03-21_Beer_brewing_bubbles.jpg" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></div> Beer being fermented by brewers yeast</div> </div> </div> <p>Brewing yeasts may be classed as &quot;top cropping&quot; (or &quot;top fermenting&quot;) and &quot;bottom cropping&quot; (or &quot;bottom-fermenting&quot;).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><font size="2">[32]</font></sup> Top cropping yeasts are so called because they form a foam at the top of the wort during fermentation. An example of a top cropping yeast is <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>, sometimes called an &quot;ale yeast&quot;.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><font size="2">[33]</font></sup> Bottom cropping yeasts are typically used to produce lager-type beers, though they can also produce ale-type beers. These yeasts ferment more sugars, creating a dryer beer, and grow well at low temperatures. An example of bottom cropping yeast is <i>Saccharomyces pastorianus</i>, formerly known as <i>Saccharomyces carlsbergensis</i>.</p> <p>The most common top cropping brewer's yeast, <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>, is the same species as the common baking yeast.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><font size="2">[34]</font></sup> However, baking and brewing yeasts typically belong to different strains, cultivated to favour different characteristics: baking yeast strains are more aggressive, in order to carbonate dough in the shortest amount of time possible; brewing yeast strains act slower, but tend to produce fewer off-flavours and tolerate higher alcohol concentrations (with some strains, up to 22%).</p> <p><i>Brettanomyces</i> is a genus of wild yeast important in brewing lambic, a beer produced not by the deliberate addition of brewer's yeasts, but by spontaneous fermentation by wild yeasts and bacteria. <i>Brettanomyces lambicus</i>, <i>B.&nbsp;bruxellensis</i> and <i>B.&nbsp;claussenii</i> are native to the Senne Valley region of Belgium, where lambic beer is produced.<sup id="cite_ref-Verachtert1995_34-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[35]</font></sup></p> <h4><span id="Wine" class="mw-headline">Wine</span></h4> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width: 222px" class="thumbinner"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="220" height="165" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Yeast_on_grapes.jpg/220px-Yeast_on_grapes.jpg" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></div> Fresh grapes</div> </div> </div> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: Fermentation (wine)</div> <p>Yeast is used in winemaking where it converts the sugars present in grape juice or must into alcohol. Yeast is normally already invisibly present on the grapes. The fermentation can be done with this endogenous wild yeast;<sup id="cite_ref-Ross_35-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[36]</font></sup> however, this may give unpredictable results depending on the exact types of yeast species present. For this reason a pure yeast culture is generally added to the must, which rapidly comes to dominate the fermentation. This represses wild yeasts and ensures a reliable and predictable fermentation.<sup id="cite_ref-Gonzalez_36-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[37]</font></sup> Most added wine yeasts are strains of <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>, though not all strains of the species are suitable.<sup id="cite_ref-Gonzalez_36-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[37]</font></sup> Different <i>S. cerevisiae</i> yeast strains have differing physiological and fermentative properties, therefore the actual strain of yeast selected can have a direct impact on the finished wine.<sup id="cite_ref-Dunn_37-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[38]</font></sup> Significant research has been undertaken into the development of novel wine yeast strains that produce atypical flavour profiles or increased complexity in wines.<sup id="cite_ref-YeastRef14_38-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[39]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McBryde_39-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[40]</font></sup></p> <p>The growth of some yeasts such as <i>Zygosaccharomyces</i> and <i>Brettanomyces</i> in wine can result in wine faults and subsequent spoilage.<sup id="cite_ref-Loureiro2003_40-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[41]</font></sup> <i>Brettanomyces</i> produces an array of metabolites when growing in wine, some of which are volatile phenolic compounds. Together these compounds are often referred to as <i>&quot;Brettanomyces character&quot;</i>, and are often described as <i>antiseptic</i> or <i>&quot;barnyard&quot;</i> type aromas. Brettanomyces is a significant contributor to wine faults within the wine industry.<sup id="cite_ref-YeastRef15_41-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[42]</font></sup></p> <h3><span id="Baking" class="mw-headline">Baking</span></h3> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: Baker's yeast</div> <p>Yeast, most commonly <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>, is used in baking as a leavening agent, where it converts the fermentable sugars present in dough into the gas carbon dioxide. This causes the dough to expand or rise as gas forms pockets or bubbles. When the dough is baked the yeast dies and the air pockets &quot;set&quot;, giving the baked product a soft and spongy texture. The use of potatoes, water from potato boiling, eggs, or sugar in a bread dough accelerates the growth of yeasts. Most yeasts used in baking are of the same species common in alcoholic fermentation. Additionally, <i>Saccharomyces exiguus</i> (also known as <i>S. minor</i>) is a wild yeast found on plants, fruits, and grains that is occasionally used for baking. Sugar and vinegar are the best conditions for yeast to ferment. In bread making the yeast initially respires aerobically, producing carbon dioxide and water. When the oxygen is depleted anaerobic respiration begins, producing ethanol as a waste product; however, this evaporates during baking.<sup id="cite_ref-MooreLandecker1996p533-534_42-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[43]</font></sup></p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width: 222px" class="thumbinner"><font size="2"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="220" height="165" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Compressed_fresh_yeast_-_1.jpg/220px-Compressed_fresh_yeast_-_1.jpg" /></font> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></div> A block of fresh yeast.</div> </div> </div> <p>It is not known when yeast was first used to bake bread. The first records that show this use came from Ancient Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-Egypt_43-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[44]</font></sup> Researchers speculate that a mixture of flour meal and water was left longer than usual on a warm day and the yeasts that occur in natural contaminants of the flour caused it to ferment before baking. The resulting bread would have been lighter and tastier than the normal flat, hard cake.</p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width: 222px" class="thumbinner"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="220" height="165" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Dry_yeast.jpg/220px-Dry_yeast.jpg" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></div> Active dried yeast, a granulated form in which yeast is commercially sold.</div> </div> </div> <p>Today there are several retailers of baker's yeast; one of the best-known in North America is Fleischmann&rsquo;s Yeast, which was developed in 1868. During World War II Fleischmann's developed a granulated active dry yeast, which did not require refrigeration and had a longer shelf life than fresh yeast. The company created yeast that would rise twice as fast, reducing baking time. Baker's yeast is also sold as a fresh yeast compressed into a square &quot;cake&quot;. This form perishes quickly, and must therefore be used soon after production. A weak solution of water and sugar can be used to determine if yeast is expired. In the solution, active yeast will foam and bubble as it ferments the sugar into ethanol and carbon dioxide. Some recipes refer to this as proofing the yeast as it &quot;proves&quot; [tests] the viability of the yeast before the other ingredients are added. When using a sourdough starter, flour and water are added instead of sugar; this is referred to as proofing the sponge.</p> <p>When yeast is used for making bread, it is mixed with flour, salt, and warm water or milk. The dough is kneaded until it is smooth, and then left to rise, sometimes until it has doubled in size. Some bread doughs are knocked back after one rising and left to rise again. A longer rising time gives a better flavour, but the yeast can fail to raise the bread in the final stages if it is left for too long initially. The dough is then shaped into loaves, left to rise until it is the correct size, and then baked. Dried yeast is usually specified for use in a bread machine, however a (wet) sourdough starter can also work.</p> <h3><span id="Bioremediation" class="mw-headline">Bioremediation</span></h3> <p>Some yeasts can find potential application in the field of bioremediation. One such yeast, <i>Yarrowia lipolytica</i>, is known to degrade palm oil mill effluent,<sup id="cite_ref-Oswal_44-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[45]</font></sup> TNT (an explosive material),<sup id="cite_ref-Jain_45-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[46]</font></sup> and other hydrocarbons such as alkanes, fatty acids, fats and oils.<sup id="cite_ref-Fickers_46-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[47]</font></sup> It can also tolerate high concentrations of salt and heavy metals,<sup id="cite_ref-Bankar2009rev_47-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[48]</font></sup> and is being investigated for its potential as a heavy metal biosorbent.<sup id="cite_ref-Bankar2009_48-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[49]</font></sup></p> <h3><span id="Industrial_ethanol_production" class="mw-headline">Industrial ethanol production</span></h3> <p>The ability of yeast to convert sugar into ethanol has been harnessed by the biotechnology industry to produce ethanol fuel. The process starts by milling a feedstock, such as sugar cane, field corn, or cheap cereal grains, and then adding dilute sulfuric acid, or fungal alpha amylase enzymes, to break down the starches into complex sugars. A gluco amylase is then added to break the complex sugars down into simple sugars. After this, yeasts are added to convert the simple sugars to ethanol, which is then distilled off to obtain ethanol up to 96% in concentration.<sup id="cite_ref-YeastRef4_49-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[50]</font></sup></p> <p><i>Saccharomyces</i> yeasts have been genetically engineered to ferment xylose, one of the major fermentable sugars present in cellulosic biomasses, such as agriculture residues, paper wastes, and wood chips.<sup id="cite_ref-AEM_50-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[51]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-YeastRef5_51-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[52]</font></sup> Such a development means that ethanol can be efficiently produced from more inexpensive feedstocks, making cellulosic ethanol fuel a more competitively priced alternative to gasoline fuels.<sup id="cite_ref-YeastRef6_52-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[53]</font></sup></p> <h3><span id="Non-alcoholic_beverages" class="mw-headline">Non-alcoholic beverages</span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width: 222px" class="thumbinner"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="220" height="249" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Kombucha_jar.jpg/220px-Kombucha_jar.jpg" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></div> A Kombucha culture fermenting in a jar</div> </div> </div> <p>Root beer and other sweet carbonated beverages can be produced using the same methods as beer, except that fermentation is stopped sooner, producing carbon dioxide, but only trace amounts of alcohol, and a significant amount of sugar is left in the drink. Kvass is a fermented drink made from rye that is popular in Eastern Europe; it has a recognizable but low alcoholic content. Yeast in symbiosis with acetic acid bacteria is used in the preparation of kombucha, a fermented sweetened tea. Species of yeast found in the tea can vary, and may include: <i>Brettanomyces bruxellensis</i>, <i>Candida stellata</i>, <i>Schizosaccharomyces pombe</i>, <i>Torulaspora delbrueckii</i> and <i>Zygosaccharomyces bailii</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-YeastRef7_53-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[54]</font></sup> Kombucha is a popular beverage in Eastern Europe and some former Soviet republics under the name of Chajnyj grib (Чайный гриб). Kefir and kumis are made by fermenting milk with yeast and bacteria.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><font size="2">[55]</font></sup></p> <h3><span id="Nutritional_supplements" class="mw-headline">Nutritional supplements</span></h3> <div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">See also: Tibicos</div> <p>Yeast is used in nutritional supplements popular with vegans and the health conscious, where it is often referred to as &quot;nutritional yeast&quot;. It is a deactivated yeast, usually <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>. It is an excellent source of protein and vitamins, especially the B-complex vitamins, whose functions are related to metabolism as well as other minerals and cofactors required for growth. It is also naturally low in fat and sodium. Some brands of nutritional yeast, though not all, are fortified with vitamin B12, which is produced separately by bacteria. Nutritional yeast, though it has a similar appearance to brewer's yeast, is very different and has a very different taste.</p> <p>Nutritional yeast has a nutty, cheesy, creamy flavor which makes it popular as an ingredient in cheese substitutes. It is often used by vegans in place of Parmesan cheese. Another popular use is as a topping for popcorn. It can also be used in mashed and fried potatoes, as well as putting it into scrambled eggs. It comes in the form of flakes, or as a yellow powder similar in texture to cornmeal, and can be found in the bulk aisle of most natural food stores. In Australia it is sometimes sold as &quot;savory yeast flakes&quot;. Though &quot;nutritional yeast&quot; usually refers to commercial products, inadequately fed prisoners have used &quot;home-grown&quot; yeast to prevent vitamin deficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-YeastRef8_55-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[56]</font></sup></p> <h3><span id="Probiotics" class="mw-headline">Probiotics</span></h3> <p>Some probiotic supplements use the yeast <i>Saccharomyces boulardii</i> to maintain and restore the natural flora in the large and small gastrointestinal tract. <i>S. boulardii</i> has been shown to reduce the symptoms of acute diarrhea in children,<sup id="cite_ref-Centina-Sauri_56-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[57]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kurugol2005_57-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[58]</font></sup> prevent reinfection of <i>Clostridium difficile</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-McFarland1994_58-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[59]</font></sup> reduce bowel movements in diarrhea predominant IBS patients,<sup id="cite_ref-Maupas1983_59-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[60]</font></sup> and reduce the incidence of antibiotic,<sup id="cite_ref-McFarland1995_60-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[61]</font></sup> traveler's,<sup id="cite_ref-Kollaritsch1995_61-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[62]</font></sup> and HIV/AIDS<sup id="cite_ref-Saint-Marc1989_62-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[63]</font></sup> associated diarrheas.</p> <h3><span id="Aquarium_hobby" class="mw-headline">Aquarium hobby</span></h3> <p>Yeast is often used by aquarium hobbyists to generate carbon dioxide (CO_{<font size="2">2</font>}) to nourish plants in planted aquariums. A homemade setup is widely used as a cheap and simple alternative to pressurized CO_{<font size="2">2</font>} systems. While not as effective as these, the homemade setup is considerably cheaper for less demanding hobbyists.</p> <p>There are several recipes for homemade CO_{<font size="2">2</font>}, but they are variations of the basic recipe: Baking yeast, with sugar, baking soda and water are added to a plastic bottle. A few drops of vegetable oil at the start reduces surface tension and speeds the release of CO_{<font size="2">2</font>}. This will produce CO_{<font size="2">2</font>} for about 2 or 3 weeks; the use of a bubble counter determines production. The CO_{<font size="2">2</font>} is injected in the aquarium via a narrow hose and released through a CO_{<font size="2">2</font>} diffuser that helps dissolve the gas in the water. The CO_{<font size="2">2</font>} is used by plants in the photosynthesis process.</p> <p>CO_{<font size="2">2</font>} injection is very important to plant growth in planted aquariums.<sup id="cite_ref-Pedersen2007_63-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[64]</font></sup></p> <h3><span id="Science" class="mw-headline">Science</span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width: 222px" class="thumbinner"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="220" height="170" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Yeast_cell_english.svg/220px-Yeast_cell_english.svg.png" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></div> Diagram showing a yeast cell</div> </div> </div> <p>Several yeasts, particularly <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>, have been widely used in genetics and cell biology. This is largely because <i>S. cerevisiae</i> is a simple eukaryotic cell, serving as a model for all eukaryotes including humans for the study of fundamental cellular processes such as the cell cycle, DNA replication, recombination, cell division and metabolism. Also yeasts are easily manipulated and cultured in the lab which has allowed for the development of powerful standard techniques, such as Yeast two-hybrid, Synthetic genetic array analysis and tetrad analysis. Many proteins important in human biology were first discovered by studying their homologs in yeast; these proteins include cell cycle proteins, signaling proteins, and protein-processing enzymes.</p> <p>On 24 April 1996 <i>S. cerevisiae</i> was announced to be the first eukaryote to have its genome, consisting of 12 million base pairs, fully sequenced as part of the Genome project.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams1996_64-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[65]</font></sup> At the time it was the most complex organism to have its full genome sequenced and took 7 years and the involvement of more than 100 laboratories to accomplish.<sup id="cite_ref-accessexcellence_65-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[66]</font></sup> The second yeast species to have its genome sequenced was <i>Schizosaccharomyces pombe</i>, which was completed in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-Wood_66-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[67]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-genomenewsnetwork_67-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[68]</font></sup> It was the sixth eukaryotic genome sequenced and consists of 13.8&nbsp;million base pairs.</p> <h3><span id="Yeast_extract" class="mw-headline">Yeast extract</span></h3> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: Yeast extract</div> <p> <table style="float: right"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width: 126px" class="thumbinner"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="124" height="101" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Marmite.jpg/124px-Marmite.jpg" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></div> Marmite and Vegemite have a distinctive dark colour</div> </div> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table style="float: right"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width: 152px" class="thumbinner"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="150" height="100" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Vegemite_and_Marmite.jpg/150px-Vegemite_and_Marmite.jpg" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></div> Marmite and Vegemite, products made from yeast extract</div> </div> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> <p>Yeast extract is the common name for various forms of processed yeast products that are used as food additives or flavours. They are often used in the same way that monosodium glutamate (MSG) is used, and like MSG, often contain free glutamic acid. The general method for making yeast extract for food products such as Vegemite and Marmite on a commercial scale is to add salt to a suspension of yeast making the solution hypertonic, which leads to the cells shrivelling up. This triggers <i>autolysis</i>, where the yeast's digestive enzymes break their own proteins down into simpler compounds, a process of self-destruction. The dying yeast cells are then heated to complete their breakdown, after which the husks (yeast with thick cell walls which would give poor texture) are separated. Yeast autolysates are used in Vegemite and Promite (Australia); Marmite, Bovril and Oxo (the United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland and South Africa); and Cenovis (Switzerland).</p> <h2><span id="Pathogenic_yeasts" class="mw-headline">Pathogenic yeasts</span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width: 252px" class="thumbinner"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="250" height="188" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/C_albicans_en.jpg/250px-C_albicans_en.jpg" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></div> A photomicrograph of <i>Candida albicans</i> showing hyphal outgrowth and other morphological characteristics.</div> </div> </div> <p>Some species of yeast are opportunistic pathogens where they can cause infection in people with compromised immune systems.</p> <p><i>Cryptococcus neoformans</i> is a significant pathogen of immunocompromised people causing the disease termed cryptococcosis. This disease occurs in about 7&ndash;9% of AIDS patients in the USA, and a slightly smaller percentage (3&ndash;6%) in western Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-YeastRef9_68-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[69]</font></sup> The cells of the yeast are surrounded by a rigid polysaccharide capsule, which helps to prevent them from being recognised and engulfed by white blood cells in the human body.</p> <p>Yeasts of the <i>Candida</i> genus are another group of opportunistic pathogens which causes oral and vaginal infections in humans, known as candidiasis. <i>Candida</i> is commonly found as a commensal yeast in the mucus membranes of humans and other warm-blooded animals. However, sometimes these same strains can become pathogenic. Here the yeast cells sprout a hyphal outgrowth, which locally penetrates the mucosal membrane, causing irritation and shedding of the tissues.<sup id="cite_ref-YeastRef9_68-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[69]</font></sup> The pathogenic yeasts of candidiasis in probable descending order of virulence for humans are: <i>C. albicans</i>, <i>C. tropicalis</i>, <i>C. stellatoidea</i>, <i>C. glabrata</i>, <i>C. krusei</i>, <i>C. parapsilosis</i>, <i>C. guilliermondii</i>, <i>C. viswanathii</i>, <i>C. lusitaniae</i> and <i>Rhodotorula mucilaginosa</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hurley1987_69-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[70]</font></sup> <i>Candida glabrata</i> is the second most common <i>Candida</i> pathogen after <i>C. albicans</i>, causing infections of the urogenital tract, and of the bloodstream (candidemia).<sup id="cite_ref-YeastRef10_70-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[71]</font></sup></p> <h2><span id="Food_spoilage" class="mw-headline">Food spoilage</span></h2> <p>Yeasts are able to grow in foods with a low pH, (5.0 or lower) and in the presence of sugars, organic acids and other easily metabolized carbon sources.<sup id="cite_ref-Kurtzman3_71-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[72]</font></sup> During their growth, yeasts metabolize some food components and produce metabolic end products. This causes the physical, chemical, and sensible properties of a food to change, and the food is spoiled.<sup id="cite_ref-Fleet_72-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[73]</font></sup> The growth of yeast within food products is often seen on their surface, as in cheeses or meats, or by the fermentation of sugars in beverages, such as juices, and semi-liquid products, such as syrups and jams.<sup id="cite_ref-Kurtzman3_71-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[72]</font></sup> The yeast of the <i>Zygosaccharomyces</i> genus have had a long history as a spoilage yeast within the food industry. This is mainly due to the fact that these species can grow in the presence of high sucrose, ethanol, acetic acid, sorbic acid, benzoic acid, and sulfur dioxide concentrations,<sup id="cite_ref-Loureiro_73-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[74]</font></sup> representing some of the commonly used food preservation methods. Methylene blue is used to test for the presence of live yeast cells.</p> <h2><span id="See_also" class="mw-headline">See also</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="mw-redirect" title="Fungal infection" href="/wiki/Fungal_infection"><font color="#0645ad">Fungal infection</font></a></li> <li><a class="mw-redirect" title="Yeast infection" href="/wiki/Yeast_infection"><font color="#0645ad">Yeast infection</font></a></li> <li><a title="Bioaerosol" href="/wiki/Bioaerosol"><font color="#0645ad">Bioaerosol</font></a></li> <li><a title="Baker's yeast" href="/wiki/Baker%27s_yeast"><font color="#0645ad">Baker's yeast</font></a></li> <li><a title="Candidiasis" href="/wiki/Candidiasis"><font color="#0645ad">Candidiasis</font></a> (yeast infection)</li> <li><a title="Ethanol fermentation" href="/wiki/Ethanol_fermentation"><font color="#0645ad">Ethanol fermentation</font></a></li> <li><a title="Tetrad (genetics)" href="/wiki/Tetrad_(genetics)"><font color="#0645ad">Tetrad (genetics)</font></a></li> <li><a title="Winemaking" href="/wiki/Winemaking"><font color="#0645ad">Winemaking</font></a></li> <li><a title="Start point (yeast)" href="/wiki/Start_point_(yeast)"><font color="#0645ad">Start point (yeast)</font></a></li> </ul> <div style="clear: both">&nbsp;</div> <h2><span id="Footnotes" class="mw-headline">Footnotes</span></h2> <div style="column-width: 30em; -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em" class="references-small references-column-width"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-YeastRef1-0"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YeastRef1_0-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Kurtzman, C.P., Fell, J.W. 2006. <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=176765"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Yeast Systematics and Phylogeny&mdash;Implications of Molecular Identification Methods for Studies in Ecology.&quot;</font></a>, Biodiversity and Ecophysiology of Yeasts, The Yeast Handbook, Springer. Retrieved January 7, 2007.</li> <li id="cite_note-Kurtzman2-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kurtzman2_1-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation book">Kurtzman CP, Pi&scaron;kur J (2006). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.springerlink.com/content/aqmjetp24hpllwfa/"><i><font color="#3366bb">Taxonomy and phylogenetic diversity among the yeasts (in Comparative Genomics: Using Fungi as Models. Sunnerhagen P, Piskur J, eds.)</font></i></a>. Berlin: Springer. pp.&nbsp;29&ndash;46. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-31480-6" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-31480-6"><font color="#0645ad">978-3-540-31480-6</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.springerlink.com/content/aqmjetp24hpllwfa/"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.springerlink.com/content/aqmjetp24hpllwfa/</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Taxonomy+and+phylogenetic+diversity+among+the+yeasts+%28in+Comparative+Genomics%3A+Using+Fungi+as+Models.+Sunnerhagen+P%2C+Piskur+J%2C+eds.%29&amp;rft.aulast=Kurtzman+CP%2C+Pi%C5%A1kur+J&amp;rft.au=Kurtzman+CP%2C+Pi%C5%A1kur+J&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B29%E2%80%9346&amp;rft.place=Berlin&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-540-31480-6&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Faqmjetp24hpllwfa%2F&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Kurtzman1-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kurtzman1_2-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation book">Kurtzman CP, Fell JW (2005). <i>Biodiversity and Ecophysiology of Yeasts (in: The Yeast Handbook, G&aacute;bor P, de la Rosa CL, eds.)</i>. Berlin: Springer. pp.&nbsp;11&ndash;30. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/3-540-26100-1" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-540-26100-1"><font color="#0645ad">3-540-26100-1</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Biodiversity+and+Ecophysiology+of+Yeasts+%28in%3A+The+Yeast+Handbook%2C+G%C3%A1bor+P%2C+de+la+Rosa+CL%2C+eds.%29&amp;rft.aulast=Kurtzman+CP%2C+Fell+JW&amp;rft.au=Kurtzman+CP%2C+Fell+JW&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B11%E2%80%9330&amp;rft.place=Berlin&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.isbn=3-540-26100-1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Walker-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Walker_3-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Walker K, Skelton H, Smith K. (2002). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/openurl?genre=article&amp;sid=nlm:pubmed&amp;issn=0303-6987&amp;date=2002&amp;volume=29&amp;issue=10&amp;spage=616"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Cutaneous lesions showing giant yeast forms of <i>Blastomyces dermatitidis</i>&quot;</font></a>. <i>Journal of Cutaneous Pathology</i> <b>29</b> (10): 616&ndash;18. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1034%2Fj.1600-0560.2002.291009.x"><font color="#3366bb">10.1034/j.1600-0560.2002.291009.x</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12453301"><font color="#3366bb">12453301</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/openurl?genre=article&amp;sid=nlm:pubmed&amp;issn=0303-6987&amp;date=2002&amp;volume=29&amp;issue=10&amp;spage=616"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/openurl?genre=article&amp;sid=nlm:pubmed&amp;issn=0303-6987&amp;date=2002&amp;volume=29&amp;issue=10&amp;spage=616</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Cutaneous+lesions+showing+giant+yeast+forms+of+%27%27Blastomyces+dermatitidis%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cutaneous+Pathology&amp;rft.aulast=Walker+K%2C+Skelton+H%2C+Smith+K.&amp;rft.au=Walker+K%2C+Skelton+H%2C+Smith+K.&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.volume=29&amp;rft.issue=10&amp;rft.pages=616%E2%80%9318&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1034%2Fj.1600-0560.2002.291009.x&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12453301&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blackwell-synergy.com%2Fopenurl%3Fgenre%3Darticle%26sid%3Dnlm%3Apubmed%26issn%3D0303-6987%26date%3D2002%26volume%3D29%26issue%3D10%26spage%3D616&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Legras-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Legras_4-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Jean-Luc Legras, Didier Merdinoglu, Jean-Marie Cornuet and Francis Karst. (2007.). &quot;Bread, beer and wine: Saccharomyces cerevisiae diversity reflects human history&quot;. <i>Molecular Ecology</i> <b>16</b> (10): 2091&ndash;2102. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-294X.2007.03266.x"><font color="#3366bb">10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03266.x</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17498234"><font color="#3366bb">17498234</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Bread%2C+beer+and+wine%3A+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae+diversity+reflects+human+history&amp;rft.jtitle=Molecular+Ecology&amp;rft.aulast=Jean-Luc+Legras%2C+Didier+Merdinoglu%2C+Jean-Marie+Cornuet+and+Francis+Karst.&amp;rft.au=Jean-Luc+Legras%2C+Didier+Merdinoglu%2C+Jean-Marie+Cornuet+and+Francis+Karst.&amp;rft.date=2007.&amp;rft.volume=16&amp;rft.issue=10&amp;rft.pages=2091%E2%80%932102&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1111%2Fj.1365-294X.2007.03266.x&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17498234&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Ostergaard-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ostergaard_5-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Ostergaard S, Olsson L, Nielsen J. (2000). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://mmbr.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=10704473"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Metabolic engineering of <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>&quot;</font></a>. <i>Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews</i> <b>64</b> (1): 34&ndash;50. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FMMBR.64.1.34-50.2000"><font color="#3366bb">10.1128/MMBR.64.1.34-50.2000</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10704473"><font color="#3366bb">10704473</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=98985"><font color="#3366bb">98985</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://mmbr.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=10704473"><font color="#3366bb">http://mmbr.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=10704473</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Metabolic+engineering+of+%27%27Saccharomyces+cerevisiae%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=Microbiology+and+Molecular+Biology+Reviews&amp;rft.aulast=Ostergaard+S%2C+Olsson+L%2C+Nielsen+J.&amp;rft.au=Ostergaard+S%2C+Olsson+L%2C+Nielsen+J.&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.volume=64&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=34%E2%80%9350&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FMMBR.64.1.34-50.2000&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/10704473&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmmbr.asm.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D10704473&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-YeastRef3-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YeastRef3_6-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://automation.tkk.fi/Research/BioprocessAutomation"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Biofuelcell&quot;</font></a>. Helsinki University of Technology. 2007<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://automation.tkk.fi/Research/BioprocessAutomation"><font color="#3366bb">http://automation.tkk.fi/Research/BioprocessAutomation</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Biofuelcell&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.pub=Helsinki+University+of+Technology&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fautomation.tkk.fi%2FResearch%2FBioprocessAutomation&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Kurtzman1994-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kurtzman1994_7-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Kurtzman CP (1994). &quot;Molecular taxonomy of the yeasts&quot;. <i>Yeast</i> <b>10</b> (13): 1727&ndash;40. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fyea.320101306"><font color="#3366bb">10.1002/yea.320101306</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7747515"><font color="#3366bb">7747515</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Molecular+taxonomy+of+the+yeasts&amp;rft.jtitle=Yeast&amp;rft.aulast=Kurtzman+CP&amp;rft.au=Kurtzman+CP&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.volume=10&amp;rft.issue=13&amp;rft.pages=1727%E2%80%9340&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1002%2Fyea.320101306&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/7747515&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-YeastRef2-8"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YeastRef2_8-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.yeastgenome.org/VL-what_are_yeast.html"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;What are yeasts?&quot;</font></a>. <i>Yeast Virtual Library</i>. 200-09-13<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.yeastgenome.org/VL-what_are_yeast.html"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.yeastgenome.org/VL-what_are_yeast.html</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=What+are+yeasts%3F&amp;rft.atitle=Yeast+Virtual+Library&amp;rft.date=200-09-13&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yeastgenome.org%2FVL-what_are_yeast.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Bartleby2000-9"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bartleby2000_9-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation book"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.bartleby.com/61/roots/IE598.html"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Appendix I: Indo-European Roots&quot;</font></a>. <i>The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</i> (4th ed.). 2000<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.bartleby.com/61/roots/IE598.html"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.bartleby.com/61/roots/IE598.html</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-11-16</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Appendix+I%3A+Indo-European+Roots&amp;rft.atitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.edition=4th&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bartleby.com%2F61%2Froots%2FIE598.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-NASA-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NASA_10-0">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="2">a</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NASA_10-1">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="2">b</font></b></i>}</a> <span class="citation web">Phillips T. <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://science.nasa.gov/newhome/headlines/msad16mar99_1b.htm"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Planets in a Bottle: More about yeast&quot;</font></a>. <i>Science@NASA</i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://science.nasa.gov/newhome/headlines/msad16mar99_1b.htm"><font color="#3366bb">http://science.nasa.gov/newhome/headlines/msad16mar99_1b.htm</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Planets+in+a+Bottle%3A+More+about+yeast&amp;rft.atitle=Science%40NASA&amp;rft.aulast=Phillips+T&amp;rft.au=Phillips+T&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.nasa.gov%2Fnewhome%2Fheadlines%2Fmsad16mar99_1b.htm&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-YeastRef11-11"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YeastRef11_11-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation web">Huxley A (1871). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://aleph0.clarku.edu/huxley/CE8/Yeast.html"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Discourses: Biological &amp; Geological (volume VIII)&nbsp;: Yeast&quot;</font></a>. <i>Collected Essays</i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://aleph0.clarku.edu/huxley/CE8/Yeast.html"><font color="#3366bb">http://aleph0.clarku.edu/huxley/CE8/Yeast.html</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Discourses%3A+Biological+%26+Geological+%28volume+VIII%29+%3A+Yeast&amp;rft.atitle=Collected+Essays&amp;rft.aulast=Huxley+A&amp;rft.au=Huxley+A&amp;rft.date=1871&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faleph0.clarku.edu%2Fhuxley%2FCE8%2FYeast.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Barnett2003-12"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barnett2003_12-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Barnett JA (2003). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://mic.sgmjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12634325"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Beginnings of microbiology and biochemistry: the contribution of yeast research&quot;</font></a>. <i>Microbiology (Reading, Engl.)</i> <b>149</b> (Pt 3): 557&ndash;67. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12634325"><font color="#3366bb">12634325</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://mic.sgmjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12634325"><font color="#3366bb">http://mic.sgmjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12634325</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Beginnings+of+microbiology+and+biochemistry%3A+the+contribution+of+yeast+research&amp;rft.jtitle=Microbiology+%28Reading%2C+Engl.%29&amp;rft.aulast=Barnett+JA&amp;rft.au=Barnett+JA&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=149&amp;rft.issue=Pt+3&amp;rft.pages=557%E2%80%9367&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12634325&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmic.sgmjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D12634325&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Klieger2004-13"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Klieger2004_13-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation book">Klieger PC. (2004). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://books.google.com/?id=er88eh9jA0wC&amp;lpg=PA1&amp;dq=yeast%20history%20Fleischmann&amp;pg=PA13#v=onepage&amp;q="><i><font color="#3366bb">The Fleischmann yeast family</font></i></a>. Arcadia Publishing. p.&nbsp;13. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/978-0738533414" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0738533414"><font color="#0645ad">978-0738533414</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://books.google.com/?id=er88eh9jA0wC&amp;lpg=PA1&amp;dq=yeast%20history%20Fleischmann&amp;pg=PA13#v=onepage&amp;q="><font color="#3366bb">http://books.google.com/?id=er88eh9jA0wC&amp;lpg=PA1&amp;dq=yeast%20history%20Fleischmann&amp;pg=PA13#v=onepage&amp;q=</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-02-21</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Fleischmann+yeast+family&amp;rft.aulast=Klieger+PC.&amp;rft.au=Klieger+PC.&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B13&amp;rft.pub=Arcadia++Publishing&amp;rft.isbn=978-0738533414&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3Der88eh9jA0wC%26lpg%3DPA1%26dq%3Dyeast%2520history%2520Fleischmann%26pg%3DPA13%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-urlLe_Comit.C3.A9_des_Fabricants_de_levure_-_COFALEC_-_repr.C3.A9sente_les_fabricants-14"><b><a href="#cite_ref-urlLe_Comit.C3.A9_des_Fabricants_de_levure_-_COFALEC_-_repr.C3.A9sente_les_fabricants_14-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cofalec.com/contentO.aspx?progres"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Le Comit&eacute; des Fabricants de levure&quot;</font></a>. COFALEC<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cofalec.com/contentO.aspx?progres"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.cofalec.com/contentO.aspx?progres</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-02-21</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Le+Comit%C3%A9+des+Fabricants+de+levure&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.pub=COFALEC&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cofalec.com%2FcontentO.aspx%3Fprogres&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Barnett1975-15"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barnett1975_15-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Barnett JA. (1975). &quot;The entry of D-ribose into some yeasts of the genus <i>Pichia</i>&quot;. <i>Journal of General Microbiology</i> <b>90</b> (1): 1&ndash;12. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1176959"><font color="#3366bb">1176959</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+entry+of+D-ribose+into+some+yeasts+of+the+genus+%27%27Pichia%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+General+Microbiology&amp;rft.aulast=Barnett+JA.&amp;rft.au=Barnett+JA.&amp;rft.date=1975&amp;rft.volume=90&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=1%E2%80%9312&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/1176959&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Arthur H, Watson K (October 1976). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=232826"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Thermal adaptation in yeast: growth temperatures, membrane lipid, and cytochrome composition of psychrophilic, mesophilic, and thermophilic yeasts&quot;</font></a>. <i>J. Bacteriol.</i> <b>128</b> (1): 56&ndash;68. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/988016"><font color="#3366bb">988016</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Thermal+adaptation+in+yeast%3A+growth+temperatures%2C+membrane+lipid%2C+and+cytochrome+composition+of+psychrophilic%2C+mesophilic%2C+and+thermophilic+yeasts&amp;rft.jtitle=J.+Bacteriol.&amp;rft.aulast=Arthur+H%2C+Watson+K&amp;rft.au=Arthur+H%2C+Watson+K&amp;rft.date=October+1976&amp;rft.volume=128&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=56%E2%80%9368&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/988016&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-17"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation book">Kaufmann, Klaus; Annelies Schoneck (2002). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://books.google.com/?id=2REy7lUARrkC&amp;dq=%22kahm+yeast%22"><i><font color="#3366bb">Making Sauerkraut and Pickled Vegetables at Home: Creative Recipes for Lactic Fermented Food to Improve Your Health</font></i></a>. Google books: Book Publishing Company. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/9781553120377" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781553120377"><font color="#0645ad">9781553120377</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://books.google.com/?id=2REy7lUARrkC&amp;dq=%22kahm+yeast%22"><font color="#3366bb">http://books.google.com/?id=2REy7lUARrkC&amp;dq=%22kahm+yeast%22</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Making+Sauerkraut+and+Pickled+Vegetables+at+Home%3A+Creative+Recipes+for+Lactic+Fermented+Food+to+Improve+Your+Health&amp;rft.aulast=Kaufmann&amp;rft.aufirst=Klaus&amp;rft.au=Kaufmann%2C%26%2332%3BKlaus&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.place=Google+books&amp;rft.pub=Book+Publishing+Company&amp;rft.isbn=9781553120377&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D2REy7lUARrkC%26dq%3D%2522kahm%2Byeast%2522&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Suh2005-18"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Suh2005_18-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Suh SO, McHugh JV, Pollock DD, Blackwell M. (2005). &quot;The beetle gut: a hyperdiverse source of novel yeasts&quot;. <i>Mycological Research</i> <b>109</b> (Pt 3): 261&ndash;65. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS0953756205002388"><font color="#3366bb">10.1017/S0953756205002388</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15912941"><font color="#3366bb">15912941</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+beetle+gut%3A+a+hyperdiverse+source+of+novel+yeasts&amp;rft.jtitle=Mycological+Research&amp;rft.aulast=Suh+SO%2C+McHugh+JV%2C+Pollock+DD%2C+Blackwell+M.&amp;rft.au=Suh+SO%2C+McHugh+JV%2C+Pollock+DD%2C+Blackwell+M.&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=109&amp;rft.issue=Pt+3&amp;rft.pages=261%E2%80%9365&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1017%2FS0953756205002388&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15912941&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Slavikova2003-19"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Slavikova2003_19-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Sl&aacute;vikov&aacute; E, Vadkertiov&aacute; R. (2003). &quot;The diversity of yeasts in the agricultural soil&quot;. <i>Journalof Basic Microbiology</i> <b>43</b> (5): 430&ndash;36. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fjobm.200310277"><font color="#3366bb">10.1002/jobm.200310277</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12964187"><font color="#3366bb">12964187</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+diversity+of+yeasts+in+the+agricultural+soil&amp;rft.jtitle=Journalof+Basic+Microbiology&amp;rft.aulast=Sl%C3%A1vikov%C3%A1+E%2C+Vadkertiov%C3%A1+R.&amp;rft.au=Sl%C3%A1vikov%C3%A1+E%2C+Vadkertiov%C3%A1+R.&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=43&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=430%E2%80%9336&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1002%2Fjobm.200310277&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12964187&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-herrera-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-herrera_20-0">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="2">a</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="#cite_ref-herrera_20-1">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="2">b</font></b></i>}</a> <span class="citation Journal">Herrera, Carlos; Mar&iacute;a I. Pozo (10 February 2010). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2010/02/05/rspb.2009.2252.abstract"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Nectar yeasts warm the flowers of a winter-blooming plant&quot;</font></a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society Biological</i> <b>277</b> (1689): 1827&ndash;34. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2009.2252"><font color="#3366bb">10.1098/rspb.2009.2252</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20147331"><font color="#3366bb">20147331</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2871880"><font color="#3366bb">2871880</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2010/02/05/rspb.2009.2252.abstract"><font color="#3366bb">http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2010/02/05/rspb.2009.2252.abstract</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 10 February 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Nectar+yeasts+warm+the+flowers+of+a+winter-blooming+plant&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+Biological&amp;rft.aulast=Herrera&amp;rft.aufirst=Carlos&amp;rft.au=Herrera%2C%26%2332%3BCarlos&amp;rft.date=10+February+2010&amp;rft.volume=277&amp;rft.issue=1689&amp;rft.pages=1827%E2%80%9334&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1098%2Frspb.2009.2252&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/20147331&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frspb.royalsocietypublishing.org%2Fcontent%2Fearly%2F2010%2F02%2F05%2Frspb.2009.2252.abstract&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-21"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Oyeka CA, Ugwu LO. (2002). Fungal flora of human toe webs. Mycoses. 45(11-12):488-91. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12472726"><font color="#3366bb">PMID 12472726</font></a></li> <li id="cite_note-martini-22"><b><a href="#cite_ref-martini_22-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Martini, A (4 June 1992). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.springerlink.com/content/w540551582n04358/"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Biodiversity and conservation of yeasts&quot;</font></a>. <i>Biodiversity and Conservation</i> <b>1</b>: 324&ndash;333. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00693768"><font color="#3366bb">10.1007/BF00693768</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.springerlink.com/content/w540551582n04358/"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.springerlink.com/content/w540551582n04358/</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Biodiversity+and+conservation+of+yeasts&amp;rft.jtitle=Biodiversity+and+Conservation&amp;rft.aulast=Martini&amp;rft.aufirst=A&amp;rft.au=Martini%2C%26%2332%3BA&amp;rft.date=4+June+1992&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft.pages=324%E2%80%93333&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2FBF00693768&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fw540551582n04358%2F&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Bass2007-23"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bass2007_23-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Bass D, Howe A, Brown N, Barton H, Demidova M, Michelle H, Li L, Sanders H, Watkinson SC, Willcock S, Richards TA. (2007). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://journals.royalsociety.org/openurl.asp?genre=article&amp;id=doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.1067"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Yeast forms dominate fungal diversity in the deep oceans&quot;</font></a>. <i>Proceedings. Biological Sciences/The Royal Society</i> <b>274</b> (1629): 3069&ndash;77. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2007.1067"><font color="#3366bb">10.1098/rspb.2007.1067</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17939990"><font color="#3366bb">17939990</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2293941"><font color="#3366bb">2293941</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://journals.royalsociety.org/openurl.asp?genre=article&amp;id=doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.1067"><font color="#3366bb">http://journals.royalsociety.org/openurl.asp?genre=article&amp;id=doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.1067</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Yeast+forms+dominate+fungal+diversity+in+the+deep+oceans&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings.+Biological+Sciences%2FThe+Royal+Society&amp;rft.aulast=Bass+D%2C+Howe+A%2C+Brown+N%2C+Barton+H%2C+Demidova+M%2C+Michelle+H%2C+Li+L%2C+Sanders+H%2C+Watkinson+SC%2C+Willcock+S%2C+Richards+TA.&amp;rft.au=Bass+D%2C+Howe+A%2C+Brown+N%2C+Barton+H%2C+Demidova+M%2C+Michelle+H%2C+Li+L%2C+Sanders+H%2C+Watkinson+SC%2C+Willcock+S%2C+Richards+TA.&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.volume=274&amp;rft.issue=1629&amp;rft.pages=3069%E2%80%9377&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1098%2Frspb.2007.1067&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17939990&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.royalsociety.org%2Fopenurl.asp%3Fgenre%3Darticle%26id%3Ddoi%3A10.1098%2Frspb.2007.1067&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-24"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Sandhu, Dhanwant; Manjit Waraich (1985). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/4250820"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Yeasts Associated with Pollinating Bees and Flower Nectar&quot;</font></a>. <i>Microbial Ecology</i> <b>11</b>: 51&ndash;58. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02015108"><font color="#3366bb">10.1007/BF02015108</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/4250820"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.jstor.org/stable/4250820</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Yeasts+Associated+with+Pollinating+Bees+and+Flower+Nectar&amp;rft.jtitle=Microbial+Ecology&amp;rft.aulast=Sandhu&amp;rft.aufirst=Dhanwant&amp;rft.au=Sandhu%2C%26%2332%3BDhanwant&amp;rft.date=1985&amp;rft.volume=11&amp;rft.pages=51%E2%80%9358&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2FBF02015108&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4250820&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-25"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation news">Barley, Shanta (10 February 2010). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20527473.900-stinky-flower-is-kept-warm-by-yeast-partner.html"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Stinky flower is kept warm by yeast partner&quot;</font></a>. New Scientist<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20527473.900-stinky-flower-is-kept-warm-by-yeast-partner.html"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20527473.900-stinky-flower-is-kept-warm-by-yeast-partner.html</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 10 February 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Stinky+flower+is+kept+warm+by+yeast+partner&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Barley&amp;rft.aufirst=Shanta&amp;rft.au=Barley%2C%26%2332%3BShanta&amp;rft.date=10+February+2010&amp;rft.pub=New+Scientist&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fmg20527473.900-stinky-flower-is-kept-warm-by-yeast-partner.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-26"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Little, Ainslie; Cameron Currie (2008). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.esajournals.org/doi/full/10.1890/07-0815.1"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Black yeast symbionts compromise the efficiency of antibiotic defenses in fungus-growing ants&quot;</font></a>. <i>Ecology</i> <b>89</b> (5): 1216&ndash;1222. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1890%2F07-0815.1"><font color="#3366bb">10.1890/07-0815.1</font></a>. <a title="International Standard Serial Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISSN</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.worldcat.org/issn/doi"><font color="#3366bb">= 10.1890/07-0815.1 doi = 10.1890/07-0815.1</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18543616"><font color="#3366bb">18543616</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.esajournals.org/doi/full/10.1890/07-0815.1"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.esajournals.org/doi/full/10.1890/07-0815.1</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Black+yeast+symbionts+compromise+the+efficiency+of+antibiotic+defenses+in+fungus-growing+ants&amp;rft.jtitle=Ecology&amp;rft.aulast=Little&amp;rft.aufirst=Ainslie&amp;rft.au=Little%2C%26%2332%3BAinslie&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=89&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=1216%E2%80%931222&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1890%2F07-0815.1&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18543616&amp;rft.issn=doi+%3D+10.1890%2F07-0815.1&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esajournals.org%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1890%2F07-0815.1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Balasubramanian-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Balasubramanian_27-0">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="2">a</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Balasubramanian_27-1">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="2">b</font></b></i>}</a> <span class="citation Journal">Balasubramanian MK, Bi E, Glotzer M. (2004). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0960982204006980"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Comparative analysis of cytokinesis in budding yeast, fission yeast and animal cells&quot;</font></a>. <i>Current Biology</i> <b>14</b> (18): R806&ndash;18. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2004.09.022"><font color="#3366bb">10.1016/j.cub.2004.09.022</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15380095"><font color="#3366bb">15380095</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0960982204006980"><font color="#3366bb">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0960982204006980</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Comparative+analysis+of+cytokinesis+in+budding+yeast%2C+fission+yeast+and+animal+cells&amp;rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&amp;rft.aulast=Balasubramanian+MK%2C+Bi+E%2C+Glotzer+M.&amp;rft.au=Balasubramanian+MK%2C+Bi+E%2C+Glotzer+M.&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=14&amp;rft.issue=18&amp;rft.pages=R806%E2%80%9318&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2004.09.022&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15380095&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0960982204006980&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Yeong2005-28"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yeong2005_28-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Yeong FM. (2005). &quot;Severing all ties between mother and daughter: cell separation in budding yeast&quot;. <i>Molecular Microbiology</i> <b>55</b> (5): 1325&ndash;31. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2958.2005.04507.x"><font color="#3366bb">10.1111/j.1365-2958.2005.04507.x</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15720543"><font color="#3366bb">15720543</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Severing+all+ties+between+mother+and+daughter%3A+cell+separation+in+budding+yeast&amp;rft.jtitle=Molecular+Microbiology&amp;rft.aulast=Yeong+FM.&amp;rft.au=Yeong+FM.&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=55&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=1325%E2%80%9331&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2958.2005.04507.x&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15720543&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Neiman2005-29"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Neiman2005_29-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Neiman AM. (2005). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://mmbr.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16339736"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Ascospore formation in the yeast <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>&quot;</font></a>. <i>Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews</i> <b>69</b> (4): 565&ndash;84. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FMMBR.69.4.565-584.2005"><font color="#3366bb">10.1128/MMBR.69.4.565-584.2005</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16339736"><font color="#3366bb">16339736</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1306807"><font color="#3366bb">1306807</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://mmbr.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16339736"><font color="#3366bb">http://mmbr.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16339736</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Ascospore+formation+in+the+yeast+%27%27Saccharomyces+cerevisiae%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=Microbiology+and+Molecular+Biology+Reviews&amp;rft.aulast=Neiman+AM.&amp;rft.au=Neiman+AM.&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=69&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=565%E2%80%9384&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FMMBR.69.4.565-584.2005&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16339736&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmmbr.asm.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D16339736&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Rao2004-30"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rao2004_30-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Rao RS, Prakasham RS, Prasad KK, Rajesham S, Sarma PN, Rao L. (2004). &quot;Xylitol production by <i>Candida</i> sp.: parameter optimization using Taguchi approach&quot;. <i>Process Biochemistry</i> <b>39</b>: 951&ndash;56. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0032-9592%2803%2900207-3"><font color="#3366bb">10.1016/S0032-9592(03)00207-3</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Xylitol+production+by+%27%27Candida%27%27+sp.%3A+parameter+optimization+using+Taguchi+approach&amp;rft.jtitle=Process+Biochemistry&amp;rft.aulast=Rao+RS%2C+Prakasham+RS%2C+Prasad+KK%2C+Rajesham+S%2C+Sarma+PN%2C+Rao+L.&amp;rft.au=Rao+RS%2C+Prakasham+RS%2C+Prasad+KK%2C+Rajesham+S%2C+Sarma+PN%2C+Rao+L.&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=39&amp;rft.pages=951%E2%80%9356&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2FS0032-9592%2803%2900207-3&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-31"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation book"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://books.google.com/?id=TIYbNdrIsPEC&amp;pg=PA84&amp;dq=yeasts+%22top+cropping%22&amp;q=yeasts%20%22top%20cropping%22"><i><font color="#3366bb">Handbook of brewing - Google Books</font></i></a>. books.google.co.uk. 2006-02-22. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/9780824726577" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824726577"><font color="#0645ad">9780824726577</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://books.google.com/?id=TIYbNdrIsPEC&amp;pg=PA84&amp;dq=yeasts+%22top+cropping%22&amp;q=yeasts%20%22top%20cropping%22"><font color="#3366bb">http://books.google.com/?id=TIYbNdrIsPEC&amp;pg=PA84&amp;dq=yeasts+%22top+cropping%22&amp;q=yeasts%20%22top%20cropping%22</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-07-12</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Handbook+of+brewing+-+Google+Books&amp;rft.date=2006-02-22&amp;rft.pub=books.google.co.uk&amp;rft.isbn=9780824726577&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DTIYbNdrIsPEC%26pg%3DPA84%26dq%3Dyeasts%2B%2522top%2Bcropping%2522%26q%3Dyeasts%2520%2522top%2520cropping%2522&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-32"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation book"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://books.google.com/?id=DhMavBH4B18C&amp;pg=PA361&amp;dq=%22ale+yeast%22&amp;q=%22ale%20yeast%22"><i><font color="#3366bb">The Sommelier Prep Course: An ... - Google Books</font></i></a>. books.google.co.uk. 2010. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/9780470283189" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470283189"><font color="#0645ad">9780470283189</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://books.google.com/?id=DhMavBH4B18C&amp;pg=PA361&amp;dq=%22ale+yeast%22&amp;q=%22ale%20yeast%22"><font color="#3366bb">http://books.google.com/?id=DhMavBH4B18C&amp;pg=PA361&amp;dq=%22ale+yeast%22&amp;q=%22ale%20yeast%22</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-07-12</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Sommelier+Prep+Course%3A+An+...+-+Google+Books&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.pub=books.google.co.uk&amp;rft.isbn=9780470283189&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DDhMavBH4B18C%26pg%3DPA361%26dq%3D%2522ale%2Byeast%2522%26q%3D%2522ale%2520yeast%2522&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-33"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation book"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://books.google.com/?id=bQcxoepvxOwC&amp;pg=PA36&amp;dq=brewing+and+baking+yeast&amp;q=brewing%20and%20baking%20yeast"><i><font color="#3366bb">Understanding baking: the art and ... - Google Books</font></i></a>. books.google.co.uk. 2002-09-09. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/9780471405467" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780471405467"><font color="#0645ad">9780471405467</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://books.google.com/?id=bQcxoepvxOwC&amp;pg=PA36&amp;dq=brewing+and+baking+yeast&amp;q=brewing%20and%20baking%20yeast"><font color="#3366bb">http://books.google.com/?id=bQcxoepvxOwC&amp;pg=PA36&amp;dq=brewing+and+baking+yeast&amp;q=brewing%20and%20baking%20yeast</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-08-01</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Understanding+baking%3A+the+art+and+...+-+Google+Books&amp;rft.date=2002-09-09&amp;rft.pub=books.google.co.uk&amp;rft.isbn=9780471405467&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DbQcxoepvxOwC%26pg%3DPA36%26dq%3Dbrewing%2Band%2Bbaking%2Byeast%26q%3Dbrewing%2520and%2520baking%2520yeast&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Verachtert1995-34"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Verachtert1995_34-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Verachtert H, Iserentant D. (1995). &quot;Properties of Belgian acid beers and their microflora. 1. The production of gueuze and related refreshing acid beers&quot;. <i>Cerevesia</i> <b>20</b> (1): 37&ndash;42.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Properties+of+Belgian+acid+beers+and+their+microflora.+1.+The+production+of+gueuze+and+related+refreshing+acid+beers&amp;rft.jtitle=Cerevesia&amp;rft.aulast=Verachtert+H%2C+Iserentant+D.&amp;rft.au=Verachtert+H%2C+Iserentant+D.&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.volume=20&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=37%E2%80%9342&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Ross-35"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ross_35-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Ross JP (September 1997). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3488/is_n9_v78/ai_19900987"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Going wild: wild yeast in winemaking&quot;</font></a>. <i>Wines &amp; Vines</i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3488/is_n9_v78/ai_19900987"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3488/is_n9_v78/ai_19900987</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Going+wild%3A+wild+yeast+in+winemaking&amp;rft.jtitle=Wines+%26+Vines&amp;rft.aulast=Ross+JP&amp;rft.au=Ross+JP&amp;rft.date=September+1997&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.findarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_m3488%2Fis_n9_v78%2Fai_19900987&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Gonzalez-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gonzalez_36-0">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="2">a</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gonzalez_36-1">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="2">b</font></b></i>}</a> <span class="citation Journal">Gonz&aacute;lez Techera A, Jubany S, Carrau FM, Gaggero C. (2001). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/openurl?genre=article&amp;sid=nlm:pubmed&amp;issn=0266-8254&amp;date=2001&amp;volume=33&amp;issue=1&amp;spage=71"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Differentiation of industrial wine yeast strains using microsatellite markers&quot;</font></a>. <i>Letters in Applied Microbiology</i> <b>33</b> (1): 71&ndash;75. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1472-765X.2001.00946.x"><font color="#3366bb">10.1046/j.1472-765X.2001.00946.x</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11442819"><font color="#3366bb">11442819</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/openurl?genre=article&amp;sid=nlm:pubmed&amp;issn=0266-8254&amp;date=2001&amp;volume=33&amp;issue=1&amp;spage=71"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/openurl?genre=article&amp;sid=nlm:pubmed&amp;issn=0266-8254&amp;date=2001&amp;volume=33&amp;issue=1&amp;spage=71</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Differentiation+of+industrial+wine+yeast+strains+using+microsatellite+markers&amp;rft.jtitle=Letters+in+Applied+Microbiology&amp;rft.aulast=Gonz%C3%A1lez+Techera+A%2C+Jubany+S%2C+Carrau+FM%2C+Gaggero+C.&amp;rft.au=Gonz%C3%A1lez+Techera+A%2C+Jubany+S%2C+Carrau+FM%2C+Gaggero+C.&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.volume=33&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=71%E2%80%9375&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1046%2Fj.1472-765X.2001.00946.x&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11442819&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blackwell-synergy.com%2Fopenurl%3Fgenre%3Darticle%26sid%3Dnlm%3Apubmed%26issn%3D0266-8254%26date%3D2001%26volume%3D33%26issue%3D1%26spage%3D71&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Dunn-37"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dunn_37-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Dunn B, Levine RP, Sherlock G (2005). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/6/53"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Microarray karyotyping of commercial wine yeast strains reveals shared, as well as unique, genomic signatures&quot;</font></a>. <i>BMC Genomics</i> <b>6</b> (1): 53. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2164-6-53"><font color="#3366bb">10.1186/1471-2164-6-53</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15833139"><font color="#3366bb">15833139</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1097725"><font color="#3366bb">1097725</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/6/53"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/6/53</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Microarray+karyotyping+of+commercial+wine+yeast+strains+reveals+shared%2C+as+well+as+unique%2C+genomic+signatures&amp;rft.jtitle=BMC+Genomics&amp;rft.aulast=Dunn+B%2C+Levine+RP%2C+Sherlock+G&amp;rft.au=Dunn+B%2C+Levine+RP%2C+Sherlock+G&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=6&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=53&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1186%2F1471-2164-6-53&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15833139&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biomedcentral.com%2F1471-2164%2F6%2F53&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-YeastRef14-38"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YeastRef14_38-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20060921160928/http://www.gwrdc.com.au/downloads/0506docs/researcher.pdf"><font color="#3366bb">Research enables yeast suppliers to expand options</font></a>. Retrieved 10 January 2007.</li> <li id="cite_note-McBryde-39"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McBryde_39-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> McBryde, Colin, Gardner, Jennifer M., de Barros Lopes, Miguel, Jiranek, Vladimir, [Generation of Novel Wine Yeast Strains by Adaptive Evolution], Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 2006 57: 423&ndash;30</li> <li id="cite_note-Loureiro2003-40"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Loureiro2003_40-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Loureiro V, Malfeito-Ferreira M. (2003). &quot;Spoilage yeasts in the wine industry&quot;. <i>International Journal of Food Microbiology</i> <b>86</b> (1-2): 23&ndash;50. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0168-1605%2803%2900246-0"><font color="#3366bb">10.1016/S0168-1605(03)00246-0</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12892920"><font color="#3366bb">12892920</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Spoilage+yeasts+in+the+wine+industry&amp;rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Food+Microbiology&amp;rft.aulast=Loureiro+V%2C+Malfeito-Ferreira+M.&amp;rft.au=Loureiro+V%2C+Malfeito-Ferreira+M.&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=86&amp;rft.issue=1-2&amp;rft.pages=23%E2%80%9350&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2FS0168-1605%2803%2900246-0&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12892920&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-YeastRef15-41"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YeastRef15_41-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation web">Lamar J. <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.winepros.org/wine101/vincyc-bret.htm"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;<i>Brettanomyces</i> (Dekkera)&quot;</font></a>. <i>Vincyclopedia</i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.winepros.org/wine101/vincyc-bret.htm"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.winepros.org/wine101/vincyc-bret.htm</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=%27%27Brettanomyces%27%27+%28Dekkera%29&amp;rft.atitle=Vincyclopedia&amp;rft.aulast=Lamar+J&amp;rft.au=Lamar+J&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.winepros.org%2Fwine101%2Fvincyc-bret.htm&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-MooreLandecker1996p533-534-42"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MooreLandecker1996p533-534_42-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Moore-Landecker, pp. 533&ndash;34.</li> <li id="cite_note-Egypt-43"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Egypt_43-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Legras JL, Merdinoglu D, Cornuet JM, Karst F (May 2007). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/resolve/openurl?genre=article&amp;sid=nlm:pubmed&amp;issn=0962-1083&amp;date=2007&amp;volume=16&amp;issue=10&amp;spage=2091"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Bread, beer and wine: Saccharomyces cerevisiae diversity reflects human history&quot;</font></a>. <i>Molecular Ecology</i> <b>16</b> (10): 2091&ndash;102. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-294X.2007.03266.x"><font color="#3366bb">10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03266.x</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17498234"><font color="#3366bb">17498234</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/resolve/openurl?genre=article&amp;sid=nlm:pubmed&amp;issn=0962-1083&amp;date=2007&amp;volume=16&amp;issue=10&amp;spage=2091"><font color="#3366bb">http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/resolve/openurl?genre=article&amp;sid=nlm:pubmed&amp;issn=0962-1083&amp;date=2007&amp;volume=16&amp;issue=10&amp;spage=2091</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Bread%2C+beer+and+wine%3A+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae+diversity+reflects+human+history&amp;rft.jtitle=Molecular+Ecology&amp;rft.aulast=Legras+JL%2C+Merdinoglu+D%2C+Cornuet+JM%2C+Karst+F&amp;rft.au=Legras+JL%2C+Merdinoglu+D%2C+Cornuet+JM%2C+Karst+F&amp;rft.date=May+2007&amp;rft.volume=16&amp;rft.issue=10&amp;rft.pages=2091%E2%80%93102&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1111%2Fj.1365-294X.2007.03266.x&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17498234&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.interscience.wiley.com%2Fresolve%2Fopenurl%3Fgenre%3Darticle%26sid%3Dnlm%3Apubmed%26issn%3D0962-1083%26date%3D2007%26volume%3D16%26issue%3D10%26spage%3D2091&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Oswal-44"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oswal_44-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Oswal N, Sarma PM, Zinjarde SS, Pant A. (2002). &quot;Palm oil mill effluent treatment by a tropical marine yeast&quot;. <i>Bioresource Technology</i> <b>85</b> (1): 35&ndash;37. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0960-8524%2802%2900063-9"><font color="#3366bb">10.1016/S0960-8524(02)00063-9</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12146640"><font color="#3366bb">12146640</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Palm+oil+mill+effluent+treatment+by+a+tropical+marine+yeast&amp;rft.jtitle=Bioresource+Technology&amp;rft.aulast=Oswal+N%2C+Sarma+PM%2C+Zinjarde+SS%2C+Pant+A.&amp;rft.au=Oswal+N%2C+Sarma+PM%2C+Zinjarde+SS%2C+Pant+A.&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.volume=85&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=35%E2%80%9337&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2FS0960-8524%2802%2900063-9&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12146640&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Jain-45"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jain_45-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Jain MR, Zinjarde SS, Deobagkar DD, Deobagkar DN. (2004). &quot;2,4,6-trinitrotoluene transformation by a tropical marine yeast, <i>Yarrowia lipolytica</i> NCIM 3589&quot;. <i>Marine Pollution Bulletin</i> <b>49</b> (9&ndash;10): 783&ndash;88. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.marpolbul.2004.06.007"><font color="#3366bb">10.1016/j.marpolbul.2004.06.007</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15530522"><font color="#3366bb">15530522</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=2%2C4%2C6-trinitrotoluene+transformation+by+a+tropical+marine+yeast%2C+%27%27Yarrowia+lipolytica%27%27+NCIM+3589&amp;rft.jtitle=Marine+Pollution+Bulletin&amp;rft.aulast=Jain+MR%2C+Zinjarde+SS%2C+Deobagkar+DD%2C+Deobagkar+DN.&amp;rft.au=Jain+MR%2C+Zinjarde+SS%2C+Deobagkar+DD%2C+Deobagkar+DN.&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=49&amp;rft.issue=9%E2%80%9310&amp;rft.pages=783%E2%80%9388&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.marpolbul.2004.06.007&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15530522&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Fickers-46"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fickers_46-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Fickers P, Benetti PH, Wache Y, Marty A, Mauersberger S, Smit MS, Nicaud JM. (2005). &quot;Hydrophobic substrate utilisation by the yeast <i>Yarrowia lipolytica</i>, and its potential applications&quot;. <i>FEMS Yeast Research</i> <b>5</b> (6&ndash;7): 527&ndash;43. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.femsyr.2004.09.004"><font color="#3366bb">10.1016/j.femsyr.2004.09.004</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15780653"><font color="#3366bb">15780653</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Hydrophobic+substrate+utilisation+by+the+yeast+%27%27Yarrowia+lipolytica%27%27%2C+and+its+potential+applications&amp;rft.jtitle=FEMS+Yeast+Research&amp;rft.aulast=Fickers+P%2C+Benetti+PH%2C+Wache+Y%2C+Marty+A%2C+Mauersberger+S%2C+Smit+MS%2C+Nicaud+JM.&amp;rft.au=Fickers+P%2C+Benetti+PH%2C+Wache+Y%2C+Marty+A%2C+Mauersberger+S%2C+Smit+MS%2C+Nicaud+JM.&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=5&amp;rft.issue=6%E2%80%937&amp;rft.pages=527%E2%80%9343&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.femsyr.2004.09.004&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15780653&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Bankar2009rev-47"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bankar2009rev_47-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Bankar AV, Kumar AR, Zinjarde SS. (2009). &quot;Environmental and industrial applications of <i>Yarrowia lipolytica</i>&quot;. <i>Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology</i> <b>84</b> (5): 847&ndash;65. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00253-009-2156-8"><font color="#3366bb">10.1007/s00253-009-2156-8</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19669134"><font color="#3366bb">19669134</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Environmental+and+industrial+applications+of+%27%27Yarrowia+lipolytica%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=Applied+Microbiology+and+Biotechnology&amp;rft.aulast=Bankar+AV%2C+Kumar+AR%2C+Zinjarde+SS.&amp;rft.au=Bankar+AV%2C+Kumar+AR%2C+Zinjarde+SS.&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.volume=84&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=847%E2%80%9365&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2Fs00253-009-2156-8&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/19669134&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Bankar2009-48"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bankar2009_48-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Bankar AV, Kumar AR, Zinjarde SS. (2009). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0304-3894(09)00641-4"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Removal of chromium (VI) ions from aqueous solution by adsorption onto two marine isolates of <i>Yarrowia lipolytica</i>&quot;</font></a>. <i>Journal of Hazardous Materials</i> <b>170</b> (1): 487&ndash;94. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jhazmat.2009.04.070"><font color="#3366bb">10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.04.070</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19467781"><font color="#3366bb">19467781</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0304-3894(09)00641-4"><font color="#3366bb">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0304-3894(09)00641-4</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-29</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Removal+of+chromium+%28VI%29+ions+from+aqueous+solution+by+adsorption+onto+two+marine+isolates+of+%27%27Yarrowia+lipolytica%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Hazardous+Materials&amp;rft.aulast=Bankar+AV%2C+Kumar+AR%2C+Zinjarde+SS.&amp;rft.au=Bankar+AV%2C+Kumar+AR%2C+Zinjarde+SS.&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.volume=170&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=487%E2%80%9394&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.jhazmat.2009.04.070&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/19467781&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0304-3894%2809%2900641-4&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-YeastRef4-49"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YeastRef4_49-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://genomicsgtl.energy.gov/biofuels/ethanolproduction.shtml"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Fuel Ethanol Production: GSP Systems Biology Research&quot;</font></a>. <i>Genomic Science Program</i>. U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://genomicsgtl.energy.gov/biofuels/ethanolproduction.shtml"><font color="#3366bb">http://genomicsgtl.energy.gov/biofuels/ethanolproduction.shtml</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Fuel+Ethanol+Production%3A+GSP+Systems+Biology+Research&amp;rft.atitle=Genomic+Science+Program&amp;rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Energy+Office+of+Science&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgenomicsgtl.energy.gov%2Fbiofuels%2Fethanolproduction.shtml&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-AEM-50"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AEM_50-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Brat D, Boles E, Wiedemann B. (2009). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://aem.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=19218403"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Functional expression of a bacterial xylose isomerase in <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>&quot;</font></a>. <i>Applied and Environmental Microbiology</i> <b>75</b> (8): 2304&ndash;11. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FAEM.02522-08"><font color="#3366bb">10.1128/AEM.02522-08</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19218403"><font color="#3366bb">19218403</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2675233"><font color="#3366bb">2675233</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://aem.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=19218403"><font color="#3366bb">http://aem.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=19218403</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Functional+expression+of+a+bacterial+xylose+isomerase+in+%27%27Saccharomyces+cerevisiae%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=Applied+and+Environmental+Microbiology&amp;rft.aulast=Brat+D%2C+Boles+E%2C+Wiedemann+B.&amp;rft.au=Brat+D%2C+Boles+E%2C+Wiedemann+B.&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.volume=75&amp;rft.issue=8&amp;rft.pages=2304%E2%80%9311&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FAEM.02522-08&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/19218403&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faem.asm.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D19218403&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-YeastRef5-51"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YeastRef5_51-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Ho NW, Chen Z, Brainard AP. (1998). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://aem.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=9572962"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Genetically engineered <i>Saccharomyces</i> yeast capable of effective cofermentation of glucose and xylose&quot;</font></a>. <i>Applied and Environmental Microbiology</i> <b>64</b> (5): 1852&ndash;59. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9572962"><font color="#3366bb">9572962</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=106241"><font color="#3366bb">106241</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://aem.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=9572962"><font color="#3366bb">http://aem.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=9572962</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genetically+engineered+%27%27Saccharomyces%27%27+yeast+capable+of+effective+cofermentation+of+glucose+and+xylose&amp;rft.jtitle=Applied+and+Environmental+Microbiology&amp;rft.aulast=Ho+NW%2C+Chen+Z%2C+Brainard+AP.&amp;rft.au=Ho+NW%2C+Chen+Z%2C+Brainard+AP.&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.volume=64&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=1852%E2%80%9359&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/9572962&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faem.asm.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D9572962&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-YeastRef6-52"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YeastRef6_52-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation web">Siegfried A. <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.agriculture.purdue.edu/agcomm/AgCom/news/backgrd/9808.Ho.yeast.html"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Yeast rises to a new occasion&quot;</font></a>. Purdue University<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.agriculture.purdue.edu/agcomm/AgCom/news/backgrd/9808.Ho.yeast.html"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.agriculture.purdue.edu/agcomm/AgCom/news/backgrd/9808.Ho.yeast.html</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Yeast+rises+to+a+new+occasion&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Siegfried+A&amp;rft.au=Siegfried+A&amp;rft.pub=Purdue+University&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.agriculture.purdue.edu%2Fagcomm%2FAgCom%2Fnews%2Fbackgrd%2F9808.Ho.yeast.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-YeastRef7-53"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YeastRef7_53-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Teoh AL, Heard G, Cox J. (2004). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T7K-4C76F1S-4/2/c9a198f08bec6a0a63fc884b5ff2693e"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Yeast ecology of Kombucha fermentation&quot;</font></a>. <i>International Journal of Food Microbiology</i> <b>95</b> (2): 119&ndash;26. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijfoodmicro.2003.12.020"><font color="#3366bb">10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2003.12.020</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15282124"><font color="#3366bb">15282124</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T7K-4C76F1S-4/2/c9a198f08bec6a0a63fc884b5ff2693e"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T7K-4C76F1S-4/2/c9a198f08bec6a0a63fc884b5ff2693e</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Yeast+ecology+of+Kombucha+fermentation&amp;rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Food+Microbiology&amp;rft.aulast=Teoh+AL%2C+Heard+G%2C+Cox+J.&amp;rft.au=Teoh+AL%2C+Heard+G%2C+Cox+J.&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=95&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=119%E2%80%9326&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.ijfoodmicro.2003.12.020&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15282124&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2FB6T7K-4C76F1S-4%2F2%2Fc9a198f08bec6a0a63fc884b5ff2693e&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-54"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Lopitz-Otsoa, F; Rementeria, A; Elguezabal, N; Garaizar, J (2006). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.reviberoammicol.com/2006-23/067074.pdf"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Kefir: A symbiotic yeast-bacteria community with alleged healthy capabilities&quot;</font></a> (PDF). <i>Revista Iberoamericana de Micolog&iacute;a</i> <b>23</b>: 67&ndash;74<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.reviberoammicol.com/2006-23/067074.pdf"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.reviberoammicol.com/2006-23/067074.pdf</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-06-10</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Kefir%3A+A+symbiotic+yeast-bacteria+community+with+alleged+healthy+capabilities&amp;rft.jtitle=Revista+Iberoamericana+de+Micolog%C3%ADa&amp;rft.aulast=Lopitz-Otsoa&amp;rft.aufirst=F&amp;rft.au=Lopitz-Otsoa%2C%26%2332%3BF&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=23&amp;rft.pages=67%E2%80%9374&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reviberoammicol.com%2F2006-23%2F067074.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-YeastRef8-55"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YeastRef8_55-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation web">Lee JG (ed.). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cofepow.org.uk/pages/asia_haruku2.htm"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;South East Asia Under Japanese Occupation - Harukoe (Haruku)&quot;</font></a>. <i>Children (&amp; Families) of the Far East Prisoners of War</i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cofepow.org.uk/pages/asia_haruku2.htm"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.cofepow.org.uk/pages/asia_haruku2.htm</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=South+East+Asia+Under+Japanese+Occupation+-+Harukoe+%28Haruku%29&amp;rft.atitle=Children+%28%26+Families%29+of+the+Far+East+Prisoners+of+War&amp;rft.aulast=Lee+JG+%28ed.%29&amp;rft.au=Lee+JG+%28ed.%29&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cofepow.org.uk%2Fpages%2Fasia_haruku2.htm&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Centina-Sauri-56"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Centina-Sauri_56-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Centina-Sauri G, Sierra Basto G. (1994). &quot;Therapeutic evaluation of <i>Saccharomyces boulardii</i> in children with acute diarrhea&quot;. <i>Annals of Pediatrics</i> <b>41</b>: 397&ndash;400.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Therapeutic+evaluation+of+%27%27Saccharomyces+boulardii%27%27+in+children+with+acute+diarrhea&amp;rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Pediatrics&amp;rft.aulast=Centina-Sauri+G%2C+Sierra+Basto+G.&amp;rft.au=Centina-Sauri+G%2C+Sierra+Basto+G.&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.volume=41&amp;rft.pages=397%E2%80%93400&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Kurugol2005-57"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kurugol2005_57-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Kurugol Z, Koturoglu G. (2005). &quot;Effects of <i>Saccharomyces boulardii</i> in children with acute diarrhea&quot;. <i>Acta Paediatrica</i> <b>94</b> (1): 44&ndash;47. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F08035250410022521"><font color="#3366bb">10.1080/08035250410022521</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15858959"><font color="#3366bb">15858959</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Effects+of+%27%27Saccharomyces+boulardii%27%27+in+children+with+acute+diarrhea&amp;rft.jtitle=Acta+Paediatrica&amp;rft.aulast=Kurugol+Z%2C+Koturoglu+G.&amp;rft.au=Kurugol+Z%2C+Koturoglu+G.&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=94&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=44%E2%80%9347&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1080%2F08035250410022521&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15858959&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-McFarland1994-58"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McFarland1994_58-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">McFarland L, Surawicz C, Greenberg R. (1994). &quot;A randomised placebo-controlled trial of <i>Saccharomyces boulardii</i> in combination with standard antibiotics for <i>Clostridium difficile</i> disease&quot;. <i>Journal of the American Medical Association</i> <b>271</b>: 1913&ndash;18. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.271.24.1913"><font color="#3366bb">10.1001/jama.271.24.1913</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=A+randomised+placebo-controlled+trial+of+%27%27Saccharomyces+boulardii%27%27+in+combination+with+standard+antibiotics+for+%27%27Clostridium+difficile%27%27+disease&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Medical+Association&amp;rft.aulast=McFarland+L%2C+Surawicz+C%2C+Greenberg+R.&amp;rft.au=McFarland+L%2C+Surawicz+C%2C+Greenberg+R.&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.volume=271&amp;rft.pages=1913%E2%80%9318&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1001%2Fjama.271.24.1913&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Maupas1983-59"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Maupas1983_59-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Maupas J, Champemont P, Delforge M. (1983). &quot;Treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with <i>Saccharomyces boulardii</i>: a double blind, placebo controlled study&quot;. <i>Medicine Chirurgie Digestives</i> <b>12</b> (1): 77&ndash;79.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Treatment+of+irritable+bowel+syndrome+with+%27%27Saccharomyces+boulardii%27%27%3A+a+double+blind%2C+placebo+controlled+study&amp;rft.jtitle=Medicine+Chirurgie+Digestives&amp;rft.aulast=Maupas+J%2C+Champemont+P%2C+Delforge+M.&amp;rft.au=Maupas+J%2C+Champemont+P%2C+Delforge+M.&amp;rft.date=1983&amp;rft.volume=12&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=77%E2%80%9379&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-McFarland1995-60"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McFarland1995_60-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">McFarland L, Surawicz C, Greenberg R. (1995). &quot;Prevention of &beta;-lactam associated diarrhea by <i>Saccharomyces boulardii</i> compared with placebo&quot;. <i>American Journal of Gastroenterology</i> <b>90</b> (3): 439&ndash;48. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7872284"><font color="#3366bb">7872284</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Prevention+of+%CE%B2-lactam+associated+diarrhea+by+%27%27Saccharomyces+boulardii%27%27+compared+with+placebo&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Gastroenterology&amp;rft.aulast=McFarland+L%2C+Surawicz+C%2C+Greenberg+R.&amp;rft.au=McFarland+L%2C+Surawicz+C%2C+Greenberg+R.&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.volume=90&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=439%E2%80%9348&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/7872284&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Kollaritsch1995-61"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kollaritsch1995_61-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Kollaritsch H, Kemsner P, Wiedermann G, Scheiner O. (1989). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sboulardii.com/Florastor_files/gd20051131228461.pdf"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Prevention of traveller's diarrhea. Comparison of different non-antibiotic preparations&quot;</font></a>. <i>Travel Medicine International</i>: 9&ndash;17<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sboulardii.com/Florastor_files/gd20051131228461.pdf"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.sboulardii.com/Florastor_files/gd20051131228461.pdf</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Prevention+of+traveller%27s+diarrhea.+Comparison+of+different+non-antibiotic+preparations&amp;rft.jtitle=Travel+Medicine+International&amp;rft.aulast=Kollaritsch+H%2C+Kemsner+P%2C+Wiedermann+G%2C+Scheiner+O.&amp;rft.au=Kollaritsch+H%2C+Kemsner+P%2C+Wiedermann+G%2C+Scheiner+O.&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rft.pages=9%E2%80%9317&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sboulardii.com%2FFlorastor_files%2Fgd20051131228461.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap" title="&nbsp;since September 2010"><font size="2">[<i><a title="Wikipedia:Link rot" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"><font color="#0645ad">dead link</font></a></i>]</font></span></sup></li> <li id="cite_note-Saint-Marc1989-62"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Saint-Marc1989_62-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Saint-Marc T, Blehaut H, Musial C, Touraine J. (1995). &quot;AIDS related diarrhea: a double-blind trial of <i>Saccharomyces boulardii</i>&quot;. <i>Sem H&ocirc;sp Paris</i> <b>71</b>: 735&ndash;41.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=AIDS+related+diarrhea%3A+a+double-blind+trial+of+%27%27Saccharomyces+boulardii%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=Sem+H%C3%B4sp+Paris&amp;rft.aulast=Saint-Marc+T%2C+Blehaut+H%2C+Musial+C%2C+Touraine+J.&amp;rft.au=Saint-Marc+T%2C+Blehaut+H%2C+Musial+C%2C+Touraine+J.&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.volume=71&amp;rft.pages=735%E2%80%9341&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Pedersen2007-63"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pedersen2007_63-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Pedersen O, Andersen T, Christensen C. (2007). &quot;CO_{<font size="2">2</font>} in planted aquaria&quot;. <i>The Aquatic Gardener</i> <b>20</b> (3): 24&ndash;33.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=CO%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E+in+planted+aquaria&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Aquatic+Gardener&amp;rft.aulast=Pedersen+O%2C+Andersen+T%2C+Christensen+C.&amp;rft.au=Pedersen+O%2C+Andersen+T%2C+Christensen+C.&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.volume=20&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=24%E2%80%9333&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Williams1996-64"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Williams1996_64-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Williams N. (1996). &quot;Genome Projects: Yeast genome sequence ferments new research&quot;. <i>Science</i> <b>272</b> (5261): 481. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.272.5261.481"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.272.5261.481</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8614793"><font color="#3366bb">8614793</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+Projects%3A+Yeast+genome+sequence+ferments+new+research&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Williams+N.&amp;rft.au=Williams+N.&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.volume=272&amp;rft.issue=5261&amp;rft.pages=481&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.272.5261.481&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/8614793&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-accessexcellence-65"><b><a href="#cite_ref-accessexcellence_65-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation web">Henahan S.. <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.accessexcellence.org/WN/SUA07/yeast496.php"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Complete DNA Sequence Of Yeast&quot;</font></a>. <i>Science Updates</i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.accessexcellence.org/WN/SUA07/yeast496.php"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.accessexcellence.org/WN/SUA07/yeast496.php</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Complete+DNA+Sequence+Of+Yeast&amp;rft.atitle=Science+Updates&amp;rft.aulast=Henahan+S.&amp;rft.au=Henahan+S.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.accessexcellence.org%2FWN%2FSUA07%2Fyeast496.php&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Wood-66"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wood_66-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Wood V, Gwilliam R, Rajandream MA, <i>et al.</i> (February 2002). &quot;The genome sequence of <i>Schizosaccharomyces pombe</i>&quot;. <i><a title="Nature (journal)" href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)"><font color="#0645ad">Nature</font></a></i> <b>415</b> (6874): 871&ndash;80. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature724"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/nature724</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11859360"><font color="#3366bb">11859360</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+genome+sequence+of+%27%27Schizosaccharomyces+pombe%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BNature+%28journal%29%7CNature%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Wood+V%2C+Gwilliam+R%2C+Rajandream+MA%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Wood+V%2C+Gwilliam+R%2C+Rajandream+MA%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=February+2002&amp;rft.volume=415&amp;rft.issue=6874&amp;rft.pages=871%E2%80%9380&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnature724&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11859360&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-genomenewsnetwork-67"><b><a href="#cite_ref-genomenewsnetwork_67-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation web">Reinert B.. <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/articles/03_02/s_pombe.shtml"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;<i>Schizosaccharomyces pombe</i>: Second yeast genome sequenced&quot;</font></a>. <i>Genome News Network</i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/articles/03_02/s_pombe.shtml"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/articles/03_02/s_pombe.shtml</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=%27%27Schizosaccharomyces+pombe%27%27%3A+Second+yeast+genome+sequenced&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+News+Network&amp;rft.aulast=Reinert+B.&amp;rft.au=Reinert+B.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genomenewsnetwork.org%2Farticles%2F03_02%2Fs_pombe.shtml&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-YeastRef9-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-YeastRef9_68-0">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="2">a</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="#cite_ref-YeastRef9_68-1">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="2">b</font></b></i>}</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20060925065545/http://helios.bto.ed.ac.uk/bto/microbes/yeast.htm"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;The Microbial World: Yeasts and yeast-like fungi&quot;</font></a>. <i>Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology</i>. Retrieved December 24, 2006.</li> <li id="cite_note-Hurley1987-69"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hurley1987_69-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Hurley, R., J. de Louvois, and A. Mulhall. 1987. Yeast as human and animal pathogens, p. 207-281. In A. H. Rose and J. S. Harrison (ed.), The yeasts, vol. 1. Academic Press, Inc., New York, N.Y.</li> <li id="cite_note-YeastRef10-70"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YeastRef10_70-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Stoyan T, Carbon J. (2004). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://ec.asm.org/cgi/content/full/3/5/1154"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Inner kinetochore of the pathogenic yeast <i>Candida glabrata</i>&quot;</font></a>. <i>Eukaryotic Cell</i> <b>3</b> (5): 1154&ndash;63. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FEC.3.5.1154-1163.2004"><font color="#3366bb">10.1128/EC.3.5.1154-1163.2004</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15470243"><font color="#3366bb">15470243</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=522592"><font color="#3366bb">522592</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://ec.asm.org/cgi/content/full/3/5/1154"><font color="#3366bb">http://ec.asm.org/cgi/content/full/3/5/1154</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009&ndash;11&ndash;28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Inner+kinetochore+of+the+pathogenic+yeast+%27%27Candida+glabrata%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=Eukaryotic+Cell&amp;rft.aulast=Stoyan+T%2C+Carbon+J.&amp;rft.au=Stoyan+T%2C+Carbon+J.&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=3&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=1154%E2%80%9363&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FEC.3.5.1154-1163.2004&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15470243&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.asm.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F3%2F5%2F1154&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Kurtzman3-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kurtzman3_71-0">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="2">a</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kurtzman3_71-1">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="2">b</font></b></i>}</a> Kurtzman, C.P. 2006. <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=179383"><font color="#3366bb">Detection, identification and enumeration methods for spoilage yeasts</font></a>. In: Blackburn, C. de. W, editor. Food spoilage microorganisms. Cambridge, England: Woodhead Publishing. p. 28&ndash;54.</li> <li id="cite_note-Fleet-72"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fleet_72-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Fleet GH, Praphailong W. <b>Yeasts</b>, In: Spoilage of Processed Foods: Causes and Diagnosis, AIFST (2001), Southwood Press. pp. 383&ndash;97.</li> <li id="cite_note-Loureiro-73"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Loureiro_73-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Loureiro V, Malfeito-Ferreira M (September 2003). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0168160503002460"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Spoilage yeasts in the wine industry&quot;</font></a>. <i>International Journal of Food Microbiology</i> <b>86</b> (1-2): 23&ndash;50. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0168-1605%2803%2900246-0"><font color="#3366bb">10.1016/S0168-1605(03)00246-0</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12892920"><font color="#3366bb">12892920</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0168160503002460"><font color="#3366bb">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0168160503002460</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Spoilage+yeasts+in+the+wine+industry&amp;rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Food+Microbiology&amp;rft.aulast=Loureiro+V%2C+Malfeito-Ferreira+M&amp;rft.au=Loureiro+V%2C+Malfeito-Ferreira+M&amp;rft.date=September+2003&amp;rft.volume=86&amp;rft.issue=1-2&amp;rft.pages=23%E2%80%9350&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2FS0168-1605%2803%2900246-0&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12892920&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0168160503002460&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> </ol> </div> <h3><span id="Cited_texts" class="mw-headline">Cited texts</span></h3> <ul> <li><span class="citation book">Alexopoulos CJ, Mims CW, Blackwell M. (1996). <i>Introductory Mycology</i>. New York: Wiley. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/0-471-52229-5" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-52229-5"><font color="#0645ad">0-471-52229-5</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Introductory+Mycology&amp;rft.aulast=Alexopoulos+CJ%2C+Mims+CW%2C+Blackwell++M.&amp;rft.au=Alexopoulos+CJ%2C+Mims+CW%2C+Blackwell++M.&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Wiley&amp;rft.isbn=0-471-52229-5&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA. (2008). <i>Dictionary of the Fungi. 10th ed</i>. Wallingford: CABI. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/0-85199-826-7" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85199-826-7"><font color="#0645ad">0-85199-826-7</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+the+Fungi.+10th+ed&amp;rft.aulast=Kirk+PM%2C+Cannon+PF%2C+Minter+DW%2C+Stalpers+JA.&amp;rft.au=Kirk+PM%2C+Cannon+PF%2C+Minter+DW%2C+Stalpers+JA.&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.place=Wallingford&amp;rft.pub=CABI&amp;rft.isbn=0-85199-826-7&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Moore-Landecker E. (1996). <i>Fundamentals of the Fungi</i>. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/0-13-376864-3" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-376864-3"><font color="#0645ad">0-13-376864-3</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+the+Fungi&amp;rft.aulast=Moore-Landecker+E.&amp;rft.au=Moore-Landecker+E.&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+New+Jersey&amp;rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&amp;rft.isbn=0-13-376864-3&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> </ul> <h2><span id="External_links" class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <p> <table style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid; border-left: #aaa 1px solid; background-color: #f9f9f9; border-top: #aaa 1px solid; border-right: #aaa 1px solid" class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" width="37" height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/37px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png" /></td> <td class="mbox-text">Look up <i><b><a class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/yeast" href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/yeast"><font color="#3366bb">yeast</font></a></b></i> in <a title="Wiktionary" href="/wiki/Wiktionary"><font color="#0645ad">Wiktionary</font></a>, the free dictionary.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid; border-left: #aaa 1px solid; background-color: #f9f9f9; border-top: #aaa 1px solid; border-right: #aaa 1px solid" class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" width="30" height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" /></td> <td class="mbox-text">Wikimedia Commons has media related to: <i><b><a class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Yeast" href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Yeast"><font color="#3366bb">Yeast</font></a></b></i></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> <ul> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.exploreyeast.com/"><font color="#3366bb">Yeast Development, Different Forms of Yeast...</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://moment.utmb.edu/cgi-bin/sceptrans.cgi"><font color="#3366bb">Cell cycle and metabolic cycle regulated transcription in yeast</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://depts.washington.edu/yeastrc/"><font color="#3366bb">Yeast Resource Center</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://biochemie.web.med.uni-muenchen.de/Yeast_Biol/10%20Yeast%20Growth%20and%20the%20Cell%20Cycle.pdf"><font color="#3366bb">Yeast growth and the cell cycle</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://wiki.yeastgenome.org/index.php/General_Topics"><font color="#3366bb">Yeast virtual library</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/prehistory/egypt/dailylife/breadmaking.htm"><font color="#3366bb">Ancient Egyptian Bread Making</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.micron.ac.uk/organisms/sacch.html"><font color="#3366bb">Current research on Yeasts at the Norwich Research Park</font></a></li> </ul> 0415f2f6cb306a0d315ca3ec490afc28844d0565 3281 3280 2010-11-14T10:56:39Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><b>Yeasts</b> are eukaryotic micro-organisms classified in the kingdom Fungi, with the 1,500 species currently described<sup id="cite_ref-YeastRef1_0-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[1]</font></sup> estimated to be only 1% of all yeast species.<sup id="cite_ref-Kurtzman2_1-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[2]</font></sup> Most reproduce asexually by budding, although a few do so by binary fission. Yeasts are unicellular, although some species with yeast forms may become multicellular through the formation of a string of connected budding cells known as <i>pseudohyphae</i>, or <i>false hyphae</i>, as seen in most molds.<sup id="cite_ref-Kurtzman1_2-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[3]</font></sup> Yeast size can vary greatly depending on the species, typically measuring 3&ndash;4&nbsp;&micro;m in diameter, although some yeasts can reach over 40&nbsp;&micro;m.<sup id="cite_ref-Walker_3-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[4]</font></sup></p> <p>The yeast species <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> has been used in baking and in fermenting alcoholic beverages for thousands of years.<sup id="cite_ref-Legras_4-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[5]</font></sup> It is also extremely important as a model organism in modern cell biology research, and is one of the most thoroughly researched eukaryotic microorganisms. Researchers have used it to gather information about the biology of the eukaryotic cell and ultimately human biology.<sup id="cite_ref-Ostergaard_5-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[6]</font></sup> Other species of yeast, such as <i>Candida albicans</i>, are opportunistic pathogens and can cause infections in humans. Yeasts have recently been used to generate electricity in microbial fuel cells,<sup id="cite_ref-YeastRef3_6-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[7]</font></sup> and produce ethanol for the biofuel industry.</p> <p>[[Yeast genome]]</p> <p>Yeasts do not form a single taxonomic or phylogenetic grouping. The term &quot;<i>yeast</i>&quot; is often taken as a synonym for <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Kurtzman1994_7-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[8]</font></sup> but the phylogenetic diversity of yeasts is shown by their placement in two separate phyla, the Ascomycota and the Basidiomycota. The budding yeasts (&quot;true yeasts&quot;) are classified in the order Saccharomycetales.<sup id="cite_ref-YeastRef2_8-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[9]</font></sup></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span id="History" class="mw-headline">History</span></h2> <div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">See also: History of wine&nbsp;and History of beer</div> <p>The word &quot;yeast&quot; comes to us from Old English <i>gist</i>, <i>gyst</i>, and from the Indo-European root <i>yes-</i>, meaning <i>boil</i>, <i>foam</i>, or <i>bubble</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bartleby2000_9-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[10]</font></sup> Yeast microbes are probably one of the earliest domesticated organisms. People have used yeast for fermentation and baking throughout history. Archaeologists digging in Egyptian ruins found early grinding stones and baking chambers for yeasted bread, as well as drawings of 4,000-year-old bakeries and breweries.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA_10-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[11]</font></sup> In 1680 the Dutch naturalist Anton van Leeuwenhoek first microscopically observed yeast, but at the time did not consider them to be living organisms, but rather globular structures.<sup id="cite_ref-YeastRef11_11-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[12]</font></sup> In 1857 French microbiologist Louis Pasteur proved in the paper &quot;<i>M&eacute;moire sur la fermentation alcoolique</i>&quot; that alcoholic fermentation was conducted by living yeasts and not by a chemical catalyst.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA_10-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[11]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Barnett2003_12-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[13]</font></sup> Pasteur showed that by bubbling oxygen into the yeast broth, cell growth could be increased, but the fermentation inhibited &ndash; an observation later called the <i>Pasteur effect</i>.</p> <p>By the late 18th century, two yeast strains used in brewing had been identified: <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>, so called &quot;high&quot; or top yeast, and <i>S.&nbsp; carlsbergensis</i>, &quot;low&quot; or bottom yeast. High yeast was sold commercially by the Dutch for bread making starting in 1780, while around 1800, the Germans started producing <i>S.&nbsp;cerevisiae</i> in the form of cream. In 1825 a method was developed to remove the liquid so the yeast could be prepared as solid blocks.<sup id="cite_ref-Klieger2004_13-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[14]</font></sup> The industrial production of yeast blocks was enhanced by the introduction of the filter press in 1867. In 1872, Baron Max de Springer developed a manufacturing process to create granulated yeast, a technique that was used until the first World War.<sup id="cite_ref-urlLe_Comit.C3.A9_des_Fabricants_de_levure_-_COFALEC_-_repr.C3.A9sente_les_fabricants_14-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[15]</font></sup> In the United States, naturally occurring airborne yeasts were used almost exclusively until commercial yeast was marketed at the Centennial Exposition in 1876 in Philadelphia, where Charles L. Fleischmann exhibited the product and a process to use it, as well as serving the resultant baked bread.</p> <h2><span id="Nutrition_and_growth" class="mw-headline">Nutrition and growth</span></h2> <p>Yeasts are chemoorganotrophs as they use organic compounds as a source of energy and do not require sunlight to grow. Carbon is obtained mostly from hexose sugars such as glucose and fructose, or disaccharides such as sucrose and maltose. Some species can metabolize pentose sugars like ribose,<sup id="cite_ref-Barnett1975_15-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[16]</font></sup> alcohols, and organic acids. Yeast species either require oxygen for aerobic cellular respiration (obligate aerobes), or are anaerobic but also have aerobic methods of energy production (facultative anaerobes). Unlike bacteria, there are no known yeast species that grow only anaerobically (obligate anaerobes). Yeasts grow best in a neutral or slightly acidic pH environment.</p> <p>Yeasts vary in what temperature range they grow best. For example, <i>Leucosporidium frigidum</i> grows at -2 to 20 &deg;C (28&nbsp;to 68&nbsp;&deg;F), <i>Saccharomyces telluris</i> at 5 to 35 &deg;C (41&nbsp;to 95&nbsp;&deg;F) and <i>Candida slooffi</i> at 28 to 45 &deg;C (82&nbsp;to 113&nbsp;&deg;F).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><font size="2">[17]</font></sup> The cells can survive freezing under certain conditions, with viability decreasing over time.</p> <p>Yeasts are generally grown in the laboratory on solid growth media or in liquid broths. Common media used for the cultivation of yeasts include potato dextrose agar (PDA) or potato dextrose broth, Wallerstein Laboratories nutrient (WLN) agar, yeast peptone dextrose agar (YPD), and yeast mould agar or broth (YM). Home brewers who cultivate yeast frequently use dried malt extract (DME) and agar as a solid growth medium. The antibiotic cycloheximide is sometimes added to yeast growth media to inhibit the growth of <i>Saccharomyces</i> yeasts and select for wild/indigenous yeast species. This will change the yeast process.</p> <p>The appearance of a white thready yeast commonly known as kahm yeast is often a byproduct of the lactofermentation (or pickling) of certain vegetables, usually the result of exposure to air. Although harmless it can give pickled vegetables a bad flavour and so must be removed regularly during fermentation.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><font size="2">[18]</font></sup></p> <h2><span id="Ecology" class="mw-headline">Ecology</span></h2> <p>Yeasts are very common in the environment, but are usually isolated from sugar-rich material. Examples include naturally occurring yeasts on the skins of fruits and berries (such as grapes, apples or peaches), and exudates from plants (such as plant saps or cacti). Some yeasts are found in association with soil and insects.<sup id="cite_ref-Suh2005_18-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[19]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Slavikova2003_19-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[20]</font></sup> The ecological function and biodiversity of yeast are relatively unknown compared to those of other microorganisms.<sup id="cite_ref-herrera_20-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[21]</font></sup> Yeasts including <i>Candida albicans</i>, <i>Rhodotorula rubra</i>, <i>Torulopsis</i> and <i>Trichosporon cutaneum</i> have been found living in between people's toes as part of their skin flora.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><font size="2">[22]</font></sup> Yeasts are also present in the gut flora of mammals and some insects<sup id="cite_ref-martini_22-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[23]</font></sup> and even deep-sea environments host an array of yeasts.<sup id="cite_ref-Bass2007_23-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[24]</font></sup></p> <p>An Indian study of seven bee species and 9 plant species found that 45 species from 16 genera colonise the nectaries of flowers and honey stomachs of bees. Most were members of the <i>Candida</i> genus; the most common species in honey stomachs was <i>Dekkera intermedia</i> and in flower nectaries, <i>Candida blankii</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><font size="2">[25]</font></sup> Yeast colonising nectaries of the Stinking Hellebore have been found to raise the temperature of the flower, which may aid in attracting pollinators by increasing the evaporation of volatile organic compounds.<sup id="cite_ref-herrera_20-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[21]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><font size="2">[26]</font></sup> A black yeast has been recorded as a partner in a complex relationship between ants, their mutualistic fungus, a fungal parasite of the fungus and a bacterium that kills the parasite. The yeast have a negative effect on the bacteria that normally produce antibiotics to kill the parasite and so may affect the ants' health by allowing the parasite to spread.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><font size="2">[27]</font></sup></p> <h2><span id="Reproduction" class="mw-headline">Reproduction</span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width: 252px" class="thumbinner"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="250" height="170" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Yeast_lifecycle.svg/250px-Yeast_lifecycle.svg.png" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></div> The yeast cell's life cycle:<br /> 1. Budding<br /> 2. Conjugation<br /> 3. Spore</div> </div> </div> <div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">See also: Mating of yeast</div> <p>Yeasts have asexual and sexual reproductive cycles. The most common mode of vegetative growth in yeast is asexual reproduction by budding.<sup id="cite_ref-Balasubramanian_27-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[28]</font></sup> Here a small bud, or daughter cell, is formed on the parent cell. The nucleus of the parent cell splits into a daughter nucleus and migrates into the daughter cell. The bud continues to grow until it separates from the parent cell, forming a new cell.<sup id="cite_ref-Yeong2005_28-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[29]</font></sup> Some yeasts, including <i>Schizosaccharomyces pombe</i>, reproduce by binary fission instead of budding.<sup id="cite_ref-Balasubramanian_27-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[28]</font></sup></p> <p>Under high stress conditions haploid cells will generally die, however under the same conditions diploid cells can undergo sporulation, entering sexual reproduction (meiosis) and producing a variety of haploid spores, which can go on to mate (conjugate), reforming the diploid.<sup id="cite_ref-Neiman2005_29-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[30]</font></sup></p> <h2><span id="Uses" class="mw-headline">Uses</span></h2> <p>The useful physiological properties of yeast have led to their use in the field of biotechnology. Fermentation of sugars by yeast is the oldest and largest application of this technology. Many types of yeasts are used for making many foods: baker's yeast in bread production; brewer's yeast in beer fermentation; yeast in wine fermentation and for xylitol production.<sup id="cite_ref-Rao2004_30-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[31]</font></sup> So-called red rice yeast is actually a mould, <i>Monascus purpureus</i>. Yeasts include some of the most widely used model organisms for genetics and cell biology.</p> <h3><span id="Alcoholic_beverages" class="mw-headline">Alcoholic beverages</span></h3> <p>Alcoholic beverages are defined as beverages that contain ethanol (C_{<font size="2">2</font>}H_{<font size="2">5</font>}OH). This ethanol is almost always produced by fermentation &ndash; the metabolism of carbohydrates by certain species of yeast under anaerobic or low-oxygen conditions. Beverages such as wine, beer, or distilled spirits all use yeast at some stage of their production. A distilled beverage is a beverage that contains ethanol that has been purified by distillation. Carbohydrate-containing plant material is fermented by yeast, producing a dilute solution of ethanol in the process. Spirits such as whiskey and rum are prepared by distilling these dilute solutions of ethanol. Components other than ethanol are collected in the condensate, including water, esters, and other alcohols which account for the flavour of the beverage.</p> <h4><span id="Beer" class="mw-headline">Beer</span></h4> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width: 222px" class="thumbinner"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="220" height="147" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/2009-03-21_Beer_brewing_bubbles.jpg/220px-2009-03-21_Beer_brewing_bubbles.jpg" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></div> Beer being fermented by brewers yeast</div> </div> </div> <p>Brewing yeasts may be classed as &quot;top cropping&quot; (or &quot;top fermenting&quot;) and &quot;bottom cropping&quot; (or &quot;bottom-fermenting&quot;).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><font size="2">[32]</font></sup> Top cropping yeasts are so called because they form a foam at the top of the wort during fermentation. An example of a top cropping yeast is <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>, sometimes called an &quot;ale yeast&quot;.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><font size="2">[33]</font></sup> Bottom cropping yeasts are typically used to produce lager-type beers, though they can also produce ale-type beers. These yeasts ferment more sugars, creating a dryer beer, and grow well at low temperatures. An example of bottom cropping yeast is <i>Saccharomyces pastorianus</i>, formerly known as <i>Saccharomyces carlsbergensis</i>.</p> <p>The most common top cropping brewer's yeast, <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>, is the same species as the common baking yeast.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><font size="2">[34]</font></sup> However, baking and brewing yeasts typically belong to different strains, cultivated to favour different characteristics: baking yeast strains are more aggressive, in order to carbonate dough in the shortest amount of time possible; brewing yeast strains act slower, but tend to produce fewer off-flavours and tolerate higher alcohol concentrations (with some strains, up to 22%).</p> <p><i>Brettanomyces</i> is a genus of wild yeast important in brewing lambic, a beer produced not by the deliberate addition of brewer's yeasts, but by spontaneous fermentation by wild yeasts and bacteria. <i>Brettanomyces lambicus</i>, <i>B.&nbsp;bruxellensis</i> and <i>B.&nbsp;claussenii</i> are native to the Senne Valley region of Belgium, where lambic beer is produced.<sup id="cite_ref-Verachtert1995_34-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[35]</font></sup></p> <h4><span id="Wine" class="mw-headline">Wine</span></h4> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width: 222px" class="thumbinner"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="220" height="165" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Yeast_on_grapes.jpg/220px-Yeast_on_grapes.jpg" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></div> Fresh grapes</div> </div> </div> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: Fermentation (wine)</div> <p>Yeast is used in winemaking where it converts the sugars present in grape juice or must into alcohol. Yeast is normally already invisibly present on the grapes. The fermentation can be done with this endogenous wild yeast;<sup id="cite_ref-Ross_35-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[36]</font></sup> however, this may give unpredictable results depending on the exact types of yeast species present. For this reason a pure yeast culture is generally added to the must, which rapidly comes to dominate the fermentation. This represses wild yeasts and ensures a reliable and predictable fermentation.<sup id="cite_ref-Gonzalez_36-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[37]</font></sup> Most added wine yeasts are strains of <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>, though not all strains of the species are suitable.<sup id="cite_ref-Gonzalez_36-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[37]</font></sup> Different <i>S. cerevisiae</i> yeast strains have differing physiological and fermentative properties, therefore the actual strain of yeast selected can have a direct impact on the finished wine.<sup id="cite_ref-Dunn_37-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[38]</font></sup> Significant research has been undertaken into the development of novel wine yeast strains that produce atypical flavour profiles or increased complexity in wines.<sup id="cite_ref-YeastRef14_38-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[39]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McBryde_39-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[40]</font></sup></p> <p>The growth of some yeasts such as <i>Zygosaccharomyces</i> and <i>Brettanomyces</i> in wine can result in wine faults and subsequent spoilage.<sup id="cite_ref-Loureiro2003_40-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[41]</font></sup> <i>Brettanomyces</i> produces an array of metabolites when growing in wine, some of which are volatile phenolic compounds. Together these compounds are often referred to as <i>&quot;Brettanomyces character&quot;</i>, and are often described as <i>antiseptic</i> or <i>&quot;barnyard&quot;</i> type aromas. Brettanomyces is a significant contributor to wine faults within the wine industry.<sup id="cite_ref-YeastRef15_41-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[42]</font></sup></p> <h3><span id="Baking" class="mw-headline">Baking</span></h3> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: Baker's yeast</div> <p>Yeast, most commonly <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>, is used in baking as a leavening agent, where it converts the fermentable sugars present in dough into the gas carbon dioxide. This causes the dough to expand or rise as gas forms pockets or bubbles. When the dough is baked the yeast dies and the air pockets &quot;set&quot;, giving the baked product a soft and spongy texture. The use of potatoes, water from potato boiling, eggs, or sugar in a bread dough accelerates the growth of yeasts. Most yeasts used in baking are of the same species common in alcoholic fermentation. Additionally, <i>Saccharomyces exiguus</i> (also known as <i>S. minor</i>) is a wild yeast found on plants, fruits, and grains that is occasionally used for baking. Sugar and vinegar are the best conditions for yeast to ferment. In bread making the yeast initially respires aerobically, producing carbon dioxide and water. When the oxygen is depleted anaerobic respiration begins, producing ethanol as a waste product; however, this evaporates during baking.<sup id="cite_ref-MooreLandecker1996p533-534_42-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[43]</font></sup></p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width: 222px" class="thumbinner"><font size="2"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="220" height="165" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Compressed_fresh_yeast_-_1.jpg/220px-Compressed_fresh_yeast_-_1.jpg" /></font> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></div> A block of fresh yeast.</div> </div> </div> <p>It is not known when yeast was first used to bake bread. The first records that show this use came from Ancient Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-Egypt_43-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[44]</font></sup> Researchers speculate that a mixture of flour meal and water was left longer than usual on a warm day and the yeasts that occur in natural contaminants of the flour caused it to ferment before baking. The resulting bread would have been lighter and tastier than the normal flat, hard cake.</p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width: 222px" class="thumbinner"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="220" height="165" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Dry_yeast.jpg/220px-Dry_yeast.jpg" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></div> Active dried yeast, a granulated form in which yeast is commercially sold.</div> </div> </div> <p>Today there are several retailers of baker's yeast; one of the best-known in North America is Fleischmann&rsquo;s Yeast, which was developed in 1868. During World War II Fleischmann's developed a granulated active dry yeast, which did not require refrigeration and had a longer shelf life than fresh yeast. The company created yeast that would rise twice as fast, reducing baking time. Baker's yeast is also sold as a fresh yeast compressed into a square &quot;cake&quot;. This form perishes quickly, and must therefore be used soon after production. A weak solution of water and sugar can be used to determine if yeast is expired. In the solution, active yeast will foam and bubble as it ferments the sugar into ethanol and carbon dioxide. Some recipes refer to this as proofing the yeast as it &quot;proves&quot; [tests] the viability of the yeast before the other ingredients are added. When using a sourdough starter, flour and water are added instead of sugar; this is referred to as proofing the sponge.</p> <p>When yeast is used for making bread, it is mixed with flour, salt, and warm water or milk. The dough is kneaded until it is smooth, and then left to rise, sometimes until it has doubled in size. Some bread doughs are knocked back after one rising and left to rise again. A longer rising time gives a better flavour, but the yeast can fail to raise the bread in the final stages if it is left for too long initially. The dough is then shaped into loaves, left to rise until it is the correct size, and then baked. Dried yeast is usually specified for use in a bread machine, however a (wet) sourdough starter can also work.</p> <h3><span id="Bioremediation" class="mw-headline">Bioremediation</span></h3> <p>Some yeasts can find potential application in the field of bioremediation. One such yeast, <i>Yarrowia lipolytica</i>, is known to degrade palm oil mill effluent,<sup id="cite_ref-Oswal_44-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[45]</font></sup> TNT (an explosive material),<sup id="cite_ref-Jain_45-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[46]</font></sup> and other hydrocarbons such as alkanes, fatty acids, fats and oils.<sup id="cite_ref-Fickers_46-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[47]</font></sup> It can also tolerate high concentrations of salt and heavy metals,<sup id="cite_ref-Bankar2009rev_47-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[48]</font></sup> and is being investigated for its potential as a heavy metal biosorbent.<sup id="cite_ref-Bankar2009_48-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[49]</font></sup></p> <h3><span id="Industrial_ethanol_production" class="mw-headline">Industrial ethanol production</span></h3> <p>The ability of yeast to convert sugar into ethanol has been harnessed by the biotechnology industry to produce ethanol fuel. The process starts by milling a feedstock, such as sugar cane, field corn, or cheap cereal grains, and then adding dilute sulfuric acid, or fungal alpha amylase enzymes, to break down the starches into complex sugars. A gluco amylase is then added to break the complex sugars down into simple sugars. After this, yeasts are added to convert the simple sugars to ethanol, which is then distilled off to obtain ethanol up to 96% in concentration.<sup id="cite_ref-YeastRef4_49-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[50]</font></sup></p> <p><i>Saccharomyces</i> yeasts have been genetically engineered to ferment xylose, one of the major fermentable sugars present in cellulosic biomasses, such as agriculture residues, paper wastes, and wood chips.<sup id="cite_ref-AEM_50-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[51]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-YeastRef5_51-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[52]</font></sup> Such a development means that ethanol can be efficiently produced from more inexpensive feedstocks, making cellulosic ethanol fuel a more competitively priced alternative to gasoline fuels.<sup id="cite_ref-YeastRef6_52-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[53]</font></sup></p> <h3><span id="Non-alcoholic_beverages" class="mw-headline">Non-alcoholic beverages</span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width: 222px" class="thumbinner"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="220" height="249" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Kombucha_jar.jpg/220px-Kombucha_jar.jpg" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></div> A Kombucha culture fermenting in a jar</div> </div> </div> <p>Root beer and other sweet carbonated beverages can be produced using the same methods as beer, except that fermentation is stopped sooner, producing carbon dioxide, but only trace amounts of alcohol, and a significant amount of sugar is left in the drink. Kvass is a fermented drink made from rye that is popular in Eastern Europe; it has a recognizable but low alcoholic content. Yeast in symbiosis with acetic acid bacteria is used in the preparation of kombucha, a fermented sweetened tea. Species of yeast found in the tea can vary, and may include: <i>Brettanomyces bruxellensis</i>, <i>Candida stellata</i>, <i>Schizosaccharomyces pombe</i>, <i>Torulaspora delbrueckii</i> and <i>Zygosaccharomyces bailii</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-YeastRef7_53-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[54]</font></sup> Kombucha is a popular beverage in Eastern Europe and some former Soviet republics under the name of Chajnyj grib (Чайный гриб). Kefir and kumis are made by fermenting milk with yeast and bacteria.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><font size="2">[55]</font></sup></p> <h3><span id="Nutritional_supplements" class="mw-headline">Nutritional supplements</span></h3> <div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">See also: Tibicos</div> <p>Yeast is used in nutritional supplements popular with vegans and the health conscious, where it is often referred to as &quot;nutritional yeast&quot;. It is a deactivated yeast, usually <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>. It is an excellent source of protein and vitamins, especially the B-complex vitamins, whose functions are related to metabolism as well as other minerals and cofactors required for growth. It is also naturally low in fat and sodium. Some brands of nutritional yeast, though not all, are fortified with vitamin B12, which is produced separately by bacteria. Nutritional yeast, though it has a similar appearance to brewer's yeast, is very different and has a very different taste.</p> <p>Nutritional yeast has a nutty, cheesy, creamy flavor which makes it popular as an ingredient in cheese substitutes. It is often used by vegans in place of Parmesan cheese. Another popular use is as a topping for popcorn. It can also be used in mashed and fried potatoes, as well as putting it into scrambled eggs. It comes in the form of flakes, or as a yellow powder similar in texture to cornmeal, and can be found in the bulk aisle of most natural food stores. In Australia it is sometimes sold as &quot;savory yeast flakes&quot;. Though &quot;nutritional yeast&quot; usually refers to commercial products, inadequately fed prisoners have used &quot;home-grown&quot; yeast to prevent vitamin deficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-YeastRef8_55-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[56]</font></sup></p> <h3><span id="Probiotics" class="mw-headline">Probiotics</span></h3> <p>Some probiotic supplements use the yeast <i>Saccharomyces boulardii</i> to maintain and restore the natural flora in the large and small gastrointestinal tract. <i>S. boulardii</i> has been shown to reduce the symptoms of acute diarrhea in children,<sup id="cite_ref-Centina-Sauri_56-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[57]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kurugol2005_57-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[58]</font></sup> prevent reinfection of <i>Clostridium difficile</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-McFarland1994_58-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[59]</font></sup> reduce bowel movements in diarrhea predominant IBS patients,<sup id="cite_ref-Maupas1983_59-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[60]</font></sup> and reduce the incidence of antibiotic,<sup id="cite_ref-McFarland1995_60-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[61]</font></sup> traveler's,<sup id="cite_ref-Kollaritsch1995_61-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[62]</font></sup> and HIV/AIDS<sup id="cite_ref-Saint-Marc1989_62-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[63]</font></sup> associated diarrheas.</p> <h3><span id="Aquarium_hobby" class="mw-headline">Aquarium hobby</span></h3> <p>Yeast is often used by aquarium hobbyists to generate carbon dioxide (CO_{<font size="2">2</font>}) to nourish plants in planted aquariums. A homemade setup is widely used as a cheap and simple alternative to pressurized CO_{<font size="2">2</font>} systems. While not as effective as these, the homemade setup is considerably cheaper for less demanding hobbyists.</p> <p>There are several recipes for homemade CO_{<font size="2">2</font>}, but they are variations of the basic recipe: Baking yeast, with sugar, baking soda and water are added to a plastic bottle. A few drops of vegetable oil at the start reduces surface tension and speeds the release of CO_{<font size="2">2</font>}. This will produce CO_{<font size="2">2</font>} for about 2 or 3 weeks; the use of a bubble counter determines production. The CO_{<font size="2">2</font>} is injected in the aquarium via a narrow hose and released through a CO_{<font size="2">2</font>} diffuser that helps dissolve the gas in the water. The CO_{<font size="2">2</font>} is used by plants in the photosynthesis process.</p> <p>CO_{<font size="2">2</font>} injection is very important to plant growth in planted aquariums.<sup id="cite_ref-Pedersen2007_63-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[64]</font></sup></p> <h3><span id="Science" class="mw-headline">Science</span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width: 222px" class="thumbinner"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="220" height="170" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Yeast_cell_english.svg/220px-Yeast_cell_english.svg.png" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></div> Diagram showing a yeast cell</div> </div> </div> <p>Several yeasts, particularly <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>, have been widely used in genetics and cell biology. This is largely because <i>S. cerevisiae</i> is a simple eukaryotic cell, serving as a model for all eukaryotes including humans for the study of fundamental cellular processes such as the cell cycle, DNA replication, recombination, cell division and metabolism. Also yeasts are easily manipulated and cultured in the lab which has allowed for the development of powerful standard techniques, such as Yeast two-hybrid, Synthetic genetic array analysis and tetrad analysis. Many proteins important in human biology were first discovered by studying their homologs in yeast; these proteins include cell cycle proteins, signaling proteins, and protein-processing enzymes.</p> <p>On 24 April 1996 <i>S. cerevisiae</i> was announced to be the first eukaryote to have its genome, consisting of 12 million base pairs, fully sequenced as part of the Genome project.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams1996_64-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[65]</font></sup> At the time it was the most complex organism to have its full genome sequenced and took 7 years and the involvement of more than 100 laboratories to accomplish.<sup id="cite_ref-accessexcellence_65-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[66]</font></sup> The second yeast species to have its genome sequenced was <i>Schizosaccharomyces pombe</i>, which was completed in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-Wood_66-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[67]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-genomenewsnetwork_67-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[68]</font></sup> It was the sixth eukaryotic genome sequenced and consists of 13.8&nbsp;million base pairs.</p> <h3><span id="Yeast_extract" class="mw-headline">Yeast extract</span></h3> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: Yeast extract</div> <p> <table style="float: right"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width: 126px" class="thumbinner"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="124" height="101" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Marmite.jpg/124px-Marmite.jpg" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></div> Marmite and Vegemite have a distinctive dark colour</div> </div> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table style="float: right"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width: 152px" class="thumbinner"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="150" height="100" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Vegemite_and_Marmite.jpg/150px-Vegemite_and_Marmite.jpg" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></div> Marmite and Vegemite, products made from yeast extract</div> </div> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> <p>Yeast extract is the common name for various forms of processed yeast products that are used as food additives or flavours. They are often used in the same way that monosodium glutamate (MSG) is used, and like MSG, often contain free glutamic acid. The general method for making yeast extract for food products such as Vegemite and Marmite on a commercial scale is to add salt to a suspension of yeast making the solution hypertonic, which leads to the cells shrivelling up. This triggers <i>autolysis</i>, where the yeast's digestive enzymes break their own proteins down into simpler compounds, a process of self-destruction. The dying yeast cells are then heated to complete their breakdown, after which the husks (yeast with thick cell walls which would give poor texture) are separated. Yeast autolysates are used in Vegemite and Promite (Australia); Marmite, Bovril and Oxo (the United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland and South Africa); and Cenovis (Switzerland).</p> <h2><span id="Pathogenic_yeasts" class="mw-headline">Pathogenic yeasts</span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width: 252px" class="thumbinner"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="250" height="188" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/C_albicans_en.jpg/250px-C_albicans_en.jpg" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></div> A photomicrograph of <i>Candida albicans</i> showing hyphal outgrowth and other morphological characteristics.</div> </div> </div> <p>Some species of yeast are opportunistic pathogens where they can cause infection in people with compromised immune systems.</p> <p><i>Cryptococcus neoformans</i> is a significant pathogen of immunocompromised people causing the disease termed cryptococcosis. This disease occurs in about 7&ndash;9% of AIDS patients in the USA, and a slightly smaller percentage (3&ndash;6%) in western Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-YeastRef9_68-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[69]</font></sup> The cells of the yeast are surrounded by a rigid polysaccharide capsule, which helps to prevent them from being recognised and engulfed by white blood cells in the human body.</p> <p>Yeasts of the <i>Candida</i> genus are another group of opportunistic pathogens which causes oral and vaginal infections in humans, known as candidiasis. <i>Candida</i> is commonly found as a commensal yeast in the mucus membranes of humans and other warm-blooded animals. However, sometimes these same strains can become pathogenic. Here the yeast cells sprout a hyphal outgrowth, which locally penetrates the mucosal membrane, causing irritation and shedding of the tissues.<sup id="cite_ref-YeastRef9_68-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[69]</font></sup> The pathogenic yeasts of candidiasis in probable descending order of virulence for humans are: <i>C. albicans</i>, <i>C. tropicalis</i>, <i>C. stellatoidea</i>, <i>C. glabrata</i>, <i>C. krusei</i>, <i>C. parapsilosis</i>, <i>C. guilliermondii</i>, <i>C. viswanathii</i>, <i>C. lusitaniae</i> and <i>Rhodotorula mucilaginosa</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hurley1987_69-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[70]</font></sup> <i>Candida glabrata</i> is the second most common <i>Candida</i> pathogen after <i>C. albicans</i>, causing infections of the urogenital tract, and of the bloodstream (candidemia).<sup id="cite_ref-YeastRef10_70-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[71]</font></sup></p> <h2><span id="Food_spoilage" class="mw-headline">Food spoilage</span></h2> <p>Yeasts are able to grow in foods with a low pH, (5.0 or lower) and in the presence of sugars, organic acids and other easily metabolized carbon sources.<sup id="cite_ref-Kurtzman3_71-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[72]</font></sup> During their growth, yeasts metabolize some food components and produce metabolic end products. This causes the physical, chemical, and sensible properties of a food to change, and the food is spoiled.<sup id="cite_ref-Fleet_72-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[73]</font></sup> The growth of yeast within food products is often seen on their surface, as in cheeses or meats, or by the fermentation of sugars in beverages, such as juices, and semi-liquid products, such as syrups and jams.<sup id="cite_ref-Kurtzman3_71-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[72]</font></sup> The yeast of the <i>Zygosaccharomyces</i> genus have had a long history as a spoilage yeast within the food industry. This is mainly due to the fact that these species can grow in the presence of high sucrose, ethanol, acetic acid, sorbic acid, benzoic acid, and sulfur dioxide concentrations,<sup id="cite_ref-Loureiro_73-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[74]</font></sup> representing some of the commonly used food preservation methods. Methylene blue is used to test for the presence of live yeast cells.</p> <h2><span id="See_also" class="mw-headline">See also</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="mw-redirect" title="Fungal infection" href="/wiki/Fungal_infection"><font color="#0645ad">Fungal infection</font></a></li> <li><a class="mw-redirect" title="Yeast infection" href="/wiki/Yeast_infection"><font color="#0645ad">Yeast infection</font></a></li> <li><a title="Bioaerosol" href="/wiki/Bioaerosol"><font color="#0645ad">Bioaerosol</font></a></li> <li><a title="Baker's yeast" href="/wiki/Baker%27s_yeast"><font color="#0645ad">Baker's yeast</font></a></li> <li><a title="Candidiasis" href="/wiki/Candidiasis"><font color="#0645ad">Candidiasis</font></a> (yeast infection)</li> <li><a title="Ethanol fermentation" href="/wiki/Ethanol_fermentation"><font color="#0645ad">Ethanol fermentation</font></a></li> <li><a title="Tetrad (genetics)" href="/wiki/Tetrad_(genetics)"><font color="#0645ad">Tetrad (genetics)</font></a></li> <li><a title="Winemaking" href="/wiki/Winemaking"><font color="#0645ad">Winemaking</font></a></li> <li><a title="Start point (yeast)" href="/wiki/Start_point_(yeast)"><font color="#0645ad">Start point (yeast)</font></a></li> </ul> <div style="clear: both">&nbsp;</div> <h2><span id="Footnotes" class="mw-headline">Footnotes</span></h2> <div style="column-width: 30em; -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em" class="references-small references-column-width"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-YeastRef1-0"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YeastRef1_0-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Kurtzman, C.P., Fell, J.W. 2006. <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=176765"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Yeast Systematics and Phylogeny&mdash;Implications of Molecular Identification Methods for Studies in Ecology.&quot;</font></a>, Biodiversity and Ecophysiology of Yeasts, The Yeast Handbook, Springer. Retrieved January 7, 2007.</li> <li id="cite_note-Kurtzman2-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kurtzman2_1-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation book">Kurtzman CP, Pi&scaron;kur J (2006). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.springerlink.com/content/aqmjetp24hpllwfa/"><i><font color="#3366bb">Taxonomy and phylogenetic diversity among the yeasts (in Comparative Genomics: Using Fungi as Models. Sunnerhagen P, Piskur J, eds.)</font></i></a>. Berlin: Springer. pp.&nbsp;29&ndash;46. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-31480-6" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-31480-6"><font color="#0645ad">978-3-540-31480-6</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.springerlink.com/content/aqmjetp24hpllwfa/"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.springerlink.com/content/aqmjetp24hpllwfa/</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Taxonomy+and+phylogenetic+diversity+among+the+yeasts+%28in+Comparative+Genomics%3A+Using+Fungi+as+Models.+Sunnerhagen+P%2C+Piskur+J%2C+eds.%29&amp;rft.aulast=Kurtzman+CP%2C+Pi%C5%A1kur+J&amp;rft.au=Kurtzman+CP%2C+Pi%C5%A1kur+J&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B29%E2%80%9346&amp;rft.place=Berlin&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-540-31480-6&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Faqmjetp24hpllwfa%2F&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Kurtzman1-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kurtzman1_2-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation book">Kurtzman CP, Fell JW (2005). <i>Biodiversity and Ecophysiology of Yeasts (in: The Yeast Handbook, G&aacute;bor P, de la Rosa CL, eds.)</i>. Berlin: Springer. pp.&nbsp;11&ndash;30. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/3-540-26100-1" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-540-26100-1"><font color="#0645ad">3-540-26100-1</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Biodiversity+and+Ecophysiology+of+Yeasts+%28in%3A+The+Yeast+Handbook%2C+G%C3%A1bor+P%2C+de+la+Rosa+CL%2C+eds.%29&amp;rft.aulast=Kurtzman+CP%2C+Fell+JW&amp;rft.au=Kurtzman+CP%2C+Fell+JW&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B11%E2%80%9330&amp;rft.place=Berlin&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.isbn=3-540-26100-1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Walker-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Walker_3-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Walker K, Skelton H, Smith K. (2002). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/openurl?genre=article&amp;sid=nlm:pubmed&amp;issn=0303-6987&amp;date=2002&amp;volume=29&amp;issue=10&amp;spage=616"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Cutaneous lesions showing giant yeast forms of <i>Blastomyces dermatitidis</i>&quot;</font></a>. <i>Journal of Cutaneous Pathology</i> <b>29</b> (10): 616&ndash;18. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1034%2Fj.1600-0560.2002.291009.x"><font color="#3366bb">10.1034/j.1600-0560.2002.291009.x</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12453301"><font color="#3366bb">12453301</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/openurl?genre=article&amp;sid=nlm:pubmed&amp;issn=0303-6987&amp;date=2002&amp;volume=29&amp;issue=10&amp;spage=616"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/openurl?genre=article&amp;sid=nlm:pubmed&amp;issn=0303-6987&amp;date=2002&amp;volume=29&amp;issue=10&amp;spage=616</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Cutaneous+lesions+showing+giant+yeast+forms+of+%27%27Blastomyces+dermatitidis%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cutaneous+Pathology&amp;rft.aulast=Walker+K%2C+Skelton+H%2C+Smith+K.&amp;rft.au=Walker+K%2C+Skelton+H%2C+Smith+K.&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.volume=29&amp;rft.issue=10&amp;rft.pages=616%E2%80%9318&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1034%2Fj.1600-0560.2002.291009.x&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12453301&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blackwell-synergy.com%2Fopenurl%3Fgenre%3Darticle%26sid%3Dnlm%3Apubmed%26issn%3D0303-6987%26date%3D2002%26volume%3D29%26issue%3D10%26spage%3D616&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Legras-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Legras_4-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Jean-Luc Legras, Didier Merdinoglu, Jean-Marie Cornuet and Francis Karst. (2007.). &quot;Bread, beer and wine: Saccharomyces cerevisiae diversity reflects human history&quot;. <i>Molecular Ecology</i> <b>16</b> (10): 2091&ndash;2102. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-294X.2007.03266.x"><font color="#3366bb">10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03266.x</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17498234"><font color="#3366bb">17498234</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Bread%2C+beer+and+wine%3A+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae+diversity+reflects+human+history&amp;rft.jtitle=Molecular+Ecology&amp;rft.aulast=Jean-Luc+Legras%2C+Didier+Merdinoglu%2C+Jean-Marie+Cornuet+and+Francis+Karst.&amp;rft.au=Jean-Luc+Legras%2C+Didier+Merdinoglu%2C+Jean-Marie+Cornuet+and+Francis+Karst.&amp;rft.date=2007.&amp;rft.volume=16&amp;rft.issue=10&amp;rft.pages=2091%E2%80%932102&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1111%2Fj.1365-294X.2007.03266.x&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17498234&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Ostergaard-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ostergaard_5-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Ostergaard S, Olsson L, Nielsen J. (2000). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://mmbr.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=10704473"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Metabolic engineering of <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>&quot;</font></a>. <i>Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews</i> <b>64</b> (1): 34&ndash;50. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FMMBR.64.1.34-50.2000"><font color="#3366bb">10.1128/MMBR.64.1.34-50.2000</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10704473"><font color="#3366bb">10704473</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=98985"><font color="#3366bb">98985</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://mmbr.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=10704473"><font color="#3366bb">http://mmbr.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=10704473</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Metabolic+engineering+of+%27%27Saccharomyces+cerevisiae%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=Microbiology+and+Molecular+Biology+Reviews&amp;rft.aulast=Ostergaard+S%2C+Olsson+L%2C+Nielsen+J.&amp;rft.au=Ostergaard+S%2C+Olsson+L%2C+Nielsen+J.&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.volume=64&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=34%E2%80%9350&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FMMBR.64.1.34-50.2000&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/10704473&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmmbr.asm.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D10704473&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-YeastRef3-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YeastRef3_6-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://automation.tkk.fi/Research/BioprocessAutomation"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Biofuelcell&quot;</font></a>. Helsinki University of Technology. 2007<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://automation.tkk.fi/Research/BioprocessAutomation"><font color="#3366bb">http://automation.tkk.fi/Research/BioprocessAutomation</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Biofuelcell&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.pub=Helsinki+University+of+Technology&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fautomation.tkk.fi%2FResearch%2FBioprocessAutomation&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Kurtzman1994-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kurtzman1994_7-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Kurtzman CP (1994). &quot;Molecular taxonomy of the yeasts&quot;. <i>Yeast</i> <b>10</b> (13): 1727&ndash;40. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fyea.320101306"><font color="#3366bb">10.1002/yea.320101306</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7747515"><font color="#3366bb">7747515</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Molecular+taxonomy+of+the+yeasts&amp;rft.jtitle=Yeast&amp;rft.aulast=Kurtzman+CP&amp;rft.au=Kurtzman+CP&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.volume=10&amp;rft.issue=13&amp;rft.pages=1727%E2%80%9340&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1002%2Fyea.320101306&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/7747515&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-YeastRef2-8"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YeastRef2_8-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.yeastgenome.org/VL-what_are_yeast.html"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;What are yeasts?&quot;</font></a>. <i>Yeast Virtual Library</i>. 200-09-13<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.yeastgenome.org/VL-what_are_yeast.html"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.yeastgenome.org/VL-what_are_yeast.html</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=What+are+yeasts%3F&amp;rft.atitle=Yeast+Virtual+Library&amp;rft.date=200-09-13&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yeastgenome.org%2FVL-what_are_yeast.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Bartleby2000-9"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bartleby2000_9-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation book"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.bartleby.com/61/roots/IE598.html"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Appendix I: Indo-European Roots&quot;</font></a>. <i>The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</i> (4th ed.). 2000<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.bartleby.com/61/roots/IE598.html"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.bartleby.com/61/roots/IE598.html</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-11-16</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Appendix+I%3A+Indo-European+Roots&amp;rft.atitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.edition=4th&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bartleby.com%2F61%2Froots%2FIE598.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-NASA-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NASA_10-0">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="2">a</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NASA_10-1">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="2">b</font></b></i>}</a> <span class="citation web">Phillips T. <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://science.nasa.gov/newhome/headlines/msad16mar99_1b.htm"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Planets in a Bottle: More about yeast&quot;</font></a>. <i>Science@NASA</i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://science.nasa.gov/newhome/headlines/msad16mar99_1b.htm"><font color="#3366bb">http://science.nasa.gov/newhome/headlines/msad16mar99_1b.htm</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Planets+in+a+Bottle%3A+More+about+yeast&amp;rft.atitle=Science%40NASA&amp;rft.aulast=Phillips+T&amp;rft.au=Phillips+T&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.nasa.gov%2Fnewhome%2Fheadlines%2Fmsad16mar99_1b.htm&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-YeastRef11-11"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YeastRef11_11-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation web">Huxley A (1871). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://aleph0.clarku.edu/huxley/CE8/Yeast.html"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Discourses: Biological &amp; Geological (volume VIII)&nbsp;: Yeast&quot;</font></a>. <i>Collected Essays</i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://aleph0.clarku.edu/huxley/CE8/Yeast.html"><font color="#3366bb">http://aleph0.clarku.edu/huxley/CE8/Yeast.html</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Discourses%3A+Biological+%26+Geological+%28volume+VIII%29+%3A+Yeast&amp;rft.atitle=Collected+Essays&amp;rft.aulast=Huxley+A&amp;rft.au=Huxley+A&amp;rft.date=1871&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faleph0.clarku.edu%2Fhuxley%2FCE8%2FYeast.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Barnett2003-12"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barnett2003_12-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Barnett JA (2003). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://mic.sgmjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12634325"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Beginnings of microbiology and biochemistry: the contribution of yeast research&quot;</font></a>. <i>Microbiology (Reading, Engl.)</i> <b>149</b> (Pt 3): 557&ndash;67. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12634325"><font color="#3366bb">12634325</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://mic.sgmjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12634325"><font color="#3366bb">http://mic.sgmjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12634325</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Beginnings+of+microbiology+and+biochemistry%3A+the+contribution+of+yeast+research&amp;rft.jtitle=Microbiology+%28Reading%2C+Engl.%29&amp;rft.aulast=Barnett+JA&amp;rft.au=Barnett+JA&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=149&amp;rft.issue=Pt+3&amp;rft.pages=557%E2%80%9367&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12634325&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmic.sgmjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D12634325&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Klieger2004-13"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Klieger2004_13-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation book">Klieger PC. (2004). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://books.google.com/?id=er88eh9jA0wC&amp;lpg=PA1&amp;dq=yeast%20history%20Fleischmann&amp;pg=PA13#v=onepage&amp;q="><i><font color="#3366bb">The Fleischmann yeast family</font></i></a>. Arcadia Publishing. p.&nbsp;13. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/978-0738533414" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0738533414"><font color="#0645ad">978-0738533414</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://books.google.com/?id=er88eh9jA0wC&amp;lpg=PA1&amp;dq=yeast%20history%20Fleischmann&amp;pg=PA13#v=onepage&amp;q="><font color="#3366bb">http://books.google.com/?id=er88eh9jA0wC&amp;lpg=PA1&amp;dq=yeast%20history%20Fleischmann&amp;pg=PA13#v=onepage&amp;q=</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-02-21</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Fleischmann+yeast+family&amp;rft.aulast=Klieger+PC.&amp;rft.au=Klieger+PC.&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B13&amp;rft.pub=Arcadia++Publishing&amp;rft.isbn=978-0738533414&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3Der88eh9jA0wC%26lpg%3DPA1%26dq%3Dyeast%2520history%2520Fleischmann%26pg%3DPA13%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-urlLe_Comit.C3.A9_des_Fabricants_de_levure_-_COFALEC_-_repr.C3.A9sente_les_fabricants-14"><b><a href="#cite_ref-urlLe_Comit.C3.A9_des_Fabricants_de_levure_-_COFALEC_-_repr.C3.A9sente_les_fabricants_14-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cofalec.com/contentO.aspx?progres"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Le Comit&eacute; des Fabricants de levure&quot;</font></a>. COFALEC<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cofalec.com/contentO.aspx?progres"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.cofalec.com/contentO.aspx?progres</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-02-21</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Le+Comit%C3%A9+des+Fabricants+de+levure&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.pub=COFALEC&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cofalec.com%2FcontentO.aspx%3Fprogres&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Barnett1975-15"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barnett1975_15-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Barnett JA. (1975). &quot;The entry of D-ribose into some yeasts of the genus <i>Pichia</i>&quot;. <i>Journal of General Microbiology</i> <b>90</b> (1): 1&ndash;12. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1176959"><font color="#3366bb">1176959</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+entry+of+D-ribose+into+some+yeasts+of+the+genus+%27%27Pichia%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+General+Microbiology&amp;rft.aulast=Barnett+JA.&amp;rft.au=Barnett+JA.&amp;rft.date=1975&amp;rft.volume=90&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=1%E2%80%9312&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/1176959&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Arthur H, Watson K (October 1976). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=232826"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Thermal adaptation in yeast: growth temperatures, membrane lipid, and cytochrome composition of psychrophilic, mesophilic, and thermophilic yeasts&quot;</font></a>. <i>J. Bacteriol.</i> <b>128</b> (1): 56&ndash;68. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/988016"><font color="#3366bb">988016</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Thermal+adaptation+in+yeast%3A+growth+temperatures%2C+membrane+lipid%2C+and+cytochrome+composition+of+psychrophilic%2C+mesophilic%2C+and+thermophilic+yeasts&amp;rft.jtitle=J.+Bacteriol.&amp;rft.aulast=Arthur+H%2C+Watson+K&amp;rft.au=Arthur+H%2C+Watson+K&amp;rft.date=October+1976&amp;rft.volume=128&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=56%E2%80%9368&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/988016&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-17"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation book">Kaufmann, Klaus; Annelies Schoneck (2002). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://books.google.com/?id=2REy7lUARrkC&amp;dq=%22kahm+yeast%22"><i><font color="#3366bb">Making Sauerkraut and Pickled Vegetables at Home: Creative Recipes for Lactic Fermented Food to Improve Your Health</font></i></a>. Google books: Book Publishing Company. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/9781553120377" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781553120377"><font color="#0645ad">9781553120377</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://books.google.com/?id=2REy7lUARrkC&amp;dq=%22kahm+yeast%22"><font color="#3366bb">http://books.google.com/?id=2REy7lUARrkC&amp;dq=%22kahm+yeast%22</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Making+Sauerkraut+and+Pickled+Vegetables+at+Home%3A+Creative+Recipes+for+Lactic+Fermented+Food+to+Improve+Your+Health&amp;rft.aulast=Kaufmann&amp;rft.aufirst=Klaus&amp;rft.au=Kaufmann%2C%26%2332%3BKlaus&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.place=Google+books&amp;rft.pub=Book+Publishing+Company&amp;rft.isbn=9781553120377&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D2REy7lUARrkC%26dq%3D%2522kahm%2Byeast%2522&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Suh2005-18"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Suh2005_18-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Suh SO, McHugh JV, Pollock DD, Blackwell M. (2005). &quot;The beetle gut: a hyperdiverse source of novel yeasts&quot;. <i>Mycological Research</i> <b>109</b> (Pt 3): 261&ndash;65. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS0953756205002388"><font color="#3366bb">10.1017/S0953756205002388</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15912941"><font color="#3366bb">15912941</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+beetle+gut%3A+a+hyperdiverse+source+of+novel+yeasts&amp;rft.jtitle=Mycological+Research&amp;rft.aulast=Suh+SO%2C+McHugh+JV%2C+Pollock+DD%2C+Blackwell+M.&amp;rft.au=Suh+SO%2C+McHugh+JV%2C+Pollock+DD%2C+Blackwell+M.&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=109&amp;rft.issue=Pt+3&amp;rft.pages=261%E2%80%9365&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1017%2FS0953756205002388&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15912941&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Slavikova2003-19"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Slavikova2003_19-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Sl&aacute;vikov&aacute; E, Vadkertiov&aacute; R. (2003). &quot;The diversity of yeasts in the agricultural soil&quot;. <i>Journalof Basic Microbiology</i> <b>43</b> (5): 430&ndash;36. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fjobm.200310277"><font color="#3366bb">10.1002/jobm.200310277</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12964187"><font color="#3366bb">12964187</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+diversity+of+yeasts+in+the+agricultural+soil&amp;rft.jtitle=Journalof+Basic+Microbiology&amp;rft.aulast=Sl%C3%A1vikov%C3%A1+E%2C+Vadkertiov%C3%A1+R.&amp;rft.au=Sl%C3%A1vikov%C3%A1+E%2C+Vadkertiov%C3%A1+R.&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=43&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=430%E2%80%9336&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1002%2Fjobm.200310277&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12964187&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-herrera-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-herrera_20-0">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="2">a</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="#cite_ref-herrera_20-1">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="2">b</font></b></i>}</a> <span class="citation Journal">Herrera, Carlos; Mar&iacute;a I. Pozo (10 February 2010). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2010/02/05/rspb.2009.2252.abstract"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Nectar yeasts warm the flowers of a winter-blooming plant&quot;</font></a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society Biological</i> <b>277</b> (1689): 1827&ndash;34. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2009.2252"><font color="#3366bb">10.1098/rspb.2009.2252</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20147331"><font color="#3366bb">20147331</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2871880"><font color="#3366bb">2871880</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2010/02/05/rspb.2009.2252.abstract"><font color="#3366bb">http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2010/02/05/rspb.2009.2252.abstract</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 10 February 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Nectar+yeasts+warm+the+flowers+of+a+winter-blooming+plant&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+Biological&amp;rft.aulast=Herrera&amp;rft.aufirst=Carlos&amp;rft.au=Herrera%2C%26%2332%3BCarlos&amp;rft.date=10+February+2010&amp;rft.volume=277&amp;rft.issue=1689&amp;rft.pages=1827%E2%80%9334&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1098%2Frspb.2009.2252&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/20147331&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frspb.royalsocietypublishing.org%2Fcontent%2Fearly%2F2010%2F02%2F05%2Frspb.2009.2252.abstract&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-21"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Oyeka CA, Ugwu LO. (2002). Fungal flora of human toe webs. Mycoses. 45(11-12):488-91. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12472726"><font color="#3366bb">PMID 12472726</font></a></li> <li id="cite_note-martini-22"><b><a href="#cite_ref-martini_22-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Martini, A (4 June 1992). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.springerlink.com/content/w540551582n04358/"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Biodiversity and conservation of yeasts&quot;</font></a>. <i>Biodiversity and Conservation</i> <b>1</b>: 324&ndash;333. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00693768"><font color="#3366bb">10.1007/BF00693768</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.springerlink.com/content/w540551582n04358/"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.springerlink.com/content/w540551582n04358/</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Biodiversity+and+conservation+of+yeasts&amp;rft.jtitle=Biodiversity+and+Conservation&amp;rft.aulast=Martini&amp;rft.aufirst=A&amp;rft.au=Martini%2C%26%2332%3BA&amp;rft.date=4+June+1992&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft.pages=324%E2%80%93333&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2FBF00693768&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fw540551582n04358%2F&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Bass2007-23"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bass2007_23-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Bass D, Howe A, Brown N, Barton H, Demidova M, Michelle H, Li L, Sanders H, Watkinson SC, Willcock S, Richards TA. (2007). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://journals.royalsociety.org/openurl.asp?genre=article&amp;id=doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.1067"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Yeast forms dominate fungal diversity in the deep oceans&quot;</font></a>. <i>Proceedings. Biological Sciences/The Royal Society</i> <b>274</b> (1629): 3069&ndash;77. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2007.1067"><font color="#3366bb">10.1098/rspb.2007.1067</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17939990"><font color="#3366bb">17939990</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2293941"><font color="#3366bb">2293941</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://journals.royalsociety.org/openurl.asp?genre=article&amp;id=doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.1067"><font color="#3366bb">http://journals.royalsociety.org/openurl.asp?genre=article&amp;id=doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.1067</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Yeast+forms+dominate+fungal+diversity+in+the+deep+oceans&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings.+Biological+Sciences%2FThe+Royal+Society&amp;rft.aulast=Bass+D%2C+Howe+A%2C+Brown+N%2C+Barton+H%2C+Demidova+M%2C+Michelle+H%2C+Li+L%2C+Sanders+H%2C+Watkinson+SC%2C+Willcock+S%2C+Richards+TA.&amp;rft.au=Bass+D%2C+Howe+A%2C+Brown+N%2C+Barton+H%2C+Demidova+M%2C+Michelle+H%2C+Li+L%2C+Sanders+H%2C+Watkinson+SC%2C+Willcock+S%2C+Richards+TA.&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.volume=274&amp;rft.issue=1629&amp;rft.pages=3069%E2%80%9377&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1098%2Frspb.2007.1067&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17939990&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.royalsociety.org%2Fopenurl.asp%3Fgenre%3Darticle%26id%3Ddoi%3A10.1098%2Frspb.2007.1067&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-24"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Sandhu, Dhanwant; Manjit Waraich (1985). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/4250820"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Yeasts Associated with Pollinating Bees and Flower Nectar&quot;</font></a>. <i>Microbial Ecology</i> <b>11</b>: 51&ndash;58. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02015108"><font color="#3366bb">10.1007/BF02015108</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/4250820"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.jstor.org/stable/4250820</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Yeasts+Associated+with+Pollinating+Bees+and+Flower+Nectar&amp;rft.jtitle=Microbial+Ecology&amp;rft.aulast=Sandhu&amp;rft.aufirst=Dhanwant&amp;rft.au=Sandhu%2C%26%2332%3BDhanwant&amp;rft.date=1985&amp;rft.volume=11&amp;rft.pages=51%E2%80%9358&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2FBF02015108&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4250820&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-25"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation news">Barley, Shanta (10 February 2010). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20527473.900-stinky-flower-is-kept-warm-by-yeast-partner.html"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Stinky flower is kept warm by yeast partner&quot;</font></a>. New Scientist<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20527473.900-stinky-flower-is-kept-warm-by-yeast-partner.html"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20527473.900-stinky-flower-is-kept-warm-by-yeast-partner.html</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 10 February 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Stinky+flower+is+kept+warm+by+yeast+partner&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Barley&amp;rft.aufirst=Shanta&amp;rft.au=Barley%2C%26%2332%3BShanta&amp;rft.date=10+February+2010&amp;rft.pub=New+Scientist&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fmg20527473.900-stinky-flower-is-kept-warm-by-yeast-partner.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-26"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Little, Ainslie; Cameron Currie (2008). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.esajournals.org/doi/full/10.1890/07-0815.1"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Black yeast symbionts compromise the efficiency of antibiotic defenses in fungus-growing ants&quot;</font></a>. <i>Ecology</i> <b>89</b> (5): 1216&ndash;1222. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1890%2F07-0815.1"><font color="#3366bb">10.1890/07-0815.1</font></a>. <a title="International Standard Serial Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISSN</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.worldcat.org/issn/doi"><font color="#3366bb">= 10.1890/07-0815.1 doi = 10.1890/07-0815.1</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18543616"><font color="#3366bb">18543616</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.esajournals.org/doi/full/10.1890/07-0815.1"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.esajournals.org/doi/full/10.1890/07-0815.1</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Black+yeast+symbionts+compromise+the+efficiency+of+antibiotic+defenses+in+fungus-growing+ants&amp;rft.jtitle=Ecology&amp;rft.aulast=Little&amp;rft.aufirst=Ainslie&amp;rft.au=Little%2C%26%2332%3BAinslie&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=89&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=1216%E2%80%931222&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1890%2F07-0815.1&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18543616&amp;rft.issn=doi+%3D+10.1890%2F07-0815.1&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esajournals.org%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1890%2F07-0815.1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Balasubramanian-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Balasubramanian_27-0">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="2">a</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Balasubramanian_27-1">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="2">b</font></b></i>}</a> <span class="citation Journal">Balasubramanian MK, Bi E, Glotzer M. (2004). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0960982204006980"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Comparative analysis of cytokinesis in budding yeast, fission yeast and animal cells&quot;</font></a>. <i>Current Biology</i> <b>14</b> (18): R806&ndash;18. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2004.09.022"><font color="#3366bb">10.1016/j.cub.2004.09.022</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15380095"><font color="#3366bb">15380095</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0960982204006980"><font color="#3366bb">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0960982204006980</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Comparative+analysis+of+cytokinesis+in+budding+yeast%2C+fission+yeast+and+animal+cells&amp;rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&amp;rft.aulast=Balasubramanian+MK%2C+Bi+E%2C+Glotzer+M.&amp;rft.au=Balasubramanian+MK%2C+Bi+E%2C+Glotzer+M.&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=14&amp;rft.issue=18&amp;rft.pages=R806%E2%80%9318&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2004.09.022&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15380095&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0960982204006980&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Yeong2005-28"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yeong2005_28-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Yeong FM. (2005). &quot;Severing all ties between mother and daughter: cell separation in budding yeast&quot;. <i>Molecular Microbiology</i> <b>55</b> (5): 1325&ndash;31. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2958.2005.04507.x"><font color="#3366bb">10.1111/j.1365-2958.2005.04507.x</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15720543"><font color="#3366bb">15720543</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Severing+all+ties+between+mother+and+daughter%3A+cell+separation+in+budding+yeast&amp;rft.jtitle=Molecular+Microbiology&amp;rft.aulast=Yeong+FM.&amp;rft.au=Yeong+FM.&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=55&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=1325%E2%80%9331&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2958.2005.04507.x&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15720543&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Neiman2005-29"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Neiman2005_29-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Neiman AM. (2005). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://mmbr.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16339736"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Ascospore formation in the yeast <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>&quot;</font></a>. <i>Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews</i> <b>69</b> (4): 565&ndash;84. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FMMBR.69.4.565-584.2005"><font color="#3366bb">10.1128/MMBR.69.4.565-584.2005</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16339736"><font color="#3366bb">16339736</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1306807"><font color="#3366bb">1306807</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://mmbr.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16339736"><font color="#3366bb">http://mmbr.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16339736</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Ascospore+formation+in+the+yeast+%27%27Saccharomyces+cerevisiae%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=Microbiology+and+Molecular+Biology+Reviews&amp;rft.aulast=Neiman+AM.&amp;rft.au=Neiman+AM.&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=69&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=565%E2%80%9384&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FMMBR.69.4.565-584.2005&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16339736&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmmbr.asm.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D16339736&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Rao2004-30"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rao2004_30-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Rao RS, Prakasham RS, Prasad KK, Rajesham S, Sarma PN, Rao L. (2004). &quot;Xylitol production by <i>Candida</i> sp.: parameter optimization using Taguchi approach&quot;. <i>Process Biochemistry</i> <b>39</b>: 951&ndash;56. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0032-9592%2803%2900207-3"><font color="#3366bb">10.1016/S0032-9592(03)00207-3</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Xylitol+production+by+%27%27Candida%27%27+sp.%3A+parameter+optimization+using+Taguchi+approach&amp;rft.jtitle=Process+Biochemistry&amp;rft.aulast=Rao+RS%2C+Prakasham+RS%2C+Prasad+KK%2C+Rajesham+S%2C+Sarma+PN%2C+Rao+L.&amp;rft.au=Rao+RS%2C+Prakasham+RS%2C+Prasad+KK%2C+Rajesham+S%2C+Sarma+PN%2C+Rao+L.&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=39&amp;rft.pages=951%E2%80%9356&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2FS0032-9592%2803%2900207-3&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-31"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation book"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://books.google.com/?id=TIYbNdrIsPEC&amp;pg=PA84&amp;dq=yeasts+%22top+cropping%22&amp;q=yeasts%20%22top%20cropping%22"><i><font color="#3366bb">Handbook of brewing - Google Books</font></i></a>. books.google.co.uk. 2006-02-22. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/9780824726577" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824726577"><font color="#0645ad">9780824726577</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://books.google.com/?id=TIYbNdrIsPEC&amp;pg=PA84&amp;dq=yeasts+%22top+cropping%22&amp;q=yeasts%20%22top%20cropping%22"><font color="#3366bb">http://books.google.com/?id=TIYbNdrIsPEC&amp;pg=PA84&amp;dq=yeasts+%22top+cropping%22&amp;q=yeasts%20%22top%20cropping%22</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-07-12</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Handbook+of+brewing+-+Google+Books&amp;rft.date=2006-02-22&amp;rft.pub=books.google.co.uk&amp;rft.isbn=9780824726577&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DTIYbNdrIsPEC%26pg%3DPA84%26dq%3Dyeasts%2B%2522top%2Bcropping%2522%26q%3Dyeasts%2520%2522top%2520cropping%2522&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-32"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation book"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://books.google.com/?id=DhMavBH4B18C&amp;pg=PA361&amp;dq=%22ale+yeast%22&amp;q=%22ale%20yeast%22"><i><font color="#3366bb">The Sommelier Prep Course: An ... - Google Books</font></i></a>. books.google.co.uk. 2010. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/9780470283189" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470283189"><font color="#0645ad">9780470283189</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://books.google.com/?id=DhMavBH4B18C&amp;pg=PA361&amp;dq=%22ale+yeast%22&amp;q=%22ale%20yeast%22"><font color="#3366bb">http://books.google.com/?id=DhMavBH4B18C&amp;pg=PA361&amp;dq=%22ale+yeast%22&amp;q=%22ale%20yeast%22</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-07-12</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Sommelier+Prep+Course%3A+An+...+-+Google+Books&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.pub=books.google.co.uk&amp;rft.isbn=9780470283189&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DDhMavBH4B18C%26pg%3DPA361%26dq%3D%2522ale%2Byeast%2522%26q%3D%2522ale%2520yeast%2522&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-33"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation book"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://books.google.com/?id=bQcxoepvxOwC&amp;pg=PA36&amp;dq=brewing+and+baking+yeast&amp;q=brewing%20and%20baking%20yeast"><i><font color="#3366bb">Understanding baking: the art and ... - Google Books</font></i></a>. books.google.co.uk. 2002-09-09. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/9780471405467" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780471405467"><font color="#0645ad">9780471405467</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://books.google.com/?id=bQcxoepvxOwC&amp;pg=PA36&amp;dq=brewing+and+baking+yeast&amp;q=brewing%20and%20baking%20yeast"><font color="#3366bb">http://books.google.com/?id=bQcxoepvxOwC&amp;pg=PA36&amp;dq=brewing+and+baking+yeast&amp;q=brewing%20and%20baking%20yeast</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-08-01</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Understanding+baking%3A+the+art+and+...+-+Google+Books&amp;rft.date=2002-09-09&amp;rft.pub=books.google.co.uk&amp;rft.isbn=9780471405467&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DbQcxoepvxOwC%26pg%3DPA36%26dq%3Dbrewing%2Band%2Bbaking%2Byeast%26q%3Dbrewing%2520and%2520baking%2520yeast&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Verachtert1995-34"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Verachtert1995_34-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Verachtert H, Iserentant D. (1995). &quot;Properties of Belgian acid beers and their microflora. 1. The production of gueuze and related refreshing acid beers&quot;. <i>Cerevesia</i> <b>20</b> (1): 37&ndash;42.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Properties+of+Belgian+acid+beers+and+their+microflora.+1.+The+production+of+gueuze+and+related+refreshing+acid+beers&amp;rft.jtitle=Cerevesia&amp;rft.aulast=Verachtert+H%2C+Iserentant+D.&amp;rft.au=Verachtert+H%2C+Iserentant+D.&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.volume=20&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=37%E2%80%9342&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Ross-35"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ross_35-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Ross JP (September 1997). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3488/is_n9_v78/ai_19900987"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Going wild: wild yeast in winemaking&quot;</font></a>. <i>Wines &amp; Vines</i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3488/is_n9_v78/ai_19900987"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3488/is_n9_v78/ai_19900987</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Going+wild%3A+wild+yeast+in+winemaking&amp;rft.jtitle=Wines+%26+Vines&amp;rft.aulast=Ross+JP&amp;rft.au=Ross+JP&amp;rft.date=September+1997&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.findarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_m3488%2Fis_n9_v78%2Fai_19900987&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Gonzalez-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gonzalez_36-0">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="2">a</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gonzalez_36-1">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="2">b</font></b></i>}</a> <span class="citation Journal">Gonz&aacute;lez Techera A, Jubany S, Carrau FM, Gaggero C. (2001). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/openurl?genre=article&amp;sid=nlm:pubmed&amp;issn=0266-8254&amp;date=2001&amp;volume=33&amp;issue=1&amp;spage=71"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Differentiation of industrial wine yeast strains using microsatellite markers&quot;</font></a>. <i>Letters in Applied Microbiology</i> <b>33</b> (1): 71&ndash;75. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1472-765X.2001.00946.x"><font color="#3366bb">10.1046/j.1472-765X.2001.00946.x</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11442819"><font color="#3366bb">11442819</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/openurl?genre=article&amp;sid=nlm:pubmed&amp;issn=0266-8254&amp;date=2001&amp;volume=33&amp;issue=1&amp;spage=71"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/openurl?genre=article&amp;sid=nlm:pubmed&amp;issn=0266-8254&amp;date=2001&amp;volume=33&amp;issue=1&amp;spage=71</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Differentiation+of+industrial+wine+yeast+strains+using+microsatellite+markers&amp;rft.jtitle=Letters+in+Applied+Microbiology&amp;rft.aulast=Gonz%C3%A1lez+Techera+A%2C+Jubany+S%2C+Carrau+FM%2C+Gaggero+C.&amp;rft.au=Gonz%C3%A1lez+Techera+A%2C+Jubany+S%2C+Carrau+FM%2C+Gaggero+C.&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.volume=33&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=71%E2%80%9375&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1046%2Fj.1472-765X.2001.00946.x&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11442819&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blackwell-synergy.com%2Fopenurl%3Fgenre%3Darticle%26sid%3Dnlm%3Apubmed%26issn%3D0266-8254%26date%3D2001%26volume%3D33%26issue%3D1%26spage%3D71&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Dunn-37"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dunn_37-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Dunn B, Levine RP, Sherlock G (2005). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/6/53"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Microarray karyotyping of commercial wine yeast strains reveals shared, as well as unique, genomic signatures&quot;</font></a>. <i>BMC Genomics</i> <b>6</b> (1): 53. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2164-6-53"><font color="#3366bb">10.1186/1471-2164-6-53</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15833139"><font color="#3366bb">15833139</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1097725"><font color="#3366bb">1097725</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/6/53"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/6/53</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Microarray+karyotyping+of+commercial+wine+yeast+strains+reveals+shared%2C+as+well+as+unique%2C+genomic+signatures&amp;rft.jtitle=BMC+Genomics&amp;rft.aulast=Dunn+B%2C+Levine+RP%2C+Sherlock+G&amp;rft.au=Dunn+B%2C+Levine+RP%2C+Sherlock+G&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=6&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=53&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1186%2F1471-2164-6-53&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15833139&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biomedcentral.com%2F1471-2164%2F6%2F53&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-YeastRef14-38"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YeastRef14_38-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20060921160928/http://www.gwrdc.com.au/downloads/0506docs/researcher.pdf"><font color="#3366bb">Research enables yeast suppliers to expand options</font></a>. Retrieved 10 January 2007.</li> <li id="cite_note-McBryde-39"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McBryde_39-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> McBryde, Colin, Gardner, Jennifer M., de Barros Lopes, Miguel, Jiranek, Vladimir, [Generation of Novel Wine Yeast Strains by Adaptive Evolution], Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 2006 57: 423&ndash;30</li> <li id="cite_note-Loureiro2003-40"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Loureiro2003_40-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Loureiro V, Malfeito-Ferreira M. (2003). &quot;Spoilage yeasts in the wine industry&quot;. <i>International Journal of Food Microbiology</i> <b>86</b> (1-2): 23&ndash;50. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0168-1605%2803%2900246-0"><font color="#3366bb">10.1016/S0168-1605(03)00246-0</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12892920"><font color="#3366bb">12892920</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Spoilage+yeasts+in+the+wine+industry&amp;rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Food+Microbiology&amp;rft.aulast=Loureiro+V%2C+Malfeito-Ferreira+M.&amp;rft.au=Loureiro+V%2C+Malfeito-Ferreira+M.&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=86&amp;rft.issue=1-2&amp;rft.pages=23%E2%80%9350&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2FS0168-1605%2803%2900246-0&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12892920&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-YeastRef15-41"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YeastRef15_41-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation web">Lamar J. <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.winepros.org/wine101/vincyc-bret.htm"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;<i>Brettanomyces</i> (Dekkera)&quot;</font></a>. <i>Vincyclopedia</i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.winepros.org/wine101/vincyc-bret.htm"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.winepros.org/wine101/vincyc-bret.htm</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=%27%27Brettanomyces%27%27+%28Dekkera%29&amp;rft.atitle=Vincyclopedia&amp;rft.aulast=Lamar+J&amp;rft.au=Lamar+J&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.winepros.org%2Fwine101%2Fvincyc-bret.htm&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-MooreLandecker1996p533-534-42"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MooreLandecker1996p533-534_42-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Moore-Landecker, pp. 533&ndash;34.</li> <li id="cite_note-Egypt-43"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Egypt_43-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Legras JL, Merdinoglu D, Cornuet JM, Karst F (May 2007). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/resolve/openurl?genre=article&amp;sid=nlm:pubmed&amp;issn=0962-1083&amp;date=2007&amp;volume=16&amp;issue=10&amp;spage=2091"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Bread, beer and wine: Saccharomyces cerevisiae diversity reflects human history&quot;</font></a>. <i>Molecular Ecology</i> <b>16</b> (10): 2091&ndash;102. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-294X.2007.03266.x"><font color="#3366bb">10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03266.x</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17498234"><font color="#3366bb">17498234</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/resolve/openurl?genre=article&amp;sid=nlm:pubmed&amp;issn=0962-1083&amp;date=2007&amp;volume=16&amp;issue=10&amp;spage=2091"><font color="#3366bb">http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/resolve/openurl?genre=article&amp;sid=nlm:pubmed&amp;issn=0962-1083&amp;date=2007&amp;volume=16&amp;issue=10&amp;spage=2091</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Bread%2C+beer+and+wine%3A+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae+diversity+reflects+human+history&amp;rft.jtitle=Molecular+Ecology&amp;rft.aulast=Legras+JL%2C+Merdinoglu+D%2C+Cornuet+JM%2C+Karst+F&amp;rft.au=Legras+JL%2C+Merdinoglu+D%2C+Cornuet+JM%2C+Karst+F&amp;rft.date=May+2007&amp;rft.volume=16&amp;rft.issue=10&amp;rft.pages=2091%E2%80%93102&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1111%2Fj.1365-294X.2007.03266.x&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17498234&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.interscience.wiley.com%2Fresolve%2Fopenurl%3Fgenre%3Darticle%26sid%3Dnlm%3Apubmed%26issn%3D0962-1083%26date%3D2007%26volume%3D16%26issue%3D10%26spage%3D2091&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Oswal-44"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oswal_44-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Oswal N, Sarma PM, Zinjarde SS, Pant A. (2002). &quot;Palm oil mill effluent treatment by a tropical marine yeast&quot;. <i>Bioresource Technology</i> <b>85</b> (1): 35&ndash;37. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0960-8524%2802%2900063-9"><font color="#3366bb">10.1016/S0960-8524(02)00063-9</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12146640"><font color="#3366bb">12146640</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Palm+oil+mill+effluent+treatment+by+a+tropical+marine+yeast&amp;rft.jtitle=Bioresource+Technology&amp;rft.aulast=Oswal+N%2C+Sarma+PM%2C+Zinjarde+SS%2C+Pant+A.&amp;rft.au=Oswal+N%2C+Sarma+PM%2C+Zinjarde+SS%2C+Pant+A.&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.volume=85&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=35%E2%80%9337&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2FS0960-8524%2802%2900063-9&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12146640&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Jain-45"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jain_45-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Jain MR, Zinjarde SS, Deobagkar DD, Deobagkar DN. (2004). &quot;2,4,6-trinitrotoluene transformation by a tropical marine yeast, <i>Yarrowia lipolytica</i> NCIM 3589&quot;. <i>Marine Pollution Bulletin</i> <b>49</b> (9&ndash;10): 783&ndash;88. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.marpolbul.2004.06.007"><font color="#3366bb">10.1016/j.marpolbul.2004.06.007</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15530522"><font color="#3366bb">15530522</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=2%2C4%2C6-trinitrotoluene+transformation+by+a+tropical+marine+yeast%2C+%27%27Yarrowia+lipolytica%27%27+NCIM+3589&amp;rft.jtitle=Marine+Pollution+Bulletin&amp;rft.aulast=Jain+MR%2C+Zinjarde+SS%2C+Deobagkar+DD%2C+Deobagkar+DN.&amp;rft.au=Jain+MR%2C+Zinjarde+SS%2C+Deobagkar+DD%2C+Deobagkar+DN.&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=49&amp;rft.issue=9%E2%80%9310&amp;rft.pages=783%E2%80%9388&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.marpolbul.2004.06.007&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15530522&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Fickers-46"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fickers_46-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Fickers P, Benetti PH, Wache Y, Marty A, Mauersberger S, Smit MS, Nicaud JM. (2005). &quot;Hydrophobic substrate utilisation by the yeast <i>Yarrowia lipolytica</i>, and its potential applications&quot;. <i>FEMS Yeast Research</i> <b>5</b> (6&ndash;7): 527&ndash;43. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.femsyr.2004.09.004"><font color="#3366bb">10.1016/j.femsyr.2004.09.004</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15780653"><font color="#3366bb">15780653</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Hydrophobic+substrate+utilisation+by+the+yeast+%27%27Yarrowia+lipolytica%27%27%2C+and+its+potential+applications&amp;rft.jtitle=FEMS+Yeast+Research&amp;rft.aulast=Fickers+P%2C+Benetti+PH%2C+Wache+Y%2C+Marty+A%2C+Mauersberger+S%2C+Smit+MS%2C+Nicaud+JM.&amp;rft.au=Fickers+P%2C+Benetti+PH%2C+Wache+Y%2C+Marty+A%2C+Mauersberger+S%2C+Smit+MS%2C+Nicaud+JM.&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=5&amp;rft.issue=6%E2%80%937&amp;rft.pages=527%E2%80%9343&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.femsyr.2004.09.004&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15780653&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Bankar2009rev-47"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bankar2009rev_47-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Bankar AV, Kumar AR, Zinjarde SS. (2009). &quot;Environmental and industrial applications of <i>Yarrowia lipolytica</i>&quot;. <i>Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology</i> <b>84</b> (5): 847&ndash;65. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00253-009-2156-8"><font color="#3366bb">10.1007/s00253-009-2156-8</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19669134"><font color="#3366bb">19669134</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Environmental+and+industrial+applications+of+%27%27Yarrowia+lipolytica%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=Applied+Microbiology+and+Biotechnology&amp;rft.aulast=Bankar+AV%2C+Kumar+AR%2C+Zinjarde+SS.&amp;rft.au=Bankar+AV%2C+Kumar+AR%2C+Zinjarde+SS.&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.volume=84&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=847%E2%80%9365&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2Fs00253-009-2156-8&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/19669134&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Bankar2009-48"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bankar2009_48-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Bankar AV, Kumar AR, Zinjarde SS. (2009). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0304-3894(09)00641-4"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Removal of chromium (VI) ions from aqueous solution by adsorption onto two marine isolates of <i>Yarrowia lipolytica</i>&quot;</font></a>. <i>Journal of Hazardous Materials</i> <b>170</b> (1): 487&ndash;94. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jhazmat.2009.04.070"><font color="#3366bb">10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.04.070</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19467781"><font color="#3366bb">19467781</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0304-3894(09)00641-4"><font color="#3366bb">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0304-3894(09)00641-4</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-29</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Removal+of+chromium+%28VI%29+ions+from+aqueous+solution+by+adsorption+onto+two+marine+isolates+of+%27%27Yarrowia+lipolytica%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Hazardous+Materials&amp;rft.aulast=Bankar+AV%2C+Kumar+AR%2C+Zinjarde+SS.&amp;rft.au=Bankar+AV%2C+Kumar+AR%2C+Zinjarde+SS.&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.volume=170&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=487%E2%80%9394&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.jhazmat.2009.04.070&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/19467781&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0304-3894%2809%2900641-4&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-YeastRef4-49"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YeastRef4_49-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://genomicsgtl.energy.gov/biofuels/ethanolproduction.shtml"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Fuel Ethanol Production: GSP Systems Biology Research&quot;</font></a>. <i>Genomic Science Program</i>. U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://genomicsgtl.energy.gov/biofuels/ethanolproduction.shtml"><font color="#3366bb">http://genomicsgtl.energy.gov/biofuels/ethanolproduction.shtml</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Fuel+Ethanol+Production%3A+GSP+Systems+Biology+Research&amp;rft.atitle=Genomic+Science+Program&amp;rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Energy+Office+of+Science&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgenomicsgtl.energy.gov%2Fbiofuels%2Fethanolproduction.shtml&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-AEM-50"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AEM_50-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Brat D, Boles E, Wiedemann B. (2009). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://aem.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=19218403"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Functional expression of a bacterial xylose isomerase in <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>&quot;</font></a>. <i>Applied and Environmental Microbiology</i> <b>75</b> (8): 2304&ndash;11. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FAEM.02522-08"><font color="#3366bb">10.1128/AEM.02522-08</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19218403"><font color="#3366bb">19218403</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2675233"><font color="#3366bb">2675233</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://aem.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=19218403"><font color="#3366bb">http://aem.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=19218403</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Functional+expression+of+a+bacterial+xylose+isomerase+in+%27%27Saccharomyces+cerevisiae%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=Applied+and+Environmental+Microbiology&amp;rft.aulast=Brat+D%2C+Boles+E%2C+Wiedemann+B.&amp;rft.au=Brat+D%2C+Boles+E%2C+Wiedemann+B.&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.volume=75&amp;rft.issue=8&amp;rft.pages=2304%E2%80%9311&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FAEM.02522-08&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/19218403&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faem.asm.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D19218403&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-YeastRef5-51"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YeastRef5_51-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Ho NW, Chen Z, Brainard AP. (1998). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://aem.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=9572962"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Genetically engineered <i>Saccharomyces</i> yeast capable of effective cofermentation of glucose and xylose&quot;</font></a>. <i>Applied and Environmental Microbiology</i> <b>64</b> (5): 1852&ndash;59. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9572962"><font color="#3366bb">9572962</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=106241"><font color="#3366bb">106241</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://aem.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=9572962"><font color="#3366bb">http://aem.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=9572962</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genetically+engineered+%27%27Saccharomyces%27%27+yeast+capable+of+effective+cofermentation+of+glucose+and+xylose&amp;rft.jtitle=Applied+and+Environmental+Microbiology&amp;rft.aulast=Ho+NW%2C+Chen+Z%2C+Brainard+AP.&amp;rft.au=Ho+NW%2C+Chen+Z%2C+Brainard+AP.&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.volume=64&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=1852%E2%80%9359&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/9572962&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faem.asm.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D9572962&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-YeastRef6-52"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YeastRef6_52-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation web">Siegfried A. <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.agriculture.purdue.edu/agcomm/AgCom/news/backgrd/9808.Ho.yeast.html"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Yeast rises to a new occasion&quot;</font></a>. Purdue University<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.agriculture.purdue.edu/agcomm/AgCom/news/backgrd/9808.Ho.yeast.html"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.agriculture.purdue.edu/agcomm/AgCom/news/backgrd/9808.Ho.yeast.html</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Yeast+rises+to+a+new+occasion&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Siegfried+A&amp;rft.au=Siegfried+A&amp;rft.pub=Purdue+University&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.agriculture.purdue.edu%2Fagcomm%2FAgCom%2Fnews%2Fbackgrd%2F9808.Ho.yeast.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-YeastRef7-53"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YeastRef7_53-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Teoh AL, Heard G, Cox J. (2004). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T7K-4C76F1S-4/2/c9a198f08bec6a0a63fc884b5ff2693e"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Yeast ecology of Kombucha fermentation&quot;</font></a>. <i>International Journal of Food Microbiology</i> <b>95</b> (2): 119&ndash;26. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijfoodmicro.2003.12.020"><font color="#3366bb">10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2003.12.020</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15282124"><font color="#3366bb">15282124</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T7K-4C76F1S-4/2/c9a198f08bec6a0a63fc884b5ff2693e"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T7K-4C76F1S-4/2/c9a198f08bec6a0a63fc884b5ff2693e</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Yeast+ecology+of+Kombucha+fermentation&amp;rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Food+Microbiology&amp;rft.aulast=Teoh+AL%2C+Heard+G%2C+Cox+J.&amp;rft.au=Teoh+AL%2C+Heard+G%2C+Cox+J.&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=95&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=119%E2%80%9326&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.ijfoodmicro.2003.12.020&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15282124&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2FB6T7K-4C76F1S-4%2F2%2Fc9a198f08bec6a0a63fc884b5ff2693e&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-54"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Lopitz-Otsoa, F; Rementeria, A; Elguezabal, N; Garaizar, J (2006). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.reviberoammicol.com/2006-23/067074.pdf"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Kefir: A symbiotic yeast-bacteria community with alleged healthy capabilities&quot;</font></a> (PDF). <i>Revista Iberoamericana de Micolog&iacute;a</i> <b>23</b>: 67&ndash;74<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.reviberoammicol.com/2006-23/067074.pdf"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.reviberoammicol.com/2006-23/067074.pdf</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-06-10</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Kefir%3A+A+symbiotic+yeast-bacteria+community+with+alleged+healthy+capabilities&amp;rft.jtitle=Revista+Iberoamericana+de+Micolog%C3%ADa&amp;rft.aulast=Lopitz-Otsoa&amp;rft.aufirst=F&amp;rft.au=Lopitz-Otsoa%2C%26%2332%3BF&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=23&amp;rft.pages=67%E2%80%9374&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reviberoammicol.com%2F2006-23%2F067074.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-YeastRef8-55"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YeastRef8_55-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation web">Lee JG (ed.). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cofepow.org.uk/pages/asia_haruku2.htm"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;South East Asia Under Japanese Occupation - Harukoe (Haruku)&quot;</font></a>. <i>Children (&amp; Families) of the Far East Prisoners of War</i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cofepow.org.uk/pages/asia_haruku2.htm"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.cofepow.org.uk/pages/asia_haruku2.htm</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=South+East+Asia+Under+Japanese+Occupation+-+Harukoe+%28Haruku%29&amp;rft.atitle=Children+%28%26+Families%29+of+the+Far+East+Prisoners+of+War&amp;rft.aulast=Lee+JG+%28ed.%29&amp;rft.au=Lee+JG+%28ed.%29&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cofepow.org.uk%2Fpages%2Fasia_haruku2.htm&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Centina-Sauri-56"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Centina-Sauri_56-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Centina-Sauri G, Sierra Basto G. (1994). &quot;Therapeutic evaluation of <i>Saccharomyces boulardii</i> in children with acute diarrhea&quot;. <i>Annals of Pediatrics</i> <b>41</b>: 397&ndash;400.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Therapeutic+evaluation+of+%27%27Saccharomyces+boulardii%27%27+in+children+with+acute+diarrhea&amp;rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Pediatrics&amp;rft.aulast=Centina-Sauri+G%2C+Sierra+Basto+G.&amp;rft.au=Centina-Sauri+G%2C+Sierra+Basto+G.&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.volume=41&amp;rft.pages=397%E2%80%93400&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Kurugol2005-57"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kurugol2005_57-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Kurugol Z, Koturoglu G. (2005). &quot;Effects of <i>Saccharomyces boulardii</i> in children with acute diarrhea&quot;. <i>Acta Paediatrica</i> <b>94</b> (1): 44&ndash;47. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F08035250410022521"><font color="#3366bb">10.1080/08035250410022521</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15858959"><font color="#3366bb">15858959</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Effects+of+%27%27Saccharomyces+boulardii%27%27+in+children+with+acute+diarrhea&amp;rft.jtitle=Acta+Paediatrica&amp;rft.aulast=Kurugol+Z%2C+Koturoglu+G.&amp;rft.au=Kurugol+Z%2C+Koturoglu+G.&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=94&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=44%E2%80%9347&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1080%2F08035250410022521&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15858959&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-McFarland1994-58"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McFarland1994_58-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">McFarland L, Surawicz C, Greenberg R. (1994). &quot;A randomised placebo-controlled trial of <i>Saccharomyces boulardii</i> in combination with standard antibiotics for <i>Clostridium difficile</i> disease&quot;. <i>Journal of the American Medical Association</i> <b>271</b>: 1913&ndash;18. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.271.24.1913"><font color="#3366bb">10.1001/jama.271.24.1913</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=A+randomised+placebo-controlled+trial+of+%27%27Saccharomyces+boulardii%27%27+in+combination+with+standard+antibiotics+for+%27%27Clostridium+difficile%27%27+disease&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Medical+Association&amp;rft.aulast=McFarland+L%2C+Surawicz+C%2C+Greenberg+R.&amp;rft.au=McFarland+L%2C+Surawicz+C%2C+Greenberg+R.&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.volume=271&amp;rft.pages=1913%E2%80%9318&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1001%2Fjama.271.24.1913&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Maupas1983-59"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Maupas1983_59-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Maupas J, Champemont P, Delforge M. (1983). &quot;Treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with <i>Saccharomyces boulardii</i>: a double blind, placebo controlled study&quot;. <i>Medicine Chirurgie Digestives</i> <b>12</b> (1): 77&ndash;79.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Treatment+of+irritable+bowel+syndrome+with+%27%27Saccharomyces+boulardii%27%27%3A+a+double+blind%2C+placebo+controlled+study&amp;rft.jtitle=Medicine+Chirurgie+Digestives&amp;rft.aulast=Maupas+J%2C+Champemont+P%2C+Delforge+M.&amp;rft.au=Maupas+J%2C+Champemont+P%2C+Delforge+M.&amp;rft.date=1983&amp;rft.volume=12&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=77%E2%80%9379&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-McFarland1995-60"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McFarland1995_60-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">McFarland L, Surawicz C, Greenberg R. (1995). &quot;Prevention of &beta;-lactam associated diarrhea by <i>Saccharomyces boulardii</i> compared with placebo&quot;. <i>American Journal of Gastroenterology</i> <b>90</b> (3): 439&ndash;48. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7872284"><font color="#3366bb">7872284</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Prevention+of+%CE%B2-lactam+associated+diarrhea+by+%27%27Saccharomyces+boulardii%27%27+compared+with+placebo&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Gastroenterology&amp;rft.aulast=McFarland+L%2C+Surawicz+C%2C+Greenberg+R.&amp;rft.au=McFarland+L%2C+Surawicz+C%2C+Greenberg+R.&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.volume=90&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=439%E2%80%9348&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/7872284&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Kollaritsch1995-61"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kollaritsch1995_61-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Kollaritsch H, Kemsner P, Wiedermann G, Scheiner O. (1989). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sboulardii.com/Florastor_files/gd20051131228461.pdf"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Prevention of traveller's diarrhea. Comparison of different non-antibiotic preparations&quot;</font></a>. <i>Travel Medicine International</i>: 9&ndash;17<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sboulardii.com/Florastor_files/gd20051131228461.pdf"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.sboulardii.com/Florastor_files/gd20051131228461.pdf</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Prevention+of+traveller%27s+diarrhea.+Comparison+of+different+non-antibiotic+preparations&amp;rft.jtitle=Travel+Medicine+International&amp;rft.aulast=Kollaritsch+H%2C+Kemsner+P%2C+Wiedermann+G%2C+Scheiner+O.&amp;rft.au=Kollaritsch+H%2C+Kemsner+P%2C+Wiedermann+G%2C+Scheiner+O.&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rft.pages=9%E2%80%9317&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sboulardii.com%2FFlorastor_files%2Fgd20051131228461.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap" title="&nbsp;since September 2010"><font size="2">[<i><a title="Wikipedia:Link rot" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"><font color="#0645ad">dead link</font></a></i>]</font></span></sup></li> <li id="cite_note-Saint-Marc1989-62"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Saint-Marc1989_62-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Saint-Marc T, Blehaut H, Musial C, Touraine J. (1995). &quot;AIDS related diarrhea: a double-blind trial of <i>Saccharomyces boulardii</i>&quot;. <i>Sem H&ocirc;sp Paris</i> <b>71</b>: 735&ndash;41.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=AIDS+related+diarrhea%3A+a+double-blind+trial+of+%27%27Saccharomyces+boulardii%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=Sem+H%C3%B4sp+Paris&amp;rft.aulast=Saint-Marc+T%2C+Blehaut+H%2C+Musial+C%2C+Touraine+J.&amp;rft.au=Saint-Marc+T%2C+Blehaut+H%2C+Musial+C%2C+Touraine+J.&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.volume=71&amp;rft.pages=735%E2%80%9341&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Pedersen2007-63"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pedersen2007_63-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Pedersen O, Andersen T, Christensen C. (2007). &quot;CO_{<font size="2">2</font>} in planted aquaria&quot;. <i>The Aquatic Gardener</i> <b>20</b> (3): 24&ndash;33.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=CO%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E+in+planted+aquaria&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Aquatic+Gardener&amp;rft.aulast=Pedersen+O%2C+Andersen+T%2C+Christensen+C.&amp;rft.au=Pedersen+O%2C+Andersen+T%2C+Christensen+C.&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.volume=20&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=24%E2%80%9333&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Williams1996-64"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Williams1996_64-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Williams N. (1996). &quot;Genome Projects: Yeast genome sequence ferments new research&quot;. <i>Science</i> <b>272</b> (5261): 481. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.272.5261.481"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.272.5261.481</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8614793"><font color="#3366bb">8614793</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+Projects%3A+Yeast+genome+sequence+ferments+new+research&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Williams+N.&amp;rft.au=Williams+N.&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.volume=272&amp;rft.issue=5261&amp;rft.pages=481&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.272.5261.481&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/8614793&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-accessexcellence-65"><b><a href="#cite_ref-accessexcellence_65-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation web">Henahan S.. <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.accessexcellence.org/WN/SUA07/yeast496.php"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Complete DNA Sequence Of Yeast&quot;</font></a>. <i>Science Updates</i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.accessexcellence.org/WN/SUA07/yeast496.php"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.accessexcellence.org/WN/SUA07/yeast496.php</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Complete+DNA+Sequence+Of+Yeast&amp;rft.atitle=Science+Updates&amp;rft.aulast=Henahan+S.&amp;rft.au=Henahan+S.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.accessexcellence.org%2FWN%2FSUA07%2Fyeast496.php&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Wood-66"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wood_66-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Wood V, Gwilliam R, Rajandream MA, <i>et al.</i> (February 2002). &quot;The genome sequence of <i>Schizosaccharomyces pombe</i>&quot;. <i><a title="Nature (journal)" href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)"><font color="#0645ad">Nature</font></a></i> <b>415</b> (6874): 871&ndash;80. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature724"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/nature724</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11859360"><font color="#3366bb">11859360</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+genome+sequence+of+%27%27Schizosaccharomyces+pombe%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BNature+%28journal%29%7CNature%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Wood+V%2C+Gwilliam+R%2C+Rajandream+MA%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Wood+V%2C+Gwilliam+R%2C+Rajandream+MA%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=February+2002&amp;rft.volume=415&amp;rft.issue=6874&amp;rft.pages=871%E2%80%9380&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnature724&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11859360&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-genomenewsnetwork-67"><b><a href="#cite_ref-genomenewsnetwork_67-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation web">Reinert B.. <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/articles/03_02/s_pombe.shtml"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;<i>Schizosaccharomyces pombe</i>: Second yeast genome sequenced&quot;</font></a>. <i>Genome News Network</i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/articles/03_02/s_pombe.shtml"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/articles/03_02/s_pombe.shtml</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=%27%27Schizosaccharomyces+pombe%27%27%3A+Second+yeast+genome+sequenced&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+News+Network&amp;rft.aulast=Reinert+B.&amp;rft.au=Reinert+B.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genomenewsnetwork.org%2Farticles%2F03_02%2Fs_pombe.shtml&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-YeastRef9-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-YeastRef9_68-0">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="2">a</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="#cite_ref-YeastRef9_68-1">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="2">b</font></b></i>}</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20060925065545/http://helios.bto.ed.ac.uk/bto/microbes/yeast.htm"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;The Microbial World: Yeasts and yeast-like fungi&quot;</font></a>. <i>Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology</i>. Retrieved December 24, 2006.</li> <li id="cite_note-Hurley1987-69"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hurley1987_69-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Hurley, R., J. de Louvois, and A. Mulhall. 1987. Yeast as human and animal pathogens, p. 207-281. In A. H. Rose and J. S. Harrison (ed.), The yeasts, vol. 1. Academic Press, Inc., New York, N.Y.</li> <li id="cite_note-YeastRef10-70"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YeastRef10_70-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Stoyan T, Carbon J. (2004). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://ec.asm.org/cgi/content/full/3/5/1154"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Inner kinetochore of the pathogenic yeast <i>Candida glabrata</i>&quot;</font></a>. <i>Eukaryotic Cell</i> <b>3</b> (5): 1154&ndash;63. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FEC.3.5.1154-1163.2004"><font color="#3366bb">10.1128/EC.3.5.1154-1163.2004</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15470243"><font color="#3366bb">15470243</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=522592"><font color="#3366bb">522592</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://ec.asm.org/cgi/content/full/3/5/1154"><font color="#3366bb">http://ec.asm.org/cgi/content/full/3/5/1154</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009&ndash;11&ndash;28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Inner+kinetochore+of+the+pathogenic+yeast+%27%27Candida+glabrata%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=Eukaryotic+Cell&amp;rft.aulast=Stoyan+T%2C+Carbon+J.&amp;rft.au=Stoyan+T%2C+Carbon+J.&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=3&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=1154%E2%80%9363&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FEC.3.5.1154-1163.2004&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15470243&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.asm.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F3%2F5%2F1154&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Kurtzman3-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kurtzman3_71-0">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="2">a</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kurtzman3_71-1">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="2">b</font></b></i>}</a> Kurtzman, C.P. 2006. <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=179383"><font color="#3366bb">Detection, identification and enumeration methods for spoilage yeasts</font></a>. In: Blackburn, C. de. W, editor. Food spoilage microorganisms. Cambridge, England: Woodhead Publishing. p. 28&ndash;54.</li> <li id="cite_note-Fleet-72"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fleet_72-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Fleet GH, Praphailong W. <b>Yeasts</b>, In: Spoilage of Processed Foods: Causes and Diagnosis, AIFST (2001), Southwood Press. pp. 383&ndash;97.</li> <li id="cite_note-Loureiro-73"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Loureiro_73-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Loureiro V, Malfeito-Ferreira M (September 2003). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0168160503002460"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Spoilage yeasts in the wine industry&quot;</font></a>. <i>International Journal of Food Microbiology</i> <b>86</b> (1-2): 23&ndash;50. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0168-1605%2803%2900246-0"><font color="#3366bb">10.1016/S0168-1605(03)00246-0</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12892920"><font color="#3366bb">12892920</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0168160503002460"><font color="#3366bb">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0168160503002460</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Spoilage+yeasts+in+the+wine+industry&amp;rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Food+Microbiology&amp;rft.aulast=Loureiro+V%2C+Malfeito-Ferreira+M&amp;rft.au=Loureiro+V%2C+Malfeito-Ferreira+M&amp;rft.date=September+2003&amp;rft.volume=86&amp;rft.issue=1-2&amp;rft.pages=23%E2%80%9350&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2FS0168-1605%2803%2900246-0&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12892920&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0168160503002460&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> </ol> </div> <h3><span id="Cited_texts" class="mw-headline">Cited texts</span></h3> <ul> <li><span class="citation book">Alexopoulos CJ, Mims CW, Blackwell M. (1996). <i>Introductory Mycology</i>. New York: Wiley. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/0-471-52229-5" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-52229-5"><font color="#0645ad">0-471-52229-5</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Introductory+Mycology&amp;rft.aulast=Alexopoulos+CJ%2C+Mims+CW%2C+Blackwell++M.&amp;rft.au=Alexopoulos+CJ%2C+Mims+CW%2C+Blackwell++M.&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Wiley&amp;rft.isbn=0-471-52229-5&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA. (2008). <i>Dictionary of the Fungi. 10th ed</i>. Wallingford: CABI. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/0-85199-826-7" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85199-826-7"><font color="#0645ad">0-85199-826-7</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+the+Fungi.+10th+ed&amp;rft.aulast=Kirk+PM%2C+Cannon+PF%2C+Minter+DW%2C+Stalpers+JA.&amp;rft.au=Kirk+PM%2C+Cannon+PF%2C+Minter+DW%2C+Stalpers+JA.&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.place=Wallingford&amp;rft.pub=CABI&amp;rft.isbn=0-85199-826-7&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Moore-Landecker E. (1996). <i>Fundamentals of the Fungi</i>. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/0-13-376864-3" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-376864-3"><font color="#0645ad">0-13-376864-3</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+the+Fungi&amp;rft.aulast=Moore-Landecker+E.&amp;rft.au=Moore-Landecker+E.&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+New+Jersey&amp;rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&amp;rft.isbn=0-13-376864-3&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> </ul> <h2><span id="External_links" class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <p> <table style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid; border-left: #aaa 1px solid; background-color: #f9f9f9; border-top: #aaa 1px solid; border-right: #aaa 1px solid" class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" width="37" height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/37px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png" /></td> <td class="mbox-text">Look up <i><b><a class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/yeast" href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/yeast"><font color="#3366bb">yeast</font></a></b></i> in <a title="Wiktionary" href="/wiki/Wiktionary"><font color="#0645ad">Wiktionary</font></a>, the free dictionary.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid; border-left: #aaa 1px solid; background-color: #f9f9f9; border-top: #aaa 1px solid; border-right: #aaa 1px solid" class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" width="30" height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" /></td> <td class="mbox-text">Wikimedia Commons has media related to: <i><b><a class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Yeast" href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Yeast"><font color="#3366bb">Yeast</font></a></b></i></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> <ul> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.exploreyeast.com/"><font color="#3366bb">Yeast Development, Different Forms of Yeast...</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://moment.utmb.edu/cgi-bin/sceptrans.cgi"><font color="#3366bb">Cell cycle and metabolic cycle regulated transcription in yeast</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://depts.washington.edu/yeastrc/"><font color="#3366bb">Yeast Resource Center</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://biochemie.web.med.uni-muenchen.de/Yeast_Biol/10%20Yeast%20Growth%20and%20the%20Cell%20Cycle.pdf"><font color="#3366bb">Yeast growth and the cell cycle</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://wiki.yeastgenome.org/index.php/General_Topics"><font color="#3366bb">Yeast virtual library</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/prehistory/egypt/dailylife/breadmaking.htm"><font color="#3366bb">Ancient Egyptian Bread Making</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.micron.ac.uk/organisms/sacch.html"><font color="#3366bb">Current research on Yeasts at the Norwich Research Park</font></a></li> </ul> 6508a0c85a96101b9085235ca62544d28273b1c3 3282 3281 2010-11-14T10:57:01Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><b>Yeasts</b> are eukaryotic micro-organisms classified in the kingdom Fungi, with the 1,500 species currently described<sup id="cite_ref-YeastRef1_0-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[1]</font></sup> estimated to be only 1% of all yeast species.<sup id="cite_ref-Kurtzman2_1-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[2]</font></sup> Most reproduce asexually by budding, although a few do so by binary fission. Yeasts are unicellular, although some species with yeast forms may become multicellular through the formation of a string of connected budding cells known as <i>pseudohyphae</i>, or <i>false hyphae</i>, as seen in most molds.<sup id="cite_ref-Kurtzman1_2-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[3]</font></sup> Yeast size can vary greatly depending on the species, typically measuring 3&ndash;4&nbsp;&micro;m in diameter, although some yeasts can reach over 40&nbsp;&micro;m.<sup id="cite_ref-Walker_3-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[4]</font></sup></p> <p>The yeast species <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> has been used in baking and in fermenting alcoholic beverages for thousands of years.<sup id="cite_ref-Legras_4-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[5]</font></sup> It is also extremely important as a model organism in modern cell biology research, and is one of the most thoroughly researched eukaryotic microorganisms. Researchers have used it to gather information about the biology of the eukaryotic cell and ultimately human biology.<sup id="cite_ref-Ostergaard_5-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[6]</font></sup> Other species of yeast, such as <i>Candida albicans</i>, are opportunistic pathogens and can cause infections in humans. Yeasts have recently been used to generate electricity in microbial fuel cells,<sup id="cite_ref-YeastRef3_6-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[7]</font></sup> and produce ethanol for the biofuel industry.</p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">[[Yeast genome]]</span></p> <p>Yeasts do not form a single taxonomic or phylogenetic grouping. The term &quot;<i>yeast</i>&quot; is often taken as a synonym for <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Kurtzman1994_7-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[8]</font></sup> but the phylogenetic diversity of yeasts is shown by their placement in two separate phyla, the Ascomycota and the Basidiomycota. The budding yeasts (&quot;true yeasts&quot;) are classified in the order Saccharomycetales.<sup id="cite_ref-YeastRef2_8-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[9]</font></sup></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span id="History" class="mw-headline">History</span></h2> <div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">See also: History of wine&nbsp;and History of beer</div> <p>The word &quot;yeast&quot; comes to us from Old English <i>gist</i>, <i>gyst</i>, and from the Indo-European root <i>yes-</i>, meaning <i>boil</i>, <i>foam</i>, or <i>bubble</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bartleby2000_9-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[10]</font></sup> Yeast microbes are probably one of the earliest domesticated organisms. People have used yeast for fermentation and baking throughout history. Archaeologists digging in Egyptian ruins found early grinding stones and baking chambers for yeasted bread, as well as drawings of 4,000-year-old bakeries and breweries.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA_10-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[11]</font></sup> In 1680 the Dutch naturalist Anton van Leeuwenhoek first microscopically observed yeast, but at the time did not consider them to be living organisms, but rather globular structures.<sup id="cite_ref-YeastRef11_11-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[12]</font></sup> In 1857 French microbiologist Louis Pasteur proved in the paper &quot;<i>M&eacute;moire sur la fermentation alcoolique</i>&quot; that alcoholic fermentation was conducted by living yeasts and not by a chemical catalyst.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA_10-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[11]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Barnett2003_12-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[13]</font></sup> Pasteur showed that by bubbling oxygen into the yeast broth, cell growth could be increased, but the fermentation inhibited &ndash; an observation later called the <i>Pasteur effect</i>.</p> <p>By the late 18th century, two yeast strains used in brewing had been identified: <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>, so called &quot;high&quot; or top yeast, and <i>S.&nbsp; carlsbergensis</i>, &quot;low&quot; or bottom yeast. High yeast was sold commercially by the Dutch for bread making starting in 1780, while around 1800, the Germans started producing <i>S.&nbsp;cerevisiae</i> in the form of cream. In 1825 a method was developed to remove the liquid so the yeast could be prepared as solid blocks.<sup id="cite_ref-Klieger2004_13-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[14]</font></sup> The industrial production of yeast blocks was enhanced by the introduction of the filter press in 1867. In 1872, Baron Max de Springer developed a manufacturing process to create granulated yeast, a technique that was used until the first World War.<sup id="cite_ref-urlLe_Comit.C3.A9_des_Fabricants_de_levure_-_COFALEC_-_repr.C3.A9sente_les_fabricants_14-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[15]</font></sup> In the United States, naturally occurring airborne yeasts were used almost exclusively until commercial yeast was marketed at the Centennial Exposition in 1876 in Philadelphia, where Charles L. Fleischmann exhibited the product and a process to use it, as well as serving the resultant baked bread.</p> <h2><span id="Nutrition_and_growth" class="mw-headline">Nutrition and growth</span></h2> <p>Yeasts are chemoorganotrophs as they use organic compounds as a source of energy and do not require sunlight to grow. Carbon is obtained mostly from hexose sugars such as glucose and fructose, or disaccharides such as sucrose and maltose. Some species can metabolize pentose sugars like ribose,<sup id="cite_ref-Barnett1975_15-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[16]</font></sup> alcohols, and organic acids. Yeast species either require oxygen for aerobic cellular respiration (obligate aerobes), or are anaerobic but also have aerobic methods of energy production (facultative anaerobes). Unlike bacteria, there are no known yeast species that grow only anaerobically (obligate anaerobes). Yeasts grow best in a neutral or slightly acidic pH environment.</p> <p>Yeasts vary in what temperature range they grow best. For example, <i>Leucosporidium frigidum</i> grows at -2 to 20 &deg;C (28&nbsp;to 68&nbsp;&deg;F), <i>Saccharomyces telluris</i> at 5 to 35 &deg;C (41&nbsp;to 95&nbsp;&deg;F) and <i>Candida slooffi</i> at 28 to 45 &deg;C (82&nbsp;to 113&nbsp;&deg;F).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><font size="2">[17]</font></sup> The cells can survive freezing under certain conditions, with viability decreasing over time.</p> <p>Yeasts are generally grown in the laboratory on solid growth media or in liquid broths. Common media used for the cultivation of yeasts include potato dextrose agar (PDA) or potato dextrose broth, Wallerstein Laboratories nutrient (WLN) agar, yeast peptone dextrose agar (YPD), and yeast mould agar or broth (YM). Home brewers who cultivate yeast frequently use dried malt extract (DME) and agar as a solid growth medium. The antibiotic cycloheximide is sometimes added to yeast growth media to inhibit the growth of <i>Saccharomyces</i> yeasts and select for wild/indigenous yeast species. This will change the yeast process.</p> <p>The appearance of a white thready yeast commonly known as kahm yeast is often a byproduct of the lactofermentation (or pickling) of certain vegetables, usually the result of exposure to air. Although harmless it can give pickled vegetables a bad flavour and so must be removed regularly during fermentation.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><font size="2">[18]</font></sup></p> <h2><span id="Ecology" class="mw-headline">Ecology</span></h2> <p>Yeasts are very common in the environment, but are usually isolated from sugar-rich material. Examples include naturally occurring yeasts on the skins of fruits and berries (such as grapes, apples or peaches), and exudates from plants (such as plant saps or cacti). Some yeasts are found in association with soil and insects.<sup id="cite_ref-Suh2005_18-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[19]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Slavikova2003_19-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[20]</font></sup> The ecological function and biodiversity of yeast are relatively unknown compared to those of other microorganisms.<sup id="cite_ref-herrera_20-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[21]</font></sup> Yeasts including <i>Candida albicans</i>, <i>Rhodotorula rubra</i>, <i>Torulopsis</i> and <i>Trichosporon cutaneum</i> have been found living in between people's toes as part of their skin flora.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><font size="2">[22]</font></sup> Yeasts are also present in the gut flora of mammals and some insects<sup id="cite_ref-martini_22-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[23]</font></sup> and even deep-sea environments host an array of yeasts.<sup id="cite_ref-Bass2007_23-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[24]</font></sup></p> <p>An Indian study of seven bee species and 9 plant species found that 45 species from 16 genera colonise the nectaries of flowers and honey stomachs of bees. Most were members of the <i>Candida</i> genus; the most common species in honey stomachs was <i>Dekkera intermedia</i> and in flower nectaries, <i>Candida blankii</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><font size="2">[25]</font></sup> Yeast colonising nectaries of the Stinking Hellebore have been found to raise the temperature of the flower, which may aid in attracting pollinators by increasing the evaporation of volatile organic compounds.<sup id="cite_ref-herrera_20-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[21]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><font size="2">[26]</font></sup> A black yeast has been recorded as a partner in a complex relationship between ants, their mutualistic fungus, a fungal parasite of the fungus and a bacterium that kills the parasite. The yeast have a negative effect on the bacteria that normally produce antibiotics to kill the parasite and so may affect the ants' health by allowing the parasite to spread.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><font size="2">[27]</font></sup></p> <h2><span id="Reproduction" class="mw-headline">Reproduction</span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width: 252px" class="thumbinner"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="250" height="170" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Yeast_lifecycle.svg/250px-Yeast_lifecycle.svg.png" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></div> The yeast cell's life cycle:<br /> 1. Budding<br /> 2. Conjugation<br /> 3. Spore</div> </div> </div> <div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">See also: Mating of yeast</div> <p>Yeasts have asexual and sexual reproductive cycles. The most common mode of vegetative growth in yeast is asexual reproduction by budding.<sup id="cite_ref-Balasubramanian_27-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[28]</font></sup> Here a small bud, or daughter cell, is formed on the parent cell. The nucleus of the parent cell splits into a daughter nucleus and migrates into the daughter cell. The bud continues to grow until it separates from the parent cell, forming a new cell.<sup id="cite_ref-Yeong2005_28-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[29]</font></sup> Some yeasts, including <i>Schizosaccharomyces pombe</i>, reproduce by binary fission instead of budding.<sup id="cite_ref-Balasubramanian_27-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[28]</font></sup></p> <p>Under high stress conditions haploid cells will generally die, however under the same conditions diploid cells can undergo sporulation, entering sexual reproduction (meiosis) and producing a variety of haploid spores, which can go on to mate (conjugate), reforming the diploid.<sup id="cite_ref-Neiman2005_29-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[30]</font></sup></p> <h2><span id="Uses" class="mw-headline">Uses</span></h2> <p>The useful physiological properties of yeast have led to their use in the field of biotechnology. Fermentation of sugars by yeast is the oldest and largest application of this technology. Many types of yeasts are used for making many foods: baker's yeast in bread production; brewer's yeast in beer fermentation; yeast in wine fermentation and for xylitol production.<sup id="cite_ref-Rao2004_30-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[31]</font></sup> So-called red rice yeast is actually a mould, <i>Monascus purpureus</i>. Yeasts include some of the most widely used model organisms for genetics and cell biology.</p> <h3><span id="Alcoholic_beverages" class="mw-headline">Alcoholic beverages</span></h3> <p>Alcoholic beverages are defined as beverages that contain ethanol (C_{<font size="2">2</font>}H_{<font size="2">5</font>}OH). This ethanol is almost always produced by fermentation &ndash; the metabolism of carbohydrates by certain species of yeast under anaerobic or low-oxygen conditions. Beverages such as wine, beer, or distilled spirits all use yeast at some stage of their production. A distilled beverage is a beverage that contains ethanol that has been purified by distillation. Carbohydrate-containing plant material is fermented by yeast, producing a dilute solution of ethanol in the process. Spirits such as whiskey and rum are prepared by distilling these dilute solutions of ethanol. Components other than ethanol are collected in the condensate, including water, esters, and other alcohols which account for the flavour of the beverage.</p> <h4><span id="Beer" class="mw-headline">Beer</span></h4> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width: 222px" class="thumbinner"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="220" height="147" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/2009-03-21_Beer_brewing_bubbles.jpg/220px-2009-03-21_Beer_brewing_bubbles.jpg" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></div> Beer being fermented by brewers yeast</div> </div> </div> <p>Brewing yeasts may be classed as &quot;top cropping&quot; (or &quot;top fermenting&quot;) and &quot;bottom cropping&quot; (or &quot;bottom-fermenting&quot;).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><font size="2">[32]</font></sup> Top cropping yeasts are so called because they form a foam at the top of the wort during fermentation. An example of a top cropping yeast is <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>, sometimes called an &quot;ale yeast&quot;.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><font size="2">[33]</font></sup> Bottom cropping yeasts are typically used to produce lager-type beers, though they can also produce ale-type beers. These yeasts ferment more sugars, creating a dryer beer, and grow well at low temperatures. An example of bottom cropping yeast is <i>Saccharomyces pastorianus</i>, formerly known as <i>Saccharomyces carlsbergensis</i>.</p> <p>The most common top cropping brewer's yeast, <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>, is the same species as the common baking yeast.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><font size="2">[34]</font></sup> However, baking and brewing yeasts typically belong to different strains, cultivated to favour different characteristics: baking yeast strains are more aggressive, in order to carbonate dough in the shortest amount of time possible; brewing yeast strains act slower, but tend to produce fewer off-flavours and tolerate higher alcohol concentrations (with some strains, up to 22%).</p> <p><i>Brettanomyces</i> is a genus of wild yeast important in brewing lambic, a beer produced not by the deliberate addition of brewer's yeasts, but by spontaneous fermentation by wild yeasts and bacteria. <i>Brettanomyces lambicus</i>, <i>B.&nbsp;bruxellensis</i> and <i>B.&nbsp;claussenii</i> are native to the Senne Valley region of Belgium, where lambic beer is produced.<sup id="cite_ref-Verachtert1995_34-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[35]</font></sup></p> <h4><span id="Wine" class="mw-headline">Wine</span></h4> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width: 222px" class="thumbinner"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="220" height="165" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Yeast_on_grapes.jpg/220px-Yeast_on_grapes.jpg" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></div> Fresh grapes</div> </div> </div> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: Fermentation (wine)</div> <p>Yeast is used in winemaking where it converts the sugars present in grape juice or must into alcohol. Yeast is normally already invisibly present on the grapes. The fermentation can be done with this endogenous wild yeast;<sup id="cite_ref-Ross_35-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[36]</font></sup> however, this may give unpredictable results depending on the exact types of yeast species present. For this reason a pure yeast culture is generally added to the must, which rapidly comes to dominate the fermentation. This represses wild yeasts and ensures a reliable and predictable fermentation.<sup id="cite_ref-Gonzalez_36-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[37]</font></sup> Most added wine yeasts are strains of <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>, though not all strains of the species are suitable.<sup id="cite_ref-Gonzalez_36-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[37]</font></sup> Different <i>S. cerevisiae</i> yeast strains have differing physiological and fermentative properties, therefore the actual strain of yeast selected can have a direct impact on the finished wine.<sup id="cite_ref-Dunn_37-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[38]</font></sup> Significant research has been undertaken into the development of novel wine yeast strains that produce atypical flavour profiles or increased complexity in wines.<sup id="cite_ref-YeastRef14_38-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[39]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McBryde_39-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[40]</font></sup></p> <p>The growth of some yeasts such as <i>Zygosaccharomyces</i> and <i>Brettanomyces</i> in wine can result in wine faults and subsequent spoilage.<sup id="cite_ref-Loureiro2003_40-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[41]</font></sup> <i>Brettanomyces</i> produces an array of metabolites when growing in wine, some of which are volatile phenolic compounds. Together these compounds are often referred to as <i>&quot;Brettanomyces character&quot;</i>, and are often described as <i>antiseptic</i> or <i>&quot;barnyard&quot;</i> type aromas. Brettanomyces is a significant contributor to wine faults within the wine industry.<sup id="cite_ref-YeastRef15_41-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[42]</font></sup></p> <h3><span id="Baking" class="mw-headline">Baking</span></h3> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: Baker's yeast</div> <p>Yeast, most commonly <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>, is used in baking as a leavening agent, where it converts the fermentable sugars present in dough into the gas carbon dioxide. This causes the dough to expand or rise as gas forms pockets or bubbles. When the dough is baked the yeast dies and the air pockets &quot;set&quot;, giving the baked product a soft and spongy texture. The use of potatoes, water from potato boiling, eggs, or sugar in a bread dough accelerates the growth of yeasts. Most yeasts used in baking are of the same species common in alcoholic fermentation. Additionally, <i>Saccharomyces exiguus</i> (also known as <i>S. minor</i>) is a wild yeast found on plants, fruits, and grains that is occasionally used for baking. Sugar and vinegar are the best conditions for yeast to ferment. In bread making the yeast initially respires aerobically, producing carbon dioxide and water. When the oxygen is depleted anaerobic respiration begins, producing ethanol as a waste product; however, this evaporates during baking.<sup id="cite_ref-MooreLandecker1996p533-534_42-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[43]</font></sup></p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width: 222px" class="thumbinner"><font size="2"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="220" height="165" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Compressed_fresh_yeast_-_1.jpg/220px-Compressed_fresh_yeast_-_1.jpg" /></font> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></div> A block of fresh yeast.</div> </div> </div> <p>It is not known when yeast was first used to bake bread. The first records that show this use came from Ancient Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-Egypt_43-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[44]</font></sup> Researchers speculate that a mixture of flour meal and water was left longer than usual on a warm day and the yeasts that occur in natural contaminants of the flour caused it to ferment before baking. The resulting bread would have been lighter and tastier than the normal flat, hard cake.</p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width: 222px" class="thumbinner"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="220" height="165" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Dry_yeast.jpg/220px-Dry_yeast.jpg" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></div> Active dried yeast, a granulated form in which yeast is commercially sold.</div> </div> </div> <p>Today there are several retailers of baker's yeast; one of the best-known in North America is Fleischmann&rsquo;s Yeast, which was developed in 1868. During World War II Fleischmann's developed a granulated active dry yeast, which did not require refrigeration and had a longer shelf life than fresh yeast. The company created yeast that would rise twice as fast, reducing baking time. Baker's yeast is also sold as a fresh yeast compressed into a square &quot;cake&quot;. This form perishes quickly, and must therefore be used soon after production. A weak solution of water and sugar can be used to determine if yeast is expired. In the solution, active yeast will foam and bubble as it ferments the sugar into ethanol and carbon dioxide. Some recipes refer to this as proofing the yeast as it &quot;proves&quot; [tests] the viability of the yeast before the other ingredients are added. When using a sourdough starter, flour and water are added instead of sugar; this is referred to as proofing the sponge.</p> <p>When yeast is used for making bread, it is mixed with flour, salt, and warm water or milk. The dough is kneaded until it is smooth, and then left to rise, sometimes until it has doubled in size. Some bread doughs are knocked back after one rising and left to rise again. A longer rising time gives a better flavour, but the yeast can fail to raise the bread in the final stages if it is left for too long initially. The dough is then shaped into loaves, left to rise until it is the correct size, and then baked. Dried yeast is usually specified for use in a bread machine, however a (wet) sourdough starter can also work.</p> <h3><span id="Bioremediation" class="mw-headline">Bioremediation</span></h3> <p>Some yeasts can find potential application in the field of bioremediation. One such yeast, <i>Yarrowia lipolytica</i>, is known to degrade palm oil mill effluent,<sup id="cite_ref-Oswal_44-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[45]</font></sup> TNT (an explosive material),<sup id="cite_ref-Jain_45-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[46]</font></sup> and other hydrocarbons such as alkanes, fatty acids, fats and oils.<sup id="cite_ref-Fickers_46-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[47]</font></sup> It can also tolerate high concentrations of salt and heavy metals,<sup id="cite_ref-Bankar2009rev_47-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[48]</font></sup> and is being investigated for its potential as a heavy metal biosorbent.<sup id="cite_ref-Bankar2009_48-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[49]</font></sup></p> <h3><span id="Industrial_ethanol_production" class="mw-headline">Industrial ethanol production</span></h3> <p>The ability of yeast to convert sugar into ethanol has been harnessed by the biotechnology industry to produce ethanol fuel. The process starts by milling a feedstock, such as sugar cane, field corn, or cheap cereal grains, and then adding dilute sulfuric acid, or fungal alpha amylase enzymes, to break down the starches into complex sugars. A gluco amylase is then added to break the complex sugars down into simple sugars. After this, yeasts are added to convert the simple sugars to ethanol, which is then distilled off to obtain ethanol up to 96% in concentration.<sup id="cite_ref-YeastRef4_49-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[50]</font></sup></p> <p><i>Saccharomyces</i> yeasts have been genetically engineered to ferment xylose, one of the major fermentable sugars present in cellulosic biomasses, such as agriculture residues, paper wastes, and wood chips.<sup id="cite_ref-AEM_50-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[51]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-YeastRef5_51-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[52]</font></sup> Such a development means that ethanol can be efficiently produced from more inexpensive feedstocks, making cellulosic ethanol fuel a more competitively priced alternative to gasoline fuels.<sup id="cite_ref-YeastRef6_52-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[53]</font></sup></p> <h3><span id="Non-alcoholic_beverages" class="mw-headline">Non-alcoholic beverages</span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width: 222px" class="thumbinner"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="220" height="249" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Kombucha_jar.jpg/220px-Kombucha_jar.jpg" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></div> A Kombucha culture fermenting in a jar</div> </div> </div> <p>Root beer and other sweet carbonated beverages can be produced using the same methods as beer, except that fermentation is stopped sooner, producing carbon dioxide, but only trace amounts of alcohol, and a significant amount of sugar is left in the drink. Kvass is a fermented drink made from rye that is popular in Eastern Europe; it has a recognizable but low alcoholic content. Yeast in symbiosis with acetic acid bacteria is used in the preparation of kombucha, a fermented sweetened tea. Species of yeast found in the tea can vary, and may include: <i>Brettanomyces bruxellensis</i>, <i>Candida stellata</i>, <i>Schizosaccharomyces pombe</i>, <i>Torulaspora delbrueckii</i> and <i>Zygosaccharomyces bailii</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-YeastRef7_53-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[54]</font></sup> Kombucha is a popular beverage in Eastern Europe and some former Soviet republics under the name of Chajnyj grib (Чайный гриб). Kefir and kumis are made by fermenting milk with yeast and bacteria.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><font size="2">[55]</font></sup></p> <h3><span id="Nutritional_supplements" class="mw-headline">Nutritional supplements</span></h3> <div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">See also: Tibicos</div> <p>Yeast is used in nutritional supplements popular with vegans and the health conscious, where it is often referred to as &quot;nutritional yeast&quot;. It is a deactivated yeast, usually <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>. It is an excellent source of protein and vitamins, especially the B-complex vitamins, whose functions are related to metabolism as well as other minerals and cofactors required for growth. It is also naturally low in fat and sodium. Some brands of nutritional yeast, though not all, are fortified with vitamin B12, which is produced separately by bacteria. Nutritional yeast, though it has a similar appearance to brewer's yeast, is very different and has a very different taste.</p> <p>Nutritional yeast has a nutty, cheesy, creamy flavor which makes it popular as an ingredient in cheese substitutes. It is often used by vegans in place of Parmesan cheese. Another popular use is as a topping for popcorn. It can also be used in mashed and fried potatoes, as well as putting it into scrambled eggs. It comes in the form of flakes, or as a yellow powder similar in texture to cornmeal, and can be found in the bulk aisle of most natural food stores. In Australia it is sometimes sold as &quot;savory yeast flakes&quot;. Though &quot;nutritional yeast&quot; usually refers to commercial products, inadequately fed prisoners have used &quot;home-grown&quot; yeast to prevent vitamin deficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-YeastRef8_55-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[56]</font></sup></p> <h3><span id="Probiotics" class="mw-headline">Probiotics</span></h3> <p>Some probiotic supplements use the yeast <i>Saccharomyces boulardii</i> to maintain and restore the natural flora in the large and small gastrointestinal tract. <i>S. boulardii</i> has been shown to reduce the symptoms of acute diarrhea in children,<sup id="cite_ref-Centina-Sauri_56-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[57]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kurugol2005_57-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[58]</font></sup> prevent reinfection of <i>Clostridium difficile</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-McFarland1994_58-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[59]</font></sup> reduce bowel movements in diarrhea predominant IBS patients,<sup id="cite_ref-Maupas1983_59-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[60]</font></sup> and reduce the incidence of antibiotic,<sup id="cite_ref-McFarland1995_60-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[61]</font></sup> traveler's,<sup id="cite_ref-Kollaritsch1995_61-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[62]</font></sup> and HIV/AIDS<sup id="cite_ref-Saint-Marc1989_62-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[63]</font></sup> associated diarrheas.</p> <h3><span id="Aquarium_hobby" class="mw-headline">Aquarium hobby</span></h3> <p>Yeast is often used by aquarium hobbyists to generate carbon dioxide (CO_{<font size="2">2</font>}) to nourish plants in planted aquariums. A homemade setup is widely used as a cheap and simple alternative to pressurized CO_{<font size="2">2</font>} systems. While not as effective as these, the homemade setup is considerably cheaper for less demanding hobbyists.</p> <p>There are several recipes for homemade CO_{<font size="2">2</font>}, but they are variations of the basic recipe: Baking yeast, with sugar, baking soda and water are added to a plastic bottle. A few drops of vegetable oil at the start reduces surface tension and speeds the release of CO_{<font size="2">2</font>}. This will produce CO_{<font size="2">2</font>} for about 2 or 3 weeks; the use of a bubble counter determines production. The CO_{<font size="2">2</font>} is injected in the aquarium via a narrow hose and released through a CO_{<font size="2">2</font>} diffuser that helps dissolve the gas in the water. The CO_{<font size="2">2</font>} is used by plants in the photosynthesis process.</p> <p>CO_{<font size="2">2</font>} injection is very important to plant growth in planted aquariums.<sup id="cite_ref-Pedersen2007_63-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[64]</font></sup></p> <h3><span id="Science" class="mw-headline">Science</span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width: 222px" class="thumbinner"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="220" height="170" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Yeast_cell_english.svg/220px-Yeast_cell_english.svg.png" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></div> Diagram showing a yeast cell</div> </div> </div> <p>Several yeasts, particularly <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>, have been widely used in genetics and cell biology. This is largely because <i>S. cerevisiae</i> is a simple eukaryotic cell, serving as a model for all eukaryotes including humans for the study of fundamental cellular processes such as the cell cycle, DNA replication, recombination, cell division and metabolism. Also yeasts are easily manipulated and cultured in the lab which has allowed for the development of powerful standard techniques, such as Yeast two-hybrid, Synthetic genetic array analysis and tetrad analysis. Many proteins important in human biology were first discovered by studying their homologs in yeast; these proteins include cell cycle proteins, signaling proteins, and protein-processing enzymes.</p> <p>On 24 April 1996 <i>S. cerevisiae</i> was announced to be the first eukaryote to have its genome, consisting of 12 million base pairs, fully sequenced as part of the Genome project.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams1996_64-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[65]</font></sup> At the time it was the most complex organism to have its full genome sequenced and took 7 years and the involvement of more than 100 laboratories to accomplish.<sup id="cite_ref-accessexcellence_65-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[66]</font></sup> The second yeast species to have its genome sequenced was <i>Schizosaccharomyces pombe</i>, which was completed in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-Wood_66-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[67]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-genomenewsnetwork_67-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[68]</font></sup> It was the sixth eukaryotic genome sequenced and consists of 13.8&nbsp;million base pairs.</p> <h3><span id="Yeast_extract" class="mw-headline">Yeast extract</span></h3> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: Yeast extract</div> <p> <table style="float: right"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width: 126px" class="thumbinner"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="124" height="101" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Marmite.jpg/124px-Marmite.jpg" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></div> Marmite and Vegemite have a distinctive dark colour</div> </div> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table style="float: right"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width: 152px" class="thumbinner"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="150" height="100" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Vegemite_and_Marmite.jpg/150px-Vegemite_and_Marmite.jpg" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></div> Marmite and Vegemite, products made from yeast extract</div> </div> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> <p>Yeast extract is the common name for various forms of processed yeast products that are used as food additives or flavours. They are often used in the same way that monosodium glutamate (MSG) is used, and like MSG, often contain free glutamic acid. The general method for making yeast extract for food products such as Vegemite and Marmite on a commercial scale is to add salt to a suspension of yeast making the solution hypertonic, which leads to the cells shrivelling up. This triggers <i>autolysis</i>, where the yeast's digestive enzymes break their own proteins down into simpler compounds, a process of self-destruction. The dying yeast cells are then heated to complete their breakdown, after which the husks (yeast with thick cell walls which would give poor texture) are separated. Yeast autolysates are used in Vegemite and Promite (Australia); Marmite, Bovril and Oxo (the United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland and South Africa); and Cenovis (Switzerland).</p> <h2><span id="Pathogenic_yeasts" class="mw-headline">Pathogenic yeasts</span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width: 252px" class="thumbinner"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="250" height="188" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/C_albicans_en.jpg/250px-C_albicans_en.jpg" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></div> A photomicrograph of <i>Candida albicans</i> showing hyphal outgrowth and other morphological characteristics.</div> </div> </div> <p>Some species of yeast are opportunistic pathogens where they can cause infection in people with compromised immune systems.</p> <p><i>Cryptococcus neoformans</i> is a significant pathogen of immunocompromised people causing the disease termed cryptococcosis. This disease occurs in about 7&ndash;9% of AIDS patients in the USA, and a slightly smaller percentage (3&ndash;6%) in western Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-YeastRef9_68-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[69]</font></sup> The cells of the yeast are surrounded by a rigid polysaccharide capsule, which helps to prevent them from being recognised and engulfed by white blood cells in the human body.</p> <p>Yeasts of the <i>Candida</i> genus are another group of opportunistic pathogens which causes oral and vaginal infections in humans, known as candidiasis. <i>Candida</i> is commonly found as a commensal yeast in the mucus membranes of humans and other warm-blooded animals. However, sometimes these same strains can become pathogenic. Here the yeast cells sprout a hyphal outgrowth, which locally penetrates the mucosal membrane, causing irritation and shedding of the tissues.<sup id="cite_ref-YeastRef9_68-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[69]</font></sup> The pathogenic yeasts of candidiasis in probable descending order of virulence for humans are: <i>C. albicans</i>, <i>C. tropicalis</i>, <i>C. stellatoidea</i>, <i>C. glabrata</i>, <i>C. krusei</i>, <i>C. parapsilosis</i>, <i>C. guilliermondii</i>, <i>C. viswanathii</i>, <i>C. lusitaniae</i> and <i>Rhodotorula mucilaginosa</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hurley1987_69-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[70]</font></sup> <i>Candida glabrata</i> is the second most common <i>Candida</i> pathogen after <i>C. albicans</i>, causing infections of the urogenital tract, and of the bloodstream (candidemia).<sup id="cite_ref-YeastRef10_70-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[71]</font></sup></p> <h2><span id="Food_spoilage" class="mw-headline">Food spoilage</span></h2> <p>Yeasts are able to grow in foods with a low pH, (5.0 or lower) and in the presence of sugars, organic acids and other easily metabolized carbon sources.<sup id="cite_ref-Kurtzman3_71-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[72]</font></sup> During their growth, yeasts metabolize some food components and produce metabolic end products. This causes the physical, chemical, and sensible properties of a food to change, and the food is spoiled.<sup id="cite_ref-Fleet_72-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[73]</font></sup> The growth of yeast within food products is often seen on their surface, as in cheeses or meats, or by the fermentation of sugars in beverages, such as juices, and semi-liquid products, such as syrups and jams.<sup id="cite_ref-Kurtzman3_71-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[72]</font></sup> The yeast of the <i>Zygosaccharomyces</i> genus have had a long history as a spoilage yeast within the food industry. This is mainly due to the fact that these species can grow in the presence of high sucrose, ethanol, acetic acid, sorbic acid, benzoic acid, and sulfur dioxide concentrations,<sup id="cite_ref-Loureiro_73-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[74]</font></sup> representing some of the commonly used food preservation methods. Methylene blue is used to test for the presence of live yeast cells.</p> <h2><span id="See_also" class="mw-headline">See also</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="mw-redirect" title="Fungal infection" href="/wiki/Fungal_infection"><font color="#0645ad">Fungal infection</font></a></li> <li><a class="mw-redirect" title="Yeast infection" href="/wiki/Yeast_infection"><font color="#0645ad">Yeast infection</font></a></li> <li><a title="Bioaerosol" href="/wiki/Bioaerosol"><font color="#0645ad">Bioaerosol</font></a></li> <li><a title="Baker's yeast" href="/wiki/Baker%27s_yeast"><font color="#0645ad">Baker's yeast</font></a></li> <li><a title="Candidiasis" href="/wiki/Candidiasis"><font color="#0645ad">Candidiasis</font></a> (yeast infection)</li> <li><a title="Ethanol fermentation" href="/wiki/Ethanol_fermentation"><font color="#0645ad">Ethanol fermentation</font></a></li> <li><a title="Tetrad (genetics)" href="/wiki/Tetrad_(genetics)"><font color="#0645ad">Tetrad (genetics)</font></a></li> <li><a title="Winemaking" href="/wiki/Winemaking"><font color="#0645ad">Winemaking</font></a></li> <li><a title="Start point (yeast)" href="/wiki/Start_point_(yeast)"><font color="#0645ad">Start point (yeast)</font></a></li> </ul> <div style="clear: both">&nbsp;</div> <h2><span id="Footnotes" class="mw-headline">Footnotes</span></h2> <div style="column-width: 30em; -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em" class="references-small references-column-width"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-YeastRef1-0"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YeastRef1_0-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Kurtzman, C.P., Fell, J.W. 2006. <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=176765"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Yeast Systematics and Phylogeny&mdash;Implications of Molecular Identification Methods for Studies in Ecology.&quot;</font></a>, Biodiversity and Ecophysiology of Yeasts, The Yeast Handbook, Springer. Retrieved January 7, 2007.</li> <li id="cite_note-Kurtzman2-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kurtzman2_1-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation book">Kurtzman CP, Pi&scaron;kur J (2006). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.springerlink.com/content/aqmjetp24hpllwfa/"><i><font color="#3366bb">Taxonomy and phylogenetic diversity among the yeasts (in Comparative Genomics: Using Fungi as Models. Sunnerhagen P, Piskur J, eds.)</font></i></a>. Berlin: Springer. pp.&nbsp;29&ndash;46. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-31480-6" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-31480-6"><font color="#0645ad">978-3-540-31480-6</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.springerlink.com/content/aqmjetp24hpllwfa/"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.springerlink.com/content/aqmjetp24hpllwfa/</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Taxonomy+and+phylogenetic+diversity+among+the+yeasts+%28in+Comparative+Genomics%3A+Using+Fungi+as+Models.+Sunnerhagen+P%2C+Piskur+J%2C+eds.%29&amp;rft.aulast=Kurtzman+CP%2C+Pi%C5%A1kur+J&amp;rft.au=Kurtzman+CP%2C+Pi%C5%A1kur+J&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B29%E2%80%9346&amp;rft.place=Berlin&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-540-31480-6&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Faqmjetp24hpllwfa%2F&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Kurtzman1-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kurtzman1_2-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation book">Kurtzman CP, Fell JW (2005). <i>Biodiversity and Ecophysiology of Yeasts (in: The Yeast Handbook, G&aacute;bor P, de la Rosa CL, eds.)</i>. Berlin: Springer. pp.&nbsp;11&ndash;30. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/3-540-26100-1" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-540-26100-1"><font color="#0645ad">3-540-26100-1</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Biodiversity+and+Ecophysiology+of+Yeasts+%28in%3A+The+Yeast+Handbook%2C+G%C3%A1bor+P%2C+de+la+Rosa+CL%2C+eds.%29&amp;rft.aulast=Kurtzman+CP%2C+Fell+JW&amp;rft.au=Kurtzman+CP%2C+Fell+JW&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B11%E2%80%9330&amp;rft.place=Berlin&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.isbn=3-540-26100-1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Walker-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Walker_3-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Walker K, Skelton H, Smith K. (2002). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/openurl?genre=article&amp;sid=nlm:pubmed&amp;issn=0303-6987&amp;date=2002&amp;volume=29&amp;issue=10&amp;spage=616"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Cutaneous lesions showing giant yeast forms of <i>Blastomyces dermatitidis</i>&quot;</font></a>. <i>Journal of Cutaneous Pathology</i> <b>29</b> (10): 616&ndash;18. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1034%2Fj.1600-0560.2002.291009.x"><font color="#3366bb">10.1034/j.1600-0560.2002.291009.x</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12453301"><font color="#3366bb">12453301</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/openurl?genre=article&amp;sid=nlm:pubmed&amp;issn=0303-6987&amp;date=2002&amp;volume=29&amp;issue=10&amp;spage=616"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/openurl?genre=article&amp;sid=nlm:pubmed&amp;issn=0303-6987&amp;date=2002&amp;volume=29&amp;issue=10&amp;spage=616</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Cutaneous+lesions+showing+giant+yeast+forms+of+%27%27Blastomyces+dermatitidis%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cutaneous+Pathology&amp;rft.aulast=Walker+K%2C+Skelton+H%2C+Smith+K.&amp;rft.au=Walker+K%2C+Skelton+H%2C+Smith+K.&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.volume=29&amp;rft.issue=10&amp;rft.pages=616%E2%80%9318&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1034%2Fj.1600-0560.2002.291009.x&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12453301&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blackwell-synergy.com%2Fopenurl%3Fgenre%3Darticle%26sid%3Dnlm%3Apubmed%26issn%3D0303-6987%26date%3D2002%26volume%3D29%26issue%3D10%26spage%3D616&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Legras-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Legras_4-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Jean-Luc Legras, Didier Merdinoglu, Jean-Marie Cornuet and Francis Karst. (2007.). &quot;Bread, beer and wine: Saccharomyces cerevisiae diversity reflects human history&quot;. <i>Molecular Ecology</i> <b>16</b> (10): 2091&ndash;2102. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-294X.2007.03266.x"><font color="#3366bb">10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03266.x</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17498234"><font color="#3366bb">17498234</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Bread%2C+beer+and+wine%3A+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae+diversity+reflects+human+history&amp;rft.jtitle=Molecular+Ecology&amp;rft.aulast=Jean-Luc+Legras%2C+Didier+Merdinoglu%2C+Jean-Marie+Cornuet+and+Francis+Karst.&amp;rft.au=Jean-Luc+Legras%2C+Didier+Merdinoglu%2C+Jean-Marie+Cornuet+and+Francis+Karst.&amp;rft.date=2007.&amp;rft.volume=16&amp;rft.issue=10&amp;rft.pages=2091%E2%80%932102&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1111%2Fj.1365-294X.2007.03266.x&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17498234&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Ostergaard-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ostergaard_5-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Ostergaard S, Olsson L, Nielsen J. (2000). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://mmbr.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=10704473"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Metabolic engineering of <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>&quot;</font></a>. <i>Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews</i> <b>64</b> (1): 34&ndash;50. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FMMBR.64.1.34-50.2000"><font color="#3366bb">10.1128/MMBR.64.1.34-50.2000</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10704473"><font color="#3366bb">10704473</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=98985"><font color="#3366bb">98985</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://mmbr.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=10704473"><font color="#3366bb">http://mmbr.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=10704473</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Metabolic+engineering+of+%27%27Saccharomyces+cerevisiae%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=Microbiology+and+Molecular+Biology+Reviews&amp;rft.aulast=Ostergaard+S%2C+Olsson+L%2C+Nielsen+J.&amp;rft.au=Ostergaard+S%2C+Olsson+L%2C+Nielsen+J.&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.volume=64&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=34%E2%80%9350&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FMMBR.64.1.34-50.2000&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/10704473&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmmbr.asm.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D10704473&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-YeastRef3-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YeastRef3_6-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://automation.tkk.fi/Research/BioprocessAutomation"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Biofuelcell&quot;</font></a>. Helsinki University of Technology. 2007<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://automation.tkk.fi/Research/BioprocessAutomation"><font color="#3366bb">http://automation.tkk.fi/Research/BioprocessAutomation</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Biofuelcell&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.pub=Helsinki+University+of+Technology&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fautomation.tkk.fi%2FResearch%2FBioprocessAutomation&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Kurtzman1994-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kurtzman1994_7-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Kurtzman CP (1994). &quot;Molecular taxonomy of the yeasts&quot;. <i>Yeast</i> <b>10</b> (13): 1727&ndash;40. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fyea.320101306"><font color="#3366bb">10.1002/yea.320101306</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7747515"><font color="#3366bb">7747515</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Molecular+taxonomy+of+the+yeasts&amp;rft.jtitle=Yeast&amp;rft.aulast=Kurtzman+CP&amp;rft.au=Kurtzman+CP&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.volume=10&amp;rft.issue=13&amp;rft.pages=1727%E2%80%9340&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1002%2Fyea.320101306&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/7747515&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-YeastRef2-8"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YeastRef2_8-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.yeastgenome.org/VL-what_are_yeast.html"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;What are yeasts?&quot;</font></a>. <i>Yeast Virtual Library</i>. 200-09-13<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.yeastgenome.org/VL-what_are_yeast.html"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.yeastgenome.org/VL-what_are_yeast.html</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=What+are+yeasts%3F&amp;rft.atitle=Yeast+Virtual+Library&amp;rft.date=200-09-13&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yeastgenome.org%2FVL-what_are_yeast.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Bartleby2000-9"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bartleby2000_9-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation book"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.bartleby.com/61/roots/IE598.html"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Appendix I: Indo-European Roots&quot;</font></a>. <i>The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</i> (4th ed.). 2000<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.bartleby.com/61/roots/IE598.html"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.bartleby.com/61/roots/IE598.html</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-11-16</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Appendix+I%3A+Indo-European+Roots&amp;rft.atitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.edition=4th&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bartleby.com%2F61%2Froots%2FIE598.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-NASA-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NASA_10-0">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="2">a</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NASA_10-1">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="2">b</font></b></i>}</a> <span class="citation web">Phillips T. <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://science.nasa.gov/newhome/headlines/msad16mar99_1b.htm"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Planets in a Bottle: More about yeast&quot;</font></a>. <i>Science@NASA</i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://science.nasa.gov/newhome/headlines/msad16mar99_1b.htm"><font color="#3366bb">http://science.nasa.gov/newhome/headlines/msad16mar99_1b.htm</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Planets+in+a+Bottle%3A+More+about+yeast&amp;rft.atitle=Science%40NASA&amp;rft.aulast=Phillips+T&amp;rft.au=Phillips+T&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.nasa.gov%2Fnewhome%2Fheadlines%2Fmsad16mar99_1b.htm&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-YeastRef11-11"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YeastRef11_11-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation web">Huxley A (1871). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://aleph0.clarku.edu/huxley/CE8/Yeast.html"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Discourses: Biological &amp; Geological (volume VIII)&nbsp;: Yeast&quot;</font></a>. <i>Collected Essays</i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://aleph0.clarku.edu/huxley/CE8/Yeast.html"><font color="#3366bb">http://aleph0.clarku.edu/huxley/CE8/Yeast.html</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Discourses%3A+Biological+%26+Geological+%28volume+VIII%29+%3A+Yeast&amp;rft.atitle=Collected+Essays&amp;rft.aulast=Huxley+A&amp;rft.au=Huxley+A&amp;rft.date=1871&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faleph0.clarku.edu%2Fhuxley%2FCE8%2FYeast.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Barnett2003-12"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barnett2003_12-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Barnett JA (2003). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://mic.sgmjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12634325"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Beginnings of microbiology and biochemistry: the contribution of yeast research&quot;</font></a>. <i>Microbiology (Reading, Engl.)</i> <b>149</b> (Pt 3): 557&ndash;67. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12634325"><font color="#3366bb">12634325</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://mic.sgmjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12634325"><font color="#3366bb">http://mic.sgmjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12634325</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Beginnings+of+microbiology+and+biochemistry%3A+the+contribution+of+yeast+research&amp;rft.jtitle=Microbiology+%28Reading%2C+Engl.%29&amp;rft.aulast=Barnett+JA&amp;rft.au=Barnett+JA&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=149&amp;rft.issue=Pt+3&amp;rft.pages=557%E2%80%9367&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12634325&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmic.sgmjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D12634325&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Klieger2004-13"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Klieger2004_13-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation book">Klieger PC. (2004). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://books.google.com/?id=er88eh9jA0wC&amp;lpg=PA1&amp;dq=yeast%20history%20Fleischmann&amp;pg=PA13#v=onepage&amp;q="><i><font color="#3366bb">The Fleischmann yeast family</font></i></a>. Arcadia Publishing. p.&nbsp;13. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/978-0738533414" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0738533414"><font color="#0645ad">978-0738533414</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://books.google.com/?id=er88eh9jA0wC&amp;lpg=PA1&amp;dq=yeast%20history%20Fleischmann&amp;pg=PA13#v=onepage&amp;q="><font color="#3366bb">http://books.google.com/?id=er88eh9jA0wC&amp;lpg=PA1&amp;dq=yeast%20history%20Fleischmann&amp;pg=PA13#v=onepage&amp;q=</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-02-21</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Fleischmann+yeast+family&amp;rft.aulast=Klieger+PC.&amp;rft.au=Klieger+PC.&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B13&amp;rft.pub=Arcadia++Publishing&amp;rft.isbn=978-0738533414&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3Der88eh9jA0wC%26lpg%3DPA1%26dq%3Dyeast%2520history%2520Fleischmann%26pg%3DPA13%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-urlLe_Comit.C3.A9_des_Fabricants_de_levure_-_COFALEC_-_repr.C3.A9sente_les_fabricants-14"><b><a href="#cite_ref-urlLe_Comit.C3.A9_des_Fabricants_de_levure_-_COFALEC_-_repr.C3.A9sente_les_fabricants_14-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cofalec.com/contentO.aspx?progres"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Le Comit&eacute; des Fabricants de levure&quot;</font></a>. COFALEC<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cofalec.com/contentO.aspx?progres"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.cofalec.com/contentO.aspx?progres</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-02-21</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Le+Comit%C3%A9+des+Fabricants+de+levure&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.pub=COFALEC&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cofalec.com%2FcontentO.aspx%3Fprogres&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Barnett1975-15"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barnett1975_15-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Barnett JA. (1975). &quot;The entry of D-ribose into some yeasts of the genus <i>Pichia</i>&quot;. <i>Journal of General Microbiology</i> <b>90</b> (1): 1&ndash;12. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1176959"><font color="#3366bb">1176959</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+entry+of+D-ribose+into+some+yeasts+of+the+genus+%27%27Pichia%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+General+Microbiology&amp;rft.aulast=Barnett+JA.&amp;rft.au=Barnett+JA.&amp;rft.date=1975&amp;rft.volume=90&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=1%E2%80%9312&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/1176959&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Arthur H, Watson K (October 1976). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=232826"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Thermal adaptation in yeast: growth temperatures, membrane lipid, and cytochrome composition of psychrophilic, mesophilic, and thermophilic yeasts&quot;</font></a>. <i>J. Bacteriol.</i> <b>128</b> (1): 56&ndash;68. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/988016"><font color="#3366bb">988016</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Thermal+adaptation+in+yeast%3A+growth+temperatures%2C+membrane+lipid%2C+and+cytochrome+composition+of+psychrophilic%2C+mesophilic%2C+and+thermophilic+yeasts&amp;rft.jtitle=J.+Bacteriol.&amp;rft.aulast=Arthur+H%2C+Watson+K&amp;rft.au=Arthur+H%2C+Watson+K&amp;rft.date=October+1976&amp;rft.volume=128&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=56%E2%80%9368&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/988016&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-17"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation book">Kaufmann, Klaus; Annelies Schoneck (2002). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://books.google.com/?id=2REy7lUARrkC&amp;dq=%22kahm+yeast%22"><i><font color="#3366bb">Making Sauerkraut and Pickled Vegetables at Home: Creative Recipes for Lactic Fermented Food to Improve Your Health</font></i></a>. Google books: Book Publishing Company. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/9781553120377" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781553120377"><font color="#0645ad">9781553120377</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://books.google.com/?id=2REy7lUARrkC&amp;dq=%22kahm+yeast%22"><font color="#3366bb">http://books.google.com/?id=2REy7lUARrkC&amp;dq=%22kahm+yeast%22</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Making+Sauerkraut+and+Pickled+Vegetables+at+Home%3A+Creative+Recipes+for+Lactic+Fermented+Food+to+Improve+Your+Health&amp;rft.aulast=Kaufmann&amp;rft.aufirst=Klaus&amp;rft.au=Kaufmann%2C%26%2332%3BKlaus&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.place=Google+books&amp;rft.pub=Book+Publishing+Company&amp;rft.isbn=9781553120377&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D2REy7lUARrkC%26dq%3D%2522kahm%2Byeast%2522&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Suh2005-18"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Suh2005_18-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Suh SO, McHugh JV, Pollock DD, Blackwell M. (2005). &quot;The beetle gut: a hyperdiverse source of novel yeasts&quot;. <i>Mycological Research</i> <b>109</b> (Pt 3): 261&ndash;65. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS0953756205002388"><font color="#3366bb">10.1017/S0953756205002388</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15912941"><font color="#3366bb">15912941</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+beetle+gut%3A+a+hyperdiverse+source+of+novel+yeasts&amp;rft.jtitle=Mycological+Research&amp;rft.aulast=Suh+SO%2C+McHugh+JV%2C+Pollock+DD%2C+Blackwell+M.&amp;rft.au=Suh+SO%2C+McHugh+JV%2C+Pollock+DD%2C+Blackwell+M.&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=109&amp;rft.issue=Pt+3&amp;rft.pages=261%E2%80%9365&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1017%2FS0953756205002388&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15912941&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Slavikova2003-19"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Slavikova2003_19-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Sl&aacute;vikov&aacute; E, Vadkertiov&aacute; R. (2003). &quot;The diversity of yeasts in the agricultural soil&quot;. <i>Journalof Basic Microbiology</i> <b>43</b> (5): 430&ndash;36. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fjobm.200310277"><font color="#3366bb">10.1002/jobm.200310277</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12964187"><font color="#3366bb">12964187</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+diversity+of+yeasts+in+the+agricultural+soil&amp;rft.jtitle=Journalof+Basic+Microbiology&amp;rft.aulast=Sl%C3%A1vikov%C3%A1+E%2C+Vadkertiov%C3%A1+R.&amp;rft.au=Sl%C3%A1vikov%C3%A1+E%2C+Vadkertiov%C3%A1+R.&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=43&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=430%E2%80%9336&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1002%2Fjobm.200310277&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12964187&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-herrera-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-herrera_20-0">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="2">a</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="#cite_ref-herrera_20-1">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="2">b</font></b></i>}</a> <span class="citation Journal">Herrera, Carlos; Mar&iacute;a I. Pozo (10 February 2010). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2010/02/05/rspb.2009.2252.abstract"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Nectar yeasts warm the flowers of a winter-blooming plant&quot;</font></a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society Biological</i> <b>277</b> (1689): 1827&ndash;34. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2009.2252"><font color="#3366bb">10.1098/rspb.2009.2252</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20147331"><font color="#3366bb">20147331</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2871880"><font color="#3366bb">2871880</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2010/02/05/rspb.2009.2252.abstract"><font color="#3366bb">http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2010/02/05/rspb.2009.2252.abstract</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 10 February 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Nectar+yeasts+warm+the+flowers+of+a+winter-blooming+plant&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+Biological&amp;rft.aulast=Herrera&amp;rft.aufirst=Carlos&amp;rft.au=Herrera%2C%26%2332%3BCarlos&amp;rft.date=10+February+2010&amp;rft.volume=277&amp;rft.issue=1689&amp;rft.pages=1827%E2%80%9334&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1098%2Frspb.2009.2252&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/20147331&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frspb.royalsocietypublishing.org%2Fcontent%2Fearly%2F2010%2F02%2F05%2Frspb.2009.2252.abstract&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-21"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Oyeka CA, Ugwu LO. (2002). Fungal flora of human toe webs. Mycoses. 45(11-12):488-91. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12472726"><font color="#3366bb">PMID 12472726</font></a></li> <li id="cite_note-martini-22"><b><a href="#cite_ref-martini_22-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Martini, A (4 June 1992). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.springerlink.com/content/w540551582n04358/"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Biodiversity and conservation of yeasts&quot;</font></a>. <i>Biodiversity and Conservation</i> <b>1</b>: 324&ndash;333. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00693768"><font color="#3366bb">10.1007/BF00693768</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.springerlink.com/content/w540551582n04358/"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.springerlink.com/content/w540551582n04358/</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Biodiversity+and+conservation+of+yeasts&amp;rft.jtitle=Biodiversity+and+Conservation&amp;rft.aulast=Martini&amp;rft.aufirst=A&amp;rft.au=Martini%2C%26%2332%3BA&amp;rft.date=4+June+1992&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft.pages=324%E2%80%93333&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2FBF00693768&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fw540551582n04358%2F&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Bass2007-23"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bass2007_23-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Bass D, Howe A, Brown N, Barton H, Demidova M, Michelle H, Li L, Sanders H, Watkinson SC, Willcock S, Richards TA. (2007). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://journals.royalsociety.org/openurl.asp?genre=article&amp;id=doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.1067"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Yeast forms dominate fungal diversity in the deep oceans&quot;</font></a>. <i>Proceedings. Biological Sciences/The Royal Society</i> <b>274</b> (1629): 3069&ndash;77. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2007.1067"><font color="#3366bb">10.1098/rspb.2007.1067</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17939990"><font color="#3366bb">17939990</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2293941"><font color="#3366bb">2293941</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://journals.royalsociety.org/openurl.asp?genre=article&amp;id=doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.1067"><font color="#3366bb">http://journals.royalsociety.org/openurl.asp?genre=article&amp;id=doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.1067</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Yeast+forms+dominate+fungal+diversity+in+the+deep+oceans&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings.+Biological+Sciences%2FThe+Royal+Society&amp;rft.aulast=Bass+D%2C+Howe+A%2C+Brown+N%2C+Barton+H%2C+Demidova+M%2C+Michelle+H%2C+Li+L%2C+Sanders+H%2C+Watkinson+SC%2C+Willcock+S%2C+Richards+TA.&amp;rft.au=Bass+D%2C+Howe+A%2C+Brown+N%2C+Barton+H%2C+Demidova+M%2C+Michelle+H%2C+Li+L%2C+Sanders+H%2C+Watkinson+SC%2C+Willcock+S%2C+Richards+TA.&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.volume=274&amp;rft.issue=1629&amp;rft.pages=3069%E2%80%9377&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1098%2Frspb.2007.1067&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17939990&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.royalsociety.org%2Fopenurl.asp%3Fgenre%3Darticle%26id%3Ddoi%3A10.1098%2Frspb.2007.1067&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-24"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Sandhu, Dhanwant; Manjit Waraich (1985). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/4250820"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Yeasts Associated with Pollinating Bees and Flower Nectar&quot;</font></a>. <i>Microbial Ecology</i> <b>11</b>: 51&ndash;58. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02015108"><font color="#3366bb">10.1007/BF02015108</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/4250820"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.jstor.org/stable/4250820</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Yeasts+Associated+with+Pollinating+Bees+and+Flower+Nectar&amp;rft.jtitle=Microbial+Ecology&amp;rft.aulast=Sandhu&amp;rft.aufirst=Dhanwant&amp;rft.au=Sandhu%2C%26%2332%3BDhanwant&amp;rft.date=1985&amp;rft.volume=11&amp;rft.pages=51%E2%80%9358&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2FBF02015108&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4250820&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-25"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation news">Barley, Shanta (10 February 2010). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20527473.900-stinky-flower-is-kept-warm-by-yeast-partner.html"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Stinky flower is kept warm by yeast partner&quot;</font></a>. New Scientist<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20527473.900-stinky-flower-is-kept-warm-by-yeast-partner.html"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20527473.900-stinky-flower-is-kept-warm-by-yeast-partner.html</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 10 February 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Stinky+flower+is+kept+warm+by+yeast+partner&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Barley&amp;rft.aufirst=Shanta&amp;rft.au=Barley%2C%26%2332%3BShanta&amp;rft.date=10+February+2010&amp;rft.pub=New+Scientist&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fmg20527473.900-stinky-flower-is-kept-warm-by-yeast-partner.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-26"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Little, Ainslie; Cameron Currie (2008). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.esajournals.org/doi/full/10.1890/07-0815.1"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Black yeast symbionts compromise the efficiency of antibiotic defenses in fungus-growing ants&quot;</font></a>. <i>Ecology</i> <b>89</b> (5): 1216&ndash;1222. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1890%2F07-0815.1"><font color="#3366bb">10.1890/07-0815.1</font></a>. <a title="International Standard Serial Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISSN</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.worldcat.org/issn/doi"><font color="#3366bb">= 10.1890/07-0815.1 doi = 10.1890/07-0815.1</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18543616"><font color="#3366bb">18543616</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.esajournals.org/doi/full/10.1890/07-0815.1"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.esajournals.org/doi/full/10.1890/07-0815.1</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Black+yeast+symbionts+compromise+the+efficiency+of+antibiotic+defenses+in+fungus-growing+ants&amp;rft.jtitle=Ecology&amp;rft.aulast=Little&amp;rft.aufirst=Ainslie&amp;rft.au=Little%2C%26%2332%3BAinslie&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=89&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=1216%E2%80%931222&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1890%2F07-0815.1&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18543616&amp;rft.issn=doi+%3D+10.1890%2F07-0815.1&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esajournals.org%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1890%2F07-0815.1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Balasubramanian-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Balasubramanian_27-0">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="2">a</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Balasubramanian_27-1">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="2">b</font></b></i>}</a> <span class="citation Journal">Balasubramanian MK, Bi E, Glotzer M. (2004). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0960982204006980"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Comparative analysis of cytokinesis in budding yeast, fission yeast and animal cells&quot;</font></a>. <i>Current Biology</i> <b>14</b> (18): R806&ndash;18. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2004.09.022"><font color="#3366bb">10.1016/j.cub.2004.09.022</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15380095"><font color="#3366bb">15380095</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0960982204006980"><font color="#3366bb">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0960982204006980</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Comparative+analysis+of+cytokinesis+in+budding+yeast%2C+fission+yeast+and+animal+cells&amp;rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&amp;rft.aulast=Balasubramanian+MK%2C+Bi+E%2C+Glotzer+M.&amp;rft.au=Balasubramanian+MK%2C+Bi+E%2C+Glotzer+M.&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=14&amp;rft.issue=18&amp;rft.pages=R806%E2%80%9318&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2004.09.022&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15380095&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0960982204006980&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Yeong2005-28"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yeong2005_28-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Yeong FM. (2005). &quot;Severing all ties between mother and daughter: cell separation in budding yeast&quot;. <i>Molecular Microbiology</i> <b>55</b> (5): 1325&ndash;31. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2958.2005.04507.x"><font color="#3366bb">10.1111/j.1365-2958.2005.04507.x</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15720543"><font color="#3366bb">15720543</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Severing+all+ties+between+mother+and+daughter%3A+cell+separation+in+budding+yeast&amp;rft.jtitle=Molecular+Microbiology&amp;rft.aulast=Yeong+FM.&amp;rft.au=Yeong+FM.&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=55&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=1325%E2%80%9331&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2958.2005.04507.x&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15720543&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Neiman2005-29"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Neiman2005_29-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Neiman AM. (2005). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://mmbr.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16339736"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Ascospore formation in the yeast <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>&quot;</font></a>. <i>Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews</i> <b>69</b> (4): 565&ndash;84. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FMMBR.69.4.565-584.2005"><font color="#3366bb">10.1128/MMBR.69.4.565-584.2005</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16339736"><font color="#3366bb">16339736</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1306807"><font color="#3366bb">1306807</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://mmbr.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16339736"><font color="#3366bb">http://mmbr.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16339736</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Ascospore+formation+in+the+yeast+%27%27Saccharomyces+cerevisiae%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=Microbiology+and+Molecular+Biology+Reviews&amp;rft.aulast=Neiman+AM.&amp;rft.au=Neiman+AM.&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=69&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=565%E2%80%9384&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FMMBR.69.4.565-584.2005&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16339736&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmmbr.asm.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D16339736&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Rao2004-30"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rao2004_30-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Rao RS, Prakasham RS, Prasad KK, Rajesham S, Sarma PN, Rao L. (2004). &quot;Xylitol production by <i>Candida</i> sp.: parameter optimization using Taguchi approach&quot;. <i>Process Biochemistry</i> <b>39</b>: 951&ndash;56. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0032-9592%2803%2900207-3"><font color="#3366bb">10.1016/S0032-9592(03)00207-3</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Xylitol+production+by+%27%27Candida%27%27+sp.%3A+parameter+optimization+using+Taguchi+approach&amp;rft.jtitle=Process+Biochemistry&amp;rft.aulast=Rao+RS%2C+Prakasham+RS%2C+Prasad+KK%2C+Rajesham+S%2C+Sarma+PN%2C+Rao+L.&amp;rft.au=Rao+RS%2C+Prakasham+RS%2C+Prasad+KK%2C+Rajesham+S%2C+Sarma+PN%2C+Rao+L.&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=39&amp;rft.pages=951%E2%80%9356&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2FS0032-9592%2803%2900207-3&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-31"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation book"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://books.google.com/?id=TIYbNdrIsPEC&amp;pg=PA84&amp;dq=yeasts+%22top+cropping%22&amp;q=yeasts%20%22top%20cropping%22"><i><font color="#3366bb">Handbook of brewing - Google Books</font></i></a>. books.google.co.uk. 2006-02-22. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/9780824726577" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824726577"><font color="#0645ad">9780824726577</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://books.google.com/?id=TIYbNdrIsPEC&amp;pg=PA84&amp;dq=yeasts+%22top+cropping%22&amp;q=yeasts%20%22top%20cropping%22"><font color="#3366bb">http://books.google.com/?id=TIYbNdrIsPEC&amp;pg=PA84&amp;dq=yeasts+%22top+cropping%22&amp;q=yeasts%20%22top%20cropping%22</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-07-12</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Handbook+of+brewing+-+Google+Books&amp;rft.date=2006-02-22&amp;rft.pub=books.google.co.uk&amp;rft.isbn=9780824726577&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DTIYbNdrIsPEC%26pg%3DPA84%26dq%3Dyeasts%2B%2522top%2Bcropping%2522%26q%3Dyeasts%2520%2522top%2520cropping%2522&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-32"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation book"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://books.google.com/?id=DhMavBH4B18C&amp;pg=PA361&amp;dq=%22ale+yeast%22&amp;q=%22ale%20yeast%22"><i><font color="#3366bb">The Sommelier Prep Course: An ... - Google Books</font></i></a>. books.google.co.uk. 2010. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/9780470283189" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470283189"><font color="#0645ad">9780470283189</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://books.google.com/?id=DhMavBH4B18C&amp;pg=PA361&amp;dq=%22ale+yeast%22&amp;q=%22ale%20yeast%22"><font color="#3366bb">http://books.google.com/?id=DhMavBH4B18C&amp;pg=PA361&amp;dq=%22ale+yeast%22&amp;q=%22ale%20yeast%22</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-07-12</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Sommelier+Prep+Course%3A+An+...+-+Google+Books&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.pub=books.google.co.uk&amp;rft.isbn=9780470283189&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DDhMavBH4B18C%26pg%3DPA361%26dq%3D%2522ale%2Byeast%2522%26q%3D%2522ale%2520yeast%2522&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-33"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation book"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://books.google.com/?id=bQcxoepvxOwC&amp;pg=PA36&amp;dq=brewing+and+baking+yeast&amp;q=brewing%20and%20baking%20yeast"><i><font color="#3366bb">Understanding baking: the art and ... - Google Books</font></i></a>. books.google.co.uk. 2002-09-09. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/9780471405467" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780471405467"><font color="#0645ad">9780471405467</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://books.google.com/?id=bQcxoepvxOwC&amp;pg=PA36&amp;dq=brewing+and+baking+yeast&amp;q=brewing%20and%20baking%20yeast"><font color="#3366bb">http://books.google.com/?id=bQcxoepvxOwC&amp;pg=PA36&amp;dq=brewing+and+baking+yeast&amp;q=brewing%20and%20baking%20yeast</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-08-01</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Understanding+baking%3A+the+art+and+...+-+Google+Books&amp;rft.date=2002-09-09&amp;rft.pub=books.google.co.uk&amp;rft.isbn=9780471405467&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DbQcxoepvxOwC%26pg%3DPA36%26dq%3Dbrewing%2Band%2Bbaking%2Byeast%26q%3Dbrewing%2520and%2520baking%2520yeast&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Verachtert1995-34"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Verachtert1995_34-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Verachtert H, Iserentant D. (1995). &quot;Properties of Belgian acid beers and their microflora. 1. The production of gueuze and related refreshing acid beers&quot;. <i>Cerevesia</i> <b>20</b> (1): 37&ndash;42.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Properties+of+Belgian+acid+beers+and+their+microflora.+1.+The+production+of+gueuze+and+related+refreshing+acid+beers&amp;rft.jtitle=Cerevesia&amp;rft.aulast=Verachtert+H%2C+Iserentant+D.&amp;rft.au=Verachtert+H%2C+Iserentant+D.&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.volume=20&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=37%E2%80%9342&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Ross-35"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ross_35-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Ross JP (September 1997). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3488/is_n9_v78/ai_19900987"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Going wild: wild yeast in winemaking&quot;</font></a>. <i>Wines &amp; Vines</i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3488/is_n9_v78/ai_19900987"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3488/is_n9_v78/ai_19900987</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Going+wild%3A+wild+yeast+in+winemaking&amp;rft.jtitle=Wines+%26+Vines&amp;rft.aulast=Ross+JP&amp;rft.au=Ross+JP&amp;rft.date=September+1997&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.findarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_m3488%2Fis_n9_v78%2Fai_19900987&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Gonzalez-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gonzalez_36-0">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="2">a</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gonzalez_36-1">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="2">b</font></b></i>}</a> <span class="citation Journal">Gonz&aacute;lez Techera A, Jubany S, Carrau FM, Gaggero C. (2001). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/openurl?genre=article&amp;sid=nlm:pubmed&amp;issn=0266-8254&amp;date=2001&amp;volume=33&amp;issue=1&amp;spage=71"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Differentiation of industrial wine yeast strains using microsatellite markers&quot;</font></a>. <i>Letters in Applied Microbiology</i> <b>33</b> (1): 71&ndash;75. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1472-765X.2001.00946.x"><font color="#3366bb">10.1046/j.1472-765X.2001.00946.x</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11442819"><font color="#3366bb">11442819</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/openurl?genre=article&amp;sid=nlm:pubmed&amp;issn=0266-8254&amp;date=2001&amp;volume=33&amp;issue=1&amp;spage=71"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/openurl?genre=article&amp;sid=nlm:pubmed&amp;issn=0266-8254&amp;date=2001&amp;volume=33&amp;issue=1&amp;spage=71</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Differentiation+of+industrial+wine+yeast+strains+using+microsatellite+markers&amp;rft.jtitle=Letters+in+Applied+Microbiology&amp;rft.aulast=Gonz%C3%A1lez+Techera+A%2C+Jubany+S%2C+Carrau+FM%2C+Gaggero+C.&amp;rft.au=Gonz%C3%A1lez+Techera+A%2C+Jubany+S%2C+Carrau+FM%2C+Gaggero+C.&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.volume=33&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=71%E2%80%9375&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1046%2Fj.1472-765X.2001.00946.x&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11442819&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blackwell-synergy.com%2Fopenurl%3Fgenre%3Darticle%26sid%3Dnlm%3Apubmed%26issn%3D0266-8254%26date%3D2001%26volume%3D33%26issue%3D1%26spage%3D71&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Dunn-37"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dunn_37-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Dunn B, Levine RP, Sherlock G (2005). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/6/53"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Microarray karyotyping of commercial wine yeast strains reveals shared, as well as unique, genomic signatures&quot;</font></a>. <i>BMC Genomics</i> <b>6</b> (1): 53. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2164-6-53"><font color="#3366bb">10.1186/1471-2164-6-53</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15833139"><font color="#3366bb">15833139</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1097725"><font color="#3366bb">1097725</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/6/53"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/6/53</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Microarray+karyotyping+of+commercial+wine+yeast+strains+reveals+shared%2C+as+well+as+unique%2C+genomic+signatures&amp;rft.jtitle=BMC+Genomics&amp;rft.aulast=Dunn+B%2C+Levine+RP%2C+Sherlock+G&amp;rft.au=Dunn+B%2C+Levine+RP%2C+Sherlock+G&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=6&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=53&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1186%2F1471-2164-6-53&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15833139&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biomedcentral.com%2F1471-2164%2F6%2F53&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-YeastRef14-38"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YeastRef14_38-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20060921160928/http://www.gwrdc.com.au/downloads/0506docs/researcher.pdf"><font color="#3366bb">Research enables yeast suppliers to expand options</font></a>. Retrieved 10 January 2007.</li> <li id="cite_note-McBryde-39"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McBryde_39-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> McBryde, Colin, Gardner, Jennifer M., de Barros Lopes, Miguel, Jiranek, Vladimir, [Generation of Novel Wine Yeast Strains by Adaptive Evolution], Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 2006 57: 423&ndash;30</li> <li id="cite_note-Loureiro2003-40"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Loureiro2003_40-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Loureiro V, Malfeito-Ferreira M. (2003). &quot;Spoilage yeasts in the wine industry&quot;. <i>International Journal of Food Microbiology</i> <b>86</b> (1-2): 23&ndash;50. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0168-1605%2803%2900246-0"><font color="#3366bb">10.1016/S0168-1605(03)00246-0</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12892920"><font color="#3366bb">12892920</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Spoilage+yeasts+in+the+wine+industry&amp;rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Food+Microbiology&amp;rft.aulast=Loureiro+V%2C+Malfeito-Ferreira+M.&amp;rft.au=Loureiro+V%2C+Malfeito-Ferreira+M.&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=86&amp;rft.issue=1-2&amp;rft.pages=23%E2%80%9350&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2FS0168-1605%2803%2900246-0&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12892920&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-YeastRef15-41"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YeastRef15_41-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation web">Lamar J. <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.winepros.org/wine101/vincyc-bret.htm"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;<i>Brettanomyces</i> (Dekkera)&quot;</font></a>. <i>Vincyclopedia</i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.winepros.org/wine101/vincyc-bret.htm"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.winepros.org/wine101/vincyc-bret.htm</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=%27%27Brettanomyces%27%27+%28Dekkera%29&amp;rft.atitle=Vincyclopedia&amp;rft.aulast=Lamar+J&amp;rft.au=Lamar+J&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.winepros.org%2Fwine101%2Fvincyc-bret.htm&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-MooreLandecker1996p533-534-42"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MooreLandecker1996p533-534_42-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Moore-Landecker, pp. 533&ndash;34.</li> <li id="cite_note-Egypt-43"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Egypt_43-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Legras JL, Merdinoglu D, Cornuet JM, Karst F (May 2007). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/resolve/openurl?genre=article&amp;sid=nlm:pubmed&amp;issn=0962-1083&amp;date=2007&amp;volume=16&amp;issue=10&amp;spage=2091"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Bread, beer and wine: Saccharomyces cerevisiae diversity reflects human history&quot;</font></a>. <i>Molecular Ecology</i> <b>16</b> (10): 2091&ndash;102. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-294X.2007.03266.x"><font color="#3366bb">10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03266.x</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17498234"><font color="#3366bb">17498234</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/resolve/openurl?genre=article&amp;sid=nlm:pubmed&amp;issn=0962-1083&amp;date=2007&amp;volume=16&amp;issue=10&amp;spage=2091"><font color="#3366bb">http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/resolve/openurl?genre=article&amp;sid=nlm:pubmed&amp;issn=0962-1083&amp;date=2007&amp;volume=16&amp;issue=10&amp;spage=2091</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Bread%2C+beer+and+wine%3A+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae+diversity+reflects+human+history&amp;rft.jtitle=Molecular+Ecology&amp;rft.aulast=Legras+JL%2C+Merdinoglu+D%2C+Cornuet+JM%2C+Karst+F&amp;rft.au=Legras+JL%2C+Merdinoglu+D%2C+Cornuet+JM%2C+Karst+F&amp;rft.date=May+2007&amp;rft.volume=16&amp;rft.issue=10&amp;rft.pages=2091%E2%80%93102&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1111%2Fj.1365-294X.2007.03266.x&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17498234&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.interscience.wiley.com%2Fresolve%2Fopenurl%3Fgenre%3Darticle%26sid%3Dnlm%3Apubmed%26issn%3D0962-1083%26date%3D2007%26volume%3D16%26issue%3D10%26spage%3D2091&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Oswal-44"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oswal_44-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Oswal N, Sarma PM, Zinjarde SS, Pant A. (2002). &quot;Palm oil mill effluent treatment by a tropical marine yeast&quot;. <i>Bioresource Technology</i> <b>85</b> (1): 35&ndash;37. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0960-8524%2802%2900063-9"><font color="#3366bb">10.1016/S0960-8524(02)00063-9</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12146640"><font color="#3366bb">12146640</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Palm+oil+mill+effluent+treatment+by+a+tropical+marine+yeast&amp;rft.jtitle=Bioresource+Technology&amp;rft.aulast=Oswal+N%2C+Sarma+PM%2C+Zinjarde+SS%2C+Pant+A.&amp;rft.au=Oswal+N%2C+Sarma+PM%2C+Zinjarde+SS%2C+Pant+A.&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.volume=85&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=35%E2%80%9337&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2FS0960-8524%2802%2900063-9&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12146640&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Jain-45"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jain_45-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Jain MR, Zinjarde SS, Deobagkar DD, Deobagkar DN. (2004). &quot;2,4,6-trinitrotoluene transformation by a tropical marine yeast, <i>Yarrowia lipolytica</i> NCIM 3589&quot;. <i>Marine Pollution Bulletin</i> <b>49</b> (9&ndash;10): 783&ndash;88. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.marpolbul.2004.06.007"><font color="#3366bb">10.1016/j.marpolbul.2004.06.007</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15530522"><font color="#3366bb">15530522</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=2%2C4%2C6-trinitrotoluene+transformation+by+a+tropical+marine+yeast%2C+%27%27Yarrowia+lipolytica%27%27+NCIM+3589&amp;rft.jtitle=Marine+Pollution+Bulletin&amp;rft.aulast=Jain+MR%2C+Zinjarde+SS%2C+Deobagkar+DD%2C+Deobagkar+DN.&amp;rft.au=Jain+MR%2C+Zinjarde+SS%2C+Deobagkar+DD%2C+Deobagkar+DN.&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=49&amp;rft.issue=9%E2%80%9310&amp;rft.pages=783%E2%80%9388&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.marpolbul.2004.06.007&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15530522&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Fickers-46"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fickers_46-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Fickers P, Benetti PH, Wache Y, Marty A, Mauersberger S, Smit MS, Nicaud JM. (2005). &quot;Hydrophobic substrate utilisation by the yeast <i>Yarrowia lipolytica</i>, and its potential applications&quot;. <i>FEMS Yeast Research</i> <b>5</b> (6&ndash;7): 527&ndash;43. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.femsyr.2004.09.004"><font color="#3366bb">10.1016/j.femsyr.2004.09.004</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15780653"><font color="#3366bb">15780653</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Hydrophobic+substrate+utilisation+by+the+yeast+%27%27Yarrowia+lipolytica%27%27%2C+and+its+potential+applications&amp;rft.jtitle=FEMS+Yeast+Research&amp;rft.aulast=Fickers+P%2C+Benetti+PH%2C+Wache+Y%2C+Marty+A%2C+Mauersberger+S%2C+Smit+MS%2C+Nicaud+JM.&amp;rft.au=Fickers+P%2C+Benetti+PH%2C+Wache+Y%2C+Marty+A%2C+Mauersberger+S%2C+Smit+MS%2C+Nicaud+JM.&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=5&amp;rft.issue=6%E2%80%937&amp;rft.pages=527%E2%80%9343&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.femsyr.2004.09.004&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15780653&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Bankar2009rev-47"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bankar2009rev_47-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Bankar AV, Kumar AR, Zinjarde SS. (2009). &quot;Environmental and industrial applications of <i>Yarrowia lipolytica</i>&quot;. <i>Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology</i> <b>84</b> (5): 847&ndash;65. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00253-009-2156-8"><font color="#3366bb">10.1007/s00253-009-2156-8</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19669134"><font color="#3366bb">19669134</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Environmental+and+industrial+applications+of+%27%27Yarrowia+lipolytica%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=Applied+Microbiology+and+Biotechnology&amp;rft.aulast=Bankar+AV%2C+Kumar+AR%2C+Zinjarde+SS.&amp;rft.au=Bankar+AV%2C+Kumar+AR%2C+Zinjarde+SS.&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.volume=84&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=847%E2%80%9365&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2Fs00253-009-2156-8&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/19669134&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Bankar2009-48"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bankar2009_48-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Bankar AV, Kumar AR, Zinjarde SS. (2009). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0304-3894(09)00641-4"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Removal of chromium (VI) ions from aqueous solution by adsorption onto two marine isolates of <i>Yarrowia lipolytica</i>&quot;</font></a>. <i>Journal of Hazardous Materials</i> <b>170</b> (1): 487&ndash;94. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jhazmat.2009.04.070"><font color="#3366bb">10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.04.070</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19467781"><font color="#3366bb">19467781</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0304-3894(09)00641-4"><font color="#3366bb">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0304-3894(09)00641-4</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-29</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Removal+of+chromium+%28VI%29+ions+from+aqueous+solution+by+adsorption+onto+two+marine+isolates+of+%27%27Yarrowia+lipolytica%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Hazardous+Materials&amp;rft.aulast=Bankar+AV%2C+Kumar+AR%2C+Zinjarde+SS.&amp;rft.au=Bankar+AV%2C+Kumar+AR%2C+Zinjarde+SS.&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.volume=170&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=487%E2%80%9394&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.jhazmat.2009.04.070&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/19467781&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0304-3894%2809%2900641-4&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-YeastRef4-49"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YeastRef4_49-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://genomicsgtl.energy.gov/biofuels/ethanolproduction.shtml"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Fuel Ethanol Production: GSP Systems Biology Research&quot;</font></a>. <i>Genomic Science Program</i>. U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://genomicsgtl.energy.gov/biofuels/ethanolproduction.shtml"><font color="#3366bb">http://genomicsgtl.energy.gov/biofuels/ethanolproduction.shtml</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Fuel+Ethanol+Production%3A+GSP+Systems+Biology+Research&amp;rft.atitle=Genomic+Science+Program&amp;rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Energy+Office+of+Science&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgenomicsgtl.energy.gov%2Fbiofuels%2Fethanolproduction.shtml&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-AEM-50"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AEM_50-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Brat D, Boles E, Wiedemann B. (2009). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://aem.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=19218403"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Functional expression of a bacterial xylose isomerase in <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>&quot;</font></a>. <i>Applied and Environmental Microbiology</i> <b>75</b> (8): 2304&ndash;11. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FAEM.02522-08"><font color="#3366bb">10.1128/AEM.02522-08</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19218403"><font color="#3366bb">19218403</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2675233"><font color="#3366bb">2675233</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://aem.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=19218403"><font color="#3366bb">http://aem.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=19218403</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Functional+expression+of+a+bacterial+xylose+isomerase+in+%27%27Saccharomyces+cerevisiae%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=Applied+and+Environmental+Microbiology&amp;rft.aulast=Brat+D%2C+Boles+E%2C+Wiedemann+B.&amp;rft.au=Brat+D%2C+Boles+E%2C+Wiedemann+B.&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.volume=75&amp;rft.issue=8&amp;rft.pages=2304%E2%80%9311&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FAEM.02522-08&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/19218403&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faem.asm.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D19218403&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-YeastRef5-51"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YeastRef5_51-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Ho NW, Chen Z, Brainard AP. (1998). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://aem.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=9572962"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Genetically engineered <i>Saccharomyces</i> yeast capable of effective cofermentation of glucose and xylose&quot;</font></a>. <i>Applied and Environmental Microbiology</i> <b>64</b> (5): 1852&ndash;59. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9572962"><font color="#3366bb">9572962</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=106241"><font color="#3366bb">106241</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://aem.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=9572962"><font color="#3366bb">http://aem.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=9572962</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genetically+engineered+%27%27Saccharomyces%27%27+yeast+capable+of+effective+cofermentation+of+glucose+and+xylose&amp;rft.jtitle=Applied+and+Environmental+Microbiology&amp;rft.aulast=Ho+NW%2C+Chen+Z%2C+Brainard+AP.&amp;rft.au=Ho+NW%2C+Chen+Z%2C+Brainard+AP.&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.volume=64&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=1852%E2%80%9359&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/9572962&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faem.asm.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D9572962&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-YeastRef6-52"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YeastRef6_52-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation web">Siegfried A. <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.agriculture.purdue.edu/agcomm/AgCom/news/backgrd/9808.Ho.yeast.html"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Yeast rises to a new occasion&quot;</font></a>. Purdue University<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.agriculture.purdue.edu/agcomm/AgCom/news/backgrd/9808.Ho.yeast.html"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.agriculture.purdue.edu/agcomm/AgCom/news/backgrd/9808.Ho.yeast.html</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Yeast+rises+to+a+new+occasion&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Siegfried+A&amp;rft.au=Siegfried+A&amp;rft.pub=Purdue+University&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.agriculture.purdue.edu%2Fagcomm%2FAgCom%2Fnews%2Fbackgrd%2F9808.Ho.yeast.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-YeastRef7-53"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YeastRef7_53-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Teoh AL, Heard G, Cox J. (2004). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T7K-4C76F1S-4/2/c9a198f08bec6a0a63fc884b5ff2693e"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Yeast ecology of Kombucha fermentation&quot;</font></a>. <i>International Journal of Food Microbiology</i> <b>95</b> (2): 119&ndash;26. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijfoodmicro.2003.12.020"><font color="#3366bb">10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2003.12.020</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15282124"><font color="#3366bb">15282124</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T7K-4C76F1S-4/2/c9a198f08bec6a0a63fc884b5ff2693e"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T7K-4C76F1S-4/2/c9a198f08bec6a0a63fc884b5ff2693e</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Yeast+ecology+of+Kombucha+fermentation&amp;rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Food+Microbiology&amp;rft.aulast=Teoh+AL%2C+Heard+G%2C+Cox+J.&amp;rft.au=Teoh+AL%2C+Heard+G%2C+Cox+J.&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=95&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=119%E2%80%9326&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.ijfoodmicro.2003.12.020&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15282124&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2FB6T7K-4C76F1S-4%2F2%2Fc9a198f08bec6a0a63fc884b5ff2693e&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-54"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Lopitz-Otsoa, F; Rementeria, A; Elguezabal, N; Garaizar, J (2006). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.reviberoammicol.com/2006-23/067074.pdf"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Kefir: A symbiotic yeast-bacteria community with alleged healthy capabilities&quot;</font></a> (PDF). <i>Revista Iberoamericana de Micolog&iacute;a</i> <b>23</b>: 67&ndash;74<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.reviberoammicol.com/2006-23/067074.pdf"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.reviberoammicol.com/2006-23/067074.pdf</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-06-10</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Kefir%3A+A+symbiotic+yeast-bacteria+community+with+alleged+healthy+capabilities&amp;rft.jtitle=Revista+Iberoamericana+de+Micolog%C3%ADa&amp;rft.aulast=Lopitz-Otsoa&amp;rft.aufirst=F&amp;rft.au=Lopitz-Otsoa%2C%26%2332%3BF&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=23&amp;rft.pages=67%E2%80%9374&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reviberoammicol.com%2F2006-23%2F067074.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-YeastRef8-55"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YeastRef8_55-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation web">Lee JG (ed.). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cofepow.org.uk/pages/asia_haruku2.htm"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;South East Asia Under Japanese Occupation - Harukoe (Haruku)&quot;</font></a>. <i>Children (&amp; Families) of the Far East Prisoners of War</i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cofepow.org.uk/pages/asia_haruku2.htm"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.cofepow.org.uk/pages/asia_haruku2.htm</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=South+East+Asia+Under+Japanese+Occupation+-+Harukoe+%28Haruku%29&amp;rft.atitle=Children+%28%26+Families%29+of+the+Far+East+Prisoners+of+War&amp;rft.aulast=Lee+JG+%28ed.%29&amp;rft.au=Lee+JG+%28ed.%29&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cofepow.org.uk%2Fpages%2Fasia_haruku2.htm&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Centina-Sauri-56"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Centina-Sauri_56-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Centina-Sauri G, Sierra Basto G. (1994). &quot;Therapeutic evaluation of <i>Saccharomyces boulardii</i> in children with acute diarrhea&quot;. <i>Annals of Pediatrics</i> <b>41</b>: 397&ndash;400.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Therapeutic+evaluation+of+%27%27Saccharomyces+boulardii%27%27+in+children+with+acute+diarrhea&amp;rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Pediatrics&amp;rft.aulast=Centina-Sauri+G%2C+Sierra+Basto+G.&amp;rft.au=Centina-Sauri+G%2C+Sierra+Basto+G.&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.volume=41&amp;rft.pages=397%E2%80%93400&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Kurugol2005-57"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kurugol2005_57-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Kurugol Z, Koturoglu G. (2005). &quot;Effects of <i>Saccharomyces boulardii</i> in children with acute diarrhea&quot;. <i>Acta Paediatrica</i> <b>94</b> (1): 44&ndash;47. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F08035250410022521"><font color="#3366bb">10.1080/08035250410022521</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15858959"><font color="#3366bb">15858959</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Effects+of+%27%27Saccharomyces+boulardii%27%27+in+children+with+acute+diarrhea&amp;rft.jtitle=Acta+Paediatrica&amp;rft.aulast=Kurugol+Z%2C+Koturoglu+G.&amp;rft.au=Kurugol+Z%2C+Koturoglu+G.&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=94&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=44%E2%80%9347&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1080%2F08035250410022521&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15858959&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-McFarland1994-58"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McFarland1994_58-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">McFarland L, Surawicz C, Greenberg R. (1994). &quot;A randomised placebo-controlled trial of <i>Saccharomyces boulardii</i> in combination with standard antibiotics for <i>Clostridium difficile</i> disease&quot;. <i>Journal of the American Medical Association</i> <b>271</b>: 1913&ndash;18. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.271.24.1913"><font color="#3366bb">10.1001/jama.271.24.1913</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=A+randomised+placebo-controlled+trial+of+%27%27Saccharomyces+boulardii%27%27+in+combination+with+standard+antibiotics+for+%27%27Clostridium+difficile%27%27+disease&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Medical+Association&amp;rft.aulast=McFarland+L%2C+Surawicz+C%2C+Greenberg+R.&amp;rft.au=McFarland+L%2C+Surawicz+C%2C+Greenberg+R.&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.volume=271&amp;rft.pages=1913%E2%80%9318&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1001%2Fjama.271.24.1913&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Maupas1983-59"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Maupas1983_59-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Maupas J, Champemont P, Delforge M. (1983). &quot;Treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with <i>Saccharomyces boulardii</i>: a double blind, placebo controlled study&quot;. <i>Medicine Chirurgie Digestives</i> <b>12</b> (1): 77&ndash;79.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Treatment+of+irritable+bowel+syndrome+with+%27%27Saccharomyces+boulardii%27%27%3A+a+double+blind%2C+placebo+controlled+study&amp;rft.jtitle=Medicine+Chirurgie+Digestives&amp;rft.aulast=Maupas+J%2C+Champemont+P%2C+Delforge+M.&amp;rft.au=Maupas+J%2C+Champemont+P%2C+Delforge+M.&amp;rft.date=1983&amp;rft.volume=12&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=77%E2%80%9379&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-McFarland1995-60"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McFarland1995_60-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">McFarland L, Surawicz C, Greenberg R. (1995). &quot;Prevention of &beta;-lactam associated diarrhea by <i>Saccharomyces boulardii</i> compared with placebo&quot;. <i>American Journal of Gastroenterology</i> <b>90</b> (3): 439&ndash;48. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7872284"><font color="#3366bb">7872284</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Prevention+of+%CE%B2-lactam+associated+diarrhea+by+%27%27Saccharomyces+boulardii%27%27+compared+with+placebo&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Gastroenterology&amp;rft.aulast=McFarland+L%2C+Surawicz+C%2C+Greenberg+R.&amp;rft.au=McFarland+L%2C+Surawicz+C%2C+Greenberg+R.&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.volume=90&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=439%E2%80%9348&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/7872284&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Kollaritsch1995-61"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kollaritsch1995_61-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Kollaritsch H, Kemsner P, Wiedermann G, Scheiner O. (1989). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sboulardii.com/Florastor_files/gd20051131228461.pdf"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Prevention of traveller's diarrhea. Comparison of different non-antibiotic preparations&quot;</font></a>. <i>Travel Medicine International</i>: 9&ndash;17<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sboulardii.com/Florastor_files/gd20051131228461.pdf"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.sboulardii.com/Florastor_files/gd20051131228461.pdf</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Prevention+of+traveller%27s+diarrhea.+Comparison+of+different+non-antibiotic+preparations&amp;rft.jtitle=Travel+Medicine+International&amp;rft.aulast=Kollaritsch+H%2C+Kemsner+P%2C+Wiedermann+G%2C+Scheiner+O.&amp;rft.au=Kollaritsch+H%2C+Kemsner+P%2C+Wiedermann+G%2C+Scheiner+O.&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rft.pages=9%E2%80%9317&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sboulardii.com%2FFlorastor_files%2Fgd20051131228461.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap" title="&nbsp;since September 2010"><font size="2">[<i><a title="Wikipedia:Link rot" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"><font color="#0645ad">dead link</font></a></i>]</font></span></sup></li> <li id="cite_note-Saint-Marc1989-62"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Saint-Marc1989_62-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Saint-Marc T, Blehaut H, Musial C, Touraine J. (1995). &quot;AIDS related diarrhea: a double-blind trial of <i>Saccharomyces boulardii</i>&quot;. <i>Sem H&ocirc;sp Paris</i> <b>71</b>: 735&ndash;41.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=AIDS+related+diarrhea%3A+a+double-blind+trial+of+%27%27Saccharomyces+boulardii%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=Sem+H%C3%B4sp+Paris&amp;rft.aulast=Saint-Marc+T%2C+Blehaut+H%2C+Musial+C%2C+Touraine+J.&amp;rft.au=Saint-Marc+T%2C+Blehaut+H%2C+Musial+C%2C+Touraine+J.&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.volume=71&amp;rft.pages=735%E2%80%9341&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Pedersen2007-63"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pedersen2007_63-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Pedersen O, Andersen T, Christensen C. (2007). &quot;CO_{<font size="2">2</font>} in planted aquaria&quot;. <i>The Aquatic Gardener</i> <b>20</b> (3): 24&ndash;33.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=CO%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E+in+planted+aquaria&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Aquatic+Gardener&amp;rft.aulast=Pedersen+O%2C+Andersen+T%2C+Christensen+C.&amp;rft.au=Pedersen+O%2C+Andersen+T%2C+Christensen+C.&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.volume=20&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=24%E2%80%9333&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Williams1996-64"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Williams1996_64-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Williams N. (1996). &quot;Genome Projects: Yeast genome sequence ferments new research&quot;. <i>Science</i> <b>272</b> (5261): 481. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.272.5261.481"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.272.5261.481</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8614793"><font color="#3366bb">8614793</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+Projects%3A+Yeast+genome+sequence+ferments+new+research&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Williams+N.&amp;rft.au=Williams+N.&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.volume=272&amp;rft.issue=5261&amp;rft.pages=481&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.272.5261.481&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/8614793&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-accessexcellence-65"><b><a href="#cite_ref-accessexcellence_65-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation web">Henahan S.. <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.accessexcellence.org/WN/SUA07/yeast496.php"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Complete DNA Sequence Of Yeast&quot;</font></a>. <i>Science Updates</i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.accessexcellence.org/WN/SUA07/yeast496.php"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.accessexcellence.org/WN/SUA07/yeast496.php</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Complete+DNA+Sequence+Of+Yeast&amp;rft.atitle=Science+Updates&amp;rft.aulast=Henahan+S.&amp;rft.au=Henahan+S.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.accessexcellence.org%2FWN%2FSUA07%2Fyeast496.php&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Wood-66"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wood_66-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Wood V, Gwilliam R, Rajandream MA, <i>et al.</i> (February 2002). &quot;The genome sequence of <i>Schizosaccharomyces pombe</i>&quot;. <i><a title="Nature (journal)" href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)"><font color="#0645ad">Nature</font></a></i> <b>415</b> (6874): 871&ndash;80. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature724"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/nature724</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11859360"><font color="#3366bb">11859360</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+genome+sequence+of+%27%27Schizosaccharomyces+pombe%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BNature+%28journal%29%7CNature%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Wood+V%2C+Gwilliam+R%2C+Rajandream+MA%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Wood+V%2C+Gwilliam+R%2C+Rajandream+MA%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=February+2002&amp;rft.volume=415&amp;rft.issue=6874&amp;rft.pages=871%E2%80%9380&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnature724&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11859360&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-genomenewsnetwork-67"><b><a href="#cite_ref-genomenewsnetwork_67-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation web">Reinert B.. <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/articles/03_02/s_pombe.shtml"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;<i>Schizosaccharomyces pombe</i>: Second yeast genome sequenced&quot;</font></a>. <i>Genome News Network</i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/articles/03_02/s_pombe.shtml"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/articles/03_02/s_pombe.shtml</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=%27%27Schizosaccharomyces+pombe%27%27%3A+Second+yeast+genome+sequenced&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+News+Network&amp;rft.aulast=Reinert+B.&amp;rft.au=Reinert+B.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genomenewsnetwork.org%2Farticles%2F03_02%2Fs_pombe.shtml&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-YeastRef9-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-YeastRef9_68-0">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="2">a</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="#cite_ref-YeastRef9_68-1">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="2">b</font></b></i>}</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20060925065545/http://helios.bto.ed.ac.uk/bto/microbes/yeast.htm"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;The Microbial World: Yeasts and yeast-like fungi&quot;</font></a>. <i>Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology</i>. Retrieved December 24, 2006.</li> <li id="cite_note-Hurley1987-69"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hurley1987_69-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Hurley, R., J. de Louvois, and A. Mulhall. 1987. Yeast as human and animal pathogens, p. 207-281. In A. H. Rose and J. S. Harrison (ed.), The yeasts, vol. 1. Academic Press, Inc., New York, N.Y.</li> <li id="cite_note-YeastRef10-70"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YeastRef10_70-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Stoyan T, Carbon J. (2004). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://ec.asm.org/cgi/content/full/3/5/1154"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Inner kinetochore of the pathogenic yeast <i>Candida glabrata</i>&quot;</font></a>. <i>Eukaryotic Cell</i> <b>3</b> (5): 1154&ndash;63. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FEC.3.5.1154-1163.2004"><font color="#3366bb">10.1128/EC.3.5.1154-1163.2004</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15470243"><font color="#3366bb">15470243</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=522592"><font color="#3366bb">522592</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://ec.asm.org/cgi/content/full/3/5/1154"><font color="#3366bb">http://ec.asm.org/cgi/content/full/3/5/1154</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009&ndash;11&ndash;28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Inner+kinetochore+of+the+pathogenic+yeast+%27%27Candida+glabrata%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=Eukaryotic+Cell&amp;rft.aulast=Stoyan+T%2C+Carbon+J.&amp;rft.au=Stoyan+T%2C+Carbon+J.&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=3&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=1154%E2%80%9363&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FEC.3.5.1154-1163.2004&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15470243&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.asm.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F3%2F5%2F1154&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Kurtzman3-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kurtzman3_71-0">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="2">a</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kurtzman3_71-1">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="2">b</font></b></i>}</a> Kurtzman, C.P. 2006. <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=179383"><font color="#3366bb">Detection, identification and enumeration methods for spoilage yeasts</font></a>. In: Blackburn, C. de. W, editor. Food spoilage microorganisms. Cambridge, England: Woodhead Publishing. p. 28&ndash;54.</li> <li id="cite_note-Fleet-72"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fleet_72-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Fleet GH, Praphailong W. <b>Yeasts</b>, In: Spoilage of Processed Foods: Causes and Diagnosis, AIFST (2001), Southwood Press. pp. 383&ndash;97.</li> <li id="cite_note-Loureiro-73"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Loureiro_73-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Loureiro V, Malfeito-Ferreira M (September 2003). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0168160503002460"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Spoilage yeasts in the wine industry&quot;</font></a>. <i>International Journal of Food Microbiology</i> <b>86</b> (1-2): 23&ndash;50. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0168-1605%2803%2900246-0"><font color="#3366bb">10.1016/S0168-1605(03)00246-0</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12892920"><font color="#3366bb">12892920</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0168160503002460"><font color="#3366bb">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0168160503002460</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Spoilage+yeasts+in+the+wine+industry&amp;rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Food+Microbiology&amp;rft.aulast=Loureiro+V%2C+Malfeito-Ferreira+M&amp;rft.au=Loureiro+V%2C+Malfeito-Ferreira+M&amp;rft.date=September+2003&amp;rft.volume=86&amp;rft.issue=1-2&amp;rft.pages=23%E2%80%9350&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2FS0168-1605%2803%2900246-0&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12892920&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0168160503002460&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> </ol> </div> <h3><span id="Cited_texts" class="mw-headline">Cited texts</span></h3> <ul> <li><span class="citation book">Alexopoulos CJ, Mims CW, Blackwell M. (1996). <i>Introductory Mycology</i>. New York: Wiley. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/0-471-52229-5" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-52229-5"><font color="#0645ad">0-471-52229-5</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Introductory+Mycology&amp;rft.aulast=Alexopoulos+CJ%2C+Mims+CW%2C+Blackwell++M.&amp;rft.au=Alexopoulos+CJ%2C+Mims+CW%2C+Blackwell++M.&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Wiley&amp;rft.isbn=0-471-52229-5&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA. (2008). <i>Dictionary of the Fungi. 10th ed</i>. Wallingford: CABI. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/0-85199-826-7" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85199-826-7"><font color="#0645ad">0-85199-826-7</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+the+Fungi.+10th+ed&amp;rft.aulast=Kirk+PM%2C+Cannon+PF%2C+Minter+DW%2C+Stalpers+JA.&amp;rft.au=Kirk+PM%2C+Cannon+PF%2C+Minter+DW%2C+Stalpers+JA.&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.place=Wallingford&amp;rft.pub=CABI&amp;rft.isbn=0-85199-826-7&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Moore-Landecker E. (1996). <i>Fundamentals of the Fungi</i>. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/0-13-376864-3" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-376864-3"><font color="#0645ad">0-13-376864-3</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+the+Fungi&amp;rft.aulast=Moore-Landecker+E.&amp;rft.au=Moore-Landecker+E.&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+New+Jersey&amp;rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&amp;rft.isbn=0-13-376864-3&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yeast"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> </ul> <h2><span id="External_links" class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <p> <table style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid; border-left: #aaa 1px solid; background-color: #f9f9f9; border-top: #aaa 1px solid; border-right: #aaa 1px solid" class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" width="37" height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/37px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png" /></td> <td class="mbox-text">Look up <i><b><a class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/yeast" href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/yeast"><font color="#3366bb">yeast</font></a></b></i> in <a title="Wiktionary" href="/wiki/Wiktionary"><font color="#0645ad">Wiktionary</font></a>, the free dictionary.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid; border-left: #aaa 1px solid; background-color: #f9f9f9; border-top: #aaa 1px solid; border-right: #aaa 1px solid" class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" width="30" height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" /></td> <td class="mbox-text">Wikimedia Commons has media related to: <i><b><a class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Yeast" href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Yeast"><font color="#3366bb">Yeast</font></a></b></i></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> <ul> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.exploreyeast.com/"><font color="#3366bb">Yeast Development, Different Forms of Yeast...</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://moment.utmb.edu/cgi-bin/sceptrans.cgi"><font color="#3366bb">Cell cycle and metabolic cycle regulated transcription in yeast</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://depts.washington.edu/yeastrc/"><font color="#3366bb">Yeast Resource Center</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://biochemie.web.med.uni-muenchen.de/Yeast_Biol/10%20Yeast%20Growth%20and%20the%20Cell%20Cycle.pdf"><font color="#3366bb">Yeast growth and the cell cycle</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://wiki.yeastgenome.org/index.php/General_Topics"><font color="#3366bb">Yeast virtual library</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/prehistory/egypt/dailylife/breadmaking.htm"><font color="#3366bb">Ancient Egyptian Bread Making</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.micron.ac.uk/organisms/sacch.html"><font color="#3366bb">Current research on Yeasts at the Norwich Research Park</font></a></li> </ul> a282af81efc3e0cf294c40c5356b8ab90f49ff9e 0 1709 3283 2452 2010-11-14T12:20:52Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font size="3">Human Genomics</font><br /> <br /> &nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>[[The human genome project completion announcement by Bill Clinton]]: 2000 June. 25th.</p> ec45c4483f2d355fba5c3472a67c54fa39203e26 0 1953 3284 2010-11-14T12:21:08Z WikiSysop 1 Created page with "<p>&nbsp;</p> <div style="margin: auto 0cm"><b><font size="4"><span style="font-size: 10pt">PRESIDENT CLINTON ANNOUNCES THE COMPLETION OF THE FIRST SURVEY OF THE ENTIRE HUMAN GEN..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p>&nbsp;</p> <div style="margin: auto 0cm"><b><font size="4"><span style="font-size: 10pt">PRESIDENT CLINTON ANNOUNCES THE COMPLETION OF THE FIRST SURVEY OF THE ENTIRE HUMAN GENOME Hails Public and Private Efforts Leading to This Historic Achievement </span></font></b></div> <pre> &nbsp;</pre> <pre><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; THE WHITE HOUSE</span></pre> <pre> &nbsp;</pre> <pre><span>&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Office of the Press Secretary</span></pre> <pre> &nbsp;</pre> <pre> ___________________________________________________________________________</pre> <pre> For Immediate Release<span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; June 25, 2000</span></pre> <pre> &nbsp;</pre> <pre> &nbsp;</pre> <pre> &nbsp;</pre> <pre> &nbsp;</pre> <pre><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 11pt">PRESIDENT CLINTON ANNOUNCES THE COMPLETION OF THE FIRST</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; SURVEY OF THE ENTIRE HUMAN GENOME</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">&nbsp;&nbsp; Hails Public and Private Efforts Leading to This Historic Achievement</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; June 26, 2000</span></pre> <pre> &nbsp;</pre> <pre> &nbsp;</pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">Today, at a historic White House event with British Prime Minister Tony</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">Blair, President Clinton announced that the international Human Genome</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">Project and Celera Genomics Corporation have both completed an initial</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">sequencing of the human genome -- the genetic blueprint for human beings.</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">He congratulated the scientists working in both the public and private</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">sectors on this landmark achievement, which promises to lead to a new era</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">of molecular medicine, an era that will bring new ways to prevent,</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">diagnose, treat and cure disease.&nbsp;The President pledged to continue and</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">accelerate the United States' commitment to helping translate this</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">blueprint into novel healthcare strategies and therapies.&nbsp;He will</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">underscore that this genetic information must never be used to stigmatize</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">or discriminate against any individual or group.&nbsp;Our scientific advances</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">must always incorporate our most cherished values, and the privacy of this</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">new information must be protected.</span></pre> <pre> &nbsp;</pre> <pre> &nbsp;</pre> <pre> &nbsp;</pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">DECODING THE HUMAN GENOME WILL LEAD TO NEW WAYS TO PREVENT, DIAGNOSE,</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">TREAT, AND CURE DISEASE.&nbsp;Alterations in our genes are responsible for an</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">estimated 5000 clearly hereditary diseases, such as Huntington's disease,</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">cystic fibrosis, and sickle cell anemia, and influence the development of</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">thousands of other diseases.&nbsp;Before the advent of the Human Genome</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">Project, a joint project of HHS, DOE, and international partners in the</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">United Kingdom, France, Germany, Japan, China, connecting a gene with a</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">disease was a slow, arduous, painstaking, and frequently imprecise process.</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">Today, genes are discovered and described within days.&nbsp;For example, in</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">1989, scientists found the gene for cystic fibrosis after a 9-year search;</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">eight years later, largely because of the coordinated efforts of the Human</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">Genome Project, a gene for Parkinson's disease was mapped in only 9 days.</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">Now, scientists will be able to use the working draft of the human genome</span></pre> <pre> &nbsp;</pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">to:</span></pre> <pre> &nbsp;</pre> <pre> &nbsp;</pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">* Alert patients that they are at risk for certain diseases.&nbsp;Once</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">scientists discover which DNA sequence changes in a gene can cause disease,</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">healthy people can be tested to see whether they risk developing conditions</span></pre> <pre> &nbsp;</pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">such as diabetes or prostate cancer later in life. In many cases, this</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">advance warning can be a cue to start a vigilant screening program, to take</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">preventive medicines, or to make diet or lifestyle changes that may prevent</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">the disease.</span></pre> <pre> &nbsp;</pre> <pre> &nbsp;</pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">* Reliably predict the course of disease.&nbsp;Diagnosing ailments more</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">precisely will lead to more reliable predictions about the course of a</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">disease. For example, a genetic fingerprint will allow doctors treating</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">prostate cancer to predict how aggressive a tumor will be.&nbsp;New genetic</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">information will help patients and doctors weigh the risks and benefits of</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">different treatments.</span></pre> <pre> &nbsp;</pre> <pre> &nbsp;</pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">* Precisely diagnose disease and ensure the most effective treatment is</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">used.&nbsp;Genetic analysis allows us to classify diseases, such as colon</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">cancer and skin cancer, into more defined categories.&nbsp;These improved</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">classifications will eventually allow scientists to tailor drugs for</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">patients whose individual response can be predicted by genetic</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">fingerprinting.&nbsp;For example, cancer patients facing chemotherapy could</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">receive a genetic fingerprint of their tumor that would predict which</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">chemotherapy choices are most likely to be effective, leading to fewer side</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">effects from the treatment and improved prognoses.</span></pre> <pre> &nbsp;</pre> <pre> &nbsp;</pre> <pre> &nbsp;</pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">* Developing new treatments at the molecular level.&nbsp;&nbsp; Drug design guided by</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">an understanding of how genes work and knowledge of exactly what happens at</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">the molecular level to cause disease, will lead to more effective</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">therapies.&nbsp;In many cases, rather than trying to replace a gene, it may be</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">more effective and simpler to replace a defective gene's protein product.</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">Alternatively, it may be possible to administer a small molecule that would</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">interact with the protein to change its behavior.&nbsp;This is the strategy</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">behind a drug in development for chronic myelogenous leukemia, which</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">targets the genetic flaw causing the disease.&nbsp;It attaches to the abnormal</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">protein caused by the genetic flaw and blocks its activity. In preliminary</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">tests, blood counts returned to normal in all patients treated with the</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">drug.</span></pre> <pre> &nbsp;</pre> <pre> &nbsp;</pre> <pre> &nbsp;</pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">TODAY'S ANNOUNCEMENT REPRESENTS THE STARTING POINT FOR A NEW ERA OF GENETIC</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">MEDICINE.&nbsp;The sequence represents only the first step in the full decoding</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">of the genome, because most of the individual genes and their specific</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">functions must still be deciphered and understood.&nbsp;This research has</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">begun, and already, tens of thousands of genes have been identified,</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">including some related to deafness, kidney disease, breast cancer,</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">hereditary skeletal disorders, hemorrhagic stroke and diabetes, thus</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">advancing the work of researchers worldwide at a rate that would have</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">impossible without these data. The Human Genome Project, which completed</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">its version of the working draft two years ahead of schedule and under</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">budget, will continue its longstanding practice of making all of its</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">sequencing data available to public and privately funded researchers</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">worldwide at no cost.&nbsp;Celera Genomics, which makes its sequencing data</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">available by subscription, will also make its version of the consensus</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">human genome sequence available to non-subscribers upon publication.</span></pre> <pre> &nbsp;</pre> <pre> &nbsp;</pre> <pre> &nbsp;</pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">PRESIDENT CLINTON PLEDGES STRONG SUPPORT FOR GENETIC RESEARCH BY BOTH THE</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTORS.&nbsp;President Clinton reiterated the commitment of</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">the United States to robust Federal support for basic scientific research</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">facilitating medical application of the science. President Clinton also</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">stated his support for a strong structure to review the medical, ethical</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">and other issues presented by the expected new power of genetic medicine,</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">building on the multi-million dollar investment the Human Genome Project</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">already makes in research on the social, ethical and legal implications of</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">this work. He recognized that research and development by biotechnology</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">companies will be key to the translation of human genome sequence data into</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">useful, new healthcare products and pledged to strengthen a business</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">environment that will spur research and development in this vital sector.</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">The President also reaffirmed his support for patenting genetic discoveries</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">that have substantial and credible uses. By protecting and rewarding</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">investment in research, consistent with current law, this policy of</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">intellectual property protection will promote rapid conversion of basic</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">knowledge into useful applications, while at the same time allowing a</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">maximum free flow of basic scientific information.</span></pre> <pre> &nbsp;</pre> <pre> &nbsp;</pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">TODAY'S ANNOUNCEMENT BUILDS ON THE CLINTON-GORE ADMINISTRATION'S STRONG</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">COMMITMENT TO PROTECTING PRIVATE GENETIC INFORMATION.&nbsp;Since 1997, the</span></pre> <pre> &nbsp;</pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">President and Vice President have called for legislation that will</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">guarantee that Americans who are self-employed or otherwise buy health</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">insurance themselves will not lose or be denied that health insurance</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">because of their genetic makeup.&nbsp;Last winter, President Clinton signed an</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">executive order that prohibits every civilian Federal Department and agency</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">from using genetic information in any hiring or promotion action. This</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">historic action prevented critical information from genetic tests used to</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">help predict, prevent, and treat diseases, from being used against Federal</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">employees.&nbsp;In addition, President Clinton has endorsed the Genetic</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">Nondiscrimination in Health Insurance and Employment Act of 1999,</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">introduced by Senator Daschle and Congresswoman Slaughter, that will extend</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">these employment protections to the private sector and finish the job of</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">helping to extend protections to individuals purchasing health insurance,</span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: 11pt">begun with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act.</span></pre> <pre> &nbsp;</pre> <div><strong><span style="font-size: 9pt">Document Use and Credits</span></strong><span style="font-size: 9pt"><br /> Publications and webpages on this site were created by the U.S. Department of Energy Genome Program's <a href="http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/mission.shtml"><font color="#0000ff">Biological and Environmental Research Information System (BERIS)</font></a>. Permission to use these documents is not needed, but please credit the U.S. Department of Energy Genome Programs and provide the website http://genomics.energy.gov. All other materials were provided by third parties and not created by the U.S. Department of Energy. You must contact the person listed in the citation before using those documents.</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> 4d4d7ec2fc31a5bd8b63358c7a808ab1958b3974 3285 3284 2010-11-14T12:21:55Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>PRESIDENT CLINTON ANNOUNCES THE COMPLETION OF THE FIRST SURVEY OF THE ENTIRE HUMAN GENOME Hails Public and Private Efforts Leading to This Historic Achievement <br /> <br /> THE WHITE HOUSE<br /> <br /> Office of the Press Secretary<br /> <br /> ___________________________________________________________________________<br /> For Immediate Release June 25, 2000<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> PRESIDENT CLINTON ANNOUNCES THE COMPLETION OF THE FIRST<br /> SURVEY OF THE ENTIRE HUMAN GENOME<br /> Hails Public and Private Efforts Leading to This Historic Achievement<br /> June 26, 2000<br /> <br /> <br /> Today, at a historic White House event with British Prime Minister Tony<br /> Blair, President Clinton announced that the international Human Genome<br /> Project and Celera Genomics Corporation have both completed an initial<br /> sequencing of the human genome -- the genetic blueprint for human beings.<br /> He congratulated the scientists working in both the public and private<br /> sectors on this landmark achievement, which promises to lead to a new era<br /> of molecular medicine, an era that will bring new ways to prevent,<br /> diagnose, treat and cure disease. The President pledged to continue and<br /> accelerate the United States' commitment to helping translate this<br /> blueprint into novel healthcare strategies and therapies. He will<br /> underscore that this genetic information must never be used to stigmatize<br /> or discriminate against any individual or group. Our scientific advances<br /> must always incorporate our most cherished values, and the privacy of this<br /> new information must be protected.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> DECODING THE HUMAN GENOME WILL LEAD TO NEW WAYS TO PREVENT, DIAGNOSE,<br /> TREAT, AND CURE DISEASE. Alterations in our genes are responsible for an<br /> estimated 5000 clearly hereditary diseases, such as Huntington's disease,<br /> cystic fibrosis, and sickle cell anemia, and influence the development of<br /> thousands of other diseases. Before the advent of the Human Genome<br /> Project, a joint project of HHS, DOE, and international partners in the<br /> United Kingdom, France, Germany, Japan, China, connecting a gene with a<br /> disease was a slow, arduous, painstaking, and frequently imprecise process.<br /> Today, genes are discovered and described within days. For example, in<br /> 1989, scientists found the gene for cystic fibrosis after a 9-year search;<br /> eight years later, largely because of the coordinated efforts of the Human<br /> Genome Project, a gene for Parkinson's disease was mapped in only 9 days.<br /> Now, scientists will be able to use the working draft of the human genome<br /> <br /> to:<br /> <br /> <br /> * Alert patients that they are at risk for certain diseases. Once<br /> scientists discover which DNA sequence changes in a gene can cause disease,<br /> healthy people can be tested to see whether they risk developing conditions<br /> <br /> such as diabetes or prostate cancer later in life. In many cases, this<br /> advance warning can be a cue to start a vigilant screening program, to take<br /> preventive medicines, or to make diet or lifestyle changes that may prevent<br /> the disease.<br /> <br /> <br /> * Reliably predict the course of disease. Diagnosing ailments more<br /> precisely will lead to more reliable predictions about the course of a<br /> disease. For example, a genetic fingerprint will allow doctors treating<br /> prostate cancer to predict how aggressive a tumor will be. New genetic<br /> information will help patients and doctors weigh the risks and benefits of<br /> different treatments.<br /> <br /> <br /> * Precisely diagnose disease and ensure the most effective treatment is<br /> used. Genetic analysis allows us to classify diseases, such as colon<br /> cancer and skin cancer, into more defined categories. These improved<br /> classifications will eventually allow scientists to tailor drugs for<br /> patients whose individual response can be predicted by genetic<br /> fingerprinting. For example, cancer patients facing chemotherapy could<br /> receive a genetic fingerprint of their tumor that would predict which<br /> chemotherapy choices are most likely to be effective, leading to fewer side<br /> effects from the treatment and improved prognoses.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> * Developing new treatments at the molecular level. Drug design guided by<br /> an understanding of how genes work and knowledge of exactly what happens at<br /> the molecular level to cause disease, will lead to more effective<br /> therapies. In many cases, rather than trying to replace a gene, it may be<br /> more effective and simpler to replace a defective gene's protein product.<br /> Alternatively, it may be possible to administer a small molecule that would<br /> interact with the protein to change its behavior. This is the strategy<br /> behind a drug in development for chronic myelogenous leukemia, which<br /> targets the genetic flaw causing the disease. It attaches to the abnormal<br /> protein caused by the genetic flaw and blocks its activity. In preliminary<br /> tests, blood counts returned to normal in all patients treated with the<br /> drug.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> TODAY'S ANNOUNCEMENT REPRESENTS THE STARTING POINT FOR A NEW ERA OF GENETIC<br /> MEDICINE. The sequence represents only the first step in the full decoding<br /> of the genome, because most of the individual genes and their specific<br /> functions must still be deciphered and understood. This research has<br /> begun, and already, tens of thousands of genes have been identified,<br /> including some related to deafness, kidney disease, breast cancer,<br /> hereditary skeletal disorders, hemorrhagic stroke and diabetes, thus<br /> advancing the work of researchers worldwide at a rate that would have<br /> impossible without these data. The Human Genome Project, which completed<br /> its version of the working draft two years ahead of schedule and under<br /> budget, will continue its longstanding practice of making all of its<br /> sequencing data available to public and privately funded researchers<br /> worldwide at no cost. Celera Genomics, which makes its sequencing data<br /> available by subscription, will also make its version of the consensus<br /> human genome sequence available to non-subscribers upon publication.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> PRESIDENT CLINTON PLEDGES STRONG SUPPORT FOR GENETIC RESEARCH BY BOTH THE<br /> PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTORS. President Clinton reiterated the commitment of<br /> the United States to robust Federal support for basic scientific research<br /> facilitating medical application of the science. President Clinton also<br /> stated his support for a strong structure to review the medical, ethical<br /> and other issues presented by the expected new power of genetic medicine,<br /> building on the multi-million dollar investment the Human Genome Project<br /> already makes in research on the social, ethical and legal implications of<br /> this work. He recognized that research and development by biotechnology<br /> companies will be key to the translation of human genome sequence data into<br /> useful, new healthcare products and pledged to strengthen a business<br /> environment that will spur research and development in this vital sector.<br /> The President also reaffirmed his support for patenting genetic discoveries<br /> that have substantial and credible uses. By protecting and rewarding<br /> investment in research, consistent with current law, this policy of<br /> intellectual property protection will promote rapid conversion of basic<br /> knowledge into useful applications, while at the same time allowing a<br /> maximum free flow of basic scientific information.<br /> <br /> <br /> TODAY'S ANNOUNCEMENT BUILDS ON THE CLINTON-GORE ADMINISTRATION'S STRONG<br /> COMMITMENT TO PROTECTING PRIVATE GENETIC INFORMATION. Since 1997, the<br /> <br /> President and Vice President have called for legislation that will<br /> guarantee that Americans who are self-employed or otherwise buy health<br /> insurance themselves will not lose or be denied that health insurance<br /> because of their genetic makeup. Last winter, President Clinton signed an<br /> executive order that prohibits every civilian Federal Department and agency<br /> from using genetic information in any hiring or promotion action. This<br /> historic action prevented critical information from genetic tests used to<br /> help predict, prevent, and treat diseases, from being used against Federal<br /> employees. In addition, President Clinton has endorsed the Genetic<br /> Nondiscrimination in Health Insurance and Employment Act of 1999,<br /> introduced by Senator Daschle and Congresswoman Slaughter, that will extend<br /> these employment protections to the private sector and finish the job of<br /> helping to extend protections to individuals purchasing health insurance,<br /> begun with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act.<br /> <br /> <b>Document Use and Credits<br /> </b>Publications and webpages on this site were created by the U.S. Department of Energy Genome Program's Biological and Environmental Research Information System (BERIS). Permission to use these documents is not needed, but please credit the U.S. Department of Energy Genome Programs and provide the website http://genomics.energy.gov. All other materials were provided by third parties and not created by the U.S. Department of Energy. You must contact the person listed in the citation before using those documents.<br /> &nbsp;</p> <p><a href="http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/project/clinton1.shtml">http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/project/clinton1.shtml</a></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 40adf79dab653c442500ce98f565ee17a158d245 0 1888 3286 3093 2010-11-14T12:25:07Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font size="4">[[Genetic Testing and Indigenous Populations]]<br /> <br /> [[Looking for&nbsp;optimal&nbsp;partners through marital Genetic Screening]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> [[Designer Babies: Ethical Considerations]]<br /> <br /> [[Genetic Engineering Organisms and Transgenics]]<br /> <br /> [[Human Cloning]]</font>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <font size="4">[[Designing Insects]]</font></p> <p><font size="4">[[Open Gene Access]]</font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 45ad9417365b1d209c2f3a6eb3f4ab33996dd3b9 0 1954 3287 2010-11-14T12:25:41Z WikiSysop 1 Created page with "<p><a href="http://www.grg.org/ClintonBlair.htm">http://www.grg.org/ClintonBlair.htm</a></p> <p><span style="font-size: large"><strong><font color="#0000ff">U.S. and Britain Urge..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p><a href="http://www.grg.org/ClintonBlair.htm">http://www.grg.org/ClintonBlair.htm</a></p> <p><span style="font-size: large"><strong><font color="#0000ff">U.S. and Britain Urge Open Gene Access</font></strong><br /> </span><span style="font-size: small">7:32 PM EST; March 14, 2000; Washington, D.C</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> d9b2a758651f7770b7f7a0cad15b9cc3d252a6db 0 1509 3288 3083 2010-11-16T15:25:39Z Linguamatics 113 wikitext text/x-wiki <table border="1" cellspacing="0" summary="" cellpadding="0" width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000" size="3">[http://bioinformatics.ws Bioinformatics] Companies</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><font color="#000000"><br /> <strong>[[Big Bioinformatics Companies]]</strong><br /> <br /> [[3rd Millennium]]</font> : Waltham, MA 02451. USA: provider of custom informatics systems, management consulting services, and packaged software products for the life sciences. <br /> <font color="#000000">[[Aber Genomic Computing]]: Aberystwyth, UK</font><br /> [[Acero]]<br /> <font color="#000000">[[AgileBio]]: NY, USA. and Paris France</font><br /> <a href="http://www.allometra.com/">Allometra</a>: [[Allometra]] [[PyMood]]<br /> <a href="http://www.amartus.com/">Amartus</a>: Enterprise Software Solutions<br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.anedabio.com/">Aneda</a></font> : Gond down?<br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.apocom.com/">ApoCom Genomics</a></font> : [[ApoCom Genomics]]<br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.arraygenetics.com/about_array_genetics.html">Array Genetics</a></font> : [[Array Genetics]] DNA microarray data analysis tools.<br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.artificial-life.com/">Artificial Life</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://avesthagen.com/">Avesthagen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://base4.com/">Base4</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.bioalma.com/">Bioalma</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biodata.com/company">BioData</a></font> : BioData Inc. develops and markets state of the art <a target="new" href="http://www.biodata.com/">laboratory management</a> tools designed especially for researchers in the academic and industrial markets.<br /> <font color="#000000">[[BioDiscovery.com]]</font> : BioDiscovery develops and sells&nbsp;software and services&nbsp;for drug discovery and diagnostics by efficiently managing, integrating, and analyzing data generated using high-throughput microarray technology<br /> <font color="#000000">[http://www.japanorama.com/dd/index.html Darwin Domains] from Japanorama.com<br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.bioinformaticsservices.com/">Bioinformatics Services</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.bioinformaticssolutions.com/">Bioinformatics Solutions</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biodata.com/">BioKM</a></font>: BioKM was designed to meet the everyday needs of researchers. It is an online laboratory management tool from <a target="new" href="http://www.biodata.com/company">BioData</a>. Manage your research progress, samples, and experimental results. <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biolateral.com.au/">BioLateral</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biomax.de/">BioMax Informatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biomedcomp.com/">Biomedical Computing</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.bmi-heidelberg.com/">Biomedical Informatics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://biomind.com/">BioMind</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biosoft.com/">BioSoft</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biosolve.de/">BioSolve</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biotiquesystems.com/">Biotique Systems</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biotools.com/">BioTools</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biowisdom.com/">BioWisdom</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://caesarsoftware.com/">Caesar Software</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.changbioscience.com/">Chang Bioscience</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.chemcomp.com/">Chemical Computing Group</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.cimsoft.com/">Cimarron Software</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.clcbio.com/">CLC Bio</a>: [[CLC Bio]]: Bioinformatics Workbench<br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://cognia.com/">Cognia</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://compassbioinfo.com/">Compass Bioinformatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.compassgenomics.com/">Compass Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.compudrug.com/">CompuDrug</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.cgen.com/">Compugen</a></font> :&nbsp;&nbsp;discovery and licensing of product candidates to the drug and diagnostic industry<br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.concurrentpharma.com/">Concurrent Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://dnr.cc/">Correla</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.correlogic.com/">Correlogic Systems</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://corimbia.com/">Corimbia</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.cresset-bmd.com/">Cresset BioMolecular Discovery</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.cybergene.se/">CyberGene</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.duii.com/">Data Unlimited</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.decodon.com/">Decodon</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.d-trends.com/">D'Trends</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.eidogen.com/">Eidogen</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.egenetics.com/">Electric Genetics</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.eragen.com/">Eragen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.fractalgenomics.com/">Fractal Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gemini-genomics.com/">Gemini Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000">[http://www.genecodes.com Gene Codes Corperation]: MI, USA. : Sequencher package.<br /> <a href="http://www.genedata.com/">GeneData</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gene-it.com/">Gene-IT</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.geneticxchange.com/Home.html">GeneticXchange</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.genetix.com/">Genetix</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genebio.com/">Geneva Bioinformatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genmatrix.com/">GenMatrix</a></font><br /> [http://www.genologics.com/ Genologics] Bioinformatics software company<br /> <a href="http://www.genolyze.com/">Genolyze </a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genomica.com/">Genomica</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomicdiscoverytools.com/">Genomic Discovery Tools</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://genomix.com/">Genomix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genops.com/indexnet.html">Genops Bioinformatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genstruct.com/">GenStruct</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.gentech.fr/English-site/Gentech/Home.html">GenTech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.geospiza.com/">Geospiza</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.helixinfosystems.com/">HelixInfoSystems</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.ibiomatics.com/">iBiomatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.idrtech.com/">IDRTech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.incellico.com/">Incellico</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.incogen.com/">INCOGEN</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.incyte.com/">InCyte</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://informagen.com/">Informagen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.inforsense.com/">InforSense</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.ingenovis.com/">Ingenovis</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.interactiva.de/">Interactiva</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.inpharmatica.com/main.html">Inpharmatica</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.insightful.com/default_class5.asp">Insightful Corporation</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.insilico-biotechnology.com/">Insilico Biotechnology</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.insilicolabs.com/">In Silico Labs</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.insilico.com/">Insilico Software</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.inveniobio.com/">InvenioBioSolutions</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.io-informatics.com/">IO Informatics</a><br /> <a href="http://www.iuvita.com/">IuVita</a><br /> <a href="http://janssen-genomics.com/">Janssen Genomics</a><br /> <a href="http://www.kennatechnologies.com/">Kenna Technologies</a><br /> <a href="http://www.kinematik.com/">KineMatik</a><br /> <font color="#000000">[http://www.labcollector.com/ Labcollector from AgileBio]<br /> <a target="new" href="../../C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/skpray/My%20Documents/My%20Webs/_private/www.lablogic.com">LabLogic</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.lionbioscience.com/">LION BioScience</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.ludesi.com/">Ludesi</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.mantik.de/">Mantik Bioinformatik</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.matrixscience.com/cgi/index.pl?page=../home.html">Matrix Science</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.mdli.com/cgi/dynamic/welcome.html">MDL Information Systems</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.metabolic-explorer.com/">METabolic EXplorer</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://metaworksinc.com/">MetaWorks</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.microdiscovery.de/">MicroDiscovery</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.miraibio.com/">MiraiBio</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.mag.com/">Molecular Application Group</a></font> <br /> <a href="https://www.molecularconnections.com/">Molecular Connections</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.mol-net.de/">Molecular Networks</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.molecularware.com/">MolecularWare</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://morpho-inc.com/">Morpho</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.mpi-softtech.com/">MPI Software Technology</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.neomorphic.com/">Neomorphic</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.netgenics.com/">NetGenics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.netid.com/index.html">Net-ID</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://nexusgenomics.com/"><font color="#000000">Nexus Genomics</font></a><br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.ocimumbio.com/"><font color="#000000">Ocimum Biosolutions</font></a>&nbsp;<br /> OITEK, Korea http://oitek.com<br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.omnigon.com/">Omnigon Technologies</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.eyesopen.com/">OpenEye</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.origenel.com/">OriGenel</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.packardbiochip.com/index2.htm">Packard BioChip Technologies</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.partek.com/">Partek</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.pharmadm.com/">PharmaDM</a></font>&nbsp;<br /> [http://www.physiomics-plc.com Physiomics-plc]: Oxford Science park, <a href="mailto:info@physiomics-plc.com">info@physiomics-plc.com</a>&nbsp;UK. [[Physiomics-PLC]]<br /> <a href="http://www.premierbiosoft.com/">Premier Biosoft</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://proinformatix.com/">Proinformatix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.proteinmechanics.com/">Protein Mechanics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.prosanos.com/">ProSanos</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.proteom.com/">Proteom</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.qgene.com/">QGene</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.q-pharm.com/home">Quantum Pharmaceuticals</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.rabbithutch.com/">RabbitHutch</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.receptorscience.com/">Receptor Science</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://redstormscientific.com/">Redstorm Scientific</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://rescentris.com/"><font color="#808080" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Rescentris</font></a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.rosettabio.com/home.html">Rosetta Biosoftware</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.science-factory.com/">Science Factory</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.scinovaindia.com/">Scinova</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.sgi.com/chembio/">Silicon Graphics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.silicoinsights.com/">Silico Insights</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.simulations-plus.com/">Simulations Plus</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.softberry.com/">SoftBerry</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.softgenetics.com/">SoftGenetics</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.spsoft.com/">Southwest Parallel Software</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.starbridgesystems.com/">StarBridge Systems</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.strandgenomics.com/">Strand Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.synamatix.com/"><font color="#000000">Synamatix</font></a><br /> <a href="http://sysarris.com/">SysArris</a><br /> <a href="http://teranode.com/">Teranode</a><br /> <a href="http://www.textco.com/">Textco</a><a href="http://www.textco.com/"> BioSoftware</a><br /> <a href="http://www.transgenic-software.com/">Transgenic Software</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.tripos.com/">Tripos</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.turbogenomics.com/">Turbo Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.ubi.ca/">United Bioinformatica</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.vglab.com/">Virtual Genetics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.visipoint.fi/">Visipoint</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.vizxlabs.com/">VizXlabs</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.wabansoftware.com/">Waban Software</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://webgenetics.com/">WebGenetics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.wireworkswest.com/">WireWorks West</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.x-mine.com/">X-MINE</a></font>&nbsp;<br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.xcelrislabs.com/">Xcelris Labs</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.xpogen.com/">Xpogen</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Sequence Database Providers</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.celera.com/home.asp">Celera Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.curagen.com/">CuraGen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genelogic.com/">GeneLogic</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.incyte.com/">IncyteGenomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.nuvelo.com/">Nuvelo</a> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Sequence Analysis Softwares</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.aborygen.com/">AbOrygen</a><br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.accelrys.com/">Accelrys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biowire.com/bw_jsp/j_welcome_top.jsp">Biowire.com</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.dnastar.com/">DNAStar</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.doubletwist.com/">DoubleTwist</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.egenetics.com/">Electric Genetics</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.bionavigator.com/">Entigen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genamics.com/">Genamics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genecodes.com/">GeneCodes</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.gentech.fr/English-site/Btx_pages/Biotechnix_3d_home.html">GenTech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.informaxinc.com/">InforMax</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.miraibio.com/">MiraiBio</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.mbinsights.com/">Molecular Biology Insights</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.premierbiosoft.com/">Premier Biosoft</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.redasoft.com/">Redasoft</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.scied.com/">Sci-Ed Software</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.textco.com/">Textco</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Transcription Factor Binding Prediction</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://www.genomicdiscoverytools.com/">Genomic Discovery Tools</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><br /> </font> <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Pharmaco &amp; Toxico Informatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.accelrys.com/">Accelrys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.camitro.com/">Camitro</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.goldenhelix.com/">Golden Helix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.leadscope.com/">LeadScope</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.chem.leeds.ac.uk/luk/">Lhasa</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mdli.com/">MDL Information Systems</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.multicase.com/">MultiCASE</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.scivision.com/">SciVision</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.simulations-plus.com/">Simulations Plus</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.tripos.com/">Tripos</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">ChemInformatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.aureus-pharma.com/">Aureus-Pharma</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.cambridgesoft.com/">CambridgeSoft</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://chemaxon.com/">ChemAxon</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://cheminnovation.com/">ChemInnovation Software</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.chemistry-software.com/">Chemistry-Software.com</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://chemsw.com/">ChemSW</a><br /> <a href="http://www.darpharma.com/">DarPharma</a><br /> <a href="http://www.daylight.com/">Daylight</a><br /> <a href="http://globalchemicaldata.com/">Global Chemical Data</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.hyper.com/">Hypercube</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.idbs.co.uk/index_a.asp?nav_version=flas">IDBS</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.jubilantbiosys.com/">Jubilant Biosys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.libraria.com/">Libraria</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.locusdiscovery.com/">Locus Discovery</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.mol-net.de/">Molecular Networks</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.molinspiration.com/">Molinspiration</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://optive.com/">Optive Research</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.predixpharm.com/">Predix</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://quorex.com/">Quorex</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.scitegic.com/main.html">SciTegic</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.sertanty.com/">Sertanty</a><br /> <a href="http://www.surfacelogix.com/">Surface Logix</a><br /> <a href="http://www.synthematix.com/">Synthematix</a><br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Clinical Informatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ardais.com/">Ardais</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.biobyte.com/">BioByte</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.chemnavigator.com/">ChemNavigator</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.goldenhelix.com/">Golden Helix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/">IBM Life Sciences</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.iuvita.com/">IuVita</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ppdinformatics.com/">PPD Informatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pharsight.com/">Pharsight</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.phaseforward.com/">Phase Forward</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.phase-it.de/">Phase-IT</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pluvita.com/">Pluvita</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.surromed.com/Technology.html">SurroMed</a> <br /> <br /> <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Toxico Informatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.druglogic.com/">DrugLogic</a><br /> [[Entelos]]</font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.genelogic.com/">GeneLogic</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.mergen-ltd.com/">Mergen</a><br /> &nbsp; <br /> <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Ontology Informatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.egenetics.com/">Electric Genetics</a></font><br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">MassSpec, 2D Gel &amp; Image Analysis Informatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.amershambiosciences.com/na/">Amersham Biosciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.axon.com/">Axon Instruments</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.balthazarbio.com/">BioBridge Computing</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.daltonics.bruker.com/">Bruker Daltonics</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.2dgels.com/">Compugen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.cytomation.com/">Cytomation</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.decodon.de/">Decodon</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.definiens.com/">Definiens</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genebio.com/">Geneva Bioinformatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomicsolutions.com/">Genomic Solutions</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.ludesi.com/">Ludesi</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.sciex.com/">MDS Sciex</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mediacy.com/">Media Cybernetics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.micromass.co.uk/default7.asp">MicroMass</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.nonlinear.com/">Nonlinear Dynamics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.proteometrics.com/">ProteoMetrics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.proteomeworkssystem.com/">ProteomeWorks System</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.scanalytics.com/">Scanalytics</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.scimagix.com/">Scimagix</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.thermoquest.com/">ThermoFinnigan</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.vialogy.com/">ViaLogy</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">3D Animation &amp; Visulization</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.aborygen.com/">AbOrygen</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="Data%20Mining%20&amp;%20Visualization%0Ahttp://www.animech.com/">Animech</a><br /> </font><a href="http://www.sidectech.com/">Sidec Technologies</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><br /> </font> <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Data Mining &amp; Visualization</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.affymetrix.com/">Affymetrix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.anvilinformatics.com/">AnVil Informatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.applied-maths.com/home.html">Applied Maths</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.ariadnegenomics.com/">Ariadne Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biodiscovery.com/">BioDiscovery</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biosift.com/">BioSift</a></font> &nbsp; &nbsp;<br /> <a href="http://biomining.com/">BioMining</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.contentsoft.de/">ContentSoft</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://silicocyte.com/">CytoGenomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.enodar.com/">Enodar</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.expressionanalysis.com/">Expression Analysis</a><br /> <a href="http://genome-explorations.com/">Genome-Explorations</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://imaging.brocku.ca/">Imaging Research</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.incellico.com/">Incellico</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://insightful.com/">Insightful</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.iobion.com/">Iobion Informatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://isenseit.com/">iSenseIt</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.megametrics.com/">MegaMetrics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.molmine.com/">MolMine</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.nag.com/">NAG</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://omniviz.com/">OmniViz</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.optimaldesign.com/">Optimal Design</a><br /> <font size="+0"><a target="new" href="http://www.predictivepatterns.com/"><font color="#000000">Predictive Patterns Software</font></a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.purpleinsight.com/home.html">Purple Insight</a><br /> <a href="http://www.sgi.com/">SGI</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.salford-systems.com/">Salford Systems</a> <br /> <a href="http://silicocyte.com/">SilicoCyte</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.sigenetics.com/">Silicon Genetics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.spotfire.com/">SpotFire</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.strandgenomics.com/">Strand Genomics</a><br /> </font><font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.visual-bioinformatics.com/">Visual Bioinformatics</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="middle" align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Protein Folding &amp; Structural Informatics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.accelrys.com/">Accelrys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.algonomics.com/">AlgoNomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.astex-technology.com/home.htm">Astex Technology</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.cengent.com/"><font color="#000000">Cengent Therapeutics</font></a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.emeraldbiostructures.com/">Emerald Biostructures</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.molsoft.com/">MolSoft</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.psf-ag.com/index.htm">PSF biotech</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://proceryon.com/">Proceryon</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.prospectgenomics.com/">Prospect Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.rib-x.com/">Rib-X</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.sireen.de/">Sireen</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.stromix.com/">Structural Genomix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.tripos.com/">Tripos</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Genetic &amp; Regulatory Networks</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.akceli.com/">Akceli</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.ariadnegenomics.com/">Ariadne Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://cellnomica.com/">Cellnomica</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.fractalgenomics.com/">Fractal Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.gene-networks.com/">Gene Networks</a><br /> <a href="http://www.genomatica.com/">Genomatica</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.pubgene.com/">PubGene</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.tomsawyer.com/industry/bioinformatics.html">Tom Sawyer Software</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.genego.com/">GeneGo</a> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Molecular Simulation &amp; Modelling</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://www.camitro.com/home.htm">Camitro</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.cellnomica.com/">Cellnomica</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.entelos.com/">Entelos</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gnsbiotech.com/">Gene Network Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.hippron.com/">Hippron Physiomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.paradigmgenetics.com/">Icoria</a></font><br /> <a href="http://immunetrics.com/">Immunetrics</a><br /> <a href="http://www.physiome.com/">Physiome</a> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Computer Aided Drug Design<br /> &amp; In Silico Screening<br /> </font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.4sc.de/">4SC</a><br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.accelrys.com/">Accelrys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.denovopharma.com/">De Novo Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://kemia.com/">Kemia</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.nanodesign.com/">Nanodesign</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.ribotargets.com/corporate/corporate_overview.html">RiboTargets</a> <br /> <a href="http://sunesis.com/">Sunesis</a> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Computing Resource Providers</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.avaki.com/">Avaki</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.argentys.com/">Argentys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biosentients.com/">Biosentients</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biodigm.com/">Biodigm</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioreason.com/">Bioreason</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.computefarm.com/">Blackstone Computing</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.criticalsoftware.com/hpc/">Critical Software</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.darwindomains.com/">Darwin Domains</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.esolvbin.com/">E-bin Solutions</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.geneticxchange.com/">GeneticXchange</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.graphlogic.com/">GraphLogic</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www-1.ibm.com/servers/hpc/">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.labvantage.com/">LabVantage</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.linuxlabs.com/">Linux Labs</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.linuxnetworx.com/">Linux Networx</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.msa.com/medical/">Medical Science Associates</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.nextgen.com/">NextGen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.parabon.com/">Parabon</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.paracel.com/">Paracel</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.platform.com/">Platform Computing</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.racksaver.com/">RackSaver</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.rlx.com/">RLX Technologies</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.secant.com/">Secant Technologies</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.sgi.com/">SGI</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.sun.com/">Sun Microsystems</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.timelogic.com/bioinform1.html">TimeLogic</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.turbogenomics.com/">TurboGenomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.viaken.com/">Viaken</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.visualgenomics.com/">Visual Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.wsm.com/">Western Scientific</a> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Information Providers</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ameripath.com/">AmeriPath</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.embase.com/">EMBASE</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genesage.com/">GeneSage</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomichealth.com/home.html">Genomic Health</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pharmawatch.com/">Pharma Watch Communications</a></font> <br /> <br /> <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Laboratory Information Management System</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://www.ais-lims.com/">Analystical Information Systems</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biodata.com/">BioKM</a></font>: BioKM was designed to meet the everyday needs of researchers. It is an online laboratory management tool from <a target="new" href="http://www.biodata.com/company">BioData</a>. Manage your research progress, samples, and experimental results. <br /> <a href="http://blazesystems.com/">Blaze Systems</a><br /> <a href="http://www.genologics.com/">GenoLogics</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://gensys.com/">GenSys</a><br /> <a href="http://www.id-bs.com/">IDBS</a><br /> <a href="http://www.innaphase.com/">InnaPhase</a></font><br /> <a href="http://lablynx.com/">Lablynx</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.labtronics.com/">Labtronics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://labvantage.com/">LabVantage</a><br /> <a href="http://www.labware.com/">LabWare</a><br /> <a href="http://www.neolytica.com/">Neolytica</a><br /> <a href="http://www.nugenesis.com/">NuGenesis Technologies</a><br /> <a href="http://www.lims-software.com/">QSI</a><a target="new" href="http://www.sibio.net/"><br /> Sibio <br /> </a><font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.scisw.com/">Scientific Software</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://scinomix.com/">Scinomix</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://starlims.com/">StarLIMS</a><br /> <a href="http://telecation.com/">Telecation</a><br /> <a href="http://www.thermo.com/">Thermo Electron Corporation</a><br /> &nbsp;<br /> <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Text Mining &amp; Litrature Search</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.ariadnegenomics.com/">Ariadne Genomics</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biowisdom.com/">BioWisdom</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.clearforest.com/">ClearForest</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.facultyof1000.com/start.asp">Faculty of 1000</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomewatch.biz/">GenomeWatch</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ingenuity.com/">Ingenuity</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.inpharmix.com/">InPharmix</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.linguamatics.com">Linguamatics Text Mining Software</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pathinfo.com/">Pathology Informatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.proteome.com/">Proteome</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.reeltwo.com/">Reel Two</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.spss.com/applications/science/">SPSS</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.temis-group.com/">TEMIS Group</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.vglab.com/">Virtual Genetics</a></font> <br /> <br /> &nbsp;</p> <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Semantic Integration</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.landcglobal.com/">Language and Computing</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.synquiry.com/">Synquiry</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Business Intelligence &amp; Consulting</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://world.std.com/%7Eafs/">AFS Informatics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://members.aol.com/alsobrookj/bioconsult.htm">Alsobrook Biotechnology Consulting</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biobridge.com/">BioBridge</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioscorpio.com/">Bioscorpio</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioseeker.com/">BioSeeker Group</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioteam.net/">BioTeam.net</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://main.biozak.com/">BioZak</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.btechnews.com/">Btech Investor</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.caddinformatics.com/">CADDinformatics Consulting</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.calyxbio.com/">Calyx</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.carecapital.com/">Care Capital</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.chemicalsimulations.com/">Chemical Simulations Group</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.dresources.com/">Decision Resources</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.djkpartners.com/">DJK Partners</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.dianoetica.com/">Dianoetica</a><br /> <a href="http://www.elashoffconsulting.com/">Elashoff Consulting</a><br /> <a href="http://evobio.info/">Evolutionary Bioinformatics</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.fkpi.com/altindex.html">Feinstein Kean Healthcare</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.frontlinesmc.com/">Front Line Strategic Consulting</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.healthtechnetwork.com/index.htm">Health Technology Networks</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www-3.ibm.com/solutions/lifesciences/">IBM Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://insightful.com/">Insightful</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.pharmabiotech.ch/">Jain PharmaBiotech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.krugconsulting.com/">Krug Consulting Group<br /> </a><a href="http://www.milser.co.in/">Milser</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.mogene.com/">MOgene</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.nigeons.com/eng/index.html">Nigeons</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.pointpurchasing.com/">Point Purchasing</a><br /> <a href="http://www.proteomeconsult.com/">Proteome Consult</a><a href="http://www.rresults.com/"><br /> </a><font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.rresults.com/">Research Results</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://rxlogix.com/">RxLogix</a><br /> <a href="http://www.sellscience.com/">SellScience</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioinformaticist.biz/">Tahoe Informatics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.transadvancis.com/">TransADVANcis</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.windhover.com/">Windhover<br /> <br /> </a></font> <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Technology Investing</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biobridge.com/">Clairus Technology</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.genechem.com/html/brief.html">GeneChem</a><br /> <br /> <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Product Comparison &amp; Reviews</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://biocompare.com/index.asp">BioCompare</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.biowire.com/">Biowire.com</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.selectscience.net/">SelectScience.net</a> <br /> <br /> <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Laboratory Products Vendors&nbsp;</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.abcam.com/">Abcam-antibodies</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.atcc.org/">ATCC</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.atcg.com/">ATCG</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.antibodyresource.com/">Antibody Resource</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://store.bio.com/os/start/store1/store.html">Bio.com (softwares)</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biosupplynet.com/">BioSupplyNet</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.chemconnect.com/">ChemConnect</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.chemdex.com/">Chemdex</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.iscpubs.com/bg/us/usidir.html">Lab Crawler</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.mdyn.com/">Molecular Dynamics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://antibodies-probes.com/">MSRS antibodies</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.oligoengine.com/">OligoEngine</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.pharmagene.com/home.htm">PharmaGene</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.sciquest.com/">SciQuest</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" background="fancygreen.gif" cols="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Used or Pre-Owned Laboratory Equipments</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bestlabdeals.com/">Best Lab Deals</a><br /> <a target="new" href="http://www.biobid.com/">BioBid</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.biosurplus.com/">BioSurplus</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.labdollars.com/">Lab Dollars</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.labjunk.com/HOME.cfm">Labjunk.com</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.labequip.com/">Lab Equip</a><br /> <a href="http://labtrader.com/">Lab Trader</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.labx.com/">LabX</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.labextreme.com/">Lab eXtreme</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.liscientific.com/">Long Island Scientific</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.pegasusscientific.com/">Pegasus Scientific</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://scical.com/">Scientific Calibrations</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.seeinc.com/">Scientific Equipment Exchange</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a target="new" href="http://www.triadsci.com/">Triad Scientific</a></font> </font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> e70df34e30b6c46c1631b5d5b1be8083eba3d112 0 1965 3303 2010-12-02T04:26:11Z WikiSysop 1 Created page with "<p>Transcriptome</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>[[Transcriptome service company]]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p>" wikitext text/x-wiki <p>Transcriptome</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>[[Transcriptome service company]]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> d6f93499f30b19cad4fcc5895c2f272e0917bc24 0 1966 3304 2010-12-02T04:26:25Z WikiSysop 1 Created page with "<p><a href="http://www.lcsciences.com/index.html">http://www.lcsciences.com/index.html</a></p>" wikitext text/x-wiki <p><a href="http://www.lcsciences.com/index.html">http://www.lcsciences.com/index.html</a></p> 03d37b468b9194b92dc91a1f439874b20b9f1177 0 1967 3307 2010-12-03T04:43:47Z WikiSysop 1 Created page with "<p><a href="http://genome10k.org/">http://genome10k.org/</a></p>" wikitext text/x-wiki <p><a href="http://genome10k.org/">http://genome10k.org/</a></p> abf1203c07b703a736605f312258ab7403183829 6 1974 3316 2010-12-06T19:49:52Z Usirojihu 116 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 0 1625 3317 2111 2010-12-06T23:50:42Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <table border="1" cellspacing="1" summary="" cellpadding="1" width="100%"> <tbody> <tr> <td>[[Bioinformatics]]</td> <td>[[Sequencing]]</td> <td>[[Omics]]</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[BioPipelines]]</td> <td>[[GRID technology]]</td> <td>[[BioEngine]]</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[Biomatics]]</td> <td>[[SNP chip]]</td> <td>[[BioComputing]]</td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>[[CEGMA]]: <a href="http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/content/23/9/1061.full">http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/content/23/9/1061.full</a></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> bd4a64cc70aca0cd33881ce0e5d870e7d117d6bb 6 1975 3319 2010-12-07T17:21:15Z Usirojihu 116 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 0 1976 3323 2010-12-13T23:01:45Z WikiSysop 1 Created page with "<h4>DNA, Genes and Genomes</h4> <p><strong>Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the chemical compound</strong> that contains the instructions needed to develop and direct the activitie..." wikitext text/x-wiki <h4>DNA, Genes and Genomes</h4> <p><strong>Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the chemical compound</strong> that contains the instructions needed to develop and direct the activities of nearly all living organisms. DNA molecules are made of two twisting, paired strands, often referred to as a double helix.</p> <p>Each DNA strand is made of four chemical units, called nucleotide bases, which comprise the genetic &quot;alphabet.&quot; The bases are adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C). Bases on opposite strands pair specifically: an A always pairs with a T; a C always pairs with a G. The order of the As, Ts, Cs, and Gs determines the meaning of the information encoded in that part of the DNA molecule just as the order of letters determines the meaning of a word.</p> <p>An organism's complete set of DNA is called its genome. Virtually every single cell in the body contains a complete copy of the approximately 3 billion DNA base pairs, or letters, that make up the human genome.</p> <p>With its four-letter language, DNA contains the information needed to build the entire human body. A gene traditionally refers to the unit of DNA that carries the instructions for making a specific protein or set of proteins. Each of the estimated 20,000 to 25,000 genes in the human genome codes for an average of three proteins.</p> <p>Located on 23 pairs of chromosomes packed into the nucleus of a human cell, genes direct the production of proteins with the assistance of enzymes and messenger molecules. Specifically, an enzyme copies the information in a gene's DNA into a molecule called messenger ribonucleic acid RNA (mRNA). The mRNA travels out of the nucleus and into the cell's cytoplasm, where the mRNA is read by a tiny molecular machine called a ribosome, and the information is used to link together small molecules called amino acids in the right order to form a specific protein.</p> <p>Proteins make up body structures like organs and tissue, as well as control chemical reactions and carry signals between cells. If a cell's DNA is mutated, an abnormal protein may be produced, which can disrupt the body's usual processes and lead to a disease, such as cancer.</p> <h4>DNA Sequencing</h4> <p>Sequencing simply means determining the exact order of the bases in a strand of DNA. Because bases exist as pairs, and the identity of one of the bases in the pair determines the other member of the pair, researchers do not have to report both bases of the pair.</p> <p>In the most common type of sequencing used today, called the chain termination method, a DNA strand is treated with a variety of nucleotides, a set of enzymes, and a specific primer to generate a collection of smaller DNA fragments. Four fluorescent tags, each specific for a given base, is part of the mixture. Each of the fragments differs in length by one base and is marked with a fluorescent tag that identifies the last base of the fragment. The fragments are then separated according to size and passed by a detector that reads the fluorescent tag. Then, a computer reconstructs the entire sequence of the long DNA strand by identifying the base at each position from the size of each fragment and the particular fluorescent signal at its end.</p> <p>At present, this technology only can determine the order of up to 800 base pairs of DNA at a time. So, to assemble the sequence of all the bases in a large piece of DNA, such as a gene, researchers need to read the sequence of overlapping segments. This allows the longer sequence to be assembled from shorter pieces, somewhat like putting together a linear jigsaw puzzle. In this process, each base has to be read not just once, but at least several times in the overlapping segments to ensure accuracy.</p> <p>Researchers can use DNA sequencing to search for genetic variations and/or mutations that may play a role in the development or progression of a disease. The disease-causing change may be as small as the substitution, deletion, or addition of a single base pair or as large as a deletion of thousands of bases.</p> <h4>The Human Genome Project</h4> <p>The Human Genome Project, which was led at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) by the National Human Genome Research Institute, produced a very high-quality version of the human genome sequence that is freely available in public databases. That international project was successfully completed in April 2003, under budget and more than two years ahead of schedule.</p> <p>The sequence is not that of one person, but is a composite derived from several individuals. Therefore, it is a &quot;representative&quot; or generic sequence. To ensure anonymity of the DNA donors, more blood samples (nearly 100) were collected from volunteers than were used, and no names were attached to the samples that were analyzed. Thus, not even the donors knew whether their samples were actually used.</p> <p>The Human Genome Project was designed to generate a resource that could be used for a broad range of biomedical studies. One such use is to look for the genetic variations that increase risk of specific diseases, such as cancer, or to look for the type of genetic mutations frequently seen in cancerous cells. More research can then be done to fully understand how the genome functions and to discover the genetic basis for health and disease.</p> <p>The International HapMap Project, in which NIH also played a leading role, represents a major step in that direction. In October 2005, the project published a comprehensive map of human genetic variation that is already speeding the search for genes involved in common, complex diseases, such as heart disease, diabetes, blindness, and cancer.</p> <p>Another initiative that builds upon the tools and technologies created by the Human Genome Project is The Cancer Genome Atlas pilot project. This three-year pilot, which was launched in December 2005, will develop and test strategies for a comprehensive exploration of the universe of genetic factors involved in cancer.</p> <h4>Implications of Genomics for Medical Science (<a href="http://www.genome.gov/18016863">http://www.genome.gov/18016863</a>)</h4> <p>Virtually every human ailment, except perhaps trauma, has some basis in our genes. Until recently, doctors were able to take the study of genes, or genetics, into consideration only in cases of birth defects and a limited set of other diseases. These were conditions, such as sickle cell anemia, which have very simple, predictable inheritance patterns because each is caused by a change in a single gene.</p> <p>With the vast trove of data about human DNA generated by the Human Genome Project and the HapMap Project, scientists and clinicians have much more powerful tools to study the role that genetic factors play in much more complex diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease that constitute the majority of health problems in the United States. Genome-based research is already enabling medical researchers to develop more effective diagnostic tools, to better understand the health needs of people based on their individual genetic make-ups, and to design new treatments for disease. Thus, the role of genetics in health care is starting to change profoundly and the first examples of the era of personalized medicine are on the horizon.</p> <p>It is important to realize, however, that it often takes considerable time, effort, and funding to move discoveries from the scientific laboratory into the medical clinic. Most new drugs based on genome-based research are estimated to be at least 10 to 15 years away. According to biotechnology experts, it usually takes more than a decade for a company to conduct the kinds of clinical studies needed to receive approval from the Food and Drug Administration.</p> <p>Screening and diagnostic tests, however, are expected to arrive more quickly. Rapid progress is also anticipated in the emerging field of pharmacogenomics, which involves using information about a patient's genetic make-up to better tailor drug therapy to their individual needs.</p> <p>Clearly, genetics remains just one of several factors that contribute to people's risk of developing most common diseases. Diet, lifestyle, and environmental exposures also come into play for many conditions, including many types of cancer. Still, a deeper understanding of genetics will shed light on more than just hereditary risks by revealing the basic components of cells and, ultimately, explaining how all the various elements work together to affect the human body in both health and disease.</p> caadb91bb674873f67bbc7493dbec07231885ddc 3324 3323 2010-12-13T23:02:43Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <h4>DNA, Genes and Genomes <span style="font-size: small">(</span><a href="http://www.genome.gov/18016863"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.genome.gov/18016863</span></a><span style="font-size: small">)</span></h4> <p><strong>Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the chemical compound</strong> that contains the instructions needed to develop and direct the activities of nearly all living organisms. DNA molecules are made of two twisting, paired strands, often referred to as a double helix.</p> <p>Each DNA strand is made of four chemical units, called nucleotide bases, which comprise the genetic &quot;alphabet.&quot; The bases are adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C). Bases on opposite strands pair specifically: an A always pairs with a T; a C always pairs with a G. The order of the As, Ts, Cs, and Gs determines the meaning of the information encoded in that part of the DNA molecule just as the order of letters determines the meaning of a word.</p> <p>An organism's complete set of DNA is called its genome. Virtually every single cell in the body contains a complete copy of the approximately 3 billion DNA base pairs, or letters, that make up the human genome.</p> <p>With its four-letter language, DNA contains the information needed to build the entire human body. A gene traditionally refers to the unit of DNA that carries the instructions for making a specific protein or set of proteins. Each of the estimated 20,000 to 25,000 genes in the human genome codes for an average of three proteins.</p> <p>Located on 23 pairs of chromosomes packed into the nucleus of a human cell, genes direct the production of proteins with the assistance of enzymes and messenger molecules. Specifically, an enzyme copies the information in a gene's DNA into a molecule called messenger ribonucleic acid RNA (mRNA). The mRNA travels out of the nucleus and into the cell's cytoplasm, where the mRNA is read by a tiny molecular machine called a ribosome, and the information is used to link together small molecules called amino acids in the right order to form a specific protein.</p> <p>Proteins make up body structures like organs and tissue, as well as control chemical reactions and carry signals between cells. If a cell's DNA is mutated, an abnormal protein may be produced, which can disrupt the body's usual processes and lead to a disease, such as cancer.</p> <h4>DNA Sequencing</h4> <p>Sequencing simply means determining the exact order of the bases in a strand of DNA. Because bases exist as pairs, and the identity of one of the bases in the pair determines the other member of the pair, researchers do not have to report both bases of the pair.</p> <p>In the most common type of sequencing used today, called the chain termination method, a DNA strand is treated with a variety of nucleotides, a set of enzymes, and a specific primer to generate a collection of smaller DNA fragments. Four fluorescent tags, each specific for a given base, is part of the mixture. Each of the fragments differs in length by one base and is marked with a fluorescent tag that identifies the last base of the fragment. The fragments are then separated according to size and passed by a detector that reads the fluorescent tag. Then, a computer reconstructs the entire sequence of the long DNA strand by identifying the base at each position from the size of each fragment and the particular fluorescent signal at its end.</p> <p>At present, this technology only can determine the order of up to 800 base pairs of DNA at a time. So, to assemble the sequence of all the bases in a large piece of DNA, such as a gene, researchers need to read the sequence of overlapping segments. This allows the longer sequence to be assembled from shorter pieces, somewhat like putting together a linear jigsaw puzzle. In this process, each base has to be read not just once, but at least several times in the overlapping segments to ensure accuracy.</p> <p>Researchers can use DNA sequencing to search for genetic variations and/or mutations that may play a role in the development or progression of a disease. The disease-causing change may be as small as the substitution, deletion, or addition of a single base pair or as large as a deletion of thousands of bases.</p> <h4>The Human Genome Project</h4> <p>The Human Genome Project, which was led at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) by the National Human Genome Research Institute, produced a very high-quality version of the human genome sequence that is freely available in public databases. That international project was successfully completed in April 2003, under budget and more than two years ahead of schedule.</p> <p>The sequence is not that of one person, but is a composite derived from several individuals. Therefore, it is a &quot;representative&quot; or generic sequence. To ensure anonymity of the DNA donors, more blood samples (nearly 100) were collected from volunteers than were used, and no names were attached to the samples that were analyzed. Thus, not even the donors knew whether their samples were actually used.</p> <p>The Human Genome Project was designed to generate a resource that could be used for a broad range of biomedical studies. One such use is to look for the genetic variations that increase risk of specific diseases, such as cancer, or to look for the type of genetic mutations frequently seen in cancerous cells. More research can then be done to fully understand how the genome functions and to discover the genetic basis for health and disease.</p> <p>The International HapMap Project, in which NIH also played a leading role, represents a major step in that direction. In October 2005, the project published a comprehensive map of human genetic variation that is already speeding the search for genes involved in common, complex diseases, such as heart disease, diabetes, blindness, and cancer.</p> <p>Another initiative that builds upon the tools and technologies created by the Human Genome Project is The Cancer Genome Atlas pilot project. This three-year pilot, which was launched in December 2005, will develop and test strategies for a comprehensive exploration of the universe of genetic factors involved in cancer.</p> <h4>Implications of Genomics for Medical Science</h4> <h4>Virtually every human ailment, except perhaps trauma, has some basis in our genes. Until recently, doctors were able to take the study of genes, or genetics, into consideration only in cases of birth defects and a limited set of other diseases. These were conditions, such as sickle cell anemia, which have very simple, predictable inheritance patterns because each is caused by a change in a single gene.</h4> <p>With the vast trove of data about human DNA generated by the Human Genome Project and the HapMap Project, scientists and clinicians have much more powerful tools to study the role that genetic factors play in much more complex diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease that constitute the majority of health problems in the United States. Genome-based research is already enabling medical researchers to develop more effective diagnostic tools, to better understand the health needs of people based on their individual genetic make-ups, and to design new treatments for disease. Thus, the role of genetics in health care is starting to change profoundly and the first examples of the era of personalized medicine are on the horizon.</p> <p>It is important to realize, however, that it often takes considerable time, effort, and funding to move discoveries from the scientific laboratory into the medical clinic. Most new drugs based on genome-based research are estimated to be at least 10 to 15 years away. According to biotechnology experts, it usually takes more than a decade for a company to conduct the kinds of clinical studies needed to receive approval from the Food and Drug Administration.</p> <p>Screening and diagnostic tests, however, are expected to arrive more quickly. Rapid progress is also anticipated in the emerging field of pharmacogenomics, which involves using information about a patient's genetic make-up to better tailor drug therapy to their individual needs.</p> <p>Clearly, genetics remains just one of several factors that contribute to people's risk of developing most common diseases. Diet, lifestyle, and environmental exposures also come into play for many conditions, including many types of cancer. Still, a deeper understanding of genetics will shed light on more than just hereditary risks by revealing the basic components of cells and, ultimately, explaining how all the various elements work together to affect the human body in both health and disease.</p> faf26fbe043934fb3c623a5c3359ba8e9e2d79c8 3325 3324 2010-12-13T23:03:30Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><b><span style="font-size: medium">DNA, Genes and Genomes (http://www.genome.gov/18016863)</span></b></p> <p><b><span style="font-size: medium"><br /> </span></b><span style="font-size: small">Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the chemical compound that contains the instructions needed to develop and direct the activities of nearly all living organisms. DNA molecules are made of two twisting, paired strands, often referred to as a double helix.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">Each DNA strand is made of four chemical units, called nucleotide bases, which comprise the genetic &quot;alphabet.&quot; The bases are adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C). Bases on opposite strands pair specifically: an A always pairs with a T; a C always pairs with a G. The order of the As, Ts, Cs, and Gs determines the meaning of the information encoded in that part of the DNA molecule just as the order of letters determines the meaning of a word.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">An organism's complete set of DNA is called its genome. Virtually every single cell in the body contains a complete copy of the approximately 3 billion DNA base pairs, or letters, that make up the human genome.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">With its four-letter language, DNA contains the information needed to build the entire human body. A gene traditionally refers to the unit of DNA that carries the instructions for making a specific protein or set of proteins. Each of the estimated 20,000 to 25,000 genes in the human genome codes for an average of three proteins.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">Located on 23 pairs of chromosomes packed into the nucleus of a human cell, genes direct the production of proteins with the assistance of enzymes and messenger molecules. Specifically, an enzyme copies the information in a gene's DNA into a molecule called messenger ribonucleic acid RNA (mRNA). The mRNA travels out of the nucleus and into the cell's cytoplasm, where the mRNA is read by a tiny molecular machine called a ribosome, and the information is used to link together small molecules called amino acids in the right order to form a specific protein.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">Proteins make up body structures like organs and tissue, as well as control chemical reactions and carry signals between cells. If a cell's DNA is mutated, an abnormal protein may be produced, which can disrupt the body's usual processes and lead to a disease, such as cancer.</span></p> <p><b><span style="font-size: small">DNA Sequencing<br /> </span></b><span style="font-size: small">Sequencing simply means determining the exact order of the bases in a strand of DNA. Because bases exist as pairs, and the identity of one of the bases in the pair determines the other member of the pair, researchers do not have to report both bases of the pair.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">In the most common type of sequencing used today, called the chain termination method, a DNA strand is treated with a variety of nucleotides, a set of enzymes, and a specific primer to generate a collection of smaller DNA fragments. Four fluorescent tags, each specific for a given base, is part of the mixture. Each of the fragments differs in length by one base and is marked with a fluorescent tag that identifies the last base of the fragment. The fragments are then separated according to size and passed by a detector that reads the fluorescent tag. Then, a computer reconstructs the entire sequence of the long DNA strand by identifying the base at each position from the size of each fragment and the particular fluorescent signal at its end.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">At present, this technology only can determine the order of up to 800 base pairs of DNA at a time. So, to assemble the sequence of all the bases in a large piece of DNA, such as a gene, researchers need to read the sequence of overlapping segments. This allows the longer sequence to be assembled from shorter pieces, somewhat like putting together a linear jigsaw puzzle. In this process, each base has to be read not just once, but at least several times in the overlapping segments to ensure accuracy.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">Researchers can use DNA sequencing to search for genetic variations and/or mutations that may play a role in the development or progression of a disease. The disease-causing change may be as small as the substitution, deletion, or addition of a single base pair or as large as a deletion of thousands of bases.</span></p> <p><b><span style="font-size: small">The Human Genome Project<br /> </span></b><span style="font-size: small">The Human Genome Project, which was led at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) by the National Human Genome Research Institute, produced a very high-quality version of the human genome sequence that is freely available in public databases. That international project was successfully completed in April 2003, under budget and more than two years ahead of schedule.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">The sequence is not that of one person, but is a composite derived from several individuals. Therefore, it is a &quot;representative&quot; or generic sequence. To ensure anonymity of the DNA donors, more blood samples (nearly 100) were collected from volunteers than were used, and no names were attached to the samples that were analyzed. Thus, not even the donors knew whether their samples were actually used.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">The Human Genome Project was designed to generate a resource that could be used for a broad range of biomedical studies. One such use is to look for the genetic variations that increase risk of specific diseases, such as cancer, or to look for the type of genetic mutations frequently seen in cancerous cells. More research can then be done to fully understand how the genome functions and to discover the genetic basis for health and disease.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">The International HapMap Project, in which NIH also played a leading role, represents a major step in that direction. In October 2005, the project published a comprehensive map of human genetic variation that is already speeding the search for genes involved in common, complex diseases, such as heart disease, diabetes, blindness, and cancer.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">Another initiative that builds upon the tools and technologies created by the Human Genome Project is The Cancer Genome Atlas pilot project. This three-year pilot, which was launched in December 2005, will develop and test strategies for a comprehensive exploration of the universe of genetic factors involved in cancer.</span></p> <p><b><span style="font-size: small">Implications of Genomics for Medical Science<br /> </span></b><span style="font-size: small">Virtually every human ailment, except perhaps trauma, has some basis in our genes. Until recently, doctors were able to take the study of genes, or genetics, into consideration only in cases of birth defects and a limited set of other diseases. These were conditions, such as sickle cell anemia, which have very simple, predictable inheritance patterns because each is caused by a change in a single gene.<br /> With the vast trove of data about human DNA generated by the Human Genome Project and the HapMap Project, scientists and clinicians have much more powerful tools to study the role that genetic factors play in much more complex diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease that constitute the majority of health problems in the United States. Genome-based research is already enabling medical researchers to develop more effective diagnostic tools, to better understand the health needs of people based on their individual genetic make-ups, and to design new treatments for disease. Thus, the role of genetics in health care is starting to change profoundly and the first examples of the era of personalized medicine are on the horizon.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">It is important to realize, however, that it often takes considerable time, effort, and funding to move discoveries from the scientific laboratory into the medical clinic. Most new drugs based on genome-based research are estimated to be at least 10 to 15 years away. According to biotechnology experts, it usually takes more than a decade for a company to conduct the kinds of clinical studies needed to receive approval from the Food and Drug Administration.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">Screening and diagnostic tests, however, are expected to arrive more quickly. Rapid progress is also anticipated in the emerging field of pharmacogenomics, which involves using information about a patient's genetic make-up to better tailor drug therapy to their individual needs.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">Clearly, genetics remains just one of several factors that contribute to people's risk of developing most common diseases. Diet, lifestyle, and environmental exposures also come into play for many conditions, including many types of cancer. Still, a deeper understanding of genetics will shed light on more than just hereditary risks by revealing the basic components of cells and, ultimately, explaining how all the various elements work together to affect the human body in both health and disease.<br /> </span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> ec0c9e65588918efd7db50c475767e9ba0487a1c 0 1842 3326 2878 2010-12-15T11:27:12Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font size="5">Full Genome sequencing is not genomics.<br /> <br /> </font><font size="3">&nbsp;-- [[Sophia Smithe]]<br /> <br /> <br /> Genome sequencing is a small starting part of genomics.<br /> <br /> Genomics requires 200 years of biological technologies and knowledge. Understanding the whole genomes will perhaps take 50 years from now.</font><br /> &nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 98d3c13d2b2122e4fcb90088e9d039070bafa022 0 1856 3327 2953 2010-12-15T11:28:43Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: x-large"><strong><font size="5">Sophia Smithe</font></strong></span></p> <p>I am a philosopher.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>Born in April 1981.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>Interests: Covolution, Biodiversity, Computing Science, Physics, and Mathematics.</p> 63a68a7784fb06351e54c730de1be5f2dc460d0c 3328 3327 2010-12-15T11:28:50Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: x-large"><strong><font size="5">Sophia Smithe</font></strong></span></p> <p>I am a philosopher.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>Born in April 1981.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>Interests: Covolution, Biodiversity, Computing Science, Physics, and Mathematics.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> bc4380c1c9c5e230d4a430fcde3dd48eb9eb359f 0 1977 3330 2010-12-17T04:11:47Z J 2 Created page with "<p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size: large">External links</span></p> <p>[http://genomehistory.org GenomeHistory.org]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p>" wikitext text/x-wiki <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size: large">External links</span></p> <p>[http://genomehistory.org GenomeHistory.org]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 7da4d56019c1efed0ae291eaa082bb37caa6e704 6 1978 3335 2010-12-18T10:37:44Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 6 1979 3338 2010-12-18T10:39:12Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 0 1980 3344 2010-12-18T10:56:29Z WikiSysop 1 Created page with "<p><span style="color: #000000">A <b>reference genome</b> (also known as a <b>reference assembly</b>) is a digital nucleic acid sequence database, assembled by scientists as a re..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="color: #000000">A <b>reference genome</b> (also known as a <b>reference assembly</b>) is a digital nucleic acid sequence database, assembled by scientists as a representative example of a species' genetic code. As they are often assembled from the sequencing of DNA from a number of donors, reference genomes do not accurately represent the genetic code of any single individual. Instead a reference provides a haploid mosaic of different DNA sequences from each donor. For example <i>GRCh37</i>, the Genome Reference Consortium human genome (build 37) is derived from thirteen anonymous volunteers from Buffalo, New York.<sup id="cite_ref-Editorial_0-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[1]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT_1-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[2]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><font size="2">[3]</font></sup> The ABO blood group system differs among humans, but the human reference genome contains only an O allele (although the other alleles are annotated).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><font size="2">[4]</font></sup></span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">As the cost of DNA sequencing falls, and new full genome sequencing technologies emerge, more genome sequences continue to be generated. Reference genomes are typically used as a guide on which new genomes are built, enabling them to be assembled much more quickly and cheaply than the initial Human Genome Project. Most individuals with their entire genome sequenced, such as James D. Watson, had their genome assembled in this manner.<sup id="cite_ref-Watson_4-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[5]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><font size="2">[6]</font></sup> For much of a genome, the reference provides a good approximation of the DNA of any single individual. But in regions with high allelic diversity, such as the major histocompatibility complex in humans and the major urinary proteins of mice, the reference genome may differ significantly from other individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-MHCsc_6-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[7]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Logan_7-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[8]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hurstchapter_8-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[9]</font></sup> Comparison between the reference (build 36) and Watson's genome revealed 3.3&thinsp;million single nucleotide polymorphism differences, while about 1.4 percent of his DNA could not be matched to the reference genome at all.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_1-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[2]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Watson_4-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[5]</font></sup> For regions where there is known to be large scale variation, sets of alternate loci are assembled alongside the reference locus.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">The human and mouse reference genomes are maintained and improved by the Genome Reference Consortium (GRC), a group of less than 20 scientists from a number of genome research institutes, including the European Bioinformatics Institute, the National Center for Biotechnology Information, The Sanger Institute and Washington University in St. Louis. GRC continues to improve reference genomes by building new alignments that contain fewer gaps, and fixing misrepresentations in the sequence. As of 2010, the human reference genome is in its 19th version. The GRCh37 build contains around 250 gaps, whereas the first version had ~150,000 gaps.<sup id="cite_ref-Editorial_0-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[1]</font></sup></span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Reference genomes can be accessed online at several locations, using dedicated browsers such as Ensembl or UCSC Genome Browser.<sup id="cite_ref-ensembl_9-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[10]</font></sup></span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Notes" class="mw-headline">Notes</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Editorial-0">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Editorial_0-0">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="2">a</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Editorial_0-1">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="2">b</font></b></i>}</a> <span class="citation Journal">Editorial (October 2010). &quot;E pluribus unum&quot;. <i>Nature Methods</i> <b>331</b>: 331. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnmeth0510-331" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/nmeth0510-331</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=E+pluribus+unum&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature+Methods&amp;rft.aulast=Editorial&amp;rft.au=Editorial&amp;rft.date=October+2010&amp;rft.volume=331&amp;rft.pages=331&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnmeth0510-331&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Reference_genome"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_1-0">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="2">a</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_1-1">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="2">b</font></b></i>}</a> <span class="citation news">Wade, Nicholas (May 31, 2007). <a class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/31/science/31cnd-gene.html" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Genome of DNA Pioneer Is Deciphered&quot;</font></a>. New York Times<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/31/science/31cnd-gene.html" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/31/science/31cnd-gene.html</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved February 21, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Genome+of+DNA+Pioneer+Is+Deciphered&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Wade&amp;rft.aufirst=Nicholas&amp;rft.au=Wade%2C%26%2332%3BNicholas&amp;rft.date=May+31%2C+2007&amp;rft.pub=New+York+Times&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F05%2F31%2Fscience%2F31cnd-gene.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Reference_genome"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Donors were recruited by advertisement in <i><a title="The Buffalo News" href="/wiki/The_Buffalo_News"><font color="#0645ad">The Buffalo News</font></a></i>, on Sunday, March 23, 1997. The first 10 male and 10 female volunteers were invited to make an appointment with the project's <a class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic counselors" href="/wiki/Genetic_counselors"><font color="#0645ad">genetic counselors</font></a> and donate blood from which DNA was extracted. As a result of how the DNA samples were processed, about 80 percent of the reference genome came from eight people and one male individual, designated RP11, accounts for 66 percent of the total.</li> <li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation book">Scherer, Stewart (2008). <i>A short guide to the human genome</i>. CSHL Press. p.&nbsp;135. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/0879697911" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0879697911"><font color="#0645ad">0879697911</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+short+guide+to+the+human+genome&amp;rft.aulast=Scherer&amp;rft.aufirst=Stewart&amp;rft.au=Scherer%2C%26%2332%3BStewart&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B135&amp;rft.pub=CSHL+Press&amp;rft.isbn=0879697911&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Reference_genome"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Watson-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Watson_4-0">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="2">a</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Watson_4-1">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="2">b</font></b></i>}</a> <span class="citation Journal">Wheeler DA, Srinivasan M, Egholm M, Shen Y, Chen L, McGuire A, He W, Chen YJ, Makhijani V, Roth GT, Gomes X, Tartaro K, Niazi F, Turcotte CL, Irzyk GP, Lupski JR, Chinault C, Song XZ, Liu Y, Yuan Y, Nazareth L, Qin X, Muzny DM, Margulies M, Weinstock GM, Gibbs RA, Rothberg JM. (2008). &quot;The complete genome of an individual by massively parallel DNA sequencing&quot;. <i>Nature</i> <b>452</b> (7189): 872&ndash;6.. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature06884" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/nature06884</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18421352" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">18421352</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+complete+genome+of+an+individual+by+massively+parallel+DNA+sequencing&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Wheeler+DA%2C+Srinivasan+M%2C+Egholm+M%2C+Shen+Y%2C+Chen+L%2C+McGuire+A%2C+He+W%2C+Chen+YJ%2C+Makhijani+V%2C+Roth+GT%2C+Gomes+X%2C+Tartaro+K%2C+Niazi+F%2C+Turcotte+CL%2C+Irzyk+GP%2C+Lupski+JR%2C+Chinault+C%2C+Song+XZ%2C+Liu+Y%2C+Yuan+Y%2C+Nazareth+L%2C+Qin+X%2C+Muzny+DM%2C+Margulies+M%2C+Weinstock+GM%2C+Gibbs+RA%2C+Rothberg+JM.&amp;rft.au=Wheeler+DA%2C+Srinivasan+M%2C+Egholm+M%2C+Shen+Y%2C+Chen+L%2C+McGuire+A%2C+He+W%2C+Chen+YJ%2C+Makhijani+V%2C+Roth+GT%2C+Gomes+X%2C+Tartaro+K%2C+Niazi+F%2C+Turcotte+CL%2C+Irzyk+GP%2C+Lupski+JR%2C+Chinault+C%2C+Song+XZ%2C+Liu+Y%2C+Yuan+Y%2C+Nazareth+L%2C+Qin+X%2C+Muzny+DM%2C+Margulies+M%2C+Weinstock+GM%2C+Gibbs+RA%2C+Rothberg+JM.&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=452&amp;rft.issue=7189&amp;rft.pages=872%E2%80%936.&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnature06884&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18421352&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Reference_genome"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> The exception to this is <a class="mw-redirect" title="J. Craig Venter" href="/wiki/J._Craig_Venter"><font color="#0645ad">J. Craig Venter</font></a> whose DNA was sequenced and assembled using <a title="Shotgun sequencing" href="/wiki/Shotgun_sequencing"><font color="#0645ad">shotgun sequencing</font></a> methods.</li> <li id="cite_note-MHCsc-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MHCsc_6-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">MHC Sequencing Consortium (1999). &quot;Complete sequence and gene map of a human major histocompatibility complex&quot;. <i>Nature</i> <b>401</b> (6756): 921&ndash;923. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F44853" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/44853</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10553908" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10553908</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+sequence+and+gene+map+of+a+human+major+histocompatibility+complex&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=MHC+Sequencing+Consortium&amp;rft.au=MHC+Sequencing+Consortium&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.volume=401&amp;rft.issue=6756&amp;rft.pages=921%E2%80%93923&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F44853&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/10553908&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Reference_genome"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Logan-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Logan_7-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Logan DW, Marton TF, Stowers L (2008). <a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2533699" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Species specificity in major urinary proteins by parallel evolution&quot;</font></a>. <i>PLoS ONE</i> <b>3</b> (9): e3280. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0003280" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1371/journal.pone.0003280</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18815613" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">18815613</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Species+specificity+in+major+urinary+proteins+by+parallel+evolution&amp;rft.jtitle=PLoS+ONE&amp;rft.aulast=Logan+DW%2C+Marton+TF%2C+Stowers+L&amp;rft.au=Logan+DW%2C+Marton+TF%2C+Stowers+L&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=3&amp;rft.issue=9&amp;rft.pages=e3280&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0003280&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18815613&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Reference_genome"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Hurstchapter-8"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hurstchapter_8-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation book">Hurst J, Beynon RJ, Roberts SC, Wyatt TD. (October 2007). <i>Urinary Lipocalins in Rodenta:is there a Generic Model?</i>. Chemical Signals in Vertebrates 11. Springer New York. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-73944-1" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-73944-1"><font color="#0645ad">978-0-387-73944-1</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Urinary+Lipocalins+in+Rodenta%3Ais+there+a+Generic+Model%3F&amp;rft.aulast=Hurst+J%2C+Beynon+RJ%2C+Roberts+SC%2C+Wyatt+TD.&amp;rft.au=Hurst+J%2C+Beynon+RJ%2C+Roberts+SC%2C+Wyatt+TD.&amp;rft.date=October+2007&amp;rft.series=Chemical+Signals+in+Vertebrates+11&amp;rft.pub=Springer+New+York&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-387-73944-1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Reference_genome"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-ensembl-9"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ensembl_9-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Flicek P, Aken BL, Beal K, <i>et al.</i> (January 2008). <a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2238821" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Ensembl 2008&quot;</font></a>. <i>Nucleic Acids Res.</i> <b>36</b> (Database issue): D707&ndash;14. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkm988" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1093/nar/gkm988</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18000006" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">18000006</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Ensembl+2008&amp;rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Res.&amp;rft.aulast=Flicek+P%2C+Aken+BL%2C+Beal+K%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Flicek+P%2C+Aken+BL%2C+Beal+K%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=January+2008&amp;rft.volume=36&amp;rft.issue=Database+issue&amp;rft.pages=D707%E2%80%9314&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkm988&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18000006&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Reference_genome"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> </ol> </div> <h2><span id="External_links" class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/genome/assembly/grc/" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">Genome Reference Consortium</font></a></li> </ul> f5768400629cd81f70130a4833580f532011a24d 0 1981 3345 2010-12-18T14:35:14Z WikiSysop 1 Created page with "<p><a href="http://www.gendx.com/index.php">http://www.gendx.com/index.php</a></p> <p>Mission: Genome Diagnostics aims to offer accurate diagnostic tools to facilitate donor/reci..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p><a href="http://www.gendx.com/index.php">http://www.gendx.com/index.php</a></p> <p>Mission: Genome Diagnostics aims to offer accurate diagnostic tools to facilitate donor/recipient matching, ultimately leading to higher success rates of bone-marrow, cord blood and stem cell transplantations.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong><strong>Company History</strong></strong></p> <p>The development of strategies for sequencing based HLA typing for bone marrow and stem cell transplantation started at the University Medical Centre Utrecht, The Netherlands in the early nineties. Gradually, UMCU became the worldwide expertise centre for high resolution HLA typing with, amongst others, dr. ir. Erik Rozemuller, as leading scientist on bioformatics. In 2002, a First Stage Grant of <a title="Biopartner" target="_blank" href="http://www.technopartner.nl/wiki/technopartner/biopartner"><font color="#00afbb">Biopartner</font></a> was allocated to the UMCU to valorise the developed expertise on tissue typing.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> On 1st of March 2005 the company was co-founded by Erik Rozemuller, Wietse Mulder and <a title="UMCU participaties B.V." target="_blank" href="http://www.uu.nl/uupublish/homeuu/onderzoek/uuholdingbv/bedrijven/40908main.html"><font color="#00afbb">UMC participaties BV</font></a>. Since 2006 the company&nbsp;has been&nbsp;located in the new facilities of UMC holding, <a title="Alexander Numan Building" target="_blank" href="http://www.uu.nl/uupublish/homeuu/onderzoek/uuholdingbv/incubatorenbedri/40910main.html"><font color="#00afbb">Alexander Numan building</font></a>.&nbsp;Having established its high resolution HLA typing&nbsp;analysis software and assays, GenDx has recently expanded&nbsp;into the Personalised Medicine&nbsp;field, developing&nbsp;pyrosequencing-based assays for Companion Diagnostics tests.<br /> <br /> &nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 94cd124a22ab6c5736a74cbd53977777147fdbde 0 1982 3346 2010-12-18T14:58:06Z WikiSysop 1 Created page with "<p><span style="color: #000000">In bioinformatics, <b>sequence assembly</b> refers to aligning and merging fragments of a much longer DNA sequence in order to reconstruct the ori..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="color: #000000">In bioinformatics, <b>sequence assembly</b> refers to aligning and merging fragments of a much longer DNA sequence in order to reconstruct the original sequence. This is needed as DNA sequencing technology cannot read whole genomes in one go, but rather small pieces between 20 and 1000 bases, depending on the technology used. Typically the short fragments, called reads, result from shotgun sequencing genomic DNA, or gene transcript (ESTs).</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">The problem of sequence assembly can be compared to taking many copies of a book, passing them all through a shredder, and piecing a copy of the book back together from only shredded pieces. The book may have many repeated paragraphs, and some shreds may be modified to have typos. Excerpts from another book may be added in, and some shreds may be completely unrecognizable.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000"> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Genome_assemblers" class="mw-headline">Genome assemblers</span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000">The first sequence assemblers began to appear in the late 1980s and early 1990s as variants of simpler sequence alignment programs to piece together vast quantities of fragments generated by automated sequencing instruments called DNA sequencers. As the sequenced organisms grew in size and complexity (from small viruses over plasmids to bacteria and finally eukaryotes), the assembly programs needed to increasingly employ more and more sophisticated strategies to handle:</span></p> <ul> <li><span style="color: #000000">terabytes of sequencing data which need processing on computing clusters;</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">identical and nearly identical sequences (known as <i>repeats</i>) which can, in the worst case, increase the time and space complexity of algorithms exponentially;</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">and errors in the fragments from the sequencing instruments, which can confound assembly.</span></li> </ul> <p><span style="color: #000000">Faced with the challenge of assembling the first larger eukaryotic genomes, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, in 2000 and the human genome just a year later, scientists developed assemblers like Celera Assembler<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[1]</font></sup> and Arachne<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[2]</font></sup> able to handle genomes of 100-300 million base pairs. Subsequent to these efforts, several other groups, mostly at the major genome sequencing centers, built large-scale assemblers, and an open source effort known as AMOS<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><font size="2">[3]</font></sup> was launched to bring together all the innovations in genome assembly technology under the open source framework.</span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="EST_assemblers" class="mw-headline">EST assemblers</span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000">EST assembly differs from genome assembly in several ways. The sequences for EST assembly are the transcribed mRNA of a cell and represent only a subset of the whole genome. At a first glance, underlying algorithmical problems differ between genome and EST assembly. For instance, genomes often have large amounts of repetitive sequences, mainly in the inter-genic parts. Since ESTs represent gene transcripts, they will not contain these repeats. On the other hand, cells tend to have a certain number of genes that are constantly expressed in very high amounts (housekeeping genes), which again leads to the problem of similar sequences present in high amounts in the data set to be assembled.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Furthermore, genes sometimes overlap in the genome (sense-antisense transcription), and should ideally still be assembled separately. EST assembly is also complicated by features like (cis-) alternative splicing, trans-splicing, single-nucleotide polymorphism, recoding, and post-transcriptional modification.</span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="De-novo_vs._mapping_assembly" class="mw-headline">De-novo vs. mapping assembly</span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000">In sequence assembly, two different types can be distinguished:</span></p> <ol> <li><span style="color: #000000">de-novo: assembling reads together so that they form a new, previously unknown sequence</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">mapping: assembling reads against an existing backbone sequence, building a sequence that is similar but not necessarily identical to the backbone sequence</span></li> </ol> <p><span style="color: #000000">In terms of complexity and time requirements, de-novo assemblies are orders of magnitude slower and more memory intensive than mapping assemblies. This is mostly due to the fact that the assembly algorithm need to compare every read with every other read (an operation that is has a complexity of O(<var>n</var>^{<font size="2">2</font>}) but can be reduced to O(<var>n</var> log(<var>n</var>)). Referring to the comparison drawn to shredded books in the introduction: while for mapping assemblies one would have a very similar book as template (perhaps with the names of the main characters and a few locations changed), the de-novo assemblies are more hardcore in a sense as one would not know beforehand whether this would become a science book, or a novel, or a catalogue etc.</span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Influence_of_technological_changes" class="mw-headline">Influence of technological changes</span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000">The complexity of sequence assembly is driven by two major factors: the number of fragments and their lengths. While more and longer fragments allow better identification of sequence overlaps, they also pose problems as the underlying algorithms show quadratic or even exponential complexity behaviour to both number of fragments and their length. And while shorter sequences are faster to align, they also complicate the layout phase of an assembly as shorter reads are more difficult to use with repeats or near identical repeats.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">In the earliest days of DNA sequencing, scientists could only gain a few sequences of short length (some dozen bases) after weeks of work in laboratories. Hence, these sequences could be aligned in a few minutes by hand.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">In 1975, the Dideoxy termination method (also known as <i>Sanger sequencing</i>) was invented and until shortly after 2000, the technology was improved up to a point were fully automated machines could churn out sequences in a highly parallelised mode 24 hours a day. Large genome centers around the world housed complete farms of these sequencing machines, which in turn led to the necessity of assemblers to be optimised for sequences from whole-genome shotgun sequencing projects where the reads</span></p> <ul> <li><span style="color: #000000">are about 800&ndash;900 bases long</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">contain sequencing artifacts like sequencing and cloning vectors</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">have error rates between 0.5 and 10%</span></li> </ul> <p><span style="color: #000000">With the Sanger technology, bacterial projects with 20,000 to 200,000 reads could easily be assembled on one computer. Larger ones like the human genome with approximately 35 million reads needed already large computing farms and distributed computing.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">By 2004 / 2005, pyrosequencing had been brought to commercial viability by 454 Life Sciences. This new sequencing methods generated reads much shorter than from Sanger sequencing: initially about 100 bases, now 400 bases and expected to grow to 1000 bases by the end of 2010. However, due to the much higher throughput and lower cost than Sanger sequencing, the adoption of this technology by genome centers pushed development of sequence assemblers to deal with this new type of sequences. The sheer amount of data coupled with technology specific error patterns in the reads delayed development of assemblers, at the beginning in 2004 only the Newbler assembler from 454 was available. Presented in mid 2007<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><font size="2">[4]</font></sup>, the hybrid version of the MIRA assembler by Chevreux et al. was the first freely available assembler who could assemble 454 reads and mixtures of 454 reads and Sanger reads; using sequences from different sequencing technologies was subsequently coined <i>hybrid assembly</i>.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Ironically, technological development of sequencing continued to improve in the wrong way (from a sequence assembly point of view). Since 2006, the Solexa technology is available and heavily used to generate roundabout 100 million reads per day on a single sequencing machine. Compare this to the 35 million reads of the human genome project which needed several years to be produced on hundreds of sequencing machines. The downside is that these reads have a length of only 36 bases (expected to grow to 50 bases by the end of 2008). This makes sequence alignment an even more daunting task. Presented by the end of 2007, the SHARCGS assembler<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><font size="2">[5]</font></sup> by Dohm et al. was the first published assembler that was used for an assembly with Solexa reads, quickly followed by a number of others.</span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Greedy_algorithm" class="mw-headline">Greedy algorithm</span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000">Given a set of sequence fragments the object is to find the Shortest common supersequence.</span></p> <ol> <li><span style="color: #000000">calculate pairwise alignments of all fragments</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">choose two fragments with the largest overlap</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">merge chosen fragments</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">repeat step 2. and 3. until only one fragment is left</span></li> </ol> <p><span style="color: #000000">The result is a suboptimal solution to the problem.</span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Available_assemblers" class="mw-headline">Available assemblers</span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000">The following table lists assemblers that have a de-novo assembly capability on at least one of the supported technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><font size="2">[6]</font></sup></span></p> <p> <table class="wikitable" border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <th><span style="color: #000000">Name</span></th> <th><span style="color: #000000">Type</span></th> <th><span style="color: #000000">Technologies</span></th> <th><span style="color: #000000">Author</span></th> <th><span style="color: #000000">Presented / </span> <p><span style="color: #000000">Last updated</span></p> </th> <th><span style="color: #000000">Licence*</span></th> <th><span style="color: #000000">Homepage</span></th> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #000000">ABySS</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">genomes</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">Solexa, SOLiD</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">Simpson, J. et al.</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">2008 / 2010</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">OS</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">link</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #000000">AMOS</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">genomes</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">Sanger, 454</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">Salzberg, S. et al.</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">2002? / 2008?</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">OS</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">link</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #000000">Celera WGA Assembler / CABOG</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">(large) genomes</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">Sanger, 454, Solexa</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">Myers, G. et al.; Miller G. et al.</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">2004 / 2010</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">OS</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">link</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #000000">CLC Genomics Workbench</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">genomes</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">Sanger, 454, Solexa, SOLiD</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">CLC bio</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">2008 / 2010</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">C</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">link</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #000000">Edena</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">genomes</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">Solexa</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">D. Hernandez, P. Fran&ccedil;ois, L. Farinelli, M. Osteras, and J. Schrenzel.</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">2008</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">C</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">link</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #000000">Euler</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">genomes</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">Sanger, 454 (,Solexa&nbsp;?)</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">Pevzner, P. et al.</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">2001 / 2006?</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">(C / NC-A?)</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">link</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #000000">Euler-sr</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">genomes</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">454, Solexa</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">Chaisson, MJ. et al.</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">2008</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">NC-A</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">link</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #000000">Forge</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">(large) genomes, EST, metagenomes</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">454, Solexa , SOLID, Sanger</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">Platt, DM, Evers, D.</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">2010</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">OS</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">link</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #000000">Geneious</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">genomes</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">Sanger, 454, Solexa</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">Biomatters Ltd</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">2009 / 2010</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">C</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">link</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #000000">IDBA (Iterative De Bruijn graph short read Assembler)</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">(large) genomes</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">Sanger</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">Yu Peng, Henry C. M. Leung, Siu-Ming Yiu, Francis Y. L. Chin</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">2010</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">(C / NC-A?)</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">link</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #000000">MIRA (Mimicking Intelligent Read Assembly)</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">genomes, ESTs</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">Sanger, 454, Solexa</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">Chevreux, B.</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">1998 / 2010</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">OS</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">link</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #000000">NextGENe</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">(small genomes?)</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">454, Solexa, SOLiD</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">Softgenetics</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">2008</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">C</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">link</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #000000">Newbler</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">genomes, ESTs</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">454, Sanger</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">454/Roche</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">2009</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">C</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">link</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #000000">Phrap</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">genomes</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">Sanger, 454</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">Green, P.</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">2002 / 2003 / 2008</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">C / NC-A</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">link</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #000000">TIGR Assembler</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">genomic</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">Sanger</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">-</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">1995 / 2003</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">OS</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">link</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #000000">Ray<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><font size="2">[7]</font></sup></span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">genomes</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">Illumina, mix of Illumina and 454, paired or not</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">S&eacute;bastien Boisvert, Fran&ccedil;ois Laviolette &amp; Jacques Corbeil.</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">2010</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">OS [GNU General Public License]</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">link</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #000000">Sequencher</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">(small) genomes</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">Sanger</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">Gene Codes Corporation</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">1991 / 2009</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">C</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">link</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #000000">SeqMan NGen</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">(small) genomes, ESTs</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">Sanger, 454, Solexa</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">DNASTAR</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">&nbsp;? / 2008</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">C</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">link</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #000000">SHARCGS</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">(small) genomes</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">Solexa</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">Dohm et al.</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">2007 / 2007</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">OS</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">link</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #000000">SOPRA</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">genomes</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">Solexa, SOLiD, Sanger, 454</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">Dayarian, A. et al.</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">2010 / 2010</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">OS</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">link</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #000000">SSAKE</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">(small) genomes</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">Solexa (SOLiD? Helicos?)</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">Warren, R. et al.</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">2007 / 2007</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">OS</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">link</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #000000">SOAPdenovo</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">genomes</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">Solexa</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">Li, R. et al.</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">2009 / 2009</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">Closed</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">link</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #000000">Staden gap4 package</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">BACs (, small genomes?)</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">Sanger</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">Staden et al.</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">1991 / 2008</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">OS</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">link</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #000000">VCAKE</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">(small) genomes</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">Solexa (SOLiD?, Helicos?)</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">Jeck, W. et al.</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">2007 / 2007</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">OS</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">link</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #000000">Phusion assembler</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">(large) genomes</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">Sanger</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">Mullikin JC, et.al.</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">2003</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">OS</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">link</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #000000">Quality Value Guided SRA (QSRA)</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">genomes</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">Sanger, Solexa</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">Bryant DW, et.al.</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">2009</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">OS</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">link</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #000000">Velvet (algorithm)</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">(small) genomes</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">Sanger, 454, Solexa, SOLiD</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">Zerbino, D. et al.</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">2007 / 2009</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">OS</span></td> <td><span style="color: #000000">link</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-top: #333 1px solid" colspan="7"><span style="color: #000000"><small><font size="2">*<b>Licences:</b> OS = Open Source; C = Commercial; C / NC-A = Commercial but free for non-commercial and academics; Brackets = unclear, but most likely C / NC-A</font></small></span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="See_also" class="mw-headline">See also</span></span></h2> <ul> <li><span style="color: #000000">Sequence alignment</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Genome assembly</span></li> </ul> <h2><span id="References" class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-0"><b><a href="#cite_ref-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Myers EW, Sutton GG, Delcher AL, <i>et al.</i> (March 2000). <a class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=10731133" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;A whole-genome assembly of Drosophila&quot;</font></a>. <i>Science</i> <b>287</b> (5461): 2196&ndash;204. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10731133" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10731133</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=10731133" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=10731133</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=A+whole-genome+assembly+of+Drosophila&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Myers+EW%2C+Sutton+GG%2C+Delcher+AL%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Myers+EW%2C+Sutton+GG%2C+Delcher+AL%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=March+2000&amp;rft.volume=287&amp;rft.issue=5461&amp;rft.pages=2196%E2%80%93204&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/10731133&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D10731133&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Sequence_assembly"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Batzoglou S, Jaffe DB, Stanley K, <i>et al.</i> (January 2002). <a class="external text" href="http://www.genome.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=11779843" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;ARACHNE: a whole-genome shotgun assembler&quot;</font></a>. <i>Genome Res.</i> <b>12</b> (1): 177&ndash;89. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.208902" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1101/gr.208902</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11779843" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">11779843</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=155255" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">155255</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.genome.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=11779843" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.genome.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=11779843</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=ARACHNE%3A+a+whole-genome+shotgun+assembler&amp;rft.jtitle=Genome+Res.&amp;rft.aulast=Batzoglou+S%2C+Jaffe+DB%2C+Stanley+K%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Batzoglou+S%2C+Jaffe+DB%2C+Stanley+K%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=January+2002&amp;rft.volume=12&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=177%E2%80%9389&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1101%2Fgr.208902&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11779843&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genome.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D11779843&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Sequence_assembly"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://amos.sourceforge.net/" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">AMOS page</font></a> with links to various papers</li> <li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Copy in Google groups of the <a class="external text" href="http://groups.google.com/group/bionet.software/browse_thread/thread/b34b348011d04f0e?fwc=1" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">post announcing MIRA 2.9.8 hybrid version</font></a> in the bionet.software Usenet group</li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Dohm JC, Lottaz C, Borodina T, Himmelbauer H (November 2007). <a class="external text" href="http://www.genome.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=17908823" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;SHARCGS, a fast and highly accurate short-read assembly algorithm for de novo genomic sequencing&quot;</font></a>. <i>Genome Res.</i> <b>17</b> (11): 1697&ndash;706. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.6435207" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1101/gr.6435207</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17908823" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">17908823</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2045152" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">2045152</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.genome.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=17908823" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.genome.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=17908823</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=SHARCGS%2C+a+fast+and+highly+accurate+short-read+assembly+algorithm+for+de+novo+genomic+sequencing&amp;rft.jtitle=Genome+Res.&amp;rft.aulast=Dohm+JC%2C+Lottaz+C%2C+Borodina+T%2C+Himmelbauer+H&amp;rft.au=Dohm+JC%2C+Lottaz+C%2C+Borodina+T%2C+Himmelbauer+H&amp;rft.date=November+2007&amp;rft.volume=17&amp;rft.issue=11&amp;rft.pages=1697%E2%80%93706&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1101%2Fgr.6435207&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17908823&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genome.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D17908823&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Sequence_assembly"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://seqanswers.com/forums/showthread.php?t=43" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">list of software including mapping assemblers in the SeqAnswers discussion forum.</font></a></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Boisvert S, Laviolette F, Corbeil J. (October 2010). <a class="external text" href="http://www.liebertonline.com/doi/abs/10.1089/cmb.2009.0238" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Ray: simultaneous assembly of reads from a mix of high-throughput sequencing technologies.&quot;</font></a>. <i>J Comput Biol.</i> <b>17</b> (11): 1519-33. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1089%2Fcmb.2009.0238" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1089/cmb.2009.0238</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20958248" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">20958248</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.liebertonline.com/doi/abs/10.1089/cmb.2009.0238" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.liebertonline.com/doi/abs/10.1089/cmb.2009.0238</font></a></span>.</span></li> </ol> d0a53718767d11036a81ec9b571a09ed99c5dd2e 3347 3346 2010-12-18T15:09:33Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">In bioinformatics, <b>sequence assembly</b> refers to aligning and merging fragments of a much longer DNA sequence in order to reconstruct the original sequence. This is needed as DNA sequencing technology cannot read whole genomes in one go, but rather small pieces between 20 and 1000 bases, depending on the technology used. Typically the short fragments, called reads, result from shotgun sequencing genomic DNA, or gene transcript (ESTs).</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">The problem of sequence assembly can be compared to taking many copies of a book, passing them all through a shredder, and piecing a copy of the book back together from only shredded pieces. The book may have many repeated paragraphs, and some shreds may be modified to have typos. Excerpts from another book may be added in, and some shreds may be completely unrecognizable.</span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Genome_assemblers" class="mw-headline">Genome assemblers</span></span></h2> <p><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">The first sequence assemblers began to appear in the late 1980s and early 1990s as variants of simpler sequence alignment programs to piece together vast quantities of fragments generated by automated sequencing instruments called DNA sequencers. As the sequenced organisms grew in size and complexity (from small viruses over plasmids to bacteria and finally eukaryotes), the assembly programs needed to increasingly employ more and more sophisticated strategies to handle:</span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">terabytes of sequencing data which need processing on computing clusters;</span> </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">identical and nearly identical sequences (known as <i>repeats</i>) which can, in the worst case, increase the time and space complexity of algorithms exponentially;</span> </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">and errors in the fragments from the sequencing instruments, which can confound assembly.</span> </span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Faced with the challenge of assembling the first larger eukaryotic genomes, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, in 2000 and the human genome just a year later, scientists developed assemblers like Celera Assembler<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference">[1]</sup> and Arachne<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference">[2]</sup> able to handle genomes of 100-300 million base pairs. Subsequent to these efforts, several other groups, mostly at the major genome sequencing centers, built large-scale assemblers, and an open source effort known as AMOS<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference">[3]</sup> was launched to bring together all the innovations in genome assembly technology under the open source framework.</span></span></p> <h2><span style="font-size: medium"><span style="color: #000000"><span id="EST_assemblers" class="mw-headline">EST assemblers</span></span></span></h2> <p><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">EST assembly differs from genome assembly in several ways. The sequences for EST assembly are the transcribed mRNA of a cell and represent only a subset of the whole genome. At a first glance, underlying algorithmical problems differ between genome and EST assembly. For instance, genomes often have large amounts of repetitive sequences, mainly in the inter-genic parts. Since ESTs represent gene transcripts, they will not contain these repeats. On the other hand, cells tend to have a certain number of genes that are constantly expressed in very high amounts (housekeeping genes), which again leads to the problem of similar sequences present in high amounts in the data set to be assembled.</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Furthermore, genes sometimes overlap in the genome (sense-antisense transcription), and should ideally still be assembled separately. EST assembly is also complicated by features like (cis-) alternative splicing, trans-splicing, single-nucleotide polymorphism, recoding, and post-transcriptional modification.</span></span></p> <h2><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000"><span id="De-novo_vs._mapping_assembly" class="mw-headline">De-novo vs. mapping assembly</span></span></span></h2> <p><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">In sequence assembly, two different types can be distinguished:</span></span></p> <ol> <li><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">de-novo: assembling reads together so that they form a new, previously unknown sequence</span> </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">mapping: assembling reads against an existing backbone sequence, building a sequence that is similar but not necessarily identical to the backbone sequence</span> </span></li> </ol> <p><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">In terms of complexity and time requirements, de-novo assemblies are orders of magnitude slower and more memory intensive than mapping assemblies. This is mostly due to the fact that the assembly algorithm need to compare every read with every other read (an operation that is has a complexity of O(<var>n</var>²) but can be reduced to O(<var>n</var> log(<var>n</var>)). Referring to the comparison drawn to shredded books in the introduction: while for mapping assemblies one would have a very similar book as template (perhaps with the names of the main characters and a few locations changed), the de-novo assemblies are more hardcore in a sense as one would not know beforehand whether this would become a science book, or a novel, or a catalogue etc.</span></span></p> <h2><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Influence_of_technological_changes" class="mw-headline">Influence of technological changes</span></span></span></h2> <p><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">The complexity of sequence assembly is driven by two major factors: the number of fragments and their lengths. While more and longer fragments allow better identification of sequence overlaps, they also pose problems as the underlying algorithms show quadratic or even exponential complexity behaviour to both number of fragments and their length. And while shorter sequences are faster to align, they also complicate the layout phase of an assembly as shorter reads are more difficult to use with repeats or near identical repeats.</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">In the earliest days of DNA sequencing, scientists could only gain a few sequences of short length (some dozen bases) after weeks of work in laboratories. Hence, these sequences could be aligned in a few minutes by hand.</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">In 1975, the Dideoxy termination method (also known as <i>Sanger sequencing</i>) was invented and until shortly after 2000, the technology was improved up to a point were fully automated machines could churn out sequences in a highly parallelised mode 24 hours a day. Large genome centers around the world housed complete farms of these sequencing machines, which in turn led to the necessity of assemblers to be optimised for sequences from whole-genome shotgun sequencing projects where the reads</span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">are about 800&ndash;900 bases long</span> </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">contain sequencing artifacts like sequencing and cloning vectors</span> </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">have error rates between 0.5 and 10%</span> </span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">With the Sanger technology, bacterial projects with 20,000 to 200,000 reads could easily be assembled on one computer. Larger ones like the human genome with approximately 35 million reads needed already large computing farms and distributed computing.</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">By 2004 / 2005, pyrosequencing had been brought to commercial viability by 454 Life Sciences. This new sequencing methods generated reads much shorter than from Sanger sequencing: initially about 100 bases, now 400 bases and expected to grow to 1000 bases by the end of 2010. However, due to the much higher throughput and lower cost than Sanger sequencing, the adoption of this technology by genome centers pushed development of sequence assemblers to deal with this new type of sequences. The sheer amount of data coupled with technology specific error patterns in the reads delayed development of assemblers, at the beginning in 2004 only the Newbler assembler from 454 was available. Presented in mid 2007<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference">[4]</sup>, the hybrid version of the MIRA assembler by Chevreux et al. was the first freely available assembler who could assemble 454 reads and mixtures of 454 reads and Sanger reads; using sequences from different sequencing technologies was subsequently coined <i>hybrid assembly</i>.</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Ironically, technological development of sequencing continued to improve in the wrong way (from a sequence assembly point of view). Since 2006, the Solexa technology is available and heavily used to generate roundabout 100 million reads per day on a single sequencing machine. Compare this to the 35 million reads of the human genome project which needed several years to be produced on hundreds of sequencing machines. The downside is that these reads have a length of only 36 bases (expected to grow to 50 bases by the end of 2008). This makes sequence alignment an even more daunting task. Presented by the end of 2007, the SHARCGS assembler<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference">[5]</sup> by Dohm et al. was the first published assembler that was used for an assembly with Solexa reads, quickly followed by a number of others.</span></span></p> <h2><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Greedy_algorithm" class="mw-headline">Greedy algorithm</span></span></span></h2> <p><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Given a set of sequence fragments the object is to find the Shortest common supersequence.</span></span></p> <ol> <li><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">calculate pairwise alignments of all fragments</span> </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">choose two fragments with the largest overlap</span> </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">merge chosen fragments</span> </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">repeat step 2. and 3. until only one fragment is left</span> </span></li> </ol> <p><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">The result is a suboptimal solution to the problem.</span></span></p> <h2><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Available_assemblers" class="mw-headline">Available assemblers</span></span></span></h2> <p><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">The following table lists assemblers that have a de-novo assembly capability on at least one of the supported technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference">[6]</sup></span></span></p> <p> <table class="wikitable" border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <th><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Name</span></span></th> <th><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Type</span></span></th> <th><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Technologies</span></span></th> <th><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Author</span></span></th> <th><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Presented / </span></span> <p><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Last updated</span></span></p> </th> <th><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Licence*</span></span></th> <th><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Homepage</span></span></th> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">ABySS</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">genomes</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Solexa, SOLiD</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Simpson, J. et al.</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">2008 / 2010</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">OS</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">link</span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">AMOS</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">genomes</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Sanger, 454</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Salzberg, S. et al.</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">2002? / 2008?</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">OS</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">link</span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Celera WGA Assembler / CABOG</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">(large) genomes</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Sanger, 454, Solexa</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Myers, G. et al.; Miller G. et al.</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">2004 / 2010</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">OS</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">link</span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">CLC Genomics Workbench</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">genomes</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Sanger, 454, Solexa, SOLiD</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">CLC bio</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">2008 / 2010</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">C</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">link</span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Edena</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">genomes</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Solexa</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">D. Hernandez, P. Fran&ccedil;ois, L. Farinelli, M. Osteras, and J. Schrenzel.</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">2008</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">C</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">link</span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Euler</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">genomes</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Sanger, 454 (,Solexa&nbsp;?)</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Pevzner, P. et al.</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">2001 / 2006?</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">(C / NC-A?)</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">link</span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Euler-sr</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">genomes</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">454, Solexa</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Chaisson, MJ. et al.</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">2008</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">NC-A</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">link</span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Forge</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">(large) genomes, EST, metagenomes</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">454, Solexa , SOLID, Sanger</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Platt, DM, Evers, D.</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">2010</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">OS</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">link</span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Geneious</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">genomes</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Sanger, 454, Solexa</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Biomatters Ltd</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">2009 / 2010</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">C</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">link</span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">IDBA (Iterative De Bruijn graph short read Assembler)</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">(large) genomes</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Sanger</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Yu Peng, Henry C. M. Leung, Siu-Ming Yiu, Francis Y. L. Chin</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">2010</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">(C / NC-A?)</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">link</span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">MIRA (Mimicking Intelligent Read Assembly)</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">genomes, ESTs</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Sanger, 454, Solexa</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Chevreux, B.</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">1998 / 2010</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">OS</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">link</span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">NextGENe</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">(small genomes?)</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">454, Solexa, SOLiD</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Softgenetics</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">2008</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">C</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">link</span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Newbler</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">genomes, ESTs</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">454, Sanger</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">454/Roche</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">2009</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">C</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">link</span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Phrap</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">genomes</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Sanger, 454</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Green, P.</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">2002 / 2003 / 2008</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">C / NC-A</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">link</span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">TIGR Assembler</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">genomic</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Sanger</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">-</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">1995 / 2003</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">OS</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">link</span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Ray<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference">[7]</sup></span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">genomes</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Illumina, mix of Illumina and 454, paired or not</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">S&eacute;bastien Boisvert, Fran&ccedil;ois Laviolette &amp; Jacques Corbeil.</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">2010</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">OS [GNU General Public License]</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">link</span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Sequencher</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">(small) genomes</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Sanger</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Gene Codes Corporation</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">1991 / 2009</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">C</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">link</span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">SeqMan NGen</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">(small) genomes, ESTs</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Sanger, 454, Solexa</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">DNASTAR</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">&nbsp;? / 2008</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">C</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">link</span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">SHARCGS</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">(small) genomes</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Solexa</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Dohm et al.</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">2007 / 2007</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">OS</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">link</span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">SOPRA</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">genomes</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Solexa, SOLiD, Sanger, 454</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Dayarian, A. et al.</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">2010 / 2010</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">OS</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">link</span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">SSAKE</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">(small) genomes</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Solexa (SOLiD? Helicos?)</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Warren, R. et al.</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">2007 / 2007</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">OS</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">link</span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">SOAPdenovo</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">genomes</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Solexa</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Li, R. et al.</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">2009 / 2009</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Closed</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">link</span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Staden gap4 package</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">BACs (, small genomes?)</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Sanger</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Staden et al.</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">1991 / 2008</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">OS</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">link</span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">VCAKE</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">(small) genomes</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Solexa (SOLiD?, Helicos?)</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Jeck, W. et al.</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">2007 / 2007</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">OS</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">link</span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Phusion assembler</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">(large) genomes</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Sanger</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Mullikin JC, et.al.</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">2003</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">OS</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">link</span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Quality Value Guided SRA (QSRA)</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">genomes</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Sanger, Solexa</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Bryant DW, et.al.</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">2009</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">OS</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">link</span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Velvet (algorithm)</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">(small) genomes</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Sanger, 454, Solexa, SOLiD</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Zerbino, D. et al.</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">2007 / 2009</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">OS</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">link</span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-top: #333 1px solid" colspan="7"><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000"><small>*<b>Licences:</b> OS = Open Source; C = Commercial; C / NC-A = Commercial but free for non-commercial and academics; Brackets = unclear, but most likely C / NC-A</small></span></span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> <h2><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000"><span id="See_also" class="mw-headline">See also</span></span></span></h2> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Sequence alignment</span> </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Genome assembly</span> </span></li> </ul> <h2><span style="font-size: small"><span id="References" class="mw-headline">References</span></span></h2> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-0"><span style="font-size: small"><b><a href="#cite_ref-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="citation Journal">Myers EW, Sutton GG, Delcher AL, <i>et al.</i> (March 2000). </span></span><span class="citation Journal"><span style="font-size: small"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=10731133"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;A whole-genome assembly of Drosophila&quot;</font></a></span><span style="font-size: small">. <i>Science</i> <b>287</b> (5461): 2196&ndash;204. </span><span style="font-size: small"><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a></span><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: small"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10731133"><font color="#3366bb">10731133</font></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="printonly">. </span></span></span><span style="font-size: large"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly"><a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=10731133"><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=10731133</font></span></a></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal">.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=A+whole-genome+assembly+of+Drosophila&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Myers+EW%2C+Sutton+GG%2C+Delcher+AL%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Myers+EW%2C+Sutton+GG%2C+Delcher+AL%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=March+2000&amp;rft.volume=287&amp;rft.issue=5461&amp;rft.pages=2196%E2%80%93204&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/10731133&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D10731133&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Sequence_assembly"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-1"><span style="font-size: small"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="citation Journal">Batzoglou S, Jaffe DB, Stanley K, <i>et al.</i> (January 2002). </span></span><span class="citation Journal"><span style="font-size: small"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=11779843"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;ARACHNE: a whole-genome shotgun assembler&quot;</font></a></span><span style="font-size: small">. <i>Genome Res.</i> <b>12</b> (1): 177&ndash;89. </span><span style="font-size: small"><a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a></span><span style="font-size: small">:</span><span style="font-size: small"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.208902"><font color="#3366bb">10.1101/gr.208902</font></a></span><span style="font-size: small">. </span><span style="font-size: small"><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a></span><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: small"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11779843"><font color="#3366bb">11779843</font></a></span><span style="font-size: small">. </span><span style="font-size: small"><a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a></span><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: small"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=155255"><font color="#3366bb">155255</font></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="printonly">. </span></span></span><span style="font-size: large"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly"><a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=11779843"><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.genome.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=11779843</font></span></a></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal">.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=ARACHNE%3A+a+whole-genome+shotgun+assembler&amp;rft.jtitle=Genome+Res.&amp;rft.aulast=Batzoglou+S%2C+Jaffe+DB%2C+Stanley+K%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Batzoglou+S%2C+Jaffe+DB%2C+Stanley+K%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=January+2002&amp;rft.volume=12&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=177%E2%80%9389&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1101%2Fgr.208902&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11779843&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genome.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D11779843&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Sequence_assembly"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span style="font-size: small"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://amos.sourceforge.net/"><font color="#3366bb">AMOS page</font></a></span><span style="font-size: small"> with links to various papers </span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span style="font-size: small"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> Copy in Google groups of the </span><span style="font-size: small"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://groups.google.com/group/bionet.software/browse_thread/thread/b34b348011d04f0e?fwc=1"><font color="#3366bb">post announcing MIRA 2.9.8 hybrid version</font></a></span><span style="font-size: small"> in the bionet.software Usenet group </span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span style="font-size: small"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="citation Journal">Dohm JC, Lottaz C, Borodina T, Himmelbauer H (November 2007). </span></span><span class="citation Journal"><span style="font-size: small"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=17908823"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;SHARCGS, a fast and highly accurate short-read assembly algorithm for de novo genomic sequencing&quot;</font></a></span><span style="font-size: small">. <i>Genome Res.</i> <b>17</b> (11): 1697&ndash;706. </span><span style="font-size: small"><a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a></span><span style="font-size: small">:</span><span style="font-size: small"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.6435207"><font color="#3366bb">10.1101/gr.6435207</font></a></span><span style="font-size: small">. </span><span style="font-size: small"><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a></span><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: small"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17908823"><font color="#3366bb">17908823</font></a></span><span style="font-size: small">. </span><span style="font-size: small"><a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a></span><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: small"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2045152"><font color="#3366bb">2045152</font></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="printonly">. </span></span></span><span style="font-size: large"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly"><a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=17908823"><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.genome.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=17908823</font></span></a></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal">.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=SHARCGS%2C+a+fast+and+highly+accurate+short-read+assembly+algorithm+for+de+novo+genomic+sequencing&amp;rft.jtitle=Genome+Res.&amp;rft.aulast=Dohm+JC%2C+Lottaz+C%2C+Borodina+T%2C+Himmelbauer+H&amp;rft.au=Dohm+JC%2C+Lottaz+C%2C+Borodina+T%2C+Himmelbauer+H&amp;rft.date=November+2007&amp;rft.volume=17&amp;rft.issue=11&amp;rft.pages=1697%E2%80%93706&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1101%2Fgr.6435207&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17908823&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genome.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D17908823&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Sequence_assembly"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span style="font-size: small"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b></span><span style="font-size: medium"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://seqanswers.com/forums/showthread.php?t=43"><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#3366bb">list of software including mapping assemblers in the SeqAnswers discussion forum.</font></span></a></span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://seqanswers.com/forums/showthread.php?t=43"></a></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span style="font-size: small"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="citation Journal">Boisvert S, Laviolette F, Corbeil J. (October 2010). </span></span><span class="citation Journal"><span style="font-size: small"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.liebertonline.com/doi/abs/10.1089/cmb.2009.0238"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Ray: simultaneous assembly of reads from a mix of high-throughput sequencing technologies.&quot;</font></a></span><span style="font-size: small">. <i>J Comput Biol.</i> <b>17</b> (11): 1519-33. </span><span style="font-size: small"><a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a></span><span style="font-size: small">:</span><span style="font-size: small"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1089%2Fcmb.2009.0238"><font color="#3366bb">10.1089/cmb.2009.0238</font></a></span><span style="font-size: small">. </span><span style="font-size: small"><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a></span><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: small"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20958248"><font color="#3366bb">20958248</font></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="printonly">. </span></span></span><span style="font-size: large"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly"><a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.liebertonline.com/doi/abs/10.1089/cmb.2009.0238"><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.liebertonline.com/doi/abs/10.1089/cmb.2009.0238</font></span></a></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal">.</span> </span></li> </ol> 25bdc9adad6884e057f2bd46e3978f09e337884e 3348 3347 2010-12-18T15:10:06Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">In bioinformatics, <b>sequence assembly</b> refers to aligning and merging fragments of a much longer DNA sequence in order to reconstruct the original sequence. This is needed as DNA sequencing technology cannot read whole genomes in one go, but rather small pieces between 20 and 1000 bases, depending on the technology used. Typically the short fragments, called reads, result from shotgun sequencing genomic DNA, or gene transcript (ESTs).</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">The problem of sequence assembly can be compared to taking many copies of a book, passing them all through a shredder, and piecing a copy of the book back together from only shredded pieces. The book may have many repeated paragraphs, and some shreds may be modified to have typos. Excerpts from another book may be added in, and some shreds may be completely unrecognizable.</span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Genome_assemblers" class="mw-headline">Genome assemblers</span></span></h2> <p><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">The first sequence assemblers began to appear in the late 1980s and early 1990s as variants of simpler sequence alignment programs to piece together vast quantities of fragments generated by automated sequencing instruments called DNA sequencers. As the sequenced organisms grew in size and complexity (from small viruses over plasmids to bacteria and finally eukaryotes), the assembly programs needed to increasingly employ more and more sophisticated strategies to handle:</span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">terabytes of sequencing data which need processing on computing clusters;</span> </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">identical and nearly identical sequences (known as <i>repeats</i>) which can, in the worst case, increase the time and space complexity of algorithms exponentially;</span> </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">and errors in the fragments from the sequencing instruments, which can confound assembly.</span> </span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Faced with the challenge of assembling the first larger eukaryotic genomes, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, in 2000 and the human genome just a year later, scientists developed assemblers like Celera Assembler<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference">[1]</sup> and Arachne<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference">[2]</sup> able to handle genomes of 100-300 million base pairs. Subsequent to these efforts, several other groups, mostly at the major genome sequencing centers, built large-scale assemblers, and an open source effort known as AMOS<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference">[3]</sup> was launched to bring together all the innovations in genome assembly technology under the open source framework.</span></span></p> <h2><span style="font-size: medium"><span style="color: #000000"><span id="EST_assemblers" class="mw-headline">EST assemblers</span></span></span></h2> <p><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">EST assembly differs from genome assembly in several ways. The sequences for EST assembly are the transcribed mRNA of a cell and represent only a subset of the whole genome. At a first glance, underlying algorithmical problems differ between genome and EST assembly. For instance, genomes often have large amounts of repetitive sequences, mainly in the inter-genic parts. Since ESTs represent gene transcripts, they will not contain these repeats. On the other hand, cells tend to have a certain number of genes that are constantly expressed in very high amounts (housekeeping genes), which again leads to the problem of similar sequences present in high amounts in the data set to be assembled.</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Furthermore, genes sometimes overlap in the genome (sense-antisense transcription), and should ideally still be assembled separately. EST assembly is also complicated by features like (cis-) alternative splicing, trans-splicing, single-nucleotide polymorphism, recoding, and post-transcriptional modification.</span></span></p> <h2><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000"><span id="De-novo_vs._mapping_assembly" class="mw-headline">De-novo vs. mapping assembly</span></span></span></h2> <p><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">In sequence assembly, two different types can be distinguished:</span></span></p> <ol> <li><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">de-novo: assembling reads together so that they form a new, previously unknown sequence</span> </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">mapping: assembling reads against an existing backbone sequence, building a sequence that is similar but not necessarily identical to the backbone sequence</span> </span></li> </ol> <p><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">In terms of complexity and time requirements, de-novo assemblies are orders of magnitude slower and more memory intensive than mapping assemblies. This is mostly due to the fact that the assembly algorithm need to compare every read with every other read (an operation that is has a complexity of O(<var>n</var>²) but can be reduced to O(<var>n</var> log(<var>n</var>)). Referring to the comparison drawn to shredded books in the introduction: while for mapping assemblies one would have a very similar book as template (perhaps with the names of the main characters and a few locations changed), the de-novo assemblies are more hardcore in a sense as one would not know beforehand whether this would become a science book, or a novel, or a catalogue etc.</span></span></p> <h2><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Influence_of_technological_changes" class="mw-headline">Influence of technological changes</span></span></span></h2> <p><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">The complexity of sequence assembly is driven by two major factors: the number of fragments and their lengths. While more and longer fragments allow better identification of sequence overlaps, they also pose problems as the underlying algorithms show quadratic or even exponential complexity behaviour to both number of fragments and their length. And while shorter sequences are faster to align, they also complicate the layout phase of an assembly as shorter reads are more difficult to use with repeats or near identical repeats.</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">In the earliest days of DNA sequencing, scientists could only gain a few sequences of short length (some dozen bases) after weeks of work in laboratories. Hence, these sequences could be aligned in a few minutes by hand.</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">In 1975, the Dideoxy termination method (also known as <i>Sanger sequencing</i>) was invented and until shortly after 2000, the technology was improved up to a point were fully automated machines could churn out sequences in a highly parallelised mode 24 hours a day. Large genome centers around the world housed complete farms of these sequencing machines, which in turn led to the necessity of assemblers to be optimised for sequences from whole-genome shotgun sequencing projects where the reads</span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">are about 800&ndash;900 bases long</span> </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">contain sequencing artifacts like sequencing and cloning vectors</span> </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">have error rates between 0.5 and 10%</span> </span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">With the Sanger technology, bacterial projects with 20,000 to 200,000 reads could easily be assembled on one computer. Larger ones like the human genome with approximately 35 million reads needed already large computing farms and distributed computing.</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">By 2004 / 2005, pyrosequencing had been brought to commercial viability by 454 Life Sciences. This new sequencing methods generated reads much shorter than from Sanger sequencing: initially about 100 bases, now 400 bases and expected to grow to 1000 bases by the end of 2010. However, due to the much higher throughput and lower cost than Sanger sequencing, the adoption of this technology by genome centers pushed development of sequence assemblers to deal with this new type of sequences. The sheer amount of data coupled with technology specific error patterns in the reads delayed development of assemblers, at the beginning in 2004 only the Newbler assembler from 454 was available. Presented in mid 2007<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference">[4]</sup>, the hybrid version of the MIRA assembler by Chevreux et al. was the first freely available assembler who could assemble 454 reads and mixtures of 454 reads and Sanger reads; using sequences from different sequencing technologies was subsequently coined <i>hybrid assembly</i>.</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Ironically, technological development of sequencing continued to improve in the wrong way (from a sequence assembly point of view). Since 2006, the Solexa technology is available and heavily used to generate roundabout 100 million reads per day on a single sequencing machine. Compare this to the 35 million reads of the human genome project which needed several years to be produced on hundreds of sequencing machines. The downside is that these reads have a length of only 36 bases (expected to grow to 50 bases by the end of 2008). This makes sequence alignment an even more daunting task. Presented by the end of 2007, the SHARCGS assembler<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference">[5]</sup> by Dohm et al. was the first published assembler that was used for an assembly with Solexa reads, quickly followed by a number of others.</span></span></p> <h2><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Greedy_algorithm" class="mw-headline">Greedy algorithm</span></span></span></h2> <p><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Given a set of sequence fragments the object is to find the Shortest common supersequence.</span></span></p> <ol> <li><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">calculate pairwise alignments of all fragments</span> </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">choose two fragments with the largest overlap</span> </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">merge chosen fragments</span> </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">repeat step 2. and 3. until only one fragment is left</span> </span></li> </ol> <p><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">The result is a suboptimal solution to the problem.</span></span></p> <h2><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Available_assemblers" class="mw-headline">Available assemblers</span></span></span></h2> <p><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">The following table lists assemblers that have a de-novo assembly capability on at least one of the supported technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference">[6]</sup></span></span></p> <p> <table class="wikitable" border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <th><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Name</span></span></th> <th><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Type</span></span></th> <th><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Technologies</span></span></th> <th><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Author</span></span></th> <th><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Presented / </span></span> <p><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Last updated</span></span></p> </th> <th><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Licence*</span></span></th> <th><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Homepage</span></span></th> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">ABySS</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">genomes</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Solexa, SOLiD</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Simpson, J. et al.</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">2008 / 2010</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">OS</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">link</span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">AMOS</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">genomes</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Sanger, 454</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Salzberg, S. et al.</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">2002? / 2008?</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">OS</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">link</span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Celera WGA Assembler / CABOG</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">(large) genomes</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Sanger, 454, Solexa</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Myers, G. et al.; Miller G. et al.</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">2004 / 2010</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">OS</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">link</span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">CLC Genomics Workbench</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">genomes</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Sanger, 454, Solexa, SOLiD</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">CLC bio</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">2008 / 2010</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">C</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">link</span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Edena</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">genomes</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Solexa</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">D. Hernandez, P. Fran&ccedil;ois, L. Farinelli, M. Osteras, and J. Schrenzel.</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">2008</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">C</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">link</span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Euler</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">genomes</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Sanger, 454 (,Solexa&nbsp;?)</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Pevzner, P. et al.</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">2001 / 2006?</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">(C / NC-A?)</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">link</span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Euler-sr</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">genomes</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">454, Solexa</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Chaisson, MJ. et al.</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">2008</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">NC-A</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">link</span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Forge</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">(large) genomes, EST, metagenomes</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">454, Solexa , SOLID, Sanger</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Platt, DM, Evers, D.</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">2010</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">OS</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">link</span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Geneious</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">genomes</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Sanger, 454, Solexa</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Biomatters Ltd</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">2009 / 2010</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">C</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">link</span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">IDBA (Iterative De Bruijn graph short read Assembler)</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">(large) genomes</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Sanger</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Yu Peng, Henry C. M. Leung, Siu-Ming Yiu, Francis Y. L. Chin</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">2010</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">(C / NC-A?)</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">link</span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">MIRA (Mimicking Intelligent Read Assembly)</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">genomes, ESTs</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Sanger, 454, Solexa</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Chevreux, B.</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">1998 / 2010</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">OS</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">link</span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">NextGENe</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">(small genomes?)</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">454, Solexa, SOLiD</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Softgenetics</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">2008</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">C</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">link</span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Newbler</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">genomes, ESTs</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">454, Sanger</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">454/Roche</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">2009</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">C</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">link</span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Phrap</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">genomes</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Sanger, 454</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Green, P.</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">2002 / 2003 / 2008</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">C / NC-A</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">link</span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">TIGR Assembler</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">genomic</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Sanger</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">-</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">1995 / 2003</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">OS</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">link</span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Ray<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference">[7]</sup></span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">genomes</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Illumina, mix of Illumina and 454, paired or not</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">S&eacute;bastien Boisvert, Fran&ccedil;ois Laviolette &amp; Jacques Corbeil.</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">2010</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">OS [GNU General Public License]</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">link</span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Sequencher</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">(small) genomes</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Sanger</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Gene Codes Corporation</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">1991 / 2009</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">C</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">link</span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">SeqMan NGen</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">(small) genomes, ESTs</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Sanger, 454, Solexa</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">DNASTAR</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">&nbsp;? / 2008</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">C</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">link</span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">SHARCGS</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">(small) genomes</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Solexa</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Dohm et al.</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">2007 / 2007</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">OS</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">link</span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">SOPRA</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">genomes</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Solexa, SOLiD, Sanger, 454</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Dayarian, A. et al.</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">2010 / 2010</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">OS</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">link</span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">SSAKE</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">(small) genomes</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Solexa (SOLiD? Helicos?)</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Warren, R. et al.</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">2007 / 2007</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">OS</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">link</span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">SOAPdenovo</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">genomes</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Solexa</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Li, R. et al.</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">2009 / 2009</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Closed</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">link</span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Staden gap4 package</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">BACs (, small genomes?)</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Sanger</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Staden et al.</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">1991 / 2008</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">OS</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">link</span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">VCAKE</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">(small) genomes</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Solexa (SOLiD?, Helicos?)</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Jeck, W. et al.</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">2007 / 2007</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">OS</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">link</span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Phusion assembler</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">(large) genomes</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Sanger</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Mullikin JC, et.al.</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">2003</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">OS</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">link</span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Quality Value Guided SRA (QSRA)</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">genomes</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Sanger, Solexa</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Bryant DW, et.al.</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">2009</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">OS</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">link</span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Velvet (algorithm)</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">(small) genomes</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Sanger, 454, Solexa, SOLiD</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Zerbino, D. et al.</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">2007 / 2009</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">OS</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">link</span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-top: #333 1px solid" colspan="7"><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000"><small>*<b>Licences:</b> OS = Open Source; C = Commercial; C / NC-A = Commercial but free for non-commercial and academics; Brackets = unclear, but most likely C / NC-A</small></span></span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> <h2><span style="font-size: large"><span style="color: #000000"><span id="See_also" class="mw-headline">See also</span></span></span></h2> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">[[Sequence alignment]]</span> </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Genome assembly</span> </span></li> </ul> <h2><span style="font-size: large"><span id="References" class="mw-headline">References</span></span></h2> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-0"><span style="font-size: small"><b><a href="#cite_ref-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="citation Journal">Myers EW, Sutton GG, Delcher AL, <i>et al.</i> (March 2000). </span></span><span class="citation Journal"><span style="font-size: small"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=10731133"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;A whole-genome assembly of Drosophila&quot;</font></a></span><span style="font-size: small">. <i>Science</i> <b>287</b> (5461): 2196&ndash;204. </span><span style="font-size: small"><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a></span><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: small"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10731133"><font color="#3366bb">10731133</font></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="printonly">. </span></span></span><span style="font-size: large"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly"><a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=10731133"><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=10731133</font></span></a></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal">.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=A+whole-genome+assembly+of+Drosophila&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Myers+EW%2C+Sutton+GG%2C+Delcher+AL%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Myers+EW%2C+Sutton+GG%2C+Delcher+AL%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=March+2000&amp;rft.volume=287&amp;rft.issue=5461&amp;rft.pages=2196%E2%80%93204&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/10731133&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D10731133&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Sequence_assembly"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-1"><span style="font-size: small"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="citation Journal">Batzoglou S, Jaffe DB, Stanley K, <i>et al.</i> (January 2002). </span></span><span class="citation Journal"><span style="font-size: small"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=11779843"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;ARACHNE: a whole-genome shotgun assembler&quot;</font></a></span><span style="font-size: small">. <i>Genome Res.</i> <b>12</b> (1): 177&ndash;89. </span><span style="font-size: small"><a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a></span><span style="font-size: small">:</span><span style="font-size: small"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.208902"><font color="#3366bb">10.1101/gr.208902</font></a></span><span style="font-size: small">. </span><span style="font-size: small"><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a></span><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: small"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11779843"><font color="#3366bb">11779843</font></a></span><span style="font-size: small">. </span><span style="font-size: small"><a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a></span><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: small"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=155255"><font color="#3366bb">155255</font></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="printonly">. </span></span></span><span style="font-size: large"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly"><a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=11779843"><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.genome.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=11779843</font></span></a></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal">.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=ARACHNE%3A+a+whole-genome+shotgun+assembler&amp;rft.jtitle=Genome+Res.&amp;rft.aulast=Batzoglou+S%2C+Jaffe+DB%2C+Stanley+K%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Batzoglou+S%2C+Jaffe+DB%2C+Stanley+K%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=January+2002&amp;rft.volume=12&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=177%E2%80%9389&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1101%2Fgr.208902&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11779843&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genome.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D11779843&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Sequence_assembly"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span style="font-size: small"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://amos.sourceforge.net/"><font color="#3366bb">AMOS page</font></a></span><span style="font-size: small"> with links to various papers </span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span style="font-size: small"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> Copy in Google groups of the </span><span style="font-size: small"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://groups.google.com/group/bionet.software/browse_thread/thread/b34b348011d04f0e?fwc=1"><font color="#3366bb">post announcing MIRA 2.9.8 hybrid version</font></a></span><span style="font-size: small"> in the bionet.software Usenet group </span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span style="font-size: small"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="citation Journal">Dohm JC, Lottaz C, Borodina T, Himmelbauer H (November 2007). </span></span><span class="citation Journal"><span style="font-size: small"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=17908823"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;SHARCGS, a fast and highly accurate short-read assembly algorithm for de novo genomic sequencing&quot;</font></a></span><span style="font-size: small">. <i>Genome Res.</i> <b>17</b> (11): 1697&ndash;706. </span><span style="font-size: small"><a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a></span><span style="font-size: small">:</span><span style="font-size: small"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.6435207"><font color="#3366bb">10.1101/gr.6435207</font></a></span><span style="font-size: small">. </span><span style="font-size: small"><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a></span><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: small"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17908823"><font color="#3366bb">17908823</font></a></span><span style="font-size: small">. </span><span style="font-size: small"><a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a></span><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: small"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2045152"><font color="#3366bb">2045152</font></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="printonly">. </span></span></span><span style="font-size: large"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly"><a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=17908823"><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.genome.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=17908823</font></span></a></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal">.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=SHARCGS%2C+a+fast+and+highly+accurate+short-read+assembly+algorithm+for+de+novo+genomic+sequencing&amp;rft.jtitle=Genome+Res.&amp;rft.aulast=Dohm+JC%2C+Lottaz+C%2C+Borodina+T%2C+Himmelbauer+H&amp;rft.au=Dohm+JC%2C+Lottaz+C%2C+Borodina+T%2C+Himmelbauer+H&amp;rft.date=November+2007&amp;rft.volume=17&amp;rft.issue=11&amp;rft.pages=1697%E2%80%93706&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1101%2Fgr.6435207&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17908823&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genome.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D17908823&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Sequence_assembly"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span style="font-size: small"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b></span><span style="font-size: medium"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://seqanswers.com/forums/showthread.php?t=43"><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#3366bb">list of software including mapping assemblers in the SeqAnswers discussion forum.</font></span></a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span style="font-size: small"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="citation Journal">Boisvert S, Laviolette F, Corbeil J. (October 2010). </span></span><span class="citation Journal"><span style="font-size: small"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.liebertonline.com/doi/abs/10.1089/cmb.2009.0238"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Ray: simultaneous assembly of reads from a mix of high-throughput sequencing technologies.&quot;</font></a></span><span style="font-size: small">. <i>J Comput Biol.</i> <b>17</b> (11): 1519-33. </span><span style="font-size: small"><a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a></span><span style="font-size: small">:</span><span style="font-size: small"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1089%2Fcmb.2009.0238"><font color="#3366bb">10.1089/cmb.2009.0238</font></a></span><span style="font-size: small">. </span><span style="font-size: small"><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a></span><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: small"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20958248"><font color="#3366bb">20958248</font></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="printonly">. </span></span></span><span style="font-size: large"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly"><a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.liebertonline.com/doi/abs/10.1089/cmb.2009.0238"><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.liebertonline.com/doi/abs/10.1089/cmb.2009.0238</font></span></a></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal">.</span> </span></li> </ol> 5889a91a9199054fe992231e34ef6dc116dedaef 3349 3348 2010-12-18T15:13:53Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">In bioinformatics, <b>sequence assembly</b> refers to aligning and merging fragments of a much longer DNA sequence in order to reconstruct the original sequence. </span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">This is needed as DNA sequencing technology cannot read whole genomes in one go, but rather small pieces between 20 and 1000 bases. </span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Typically the short fragments, called <b>reads</b>, result from shotgun sequencing genomic DNA, or gene transcript ([[EST]]s).</span></span></p> <p><b><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Sequence assembly as reconstructing a book</span></span></b></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">The problem of sequence assembly can be compared to taking many copies of a book, passing them all through a shredder, and piecing a copy of the book back together from only shredded pieces. The book may have many repeated paragraphs, and some shreds may be modified to have typos. Excerpts from another book may be added in, and some shreds may be completely unrecognizable.</span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Genome_assemblers" class="mw-headline">Genome assemblers</span></span></h2> <p><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">The first sequence assemblers began to appear in the late 1980s and early 1990s as variants of simpler sequence alignment programs to piece together vast quantities of fragments generated by automated sequencing instruments called DNA sequencers. </span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">As the sequenced organisms grew in size and complexity, the assembly programs needed to increasingly employ sophisticated strategies to handle:</span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">terabytes of data which need processing on computing clusters;</span> </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">identical and nearly identical sequences (known as <i>repeats</i>) which can, in the worst case, increase the time and space complexity of algorithms exponentially;</span> </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">and errors in the fragments from the sequencing instruments, which can confound assembly.</span> </span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Faced with the challenge of assembling the first larger eukaryotic genomes, the fruit fly [[Drosophila melanogaster]], in <b>2000 </b>and the human genome in <b>2001</b>, scientists developed assemblers&nbsp;such as&nbsp;Celera Assembler<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference">[1]</sup> and [[Arachne]]<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference">[2]</sup> able to handle genomes of <b>100,000,000 - 300,000,000</b> base pairs. Subsequent to these efforts, several other groups, mostly at the major genome sequencing centers, built large-scale assemblers, and an open source effort known as [[AMOS]]<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference">[3]</sup> was launched to bring together all the innovations in genome assembly technology under the open source framework.</span></span></p> <h2><span style="font-size: medium"><span style="color: #000000"><span id="EST_assemblers" class="mw-headline">EST assemblers</span></span></span></h2> <p><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">EST assembly differs from genome assembly in several ways. The sequences for EST assembly are the transcribed mRNA of a cell and represent only a subset of the whole genome. At a first glance, underlying algorithmical problems differ between genome and EST assembly. For instance, genomes often have large amounts of repetitive sequences, mainly in the inter-genic parts. Since ESTs represent gene transcripts, they will not contain these repeats. On the other hand, cells tend to have a certain number of genes that are constantly expressed in very high amounts (housekeeping genes), which again leads to the problem of similar sequences present in high amounts in the data set to be assembled.</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Furthermore, genes sometimes overlap in the genome (sense-antisense transcription), and should ideally still be assembled separately. EST assembly is also complicated by features like (cis-) alternative splicing, trans-splicing, single-nucleotide polymorphism, recoding, and post-transcriptional modification.</span></span></p> <h2><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000"><span id="De-novo_vs._mapping_assembly" class="mw-headline">De-novo vs. mapping assembly</span></span></span></h2> <p><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">In sequence assembly, two different types can be distinguished:</span></span></p> <ol> <li><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">de-novo: assembling reads together so that they form a new, previously unknown sequence</span> </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">mapping: assembling reads against an existing backbone sequence, building a sequence that is similar but not necessarily identical to the backbone sequence</span> </span></li> </ol> <p><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">In terms of complexity and time requirements, de-novo assemblies are orders of magnitude slower and more memory intensive than mapping assemblies. This is mostly due to the fact that the assembly algorithm need to compare every read with every other read (an operation that is has a complexity of O(<var>n</var>²) but can be reduced to O(<var>n</var> log(<var>n</var>)). Referring to the comparison drawn to shredded books in the introduction: while for mapping assemblies one would have a very similar book as template (perhaps with the names of the main characters and a few locations changed), the de-novo assemblies are more hardcore in a sense as one would not know beforehand whether this would become a science book, or a novel, or a catalogue etc.</span></span></p> <h2><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Influence_of_technological_changes" class="mw-headline">Influence of technological changes</span></span></span></h2> <p><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">The complexity of sequence assembly is driven by two major factors: the number of fragments and their lengths. While more and longer fragments allow better identification of sequence overlaps, they also pose problems as the underlying algorithms show quadratic or even exponential complexity behaviour to both number of fragments and their length. And while shorter sequences are faster to align, they also complicate the layout phase of an assembly as shorter reads are more difficult to use with repeats or near identical repeats.</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">In the earliest days of DNA sequencing, scientists could only gain a few sequences of short length (some dozen bases) after weeks of work in laboratories. Hence, these sequences could be aligned in a few minutes by hand.</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">In 1975, the Dideoxy termination method (also known as <i>Sanger sequencing</i>) was invented and until shortly after 2000, the technology was improved up to a point were fully automated machines could churn out sequences in a highly parallelised mode 24 hours a day. Large genome centers around the world housed complete farms of these sequencing machines, which in turn led to the necessity of assemblers to be optimised for sequences from whole-genome shotgun sequencing projects where the reads</span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">are about 800&ndash;900 bases long</span> </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">contain sequencing artifacts like sequencing and cloning vectors</span> </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">have error rates between 0.5 and 10%</span> </span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">With the Sanger technology, bacterial projects with 20,000 to 200,000 reads could easily be assembled on one computer. Larger ones like the human genome with approximately 35 million reads needed already large computing farms and distributed computing.</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">By 2004 / 2005, pyrosequencing had been brought to commercial viability by 454 Life Sciences. This new sequencing methods generated reads much shorter than from Sanger sequencing: initially about 100 bases, now 400 bases and expected to grow to 1000 bases by the end of 2010. However, due to the much higher throughput and lower cost than Sanger sequencing, the adoption of this technology by genome centers pushed development of sequence assemblers to deal with this new type of sequences. The sheer amount of data coupled with technology specific error patterns in the reads delayed development of assemblers, at the beginning in 2004 only the Newbler assembler from 454 was available. Presented in mid 2007<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference">[4]</sup>, the hybrid version of the MIRA assembler by Chevreux et al. was the first freely available assembler who could assemble 454 reads and mixtures of 454 reads and Sanger reads; using sequences from different sequencing technologies was subsequently coined <i>hybrid assembly</i>.</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Ironically, technological development of sequencing continued to improve in the wrong way (from a sequence assembly point of view). Since 2006, the Solexa technology is available and heavily used to generate roundabout 100 million reads per day on a single sequencing machine. Compare this to the 35 million reads of the human genome project which needed several years to be produced on hundreds of sequencing machines. The downside is that these reads have a length of only 36 bases (expected to grow to 50 bases by the end of 2008). This makes sequence alignment an even more daunting task. Presented by the end of 2007, the SHARCGS assembler<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference">[5]</sup> by Dohm et al. was the first published assembler that was used for an assembly with Solexa reads, quickly followed by a number of others.</span></span></p> <h2><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Greedy_algorithm" class="mw-headline">Greedy algorithm</span></span></span></h2> <p><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Given a set of sequence fragments the object is to find the Shortest common supersequence.</span></span></p> <ol> <li><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">calculate pairwise alignments of all fragments</span> </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">choose two fragments with the largest overlap</span> </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">merge chosen fragments</span> </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">repeat step 2. and 3. until only one fragment is left</span> </span></li> </ol> <p><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">The result is a suboptimal solution to the problem.</span></span></p> <h2><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Available_assemblers" class="mw-headline">Available assemblers</span></span></span></h2> <p><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">The following table lists assemblers that have a de-novo assembly capability on at least one of the supported technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference">[6]</sup></span></span></p> <p> <table class="wikitable" border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <th><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Name</span></span></th> <th><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Type</span></span></th> <th><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Technologies</span></span></th> <th><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Author</span></span></th> <th><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Presented / </span></span> <p><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Last updated</span></span></p> </th> <th><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Licence*</span></span></th> <th><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Homepage</span></span></th> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">ABySS</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">genomes</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Solexa, SOLiD</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Simpson, J. et al.</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">2008 / 2010</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">OS</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">link</span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">AMOS</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">genomes</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Sanger, 454</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Salzberg, S. et al.</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">2002? / 2008?</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">OS</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">link</span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Celera WGA Assembler / CABOG</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">(large) genomes</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Sanger, 454, Solexa</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Myers, G. et al.; Miller G. et al.</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">2004 / 2010</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">OS</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">link</span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">CLC Genomics Workbench</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">genomes</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Sanger, 454, Solexa, SOLiD</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">CLC bio</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">2008 / 2010</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">C</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">link</span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Edena</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">genomes</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Solexa</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">D. Hernandez, P. Fran&ccedil;ois, L. Farinelli, M. Osteras, and J. Schrenzel.</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">2008</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">C</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">link</span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Euler</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">genomes</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Sanger, 454 (,Solexa&nbsp;?)</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Pevzner, P. et al.</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">2001 / 2006?</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">(C / NC-A?)</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">link</span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Euler-sr</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">genomes</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">454, Solexa</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Chaisson, MJ. et al.</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">2008</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">NC-A</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">link</span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Forge</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">(large) genomes, EST, metagenomes</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">454, Solexa , SOLID, Sanger</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Platt, DM, Evers, D.</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">2010</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">OS</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">link</span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Geneious</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">genomes</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Sanger, 454, Solexa</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Biomatters Ltd</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">2009 / 2010</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">C</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">link</span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">IDBA (Iterative De Bruijn graph short read Assembler)</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">(large) genomes</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Sanger</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Yu Peng, Henry C. M. Leung, Siu-Ming Yiu, Francis Y. L. Chin</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">2010</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">(C / NC-A?)</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">link</span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">MIRA (Mimicking Intelligent Read Assembly)</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">genomes, ESTs</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Sanger, 454, Solexa</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Chevreux, B.</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">1998 / 2010</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">OS</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">link</span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">NextGENe</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">(small genomes?)</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">454, Solexa, SOLiD</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Softgenetics</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">2008</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">C</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">link</span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Newbler</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">genomes, ESTs</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">454, Sanger</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">454/Roche</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">2009</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">C</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">link</span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Phrap</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">genomes</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Sanger, 454</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Green, P.</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">2002 / 2003 / 2008</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">C / NC-A</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">link</span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">TIGR Assembler</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">genomic</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Sanger</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">-</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">1995 / 2003</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">OS</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">link</span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Ray<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference">[7]</sup></span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">genomes</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Illumina, mix of Illumina and 454, paired or not</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">S&eacute;bastien Boisvert, Fran&ccedil;ois Laviolette &amp; Jacques Corbeil.</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">2010</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">OS [GNU General Public License]</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">link</span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Sequencher</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">(small) genomes</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Sanger</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Gene Codes Corporation</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">1991 / 2009</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">C</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">link</span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">SeqMan NGen</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">(small) genomes, ESTs</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Sanger, 454, Solexa</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">DNASTAR</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">&nbsp;? / 2008</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">C</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">link</span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">SHARCGS</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">(small) genomes</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Solexa</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Dohm et al.</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">2007 / 2007</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">OS</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">link</span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">SOPRA</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">genomes</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Solexa, SOLiD, Sanger, 454</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Dayarian, A. et al.</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">2010 / 2010</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">OS</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">link</span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">SSAKE</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">(small) genomes</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Solexa (SOLiD? Helicos?)</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Warren, R. et al.</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">2007 / 2007</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">OS</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">link</span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">SOAPdenovo</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">genomes</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Solexa</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Li, R. et al.</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">2009 / 2009</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Closed</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">link</span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Staden gap4 package</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">BACs (, small genomes?)</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Sanger</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Staden et al.</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">1991 / 2008</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">OS</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">link</span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">VCAKE</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">(small) genomes</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Solexa (SOLiD?, Helicos?)</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Jeck, W. et al.</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">2007 / 2007</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">OS</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">link</span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Phusion assembler</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">(large) genomes</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Sanger</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Mullikin JC, et.al.</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">2003</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">OS</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">link</span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Quality Value Guided SRA (QSRA)</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">genomes</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Sanger, Solexa</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Bryant DW, et.al.</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">2009</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">OS</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">link</span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Velvet (algorithm)</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">(small) genomes</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Sanger, 454, Solexa, SOLiD</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Zerbino, D. et al.</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">2007 / 2009</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">OS</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">link</span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-top: #333 1px solid" colspan="7"><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000"><small>*<b>Licences:</b> OS = Open Source; C = Commercial; C / NC-A = Commercial but free for non-commercial and academics; Brackets = unclear, but most likely C / NC-A</small></span></span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> <h2><span style="font-size: large"><span style="color: #000000"><span id="See_also" class="mw-headline">See also</span></span></span></h2> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">[[Sequence alignment]]</span> </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Genome assembly</span> </span></li> </ul> <h2><span style="font-size: large"><span id="References" class="mw-headline">References</span></span></h2> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-0"><span style="font-size: small"><b><a href="#cite_ref-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="citation Journal">Myers EW, Sutton GG, Delcher AL, <i>et al.</i> (March 2000). </span></span><span class="citation Journal"><span style="font-size: small"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=10731133"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;A whole-genome assembly of Drosophila&quot;</font></a></span><span style="font-size: small">. <i>Science</i> <b>287</b> (5461): 2196&ndash;204. </span><span style="font-size: small"><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a></span><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: small"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10731133"><font color="#3366bb">10731133</font></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="printonly">. </span></span></span><span style="font-size: large"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly"><a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=10731133"><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=10731133</font></span></a></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal">.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=A+whole-genome+assembly+of+Drosophila&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Myers+EW%2C+Sutton+GG%2C+Delcher+AL%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Myers+EW%2C+Sutton+GG%2C+Delcher+AL%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=March+2000&amp;rft.volume=287&amp;rft.issue=5461&amp;rft.pages=2196%E2%80%93204&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/10731133&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D10731133&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Sequence_assembly"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-1"><span style="font-size: small"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="citation Journal">Batzoglou S, Jaffe DB, Stanley K, <i>et al.</i> (January 2002). </span></span><span class="citation Journal"><span style="font-size: small"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=11779843"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;ARACHNE: a whole-genome shotgun assembler&quot;</font></a></span><span style="font-size: small">. <i>Genome Res.</i> <b>12</b> (1): 177&ndash;89. </span><span style="font-size: small"><a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a></span><span style="font-size: small">:</span><span style="font-size: small"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.208902"><font color="#3366bb">10.1101/gr.208902</font></a></span><span style="font-size: small">. </span><span style="font-size: small"><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a></span><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: small"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11779843"><font color="#3366bb">11779843</font></a></span><span style="font-size: small">. </span><span style="font-size: small"><a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a></span><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: small"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=155255"><font color="#3366bb">155255</font></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="printonly">. </span></span></span><span style="font-size: large"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly"><a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=11779843"><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.genome.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=11779843</font></span></a></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal">.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=ARACHNE%3A+a+whole-genome+shotgun+assembler&amp;rft.jtitle=Genome+Res.&amp;rft.aulast=Batzoglou+S%2C+Jaffe+DB%2C+Stanley+K%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Batzoglou+S%2C+Jaffe+DB%2C+Stanley+K%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=January+2002&amp;rft.volume=12&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=177%E2%80%9389&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1101%2Fgr.208902&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11779843&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genome.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D11779843&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Sequence_assembly"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span style="font-size: small"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://amos.sourceforge.net/"><font color="#3366bb">AMOS page</font></a></span><span style="font-size: small"> with links to various papers </span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span style="font-size: small"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> Copy in Google groups of the </span><span style="font-size: small"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://groups.google.com/group/bionet.software/browse_thread/thread/b34b348011d04f0e?fwc=1"><font color="#3366bb">post announcing MIRA 2.9.8 hybrid version</font></a></span><span style="font-size: small"> in the bionet.software Usenet group </span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span style="font-size: small"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="citation Journal">Dohm JC, Lottaz C, Borodina T, Himmelbauer H (November 2007). </span></span><span class="citation Journal"><span style="font-size: small"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=17908823"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;SHARCGS, a fast and highly accurate short-read assembly algorithm for de novo genomic sequencing&quot;</font></a></span><span style="font-size: small">. <i>Genome Res.</i> <b>17</b> (11): 1697&ndash;706. </span><span style="font-size: small"><a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a></span><span style="font-size: small">:</span><span style="font-size: small"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.6435207"><font color="#3366bb">10.1101/gr.6435207</font></a></span><span style="font-size: small">. </span><span style="font-size: small"><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a></span><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: small"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17908823"><font color="#3366bb">17908823</font></a></span><span style="font-size: small">. </span><span style="font-size: small"><a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a></span><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: small"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2045152"><font color="#3366bb">2045152</font></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="printonly">. </span></span></span><span style="font-size: large"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly"><a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=17908823"><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.genome.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=17908823</font></span></a></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal">.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=SHARCGS%2C+a+fast+and+highly+accurate+short-read+assembly+algorithm+for+de+novo+genomic+sequencing&amp;rft.jtitle=Genome+Res.&amp;rft.aulast=Dohm+JC%2C+Lottaz+C%2C+Borodina+T%2C+Himmelbauer+H&amp;rft.au=Dohm+JC%2C+Lottaz+C%2C+Borodina+T%2C+Himmelbauer+H&amp;rft.date=November+2007&amp;rft.volume=17&amp;rft.issue=11&amp;rft.pages=1697%E2%80%93706&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1101%2Fgr.6435207&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17908823&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genome.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D17908823&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Sequence_assembly"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span style="font-size: small"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b></span><span style="font-size: medium"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://seqanswers.com/forums/showthread.php?t=43"><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#3366bb">list of software including mapping assemblers in the SeqAnswers discussion forum.</font></span></a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span style="font-size: small"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="citation Journal">Boisvert S, Laviolette F, Corbeil J. (October 2010). </span></span><span class="citation Journal"><span style="font-size: small"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.liebertonline.com/doi/abs/10.1089/cmb.2009.0238"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Ray: simultaneous assembly of reads from a mix of high-throughput sequencing technologies.&quot;</font></a></span><span style="font-size: small">. <i>J Comput Biol.</i> <b>17</b> (11): 1519-33. </span><span style="font-size: small"><a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a></span><span style="font-size: small">:</span><span style="font-size: small"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1089%2Fcmb.2009.0238"><font color="#3366bb">10.1089/cmb.2009.0238</font></a></span><span style="font-size: small">. </span><span style="font-size: small"><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a></span><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: small"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20958248"><font color="#3366bb">20958248</font></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="printonly">. </span></span></span><span style="font-size: large"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly"><a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.liebertonline.com/doi/abs/10.1089/cmb.2009.0238"><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.liebertonline.com/doi/abs/10.1089/cmb.2009.0238</font></span></a></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal">.</span> </span></li> </ol> 9dbb5582a50a1a53a65e3f7ba3d44960b7acb5ac 0 1983 3350 2010-12-18T15:16:52Z WikiSysop 1 Created page with "<p><a href="http://www.dnaplus.com/">http://www.dnaplus.com/</a></p> <p>DNA PLUS is a&nbsp;provider of paternity, prenatal, legal, infidelity, and forensic testing services.</p> ..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p><a href="http://www.dnaplus.com/">http://www.dnaplus.com/</a></p> <p>DNA PLUS is a&nbsp;provider of paternity, prenatal, legal, infidelity, and forensic testing services.</p> <p>Since 1996, DNA PLUS has provided tens of thousands of families with the results they need. We invite you to explore this website and find the test that fits your needs.</p> <p>Our lab uses the newest, state-of-the-art technology in medical collection and biological testing to ensure the highest possible accuracy for every test. <br /> If you have any questions, please feel free to contact us at toll-free 1-877-786-9323 (24 hours).</p> <p><br /> &nbsp;</p> 87420b78f74f7217c31bb77d4d53884bd52cb03b 0 1984 3351 2010-12-18T15:18:26Z WikiSysop 1 Created page with "<p>Animal Genomics</p> <p>&nbsp;</p>" wikitext text/x-wiki <p>Animal Genomics</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 6a54e71149726effe77d956dde425fa46f79cf73 0 1985 3352 2010-12-18T15:19:44Z WikiSysop 1 Created page with "<p><span style="font-size: large">Species Specific Genomics fields.</span></p> <p>[[Animal genomics]]</p> <p>[[Plant genomics]]</p> <p>[[Microbial genomics]]</p> <p>[[Fungal geno..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: large">Species Specific Genomics fields.</span></p> <p>[[Animal genomics]]</p> <p>[[Plant genomics]]</p> <p>[[Microbial genomics]]</p> <p>[[Fungal genomics]]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 89b389c9b8103b1c62c6d01e41245c742cc104e1 6 1986 3353 2010-12-18T15:21:07Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 3368 3353 2010-12-18T15:35:33Z WikiSysop 1 uploaded a new version of &quot;[[File:Running man 1.gif]]&quot; wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 6 1987 3354 2010-12-18T15:21:23Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 6 1988 3355 2010-12-18T15:21:38Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 6 1989 3356 2010-12-18T15:21:53Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 0 1990 3357 2010-12-18T15:23:29Z WikiSysop 1 Created page with "<p>[[File:Metagenome openfree.gif]]</p>" wikitext text/x-wiki <p>[[File:Metagenome openfree.gif]]</p> 086b53bf877f4246ea23bc7255e898c7ad0a9fd8 3358 3357 2010-12-18T15:26:58Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>[[File:Metagenome openfree.gif]]</p> <p><span style="font-size: small">Metagenomics is the study of metagenomes, genetic material recovered directly from environmental samples. The broad field may also be referred to as environmental genomics, ecogenomics or community genomics. Traditional microbiology and microbial genome sequencing rely upon cultivated clonal cultures. This relatively new field of genetic research enables studies of organisms that are not easily cultured in a laboratory as well as studies of organisms in their natural environment.[1]</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">Early environmental gene sequencing cloned specific genes (often the 16S rRNA gene) to produce a profile of diversity in a natural sample. Such work revealed that the vast majority of microbial biodiversity had been missed by cultivation-based methods.[2] Recent studies use &quot;shotgun&quot; Sanger sequencing or massively parallel pyrosequencing to get (mostly) unbiased samples of all genes from all members of sampled communities.[3]</span></p> <p><b>History<br /> Origin of the term<br /> </b>The term &quot;metagenomics&quot; was first used by Jo Handelsman, Jon Clardy, Robert M. Goodman, and others, and first appeared in publication in 1998.[4]</p> <p>The term metagenome referenced the idea that a collection of genes sequenced from the environment could be analyzed in a way analogous to the study of a single genome. The exploding interest in environmental genetics, along with the buzzword-like nature of the term, has resulted in the broader use of metagenomics to describe any sequencing of genetic material from environmental (i.e. uncultured) samples, even work that focuses on one organism or gene. Recently, Kevin Chen and Lior Pachter (researchers at the University of California, Berkeley) defined metagenomics as &quot;the application of modern genomics techniques to the study of communities of microbial organisms directly in their natural environments, bypassing the need for isolation and lab cultivation of individual species.&quot;[5]</p> <p><b>Environmental gene surveys<br /> </b>Conventional sequencing begins with a culture of identical cells as a source of DNA. However, early metagenomic studies revealed that there are probably large groups of microorganisms in many environments that cannot be cultured and thus cannot be sequenced. These early studies focused on 16S ribosomal RNA sequences which are relatively short, often conserved within a species, and generally different between species. Many 16S rRNA sequences have been found which do not belong to any known cultured species, indicating that there are numerous non-isolated organisms out there.</p> <p>Early molecular work in the field was conducted by Norman R. Pace and colleagues, who used PCR to explore the diversity of ribosomal RNA sequences.[6] The insights gained from these breakthrough studies led Pace to propose the idea of cloning DNA directly from environmental samples as early as 1985.[7] This led to the first report of isolating and cloning bulk DNA from an environmental sample, published by Pace and colleagues in 1991[8] while Pace was in the Department of Biology at Indiana University. Considerable efforts ensured that these were not PCR false positives and supported the existence of a complex community of unexplored species. Although this methodology was limited to exploring highly conserved, non-protein coding genes, it did support early microbial morphology-based observations that diversity was far more complex than was known by culturing methods.</p> <p>Soon after that, Healy reported the metagenomic isolation of functional genes from &quot;zoolibraries&quot; constructed from a complex culture of environmental organisms grown in the laboratory on dried grasses in 1995.[9] After leaving the Pace laboratory, Ed DeLong continued in the field and has published work that has largely laid the groundwork for environmental phylogenies based on signature 16S sequences, beginning with his group's construction of libraries from marine samples.[10]</p> <p>Longer sequences from environmental samples<br /> Recovery of DNA sequences longer than a few thousand base pairs from environmental samples was very difficult until recent advances in molecular biological techniques, particularly related to constructing libraries in bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs), provided better vectors for molecular cloning.[11]</p> <p>Shotgun metagenomics<br /> Advances in bioinformatics, refinements of DNA amplification, and proliferation of computational power have greatly aided the analysis of DNA sequences recovered from environmental samples. These advances have enabled the adaptation of shotgun sequencing to metagenomic samples. The approach, used to sequence many cultured microorganisms as well as the human genome, randomly shears DNA, sequences many short sequences, and reconstructs them into a consensus sequence.</p> <p>In 2002, Mya Breitbart, Forest Rohwer, and colleagues used environmental shotgun sequencing to show that 200 liters of seawater contains over 5000 different viruses.[12] Subsequent studies showed that there are &gt;1000 viral species in human stool and possibly a million different viruses per kilogram of marine sediment, including many bacteriophages. Essentially all of the viruses in these studies were new species. In 2004, Gene Tyson, Jill Banfield, and colleagues at the University of California, Berkeley and the Joint Genome Institute sequenced DNA extracted from an acid mine drainage system.[13] This effort resulted in the complete, or nearly complete, genomes for a handful of bacteria and archaea that had previously resisted attempts to culture them. It was now possible to study entire genomes without the biases associated with laboratory cultures.[14]</p> <p>Global Ocean Sampling Expedition<br /> Main article: Global Ocean Sampling Expedition<br /> Beginning in 2003, Craig Venter, leader of the privately-funded parallel of the Human Genome Project, has led the Global Ocean Sampling Expedition, circumnavigating the globe and collecting metagenomic samples throughout. All of these samples are sequenced using shotgun sequencing, in hopes that new genomes (and therefore new organisms) would be identified. The pilot project, conducted in the Sargasso Sea, found DNA from nearly 2000 different species, including 148 types of bacteria never before seen.[15] As of 2009, Venter has circumnavigated the globe and thoroughly explored the West Coast of the United States, and is currently in the midst of a two-year expedition to explore the Baltic, Mediterranian and Black Seas.</p> <p>Pyrosequencing<br /> In 2006 Robert Edwards, Forest Rohwer, and colleagues at San Diego State University published the first sequences of environmental samples generated with so-called next generation sequencing, in this case chip-based pyrosequencing developed by 454 Life Sciences.[16] This technique for sequencing DNA generates shorter fragments than conventional techniques, however this limitation is compensated for by the very large number of sequences generated. In addition, this technique does not require cloning the DNA before sequencing, removing one of the main biases in metagenomics.</p> <p>MEGAN<br /> In 2007, Daniel Huson and Stephan Schuster developed and published the first stand-alone metagenome analysis tool, MEGAN, which can be used to perform a first analysis of a metagenomic shotgun dataset. This tool was originally developed to analyse the metagenome of a mammoth sample.[17] However in a recent study by Monzoorul et al. 2009,[18] it was shown that adopting the LCA approach (of MEGAN) solely based on bit-score of the alignment leads to a number of false positive assignments especially in the context of metagenomic sequences originating from new organisms. This study proposed a new approach called SOrt-ITEMS which used several alignment parameters to increase the accuracy of assignments.</p> <p>MG-RAST<br /> In 2007, Folker Meyer and Robert Edwards and a team at Argonne National Laboratory and the University of Chicago released the Metagenomics RAST server (MG-RAST) a community resource for metagenome data set analysis.[19] The SEED based free, public resource has so far (October 2009) been used for the analysis of over 4000 metagenome data sets. As of October 2009 100+ giga-basepairs of DNA have been analyzed via MG-RAST, more than 350 public data sets are freely available for comparison within MG-RAST.</p> <p>Applications<br /> Metagenomics can improve strategies for monitoring the impact of pollutants on ecosystems and for cleaning up contaminated environments. Increased understanding of how microbial communities cope with pollutants is helping assess the potential of contaminated sites to recover from pollution and increase the chances of bioaugmentation or biostimulation trials to succeed.[20]</p> <p>Recent progress in mining the rich genetic resource of non-culturable microbes has led to the discovery of new genes, enzymes, and natural products. The impact of metagenomics is witnessed in the development of commodity and fine chemicals, agrochemicals and pharmaceuticals where the benefit of enzyme-catalyzed chiral synthesis is increasingly recognized.[21]</p> <p>Metagenomic sequencing is being used to characterize the microbial communities from 15-18 body sites from at least 250 individuals. This is part of the Human Microbiome initiative with primary goals to determine if there is a core human microbiome, to understand the changes in the human microbiome that can be correlated with human health, and to develop new technological and bioinformatics tools to support these goals.[22]</p> <p>It is well known that the vast majority of microbes have not been cultivated. Functional metagenomics strategies are being used to explore the interactions between plants and microbes through cultivation-independent study of the microbial communities.[23]</p> <p>[edit] Microbial diversity<br /> Much of the interest in metagenomics comes from the discovery that the vast majority of microorganisms had previously gone unnoticed. Traditional microbiological methods relied upon laboratory cultures of organisms. Surveys of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes taken directly from the environment revealed that cultivation based methods find less than 1% of the bacteria and archaea species in a sample.[2]</p> <p>Gene surveys<br /> Shotgun sequencing and screens of clone libraries reveal genes present in environmental samples. This provides information both on which organisms are present and what metabolic processes are possible in the community. This can be helpful in understanding the ecology of a community, particularly if multiple samples are compared to each other.[24]</p> <p>Environmental genomes<br /> Shotgun metagenomics also is capable of sequencing nearly complete microbial genomes directly from the environment.[13] Because the collection of DNA from an environment is largely uncontrolled, the most abundant organisms in an environmental sample are most highly represented in the resulting sequence data. To achieve the high coverage needed to fully resolve the genomes of underrepresented community members, large samples, often prohibitively so, are needed. On the other hand, the random nature of shotgun sequencing ensures that many of these organisms will be represented by at least some small sequence segments. Due to the limitations of microbial isolation methods, the vast majority of these organisms would go unnoticed using traditional culturing techniques.</p> <p>Community metabolism<br /> &nbsp;This section does not cite any references or sources.<br /> Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2009)</p> <p>Many bacterial communities show significant division of labor in metabolism. Waste products of some organisms are metabolites for others. Working together they turn raw resources into fully metabolized waste. Using comparative gene studies and expression experiments with microarrays or proteomics researchers can piece together a metabolic network that goes beyond species boundaries. Such studies require detailed knowledge about which versions of which proteins are coded by which species and even by which strains of which species. Therefore, community genomic information is another fundamental part (as metabolomics or proteomics) to be able to estimate how metabolites are possibly transferred and transformed through a community.</p> <p><b>See also<br /> </b>Pathogenomics<br /> &nbsp;</p> <p><b>References<br /> </b>1.^ Marco, D, ed (2010). Metagenomics: Theory, Methods and Applications. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-54-7. <br /> 2.^ a b Hugenholz, P; Goebel BM, Pace NR (1 September 1998). &quot;Impact of culture-independent studies on the emerging phylogenetic view of bacterial diversity&quot;. J. Bacteriol 180 (18): 4765&ndash;74. PMID 9733676. <br /> 3.^ Eisen, JA (2007). &quot;Environmental shotgun sequencing: its potential and challenges for studying the hidden world of microbes.&quot;. PLoS Biology 5 (3): e82. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050082. PMID 17355177. <br /> 4.^ Handelsman, J; Rondon MR, Brady SF, Clardy J, Goodman RM (1998). &quot;Molecular biological access to the chemistry of unknown soil microbes: a new frontier for natural products&quot;. Chemistry &amp; Biology 5: 245&ndash;249. doi:10.1016/S1074-5521(98)90108-9. .<br /> 5.^ Chen, K; Pachter L (2005). &quot;Bioinformatics for whole-genome shotgun sequencing of microbial communities&quot;. PLoS Comp Biol 1 (2): 24. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.0010024. PMID 16110337. .<br /> 6.^ Lane, DJ; Pace B, Olsen GJ, Stahl DA, Sogin ML, Pace NR (1985). &quot;Rapid determination of 16S ribosomal RNA sequences for phylogenetic analyses&quot;. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 82 (20): 6955. doi:10.1073/pnas.82.20.6955. PMID 2413450. .<br /> 7.^ Pace, NR; DA Stahl, DJ Lane, GJ Olsen (1985). &quot;Analyzing natural microbial populations by rRNA sequences&quot;. ASM News 51: 4&ndash;12. .<br /> 8.^ Pace, NR (1991). &quot;Analysis of a marine picoplankton community by 16S rRNA gene cloning and sequencing&quot;. Journal of Bacteriology 173: 4371&ndash;4378. .<br /> 9.^ Healy, FG; RM Ray, HC Aldrich, AC Wilkie, LO Ingram, KT Shanmugam (1995). &quot;Direct isolation of functional genes encoding cellulases from the microbial consortia in a thermophilic, anaerobic digester maintained on lignocellulose&quot;. Appl. Microbiol Biotechnol. 43 (4): 667. doi:10.1007/BF00164771. PMID 7546604. .<br /> 10.^ Stein, JL; TL Marsh, KY Wu, H Shizuya, EF DeLong (1996). &quot;Characterization of uncultivated prokaryotes: isolation and analysis of a 40-kilobase-pair genome fragment from a planktonic marine archaeon&quot;. Journal of Bacteriology 178: 591&ndash;599. .<br /> 11.^ Beja, O; Suzuki MT, Koonin EV, Aravind L, Hadd A, Nguyen LP, Villacorta R, Amjadi M, Garrigues C, Jovanovich SB, Feldman RA, Delong EF (2000). Construction and analysis of bacterial artificial chromosome libraries from a marine microbial assemblage. 2. pp. 516&ndash;529. <br /> 12.^ Breitbart, M; Salamon P, Andresen B, Mahaffy JM, Segall AM, Mead D, Azam F, Rohwer F (2002). &quot;Genomic analysis of uncultured marine viral communities&quot;. Proceedings of the National Academy USA 99 (22): 14250&ndash;14255. doi:10.1073/pnas.202488399. PMID 12384570. .<br /> 13.^ a b Tyson, GW; Chapman J, Hugenholtz P, Allen EE, Ram RJ, Richardson PM, Solovyev VV, Rubin EM, Rokhsar DS, Banfield JF (2004). &quot;Insights into community structure and metabolism by reconstruction of microbial genomes from the environment&quot;. Nature 428 (6978): 37&ndash;43. doi:10.1038/nature02340. PMID 14961025. <a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v428/n6978/full/nature02340.html">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v428/n6978/full/nature02340.html</a>. .<br /> 14.^ Hugenholz, P (2002). &quot;Exploring prokaryotic diversity in the genomic era&quot;. Genome Biology 3: 1&ndash;8. doi:10.1186/gb-2002-3-2-reviews0003. .<br /> 15.^ Venter, JC; Remington K, Heidelberg JF, Halpern AL, Rusch D, Eisen JA, Wu D, Paulsen I, Nelson KE, Nelson W, Fouts DE, Levy S, Knap AH, Lomas MW, Nealson K, White O, Peterson J, Hoffman J, Parsons R, Baden-Tillson H, Pfannkoch C, Rogers Y, Smith HO (2004). &quot;Environmental Genome Shotgun Sequencing of the Sargasso Sea&quot;. Science 304 (5667): 66&ndash;74. doi:10.1126/science.1093857. PMID 15001713. .<br /> 16.^ Edwards, RA; Rodriguez-Brito B, Wegley L, Haynes M, Breitbart M, Peterson DM, Saar MO, Alexander S, Alexander EC, Rohwer F (2006). &quot;Using pyrosequencing to shed light on deep mine microbial ecology&quot;. BMC Genomics 7: 57. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-7-57. PMID 16549033. .<br /> 17.^ H. N. Poinar, C. Schwarz, Ji Qi, B. Shapiro, R. D. E. MacPhee, B. Buigues, A. Tikhonov, D. H. Huson, L. P. Tomsho, A. Auch, M. Rampp, W. Miller, S. C. Schuster, Metagenomics to Paleogenomics: Large-Scale Sequencing of Mammoth DNA, Science 311:392-394, 2006<br /> 18.^ Monzoorul HM, Tarini S, Dinakar K, Sharmila S M (May 2009). &quot;SOrt-ITEMS : Sequence Orthology based approach for Improved Taxonomic Estimation of Metagenomic Sequences&quot;. Bioinformatics 25 (14): 1722&ndash;30. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btp317. PMID 19439565. <br /> 19.^ Meyer, F; Paarmann D, D'Souza M, Olson R, Glass EM, Kubal M, Paczian T, Rodriguez A, Stevens R, Wilke A, Wilkening J, Edwards RA (2008). &quot;The metagenomics RAST server - a public resource for the automatic phylogenetic and functional analysis of metagenomes&quot;. BMC Bioinformatics 9: 0. doi:10.1186/1471-2105-9-386. PMID 18803844. <br /> 20.^ George I et al. (2010). &quot;Application of Metagenomics to Bioremediation&quot;. Metagenomics: Theory, Methods and Applications. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-54-7. <br /> 21.^ Wong D (2010). &quot;Applications of Metagenomics for Industrial Bioproducts&quot;. Metagenomics: Theory, Methods and Applications. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-54-7. <br /> 22.^ Nelson KE and White BA (2010). &quot;Metagenomics and Its Applications to the Study of the Human Microbiome&quot;. Metagenomics: Theory, Methods and Applications. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-54-7. <br /> 23.^ CharlesT (2010). &quot;The Potential for Investigation of Plant-microbe Interactions Using Metagenomics Methods&quot;. Metagenomics: Theory, Methods and Applications. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-54-7. <br /> 24.^ Allen, EE; Banfield, JF (2005). &quot;Community genomics in microbial ecology and evolution&quot;. Nature Reviews Microbiology 3 (6): 489&ndash;498. doi:10.1038/nrmicro1157. PMID 15931167. <br /> [edit] Further reading<br /> &nbsp;This article's further reading may not follow Wikipedia's content policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive, less relevant or many publications with the same point of view; or by incorporating the relevant publications into the body of the article through appropriate citations. (October 2009)</p> <p><b>Review articles<br /> </b>Edwards RA, Rohwer F (June 2005). &quot;Viral metagenomics&quot;. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 3 (6): 504&ndash;10. doi:10.1038/nrmicro1163. PMID 15886693. <br /> Eisen, J. A. (2007). Environmental shotgun sequencing: its potential and challenges for studying the hidden world of microbes. PLoS Biology 5(3): e82<br /> Green, B. D. &amp; Keller, M. (2006). Capturing the uncultivated majority. Current Opinion in Biotechnology 17[3], 236-240.<br /> Handelsman J. (2004). Metagenomics: application of genomics to uncultured microorganisms. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 68:669-685.<br /> Keller, M. &amp; Sengler, K. (2004). Tapping into microbial diversity. Nature Reviews Microbiology 2[2], 141-150.<br /> Lombard, N. et al. (2006). The metagenomics of microbial communities. Biofutur 24-7.<br /> Riesenfeld, C. S. et al. (2004). Metagenomics: genomic analysis of microbial communities. Annu Rev Genet 38: 525-52.<br /> Rodriguez Valera, F. (2002). Approaches to prokaryotic biodiversity: a population genetics perspective. Environmental Microbiology 4: 628-33.<br /> Rodriguez-Valera. (2004). Environmental genomics, the big picture?. FEMS Microbiology Letters 231:153-158.<br /> Torsvik, V. &amp; Ovreas, L. (2002). Microbial diversity and function in soil: from genes to ecosystems. Current opinion in Microbiology 5: 240-5.<br /> Whitaker, R. J. &amp; Banfield, J. F. (2006). Population genomics in natural microbial communities. Trends in Ecology &amp; Evolution 21: 508-16.<br /> Worden, A. Z. et al. (2006). In-depth analyses of marine microbial community genomics. Trends in Microbiology 14: 331-6.<br /> Xu, J. P. (2006). Microbial ecology in the age of genomics and metagenomics: concepts, tools, and recent advances. Molecular Ecology 15: 1713-31.<br /> [edit] Methods<br /> Beja, O. et al. (2000). Construction and analysis of bacterial artificial chromosome libraries from a marine microbial assemblage. Environmental Microbiology 2: 516-29.<br /> Sebat, J. L. et al. (2003). Metagenomic profiling: Microarray analysis of an environmental genomic library. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69: 4927-34.<br /> Suzuki, M. T. et al. (2004). Phylogenetic screening of ribosomal RNA gene-containing clones in bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) libraries from different depths in Monterey Bay. Microbial Ecology 48: 473-88.<br /> Zhu, W. et al. (2010). Ab initio gene identification in metagenomic sequences. Nucleic Acids Research, Vol. 38, No. 12 e132<br /> [edit] Bioinformatics<br /> Krause L., Diaz N.N., Goesmann A., Kelley S., Nattkemper T.W., Rohwer F., Edwards R.A., Stoye J. Phylogenetic classification of short environmental DNA fragments. Nucleic Acids Res. 36:2230-9, 2008<br /> Huson, D.H., A. Auch, Ji Qi and S.C. Schuster, MEGAN Analysis of Metagenomic Data, Genome Research. 17:377-386, 2007<br /> Krause L, Diaz NN, Bartels D, et al. (July 2006). &quot;Finding novel genes in bacterial communities isolated from the environment&quot;. Bioinformatics 22 (14): e281&ndash;9. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btl247. PMID 16873483. <a href="http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16873483">http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16873483</a>. <br /> Rodriguez-Brito B, Rohwer F, Edwards RA (2006). &quot;An application of statistics to comparative metagenomics&quot;. BMC Bioinformatics 7: 162. doi:10.1186/1471-2105-7-162. PMID 16549025. PMC 1473205. <a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2105/7/162">http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2105/7/162</a>. <br /> Raes J, Foerstner KU, Bork P (October 2007). &quot;Get the most out of your metagenome: computational analysis of environmental sequence data&quot;. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 10 (5): 490&ndash;8. doi:10.1016/j.mib.2007.09.001. PMID 17936679. <a href="http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1369-5274(07)00123-3">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1369-5274(07)00123-3</a>. <br /> Harrington ED, Singh AH, Doerks T, et al. (August 2007). &quot;Quantitative assessment of protein function prediction from metagenomics shotgun sequences&quot;. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104 (35): 13913&ndash;8. doi:10.1073/pnas.0702636104. PMID 17717083. PMC 1955820. <a href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=17717083">http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=17717083</a>. <br /> Tress, M. L. et al. (2006). An analysis of the Sargasso Sea resource and the consequences for database composition. Bmc Bioinformatics 7<br /> Foerstner KU, von Mering C, Hooper SD, Bork P (2005) Environments shape the nucleotide composition of genomes. EMBO Rep. 6(12): 1208-13<br /> Raes, J., Korbel, J.O., Lercher, M.J., Von Mering, C. &amp; Bork, P. (2007) Prediction of effective genome size in metagenomic samples. Genome Biology 8, R10 [1]<br /> von Mering, C., Hugenholtz, P., Raes, J., Tringe, S.G., Doerks, T., Jensen, L.J., Ward N. &amp; Bork, P. (2007) Quantitative phylogenetic assessment of microbial communities in diverse environments. Science 315, 1126&ndash;1130<br /> Mavromatis K, Ivanova N, Barry K, et al. (June 2007). &quot;Use of simulated data sets to evaluate the fidelity of metagenomic processing methods&quot;. Nat. Methods 4 (6): 495&ndash;500. doi:10.1038/nmeth1043. PMID 17468765. <br /> Markowitz VM, Ivanova N, Palaniappan K, et al. (July 2006). &quot;An experimental metagenome data management and analysis system&quot;. Bioinformatics 22 (14): e359&ndash;67. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btl217. PMID 16873494. <a href="http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16873494">http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16873494</a>. <br /> Markowitz VM, Ivanova NN, Szeto E, Palaniappan K, Chu K, Dalevi D, Chen IM, Grechkin Y, Dubchak I, Anderson I, Lykidis A, Mavromatis K, Hugenholtz P, Kyrpides NC. (2007) IMG/M: a data management and analysis system for metagenomes. Nucleic Acids Res. Epub<br /> Pushker R., D'Auria G., Alba-Casado J.C. and Rodr&iacute;guez-Valera F. (2005) Micro-Mar: a database for dynamic representation of marine microbial biodiversity. BMC Bioinformatics, 6:222.<br /> F. Meyer, D. Paarmann, M. D'Souza, R. Olson, E. M. Glass, M. Kubal, T. Paczian , A. Rodriguez, R. Stevens, A. Wilke, J. Wilkening, R. A. Edwards, The metagenomics RAST server - a public resource for the automatic phylogenetic and functional analysis of metagenomes, BMC Bioinformatics 2008, 9:386.<br /> Hingamp P, Brochier C, Talla E, Gautheret D, Thieffry D, Herrmann (2008) Metagenome Annotation Using a Distributed Grid of Undergraduate Students. PLoS Biol 6(11): e296<br /> Sun Y, Cai Y, Liu L, Yu F, Farrell ML, McKendree W, Farmerie W (2009) ESPRIT: Estimating Species Richness Using Large Collections of 16S rRNA Pyrosequences. Nucleic Acids Research, 2009; doi: 10.1093/nar/gkp285.<br /> [edit] Marine ecosystems<br /> Angly, F. E. et al. (2006). The marine viromes of four oceanic regions. PloS Biology 4: 2121-31.<br /> Beja, O. et al. (2000). Bacterial rhodopsin: Evidence for a new type of phototrophy in the sea. Science 289: 1902-6.<br /> Beja, O. et al. (2001). Proteorhodopsin phototrophy in the ocean. Nature 411: 786-9.<br /> Beja, O. et al. (2002). Unsuspected diversity among marine aerobic anoxygenic phototrophs. Nature 415: 630-3.<br /> Culley, A. I. et al. (2006). Metagenomic analysis of coastal RNA virus communities. Science 312: 1795-8.<br /> DeLong, E. F. et al. (2006). Community genomics among stratified microbial assemblages in the ocean's interior. Science 311: 496-503.<br /> Hallam, S. J. et al. (2006). Genomic analysis of the uncultivated marine crenarchaeote Cenarchaeum symbiosum. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103: 18296-301.<br /> John, D. E. et al. (2006). Gene diversity and organization in rbcL-containing genome fragments from uncultivated Synechococcus in the Gulf of Mexico. Marine Ecology-Progress Series 316: 23-33.<br /> Kannan N. et al. (2007). Structural and Functional Diversity of the Microbibial Kinome. PloS Biology 5: 467-478<br /> Rusch D. B. et al. (2007). The Sorcerer II Global Ocean Sampling Expedition: Northwest Atlantic through Eastern Tropical Pacific. PloS Biology 5: 398-431<br /> Tringe SG, von Mering C, Kobayashi A, et al. (April 2005). &quot;Comparative metagenomics of microbial communities&quot;. Science 308 (5721): 554&ndash;7. doi:10.1126/science.1107851. PMID 15845853. <a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15845853">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15845853</a>. <br /> Woyke, T. et al. (2006). Symbiosis insights through metagenomic analysis of a microbial consortium. Nature 443: 950-5.<br /> Yooseph S. et al. (2007). The Sorcerer II Global Ocean Sampling Expedition: Expanding the Universe of Protein Families. 'PloS Biology 5: 432-466<br /> Yutin, N. &amp; Beja, O. (2005). Putative novel photosynthetic reaction centre organizations in marine aerobic anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria: insights from metagenomics and environmental genomics. Environmental Microbiology 7: 2027-33.<br /> Mussmann M, Richter M, Lombardot T, Meyerdierks A, Kuever J, Kube M, Gl&ouml;ckner FO, Amann R. (2005). Clustered genes related to sulfate respiration in uncultured prokaryotes support the theory of their concomitant horizontal transfer. J Bacteriol. Oct;187(20):7126-37.<br /> [edit] Sediments<br /> Abulencia, C. B., Wyborski, D. L., Garcia, J. A., Podar, M., Chen, W., Chang, S. H. et al. (2006). Environmental whole-genome amplification to access microbial populations in contaminated sediments. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72[5], 3291-3301.<br /> Breitbart et al. (2004). Diversity and population structure of a nearshore marine sediment viral community. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 271: 565-574.<br /> [edit] Extreme environments<br /> Baker, B. J. et al. (2006). Lineages of acidophilic archaea revealed by community genomic analysis. Science 314: 1933-5.<br /> Schoenfeld, T. et al. (2008). Assembly of Viral Metagenomes from Yellowstone Hot Springs. AEM 74: 4166-74<br /> [edit] Medical sciences and biotechnological applications<br /> Breitbart et al. (2003). Metagenomic analyses of an uncultured viral community from human feces. Journal of Bacteriology 185:6220-6223.<br /> Schloss, P. D. &amp; Handelsman, J. (2003). Biotechnological prospects from metagenomics. Current Opinion in Biotechnology 14: 303-310.<br /> Breitbart, M. and Rohwer, F. (2005) Method for discovering novel DNA viruses in blood using viral particle selection and shotgun sequencing. BioTechniques, 39, 729-736.<br /> Mathur, E., Toledo, G., Green, B. D., Podar, M., Richardson, T. H., Kulwiec (2005). A biodiversity-based approach to development of performance enzymes: Applied metagenomics and directed evolution. Industrial Biotechnology, 1, 283-287.<br /> Zengler, K., Paradkar, A., &amp; Keller, M. (2005). New methods to access microbial diversity for small molecule discovery. Natural Products , 275-293.<br /> Zhang, T., Breitbart, M., Lee, W.H., Run, J.Q., Wei, C.L., Soh, S.W., Hibberd, M.L., Liu, E.T., Rohwer, F. and Ruan, Y. (2006) RNA viral community in human feces: prevalence of plant pathogenic viruses. PLoS biology, 4, e3.<br /> Gill, S. R. et al. (2006). Metagenomic analysis of the human distal gut microbiome. Science 312: 1355-1359.<br /> Kurokawa, K. et al. (2007). Comparative metagenomics revealed commonly enriched gene sets in human gut microbiomes. DNA Res. 14: 169-181.<br /> [edit] Ancient DNA<br /> H. N. Poinar, C. Schwarz, Ji Qi, B. Shapiro, R. D. E. MacPhee, B. Buigues, A. Tikhonov, D. H. Huson, L. P. Tomsho, A. Auch, M. Rampp, W. Miller, S. C. Schuster, Metagenomics to Paleogenomics: Large-Scale Sequencing of Mammoth DNA, Science 311:392-394, 2006</p> <p><br /> <b>External links<br /> </b>&nbsp;This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive and inappropriate external links. (August 2010)</p> <p>Wooley JC, Godzik A, Friedberg I (2010). &quot;A primer on metagenomics&quot;. PLoS Comput. Biol. 6 (2): e1000667. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000667. PMID 20195499. PMC 2829047. <a href="http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000667">http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000667</a>. <br /> MEGAN MEtaGenome ANalyzer. A stand-alone metagenome analysis tool.<br /> Metagenomics and Our Microbial Planet A website on metagenomics and the vital role of microbes on Earth from the National Academies.<br /> The New Science of Metagenomics: Revealing the Secrets of Our Microbial Planet A report released by the National Research Council in March 2007. Also, see the Report In Brief.<br /> IMG/M The Integrated Microbial Genomes system, for metagenome analysis by the DOE-JGI.<br /> CAMERA Cyberinfrastructure for Metagenomics, data repository and tools for metagenomics research.<br /> A good overview of metagenomics from the Science Creative Quarterly<br /> list of Metagenome Projects from genomesonline.org<br /> MG-RAST publicly available, free, metagenomics annotation pipeline and repository for pyrosequences, Sanger sequences, and other sequence approaches.<br /> METAREP: JCVI Metagenomics Reports - an open source tool for high-performance comparative metagenomics<br /> Human microbiome project<br /> MetaHIT official website for the EU-funded project : Metagenomics of the Human Intestinal Tract<br /> Annotathon Bioinformatics Training Through Metagenomic Sequence Annotation<br /> Metagenomics Metagenomics research and applications<br /> &nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 99d1b3524f3488d63c00675dfcacb89241af2a18 3359 3358 2010-12-18T15:28:02Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>[[File:Metagenome openfree.gif]]</p> <p><span style="font-size: small">Metagenomics is the study of metagenomes, genetic material recovered directly from environmental samples. The broad field may also be referred to as environmental genomics, ecogenomics or community genomics. Traditional microbiology and microbial genome sequencing rely upon cultivated clonal cultures. This relatively new field of genetic research enables studies of organisms that are not easily cultured in a laboratory as well as studies of organisms in their natural environment.[1]</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">Early environmental gene sequencing cloned specific genes (often the 16S rRNA gene) to produce a profile of diversity in a natural sample. Such work revealed that the vast majority of microbial biodiversity had been missed by cultivation-based methods.[2] Recent studies use &quot;shotgun&quot; Sanger sequencing or massively parallel pyrosequencing to get (mostly) unbiased samples of all genes from all members of sampled communities.[3]</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: large"><b>History</b></span><span style="font-size: medium"><b><br /> </b></span><span style="font-size: medium"><b>Origin of the term<br /> </b></span>The term &quot;metagenomics&quot; was first used by Jo Handelsman, Jon Clardy, Robert M. Goodman, and others, and first appeared in publication in 1998.[4]</p> <p>The term metagenome referenced the idea that a collection of genes sequenced from the environment could be analyzed in a way analogous to the study of a single genome. The exploding interest in environmental genetics, along with the buzzword-like nature of the term, has resulted in the broader use of metagenomics to describe any sequencing of genetic material from environmental (i.e. uncultured) samples, even work that focuses on one organism or gene. Recently, Kevin Chen and Lior Pachter (researchers at the University of California, Berkeley) defined metagenomics as &quot;the application of modern genomics techniques to the study of communities of microbial organisms directly in their natural environments, bypassing the need for isolation and lab cultivation of individual species.&quot;[5]</p> <p><span style="font-size: medium"><b>Environmental gene surveys<br /> </b></span>Conventional sequencing begins with a culture of identical cells as a source of DNA. However, early metagenomic studies revealed that there are probably large groups of microorganisms in many environments that cannot be cultured and thus cannot be sequenced. These early studies focused on 16S ribosomal RNA sequences which are relatively short, often conserved within a species, and generally different between species. Many 16S rRNA sequences have been found which do not belong to any known cultured species, indicating that there are numerous non-isolated organisms out there.</p> <p>Early molecular work in the field was conducted by Norman R. Pace and colleagues, who used PCR to explore the diversity of ribosomal RNA sequences.[6] The insights gained from these breakthrough studies led Pace to propose the idea of cloning DNA directly from environmental samples as early as 1985.[7] This led to the first report of isolating and cloning bulk DNA from an environmental sample, published by Pace and colleagues in 1991[8] while Pace was in the Department of Biology at Indiana University. Considerable efforts ensured that these were not PCR false positives and supported the existence of a complex community of unexplored species. Although this methodology was limited to exploring highly conserved, non-protein coding genes, it did support early microbial morphology-based observations that diversity was far more complex than was known by culturing methods.</p> <p>Soon after that, Healy reported the metagenomic isolation of functional genes from &quot;zoolibraries&quot; constructed from a complex culture of environmental organisms grown in the laboratory on dried grasses in 1995.[9] After leaving the Pace laboratory, Ed DeLong continued in the field and has published work that has largely laid the groundwork for environmental phylogenies based on signature 16S sequences, beginning with his group's construction of libraries from marine samples.[10]</p> <p><b>Longer sequences from environmental samples<br /> </b>Recovery of DNA sequences longer than a few thousand base pairs from environmental samples was very difficult until recent advances in molecular biological techniques, particularly related to constructing libraries in bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs), provided better vectors for molecular cloning.[11]</p> <p><b>Shotgun metagenomics<br /> </b>Advances in bioinformatics, refinements of DNA amplification, and proliferation of computational power have greatly aided the analysis of DNA sequences recovered from environmental samples. These advances have enabled the adaptation of shotgun sequencing to metagenomic samples. The approach, used to sequence many cultured microorganisms as well as the human genome, randomly shears DNA, sequences many short sequences, and reconstructs them into a consensus sequence.</p> <p>In 2002, Mya Breitbart, Forest Rohwer, and colleagues used environmental shotgun sequencing to show that 200 liters of seawater contains over 5000 different viruses.[12] Subsequent studies showed that there are &gt;1000 viral species in human stool and possibly a million different viruses per kilogram of marine sediment, including many bacteriophages. Essentially all of the viruses in these studies were new species. In 2004, Gene Tyson, Jill Banfield, and colleagues at the University of California, Berkeley and the Joint Genome Institute sequenced DNA extracted from an acid mine drainage system.[13] This effort resulted in the complete, or nearly complete, genomes for a handful of bacteria and archaea that had previously resisted attempts to culture them. It was now possible to study entire genomes without the biases associated with laboratory cultures.[14]</p> <p><b>Global Ocean Sampling Expedition<br /> </b>Main article: Global Ocean Sampling Expedition<br /> Beginning in 2003, Craig Venter, leader of the privately-funded parallel of the Human Genome Project, has led the Global Ocean Sampling Expedition, circumnavigating the globe and collecting metagenomic samples throughout. All of these samples are sequenced using shotgun sequencing, in hopes that new genomes (and therefore new organisms) would be identified. The pilot project, conducted in the Sargasso Sea, found DNA from nearly 2000 different species, including 148 types of bacteria never before seen.[15] As of 2009, Venter has circumnavigated the globe and thoroughly explored the West Coast of the United States, and is currently in the midst of a two-year expedition to explore the Baltic, Mediterranian and Black Seas.</p> <p><b>Pyrosequencing<br /> </b>In 2006 Robert Edwards, Forest Rohwer, and colleagues at San Diego State University published the first sequences of environmental samples generated with so-called next generation sequencing, in this case chip-based pyrosequencing developed by 454 Life Sciences.[16] This technique for sequencing DNA generates shorter fragments than conventional techniques, however this limitation is compensated for by the very large number of sequences generated. In addition, this technique does not require cloning the DNA before sequencing, removing one of the main biases in metagenomics.</p> <p><b>MEGAN<br /> </b>In 2007, Daniel Huson and Stephan Schuster developed and published the first stand-alone metagenome analysis tool, MEGAN, which can be used to perform a first analysis of a metagenomic shotgun dataset. This tool was originally developed to analyse the metagenome of a mammoth sample.[17] However in a recent study by Monzoorul et al. 2009,[18] it was shown that adopting the LCA approach (of MEGAN) solely based on bit-score of the alignment leads to a number of false positive assignments especially in the context of metagenomic sequences originating from new organisms. This study proposed a new approach called SOrt-ITEMS which used several alignment parameters to increase the accuracy of assignments.</p> <p><b>MG-RAST<br /> </b>In 2007, Folker Meyer and Robert Edwards and a team at Argonne National Laboratory and the University of Chicago released the Metagenomics RAST server (MG-RAST) a community resource for metagenome data set analysis.[19] The SEED based free, public resource has so far (October 2009) been used for the analysis of over 4000 metagenome data sets. As of October 2009 100+ giga-basepairs of DNA have been analyzed via MG-RAST, more than 350 public data sets are freely available for comparison within MG-RAST.</p> <p><b>Applications<br /> </b>Metagenomics can improve strategies for monitoring the impact of pollutants on ecosystems and for cleaning up contaminated environments. Increased understanding of how microbial communities cope with pollutants is helping assess the potential of contaminated sites to recover from pollution and increase the chances of bioaugmentation or biostimulation trials to succeed.[20]</p> <p>Recent progress in mining the rich genetic resource of non-culturable microbes has led to the discovery of new genes, enzymes, and natural products. The impact of metagenomics is witnessed in the development of commodity and fine chemicals, agrochemicals and pharmaceuticals where the benefit of enzyme-catalyzed chiral synthesis is increasingly recognized.[21]</p> <p>Metagenomic sequencing is being used to characterize the microbial communities from 15-18 body sites from at least 250 individuals. This is part of the Human Microbiome initiative with primary goals to determine if there is a core human microbiome, to understand the changes in the human microbiome that can be correlated with human health, and to develop new technological and bioinformatics tools to support these goals.[22]</p> <p>It is well known that the vast majority of microbes have not been cultivated. Functional metagenomics strategies are being used to explore the interactions between plants and microbes through cultivation-independent study of the microbial communities.[23]</p> <p><b>Microbial diversity<br /> </b>Much of the interest in metagenomics comes from the discovery that the vast majority of microorganisms had previously gone unnoticed. Traditional microbiological methods relied upon laboratory cultures of organisms. Surveys of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes taken directly from the environment revealed that cultivation based methods find less than 1% of the bacteria and archaea species in a sample.[2]</p> <p><b>Gene surveys<br /> </b>Shotgun sequencing and screens of clone libraries reveal genes present in environmental samples. This provides information both on which organisms are present and what metabolic processes are possible in the community. This can be helpful in understanding the ecology of a community, particularly if multiple samples are compared to each other.[24]</p> <p><b>Environmental genomes<br /> </b>Shotgun metagenomics also is capable of sequencing nearly complete microbial genomes directly from the environment.[13] Because the collection of DNA from an environment is largely uncontrolled, the most abundant organisms in an environmental sample are most highly represented in the resulting sequence data. To achieve the high coverage needed to fully resolve the genomes of underrepresented community members, large samples, often prohibitively so, are needed. On the other hand, the random nature of shotgun sequencing ensures that many of these organisms will be represented by at least some small sequence segments. Due to the limitations of microbial isolation methods, the vast majority of these organisms would go unnoticed using traditional culturing techniques.</p> <p><b>Community metabolism<br /> </b>&nbsp;This section does not cite any references or sources.<br /> Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2009)</p> <p>Many bacterial communities show significant division of labor in metabolism. Waste products of some organisms are metabolites for others. Working together they turn raw resources into fully metabolized waste. Using comparative gene studies and expression experiments with microarrays or proteomics researchers can piece together a metabolic network that goes beyond species boundaries. Such studies require detailed knowledge about which versions of which proteins are coded by which species and even by which strains of which species. Therefore, community genomic information is another fundamental part (as metabolomics or proteomics) to be able to estimate how metabolites are possibly transferred and transformed through a community.</p> <p><span style="font-size: medium"><b>See also<br /> </b></span>Pathogenomics<br /> &nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size: medium"><b>References</b></span><b><br /> </b>1.^ Marco, D, ed (2010). Metagenomics: Theory, Methods and Applications. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-54-7. <br /> 2.^ a b Hugenholz, P; Goebel BM, Pace NR (1 September 1998). &quot;Impact of culture-independent studies on the emerging phylogenetic view of bacterial diversity&quot;. J. Bacteriol 180 (18): 4765&ndash;74. PMID 9733676. <br /> 3.^ Eisen, JA (2007). &quot;Environmental shotgun sequencing: its potential and challenges for studying the hidden world of microbes.&quot;. PLoS Biology 5 (3): e82. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050082. PMID 17355177. <br /> 4.^ Handelsman, J; Rondon MR, Brady SF, Clardy J, Goodman RM (1998). &quot;Molecular biological access to the chemistry of unknown soil microbes: a new frontier for natural products&quot;. Chemistry &amp; Biology 5: 245&ndash;249. doi:10.1016/S1074-5521(98)90108-9. .<br /> 5.^ Chen, K; Pachter L (2005). &quot;Bioinformatics for whole-genome shotgun sequencing of microbial communities&quot;. PLoS Comp Biol 1 (2): 24. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.0010024. PMID 16110337. .<br /> 6.^ Lane, DJ; Pace B, Olsen GJ, Stahl DA, Sogin ML, Pace NR (1985). &quot;Rapid determination of 16S ribosomal RNA sequences for phylogenetic analyses&quot;. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 82 (20): 6955. doi:10.1073/pnas.82.20.6955. PMID 2413450. .<br /> 7.^ Pace, NR; DA Stahl, DJ Lane, GJ Olsen (1985). &quot;Analyzing natural microbial populations by rRNA sequences&quot;. ASM News 51: 4&ndash;12. .<br /> 8.^ Pace, NR (1991). &quot;Analysis of a marine picoplankton community by 16S rRNA gene cloning and sequencing&quot;. Journal of Bacteriology 173: 4371&ndash;4378. .<br /> 9.^ Healy, FG; RM Ray, HC Aldrich, AC Wilkie, LO Ingram, KT Shanmugam (1995). &quot;Direct isolation of functional genes encoding cellulases from the microbial consortia in a thermophilic, anaerobic digester maintained on lignocellulose&quot;. Appl. Microbiol Biotechnol. 43 (4): 667. doi:10.1007/BF00164771. PMID 7546604. .<br /> 10.^ Stein, JL; TL Marsh, KY Wu, H Shizuya, EF DeLong (1996). &quot;Characterization of uncultivated prokaryotes: isolation and analysis of a 40-kilobase-pair genome fragment from a planktonic marine archaeon&quot;. Journal of Bacteriology 178: 591&ndash;599. .<br /> 11.^ Beja, O; Suzuki MT, Koonin EV, Aravind L, Hadd A, Nguyen LP, Villacorta R, Amjadi M, Garrigues C, Jovanovich SB, Feldman RA, Delong EF (2000). Construction and analysis of bacterial artificial chromosome libraries from a marine microbial assemblage. 2. pp. 516&ndash;529. <br /> 12.^ Breitbart, M; Salamon P, Andresen B, Mahaffy JM, Segall AM, Mead D, Azam F, Rohwer F (2002). &quot;Genomic analysis of uncultured marine viral communities&quot;. Proceedings of the National Academy USA 99 (22): 14250&ndash;14255. doi:10.1073/pnas.202488399. PMID 12384570. .<br /> 13.^ a b Tyson, GW; Chapman J, Hugenholtz P, Allen EE, Ram RJ, Richardson PM, Solovyev VV, Rubin EM, Rokhsar DS, Banfield JF (2004). &quot;Insights into community structure and metabolism by reconstruction of microbial genomes from the environment&quot;. Nature 428 (6978): 37&ndash;43. doi:10.1038/nature02340. PMID 14961025. <a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v428/n6978/full/nature02340.html">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v428/n6978/full/nature02340.html</a>. .<br /> 14.^ Hugenholz, P (2002). &quot;Exploring prokaryotic diversity in the genomic era&quot;. Genome Biology 3: 1&ndash;8. doi:10.1186/gb-2002-3-2-reviews0003. .<br /> 15.^ Venter, JC; Remington K, Heidelberg JF, Halpern AL, Rusch D, Eisen JA, Wu D, Paulsen I, Nelson KE, Nelson W, Fouts DE, Levy S, Knap AH, Lomas MW, Nealson K, White O, Peterson J, Hoffman J, Parsons R, Baden-Tillson H, Pfannkoch C, Rogers Y, Smith HO (2004). &quot;Environmental Genome Shotgun Sequencing of the Sargasso Sea&quot;. Science 304 (5667): 66&ndash;74. doi:10.1126/science.1093857. PMID 15001713. .<br /> 16.^ Edwards, RA; Rodriguez-Brito B, Wegley L, Haynes M, Breitbart M, Peterson DM, Saar MO, Alexander S, Alexander EC, Rohwer F (2006). &quot;Using pyrosequencing to shed light on deep mine microbial ecology&quot;. BMC Genomics 7: 57. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-7-57. PMID 16549033. .<br /> 17.^ H. N. Poinar, C. Schwarz, Ji Qi, B. Shapiro, R. D. E. MacPhee, B. Buigues, A. Tikhonov, D. H. Huson, L. P. Tomsho, A. Auch, M. Rampp, W. Miller, S. C. Schuster, Metagenomics to Paleogenomics: Large-Scale Sequencing of Mammoth DNA, Science 311:392-394, 2006<br /> 18.^ Monzoorul HM, Tarini S, Dinakar K, Sharmila S M (May 2009). &quot;SOrt-ITEMS : Sequence Orthology based approach for Improved Taxonomic Estimation of Metagenomic Sequences&quot;. Bioinformatics 25 (14): 1722&ndash;30. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btp317. PMID 19439565. <br /> 19.^ Meyer, F; Paarmann D, D'Souza M, Olson R, Glass EM, Kubal M, Paczian T, Rodriguez A, Stevens R, Wilke A, Wilkening J, Edwards RA (2008). &quot;The metagenomics RAST server - a public resource for the automatic phylogenetic and functional analysis of metagenomes&quot;. BMC Bioinformatics 9: 0. doi:10.1186/1471-2105-9-386. PMID 18803844. <br /> 20.^ George I et al. (2010). &quot;Application of Metagenomics to Bioremediation&quot;. Metagenomics: Theory, Methods and Applications. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-54-7. <br /> 21.^ Wong D (2010). &quot;Applications of Metagenomics for Industrial Bioproducts&quot;. Metagenomics: Theory, Methods and Applications. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-54-7. <br /> 22.^ Nelson KE and White BA (2010). &quot;Metagenomics and Its Applications to the Study of the Human Microbiome&quot;. Metagenomics: Theory, Methods and Applications. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-54-7. <br /> 23.^ CharlesT (2010). &quot;The Potential for Investigation of Plant-microbe Interactions Using Metagenomics Methods&quot;. Metagenomics: Theory, Methods and Applications. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-54-7. <br /> 24.^ Allen, EE; Banfield, JF (2005). &quot;Community genomics in microbial ecology and evolution&quot;. Nature Reviews Microbiology 3 (6): 489&ndash;498. doi:10.1038/nrmicro1157. PMID 15931167. <br /> [edit] Further reading<br /> &nbsp;This article's further reading may not follow Wikipedia's content policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive, less relevant or many publications with the same point of view; or by incorporating the relevant publications into the body of the article through appropriate citations. (October 2009)</p> <p><b>Review articles<br /> </b>Edwards RA, Rohwer F (June 2005). &quot;Viral metagenomics&quot;. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 3 (6): 504&ndash;10. doi:10.1038/nrmicro1163. PMID 15886693. <br /> Eisen, J. A. (2007). Environmental shotgun sequencing: its potential and challenges for studying the hidden world of microbes. PLoS Biology 5(3): e82<br /> Green, B. D. &amp; Keller, M. (2006). Capturing the uncultivated majority. Current Opinion in Biotechnology 17[3], 236-240.<br /> Handelsman J. (2004). Metagenomics: application of genomics to uncultured microorganisms. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 68:669-685.<br /> Keller, M. &amp; Sengler, K. (2004). Tapping into microbial diversity. Nature Reviews Microbiology 2[2], 141-150.<br /> Lombard, N. et al. (2006). The metagenomics of microbial communities. Biofutur 24-7.<br /> Riesenfeld, C. S. et al. (2004). Metagenomics: genomic analysis of microbial communities. Annu Rev Genet 38: 525-52.<br /> Rodriguez Valera, F. (2002). Approaches to prokaryotic biodiversity: a population genetics perspective. Environmental Microbiology 4: 628-33.<br /> Rodriguez-Valera. (2004). Environmental genomics, the big picture?. FEMS Microbiology Letters 231:153-158.<br /> Torsvik, V. &amp; Ovreas, L. (2002). Microbial diversity and function in soil: from genes to ecosystems. Current opinion in Microbiology 5: 240-5.<br /> Whitaker, R. J. &amp; Banfield, J. F. (2006). Population genomics in natural microbial communities. Trends in Ecology &amp; Evolution 21: 508-16.<br /> Worden, A. Z. et al. (2006). In-depth analyses of marine microbial community genomics. Trends in Microbiology 14: 331-6.<br /> Xu, J. P. (2006). Microbial ecology in the age of genomics and metagenomics: concepts, tools, and recent advances. Molecular Ecology 15: 1713-31.<br /> [edit] Methods<br /> Beja, O. et al. (2000). Construction and analysis of bacterial artificial chromosome libraries from a marine microbial assemblage. Environmental Microbiology 2: 516-29.<br /> Sebat, J. L. et al. (2003). Metagenomic profiling: Microarray analysis of an environmental genomic library. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69: 4927-34.<br /> Suzuki, M. T. et al. (2004). Phylogenetic screening of ribosomal RNA gene-containing clones in bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) libraries from different depths in Monterey Bay. Microbial Ecology 48: 473-88.<br /> Zhu, W. et al. (2010). Ab initio gene identification in metagenomic sequences. Nucleic Acids Research, Vol. 38, No. 12 e132<br /> [edit] Bioinformatics<br /> Krause L., Diaz N.N., Goesmann A., Kelley S., Nattkemper T.W., Rohwer F., Edwards R.A., Stoye J. Phylogenetic classification of short environmental DNA fragments. Nucleic Acids Res. 36:2230-9, 2008<br /> Huson, D.H., A. Auch, Ji Qi and S.C. Schuster, MEGAN Analysis of Metagenomic Data, Genome Research. 17:377-386, 2007<br /> Krause L, Diaz NN, Bartels D, et al. (July 2006). &quot;Finding novel genes in bacterial communities isolated from the environment&quot;. Bioinformatics 22 (14): e281&ndash;9. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btl247. PMID 16873483. <a href="http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16873483">http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16873483</a>. <br /> Rodriguez-Brito B, Rohwer F, Edwards RA (2006). &quot;An application of statistics to comparative metagenomics&quot;. BMC Bioinformatics 7: 162. doi:10.1186/1471-2105-7-162. PMID 16549025. PMC 1473205. <a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2105/7/162">http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2105/7/162</a>. <br /> Raes J, Foerstner KU, Bork P (October 2007). &quot;Get the most out of your metagenome: computational analysis of environmental sequence data&quot;. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 10 (5): 490&ndash;8. doi:10.1016/j.mib.2007.09.001. PMID 17936679. <a href="http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1369-5274(07)00123-3">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1369-5274(07)00123-3</a>. <br /> Harrington ED, Singh AH, Doerks T, et al. (August 2007). &quot;Quantitative assessment of protein function prediction from metagenomics shotgun sequences&quot;. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104 (35): 13913&ndash;8. doi:10.1073/pnas.0702636104. PMID 17717083. PMC 1955820. <a href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=17717083">http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=17717083</a>. <br /> Tress, M. L. et al. (2006). An analysis of the Sargasso Sea resource and the consequences for database composition. Bmc Bioinformatics 7<br /> Foerstner KU, von Mering C, Hooper SD, Bork P (2005) Environments shape the nucleotide composition of genomes. EMBO Rep. 6(12): 1208-13<br /> Raes, J., Korbel, J.O., Lercher, M.J., Von Mering, C. &amp; Bork, P. (2007) Prediction of effective genome size in metagenomic samples. Genome Biology 8, R10 [1]<br /> von Mering, C., Hugenholtz, P., Raes, J., Tringe, S.G., Doerks, T., Jensen, L.J., Ward N. &amp; Bork, P. (2007) Quantitative phylogenetic assessment of microbial communities in diverse environments. Science 315, 1126&ndash;1130<br /> Mavromatis K, Ivanova N, Barry K, et al. (June 2007). &quot;Use of simulated data sets to evaluate the fidelity of metagenomic processing methods&quot;. Nat. Methods 4 (6): 495&ndash;500. doi:10.1038/nmeth1043. PMID 17468765. <br /> Markowitz VM, Ivanova N, Palaniappan K, et al. (July 2006). &quot;An experimental metagenome data management and analysis system&quot;. Bioinformatics 22 (14): e359&ndash;67. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btl217. PMID 16873494. <a href="http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16873494">http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16873494</a>. <br /> Markowitz VM, Ivanova NN, Szeto E, Palaniappan K, Chu K, Dalevi D, Chen IM, Grechkin Y, Dubchak I, Anderson I, Lykidis A, Mavromatis K, Hugenholtz P, Kyrpides NC. (2007) IMG/M: a data management and analysis system for metagenomes. Nucleic Acids Res. Epub<br /> Pushker R., D'Auria G., Alba-Casado J.C. and Rodr&iacute;guez-Valera F. (2005) Micro-Mar: a database for dynamic representation of marine microbial biodiversity. BMC Bioinformatics, 6:222.<br /> F. Meyer, D. Paarmann, M. D'Souza, R. Olson, E. M. Glass, M. Kubal, T. Paczian , A. Rodriguez, R. Stevens, A. Wilke, J. Wilkening, R. A. Edwards, The metagenomics RAST server - a public resource for the automatic phylogenetic and functional analysis of metagenomes, BMC Bioinformatics 2008, 9:386.<br /> Hingamp P, Brochier C, Talla E, Gautheret D, Thieffry D, Herrmann (2008) Metagenome Annotation Using a Distributed Grid of Undergraduate Students. PLoS Biol 6(11): e296<br /> Sun Y, Cai Y, Liu L, Yu F, Farrell ML, McKendree W, Farmerie W (2009) ESPRIT: Estimating Species Richness Using Large Collections of 16S rRNA Pyrosequences. Nucleic Acids Research, 2009; doi: 10.1093/nar/gkp285.<br /> [edit] Marine ecosystems<br /> Angly, F. E. et al. (2006). The marine viromes of four oceanic regions. PloS Biology 4: 2121-31.<br /> Beja, O. et al. (2000). Bacterial rhodopsin: Evidence for a new type of phototrophy in the sea. Science 289: 1902-6.<br /> Beja, O. et al. (2001). Proteorhodopsin phototrophy in the ocean. Nature 411: 786-9.<br /> Beja, O. et al. (2002). Unsuspected diversity among marine aerobic anoxygenic phototrophs. Nature 415: 630-3.<br /> Culley, A. I. et al. (2006). Metagenomic analysis of coastal RNA virus communities. Science 312: 1795-8.<br /> DeLong, E. F. et al. (2006). Community genomics among stratified microbial assemblages in the ocean's interior. Science 311: 496-503.<br /> Hallam, S. J. et al. (2006). Genomic analysis of the uncultivated marine crenarchaeote Cenarchaeum symbiosum. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103: 18296-301.<br /> John, D. E. et al. (2006). Gene diversity and organization in rbcL-containing genome fragments from uncultivated Synechococcus in the Gulf of Mexico. Marine Ecology-Progress Series 316: 23-33.<br /> Kannan N. et al. (2007). Structural and Functional Diversity of the Microbibial Kinome. PloS Biology 5: 467-478<br /> Rusch D. B. et al. (2007). The Sorcerer II Global Ocean Sampling Expedition: Northwest Atlantic through Eastern Tropical Pacific. PloS Biology 5: 398-431<br /> Tringe SG, von Mering C, Kobayashi A, et al. (April 2005). &quot;Comparative metagenomics of microbial communities&quot;. Science 308 (5721): 554&ndash;7. doi:10.1126/science.1107851. PMID 15845853. <a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15845853">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15845853</a>. <br /> Woyke, T. et al. (2006). Symbiosis insights through metagenomic analysis of a microbial consortium. Nature 443: 950-5.<br /> Yooseph S. et al. (2007). The Sorcerer II Global Ocean Sampling Expedition: Expanding the Universe of Protein Families. 'PloS Biology 5: 432-466<br /> Yutin, N. &amp; Beja, O. (2005). Putative novel photosynthetic reaction centre organizations in marine aerobic anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria: insights from metagenomics and environmental genomics. Environmental Microbiology 7: 2027-33.<br /> Mussmann M, Richter M, Lombardot T, Meyerdierks A, Kuever J, Kube M, Gl&ouml;ckner FO, Amann R. (2005). Clustered genes related to sulfate respiration in uncultured prokaryotes support the theory of their concomitant horizontal transfer. J Bacteriol. Oct;187(20):7126-37.<br /> [edit] Sediments<br /> Abulencia, C. B., Wyborski, D. L., Garcia, J. A., Podar, M., Chen, W., Chang, S. H. et al. (2006). Environmental whole-genome amplification to access microbial populations in contaminated sediments. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72[5], 3291-3301.<br /> Breitbart et al. (2004). Diversity and population structure of a nearshore marine sediment viral community. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 271: 565-574.<br /> [edit] Extreme environments<br /> Baker, B. J. et al. (2006). Lineages of acidophilic archaea revealed by community genomic analysis. Science 314: 1933-5.<br /> Schoenfeld, T. et al. (2008). Assembly of Viral Metagenomes from Yellowstone Hot Springs. AEM 74: 4166-74<br /> [edit] Medical sciences and biotechnological applications<br /> Breitbart et al. (2003). Metagenomic analyses of an uncultured viral community from human feces. Journal of Bacteriology 185:6220-6223.<br /> Schloss, P. D. &amp; Handelsman, J. (2003). Biotechnological prospects from metagenomics. Current Opinion in Biotechnology 14: 303-310.<br /> Breitbart, M. and Rohwer, F. (2005) Method for discovering novel DNA viruses in blood using viral particle selection and shotgun sequencing. BioTechniques, 39, 729-736.<br /> Mathur, E., Toledo, G., Green, B. D., Podar, M., Richardson, T. H., Kulwiec (2005). A biodiversity-based approach to development of performance enzymes: Applied metagenomics and directed evolution. Industrial Biotechnology, 1, 283-287.<br /> Zengler, K., Paradkar, A., &amp; Keller, M. (2005). New methods to access microbial diversity for small molecule discovery. Natural Products , 275-293.<br /> Zhang, T., Breitbart, M., Lee, W.H., Run, J.Q., Wei, C.L., Soh, S.W., Hibberd, M.L., Liu, E.T., Rohwer, F. and Ruan, Y. (2006) RNA viral community in human feces: prevalence of plant pathogenic viruses. PLoS biology, 4, e3.<br /> Gill, S. R. et al. (2006). Metagenomic analysis of the human distal gut microbiome. Science 312: 1355-1359.<br /> Kurokawa, K. et al. (2007). Comparative metagenomics revealed commonly enriched gene sets in human gut microbiomes. DNA Res. 14: 169-181.<br /> [edit] Ancient DNA<br /> H. N. Poinar, C. Schwarz, Ji Qi, B. Shapiro, R. D. E. MacPhee, B. Buigues, A. Tikhonov, D. H. Huson, L. P. Tomsho, A. Auch, M. Rampp, W. Miller, S. C. Schuster, Metagenomics to Paleogenomics: Large-Scale Sequencing of Mammoth DNA, Science 311:392-394, 2006</p> <p><br /> <b>External links<br /> </b>&nbsp;This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive and inappropriate external links. (August 2010)</p> <p>Wooley JC, Godzik A, Friedberg I (2010). &quot;A primer on metagenomics&quot;. PLoS Comput. Biol. 6 (2): e1000667. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000667. PMID 20195499. PMC 2829047. <a href="http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000667">http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000667</a>. <br /> MEGAN MEtaGenome ANalyzer. A stand-alone metagenome analysis tool.<br /> Metagenomics and Our Microbial Planet A website on metagenomics and the vital role of microbes on Earth from the National Academies.<br /> The New Science of Metagenomics: Revealing the Secrets of Our Microbial Planet A report released by the National Research Council in March 2007. Also, see the Report In Brief.<br /> IMG/M The Integrated Microbial Genomes system, for metagenome analysis by the DOE-JGI.<br /> CAMERA Cyberinfrastructure for Metagenomics, data repository and tools for metagenomics research.<br /> A good overview of metagenomics from the Science Creative Quarterly<br /> list of Metagenome Projects from genomesonline.org<br /> MG-RAST publicly available, free, metagenomics annotation pipeline and repository for pyrosequences, Sanger sequences, and other sequence approaches.<br /> METAREP: JCVI Metagenomics Reports - an open source tool for high-performance comparative metagenomics<br /> Human microbiome project<br /> MetaHIT official website for the EU-funded project : Metagenomics of the Human Intestinal Tract<br /> Annotathon Bioinformatics Training Through Metagenomic Sequence Annotation<br /> Metagenomics Metagenomics research and applications<br /> &nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 7333bc6abf8c449bd294e83be6074cc871d499d7 3360 3359 2010-12-18T15:28:42Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>[[File:Metagenome openfree.gif]]</p> <p><span style="font-size: small">Metagenomics is the study of metagenomes, genetic material recovered directly from environmental samples. The broad field may also be referred to as environmental genomics, ecogenomics or community genomics. Traditional microbiology and microbial genome sequencing rely upon cultivated clonal cultures. This relatively new field of genetic research enables studies of organisms that are not easily cultured in a laboratory as well as studies of organisms in their natural environment.[1]</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">Early environmental gene sequencing cloned specific genes (often the 16S rRNA gene) to produce a profile of diversity in a natural sample. Such work revealed that the vast majority of microbial biodiversity had been missed by cultivation-based methods.[2] Recent studies use &quot;shotgun&quot; Sanger sequencing or massively parallel pyrosequencing to get (mostly) unbiased samples of all genes from all members of sampled communities.[3]</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: large"><b>History</b></span><span style="font-size: medium"><b><br /> </b></span><span style="font-size: medium"><b>Origin of the term<br /> </b></span><span style="font-size: small">The term &quot;metagenomics&quot; was first used by Jo Handelsman, Jon Clardy, Robert M. Goodman, and others, and first appeared in publication in 1998.[4]</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">The term [[metagenome]] referenced the idea that a collection of genes sequenced from the environment could be analyzed in a way analogous to the study of a single genome. The exploding interest in environmental genetics, along with the buzzword-like nature of the term, has resulted in the broader use of metagenomics to describe any sequencing of genetic material from environmental (i.e. uncultured) samples, even work that focuses on one organism or gene. Recently, Kevin Chen and Lior Pachter (researchers at the University of California, Berkeley) defined metagenomics as &quot;the application of modern genomics techniques to the study of communities of microbial organisms directly in their natural environments, bypassing the need for isolation and lab cultivation of individual species.&quot;[5]</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium"><b>Environmental gene surveys<br /> </b></span>Conventional sequencing begins with a culture of identical cells as a source of DNA. However, early metagenomic studies revealed that there are probably large groups of microorganisms in many environments that cannot be cultured and thus cannot be sequenced. These early studies focused on 16S ribosomal RNA sequences which are relatively short, often conserved within a species, and generally different between species. Many 16S rRNA sequences have been found which do not belong to any known cultured species, indicating that there are numerous non-isolated organisms out there.</p> <p>Early molecular work in the field was conducted by Norman R. Pace and colleagues, who used PCR to explore the diversity of ribosomal RNA sequences.[6] The insights gained from these breakthrough studies led Pace to propose the idea of cloning DNA directly from environmental samples as early as 1985.[7] This led to the first report of isolating and cloning bulk DNA from an environmental sample, published by Pace and colleagues in 1991[8] while Pace was in the Department of Biology at Indiana University. Considerable efforts ensured that these were not PCR false positives and supported the existence of a complex community of unexplored species. Although this methodology was limited to exploring highly conserved, non-protein coding genes, it did support early microbial morphology-based observations that diversity was far more complex than was known by culturing methods.</p> <p>Soon after that, Healy reported the metagenomic isolation of functional genes from &quot;zoolibraries&quot; constructed from a complex culture of environmental organisms grown in the laboratory on dried grasses in 1995.[9] After leaving the Pace laboratory, Ed DeLong continued in the field and has published work that has largely laid the groundwork for environmental phylogenies based on signature 16S sequences, beginning with his group's construction of libraries from marine samples.[10]</p> <p><b>Longer sequences from environmental samples<br /> </b>Recovery of DNA sequences longer than a few thousand base pairs from environmental samples was very difficult until recent advances in molecular biological techniques, particularly related to constructing libraries in bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs), provided better vectors for molecular cloning.[11]</p> <p><b>Shotgun metagenomics<br /> </b>Advances in bioinformatics, refinements of DNA amplification, and proliferation of computational power have greatly aided the analysis of DNA sequences recovered from environmental samples. These advances have enabled the adaptation of shotgun sequencing to metagenomic samples. The approach, used to sequence many cultured microorganisms as well as the human genome, randomly shears DNA, sequences many short sequences, and reconstructs them into a consensus sequence.</p> <p>In 2002, Mya Breitbart, Forest Rohwer, and colleagues used environmental shotgun sequencing to show that 200 liters of seawater contains over 5000 different viruses.[12] Subsequent studies showed that there are &gt;1000 viral species in human stool and possibly a million different viruses per kilogram of marine sediment, including many bacteriophages. Essentially all of the viruses in these studies were new species. In 2004, Gene Tyson, Jill Banfield, and colleagues at the University of California, Berkeley and the Joint Genome Institute sequenced DNA extracted from an acid mine drainage system.[13] This effort resulted in the complete, or nearly complete, genomes for a handful of bacteria and archaea that had previously resisted attempts to culture them. It was now possible to study entire genomes without the biases associated with laboratory cultures.[14]</p> <p><b>Global Ocean Sampling Expedition<br /> </b>Main article: Global Ocean Sampling Expedition<br /> Beginning in 2003, Craig Venter, leader of the privately-funded parallel of the Human Genome Project, has led the Global Ocean Sampling Expedition, circumnavigating the globe and collecting metagenomic samples throughout. All of these samples are sequenced using shotgun sequencing, in hopes that new genomes (and therefore new organisms) would be identified. The pilot project, conducted in the Sargasso Sea, found DNA from nearly 2000 different species, including 148 types of bacteria never before seen.[15] As of 2009, Venter has circumnavigated the globe and thoroughly explored the West Coast of the United States, and is currently in the midst of a two-year expedition to explore the Baltic, Mediterranian and Black Seas.</p> <p><b>Pyrosequencing<br /> </b>In 2006 Robert Edwards, Forest Rohwer, and colleagues at San Diego State University published the first sequences of environmental samples generated with so-called next generation sequencing, in this case chip-based pyrosequencing developed by 454 Life Sciences.[16] This technique for sequencing DNA generates shorter fragments than conventional techniques, however this limitation is compensated for by the very large number of sequences generated. In addition, this technique does not require cloning the DNA before sequencing, removing one of the main biases in metagenomics.</p> <p><b>MEGAN<br /> </b>In 2007, Daniel Huson and Stephan Schuster developed and published the first stand-alone metagenome analysis tool, MEGAN, which can be used to perform a first analysis of a metagenomic shotgun dataset. This tool was originally developed to analyse the metagenome of a mammoth sample.[17] However in a recent study by Monzoorul et al. 2009,[18] it was shown that adopting the LCA approach (of MEGAN) solely based on bit-score of the alignment leads to a number of false positive assignments especially in the context of metagenomic sequences originating from new organisms. This study proposed a new approach called SOrt-ITEMS which used several alignment parameters to increase the accuracy of assignments.</p> <p><b>MG-RAST<br /> </b>In 2007, Folker Meyer and Robert Edwards and a team at Argonne National Laboratory and the University of Chicago released the Metagenomics RAST server (MG-RAST) a community resource for metagenome data set analysis.[19] The SEED based free, public resource has so far (October 2009) been used for the analysis of over 4000 metagenome data sets. As of October 2009 100+ giga-basepairs of DNA have been analyzed via MG-RAST, more than 350 public data sets are freely available for comparison within MG-RAST.</p> <p><b>Applications<br /> </b>Metagenomics can improve strategies for monitoring the impact of pollutants on ecosystems and for cleaning up contaminated environments. Increased understanding of how microbial communities cope with pollutants is helping assess the potential of contaminated sites to recover from pollution and increase the chances of bioaugmentation or biostimulation trials to succeed.[20]</p> <p>Recent progress in mining the rich genetic resource of non-culturable microbes has led to the discovery of new genes, enzymes, and natural products. The impact of metagenomics is witnessed in the development of commodity and fine chemicals, agrochemicals and pharmaceuticals where the benefit of enzyme-catalyzed chiral synthesis is increasingly recognized.[21]</p> <p>Metagenomic sequencing is being used to characterize the microbial communities from 15-18 body sites from at least 250 individuals. This is part of the Human Microbiome initiative with primary goals to determine if there is a core human microbiome, to understand the changes in the human microbiome that can be correlated with human health, and to develop new technological and bioinformatics tools to support these goals.[22]</p> <p>It is well known that the vast majority of microbes have not been cultivated. Functional metagenomics strategies are being used to explore the interactions between plants and microbes through cultivation-independent study of the microbial communities.[23]</p> <p><b>Microbial diversity<br /> </b>Much of the interest in metagenomics comes from the discovery that the vast majority of microorganisms had previously gone unnoticed. Traditional microbiological methods relied upon laboratory cultures of organisms. Surveys of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes taken directly from the environment revealed that cultivation based methods find less than 1% of the bacteria and archaea species in a sample.[2]</p> <p><b>Gene surveys<br /> </b>Shotgun sequencing and screens of clone libraries reveal genes present in environmental samples. This provides information both on which organisms are present and what metabolic processes are possible in the community. This can be helpful in understanding the ecology of a community, particularly if multiple samples are compared to each other.[24]</p> <p><b>Environmental genomes<br /> </b>Shotgun metagenomics also is capable of sequencing nearly complete microbial genomes directly from the environment.[13] Because the collection of DNA from an environment is largely uncontrolled, the most abundant organisms in an environmental sample are most highly represented in the resulting sequence data. To achieve the high coverage needed to fully resolve the genomes of underrepresented community members, large samples, often prohibitively so, are needed. On the other hand, the random nature of shotgun sequencing ensures that many of these organisms will be represented by at least some small sequence segments. Due to the limitations of microbial isolation methods, the vast majority of these organisms would go unnoticed using traditional culturing techniques.</p> <p><b>Community metabolism<br /> </b>&nbsp;This section does not cite any references or sources.<br /> Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2009)</p> <p>Many bacterial communities show significant division of labor in metabolism. Waste products of some organisms are metabolites for others. Working together they turn raw resources into fully metabolized waste. Using comparative gene studies and expression experiments with microarrays or proteomics researchers can piece together a metabolic network that goes beyond species boundaries. Such studies require detailed knowledge about which versions of which proteins are coded by which species and even by which strains of which species. Therefore, community genomic information is another fundamental part (as metabolomics or proteomics) to be able to estimate how metabolites are possibly transferred and transformed through a community.</p> <p><span style="font-size: medium"><b>See also<br /> </b></span>Pathogenomics<br /> &nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size: medium"><b>References</b></span><b><br /> </b>1.^ Marco, D, ed (2010). Metagenomics: Theory, Methods and Applications. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-54-7. <br /> 2.^ a b Hugenholz, P; Goebel BM, Pace NR (1 September 1998). &quot;Impact of culture-independent studies on the emerging phylogenetic view of bacterial diversity&quot;. J. Bacteriol 180 (18): 4765&ndash;74. PMID 9733676. <br /> 3.^ Eisen, JA (2007). &quot;Environmental shotgun sequencing: its potential and challenges for studying the hidden world of microbes.&quot;. PLoS Biology 5 (3): e82. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050082. PMID 17355177. <br /> 4.^ Handelsman, J; Rondon MR, Brady SF, Clardy J, Goodman RM (1998). &quot;Molecular biological access to the chemistry of unknown soil microbes: a new frontier for natural products&quot;. Chemistry &amp; Biology 5: 245&ndash;249. doi:10.1016/S1074-5521(98)90108-9. .<br /> 5.^ Chen, K; Pachter L (2005). &quot;Bioinformatics for whole-genome shotgun sequencing of microbial communities&quot;. PLoS Comp Biol 1 (2): 24. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.0010024. PMID 16110337. .<br /> 6.^ Lane, DJ; Pace B, Olsen GJ, Stahl DA, Sogin ML, Pace NR (1985). &quot;Rapid determination of 16S ribosomal RNA sequences for phylogenetic analyses&quot;. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 82 (20): 6955. doi:10.1073/pnas.82.20.6955. PMID 2413450. .<br /> 7.^ Pace, NR; DA Stahl, DJ Lane, GJ Olsen (1985). &quot;Analyzing natural microbial populations by rRNA sequences&quot;. ASM News 51: 4&ndash;12. .<br /> 8.^ Pace, NR (1991). &quot;Analysis of a marine picoplankton community by 16S rRNA gene cloning and sequencing&quot;. Journal of Bacteriology 173: 4371&ndash;4378. .<br /> 9.^ Healy, FG; RM Ray, HC Aldrich, AC Wilkie, LO Ingram, KT Shanmugam (1995). &quot;Direct isolation of functional genes encoding cellulases from the microbial consortia in a thermophilic, anaerobic digester maintained on lignocellulose&quot;. Appl. Microbiol Biotechnol. 43 (4): 667. doi:10.1007/BF00164771. PMID 7546604. .<br /> 10.^ Stein, JL; TL Marsh, KY Wu, H Shizuya, EF DeLong (1996). &quot;Characterization of uncultivated prokaryotes: isolation and analysis of a 40-kilobase-pair genome fragment from a planktonic marine archaeon&quot;. Journal of Bacteriology 178: 591&ndash;599. .<br /> 11.^ Beja, O; Suzuki MT, Koonin EV, Aravind L, Hadd A, Nguyen LP, Villacorta R, Amjadi M, Garrigues C, Jovanovich SB, Feldman RA, Delong EF (2000). Construction and analysis of bacterial artificial chromosome libraries from a marine microbial assemblage. 2. pp. 516&ndash;529. <br /> 12.^ Breitbart, M; Salamon P, Andresen B, Mahaffy JM, Segall AM, Mead D, Azam F, Rohwer F (2002). &quot;Genomic analysis of uncultured marine viral communities&quot;. Proceedings of the National Academy USA 99 (22): 14250&ndash;14255. doi:10.1073/pnas.202488399. PMID 12384570. .<br /> 13.^ a b Tyson, GW; Chapman J, Hugenholtz P, Allen EE, Ram RJ, Richardson PM, Solovyev VV, Rubin EM, Rokhsar DS, Banfield JF (2004). &quot;Insights into community structure and metabolism by reconstruction of microbial genomes from the environment&quot;. Nature 428 (6978): 37&ndash;43. doi:10.1038/nature02340. PMID 14961025. <a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v428/n6978/full/nature02340.html">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v428/n6978/full/nature02340.html</a>. .<br /> 14.^ Hugenholz, P (2002). &quot;Exploring prokaryotic diversity in the genomic era&quot;. Genome Biology 3: 1&ndash;8. doi:10.1186/gb-2002-3-2-reviews0003. .<br /> 15.^ Venter, JC; Remington K, Heidelberg JF, Halpern AL, Rusch D, Eisen JA, Wu D, Paulsen I, Nelson KE, Nelson W, Fouts DE, Levy S, Knap AH, Lomas MW, Nealson K, White O, Peterson J, Hoffman J, Parsons R, Baden-Tillson H, Pfannkoch C, Rogers Y, Smith HO (2004). &quot;Environmental Genome Shotgun Sequencing of the Sargasso Sea&quot;. Science 304 (5667): 66&ndash;74. doi:10.1126/science.1093857. PMID 15001713. .<br /> 16.^ Edwards, RA; Rodriguez-Brito B, Wegley L, Haynes M, Breitbart M, Peterson DM, Saar MO, Alexander S, Alexander EC, Rohwer F (2006). &quot;Using pyrosequencing to shed light on deep mine microbial ecology&quot;. BMC Genomics 7: 57. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-7-57. PMID 16549033. .<br /> 17.^ H. N. Poinar, C. Schwarz, Ji Qi, B. Shapiro, R. D. E. MacPhee, B. Buigues, A. Tikhonov, D. H. Huson, L. P. Tomsho, A. Auch, M. Rampp, W. Miller, S. C. Schuster, Metagenomics to Paleogenomics: Large-Scale Sequencing of Mammoth DNA, Science 311:392-394, 2006<br /> 18.^ Monzoorul HM, Tarini S, Dinakar K, Sharmila S M (May 2009). &quot;SOrt-ITEMS : Sequence Orthology based approach for Improved Taxonomic Estimation of Metagenomic Sequences&quot;. Bioinformatics 25 (14): 1722&ndash;30. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btp317. PMID 19439565. <br /> 19.^ Meyer, F; Paarmann D, D'Souza M, Olson R, Glass EM, Kubal M, Paczian T, Rodriguez A, Stevens R, Wilke A, Wilkening J, Edwards RA (2008). &quot;The metagenomics RAST server - a public resource for the automatic phylogenetic and functional analysis of metagenomes&quot;. BMC Bioinformatics 9: 0. doi:10.1186/1471-2105-9-386. PMID 18803844. <br /> 20.^ George I et al. (2010). &quot;Application of Metagenomics to Bioremediation&quot;. Metagenomics: Theory, Methods and Applications. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-54-7. <br /> 21.^ Wong D (2010). &quot;Applications of Metagenomics for Industrial Bioproducts&quot;. Metagenomics: Theory, Methods and Applications. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-54-7. <br /> 22.^ Nelson KE and White BA (2010). &quot;Metagenomics and Its Applications to the Study of the Human Microbiome&quot;. Metagenomics: Theory, Methods and Applications. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-54-7. <br /> 23.^ CharlesT (2010). &quot;The Potential for Investigation of Plant-microbe Interactions Using Metagenomics Methods&quot;. Metagenomics: Theory, Methods and Applications. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-54-7. <br /> 24.^ Allen, EE; Banfield, JF (2005). &quot;Community genomics in microbial ecology and evolution&quot;. Nature Reviews Microbiology 3 (6): 489&ndash;498. doi:10.1038/nrmicro1157. PMID 15931167. <br /> [edit] Further reading<br /> &nbsp;This article's further reading may not follow Wikipedia's content policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive, less relevant or many publications with the same point of view; or by incorporating the relevant publications into the body of the article through appropriate citations. (October 2009)</p> <p><b>Review articles<br /> </b>Edwards RA, Rohwer F (June 2005). &quot;Viral metagenomics&quot;. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 3 (6): 504&ndash;10. doi:10.1038/nrmicro1163. PMID 15886693. <br /> Eisen, J. A. (2007). Environmental shotgun sequencing: its potential and challenges for studying the hidden world of microbes. PLoS Biology 5(3): e82<br /> Green, B. D. &amp; Keller, M. (2006). Capturing the uncultivated majority. Current Opinion in Biotechnology 17[3], 236-240.<br /> Handelsman J. (2004). Metagenomics: application of genomics to uncultured microorganisms. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 68:669-685.<br /> Keller, M. &amp; Sengler, K. (2004). Tapping into microbial diversity. Nature Reviews Microbiology 2[2], 141-150.<br /> Lombard, N. et al. (2006). The metagenomics of microbial communities. Biofutur 24-7.<br /> Riesenfeld, C. S. et al. (2004). Metagenomics: genomic analysis of microbial communities. Annu Rev Genet 38: 525-52.<br /> Rodriguez Valera, F. (2002). Approaches to prokaryotic biodiversity: a population genetics perspective. Environmental Microbiology 4: 628-33.<br /> Rodriguez-Valera. (2004). Environmental genomics, the big picture?. FEMS Microbiology Letters 231:153-158.<br /> Torsvik, V. &amp; Ovreas, L. (2002). Microbial diversity and function in soil: from genes to ecosystems. Current opinion in Microbiology 5: 240-5.<br /> Whitaker, R. J. &amp; Banfield, J. F. (2006). Population genomics in natural microbial communities. Trends in Ecology &amp; Evolution 21: 508-16.<br /> Worden, A. Z. et al. (2006). In-depth analyses of marine microbial community genomics. Trends in Microbiology 14: 331-6.<br /> Xu, J. P. (2006). Microbial ecology in the age of genomics and metagenomics: concepts, tools, and recent advances. Molecular Ecology 15: 1713-31.<br /> [edit] Methods<br /> Beja, O. et al. (2000). Construction and analysis of bacterial artificial chromosome libraries from a marine microbial assemblage. Environmental Microbiology 2: 516-29.<br /> Sebat, J. L. et al. (2003). Metagenomic profiling: Microarray analysis of an environmental genomic library. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69: 4927-34.<br /> Suzuki, M. T. et al. (2004). Phylogenetic screening of ribosomal RNA gene-containing clones in bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) libraries from different depths in Monterey Bay. Microbial Ecology 48: 473-88.<br /> Zhu, W. et al. (2010). Ab initio gene identification in metagenomic sequences. Nucleic Acids Research, Vol. 38, No. 12 e132<br /> [edit] Bioinformatics<br /> Krause L., Diaz N.N., Goesmann A., Kelley S., Nattkemper T.W., Rohwer F., Edwards R.A., Stoye J. Phylogenetic classification of short environmental DNA fragments. Nucleic Acids Res. 36:2230-9, 2008<br /> Huson, D.H., A. Auch, Ji Qi and S.C. Schuster, MEGAN Analysis of Metagenomic Data, Genome Research. 17:377-386, 2007<br /> Krause L, Diaz NN, Bartels D, et al. (July 2006). &quot;Finding novel genes in bacterial communities isolated from the environment&quot;. Bioinformatics 22 (14): e281&ndash;9. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btl247. PMID 16873483. <a href="http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16873483">http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16873483</a>. <br /> Rodriguez-Brito B, Rohwer F, Edwards RA (2006). &quot;An application of statistics to comparative metagenomics&quot;. BMC Bioinformatics 7: 162. doi:10.1186/1471-2105-7-162. PMID 16549025. PMC 1473205. <a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2105/7/162">http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2105/7/162</a>. <br /> Raes J, Foerstner KU, Bork P (October 2007). &quot;Get the most out of your metagenome: computational analysis of environmental sequence data&quot;. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 10 (5): 490&ndash;8. doi:10.1016/j.mib.2007.09.001. PMID 17936679. <a href="http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1369-5274(07)00123-3">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1369-5274(07)00123-3</a>. <br /> Harrington ED, Singh AH, Doerks T, et al. (August 2007). &quot;Quantitative assessment of protein function prediction from metagenomics shotgun sequences&quot;. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104 (35): 13913&ndash;8. doi:10.1073/pnas.0702636104. PMID 17717083. PMC 1955820. <a href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=17717083">http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=17717083</a>. <br /> Tress, M. L. et al. (2006). An analysis of the Sargasso Sea resource and the consequences for database composition. Bmc Bioinformatics 7<br /> Foerstner KU, von Mering C, Hooper SD, Bork P (2005) Environments shape the nucleotide composition of genomes. EMBO Rep. 6(12): 1208-13<br /> Raes, J., Korbel, J.O., Lercher, M.J., Von Mering, C. &amp; Bork, P. (2007) Prediction of effective genome size in metagenomic samples. Genome Biology 8, R10 [1]<br /> von Mering, C., Hugenholtz, P., Raes, J., Tringe, S.G., Doerks, T., Jensen, L.J., Ward N. &amp; Bork, P. (2007) Quantitative phylogenetic assessment of microbial communities in diverse environments. Science 315, 1126&ndash;1130<br /> Mavromatis K, Ivanova N, Barry K, et al. (June 2007). &quot;Use of simulated data sets to evaluate the fidelity of metagenomic processing methods&quot;. Nat. Methods 4 (6): 495&ndash;500. doi:10.1038/nmeth1043. PMID 17468765. <br /> Markowitz VM, Ivanova N, Palaniappan K, et al. (July 2006). &quot;An experimental metagenome data management and analysis system&quot;. Bioinformatics 22 (14): e359&ndash;67. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btl217. PMID 16873494. <a href="http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16873494">http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16873494</a>. <br /> Markowitz VM, Ivanova NN, Szeto E, Palaniappan K, Chu K, Dalevi D, Chen IM, Grechkin Y, Dubchak I, Anderson I, Lykidis A, Mavromatis K, Hugenholtz P, Kyrpides NC. (2007) IMG/M: a data management and analysis system for metagenomes. Nucleic Acids Res. Epub<br /> Pushker R., D'Auria G., Alba-Casado J.C. and Rodr&iacute;guez-Valera F. (2005) Micro-Mar: a database for dynamic representation of marine microbial biodiversity. BMC Bioinformatics, 6:222.<br /> F. Meyer, D. Paarmann, M. D'Souza, R. Olson, E. M. Glass, M. Kubal, T. Paczian , A. Rodriguez, R. Stevens, A. Wilke, J. Wilkening, R. A. Edwards, The metagenomics RAST server - a public resource for the automatic phylogenetic and functional analysis of metagenomes, BMC Bioinformatics 2008, 9:386.<br /> Hingamp P, Brochier C, Talla E, Gautheret D, Thieffry D, Herrmann (2008) Metagenome Annotation Using a Distributed Grid of Undergraduate Students. PLoS Biol 6(11): e296<br /> Sun Y, Cai Y, Liu L, Yu F, Farrell ML, McKendree W, Farmerie W (2009) ESPRIT: Estimating Species Richness Using Large Collections of 16S rRNA Pyrosequences. Nucleic Acids Research, 2009; doi: 10.1093/nar/gkp285.<br /> [edit] Marine ecosystems<br /> Angly, F. E. et al. (2006). The marine viromes of four oceanic regions. PloS Biology 4: 2121-31.<br /> Beja, O. et al. (2000). Bacterial rhodopsin: Evidence for a new type of phototrophy in the sea. Science 289: 1902-6.<br /> Beja, O. et al. (2001). Proteorhodopsin phototrophy in the ocean. Nature 411: 786-9.<br /> Beja, O. et al. (2002). Unsuspected diversity among marine aerobic anoxygenic phototrophs. Nature 415: 630-3.<br /> Culley, A. I. et al. (2006). Metagenomic analysis of coastal RNA virus communities. Science 312: 1795-8.<br /> DeLong, E. F. et al. (2006). Community genomics among stratified microbial assemblages in the ocean's interior. Science 311: 496-503.<br /> Hallam, S. J. et al. (2006). Genomic analysis of the uncultivated marine crenarchaeote Cenarchaeum symbiosum. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103: 18296-301.<br /> John, D. E. et al. (2006). Gene diversity and organization in rbcL-containing genome fragments from uncultivated Synechococcus in the Gulf of Mexico. Marine Ecology-Progress Series 316: 23-33.<br /> Kannan N. et al. (2007). Structural and Functional Diversity of the Microbibial Kinome. PloS Biology 5: 467-478<br /> Rusch D. B. et al. (2007). The Sorcerer II Global Ocean Sampling Expedition: Northwest Atlantic through Eastern Tropical Pacific. PloS Biology 5: 398-431<br /> Tringe SG, von Mering C, Kobayashi A, et al. (April 2005). &quot;Comparative metagenomics of microbial communities&quot;. Science 308 (5721): 554&ndash;7. doi:10.1126/science.1107851. PMID 15845853. <a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15845853">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15845853</a>. <br /> Woyke, T. et al. (2006). Symbiosis insights through metagenomic analysis of a microbial consortium. Nature 443: 950-5.<br /> Yooseph S. et al. (2007). The Sorcerer II Global Ocean Sampling Expedition: Expanding the Universe of Protein Families. 'PloS Biology 5: 432-466<br /> Yutin, N. &amp; Beja, O. (2005). Putative novel photosynthetic reaction centre organizations in marine aerobic anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria: insights from metagenomics and environmental genomics. Environmental Microbiology 7: 2027-33.<br /> Mussmann M, Richter M, Lombardot T, Meyerdierks A, Kuever J, Kube M, Gl&ouml;ckner FO, Amann R. (2005). Clustered genes related to sulfate respiration in uncultured prokaryotes support the theory of their concomitant horizontal transfer. J Bacteriol. Oct;187(20):7126-37.<br /> [edit] Sediments<br /> Abulencia, C. B., Wyborski, D. L., Garcia, J. A., Podar, M., Chen, W., Chang, S. H. et al. (2006). Environmental whole-genome amplification to access microbial populations in contaminated sediments. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72[5], 3291-3301.<br /> Breitbart et al. (2004). Diversity and population structure of a nearshore marine sediment viral community. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 271: 565-574.<br /> [edit] Extreme environments<br /> Baker, B. J. et al. (2006). Lineages of acidophilic archaea revealed by community genomic analysis. Science 314: 1933-5.<br /> Schoenfeld, T. et al. (2008). Assembly of Viral Metagenomes from Yellowstone Hot Springs. AEM 74: 4166-74<br /> [edit] Medical sciences and biotechnological applications<br /> Breitbart et al. (2003). Metagenomic analyses of an uncultured viral community from human feces. Journal of Bacteriology 185:6220-6223.<br /> Schloss, P. D. &amp; Handelsman, J. (2003). Biotechnological prospects from metagenomics. Current Opinion in Biotechnology 14: 303-310.<br /> Breitbart, M. and Rohwer, F. (2005) Method for discovering novel DNA viruses in blood using viral particle selection and shotgun sequencing. BioTechniques, 39, 729-736.<br /> Mathur, E., Toledo, G., Green, B. D., Podar, M., Richardson, T. H., Kulwiec (2005). A biodiversity-based approach to development of performance enzymes: Applied metagenomics and directed evolution. Industrial Biotechnology, 1, 283-287.<br /> Zengler, K., Paradkar, A., &amp; Keller, M. (2005). New methods to access microbial diversity for small molecule discovery. Natural Products , 275-293.<br /> Zhang, T., Breitbart, M., Lee, W.H., Run, J.Q., Wei, C.L., Soh, S.W., Hibberd, M.L., Liu, E.T., Rohwer, F. and Ruan, Y. (2006) RNA viral community in human feces: prevalence of plant pathogenic viruses. PLoS biology, 4, e3.<br /> Gill, S. R. et al. (2006). Metagenomic analysis of the human distal gut microbiome. Science 312: 1355-1359.<br /> Kurokawa, K. et al. (2007). Comparative metagenomics revealed commonly enriched gene sets in human gut microbiomes. DNA Res. 14: 169-181.<br /> [edit] Ancient DNA<br /> H. N. Poinar, C. Schwarz, Ji Qi, B. Shapiro, R. D. E. MacPhee, B. Buigues, A. Tikhonov, D. H. Huson, L. P. Tomsho, A. Auch, M. Rampp, W. Miller, S. C. Schuster, Metagenomics to Paleogenomics: Large-Scale Sequencing of Mammoth DNA, Science 311:392-394, 2006</p> <p><br /> <b>External links<br /> </b>&nbsp;This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive and inappropriate external links. (August 2010)</p> <p>Wooley JC, Godzik A, Friedberg I (2010). &quot;A primer on metagenomics&quot;. PLoS Comput. Biol. 6 (2): e1000667. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000667. PMID 20195499. PMC 2829047. <a href="http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000667">http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000667</a>. <br /> MEGAN MEtaGenome ANalyzer. A stand-alone metagenome analysis tool.<br /> Metagenomics and Our Microbial Planet A website on metagenomics and the vital role of microbes on Earth from the National Academies.<br /> The New Science of Metagenomics: Revealing the Secrets of Our Microbial Planet A report released by the National Research Council in March 2007. Also, see the Report In Brief.<br /> IMG/M The Integrated Microbial Genomes system, for metagenome analysis by the DOE-JGI.<br /> CAMERA Cyberinfrastructure for Metagenomics, data repository and tools for metagenomics research.<br /> A good overview of metagenomics from the Science Creative Quarterly<br /> list of Metagenome Projects from genomesonline.org<br /> MG-RAST publicly available, free, metagenomics annotation pipeline and repository for pyrosequences, Sanger sequences, and other sequence approaches.<br /> METAREP: JCVI Metagenomics Reports - an open source tool for high-performance comparative metagenomics<br /> Human microbiome project<br /> MetaHIT official website for the EU-funded project : Metagenomics of the Human Intestinal Tract<br /> Annotathon Bioinformatics Training Through Metagenomic Sequence Annotation<br /> Metagenomics Metagenomics research and applications<br /> &nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> b6ae42aaf56e6312ac67e986382424b0b7551fc5 6 1991 3365 2010-12-18T15:34:04Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 6 1992 3366 2010-12-18T15:34:38Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 0 1993 3370 2010-12-19T00:32:24Z WikiSysop 1 Created page with "<p><span style="font-size: small">Optimism bias is the demonstrated systematic tendency for people to be over-optimistic about the outcome of planned actions. This includes over-..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: small">Optimism bias is the demonstrated systematic tendency for people to be over-optimistic about the outcome of planned actions. This includes over-estimating the likelihood of positive events and under-estimating the likelihood of negative events. Along with the illusion of control and illusory superiority, it is one of the positive illusions to which people are generally susceptible. Excessive optimism can result in cost overruns, benefit shortfalls, and delays when plans are implemented or expensive projects are built. In extreme cases these can result in defeats in military conflicts, ultimate failure of a project or economic bubbles such as market crashes.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><b>Experimental demonstration<br /> </b>Armor and Taylor review a number of studies that have found optimism bias in different kinds of judgment.[1] These include:</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">Second-year MBA students overestimated the number of job offers they would receive and their starting salary.<br /> Students overestimated the scores they would achieve on exams.<br /> Almost all newlyweds in a US study expected their marriage to last a lifetime, even while aware of the divorce statistics.<br /> Professional financial analysts consistently overestimated corporate earnings.<br /> Most smokers believe they are less at risk of developing smoking-related diseases than others who smoke.<br /> Students in one study rated themselves as much less likely than their peers (students of the same sex at the same college) to experience negative life events such as developing a drinking problem, having a heart attack, being fired from a job, or divorcing a few years after getting married.[2] This effect, called unrealistic personal optimism, has been replicated and extended in between-subject research.[3] This research shows that optimistic bias is more prevalent in people with greater left-prefrontal activation.[4]</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">Optimism bias does not apply universally. For example, people overestimate their chances of experiencing very rare events, including negative events.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><b>Possible effects of overconfidence<br /> </b></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><b>Increased risk taking and insufficient preventive care<br /> </b>Optimism bias can induce people to underinvest in primary and preventive care and other risk-reducing behaviors, such as abstinence from smoking.[5] The overconfident may also inadequately react to legal threats and incentives, undermining the deterrent effect of liability rules.[6]</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><b>Increased risk for financial problems<br /> </b>Overconfidence causes many people to grossly underestimate their odds of making a payment late. Statistically, many people are quite likely to make at least one payment late due to the normal range of difficulties and delays in day-to-day life. Overconfidence bias causes these people to grossly underestimate the odds of this happening and therefore to accept grossly punitive fees and rates (e.g., an interest rate of nearly 30%) as a result of otherwise minor transgressions such as a late payment. Companies have exploited this bias by increasing interest rates to punitive rates for any late payment, even if it is to another creditor. Overconfidence bias makes these terms more acceptable to borrowers than if they were accurately calibrated.[citation needed]</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">Overconfidence bias also causes many people to substantially underestimate the probability of having serious financial or liquidity problems, such as from a sudden job loss or severe illness. This can cause them to take on excessive debt under the expectation that they will do better than average in the future and be readily able to pay it off.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><b>Overconfidence, locus of control, and depression<br /> </b>Overconfidence bias may cause many people to overestimate their degree of control and their odds of success. This may be protective against depression&mdash;since Seligman and Maier's model of depression includes a sense of learned helplessness and loss of predictability and control. Depressives tend to be more accurate and less overconfident in their assessments of the probabilities of good and bad events occurring to others, but they tend to overestimate the probability of bad events happening to them.[citation needed][7] This has caused some researchers to consider that overconfidence bias may be adaptive or protective in some situations.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><b>Optimism bias and planning<br /> </b>Main article: Planning fallacy<br /> Optimism bias arises in relation to estimates of costs and benefits and duration of tasks. It must be accounted for explicitly in appraisals if these are to be realistic. Optimism bias typically results in cost overruns, benefit shortfalls, and delays when plans are implemented.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">The UK government explicitly acknowledges that optimism bias is a problem in planning and budgeting and has developed measures for dealing with optimism bias in government (HM Treasury 2003). The UK Department for Transport requires project planners to use so-called optimism bias uplifts for large transport projects in order to arrive at accurate budgets for planned ventures (Flyvbjerg and Cowi 2004).</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">In a debate in Harvard Business Review, between Daniel Kahneman, Dan Lovallo, and Bent Flyvbjerg, Flyvbjerg (2003)&mdash;while acknowledging the existence of optimism bias&mdash;pointed out that what appears to be optimism bias may actually be strategic misrepresentation. Planners may deliberately underestimate costs and overestimate benefits in order to get their projects approved, especially when projects are large and when organizational and political pressures are high. Kahneman and Lovallo (2003) maintained that optimism bias is the main problem.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><b>Optimism bias and reference class forecasting<br /> </b>Reference class forecasting was developed to eliminate or reduce optimism bias in forecasting, planning, and decision making.[8]</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><b>Mechanisms<br /> </b>A brain-imaging study found that, when imagining negative future events, signals in the amygdala, an emotion centre of the brain, are weaker than when remembering past negative events. This weakened consideration of possible negative outcomes is one possible mechanism for optimism bias.[9] The activity of brain regions that are known to malfunction in psychological depression also predict the optimism bias.[10]</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><b>See also<br /> </b>List of cognitive biases<br /> Cost-benefit analysis<br /> Cost overrun<br /> Cost underestimation<br /> &nbsp;Benefit shortfall<br /> Pessimism bias<br /> Reference class forecasting<br /> Rosy retrospection<br /> &nbsp;</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><b>References<br /> </b>1.^ Armor, David A.; Shelley E Taylor. &quot;When Predictions Fail: The Dilemma of Unrealistic Optimism&quot; in Gilovich, Thomas; Dale Griffin, Daniel Kahneman (Eds.) (2002). Heuristics and biases: The psychology of intuitive judgment. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-79679-2. <br /> 2.^ Weinstein, Neil D. (November 1980). &quot;Unrealistic optimism about future life events.&quot;. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 39 (5): 806&ndash;820. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.39.5.806. 1981-28087-001. <br /> 3.^ Drake, R.A., &amp; Ulrich, G. (1992). Line bisecting as a predictor of personal optimism and desirability of risky behaviors. Acta Psychologica, 79, 219-226.<br /> 4.^ Gianotti, L.R.R., Knoch, D., Faber, P.L., Lehmann, D., Pascual-Marqui, R.D., Diezi, C., Schoch, C., Eisenegger, C., &amp; Fehr, E. (2009). Tonic activity level in the right prefrontal cortex predicts individuals' risk taking. Psychological Science, 20, 33-38.<br /> 5.^ Dunning, David; Chip Heath, Jerry M. Suls (2004). &quot;Flawed Self-Assessment. Implications for Health, Education, and the Workplace&quot;. Psychological Science in the Public Interest 5 (3): 69&ndash;106. doi:10.1111/j.1529-1006.2004.00018.x. <br /> 6.^ B Luppi, F Parisi (2009). Forgiving Overconfidence in Tort Law. UC Berkeley: Berkeley Program in Law. </span><a href="http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/2qc9j913"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/2qc9j913</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <br /> 7.^ Positive Illusions: Creative Self Deception, Taylor, p. 212-214<br /> 8.^ Flyvbjerg, B., 2008, &quot;Curbing Optimism Bias and Strategic Misrepresentation in Planning: Reference Class Forecasting in Practice.&quot; European Planning Studies, vol. 16, no. 1, January, pp. 3-21.<br /> 9.^ Sharot, Tali; Alison M. Riccardi, Candace M. Raio, Elizabeth A. Phelps (2007-10-24). &quot;Neural mechanisms mediating optimism bias&quot;. Nature 450 (7166): 102&ndash;015. doi:10.1038/nature06280. PMID 17960136. </span><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v450/n7166/full/nature06280.html"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v450/n7166/full/nature06280.html</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. Retrieved 2008-05-27. <br /> 10.^ </span><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v450/n7166/edsumm/e071101-06.html"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v450/n7166/edsumm/e071101-06.html</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> [edit] Further reading<br /> Flyvbjerg, Bent, 2003. &quot;Delusions of Success: Comment on Dan Lovallo and Daniel Kahneman.&quot; Harvard Business Review, December Issue, pp. 121&ndash;122.<br /> Flyvbjerg, Bent, &quot;From Nobel Prize to Project Management: Getting Risks Right.&quot; Project Management Journal, vol. 37, no. 3, August 2006, pp. 5-15.<br /> Flyvbjerg, Bent and Cowi, Procedures for Dealing with Optimism Bias in Transport Planning: Guidance Document (London: UK Department for Transport, June 2004). 61 pp.<br /> Flyvbjerg, Bent, Mette K. Skamris Holm, and S&oslash;ren L. Buhl, &quot;Underestimating Costs in Public Works Projects: Error or Lie?&quot; Journal of the American Planning Association, vol. 68, no. 3, Summer 2002, pp. 279-295.<br /> HM Treasury, Supplementary Green Book Guidance: Optimism Bias (London: HM Treasury, 2003).<br /> Kahneman, Daniel and Dan Lovallo, 2003. &quot;Response to Bent Flyvbjerg.&quot; Harvard Business Review, December Issue, p. 122.<br /> Lovallo, Dan and Daniel Kahneman, 2003. &quot;Delusions of Success: How Optimism Undermines Executives' Decisions,&quot; Harvard Business Review, July Issue, pp. 56&ndash;63.<br /> Matlin, Margaret W. &quot;Pollyanna Principle&quot; in Pohl, R&uuml;diger (2004). Cognitive Illusions: a handbook on fallacies and biases in thinking, judgement and memory. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-1-84169-351-4.</span></p> 0d8e2f9f18b830ad554abaeaf6e8704cb0122b83 3371 3370 2010-12-19T00:32:45Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: small">Optimism bias is the demonstrated systematic tendency for people to be over-optimistic about the outcome of planned actions. </span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">This includes over-estimating the likelihood of positive events and under-estimating the likelihood of negative events. Along with the illusion of control and illusory superiority, it is one of the positive illusions to which people are generally susceptible. Excessive optimism can result in cost overruns, benefit shortfalls, and delays when plans are implemented or expensive projects are built. In extreme cases these can result in defeats in military conflicts, ultimate failure of a project or economic bubbles such as market crashes.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><b>Experimental demonstration<br /> </b>Armor and Taylor review a number of studies that have found optimism bias in different kinds of judgment.[1] These include:</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">Second-year MBA students overestimated the number of job offers they would receive and their starting salary.<br /> Students overestimated the scores they would achieve on exams.<br /> Almost all newlyweds in a US study expected their marriage to last a lifetime, even while aware of the divorce statistics.<br /> Professional financial analysts consistently overestimated corporate earnings.<br /> Most smokers believe they are less at risk of developing smoking-related diseases than others who smoke.<br /> Students in one study rated themselves as much less likely than their peers (students of the same sex at the same college) to experience negative life events such as developing a drinking problem, having a heart attack, being fired from a job, or divorcing a few years after getting married.[2] This effect, called unrealistic personal optimism, has been replicated and extended in between-subject research.[3] This research shows that optimistic bias is more prevalent in people with greater left-prefrontal activation.[4]</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">Optimism bias does not apply universally. For example, people overestimate their chances of experiencing very rare events, including negative events.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><b>Possible effects of overconfidence<br /> </b></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><b>Increased risk taking and insufficient preventive care<br /> </b>Optimism bias can induce people to underinvest in primary and preventive care and other risk-reducing behaviors, such as abstinence from smoking.[5] The overconfident may also inadequately react to legal threats and incentives, undermining the deterrent effect of liability rules.[6]</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><b>Increased risk for financial problems<br /> </b>Overconfidence causes many people to grossly underestimate their odds of making a payment late. Statistically, many people are quite likely to make at least one payment late due to the normal range of difficulties and delays in day-to-day life. Overconfidence bias causes these people to grossly underestimate the odds of this happening and therefore to accept grossly punitive fees and rates (e.g., an interest rate of nearly 30%) as a result of otherwise minor transgressions such as a late payment. Companies have exploited this bias by increasing interest rates to punitive rates for any late payment, even if it is to another creditor. Overconfidence bias makes these terms more acceptable to borrowers than if they were accurately calibrated.[citation needed]</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">Overconfidence bias also causes many people to substantially underestimate the probability of having serious financial or liquidity problems, such as from a sudden job loss or severe illness. This can cause them to take on excessive debt under the expectation that they will do better than average in the future and be readily able to pay it off.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><b>Overconfidence, locus of control, and depression<br /> </b>Overconfidence bias may cause many people to overestimate their degree of control and their odds of success. This may be protective against depression&mdash;since Seligman and Maier's model of depression includes a sense of learned helplessness and loss of predictability and control. Depressives tend to be more accurate and less overconfident in their assessments of the probabilities of good and bad events occurring to others, but they tend to overestimate the probability of bad events happening to them.[citation needed][7] This has caused some researchers to consider that overconfidence bias may be adaptive or protective in some situations.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><b>Optimism bias and planning<br /> </b>Main article: Planning fallacy<br /> Optimism bias arises in relation to estimates of costs and benefits and duration of tasks. It must be accounted for explicitly in appraisals if these are to be realistic. Optimism bias typically results in cost overruns, benefit shortfalls, and delays when plans are implemented.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">The UK government explicitly acknowledges that optimism bias is a problem in planning and budgeting and has developed measures for dealing with optimism bias in government (HM Treasury 2003). The UK Department for Transport requires project planners to use so-called optimism bias uplifts for large transport projects in order to arrive at accurate budgets for planned ventures (Flyvbjerg and Cowi 2004).</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">In a debate in Harvard Business Review, between Daniel Kahneman, Dan Lovallo, and Bent Flyvbjerg, Flyvbjerg (2003)&mdash;while acknowledging the existence of optimism bias&mdash;pointed out that what appears to be optimism bias may actually be strategic misrepresentation. Planners may deliberately underestimate costs and overestimate benefits in order to get their projects approved, especially when projects are large and when organizational and political pressures are high. Kahneman and Lovallo (2003) maintained that optimism bias is the main problem.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><b>Optimism bias and reference class forecasting<br /> </b>Reference class forecasting was developed to eliminate or reduce optimism bias in forecasting, planning, and decision making.[8]</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><b>Mechanisms<br /> </b>A brain-imaging study found that, when imagining negative future events, signals in the amygdala, an emotion centre of the brain, are weaker than when remembering past negative events. This weakened consideration of possible negative outcomes is one possible mechanism for optimism bias.[9] The activity of brain regions that are known to malfunction in psychological depression also predict the optimism bias.[10]</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><b>See also<br /> </b>List of cognitive biases<br /> Cost-benefit analysis<br /> Cost overrun<br /> Cost underestimation<br /> &nbsp;Benefit shortfall<br /> Pessimism bias<br /> Reference class forecasting<br /> Rosy retrospection<br /> &nbsp;</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><b>References<br /> </b>1.^ Armor, David A.; Shelley E Taylor. &quot;When Predictions Fail: The Dilemma of Unrealistic Optimism&quot; in Gilovich, Thomas; Dale Griffin, Daniel Kahneman (Eds.) (2002). Heuristics and biases: The psychology of intuitive judgment. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-79679-2. <br /> 2.^ Weinstein, Neil D. (November 1980). &quot;Unrealistic optimism about future life events.&quot;. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 39 (5): 806&ndash;820. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.39.5.806. 1981-28087-001. <br /> 3.^ Drake, R.A., &amp; Ulrich, G. (1992). Line bisecting as a predictor of personal optimism and desirability of risky behaviors. Acta Psychologica, 79, 219-226.<br /> 4.^ Gianotti, L.R.R., Knoch, D., Faber, P.L., Lehmann, D., Pascual-Marqui, R.D., Diezi, C., Schoch, C., Eisenegger, C., &amp; Fehr, E. (2009). Tonic activity level in the right prefrontal cortex predicts individuals' risk taking. Psychological Science, 20, 33-38.<br /> 5.^ Dunning, David; Chip Heath, Jerry M. Suls (2004). &quot;Flawed Self-Assessment. Implications for Health, Education, and the Workplace&quot;. Psychological Science in the Public Interest 5 (3): 69&ndash;106. doi:10.1111/j.1529-1006.2004.00018.x. <br /> 6.^ B Luppi, F Parisi (2009). Forgiving Overconfidence in Tort Law. UC Berkeley: Berkeley Program in Law. </span><a href="http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/2qc9j913"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/2qc9j913</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <br /> 7.^ Positive Illusions: Creative Self Deception, Taylor, p. 212-214<br /> 8.^ Flyvbjerg, B., 2008, &quot;Curbing Optimism Bias and Strategic Misrepresentation in Planning: Reference Class Forecasting in Practice.&quot; European Planning Studies, vol. 16, no. 1, January, pp. 3-21.<br /> 9.^ Sharot, Tali; Alison M. Riccardi, Candace M. Raio, Elizabeth A. Phelps (2007-10-24). &quot;Neural mechanisms mediating optimism bias&quot;. Nature 450 (7166): 102&ndash;015. doi:10.1038/nature06280. PMID 17960136. </span><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v450/n7166/full/nature06280.html"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v450/n7166/full/nature06280.html</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. Retrieved 2008-05-27. <br /> 10.^ </span><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v450/n7166/edsumm/e071101-06.html"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v450/n7166/edsumm/e071101-06.html</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> [edit] Further reading<br /> Flyvbjerg, Bent, 2003. &quot;Delusions of Success: Comment on Dan Lovallo and Daniel Kahneman.&quot; Harvard Business Review, December Issue, pp. 121&ndash;122.<br /> Flyvbjerg, Bent, &quot;From Nobel Prize to Project Management: Getting Risks Right.&quot; Project Management Journal, vol. 37, no. 3, August 2006, pp. 5-15.<br /> Flyvbjerg, Bent and Cowi, Procedures for Dealing with Optimism Bias in Transport Planning: Guidance Document (London: UK Department for Transport, June 2004). 61 pp.<br /> Flyvbjerg, Bent, Mette K. Skamris Holm, and S&oslash;ren L. Buhl, &quot;Underestimating Costs in Public Works Projects: Error or Lie?&quot; Journal of the American Planning Association, vol. 68, no. 3, Summer 2002, pp. 279-295.<br /> HM Treasury, Supplementary Green Book Guidance: Optimism Bias (London: HM Treasury, 2003).<br /> Kahneman, Daniel and Dan Lovallo, 2003. &quot;Response to Bent Flyvbjerg.&quot; Harvard Business Review, December Issue, p. 122.<br /> Lovallo, Dan and Daniel Kahneman, 2003. &quot;Delusions of Success: How Optimism Undermines Executives' Decisions,&quot; Harvard Business Review, July Issue, pp. 56&ndash;63.<br /> Matlin, Margaret W. &quot;Pollyanna Principle&quot; in Pohl, R&uuml;diger (2004). Cognitive Illusions: a handbook on fallacies and biases in thinking, judgement and memory. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-1-84169-351-4.</span></p> 6cdfe875006fd9678a22871af89578701043c887 0 1994 3372 2010-12-19T00:42:04Z WikiSysop 1 Created page with "<p><span style="color: #000000"><b>Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction</b> (digital PCR, DigitalPCR, dPCR, or dePCR) is a refinement of conventional polymerase chain reaction metho..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="color: #000000"><b>Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction</b> (digital PCR, DigitalPCR, dPCR, or dePCR) is a refinement of conventional polymerase chain reaction methods that can be used to directly quantify and clonally amplify nucleic acids including DNA, cDNA or RNA. The key difference between dPCR and traditional PCR lies in the method of measuring nucleic acids amounts, with the former being a more precise method than PCR. PCR carries out one reaction per single sample. dPCR also carries out a single reaction within a sample, however the sample is separated into a large number of partitions and the reaction is carried out in each partition individually. This separation allows a more reliable collection and sensitive measurement of nucleic acid amounts. The method has been demonstrated as useful for studying variations in gene sequences - such as copy number variants and point mutations - and it is routinely used for clonal amplification of samples for &quot;next-generation sequencing.&quot;</span></p> <p> <table id="toc" class="toc tochidden"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <div id="toctitle"> <h2><span style="color: #000000">Contents</span></h2> <span style="color: #000000"><span class="toctoggle"><font size="2">[</font><font size="2">show</font><font size="2">]</font></span></span></div> <ul style="display: none"> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><span style="color: #000000"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">PCR Basics</span></span></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><span style="color: #000000"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">dPCR Working Principle</span></span></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><span style="color: #000000"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Development</span></span></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><span style="color: #000000"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></span></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5">&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <span style="color: #000000"> </span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="PCR_Basics" class="mw-headline">PCR Basics</span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000">The polymerase chain reaction method is used to quantify nucleic acids by amplifying a nucleic acid molecule with the enzyme DNA polymerase. Conventional PCR is based on the theory that amplification is exponential. Therefore, nucleic acids may be quantified by comparing the number of amplification cycles and amount of PCR end-product to those of a reference sample. However, many factors complicate this calculation, creating uncertainties and inaccuracies. These factors include the following: initial amplification cycles may not be exponential; PCR amplification eventually plateaus after an uncertain number of cycles; and low initial concentrations of target nucleic acid molecules may not amplify to detectable levels. However, the most significant limitation of PCR is that PCR amplification efficiency in a sample of interest may be different from that of reference samples. Since PCR is an exponential process, only twofold differences in amplification can be observed, greatly impacting the validity and precision of the results.</span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="dPCR_Working_Principle" class="mw-headline">dPCR Working Principle</span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000">Digital PCR overcomes the difficulties of conventional PCR. With dPCR, a sample is partitioned so that individual nucleic acid molecules within the sample are localized and concentrated within many separate regions. (The capture or isolation of individual nucleic acid molecules has been effected in micro well plates, capillaries, the dispersed phase of an emulsion, and arrays of miniaturized chambers, as well as on nucleic acid binding surfaces.) The partitioning of the sample allows one to count the molecules by estimating according to Poisson. As a result, each part will contain &quot;0&quot; or &quot;1&quot; molecules, or a negative or positive reaction, respectively. After PCR amplification, nucleic acids may be quantified by counting the regions that contain PCR end-product, positive reactions. In conventional PCR, starting copy number is proportional to the number of PCR amplification cycles. dPCR, however, is not dependent on the number of amplification cycles to determine the initial sample amount, eliminating the reliance on uncertain exponential data to quantify target nucleic acids and providing absolute quantification.</span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Development" class="mw-headline">Development</span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000">The digital PCR concept was conceived in 1992 by Sykes et al.<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[1]</font></sup> using nested PCR. An important development occurred in 1995 with co-inventions by Brown at Cytonix<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[2]</font></sup> and Silver at the National Institutes of Health<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><font size="2">[3]</font></sup> of single-step quantitization and sequencing methods employing nano-scale arrays and localized clonal colonies using capillaries, gels, affinity surfaces/particles and immiscible fluid containments, resulting in a 1997 U. S. Patent<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><font size="2">[4]</font></sup> and subsequent divisional and continuation patents. Vogelstein and Kinzler further developed the concept by quantifying KRAS mutations in stool DNA from colorectal cancer patients<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><font size="2">[5]</font></sup>. Digital PCR has been shown to be a promising surveillance tool for illnesses such as cancer <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><font size="2">[6]</font></sup>. Significant additional developments have included using emulsion beads for digital PCR by Dressman and colleagues <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><font size="2">[7]</font></sup>. Digital PCR has many other applications, including detection and quantitization of low-level pathogens, rare genetic sequences, gene expression in single cells, and the clonal amplification of nucleic acids (cPCR or clonal PCR) for the identification and sequencing of mixed nucleic acids samples or fragments. It has also proved useful for the analysis of heterogeneous methylation <sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><font size="2">[8]</font></sup>.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">In 2006 Fluidigm<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><font size="2">[9]</font></sup> introduced the first commercial system for digital PCR based on integrated fluidic circuits (chips) having integrated chambers and valves for partitioning samples. In November 2010, Life Technologies<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><font size="2">[10]</font></sup> commercialized a digital PCR product line for the OpenArray system. In March 2010, a patent was published for digital PCR based on emulsions. QuantaLife<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><font size="2">[11]</font></sup> is developing the technology for release in 2011.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Digital PCR has many potential applications, including the detection and quantification of low-level pathogens, rare genetic sequences, copy number variations, and relative gene expression in single cells. Clonal amplification enabled by single-step digital PCR is a key factor in reducing the time and cost of many of the &quot;next-generation sequencing&quot; methods and hence enabling personal genomics.</span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="References" class="mw-headline">References</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-0"><b><a href="#cite_ref-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Sykes, PJ; Neoh SH, Brisco MJ, Hughes E, Condon J, Morley AA (1992). &quot;Quantitation of targets for PCR by use of limiting dilution&quot;. <i>Biotechniques</i> <b>13</b> (3): 444&ndash;9. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1389177" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">1389177</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Quantitation+of+targets+for+PCR+by+use+of+limiting+dilution&amp;rft.jtitle=Biotechniques&amp;rft.aulast=Sykes&amp;rft.aufirst=PJ&amp;rft.au=Sykes%2C%26%2332%3BPJ&amp;rft.date=1992&amp;rft.volume=13&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=444%E2%80%939&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/1389177&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Digital_polymerase_chain_reaction"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.cytonix.com/" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Cytonix&quot;</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.cytonix.com/" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.cytonix.com/</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Cytonix&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cytonix.com%2F&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Digital_polymerase_chain_reaction"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Kalinina, O; Brown J, Silver J (1997). <a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=146692" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Nanoliter scale PCR with TaqMan detection&quot;</font></a>. <i>Nucleic Acids Research</i> <b>25</b> (10): 1999&ndash;2004. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2F25.10.1999" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1093/nar/25.10.1999</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9115368" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">9115368</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Nanoliter+scale+PCR+with+TaqMan+detection&amp;rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Research&amp;rft.aulast=Kalinina&amp;rft.aufirst=O&amp;rft.au=Kalinina%2C%26%2332%3BO&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.volume=25&amp;rft.issue=10&amp;rft.pages=1999%E2%80%932004&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Fnar%2F25.10.1999&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/9115368&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Digital_polymerase_chain_reaction"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&amp;Sect2=HITOFF&amp;d=PALL&amp;p=1&amp;u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&amp;r=1&amp;f=G&amp;l=50&amp;s1=6,143,496.PN.&amp;OS=PN/6,143,496&amp;RS=PN/6,143,496" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;U. S. Patent 6,143,496&quot;</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&amp;Sect2=HITOFF&amp;d=PALL&amp;p=1&amp;u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&amp;r=1&amp;f=G&amp;l=50&amp;s1=6,143,496.PN.&amp;OS=PN/6,143,496&amp;RS=PN/6,143,496" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&amp;Sect2=HITOFF&amp;d=PALL&amp;p=1&amp;u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&amp;r=1&amp;f=G&amp;l=50&amp;s1=6,143,496.PN.&amp;OS=PN/6,143,496&amp;RS=PN/6,143,496</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=U.+S.+Patent+6%2C143%2C496&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpatft.uspto.gov%2Fnetacgi%2Fnph-Parser%3FSect1%3DPTO1%26Sect2%3DHITOFF%26d%3DPALL%26p%3D1%26u%3D%252Fnetahtml%252FPTO%252Fsrchnum.htm%26r%3D1%26f%3DG%26l%3D50%26s1%3D6%2C143%2C496.PN.%26OS%3DPN%2F6%2C143%2C496%26RS%3DPN%2F6%2C143%2C496&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Digital_polymerase_chain_reaction"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Vogelstein, B; Kinzler KW (1999). <a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=17763" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Digital PCR&quot;</font></a>. <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.</i> <b>96</b> (16): 9236&ndash;41. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.96.16.9236" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1073/pnas.96.16.9236</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10430926" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10430926</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Digital+PCR&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+U+S+A.&amp;rft.aulast=Vogelstein&amp;rft.aufirst=B&amp;rft.au=Vogelstein%2C%26%2332%3BB&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.volume=96&amp;rft.issue=16&amp;rft.pages=9236%E2%80%9341&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.96.16.9236&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/10430926&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Digital_polymerase_chain_reaction"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Pohl, G; Shih, I-M (2004). &quot;Principle and applications of digital PCR&quot;. <i>Expert Rev Mol Diagn</i> <b>4</b> (1): 41&ndash;7. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1586%2F14737159.4.1.41" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1586/14737159.4.1.41</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14711348" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">14711348</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Principle+and+applications+of+digital+PCR&amp;rft.jtitle=Expert+Rev+Mol+Diagn&amp;rft.aulast=Pohl&amp;rft.aufirst=G&amp;rft.au=Pohl%2C%26%2332%3BG&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=4&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=41%E2%80%937&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1586%2F14737159.4.1.41&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/14711348&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Digital_polymerase_chain_reaction"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Dressman, D; Yan H, Traverso G, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B (2003). <a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=166396" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Transforming single DNA molecules into fluorescent magnetic particles for detection and enumeration of genetic variations&quot;</font></a>. <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</i> <b>100</b> (15): 8817&ndash;22. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1133470100" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1073/pnas.1133470100</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12857956" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">12857956</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Transforming+single+DNA+molecules+into+fluorescent+magnetic+particles+for+detection+and+enumeration+of+genetic+variations&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+USA&amp;rft.aulast=Dressman&amp;rft.aufirst=D&amp;rft.au=Dressman%2C%26%2332%3BD&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=100&amp;rft.issue=15&amp;rft.pages=8817%E2%80%9322&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.1133470100&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12857956&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Digital_polymerase_chain_reaction"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Mikeska, T; Candiloro IL, Dobrovic A (2010). &quot;The implications of heterogeneous DNA methylation for the accurate quantification of methylation&quot;. <i>Epigenomics</i> <b>2</b>: 561&ndash;73. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2217%2Fepi.10.32" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.2217/epi.10.32</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+implications+of+heterogeneous+DNA+methylation+for+the+accurate+quantification+of+methylation&amp;rft.jtitle=Epigenomics&amp;rft.aulast=Mikeska&amp;rft.aufirst=T&amp;rft.au=Mikeska%2C%26%2332%3BT&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.volume=2&amp;rft.pages=561%E2%80%9373&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.2217%2Fepi.10.32&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Digital_polymerase_chain_reaction"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.Fluidigm.com/" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Fluidigm&quot;</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.Fluidigm.com/" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.Fluidigm.com/</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Fluidigm&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.Fluidigm.com%2F&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Digital_polymerase_chain_reaction"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.lifetechnologies.com/" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Life Technologies&quot;</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.lifetechnologies.com/" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.lifetechnologies.com/</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Life+Technologies&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lifetechnologies.com%2F&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Digital_polymerase_chain_reaction"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.QuantaLife.com/" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;QuantaLife&quot;</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.QuantaLife.com/" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.QuantaLife.com/</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=QuantaLife&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.QuantaLife.com%2F&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Digital_polymerase_chain_reaction"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> </ol> </div> <h2><span id="Reviews" class="mw-headline">Reviews</span></h2> <ul> <li>Brenan C, Morrison T, High throughput, nanoliter quantitative PCR. Drug Discovery Today: Technologies. 2; 247-253. 2005.</li> <li><a class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nmeth/journal/v4/n10/full/nmeth1007-869.html" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">Blow N., PCR's next frontier, Nature Methods 4, 869 - 875 (2007) doi:10.1038/nmeth1007-869</font></a></li> </ul> 0aed340586cd4de1e12be5624dc900360c93e05e 3373 3372 2010-12-19T00:42:12Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="color: #000000"><b>Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction</b> (digital PCR, DigitalPCR, dPCR, or dePCR) is a refinement of conventional polymerase chain reaction methods that can be used to directly quantify and clonally amplify nucleic acids including DNA, cDNA or RNA. The key difference between dPCR and traditional PCR lies in the method of measuring nucleic acids amounts, with the former being a more precise method than PCR. PCR carries out one reaction per single sample. dPCR also carries out a single reaction within a sample, however the sample is separated into a large number of partitions and the reaction is carried out in each partition individually. This separation allows a more reliable collection and sensitive measurement of nucleic acid amounts. The method has been demonstrated as useful for studying variations in gene sequences - such as copy number variants and point mutations - and it is routinely used for clonal amplification of samples for &quot;next-generation sequencing.&quot;</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="PCR_Basics" class="mw-headline">PCR Basics</span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000">The polymerase chain reaction method is used to quantify nucleic acids by amplifying a nucleic acid molecule with the enzyme DNA polymerase. Conventional PCR is based on the theory that amplification is exponential. Therefore, nucleic acids may be quantified by comparing the number of amplification cycles and amount of PCR end-product to those of a reference sample. However, many factors complicate this calculation, creating uncertainties and inaccuracies. These factors include the following: initial amplification cycles may not be exponential; PCR amplification eventually plateaus after an uncertain number of cycles; and low initial concentrations of target nucleic acid molecules may not amplify to detectable levels. However, the most significant limitation of PCR is that PCR amplification efficiency in a sample of interest may be different from that of reference samples. Since PCR is an exponential process, only twofold differences in amplification can be observed, greatly impacting the validity and precision of the results.</span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="dPCR_Working_Principle" class="mw-headline">dPCR Working Principle</span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000">Digital PCR overcomes the difficulties of conventional PCR. With dPCR, a sample is partitioned so that individual nucleic acid molecules within the sample are localized and concentrated within many separate regions. (The capture or isolation of individual nucleic acid molecules has been effected in micro well plates, capillaries, the dispersed phase of an emulsion, and arrays of miniaturized chambers, as well as on nucleic acid binding surfaces.) The partitioning of the sample allows one to count the molecules by estimating according to Poisson. As a result, each part will contain &quot;0&quot; or &quot;1&quot; molecules, or a negative or positive reaction, respectively. After PCR amplification, nucleic acids may be quantified by counting the regions that contain PCR end-product, positive reactions. In conventional PCR, starting copy number is proportional to the number of PCR amplification cycles. dPCR, however, is not dependent on the number of amplification cycles to determine the initial sample amount, eliminating the reliance on uncertain exponential data to quantify target nucleic acids and providing absolute quantification.</span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Development" class="mw-headline">Development</span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000">The digital PCR concept was conceived in 1992 by Sykes et al.<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[1]</font></sup> using nested PCR. An important development occurred in 1995 with co-inventions by Brown at Cytonix<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[2]</font></sup> and Silver at the National Institutes of Health<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><font size="2">[3]</font></sup> of single-step quantitization and sequencing methods employing nano-scale arrays and localized clonal colonies using capillaries, gels, affinity surfaces/particles and immiscible fluid containments, resulting in a 1997 U. S. Patent<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><font size="2">[4]</font></sup> and subsequent divisional and continuation patents. Vogelstein and Kinzler further developed the concept by quantifying KRAS mutations in stool DNA from colorectal cancer patients<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><font size="2">[5]</font></sup>. Digital PCR has been shown to be a promising surveillance tool for illnesses such as cancer <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><font size="2">[6]</font></sup>. Significant additional developments have included using emulsion beads for digital PCR by Dressman and colleagues <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><font size="2">[7]</font></sup>. Digital PCR has many other applications, including detection and quantitization of low-level pathogens, rare genetic sequences, gene expression in single cells, and the clonal amplification of nucleic acids (cPCR or clonal PCR) for the identification and sequencing of mixed nucleic acids samples or fragments. It has also proved useful for the analysis of heterogeneous methylation <sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><font size="2">[8]</font></sup>.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">In 2006 Fluidigm<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><font size="2">[9]</font></sup> introduced the first commercial system for digital PCR based on integrated fluidic circuits (chips) having integrated chambers and valves for partitioning samples. In November 2010, Life Technologies<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><font size="2">[10]</font></sup> commercialized a digital PCR product line for the OpenArray system. In March 2010, a patent was published for digital PCR based on emulsions. QuantaLife<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><font size="2">[11]</font></sup> is developing the technology for release in 2011.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Digital PCR has many potential applications, including the detection and quantification of low-level pathogens, rare genetic sequences, copy number variations, and relative gene expression in single cells. Clonal amplification enabled by single-step digital PCR is a key factor in reducing the time and cost of many of the &quot;next-generation sequencing&quot; methods and hence enabling personal genomics.</span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="References" class="mw-headline">References</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-0"><b><a href="#cite_ref-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Sykes, PJ; Neoh SH, Brisco MJ, Hughes E, Condon J, Morley AA (1992). &quot;Quantitation of targets for PCR by use of limiting dilution&quot;. <i>Biotechniques</i> <b>13</b> (3): 444&ndash;9. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1389177"><font color="#3366bb">1389177</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Quantitation+of+targets+for+PCR+by+use+of+limiting+dilution&amp;rft.jtitle=Biotechniques&amp;rft.aulast=Sykes&amp;rft.aufirst=PJ&amp;rft.au=Sykes%2C%26%2332%3BPJ&amp;rft.date=1992&amp;rft.volume=13&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=444%E2%80%939&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/1389177&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Digital_polymerase_chain_reaction"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cytonix.com/"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Cytonix&quot;</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cytonix.com/"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.cytonix.com/</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Cytonix&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cytonix.com%2F&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Digital_polymerase_chain_reaction"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Kalinina, O; Brown J, Silver J (1997). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=146692"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Nanoliter scale PCR with TaqMan detection&quot;</font></a>. <i>Nucleic Acids Research</i> <b>25</b> (10): 1999&ndash;2004. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2F25.10.1999"><font color="#3366bb">10.1093/nar/25.10.1999</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9115368"><font color="#3366bb">9115368</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Nanoliter+scale+PCR+with+TaqMan+detection&amp;rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Research&amp;rft.aulast=Kalinina&amp;rft.aufirst=O&amp;rft.au=Kalinina%2C%26%2332%3BO&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.volume=25&amp;rft.issue=10&amp;rft.pages=1999%E2%80%932004&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Fnar%2F25.10.1999&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/9115368&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Digital_polymerase_chain_reaction"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&amp;Sect2=HITOFF&amp;d=PALL&amp;p=1&amp;u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&amp;r=1&amp;f=G&amp;l=50&amp;s1=6,143,496.PN.&amp;OS=PN/6,143,496&amp;RS=PN/6,143,496"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;U. S. Patent 6,143,496&quot;</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&amp;Sect2=HITOFF&amp;d=PALL&amp;p=1&amp;u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&amp;r=1&amp;f=G&amp;l=50&amp;s1=6,143,496.PN.&amp;OS=PN/6,143,496&amp;RS=PN/6,143,496"><font color="#3366bb">http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&amp;Sect2=HITOFF&amp;d=PALL&amp;p=1&amp;u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&amp;r=1&amp;f=G&amp;l=50&amp;s1=6,143,496.PN.&amp;OS=PN/6,143,496&amp;RS=PN/6,143,496</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=U.+S.+Patent+6%2C143%2C496&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpatft.uspto.gov%2Fnetacgi%2Fnph-Parser%3FSect1%3DPTO1%26Sect2%3DHITOFF%26d%3DPALL%26p%3D1%26u%3D%252Fnetahtml%252FPTO%252Fsrchnum.htm%26r%3D1%26f%3DG%26l%3D50%26s1%3D6%2C143%2C496.PN.%26OS%3DPN%2F6%2C143%2C496%26RS%3DPN%2F6%2C143%2C496&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Digital_polymerase_chain_reaction"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Vogelstein, B; Kinzler KW (1999). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=17763"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Digital PCR&quot;</font></a>. <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.</i> <b>96</b> (16): 9236&ndash;41. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.96.16.9236"><font color="#3366bb">10.1073/pnas.96.16.9236</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10430926"><font color="#3366bb">10430926</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Digital+PCR&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+U+S+A.&amp;rft.aulast=Vogelstein&amp;rft.aufirst=B&amp;rft.au=Vogelstein%2C%26%2332%3BB&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.volume=96&amp;rft.issue=16&amp;rft.pages=9236%E2%80%9341&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.96.16.9236&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/10430926&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Digital_polymerase_chain_reaction"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Pohl, G; Shih, I-M (2004). &quot;Principle and applications of digital PCR&quot;. <i>Expert Rev Mol Diagn</i> <b>4</b> (1): 41&ndash;7. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1586%2F14737159.4.1.41"><font color="#3366bb">10.1586/14737159.4.1.41</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14711348"><font color="#3366bb">14711348</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Principle+and+applications+of+digital+PCR&amp;rft.jtitle=Expert+Rev+Mol+Diagn&amp;rft.aulast=Pohl&amp;rft.aufirst=G&amp;rft.au=Pohl%2C%26%2332%3BG&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=4&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=41%E2%80%937&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1586%2F14737159.4.1.41&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/14711348&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Digital_polymerase_chain_reaction"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Dressman, D; Yan H, Traverso G, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B (2003). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=166396"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Transforming single DNA molecules into fluorescent magnetic particles for detection and enumeration of genetic variations&quot;</font></a>. <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</i> <b>100</b> (15): 8817&ndash;22. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1133470100"><font color="#3366bb">10.1073/pnas.1133470100</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12857956"><font color="#3366bb">12857956</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Transforming+single+DNA+molecules+into+fluorescent+magnetic+particles+for+detection+and+enumeration+of+genetic+variations&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+USA&amp;rft.aulast=Dressman&amp;rft.aufirst=D&amp;rft.au=Dressman%2C%26%2332%3BD&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=100&amp;rft.issue=15&amp;rft.pages=8817%E2%80%9322&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.1133470100&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12857956&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Digital_polymerase_chain_reaction"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Mikeska, T; Candiloro IL, Dobrovic A (2010). &quot;The implications of heterogeneous DNA methylation for the accurate quantification of methylation&quot;. <i>Epigenomics</i> <b>2</b>: 561&ndash;73. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2217%2Fepi.10.32"><font color="#3366bb">10.2217/epi.10.32</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+implications+of+heterogeneous+DNA+methylation+for+the+accurate+quantification+of+methylation&amp;rft.jtitle=Epigenomics&amp;rft.aulast=Mikeska&amp;rft.aufirst=T&amp;rft.au=Mikeska%2C%26%2332%3BT&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.volume=2&amp;rft.pages=561%E2%80%9373&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.2217%2Fepi.10.32&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Digital_polymerase_chain_reaction"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.Fluidigm.com/"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Fluidigm&quot;</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.Fluidigm.com/"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.Fluidigm.com/</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Fluidigm&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.Fluidigm.com%2F&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Digital_polymerase_chain_reaction"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.lifetechnologies.com/"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Life Technologies&quot;</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.lifetechnologies.com/"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.lifetechnologies.com/</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Life+Technologies&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lifetechnologies.com%2F&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Digital_polymerase_chain_reaction"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.QuantaLife.com/"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;QuantaLife&quot;</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.QuantaLife.com/"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.QuantaLife.com/</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=QuantaLife&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.QuantaLife.com%2F&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Digital_polymerase_chain_reaction"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> </ol> </div> <h2><span id="Reviews" class="mw-headline">Reviews</span></h2> <ul> <li>Brenan C, Morrison T, High throughput, nanoliter quantitative PCR. Drug Discovery Today: Technologies. 2; 247-253. 2005.</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/nmeth/journal/v4/n10/full/nmeth1007-869.html"><font color="#3366bb">Blow N., PCR's next frontier, Nature Methods 4, 869 - 875 (2007) doi:10.1038/nmeth1007-869</font></a></li> </ul> 27d29a9eb832da80f8c0f7b0d0b872796fde0818 0 2001 3385 2010-12-29T17:18:23Z WikiSysop 1 Created page with "<p><font size="3"><strong><font size="5">What is genomics?</font><br /> <br /> Genomics</strong> is the [[omics]] study of [[gene]]s of individual organisms,&nbsp;populations, an..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font size="3"><strong><font size="5">What is genomics?</font><br /> <br /> Genomics</strong> is the [[omics]] study of [[gene]]s of individual organisms,&nbsp;populations, and species. <br /> </font></p> <p><font size="3">It is also a paradigm of performing biological science that deviates from&nbsp;investigating single genes, their functions, and roles. <br /> </font></p> <p><font size="3">The main reason of an independent biological discipline is that it deals with very large sets of genetic information to automatically analyze information using interaction and network concepts. Genomics inevitably employs high performance computing and bioinformatics technologies.</font><br /> &nbsp;</p> <p><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">&nbsp; </font></span></p> <div v:shape="_x0000_s1026"><span style="font-size: 32pt"><font color="#339966" size="5">&quot;[[Genome sequencing is not Genomics]]&quot;</font></span></div> <p><br /> &nbsp;</p> <p><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">History of the field</font></span></strong></p> <p><font size="3">Genomics was practically founded by Fred Sanger group in 1970s when they developed&nbsp;a gene sequencing technique and completed the first genomes; namely bacteriophage &Phi;-X174; (5,368 bp),&nbsp;the human mitochondrial genome, and lamda virus.</font></p> <p><font size="3">In 1972, Walter Fiers and his team at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology of the University of Ghent (Ghent, Belgium) were the first to determine the sequence of a gene: the gene for Bacteriophage MS2 coat protein.<sup id="_ref-0" class="reference">[1]</sup> In 1976, the team determined the complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA.<sup id="_ref-1" class="reference">[2]</sup> The first DNA-based genome to be sequenced in its entirety was that of bacteriophage &Phi;-X174; (5,368 bp), sequenced by Frederick Sanger in 1977<sup id="_ref-2" class="reference">[3]</sup>. The first free-living organism to be sequenced was that of <em>Haemophilus influenzae</em> (1.8 Mb) in 1995, and since then genomes are being sequenced at a rapid pace. A rough draft of the human genome was completed by Sanger centre and the Human Genome Project in early 2001.</font></p> <p><font size="3">As of September 2007, the complete sequence was known of about 1879 viruses <sup id="_ref-3" class="reference">[4]</sup>, 577 bacterial species and roughly 23 eukaryote organisms, of which about half are fungi. <sup id="_ref-4" class="reference">[5]</sup> Most of the bacteria whose genomes have been completely sequenced are problematic disease-causing agents, such as <em>Haemophilus influenzae</em>. Of the other sequenced species, most were chosen because they were well-studied model organisms or promised to become good models. Yeast (<em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em>) has long been an important model organism for the eukaryotic cell, while the fruit fly <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> has been a very important tool (notably in early pre-molecular genetics). The worm <em>Caenorhabditis elegans</em> is an often used simple model for multicellular organisms. The zebrafish <em>Brachydanio rerio</em> is used for many developmental studies on the molecular level and the flower <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em> is a model organism for flowering plants. The Japanese pufferfish (<em>Takifugu rubripes</em>) and the spotted green pufferfish (<em>Tetraodon nigroviridis</em>) are interesting because of their small and compact genomes, containing very little non-coding DNA compared to most species. <sup id="_ref-5" class="reference">[6]</sup> <sup id="_ref-6" class="reference">[7]</sup> The mammals dog (<em>Canis familiaris</em>), <sup id="_ref-7" class="reference">[8]</sup> brown rat (<em>Rattus norvegicus</em>), mouse (<em>Mus musculus</em>), and chimpanzee (<em>Pan troglodytes</em>) are all important model animals in medical research.</font></p> <p><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></p> <p><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">Bacteriophage Genomics</font></span></strong></p> <p><font size="3">Bacteriophages have played and continue to play a key role in bacterial genetics and molecular biology. Historically, they were used to define gene structure and gene regulation. Also the first genome to be sequenced was a bacteriophage. However, bacteriophage research did not lead the genomics revolution, which is clearly dominated by bacterial genomics. Only very recently has the study of bacteriophage genomes become prominent, thereby enabling researchers to understand the mechanisms underlying phage evolution. Bacteriophage genome sequences can be obtained through direct sequencing of isolated bacteriophages, but can also be derived as part of microbial genomes. Analysis of bacterial genomes has shown that a substantial amount of microbial DNA consists of prophage sequences and prophage-like elements. A detailed database mining of these sequences offers insights into the role of prophages in shaping the bacterial genome.<sup id="_ref-McGrath_0" class="reference">[9]</sup></font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">Cyanobacteria Genomics</font></span></strong></p> <p><font size="3">At present there are 24 cyanobacteria for which a total genome sequence is available. 15 of these cyanobacteria come from the marine environment. These are six <em>Prochlorococcus</em><em>Synechococcus</em> strains, <em>Trichodesmium erythraeum</em> IMS101 and <em>Crocosphaera watsonii</em> [[WH8501. Several studies have demonstrated how these sequences could be used very successfully to infer important ecological and physiological characteristics of marine cyanobacteria. However, there are many more genome projects currently in progress, amongst those there are further <em>Prochlorococcus</em> and marine <em>Synechococcus</em> isolates, <em>Acaryochloris</em> and <em>Prochloron</em>, the N₂-fixing filamentous cyanobacteria <em>Nodularia spumigena</em>, <em>Lyngbya aestuarii</em> and <em>Lyngbya majuscula</em>, as well as bacteriophages infecting marine cyanobaceria. Thus, the growing body of genome information can also be tapped in a more general way to address global problems by applying a comparative approach. Some new and exciting examples of progress in this field are the identification of genes for regulatory RNAs, insights into the evolutionary origin of photosynthesis, or estimation of the contribution of horizontal gene transfer to the genomes that have been analyzed.<sup id="_ref-Herrero_0" class="reference">[10]</sup></font></p> <p><font size="4">[[Genome sequencing and genomics]]</font></p> <p><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">See also</font></span></strong></p> <ul> <li><font size="3">[[Pangenomics]] and [[Pangenome]]</font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Personal Genome Project]]</font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Omics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Proteomics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Interactomics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Functional genomics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Computational genomics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Nitrogenomics]]</font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Pathogenomics]]</font></li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">References</font></span></strong></p> <ol class="references"> <li id="_note-0"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-0">^</a></strong> Min Jou W, Haegeman G, Ysebaert M, Fiers W., Nucleotide sequence of the gene coding for the bacteriophage MS2 coat protein, Nature. 1972 May 12;237(5350):82-8 </font></li> <li id="_note-1"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-1">^</a></strong> Fiers W et al., Complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA - primary and secondary structure of replicase gene, Nature, 260, 500-507, 1976 </font></li> <li id="_note-2"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-2">^</a></strong> Sanger F, Air GM, Barrell BG, Brown NL, Coulson AR, Fiddes CA, Hutchison CA, Slocombe PM, Smith M., Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA, Nature. 1977 Feb 24;265(5596):687-95 </font></li> <li id="_note-3"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-3">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/VIRUSES/virostat.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/VIRUSES/virostat.html"><em>The Viral Genomes Resource</em>, NCBI Friday, 14 September, 2007</a></font></li> <li id="_note-4"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-4">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/static/gpstat.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/static/gpstat.html"><em>Genome Project Statistic</em>, NCBI Friday, 14 September, 2007</a></font></li> <li id="_note-5"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-5">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3760766.stm" rel="nofollow" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3760766.stm">BBC article <em>Human gene number slashed</em> from Wednesday, 20 October, 2004</a></font></li> <li id="_note-6"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-6">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2003/10/16/pufferfish_fruitfly/index.shtml" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2003/10/16/pufferfish_fruitfly/index.shtml">CBSE News, Thursday October 16, 2003</a></font></li> <li id="_note-7"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-7">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.genome.gov/12511476" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.gov/12511476">NHGRI, pressrelease of the publishing of the dog genome</a></font></li> <li id="_note-McGrath"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-McGrath_0">^</a></strong> <cite style="font-style: normal" class="book">Mc Grath S and van Sinderen D (editors). (2007). <em><a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage">Bacteriophage: Genetics and Molecular Biology</a></em>, 1st ed., Caister Academic Press. <a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage">ISBN 978-1-904455-14-1</a> .</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Bacteriophage%3A+Genetics+and+Molecular+Biology&amp;rft.au=Mc+Grath+S+and+van+Sinderen+D+%28editors%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fphage">&nbsp;</span></font></li> <li id="_note-Herrero"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-Herrero_0">^</a></strong> <cite style="font-style: normal" class="book">Herrero A and Flores E (editor). (2008). <em><a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan">The Cyanobacteria: Molecular Biology, Genomics and Evolution</a></em>, 1st ed., Caister Academic Press. <a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan">ISBN 978-1-904455-15-8</a> .</cite></font><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cyanobacteria%3A+Molecular+Biology%2C+Genomics+and+Evolution&amp;rft.au=Herrero+A+and+Flores+E+%28editor%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fcyan"><font size="3"> </font><br /> </span></li> </ol> <p><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cyanobacteria%3A+Molecular+Biology%2C+Genomics+and+Evolution&amp;rft.au=Herrero+A+and+Flores+E+%28editor%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fcyan"><font size="5"><br /> Web links</font><br /> [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics Wikipedia Genomics link]<br /> [http://omics.org Omics.org]<br /> [http://totalomics.com Totalomics.com]<br /> </span></p> 222860d49eda9f56e24333df9bd8e2781996a938 0 1949 3388 3276 2011-01-09T14:30:49Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><b><span style="font-size: large">The first genomes in the genomics history.</span></b></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>[[The first human genome]]</p> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [[The first Caucasian genome]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[The first Asian genome]]&nbsp; [[The first Chinese genome]]&nbsp; [[The first Korean genome]]</p> <p>[[The first bacterial genome]]</p> <p>[[The first plant genome]]</p> <p>[[The first Archae genome]]</p> <p>[[The first&nbsp;yeast genome]]: April 1996</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <hr /> <p><span style="font-size: small">[[Top genomics centers]]&nbsp; |&nbsp; [[Genomics news]]&nbsp; |&nbsp; [[Genomics people]]</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> e1abfad70951184d5de6cd5473aedac59162cfa8 3389 3388 2011-01-09T14:31:50Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><b><span style="font-size: large">The first genomes in the genomics history.</span></b></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>[[The first human genome]]</p> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [[The first Caucasian genome]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[The first Asian genome]]&nbsp; [[The first Chinese genome]]&nbsp; [[The first Korean genome]]</p> <p>[[The first bacterial genome]]</p> <p>[[The first plant genome]]</p> <p>[[The first Archae genome]]</p> <p>[[The first&nbsp;yeast genome]]: April 1996</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <hr /> <p><span style="font-size: small">[[Top genomics centers]]&nbsp; |&nbsp; [[Genomics News and Ads Archive<br /> |Genomics news]]&nbsp; |&nbsp; [[Genomics people]]</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 0a63d09b63e7aa0cdbf5bc3ed58881593af23e24 3390 3389 2011-01-09T14:32:07Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><b><span style="font-size: large">The first genomes in the genomics history.</span></b></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>[[The first human genome]]</p> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [[The first Caucasian genome]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[The first Asian genome]]&nbsp; [[The first Chinese genome]]&nbsp; [[The first Korean genome]]</p> <p>[[The first bacterial genome]]</p> <p>[[The first plant genome]]</p> <p>[[The first Archae genome]]</p> <p>[[The first&nbsp;yeast genome]]: April 1996</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <hr /> <p><span style="font-size: small">[[Top genomics centers]]&nbsp; |&nbsp; [[Genomics News and Ads Archive|Genomics news]]&nbsp; |&nbsp; [[Genomics people]]</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> fc95bc591835f9d7b4439976705c536d22570a3a 3394 3390 2011-01-09T14:36:47Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><b><span style="font-size: large">The first genomes in the genomics history.</span></b></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>[[The first human genome]]</p> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [[The first Caucasian genome]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[The first Asian genome]]&nbsp; [[The first Chinese genome]]&nbsp; [[The first Korean genome]]</p> <p>[[The first bacterial genome]]</p> <p>[[The first plant genome]]</p> <p>[[The first Archae genome]]</p> <p>[[The first&nbsp;yeast genome]]: April 1996</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <hr /> <p><span style="font-size: small">[[Top genomics centers]]&nbsp; |&nbsp; [[Genomics News and Ads Archive|Genomics news]]&nbsp; |&nbsp; [[Genomics people]]&nbsp;&nbsp;|&nbsp; [[Genomics company]]</span></p> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> 815315f94d265b628b97d3a3d00ab347d3ecbdb9 3397 3394 2011-01-16T04:17:31Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><b><span style="font-size: large">The first genomes in the genomics history.</span></b></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>[[The first human genome]]</p> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [[The first Caucasian genome]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[The first Asian genome]]&nbsp; [[The first Chinese genome]]&nbsp; [[The first Korean genome]]</p> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [[The first individual genome]] Venter's.&nbsp; [[James Watson Genome]]</p> <p>[[The first bacterial genome]]</p> <p>[[The first plant genome]]</p> <p>[[The first Archae genome]]</p> <p>[[The first&nbsp;yeast genome]]: April 1996</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <hr /> <p><span style="font-size: small">[[Top genomics centers]]&nbsp; |&nbsp; [[Genomics News and Ads Archive|Genomics news]]&nbsp; |&nbsp; [[Genomics people]]&nbsp;&nbsp;|&nbsp; [[Genomics company]]</span></p> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> 138b33d4341a31a76a1b6e702b00bbb510697e54 3404 3397 2011-01-16T06:26:57Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><b><span style="font-size: large">The first genomes in the genomics history.</span></b></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>[[The first human genome]]</p> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [[The first Caucasian genome]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[The first Asian genome]]&nbsp; [[The first Chinese genome]]&nbsp; [[The first Korean genome]]</p> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [[The first individual genome]] Venter's.&nbsp; [[James Watson Genome]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[The first African Genome]] NA18507</p> <p>[[The first bacterial genome]]</p> <p>[[The first plant genome]]</p> <p>[[The first Archae genome]]</p> <p>[[The first&nbsp;yeast genome]]: April 1996</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <hr /> <p><span style="font-size: small">[[Top genomics centers]]&nbsp; |&nbsp; [[Genomics News and Ads Archive|Genomics news]]&nbsp; |&nbsp; [[Genomics people]]&nbsp;&nbsp;|&nbsp; [[Genomics company]]</span></p> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> ef616b7af98cad893004341903ddde8acde592e5 3422 3404 2011-01-16T14:33:33Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><b><span style="font-size: large">The first genomes in the genomics history.</span></b></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size: small">[[The first human genome]]</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [[The first Caucasian genome]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[The first Asian genome]]&nbsp; [[The first Chinese genome]]&nbsp; [[The first Korean genome]]</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [[The first individual genome]] Venter's.&nbsp; [[James Watson Genome]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[The first African Genome]] NA18507</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [[The first Japanese genome]]</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">[[The first bacterial genome]]</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">[[The first plant genome]]</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">[[The first Archae genome]]</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">[[The first&nbsp;yeast genome]]: April 1996</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <hr /> <p><span style="font-size: small">[[Top genomics centers]]&nbsp; |&nbsp; [[Genomics News and Ads Archive|Genomics news]]&nbsp; |&nbsp; [[Genomics people]]&nbsp;&nbsp;|&nbsp; [[Genomics company]]</span></p> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> 549ca6d866fc1e04b84444fc9492158201e9e00e 3431 3422 2011-01-18T13:37:12Z S 72 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><b><span style="font-size: large">The first genomes in the genomics history.</span></b></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size: small">[[The first human genome]]</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [[The first Caucasian genome]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[The first Asian genome]]&nbsp; [[The first Chinese genome]]&nbsp; [[The first Korean genome]]</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [[The first individual genome]] Venter's.&nbsp; [[James Watson Genome]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[The first African Genome]] NA18507</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [[The first Japanese genome]]</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">[[The first bacterial genome]]</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">[[The first plant genome]]</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">[[The first Archae genome]]</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">[[The first&nbsp;yeast genome]]: April 1996</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">[[The first animal genome]]</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">[[The first mammoth genome]]</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <hr /> <p><span style="font-size: small">[[Top genomics centers]]&nbsp; |&nbsp; [[Genomics News and Ads Archive|Genomics news]]&nbsp; |&nbsp; [[Genomics people]]&nbsp;&nbsp;|&nbsp; [[Genomics company]]</span></p> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> d9074b7cec6f21ada6baf1f3c860a8f767774c98 3448 3431 2011-02-01T21:16:11Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><b><span style="font-size: large">The first genomes in the genomics history.</span></b></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">[[The first human genome]]&nbsp; [[The first Neanderthal genome]]</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [[The first Caucasian genome]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[The first Asian genome]]&nbsp; [[The first Chinese genome]]&nbsp; [[The first Korean genome]]</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [[The first individual genome]] Venter's.&nbsp; [[James Watson Genome]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[The first African Genome]] NA18507</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [[The first Japanese genome]]</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">[[The first bacterial genome]]</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">[[The first plant genome]]</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">[[The first Archae genome]]</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">[[The first&nbsp;yeast genome]]: April 1996</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">[[The first animal genome]]</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">[[The first mammoth genome]]</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">&nbsp;</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <hr /> <p><span style="font-size: small">[[Top genomics centers]]&nbsp; |&nbsp; [[Genomics News and Ads Archive|Genomics news]]&nbsp; |&nbsp; [[Genomics people]]&nbsp;&nbsp;|&nbsp; [[Genomics company]]</span></p> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> 376a62f7425d5e99983ac20c5f5a372a00e384db 3450 3448 2011-02-02T05:49:42Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><b><span style="font-size: large">The first genomes in the genomics history.</span></b></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">[[The first human genome]]&nbsp; [[The first Neanderthal genome]]</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [[The first Caucasian genome]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[The first Asian genome]]&nbsp; [[The first Chinese genome]]&nbsp; [[The first Korean genome]]</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [[The first individual genome]] Venter's.&nbsp; [[James Watson Genome]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[The first African Genome]] NA18507</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [[The first Japanese genome]]</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">[[The first Orangutan genome]]</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">[[The first bacterial genome]]</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">[[The first plant genome]]</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">[[The first Archae genome]]</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">[[The first&nbsp;yeast genome]]: April 1996</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">[[The first animal genome]]</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">[[The first mammoth genome]]</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">&nbsp;</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <hr /> <p><span style="font-size: small">[[Top genomics centers]]&nbsp; |&nbsp; [[Genomics News and Ads Archive|Genomics news]]&nbsp; |&nbsp; [[Genomics people]]&nbsp;&nbsp;|&nbsp; [[Genomics company]]</span></p> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> 82c685d12acf4a90b5ac023258b358e066c51bd0 0 2002 3392 2011-01-09T14:34:50Z WikiSysop 1 Created page with "<p><span style="font-size: small"><b>Genomics people</b></span></p> <p> <table border="1" cellspacing="1" summary="" cellpadding="1" width="100%"> <tbody> <tr> ..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: small"><b>Genomics people</b></span></p> <p> <table border="1" cellspacing="1" summary="" cellpadding="1" width="100%"> <tbody> <tr> <td><strong><font size="3">&nbsp;[[You!]]</font></strong></td> <td><strong><font size="3">&nbsp;[[Fred Sanger]]</font></strong></td> <td><strong><font size="3">&nbsp;[[George Church]]</font></strong></td> <td><strong><font size="3">&nbsp;[[James Watson]]</font></strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong><font size="3">&nbsp;[[Craig Venter]]</font></strong></td> <td><strong><font size="3">&nbsp;[[Seong-Jin Kim]]</font></strong></td> <td><font size="3"><strong>&nbsp; [[Yang Huanming]]</strong></font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> 230dcce3a6fd33f223a5aca1cc15fe9e8123226c 3393 3392 2011-01-09T14:35:16Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: small"><b>Genomics people</b></span></p> <p> <table border="1" cellspacing="1" summary="" cellpadding="1" width="100%"> <tbody> <tr> <td><strong><font size="3">&nbsp;[[You!]]</font></strong></td> <td><strong><font size="3">&nbsp;[[Fred Sanger]]</font></strong></td> <td><strong><font size="3">&nbsp;[[George Church]]</font></strong></td> <td><strong><font size="3">&nbsp;[[James Watson]]</font></strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong><font size="3">&nbsp;[[Craig Venter]]</font></strong></td> <td><strong><font size="3">&nbsp;[[Seong-Jin Kim]]</font></strong></td> <td><font size="3"><strong>&nbsp; [[Yang Huanming]]</strong></font></td> <td><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;</span><b><span style="font-size: small">[[Rosalyn Gill]]</span></b></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> 04338643b656cc9a4417c6765e7db4f744c95916 0 2003 3395 2011-01-15T14:37:40Z WikiSysop 1 Created page with "<p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span class="src"><span class="jrnl" title="Nature">Nature</span>. 2008 Nov 6;456(7218):60-5.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span class="src"> <div class="fm-title..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span class="src"><span class="jrnl" title="Nature">Nature</span>. 2008 Nov 6;456(7218):60-5.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span class="src"> <div class="fm-title">The diploid genome sequence of an Asian individual</div> <div class="contrib-group fm-author">Jun Wang,<font size="2">^1,^2,^3,⁴^*</font> Wei Wang,<font size="2">^1,³^*</font> Ruiqiang Li,<font size="2">^1,^3,⁴^*</font> Yingrui Li,<font size="2">^1,^5,⁶^*</font> Geng Tian,<font size="2">^1,⁷</font> Laurie Goodman,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Wei Fan,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Junqing Zhang,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Jun Li,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Juanbin Zhang,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Yiran Guo,<font size="2">^1,⁷</font> Binxiao Feng,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Heng Li,<font size="2">^1,⁸</font> Yao Lu,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Xiaodong Fang,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Huiqing Liang,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Zhenglin Du,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Dong Li,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Yiqing Zhao,<font size="2">^1,⁷</font> Yujie Hu,<font size="2">^1,⁷</font> Zhenzhen Yang,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Hancheng Zheng,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Ines Hellmann,^{<font size="2">9</font>} Michael Inouye,^{<font size="2">8</font>} John Pool,^{<font size="2">9</font>} Xin Yi,<font size="2">^1,⁷</font> Jing Zhao,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Jinjie Duan,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Yan Zhou,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Junjie Qin,<font size="2">^1,⁷</font> Lijia Ma,<font size="2">^1,⁷</font> Guoqing Li,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Zhentao Yang,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Guojie Zhang,<font size="2">^1,⁷</font> Bin Yang,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Chang Yu,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Fang Liang,<font size="2">^1,⁷</font> Wenjie Li,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Shaochuan Li,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Dawei Li,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Peixiang Ni,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Jue Ruan,<font size="2">^1,⁷</font> Qibin Li,<font size="2">^1,⁷</font> Hongmei Zhu,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Dongyuan Liu,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Zhike Lu,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Ning Li,<font size="2">^1,⁷</font> Guangwu Guo,<font size="2">^1,⁷</font> Jianguo Zhang,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Jia Ye,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Lin Fang,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Qin Hao,<font size="2">^1,⁷</font> Quan Chen,<font size="2">^1,⁵</font> Yu Liang,<font size="2">^1,⁷</font> Yeyang Su,<font size="2">^1,⁷</font> A. san,<font size="2">^1,⁷</font> Cuo Ping,<font size="2">^1,⁷</font> Shuang Yang,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Fang Chen,<font size="2">^1,⁷</font> Li Li,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Ke Zhou,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Hongkun Zheng,<font size="2">^1,⁴</font> Yuanyuan Ren,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Ling Yang,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Yang Gao,<font size="2">^1,⁶</font> Guohua Yang,<font size="2">^1,²</font> Zhuo Li,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Xiaoli Feng,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Karsten Kristiansen,^{<font size="2">4</font>} Gane Ka-Shu Wong,<font size="2">^1,¹⁰</font> Rasmus Nielsen,^{<font size="2">9</font>} Richard Durbin,^{<font size="2">8</font>} Lars Bolund,<font size="2">^1,¹¹</font> Xiuqing Zhang,<font size="2">^1,⁶</font> Songgang Li,<font size="2">^1,^2,⁵</font> Huanming Yang,<font size="2">^1,^2,³</font> and Jian Wang<font size="2">^1,^2,³</font></div> <div class="fm-affl">^{<font size="2">1</font>}Beijing Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518000, China.</div> <div class="fm-affl">^{<font size="2">2</font>}Genome Research Institute, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518000, China.</div> <div class="fm-affl">^{<font size="2">3</font>}National Engineering Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Beijing 101300, China.</div> <div class="fm-affl">^{<font size="2">4</font>}Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M DK-5230, Denmark.</div> <div class="fm-affl">^{<font size="2">5</font>}College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.</div> <div class="fm-affl">^{<font size="2">6</font>}Beijing Genomics Institute, Beijing Institute of Genomics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101300, China.</div> <div class="fm-affl">^{<font size="2">7</font>}The Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100062, China.</div> <div class="fm-affl">^{<font size="2">8</font>}The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.</div> <div class="fm-affl">^{<font size="2">9</font>}Departments of Integrative Biology and Statistics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.</div> <div class="fm-affl">^{<font size="2">10</font>}Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, T6G 2E9, Canada.</div> <div class="fm-affl">^{<font size="2">11</font>}Insitute of Human Genetics, University of Aarhus, Aarhus DK-8000, Denmark.</div> <div id="CR1" class="fm-footnote">Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to Ju.W. (<span class="email-label">Email: </span><span class="e_id4088377"><a class="ext-reflink" href="mailto:wangj@genomics.org.cn" _sg="true">wangj@genomics.org.cn</a></span> <script language="JavaScript" type="text/javascript"><!-- try{initUnObscureEmail ("e_id4088377", '<a class="ext-reflink" href="' + reverseAndReplaceString('nc.gro.scimoneg/ta/jgnaw:otliam', '/at/', '@') + '">' + reverseAndReplaceString('nc.gro.scimoneg/ta/jgnaw', '/at/','@') + '</a>')}catch(e){} //--></script> ) or Ji.W. (<span class="email-label">Email: </span><span class="e_id4088381"><a class="ext-reflink" href="mailto:wangjian@genomics.org.cn" _sg="true">wangjian@genomics.org.cn</a></span> <script language="JavaScript" type="text/javascript"><!-- try{initUnObscureEmail ("e_id4088381", '<a class="ext-reflink" href="' + reverseAndReplaceString('nc.gro.scimoneg/ta/naijgnaw:otliam', '/at/', '@') + '">' + reverseAndReplaceString('nc.gro.scimoneg/ta/naijgnaw', '/at/','@') + '</a>')}catch(e){} //--></script> ).</div> <div id="FN1" class="fm-footnote">^{<font size="2">*</font>}These authors contributed equally to this work.</div> <div id="FN2" class="fm-footnote"> <div id="P2" class="p p-first-last"><strong>Author Contributions</strong> Ju.W., W.W., R.L. and Yi.L. contributed equally to this work. Ju.W., H.Y. and Ji.W. managed the project. W.W., G.T., Jun.Z., Jua.Z., Ya.L., Hu.L., Yi.Z., Zhenz.Y., X.Y., B.Y., W.L., Da.L., Q.H., Yu.L., S.Y., F.C., L.L., K.Z., Y.R., L.Y., Y.G., G.Y., Zhu.L., Xiaol.F., K.K., L.B. and X.Z. performed sequencing. Ju.W., R.L. and Yi.L. designed the analyses. R.L., Yi.L., W.F., J.L., Y.G., B.F., He.L., Xiaod.F., Z.D., Dong Li, Y.H., H.Z., I.H., M.I., J.P., Jin.Z., J.D., Ya.Z., J.Q., L.M., G.L., Zhent.Y., G.Z., C.Y., F.L, S.L, P.N., J.R., Q.L., Hongm.Z., Dongy.L, Zhi.L., N.L., G.G., Jia.Z., J.Y., L.F., Q.C., Y.S., A S., C.P., Hongk.Z., G.W., R.N., R.D. and S.L. performed the data analyses. Ju.W., R.L., Yi.L. and L.G. wrote the paper.</div> </div> <div id="FN3" class="fm-footnote"> <div id="P3" class="p p-first-last"><strong>Author Information</strong> The data have been deposited in the EBI/NCBI short read archive (accession number ERA000005). These data, together with all the associated analyses, are freely availably at <span class="ext-reflink"><a class="ext-reflink " href="http://yh.genomics.org.cn" target="pmc_ext" _sg="true" ref="reftype=extlink&amp;article-id=2716080&amp;issue-id=180413&amp;journal-id=358&amp;FROM=Article%7CFront%20Matter&amp;TO=External%7CLink%7CURI&amp;rendering-type=nihms">http://yh.genomics.org.cn</a></span>. SNPs and indels have been submitted to NCBI dbSNP and will be available in dbSNP version 130. Reprints and permissions information is available at <span class="ext-reflink"><a class="ext-reflink " href="http://www.nature.com/reprints" target="pmc_ext" _sg="true" ref="reftype=extlink&amp;article-id=2716080&amp;issue-id=180413&amp;journal-id=358&amp;FROM=Article%7CFront%20Matter&amp;TO=External%7CLink%7CURI&amp;rendering-type=nihms">www.nature.com/reprints</a></span>. This paper is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial-Share Alike licence, and is freely available to all readers at <span class="ext-reflink"><a class="ext-reflink " href="http://www.nature.com/nature" target="pmc_ext" _sg="true" ref="reftype=extlink&amp;article-id=2716080&amp;issue-id=180413&amp;journal-id=358&amp;FROM=Article%7CFront%20Matter&amp;TO=External%7CLink%7CURI&amp;rendering-type=nihms">www.nature.com/nature</a></span>.</div> </div> </span></p> cd2bb096bda06c8a8fa46c9ad8ae4c433f7632ca 3396 3395 2011-01-15T14:38:17Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: large">&nbsp;Nature. 2008 Nov 6;456(7218):60-5.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size: large"><br /> The diploid genome sequence of an Asian individual</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><br /> Jun Wang,1,2,3,4* Wei Wang,1,3* Ruiqiang Li,1,3,4* Yingrui Li,1,5,6* Geng Tian,1,7 Laurie Goodman,1 Wei Fan,1 Junqing Zhang,1 Jun Li,1 Juanbin Zhang,1 Yiran Guo,1,7 Binxiao Feng,1 Heng Li,1,8 Yao Lu,1 Xiaodong Fang,1 Huiqing Liang,1 Zhenglin Du,1 Dong Li,1 Yiqing Zhao,1,7 Yujie Hu,1,7 Zhenzhen Yang,1 Hancheng Zheng,1 Ines Hellmann,9 Michael Inouye,8 John Pool,9 Xin Yi,1,7 Jing Zhao,1 Jinjie Duan,1 Yan Zhou,1 Junjie Qin,1,7 Lijia Ma,1,7 Guoqing Li,1 Zhentao Yang,1 Guojie Zhang,1,7 Bin Yang,1 Chang Yu,1 Fang Liang,1,7 Wenjie Li,1 Shaochuan Li,1 Dawei Li,1 Peixiang Ni,1 Jue Ruan,1,7 Qibin Li,1,7 Hongmei Zhu,1 Dongyuan Liu,1 Zhike Lu,1 Ning Li,1,7 Guangwu Guo,1,7 Jianguo Zhang,1 Jia Ye,1 Lin Fang,1 Qin Hao,1,7 Quan Chen,1,5 Yu Liang,1,7 Yeyang Su,1,7 A. san,1,7 Cuo Ping,1,7 Shuang Yang,1 Fang Chen,1,7 Li Li,1 Ke Zhou,1 Hongkun Zheng,1,4 Yuanyuan Ren,1 Ling Yang,1 Yang Gao,1,6 Guohua Yang,1,2 Zhuo Li,1 Xiaoli Feng,1 Karsten Kristiansen,4 Gane Ka-Shu Wong,1,10 Rasmus Nielsen,9 Richard Durbin,8 Lars Bolund,1,11 Xiuqing Zhang,1,6 Songgang Li,1,2,5 Huanming Yang,1,2,3 and Jian Wang1,2,3<br /> 1Beijing Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518000, China.<br /> 2Genome Research Institute, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518000, China.<br /> 3National Engineering Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Beijing 101300, China.<br /> 4Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M DK-5230, Denmark.<br /> 5College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.<br /> 6Beijing Genomics Institute, Beijing Institute of Genomics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101300, China.<br /> 7The Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100062, China.<br /> 8The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.<br /> 9Departments of Integrative Biology and Statistics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.<br /> 10Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, T6G 2E9, Canada.<br /> 11Insitute of Human Genetics, University of Aarhus, Aarhus DK-8000, Denmark.<br /> Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to Ju.W. (Email: wangj@genomics.org.cn ) or Ji.W. (Email: wangjian@genomics.org.cn ).<br /> *These authors contributed equally to this work.<br /> Author Contributions Ju.W., W.W., R.L. and Yi.L. contributed equally to this work. Ju.W., H.Y. and Ji.W. managed the project. W.W., G.T., Jun.Z., Jua.Z., Ya.L., Hu.L., Yi.Z., Zhenz.Y., X.Y., B.Y., W.L., Da.L., Q.H., Yu.L., S.Y., F.C., L.L., K.Z., Y.R., L.Y., Y.G., G.Y., Zhu.L., Xiaol.F., K.K., L.B. and X.Z. performed sequencing. Ju.W., R.L. and Yi.L. designed the analyses. R.L., Yi.L., W.F., J.L., Y.G., B.F., He.L., Xiaod.F., Z.D., Dong Li, Y.H., H.Z., I.H., M.I., J.P., Jin.Z., J.D., Ya.Z., J.Q., L.M., G.L., Zhent.Y., G.Z., C.Y., F.L, S.L, P.N., J.R., Q.L., Hongm.Z., Dongy.L, Zhi.L., N.L., G.G., Jia.Z., J.Y., L.F., Q.C., Y.S., A S., C.P., Hongk.Z., G.W., R.N., R.D. and S.L. performed the data analyses. Ju.W., R.L., Yi.L. and L.G. wrote the paper.<br /> Author Information The data have been deposited in the EBI/NCBI short read archive (accession number ERA000005). These data, together with all the associated analyses, are freely availably at http://yh.genomics.org.cn. SNPs and indels have been submitted to NCBI dbSNP and will be available in dbSNP version 130. Reprints and permissions information is available at www.nature.com/reprints. This paper is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial-Share Alike licence, and is freely available to all readers at www.nature.com/nature.</p> 725cef5a2c4a8dd69d998fd2a33fb954f5b574a6 0 2004 3398 2011-01-16T04:17:45Z WikiSysop 1 Created page with "<p>James Watson Genome</p> <p>&nbsp;</p>" wikitext text/x-wiki <p>James Watson Genome</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 886b5ec01fe5fd2c0b30252cba9dcda4ad62ec11 3399 3398 2011-01-16T04:20:33Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: medium">James Watson Genome</span></p> <p>&nbsp;The full genome of James D. Watson, one of the discoverers of the structure of DNA in 1953, has been publicized in May 2007</p> <p>It was done by 454 Life Sciences</p> <p>A copy of his genome, recorded on a pair of DVDs, was presented to Dr. Watson in a ceremony in Houston.</p> <p>Richard Gibbs suggested the genome project, who is the director of the Human Genome Sequencing Center at the Baylor College of Medicine.</p> <p>Jonathan Rothberg, founder of the company 454 Life Sciences carried out the sequencing.</p> <p>Dr. Watson&nbsp;released his genome except&nbsp;apolipoprotein E gene.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 4e1cf4d5f6e15f7ac01bef1015343012b6494fb1 3400 3399 2011-01-16T04:54:34Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: medium">James Watson Genome</span></p> <p>&nbsp;The full genome of James D. Watson, one of the discoverers of the structure of DNA in 1953, has been publicized in May 2007</p> <p>It was done by 454 Life Sciences</p> <p>A copy of his genome, recorded on a pair of DVDs, was presented to Dr. Watson in a ceremony in Houston.</p> <p>Richard Gibbs suggested the genome project, who is the director of the Human Genome Sequencing Center at the Baylor College of Medicine.</p> <p>Jonathan Rothberg, founder of the company 454 Life Sciences carried out the sequencing.</p> <p>Dr. Watson&nbsp;released his genome except&nbsp;apolipoprotein E gene.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">James Watson Genome Paper:</span></p> <p>Nature 452, 872-876 (17 April 2008) | doi:10.1038/nature06884; Received 3 December 2007; Accepted 4 March 2008.<br /> <b>The complete genome of an individual by massively parallel DNA sequencing<br /> </b></p> <p><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v452/n7189/full/nature06884.html">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v452/n7189/full/nature06884.html</a></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 6cfccdf10c74253313f88a5624f3799e1dbba0bd 3401 3400 2011-01-16T05:02:42Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: medium">James Watson Genome</span></p> <p>&nbsp;The full genome of James D. Watson, one of the discoverers of the structure of DNA in 1953, has been publicized in May 2007</p> <p>It was done by 454 Life Sciences</p> <p>A copy of his genome, recorded on a pair of DVDs, was presented to Dr. Watson in a ceremony in Houston.</p> <p>Richard Gibbs suggested the genome project, who is the director of the Human Genome Sequencing Center at the Baylor College of Medicine.</p> <p>Jonathan Rothberg, founder of the company 454 Life Sciences carried out the sequencing.</p> <p>Dr. Watson&nbsp;released his genome except&nbsp;apolipoprotein E gene.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">James Watson Genome Paper:</span></p> <p>Nature 452, 872-876 (17 April 2008) | doi:10.1038/nature06884; Received 3 December 2007; Accepted 4 March 2008.<br /> <b>The complete genome of an individual by massively parallel DNA sequencing<br /> </b></p> <p><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v452/n7189/full/nature06884.html">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v452/n7189/full/nature06884.html</a></p> <p>[[James Watson Genome Paper Abstract]]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 3bc9bb6f49d826d2261165cbe592e4eb0c424cb6 0 2005 3402 2011-01-16T05:03:55Z WikiSysop 1 Created page with "<p><span style="widows: 2; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; border-collapse: separate; font: medium 'Times New Roman'; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: nor..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="widows: 2; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; border-collapse: separate; font: medium 'Times New Roman'; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: rgb(0,0,0); word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px" class="Apple-style-span"><span style="text-align: left; line-height: 16px; font-family: Verdana, arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold" class="Apple-style-span">The association of genetic variation with disease and drug response, and improvements in nucleic acid technologies, have given great optimism for the impact of &lsquo;genomic medicine&rsquo;. However, the formidable size of the diploid human genome^{<a style="color: rgb(43,64,85)" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v452/n7189/full/nature06884.html#B1">1</a>}, approximately 6<span style="background-image: none !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; background-color: transparent !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; visibility: visible !important; padding-top: 0px !important; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="mb"><span style="background-image: none !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; background-color: transparent !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; visibility: visible !important; padding-top: 0px !important; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="mb">&thinsp;</span></span>gigabases, has prevented the routine application of sequencing methods to deciphering complete individual human genomes. To realize the full potential of genomics for human health, this limitation must be overcome. </span></span></p> <p><span style="widows: 2; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; border-collapse: separate; font: medium 'Times New Roman'; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: rgb(0,0,0); word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px" class="Apple-style-span"><span style="text-align: left; line-height: 16px; font-family: Verdana, arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold" class="Apple-style-span">Here we report the DNA sequence of a diploid genome of a single individual, James D. Watson, sequenced to <span style="color: #ff0000">7.4-fold </span>redundancy in <span style="color: #ff0000">two months </span>using massively parallel sequencing in picolitre-size reaction vessels. </span></span></p> <p><span style="widows: 2; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; border-collapse: separate; font: medium 'Times New Roman'; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: rgb(0,0,0); word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px" class="Apple-style-span"><span style="text-align: left; line-height: 16px; font-family: Verdana, arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold" class="Apple-style-span">This sequence was completed in two months at approximately one-hundredth of the cost of traditional capillary electrophoresis methods. </span></span></p> <p><span style="widows: 2; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; border-collapse: separate; font: medium 'Times New Roman'; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: rgb(0,0,0); word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px" class="Apple-style-span"><span style="text-align: left; line-height: 16px; font-family: Verdana, arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold" class="Apple-style-span">Comparison of the sequence to the reference genome led to the identification of<span style="color: #ff0000"> 3.3<span style="background-image: none !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; background-color: transparent !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; visibility: visible !important; padding-top: 0px !important; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="mb"><span style="background-image: none !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; background-color: transparent !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; visibility: visible !important; padding-top: 0px !important; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="mb">&thinsp;</span></span>million </span>single nucleotide polymorphisms, of which 10,654 cause amino-acid substitution within the coding sequence. </span></span></p> <p><span style="widows: 2; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; border-collapse: separate; font: medium 'Times New Roman'; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: rgb(0,0,0); word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px" class="Apple-style-span"><span style="text-align: left; line-height: 16px; font-family: Verdana, arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold" class="Apple-style-span">In addition, we accurately identified small-scale (2&ndash;40,000 base pair (bp)) insertion and deletion polymorphism as well as copy number variation resulting in the large-scale gain and loss of chromosomal segments ranging from 26,000 to 1.5<span style="background-image: none !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; background-color: transparent !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; visibility: visible !important; padding-top: 0px !important; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="mb"><span style="background-image: none !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; background-color: transparent !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; visibility: visible !important; padding-top: 0px !important; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="mb">&thinsp;</span></span>million base pairs. Overall, these results agree well with recent results of sequencing of a single individual^{<a style="color: rgb(43,64,85)" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v452/n7189/full/nature06884.html#B2">2</a>}<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>by traditional methods. However, in addition to being faster and significantly less expensive, this sequencing technology avoids the arbitrary loss of genomic sequences inherent in random shotgun sequencing by bacterial cloning because it amplifies DNA in a cell-free system. As a result, we further demonstrate the acquisition of novel human sequence, including novel genes not previously identified by traditional genomic sequencing. </span></span></p> <p><span style="widows: 2; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; border-collapse: separate; font: medium 'Times New Roman'; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: rgb(0,0,0); word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px" class="Apple-style-span"><span style="text-align: left; line-height: 16px; font-family: Verdana, arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold" class="Apple-style-span">This is the first genome sequenced by next-generation technologies. </span></span></p> <p><span style="widows: 2; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; border-collapse: separate; font: medium 'Times New Roman'; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: rgb(0,0,0); word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px" class="Apple-style-span"><span style="text-align: left; line-height: 16px; font-family: Verdana, arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold" class="Apple-style-span">Therefore it is a pilot for the future challenges of &lsquo;personalized genome sequencing&rsquo;.</span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 257343904339c1eaf54fb97129338c5622bd2336 3403 3402 2011-01-16T05:04:29Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="widows: 2; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; border-collapse: separate; font: medium 'Times New Roman'; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: rgb(0,0,0); word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px" class="Apple-style-span"><span style="text-align: left; line-height: 16px; font-family: Verdana, arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold" class="Apple-style-span">The association of genetic variation with disease and drug response, and improvements in nucleic acid technologies, have given great optimism for the impact of &lsquo;genomic medicine&rsquo;. However, the formidable size of the diploid human genome^{<a style="color: rgb(43,64,85)" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v452/n7189/full/nature06884.html#B1">1</a>}, approximately 6<span style="background-image: none !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; background-color: transparent !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; visibility: visible !important; padding-top: 0px !important; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="mb"><span style="background-image: none !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; background-color: transparent !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; visibility: visible !important; padding-top: 0px !important; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="mb">&thinsp;</span></span>gigabases, has prevented the routine application of sequencing methods to deciphering complete individual human genomes. To realize the full potential of genomics for human health, this limitation must be overcome. </span></span></p> <p><span style="widows: 2; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; border-collapse: separate; font: medium 'Times New Roman'; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: rgb(0,0,0); word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px" class="Apple-style-span"><span style="text-align: left; line-height: 16px; font-family: Verdana, arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold" class="Apple-style-span">Here we report the DNA sequence of a diploid genome of a single individual, James D. Watson, sequenced to <span style="color: #ff0000">7.4-fold </span>redundancy in <span style="color: #ff0000">two months </span>using massively parallel sequencing in picolitre-size reaction vessels. </span></span></p> <p><span style="widows: 2; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; border-collapse: separate; font: medium 'Times New Roman'; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: rgb(0,0,0); word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px" class="Apple-style-span"><span style="text-align: left; line-height: 16px; font-family: Verdana, arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold" class="Apple-style-span">This sequence was completed in two months at approximately one-hundredth of the cost of traditional capillary electrophoresis methods. </span></span></p> <p><span style="widows: 2; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; border-collapse: separate; font: medium 'Times New Roman'; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: rgb(0,0,0); word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px" class="Apple-style-span"><span style="text-align: left; line-height: 16px; font-family: Verdana, arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold" class="Apple-style-span">Comparison of the sequence to the reference genome led to the identification of<span style="color: #ff0000"> 3.3<span style="background-image: none !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; background-color: transparent !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; visibility: visible !important; padding-top: 0px !important; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="mb"><span style="background-image: none !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; background-color: transparent !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; visibility: visible !important; padding-top: 0px !important; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="mb">&thinsp;</span></span>million </span>single nucleotide polymorphisms, of which 10,654 cause amino-acid substitution within the coding sequence. </span></span></p> <p><span style="widows: 2; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; border-collapse: separate; font: medium 'Times New Roman'; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: rgb(0,0,0); word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px" class="Apple-style-span"><span style="text-align: left; line-height: 16px; font-family: Verdana, arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold" class="Apple-style-span">In addition, we accurately identified small-scale (2&ndash;40,000 base pair (bp)) insertion and deletion polymorphism as well as copy number variation resulting in the large-scale gain and loss of chromosomal segments ranging from 26,000 to 1.5<span style="background-image: none !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; background-color: transparent !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; visibility: visible !important; padding-top: 0px !important; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="mb"><span style="background-image: none !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; background-color: transparent !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; visibility: visible !important; padding-top: 0px !important; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="mb">&thinsp;</span></span>million base pairs. Overall, these results agree well with recent results of sequencing of a single individual^{<a style="color: rgb(43,64,85)" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v452/n7189/full/nature06884.html#B2">2</a>}<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>by traditional methods. However, in addition to being faster and significantly less expensive, this sequencing technology avoids the arbitrary loss of genomic sequences inherent in random shotgun sequencing by bacterial cloning because it amplifies DNA in a cell-free system. As a result, we further demonstrate the acquisition of novel human sequence, including novel genes not previously identified by traditional genomic sequencing. </span></span></p> <p><span style="widows: 2; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; border-collapse: separate; font: medium 'Times New Roman'; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: rgb(0,0,0); word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px" class="Apple-style-span"><span style="text-align: left; line-height: 16px; font-family: Verdana, arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold" class="Apple-style-span">This is the first genome sequenced by next-generation technologies. </span></span></p> <p><span style="widows: 2; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; border-collapse: separate; font: medium 'Times New Roman'; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: rgb(0,0,0); word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px" class="Apple-style-span"><span style="text-align: left; line-height: 16px; font-family: Verdana, arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold" class="Apple-style-span">Therefore it is a pilot for the future challenges of &lsquo;personalized genome sequencing&rsquo;.</span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">External Links</span></p> <p>[http://personalgenomics.org Personal Genomics.org]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> fbd63a42257cb2db1764aa01da3172c6a79d322f 0 2006 3405 2011-01-16T06:29:20Z WikiSysop 1 Created page with "<p>[[NA18507 Nature paper]]</p> <p><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2581791/">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2581791/</a></p> <p><a href="http://..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p>[[NA18507 Nature paper]]</p> <p><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2581791/">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2581791/</a></p> <p><a href="http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v28/n1/fig_tab/nbt.1596_T1.html">http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v28/n1/fig_tab/nbt.1596_T1.html</a></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 7dd3f2db9051ce0a259133dbe0b08e47881746c2 0 2007 3406 2011-01-16T06:30:23Z WikiSysop 1 Created page with "<div class="fm-title"><span style="font-size: large">Accurate Whole Human Genome Sequencing using Reversible Terminator Chemistry</span></div> <div class="fm-title">&nbsp;</div> ..." wikitext text/x-wiki <div class="fm-title"><span style="font-size: large">Accurate Whole Human Genome Sequencing using Reversible Terminator Chemistry</span></div> <div class="fm-title">&nbsp;</div> <div class="contrib-group fm-author">David R. Bentley,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Shankar Balasubramanian,<font size="2">²^*</font> Harold P. Swerdlow,<font size="2">¹^&dagger;</font> Geoffrey P. Smith,^{<font size="2">1</font>} John Milton,<font size="2">¹^&sect;</font> Clive G. Brown,<font size="2">¹^&sect;</font> Kevin P. Hall,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Dirk J. Evers,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Colin L. Barnes,<font size="2">^1,²</font> Helen R. Bignell,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Jonathan M. Boutell,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Jason Bryant,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Richard J. Carter,^{<font size="2">1</font>} R. Keira Cheetham,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Anthony J. Cox,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Darren J. Ellis,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Michael R. Flatbush,^{<font size="2">3</font>} Niall A. Gormley,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Sean J. Humphray,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Leslie J. Irving,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Mirian S. Karbelashvili,^{<font size="2">3</font>} Scott M. Kirk,^{<font size="2">3</font>} Heng Li,^{<font size="2">4</font>} Xiaohai Liu,<font size="2">^1,²</font> Klaus S. Maisinger,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Lisa J. Murray,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Bojan Obradovic,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Tobias Ost,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Michael L. Parkinson,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Mark R. Pratt,^{<font size="2">3</font>} Isabelle M. J. Rasolonjatovo,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Mark T. Reed,^{<font size="2">3</font>} Roberto Rigatti,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Chiara Rodighiero,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Mark T. Ross,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Andrea Sabot,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Subramanian V. Sankar,^{<font size="2">3</font>} Aylwyn Scally,^{<font size="2">4</font>} Gary P. Schroth,^{<font size="2">3</font>} Mark E. Smith,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Vincent P. Smith,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Anastassia Spiridou,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Peta E. Torrance,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Svilen S. Tzonev,^{<font size="2">3</font>} Eric H. Vermaas,^{<font size="2">3</font>} Klaudia Walter,^{<font size="2">4</font>} Xiaolin Wu,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Lu Zhang,^{<font size="2">3</font>} Mohammed D. Alam,^{<font size="2">3</font>} Carole Anastasi,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Ify C. Aniebo,^{<font size="2">1</font>} David M. D. Bailey,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Iain R. Bancarz,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Saibal Banerjee,^{<font size="2">3</font>} Selena G. Barbour,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Primo A. Baybayan,^{<font size="2">3</font>} Vincent A. Benoit,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Kevin F. Benson,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Claire Bevis,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Phillip J. Black,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Asha Boodhun,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Joe S. Brennan,^{<font size="2">1</font>} John A. Bridgham,^{<font size="2">3</font>} Rob C. Brown,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Andrew A. Brown,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Dale H. Buermann,^{<font size="2">3</font>} Abass A. Bundu,^{<font size="2">1</font>} James C. Burrows,^{<font size="2">3</font>} Nigel P. Carter,^{<font size="2">4</font>} Nestor Castillo,^{<font size="2">3</font>} Maria Chiara E. Catenazzi,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Simon Chang,^{<font size="2">3</font>} R. Neil Cooley,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Natasha R. Crake,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Olubunmi O. Dada,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Konstantinos D. Diakoumakos,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Belen Dominguez-Fernandez,^{<font size="2">1</font>} David J. Earnshaw,<font size="2">^1,²</font> Ugonna C. Egbujor,^{<font size="2">1</font>} David W. Elmore,^{<font size="2">3</font>} Sergey S. Etchin,^{<font size="2">3</font>} Mark R. Ewan,^{<font size="2">3</font>} Milan Fedurco,^{<font size="2">5</font>} Louise J. Fraser,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Karin V. Fuentes Fajardo,^{<font size="2">1</font>} W. Scott Furey,^{<font size="2">2</font>} David George,^{<font size="2">3</font>} Kimberley J. Gietzen,^{<font size="2">6</font>} Colin P. Goddard,^{<font size="2">1</font>} George S. Golda,^{<font size="2">3</font>} Philip A. Granieri,^{<font size="2">3</font>} David E. Green,^{<font size="2">1</font>} David L. Gustafson,^{<font size="2">3</font>} Nancy F. Hansen,^{<font size="2">7</font>} Kevin Harnish,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Christian D. Haudenschild,^{<font size="2">3</font>} Narinder I. Heyer,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Matthew M. Hims,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Johnny T. Ho,^{<font size="2">3</font>} Adrian M. Horgan,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Katya Hoschler,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Steve Hurwitz,^{<font size="2">3</font>} Denis V. Ivanov,^{<font size="2">3</font>} Maria Q. Johnson,^{<font size="2">3</font>} Terena James,^{<font size="2">1</font>} T. A. Huw Jones,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Gyoung-Dong Kang,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Tzvetana H. Kerelska,^{<font size="2">3</font>} Alan D. Kersey,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Irina Khrebtukova,^{<font size="2">3</font>} Alex P. Kindwall,^{<font size="2">3</font>} Zoya Kingsbury,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Paula I. Kokko-Gonzales,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Anil Kumar,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Marc A. Laurent,^{<font size="2">6</font>} Cynthia T. Lawley,^{<font size="2">6</font>} Sarah E. Lee,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Xavier Lee,^{<font size="2">3</font>} Arnold K. Liao,^{<font size="2">3</font>} Jennifer A. Loch,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Mitch Lok,^{<font size="2">3</font>} Shujun Luo,^{<font size="2">3</font>} Radhika M. Mammen,^{<font size="2">1</font>} John W. Martin,^{<font size="2">3</font>} Patrick G. McCauley,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Paul McNitt,^{<font size="2">3</font>} Parul Mehta,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Keith W. Moon,^{<font size="2">3</font>} Joe W. Mullens,^{<font size="2">3</font>} Taksina Newington,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Zemin Ning,^{<font size="2">4</font>} Bee Ling Ng,^{<font size="2">4</font>} Sonia M. Novo,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Michael J. O'Neill,^{<font size="2">3</font>} Mark A. Osborne,<font size="2">^1,²</font> Andrew Osnowski,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Omead Ostadan,<font size="2">^3,⁶</font> Lambros L. Paraschos,^{<font size="2">3</font>} Lea Pickering,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Andrew C. Pike,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Alger C. Pike,^{<font size="2">3</font>} D. Chris Pinkard,^{<font size="2">3</font>} Daniel P. Pliskin,^{<font size="2">3</font>} Joe Podhasky,^{<font size="2">3</font>} Victor J. Quijano,^{<font size="2">3</font>} Come Raczy,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Vicki H. Rae,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Stephen R. Rawlings,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Ana Chiva Rodriguez,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Phyllida M. Roe,^{<font size="2">1</font>} John Rogers,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Maria C. Rogert Bacigalupo,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Nikolai Romanov,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Anthony Romieu,^{<font size="2">5</font>} Rithy K. Roth,^{<font size="2">3</font>} Natalie J. Rourke,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Silke T. Ruediger,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Eli Rusman,^{<font size="2">3</font>} Raquel M. Sanches-Kuiper,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Martin R. Schenker,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Josefina M. Seoane,^{<font size="2">3</font>} Richard J. Shaw,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Mitch K. Shiver,^{<font size="2">3</font>} Steven W. Short,^{<font size="2">3</font>} Ning L. Sizto,^{<font size="2">3</font>} Johannes P. Sluis,^{<font size="2">3</font>} Melanie A. Smith,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Jean Ernest Sohna Sohna,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Eric J. Spence,^{<font size="2">3</font>} Kim Stevens,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Neil Sutton,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Lukasz Szajkowski,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Carolyn L. Tregidgo,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Gerardo Turcatti,^{<font size="2">5</font>} Stephanie vandeVondele,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Yuli Verhovsky,^{<font size="2">3</font>} Selene M. Virk,^{<font size="2">3</font>} Suzanne Wakelin,^{<font size="2">3</font>} Gregory C. Walcott,^{<font size="2">3</font>} Jingwen Wang,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Graham J. Worsley,^{<font size="2">1</font>} Juying Yan,^{<font size="2">3</font>} Ling Yau,^{<font size="2">3</font>} Mike Zuerlein,^{<font size="2">3</font>} Jane Rogers,^{<font size="2">4</font>} James C. Mullikin,^{<font size="2">7</font>} Matthew E. Hurles,^{<font size="2">4</font>} Nick J. McCooke,<font size="2">¹^&Dagger;</font> John S. West,^{<font size="2">3</font>} Frank L. Oaks,^{<font size="2">3</font>} Peter L. Lundberg,^{<font size="2">3</font>} David Klenerman,<font size="2">²^*</font> Richard Durbin,^{<font size="2">4</font>} and Anthony J. Smith^{<font size="2">1</font>}</div> <div class="contrib-group fm-author">&nbsp;</div> <div class="fm-affl">^{<font size="2">1</font>}Illumina Cambridge Ltd., (Formerly Solexa Ltd) Chesterford Research Park, Little Chesterford, Nr Saffron Walden, Essex. CB10 1XL, UK</div> <div class="fm-affl">^{<font size="2">2</font>}Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, The University Chemical Laboratory, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK</div> <div class="fm-affl">^{<font size="2">3</font>}Illumina Hayward, (Formerly Solexa Inc) 23851 Industrial Bvld, Hayward, CA 94343, USA</div> <div class="fm-affl">^{<font size="2">4</font>}The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK</div> <div class="fm-affl">^{<font size="2">5</font>}Manteia Predictive Medicine S.A. Zone Industrielle, Coinsins, CH-1267, Switzerland</div> <div class="fm-affl">^{<font size="2">6</font>}Illumina Inc. ,Corporate Headquarters, 9883 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA</div> <div class="fm-affl">^{<font size="2">7</font>}National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 41 Center Drive, MSC 2132, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892-2132, USA</div> <div id="FN1" class="fm-footnote">^{<font size="2">*</font>}Inventors and founders of Solexa Ltd</div> <div id="FN2" class="fm-footnote">^{<font size="2">&dagger;</font>}The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK</div> <div id="FN3" class="fm-footnote">^{<font size="2">&sect;</font>}Oxford Nanopore Technologies, Begbroke Science Park, Sandy Lane, Kidlington. OX5 1PF</div> <div id="FN4" class="fm-footnote">^{<font size="2">&Dagger;</font>}Pronota, NV, VIB Bio-Incubator, Technologiepark 4, B-9052 Zwijnaarde / Ghent, Belgium</div> <div id="cor1" class="fm-footnote">Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to David.R. Bentley (<span class="email-label">Email: </span><span class="e_id4842102"><a class="ext-reflink" href="mailto:dbentley@illumina.com">dbentley@illumina.com</a></span> <script language="JavaScript" type="text/javascript"><!-- try{initUnObscureEmail ("e_id4842102", '<a class="ext-reflink" href="' + reverseAndReplaceString('moc.animulli/ta/yeltnebd:otliam', '/at/', '@') + '">' + reverseAndReplaceString('moc.animulli/ta/yeltnebd', '/at/','@') + '</a>')}catch(e){} //--></script> )</div> <p>&nbsp;</p> 8df14642086e3eba36052d14db22c7ee4657d00b 3415 3406 2011-01-16T07:19:59Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <div class="fm-title"><span style="font-size: large">Accurate Whole Human Genome Sequencing using Reversible Terminator Chemistry</span></div> <div class="fm-title">&nbsp;</div> <div class="contrib-group fm-author"><span style="font-size: x-small">David R. Bentley,¹ Shankar Balasubramanian,^2* Harold P. Swerdlow,^1&dagger; Geoffrey P. Smith,¹ John Milton,^1&sect; Clive G. Brown,^1&sect; Kevin P. Hall,¹ Dirk J. Evers,¹ Colin L. Barnes,^1,2 Helen R. Bignell,¹ Jonathan M. Boutell,¹ Jason Bryant,¹ Richard J. Carter,¹ R. Keira Cheetham,¹ Anthony J. Cox,¹ Darren J. Ellis,¹ Michael R. Flatbush,³ Niall A. Gormley,¹ Sean J. Humphray,¹ Leslie J. Irving,¹ Mirian S. Karbelashvili,³ Scott M. Kirk,³ Heng Li,⁴ Xiaohai Liu,^1,2 Klaus S. Maisinger,¹ Lisa J. Murray,¹ Bojan Obradovic,¹ Tobias Ost,¹ Michael L. Parkinson,¹ Mark R. Pratt,³ Isabelle M. J. Rasolonjatovo,¹ Mark T. Reed,³ Roberto Rigatti,¹ Chiara Rodighiero,¹ Mark T. Ross,¹ Andrea Sabot,¹ Subramanian V. Sankar,³ Aylwyn Scally,⁴ Gary P. Schroth,³ Mark E. Smith,¹ Vincent P. Smith,¹ Anastassia Spiridou,¹ Peta E. Torrance,¹ Svilen S. Tzonev,³ Eric H. Vermaas,³ Klaudia Walter,⁴ Xiaolin Wu,¹ Lu Zhang,³ Mohammed D. Alam,³ Carole Anastasi,¹ Ify C. Aniebo,¹ David M. D. Bailey,¹ Iain R. Bancarz,¹ Saibal Banerjee,³ Selena G. Barbour,¹ Primo A. Baybayan,³ Vincent A. Benoit,¹ Kevin F. Benson,¹ Claire Bevis,¹ Phillip J. Black,¹ Asha Boodhun,¹ Joe S. Brennan,¹ John A. Bridgham,³ Rob C. Brown,¹ Andrew A. Brown,¹ Dale H. Buermann,³ Abass A. Bundu,¹ James C. Burrows,³ Nigel P. Carter,⁴ Nestor Castillo,³ Maria Chiara E. Catenazzi,¹ Simon Chang,³ R. Neil Cooley,¹ Natasha R. Crake,¹ Olubunmi O. Dada,¹ Konstantinos D. Diakoumakos,¹ Belen Dominguez-Fernandez,¹ David J. Earnshaw,^1,2 Ugonna C. Egbujor,¹ David W. Elmore,³ Sergey S. Etchin,³ Mark R. Ewan,³ Milan Fedurco,⁵ Louise J. Fraser,¹ Karin V. Fuentes Fajardo,¹ W. Scott Furey,² David George,³ Kimberley J. Gietzen,⁶ Colin P. Goddard,¹ George S. Golda,³ Philip A. Granieri,³ David E. Green,¹ David L. Gustafson,³ Nancy F. Hansen,⁷ Kevin Harnish,¹ Christian D. Haudenschild,³ Narinder I. Heyer,¹ Matthew M. Hims,¹ Johnny T. Ho,³ Adrian M. Horgan,¹ Katya Hoschler,¹ Steve Hurwitz,³ Denis V. Ivanov,³ Maria Q. Johnson,³ Terena James,¹ T. A. Huw Jones,¹ Gyoung-Dong Kang,¹ Tzvetana H. Kerelska,³ Alan D. Kersey,¹ Irina Khrebtukova,³ Alex P. Kindwall,³ Zoya Kingsbury,¹ Paula I. Kokko-Gonzales,¹ Anil Kumar,¹ Marc A. Laurent,⁶ Cynthia T. Lawley,⁶ Sarah E. Lee,¹ Xavier Lee,³ Arnold K. Liao,³ Jennifer A. Loch,¹ Mitch Lok,³ Shujun Luo,³ Radhika M. Mammen,¹ John W. Martin,³ Patrick G. McCauley,¹ Paul McNitt,³ Parul Mehta,¹ Keith W. Moon,³ Joe W. Mullens,³ Taksina Newington,¹ Zemin Ning,⁴ Bee Ling Ng,⁴ Sonia M. Novo,¹ Michael J. O'Neill,³ Mark A. Osborne,^1,2 Andrew Osnowski,¹ Omead Ostadan,^3,6 Lambros L. Paraschos,³ Lea Pickering,¹ Andrew C. Pike,¹ Alger C. Pike,³ D. Chris Pinkard,³ Daniel P. Pliskin,³ Joe Podhasky,³ Victor J. Quijano,³ Come Raczy,¹ Vicki H. Rae,¹ Stephen R. Rawlings,¹ Ana Chiva Rodriguez,¹ Phyllida M. Roe,¹ John Rogers,¹ Maria C. Rogert Bacigalupo,¹ Nikolai Romanov,¹ Anthony Romieu,⁵ Rithy K. Roth,³ Natalie J. Rourke,¹ Silke T. Ruediger,¹ Eli Rusman,³ Raquel M. Sanches-Kuiper,¹ Martin R. Schenker,¹ Josefina M. Seoane,³ Richard J. Shaw,¹ Mitch K. Shiver,³ Steven W. Short,³ Ning L. Sizto,³ Johannes P. Sluis,³ Melanie A. Smith,¹ Jean Ernest Sohna Sohna,¹ Eric J. Spence,³ Kim Stevens,¹ Neil Sutton,¹ Lukasz Szajkowski,¹ Carolyn L. Tregidgo,¹ Gerardo Turcatti,⁵ Stephanie vandeVondele,¹ Yuli Verhovsky,³ Selene M. Virk,³ Suzanne Wakelin,³ Gregory C. Walcott,³ Jingwen Wang,¹ Graham J. Worsley,¹ Juying Yan,³ Ling Yau,³ Mike Zuerlein,³ Jane Rogers,⁴ James C. Mullikin,⁷ Matthew E. Hurles,⁴ Nick J. McCooke,^1&Dagger; John S. West,³ Frank L. Oaks,³ Peter L. Lundberg,³ David Klenerman,^2* Richard Durbin,⁴ and Anthony J. Smith¹</span></div> <div class="contrib-group fm-author">&nbsp;</div> <div class="fm-affl">^{<font size="2">1</font>}<span style="font-size: small">Illumina Cambridge Ltd., (Formerly Solexa Ltd) Chesterford Research Park, Little Chesterford, Nr Saffron Walden, Essex. CB10 1XL, UK</span></div> <div class="fm-affl"><span style="font-size: small">²Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, The University Chemical Laboratory, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK</span></div> <div class="fm-affl"><span style="font-size: small">³Illumina Hayward, (Formerly Solexa Inc) 23851 Industrial Bvld, Hayward, CA 94343, USA</span></div> <div class="fm-affl"><span style="font-size: small">⁴The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK</span></div> <div class="fm-affl"><span style="font-size: small">⁵Manteia Predictive Medicine S.A. Zone Industrielle, Coinsins, CH-1267, Switzerland</span></div> <div class="fm-affl"><span style="font-size: small">⁶Illumina Inc. ,Corporate Headquarters, 9883 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA</span></div> <div class="fm-affl"><span style="font-size: small">⁷National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 41 Center Drive, MSC 2132, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892-2132, USA</span></div> <div id="FN1" class="fm-footnote"><span style="font-size: small">^*Inventors and founders of Solexa Ltd</span></div> <div id="FN2" class="fm-footnote"><span style="font-size: small">^&dagger;The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK</span></div> <div id="FN3" class="fm-footnote"><span style="font-size: small">^&sect;Oxford Nanopore Technologies, Begbroke Science Park, Sandy Lane, Kidlington. OX5 1PF</span></div> <div id="FN4" class="fm-footnote"><span style="font-size: small">^&Dagger;Pronota, NV, VIB Bio-Incubator, Technologiepark 4, B-9052 Zwijnaarde / Ghent, Belgium</span></div> <div id="cor1" class="fm-footnote"><span style="font-size: small">Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to David.R. Bentley (<span class="email-label">Email: </span></span><span class="e_id4842102"><a class="ext-reflink" href="mailto:dbentley@illumina.com"><span style="font-size: small">dbentley@illumina.com</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"> <script language="JavaScript" type="text/javascript"><!-- try{initUnObscureEmail ("e_id4842102", '<a class="ext-reflink" href="' + reverseAndReplaceString('moc.animulli/ta/yeltnebd:otliam', '/at/', '@') + '">' + reverseAndReplaceString('moc.animulli/ta/yeltnebd', '/at/','@') + '</a>')}catch(e){} //--></script>)</span></div> <p><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;</span></p> 037ceba5db6a52f012decc13a385e1bbff51f92f 3416 3415 2011-01-16T07:20:22Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <div class="fm-title"><span style="font-size: large">Accurate Whole Human Genome Sequencing using Reversible Terminator Chemistry</span></div> <div class="fm-title">&nbsp;</div> <div class="contrib-group fm-author"><span style="font-size: x-small">David R. Bentley,¹ Shankar Balasubramanian,^2* Harold P. Swerdlow,^1&dagger; Geoffrey P. Smith,¹ John Milton,^1&sect; Clive G. Brown,^1&sect; Kevin P. Hall,¹ Dirk J. Evers,¹ Colin L. Barnes,^1,2 Helen R. Bignell,¹ Jonathan M. Boutell,¹ Jason Bryant,¹ Richard J. Carter,¹ R. Keira Cheetham,¹ Anthony J. Cox,¹ Darren J. Ellis,¹ Michael R. Flatbush,³ Niall A. Gormley,¹ Sean J. Humphray,¹ Leslie J. Irving,¹ Mirian S. Karbelashvili,³ Scott M. Kirk,³ Heng Li,⁴ Xiaohai Liu,^1,2 Klaus S. Maisinger,¹ Lisa J. Murray,¹ Bojan Obradovic,¹ Tobias Ost,¹ Michael L. Parkinson,¹ Mark R. Pratt,³ Isabelle M. J. Rasolonjatovo,¹ Mark T. Reed,³ Roberto Rigatti,¹ Chiara Rodighiero,¹ Mark T. Ross,¹ Andrea Sabot,¹ Subramanian V. Sankar,³ Aylwyn Scally,⁴ Gary P. Schroth,³ Mark E. Smith,¹ Vincent P. Smith,¹ Anastassia Spiridou,¹ Peta E. Torrance,¹ Svilen S. Tzonev,³ Eric H. Vermaas,³ Klaudia Walter,⁴ Xiaolin Wu,¹ Lu Zhang,³ Mohammed D. Alam,³ Carole Anastasi,¹ Ify C. Aniebo,¹ David M. D. Bailey,¹ Iain R. Bancarz,¹ Saibal Banerjee,³ Selena G. Barbour,¹ Primo A. Baybayan,³ Vincent A. Benoit,¹ Kevin F. Benson,¹ Claire Bevis,¹ Phillip J. Black,¹ Asha Boodhun,¹ Joe S. Brennan,¹ John A. Bridgham,³ Rob C. Brown,¹ Andrew A. Brown,¹ Dale H. Buermann,³ Abass A. Bundu,¹ James C. Burrows,³ Nigel P. Carter,⁴ Nestor Castillo,³ Maria Chiara E. Catenazzi,¹ Simon Chang,³ R. Neil Cooley,¹ Natasha R. Crake,¹ Olubunmi O. Dada,¹ Konstantinos D. Diakoumakos,¹ Belen Dominguez-Fernandez,¹ David J. Earnshaw,^1,2 Ugonna C. Egbujor,¹ David W. Elmore,³ Sergey S. Etchin,³ Mark R. Ewan,³ Milan Fedurco,⁵ Louise J. Fraser,¹ Karin V. Fuentes Fajardo,¹ W. Scott Furey,² David George,³ Kimberley J. Gietzen,⁶ Colin P. Goddard,¹ George S. Golda,³ Philip A. Granieri,³ David E. Green,¹ David L. Gustafson,³ Nancy F. Hansen,⁷ Kevin Harnish,¹ Christian D. Haudenschild,³ Narinder I. Heyer,¹ Matthew M. Hims,¹ Johnny T. Ho,³ Adrian M. Horgan,¹ Katya Hoschler,¹ Steve Hurwitz,³ Denis V. Ivanov,³ Maria Q. Johnson,³ Terena James,¹ T. A. Huw Jones,¹ Gyoung-Dong Kang,¹ Tzvetana H. Kerelska,³ Alan D. Kersey,¹ Irina Khrebtukova,³ Alex P. Kindwall,³ Zoya Kingsbury,¹ Paula I. Kokko-Gonzales,¹ Anil Kumar,¹ Marc A. Laurent,⁶ Cynthia T. Lawley,⁶ Sarah E. Lee,¹ Xavier Lee,³ Arnold K. Liao,³ Jennifer A. Loch,¹ Mitch Lok,³ Shujun Luo,³ Radhika M. Mammen,¹ John W. Martin,³ Patrick G. McCauley,¹ Paul McNitt,³ Parul Mehta,¹ Keith W. Moon,³ Joe W. Mullens,³ Taksina Newington,¹ Zemin Ning,⁴ Bee Ling Ng,⁴ Sonia M. Novo,¹ Michael J. O'Neill,³ Mark A. Osborne,^1,2 Andrew Osnowski,¹ Omead Ostadan,^3,6 Lambros L. Paraschos,³ Lea Pickering,¹ Andrew C. Pike,¹ Alger C. Pike,³ D. Chris Pinkard,³ Daniel P. Pliskin,³ Joe Podhasky,³ Victor J. Quijano,³ Come Raczy,¹ Vicki H. Rae,¹ Stephen R. Rawlings,¹ Ana Chiva Rodriguez,¹ Phyllida M. Roe,¹ John Rogers,¹ Maria C. Rogert Bacigalupo,¹ Nikolai Romanov,¹ Anthony Romieu,⁵ Rithy K. Roth,³ Natalie J. Rourke,¹ Silke T. Ruediger,¹ Eli Rusman,³ Raquel M. Sanches-Kuiper,¹ Martin R. Schenker,¹ Josefina M. Seoane,³ Richard J. Shaw,¹ Mitch K. Shiver,³ Steven W. Short,³ Ning L. Sizto,³ Johannes P. Sluis,³ Melanie A. Smith,¹ Jean Ernest Sohna Sohna,¹ Eric J. Spence,³ Kim Stevens,¹ Neil Sutton,¹ Lukasz Szajkowski,¹ Carolyn L. Tregidgo,¹ Gerardo Turcatti,⁵ Stephanie vandeVondele,¹ Yuli Verhovsky,³ Selene M. Virk,³ Suzanne Wakelin,³ Gregory C. Walcott,³ Jingwen Wang,¹ Graham J. Worsley,¹ Juying Yan,³ Ling Yau,³ Mike Zuerlein,³ Jane Rogers,⁴ James C. Mullikin,⁷ Matthew E. Hurles,⁴ Nick J. McCooke,^1&Dagger; John S. West,³ Frank L. Oaks,³ Peter L. Lundberg,³ David Klenerman,^2* [[Richard Durbin]],⁴ and Anthony J. Smith¹</span></div> <div class="contrib-group fm-author">&nbsp;</div> <div class="fm-affl">^{<font size="2">1</font>}<span style="font-size: small">Illumina Cambridge Ltd., (Formerly Solexa Ltd) Chesterford Research Park, Little Chesterford, Nr Saffron Walden, Essex. CB10 1XL, UK</span></div> <div class="fm-affl"><span style="font-size: small">²Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, The University Chemical Laboratory, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK</span></div> <div class="fm-affl"><span style="font-size: small">³Illumina Hayward, (Formerly Solexa Inc) 23851 Industrial Bvld, Hayward, CA 94343, USA</span></div> <div class="fm-affl"><span style="font-size: small">⁴The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK</span></div> <div class="fm-affl"><span style="font-size: small">⁵Manteia Predictive Medicine S.A. Zone Industrielle, Coinsins, CH-1267, Switzerland</span></div> <div class="fm-affl"><span style="font-size: small">⁶Illumina Inc. ,Corporate Headquarters, 9883 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA</span></div> <div class="fm-affl"><span style="font-size: small">⁷National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 41 Center Drive, MSC 2132, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892-2132, USA</span></div> <div id="FN1" class="fm-footnote"><span style="font-size: small">^*Inventors and founders of Solexa Ltd</span></div> <div id="FN2" class="fm-footnote"><span style="font-size: small">^&dagger;The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK</span></div> <div id="FN3" class="fm-footnote"><span style="font-size: small">^&sect;Oxford Nanopore Technologies, Begbroke Science Park, Sandy Lane, Kidlington. OX5 1PF</span></div> <div id="FN4" class="fm-footnote"><span style="font-size: small">^&Dagger;Pronota, NV, VIB Bio-Incubator, Technologiepark 4, B-9052 Zwijnaarde / Ghent, Belgium</span></div> <div id="cor1" class="fm-footnote"><span style="font-size: small">Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to David.R. Bentley (<span class="email-label">Email: </span></span><span class="e_id4842102"><a class="ext-reflink" href="mailto:dbentley@illumina.com"><span style="font-size: small">dbentley@illumina.com</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"> <script language="JavaScript" type="text/javascript"><!-- try{initUnObscureEmail ("e_id4842102", '<a class="ext-reflink" href="' + reverseAndReplaceString('moc.animulli/ta/yeltnebd:otliam', '/at/', '@') + '">' + reverseAndReplaceString('moc.animulli/ta/yeltnebd', '/at/','@') + '</a>')}catch(e){} //--></script>)</span></div> <p><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;</span></p> 2bb90756c306f594ceff13d126c86b8e107b84cc 0 1534 3407 3124 2011-01-16T07:00:04Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font size="4">[[Sequencing technology]]<br /> [[Sequencing companies]]<br /> [[Sequencing assembly program]]<br /> </font><br /> <br /> &nbsp;</p> <hr /> <p><font size="6">What is sequencing?<br /> <font size="3">Sequencing means to determine the order of signals in a polymer.</font>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </font><font size="3">In genetics and biochemistry, <strong>sequencing</strong> means to determine the primary structure (sequence) of an unbranched biopolymer. Sequencing results in a symbolic linear depiction known as a <strong>sequence</strong> which succinctly summarizes much of the atomic-level structure of the sequenced molecule. </font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">[[DNA sequencing]]</span></h2> <p><font size="3">DNA sequencing is the process of determining the nucleotide order of a given <font color="#810081">DNA</font> fragment. Thus far, most DNA sequencing has been performed using the chain termination method developed by Frederick Sanger. This technique uses sequence-specific termination of a DNA synthesis reaction using modified nucleotide substrates. However, new sequencing technologies such as Pyrosequencing are gaining an increasing share of the sequencing market. More genome data is being produced by pyrosequencing than Sanger DNA sequencing these days. Pyrosequencing has enabled rapid genome sequencing. Bacterial genome can be sequenced in a single run with several X coverage with this technique. This technique was also used to sequence the genome of James Watson recently.</font></p> <p><font size="3">The sequence of DNA encodes the necessary information for living things to survive and reproduce. Determining the sequence is therefore useful in 'pure' research into why and how organisms live, as well as in applied subjects. Because of the key nature of DNA to living things, knowledge of DNA sequence may come in useful in practically any biological research. For example, in medicine it can be used to identify, diagnose and potentially develop treatments for genetic diseases. Similarly, research into pathogens may lead to treatments for contagious diseases. Biotechnology is a burgeoning discipline, with the potential for many useful products and services.</font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Sanger sequencing</span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width: 162px" class="thumbinner"><img class="thumbimage" border="0" alt="Part of a radioactively labelled sequencing gel" width="160" height="332" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Sequencing.jpg" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div style="float: right" class="magnify"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></div> Part of a radioactively labelled sequencing gel</div> </div> </div> <p><font size="3">In chain terminator sequencing (Sanger sequencing), extension is initiated at a specific site on the template DNA by using a short oligonucleotide 'primer' complementary to the template at that region. The oligonucleotide primer is extended using a DNA polymerase, an enzyme that replicates DNA. Included with the primer and DNA polymerase are the four deoxynucleotide bases (DNA building blocks), along with a low concentration of a chain terminating nucleotide (most commonly a <strong>di-</strong>deoxynucleotide). Limited incorporation of the chain terminating nucleotide by the DNA polymerase results in a series of related DNA fragments that are terminated only at positions where that particular nucleotide is used. The fragments are then size-separated by electrophoresis in a slab polyacrylamide gel, or more commonly now, in a narrow glass tube (capillary) filled with a viscous polymer.</font></p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width: 182px" class="thumbinner"><img class="thumbimage" border="0" alt="View of the start of an example dye-terminator read (click to expand)" width="180" height="42" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Sanger_sequencing_read_display.gif/180px-Sanger_sequencing_read_display.gif" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div style="float: right" class="magnify"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></div> View of the start of an example dye-terminator read (click to expand)</div> </div> </div> <p><font size="3">An alternative to the labelling of the primer is to label the terminators instead, commonly called 'dye terminator sequencing'. The major advantage of this approach is the complete sequencing set can be performed in a single reaction, rather than the four needed with the labeled-primer approach. This is accomplished by labelling each of the dideoxynucleotide chain-terminators with a separate fluorescent dye, which fluoresces at a different wavelength. This method is easier and quicker than the dye primer approach, but may produce more uneven data peaks (different heights), due to a template dependent difference in the incorporation of the large dye chain-terminators. This problem has been significantly reduced with the introduction of new enzymes and dyes that minimize incorporation variability.</font></p> <p><font size="3">This method is now used for the vast majority of sequencing reactions as it is both simpler and cheaper. The major reason for this is that the primers do not have to be separately labelled (which can be a significant expense for a single-use custom primer), although this is less of a concern with frequently used 'universal' primers.</font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Pyrosequencing</span></h3> <p><font size="3">Pyrosequencing, which was originally developed by Mostafa Ronaghi, has been commercialized by Biotage (for low throughput sequencing) and 454 Life Sciences (for high-throughput sequencing). The latter platform sequences roughly 100 megabases in a 7-hour run with a single machine. In the array-based method (commercialized by 454 Life Sciences), single-stranded DNA is annealed to beads and amplified via emPCR. These DNA-bound beads are then placed into wells on a fiber-optic chip along with enzymes which produce light in the presence of ATP. When free nucleotides are washed over this chip, light is produced as ATP is generated when nucleotides join with their complementary base pairs. Addition of one (or more) nucleotide(s) results in a reaction that generates a light signal that is recorded by the CCD camera in the instrument. The signal strength is proportional to the number of nucleotides, for example, homopolymer stretches, incorporated in a single nucleotide flow. [1]</font></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium"><b>Synthesis based sequencing by Illumina</b></span></p> <p><font size="3">Solexa, now part of Illumina developed a sequencing technology based on reversible dye-terminators. DNA molecules are first attached to primers on a slide and amplified so that local clonal colonies are formed (bridge amplification). Four types of ddNTPs are added, and non-incorporated nucleotides are washed away. Unlike pyrosequencing, the DNA can only be extended one nucleotide at a time. A camera takes images of the fluorescently labeled nucleotides then the dye along with the terminal 3' blocker is chemically removed from the DNA, allowing a next cycle. The final product of the SBS is many [[DNA reads]].</font>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">RNA sequencing</span></h2> <p><font size="3"><font color="#810081">RNA</font> is less stable in the cell, and also more prone to nuclease attack experimentally. As RNA is generated by transcription from DNA, the information is already present in the cell's DNA. However, it is sometimes desirable to sequence RNA molecules. In particular, in Eukaryotes RNA molecules are not necessarily co-linear with their DNA template, as introns are excised. To sequence RNA, the usual method is first to reverse transcribe the sample to generate DNA fragments. This can then be sequenced as described above.</font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Protein sequencing</span></h2> <p><font size="3">Methods for performing protein sequencing include:</font></p> <ul> <li><font size="3">Edman degradation </font></li> <li><font size="3">Peptide mass fingerprinting </font></li> <li><font size="3">Mass spectrometry </font></li> <li><font size="3">Protease digests </font></li> </ul> <p><font size="3">If the gene encoding the protein can be identified it is currently much easier to sequence the DNA and infer the protein sequence. Determining part of a protein's amino-acid sequence (often one end) by one of the above methods may be sufficient to enable the identification of a clone carrying the gene.</font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Polysaccharide sequencing</span></h2> <p><font size="3">Though polysaccharides are also biopolymers, it is not so common to talk of 'sequencing' a polysaccharide, for several reasons. Although many polysaccharides are linear, many have branches. Many different units (individual monosaccharides) can be used, and bonded in different ways. However, the main theoretical reason is that whereas the other polymers listed here are primarily generated in a 'template-dependent' manner by one processive enzyme, each individual join in a polysaccharide may be formed by a different enzyme. In many cases the assembly is not uniquely specified; depending on which enzyme acts, one of several different units may be incorporated. This can lead to a family of similar molecules being formed. This is particularly true for plant polysaccharides. Methods for the structure determination of oligosaccharides and polysaccharides include NMR spectroscopy and methylation analysis<sup id="_ref-0" class="reference">[1]</sup>.</font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">See also</span></h2> <ul> <li><font size="3">Genetic code </font></li> <li><font size="3">Sequence motif </font></li> <li><font size="3">[http://sequenceome.org Sequenceome.org] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[http://glycome.net Glycome.net]</font></li> </ul> <p><a id="References" name="References"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <div class="references-small"> <ol class="references"> <li id="_note-0"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequencing#_ref-0">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.stenutz.eu/sop" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.stenutz.eu/sop">A practical guide to structural analysis of carbohydrates</a></li> </ol> </div> 4b228c0bd59be946b497c59460acdc7191dc1507 6 2008 3408 2011-01-16T07:00:17Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 0 2009 3409 2011-01-16T07:00:57Z WikiSysop 1 Created page with "<p><span style="font-size: large">Diagram showing Solexa paired end DNA reads.</span></p> <p>[[File:Paied end sequence read openfree.png]]</p>" wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: large">Diagram showing Solexa paired end DNA reads.</span></p> <p>[[File:Paied end sequence read openfree.png]]</p> 822c0161cdf517076f1fbe4b73cf03ad5b6fc3bf 3410 3409 2011-01-16T07:01:37Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: medium">Diagram showing Solexa paired end DNA reads.</span></p> <p>[[File:Paied end sequence read openfree.png]]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size: medium"><b>Related words.</b></span></p> <p>[[Sequencing]]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 279600cba5c283085d52b0b417d748ba8820bff2 3411 3410 2011-01-16T07:01:45Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: large">Diagram showing Solexa paired end DNA reads.</span></p> <p>[[File:Paied end sequence read openfree.png]]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size: medium"><b>Related words.</b></span></p> <p>[[Sequencing]]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> f4853251e1cdfa6e6c0b965be5e4846137cf0a53 0 2010 3412 2011-01-16T07:03:42Z WikiSysop 1 Created page with "<p><b>SOLiD</b> (Sequencing by Oligonucleotide Ligation and Detection) is a next-generation sequencing technology developed by <font color="#0645ad">Life Technologies</font> and ..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p><b>SOLiD</b> (Sequencing by Oligonucleotide Ligation and Detection) is a next-generation sequencing technology developed by <font color="#0645ad">Life Technologies</font> and has been commercially available since 2008. These next generation technologies generate hundreds of millions to billions of small sequence reads at one time. Well-known examples of such DNA sequencing methods include 454 <font color="#0645ad">pyrosequencing</font> (introduced in 2005, generating millions of 200-400bp reads in 2009), the <font color="#0645ad">Solexa</font> system (introduced in 2006, generating hundreds of millions of 50-100bp reads in 2009) and the SOLiD system (introduced in 2007, generating billions of 50bp reads in 2009). These methods have reduced the cost from $0.01/base in 2004 to nearly $0.0001/base in 2006 and increased the sequencing capacity from 1,000,000 bases/machine/day in 2004 to more than 5,000,000,000 bases/machine/day in 2009. Over 30 publications exist describing its use first for nucleosome positioning from Valouev et al.,<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0645ad"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></font></font></sup> transcriptional profiling or strand sensitive RNA-Seq with Cloonan et al.,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0645ad"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></font></font></sup> single cell transcriptional profiling with Tang et al.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0645ad"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></font></font></sup> and ultimately human resequencing with McKernan et al.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0645ad"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></font></font></sup></p> <p> </p> <h2><span id="Chemistry" class="mw-headline">Chemistry</span></h2> <p>A library of DNA fragments is prepared from the sample to be sequenced, and are used to prepare clonal bead populations. That is, only one species of fragment will be present on the surface of each magnetic bead. The fragments attached to the magnetic beads will have a universal P1 adapter sequence attached so that the starting sequence of every fragment is both known and identical. Emulsion <font color="#0645ad">PCR</font> takes place in microreactors containing all the necessary reagents for PCR. The resulting PCR products attached to the beads are then covalently bound to a glass slide.</p> <p>Primers hybridize to the P1 adapter sequence within the library template. A set of four fluorescently labeled di-base probes compete for ligation to the sequencing primer. Specificity of the di-base probe is achieved by interrogating every 1st and 2nd base in each ligation reaction. Multiple cycles of ligation, detection and cleavage are performed with the number of cycles determining the eventual read length. Following a series of ligation cycles, the extension product is removed and the template is reset with a primer complementary to the n-1 position for a second round of ligation cycles.</p> <p>Five rounds of primer reset are completed for each sequence tag. Through the primer reset process, each base is interrogated in two independent ligation reactions by two different primers. For example, the base at read position 5 is assayed by primer number 2 in ligation cycle 2 and by primer number 3 in ligation cycle 1.</p> <h2><span id="Throughput_and_Accuracy" class="mw-headline">Throughput and Accuracy</span></h2> <p>According to ABI, the SOLiD 3plus platform yields 60 gigabases of usable DNA data per run. Due to the two base encoding system, an inherent accuracy check is built in to the technology and offers 99.94% accuracy. The chemistry of the systems also means that it is not hindered by homopolymers unlike the Roche 454 FLX system and so large and difficult homopolymer repeat regions are no longer a problem to sequence.</p> <h2><span id="Applications" class="mw-headline">Applications</span></h2> <p>Naturally the technology will be used to sequence DNA, but because of the high parallel nature of the all next generation technologies they also have applications in transcriptomics and epigenomics.</p> <p>Microarrays have been the mainstay of the transcriptomics world for the last ten years and array based technology has branched out to other areas. But they are limited in that only information can be obtained for probes that are on the chip. Only information for organisms for which chips are available can obtained, and they come with all the problems of hybridizing large numbers of molecules (differing hybridizing temperatures).</p> <p>Transcriptomics by next gen sequencing will mean these barriers no longer hold true. Any organism's entire transcriptome could be potentially sequenced in one run (for very small bacterial genomes) and not only would the identification of each transcript be available but expression profiling is possible as quantitative reads can also be achieved.</p> <p>Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is a method for determining transcription factor binding sites and DNA-protein interactions. It has in the past been combined with array technology (ChIP-chip) with some success. Next gen sequencing can also be applied in this area. Methylation immunoprecipitation (MeDIP) can also be performed and also on arrays.</p> <p>The ability to learn more about methylation and TF binding sites on a genome wide scale is a valuable resource and could teach us much about disease and molecular biology in general.</p> <h2><span id="See_also" class="mw-headline">See also</span></h2> <ul> <li><a title="2 Base Encoding" href="/wiki/2_Base_Encoding"><font color="#0645ad">2 Base Encoding</font></a></li> <li><a class="mw-redirect" title="Next-generation sequencing" href="/wiki/Next-generation_sequencing"><font color="#0645ad">Next-generation sequencing</font></a></li> <li><a title="Applied Biosystems" href="/wiki/Applied_Biosystems"><font color="#0645ad">Applied Biosystems</font></a></li> <li><a title="Illumina (company)" href="/wiki/Illumina_(company)"><font color="#0645ad">Illumina (company)</font></a></li> <li><a title="454 Life Sciences" href="/wiki/454_Life_Sciences"><font color="#0645ad">454 Life Sciences</font></a></li> </ul> <h2><span id="References" class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <div class="reflist references-small"> <div class="references"> <ol> <li id="cite_note-0"><b><a href="#cite_ref-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Valouev A, Ichikawa J, Tonthat T, <i>et al.</i> (July 2008). <a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2493394" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;A high-resolution, nucleosome position map of C. elegans reveals a lack of universal sequence-dictated positioning&quot;</font></a>. <i>Genome Research</i> <b>18</b> (7): 1051&ndash;63. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.076463.108" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1101/gr.076463.108</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18477713" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">18477713</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=A+high-resolution%2C+nucleosome+position+map+of+C.+elegans+reveals+a+lack+of+universal+sequence-dictated+positioning&amp;rft.jtitle=Genome+Research&amp;rft.aulast=Valouev+A%2C+Ichikawa+J%2C+Tonthat+T%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Valouev+A%2C+Ichikawa+J%2C+Tonthat+T%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=July+2008&amp;rft.volume=18&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.pages=1051%E2%80%9363&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1101%2Fgr.076463.108&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18477713&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:ABI_Solid_Sequencing"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Cloonan N, Forrest AR, Kolle G, <i>et al.</i> (July 2008). &quot;Stem cell transcriptome profiling via massive-scale mRNA sequencing&quot;. <i>Nature Methods</i> <b>5</b> (7): 613&ndash;9. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnmeth.1223" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/nmeth.1223</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18516046" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">18516046</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Stem+cell+transcriptome+profiling+via+massive-scale+mRNA+sequencing&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature+Methods&amp;rft.aulast=Cloonan+N%2C+Forrest+AR%2C+Kolle+G%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Cloonan+N%2C+Forrest+AR%2C+Kolle+G%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=July+2008&amp;rft.volume=5&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.pages=613%E2%80%939&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnmeth.1223&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18516046&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:ABI_Solid_Sequencing"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Tang F, Barbacioru C, Wang Y, <i>et al.</i> (May 2009). &quot;mRNA-Seq whole-transcriptome analysis of a single cell&quot;. <i>Nature Methods</i> <b>6</b> (5): 377&ndash;82. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnmeth.1315" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/nmeth.1315</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19349980" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">19349980</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=mRNA-Seq+whole-transcriptome+analysis+of+a+single+cell&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature+Methods&amp;rft.aulast=Tang+F%2C+Barbacioru+C%2C+Wang+Y%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Tang+F%2C+Barbacioru+C%2C+Wang+Y%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=May+2009&amp;rft.volume=6&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=377%E2%80%9382&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnmeth.1315&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/19349980&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:ABI_Solid_Sequencing"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">McKernan KJ, Peckham HE, Costa GL, <i>et al.</i> (September 2009). <a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2752135" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Sequence and structural variation in a human genome uncovered by short-read, massively parallel ligation sequencing using two-base encoding&quot;</font></a>. <i>Genome Research</i> <b>19</b> (9): 1527&ndash;41. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.091868.109" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1101/gr.091868.109</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19546169" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">19546169</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Sequence+and+structural+variation+in+a+human+genome+uncovered+by+short-read%2C+massively+parallel+ligation+sequencing+using+two-base+encoding&amp;rft.jtitle=Genome+Research&amp;rft.aulast=McKernan+KJ%2C+Peckham+HE%2C+Costa+GL%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=McKernan+KJ%2C+Peckham+HE%2C+Costa+GL%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=September+2009&amp;rft.volume=19&amp;rft.issue=9&amp;rft.pages=1527%E2%80%9341&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1101%2Fgr.091868.109&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/19546169&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:ABI_Solid_Sequencing"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> </ol> </div> </div> <h2><span id="Further_reading" class="mw-headline">Further reading</span></h2> <ul> <li><span class="citation Journal">Mardis ER (2008). &quot;Next-generation DNA sequencing methods&quot;. <i>Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics</i> <b>9</b>: 387&ndash;402. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.genom.9.081307.164359" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1146/annurev.genom.9.081307.164359</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18576944" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">18576944</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Next-generation+DNA+sequencing+methods&amp;rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Genomics+and+Human+Genetics&amp;rft.aulast=Mardis+ER&amp;rft.au=Mardis+ER&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=9&amp;rft.pages=387%E2%80%93402&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1146%2Fannurev.genom.9.081307.164359&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18576944&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:ABI_Solid_Sequencing"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li><span class="citation Journal">Mardis ER (2009). <a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2684661" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;New strategies and emerging technologies for massively parallel sequencing: applications in medical research&quot;</font></a>. <i>Genome Medicine</i> <b>1</b> (4): 40. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2Fgm40" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1186/gm40</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19435481" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">19435481</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=New+strategies+and+emerging+technologies+for+massively+parallel+sequencing%3A+applications+in+medical+research&amp;rft.jtitle=Genome+Medicine&amp;rft.aulast=Mardis+ER&amp;rft.au=Mardis+ER&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=40&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1186%2Fgm40&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/19435481&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:ABI_Solid_Sequencing"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> </ul> <h2><span id="External_links" class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www3.appliedbiosystems.com/cms/groups/mcb_marketing/documents/generaldocuments/cms_061241.pdf" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;The SOLiD 3 System: Enabling the Next Generation of Science&quot;</font></a>. <a title="Life Technologies" href="/wiki/Life_Technologies"><font color="#0645ad">Life Technologies</font></a>. 2009<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www3.appliedbiosystems.com/cms/groups/mcb_marketing/documents/generaldocuments/cms_061241.pdf" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://www3.appliedbiosystems.com/cms/groups/mcb_marketing/documents/generaldocuments/cms_061241.pdf</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved January 27, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=The+SOLiD+3+System%3A+Enabling+the+Next+Generation+of+Science&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BLife+Technologies%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.appliedbiosystems.com%2Fcms%2Fgroups%2Fmcb_marketing%2Fdocuments%2Fgeneraldocuments%2Fcms_061241.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:ABI_Solid_Sequencing"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li><span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://marketing.appliedbiosystems.com/mk/get/SOLID_ACCURACY_Landing?CID=BN-88889-NAHomePage" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;The SOLiD 3 Plus System&quot;</font></a>. <a title="Life Technologies" href="/wiki/Life_Technologies"><font color="#0645ad">Life Technologies</font></a>. 2009<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://marketing.appliedbiosystems.com/mk/get/SOLID_ACCURACY_Landing?CID=BN-88889-NAHomePage" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://marketing.appliedbiosystems.com/mk/get/SOLID_ACCURACY_Landing?CID=BN-88889-NAHomePage</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved January 27, 2010</span>.</span></li> </ul> 7243f9dbb96b717258b40a7f9a4533eaf9a0265e 3413 3412 2011-01-16T07:04:03Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><b>SOLiD</b> (Sequencing by Oligonucleotide Ligation and Detection) is a next-generation sequencing technology developed by <font color="#0645ad">Life Technologies</font> and has been commercially available since 2008. These next generation technologies generate hundreds of millions to billions of small sequence reads at one time. Well-known examples of such DNA sequencing methods include 454 <font color="#0645ad">pyrosequencing</font> (introduced in 2005, generating millions of 200-400bp reads in 2009), the <font color="#0645ad">Solexa</font> system (introduced in 2006, generating hundreds of millions of 50-100bp reads in 2009) and the SOLiD system (introduced in 2007, generating billions of 50bp reads in 2009). These methods have reduced the cost from $0.01/base in 2004 to nearly $0.0001/base in 2006 and increased the sequencing capacity from 1,000,000 bases/machine/day in 2004 to more than 5,000,000,000 bases/machine/day in 2009. Over 30 publications exist describing its use first for nucleosome positioning from Valouev et al.,<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0645ad"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></font></font></sup> transcriptional profiling or strand sensitive RNA-Seq with Cloonan et al.,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0645ad"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></font></font></sup> single cell transcriptional profiling with Tang et al.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0645ad"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></font></font></sup> and ultimately human resequencing with McKernan et al.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0645ad"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></font></font></sup></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span id="Chemistry" class="mw-headline">Chemistry</span></h2> <p>A library of DNA fragments is prepared from the sample to be sequenced, and are used to prepare clonal bead populations. That is, only one species of fragment will be present on the surface of each magnetic bead. The fragments attached to the magnetic beads will have a universal P1 adapter sequence attached so that the starting sequence of every fragment is both known and identical. Emulsion <font color="#0645ad">PCR</font> takes place in microreactors containing all the necessary reagents for PCR. The resulting PCR products attached to the beads are then covalently bound to a glass slide.</p> <p>Primers hybridize to the P1 adapter sequence within the library template. A set of four fluorescently labeled di-base probes compete for ligation to the sequencing primer. Specificity of the di-base probe is achieved by interrogating every 1st and 2nd base in each ligation reaction. Multiple cycles of ligation, detection and cleavage are performed with the number of cycles determining the eventual read length. Following a series of ligation cycles, the extension product is removed and the template is reset with a primer complementary to the n-1 position for a second round of ligation cycles.</p> <p>Five rounds of primer reset are completed for each sequence tag. Through the primer reset process, each base is interrogated in two independent ligation reactions by two different primers. For example, the base at read position 5 is assayed by primer number 2 in ligation cycle 2 and by primer number 3 in ligation cycle 1.</p> <h2><span id="Throughput_and_Accuracy" class="mw-headline">Throughput and Accuracy</span></h2> <p>According to ABI, the SOLiD 3plus platform yields 60 gigabases of usable DNA data per run. Due to the two base encoding system, an inherent accuracy check is built in to the technology and offers 99.94% accuracy. The chemistry of the systems also means that it is not hindered by homopolymers unlike the Roche 454 FLX system and so large and difficult homopolymer repeat regions are no longer a problem to sequence.</p> <h2><span id="Applications" class="mw-headline">Applications</span></h2> <p>Naturally the technology will be used to sequence DNA, but because of the high parallel nature of the all next generation technologies they also have applications in transcriptomics and epigenomics.</p> <p>Microarrays have been the mainstay of the transcriptomics world for the last ten years and array based technology has branched out to other areas. But they are limited in that only information can be obtained for probes that are on the chip. Only information for organisms for which chips are available can obtained, and they come with all the problems of hybridizing large numbers of molecules (differing hybridizing temperatures).</p> <p>Transcriptomics by next gen sequencing will mean these barriers no longer hold true. Any organism's entire transcriptome could be potentially sequenced in one run (for very small bacterial genomes) and not only would the identification of each transcript be available but expression profiling is possible as quantitative reads can also be achieved.</p> <p>Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is a method for determining transcription factor binding sites and DNA-protein interactions. It has in the past been combined with array technology (ChIP-chip) with some success. Next gen sequencing can also be applied in this area. Methylation immunoprecipitation (MeDIP) can also be performed and also on arrays.</p> <p>The ability to learn more about methylation and TF binding sites on a genome wide scale is a valuable resource and could teach us much about disease and molecular biology in general.</p> <h2><span id="See_also" class="mw-headline">See also</span></h2> <ul> <li><span style="color: #000000">2 Base Encoding </span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Next-generation sequencing </span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Applied Biosystems </span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Illumina (company) </span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">454 Life Sciences </span></li> </ul> <h2><span id="References" class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <div class="reflist references-small"> <div class="references"> <ol> <li id="cite_note-0"><b><a href="#cite_ref-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Valouev A, Ichikawa J, Tonthat T, <i>et al.</i> (July 2008). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2493394"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;A high-resolution, nucleosome position map of C. elegans reveals a lack of universal sequence-dictated positioning&quot;</font></a>. <i>Genome Research</i> <b>18</b> (7): 1051&ndash;63. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.076463.108"><font color="#3366bb">10.1101/gr.076463.108</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18477713"><font color="#3366bb">18477713</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=A+high-resolution%2C+nucleosome+position+map+of+C.+elegans+reveals+a+lack+of+universal+sequence-dictated+positioning&amp;rft.jtitle=Genome+Research&amp;rft.aulast=Valouev+A%2C+Ichikawa+J%2C+Tonthat+T%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Valouev+A%2C+Ichikawa+J%2C+Tonthat+T%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=July+2008&amp;rft.volume=18&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.pages=1051%E2%80%9363&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1101%2Fgr.076463.108&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18477713&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:ABI_Solid_Sequencing"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Cloonan N, Forrest AR, Kolle G, <i>et al.</i> (July 2008). &quot;Stem cell transcriptome profiling via massive-scale mRNA sequencing&quot;. <i>Nature Methods</i> <b>5</b> (7): 613&ndash;9. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnmeth.1223"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/nmeth.1223</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18516046"><font color="#3366bb">18516046</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Stem+cell+transcriptome+profiling+via+massive-scale+mRNA+sequencing&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature+Methods&amp;rft.aulast=Cloonan+N%2C+Forrest+AR%2C+Kolle+G%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Cloonan+N%2C+Forrest+AR%2C+Kolle+G%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=July+2008&amp;rft.volume=5&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.pages=613%E2%80%939&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnmeth.1223&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18516046&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:ABI_Solid_Sequencing"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Tang F, Barbacioru C, Wang Y, <i>et al.</i> (May 2009). &quot;mRNA-Seq whole-transcriptome analysis of a single cell&quot;. <i>Nature Methods</i> <b>6</b> (5): 377&ndash;82. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnmeth.1315"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/nmeth.1315</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19349980"><font color="#3366bb">19349980</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=mRNA-Seq+whole-transcriptome+analysis+of+a+single+cell&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature+Methods&amp;rft.aulast=Tang+F%2C+Barbacioru+C%2C+Wang+Y%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Tang+F%2C+Barbacioru+C%2C+Wang+Y%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=May+2009&amp;rft.volume=6&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=377%E2%80%9382&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnmeth.1315&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/19349980&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:ABI_Solid_Sequencing"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">McKernan KJ, Peckham HE, Costa GL, <i>et al.</i> (September 2009). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2752135"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Sequence and structural variation in a human genome uncovered by short-read, massively parallel ligation sequencing using two-base encoding&quot;</font></a>. <i>Genome Research</i> <b>19</b> (9): 1527&ndash;41. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.091868.109"><font color="#3366bb">10.1101/gr.091868.109</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19546169"><font color="#3366bb">19546169</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Sequence+and+structural+variation+in+a+human+genome+uncovered+by+short-read%2C+massively+parallel+ligation+sequencing+using+two-base+encoding&amp;rft.jtitle=Genome+Research&amp;rft.aulast=McKernan+KJ%2C+Peckham+HE%2C+Costa+GL%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=McKernan+KJ%2C+Peckham+HE%2C+Costa+GL%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=September+2009&amp;rft.volume=19&amp;rft.issue=9&amp;rft.pages=1527%E2%80%9341&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1101%2Fgr.091868.109&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/19546169&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:ABI_Solid_Sequencing"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> </ol> </div> </div> <h2><span id="Further_reading" class="mw-headline">Further reading</span></h2> <ul> <li><span class="citation Journal">Mardis ER (2008). &quot;Next-generation DNA sequencing methods&quot;. <i>Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics</i> <b>9</b>: 387&ndash;402. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.genom.9.081307.164359"><font color="#3366bb">10.1146/annurev.genom.9.081307.164359</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18576944"><font color="#3366bb">18576944</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Next-generation+DNA+sequencing+methods&amp;rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Genomics+and+Human+Genetics&amp;rft.aulast=Mardis+ER&amp;rft.au=Mardis+ER&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=9&amp;rft.pages=387%E2%80%93402&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1146%2Fannurev.genom.9.081307.164359&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18576944&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:ABI_Solid_Sequencing"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li><span class="citation Journal">Mardis ER (2009). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2684661"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;New strategies and emerging technologies for massively parallel sequencing: applications in medical research&quot;</font></a>. <i>Genome Medicine</i> <b>1</b> (4): 40. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2Fgm40"><font color="#3366bb">10.1186/gm40</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19435481"><font color="#3366bb">19435481</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=New+strategies+and+emerging+technologies+for+massively+parallel+sequencing%3A+applications+in+medical+research&amp;rft.jtitle=Genome+Medicine&amp;rft.aulast=Mardis+ER&amp;rft.au=Mardis+ER&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=40&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1186%2Fgm40&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/19435481&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:ABI_Solid_Sequencing"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> </ul> <h2><span id="External_links" class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><span class="citation web"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www3.appliedbiosystems.com/cms/groups/mcb_marketing/documents/generaldocuments/cms_061241.pdf"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;The SOLiD 3 System: Enabling the Next Generation of Science&quot;</font></a>. <a title="Life Technologies" href="/wiki/Life_Technologies"><font color="#0645ad">Life Technologies</font></a>. 2009<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www3.appliedbiosystems.com/cms/groups/mcb_marketing/documents/generaldocuments/cms_061241.pdf"><font color="#3366bb">http://www3.appliedbiosystems.com/cms/groups/mcb_marketing/documents/generaldocuments/cms_061241.pdf</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved January 27, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=The+SOLiD+3+System%3A+Enabling+the+Next+Generation+of+Science&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BLife+Technologies%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.appliedbiosystems.com%2Fcms%2Fgroups%2Fmcb_marketing%2Fdocuments%2Fgeneraldocuments%2Fcms_061241.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:ABI_Solid_Sequencing"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li><span class="citation web"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://marketing.appliedbiosystems.com/mk/get/SOLID_ACCURACY_Landing?CID=BN-88889-NAHomePage"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;The SOLiD 3 Plus System&quot;</font></a>. <a title="Life Technologies" href="/wiki/Life_Technologies"><font color="#0645ad">Life Technologies</font></a>. 2009<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://marketing.appliedbiosystems.com/mk/get/SOLID_ACCURACY_Landing?CID=BN-88889-NAHomePage"><font color="#3366bb">http://marketing.appliedbiosystems.com/mk/get/SOLID_ACCURACY_Landing?CID=BN-88889-NAHomePage</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved January 27, 2010</span>.</span></li> </ul> 5108a5d9adf83886f0039288dbe185914b5c933c 3414 3413 2011-01-16T07:04:43Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="color: #000000"><b>SOLiD</b> (Sequencing by Oligonucleotide Ligation and Detection) is a next-generation sequencing technology developed by Life Technologies and has been commercially available since 2008. These next generation technologies generate hundreds of millions to billions of small sequence reads at one time. Well-known examples of such DNA sequencing methods include 454 pyrosequencing (introduced in 2005, generating millions of 200-400bp reads in 2009), the Solexa system (introduced in 2006, generating hundreds of millions of 50-100bp reads in 2009) and the SOLiD system (introduced in 2007, generating billions of 50bp reads in 2009). These methods have reduced the cost from $0.01/base in 2004 to nearly $0.0001/base in 2006 and increased the sequencing capacity from 1,000,000 bases/machine/day in 2004 to more than 5,000,000,000 bases/machine/day in 2009. Over 30 publications exist describing its use first for nucleosome positioning from Valouev et al., transcriptional profiling or strand sensitive RNA-Seq with Cloonan et al.,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[2]</font></sup> single cell transcriptional profiling with Tang et al.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><font size="2">[3]</font></sup> and ultimately human resequencing with McKernan et al.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><font size="2">[4]</font></sup></span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">&nbsp;</span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Chemistry" class="mw-headline">Chemistry</span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000">A library of DNA fragments is prepared from the sample to be sequenced, and are used to prepare clonal bead populations. That is, only one species of fragment will be present on the surface of each magnetic bead. The fragments attached to the magnetic beads will have a universal P1 adapter sequence attached so that the starting sequence of every fragment is both known and identical. Emulsion PCR takes place in microreactors containing all the necessary reagents for PCR. The resulting PCR products attached to the beads are then covalently bound to a glass slide.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Primers hybridize to the P1 adapter sequence within the library template. A set of four fluorescently labeled di-base probes compete for ligation to the sequencing primer. Specificity of the di-base probe is achieved by interrogating every 1st and 2nd base in each ligation reaction. Multiple cycles of ligation, detection and cleavage are performed with the number of cycles determining the eventual read length. Following a series of ligation cycles, the extension product is removed and the template is reset with a primer complementary to the n-1 position for a second round of ligation cycles.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Five rounds of primer reset are completed for each sequence tag. Through the primer reset process, each base is interrogated in two independent ligation reactions by two different primers. For example, the base at read position 5 is assayed by primer number 2 in ligation cycle 2 and by primer number 3 in ligation cycle 1.</span></p> <h2><span id="Throughput_and_Accuracy" class="mw-headline">Throughput and Accuracy</span></h2> <p>According to ABI, the SOLiD 3plus platform yields 60 gigabases of usable DNA data per run. Due to the two base encoding system, an inherent accuracy check is built in to the technology and offers 99.94% accuracy. The chemistry of the systems also means that it is not hindered by homopolymers unlike the Roche 454 FLX system and so large and difficult homopolymer repeat regions are no longer a problem to sequence.</p> <h2><span id="Applications" class="mw-headline">Applications</span></h2> <p>Naturally the technology will be used to sequence DNA, but because of the high parallel nature of the all next generation technologies they also have applications in transcriptomics and epigenomics.</p> <p>Microarrays have been the mainstay of the transcriptomics world for the last ten years and array based technology has branched out to other areas. But they are limited in that only information can be obtained for probes that are on the chip. Only information for organisms for which chips are available can obtained, and they come with all the problems of hybridizing large numbers of molecules (differing hybridizing temperatures).</p> <p>Transcriptomics by next gen sequencing will mean these barriers no longer hold true. Any organism's entire transcriptome could be potentially sequenced in one run (for very small bacterial genomes) and not only would the identification of each transcript be available but expression profiling is possible as quantitative reads can also be achieved.</p> <p>Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is a method for determining transcription factor binding sites and DNA-protein interactions. It has in the past been combined with array technology (ChIP-chip) with some success. Next gen sequencing can also be applied in this area. Methylation immunoprecipitation (MeDIP) can also be performed and also on arrays.</p> <p>The ability to learn more about methylation and TF binding sites on a genome wide scale is a valuable resource and could teach us much about disease and molecular biology in general.</p> <h2><span id="See_also" class="mw-headline">See also</span></h2> <ul> <li><span style="color: #000000">2 Base Encoding </span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Next-generation sequencing </span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Applied Biosystems </span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Illumina (company) </span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">454 Life Sciences </span></li> </ul> <h2><span id="References" class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <div class="reflist references-small"> <div class="references"> <ol> <li id="cite_note-0"><b><a href="#cite_ref-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Valouev A, Ichikawa J, Tonthat T, <i>et al.</i> (July 2008). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2493394"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;A high-resolution, nucleosome position map of C. elegans reveals a lack of universal sequence-dictated positioning&quot;</font></a>. <i>Genome Research</i> <b>18</b> (7): 1051&ndash;63. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.076463.108"><font color="#3366bb">10.1101/gr.076463.108</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18477713"><font color="#3366bb">18477713</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=A+high-resolution%2C+nucleosome+position+map+of+C.+elegans+reveals+a+lack+of+universal+sequence-dictated+positioning&amp;rft.jtitle=Genome+Research&amp;rft.aulast=Valouev+A%2C+Ichikawa+J%2C+Tonthat+T%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Valouev+A%2C+Ichikawa+J%2C+Tonthat+T%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=July+2008&amp;rft.volume=18&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.pages=1051%E2%80%9363&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1101%2Fgr.076463.108&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18477713&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:ABI_Solid_Sequencing"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Cloonan N, Forrest AR, Kolle G, <i>et al.</i> (July 2008). &quot;Stem cell transcriptome profiling via massive-scale mRNA sequencing&quot;. <i>Nature Methods</i> <b>5</b> (7): 613&ndash;9. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnmeth.1223"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/nmeth.1223</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18516046"><font color="#3366bb">18516046</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Stem+cell+transcriptome+profiling+via+massive-scale+mRNA+sequencing&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature+Methods&amp;rft.aulast=Cloonan+N%2C+Forrest+AR%2C+Kolle+G%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Cloonan+N%2C+Forrest+AR%2C+Kolle+G%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=July+2008&amp;rft.volume=5&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.pages=613%E2%80%939&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnmeth.1223&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18516046&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:ABI_Solid_Sequencing"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Tang F, Barbacioru C, Wang Y, <i>et al.</i> (May 2009). &quot;mRNA-Seq whole-transcriptome analysis of a single cell&quot;. <i>Nature Methods</i> <b>6</b> (5): 377&ndash;82. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnmeth.1315"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/nmeth.1315</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19349980"><font color="#3366bb">19349980</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=mRNA-Seq+whole-transcriptome+analysis+of+a+single+cell&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature+Methods&amp;rft.aulast=Tang+F%2C+Barbacioru+C%2C+Wang+Y%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Tang+F%2C+Barbacioru+C%2C+Wang+Y%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=May+2009&amp;rft.volume=6&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=377%E2%80%9382&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnmeth.1315&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/19349980&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:ABI_Solid_Sequencing"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">McKernan KJ, Peckham HE, Costa GL, <i>et al.</i> (September 2009). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2752135"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Sequence and structural variation in a human genome uncovered by short-read, massively parallel ligation sequencing using two-base encoding&quot;</font></a>. <i>Genome Research</i> <b>19</b> (9): 1527&ndash;41. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.091868.109"><font color="#3366bb">10.1101/gr.091868.109</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19546169"><font color="#3366bb">19546169</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Sequence+and+structural+variation+in+a+human+genome+uncovered+by+short-read%2C+massively+parallel+ligation+sequencing+using+two-base+encoding&amp;rft.jtitle=Genome+Research&amp;rft.aulast=McKernan+KJ%2C+Peckham+HE%2C+Costa+GL%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=McKernan+KJ%2C+Peckham+HE%2C+Costa+GL%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=September+2009&amp;rft.volume=19&amp;rft.issue=9&amp;rft.pages=1527%E2%80%9341&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1101%2Fgr.091868.109&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/19546169&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:ABI_Solid_Sequencing"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> </ol> </div> </div> <h2><span id="Further_reading" class="mw-headline">Further reading</span></h2> <ul> <li><span class="citation Journal">Mardis ER (2008). &quot;Next-generation DNA sequencing methods&quot;. <i>Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics</i> <b>9</b>: 387&ndash;402. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.genom.9.081307.164359"><font color="#3366bb">10.1146/annurev.genom.9.081307.164359</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18576944"><font color="#3366bb">18576944</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Next-generation+DNA+sequencing+methods&amp;rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Genomics+and+Human+Genetics&amp;rft.aulast=Mardis+ER&amp;rft.au=Mardis+ER&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=9&amp;rft.pages=387%E2%80%93402&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1146%2Fannurev.genom.9.081307.164359&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18576944&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:ABI_Solid_Sequencing"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li><span class="citation Journal">Mardis ER (2009). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2684661"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;New strategies and emerging technologies for massively parallel sequencing: applications in medical research&quot;</font></a>. <i>Genome Medicine</i> <b>1</b> (4): 40. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2Fgm40"><font color="#3366bb">10.1186/gm40</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19435481"><font color="#3366bb">19435481</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=New+strategies+and+emerging+technologies+for+massively+parallel+sequencing%3A+applications+in+medical+research&amp;rft.jtitle=Genome+Medicine&amp;rft.aulast=Mardis+ER&amp;rft.au=Mardis+ER&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=40&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1186%2Fgm40&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/19435481&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:ABI_Solid_Sequencing"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> </ul> <h2><span id="External_links" class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><span class="citation web"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www3.appliedbiosystems.com/cms/groups/mcb_marketing/documents/generaldocuments/cms_061241.pdf"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;The SOLiD 3 System: Enabling the Next Generation of Science&quot;</font></a>. <a title="Life Technologies" href="/wiki/Life_Technologies"><font color="#0645ad">Life Technologies</font></a>. 2009<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www3.appliedbiosystems.com/cms/groups/mcb_marketing/documents/generaldocuments/cms_061241.pdf"><font color="#3366bb">http://www3.appliedbiosystems.com/cms/groups/mcb_marketing/documents/generaldocuments/cms_061241.pdf</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved January 27, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=The+SOLiD+3+System%3A+Enabling+the+Next+Generation+of+Science&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BLife+Technologies%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.appliedbiosystems.com%2Fcms%2Fgroups%2Fmcb_marketing%2Fdocuments%2Fgeneraldocuments%2Fcms_061241.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:ABI_Solid_Sequencing"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li><span class="citation web"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://marketing.appliedbiosystems.com/mk/get/SOLID_ACCURACY_Landing?CID=BN-88889-NAHomePage"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;The SOLiD 3 Plus System&quot;</font></a>. <a title="Life Technologies" href="/wiki/Life_Technologies"><font color="#0645ad">Life Technologies</font></a>. 2009<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://marketing.appliedbiosystems.com/mk/get/SOLID_ACCURACY_Landing?CID=BN-88889-NAHomePage"><font color="#3366bb">http://marketing.appliedbiosystems.com/mk/get/SOLID_ACCURACY_Landing?CID=BN-88889-NAHomePage</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved January 27, 2010</span>.</span></li> </ul> db64b21a267cb08d6474465fd92013b8c03cb525 0 1924 3417 3199 2011-01-16T07:21:44Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><b>Genome size</b> is the total amount of DNA contained within one copy of a genome. It is typically measured in terms of mass in picograms (trillionths (10^{<font size="2">&minus;12</font>}) of a gram, abbreviated pg) or less frequently in Daltons or as the total number of nucleotide base pairs typically in megabases (millions of base pairs, abbreviated Mb or Mbp).</p> <p>One picogram equals 978 megabases.<sup id="cite_ref-Dolezel2003_0-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[1]</font></sup> In diploid organisms, genome size is used interchangeably with the term [[C-value]]. An organism's complexity is not directly proportional to its genome size; some single cell organisms have much more DNA than humans (see Junk DNA and C-value enigma).</p> <h2><span id="Origin_of_the_term" class="mw-headline">Origin of the term</span></h2> <p>The term &quot;genome size&quot; is often erroneously attributed to Hinegardner<sup id="cite_ref-Hinegardner1976_1-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[2]</font></sup>, even in discussions dealing specifically with terminology in this area of research (e.g., Greilhuber, 2005<sup id="cite_ref-Greilhuber2005_2-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[3]</font></sup>). Notably, Hinegardner<sup id="cite_ref-Hinegardner1976_1-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[2]</font></sup> used the term only once: in the title. The term actually seems to have first appeared in 1968 when Hinegardner wondered, in the last paragraph of his article, whether &quot;cellular DNA content does, in fact, reflect genome size&quot;.<sup id="cite_ref-Hinegardner1968_3-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[4]</font></sup> In this context, &quot;genome size&quot; was being used in the sense of genotype to mean the number of genes. In a paper submitted only two months later (in February 1969), Wolf et al. (1969)<sup id="cite_ref-Wolf1969_4-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[5]</font></sup> used the term &quot;genome size&quot; throughout and in its present usage; therefore these authors should probably be credited with originating the term in its modern sense. By the early 1970s, &quot;genome size&quot; was in common usage with its present definition, probably as a result of its inclusion in Susumu Ohno's influential book <i>Evolution by Gene Duplication</i>, published in 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-Ohno1970_5-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[6]</font></sup></p> <h2><span id="Variation_in_genome_size_and_gene_content" class="mw-headline">Variation in genome size and gene content</span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width: 252px" class="thumbinner"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="250" height="177" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Genome_Sizes.png/250px-Genome_Sizes.png" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></div> Genome Sizes</div> </div> </div> <p>The genome sizes of thousands of eukaryotes have been analyzed over the past 50 years, and these data are available in online databases for animals, plants, and fungi (see external links). Nuclear genome size is typically measured in eukaryotes using either densitometric measurements of Feulgen-stained nuclei (previously using specialized densitometers, now more commonly using computerized image analysis<sup id="cite_ref-Hardie2002_6-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[7]</font></sup>) or flow cytometry. In prokaryotes, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and complete genome sequencing are the predominant methods of genome size determination. Nuclear genome sizes are well known to vary enormously among eukaryotic species. In animals they range more than 3,300-fold, and in land plants they differ by a factor of about 1,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Bennett2005_7-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[8]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gregory2005_8-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[9]</font></sup> Protist genomes have been reported to vary more than 300,000-fold in size, but the high end of this range (<i>Amoeba</i>) has been called into question. In eukaryotes (but not prokaryotes), variation in genome size is not proportional to the number of genes, an observation that was deemed wholly counterintuitive before the discovery of non-coding DNA and which became known as the C-value paradox as a result. However, although there is no longer any paradoxical aspect to the discrepancy between genome size and gene number, this term remains in common usage. For reasons of conceptual clarification, the various puzzles that remain with regard to genome size variation instead have been suggested by one author to more accurately comprise a puzzle or an enigma (the C-value enigma). Genome size correlates with a range of features at the cell and organism levels, including cell size, cell division rate, and, depending on the taxon, body size, metabolic rate, developmental rate, organ complexity, geographical distribution, and/or extinction risk (for recent reviews, see Bennett and Leitch 2005<sup id="cite_ref-Bennett2005_7-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[8]</font></sup>; Gregory 2005<sup id="cite_ref-Gregory2005_8-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[9]</font></sup>). Based on completely sequenced genome data currently (as of April 2009) available, log-transformed gene number forms a linear correlation with log-transformed genome size in bacteria, archea, viruses, and organelles combined whereas a nonlinear (semi-natural log) correlation in eukaryotes (Hou and Lin 2009 <sup id="cite_ref-Hou2009_9-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[10]</font></sup>). The nonlinear correlation for eukaryotes, although claim of its existence contrasts the previous view that no correlation exists for this group of organisms, reflects disproportinately fast increasing noncoding DNA in increasingly large eukaryotic genomes. Although sequenced genome data are practically biased toward small genomes, which may compromise the accuracy of the empirically derived correlation, and the ultimate proof of the correlation remains to be obtained by sequencing some of the largest eukaryotic genomes, current data do not seem to rule out a correlation.</p> <h2><span id="Genome_reduction" class="mw-headline">Genome reduction</span></h2> <p><b>Genome reduction</b>, also known as <b>Genome degradation</b>, is the process by which a genome shrinks relative to its ancestor. Genomes fluctuate in size regularly, especially in Bacteria, but in some situations a genome has drastically lost content during some period.</p> <p>The most evolutionary significant cases of genome reduction may be the eukaryotic organelles that are derived from bacteria: the mitochondrion and plastid. These organelles are descended from endosymbionts, which can only survive within the host cell and which the host cell likewise needs for survival. Many mitochondria have less than 20 genes in their entire genome, whereas a free-living bacterium generally has at least 1000 genes. Many genes have been transferred to the host nucleus, while others have simply been lost and their function replaced by host processes.</p> <p>Other bacteria have become endosymbionts or obligate intracellular pathogens and experienced extensive genome reduction as a result. This process seems to be dominated by genetic drift resulting from small population size, low recombination rates, and high mutation rates, as opposed to selection for smaller genomes.</p> <p>Some free-living marine bacterioplanktons also shows signs of genome reduction, which are hypothesized to be driven by natural selection.<sup id="cite_ref-Dufresne2005_10-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[11]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Giovannoni2005_11-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[12]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Giovannoni2008_12-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[13]</font></sup></p> <h3><span id="Genome_reduction_in_obligate_endosymbiotic_species" class="mw-headline">Genome reduction in obligate endosymbiotic species</span></h3> <p><b>Obligate endosymbiotic species</b> are characterized by a complete inability to survive external to their <b>host</b> environment. These species have become a considerable threat to human health, as they are often highly capable of evading human immune systems and manipulating the host environment to acquire nutrients. A common explanation for these keen manipulative abilities is the <b>compact</b> and <b>efficient</b> genomic structure consistently found in obligate endosymbionts. This compact genome structure is the result of massive losses of extraneous DNA - an occurrence that is exclusively associated with the loss of a free-living stage. In fact, as much as 90% of the genetic material can be lost when a species makes the evolutionary transition from a <b>free-living</b> to <b>obligate intracellular</b> lifestyle. Common examples of species with reduced genomes include: <i>Buchnera aphidicola</i>, <i>Rickettsia prowazekii</i> and <i>Mycobacterium leprae</i>. One obligate endosymbiont of psyllid, <i>Candidatus Carsonella ruddii</i>, has the smallest genome currently known among cellular organisms at 160kb.<sup id="cite_ref-Nakabachi2006_13-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[14]</font></sup> It is important to note, however, that some obligate intracellular species have positive fitness effects on their hosts. (See also mutualists and parasites.)</p> <p>The <b>reductive evolution model</b> has been proposed as an effort to define the genomic commonalities seen in all obligate endosymbionts.<sup id="cite_ref-Wernegreen2005_14-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[15]</font></sup> This model illustrates four general features of reduced genomes and obligate intracellular species:</p> <ol> <li>&lsquo;genome streamlining&rsquo; resulting from relaxed selection on genes that are superfluous in the intracellular environment;</li> <li>a bias towards deletions (rather than insertions), which heavily affects genes that have been disrupted by accumulation of mutations (pseudogenes)<sup id="cite_ref-Moran2004_15-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[16]</font></sup>;</li> <li>very little or no capability for acquiring new DNA; and</li> <li>considerable reduction of effective population size in endosymbiotic populations, particularly in species that rely on vertical transmission.</li> </ol> <p>Based on this model, it is clear that endosymbionts face different adaptive challenges than free-living species.</p> <h2><span id="Conversion_from_picograms_.28pg.29_to_base_pairs_.28bp.29" class="mw-headline">Conversion from picograms (pg) to base pairs (bp)</span></h2> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: C-value</div> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <p>or simply:</p> <dl><dd><span class="texhtml"><font face="바탕">1pg = 978Mb</font></span><sup id="cite_ref-Dolezel2003_0-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[1]</font></sup></dd></dl> <h2><span id="See_also" class="mw-headline">See also</span></h2> <ul> <li>Comparison of different genome sizes</li> <li>Animal Genome Size Database</li> <li>Cell nucleus</li> <li>Comparative genomics</li> <li>C-value</li> <li>C-value enigma</li> <li>Genome</li> <li>Human genome</li> <li>Junk DNA</li> <li>Noncoding DNA</li> <li>Plant DNA C-values Database</li> <li>Selfish DNA</li> <li>Transposable elements</li> </ul> <h2><span id="References" class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <div style="column-count: 2; -moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2" class="references-small references-column-count references-column-count-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Dolezel2003-0">^ ^{<i><b><font size="2">a</font></b></i>} ^{<i><b><font size="2">b</font></b></i>} <span class="citation Journal">Dolezel J, Barto&scaron; J, Voglmayr H, Greilhuber J (2003). &quot;Nuclear DNA content and genome size of trout and human&quot;. <i>Cytometry A</i> <b>51</b> (2): 127&ndash;128. doi:10.1002/cyto.a.10013. PMID&nbsp;12541287.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Nuclear+DNA+content+and+genome+size+of+trout+and+human&amp;rft.jtitle=Cytometry+A&amp;rft.aulast=Dolezel+J%2C+Barto%C5%A1+J%2C+Voglmayr+H%2C+Greilhuber+J&amp;rft.au=Dolezel+J%2C+Barto%C5%A1+J%2C+Voglmayr+H%2C+Greilhuber+J&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=51&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=127%E2%80%93128&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1002%2Fcyto.a.10013&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12541287&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Hinegardner1976-1">^ ^{<i><b><font size="2">a</font></b></i>} ^{<i><b><font size="2">b</font></b></i>} <span class="citation book">Hinegardner R (1976). &quot;Evolution of genome size&quot;. In F.J. Ayala. <i>Molecular Evolution</i>. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland. pp.&nbsp;179&ndash;199.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Evolution+of+genome+size&amp;rft.atitle=Molecular+Evolution&amp;rft.aulast=Hinegardner+R&amp;rft.au=Hinegardner+R&amp;rft.date=1976&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B179%E2%80%93199&amp;rft.pub=Sinauer+Associates%2C+Inc.%2C+Sunderland&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Greilhuber2005-2"><b>^</b> <span class="citation Journal">Greilhuber J, Doležel J, Lys&aacute;k M, Bennett MD (2005). &quot;The origin, evolution and proposed stabilization of the terms 'genome size' and 'C-value' to describe nuclear DNA contents&quot;. <i>Annals of Botany</i> <b>95</b> (1): 255&ndash;260. doi:10.1093/aob/mci019. PMID&nbsp;15596473.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+origin%2C+evolution+and+proposed+stabilization+of+the+terms+%27genome+size%27+and+%27C-value%27+to+describe+nuclear+DNA+contents&amp;rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Botany&amp;rft.aulast=Greilhuber+J%2C+Dole%C5%BEel+J%2C+Lys%C3%A1k+M%2C+Bennett+MD&amp;rft.au=Greilhuber+J%2C+Dole%C5%BEel+J%2C+Lys%C3%A1k+M%2C+Bennett+MD&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=95&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=255%E2%80%93260&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Faob%2Fmci019&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15596473&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Hinegardner1968-3"><b>^</b> <span class="citation Journal">Hinegardner R (1968). &quot;Evolution of cellular DNA content in teleost fishes&quot;. <i>American Naturalist</i> <b>102</b>: 517&ndash;523. doi:10.1086/282564.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Evolution+of+cellular+DNA+content+in+teleost+fishes&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Naturalist&amp;rft.aulast=Hinegardner+R&amp;rft.au=Hinegardner+R&amp;rft.date=1968&amp;rft.volume=102&amp;rft.pages=517%E2%80%93523&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1086%2F282564&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Wolf1969-4"><b>^</b> <span class="citation Journal">Wolf U, Ritter H, Atkin NB, Ohno S (1969). &quot;Polyploidization in the fish family Cyprinidae, Order Cypriniformes. I. DNA-content and chromosome sets in various species of Cyprinidae&quot;. <i>Humangenetik</i> <b>7</b> (3): 240&ndash;244. PMID&nbsp;5800705.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Polyploidization+in+the+fish+family+Cyprinidae%2C+Order+Cypriniformes.+I.+DNA-content+and+chromosome+sets+in+various+species+of+Cyprinidae&amp;rft.jtitle=Humangenetik&amp;rft.aulast=Wolf+U%2C+Ritter+H%2C+Atkin+NB%2C+Ohno+S&amp;rft.au=Wolf+U%2C+Ritter+H%2C+Atkin+NB%2C+Ohno+S&amp;rft.date=1969&amp;rft.volume=7&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=240%E2%80%93244&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/5800705&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Ohno1970-5"><b>^</b> <span class="citation book">Ohno S (1970). <i>Evolution by Gene Duplication</i>. New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN&nbsp;0045750157.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Evolution+by+Gene+Duplication&amp;rft.aulast=Ohno+S&amp;rft.au=Ohno+S&amp;rft.date=1970&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&amp;rft.isbn=0045750157&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Hardie2002-6"><b>^</b> <span class="citation Journal">Hardie DC, Gregory TR, Hebert PDN (2002). &quot;From pixels to picograms: a beginners' guide to genome quantification by Feulgen image analysis densitometry&quot;. <i>Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry</i> <b>50</b> (6): 735&ndash;749. PMID&nbsp;12019291.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=From+pixels+to+picograms%3A+a+beginners%27+guide+to+genome+quantification+by+Feulgen+image+analysis+densitometry&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Histochemistry+and+Cytochemistry&amp;rft.aulast=Hardie+DC%2C+Gregory+TR%2C+Hebert+PDN&amp;rft.au=Hardie+DC%2C+Gregory+TR%2C+Hebert+PDN&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.volume=50&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=735%E2%80%93749&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12019291&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Bennett2005-7">^ ^{<i><b><font size="2">a</font></b></i>} ^{<i><b><font size="2">b</font></b></i>} <span class="citation book">Bennett MD, Leitch IJ (2005). &quot;Genome size evolution in plants&quot;. In T.R. Gregory. <i>The Evolution of the Genome</i>. San Diego: Elsevier. pp.&nbsp;89&ndash;162.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Genome+size+evolution+in+plants&amp;rft.atitle=%5B%5BThe+Evolution+of+the+Genome%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Bennett+MD%2C+Leitch+IJ&amp;rft.au=Bennett+MD%2C+Leitch+IJ&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B89%E2%80%93162&amp;rft.place=San+Diego&amp;rft.pub=Elsevier&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Gregory2005-8">^ ^{<i><b><font size="2">a</font></b></i>} ^{<i><b><font size="2">b</font></b></i>} <span class="citation book">Gregory TR (2005). &quot;Genome size evolution in animals&quot;. In T.R. Gregory. <i>The Evolution of the Genome</i>. San Diego: Elsevier. pp.&nbsp;3&ndash;87.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Genome+size+evolution+in+animals&amp;rft.atitle=%5B%5BThe+Evolution+of+the+Genome%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Gregory+TR&amp;rft.au=Gregory+TR&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B3%E2%80%9387&amp;rft.place=San+Diego&amp;rft.pub=Elsevier&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Hou2009-9"><b>^</b> <span class="citation Journal">Hou Y, Lin S (2009). &quot;Distinct Gene Number- Genome Size Relationships for Eukaryotes and Non-Eukaryotes: Gene Content Estimation for Dinoflagellate Genomes&quot;. <i>PLoS ONE</i> <b>4</b> (9): e6978.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Distinct+Gene+Number-+Genome+Size+Relationships+for+Eukaryotes+and+Non-Eukaryotes%3A+Gene+Content+Estimation+for+Dinoflagellate+Genomes&amp;rft.jtitle=PLoS+ONE&amp;rft.aulast=Hou+Y%2C+Lin+S&amp;rft.au=Hou+Y%2C+Lin+S&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.volume=4&amp;rft.issue=9&amp;rft.pages=e6978&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Dufresne2005-10"><b>^</b> <span class="citation Journal">Dufresne A, Garczarek L, Partensky F (2005). &quot;Accelerated evolution associated with genome reduction in a free-living prokaryote&quot;. <i>Genome Biol</i> <b>6</b>: R14.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Accelerated+evolution+associated+with+genome+reduction+in+a+free-living+prokaryote&amp;rft.jtitle=Genome+Biol&amp;rft.aulast=Dufresne+A%2C+Garczarek+L%2C+Partensky+F&amp;rft.au=Dufresne+A%2C+Garczarek+L%2C+Partensky+F&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=6&amp;rft.pages=R14&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Giovannoni2005-11"><b>^</b> <span class="citation Journal">Giovannoni SJ, et al. (2005). &quot;Genome streamlining in a cosmopolitan oceanic bacterium&quot;. <i>Science</i> <b>309</b> (5738): 1242&ndash;1245. doi:10.1126/science.1114057. PMID&nbsp;16109880.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+streamlining+in+a+cosmopolitan+oceanic+bacterium&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Giovannoni+SJ%2C+et+al.&amp;rft.au=Giovannoni+SJ%2C+et+al.&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=309&amp;rft.issue=5738&amp;rft.pages=1242%E2%80%931245&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.1114057&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16109880&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Giovannoni2008-12"><b>^</b> <span class="citation Journal">Giovannoni SJ, et al. (2008). &quot;The small genome of an abundant coastal ocean methylotroph&quot;. <i>Environmental Microbiology</i> <b>10</b> (7): 1771&ndash;1782. doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01598.x. PMID&nbsp;18393994.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+small+genome+of+an+abundant+coastal+ocean+methylotroph&amp;rft.jtitle=Environmental+Microbiology&amp;rft.aulast=Giovannoni+SJ%2C+et+al.&amp;rft.au=Giovannoni+SJ%2C+et+al.&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=10&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.pages=1771%E2%80%931782&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1111%2Fj.1462-2920.2008.01598.x&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18393994&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Nakabachi2006-13"><b>^</b> <span class="citation Journal">Nakabachi A, et al. (2006). &quot;The 160-kilobase genome of the bacterial endosymbiont <i>Carsonella</i>&quot;. <i>Science</i> <b>314</b>: 267&ndash;267. doi:10.1126/science.1134196.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+160-kilobase+genome+of+the+bacterial+endosymbiont+%27%27Carsonella%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Nakabachi+A%2C+et+al.&amp;rft.au=Nakabachi+A%2C+et+al.&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=314&amp;rft.pages=267%E2%80%93267&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.1134196&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Wernegreen2005-14"><b>^</b> <span class="citation Journal">Wernegreen J (2005). &quot;For better or worse: Genomic consequences of genomic mutualism and parasitism&quot; (PDF). <i>Current Opinion in Genetics and Development</i> <b>15</b>: 1&ndash;12<span class="printonly">. http://journals2005.pasteur.ac.ir/COGD/15(6).pdf#page=10</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=For+better+or+worse%3A+Genomic+consequences+of+genomic+mutualism+and+parasitism&amp;rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Genetics+and+Development&amp;rft.aulast=Wernegreen+J&amp;rft.au=Wernegreen+J&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=15&amp;rft.pages=1%E2%80%9312&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals2005.pasteur.ac.ir%2FCOGD%2F15%286%29.pdf%23page%3D10&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Moran2004-15"><b>^</b> <span class="citation Journal">Moran NA, Plague GR (2004). &quot;Genomic changes following host restriction in bacteria&quot;. <i>Current Opinion in Genetics &amp; Development</i> <b>14</b>: 627&ndash;633. doi:10.1016/j.gde.2004.09.003.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genomic+changes+following+host+restriction+in+bacteria&amp;rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Genetics+%26+Development&amp;rft.aulast=Moran+NA%2C+Plague+GR&amp;rft.au=Moran+NA%2C+Plague+GR&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=14&amp;rft.pages=627%E2%80%93633&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.gde.2004.09.003&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> </ol> </div> <h3><span id="Further_reading" class="mw-headline">Further reading</span></h3> <ul> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.chlamydiae.com/docs/Chlamydiales/ev_genomedegradn.asp"><font color="#3366bb">Evolution of Chlamydiaceae</font></a></li> <li><span class="citation Journal">Andersson JO Andersson SG (1999). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://mbe.oupjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/16/9/1178"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Genome degradation is an ongoing process in Rickettsia&quot;</font></a>. <i>Molecular Biology and Evolution</i> <b>16</b> (9): 1178&ndash;1191. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10486973"><font color="#3366bb">10486973</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://mbe.oupjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/16/9/1178"><font color="#3366bb">http://mbe.oupjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/16/9/1178</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+degradation+is+an+ongoing+process+in+Rickettsia&amp;rft.jtitle=Molecular+Biology+and+Evolution&amp;rft.aulast=Andersson+JO+Andersson+SG&amp;rft.au=Andersson+JO+Andersson+SG&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.volume=16&amp;rft.issue=9&amp;rft.pages=1178%E2%80%931191&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/10486973&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmbe.oupjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F16%2F9%2F1178&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> </ul> <h2><span id="External_links" class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomesize.com"><font color="#3366bb">Animal Genome Size Database</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.rbgkew.org.uk/cval/homepage.html"><font color="#3366bb">Plant DNA C-values Database</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.zbi.ee/fungal-genomesize/index.php"><font color="#3366bb">Fungal Genome Size Database</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/FD/"><font color="#3366bb">Fungal Database</font></a> &mdash; by CBS</li> </ul> a952f5c98f0b29d3016e9636a24dc7d75a95fd5d 3419 3417 2011-01-16T07:22:30Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><b>Genome size</b> is the total amount of DNA contained within one copy of a genome. It is typically measured in terms of mass in picograms (trillionths (10^{<font size="2">&minus;12</font>}) of a gram, abbreviated pg) or less frequently in Daltons or as the total number of nucleotide base pairs typically in megabases (millions of base pairs, abbreviated Mb or Mbp).</p> <p>One picogram equals 978 megabases.<sup id="cite_ref-Dolezel2003_0-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[1]</font></sup> In diploid organisms, genome size is used interchangeably with the term [[C-value]]. An organism's complexity is not directly proportional to its genome size; some single cell organisms have much more DNA than humans (see Junk DNA and C-value enigma).</p> <h2><span id="Origin_of_the_term" class="mw-headline">Origin of the term</span></h2> <p>The term &quot;genome size&quot; is often erroneously attributed to Hinegardner<sup id="cite_ref-Hinegardner1976_1-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[2]</font></sup>, even in discussions dealing specifically with terminology in this area of research (e.g., Greilhuber, 2005<sup id="cite_ref-Greilhuber2005_2-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[3]</font></sup>). Notably, Hinegardner<sup id="cite_ref-Hinegardner1976_1-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[2]</font></sup> used the term only once: in the title. The term actually seems to have first appeared in 1968 when Hinegardner wondered, in the last paragraph of his article, whether &quot;cellular DNA content does, in fact, reflect genome size&quot;.<sup id="cite_ref-Hinegardner1968_3-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[4]</font></sup> In this context, &quot;genome size&quot; was being used in the sense of genotype to mean the number of genes. In a paper submitted only two months later (in February 1969), Wolf et al. (1969)<sup id="cite_ref-Wolf1969_4-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[5]</font></sup> used the term &quot;genome size&quot; throughout and in its present usage; therefore these authors should probably be credited with originating the term in its modern sense. By the early 1970s, &quot;genome size&quot; was in common usage with its present definition, probably as a result of its inclusion in Susumu Ohno's influential book <i>Evolution by Gene Duplication</i>, published in 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-Ohno1970_5-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[6]</font></sup></p> <h2><span id="Variation_in_genome_size_and_gene_content" class="mw-headline">Variation in genome size and gene content</span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width: 252px" class="thumbinner"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="250" height="177" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Genome_Sizes.png/250px-Genome_Sizes.png" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></div> Genome Sizes</div> </div> </div> <p>The genome sizes of thousands of eukaryotes have been analyzed over the past 50 years, and these data are available in online databases for animals, plants, and fungi (see external links). Nuclear genome size is typically measured in eukaryotes using either densitometric measurements of Feulgen-stained nuclei (previously using specialized densitometers, now more commonly using computerized image analysis<sup id="cite_ref-Hardie2002_6-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[7]</font></sup>) or flow cytometry. In prokaryotes, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and complete genome sequencing are the predominant methods of genome size determination. Nuclear genome sizes are well known to vary enormously among eukaryotic species. In animals they range more than 3,300-fold, and in land plants they differ by a factor of about 1,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Bennett2005_7-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[8]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gregory2005_8-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[9]</font></sup> Protist genomes have been reported to vary more than 300,000-fold in size, but the high end of this range (<i>Amoeba</i>) has been called into question. In eukaryotes (but not prokaryotes), variation in genome size is not proportional to the number of genes, an observation that was deemed wholly counterintuitive before the discovery of non-coding DNA and which became known as the C-value paradox as a result. However, although there is no longer any paradoxical aspect to the discrepancy between genome size and gene number, this term remains in common usage. For reasons of conceptual clarification, the various puzzles that remain with regard to genome size variation instead have been suggested by one author to more accurately comprise a puzzle or an enigma (the C-value enigma). Genome size correlates with a range of features at the cell and organism levels, including cell size, cell division rate, and, depending on the taxon, body size, metabolic rate, developmental rate, organ complexity, geographical distribution, and/or extinction risk (for recent reviews, see Bennett and Leitch 2005<sup id="cite_ref-Bennett2005_7-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[8]</font></sup>; Gregory 2005<sup id="cite_ref-Gregory2005_8-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[9]</font></sup>). Based on completely sequenced genome data currently (as of April 2009) available, log-transformed gene number forms a linear correlation with log-transformed genome size in bacteria, archea, viruses, and organelles combined whereas a nonlinear (semi-natural log) correlation in eukaryotes (Hou and Lin 2009 <sup id="cite_ref-Hou2009_9-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[10]</font></sup>). The nonlinear correlation for eukaryotes, although claim of its existence contrasts the previous view that no correlation exists for this group of organisms, reflects disproportinately fast increasing noncoding DNA in increasingly large eukaryotic genomes. Although sequenced genome data are practically biased toward small genomes, which may compromise the accuracy of the empirically derived correlation, and the ultimate proof of the correlation remains to be obtained by sequencing some of the largest eukaryotic genomes, current data do not seem to rule out a correlation.</p> <h2><span id="Genome_reduction" class="mw-headline">Genome reduction</span></h2> <p><b>Genome reduction</b>, also known as <b>Genome degradation</b>, is the process by which a genome shrinks relative to its ancestor. Genomes fluctuate in size regularly, especially in Bacteria, but in some situations a genome has drastically lost content during some period.</p> <p>The most evolutionary significant cases of genome reduction may be the eukaryotic organelles that are derived from bacteria: the mitochondrion and plastid. These organelles are descended from endosymbionts, which can only survive within the host cell and which the host cell likewise needs for survival. Many mitochondria have less than 20 genes in their entire genome, whereas a free-living bacterium generally has at least 1000 genes. Many genes have been transferred to the host nucleus, while others have simply been lost and their function replaced by host processes.</p> <p>Other bacteria have become endosymbionts or obligate intracellular pathogens and experienced extensive genome reduction as a result. This process seems to be dominated by genetic drift resulting from small population size, low recombination rates, and high mutation rates, as opposed to selection for smaller genomes.</p> <p>Some free-living marine bacterioplanktons also shows signs of genome reduction, which are hypothesized to be driven by natural selection.<sup id="cite_ref-Dufresne2005_10-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[11]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Giovannoni2005_11-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[12]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Giovannoni2008_12-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[13]</font></sup></p> <h3><span id="Genome_reduction_in_obligate_endosymbiotic_species" class="mw-headline">Genome reduction in obligate endosymbiotic species</span></h3> <p><b>Obligate endosymbiotic species</b> are characterized by a complete inability to survive external to their <b>host</b> environment. These species have become a considerable threat to human health, as they are often highly capable of evading human immune systems and manipulating the host environment to acquire nutrients. A common explanation for these keen manipulative abilities is the <b>compact</b> and <b>efficient</b> genomic structure consistently found in obligate endosymbionts. This compact genome structure is the result of massive losses of extraneous DNA - an occurrence that is exclusively associated with the loss of a free-living stage. In fact, as much as 90% of the genetic material can be lost when a species makes the evolutionary transition from a <b>free-living</b> to <b>obligate intracellular</b> lifestyle. Common examples of species with reduced genomes include: <i>Buchnera aphidicola</i>, <i>Rickettsia prowazekii</i> and <i>Mycobacterium leprae</i>. One obligate endosymbiont of psyllid, <i>Candidatus Carsonella ruddii</i>, has the smallest genome currently known among cellular organisms at 160kb.<sup id="cite_ref-Nakabachi2006_13-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[14]</font></sup> It is important to note, however, that some obligate intracellular species have positive fitness effects on their hosts. (See also mutualists and parasites.)</p> <p>The <b>reductive evolution model</b> has been proposed as an effort to define the genomic commonalities seen in all obligate endosymbionts.<sup id="cite_ref-Wernegreen2005_14-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[15]</font></sup> This model illustrates four general features of reduced genomes and obligate intracellular species:</p> <ol> <li>&lsquo;genome streamlining&rsquo; resulting from relaxed selection on genes that are superfluous in the intracellular environment;</li> <li>a bias towards deletions (rather than insertions), which heavily affects genes that have been disrupted by accumulation of mutations (pseudogenes)<sup id="cite_ref-Moran2004_15-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[16]</font></sup>;</li> <li>very little or no capability for acquiring new DNA; and</li> <li>considerable reduction of effective population size in endosymbiotic populations, particularly in species that rely on vertical transmission.</li> </ol> <p>Based on this model, it is clear that endosymbionts face different adaptive challenges than free-living species.</p> <h2><span id="Conversion_from_picograms_.28pg.29_to_base_pairs_.28bp.29" class="mw-headline">Conversion from picograms (pg) to base pairs (bp)</span></h2> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: C-value</div> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[[File:Pico gram to basepair eq.png]]</p> <p>or simply:</p> <dl><dd><span class="texhtml"><font face="바탕">1pg = 978Mb</font></span><sup id="cite_ref-Dolezel2003_0-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[1]</font></sup></dd></dl> <h2><span id="See_also" class="mw-headline">See also</span></h2> <ul> <li>Comparison of different genome sizes</li> <li>Animal Genome Size Database</li> <li>Cell nucleus</li> <li>Comparative genomics</li> <li>C-value</li> <li>C-value enigma</li> <li>Genome</li> <li>Human genome</li> <li>Junk DNA</li> <li>Noncoding DNA</li> <li>Plant DNA C-values Database</li> <li>Selfish DNA</li> <li>Transposable elements</li> </ul> <h2><span id="References" class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <div style="column-count: 2; -moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2" class="references-small references-column-count references-column-count-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Dolezel2003-0">^ ^{<i><b><font size="2">a</font></b></i>} ^{<i><b><font size="2">b</font></b></i>} <span class="citation Journal">Dolezel J, Barto&scaron; J, Voglmayr H, Greilhuber J (2003). &quot;Nuclear DNA content and genome size of trout and human&quot;. <i>Cytometry A</i> <b>51</b> (2): 127&ndash;128. doi:10.1002/cyto.a.10013. PMID&nbsp;12541287.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Nuclear+DNA+content+and+genome+size+of+trout+and+human&amp;rft.jtitle=Cytometry+A&amp;rft.aulast=Dolezel+J%2C+Barto%C5%A1+J%2C+Voglmayr+H%2C+Greilhuber+J&amp;rft.au=Dolezel+J%2C+Barto%C5%A1+J%2C+Voglmayr+H%2C+Greilhuber+J&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=51&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=127%E2%80%93128&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1002%2Fcyto.a.10013&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12541287&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Hinegardner1976-1">^ ^{<i><b><font size="2">a</font></b></i>} ^{<i><b><font size="2">b</font></b></i>} <span class="citation book">Hinegardner R (1976). &quot;Evolution of genome size&quot;. In F.J. Ayala. <i>Molecular Evolution</i>. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland. pp.&nbsp;179&ndash;199.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Evolution+of+genome+size&amp;rft.atitle=Molecular+Evolution&amp;rft.aulast=Hinegardner+R&amp;rft.au=Hinegardner+R&amp;rft.date=1976&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B179%E2%80%93199&amp;rft.pub=Sinauer+Associates%2C+Inc.%2C+Sunderland&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Greilhuber2005-2"><b>^</b> <span class="citation Journal">Greilhuber J, Doležel J, Lys&aacute;k M, Bennett MD (2005). &quot;The origin, evolution and proposed stabilization of the terms 'genome size' and 'C-value' to describe nuclear DNA contents&quot;. <i>Annals of Botany</i> <b>95</b> (1): 255&ndash;260. doi:10.1093/aob/mci019. PMID&nbsp;15596473.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+origin%2C+evolution+and+proposed+stabilization+of+the+terms+%27genome+size%27+and+%27C-value%27+to+describe+nuclear+DNA+contents&amp;rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Botany&amp;rft.aulast=Greilhuber+J%2C+Dole%C5%BEel+J%2C+Lys%C3%A1k+M%2C+Bennett+MD&amp;rft.au=Greilhuber+J%2C+Dole%C5%BEel+J%2C+Lys%C3%A1k+M%2C+Bennett+MD&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=95&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=255%E2%80%93260&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Faob%2Fmci019&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15596473&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Hinegardner1968-3"><b>^</b> <span class="citation Journal">Hinegardner R (1968). &quot;Evolution of cellular DNA content in teleost fishes&quot;. <i>American Naturalist</i> <b>102</b>: 517&ndash;523. doi:10.1086/282564.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Evolution+of+cellular+DNA+content+in+teleost+fishes&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Naturalist&amp;rft.aulast=Hinegardner+R&amp;rft.au=Hinegardner+R&amp;rft.date=1968&amp;rft.volume=102&amp;rft.pages=517%E2%80%93523&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1086%2F282564&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Wolf1969-4"><b>^</b> <span class="citation Journal">Wolf U, Ritter H, Atkin NB, Ohno S (1969). &quot;Polyploidization in the fish family Cyprinidae, Order Cypriniformes. I. DNA-content and chromosome sets in various species of Cyprinidae&quot;. <i>Humangenetik</i> <b>7</b> (3): 240&ndash;244. PMID&nbsp;5800705.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Polyploidization+in+the+fish+family+Cyprinidae%2C+Order+Cypriniformes.+I.+DNA-content+and+chromosome+sets+in+various+species+of+Cyprinidae&amp;rft.jtitle=Humangenetik&amp;rft.aulast=Wolf+U%2C+Ritter+H%2C+Atkin+NB%2C+Ohno+S&amp;rft.au=Wolf+U%2C+Ritter+H%2C+Atkin+NB%2C+Ohno+S&amp;rft.date=1969&amp;rft.volume=7&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=240%E2%80%93244&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/5800705&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Ohno1970-5"><b>^</b> <span class="citation book">Ohno S (1970). <i>Evolution by Gene Duplication</i>. New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN&nbsp;0045750157.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Evolution+by+Gene+Duplication&amp;rft.aulast=Ohno+S&amp;rft.au=Ohno+S&amp;rft.date=1970&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&amp;rft.isbn=0045750157&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Hardie2002-6"><b>^</b> <span class="citation Journal">Hardie DC, Gregory TR, Hebert PDN (2002). &quot;From pixels to picograms: a beginners' guide to genome quantification by Feulgen image analysis densitometry&quot;. <i>Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry</i> <b>50</b> (6): 735&ndash;749. PMID&nbsp;12019291.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=From+pixels+to+picograms%3A+a+beginners%27+guide+to+genome+quantification+by+Feulgen+image+analysis+densitometry&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Histochemistry+and+Cytochemistry&amp;rft.aulast=Hardie+DC%2C+Gregory+TR%2C+Hebert+PDN&amp;rft.au=Hardie+DC%2C+Gregory+TR%2C+Hebert+PDN&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.volume=50&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=735%E2%80%93749&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12019291&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Bennett2005-7">^ ^{<i><b><font size="2">a</font></b></i>} ^{<i><b><font size="2">b</font></b></i>} <span class="citation book">Bennett MD, Leitch IJ (2005). &quot;Genome size evolution in plants&quot;. In T.R. Gregory. <i>The Evolution of the Genome</i>. San Diego: Elsevier. pp.&nbsp;89&ndash;162.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Genome+size+evolution+in+plants&amp;rft.atitle=%5B%5BThe+Evolution+of+the+Genome%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Bennett+MD%2C+Leitch+IJ&amp;rft.au=Bennett+MD%2C+Leitch+IJ&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B89%E2%80%93162&amp;rft.place=San+Diego&amp;rft.pub=Elsevier&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Gregory2005-8">^ ^{<i><b><font size="2">a</font></b></i>} ^{<i><b><font size="2">b</font></b></i>} <span class="citation book">Gregory TR (2005). &quot;Genome size evolution in animals&quot;. In T.R. Gregory. <i>The Evolution of the Genome</i>. San Diego: Elsevier. pp.&nbsp;3&ndash;87.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Genome+size+evolution+in+animals&amp;rft.atitle=%5B%5BThe+Evolution+of+the+Genome%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Gregory+TR&amp;rft.au=Gregory+TR&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B3%E2%80%9387&amp;rft.place=San+Diego&amp;rft.pub=Elsevier&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Hou2009-9"><b>^</b> <span class="citation Journal">Hou Y, Lin S (2009). &quot;Distinct Gene Number- Genome Size Relationships for Eukaryotes and Non-Eukaryotes: Gene Content Estimation for Dinoflagellate Genomes&quot;. <i>PLoS ONE</i> <b>4</b> (9): e6978.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Distinct+Gene+Number-+Genome+Size+Relationships+for+Eukaryotes+and+Non-Eukaryotes%3A+Gene+Content+Estimation+for+Dinoflagellate+Genomes&amp;rft.jtitle=PLoS+ONE&amp;rft.aulast=Hou+Y%2C+Lin+S&amp;rft.au=Hou+Y%2C+Lin+S&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.volume=4&amp;rft.issue=9&amp;rft.pages=e6978&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Dufresne2005-10"><b>^</b> <span class="citation Journal">Dufresne A, Garczarek L, Partensky F (2005). &quot;Accelerated evolution associated with genome reduction in a free-living prokaryote&quot;. <i>Genome Biol</i> <b>6</b>: R14.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Accelerated+evolution+associated+with+genome+reduction+in+a+free-living+prokaryote&amp;rft.jtitle=Genome+Biol&amp;rft.aulast=Dufresne+A%2C+Garczarek+L%2C+Partensky+F&amp;rft.au=Dufresne+A%2C+Garczarek+L%2C+Partensky+F&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=6&amp;rft.pages=R14&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Giovannoni2005-11"><b>^</b> <span class="citation Journal">Giovannoni SJ, et al. (2005). &quot;Genome streamlining in a cosmopolitan oceanic bacterium&quot;. <i>Science</i> <b>309</b> (5738): 1242&ndash;1245. doi:10.1126/science.1114057. PMID&nbsp;16109880.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+streamlining+in+a+cosmopolitan+oceanic+bacterium&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Giovannoni+SJ%2C+et+al.&amp;rft.au=Giovannoni+SJ%2C+et+al.&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=309&amp;rft.issue=5738&amp;rft.pages=1242%E2%80%931245&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.1114057&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16109880&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Giovannoni2008-12"><b>^</b> <span class="citation Journal">Giovannoni SJ, et al. (2008). &quot;The small genome of an abundant coastal ocean methylotroph&quot;. <i>Environmental Microbiology</i> <b>10</b> (7): 1771&ndash;1782. doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01598.x. PMID&nbsp;18393994.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+small+genome+of+an+abundant+coastal+ocean+methylotroph&amp;rft.jtitle=Environmental+Microbiology&amp;rft.aulast=Giovannoni+SJ%2C+et+al.&amp;rft.au=Giovannoni+SJ%2C+et+al.&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=10&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.pages=1771%E2%80%931782&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1111%2Fj.1462-2920.2008.01598.x&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18393994&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Nakabachi2006-13"><b>^</b> <span class="citation Journal">Nakabachi A, et al. (2006). &quot;The 160-kilobase genome of the bacterial endosymbiont <i>Carsonella</i>&quot;. <i>Science</i> <b>314</b>: 267&ndash;267. doi:10.1126/science.1134196.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+160-kilobase+genome+of+the+bacterial+endosymbiont+%27%27Carsonella%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Nakabachi+A%2C+et+al.&amp;rft.au=Nakabachi+A%2C+et+al.&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=314&amp;rft.pages=267%E2%80%93267&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.1134196&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Wernegreen2005-14"><b>^</b> <span class="citation Journal">Wernegreen J (2005). &quot;For better or worse: Genomic consequences of genomic mutualism and parasitism&quot; (PDF). <i>Current Opinion in Genetics and Development</i> <b>15</b>: 1&ndash;12<span class="printonly">. http://journals2005.pasteur.ac.ir/COGD/15(6).pdf#page=10</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=For+better+or+worse%3A+Genomic+consequences+of+genomic+mutualism+and+parasitism&amp;rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Genetics+and+Development&amp;rft.aulast=Wernegreen+J&amp;rft.au=Wernegreen+J&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=15&amp;rft.pages=1%E2%80%9312&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals2005.pasteur.ac.ir%2FCOGD%2F15%286%29.pdf%23page%3D10&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Moran2004-15"><b>^</b> <span class="citation Journal">Moran NA, Plague GR (2004). &quot;Genomic changes following host restriction in bacteria&quot;. <i>Current Opinion in Genetics &amp; Development</i> <b>14</b>: 627&ndash;633. doi:10.1016/j.gde.2004.09.003.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genomic+changes+following+host+restriction+in+bacteria&amp;rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Genetics+%26+Development&amp;rft.aulast=Moran+NA%2C+Plague+GR&amp;rft.au=Moran+NA%2C+Plague+GR&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=14&amp;rft.pages=627%E2%80%93633&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.gde.2004.09.003&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> </ol> </div> <h3><span id="Further_reading" class="mw-headline">Further reading</span></h3> <ul> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.chlamydiae.com/docs/Chlamydiales/ev_genomedegradn.asp"><font color="#3366bb">Evolution of Chlamydiaceae</font></a></li> <li><span class="citation Journal">Andersson JO Andersson SG (1999). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://mbe.oupjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/16/9/1178"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Genome degradation is an ongoing process in Rickettsia&quot;</font></a>. <i>Molecular Biology and Evolution</i> <b>16</b> (9): 1178&ndash;1191. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10486973"><font color="#3366bb">10486973</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://mbe.oupjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/16/9/1178"><font color="#3366bb">http://mbe.oupjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/16/9/1178</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+degradation+is+an+ongoing+process+in+Rickettsia&amp;rft.jtitle=Molecular+Biology+and+Evolution&amp;rft.aulast=Andersson+JO+Andersson+SG&amp;rft.au=Andersson+JO+Andersson+SG&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.volume=16&amp;rft.issue=9&amp;rft.pages=1178%E2%80%931191&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/10486973&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmbe.oupjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F16%2F9%2F1178&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> </ul> <h2><span id="External_links" class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomesize.com"><font color="#3366bb">Animal Genome Size Database</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.rbgkew.org.uk/cval/homepage.html"><font color="#3366bb">Plant DNA C-values Database</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.zbi.ee/fungal-genomesize/index.php"><font color="#3366bb">Fungal Genome Size Database</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/FD/"><font color="#3366bb">Fungal Database</font></a> &mdash; by CBS</li> </ul> 20971b10e2190a942ed51677771f89a6eb6ce993 3421 3419 2011-01-16T07:25:41Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><b>Genome size</b> is the total amount of DNA contained within one copy of a genome. It is typically measured in terms of mass in picograms (trillionths (10^{<font size="2">&minus;12</font>}) of a gram, abbreviated pg) or less frequently in Daltons or as the total number of nucleotide base pairs typically in megabases (millions of base pairs, abbreviated Mb or Mbp).</p> <p>One picogram equals 978 megabases.<sup id="cite_ref-Dolezel2003_0-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[1]</font></sup> In diploid organisms, genome size is used interchangeably with the term [[C-value]]. An organism's complexity is not directly proportional to its genome size; some single cell organisms have much more DNA than humans (see Junk DNA and C-value enigma).</p> <h2><span id="Origin_of_the_term" class="mw-headline">Origin of the term</span></h2> <p>The term &quot;genome size&quot; is often erroneously attributed to Hinegardner<sup id="cite_ref-Hinegardner1976_1-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[2]</font></sup>, even in discussions dealing specifically with terminology in this area of research (e.g., Greilhuber, 2005<sup id="cite_ref-Greilhuber2005_2-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[3]</font></sup>). Notably, Hinegardner<sup id="cite_ref-Hinegardner1976_1-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[2]</font></sup> used the term only once: in the title. The term actually seems to have first appeared in 1968 when Hinegardner wondered, in the last paragraph of his article, whether &quot;cellular DNA content does, in fact, reflect genome size&quot;.<sup id="cite_ref-Hinegardner1968_3-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[4]</font></sup> In this context, &quot;genome size&quot; was being used in the sense of genotype to mean the number of genes. In a paper submitted only two months later (in February 1969), Wolf et al. (1969)<sup id="cite_ref-Wolf1969_4-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[5]</font></sup> used the term &quot;genome size&quot; throughout and in its present usage; therefore these authors should probably be credited with originating the term in its modern sense. By the early 1970s, &quot;genome size&quot; was in common usage with its present definition, probably as a result of its inclusion in Susumu Ohno's influential book <i>Evolution by Gene Duplication</i>, published in 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-Ohno1970_5-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[6]</font></sup></p> <h2><span id="Variation_in_genome_size_and_gene_content" class="mw-headline">Variation in genome size and gene content</span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width: 252px" class="thumbinner"> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify">&nbsp;</div> [[File:Genome Sizes.png|thumb]]Genome Sizes Abizar</div> </div> </div> <p>The genome sizes of thousands of eukaryotes have been analyzed over the past 50 years, and these data are available in online databases for animals, plants, and fungi (see external links). Nuclear genome size is typically measured in eukaryotes using either densitometric measurements of Feulgen-stained nuclei (previously using specialized densitometers, now more commonly using computerized image analysis<sup id="cite_ref-Hardie2002_6-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[7]</font></sup>) or flow cytometry. In prokaryotes, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and complete genome sequencing are the predominant methods of genome size determination. Nuclear genome sizes are well known to vary enormously among eukaryotic species. In animals they range more than 3,300-fold, and in land plants they differ by a factor of about 1,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Bennett2005_7-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[8]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gregory2005_8-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[9]</font></sup> Protist genomes have been reported to vary more than 300,000-fold in size, but the high end of this range (<i>Amoeba</i>) has been called into question. In eukaryotes (but not prokaryotes), variation in genome size is not proportional to the number of genes, an observation that was deemed wholly counterintuitive before the discovery of non-coding DNA and which became known as the C-value paradox as a result. However, although there is no longer any paradoxical aspect to the discrepancy between genome size and gene number, this term remains in common usage. For reasons of conceptual clarification, the various puzzles that remain with regard to genome size variation instead have been suggested by one author to more accurately comprise a puzzle or an enigma (the C-value enigma). Genome size correlates with a range of features at the cell and organism levels, including cell size, cell division rate, and, depending on the taxon, body size, metabolic rate, developmental rate, organ complexity, geographical distribution, and/or extinction risk (for recent reviews, see Bennett and Leitch 2005<sup id="cite_ref-Bennett2005_7-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[8]</font></sup>; Gregory 2005<sup id="cite_ref-Gregory2005_8-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[9]</font></sup>). Based on completely sequenced genome data currently (as of April 2009) available, log-transformed gene number forms a linear correlation with log-transformed genome size in bacteria, archea, viruses, and organelles combined whereas a nonlinear (semi-natural log) correlation in eukaryotes (Hou and Lin 2009 <sup id="cite_ref-Hou2009_9-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[10]</font></sup>). The nonlinear correlation for eukaryotes, although claim of its existence contrasts the previous view that no correlation exists for this group of organisms, reflects disproportinately fast increasing noncoding DNA in increasingly large eukaryotic genomes. Although sequenced genome data are practically biased toward small genomes, which may compromise the accuracy of the empirically derived correlation, and the ultimate proof of the correlation remains to be obtained by sequencing some of the largest eukaryotic genomes, current data do not seem to rule out a correlation.</p> <h2><span id="Genome_reduction" class="mw-headline">Genome reduction</span></h2> <p><b>Genome reduction</b>, also known as <b>Genome degradation</b>, is the process by which a genome shrinks relative to its ancestor. Genomes fluctuate in size regularly, especially in Bacteria, but in some situations a genome has drastically lost content during some period.</p> <p>The most evolutionary significant cases of genome reduction may be the eukaryotic organelles that are derived from bacteria: the mitochondrion and plastid. These organelles are descended from endosymbionts, which can only survive within the host cell and which the host cell likewise needs for survival. Many mitochondria have less than 20 genes in their entire genome, whereas a free-living bacterium generally has at least 1000 genes. Many genes have been transferred to the host nucleus, while others have simply been lost and their function replaced by host processes.</p> <p>Other bacteria have become endosymbionts or obligate intracellular pathogens and experienced extensive genome reduction as a result. This process seems to be dominated by genetic drift resulting from small population size, low recombination rates, and high mutation rates, as opposed to selection for smaller genomes.</p> <p>Some free-living marine bacterioplanktons also shows signs of genome reduction, which are hypothesized to be driven by natural selection.<sup id="cite_ref-Dufresne2005_10-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[11]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Giovannoni2005_11-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[12]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Giovannoni2008_12-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[13]</font></sup></p> <h3><span id="Genome_reduction_in_obligate_endosymbiotic_species" class="mw-headline">Genome reduction in obligate endosymbiotic species</span></h3> <p><b>Obligate endosymbiotic species</b> are characterized by a complete inability to survive external to their <b>host</b> environment. These species have become a considerable threat to human health, as they are often highly capable of evading human immune systems and manipulating the host environment to acquire nutrients. A common explanation for these keen manipulative abilities is the <b>compact</b> and <b>efficient</b> genomic structure consistently found in obligate endosymbionts. This compact genome structure is the result of massive losses of extraneous DNA - an occurrence that is exclusively associated with the loss of a free-living stage. In fact, as much as 90% of the genetic material can be lost when a species makes the evolutionary transition from a <b>free-living</b> to <b>obligate intracellular</b> lifestyle. Common examples of species with reduced genomes include: <i>Buchnera aphidicola</i>, <i>Rickettsia prowazekii</i> and <i>Mycobacterium leprae</i>. One obligate endosymbiont of psyllid, <i>Candidatus Carsonella ruddii</i>, has the smallest genome currently known among cellular organisms at 160kb.<sup id="cite_ref-Nakabachi2006_13-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[14]</font></sup> It is important to note, however, that some obligate intracellular species have positive fitness effects on their hosts. (See also mutualists and parasites.)</p> <p>The <b>reductive evolution model</b> has been proposed as an effort to define the genomic commonalities seen in all obligate endosymbionts.<sup id="cite_ref-Wernegreen2005_14-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[15]</font></sup> This model illustrates four general features of reduced genomes and obligate intracellular species:</p> <ol> <li>&lsquo;genome streamlining&rsquo; resulting from relaxed selection on genes that are superfluous in the intracellular environment;</li> <li>a bias towards deletions (rather than insertions), which heavily affects genes that have been disrupted by accumulation of mutations (pseudogenes)<sup id="cite_ref-Moran2004_15-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[16]</font></sup>;</li> <li>very little or no capability for acquiring new DNA; and</li> <li>considerable reduction of effective population size in endosymbiotic populations, particularly in species that rely on vertical transmission.</li> </ol> <p>Based on this model, it is clear that endosymbionts face different adaptive challenges than free-living species.</p> <h2><span id="Conversion_from_picograms_.28pg.29_to_base_pairs_.28bp.29" class="mw-headline">Conversion from picograms (pg) to base pairs (bp)</span></h2> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: C-value</div> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[[File:Pico gram to basepair eq.png]]</p> <p>or simply:</p> <dl><dd><span class="texhtml"><font face="바탕">1pg = 978Mb</font></span><sup id="cite_ref-Dolezel2003_0-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[1]</font></sup></dd></dl> <h2><span id="See_also" class="mw-headline">See also</span></h2> <ul> <li>Comparison of different genome sizes</li> <li>Animal Genome Size Database</li> <li>Cell nucleus</li> <li>Comparative genomics</li> <li>C-value</li> <li>C-value enigma</li> <li>Genome</li> <li>Human genome</li> <li>Junk DNA</li> <li>Noncoding DNA</li> <li>Plant DNA C-values Database</li> <li>Selfish DNA</li> <li>Transposable elements</li> </ul> <h2><span id="References" class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <div style="column-count: 2; -moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2" class="references-small references-column-count references-column-count-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Dolezel2003-0">^ ^{<i><b><font size="2">a</font></b></i>} ^{<i><b><font size="2">b</font></b></i>} <span class="citation Journal">Dolezel J, Barto&scaron; J, Voglmayr H, Greilhuber J (2003). &quot;Nuclear DNA content and genome size of trout and human&quot;. <i>Cytometry A</i> <b>51</b> (2): 127&ndash;128. doi:10.1002/cyto.a.10013. PMID&nbsp;12541287.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Nuclear+DNA+content+and+genome+size+of+trout+and+human&amp;rft.jtitle=Cytometry+A&amp;rft.aulast=Dolezel+J%2C+Barto%C5%A1+J%2C+Voglmayr+H%2C+Greilhuber+J&amp;rft.au=Dolezel+J%2C+Barto%C5%A1+J%2C+Voglmayr+H%2C+Greilhuber+J&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=51&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=127%E2%80%93128&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1002%2Fcyto.a.10013&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12541287&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Hinegardner1976-1">^ ^{<i><b><font size="2">a</font></b></i>} ^{<i><b><font size="2">b</font></b></i>} <span class="citation book">Hinegardner R (1976). &quot;Evolution of genome size&quot;. In F.J. Ayala. <i>Molecular Evolution</i>. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland. pp.&nbsp;179&ndash;199.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Evolution+of+genome+size&amp;rft.atitle=Molecular+Evolution&amp;rft.aulast=Hinegardner+R&amp;rft.au=Hinegardner+R&amp;rft.date=1976&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B179%E2%80%93199&amp;rft.pub=Sinauer+Associates%2C+Inc.%2C+Sunderland&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Greilhuber2005-2"><b>^</b> <span class="citation Journal">Greilhuber J, Doležel J, Lys&aacute;k M, Bennett MD (2005). &quot;The origin, evolution and proposed stabilization of the terms 'genome size' and 'C-value' to describe nuclear DNA contents&quot;. <i>Annals of Botany</i> <b>95</b> (1): 255&ndash;260. doi:10.1093/aob/mci019. PMID&nbsp;15596473.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+origin%2C+evolution+and+proposed+stabilization+of+the+terms+%27genome+size%27+and+%27C-value%27+to+describe+nuclear+DNA+contents&amp;rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Botany&amp;rft.aulast=Greilhuber+J%2C+Dole%C5%BEel+J%2C+Lys%C3%A1k+M%2C+Bennett+MD&amp;rft.au=Greilhuber+J%2C+Dole%C5%BEel+J%2C+Lys%C3%A1k+M%2C+Bennett+MD&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=95&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=255%E2%80%93260&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Faob%2Fmci019&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15596473&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Hinegardner1968-3"><b>^</b> <span class="citation Journal">Hinegardner R (1968). &quot;Evolution of cellular DNA content in teleost fishes&quot;. <i>American Naturalist</i> <b>102</b>: 517&ndash;523. doi:10.1086/282564.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Evolution+of+cellular+DNA+content+in+teleost+fishes&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Naturalist&amp;rft.aulast=Hinegardner+R&amp;rft.au=Hinegardner+R&amp;rft.date=1968&amp;rft.volume=102&amp;rft.pages=517%E2%80%93523&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1086%2F282564&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Wolf1969-4"><b>^</b> <span class="citation Journal">Wolf U, Ritter H, Atkin NB, Ohno S (1969). &quot;Polyploidization in the fish family Cyprinidae, Order Cypriniformes. I. DNA-content and chromosome sets in various species of Cyprinidae&quot;. <i>Humangenetik</i> <b>7</b> (3): 240&ndash;244. PMID&nbsp;5800705.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Polyploidization+in+the+fish+family+Cyprinidae%2C+Order+Cypriniformes.+I.+DNA-content+and+chromosome+sets+in+various+species+of+Cyprinidae&amp;rft.jtitle=Humangenetik&amp;rft.aulast=Wolf+U%2C+Ritter+H%2C+Atkin+NB%2C+Ohno+S&amp;rft.au=Wolf+U%2C+Ritter+H%2C+Atkin+NB%2C+Ohno+S&amp;rft.date=1969&amp;rft.volume=7&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=240%E2%80%93244&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/5800705&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Ohno1970-5"><b>^</b> <span class="citation book">Ohno S (1970). <i>Evolution by Gene Duplication</i>. New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN&nbsp;0045750157.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Evolution+by+Gene+Duplication&amp;rft.aulast=Ohno+S&amp;rft.au=Ohno+S&amp;rft.date=1970&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&amp;rft.isbn=0045750157&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Hardie2002-6"><b>^</b> <span class="citation Journal">Hardie DC, Gregory TR, Hebert PDN (2002). &quot;From pixels to picograms: a beginners' guide to genome quantification by Feulgen image analysis densitometry&quot;. <i>Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry</i> <b>50</b> (6): 735&ndash;749. PMID&nbsp;12019291.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=From+pixels+to+picograms%3A+a+beginners%27+guide+to+genome+quantification+by+Feulgen+image+analysis+densitometry&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Histochemistry+and+Cytochemistry&amp;rft.aulast=Hardie+DC%2C+Gregory+TR%2C+Hebert+PDN&amp;rft.au=Hardie+DC%2C+Gregory+TR%2C+Hebert+PDN&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.volume=50&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=735%E2%80%93749&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12019291&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Bennett2005-7">^ ^{<i><b><font size="2">a</font></b></i>} ^{<i><b><font size="2">b</font></b></i>} <span class="citation book">Bennett MD, Leitch IJ (2005). &quot;Genome size evolution in plants&quot;. In T.R. Gregory. <i>The Evolution of the Genome</i>. San Diego: Elsevier. pp.&nbsp;89&ndash;162.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Genome+size+evolution+in+plants&amp;rft.atitle=%5B%5BThe+Evolution+of+the+Genome%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Bennett+MD%2C+Leitch+IJ&amp;rft.au=Bennett+MD%2C+Leitch+IJ&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B89%E2%80%93162&amp;rft.place=San+Diego&amp;rft.pub=Elsevier&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Gregory2005-8">^ ^{<i><b><font size="2">a</font></b></i>} ^{<i><b><font size="2">b</font></b></i>} <span class="citation book">Gregory TR (2005). &quot;Genome size evolution in animals&quot;. In T.R. Gregory. <i>The Evolution of the Genome</i>. San Diego: Elsevier. pp.&nbsp;3&ndash;87.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Genome+size+evolution+in+animals&amp;rft.atitle=%5B%5BThe+Evolution+of+the+Genome%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Gregory+TR&amp;rft.au=Gregory+TR&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B3%E2%80%9387&amp;rft.place=San+Diego&amp;rft.pub=Elsevier&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Hou2009-9"><b>^</b> <span class="citation Journal">Hou Y, Lin S (2009). &quot;Distinct Gene Number- Genome Size Relationships for Eukaryotes and Non-Eukaryotes: Gene Content Estimation for Dinoflagellate Genomes&quot;. <i>PLoS ONE</i> <b>4</b> (9): e6978.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Distinct+Gene+Number-+Genome+Size+Relationships+for+Eukaryotes+and+Non-Eukaryotes%3A+Gene+Content+Estimation+for+Dinoflagellate+Genomes&amp;rft.jtitle=PLoS+ONE&amp;rft.aulast=Hou+Y%2C+Lin+S&amp;rft.au=Hou+Y%2C+Lin+S&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.volume=4&amp;rft.issue=9&amp;rft.pages=e6978&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Dufresne2005-10"><b>^</b> <span class="citation Journal">Dufresne A, Garczarek L, Partensky F (2005). &quot;Accelerated evolution associated with genome reduction in a free-living prokaryote&quot;. <i>Genome Biol</i> <b>6</b>: R14.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Accelerated+evolution+associated+with+genome+reduction+in+a+free-living+prokaryote&amp;rft.jtitle=Genome+Biol&amp;rft.aulast=Dufresne+A%2C+Garczarek+L%2C+Partensky+F&amp;rft.au=Dufresne+A%2C+Garczarek+L%2C+Partensky+F&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=6&amp;rft.pages=R14&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Giovannoni2005-11"><b>^</b> <span class="citation Journal">Giovannoni SJ, et al. (2005). &quot;Genome streamlining in a cosmopolitan oceanic bacterium&quot;. <i>Science</i> <b>309</b> (5738): 1242&ndash;1245. doi:10.1126/science.1114057. PMID&nbsp;16109880.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+streamlining+in+a+cosmopolitan+oceanic+bacterium&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Giovannoni+SJ%2C+et+al.&amp;rft.au=Giovannoni+SJ%2C+et+al.&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=309&amp;rft.issue=5738&amp;rft.pages=1242%E2%80%931245&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.1114057&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16109880&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Giovannoni2008-12"><b>^</b> <span class="citation Journal">Giovannoni SJ, et al. (2008). &quot;The small genome of an abundant coastal ocean methylotroph&quot;. <i>Environmental Microbiology</i> <b>10</b> (7): 1771&ndash;1782. doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01598.x. PMID&nbsp;18393994.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+small+genome+of+an+abundant+coastal+ocean+methylotroph&amp;rft.jtitle=Environmental+Microbiology&amp;rft.aulast=Giovannoni+SJ%2C+et+al.&amp;rft.au=Giovannoni+SJ%2C+et+al.&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=10&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.pages=1771%E2%80%931782&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1111%2Fj.1462-2920.2008.01598.x&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18393994&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Nakabachi2006-13"><b>^</b> <span class="citation Journal">Nakabachi A, et al. (2006). &quot;The 160-kilobase genome of the bacterial endosymbiont <i>Carsonella</i>&quot;. <i>Science</i> <b>314</b>: 267&ndash;267. doi:10.1126/science.1134196.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+160-kilobase+genome+of+the+bacterial+endosymbiont+%27%27Carsonella%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Nakabachi+A%2C+et+al.&amp;rft.au=Nakabachi+A%2C+et+al.&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=314&amp;rft.pages=267%E2%80%93267&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.1134196&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Wernegreen2005-14"><b>^</b> <span class="citation Journal">Wernegreen J (2005). &quot;For better or worse: Genomic consequences of genomic mutualism and parasitism&quot; (PDF). <i>Current Opinion in Genetics and Development</i> <b>15</b>: 1&ndash;12<span class="printonly">. http://journals2005.pasteur.ac.ir/COGD/15(6).pdf#page=10</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=For+better+or+worse%3A+Genomic+consequences+of+genomic+mutualism+and+parasitism&amp;rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Genetics+and+Development&amp;rft.aulast=Wernegreen+J&amp;rft.au=Wernegreen+J&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=15&amp;rft.pages=1%E2%80%9312&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals2005.pasteur.ac.ir%2FCOGD%2F15%286%29.pdf%23page%3D10&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Moran2004-15"><b>^</b> <span class="citation Journal">Moran NA, Plague GR (2004). &quot;Genomic changes following host restriction in bacteria&quot;. <i>Current Opinion in Genetics &amp; Development</i> <b>14</b>: 627&ndash;633. doi:10.1016/j.gde.2004.09.003.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genomic+changes+following+host+restriction+in+bacteria&amp;rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Genetics+%26+Development&amp;rft.aulast=Moran+NA%2C+Plague+GR&amp;rft.au=Moran+NA%2C+Plague+GR&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=14&amp;rft.pages=627%E2%80%93633&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.gde.2004.09.003&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> </ol> </div> <h3><span id="Further_reading" class="mw-headline">Further reading</span></h3> <ul> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.chlamydiae.com/docs/Chlamydiales/ev_genomedegradn.asp"><font color="#3366bb">Evolution of Chlamydiaceae</font></a></li> <li><span class="citation Journal">Andersson JO Andersson SG (1999). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://mbe.oupjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/16/9/1178"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Genome degradation is an ongoing process in Rickettsia&quot;</font></a>. <i>Molecular Biology and Evolution</i> <b>16</b> (9): 1178&ndash;1191. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10486973"><font color="#3366bb">10486973</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://mbe.oupjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/16/9/1178"><font color="#3366bb">http://mbe.oupjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/16/9/1178</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+degradation+is+an+ongoing+process+in+Rickettsia&amp;rft.jtitle=Molecular+Biology+and+Evolution&amp;rft.aulast=Andersson+JO+Andersson+SG&amp;rft.au=Andersson+JO+Andersson+SG&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.volume=16&amp;rft.issue=9&amp;rft.pages=1178%E2%80%931191&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/10486973&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmbe.oupjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F16%2F9%2F1178&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome_size"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> </ul> <h2><span id="External_links" class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomesize.com"><font color="#3366bb">Animal Genome Size Database</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.rbgkew.org.uk/cval/homepage.html"><font color="#3366bb">Plant DNA C-values Database</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.zbi.ee/fungal-genomesize/index.php"><font color="#3366bb">Fungal Genome Size Database</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/FD/"><font color="#3366bb">Fungal Database</font></a> &mdash; by CBS</li> </ul> 94aaa684c2787fc09f9f309d0e81ae6c949996cc 6 2011 3418 2011-01-16T07:22:03Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 6 2012 3420 2011-01-16T07:25:07Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 0 2013 3423 2011-01-16T14:33:55Z WikiSysop 1 Created page with "<p><span style="font-size: small"><em>Nature Genetics </em>| doi:10.1038/ng.691</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><strong>Whole-genome sequencing and comprehensive var..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: small"><em>Nature Genetics </em>| doi:10.1038/ng.691</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><strong>Whole-genome sequencing and comprehensive variant analysis of a Japanese individual using massively parallel sequencing</strong></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><strong><br /> </strong>Akihiro Fujimoto1,2, Hidewaki Nakagawa1, Naoya Hosono1, Kaoru Nakano1, Tetsuo Abe1, Keith A Boroevich1, Masao Nagasaki3, Rui Yamaguchi3, Tetsuo Shibuya3, Michiaki Kubo1, Satoru Miyano2,3, Yusuke Nakamura1,3 &amp; Tatsuhiko Tsunoda1,2</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">We report the analysis of a Japanese male using high-throughput sequencing to &times;40 coverage. More than 99% of the sequence reads were mapped to the reference human genome. Using a Bayesian decision method, we identified 3,132,608 single nucleotide variations (SNVs). Comparison with six previously reported genomes revealed an excess of singleton nonsense and nonsynonymous SNVs, as well as singleton SNVs in conserved non-coding regions. We also identified 5,319 deletions smaller than 10 kb with high accuracy, in addition to copy number variations and rearrangements. De novo assembly of the unmapped sequence reads generated around 3 Mb of novel sequence, which showed high similarity to non-reference human genomes and the human herpesvirus 4 genome. Our analysis suggests that considerable variation remains undiscovered in the human genome and that whole-genome sequencing is an invaluable tool for obtaining a complete understanding of human genetic variation.</span></p> d22d10dc6fc7811596754502515dcd63ffb2774e 3424 3423 2011-01-16T14:34:06Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: small"><em>Nature Genetics </em>| doi:10.1038/ng.691</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><strong>Whole-genome sequencing and comprehensive variant analysis of a Japanese individual using massively parallel sequencing</strong></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><strong><br /> </strong>Akihiro Fujimoto1,2, Hidewaki Nakagawa1, Naoya Hosono1, Kaoru Nakano1, Tetsuo Abe1, Keith A Boroevich1, Masao Nagasaki3, Rui Yamaguchi3, Tetsuo Shibuya3, Michiaki Kubo1, Satoru Miyano2,3, Yusuke Nakamura1,3 &amp; Tatsuhiko Tsunoda1,2</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">We report the analysis of a Japanese male using high-throughput sequencing to &times;40 coverage. More than 99% of the sequence reads were mapped to the reference human genome. Using a Bayesian decision method, we identified 3,132,608 single nucleotide variations (SNVs). Comparison with six previously reported genomes revealed an excess of singleton nonsense and nonsynonymous SNVs, as well as singleton SNVs in conserved non-coding regions. We also identified 5,319 deletions smaller than 10 kb with high accuracy, in addition to copy number variations and rearrangements. De novo assembly of the unmapped sequence reads generated around 3 Mb of novel sequence, which showed high similarity to non-reference human genomes and the human herpesvirus 4 genome. Our analysis suggests that considerable variation remains undiscovered in the human genome and that whole-genome sequencing is an invaluable tool for obtaining a complete understanding of human genetic variation.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> e93ce14fec77d5b8ce0b424fc0a064c9ce00beaf 0 1506 3425 2015 2011-01-16T15:51:28Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: small"><strong>Omics</strong> is a general term for a broad discipline of science and engineering for analyzing the interactions of biological information objects in various&nbsp;</span><a title="Omes" href="http://omics.org/index.php/Omes"><span style="font-size: small">omes</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. These include genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, expressomics&nbsp;and interactomics. The main focus is on 1) mapping information objects such as genes and proteins, 2) finding interaction relationships among the objects and 3) engineering the networks and objects to understand and manipulate the regulatory mechanisms.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <br /> [http://omics.org Omics.org] </span></p> 2b5062c6b988d960a62221366796b48e3550dbf9 0 2018 3432 2011-01-18T13:37:33Z S 72 Created page with "<p><a href="http://mammoth.psu.edu/">http://mammoth.psu.edu/</a></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p>" wikitext text/x-wiki <p><a href="http://mammoth.psu.edu/">http://mammoth.psu.edu/</a></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> b7613179eb8f6ac17bf0068b8ce15bd29ff956f1 0 1536 3447 1657 2011-01-31T10:36:59Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>Pangenomics is the genomics study for sequencing all the species in the universe whether they are culturable or not and extinct or not.<br /> <br /> [[Dinosaurus genome project]]<br /> [[Humam microbial genome project]]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">Links</span></p> <p>[http://pangenomics.org Pangenomics.org]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 38ddd8db1764d97ece363c6754c894d7dc4431d3 0 2027 3449 2011-02-01T21:17:01Z J 2 Created page with "<p><span style="font-size: medium"><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft_id=info%3A..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: medium"><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1188021&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fresearchblogging.org&amp;rft.atitle=A+Draft+Sequence+of+the+Neandertal+Genome&amp;rft.issn=0036-8075&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.volume=328&amp;rft.issue=5979&amp;rft.spage=710&amp;rft.epage=722&amp;rft.artnum=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fdoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1188021&amp;rft.au=Green%2C+R.&amp;rft.au=Krause%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Briggs%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Maricic%2C+T.&amp;rft.au=Stenzel%2C+U.&amp;rft.au=Kircher%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Patterson%2C+N.&amp;rft.au=Li%2C+H.&amp;rft.au=Zhai%2C+W.&amp;rft.au=Fritz%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Hansen%2C+N.&amp;rft.au=Durand%2C+E.&amp;rft.au=Malaspinas%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Jensen%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Marques-Bonet%2C+T.&amp;rft.au=Alkan%2C+C.&amp;rft.au=Prufer%2C+K.&amp;rft.au=Meyer%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Burbano%2C+H.&amp;rft.au=Good%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Schultz%2C+R.&amp;rft.au=Aximu-Petri%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Butthof%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Hober%2C+B.&amp;rft.au=Hoffner%2C+B.&amp;rft.au=Siegemund%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Weihmann%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Nusbaum%2C+C.&amp;rft.au=Lander%2C+E.&amp;rft.au=Russ%2C+C.&amp;rft.au=Novod%2C+N.&amp;rft.au=Affourtit%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Egholm%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Verna%2C+C.&amp;rft.au=Rudan%2C+P.&amp;rft.au=Brajkovic%2C+D.&amp;rft.au=Kucan%2C+Z.&amp;rft.au=Gusic%2C+I.&amp;rft.au=Doronichev%2C+V.&amp;rft.au=Golovanova%2C+L.&amp;rft.au=Lalueza-Fox%2C+C.&amp;rft.au=de+la+Rasilla%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Fortea%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Rosas%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Schmitz%2C+R.&amp;rft.au=Johnson%2C+P.&amp;rft.au=Eichler%2C+E.&amp;rft.au=Falush%2C+D.&amp;rft.au=Birney%2C+E.&amp;rft.au=Mullikin%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Slatkin%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Nielsen%2C+R.&amp;rft.au=Kelso%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Lachmann%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Reich%2C+D.&amp;rft.au=Paabo%2C+S.&amp;rfe_dat=bpr3.included=1;bpr3.tags=Anthropology%2CBiology%2CGenomics%2C+Evolutionary+Anthropology%2C+Paleontology%2C+Archeology">A Draft Sequence of the Neandertal Genome </span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1188021&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fresearchblogging.org&amp;rft.atitle=A+Draft+Sequence+of+the+Neandertal+Genome&amp;rft.issn=0036-8075&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.volume=328&amp;rft.issue=5979&amp;rft.spage=710&amp;rft.epage=722&amp;rft.artnum=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fdoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1188021&amp;rft.au=Green%2C+R.&amp;rft.au=Krause%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Briggs%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Maricic%2C+T.&amp;rft.au=Stenzel%2C+U.&amp;rft.au=Kircher%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Patterson%2C+N.&amp;rft.au=Li%2C+H.&amp;rft.au=Zhai%2C+W.&amp;rft.au=Fritz%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Hansen%2C+N.&amp;rft.au=Durand%2C+E.&amp;rft.au=Malaspinas%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Jensen%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Marques-Bonet%2C+T.&amp;rft.au=Alkan%2C+C.&amp;rft.au=Prufer%2C+K.&amp;rft.au=Meyer%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Burbano%2C+H.&amp;rft.au=Good%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Schultz%2C+R.&amp;rft.au=Aximu-Petri%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Butthof%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Hober%2C+B.&amp;rft.au=Hoffner%2C+B.&amp;rft.au=Siegemund%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Weihmann%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Nusbaum%2C+C.&amp;rft.au=Lander%2C+E.&amp;rft.au=Russ%2C+C.&amp;rft.au=Novod%2C+N.&amp;rft.au=Affourtit%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Egholm%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Verna%2C+C.&amp;rft.au=Rudan%2C+P.&amp;rft.au=Brajkovic%2C+D.&amp;rft.au=Kucan%2C+Z.&amp;rft.au=Gusic%2C+I.&amp;rft.au=Doronichev%2C+V.&amp;rft.au=Golovanova%2C+L.&amp;rft.au=Lalueza-Fox%2C+C.&amp;rft.au=de+la+Rasilla%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Fortea%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Rosas%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Schmitz%2C+R.&amp;rft.au=Johnson%2C+P.&amp;rft.au=Eichler%2C+E.&amp;rft.au=Falush%2C+D.&amp;rft.au=Birney%2C+E.&amp;rft.au=Mullikin%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Slatkin%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Nielsen%2C+R.&amp;rft.au=Kelso%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Lachmann%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Reich%2C+D.&amp;rft.au=Paabo%2C+S.&amp;rfe_dat=bpr3.included=1;bpr3.tags=Anthropology%2CBiology%2CGenomics%2C+Evolutionary+Anthropology%2C+Paleontology%2C+Archeology"><span style="font-style: italic">Science</span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1188021&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fresearchblogging.org&amp;rft.atitle=A+Draft+Sequence+of+the+Neandertal+Genome&amp;rft.issn=0036-8075&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.volume=328&amp;rft.issue=5979&amp;rft.spage=710&amp;rft.epage=722&amp;rft.artnum=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fdoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1188021&amp;rft.au=Green%2C+R.&amp;rft.au=Krause%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Briggs%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Maricic%2C+T.&amp;rft.au=Stenzel%2C+U.&amp;rft.au=Kircher%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Patterson%2C+N.&amp;rft.au=Li%2C+H.&amp;rft.au=Zhai%2C+W.&amp;rft.au=Fritz%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Hansen%2C+N.&amp;rft.au=Durand%2C+E.&amp;rft.au=Malaspinas%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Jensen%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Marques-Bonet%2C+T.&amp;rft.au=Alkan%2C+C.&amp;rft.au=Prufer%2C+K.&amp;rft.au=Meyer%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Burbano%2C+H.&amp;rft.au=Good%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Schultz%2C+R.&amp;rft.au=Aximu-Petri%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Butthof%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Hober%2C+B.&amp;rft.au=Hoffner%2C+B.&amp;rft.au=Siegemund%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Weihmann%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Nusbaum%2C+C.&amp;rft.au=Lander%2C+E.&amp;rft.au=Russ%2C+C.&amp;rft.au=Novod%2C+N.&amp;rft.au=Affourtit%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Egholm%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Verna%2C+C.&amp;rft.au=Rudan%2C+P.&amp;rft.au=Brajkovic%2C+D.&amp;rft.au=Kucan%2C+Z.&amp;rft.au=Gusic%2C+I.&amp;rft.au=Doronichev%2C+V.&amp;rft.au=Golovanova%2C+L.&amp;rft.au=Lalueza-Fox%2C+C.&amp;rft.au=de+la+Rasilla%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Fortea%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Rosas%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Schmitz%2C+R.&amp;rft.au=Johnson%2C+P.&amp;rft.au=Eichler%2C+E.&amp;rft.au=Falush%2C+D.&amp;rft.au=Birney%2C+E.&amp;rft.au=Mullikin%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Slatkin%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Nielsen%2C+R.&amp;rft.au=Kelso%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Lachmann%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Reich%2C+D.&amp;rft.au=Paabo%2C+S.&amp;rfe_dat=bpr3.included=1;bpr3.tags=Anthropology%2CBiology%2CGenomics%2C+Evolutionary+Anthropology%2C+Paleontology%2C+Archeology">Green, R., Krause, J., Briggs, A., Maricic, T., Stenzel, U., Kircher, M., Patterson, N., Li, H., Zhai, W., Fritz, M., Hansen, N., Durand, E., Malaspinas, A., Jensen, J., Marques-Bonet, T., Alkan, C., Prufer, K., Meyer, M., Burbano, H., Good, J., Schultz, R., Aximu-Petri, A., Butthof, A., Hober, B., Hoffner, B., Siegemund, M., Weihmann, A., Nusbaum, C., Lander, E., Russ, C., Novod, N., Affourtit, J., Egholm, M., Verna, C., Rudan, P., Brajkovic, D., Kucan, Z., Gusic, I., Doronichev, V., Golovanova, L., Lalueza-Fox, C., de la Rasilla, M., Fortea, J., Rosas, A., Schmitz, R., Johnson, P., Eichler, E., Falush, D., Birney, E., Mullikin, J., Slatkin, M., Nielsen, R., Kelso, J., Lachmann, M., Reich, D., &amp; Paabo, S. (2010). <span style="font-style: italic">, 328</span> (5979), 710-722 DOI: </span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1188021&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fresearchblogging.org&amp;rft.atitle=A+Draft+Sequence+of+the+Neandertal+Genome&amp;rft.issn=0036-8075&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.volume=328&amp;rft.issue=5979&amp;rft.spage=710&amp;rft.epage=722&amp;rft.artnum=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fdoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1188021&amp;rft.au=Green%2C+R.&amp;rft.au=Krause%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Briggs%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Maricic%2C+T.&amp;rft.au=Stenzel%2C+U.&amp;rft.au=Kircher%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Patterson%2C+N.&amp;rft.au=Li%2C+H.&amp;rft.au=Zhai%2C+W.&amp;rft.au=Fritz%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Hansen%2C+N.&amp;rft.au=Durand%2C+E.&amp;rft.au=Malaspinas%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Jensen%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Marques-Bonet%2C+T.&amp;rft.au=Alkan%2C+C.&amp;rft.au=Prufer%2C+K.&amp;rft.au=Meyer%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Burbano%2C+H.&amp;rft.au=Good%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Schultz%2C+R.&amp;rft.au=Aximu-Petri%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Butthof%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Hober%2C+B.&amp;rft.au=Hoffner%2C+B.&amp;rft.au=Siegemund%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Weihmann%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Nusbaum%2C+C.&amp;rft.au=Lander%2C+E.&amp;rft.au=Russ%2C+C.&amp;rft.au=Novod%2C+N.&amp;rft.au=Affourtit%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Egholm%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Verna%2C+C.&amp;rft.au=Rudan%2C+P.&amp;rft.au=Brajkovic%2C+D.&amp;rft.au=Kucan%2C+Z.&amp;rft.au=Gusic%2C+I.&amp;rft.au=Doronichev%2C+V.&amp;rft.au=Golovanova%2C+L.&amp;rft.au=Lalueza-Fox%2C+C.&amp;rft.au=de+la+Rasilla%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Fortea%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Rosas%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Schmitz%2C+R.&amp;rft.au=Johnson%2C+P.&amp;rft.au=Eichler%2C+E.&amp;rft.au=Falush%2C+D.&amp;rft.au=Birney%2C+E.&amp;rft.au=Mullikin%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Slatkin%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Nielsen%2C+R.&amp;rft.au=Kelso%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Lachmann%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Reich%2C+D.&amp;rft.au=Paabo%2C+S.&amp;rfe_dat=bpr3.included=1;bpr3.tags=Anthropology%2CBiology%2CGenomics%2C+Evolutionary+Anthropology%2C+Paleontology%2C+Archeology"><a onclick="javascript:_gaq.push(['_trackEvent','outbound-article','dx.doi.org']);" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1188021" rev="review"><span style="font-size: small">10.1126/science.1188021</span></a></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> d503cddb7bbe3f6307fc44fd203afd8f7a395cc9 0 2028 3451 2011-02-02T06:00:26Z J 2 Created page with "<p><a href="http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2011/01/orangutan-genome.html">http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2011/01/orangutan-genome.html</a></p> <p>&nbsp;</p>" wikitext text/x-wiki <p><a href="http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2011/01/orangutan-genome.html">http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2011/01/orangutan-genome.html</a></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> e14310857b534d79ef146fb4089a5b42dff3ba6b 0 1878 3452 3187 2011-02-02T06:02:26Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <br> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><font size="4"><font size="3"><strong>20101009: [[Image:Paris japonica logo openfree.gif]] [[The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica]]: &rArr; [[Genome size]] <br /> 20100907: [[Image:Turkey logo 2.gif]] [[Turkey genome sequenced 20100907]] &rArr; [[Bird genome]]&nbsp;<br /> 20100818: [[Image:Scripps logo openfree 1.gif]] [[Image:Sanofi aventis logo1.gif]] </strong></font><font size="3"><strong>[[Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging]]</strong> <br /> <strong>20100810:[[Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection]]<br /> <br /> 20100711:Theragen [[Totalomics Solutions Launched]] &rArr;[[Genome sequencing product]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20100427: [[GET conference Boston by PGP]] Boston, 27th April.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20100419: [[Personal Genomics Institute established]] &rArr;[[Genome Institutes]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20100401: [[IonTorrent ion-sequencing machine announced publically]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20100330:[[The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill]]: PGP9. 20100330.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20100325: [[The dynamic genome of Hydra]] Nature. 2010 Mar 25 &rArr; [[Animal Genome]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20100315:[[The Human Genome Rights]] Declaration. 20100315 &rArr;[[GenomeEthics]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20100310: [[Whole-Genome Sequencing in a Patient with Charcot&ndash;Marie&ndash;Tooth Neuropathy]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20100126: GATC Biotech Purchases [[HiSeq 2000]] Instrument. . &rArr;[[GenomeSequencer]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20100303:</strong> [[Theragen Inc. launched a personal genome typing service similar to 23andme's. However, the product was&nbsp;<br /> withheld due to legal issues.]]&nbsp;</font></font></p> <p><font size="4"><font size="3"><strong>20100121:</strong> [[File:Panda logo tr openfree_2.jpg]] [[The sequence of Giant Panda genome assembled de novo by NGS by BGI.]]&nbsp;<br /> <strong><br /> 20091230:</strong> [[Theragen Inc. in Korea launches commercial full genome and SNP chip personal genome service. The first in Asia]]<br /> <strong><br /> 20090928:</strong> [[Potato genome draft announced]]</font><strong><br /> <font size="3"><br /> 20090810:</font></strong><font size="3"> [[A Caucasian human genome was sequenced by Helicos single molecule sequencer]].<br /> <strong><br /> 20090805:</strong> [[Recurring Mutations Found by Full length Sequencing of an Acute Myeloid Leukemia Genome (AML)]]. [[N&nbsp;<br /> Engl J Med]]<br /> <strong><br /> 20090802:</strong> [[The complete genome sequence of Triticum mosaic virus is published in Arch Vriol.]]<br /> <strong><br /> 20090730</strong>: [[Crocodile genome map published in BMC Genomics]].<br /> <strong><br /> 20090727</strong>: [[A new multiplex sequencing method published by MPI group for highly degraded DNA fragments. Cave&nbsp;<br /> bear mitochondria]]<br /> <br /> <strong>20090724</strong>: DNA Sequencing and&nbsp;Array Drive 8% Growth for Roche in First Half of 2009. [[454 GS FLX]] and [[Nimblegen]]. [http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/dna-sequencing-systems-arrays-drive-8-percent-growth-roche-applied-science-first]<br /> <br /> <strong>20090724</strong>: BGI (Beijing Genomics Institute) in China participates in orchid genome (<em>[[Phalaenopsis equestris]]) </em>sequencing. [http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/bgi-china-partners-sequence-orchids]<br /> <strong><br /> 20090716</strong>: Navigenics Lowers Health Compass Price to $999 USD. [http://www.genomeweb.com/dxpgx/navigenics-<br /> lowers-health-compass-price-1k]<br /> <strong><br /> 20090716</strong>: Celera Uses&nbsp;Automated Workflows for Genomics [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/17/celera-pushes-boundaries.html]<br /> <br /> <strong>20090716</strong>: [[A draft genomic sequence for a worm, Schistosoma japonicum, was published]].<br /> <br /> <strong>20090716</strong>: Genomes Of Parasitic Flatworms Decoded: <em>Schistosoma mansoni</em> and <em>Schistosoma japonicum</em> [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090715131439.htm]<br /> <strong><br /> 20090716</strong>: <!-- a href=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl?z2090023735&amp;z=950242273 target=_parent><b>Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</b></a --></font><a target="_parent" d.moreover.com="" click="" c.moreover.com="" href="http://www.bioportfolio.co.uk/cgi-bin/dialogserver.exe?CMD=hit.displayMdoc&amp;ID=3022030&amp;HITNO=2&amp;MSIZE=634&amp;LANGUAGE=en&amp;FILE=doc.NEWSFEED&amp;SAVEQUERY00=Genomics&amp;SAVEPROP00=L%3den&amp;SAVEDB=news&amp;SAVEORGANISE_CODED=R:date&amp;R=3022030&amp;THISHREF=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl%3fz2090023735%26amp%3bz%3d950242273&amp;THEHOST=site d.moreover.com"><strong><font color="#0066cc" size="3">Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</font></strong></a><font size="3">&nbsp;<br /> <strong><br /> 20090715</strong>: [[Pathway Genomics]] starts the Direct-to-Consumer Genomics service as 23andme and Decodeme&nbsp;<br /> [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/15/pathway-consumer-genomics.html]<br /> <strong><br /> 20090714</strong>: OryzaSNP Consortium IDs Thousands of Variants in Rice Genome: [http://www.genomeweb.com/arrays/oryzasnp-consortium-ids-thousands-variants-rice-genome]&nbsp;<br /> <strong><br /> 20090709</strong>: [[The second Korean pesonal genome was sequenced by a Korean team and analyzed by US researchers]] (Macrogen and Seoul University Medical School)<br /> <strong><br /> 20090630</strong>: [[Genomic linkage map of the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni]]:&nbsp; <em>Genome Biology</em> 2009, <strong>10</strong><strong>:</strong>R71<span class="pseudotab">doi:10.1186/gb-2009-10-6-r71</span>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <strong>20090629</strong>: [[Melon Genome Map was publicized by US researchers]]<br /> <strong><br /> 20090616</strong>: Illumina Launches Personal Genome-Sequencing Service Using Genome Analyzer II. [http://scienceblogs.com/geneticfuture/2009/06/illumina_launches_personal_gen.php]<br /> <strong><br /> 20090604</strong>: [[An integrated genetic and cytogenetic map of the cucumber genome was announced in PLOS One]]<br /> <strong><br /> 20090603</strong>: [[Neanderthal genome sequeced by MPI Germany and Roche]]<br /> <strong><br /> 20090601</strong>: Microsoft buys Rosetta Biosoftware from Merck. Merck becomes the client of Microsoft.<br /> <strong><br /> 20090529:&nbsp;</strong>[[A new malaria agent in African chimpanzees found]].&nbsp;<br /> <strong><br /> 20090526</strong>: [[The first Korean Genome Sequence analysis]] by two Korean teams&nbsp;published in&nbsp;<br /> [http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2009/05/26/gr.092197.109.full.pdf+html Genome Research article]<br /> <br /> <strong>20081208</strong>: [[Soybean genome, G. max data publicized]]<br /> <strong><br /> 20081204</strong>: [http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/tech/2008/12/133_35578.html Korean Genome Publicized]. The sequencing and bioinformatic analyses were carried out by two&nbsp;Korean teams. <br /> </font><br /> <br /> </font></p> <p><font size="4"><hr /> [[Genomics News Links]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Biotechnology News Sites]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Science News Sites]]<br /> <br /> </font></p> a270ea7b2685b521fb5767db7a090094c172dd1d 3453 3452 2011-02-02T06:03:11Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><br /> &nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>20110127: [[University of Colorado gets funds for genome sequencing from the government]]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><font size="4"><font size="3"><strong>20101009: [[Image:Paris japonica logo openfree.gif]] [[The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica]]: &rArr; [[Genome size]] <br /> 20100907: [[Image:Turkey logo 2.gif]] [[Turkey genome sequenced 20100907]] &rArr; [[Bird genome]]&nbsp;<br /> 20100818: [[Image:Scripps logo openfree 1.gif]] [[Image:Sanofi aventis logo1.gif]] </strong></font><font size="3"><strong>[[Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging]]</strong> <br /> <strong>20100810:[[Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection]]<br /> <br /> 20100711:Theragen [[Totalomics Solutions Launched]] &rArr;[[Genome sequencing product]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20100427: [[GET conference Boston by PGP]] Boston, 27th April.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20100419: [[Personal Genomics Institute established]] &rArr;[[Genome Institutes]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20100401: [[IonTorrent ion-sequencing machine announced publically]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20100330:[[The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill]]: PGP9. 20100330.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20100325: [[The dynamic genome of Hydra]] Nature. 2010 Mar 25 &rArr; [[Animal Genome]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20100315:[[The Human Genome Rights]] Declaration. 20100315 &rArr;[[GenomeEthics]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20100310: [[Whole-Genome Sequencing in a Patient with Charcot&ndash;Marie&ndash;Tooth Neuropathy]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20100126: GATC Biotech Purchases [[HiSeq 2000]] Instrument. . &rArr;[[GenomeSequencer]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20100303:</strong> [[Theragen Inc. launched a personal genome typing service similar to 23andme's. However, the product was&nbsp;<br /> withheld due to legal issues.]]&nbsp;</font></font></p> <p><font size="4"><font size="3"><strong>20100121:</strong> [[File:Panda logo tr openfree_2.jpg]] [[The sequence of Giant Panda genome assembled de novo by NGS by BGI.]]&nbsp;<br /> <strong><br /> 20091230:</strong> [[Theragen Inc. in Korea launches commercial full genome and SNP chip personal genome service. The first in Asia]]<br /> <strong><br /> 20090928:</strong> [[Potato genome draft announced]]</font><strong><br /> <font size="3"><br /> 20090810:</font></strong><font size="3"> [[A Caucasian human genome was sequenced by Helicos single molecule sequencer]].<br /> <strong><br /> 20090805:</strong> [[Recurring Mutations Found by Full length Sequencing of an Acute Myeloid Leukemia Genome (AML)]]. [[N&nbsp;<br /> Engl J Med]]<br /> <strong><br /> 20090802:</strong> [[The complete genome sequence of Triticum mosaic virus is published in Arch Vriol.]]<br /> <strong><br /> 20090730</strong>: [[Crocodile genome map published in BMC Genomics]].<br /> <strong><br /> 20090727</strong>: [[A new multiplex sequencing method published by MPI group for highly degraded DNA fragments. Cave&nbsp;<br /> bear mitochondria]]<br /> <br /> <strong>20090724</strong>: DNA Sequencing and&nbsp;Array Drive 8% Growth for Roche in First Half of 2009. [[454 GS FLX]] and [[Nimblegen]]. [http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/dna-sequencing-systems-arrays-drive-8-percent-growth-roche-applied-science-first]<br /> <br /> <strong>20090724</strong>: BGI (Beijing Genomics Institute) in China participates in orchid genome (<em>[[Phalaenopsis equestris]]) </em>sequencing. [http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/bgi-china-partners-sequence-orchids]<br /> <strong><br /> 20090716</strong>: Navigenics Lowers Health Compass Price to $999 USD. [http://www.genomeweb.com/dxpgx/navigenics-<br /> lowers-health-compass-price-1k]<br /> <strong><br /> 20090716</strong>: Celera Uses&nbsp;Automated Workflows for Genomics [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/17/celera-pushes-boundaries.html]<br /> <br /> <strong>20090716</strong>: [[A draft genomic sequence for a worm, Schistosoma japonicum, was published]].<br /> <br /> <strong>20090716</strong>: Genomes Of Parasitic Flatworms Decoded: <em>Schistosoma mansoni</em> and <em>Schistosoma japonicum</em> [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090715131439.htm]<br /> <strong><br /> 20090716</strong>: <!-- a href=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl?z2090023735&amp;z=950242273 target=_parent><b>Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</b></a --></font><a target="_parent" d.moreover.com="" click="" c.moreover.com="" href="http://www.bioportfolio.co.uk/cgi-bin/dialogserver.exe?CMD=hit.displayMdoc&amp;ID=3022030&amp;HITNO=2&amp;MSIZE=634&amp;LANGUAGE=en&amp;FILE=doc.NEWSFEED&amp;SAVEQUERY00=Genomics&amp;SAVEPROP00=L%3den&amp;SAVEDB=news&amp;SAVEORGANISE_CODED=R:date&amp;R=3022030&amp;THISHREF=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl%3fz2090023735%26amp%3bz%3d950242273&amp;THEHOST=site d.moreover.com"><strong><font color="#0066cc" size="3">Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</font></strong></a><font size="3">&nbsp;<br /> <strong><br /> 20090715</strong>: [[Pathway Genomics]] starts the Direct-to-Consumer Genomics service as 23andme and Decodeme&nbsp;<br /> [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/15/pathway-consumer-genomics.html]<br /> <strong><br /> 20090714</strong>: OryzaSNP Consortium IDs Thousands of Variants in Rice Genome: [http://www.genomeweb.com/arrays/oryzasnp-consortium-ids-thousands-variants-rice-genome]&nbsp;<br /> <strong><br /> 20090709</strong>: [[The second Korean pesonal genome was sequenced by a Korean team and analyzed by US researchers]] (Macrogen and Seoul University Medical School)<br /> <strong><br /> 20090630</strong>: [[Genomic linkage map of the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni]]:&nbsp; <em>Genome Biology</em> 2009, <strong>10</strong><strong>:</strong>R71<span class="pseudotab">doi:10.1186/gb-2009-10-6-r71</span>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <strong>20090629</strong>: [[Melon Genome Map was publicized by US researchers]]<br /> <strong><br /> 20090616</strong>: Illumina Launches Personal Genome-Sequencing Service Using Genome Analyzer II. [http://scienceblogs.com/geneticfuture/2009/06/illumina_launches_personal_gen.php]<br /> <strong><br /> 20090604</strong>: [[An integrated genetic and cytogenetic map of the cucumber genome was announced in PLOS One]]<br /> <strong><br /> 20090603</strong>: [[Neanderthal genome sequeced by MPI Germany and Roche]]<br /> <strong><br /> 20090601</strong>: Microsoft buys Rosetta Biosoftware from Merck. Merck becomes the client of Microsoft.<br /> <strong><br /> 20090529:&nbsp;</strong>[[A new malaria agent in African chimpanzees found]].&nbsp;<br /> <strong><br /> 20090526</strong>: [[The first Korean Genome Sequence analysis]] by two Korean teams&nbsp;published in&nbsp;<br /> [http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2009/05/26/gr.092197.109.full.pdf+html Genome Research article]<br /> <br /> <strong>20081208</strong>: [[Soybean genome, G. max data publicized]]<br /> <strong><br /> 20081204</strong>: [http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/tech/2008/12/133_35578.html Korean Genome Publicized]. The sequencing and bioinformatic analyses were carried out by two&nbsp;Korean teams. <br /> </font><br /> <br /> </font></p> <p><font size="4"><hr /> [[Genomics News Links]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Biotechnology News Sites]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Science News Sites]]<br /> <br /> </font></p> ed3c00b9a8a6bfc01280f596a84c3b0132ca5793 3455 3453 2011-02-02T06:05:31Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><br /> &nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>20110127: [[University of Colorado gets funds for genome sequencing from the government]]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><font size="4"><font size="3"><strong>20101009: [[Image:Paris japonica logo openfree.gif]] [[The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica]]: &rArr; [[Genome size]] <br /> 20100907: [[Image:Turkey logo 2.gif]] [[Turkey genome sequenced 20100907]] &rArr; [[Bird genome]]&nbsp;<br /> 20100818: [[Image:Scripps logo openfree 1.gif]] [[Image:Sanofi aventis logo1.gif]] </strong></font><font size="3"><strong>[[Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging]]</strong> <br /> <strong>20100810:[[Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection]]<br /> <br /> 20100711:Theragen [[Totalomics Solutions Launched]] &rArr;[[Genome sequencing product]]&nbsp;</strong></font></font></p> <p><font size="4"><font size="3"><strong>20100623: [[African Genomics project launched]]<br /> <br /> 20100427: [[GET conference Boston by PGP]] Boston, 27th April.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20100419: [[Personal Genomics Institute established]] &rArr;[[Genome Institutes]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20100401: [[IonTorrent ion-sequencing machine announced publically]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20100330:[[The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill]]: PGP9. 20100330.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20100325: [[The dynamic genome of Hydra]] Nature. 2010 Mar 25 &rArr; [[Animal Genome]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20100315:[[The Human Genome Rights]] Declaration. 20100315 &rArr;[[GenomeEthics]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20100310: [[Whole-Genome Sequencing in a Patient with Charcot&ndash;Marie&ndash;Tooth Neuropathy]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20100126: GATC Biotech Purchases [[HiSeq 2000]] Instrument. . &rArr;[[GenomeSequencer]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20100303:</strong> [[Theragen Inc. launched a personal genome typing service similar to 23andme's. However, the product was&nbsp;<br /> withheld due to legal issues.]]&nbsp;</font></font></p> <p><font size="4"><font size="3"><strong>20100121:</strong> [[File:Panda logo tr openfree_2.jpg]] [[The sequence of Giant Panda genome assembled de novo by NGS by BGI.]]&nbsp;<br /> <strong><br /> 20091230:</strong> [[Theragen Inc. in Korea launches commercial full genome and SNP chip personal genome service. The first in Asia]]<br /> <strong><br /> 20090928:</strong> [[Potato genome draft announced]]</font><strong><br /> <font size="3"><br /> 20090810:</font></strong><font size="3"> [[A Caucasian human genome was sequenced by Helicos single molecule sequencer]].<br /> <strong><br /> 20090805:</strong> [[Recurring Mutations Found by Full length Sequencing of an Acute Myeloid Leukemia Genome (AML)]]. [[N&nbsp;<br /> Engl J Med]]<br /> <strong><br /> 20090802:</strong> [[The complete genome sequence of Triticum mosaic virus is published in Arch Vriol.]]<br /> <strong><br /> 20090730</strong>: [[Crocodile genome map published in BMC Genomics]].<br /> <strong><br /> 20090727</strong>: [[A new multiplex sequencing method published by MPI group for highly degraded DNA fragments. Cave&nbsp;<br /> bear mitochondria]]<br /> <br /> <strong>20090724</strong>: DNA Sequencing and&nbsp;Array Drive 8% Growth for Roche in First Half of 2009. [[454 GS FLX]] and [[Nimblegen]]. [http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/dna-sequencing-systems-arrays-drive-8-percent-growth-roche-applied-science-first]<br /> <br /> <strong>20090724</strong>: BGI (Beijing Genomics Institute) in China participates in orchid genome (<em>[[Phalaenopsis equestris]]) </em>sequencing. [http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/bgi-china-partners-sequence-orchids]<br /> <strong><br /> 20090716</strong>: Navigenics Lowers Health Compass Price to $999 USD. [http://www.genomeweb.com/dxpgx/navigenics-<br /> lowers-health-compass-price-1k]<br /> <strong><br /> 20090716</strong>: Celera Uses&nbsp;Automated Workflows for Genomics [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/17/celera-pushes-boundaries.html]<br /> <br /> <strong>20090716</strong>: [[A draft genomic sequence for a worm, Schistosoma japonicum, was published]].<br /> <br /> <strong>20090716</strong>: Genomes Of Parasitic Flatworms Decoded: <em>Schistosoma mansoni</em> and <em>Schistosoma japonicum</em> [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090715131439.htm]<br /> <strong><br /> 20090716</strong>: <!-- a href=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl?z2090023735&amp;z=950242273 target=_parent><b>Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</b></a --></font><a target="_parent" d.moreover.com="" click="" c.moreover.com="" href="http://www.bioportfolio.co.uk/cgi-bin/dialogserver.exe?CMD=hit.displayMdoc&amp;ID=3022030&amp;HITNO=2&amp;MSIZE=634&amp;LANGUAGE=en&amp;FILE=doc.NEWSFEED&amp;SAVEQUERY00=Genomics&amp;SAVEPROP00=L%3den&amp;SAVEDB=news&amp;SAVEORGANISE_CODED=R:date&amp;R=3022030&amp;THISHREF=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl%3fz2090023735%26amp%3bz%3d950242273&amp;THEHOST=site d.moreover.com"><strong><font color="#0066cc" size="3">Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</font></strong></a><font size="3">&nbsp;<br /> <strong><br /> 20090715</strong>: [[Pathway Genomics]] starts the Direct-to-Consumer Genomics service as 23andme and Decodeme&nbsp;<br /> [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/15/pathway-consumer-genomics.html]<br /> <strong><br /> 20090714</strong>: OryzaSNP Consortium IDs Thousands of Variants in Rice Genome: [http://www.genomeweb.com/arrays/oryzasnp-consortium-ids-thousands-variants-rice-genome]&nbsp;<br /> <strong><br /> 20090709</strong>: [[The second Korean pesonal genome was sequenced by a Korean team and analyzed by US researchers]] (Macrogen and Seoul University Medical School)<br /> <strong><br /> 20090630</strong>: [[Genomic linkage map of the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni]]:&nbsp; <em>Genome Biology</em> 2009, <strong>10</strong><strong>:</strong>R71<span class="pseudotab">doi:10.1186/gb-2009-10-6-r71</span>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <strong>20090629</strong>: [[Melon Genome Map was publicized by US researchers]]<br /> <strong><br /> 20090616</strong>: Illumina Launches Personal Genome-Sequencing Service Using Genome Analyzer II. [http://scienceblogs.com/geneticfuture/2009/06/illumina_launches_personal_gen.php]<br /> <strong><br /> 20090604</strong>: [[An integrated genetic and cytogenetic map of the cucumber genome was announced in PLOS One]]<br /> <strong><br /> 20090603</strong>: [[Neanderthal genome sequeced by MPI Germany and Roche]]<br /> <strong><br /> 20090601</strong>: Microsoft buys Rosetta Biosoftware from Merck. Merck becomes the client of Microsoft.<br /> <strong><br /> 20090529:&nbsp;</strong>[[A new malaria agent in African chimpanzees found]].&nbsp;<br /> <strong><br /> 20090526</strong>: [[The first Korean Genome Sequence analysis]] by two Korean teams&nbsp;published in&nbsp;<br /> [http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2009/05/26/gr.092197.109.full.pdf+html Genome Research article]<br /> <br /> <strong>20081208</strong>: [[Soybean genome, G. max data publicized]]<br /> <strong><br /> 20081204</strong>: [http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/tech/2008/12/133_35578.html Korean Genome Publicized]. The sequencing and bioinformatic analyses were carried out by two&nbsp;Korean teams. <br /> </font><br /> <br /> </font></p> <p><font size="4"><hr /> [[Genomics News Links]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Biotechnology News Sites]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Science News Sites]]<br /> <br /> </font></p> 089c9111b037d30120db63efac3123844e0a4024 0 2029 3454 2011-02-02T06:03:39Z J 2 Created page with "<p>The University of Colorado School of Medicine will use a $2.2 million federal grant to add new tools to a personalized medicine program it runs with six hospitals and health c..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p>The University of Colorado School of Medicine will use a $2.2 million federal grant to add new tools to a personalized medicine program it runs with six hospitals and health care organizations and partnerships in Colorado, the school said this week</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><a href="http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/u-colorado-boosting-sequencing-power">http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/u-colorado-boosting-sequencing-power</a></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 13d3c07742d44c02a3ed4e6bc9e24968132c12f0 0 2030 3456 2011-02-02T06:06:33Z J 2 Created page with "<p><span style="font-size: medium">African Genomics project launched</span></p> <p><a href="http://www.scidev.net/en/news/african-genomics-project-launched.html">http://www.scide..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: medium">African Genomics project launched</span></p> <p><a href="http://www.scidev.net/en/news/african-genomics-project-launched.html">http://www.scidev.net/en/news/african-genomics-project-launched.html</a>)</p> <h2 class="title">Africa Genomics Effort Taking Shape</h2> <p><u><font color="#800080"><a href="http://www.genomeweb.com/africa-genomics-effort-taking-shape?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+genomeweb%2Fgenomeweb-daily-news+(GenomeWeb+Daily+News">http://www.genomeweb.com/africa-genomics-effort-taking-shape?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+genomeweb%2Fgenomeweb-daily-news+(GenomeWeb+Daily+News</a></font></u></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 77e5fdb2bf363bb9002a71ea53895bfeae690c84 3457 3456 2011-02-02T06:07:00Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: large">African Genomics project launched</span></p> <p><a href="http://www.scidev.net/en/news/african-genomics-project-launched.html"><span style="font-size: medium">http://www.scidev.net/en/news/african-genomics-project-launched.html</span></a><span style="font-size: medium">)</span></p> <h2 class="title">Africa Genomics Effort Taking Shape</h2> <h2 class="title"><u><font color="#800080"><a href="http://www.genomeweb.com/africa-genomics-effort-taking-shape?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+genomeweb%2Fgenomeweb-daily-news+(GenomeWeb+Daily+News">http://www.genomeweb.com/africa-genomics-effort-taking-shape?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+genomeweb%2Fgenomeweb-daily-news+(GenomeWeb+Daily+News</a></font></u></h2> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>Links</p> <p>[http://africangenomics.org Africangenomics.org]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> cecd5cf55385ea3909cfd7648478203464e99873 0 2030 3458 3457 2011-02-02T06:07:30Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: large">African Genomics project launched</span></p> <p><a href="http://www.scidev.net/en/news/african-genomics-project-launched.html"><span style="font-size: medium">http://www.scidev.net/en/news/african-genomics-project-launched.html</span></a><span style="font-size: medium">)</span></p> <h2 class="title">Africa Genomics Effort Taking Shape</h2> <p>[http://www.genomeweb.com/africa-genomics-effort-taking-shape?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+genomeweb%2Fgenomeweb-daily-news+(GenomeWeb+Daily+NewS&nbsp;Africa Genomics Effort Taking Shape]<br /> &nbsp;</p> <p>Links</p> <p>[http://africangenomics.org Africangenomics.org]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 59aaaa1c7730152cd8f249fe7251d968d6f5566d 0 1878 3459 3455 2011-02-02T07:16:30Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: medium"><br /> &nbsp;</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">&nbsp;</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">20110201: [[Three new ant genomes sequenced and reported in PNAS: Draft genome of the globally widespread and invasive Argentine ant (Linepithema humile)]]<br /> </span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">20110127: [[University of Colorado gets funds for genome sequencing from the government]]</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">&nbsp;</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">20101009: [[Image:Paris japonica logo openfree.gif]] [[The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica]]: &rArr; [[Genome size]] <br /> 20100907: [[Image:Turkey logo 2.gif]] [[Turkey genome sequenced 20100907]] &rArr; [[Bird genome]]&nbsp;<br /> 20100818: [[Image:Scripps logo openfree 1.gif]] [[Image:Sanofi aventis logo1.gif]] [[Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging]] <br /> 20100810:[[Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection]]<br /> <br /> 20100711:Theragen [[Totalomics Solutions Launched]] &rArr;[[Genome sequencing product]]&nbsp;</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">20100623: [[African Genomics project launched]]<br /> <br /> 20100427: [[GET conference Boston by PGP]] Boston, 27th April.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20100419: [[Personal Genomics Institute established]] &rArr;[[Genome Institutes]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20100401: [[IonTorrent ion-sequencing machine announced publically]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20100330:[[The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill]]: PGP9. 20100330.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20100325: [[The dynamic genome of Hydra]] Nature. 2010 Mar 25 &rArr; [[Animal Genome]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20100315:[[The Human Genome Rights]] Declaration. 20100315 &rArr;[[GenomeEthics]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20100310: [[Whole-Genome Sequencing in a Patient with Charcot&ndash;Marie&ndash;Tooth Neuropathy]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20100126: GATC Biotech Purchases [[HiSeq 2000]] Instrument. . &rArr;[[GenomeSequencer]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20100303: [[Theragen Inc. launched a personal genome typing service similar to 23andme's. However, the product was&nbsp;<br /> withheld due to legal issues.]]&nbsp;</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">20100121: [[File:Panda logo tr openfree_2.jpg]] [[The sequence of Giant Panda genome assembled de novo by NGS by BGI.]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20091230: [[Theragen Inc. in Korea launches commercial full genome and SNP chip personal genome service. The first in Asia]]<br /> <br /> 20090928: [[Potato genome draft announced]]<br /> <br /> 20090810: [[A Caucasian human genome was sequenced by Helicos single molecule sequencer]].<br /> <br /> 20090805: [[Recurring Mutations Found by Full length Sequencing of an Acute Myeloid Leukemia Genome (AML)]]. [[N&nbsp;<br /> Engl J Med]]<br /> <br /> 20090802: [[The complete genome sequence of Triticum mosaic virus is published in Arch Vriol.]]<br /> <br /> 20090730: [[Crocodile genome map published in BMC Genomics]].<br /> <br /> 20090727: [[A new multiplex sequencing method published by MPI group for highly degraded DNA fragments. Cave&nbsp;<br /> bear mitochondria]]<br /> <br /> 20090724: DNA Sequencing and&nbsp;Array Drive 8% Growth for Roche in First Half of 2009. [[454 GS FLX]] and [[Nimblegen]]. [http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/dna-sequencing-systems-arrays-drive-8-percent-growth-roche-applied-science-first]<br /> <br /> 20090724: BGI (Beijing Genomics Institute) in China participates in orchid genome (<em>[[Phalaenopsis equestris]]) </em>sequencing. [http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/bgi-china-partners-sequence-orchids]<br /> <br /> 20090716: Navigenics Lowers Health Compass Price to $999 USD. [http://www.genomeweb.com/dxpgx/navigenics-<br /> lowers-health-compass-price-1k]<br /> <br /> 20090716: Celera Uses&nbsp;Automated Workflows for Genomics [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/17/celera-pushes-boundaries.html]<br /> <br /> 20090716: [[A draft genomic sequence for a worm, Schistosoma japonicum, was published]].<br /> <br /> 20090716: Genomes Of Parasitic Flatworms Decoded: <em>Schistosoma mansoni</em> and <em>Schistosoma japonicum</em> [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090715131439.htm]<br /> <br /> 20090716: <!-- a href=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl?z2090023735&amp;z=950242273 target=_parent><b>Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</b></a --></span><span style="font-size: medium"><a target="_parent" c.moreover.com="" click="" d.moreover.com="" href="http://www.bioportfolio.co.uk/cgi-bin/dialogserver.exe?CMD=hit.displayMdoc&amp;ID=3022030&amp;HITNO=2&amp;MSIZE=634&amp;LANGUAGE=en&amp;FILE=doc.NEWSFEED&amp;SAVEQUERY00=Genomics&amp;SAVEPROP00=L%3den&amp;SAVEDB=news&amp;SAVEORGANISE_CODED=R:date&amp;R=3022030&amp;THISHREF=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl%3fz2090023735%26amp%3bz%3d950242273&amp;THEHOST=site d.moreover.com"><font color="#0066cc">Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</font></a>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20090715: [[Pathway Genomics]] starts the Direct-to-Consumer Genomics service as 23andme and Decodeme&nbsp;<br /> [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/15/pathway-consumer-genomics.html]<br /> <br /> 20090714: OryzaSNP Consortium IDs Thousands of Variants in Rice Genome: [http://www.genomeweb.com/arrays/oryzasnp-consortium-ids-thousands-variants-rice-genome]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20090709: [[The second Korean pesonal genome was sequenced by a Korean team and analyzed by US researchers]] (Macrogen and Seoul University Medical School)<br /> <br /> 20090630: [[Genomic linkage map of the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni]]:&nbsp; <em>Genome Biology</em> 2009, 10:R71<span class="pseudotab">doi:10.1186/gb-2009-10-6-r71</span>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20090629: [[Melon Genome Map was publicized by US researchers]]<br /> <br /> 20090616: Illumina Launches Personal Genome-Sequencing Service Using Genome Analyzer II. [http://scienceblogs.com/geneticfuture/2009/06/illumina_launches_personal_gen.php]<br /> <br /> 20090604: [[An integrated genetic and cytogenetic map of the cucumber genome was announced in PLOS One]]<br /> <br /> 20090603: [[Neanderthal genome sequeced by MPI Germany and Roche]]<br /> <br /> 20090601: Microsoft buys Rosetta Biosoftware from Merck. Merck becomes the client of Microsoft.<br /> <br /> 20090529:&nbsp;[[A new malaria agent in African chimpanzees found]].&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20090526: [[The first Korean Genome Sequence analysis]] by two Korean teams&nbsp;published in&nbsp;<br /> [http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2009/05/26/gr.092197.109.full.pdf+html Genome Research article]<br /> <br /> 20081208: [[Soybean genome, G. max data publicized]]<br /> <br /> 20081204: [http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/tech/2008/12/133_35578.html Korean Genome Publicized]. The sequencing and bioinformatic analyses were carried out by two&nbsp;Korean teams. <br /> <br /> <br /> </span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium"><hr /> [[Genomics News Links]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Biotechnology News Sites]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Science News Sites]]<br /> <br /> </span></p> 88aab8778736c2defea70995de6516c9bd0d7883 0 2031 3460 2011-02-02T07:17:20Z J 2 Created page with "<h1 id="article-title-1">Draft genome of the globally widespread and invasive Argentine ant (<em>Linepithema humile</em>)</h1> <div class="contributors"> <ol id="contrib-group-1"..." wikitext text/x-wiki <h1 id="article-title-1">Draft genome of the globally widespread and invasive Argentine ant (<em>Linepithema humile</em>)</h1> <div class="contributors"> <ol id="contrib-group-1" class="contributor-list" jquery1296630888975="61"> <li id="contrib-1" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Christopher+D.+Smith&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Christopher D. Smith</a></span><a id="xref-aff-1-1" class="xref-aff" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-1" jquery1296630888975="63">^a</a><span class="xref-sep">,</span><a id="xref-corresp-1-1" class="xref-corresp" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#corresp-1">¹</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-2" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Aleksey+Zimin&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Aleksey Zimin</a></span><a id="xref-aff-3-1" class="xref-aff" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-3" jquery1296630888975="64">^b</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-3" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Carson+Holt&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Carson Holt</a></span><a id="xref-aff-5-1" class="xref-aff" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-5" jquery1296630888975="65">^c</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-4" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Ehab+Abouheif&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Ehab Abouheif</a></span><a id="xref-aff-6-1" class="xref-aff" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-6" jquery1296630888975="66">^d</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-5" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Richard+Benton&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Richard Benton</a></span><a id="xref-aff-7-1" class="xref-aff" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-7" jquery1296630888975="67">^e</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-6" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Elizabeth+Cash&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Elizabeth Cash</a></span><a id="xref-aff-8-1" class="xref-aff" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-8" jquery1296630888975="68">^f</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-7" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Vincent+Croset&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Vincent Croset</a></span><a id="xref-aff-7-2" class="xref-aff" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-7" jquery1296630888975="69">^e</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-8" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Cameron+R.+Currie&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Cameron R. Currie</a></span><a id="xref-aff-9-1" class="xref-aff" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-9" jquery1296630888975="70">^g</a><span class="xref-sep">,</span><a id="xref-aff-10-1" class="xref-aff" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-10" jquery1296630888975="71">^h</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-9" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Eran+Elhaik&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Eran Elhaik</a></span><a id="xref-aff-11-1" class="xref-aff" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-11" jquery1296630888975="72">ⁱ</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-10" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Christine+G.+Elsik&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Christine G. Elsik</a></span><a id="xref-aff-12-1" class="xref-aff" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-12" jquery1296630888975="73">^j</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-11" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Marie-Julie+Fave&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Marie-Julie Fave</a></span><a id="xref-aff-6-2" class="xref-aff" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-6" jquery1296630888975="74">^d</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-12" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Vilaiwan+Fernandes&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Vilaiwan Fernandes</a></span><a id="xref-aff-6-3" class="xref-aff" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-6" jquery1296630888975="75">^d</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-13" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=J%C3%BCrgen+Gadau&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">J&uuml;rgen Gadau</a></span><a id="xref-aff-8-2" class="xref-aff" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-8" jquery1296630888975="76">^f</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-14" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Joshua+D.+Gibson&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Joshua D. Gibson</a></span><a id="xref-aff-8-3" class="xref-aff" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-8" jquery1296630888975="77">^f</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-15" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Dan+Graur&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Dan Graur</a></span><a id="xref-aff-13-1" class="xref-aff" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-13" jquery1296630888975="78">^k</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-16" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Kirk+J.+Grubbs&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Kirk J. Grubbs</a></span><a id="xref-aff-8-4" class="xref-aff" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-8" jquery1296630888975="79">^f</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-17" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Darren+E.+Hagen&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Darren E. Hagen</a></span><a id="xref-aff-12-2" class="xref-aff" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-12" jquery1296630888975="80">^j</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-18" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Martin+Helmkampf&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Martin Helmkampf</a></span><a id="xref-aff-8-5" class="xref-aff" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-8" jquery1296630888975="81">^f</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-19" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Jo-Anne+Holley&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Jo-Anne Holley</a></span><a id="xref-aff-14-1" class="xref-aff" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-14" jquery1296630888975="82">^l</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-20" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Hao+Hu&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Hao Hu</a></span><a id="xref-aff-5-2" class="xref-aff" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-5" jquery1296630888975="83">^c</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-21" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Ana+Sofia+Ibarraran+Viniegra&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Ana Sofia Ibarraran Viniegra</a></span><a id="xref-aff-6-4" class="xref-aff" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-6" jquery1296630888975="84">^d</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-22" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Brian+R.+Johnson&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Brian R. Johnson</a></span><a id="xref-aff-16-1" class="xref-aff" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-16" jquery1296630888975="85">^m</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-23" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Reed+M.+Johnson&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Reed M. Johnson</a></span><a id="xref-aff-14-2" class="xref-aff" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-14" jquery1296630888975="86">^l</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-24" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Abderrahman+Khila&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Abderrahman Khila</a></span><a id="xref-aff-6-5" class="xref-aff" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-6" jquery1296630888975="87">^d</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-25" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Jay+W.+Kim&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Jay W. Kim</a></span><a id="xref-aff-1-2" class="xref-aff" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-1" jquery1296630888975="88">^a</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-26" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Joseph+Laird&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Joseph Laird</a></span><a id="xref-aff-14-3" class="xref-aff" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-14" jquery1296630888975="89">^l</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-27" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Kaitlyn+A.+Mathis&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Kaitlyn A. Mathis</a></span><a id="xref-aff-16-2" class="xref-aff" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-16" jquery1296630888975="90">^m</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-28" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Joseph+A.+Moeller&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Joseph A. Moeller</a></span><a id="xref-aff-9-2" class="xref-aff" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-9" jquery1296630888975="91">^g</a><span class="xref-sep">,</span><a id="xref-aff-10-2" class="xref-aff" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-10" jquery1296630888975="92">^h</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-29" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Monica+C.+Mu%C3%B1oz-Torres&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Monica C. Mu&ntilde;oz-Torres</a></span><a id="xref-aff-12-3" class="xref-aff" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-12" jquery1296630888975="93">^j</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-30" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Marguerite+C.+Murphy&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Marguerite C. Murphy</a></span><a id="xref-aff-2-1" class="xref-aff" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-2" jquery1296630888975="94">ⁿ</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-31" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Rin+Nakamura&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Rin Nakamura</a></span><a id="xref-aff-1-3" class="xref-aff" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-1" jquery1296630888975="95">^a</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-32" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Surabhi+Nigam&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Surabhi Nigam</a></span><a id="xref-aff-2-2" class="xref-aff" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-2" jquery1296630888975="96">ⁿ</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-33" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Rick+P.+Overson&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Rick P. Overson</a></span><a id="xref-aff-8-6" class="xref-aff" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-8" jquery1296630888975="97">^f</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-34" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Jennifer+E.+Placek&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Jennifer E. Placek</a></span><a id="xref-aff-1-4" class="xref-aff" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-1" jquery1296630888975="98">^a</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-35" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Rajendhran+Rajakumar&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Rajendhran Rajakumar</a></span><a id="xref-aff-6-6" class="xref-aff" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-6" jquery1296630888975="99">^d</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-36" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Justin+T.+Reese&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Justin T. Reese</a></span><a id="xref-aff-12-4" class="xref-aff" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-12" jquery1296630888975="100">^j</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-37" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Hugh+M.+Robertson&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Hugh M. Robertson</a></span><a id="xref-aff-14-4" class="xref-aff" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-14" jquery1296630888975="101">^l</a><span class="xref-sep">,</span><a id="xref-aff-15-1" class="xref-aff" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-15" jquery1296630888975="102">^o</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-38" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Chris+R.+Smith&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Chris R. Smith</a></span><a id="xref-aff-17-1" class="xref-aff" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-17" jquery1296630888975="103">^p</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-39" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Andrew+V.+Suarez&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Andrew V. Suarez</a></span><a id="xref-aff-14-5" class="xref-aff" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-14" jquery1296630888975="104">^l</a><span class="xref-sep">,</span><a id="xref-aff-15-2" class="xref-aff" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-15" jquery1296630888975="105">^o</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-40" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Garret+Suen&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Garret Suen</a></span><a id="xref-aff-9-3" class="xref-aff" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-9" jquery1296630888975="106">^g</a><span class="xref-sep">,</span><a id="xref-aff-10-3" class="xref-aff" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-10" jquery1296630888975="107">^h</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-41" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Elissa+L.+Suhr&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Elissa L. Suhr</a></span><a id="xref-aff-14-6" class="xref-aff" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-14" jquery1296630888975="108">^l</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-42" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Shu+Tao&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Shu Tao</a></span><a id="xref-aff-12-5" class="xref-aff" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-12" jquery1296630888975="109">^j</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-43" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Candice+W.+Torres&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Candice W. Torres</a></span><a id="xref-aff-16-3" class="xref-aff" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-16" jquery1296630888975="110">^m</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-44" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Ellen+van+Wilgenburg&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Ellen van Wilgenburg</a></span><a id="xref-aff-16-4" class="xref-aff" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-16" jquery1296630888975="111">^m</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-45" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Lumi+Viljakainen&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Lumi Viljakainen</a></span><a id="xref-aff-18-1" class="xref-aff" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-18" jquery1296630888975="112">^q</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-46" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Kimberly+K.+O.+Walden&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Kimberly K. O. Walden</a></span><a id="xref-aff-14-7" class="xref-aff" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-14" jquery1296630888975="113">^l</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-47" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Alexander+L.+Wild&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Alexander L. Wild</a></span><a id="xref-aff-14-8" class="xref-aff" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-14" jquery1296630888975="114">^l</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-48" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Mark+Yandell&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Mark Yandell</a></span><a id="xref-aff-5-3" class="xref-aff" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-5" jquery1296630888975="115">^c</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-49" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=James+A.+Yorke&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">James A. Yorke</a></span><a id="xref-aff-4-1" class="xref-aff" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-4" jquery1296630888975="116">^r</a>, and</li> <li id="contrib-50" class="last"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Neil+D.+Tsutsui&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Neil D. Tsutsui</a></span><a id="xref-aff-16-5" class="xref-aff" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-16" jquery1296630888975="117">^m</a><span class="xref-sep">,</span><a id="xref-corresp-1-2" class="xref-corresp" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#corresp-1">¹</a></li> </ol> <p class="affiliation-list-reveal"><a class="view-more" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#" jquery1296630888975="62">+</a> Author Affiliations</p> <ol class="affiliation-list hideaffil" jquery1296630888975="60"> <li class="aff"><a id="aff-1" name="aff-1"></a> <address>Departments of ^aBiology and</address> </li> <li class="aff"><a id="aff-2" name="aff-2"></a> <address>ⁿComputer Science, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132;</address> </li> <li class="aff"><a id="aff-3" name="aff-3"></a> <address>^bInstitute for Physical Science and Technology and</address> </li> <li class="aff"><a id="aff-4" name="aff-4"></a> <address>^rDepartment of Mathematics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742;</address> </li> <li class="aff"><a id="aff-5" name="aff-5"></a> <address>^cDepartment of Human Genetics, Eccles Institute of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112;</address> </li> <li class="aff"><a id="aff-6" name="aff-6"></a> <address>^dDepartment of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 1B1;</address> </li> <li class="aff"><a id="aff-7" name="aff-7"></a> <address>^eCenter for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland;</address> </li> <li class="aff"><a id="aff-8" name="aff-8"></a> <address>^fSchool of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287;</address> </li> <li class="aff"><a id="aff-9" name="aff-9"></a> <address>^gDepartment of Bacteriology and</address> </li> <li class="aff"><a id="aff-10" name="aff-10"></a> <address>^hDepartment of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706;</address> </li> <li class="aff"><a id="aff-11" name="aff-11"></a> <address>ⁱThe Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205;</address> </li> <li class="aff"><a id="aff-12" name="aff-12"></a> <address>^jDepartment of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057;</address> </li> <li class="aff"><a id="aff-13" name="aff-13"></a> <address>^kDepartment of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204;</address> </li> <li class="aff"><a id="aff-14" name="aff-14"></a> <address>^lDepartment of Entomology and</address> </li> <li class="aff"><a id="aff-15" name="aff-15"></a> <address>^oInstitute of Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana&ndash;Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801;</address> </li> <li class="aff"><a id="aff-16" name="aff-16"></a> <address>^mDepartment of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3114;</address> </li> <li class="aff"><a id="aff-17" name="aff-17"></a> <address>^pDepartment of Biology, Earlham College, Richmond, IN 47374; and</address> </li> <li class="aff"><a id="aff-18" name="aff-18"></a> <address>^qDepartment of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853</address> </li> </ol> <ol class="fn-track"> <li id="fn-1" class="fn-edited-by"> <p id="p-1">Edited<a id="xref-fn-4-1" class="xref-fn" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#fn-4">*</a> by Gene E. Robinson, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, and approved January 11, 2011 (received for review June 17, 2010)</p> </li> </ol> </div> <div id="abstract-1" class="section abstract"> <h2>Abstract</h2> <p id="p-4">Ants are some of the most abundant and familiar animals on Earth, and they play vital roles in most terrestrial ecosystems. Although all ants are eusocial, and display a variety of complex and fascinating behaviors, few genomic resources exist for them. Here, we report the draft genome sequence of a particularly widespread and well-studied species, the invasive Argentine ant (<em>Linepithema humile</em>), which was accomplished using a combination of 454 (Roche) and Illumina sequencing and community-based funding rather than federal grant support. Manual annotation of &gt;1,000 genes from a variety of different gene families and functional classes reveals unique features of the Argentine ant's biology, as well as similarities to <em>Apis mellifera</em> and <em>Nasonia vitripennis</em>. Distinctive features of the Argentine ant genome include remarkable expansions of gustatory (116 genes) and odorant receptors (367 genes), an abundance of cytochrome P450 genes (&gt;110), lineage-specific expansions of yellow/major royal jelly proteins and desaturases, and complete CpG DNA methylation and RNAi toolkits. The Argentine ant genome contains fewer immune genes than <em>Drosophila</em> and <em>Tribolium</em>, which may reflect the prominent role played by behavioral and chemical suppression of pathogens. Analysis of the ratio of observed to expected CpG nucleotides for genes in the reproductive development and apoptosis pathways suggests higher levels of methylation than in the genome overall. The resources provided by this genome sequence will offer an abundance of tools for researchers seeking to illuminate the fascinating biology of this emerging model organism.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.full.pdf+html">http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.full.pdf+html</a></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> </div> b48a35b7e4bb0b85a2467720bc76e0dda9074fb1 3461 3460 2011-02-02T07:17:53Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><b><span style="font-size: medium">Draft genome of the globally widespread and invasive Argentine ant (<em>Linepithema humile</em>)</span></b></p> <div class="contributors"> <ol id="contrib-group-1" class="contributor-list" jquery1296630888975="61"> <li id="contrib-1" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Christopher+D.+Smith&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Christopher D. Smith</a></span><a id="xref-aff-1-1" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="63" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-1">^a</a><span class="xref-sep">,</span><a id="xref-corresp-1-1" class="xref-corresp" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#corresp-1">¹</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-2" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Aleksey+Zimin&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Aleksey Zimin</a></span><a id="xref-aff-3-1" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="64" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-3">^b</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-3" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Carson+Holt&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Carson Holt</a></span><a id="xref-aff-5-1" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="65" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-5">^c</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-4" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Ehab+Abouheif&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Ehab Abouheif</a></span><a id="xref-aff-6-1" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="66" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-6">^d</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-5" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Richard+Benton&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Richard Benton</a></span><a id="xref-aff-7-1" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="67" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-7">^e</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-6" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Elizabeth+Cash&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Elizabeth Cash</a></span><a id="xref-aff-8-1" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="68" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-8">^f</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-7" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Vincent+Croset&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Vincent Croset</a></span><a id="xref-aff-7-2" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="69" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-7">^e</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-8" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Cameron+R.+Currie&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Cameron R. Currie</a></span><a id="xref-aff-9-1" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="70" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-9">^g</a><span class="xref-sep">,</span><a id="xref-aff-10-1" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="71" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-10">^h</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-9" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Eran+Elhaik&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Eran Elhaik</a></span><a id="xref-aff-11-1" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="72" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-11">ⁱ</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-10" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Christine+G.+Elsik&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Christine G. Elsik</a></span><a id="xref-aff-12-1" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="73" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-12">^j</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-11" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Marie-Julie+Fave&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Marie-Julie Fave</a></span><a id="xref-aff-6-2" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="74" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-6">^d</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-12" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Vilaiwan+Fernandes&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Vilaiwan Fernandes</a></span><a id="xref-aff-6-3" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="75" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-6">^d</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-13" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=J%C3%BCrgen+Gadau&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">J&uuml;rgen Gadau</a></span><a id="xref-aff-8-2" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="76" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-8">^f</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-14" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Joshua+D.+Gibson&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Joshua D. Gibson</a></span><a id="xref-aff-8-3" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="77" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-8">^f</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-15" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Dan+Graur&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Dan Graur</a></span><a id="xref-aff-13-1" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="78" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-13">^k</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-16" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Kirk+J.+Grubbs&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Kirk J. Grubbs</a></span><a id="xref-aff-8-4" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="79" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-8">^f</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-17" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Darren+E.+Hagen&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Darren E. Hagen</a></span><a id="xref-aff-12-2" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="80" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-12">^j</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-18" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Martin+Helmkampf&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Martin Helmkampf</a></span><a id="xref-aff-8-5" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="81" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-8">^f</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-19" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Jo-Anne+Holley&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Jo-Anne Holley</a></span><a id="xref-aff-14-1" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="82" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-14">^l</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-20" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Hao+Hu&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Hao Hu</a></span><a id="xref-aff-5-2" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="83" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-5">^c</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-21" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Ana+Sofia+Ibarraran+Viniegra&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Ana Sofia Ibarraran Viniegra</a></span><a id="xref-aff-6-4" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="84" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-6">^d</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-22" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Brian+R.+Johnson&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Brian R. Johnson</a></span><a id="xref-aff-16-1" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="85" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-16">^m</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-23" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Reed+M.+Johnson&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Reed M. Johnson</a></span><a id="xref-aff-14-2" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="86" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-14">^l</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-24" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Abderrahman+Khila&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Abderrahman Khila</a></span><a id="xref-aff-6-5" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="87" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-6">^d</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-25" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Jay+W.+Kim&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Jay W. Kim</a></span><a id="xref-aff-1-2" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="88" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-1">^a</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-26" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Joseph+Laird&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Joseph Laird</a></span><a id="xref-aff-14-3" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="89" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-14">^l</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-27" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Kaitlyn+A.+Mathis&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Kaitlyn A. Mathis</a></span><a id="xref-aff-16-2" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="90" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-16">^m</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-28" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Joseph+A.+Moeller&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Joseph A. Moeller</a></span><a id="xref-aff-9-2" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="91" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-9">^g</a><span class="xref-sep">,</span><a id="xref-aff-10-2" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="92" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-10">^h</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-29" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Monica+C.+Mu%C3%B1oz-Torres&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Monica C. Mu&ntilde;oz-Torres</a></span><a id="xref-aff-12-3" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="93" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-12">^j</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-30" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Marguerite+C.+Murphy&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Marguerite C. Murphy</a></span><a id="xref-aff-2-1" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="94" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-2">ⁿ</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-31" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Rin+Nakamura&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Rin Nakamura</a></span><a id="xref-aff-1-3" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="95" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-1">^a</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-32" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Surabhi+Nigam&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Surabhi Nigam</a></span><a id="xref-aff-2-2" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="96" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-2">ⁿ</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-33" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Rick+P.+Overson&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Rick P. Overson</a></span><a id="xref-aff-8-6" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="97" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-8">^f</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-34" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Jennifer+E.+Placek&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Jennifer E. Placek</a></span><a id="xref-aff-1-4" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="98" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-1">^a</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-35" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Rajendhran+Rajakumar&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Rajendhran Rajakumar</a></span><a id="xref-aff-6-6" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="99" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-6">^d</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-36" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Justin+T.+Reese&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Justin T. Reese</a></span><a id="xref-aff-12-4" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="100" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-12">^j</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-37" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Hugh+M.+Robertson&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Hugh M. Robertson</a></span><a id="xref-aff-14-4" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="101" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-14">^l</a><span class="xref-sep">,</span><a id="xref-aff-15-1" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="102" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-15">^o</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-38" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Chris+R.+Smith&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Chris R. Smith</a></span><a id="xref-aff-17-1" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="103" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-17">^p</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-39" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Andrew+V.+Suarez&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Andrew V. Suarez</a></span><a id="xref-aff-14-5" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="104" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-14">^l</a><span class="xref-sep">,</span><a id="xref-aff-15-2" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="105" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-15">^o</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-40" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Garret+Suen&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Garret Suen</a></span><a id="xref-aff-9-3" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="106" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-9">^g</a><span class="xref-sep">,</span><a id="xref-aff-10-3" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="107" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-10">^h</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-41" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Elissa+L.+Suhr&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Elissa L. Suhr</a></span><a id="xref-aff-14-6" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="108" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-14">^l</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-42" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Shu+Tao&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Shu Tao</a></span><a id="xref-aff-12-5" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="109" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-12">^j</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-43" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Candice+W.+Torres&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Candice W. Torres</a></span><a id="xref-aff-16-3" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="110" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-16">^m</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-44" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Ellen+van+Wilgenburg&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Ellen van Wilgenburg</a></span><a id="xref-aff-16-4" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="111" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-16">^m</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-45" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Lumi+Viljakainen&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Lumi Viljakainen</a></span><a id="xref-aff-18-1" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="112" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-18">^q</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-46" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Kimberly+K.+O.+Walden&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Kimberly K. O. Walden</a></span><a id="xref-aff-14-7" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="113" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-14">^l</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-47" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Alexander+L.+Wild&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Alexander L. Wild</a></span><a id="xref-aff-14-8" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="114" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-14">^l</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-48" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Mark+Yandell&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Mark Yandell</a></span><a id="xref-aff-5-3" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="115" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-5">^c</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-49" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=James+A.+Yorke&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">James A. Yorke</a></span><a id="xref-aff-4-1" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="116" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-4">^r</a>, and</li> <li id="contrib-50" class="last"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Neil+D.+Tsutsui&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Neil D. Tsutsui</a></span><a id="xref-aff-16-5" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="117" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-16">^m</a><span class="xref-sep">,</span><a id="xref-corresp-1-2" class="xref-corresp" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#corresp-1">¹</a></li> </ol> <p class="affiliation-list-reveal"><a class="view-more" jquery1296630888975="62" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#">+</a> Author Affiliations</p> <ol class="affiliation-list hideaffil" jquery1296630888975="60"> <li class="aff"><a id="aff-1" name="aff-1"></a> <address>Departments of ^aBiology and</address> </li> <li class="aff"><a id="aff-2" name="aff-2"></a> <address>ⁿComputer Science, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132;</address> </li> <li class="aff"><a id="aff-3" name="aff-3"></a> <address>^bInstitute for Physical Science and Technology and</address> </li> <li class="aff"><a id="aff-4" name="aff-4"></a> <address>^rDepartment of Mathematics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742;</address> </li> <li class="aff"><a id="aff-5" name="aff-5"></a> <address>^cDepartment of Human Genetics, Eccles Institute of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112;</address> </li> <li class="aff"><a id="aff-6" name="aff-6"></a> <address>^dDepartment of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 1B1;</address> </li> <li class="aff"><a id="aff-7" name="aff-7"></a> <address>^eCenter for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland;</address> </li> <li class="aff"><a id="aff-8" name="aff-8"></a> <address>^fSchool of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287;</address> </li> <li class="aff"><a id="aff-9" name="aff-9"></a> <address>^gDepartment of Bacteriology and</address> </li> <li class="aff"><a id="aff-10" name="aff-10"></a> <address>^hDepartment of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706;</address> </li> <li class="aff"><a id="aff-11" name="aff-11"></a> <address>ⁱThe Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205;</address> </li> <li class="aff"><a id="aff-12" name="aff-12"></a> <address>^jDepartment of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057;</address> </li> <li class="aff"><a id="aff-13" name="aff-13"></a> <address>^kDepartment of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204;</address> </li> <li class="aff"><a id="aff-14" name="aff-14"></a> <address>^lDepartment of Entomology and</address> </li> <li class="aff"><a id="aff-15" name="aff-15"></a> <address>^oInstitute of Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana&ndash;Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801;</address> </li> <li class="aff"><a id="aff-16" name="aff-16"></a> <address>^mDepartment of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3114;</address> </li> <li class="aff"><a id="aff-17" name="aff-17"></a> <address>^pDepartment of Biology, Earlham College, Richmond, IN 47374; and</address> </li> <li class="aff"><a id="aff-18" name="aff-18"></a> <address>^qDepartment of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853</address> </li> </ol> <ol class="fn-track"> <li id="fn-1" class="fn-edited-by"> <p id="p-1">Edited<a id="xref-fn-4-1" class="xref-fn" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#fn-4">*</a> by Gene E. Robinson, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, and approved January 11, 2011 (received for review June 17, 2010)</p> </li> </ol> </div> <div id="abstract-1" class="section abstract"> <h2>Abstract</h2> <p id="p-4"><span style="font-size: medium">Ants are some of the most abundant and familiar animals on Earth, and they play vital roles in most terrestrial ecosystems. Although all ants are eusocial, and display a variety of complex and fascinating behaviors, few genomic resources exist for them. Here, we report the draft genome sequence of a particularly widespread and well-studied species, the invasive Argentine ant (<em>Linepithema humile</em>), which was accomplished using a combination of 454 (Roche) and Illumina sequencing and community-based funding rather than federal grant support. Manual annotation of &gt;1,000 genes from a variety of different gene families and functional classes reveals unique features of the Argentine ant's biology, as well as similarities to <em>Apis mellifera</em> and <em>Nasonia vitripennis</em>. Distinctive features of the Argentine ant genome include remarkable expansions of gustatory (116 genes) and odorant receptors (367 genes), an abundance of cytochrome P450 genes (&gt;110), lineage-specific expansions of yellow/major royal jelly proteins and desaturases, and complete CpG DNA methylation and RNAi toolkits. The Argentine ant genome contains fewer immune genes than <em>Drosophila</em> and <em>Tribolium</em>, which may reflect the prominent role played by behavioral and chemical suppression of pathogens. Analysis of the ratio of observed to expected CpG nucleotides for genes in the reproductive development and apoptosis pathways suggests higher levels of methylation than in the genome overall. The resources provided by this genome sequence will offer an abundance of tools for researchers seeking to illuminate the fascinating biology of this emerging model organism.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.full.pdf+html">http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.full.pdf+html</a></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> </div> f2d2fe5a20bb02433e26b774147e91f1ece5bcc2 3462 3461 2011-02-02T07:18:37Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><b><span style="font-size: medium">Draft genome of the globally widespread and invasive Argentine ant (<em>Linepithema humile</em>)</span></b></p> <p><b><span style="font-size: medium"> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p id="p-4"><span style="font-size: small">Ants are some of the most abundant and familiar animals on Earth, and they play vital roles in most terrestrial ecosystems. Although all ants are eusocial, and display a variety of complex and fascinating behaviors, few genomic resources exist for them. Here, we report the draft genome sequence of a particularly widespread and well-studied species, the invasive Argentine ant (<em>Linepithema humile</em>), which was accomplished using a combination of 454 (Roche) and Illumina sequencing and community-based funding rather than federal grant support. Manual annotation of &gt;1,000 genes from a variety of different gene families and functional classes reveals unique features of the Argentine ant's biology, as well as similarities to <em>Apis mellifera</em> and <em>Nasonia vitripennis</em>. Distinctive features of the Argentine ant genome include remarkable expansions of gustatory (116 genes) and odorant receptors (367 genes), an abundance of cytochrome P450 genes (&gt;110), lineage-specific expansions of yellow/major royal jelly proteins and desaturases, and complete CpG DNA methylation and RNAi toolkits. The Argentine ant genome contains fewer immune genes than <em>Drosophila</em> and <em>Tribolium</em>, which may reflect the prominent role played by behavioral and chemical suppression of pathogens. Analysis of the ratio of observed to expected CpG nucleotides for genes in the reproductive development and apoptosis pathways suggests higher levels of methylation than in the genome overall. The resources provided by this genome sequence will offer an abundance of tools for researchers seeking to illuminate the fascinating biology of this emerging model organism.</span></p> </span></b><b><span style="font-size: medium"> <p>&nbsp;</p> </span></b></p> <div class="contributors"> <ol id="contrib-group-1" class="contributor-list" jquery1296630888975="61"> <li id="contrib-1" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Christopher+D.+Smith&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Christopher D. Smith</a></span><a id="xref-aff-1-1" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="63" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-1">^a</a><span class="xref-sep">,</span><a id="xref-corresp-1-1" class="xref-corresp" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#corresp-1">¹</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-2" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Aleksey+Zimin&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Aleksey Zimin</a></span><a id="xref-aff-3-1" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="64" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-3">^b</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-3" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Carson+Holt&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Carson Holt</a></span><a id="xref-aff-5-1" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="65" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-5">^c</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-4" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Ehab+Abouheif&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Ehab Abouheif</a></span><a id="xref-aff-6-1" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="66" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-6">^d</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-5" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Richard+Benton&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Richard Benton</a></span><a id="xref-aff-7-1" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="67" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-7">^e</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-6" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Elizabeth+Cash&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Elizabeth Cash</a></span><a id="xref-aff-8-1" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="68" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-8">^f</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-7" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Vincent+Croset&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Vincent Croset</a></span><a id="xref-aff-7-2" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="69" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-7">^e</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-8" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Cameron+R.+Currie&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Cameron R. Currie</a></span><a id="xref-aff-9-1" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="70" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-9">^g</a><span class="xref-sep">,</span><a id="xref-aff-10-1" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="71" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-10">^h</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-9" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Eran+Elhaik&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Eran Elhaik</a></span><a id="xref-aff-11-1" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="72" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-11">ⁱ</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-10" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Christine+G.+Elsik&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Christine G. Elsik</a></span><a id="xref-aff-12-1" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="73" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-12">^j</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-11" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Marie-Julie+Fave&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Marie-Julie Fave</a></span><a id="xref-aff-6-2" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="74" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-6">^d</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-12" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Vilaiwan+Fernandes&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Vilaiwan Fernandes</a></span><a id="xref-aff-6-3" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="75" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-6">^d</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-13" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=J%C3%BCrgen+Gadau&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">J&uuml;rgen Gadau</a></span><a id="xref-aff-8-2" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="76" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-8">^f</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-14" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Joshua+D.+Gibson&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Joshua D. Gibson</a></span><a id="xref-aff-8-3" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="77" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-8">^f</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-15" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Dan+Graur&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Dan Graur</a></span><a id="xref-aff-13-1" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="78" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-13">^k</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-16" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Kirk+J.+Grubbs&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Kirk J. Grubbs</a></span><a id="xref-aff-8-4" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="79" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-8">^f</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-17" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Darren+E.+Hagen&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Darren E. Hagen</a></span><a id="xref-aff-12-2" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="80" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-12">^j</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-18" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Martin+Helmkampf&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Martin Helmkampf</a></span><a id="xref-aff-8-5" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="81" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-8">^f</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-19" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Jo-Anne+Holley&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Jo-Anne Holley</a></span><a id="xref-aff-14-1" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="82" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-14">^l</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-20" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Hao+Hu&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Hao Hu</a></span><a id="xref-aff-5-2" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="83" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-5">^c</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-21" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Ana+Sofia+Ibarraran+Viniegra&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Ana Sofia Ibarraran Viniegra</a></span><a id="xref-aff-6-4" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="84" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-6">^d</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-22" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Brian+R.+Johnson&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Brian R. Johnson</a></span><a id="xref-aff-16-1" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="85" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-16">^m</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-23" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Reed+M.+Johnson&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Reed M. Johnson</a></span><a id="xref-aff-14-2" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="86" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-14">^l</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-24" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Abderrahman+Khila&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Abderrahman Khila</a></span><a id="xref-aff-6-5" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="87" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-6">^d</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-25" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Jay+W.+Kim&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Jay W. Kim</a></span><a id="xref-aff-1-2" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="88" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-1">^a</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-26" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Joseph+Laird&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Joseph Laird</a></span><a id="xref-aff-14-3" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="89" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-14">^l</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-27" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Kaitlyn+A.+Mathis&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Kaitlyn A. Mathis</a></span><a id="xref-aff-16-2" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="90" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-16">^m</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-28" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Joseph+A.+Moeller&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Joseph A. Moeller</a></span><a id="xref-aff-9-2" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="91" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-9">^g</a><span class="xref-sep">,</span><a id="xref-aff-10-2" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="92" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-10">^h</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-29" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Monica+C.+Mu%C3%B1oz-Torres&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Monica C. Mu&ntilde;oz-Torres</a></span><a id="xref-aff-12-3" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="93" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-12">^j</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-30" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Marguerite+C.+Murphy&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Marguerite C. Murphy</a></span><a id="xref-aff-2-1" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="94" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-2">ⁿ</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-31" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Rin+Nakamura&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Rin Nakamura</a></span><a id="xref-aff-1-3" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="95" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-1">^a</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-32" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Surabhi+Nigam&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Surabhi Nigam</a></span><a id="xref-aff-2-2" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="96" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-2">ⁿ</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-33" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Rick+P.+Overson&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Rick P. Overson</a></span><a id="xref-aff-8-6" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="97" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-8">^f</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-34" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Jennifer+E.+Placek&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Jennifer E. Placek</a></span><a id="xref-aff-1-4" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="98" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-1">^a</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-35" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Rajendhran+Rajakumar&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Rajendhran Rajakumar</a></span><a id="xref-aff-6-6" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="99" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-6">^d</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-36" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Justin+T.+Reese&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Justin T. Reese</a></span><a id="xref-aff-12-4" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="100" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-12">^j</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-37" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Hugh+M.+Robertson&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Hugh M. Robertson</a></span><a id="xref-aff-14-4" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="101" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-14">^l</a><span class="xref-sep">,</span><a id="xref-aff-15-1" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="102" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-15">^o</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-38" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Chris+R.+Smith&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Chris R. Smith</a></span><a id="xref-aff-17-1" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="103" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-17">^p</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-39" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Andrew+V.+Suarez&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Andrew V. Suarez</a></span><a id="xref-aff-14-5" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="104" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-14">^l</a><span class="xref-sep">,</span><a id="xref-aff-15-2" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="105" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-15">^o</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-40" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Garret+Suen&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Garret Suen</a></span><a id="xref-aff-9-3" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="106" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-9">^g</a><span class="xref-sep">,</span><a id="xref-aff-10-3" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="107" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-10">^h</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-41" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Elissa+L.+Suhr&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Elissa L. Suhr</a></span><a id="xref-aff-14-6" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="108" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-14">^l</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-42" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Shu+Tao&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Shu Tao</a></span><a id="xref-aff-12-5" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="109" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-12">^j</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-43" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Candice+W.+Torres&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Candice W. Torres</a></span><a id="xref-aff-16-3" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="110" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-16">^m</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-44" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Ellen+van+Wilgenburg&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Ellen van Wilgenburg</a></span><a id="xref-aff-16-4" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="111" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-16">^m</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-45" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Lumi+Viljakainen&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Lumi Viljakainen</a></span><a id="xref-aff-18-1" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="112" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-18">^q</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-46" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Kimberly+K.+O.+Walden&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Kimberly K. O. Walden</a></span><a id="xref-aff-14-7" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="113" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-14">^l</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-47" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Alexander+L.+Wild&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Alexander L. Wild</a></span><a id="xref-aff-14-8" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="114" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-14">^l</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-48" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Mark+Yandell&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Mark Yandell</a></span><a id="xref-aff-5-3" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="115" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-5">^c</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-49" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=James+A.+Yorke&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">James A. Yorke</a></span><a id="xref-aff-4-1" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="116" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-4">^r</a>, and</li> <li id="contrib-50" class="last"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Neil+D.+Tsutsui&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Neil D. Tsutsui</a></span><a id="xref-aff-16-5" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="117" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-16">^m</a><span class="xref-sep">,</span><a id="xref-corresp-1-2" class="xref-corresp" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#corresp-1">¹</a></li> </ol> <p class="affiliation-list-reveal"><a class="view-more" jquery1296630888975="62" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#">+</a> Author Affiliations</p> <ol class="affiliation-list hideaffil" jquery1296630888975="60"> <li class="aff"><a id="aff-1" name="aff-1"></a> <address>Departments of ^aBiology and</address> </li> <li class="aff"><a id="aff-2" name="aff-2"></a> <address>ⁿComputer Science, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132;</address> </li> <li class="aff"><a id="aff-3" name="aff-3"></a> <address>^bInstitute for Physical Science and Technology and</address> </li> <li class="aff"><a id="aff-4" name="aff-4"></a> <address>^rDepartment of Mathematics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742;</address> </li> <li class="aff"><a id="aff-5" name="aff-5"></a> <address>^cDepartment of Human Genetics, Eccles Institute of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112;</address> </li> <li class="aff"><a id="aff-6" name="aff-6"></a> <address>^dDepartment of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 1B1;</address> </li> <li class="aff"><a id="aff-7" name="aff-7"></a> <address>^eCenter for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland;</address> </li> <li class="aff"><a id="aff-8" name="aff-8"></a> <address>^fSchool of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287;</address> </li> <li class="aff"><a id="aff-9" name="aff-9"></a> <address>^gDepartment of Bacteriology and</address> </li> <li class="aff"><a id="aff-10" name="aff-10"></a> <address>^hDepartment of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706;</address> </li> <li class="aff"><a id="aff-11" name="aff-11"></a> <address>ⁱThe Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205;</address> </li> <li class="aff"><a id="aff-12" name="aff-12"></a> <address>^jDepartment of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057;</address> </li> <li class="aff"><a id="aff-13" name="aff-13"></a> <address>^kDepartment of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204;</address> </li> <li class="aff"><a id="aff-14" name="aff-14"></a> <address>^lDepartment of Entomology and</address> </li> <li class="aff"><a id="aff-15" name="aff-15"></a> <address>^oInstitute of Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana&ndash;Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801;</address> </li> <li class="aff"><a id="aff-16" name="aff-16"></a> <address>^mDepartment of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3114;</address> </li> <li class="aff"><a id="aff-17" name="aff-17"></a> <address>^pDepartment of Biology, Earlham College, Richmond, IN 47374; and</address> </li> <li class="aff"><a id="aff-18" name="aff-18"></a> <address>^qDepartment of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853</address> </li> </ol> <ol class="fn-track"> <li id="fn-1" class="fn-edited-by"> <p id="p-1">Edited<a id="xref-fn-4-1" class="xref-fn" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#fn-4">*</a> by Gene E. Robinson, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, and approved January 11, 2011 (received for review June 17, 2010)</p> </li> </ol> </div> <div id="abstract-1" class="section abstract"> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.full.pdf+html">http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.full.pdf+html</a></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> </div> 799202a6dfccf6f832a118aa0904dd745877c03e 3463 3462 2011-02-02T07:19:52Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><b><span style="font-size: medium">Draft genome of the globally widespread and invasive Argentine ant (<em>Linepithema humile</em>)</span></b></p> <p><b><span style="font-size: medium"> <p>&nbsp;</p> </span></b> <p>&nbsp;</p> <div class="contributors"> <ol id="contrib-group-1" class="contributor-list" jquery1296630888975="61"> <li id="contrib-1" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Christopher+D.+Smith&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Christopher D. Smith</a></span><a id="xref-aff-1-1" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="63" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-1">^a</a><span class="xref-sep">,</span><a id="xref-corresp-1-1" class="xref-corresp" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#corresp-1">¹</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-2" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Aleksey+Zimin&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Aleksey Zimin</a></span><a id="xref-aff-3-1" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="64" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-3">^b</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-3" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Carson+Holt&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Carson Holt</a></span><a id="xref-aff-5-1" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="65" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-5">^c</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-4" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Ehab+Abouheif&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Ehab Abouheif</a></span><a id="xref-aff-6-1" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="66" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-6">^d</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-5" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Richard+Benton&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Richard Benton</a></span><a id="xref-aff-7-1" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="67" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-7">^e</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-6" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Elizabeth+Cash&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Elizabeth Cash</a></span><a id="xref-aff-8-1" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="68" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-8">^f</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-7" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Vincent+Croset&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Vincent Croset</a></span><a id="xref-aff-7-2" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="69" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-7">^e</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-8" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Cameron+R.+Currie&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Cameron R. Currie</a></span><a id="xref-aff-9-1" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="70" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-9">^g</a><span class="xref-sep">,</span><a id="xref-aff-10-1" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="71" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-10">^h</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-9" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Eran+Elhaik&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Eran Elhaik</a></span><a id="xref-aff-11-1" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="72" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-11">ⁱ</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-10" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Christine+G.+Elsik&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Christine G. Elsik</a></span><a id="xref-aff-12-1" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="73" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-12">^j</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-11" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Marie-Julie+Fave&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Marie-Julie Fave</a></span><a id="xref-aff-6-2" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="74" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-6">^d</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-12" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Vilaiwan+Fernandes&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Vilaiwan Fernandes</a></span><a id="xref-aff-6-3" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="75" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-6">^d</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-13" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=J%C3%BCrgen+Gadau&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">J&uuml;rgen Gadau</a></span><a id="xref-aff-8-2" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="76" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-8">^f</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-14" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Joshua+D.+Gibson&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Joshua D. Gibson</a></span><a id="xref-aff-8-3" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="77" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-8">^f</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-15" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Dan+Graur&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Dan Graur</a></span><a id="xref-aff-13-1" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="78" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-13">^k</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-16" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Kirk+J.+Grubbs&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Kirk J. Grubbs</a></span><a id="xref-aff-8-4" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="79" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-8">^f</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-17" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Darren+E.+Hagen&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Darren E. Hagen</a></span><a id="xref-aff-12-2" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="80" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-12">^j</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-18" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Martin+Helmkampf&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Martin Helmkampf</a></span><a id="xref-aff-8-5" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="81" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-8">^f</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-19" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Jo-Anne+Holley&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Jo-Anne Holley</a></span><a id="xref-aff-14-1" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="82" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-14">^l</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-20" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Hao+Hu&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Hao Hu</a></span><a id="xref-aff-5-2" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="83" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-5">^c</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-21" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Ana+Sofia+Ibarraran+Viniegra&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Ana Sofia Ibarraran Viniegra</a></span><a id="xref-aff-6-4" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="84" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-6">^d</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-22" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Brian+R.+Johnson&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Brian R. Johnson</a></span><a id="xref-aff-16-1" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="85" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-16">^m</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-23" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Reed+M.+Johnson&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Reed M. Johnson</a></span><a id="xref-aff-14-2" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="86" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-14">^l</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-24" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Abderrahman+Khila&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Abderrahman Khila</a></span><a id="xref-aff-6-5" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="87" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-6">^d</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-25" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Jay+W.+Kim&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Jay W. Kim</a></span><a id="xref-aff-1-2" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="88" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-1">^a</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-26" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Joseph+Laird&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Joseph Laird</a></span><a id="xref-aff-14-3" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="89" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-14">^l</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-27" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Kaitlyn+A.+Mathis&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Kaitlyn A. Mathis</a></span><a id="xref-aff-16-2" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="90" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-16">^m</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-28" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Joseph+A.+Moeller&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Joseph A. Moeller</a></span><a id="xref-aff-9-2" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="91" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-9">^g</a><span class="xref-sep">,</span><a id="xref-aff-10-2" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="92" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-10">^h</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-29" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Monica+C.+Mu%C3%B1oz-Torres&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Monica C. Mu&ntilde;oz-Torres</a></span><a id="xref-aff-12-3" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="93" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-12">^j</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-30" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Marguerite+C.+Murphy&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Marguerite C. Murphy</a></span><a id="xref-aff-2-1" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="94" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-2">ⁿ</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-31" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Rin+Nakamura&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Rin Nakamura</a></span><a id="xref-aff-1-3" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="95" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-1">^a</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-32" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Surabhi+Nigam&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Surabhi Nigam</a></span><a id="xref-aff-2-2" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="96" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-2">ⁿ</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-33" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Rick+P.+Overson&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Rick P. Overson</a></span><a id="xref-aff-8-6" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="97" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-8">^f</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-34" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Jennifer+E.+Placek&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Jennifer E. Placek</a></span><a id="xref-aff-1-4" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="98" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-1">^a</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-35" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Rajendhran+Rajakumar&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Rajendhran Rajakumar</a></span><a id="xref-aff-6-6" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="99" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-6">^d</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-36" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Justin+T.+Reese&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Justin T. Reese</a></span><a id="xref-aff-12-4" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="100" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-12">^j</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-37" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Hugh+M.+Robertson&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Hugh M. Robertson</a></span><a id="xref-aff-14-4" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="101" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-14">^l</a><span class="xref-sep">,</span><a id="xref-aff-15-1" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="102" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-15">^o</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-38" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Chris+R.+Smith&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Chris R. Smith</a></span><a id="xref-aff-17-1" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="103" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-17">^p</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-39" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Andrew+V.+Suarez&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Andrew V. Suarez</a></span><a id="xref-aff-14-5" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="104" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-14">^l</a><span class="xref-sep">,</span><a id="xref-aff-15-2" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="105" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-15">^o</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-40" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Garret+Suen&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Garret Suen</a></span><a id="xref-aff-9-3" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="106" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-9">^g</a><span class="xref-sep">,</span><a id="xref-aff-10-3" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="107" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-10">^h</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-41" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Elissa+L.+Suhr&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Elissa L. Suhr</a></span><a id="xref-aff-14-6" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="108" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-14">^l</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-42" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Shu+Tao&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Shu Tao</a></span><a id="xref-aff-12-5" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="109" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-12">^j</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-43" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Candice+W.+Torres&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Candice W. Torres</a></span><a id="xref-aff-16-3" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="110" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-16">^m</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-44" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Ellen+van+Wilgenburg&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Ellen van Wilgenburg</a></span><a id="xref-aff-16-4" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="111" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-16">^m</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-45" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Lumi+Viljakainen&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Lumi Viljakainen</a></span><a id="xref-aff-18-1" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="112" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-18">^q</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-46" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Kimberly+K.+O.+Walden&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Kimberly K. O. Walden</a></span><a id="xref-aff-14-7" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="113" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-14">^l</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-47" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Alexander+L.+Wild&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Alexander L. Wild</a></span><a id="xref-aff-14-8" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="114" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-14">^l</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-48" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Mark+Yandell&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Mark Yandell</a></span><a id="xref-aff-5-3" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="115" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-5">^c</a>,</li> <li id="contrib-49" class="contributor"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=James+A.+Yorke&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">James A. Yorke</a></span><a id="xref-aff-4-1" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="116" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-4">^r</a>, and</li> <li id="contrib-50" class="last"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Neil+D.+Tsutsui&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Neil D. Tsutsui</a></span><a id="xref-aff-16-5" class="xref-aff" jquery1296630888975="117" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#aff-16">^m</a><span class="xref-sep">,</span><a id="xref-corresp-1-2" class="xref-corresp" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#corresp-1">¹</a></li> </ol> <p class="affiliation-list-reveal"><a class="view-more" jquery1296630888975="62" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#">+</a> Author Affiliations</p> <ol class="affiliation-list hideaffil" jquery1296630888975="60"> <li class="aff"><a id="aff-1" name="aff-1"></a> <address>Departments of ^aBiology and</address> </li> <li class="aff"><a id="aff-2" name="aff-2"></a> <address>ⁿComputer Science, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132;</address> </li> <li class="aff"><a id="aff-3" name="aff-3"></a> <address>^bInstitute for Physical Science and Technology and</address> </li> <li class="aff"><a id="aff-4" name="aff-4"></a> <address>^rDepartment of Mathematics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742;</address> </li> <li class="aff"><a id="aff-5" name="aff-5"></a> <address>^cDepartment of Human Genetics, Eccles Institute of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112;</address> </li> <li class="aff"><a id="aff-6" name="aff-6"></a> <address>^dDepartment of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 1B1;</address> </li> <li class="aff"><a id="aff-7" name="aff-7"></a> <address>^eCenter for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland;</address> </li> <li class="aff"><a id="aff-8" name="aff-8"></a> <address>^fSchool of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287;</address> </li> <li class="aff"><a id="aff-9" name="aff-9"></a> <address>^gDepartment of Bacteriology and</address> </li> <li class="aff"><a id="aff-10" name="aff-10"></a> <address>^hDepartment of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706;</address> </li> <li class="aff"><a id="aff-11" name="aff-11"></a> <address>ⁱThe Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205;</address> </li> <li class="aff"><a id="aff-12" name="aff-12"></a> <address>^jDepartment of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057;</address> </li> <li class="aff"><a id="aff-13" name="aff-13"></a> <address>^kDepartment of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204;</address> </li> <li class="aff"><a id="aff-14" name="aff-14"></a> <address>^lDepartment of Entomology and</address> </li> <li class="aff"><a id="aff-15" name="aff-15"></a> <address>^oInstitute of Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana&ndash;Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801;</address> </li> <li class="aff"><a id="aff-16" name="aff-16"></a> <address>^mDepartment of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3114;</address> </li> <li class="aff"><a id="aff-17" name="aff-17"></a> <address>^pDepartment of Biology, Earlham College, Richmond, IN 47374; and</address> </li> <li class="aff"><a id="aff-18" name="aff-18"></a> <address>^qDepartment of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853</address> </li> </ol> <ol class="fn-track"> <li id="fn-1" class="fn-edited-by"> <p id="p-1">Edited<a id="xref-fn-4-1" class="xref-fn" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.abstract#fn-4">*</a> by Gene E. Robinson, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, and approved January 11, 2011 (received for review June 17, 2010)</p> </li> </ol> </div> <div id="abstract-1" class="section abstract"> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.full.pdf+html">http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.full.pdf+html</a></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> </div> </p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p id="p-4"><span style="font-size: small">Ants are some of the most abundant and familiar animals on Earth, and they play vital roles in most terrestrial ecosystems. </span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">Although all ants are eusocial, and display a variety of complex and fascinating behaviors, few genomic resources exist for them. </span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">Here, we report the draft genome sequence of a particularly widespread and well-studied species, the invasive Argentine ant (<em>Linepithema humile</em>), which was accomplished using a combination of 454 (Roche) and Illumina sequencing and community-based funding rather than federal grant support. </span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">Manual annotation of &gt;1,000 genes from a variety of different gene families and functional classes reveals unique features of the Argentine ant's biology, as well as similarities to <em>Apis mellifera</em> and <em>Nasonia vitripennis</em>. </span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">Distinctive features of the Argentine ant genome include remarkable expansions of gustatory (116 genes) and odorant receptors (367 genes), an abundance of cytochrome P450 genes (&gt;110), lineage-specific expansions of yellow/major royal jelly proteins and desaturases, and complete CpG DNA methylation and RNAi toolkits. </span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">The Argentine ant genome contains fewer immune genes than <em>Drosophila</em> and <em>Tribolium</em>, which may reflect the prominent role played by behavioral and chemical suppression of pathogens. </span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">Analysis of the ratio of observed to expected CpG nucleotides for genes in the reproductive development and apoptosis pathways suggests <span style="color: #993300">higher levels of methylation than </span>in the genome overall. </span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">The resources provided by this genome sequence will offer an abundance of tools for researchers seeking to illuminate the fascinating biology of this emerging model organism.</span></p> bf10fc5198c58e6251acd83f9fa5a002869c3989 3464 3463 2011-02-02T07:20:41Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><b><span style="font-size: medium">Draft genome of the globally widespread and invasive Argentine ant (<em>Linepithema humile</em>)</span></b></p> <p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">Abstract:</span></p> <p id="p-4"><span style="font-size: medium">Ants are some of the most abundant and familiar animals on Earth, and they play vital roles in most terrestrial ecosystems. </span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">Although all ants are eusocial, and display a variety of complex and fascinating behaviors, few genomic resources exist for them. </span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">Here, we report the draft genome sequence of a particularly widespread and well-studied species, the invasive Argentine ant (<em>Linepithema humile</em>), which was accomplished using a combination of 454 (Roche) and Illumina sequencing and community-based funding rather than federal grant support. </span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">Manual annotation of &gt;1,000 genes from a variety of different gene families and functional classes reveals unique features of the Argentine ant's biology, as well as similarities to <em>Apis mellifera</em> and <em>Nasonia vitripennis</em>. </span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">Distinctive features of the Argentine ant genome include remarkable expansions of gustatory (116 genes) and odorant receptors (367 genes), an abundance of cytochrome P450 genes (&gt;110), lineage-specific expansions of yellow/major royal jelly proteins and desaturases, and complete CpG DNA methylation and RNAi toolkits. </span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">The Argentine ant genome contains fewer immune genes than <em>Drosophila</em> and <em>Tribolium</em>, which may reflect the prominent role played by behavioral and chemical suppression of pathogens. </span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">Analysis of the ratio of observed to expected CpG nucleotides for genes in the reproductive development and apoptosis pathways suggests <span style="color: #993300">higher levels of methylation than </span>in the genome overall. </span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">The resources provided by this genome sequence will offer an abundance of tools for researchers seeking to illuminate the fascinating biology of this emerging model organism.</span></p> </p> <br> 7d4a3df1ecb68a124effc96e218bea8441302c5e 3465 3464 2011-02-02T07:20:56Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><b><span style="font-size: medium">Draft genome of the globally widespread and invasive Argentine ant (<em>Linepithema humile</em>)</span></b></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">Abstract:</span></p> <p id="p-4"><span style="font-size: medium">Ants are some of the most abundant and familiar animals on Earth, and they play vital roles in most terrestrial ecosystems. </span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">Although all ants are eusocial, and display a variety of complex and fascinating behaviors, few genomic resources exist for them. </span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">Here, we report the draft genome sequence of a particularly widespread and well-studied species, the invasive Argentine ant (<em>Linepithema humile</em>), which was accomplished using a combination of 454 (Roche) and Illumina sequencing and community-based funding rather than federal grant support. </span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">Manual annotation of &gt;1,000 genes from a variety of different gene families and functional classes reveals unique features of the Argentine ant's biology, as well as similarities to <em>Apis mellifera</em> and <em>Nasonia vitripennis</em>. </span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">Distinctive features of the Argentine ant genome include remarkable expansions of gustatory (116 genes) and odorant receptors (367 genes), an abundance of cytochrome P450 genes (&gt;110), lineage-specific expansions of yellow/major royal jelly proteins and desaturases, and complete CpG DNA methylation and RNAi toolkits. </span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">The Argentine ant genome contains fewer immune genes than <em>Drosophila</em> and <em>Tribolium</em>, which may reflect the prominent role played by behavioral and chemical suppression of pathogens. </span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">Analysis of the ratio of observed to expected CpG nucleotides for genes in the reproductive development and apoptosis pathways suggests <span style="color: #993300">higher levels of methylation than </span>in the genome overall. </span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">The resources provided by this genome sequence will offer an abundance of tools for researchers seeking to illuminate the fascinating biology of this emerging model organism.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><br /> &nbsp;</p> <p><br /> Authors:</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>Christopher D. Smitha,1, <br /> Aleksey Ziminb, <br /> Carson Holtc, <br /> Ehab Abouheifd, <br /> Richard Bentone, <br /> Elizabeth Cashf, <br /> Vincent Crosete, <br /> Cameron R. Currieg,h, <br /> Eran Elhaiki, <br /> Christine G. Elsikj, <br /> Marie-Julie Faved, <br /> Vilaiwan Fernandesd, <br /> J&uuml;rgen Gadauf, <br /> Joshua D. Gibsonf, <br /> Dan Graurk, <br /> Kirk J. Grubbsf, <br /> Darren E. Hagenj, <br /> Martin Helmkampff, <br /> Jo-Anne Holleyl, <br /> Hao Huc, <br /> Ana Sofia Ibarraran Viniegrad, <br /> Brian R. Johnsonm, <br /> Reed M. Johnsonl, <br /> Abderrahman Khilad, <br /> Jay W. Kima, <br /> Joseph Lairdl, <br /> Kaitlyn A. Mathism, <br /> Joseph A. Moellerg,h, <br /> Monica C. Mu&ntilde;oz-Torresj, <br /> Marguerite C. Murphyn, <br /> Rin Nakamuraa, <br /> Surabhi Nigamn, <br /> Rick P. Oversonf, <br /> Jennifer E. Placeka, <br /> Rajendhran Rajakumard, <br /> Justin T. Reesej, <br /> Hugh M. Robertsonl,o, <br /> Chris R. Smithp, <br /> Andrew V. Suarezl,o, <br /> Garret Sueng,h, <br /> Elissa L. Suhrl, <br /> Shu Taoj, <br /> Candice W. Torresm, <br /> Ellen van Wilgenburgm, <br /> Lumi Viljakainenq, <br /> Kimberly K. O. Waldenl, <br /> Alexander L. Wildl, <br /> Mark Yandellc, <br /> James A. Yorker, and <br /> Neil D. Tsutsuim,1 <br /> + Author Affiliations</p> <p><br /> Departments of aBiology and</p> <p>nComputer Science, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132;</p> <p>bInstitute for Physical Science and Technology and</p> <p>rDepartment of Mathematics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742;</p> <p>cDepartment of Human Genetics, Eccles Institute of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112;</p> <p>dDepartment of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 1B1;</p> <p>eCenter for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland;</p> <p>fSchool of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287;</p> <p>gDepartment of Bacteriology and</p> <p>hDepartment of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706;</p> <p>iThe Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205;</p> <p>jDepartment of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057;</p> <p>kDepartment of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204;</p> <p>lDepartment of Entomology and</p> <p>oInstitute of Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana&ndash;Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801;</p> <p>mDepartment of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3114;</p> <p>pDepartment of Biology, Earlham College, Richmond, IN 47374; and</p> <p>qDepartment of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853<br /> Edited* by Gene E. Robinson, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, and approved January 11, 2011 (received for review June 17, 2010)</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.full.pdf+html</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 51a23ffb100033f6b14330145f6d7b919ff36006 3466 3465 2011-02-02T07:21:33Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: large"><b>Draft genome of the globally widespread and invasive </b><span style="color: #800000"><b>Argentine ant </b></span></span><span style="font-size: medium"><b>(<em>Linepithema humile</em>)</b></span></p> <p><b><span style="font-size: medium">Abstract:</span></b></p> <p id="p-4"><span style="font-size: medium">Ants are some of the most abundant and familiar animals on Earth, and they play vital roles in most terrestrial ecosystems. </span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">Although all ants are eusocial, and display a variety of complex and fascinating behaviors, few genomic resources exist for them. </span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">Here, we report the draft genome sequence of a particularly widespread and well-studied species, the invasive Argentine ant (<em>Linepithema humile</em>), which was accomplished using a combination of 454 (Roche) and Illumina sequencing and community-based funding rather than federal grant support. </span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">Manual annotation of &gt;1,000 genes from a variety of different gene families and functional classes reveals unique features of the Argentine ant's biology, as well as similarities to <em>Apis mellifera</em> and <em>Nasonia vitripennis</em>. </span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">Distinctive features of the Argentine ant genome include remarkable expansions of gustatory (116 genes) and odorant receptors (367 genes), an abundance of cytochrome P450 genes (&gt;110), lineage-specific expansions of yellow/major royal jelly proteins and desaturases, and complete CpG DNA methylation and RNAi toolkits. </span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">The Argentine ant genome contains fewer immune genes than <em>Drosophila</em> and <em>Tribolium</em>, which may reflect the prominent role played by behavioral and chemical suppression of pathogens. </span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">Analysis of the ratio of observed to expected CpG nucleotides for genes in the reproductive development and apoptosis pathways suggests <span style="color: #993300">higher levels of methylation than </span>in the genome overall. </span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">The resources provided by this genome sequence will offer an abundance of tools for researchers seeking to illuminate the fascinating biology of this emerging model organism.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><br /> &nbsp;</p> <p><br /> Authors:</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>Christopher D. Smitha,1, <br /> Aleksey Ziminb, <br /> Carson Holtc, <br /> Ehab Abouheifd, <br /> Richard Bentone, <br /> Elizabeth Cashf, <br /> Vincent Crosete, <br /> Cameron R. Currieg,h, <br /> Eran Elhaiki, <br /> Christine G. Elsikj, <br /> Marie-Julie Faved, <br /> Vilaiwan Fernandesd, <br /> J&uuml;rgen Gadauf, <br /> Joshua D. Gibsonf, <br /> Dan Graurk, <br /> Kirk J. Grubbsf, <br /> Darren E. Hagenj, <br /> Martin Helmkampff, <br /> Jo-Anne Holleyl, <br /> Hao Huc, <br /> Ana Sofia Ibarraran Viniegrad, <br /> Brian R. Johnsonm, <br /> Reed M. Johnsonl, <br /> Abderrahman Khilad, <br /> Jay W. Kima, <br /> Joseph Lairdl, <br /> Kaitlyn A. Mathism, <br /> Joseph A. Moellerg,h, <br /> Monica C. Mu&ntilde;oz-Torresj, <br /> Marguerite C. Murphyn, <br /> Rin Nakamuraa, <br /> Surabhi Nigamn, <br /> Rick P. Oversonf, <br /> Jennifer E. Placeka, <br /> Rajendhran Rajakumard, <br /> Justin T. Reesej, <br /> Hugh M. Robertsonl,o, <br /> Chris R. Smithp, <br /> Andrew V. Suarezl,o, <br /> Garret Sueng,h, <br /> Elissa L. Suhrl, <br /> Shu Taoj, <br /> Candice W. Torresm, <br /> Ellen van Wilgenburgm, <br /> Lumi Viljakainenq, <br /> Kimberly K. O. Waldenl, <br /> Alexander L. Wildl, <br /> Mark Yandellc, <br /> James A. Yorker, and <br /> Neil D. Tsutsuim,1 <br /> + Author Affiliations</p> <p><br /> Departments of aBiology and</p> <p>nComputer Science, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132;</p> <p>bInstitute for Physical Science and Technology and</p> <p>rDepartment of Mathematics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742;</p> <p>cDepartment of Human Genetics, Eccles Institute of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112;</p> <p>dDepartment of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 1B1;</p> <p>eCenter for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland;</p> <p>fSchool of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287;</p> <p>gDepartment of Bacteriology and</p> <p>hDepartment of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706;</p> <p>iThe Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205;</p> <p>jDepartment of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057;</p> <p>kDepartment of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204;</p> <p>lDepartment of Entomology and</p> <p>oInstitute of Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana&ndash;Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801;</p> <p>mDepartment of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3114;</p> <p>pDepartment of Biology, Earlham College, Richmond, IN 47374; and</p> <p>qDepartment of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853<br /> Edited* by Gene E. Robinson, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, and approved January 11, 2011 (received for review June 17, 2010)</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1008617108.full.pdf+html</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 55dab4b26e9202fc0080a1d43eca75b6e4b9856d 0 1709 3467 3283 2011-02-02T09:15:36Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font size="3">Human Genomics</font><br /> <br /> &nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>[[The human genome project completion announcement by Bill Clinton]]: 2000 June. 25th.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">Links</span></p> <p>[[Cancer genomics]]&nbsp; [[Oncogenomics]]</p> c179809c89c5dcb7a28cb439e8ad33d650c81298 0 2032 3468 2011-02-02T09:16:16Z J 2 Created page with "<p><span style="font-size: small">Oncogenomics is the genomics of cancer.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size: large">Links</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: s..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: small">Oncogenomics is the genomics of cancer.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size: large">Links</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">[http://oncoresearch.com Oncoresearch.com]</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 94e5a27df985f2d4dfc186cfa2a52b38de0330cf 3469 3468 2011-02-02T09:17:43Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: small">Oncogenomics is the genomics of cancer.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;[[What is oncogenomics?]]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size: large">Links</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">[http://oncoresearch.com Oncoresearch.com]</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 6629e56211e14e311b3aa1ed1396e455be45689c 0 2033 3470 2011-02-02T09:19:01Z J 2 Created page with "<p><span style="font-size: small"><b>Oncogenomics</b> is <span style="color: #000000">relatively new sub-field of genomics, which applies high throughput technologies to characte..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: small"><b>Oncogenomics</b> is <span style="color: #000000">relatively new sub-field of genomics, which applies high throughput technologies to characterize genes associated with cancer. Oncogenomics is synonymous with &quot;cancer genomics&quot;. Cancer is a genetic disease caused by accumulation of mutations to DNA leading to unrestrained cell proliferation and neoplasm formation. The goal of oncogenomics is to identify new oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes that may provide new insights into cancer diagnosis, predicting clinical outcome of cancers, and new targets for cancer therapies. The success of targeted cancer therapies such as Gleevec, Herceptin, and Avastin raised the hope for oncogenomics to elucidate new targets for cancer treatment<sup id="cite_ref-Strausberg2004_0-0" class="reference">[1]</sup>.</span></span></p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width: 502px" class="thumbinner"><span style="color: #000000"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d9/FIG1.JPG/500px-FIG1.JPG" width="500" height="277" /> </span> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><span style="color: #000000"><img alt="" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" /></span></div> <span style="color: #000000">Overall goals of oncogenomics</span></div> </div> </div> <p><span style="color: #000000">Besides understanding the underlying genetic mechanisms that initiates or drives cancer progression, one of the main goals of oncogenomics is to allow for the development of personalized cancer treatment. Cancer develops due to an accumulation of mutations in DNA. These mutations accumulate randomly, and thus, different DNA mutations and mutation combinations exist between different individuals with the same type of cancer. Thus, identifying and targeting specific mutations which have occurred in an individual patient may lead to increased efficacy of cancer therapy.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">The completion of the Human Genome Project has greatly facilitated the field of oncogenomics and increased abilities of researchers to find cancer causing genes. In addition, the sequencing technologies now available for sequence generation and data analysis have been applied and greatly contributed to the study of oncogenomics. With the amount of research conducted on cancer genomes and the accumulation of databases documenting the mutational changes, it has been predicted that the most important cancer-causing mutations, rearrangements, and altered expression levels will be catalogued and well characterized within the next decade. Cancer research may look either on the genomic level at DNA mutations, the epigenetic level at methylation or histone modification changes, the transcription level at altered levels of gene expression, or the protein level at altered levels of protein abundance and function in cancer cells. Oncogenomics focuses on the genomic, epigenomic, and transcript level alterations in cancer.</span></p> <p> <table id="toc" class="toc"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <div id="toctitle"> <h2><span style="color: #000000">Contents</span></h2> <span style="color: #000000"><span class="toctoggle"><font size="2">[</font><font size="2">hide</font><font size="2">]</font></span></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><span style="color: #000000"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></span></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><span style="color: #000000"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Technologies</span> </span> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><span style="color: #000000"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Cancer Genomes</span></span></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><span style="color: #000000"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Cancer Transcriptomes</span></span></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><span style="color: #000000"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Bionformatics and functional analysis of oncogenes</span></span></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><span style="color: #000000"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Operomics</span></span></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><span style="color: #000000"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Comparative Oncogenomics</span></span></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><span style="color: #000000"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Synthetic Lethality/Conditional Genetics</span></span></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><span style="color: #000000"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Databases for Cancer Research</span></span></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><span style="color: #000000"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Advances from Oncogenomics</span></span></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><span style="color: #000000"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></span></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12">&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <span style="color: #000000"> </span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="History" class="mw-headline">History</span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000">The genomics era became established with much success in the 1990s, with the DNA sequences of many organisms being generated. In the 21st century, the completion of the Human Genome Project at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute has paved the way for many new endeavors for studying the functional genomics and examining the genomes which characterize different diseases. Cancer has been one of the main focuses.</span></p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width: 602px" class="thumbinner"><span style="color: #000000"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c1/Figure2.JPG/600px-Figure2.JPG" width="600" height="456" /> </span> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><span style="color: #000000"><img alt="" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" /></span></div> <span style="color: #000000">Current technologies being used in Oncogenomics.</span></div> </div> </div> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Technologies" class="mw-headline">Technologies</span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000">Research examining the genomes and transcriptomes of cancer cells are currently extensively complemented by state of the art technologies.</span></p> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Cancer_Genomes" class="mw-headline">Cancer Genomes</span></span></h3> <ul> <li><span style="color: #000000"><i>High-throughput DNA sequencing technologies</i>: The development of high-throughput DNA sequencing platforms,which utilize pyrosequencing, have greatly altered the field of genomics within only a few years. These systems allow for a relatively low-cost method to generate sequence data, and have been employed by many researchers in the oncogenomics field<sup id="cite_ref-Strausberg2004_0-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[1]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[2]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><font size="2">[3]</font></sup>.</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000"><i>Array Comparative Genome Hybridization</i>: This technique measures the DNA copy number differences between genomes. This method has been used to study the gain or loss of genes in cancer genomes compared to normal genomes. It uses the fluorescence intensity from two fluorescently labeled sample DNA, which are hybridized to known probes on a microarray chip. The ratio of fluorescence intensities allows quantification of copy number changes in the cancerous genomes <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><font size="2">[4]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><font size="2">[5]</font></sup>.</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000"><i>Representational oligotide microarray analysis</i>: This techniques also detects copy number variation using the microarray format, using amplified restriction digested genomic fragments to represent cancerous genomes. These fragments are then hybridized to oligonucleotides of the human genome on an array, with a resolution between 30 and 35 kbit/s <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><font size="2">[6]</font></sup>.</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000"><i>Digital Karyotyping</i>: Another method that provides a high resolution and high-throughput technology to quantify copy number of genes in samples. This technique involves using genomics tags which have been obtained via restriction enzyme digests on a sample of DNA. These genomic tags are then linked to into ditags, concatenated, cloned, and sequenced. These sequence tags are then mapped back to the reference genome to evaluate tag density and quantify DNA amplification or deletions of regions of genomes<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><font size="2">[7]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><font size="2">[8]</font></sup>.</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000"><i>Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC)-end sequencing</i>: This is another method used in oncogenomics, which identifies chromosomal breakpoints in a high-resolution manner. This technique involves generating a BAC library from a cancer genome, and sequencing the ends of these sequences. The BAC clones which contain chromosome aberrations will have end sequences that do not map to a similar region of reference genome, thus identifying a chromosomal breakpoint present in cancerous genomes. By sequencing these BACs, the breakpoints and genes involved may be identified <sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><font size="2">[9]</font></sup>.</span></li> </ul> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Cancer_Transcriptomes" class="mw-headline">Cancer Transcriptomes</span></span></h3> <ul> <li><span style="color: #000000"><i>Microarrays</i>: These have been and continue to be extremely informative in assessing transcript abundance in cancerous cells. The transcription profiles have provided different means of classification for different types of cancers, predicting prognosis of cancer, and raising the possibility of differential treatment approaches to different types of cancer. The ability to directly sequence transcriptomes of cancerous tissues with high-throughput sequencing technologies also aids in the identification of mutations which have occurred in the coding regions of the proteins<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><font size="2">[10]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><font size="2">[11]</font></sup></span></li> </ul> <p><span style="color: #000000">As well, the identification of the relative abundance of alternative transcripts has become an important component of the study of cancer. It has been shown that particular alternative transcript forms are correlated with specific types of cancer. With this impact, generation of exon-array technologies which are able to quantify alternate splice forms, and other transcript sequencing technologies, have become an important part of oncogenomics <sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><font size="2">[12]</font></sup>.</span></p> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Bionformatics_and_functional_analysis_of_oncogenes" class="mw-headline">Bionformatics and functional analysis of oncogenes</span></span></h3> <p><span style="color: #000000">With the amounts of sequencing data and expression profiling data being generated, the development of bioinformatics technologies to statistically analyze this data is essential. As well, after the identification of these oncogenes, much research still remains to be done to analyze the functional characteristics of these genes and how they contribute to the cancer phenotype. For example, examination of transformational capabilities of discovered oncogenes are important for confirming their impact in tumour formation. In addition, in cancerous cells, many DNA mutations accumulate. It is important to identify genes which are important in the early stages of cancer progression and in cancer development. Identification of mutations in these genes will be most helpful in diagnosis and in finding new targets for cancer therapy.</span></p> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Operomics" class="mw-headline">Operomics</span></span></h3> <p><span style="color: #000000">Operomics is an approach that aims to integrate genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics in order to achieve a complete understanding of the molecular mechanisms which underlie the development of cancer <sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><font size="2">[13]</font></sup>. This involves simultaneous molecular analysis of DNA, RNA, and protein of tumor tissue samples. With increasing advances in technologies to analyze cancer cells, operomics will be an overall goal of cancer research.</span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Comparative_Oncogenomics" class="mw-headline">Comparative Oncogenomics</span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000">Comparative Oncogenomics is a branch of oncogenomics which uses cross-species comparisons to identify oncogenes. This research involves studying cancer genomes, transcriptomes, and proteomes in other model organisms, such as mice, identifying potential oncogenes, and referring back to human cancer samples to see whether homologues of these oncogenes are also important in causing cancer in humans<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><font size="2">[14]</font></sup>. Recent research has found that the genetic alterations in mouse models have been found to be exceptionally similar to those found in human cancers. This branch of oncogenomics useful in that different types of cancer may be studied in animal models. These models are generated by various methods, including retroviral insertion mutagenesis or graft transplantation of cancerous cells. Comparative oncogenomics is a powerful approach to oncogene identification.</span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Synthetic_Lethality.2FConditional_Genetics" class="mw-headline">Synthetic Lethality/Conditional Genetics</span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000">One approach to studying oncogenomics, which shows great promise in producing useful cancer therapies by taking advantage of mutational aberrations in cancer cells, is the strategic exploitation of synthetic lethality interactions between multiple genes. Frequently, known oncogenes may be essential for survival of all cells (not only cancer cells). Thus, drugs intended to knock out these oncogenes (and thereby kill cancer cells) may also cause serious negative effects to normal cells: i.e., significant illness may be directly induced by the cancer therapy. To generate therapies that more specifically target cancer cells, scientists are now working to systematically examine the effect of suppressing every gene in the human genome, one at a time, <i>in combination with</i> the presence of the cancer-associated mutation of some other gene which has previously been identified as an oncogene <sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><font size="2">[15]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><font size="2">[16]</font></sup>. This type of search can thus identify targets for cancer therapy by exploiting the mutations that are present exclusively in cancer cells; if the knockout of an otherwise nonessential gene has little or no effect on healthy cells, but is lethal to cancerous cells containing the mutated form of a given oncogene, then the system-wide suppression of the normally nonessential gene can destroy cancerous cells while leaving healthy ones intact or relatively undamaged. (The term &quot;synthetic lethality,&quot; here, describes this sort of synergistic effect.) Success has been observed with this method both in discovering cancer targets and in developing therapies. One example is the case of PARP-1 inhibitors specifically applied to treat BRCA1/BRCA2-associated cancers <sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><font size="2">[17]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><font size="2">[18]</font></sup>. In this case, the combined presence of PARP-1 inhibition and of the cancer-associated mutations in BRCA genes is lethal only to the cancerous cells. Phase I clinical trials of this technique suggest that it may show promise in patients with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations, and Phase II trials are currently underway</span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Databases_for_Cancer_Research" class="mw-headline">Databases for Cancer Research</span></span></h2> <div class="rellink boilerplate seealso"><span style="color: #000000">See also: Databases for oncogenomic research</span></div> <p><span style="color: #000000">Many databases are available to cancer researchers as resources which have banked oncogenomic research data. The Cancer Genome Project is an initiative to map out all the somatic intragenic mutations in cancer. To do this, they are systematically sequencing the exons and flanking splice junctions of all the genes in the genomes of primary tumors and cancerous cell lines. COSMIC is a resource which displays the data generated from these experiments. As of February 2008, the CGP has identified 4746 genes and 2985 mutations in 1848 tumours analyzed.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">The Cancer Genome Anatomy Project from National Cancer Institute also has banked much information of research on cancer genome, transcriptome, and proteome. Progenetix is another oncogenomic reference database, presenting cytogenetic and molecular-cytogenetic tumor data. Oncomine has compiled data from cancer transcriptome profiles.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">The Integrative Oncogenomics database IntOGen integrates multidimensional human oncogenomic data classified by tissue type using the ICD-O terms.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><font size="2">[19]</font></sup> Data mining for different alteration types, such as Gene Expression and CNV are made available in the IntOGen database.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">The International Cancer Genome Consortium is so far the biggest project to collect human cancer genome data. The data is accessible through the ICGC website.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Specific databases for model animals also exist, as for example the Retrovirus Tagged Cancer Gene Database (RTCGD) has compiled research on retroviral and transposon insertional mutagenesis in mouse tumors.</span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Advances_from_Oncogenomics" class="mw-headline">Advances from Oncogenomics</span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000">Mutational analysis of entire gene families has been a powerful approach to oncogenomics which has been informative. Genes of the same family have similar functions, as predicted by similar coding sequences and protein domains, have been systematically sequenced in cancerous genomes to identify particular pathways which may be associated with cancer progression. One such class of families which has been studied is the kinase family genes, involved in adding phosphate groups to proteins, and phosphatase family genes, involved with removing phosphate groups from proteins<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><font size="2">[20]</font></sup>.These families were first examined because of their apparent role in transducing cellular signals of cell growth or death. In particular, more than 50% of colorectal cancers were found to carry a mutation in a kinase or phosphatase gene. Phosphatidylinositold 3-kinases (PIK3CA) gene encode for lipid kinases which were identified to commonly contain mutations in colorectal, breast, gastric, lung, and various other types of cancer <sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><font size="2">[21]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><font size="2">[22]</font></sup>. Drug therapies have already been developed to inhibit PIK3CA. Another example is the BRAF gene was identified in 2004, which was one of the first genes ever to be implicated in melanomas <sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><font size="2">[23]</font></sup>. BRAF encodes a serine/threonine kinase which is involved in the RAS-RAF-MAPK growth signaling pathway, and they found that mutations in BRAF causing constitutive phosphorylation and activity were found in 59% of melanomas. Before BRAF, there was very little understanding of the genetic mechanism of the development of melanomas, and therefore, prognosis for patients was poor. Thus, the CGP set out to discover genes involved with melanomas and identified BRAF, which is now a target of new cancer therapies, with clinical data of BRAF inhibiting targets already generated<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><font size="2">[24]</font></sup></span></p> <h2><span id="References" class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <div class="references"> <ol> <li id="cite_note-Strausberg2004-0">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Strausberg2004_0-0">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="2">a</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Strausberg2004_0-1">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="2">b</font></b></i>}</a> Strausberg, R.L., et al., Oncogenomics and the development of new cancer therapies. Nature, 2004. 429(6990): p. 469-474.</li> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Bardelli, A. and V.E. Velculescu, Mutational analysis of gene families in human cancer. Current Opinion in Genetics &amp; Development, 2005. 15(1): p.5-12.</li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Benvenuti, S., S. Arena, and A. Bardelli, Identification of cancer genes by mutational profiling of tumor genomes. Febs Letters, 2005. 579(8): p. 1884-1890.</li> <li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Shih, I.M. and T.L. Wang, Apply innovative technologies to explore cancer genome. Current Opinion in Oncology, 2005. 17(1): p. 33-38.</li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Greshock, J., et al., 1-Mb resolution array-based comparative genomic hybridization using a BAC clone set optimized for cancer gene analysis. Genome Research, 2004. 14(1): p. 179-187.</li> <li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Lucito, R., et al., Representational oligonucleotide microarray analysis: A high-resolution method to detect genome copy number variation. Genome Research, 2003. 13(10): p. 2291-2305.</li> <li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Hu, M., J. Yao, and K. Polyak, Methylation-specific digital karyotyping. Nature Protocols, 2006. 1(3): p. 1621-1636.</li> <li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Korner, H., et al., Digital karyotyping reveals frequent inactivation of the Dystrophin/DMD gene in malignant melanoma. Cell Cycle, 2007. 6(2): p. 189-198.</li> <li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Volik, S., et al., End-sequence profiling: Sequence-based analysis of aberrant genomes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2003. 100(13): p. 7696-7701.</li> <li id="cite_note-9"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> van de Vijver, M.J., et al., A gene-expression signature as a predictor of survival in breast cancer. New England Journal of Medicine, 2002. 347(25): p. 1999-2009.</li> <li id="cite_note-10"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> van 't Veer, L.J., et al., Expression profiling predicts outcome in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Research, 2002. 5(1): p. 57-58.</li> <li id="cite_note-11"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Xu, Q. and C. Lee, Discovery of novel splice forms and functional analysis of cancer-specific alternative splicing in human expressed sequences. Nucleic Acids Research, 2003. 31(19): p. 5635-5643.</li> <li id="cite_note-12"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Hanash, S.M., Operomics: Molecular analysis of tissues from DNA to RNA to protein. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, 2000. 38(9): p. 805-813.</li> <li id="cite_note-13"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Peeper, D. and A. Berns, Cross-species onocogenomics in cancer gene idenfification. Cell, 2006. 125(7): p. 1230-1233.</li> <li id="cite_note-14"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Kaelin, W.G., The concept of synthetic lethality in the context of anticancer therapy. Nature Reviews Cancer, 2005. 5(9): p. 689-698.</li> <li id="cite_note-15"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> O'Connor, M.J., N.M.B. Martin, and G.C.M. Smith, Targeted cancer therapies based on the inhibition of DNA strand break repair. Oncogene, 2007. 26(56): p. 7816-7824.</li> <li id="cite_note-16"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Farmer H., McCabe N., Lord C.J. et al. Targeting the DNA repair defect in BRCA mutant cells as a therapeutic strategy. Nature, 2005. 434(7035): p.917-921.</li> <li id="cite_note-17"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Bryant, H.E., et al., Specific killing of BRCA2-deficient tumours with inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. Nature, 2005. 434(7035): p. 913-917.</li> <li id="cite_note-18"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Gundem, G., et al., IntOGen: integration and data mining of multidimensional oncogenomic data. Nature Methods, 2010. 300(5621): p. 92-93.</li> <li id="cite_note-19"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Blume-Jensen, P. and T. Hunter, Oncogenic kinase signalling. Nature, 2001. 411(6835): p. 355-365.26.</li> <li id="cite_note-20"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Bardelli, A., et al., Mutational analysis of the tyrosine kinome in colorectal cancers. Science, 2003. 300(5621): p. 949-949.</li> <li id="cite_note-21"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Samuels, Y., et al., High frequency of mutations of the PIK3CA gene in human cancers. Science, 2004. 304(5670): p. 554-554.</li> <li id="cite_note-22"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Davies, H., et al., Mutations of the BRAF gene in human cancer. Nature, 2002. 417(6892): p. 949-954.</li> <li id="cite_note-23"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Danson, S. and P. Lorigan, Improving outcomes in advanced malignant melanoma - Update on systemic therapy. Drugs, 2005. 65(6): p. 733-743.</li> </ol> </div> <h2><span id="External_links" class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" href="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/genetics/CGP/" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">Cancer Genome Project</font></a>: an oncogenomic reference database from the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute</li> <li><a class="external text" href="http://cgap.nci.nih.gov/" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">Cancer Genome Anatomy Project</font></a>: an oncogenomic reference database from the National Cancer Institute</li> <li><a class="external text" href="http://www.progenetix.net" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">Progenetix</font></a>: an oncogenomic reference database, presenting cytogenetic and molecular-cytogenetic tumor data</li> <li><a class="external text" href="http://www.oncomine.org/" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">Oncomine</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="http://rtcgd.abcc.ncifcrf.gov/" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">Retrovirus Tagged Cancer Gene Database (RTCGD)</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="http://www.intogen.org/" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">IntOGen</font></a> Integration and data mining of multidimensional oncogenomic data</li> </ul> 628001cc3932fe61386befe3067d3c9c24485d27 3471 3470 2011-02-02T09:19:16Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: small"><b>Oncogenomics</b> is <span style="color: #000000">relatively new sub-field of genomics, which applies high throughput technologies to characterize genes associated with cancer. Oncogenomics is synonymous with &quot;cancer genomics&quot;. Cancer is a genetic disease caused by accumulation of mutations to DNA leading to unrestrained cell proliferation and neoplasm formation. The goal of oncogenomics is to identify new oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes that may provide new insights into cancer diagnosis, predicting clinical outcome of cancers, and new targets for cancer therapies. The success of targeted cancer therapies such as Gleevec, Herceptin, and Avastin raised the hope for oncogenomics to elucidate new targets for cancer treatment<sup id="cite_ref-Strausberg2004_0-0" class="reference">[1]</sup>.</span></span></p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width: 502px" class="thumbinner"><span style="color: #000000"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="500" height="277" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d9/FIG1.JPG/500px-FIG1.JPG" /> </span> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><span style="color: #000000"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></span></div> <span style="color: #000000">Overall goals of oncogenomics</span></div> </div> </div> <p><span style="color: #000000">Besides understanding the underlying genetic mechanisms that initiates or drives cancer progression, one of the main goals of oncogenomics is to allow for the development of personalized cancer treatment. Cancer develops due to an accumulation of mutations in DNA. These mutations accumulate randomly, and thus, different DNA mutations and mutation combinations exist between different individuals with the same type of cancer. Thus, identifying and targeting specific mutations which have occurred in an individual patient may lead to increased efficacy of cancer therapy.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">The completion of the Human Genome Project has greatly facilitated the field of oncogenomics and increased abilities of researchers to find cancer causing genes. In addition, the sequencing technologies now available for sequence generation and data analysis have been applied and greatly contributed to the study of oncogenomics. With the amount of research conducted on cancer genomes and the accumulation of databases documenting the mutational changes, it has been predicted that the most important cancer-causing mutations, rearrangements, and altered expression levels will be catalogued and well characterized within the next decade. Cancer research may look either on the genomic level at DNA mutations, the epigenetic level at methylation or histone modification changes, the transcription level at altered levels of gene expression, or the protein level at altered levels of protein abundance and function in cancer cells. Oncogenomics focuses on the genomic, epigenomic, and transcript level alterations in cancer.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="History" class="mw-headline">History</span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000">The genomics era became established with much success in the 1990s, with the DNA sequences of many organisms being generated. In the 21st century, the completion of the Human Genome Project at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute has paved the way for many new endeavors for studying the functional genomics and examining the genomes which characterize different diseases. Cancer has been one of the main focuses.</span></p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width: 602px" class="thumbinner"><span style="color: #000000"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="600" height="456" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c1/Figure2.JPG/600px-Figure2.JPG" /> </span> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><span style="color: #000000"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></span></div> <span style="color: #000000">Current technologies being used in Oncogenomics.</span></div> </div> </div> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Technologies" class="mw-headline">Technologies</span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000">Research examining the genomes and transcriptomes of cancer cells are currently extensively complemented by state of the art technologies.</span></p> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Cancer_Genomes" class="mw-headline">Cancer Genomes</span></span></h3> <ul> <li><span style="color: #000000"><i>High-throughput DNA sequencing technologies</i>: The development of high-throughput DNA sequencing platforms,which utilize pyrosequencing, have greatly altered the field of genomics within only a few years. These systems allow for a relatively low-cost method to generate sequence data, and have been employed by many researchers in the oncogenomics field<sup id="cite_ref-Strausberg2004_0-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[1]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[2]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><font size="2">[3]</font></sup>.</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000"><i>Array Comparative Genome Hybridization</i>: This technique measures the DNA copy number differences between genomes. This method has been used to study the gain or loss of genes in cancer genomes compared to normal genomes. It uses the fluorescence intensity from two fluorescently labeled sample DNA, which are hybridized to known probes on a microarray chip. The ratio of fluorescence intensities allows quantification of copy number changes in the cancerous genomes <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><font size="2">[4]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><font size="2">[5]</font></sup>.</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000"><i>Representational oligotide microarray analysis</i>: This techniques also detects copy number variation using the microarray format, using amplified restriction digested genomic fragments to represent cancerous genomes. These fragments are then hybridized to oligonucleotides of the human genome on an array, with a resolution between 30 and 35 kbit/s <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><font size="2">[6]</font></sup>.</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000"><i>Digital Karyotyping</i>: Another method that provides a high resolution and high-throughput technology to quantify copy number of genes in samples. This technique involves using genomics tags which have been obtained via restriction enzyme digests on a sample of DNA. These genomic tags are then linked to into ditags, concatenated, cloned, and sequenced. These sequence tags are then mapped back to the reference genome to evaluate tag density and quantify DNA amplification or deletions of regions of genomes<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><font size="2">[7]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><font size="2">[8]</font></sup>.</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000"><i>Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC)-end sequencing</i>: This is another method used in oncogenomics, which identifies chromosomal breakpoints in a high-resolution manner. This technique involves generating a BAC library from a cancer genome, and sequencing the ends of these sequences. The BAC clones which contain chromosome aberrations will have end sequences that do not map to a similar region of reference genome, thus identifying a chromosomal breakpoint present in cancerous genomes. By sequencing these BACs, the breakpoints and genes involved may be identified <sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><font size="2">[9]</font></sup>.</span></li> </ul> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Cancer_Transcriptomes" class="mw-headline">Cancer Transcriptomes</span></span></h3> <ul> <li><span style="color: #000000"><i>Microarrays</i>: These have been and continue to be extremely informative in assessing transcript abundance in cancerous cells. The transcription profiles have provided different means of classification for different types of cancers, predicting prognosis of cancer, and raising the possibility of differential treatment approaches to different types of cancer. The ability to directly sequence transcriptomes of cancerous tissues with high-throughput sequencing technologies also aids in the identification of mutations which have occurred in the coding regions of the proteins<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><font size="2">[10]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><font size="2">[11]</font></sup></span></li> </ul> <p><span style="color: #000000">As well, the identification of the relative abundance of alternative transcripts has become an important component of the study of cancer. It has been shown that particular alternative transcript forms are correlated with specific types of cancer. With this impact, generation of exon-array technologies which are able to quantify alternate splice forms, and other transcript sequencing technologies, have become an important part of oncogenomics <sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><font size="2">[12]</font></sup>.</span></p> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Bionformatics_and_functional_analysis_of_oncogenes" class="mw-headline">Bionformatics and functional analysis of oncogenes</span></span></h3> <p><span style="color: #000000">With the amounts of sequencing data and expression profiling data being generated, the development of bioinformatics technologies to statistically analyze this data is essential. As well, after the identification of these oncogenes, much research still remains to be done to analyze the functional characteristics of these genes and how they contribute to the cancer phenotype. For example, examination of transformational capabilities of discovered oncogenes are important for confirming their impact in tumour formation. In addition, in cancerous cells, many DNA mutations accumulate. It is important to identify genes which are important in the early stages of cancer progression and in cancer development. Identification of mutations in these genes will be most helpful in diagnosis and in finding new targets for cancer therapy.</span></p> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Operomics" class="mw-headline">Operomics</span></span></h3> <p><span style="color: #000000">Operomics is an approach that aims to integrate genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics in order to achieve a complete understanding of the molecular mechanisms which underlie the development of cancer <sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><font size="2">[13]</font></sup>. This involves simultaneous molecular analysis of DNA, RNA, and protein of tumor tissue samples. With increasing advances in technologies to analyze cancer cells, operomics will be an overall goal of cancer research.</span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Comparative_Oncogenomics" class="mw-headline">Comparative Oncogenomics</span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000">Comparative Oncogenomics is a branch of oncogenomics which uses cross-species comparisons to identify oncogenes. This research involves studying cancer genomes, transcriptomes, and proteomes in other model organisms, such as mice, identifying potential oncogenes, and referring back to human cancer samples to see whether homologues of these oncogenes are also important in causing cancer in humans<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><font size="2">[14]</font></sup>. Recent research has found that the genetic alterations in mouse models have been found to be exceptionally similar to those found in human cancers. This branch of oncogenomics useful in that different types of cancer may be studied in animal models. These models are generated by various methods, including retroviral insertion mutagenesis or graft transplantation of cancerous cells. Comparative oncogenomics is a powerful approach to oncogene identification.</span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Synthetic_Lethality.2FConditional_Genetics" class="mw-headline">Synthetic Lethality/Conditional Genetics</span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000">One approach to studying oncogenomics, which shows great promise in producing useful cancer therapies by taking advantage of mutational aberrations in cancer cells, is the strategic exploitation of synthetic lethality interactions between multiple genes. Frequently, known oncogenes may be essential for survival of all cells (not only cancer cells). Thus, drugs intended to knock out these oncogenes (and thereby kill cancer cells) may also cause serious negative effects to normal cells: i.e., significant illness may be directly induced by the cancer therapy. To generate therapies that more specifically target cancer cells, scientists are now working to systematically examine the effect of suppressing every gene in the human genome, one at a time, <i>in combination with</i> the presence of the cancer-associated mutation of some other gene which has previously been identified as an oncogene <sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><font size="2">[15]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><font size="2">[16]</font></sup>. This type of search can thus identify targets for cancer therapy by exploiting the mutations that are present exclusively in cancer cells; if the knockout of an otherwise nonessential gene has little or no effect on healthy cells, but is lethal to cancerous cells containing the mutated form of a given oncogene, then the system-wide suppression of the normally nonessential gene can destroy cancerous cells while leaving healthy ones intact or relatively undamaged. (The term &quot;synthetic lethality,&quot; here, describes this sort of synergistic effect.) Success has been observed with this method both in discovering cancer targets and in developing therapies. One example is the case of PARP-1 inhibitors specifically applied to treat BRCA1/BRCA2-associated cancers <sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><font size="2">[17]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><font size="2">[18]</font></sup>. In this case, the combined presence of PARP-1 inhibition and of the cancer-associated mutations in BRCA genes is lethal only to the cancerous cells. Phase I clinical trials of this technique suggest that it may show promise in patients with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations, and Phase II trials are currently underway</span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Databases_for_Cancer_Research" class="mw-headline">Databases for Cancer Research</span></span></h2> <div class="rellink boilerplate seealso"><span style="color: #000000">See also: Databases for oncogenomic research</span></div> <p><span style="color: #000000">Many databases are available to cancer researchers as resources which have banked oncogenomic research data. The Cancer Genome Project is an initiative to map out all the somatic intragenic mutations in cancer. To do this, they are systematically sequencing the exons and flanking splice junctions of all the genes in the genomes of primary tumors and cancerous cell lines. COSMIC is a resource which displays the data generated from these experiments. As of February 2008, the CGP has identified 4746 genes and 2985 mutations in 1848 tumours analyzed.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">The Cancer Genome Anatomy Project from National Cancer Institute also has banked much information of research on cancer genome, transcriptome, and proteome. Progenetix is another oncogenomic reference database, presenting cytogenetic and molecular-cytogenetic tumor data. Oncomine has compiled data from cancer transcriptome profiles.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">The Integrative Oncogenomics database IntOGen integrates multidimensional human oncogenomic data classified by tissue type using the ICD-O terms.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><font size="2">[19]</font></sup> Data mining for different alteration types, such as Gene Expression and CNV are made available in the IntOGen database.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">The International Cancer Genome Consortium is so far the biggest project to collect human cancer genome data. The data is accessible through the ICGC website.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Specific databases for model animals also exist, as for example the Retrovirus Tagged Cancer Gene Database (RTCGD) has compiled research on retroviral and transposon insertional mutagenesis in mouse tumors.</span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Advances_from_Oncogenomics" class="mw-headline">Advances from Oncogenomics</span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000">Mutational analysis of entire gene families has been a powerful approach to oncogenomics which has been informative. Genes of the same family have similar functions, as predicted by similar coding sequences and protein domains, have been systematically sequenced in cancerous genomes to identify particular pathways which may be associated with cancer progression. One such class of families which has been studied is the kinase family genes, involved in adding phosphate groups to proteins, and phosphatase family genes, involved with removing phosphate groups from proteins<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><font size="2">[20]</font></sup>.These families were first examined because of their apparent role in transducing cellular signals of cell growth or death. In particular, more than 50% of colorectal cancers were found to carry a mutation in a kinase or phosphatase gene. Phosphatidylinositold 3-kinases (PIK3CA) gene encode for lipid kinases which were identified to commonly contain mutations in colorectal, breast, gastric, lung, and various other types of cancer <sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><font size="2">[21]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><font size="2">[22]</font></sup>. Drug therapies have already been developed to inhibit PIK3CA. Another example is the BRAF gene was identified in 2004, which was one of the first genes ever to be implicated in melanomas <sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><font size="2">[23]</font></sup>. BRAF encodes a serine/threonine kinase which is involved in the RAS-RAF-MAPK growth signaling pathway, and they found that mutations in BRAF causing constitutive phosphorylation and activity were found in 59% of melanomas. Before BRAF, there was very little understanding of the genetic mechanism of the development of melanomas, and therefore, prognosis for patients was poor. Thus, the CGP set out to discover genes involved with melanomas and identified BRAF, which is now a target of new cancer therapies, with clinical data of BRAF inhibiting targets already generated<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><font size="2">[24]</font></sup></span></p> <h2><span id="References" class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <div class="references"> <ol> <li id="cite_note-Strausberg2004-0">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Strausberg2004_0-0">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="2">a</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Strausberg2004_0-1">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="2">b</font></b></i>}</a> Strausberg, R.L., et al., Oncogenomics and the development of new cancer therapies. Nature, 2004. 429(6990): p. 469-474.</li> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Bardelli, A. and V.E. Velculescu, Mutational analysis of gene families in human cancer. Current Opinion in Genetics &amp; Development, 2005. 15(1): p.5-12.</li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Benvenuti, S., S. Arena, and A. Bardelli, Identification of cancer genes by mutational profiling of tumor genomes. Febs Letters, 2005. 579(8): p. 1884-1890.</li> <li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Shih, I.M. and T.L. Wang, Apply innovative technologies to explore cancer genome. Current Opinion in Oncology, 2005. 17(1): p. 33-38.</li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Greshock, J., et al., 1-Mb resolution array-based comparative genomic hybridization using a BAC clone set optimized for cancer gene analysis. Genome Research, 2004. 14(1): p. 179-187.</li> <li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Lucito, R., et al., Representational oligonucleotide microarray analysis: A high-resolution method to detect genome copy number variation. Genome Research, 2003. 13(10): p. 2291-2305.</li> <li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Hu, M., J. Yao, and K. Polyak, Methylation-specific digital karyotyping. Nature Protocols, 2006. 1(3): p. 1621-1636.</li> <li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Korner, H., et al., Digital karyotyping reveals frequent inactivation of the Dystrophin/DMD gene in malignant melanoma. Cell Cycle, 2007. 6(2): p. 189-198.</li> <li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Volik, S., et al., End-sequence profiling: Sequence-based analysis of aberrant genomes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2003. 100(13): p. 7696-7701.</li> <li id="cite_note-9"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> van de Vijver, M.J., et al., A gene-expression signature as a predictor of survival in breast cancer. New England Journal of Medicine, 2002. 347(25): p. 1999-2009.</li> <li id="cite_note-10"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> van 't Veer, L.J., et al., Expression profiling predicts outcome in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Research, 2002. 5(1): p. 57-58.</li> <li id="cite_note-11"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Xu, Q. and C. Lee, Discovery of novel splice forms and functional analysis of cancer-specific alternative splicing in human expressed sequences. Nucleic Acids Research, 2003. 31(19): p. 5635-5643.</li> <li id="cite_note-12"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Hanash, S.M., Operomics: Molecular analysis of tissues from DNA to RNA to protein. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, 2000. 38(9): p. 805-813.</li> <li id="cite_note-13"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Peeper, D. and A. Berns, Cross-species onocogenomics in cancer gene idenfification. Cell, 2006. 125(7): p. 1230-1233.</li> <li id="cite_note-14"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Kaelin, W.G., The concept of synthetic lethality in the context of anticancer therapy. Nature Reviews Cancer, 2005. 5(9): p. 689-698.</li> <li id="cite_note-15"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> O'Connor, M.J., N.M.B. Martin, and G.C.M. Smith, Targeted cancer therapies based on the inhibition of DNA strand break repair. Oncogene, 2007. 26(56): p. 7816-7824.</li> <li id="cite_note-16"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Farmer H., McCabe N., Lord C.J. et al. Targeting the DNA repair defect in BRCA mutant cells as a therapeutic strategy. Nature, 2005. 434(7035): p.917-921.</li> <li id="cite_note-17"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Bryant, H.E., et al., Specific killing of BRCA2-deficient tumours with inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. Nature, 2005. 434(7035): p. 913-917.</li> <li id="cite_note-18"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Gundem, G., et al., IntOGen: integration and data mining of multidimensional oncogenomic data. Nature Methods, 2010. 300(5621): p. 92-93.</li> <li id="cite_note-19"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Blume-Jensen, P. and T. Hunter, Oncogenic kinase signalling. Nature, 2001. 411(6835): p. 355-365.26.</li> <li id="cite_note-20"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Bardelli, A., et al., Mutational analysis of the tyrosine kinome in colorectal cancers. Science, 2003. 300(5621): p. 949-949.</li> <li id="cite_note-21"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Samuels, Y., et al., High frequency of mutations of the PIK3CA gene in human cancers. Science, 2004. 304(5670): p. 554-554.</li> <li id="cite_note-22"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Davies, H., et al., Mutations of the BRAF gene in human cancer. Nature, 2002. 417(6892): p. 949-954.</li> <li id="cite_note-23"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Danson, S. and P. Lorigan, Improving outcomes in advanced malignant melanoma - Update on systemic therapy. Drugs, 2005. 65(6): p. 733-743.</li> </ol> </div> <h2><span id="External_links" class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/genetics/CGP/"><font color="#3366bb">Cancer Genome Project</font></a>: an oncogenomic reference database from the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://cgap.nci.nih.gov/"><font color="#3366bb">Cancer Genome Anatomy Project</font></a>: an oncogenomic reference database from the National Cancer Institute</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.progenetix.net"><font color="#3366bb">Progenetix</font></a>: an oncogenomic reference database, presenting cytogenetic and molecular-cytogenetic tumor data</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.oncomine.org/"><font color="#3366bb">Oncomine</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://rtcgd.abcc.ncifcrf.gov/"><font color="#3366bb">Retrovirus Tagged Cancer Gene Database (RTCGD)</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.intogen.org/"><font color="#3366bb">IntOGen</font></a> Integration and data mining of multidimensional oncogenomic data</li> </ul> 8774cac19920a747e4290b43002aa79c13480b98 3472 3471 2011-02-02T09:19:38Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: small"><b>Oncogenomics</b> is <span style="color: #000000">relatively new sub-field of genomics, which applies high throughput technologies to characterize genes associated with cancer. </span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><span style="color: #000000">Oncogenomics is synonymous with &quot;cancer genomics&quot;. Cancer is a genetic disease caused by accumulation of mutations to DNA leading to unrestrained cell proliferation and neoplasm formation. The goal of oncogenomics is to identify new oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes that may provide new insights into cancer diagnosis, predicting clinical outcome of cancers, and new targets for cancer therapies. The success of targeted cancer therapies such as Gleevec, Herceptin, and Avastin raised the hope for oncogenomics to elucidate new targets for cancer treatment<sup id="cite_ref-Strausberg2004_0-0" class="reference">[1]</sup>.</span></span></p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width: 502px" class="thumbinner"><span style="color: #000000"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="500" height="277" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d9/FIG1.JPG/500px-FIG1.JPG" /> </span> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><span style="color: #000000"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></span></div> <span style="color: #000000">Overall goals of oncogenomics</span></div> </div> </div> <p><span style="color: #000000">Besides understanding the underlying genetic mechanisms that initiates or drives cancer progression, one of the main goals of oncogenomics is to allow for the development of personalized cancer treatment. Cancer develops due to an accumulation of mutations in DNA. These mutations accumulate randomly, and thus, different DNA mutations and mutation combinations exist between different individuals with the same type of cancer. Thus, identifying and targeting specific mutations which have occurred in an individual patient may lead to increased efficacy of cancer therapy.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">The completion of the Human Genome Project has greatly facilitated the field of oncogenomics and increased abilities of researchers to find cancer causing genes. In addition, the sequencing technologies now available for sequence generation and data analysis have been applied and greatly contributed to the study of oncogenomics. With the amount of research conducted on cancer genomes and the accumulation of databases documenting the mutational changes, it has been predicted that the most important cancer-causing mutations, rearrangements, and altered expression levels will be catalogued and well characterized within the next decade. Cancer research may look either on the genomic level at DNA mutations, the epigenetic level at methylation or histone modification changes, the transcription level at altered levels of gene expression, or the protein level at altered levels of protein abundance and function in cancer cells. Oncogenomics focuses on the genomic, epigenomic, and transcript level alterations in cancer.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="History" class="mw-headline">History</span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000">The genomics era became established with much success in the 1990s, with the DNA sequences of many organisms being generated. In the 21st century, the completion of the Human Genome Project at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute has paved the way for many new endeavors for studying the functional genomics and examining the genomes which characterize different diseases. Cancer has been one of the main focuses.</span></p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width: 602px" class="thumbinner"><span style="color: #000000"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="600" height="456" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c1/Figure2.JPG/600px-Figure2.JPG" /> </span> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><span style="color: #000000"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></span></div> <span style="color: #000000">Current technologies being used in Oncogenomics.</span></div> </div> </div> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Technologies" class="mw-headline">Technologies</span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000">Research examining the genomes and transcriptomes of cancer cells are currently extensively complemented by state of the art technologies.</span></p> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Cancer_Genomes" class="mw-headline">Cancer Genomes</span></span></h3> <ul> <li><span style="color: #000000"><i>High-throughput DNA sequencing technologies</i>: The development of high-throughput DNA sequencing platforms,which utilize pyrosequencing, have greatly altered the field of genomics within only a few years. These systems allow for a relatively low-cost method to generate sequence data, and have been employed by many researchers in the oncogenomics field<sup id="cite_ref-Strausberg2004_0-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[1]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[2]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><font size="2">[3]</font></sup>.</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000"><i>Array Comparative Genome Hybridization</i>: This technique measures the DNA copy number differences between genomes. This method has been used to study the gain or loss of genes in cancer genomes compared to normal genomes. It uses the fluorescence intensity from two fluorescently labeled sample DNA, which are hybridized to known probes on a microarray chip. The ratio of fluorescence intensities allows quantification of copy number changes in the cancerous genomes <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><font size="2">[4]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><font size="2">[5]</font></sup>.</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000"><i>Representational oligotide microarray analysis</i>: This techniques also detects copy number variation using the microarray format, using amplified restriction digested genomic fragments to represent cancerous genomes. These fragments are then hybridized to oligonucleotides of the human genome on an array, with a resolution between 30 and 35 kbit/s <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><font size="2">[6]</font></sup>.</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000"><i>Digital Karyotyping</i>: Another method that provides a high resolution and high-throughput technology to quantify copy number of genes in samples. This technique involves using genomics tags which have been obtained via restriction enzyme digests on a sample of DNA. These genomic tags are then linked to into ditags, concatenated, cloned, and sequenced. These sequence tags are then mapped back to the reference genome to evaluate tag density and quantify DNA amplification or deletions of regions of genomes<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><font size="2">[7]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><font size="2">[8]</font></sup>.</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000"><i>Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC)-end sequencing</i>: This is another method used in oncogenomics, which identifies chromosomal breakpoints in a high-resolution manner. This technique involves generating a BAC library from a cancer genome, and sequencing the ends of these sequences. The BAC clones which contain chromosome aberrations will have end sequences that do not map to a similar region of reference genome, thus identifying a chromosomal breakpoint present in cancerous genomes. By sequencing these BACs, the breakpoints and genes involved may be identified <sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><font size="2">[9]</font></sup>.</span></li> </ul> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Cancer_Transcriptomes" class="mw-headline">Cancer Transcriptomes</span></span></h3> <ul> <li><span style="color: #000000"><i>Microarrays</i>: These have been and continue to be extremely informative in assessing transcript abundance in cancerous cells. The transcription profiles have provided different means of classification for different types of cancers, predicting prognosis of cancer, and raising the possibility of differential treatment approaches to different types of cancer. The ability to directly sequence transcriptomes of cancerous tissues with high-throughput sequencing technologies also aids in the identification of mutations which have occurred in the coding regions of the proteins<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><font size="2">[10]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><font size="2">[11]</font></sup></span></li> </ul> <p><span style="color: #000000">As well, the identification of the relative abundance of alternative transcripts has become an important component of the study of cancer. It has been shown that particular alternative transcript forms are correlated with specific types of cancer. With this impact, generation of exon-array technologies which are able to quantify alternate splice forms, and other transcript sequencing technologies, have become an important part of oncogenomics <sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><font size="2">[12]</font></sup>.</span></p> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Bionformatics_and_functional_analysis_of_oncogenes" class="mw-headline">Bionformatics and functional analysis of oncogenes</span></span></h3> <p><span style="color: #000000">With the amounts of sequencing data and expression profiling data being generated, the development of bioinformatics technologies to statistically analyze this data is essential. As well, after the identification of these oncogenes, much research still remains to be done to analyze the functional characteristics of these genes and how they contribute to the cancer phenotype. For example, examination of transformational capabilities of discovered oncogenes are important for confirming their impact in tumour formation. In addition, in cancerous cells, many DNA mutations accumulate. It is important to identify genes which are important in the early stages of cancer progression and in cancer development. Identification of mutations in these genes will be most helpful in diagnosis and in finding new targets for cancer therapy.</span></p> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Operomics" class="mw-headline">Operomics</span></span></h3> <p><span style="color: #000000">Operomics is an approach that aims to integrate genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics in order to achieve a complete understanding of the molecular mechanisms which underlie the development of cancer <sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><font size="2">[13]</font></sup>. This involves simultaneous molecular analysis of DNA, RNA, and protein of tumor tissue samples. With increasing advances in technologies to analyze cancer cells, operomics will be an overall goal of cancer research.</span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Comparative_Oncogenomics" class="mw-headline">Comparative Oncogenomics</span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000">Comparative Oncogenomics is a branch of oncogenomics which uses cross-species comparisons to identify oncogenes. This research involves studying cancer genomes, transcriptomes, and proteomes in other model organisms, such as mice, identifying potential oncogenes, and referring back to human cancer samples to see whether homologues of these oncogenes are also important in causing cancer in humans<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><font size="2">[14]</font></sup>. Recent research has found that the genetic alterations in mouse models have been found to be exceptionally similar to those found in human cancers. This branch of oncogenomics useful in that different types of cancer may be studied in animal models. These models are generated by various methods, including retroviral insertion mutagenesis or graft transplantation of cancerous cells. Comparative oncogenomics is a powerful approach to oncogene identification.</span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Synthetic_Lethality.2FConditional_Genetics" class="mw-headline">Synthetic Lethality/Conditional Genetics</span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000">One approach to studying oncogenomics, which shows great promise in producing useful cancer therapies by taking advantage of mutational aberrations in cancer cells, is the strategic exploitation of synthetic lethality interactions between multiple genes. Frequently, known oncogenes may be essential for survival of all cells (not only cancer cells). Thus, drugs intended to knock out these oncogenes (and thereby kill cancer cells) may also cause serious negative effects to normal cells: i.e., significant illness may be directly induced by the cancer therapy. To generate therapies that more specifically target cancer cells, scientists are now working to systematically examine the effect of suppressing every gene in the human genome, one at a time, <i>in combination with</i> the presence of the cancer-associated mutation of some other gene which has previously been identified as an oncogene <sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><font size="2">[15]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><font size="2">[16]</font></sup>. This type of search can thus identify targets for cancer therapy by exploiting the mutations that are present exclusively in cancer cells; if the knockout of an otherwise nonessential gene has little or no effect on healthy cells, but is lethal to cancerous cells containing the mutated form of a given oncogene, then the system-wide suppression of the normally nonessential gene can destroy cancerous cells while leaving healthy ones intact or relatively undamaged. (The term &quot;synthetic lethality,&quot; here, describes this sort of synergistic effect.) Success has been observed with this method both in discovering cancer targets and in developing therapies. One example is the case of PARP-1 inhibitors specifically applied to treat BRCA1/BRCA2-associated cancers <sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><font size="2">[17]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><font size="2">[18]</font></sup>. In this case, the combined presence of PARP-1 inhibition and of the cancer-associated mutations in BRCA genes is lethal only to the cancerous cells. Phase I clinical trials of this technique suggest that it may show promise in patients with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations, and Phase II trials are currently underway</span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Databases_for_Cancer_Research" class="mw-headline">Databases for Cancer Research</span></span></h2> <div class="rellink boilerplate seealso"><span style="color: #000000">See also: Databases for oncogenomic research</span></div> <p><span style="color: #000000">Many databases are available to cancer researchers as resources which have banked oncogenomic research data. The Cancer Genome Project is an initiative to map out all the somatic intragenic mutations in cancer. To do this, they are systematically sequencing the exons and flanking splice junctions of all the genes in the genomes of primary tumors and cancerous cell lines. COSMIC is a resource which displays the data generated from these experiments. As of February 2008, the CGP has identified 4746 genes and 2985 mutations in 1848 tumours analyzed.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">The Cancer Genome Anatomy Project from National Cancer Institute also has banked much information of research on cancer genome, transcriptome, and proteome. Progenetix is another oncogenomic reference database, presenting cytogenetic and molecular-cytogenetic tumor data. Oncomine has compiled data from cancer transcriptome profiles.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">The Integrative Oncogenomics database IntOGen integrates multidimensional human oncogenomic data classified by tissue type using the ICD-O terms.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><font size="2">[19]</font></sup> Data mining for different alteration types, such as Gene Expression and CNV are made available in the IntOGen database.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">The International Cancer Genome Consortium is so far the biggest project to collect human cancer genome data. The data is accessible through the ICGC website.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Specific databases for model animals also exist, as for example the Retrovirus Tagged Cancer Gene Database (RTCGD) has compiled research on retroviral and transposon insertional mutagenesis in mouse tumors.</span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Advances_from_Oncogenomics" class="mw-headline">Advances from Oncogenomics</span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000">Mutational analysis of entire gene families has been a powerful approach to oncogenomics which has been informative. Genes of the same family have similar functions, as predicted by similar coding sequences and protein domains, have been systematically sequenced in cancerous genomes to identify particular pathways which may be associated with cancer progression. One such class of families which has been studied is the kinase family genes, involved in adding phosphate groups to proteins, and phosphatase family genes, involved with removing phosphate groups from proteins<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><font size="2">[20]</font></sup>.These families were first examined because of their apparent role in transducing cellular signals of cell growth or death. In particular, more than 50% of colorectal cancers were found to carry a mutation in a kinase or phosphatase gene. Phosphatidylinositold 3-kinases (PIK3CA) gene encode for lipid kinases which were identified to commonly contain mutations in colorectal, breast, gastric, lung, and various other types of cancer <sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><font size="2">[21]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><font size="2">[22]</font></sup>. Drug therapies have already been developed to inhibit PIK3CA. Another example is the BRAF gene was identified in 2004, which was one of the first genes ever to be implicated in melanomas <sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><font size="2">[23]</font></sup>. BRAF encodes a serine/threonine kinase which is involved in the RAS-RAF-MAPK growth signaling pathway, and they found that mutations in BRAF causing constitutive phosphorylation and activity were found in 59% of melanomas. Before BRAF, there was very little understanding of the genetic mechanism of the development of melanomas, and therefore, prognosis for patients was poor. Thus, the CGP set out to discover genes involved with melanomas and identified BRAF, which is now a target of new cancer therapies, with clinical data of BRAF inhibiting targets already generated<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><font size="2">[24]</font></sup></span></p> <h2><span id="References" class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <div class="references"> <ol> <li id="cite_note-Strausberg2004-0">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Strausberg2004_0-0">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="2">a</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Strausberg2004_0-1">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="2">b</font></b></i>}</a> Strausberg, R.L., et al., Oncogenomics and the development of new cancer therapies. Nature, 2004. 429(6990): p. 469-474.</li> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Bardelli, A. and V.E. Velculescu, Mutational analysis of gene families in human cancer. Current Opinion in Genetics &amp; Development, 2005. 15(1): p.5-12.</li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Benvenuti, S., S. Arena, and A. Bardelli, Identification of cancer genes by mutational profiling of tumor genomes. Febs Letters, 2005. 579(8): p. 1884-1890.</li> <li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Shih, I.M. and T.L. Wang, Apply innovative technologies to explore cancer genome. Current Opinion in Oncology, 2005. 17(1): p. 33-38.</li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Greshock, J., et al., 1-Mb resolution array-based comparative genomic hybridization using a BAC clone set optimized for cancer gene analysis. Genome Research, 2004. 14(1): p. 179-187.</li> <li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Lucito, R., et al., Representational oligonucleotide microarray analysis: A high-resolution method to detect genome copy number variation. Genome Research, 2003. 13(10): p. 2291-2305.</li> <li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Hu, M., J. Yao, and K. Polyak, Methylation-specific digital karyotyping. Nature Protocols, 2006. 1(3): p. 1621-1636.</li> <li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Korner, H., et al., Digital karyotyping reveals frequent inactivation of the Dystrophin/DMD gene in malignant melanoma. Cell Cycle, 2007. 6(2): p. 189-198.</li> <li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Volik, S., et al., End-sequence profiling: Sequence-based analysis of aberrant genomes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2003. 100(13): p. 7696-7701.</li> <li id="cite_note-9"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> van de Vijver, M.J., et al., A gene-expression signature as a predictor of survival in breast cancer. New England Journal of Medicine, 2002. 347(25): p. 1999-2009.</li> <li id="cite_note-10"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> van 't Veer, L.J., et al., Expression profiling predicts outcome in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Research, 2002. 5(1): p. 57-58.</li> <li id="cite_note-11"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Xu, Q. and C. Lee, Discovery of novel splice forms and functional analysis of cancer-specific alternative splicing in human expressed sequences. Nucleic Acids Research, 2003. 31(19): p. 5635-5643.</li> <li id="cite_note-12"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Hanash, S.M., Operomics: Molecular analysis of tissues from DNA to RNA to protein. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, 2000. 38(9): p. 805-813.</li> <li id="cite_note-13"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Peeper, D. and A. Berns, Cross-species onocogenomics in cancer gene idenfification. Cell, 2006. 125(7): p. 1230-1233.</li> <li id="cite_note-14"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Kaelin, W.G., The concept of synthetic lethality in the context of anticancer therapy. Nature Reviews Cancer, 2005. 5(9): p. 689-698.</li> <li id="cite_note-15"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> O'Connor, M.J., N.M.B. Martin, and G.C.M. Smith, Targeted cancer therapies based on the inhibition of DNA strand break repair. Oncogene, 2007. 26(56): p. 7816-7824.</li> <li id="cite_note-16"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Farmer H., McCabe N., Lord C.J. et al. Targeting the DNA repair defect in BRCA mutant cells as a therapeutic strategy. Nature, 2005. 434(7035): p.917-921.</li> <li id="cite_note-17"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Bryant, H.E., et al., Specific killing of BRCA2-deficient tumours with inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. Nature, 2005. 434(7035): p. 913-917.</li> <li id="cite_note-18"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Gundem, G., et al., IntOGen: integration and data mining of multidimensional oncogenomic data. Nature Methods, 2010. 300(5621): p. 92-93.</li> <li id="cite_note-19"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Blume-Jensen, P. and T. Hunter, Oncogenic kinase signalling. Nature, 2001. 411(6835): p. 355-365.26.</li> <li id="cite_note-20"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Bardelli, A., et al., Mutational analysis of the tyrosine kinome in colorectal cancers. Science, 2003. 300(5621): p. 949-949.</li> <li id="cite_note-21"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Samuels, Y., et al., High frequency of mutations of the PIK3CA gene in human cancers. Science, 2004. 304(5670): p. 554-554.</li> <li id="cite_note-22"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Davies, H., et al., Mutations of the BRAF gene in human cancer. Nature, 2002. 417(6892): p. 949-954.</li> <li id="cite_note-23"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Danson, S. and P. Lorigan, Improving outcomes in advanced malignant melanoma - Update on systemic therapy. Drugs, 2005. 65(6): p. 733-743.</li> </ol> </div> <h2><span id="External_links" class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/genetics/CGP/"><font color="#3366bb">Cancer Genome Project</font></a>: an oncogenomic reference database from the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://cgap.nci.nih.gov/"><font color="#3366bb">Cancer Genome Anatomy Project</font></a>: an oncogenomic reference database from the National Cancer Institute</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.progenetix.net"><font color="#3366bb">Progenetix</font></a>: an oncogenomic reference database, presenting cytogenetic and molecular-cytogenetic tumor data</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.oncomine.org/"><font color="#3366bb">Oncomine</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://rtcgd.abcc.ncifcrf.gov/"><font color="#3366bb">Retrovirus Tagged Cancer Gene Database (RTCGD)</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.intogen.org/"><font color="#3366bb">IntOGen</font></a> Integration and data mining of multidimensional oncogenomic data</li> </ul> 4d29ec26f20bf8449dfe7d6da3b73e6fa15a0395 0 2001 3473 3385 2011-02-03T07:57:29Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font size="3"><strong><font size="5">What is genomics?</font><br /> <br /> Genomics</strong> is the [[omics]] study of [[gene]]s of individual organisms,&nbsp;populations, and species. <br /> </font></p> <p><font size="3">It is also a paradigm of performing biological science that deviates from&nbsp;investigating single genes, their functions, and roles. <br /> </font></p> <p><font size="3">The main reason of an independent biological discipline is that it deals with very large sets of genetic information to automatically analyze information using interaction and network concepts. Genomics inevitably employs high performance computing and bioinformatics technologies.</font><br /> &nbsp;</p> <p><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">&nbsp; </font></span></p> <div v:shape="_x0000_s1026"><span style="font-size: 32pt"><font color="#339966" size="5">&quot;[[Genome sequencing is not Genomics]]&quot;</font></span></div> <p><br /> &nbsp;</p> <p><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">History of the field</font></span></strong></p> <p><font size="3">Genomics was practically founded by Fred Sanger group in 1970s when they developed&nbsp;a gene sequencing technique and completed the first [[genome]]s; namely bacteriophage &Phi;-X174; (5,368 bp),&nbsp;the human mitochondrial genome, and lamda virus.</font></p> <p><font size="3">In 1972, Walter Fiers and his team at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology of the University of Ghent (Ghent, Belgium) were the first to determine the sequence of a gene: the gene for Bacteriophage MS2 coat protein.<sup id="_ref-0" class="reference">[1]</sup> In 1976, the team determined the complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA.<sup id="_ref-1" class="reference">[2]</sup> The first DNA-based genome to be sequenced in its entirety was that of bacteriophage &Phi;-X174; (5,368 bp), sequenced by Frederick Sanger in 1977<sup id="_ref-2" class="reference">[3]</sup>. The first free-living organism to be sequenced was that of <em>Haemophilus influenzae</em> (1.8 Mb) in 1995, and since then genomes are being sequenced at a rapid pace. A rough draft of the human genome was completed by Sanger centre and the Human Genome Project in early 2001.</font></p> <p><font size="3">As of September 2007, the complete sequence was known of about 1879 viruses <sup id="_ref-3" class="reference">[4]</sup>, 577 bacterial species and roughly 23 eukaryote organisms, of which about half are fungi. <sup id="_ref-4" class="reference">[5]</sup> Most of the bacteria whose genomes have been completely sequenced are problematic disease-causing agents, such as <em>Haemophilus influenzae</em>. Of the other sequenced species, most were chosen because they were well-studied model organisms or promised to become good models. Yeast (<em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em>) has long been an important model organism for the eukaryotic cell, while the fruit fly <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> has been a very important tool (notably in early pre-molecular genetics). The worm <em>Caenorhabditis elegans</em> is an often used simple model for multicellular organisms. The zebrafish <em>Brachydanio rerio</em> is used for many developmental studies on the molecular level and the flower <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em> is a model organism for flowering plants. The Japanese pufferfish (<em>Takifugu rubripes</em>) and the spotted green pufferfish (<em>Tetraodon nigroviridis</em>) are interesting because of their small and compact genomes, containing very little non-coding DNA compared to most species. <sup id="_ref-5" class="reference">[6]</sup> <sup id="_ref-6" class="reference">[7]</sup> The mammals dog (<em>Canis familiaris</em>), <sup id="_ref-7" class="reference">[8]</sup> brown rat (<em>Rattus norvegicus</em>), mouse (<em>Mus musculus</em>), and chimpanzee (<em>Pan troglodytes</em>) are all important model animals in medical research.</font></p> <p><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></p> <p><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">Bacteriophage Genomics</font></span></strong></p> <p><font size="3">Bacteriophages have played and continue to play a key role in bacterial genetics and molecular biology. Historically, they were used to define gene structure and gene regulation. Also the first genome to be sequenced was a bacteriophage. However, bacteriophage research did not lead the genomics revolution, which is clearly dominated by bacterial genomics. Only very recently has the study of bacteriophage genomes become prominent, thereby enabling researchers to understand the mechanisms underlying phage evolution. Bacteriophage genome sequences can be obtained through direct sequencing of isolated bacteriophages, but can also be derived as part of microbial genomes. Analysis of bacterial genomes has shown that a substantial amount of microbial DNA consists of prophage sequences and prophage-like elements. A detailed database mining of these sequences offers insights into the role of prophages in shaping the bacterial genome.<sup id="_ref-McGrath_0" class="reference">[9]</sup></font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">Cyanobacteria Genomics</font></span></strong></p> <p><font size="3">At present there are 24 cyanobacteria for which a total genome sequence is available. 15 of these cyanobacteria come from the marine environment. These are six <em>Prochlorococcus</em><em>Synechococcus</em> strains, <em>Trichodesmium erythraeum</em> IMS101 and <em>Crocosphaera watsonii</em> [[WH8501. Several studies have demonstrated how these sequences could be used very successfully to infer important ecological and physiological characteristics of marine cyanobacteria. However, there are many more genome projects currently in progress, amongst those there are further <em>Prochlorococcus</em> and marine <em>Synechococcus</em> isolates, <em>Acaryochloris</em> and <em>Prochloron</em>, the N₂-fixing filamentous cyanobacteria <em>Nodularia spumigena</em>, <em>Lyngbya aestuarii</em> and <em>Lyngbya majuscula</em>, as well as bacteriophages infecting marine cyanobaceria. Thus, the growing body of genome information can also be tapped in a more general way to address global problems by applying a comparative approach. Some new and exciting examples of progress in this field are the identification of genes for regulatory RNAs, insights into the evolutionary origin of photosynthesis, or estimation of the contribution of horizontal gene transfer to the genomes that have been analyzed.<sup id="_ref-Herrero_0" class="reference">[10]</sup></font></p> <p><font size="4">[[Genome sequencing and genomics]]</font></p> <p><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">See also</font></span></strong></p> <ul> <li><font size="3">[[Pangenomics]] and [[Pangenome]]</font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Personal Genome Project]]</font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Omics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Proteomics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Interactomics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Functional genomics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Computational genomics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Nitrogenomics]]</font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Pathogenomics]]</font></li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">References</font></span></strong></p> <ol class="references"> <li id="_note-0"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-0">^</a></strong> Min Jou W, Haegeman G, Ysebaert M, Fiers W., Nucleotide sequence of the gene coding for the bacteriophage MS2 coat protein, Nature. 1972 May 12;237(5350):82-8 </font></li> <li id="_note-1"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-1">^</a></strong> Fiers W et al., Complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA - primary and secondary structure of replicase gene, Nature, 260, 500-507, 1976 </font></li> <li id="_note-2"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-2">^</a></strong> Sanger F, Air GM, Barrell BG, Brown NL, Coulson AR, Fiddes CA, Hutchison CA, Slocombe PM, Smith M., Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA, Nature. 1977 Feb 24;265(5596):687-95 </font></li> <li id="_note-3"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-3">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/VIRUSES/virostat.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/VIRUSES/virostat.html"><em>The Viral Genomes Resource</em>, NCBI Friday, 14 September, 2007</a></font></li> <li id="_note-4"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-4">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/static/gpstat.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/static/gpstat.html"><em>Genome Project Statistic</em>, NCBI Friday, 14 September, 2007</a></font></li> <li id="_note-5"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-5">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3760766.stm" rel="nofollow" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3760766.stm">BBC article <em>Human gene number slashed</em> from Wednesday, 20 October, 2004</a></font></li> <li id="_note-6"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-6">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2003/10/16/pufferfish_fruitfly/index.shtml" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2003/10/16/pufferfish_fruitfly/index.shtml">CBSE News, Thursday October 16, 2003</a></font></li> <li id="_note-7"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-7">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.genome.gov/12511476" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.gov/12511476">NHGRI, pressrelease of the publishing of the dog genome</a></font></li> <li id="_note-McGrath"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-McGrath_0">^</a></strong> <cite style="font-style: normal" class="book">Mc Grath S and van Sinderen D (editors). (2007). <em><a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage">Bacteriophage: Genetics and Molecular Biology</a></em>, 1st ed., Caister Academic Press. <a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage">ISBN 978-1-904455-14-1</a> .</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Bacteriophage%3A+Genetics+and+Molecular+Biology&amp;rft.au=Mc+Grath+S+and+van+Sinderen+D+%28editors%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fphage">&nbsp;</span></font></li> <li id="_note-Herrero"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-Herrero_0">^</a></strong> <cite style="font-style: normal" class="book">Herrero A and Flores E (editor). (2008). <em><a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan">The Cyanobacteria: Molecular Biology, Genomics and Evolution</a></em>, 1st ed., Caister Academic Press. <a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan">ISBN 978-1-904455-15-8</a> .</cite></font><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cyanobacteria%3A+Molecular+Biology%2C+Genomics+and+Evolution&amp;rft.au=Herrero+A+and+Flores+E+%28editor%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fcyan"><font size="3"> </font><br /> </span></li> </ol> <p><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cyanobacteria%3A+Molecular+Biology%2C+Genomics+and+Evolution&amp;rft.au=Herrero+A+and+Flores+E+%28editor%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fcyan"><font size="5"><br /> Web links</font><br /> [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics Wikipedia Genomics link]<br /> [http://omics.org Omics.org]<br /> [http://totalomics.com Totalomics.com]<br /> </span></p> 2384539ee8374f7431c5dee4266264ade4fb8f7e 0 1898 3474 3121 2011-02-03T08:07:28Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font color="#000000"><font size="3">The&nbsp;<strong>genome</strong> is the entire&nbsp;set of sequences in an organism that&nbsp;encodes information for survival and the&nbsp;continuation of the species it belongs to. </font></font></p> <p><font color="#000000"><font size="3">The main function of genome is information storaging and processing to form an entity that utilizes energy to keep processing signals to interact with other genomes in the whole eco-system.</font><br /> <br /> <font size="3">The genome is universal in the universe and aliens living&nbsp;on other planets also have genomes. The chemical construction may be slightly different but the information deposition and processing function is the same.</font></font></p> <p><font color="#000000"><font size="3">The information is usually stored&nbsp;in DNA or RNA in the organisms found on Earth.<br /> <br /> The genome is often classified&nbsp;into the protein coding genes and the non-coding sequences of the DNA historically.<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><font size="3"><span>[</span>1</font><span><font size="3">]</font><br /> </span></font></sup></font></font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size: large"><font color="#000000">The essence of genome</font></span></p> <p><font color="#000000"><font size="3">The essence of genomes is that it is the foundation of spontaneous information processing network that can utilizes energy in time axis. The genome is a kind of linearly expressed language system.</font></font><font color="#000000"><font size="3"><br /> <br /> </font></font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size: large"><span id="Origin_of_Term" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Origin of Term</font></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#000000">The term was adapted in 1920 by [[Hans Winkler]], Professor of Botany at the University of Hamburg, Germany. In Greek, the word <em>genome</em> (&gamma;ί&nu;&omicron;&mu;&alpha;&iota;) means I become, I am born, to come into being. </font></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#000000">The Oxford English Dictionary suggests the name to be a blend of the words <em><strong>gen</strong>e</em> and <em>chromos<strong>ome</strong></em>. A few related <em>-ome</em> words already existed, such as <em>biome</em> and <em>rhizome</em>, forming a vocabulary into which <em>genome</em> fits systematically.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference">[2]</sup></font></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: large"><span id="Overview" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Overview</font></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#000000">Some organisms have multiple copies of chromosomes, diploid, triploid, tetraploid and so on. In classical genetics, in a sexually reproducing organism (typically eukarya) the gamete has half of the number of chromosome of the somatic cell and the genome is a full set of chromosomes in a gamete. In haploid organisms, including cells of bacteria, archaea, and in organelles including mitochondria and chloroplasts, or viruses, that similarly contain genes, the single or set of circular and/or linear chains of DNA (or RNA for some viruses), likewise constitute the <em>genome</em>. The term genome can be applied specifically to mean that stored on a complete set of <em>nuclear DNA</em> (i.e., the &quot;nuclear genome&quot;) but can also be applied to that stored within organelles that contain their own DNA, as with the &quot;mitochondrial genome&quot; or the &quot;chloroplast genome&quot;. Additionally, the genome can comprise nonchromosomal genetic elements such as viruses, plasmids, and transposable elements<sup id="cite_ref-Brock_2-0" class="reference">[3]</sup>. When people say that the genome of a sexually reproducing species has been &quot;sequenced&quot;, typically they are referring to a determination of the sequences of one set of autosomes and one of each type of sex chromosome, which together represent both of the possible sexes. Even in species that exist in only one sex, what is described as &quot;a genome sequence&quot; may be a composite read from the chromosomes of various individuals. In general use, the phrase &quot;genetic makeup&quot; is sometimes used conversationally to mean the genome of a particular individual or organism. The study of the global properties of genomes of related organisms is usually referred to as genomics, which distinguishes it from genetics which generally studies the properties of single genes or groups of genes.</font></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#000000">Both the number of base pairs and the number of genes vary widely from one species to another, and there is only a rough correlation between the two (an observation known as the C-value paradox). At present, the highest known number of genes is around 60,000, for the protozoan causing trichomoniasis (see List of sequenced eukaryotic genomes), almost three times as many as in the human genome.</font></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#000000">An analogy to the human genome stored on DNA is that of instructions stored in a library:</font></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#000000">The library would contain 46 books (chromosomes)</font> </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#000000">The books range in size from 400 to 3340 pages (genes)</font> </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#000000">which is 48 to 250 million letters (A,C,G,T) per book.</font> </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#000000">Hence the library contains over six billion letters total;</font> </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#000000">The library fits into a cell nucleus the size of a pinpoint;</font> </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#000000">A copy of the library (all 46 books) is contained in almost every cell of our body.</font> </span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-size: large"><span id="Types" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Types</font></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#000000">Most biological entities that are more complex than a virus sometimes or always carry additional genetic material besides that which resides in their chromosomes. In some contexts, such as sequencing the genome of a pathogenic microbe, &quot;genome&quot; is meant to include information stored on this auxiliary material, which is carried in plasmids. In such circumstances then, &quot;genome&quot; describes all of the genes and information on non-coding DNA that have the potential to be present.</font></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#000000">In eukaryotes such as plants, protozoa and animals, however, &quot;genome&quot; carries the typical connotation of only information on chromosomal DNA. So although these organisms contain chloroplasts and/or mitochondria that have their own DNA, the genetic information contained by DNA within these organelles is not considered part of the genome. In fact, mitochondria are sometimes said to have their own genome often referred to as the &quot;mitochondrial genome&quot;. The DNA found within the chloroplast may be referred to as the &quot;plastome&quot;.</font></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: large"><span id="Genomes_and_genetic_variation" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Genomes and genetic variation</font></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#000000">Note that a genome does not capture the genetic diversity or the genetic polymorphism of a species. For example, the human genome sequence in principle could be determined from just half the information on the DNA of one cell from one individual. To learn what variations in genetic information underlie particular traits or diseases requires comparisons across individuals. This point explains the common usage of &quot;genome&quot; (which parallels a common usage of &quot;gene&quot;) to refer not to the information in any particular DNA sequence, but to a whole family of sequences that share a biological context.</font></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#000000">Although this concept may seem counter intuitive, it is the same concept that says there is no particular shape that is the shape of a cheetah. Cheetahs vary, and so do the sequences of their genomes. Yet both the individual animals and their sequences share commonalities, so one can learn something about cheetahs and &quot;cheetah-ness&quot; from a single example of either.</font></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size: large"><span id="Sequencing_and_mapping" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Sequencing and mapping</font></span></span></p> <div class="rellink boilerplate seealso"><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#000000">For more details on this topic, see Genome project.</font></span></div> <p><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#000000">The Human Genome Project was organized to map and to sequence the human genome. Other genome projects include mouse, rice, the plant <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em>, the puffer fish, bacteria like E. coli, etc. In 1976, Walter Fiers at the University of Ghent (Belgium) was the first to establish the complete nucleotide sequence of a viral RNA-genome (bacteriophage MS2). The first DNA-genome project to be completed was the Phage &Phi;-X174, with only 5386 base pairs, which was sequenced by Fred Sanger in 1977 . The first bacterial genome to be completed was that of Haemophilus influenzae, completed by a team at The Institute for Genomic Research in 1995.</font></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#000000">The development of new technologies has dramatically decreased the difficulty and cost of sequencing, and the number of complete genome sequences is rising rapidly. Among many genome database sites, the one maintained by the US National Institutes of Health is inclusive.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference">[4]</sup></font></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#000000">These new technologies open up the prospect of personal genome sequencing as an important diagnostic tool. A major step toward that goal was the May 2007 <em>New York Times</em> announcement that the full genome of DNA pioneer James D. Watson was deciphered.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference">[5]</sup></font></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#000000">Whereas a genome sequence lists the order of every DNA base in a genome, a genome map identifies the landmarks. A genome map is less detailed than a genome sequence and aids in navigating around the genome.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference">[6]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference">[7]</sup></font></span></p> <h2><span id="Comparison_of_different_genome_sizes" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Comparison of different genome sizes</font></span></h2> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle"><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#000000">Main article: Genome size</font></span></div> <p> <table id="sortable_table_id_0" class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody> <tr> <th><font color="#000000">Organism type<span class="sortarrow"><img alt="&darr;" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></font></th> <th><font color="#000000">Organism<span class="sortarrow"><img alt="&darr;" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></font></th> <th><font color="#000000">Genome size (base pairs)<span class="sortarrow"><img alt="&darr;" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></font></th> <th><font color="#000000">mass - in pg<span class="sortarrow"><img alt="&darr;" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></font></th> <th><font color="#000000">Note<span class="sortarrow"><img alt="&darr;" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></font></th> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Virus</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Bacteriophage MS2</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">3,569</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">0.000002</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">First sequenced RNA-genome<sup id="cite_ref-Fiers1976_7-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Virus</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">SV40</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">5,224</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Fiers1978_8-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#000000"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></font></font></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Virus</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Phage &Phi;-X174</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">5,386</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">First sequenced DNA-genome<sup id="cite_ref-Sanger1977_9-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Virus</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">HIV</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">9749<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Virus</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Phage &lambda;</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">48,502</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Virus</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Mimivirus</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">1,181,404</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">Largest known viral genome</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Bacterium</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Haemophilus influenzae</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">1,830,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">First genome of living organism, July 1995<sup id="cite_ref-Fleichmann_1995_11-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Bacterium</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Carsonella ruddii</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">159,662</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">Smallest non-viral genome.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Bacterium</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Buchnera aphidicola</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">600,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Bacterium</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Wigglesworthia glossinidia</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">700,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Bacterium</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Escherichia coli</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">4,600,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#000000"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></font></font></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Bacterium</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"><em>Solibacter usitatus</em> (strain Ellin 6076)</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">9,970,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">Largest known Bacterial genome</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Amoeboid</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"><em>Polychaos dubium</em> (<em>&quot;Amoeba&quot; dubia</em>)</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">670,000,000,000</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">737</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Largest known genome.<sup id="cite_ref-Parfrey2008_14-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Plant</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Arabidopsis thaliana</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">157,000,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">First plant genome sequenced, December 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-Greilhuber_15-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Plant</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Genlisea margaretae</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">63,400,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">Smallest recorded flowering plant genome, 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-Greilhuber_15-1" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Plant</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Fritillaria assyrica</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">130,000,000,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Plant</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Populus trichocarpa</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">480,000,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">First tree genome, September 2006</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Moss</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Physcomitrella patens</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">480,000,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">First genome of a bryophyte, January 2008 <sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Yeast</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">12,100,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#000000"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></font></font></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Fungus</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Aspergillus nidulans</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">30,000,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Nematode</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Caenorhabditis elegans</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">100,300,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">First multicellular animal genome, December 1998<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Nematode</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Pratylenchus coffeae</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">20,000,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">Smallest animal genome known<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Insect</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"><em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> (fruit fly)</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">130,000,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Adams_2000_20-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#000000"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></font></font></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Insect</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"><em>Bombyx mori</em> (silk moth)</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">530,000,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Insect</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"><em>Apis mellifera</em> (honey bee)</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">236,000,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Fish</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"><em>Tetraodon nigroviridis</em> (type of puffer fish)</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">385,000,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">Smallest vertebrate genome known</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Mammal</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Homo sapiens</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">3,200,000,000</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">3</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Fish</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"><em>Protopterus aethiopicus</em> (marbled lungfish)</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">130,000,000,000</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">143</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Largest vertebrate genome known</font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#000000"><em>Note:</em> The DNA from a single (diploid) human cell if the 46 chromosomes were connected end-to-end and straightened, would have a length of ~2 m and a width of ~2.4 nanometers.</font></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#000000">Since genomes and their organisms are very complex, one research strategy is to reduce the number of genes in a genome to the bare minimum and still have the organism in question survive. There is experimental work being done on minimal genomes for single cell organisms as well as minimal genomes for multicellular organisms (see Developmental biology). The work is both <em>in vivo</em> and <em>in silico</em>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference">[22]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference">[23]</sup></font></span></p> <h2><span id="Genome_evolution" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Genome evolution</font></span></h2> <p><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#000000">Genomes are more than the sum of an organism's genes and have traits that may be measured and studied without reference to the details of any particular genes and their products. Researchers compare traits such as <em>chromosome number</em> (karyotype), genome size, gene order, codon usage bias, and GC-content to determine what mechanisms could have produced the great variety of genomes that exist today (for recent overviews, see Brown 2002; Saccone and Pesole 2003; Benfey and Protopapas 2004; Gibson and Muse 2004; Reese 2004; Gregory 2005).</font></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#000000">Duplications play a major role in shaping the genome. Duplications may range from extension of short tandem repeats, to duplication of a cluster of genes, and all the way to duplications of entire chromosomes or even entire genomes. Such duplications are probably fundamental to the creation of genetic novelty.</font></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#000000">Horizontal gene transfer is invoked to explain how there is often extreme similarity between small portions of the genomes of two organisms that are otherwise very distantly related. Horizontal gene transfer seems to be common among many microbes. Also, eukaryotic cells seem to have experienced a transfer of some genetic material from their chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes to their nuclear chromosomes.</font></span></p> <h2><span id="References" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">References</font></span></h2> <div style="column-count: 2; -moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2" class="references-small references-column-count references-column-count-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-0"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> Ridley, M. (2006). <em>Genome</em>. New York, NY: Harper Perennial. <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0060194979"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN 0-06-019497-9</font></a></li> <li id="cite_note-1"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-1"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Joshua Lederberg and Alexa T. McCray (2001). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://lhncbc.nlm.nih.gov/lhc/docs/published/2001/pub2001047.pdf"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;'Ome Sweet 'Omics -- A Genealogical Treasury of Words&quot;</font></a>. <em>The Scientist</em> <strong>15</strong> (7)<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://lhncbc.nlm.nih.gov/lhc/docs/published/2001/pub2001047.pdf"><font color="#3366bb">http://lhncbc.nlm.nih.gov/lhc/docs/published/2001/pub2001047.pdf</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=%27Ome+Sweet+%27Omics+--+A+Genealogical+Treasury+of+Words&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Scientist&amp;rft.aulast=Joshua+Lederberg+and+Alexa+T.+McCray&amp;rft.au=Joshua+Lederberg+and+Alexa+T.+McCray&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.volume=15&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flhncbc.nlm.nih.gov%2Flhc%2Fdocs%2Fpublished%2F2001%2Fpub2001047.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Brock-2"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Brock_2-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation book">Madigan M, Martinko J (editors) (2006). <em>Brock Biology of Microorganisms</em> (11th ed.). Prentice Hall. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/0-13-144329-1" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-144329-1"><font color="#0645ad">0-13-144329-1</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Brock+Biology+of+Microorganisms&amp;rft.aulast=Madigan+M%2C+Martinko+J+%28editors%29&amp;rft.au=Madigan+M%2C+Martinko+J+%28editors%29&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.edition=11th&amp;rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&amp;rft.isbn=0-13-144329-1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-3"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=Genome&amp;itool=toolbar"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=Genome&amp;itool=toolbar</font></a></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-4"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation news">Wade, Nicholas (2007-05-31). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/31/science/31cnd-gene.html?em&amp;ex=1180843200&amp;en=19e1d55639350b73&amp;ei=5087%0A"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Genome of DNA Pioneer Is Deciphered&quot;</font></a>. <em>The New York Times</em><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/31/science/31cnd-gene.html?em&amp;ex=1180843200&amp;en=19e1d55639350b73&amp;ei=5087%0A"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/31/science/31cnd-gene.html?em&amp;ex=1180843200&amp;en=19e1d55639350b73&amp;ei=5087%0A</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-04-02</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+of+DNA+Pioneer+Is+Deciphered&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.aulast=Wade&amp;rft.aufirst=Nicholas&amp;rft.au=Wade%2C%26%2332%3BNicholas&amp;rft.date=2007-05-31&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F05%2F31%2Fscience%2F31cnd-gene.html%3Fem%26ex%3D1180843200%26en%3D19e1d55639350b73%26ei%3D5087%250A&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-5"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/whats_a_genome/Chp3_1.shtml"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/whats_a_genome/Chp3_1.shtml</font></a></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-6"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/primer/mapping.html"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/primer/mapping.html</font></a></li> <li id="cite_note-Fiers1976-7"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Fiers1976_7-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Fiers W, <em>et al.</em> (1976). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v260/n5551/abs/260500a0.html"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA - primary and secondary structure of replicase gene&quot;</font></a>. <em>Nature</em> <strong>260</strong> (5551): 500&ndash;507. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F260500a0"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/260500a0</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1264203"><font color="#3366bb">1264203</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v260/n5551/abs/260500a0.html"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v260/n5551/abs/260500a0.html</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+nucleotide-sequence+of+bacteriophage+MS2-RNA+-+primary+and+secondary+structure+of+replicase+gene&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Fiers+W%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Fiers+W%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=1976&amp;rft.volume=260&amp;rft.issue=5551&amp;rft.pages=500%E2%80%93507&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F260500a0&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/1264203&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv260%2Fn5551%2Fabs%2F260500a0.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Fiers1978-8"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Fiers1978_8-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Fiers W, Contreras R, Haegemann G, Rogiers R, Van de Voorde A, Van Heuverswyn H, Van Herreweghe J, Volckaert G, Ysebaert M (1978). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v273/n5658/abs/273113a0.html"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Complete nucleotide sequence of SV40 DNA&quot;</font></a>. <em>Nature</em> <strong>273</strong> (5658): 113&ndash;120. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F273113a0"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/273113a0</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/205802"><font color="#3366bb">205802</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v273/n5658/abs/273113a0.html"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v273/n5658/abs/273113a0.html</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+nucleotide+sequence+of+SV40+DNA&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Fiers+W%2C+Contreras+R%2C+Haegemann+G%2C+Rogiers+R%2C+Van+de+Voorde+A%2C+Van+Heuverswyn+H%2C+Van+Herreweghe+J%2C+Volckaert+G%2C+Ysebaert+M&amp;rft.au=Fiers+W%2C+Contreras+R%2C+Haegemann+G%2C+Rogiers+R%2C+Van+de+Voorde+A%2C+Van+Heuverswyn+H%2C+Van+Herreweghe+J%2C+Volckaert+G%2C+Ysebaert+M&amp;rft.date=1978&amp;rft.volume=273&amp;rft.issue=5658&amp;rft.pages=113%E2%80%93120&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F273113a0&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/205802&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv273%2Fn5658%2Fabs%2F273113a0.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Sanger1977-9"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Sanger1977_9-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Sanger F, Air GM, Barrell BG, Brown NL, Coulson AR, Fiddes CA, Hutchison CA, Slocombe PM, Smith M (1977). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v265/n5596/abs/265687a0.html"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA&quot;</font></a>. <em>Nature</em> <strong>265</strong> (5596): 687&ndash;695. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F265687a0"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/265687a0</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/870828"><font color="#3366bb">870828</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v265/n5596/abs/265687a0.html"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v265/n5596/abs/265687a0.html</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Nucleotide+sequence+of+bacteriophage+phi+X174+DNA&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Sanger+F%2C+Air+GM%2C+Barrell+BG%2C+Brown+NL%2C+Coulson+AR%2C+Fiddes+CA%2C+Hutchison+CA%2C+Slocombe+PM%2C+Smith+M&amp;rft.au=Sanger+F%2C+Air+GM%2C+Barrell+BG%2C+Brown+NL%2C+Coulson+AR%2C+Fiddes+CA%2C+Hutchison+CA%2C+Slocombe+PM%2C+Smith+M&amp;rft.date=1977&amp;rft.volume=265&amp;rft.issue=5596&amp;rft.pages=687%E2%80%93695&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F265687a0&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/870828&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv265%2Fn5596%2Fabs%2F265687a0.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-10"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/lecture/hiv9.htm"><font color="#3366bb">VIROLOGY - HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS AND AIDS, STRUCTURE: The Genome AND PROTEINS of HIV</font></a></li> <li id="cite_note-Fleichmann_1995-11"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Fleichmann_1995_11-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Fleischmann R, Adams M, White O, Clayton R, Kirkness E, Kerlavage A, Bult C, Tomb J, Dougherty B, Merrick J (1995). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/269/5223/496"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Whole-genome random sequencing and assembly of Haemophilus influenzae Rd&quot;</font></a>. <em>Science</em> <strong>269</strong> (5223): 496&ndash;512. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.7542800"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.7542800</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7542800"><font color="#3366bb">7542800</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/269/5223/496"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/269/5223/496</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Whole-genome+random+sequencing+and+assembly+of+Haemophilus+influenzae+Rd&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Fleischmann+R%2C+Adams+M%2C+White+O%2C+Clayton+R%2C+Kirkness+E%2C+Kerlavage+A%2C+Bult+C%2C+Tomb+J%2C+Dougherty+B%2C+Merrick+J&amp;rft.au=Fleischmann+R%2C+Adams+M%2C+White+O%2C+Clayton+R%2C+Kirkness+E%2C+Kerlavage+A%2C+Bult+C%2C+Tomb+J%2C+Dougherty+B%2C+Merrick+J&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.volume=269&amp;rft.issue=5223&amp;rft.pages=496%E2%80%93512&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.7542800&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/7542800&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F269%2F5223%2F496&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-12"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-12"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Nakabachi A, Yamashita A, Toh H, <em>et al.</em> (October 2006). &quot;The 160-kilobase genome of the bacterial endosymbiont Carsonella&quot;. <em>Science (journal)</em> <strong>314</strong> (5797): 267. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1134196"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.1134196</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17038615"><font color="#3366bb">17038615</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+160-kilobase+genome+of+the+bacterial+endosymbiont+Carsonella&amp;rft.jtitle=Science+%28journal%29&amp;rft.aulast=Nakabachi+A%2C+Yamashita+A%2C+Toh+H%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Nakabachi+A%2C+Yamashita+A%2C+Toh+H%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=October+2006&amp;rft.volume=314&amp;rft.issue=5797&amp;rft.pages=267&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.1134196&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17038615&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-13"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-13"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Frederick R. Blattner, Guy Plunkett III, et al. (1997). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/277/5331/1453"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;The Complete Genome Sequence of Escherichia coli K-12&quot;</font></a>. <em>Science</em> <strong>277</strong> (5331): 1453&ndash;1462. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.277.5331.1453"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.277.5331.1453</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9278503"><font color="#3366bb">9278503</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/277/5331/1453"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/277/5331/1453</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+Complete+Genome+Sequence+of+Escherichia+coli+K-12&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Frederick+R.+Blattner%2C+Guy+Plunkett+III%2C+et+al.&amp;rft.au=Frederick+R.+Blattner%2C+Guy+Plunkett+III%2C+et+al.&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.volume=277&amp;rft.issue=5331&amp;rft.pages=1453%E2%80%931462&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.277.5331.1453&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/9278503&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F277%2F5331%2F1453&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Parfrey2008-14"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Parfrey2008_14-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Parfrey, L.W.; Lahr, D.J.G.; Katz, L.A. (2008). &quot;The Dynamic Nature of Eukaryotic Genomes&quot;. <em>Molecular Biology and Evolution</em> <strong>25</strong> (4): 787. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsn032"><font color="#3366bb">10.1093/molbev/msn032</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18258610"><font color="#3366bb">18258610</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+Dynamic+Nature+of+Eukaryotic+Genomes&amp;rft.jtitle=Molecular+Biology+and+Evolution&amp;rft.aulast=Parfrey%2C+L.W.&amp;rft.au=Parfrey%2C+L.W.&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=25&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=787&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsn032&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18258610&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Greilhuber-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greilhuber_15-0">^{<em><strong><font color="#0645ad" size="2">a</font></strong></em>}</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greilhuber_15-1">^{<em><strong><font color="#0645ad" size="2">b</font></strong></em>}</a> <span class="citation Journal">Greilhuber, J., Borsch, T., M&uuml;ller, K., Worberg, A., Porembski, S., and Barthlott, W. (2006). &quot;Smallest angiosperm genomes found in Lentibulariaceae, with chromosomes of bacterial size&quot;. <em>Plant Biology</em> <strong>8</strong> (6): 770&ndash;777. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1055%2Fs-2006-924101"><font color="#3366bb">10.1055/s-2006-924101</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17203433"><font color="#3366bb">17203433</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Smallest+angiosperm+genomes+found+in+Lentibulariaceae%2C+with+chromosomes+of+bacterial+size&amp;rft.jtitle=Plant+Biology&amp;rft.aulast=Greilhuber%2C+J.%2C+Borsch%2C+T.%2C+M%C3%BCller%2C+K.%2C+Worberg%2C+A.%2C+Porembski%2C+S.%2C+and+Barthlott%2C+W.&amp;rft.au=Greilhuber%2C+J.%2C+Borsch%2C+T.%2C+M%C3%BCller%2C+K.%2C+Worberg%2C+A.%2C+Porembski%2C+S.%2C+and+Barthlott%2C+W.&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=8&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=770%E2%80%93777&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1055%2Fs-2006-924101&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17203433&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-16"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> Daniel Lang, Andreas D. Zimmer, Stefan A. Rensing, <a title="Ralf Reski" href="/wiki/Ralf_Reski"><font color="#0645ad">Ralf Reski</font></a>(2008): Exploring plant <a title="Biodiversity" href="/wiki/Biodiversity"><font color="#0645ad">biodiversity</font></a>: the Physcomitrella genome and beyond. Trends in Plant Science 13, 542-549. <a class="external autonumber" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cell.com/trends/plant-science/abstract/S1360-1385(08)00204-5"><font color="#3366bb">[1]</font></a></li> <li id="cite_note-17"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-17"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.yeastgenome.org/"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.yeastgenome.org/</font></a></li> <li id="cite_note-18"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-18"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">The <em>C. elegans</em> Sequencing Consortium (1998). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/282/5396/2012"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Genome sequence of the nematode <em>C. elegans</em>: a platform for investigating biology&quot;</font></a>. <em><a title="Science (journal)" href="/wiki/Science_(journal)"><font color="#0645ad">Science</font></a></em> <strong>282</strong> (5396): 2012&ndash;2018. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.282.5396.2012"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.282.5396.2012</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9851916"><font color="#3366bb">9851916</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/282/5396/2012"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/282/5396/2012</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+sequence+of+the+nematode+%27%27C.+elegans%27%27%3A+a+platform+for+investigating+biology&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BScience+%28journal%29%7CScience%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=The+%27%27C.+elegans%27%27+Sequencing+Consortium&amp;rft.au=The+%27%27C.+elegans%27%27+Sequencing+Consortium&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.volume=282&amp;rft.issue=5396&amp;rft.pages=2012%E2%80%932018&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.282.5396.2012&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/9851916&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F282%2F5396%2F2012&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-19"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-19"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomesize.com/statistics.php?stats=entire#stats_top"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Gregory, T.R. (2005). Animal Genome Size Database. http://www.genomesize.com.&quot;</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomesize.com/statistics.php?stats=entire#stats_top"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.genomesize.com/statistics.php?stats=entire#stats_top</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Gregory%2C+T.R.+%282005%29.+Animal+Genome+Size+Database.+http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genomesize.com.&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genomesize.com%2Fstatistics.php%3Fstats%3Dentire%23stats_top&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Adams_2000-20"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Adams_2000_20-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Adams MD, Celniker SE, Holt RA, <em>et al.</em> (2000). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/287/5461/2185"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;The genome sequence of <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em>&quot;</font></a>. <em>Science</em> <strong>287</strong> (5461): 2185&ndash;95. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.287.5461.2185"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.287.5461.2185</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10731132"><font color="#3366bb">10731132</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/287/5461/2185"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/287/5461/2185</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-05-25</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+genome+sequence+of+%27%27Drosophila+melanogaster%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Adams+MD%2C+Celniker+SE%2C+Holt+RA%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Adams+MD%2C+Celniker+SE%2C+Holt+RA%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.volume=287&amp;rft.issue=5461&amp;rft.pages=2185%E2%80%9395&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.287.5461.2185&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/10731132&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F287%2F5461%2F2185&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-21"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-21"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Glass JI, Assad-Garcia N, Alperovich N, Yooseph S, Lewis MR, Maruf M, Hutchison CA 3rd, Smith HO, Venter JC (2006). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1324956"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Essential genes of a minimal bacterium.&quot;</font></a>. <em>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</em> <strong>103</strong> (2): 425&ndash;30. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0510013103"><font color="#3366bb">10.1073/pnas.0510013103</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16407165"><font color="#3366bb">16407165</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Essential+genes+of+a+minimal+bacterium.&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+USA&amp;rft.aulast=Glass+JI%2C+Assad-Garcia+N%2C+Alperovich+N%2C+Yooseph+S%2C+Lewis+MR%2C+Maruf+M%2C+Hutchison+CA+3rd%2C+Smith+HO%2C+Venter+JC&amp;rft.au=Glass+JI%2C+Assad-Garcia+N%2C+Alperovich+N%2C+Yooseph+S%2C+Lewis+MR%2C+Maruf+M%2C+Hutchison+CA+3rd%2C+Smith+HO%2C+Venter+JC&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=103&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=425%E2%80%9330&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.0510013103&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16407165&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-22"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-22"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Forster AC, Church GM (2006). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1681520"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Towards synthesis of a minimal cell&quot;</font></a>. <em>Mol Syst Biol.</em> <strong>2:45</strong>: 45. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fmsb4100090"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/msb4100090</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16924266"><font color="#3366bb">16924266</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Towards+synthesis+of+a+minimal+cell&amp;rft.jtitle=Mol+Syst+Biol.&amp;rft.aulast=Forster+AC%2C+Church+GM&amp;rft.au=Forster+AC%2C+Church+GM&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=2%3A45&amp;rft.pages=45&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fmsb4100090&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16924266&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> </ol> </div> <h2><span id="Further_reading" class="mw-headline">Further reading</span></h2> <ul> <li><span class="citation book">Benfey, P.; Protopapas, A.D. (2004). <em>Essentials of Genomics</em>. Prentice Hall.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Essentials+of+Genomics&amp;rft.aulast=Benfey&amp;rft.aufirst=P.&amp;rft.au=Benfey%2C%26%2332%3BP.&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Brown, Terence A. (2002). <em>Genomes 2</em>. Oxford: Bios Scientific Publishers. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/978-1859960295" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1859960295"><font color="#0645ad">978-1859960295</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Genomes+2&amp;rft.aulast=Brown&amp;rft.aufirst=Terence+A.&amp;rft.au=Brown%2C%26%2332%3BTerence+A.&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Bios+Scientific+Publishers&amp;rft.isbn=978-1859960295&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Gibson, Greg; Muse, Spencer V. (2004). <em>A Primer of Genome Science</em> (Second ed.). Sunderland, Mass: Sinauer Assoc. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/0-87893-234-8" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87893-234-8"><font color="#0645ad">0-87893-234-8</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+Primer+of+Genome+Science&amp;rft.aulast=Gibson&amp;rft.aufirst=Greg&amp;rft.au=Gibson%2C%26%2332%3BGreg&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.edition=Second&amp;rft.place=Sunderland%2C+Mass&amp;rft.pub=Sinauer+Assoc&amp;rft.isbn=0-87893-234-8&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Gregory, T. Ryan (ed) (2005). <em><a title="The Evolution of the Genome" href="/wiki/The_Evolution_of_the_Genome"><font color="#0645ad">The Evolution of the Genome</font></a></em>. Elsevier. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/0-12-301463-8" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-301463-8"><font color="#0645ad">0-12-301463-8</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=%5B%5BThe+Evolution+of+the+Genome%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Gregory&amp;rft.aufirst=T.+Ryan+%28ed%29&amp;rft.au=Gregory%2C%26%2332%3BT.+Ryan+%28ed%29&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.pub=Elsevier&amp;rft.isbn=0-12-301463-8&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Reece, Richard J. (2004). <em>Analysis of Genes and Genomes</em>. Chichester: John Wiley &amp; Sons. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/0-470-84379-9" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-470-84379-9"><font color="#0645ad">0-470-84379-9</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Analysis+of+Genes+and+Genomes&amp;rft.aulast=Reece&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&amp;rft.au=Reece%2C%26%2332%3BRichard+J.&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.place=Chichester&amp;rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&amp;rft.isbn=0-470-84379-9&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Saccone, Cecilia; Pesole, Graziano (2003). <em>Handbook of Comparative Genomics</em>. Chichester: John Wiley &amp; Sons. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/0-471-39128-X" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-39128-X"><font color="#0645ad">0-471-39128-X</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Comparative+Genomics&amp;rft.aulast=Saccone&amp;rft.aufirst=Cecilia&amp;rft.au=Saccone%2C%26%2332%3BCecilia&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.place=Chichester&amp;rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&amp;rft.isbn=0-471-39128-X&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li><span class="citation Journal">Werner, E. (2003). &quot;In silico multicellular systems biology and minimal genomes&quot;. <em>Drug Discov Today</em> <strong>8</strong> (24): 1121&ndash;1127. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS1359-6446%2803%2902918-0"><font color="#3366bb">10.1016/S1359-6446(03)02918-0</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14678738"><font color="#3366bb">14678738</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=In+silico+multicellular+systems+biology+and+minimal+genomes&amp;rft.jtitle=Drug+Discov+Today&amp;rft.aulast=Werner&amp;rft.aufirst=E.&amp;rft.au=Werner%2C%26%2332%3BE.&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=8&amp;rft.issue=24&amp;rft.pages=1121%E2%80%931127&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2FS1359-6446%2803%2902918-0&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/14678738&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> </ul> <h2><span id="External_links" class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><font color="#3366bb">[http://genomics.org Genomics.org]</font></li> <li>[http://omics.org Omics.org]</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/dna/builddna/"><font color="#3366bb">Build a DNA Molecule</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/articles/02_01/Sizing_genomes.shtml"><font color="#3366bb">Some comparative genome sizes</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.dnai.org/"><font color="#3366bb">DNA Interactive: The History of DNA Science</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.dnaftb.org/"><font color="#3366bb">DNA From The Beginning</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.gov/10001772"><font color="#3366bb">All About The Human Genome Project from Genome.gov</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomesize.com/"><font color="#3366bb">Animal genome size database</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.rbgkew.org.uk/cval/homepage.html"><font color="#3366bb">Plant genome size database</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomesonline.org/"><font color="#3366bb">GOLD:Genomes OnLine Database</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/"><font color="#3366bb">The Genome News Network</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=genomeprj"><font color="#3366bb">NCBI Entrez Genome Project database</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/primer/genetics_genome.html"><font color="#3366bb">NCBI Genome Primer</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4994088.stm"><font color="#3366bb">BBC News - Final genome 'chapter' published</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.crops.org/genome/"><font color="#3366bb">The Plant Genome</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://img.jgi.doe.gov/"><font color="#3366bb">IMG</font></a> The Integrated Microbial Genomes system, for genome analysis by the DOE-JGI.</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://camera.calit2.net/index.php/"><font color="#3366bb">CAMERA</font></a> Cyberinfrastructure for Metagenomics, data repository and bioinformatics tools for metagenomic research</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genecards.org/"><font color="#3366bb">GeneCards</font></a> an integrated database of human genes.</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://genome.igib.res.in/"><font color="#3366bb">Genome@IGIB</font></a> Resources and News on the Zebrafish Genome Project @ IGIB.</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.geknome.com"><font color="#3366bb">GeKnome Technologies Next-Gen Sequencing Data Analysis</font></a> Next-Gen Sequencing Data Analysis for <a title="Illumina" href="/wiki/Illumina"><font color="#0645ad">Illumina</font></a> and <a title="454" href="/wiki/454"><font color="#0645ad">454</font></a> Service from GeKnome Technologies.</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://ascb.org/ibioseminars/brenner/brenner1.cfm"><font color="#3366bb">What Genomes Can Tell Us About the Past</font></a> - lecture by <a title="Sydney Brenner" href="/wiki/Sydney_Brenner"><font color="#0645ad">Sydney Brenner</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.imame.org/form/genome--mid80-frz.htm"><font color="#3366bb">Genome metaphor, reflecting from formal-net hierarchies, and software binaries</font></a>.</li> </ul> 7a8c995515bbd34f67d4e63e625431a10f1997ad 3475 3474 2011-02-03T08:08:10Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font color="#000000"><font size="3">The&nbsp;<strong>genome</strong> is the entire&nbsp;set of sequences in an organism that&nbsp;encodes information for survival and the&nbsp;continuation of the species it belongs to. </font></font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size: large"><font color="#000000">Main function of genomes</font></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><font color="#000000"><font size="3">The main function of genome is information storaging and processing to form an entity that utilizes energy to keep processing signals to interact with other genomes in the whole eco-system.</font><br /> <br /> <font size="3">The genome is universal in the universe and aliens living&nbsp;on other planets also have genomes. The chemical construction may be slightly different but the information deposition and processing function is the same.</font></font></p> <p><font color="#000000"><font size="3">The information is usually stored&nbsp;in DNA or RNA in the organisms found on Earth.<br /> <br /> The genome is often classified&nbsp;into the protein coding genes and the non-coding sequences of the DNA historically.<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><font size="3"><span>[</span>1</font><span><font size="3">]</font><br /> </span></font></sup></font></font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size: large"><font color="#000000">The essence of genome</font></span></p> <p><font color="#000000"><font size="3">The essence of genomes is that it is the foundation of spontaneous information processing network that can utilizes energy in time axis. The genome is a kind of linearly expressed language system.</font></font><font color="#000000"><font size="3"><br /> <br /> </font></font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size: large"><span id="Origin_of_Term" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Origin of Term</font></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#000000">The term was adapted in 1920 by [[Hans Winkler]], Professor of Botany at the University of Hamburg, Germany. In Greek, the word <em>genome</em> (&gamma;ί&nu;&omicron;&mu;&alpha;&iota;) means I become, I am born, to come into being. </font></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#000000">The Oxford English Dictionary suggests the name to be a blend of the words <em><strong>gen</strong>e</em> and <em>chromos<strong>ome</strong></em>. A few related <em>-ome</em> words already existed, such as <em>biome</em> and <em>rhizome</em>, forming a vocabulary into which <em>genome</em> fits systematically.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference">[2]</sup></font></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: large"><span id="Overview" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Overview</font></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#000000">Some organisms have multiple copies of chromosomes, diploid, triploid, tetraploid and so on. In classical genetics, in a sexually reproducing organism (typically eukarya) the gamete has half of the number of chromosome of the somatic cell and the genome is a full set of chromosomes in a gamete. In haploid organisms, including cells of bacteria, archaea, and in organelles including mitochondria and chloroplasts, or viruses, that similarly contain genes, the single or set of circular and/or linear chains of DNA (or RNA for some viruses), likewise constitute the <em>genome</em>. The term genome can be applied specifically to mean that stored on a complete set of <em>nuclear DNA</em> (i.e., the &quot;nuclear genome&quot;) but can also be applied to that stored within organelles that contain their own DNA, as with the &quot;mitochondrial genome&quot; or the &quot;chloroplast genome&quot;. Additionally, the genome can comprise nonchromosomal genetic elements such as viruses, plasmids, and transposable elements<sup id="cite_ref-Brock_2-0" class="reference">[3]</sup>. When people say that the genome of a sexually reproducing species has been &quot;sequenced&quot;, typically they are referring to a determination of the sequences of one set of autosomes and one of each type of sex chromosome, which together represent both of the possible sexes. Even in species that exist in only one sex, what is described as &quot;a genome sequence&quot; may be a composite read from the chromosomes of various individuals. In general use, the phrase &quot;genetic makeup&quot; is sometimes used conversationally to mean the genome of a particular individual or organism. The study of the global properties of genomes of related organisms is usually referred to as genomics, which distinguishes it from genetics which generally studies the properties of single genes or groups of genes.</font></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#000000">Both the number of base pairs and the number of genes vary widely from one species to another, and there is only a rough correlation between the two (an observation known as the C-value paradox). At present, the highest known number of genes is around 60,000, for the protozoan causing trichomoniasis (see List of sequenced eukaryotic genomes), almost three times as many as in the human genome.</font></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#000000">An analogy to the human genome stored on DNA is that of instructions stored in a library:</font></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#000000">The library would contain 46 books (chromosomes)</font> </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#000000">The books range in size from 400 to 3340 pages (genes)</font> </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#000000">which is 48 to 250 million letters (A,C,G,T) per book.</font> </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#000000">Hence the library contains over six billion letters total;</font> </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#000000">The library fits into a cell nucleus the size of a pinpoint;</font> </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#000000">A copy of the library (all 46 books) is contained in almost every cell of our body.</font> </span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-size: large"><span id="Types" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Types</font></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#000000">Most biological entities that are more complex than a virus sometimes or always carry additional genetic material besides that which resides in their chromosomes. In some contexts, such as sequencing the genome of a pathogenic microbe, &quot;genome&quot; is meant to include information stored on this auxiliary material, which is carried in plasmids. In such circumstances then, &quot;genome&quot; describes all of the genes and information on non-coding DNA that have the potential to be present.</font></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#000000">In eukaryotes such as plants, protozoa and animals, however, &quot;genome&quot; carries the typical connotation of only information on chromosomal DNA. So although these organisms contain chloroplasts and/or mitochondria that have their own DNA, the genetic information contained by DNA within these organelles is not considered part of the genome. In fact, mitochondria are sometimes said to have their own genome often referred to as the &quot;mitochondrial genome&quot;. The DNA found within the chloroplast may be referred to as the &quot;plastome&quot;.</font></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: large"><span id="Genomes_and_genetic_variation" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Genomes and genetic variation</font></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#000000">Note that a genome does not capture the genetic diversity or the genetic polymorphism of a species. For example, the human genome sequence in principle could be determined from just half the information on the DNA of one cell from one individual. To learn what variations in genetic information underlie particular traits or diseases requires comparisons across individuals. This point explains the common usage of &quot;genome&quot; (which parallels a common usage of &quot;gene&quot;) to refer not to the information in any particular DNA sequence, but to a whole family of sequences that share a biological context.</font></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#000000">Although this concept may seem counter intuitive, it is the same concept that says there is no particular shape that is the shape of a cheetah. Cheetahs vary, and so do the sequences of their genomes. Yet both the individual animals and their sequences share commonalities, so one can learn something about cheetahs and &quot;cheetah-ness&quot; from a single example of either.</font></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size: large"><span id="Sequencing_and_mapping" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Sequencing and mapping</font></span></span></p> <div class="rellink boilerplate seealso"><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#000000">For more details on this topic, see Genome project.</font></span></div> <p><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#000000">The Human Genome Project was organized to map and to sequence the human genome. Other genome projects include mouse, rice, the plant <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em>, the puffer fish, bacteria like E. coli, etc. In 1976, Walter Fiers at the University of Ghent (Belgium) was the first to establish the complete nucleotide sequence of a viral RNA-genome (bacteriophage MS2). The first DNA-genome project to be completed was the Phage &Phi;-X174, with only 5386 base pairs, which was sequenced by Fred Sanger in 1977 . The first bacterial genome to be completed was that of Haemophilus influenzae, completed by a team at The Institute for Genomic Research in 1995.</font></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#000000">The development of new technologies has dramatically decreased the difficulty and cost of sequencing, and the number of complete genome sequences is rising rapidly. Among many genome database sites, the one maintained by the US National Institutes of Health is inclusive.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference">[4]</sup></font></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#000000">These new technologies open up the prospect of personal genome sequencing as an important diagnostic tool. A major step toward that goal was the May 2007 <em>New York Times</em> announcement that the full genome of DNA pioneer James D. Watson was deciphered.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference">[5]</sup></font></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#000000">Whereas a genome sequence lists the order of every DNA base in a genome, a genome map identifies the landmarks. A genome map is less detailed than a genome sequence and aids in navigating around the genome.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference">[6]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference">[7]</sup></font></span></p> <h2><span id="Comparison_of_different_genome_sizes" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Comparison of different genome sizes</font></span></h2> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle"><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#000000">Main article: Genome size</font></span></div> <p> <table id="sortable_table_id_0" class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody> <tr> <th><font color="#000000">Organism type<span class="sortarrow"><img alt="&darr;" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></font></th> <th><font color="#000000">Organism<span class="sortarrow"><img alt="&darr;" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></font></th> <th><font color="#000000">Genome size (base pairs)<span class="sortarrow"><img alt="&darr;" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></font></th> <th><font color="#000000">mass - in pg<span class="sortarrow"><img alt="&darr;" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></font></th> <th><font color="#000000">Note<span class="sortarrow"><img alt="&darr;" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></font></th> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Virus</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Bacteriophage MS2</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">3,569</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">0.000002</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">First sequenced RNA-genome<sup id="cite_ref-Fiers1976_7-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Virus</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">SV40</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">5,224</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Fiers1978_8-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#000000"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></font></font></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Virus</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Phage &Phi;-X174</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">5,386</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">First sequenced DNA-genome<sup id="cite_ref-Sanger1977_9-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Virus</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">HIV</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">9749<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Virus</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Phage &lambda;</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">48,502</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Virus</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Mimivirus</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">1,181,404</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">Largest known viral genome</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Bacterium</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Haemophilus influenzae</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">1,830,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">First genome of living organism, July 1995<sup id="cite_ref-Fleichmann_1995_11-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Bacterium</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Carsonella ruddii</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">159,662</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">Smallest non-viral genome.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Bacterium</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Buchnera aphidicola</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">600,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Bacterium</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Wigglesworthia glossinidia</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">700,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Bacterium</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Escherichia coli</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">4,600,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#000000"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></font></font></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Bacterium</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"><em>Solibacter usitatus</em> (strain Ellin 6076)</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">9,970,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">Largest known Bacterial genome</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Amoeboid</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"><em>Polychaos dubium</em> (<em>&quot;Amoeba&quot; dubia</em>)</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">670,000,000,000</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">737</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Largest known genome.<sup id="cite_ref-Parfrey2008_14-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Plant</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Arabidopsis thaliana</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">157,000,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">First plant genome sequenced, December 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-Greilhuber_15-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Plant</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Genlisea margaretae</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">63,400,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">Smallest recorded flowering plant genome, 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-Greilhuber_15-1" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Plant</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Fritillaria assyrica</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">130,000,000,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Plant</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Populus trichocarpa</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">480,000,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">First tree genome, September 2006</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Moss</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Physcomitrella patens</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">480,000,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">First genome of a bryophyte, January 2008 <sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Yeast</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">12,100,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#000000"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></font></font></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Fungus</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Aspergillus nidulans</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">30,000,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Nematode</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Caenorhabditis elegans</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">100,300,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">First multicellular animal genome, December 1998<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Nematode</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Pratylenchus coffeae</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">20,000,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">Smallest animal genome known<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Insect</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"><em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> (fruit fly)</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">130,000,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Adams_2000_20-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#000000"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></font></font></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Insect</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"><em>Bombyx mori</em> (silk moth)</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">530,000,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Insect</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"><em>Apis mellifera</em> (honey bee)</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">236,000,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Fish</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"><em>Tetraodon nigroviridis</em> (type of puffer fish)</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">385,000,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">Smallest vertebrate genome known</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Mammal</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Homo sapiens</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">3,200,000,000</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">3</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Fish</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"><em>Protopterus aethiopicus</em> (marbled lungfish)</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">130,000,000,000</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">143</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Largest vertebrate genome known</font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#000000"><em>Note:</em> The DNA from a single (diploid) human cell if the 46 chromosomes were connected end-to-end and straightened, would have a length of ~2 m and a width of ~2.4 nanometers.</font></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#000000">Since genomes and their organisms are very complex, one research strategy is to reduce the number of genes in a genome to the bare minimum and still have the organism in question survive. There is experimental work being done on minimal genomes for single cell organisms as well as minimal genomes for multicellular organisms (see Developmental biology). The work is both <em>in vivo</em> and <em>in silico</em>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference">[22]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference">[23]</sup></font></span></p> <h2><span id="Genome_evolution" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Genome evolution</font></span></h2> <p><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#000000">Genomes are more than the sum of an organism's genes and have traits that may be measured and studied without reference to the details of any particular genes and their products. Researchers compare traits such as <em>chromosome number</em> (karyotype), genome size, gene order, codon usage bias, and GC-content to determine what mechanisms could have produced the great variety of genomes that exist today (for recent overviews, see Brown 2002; Saccone and Pesole 2003; Benfey and Protopapas 2004; Gibson and Muse 2004; Reese 2004; Gregory 2005).</font></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#000000">Duplications play a major role in shaping the genome. Duplications may range from extension of short tandem repeats, to duplication of a cluster of genes, and all the way to duplications of entire chromosomes or even entire genomes. Such duplications are probably fundamental to the creation of genetic novelty.</font></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#000000">Horizontal gene transfer is invoked to explain how there is often extreme similarity between small portions of the genomes of two organisms that are otherwise very distantly related. Horizontal gene transfer seems to be common among many microbes. Also, eukaryotic cells seem to have experienced a transfer of some genetic material from their chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes to their nuclear chromosomes.</font></span></p> <h2><span id="References" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">References</font></span></h2> <div style="column-count: 2; -moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2" class="references-small references-column-count references-column-count-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-0"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> Ridley, M. (2006). <em>Genome</em>. New York, NY: Harper Perennial. <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0060194979"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN 0-06-019497-9</font></a></li> <li id="cite_note-1"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-1"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Joshua Lederberg and Alexa T. McCray (2001). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://lhncbc.nlm.nih.gov/lhc/docs/published/2001/pub2001047.pdf"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;'Ome Sweet 'Omics -- A Genealogical Treasury of Words&quot;</font></a>. <em>The Scientist</em> <strong>15</strong> (7)<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://lhncbc.nlm.nih.gov/lhc/docs/published/2001/pub2001047.pdf"><font color="#3366bb">http://lhncbc.nlm.nih.gov/lhc/docs/published/2001/pub2001047.pdf</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=%27Ome+Sweet+%27Omics+--+A+Genealogical+Treasury+of+Words&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Scientist&amp;rft.aulast=Joshua+Lederberg+and+Alexa+T.+McCray&amp;rft.au=Joshua+Lederberg+and+Alexa+T.+McCray&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.volume=15&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flhncbc.nlm.nih.gov%2Flhc%2Fdocs%2Fpublished%2F2001%2Fpub2001047.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Brock-2"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Brock_2-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation book">Madigan M, Martinko J (editors) (2006). <em>Brock Biology of Microorganisms</em> (11th ed.). Prentice Hall. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/0-13-144329-1" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-144329-1"><font color="#0645ad">0-13-144329-1</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Brock+Biology+of+Microorganisms&amp;rft.aulast=Madigan+M%2C+Martinko+J+%28editors%29&amp;rft.au=Madigan+M%2C+Martinko+J+%28editors%29&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.edition=11th&amp;rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&amp;rft.isbn=0-13-144329-1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-3"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=Genome&amp;itool=toolbar"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=Genome&amp;itool=toolbar</font></a></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-4"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation news">Wade, Nicholas (2007-05-31). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/31/science/31cnd-gene.html?em&amp;ex=1180843200&amp;en=19e1d55639350b73&amp;ei=5087%0A"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Genome of DNA Pioneer Is Deciphered&quot;</font></a>. <em>The New York Times</em><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/31/science/31cnd-gene.html?em&amp;ex=1180843200&amp;en=19e1d55639350b73&amp;ei=5087%0A"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/31/science/31cnd-gene.html?em&amp;ex=1180843200&amp;en=19e1d55639350b73&amp;ei=5087%0A</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-04-02</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+of+DNA+Pioneer+Is+Deciphered&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.aulast=Wade&amp;rft.aufirst=Nicholas&amp;rft.au=Wade%2C%26%2332%3BNicholas&amp;rft.date=2007-05-31&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F05%2F31%2Fscience%2F31cnd-gene.html%3Fem%26ex%3D1180843200%26en%3D19e1d55639350b73%26ei%3D5087%250A&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-5"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/whats_a_genome/Chp3_1.shtml"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/whats_a_genome/Chp3_1.shtml</font></a></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-6"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/primer/mapping.html"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/primer/mapping.html</font></a></li> <li id="cite_note-Fiers1976-7"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Fiers1976_7-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Fiers W, <em>et al.</em> (1976). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v260/n5551/abs/260500a0.html"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA - primary and secondary structure of replicase gene&quot;</font></a>. <em>Nature</em> <strong>260</strong> (5551): 500&ndash;507. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F260500a0"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/260500a0</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1264203"><font color="#3366bb">1264203</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v260/n5551/abs/260500a0.html"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v260/n5551/abs/260500a0.html</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+nucleotide-sequence+of+bacteriophage+MS2-RNA+-+primary+and+secondary+structure+of+replicase+gene&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Fiers+W%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Fiers+W%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=1976&amp;rft.volume=260&amp;rft.issue=5551&amp;rft.pages=500%E2%80%93507&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F260500a0&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/1264203&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv260%2Fn5551%2Fabs%2F260500a0.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Fiers1978-8"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Fiers1978_8-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Fiers W, Contreras R, Haegemann G, Rogiers R, Van de Voorde A, Van Heuverswyn H, Van Herreweghe J, Volckaert G, Ysebaert M (1978). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v273/n5658/abs/273113a0.html"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Complete nucleotide sequence of SV40 DNA&quot;</font></a>. <em>Nature</em> <strong>273</strong> (5658): 113&ndash;120. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F273113a0"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/273113a0</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/205802"><font color="#3366bb">205802</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v273/n5658/abs/273113a0.html"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v273/n5658/abs/273113a0.html</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+nucleotide+sequence+of+SV40+DNA&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Fiers+W%2C+Contreras+R%2C+Haegemann+G%2C+Rogiers+R%2C+Van+de+Voorde+A%2C+Van+Heuverswyn+H%2C+Van+Herreweghe+J%2C+Volckaert+G%2C+Ysebaert+M&amp;rft.au=Fiers+W%2C+Contreras+R%2C+Haegemann+G%2C+Rogiers+R%2C+Van+de+Voorde+A%2C+Van+Heuverswyn+H%2C+Van+Herreweghe+J%2C+Volckaert+G%2C+Ysebaert+M&amp;rft.date=1978&amp;rft.volume=273&amp;rft.issue=5658&amp;rft.pages=113%E2%80%93120&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F273113a0&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/205802&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv273%2Fn5658%2Fabs%2F273113a0.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Sanger1977-9"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Sanger1977_9-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Sanger F, Air GM, Barrell BG, Brown NL, Coulson AR, Fiddes CA, Hutchison CA, Slocombe PM, Smith M (1977). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v265/n5596/abs/265687a0.html"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA&quot;</font></a>. <em>Nature</em> <strong>265</strong> (5596): 687&ndash;695. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F265687a0"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/265687a0</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/870828"><font color="#3366bb">870828</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v265/n5596/abs/265687a0.html"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v265/n5596/abs/265687a0.html</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Nucleotide+sequence+of+bacteriophage+phi+X174+DNA&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Sanger+F%2C+Air+GM%2C+Barrell+BG%2C+Brown+NL%2C+Coulson+AR%2C+Fiddes+CA%2C+Hutchison+CA%2C+Slocombe+PM%2C+Smith+M&amp;rft.au=Sanger+F%2C+Air+GM%2C+Barrell+BG%2C+Brown+NL%2C+Coulson+AR%2C+Fiddes+CA%2C+Hutchison+CA%2C+Slocombe+PM%2C+Smith+M&amp;rft.date=1977&amp;rft.volume=265&amp;rft.issue=5596&amp;rft.pages=687%E2%80%93695&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F265687a0&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/870828&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv265%2Fn5596%2Fabs%2F265687a0.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-10"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/lecture/hiv9.htm"><font color="#3366bb">VIROLOGY - HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS AND AIDS, STRUCTURE: The Genome AND PROTEINS of HIV</font></a></li> <li id="cite_note-Fleichmann_1995-11"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Fleichmann_1995_11-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Fleischmann R, Adams M, White O, Clayton R, Kirkness E, Kerlavage A, Bult C, Tomb J, Dougherty B, Merrick J (1995). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/269/5223/496"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Whole-genome random sequencing and assembly of Haemophilus influenzae Rd&quot;</font></a>. <em>Science</em> <strong>269</strong> (5223): 496&ndash;512. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.7542800"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.7542800</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7542800"><font color="#3366bb">7542800</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/269/5223/496"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/269/5223/496</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Whole-genome+random+sequencing+and+assembly+of+Haemophilus+influenzae+Rd&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Fleischmann+R%2C+Adams+M%2C+White+O%2C+Clayton+R%2C+Kirkness+E%2C+Kerlavage+A%2C+Bult+C%2C+Tomb+J%2C+Dougherty+B%2C+Merrick+J&amp;rft.au=Fleischmann+R%2C+Adams+M%2C+White+O%2C+Clayton+R%2C+Kirkness+E%2C+Kerlavage+A%2C+Bult+C%2C+Tomb+J%2C+Dougherty+B%2C+Merrick+J&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.volume=269&amp;rft.issue=5223&amp;rft.pages=496%E2%80%93512&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.7542800&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/7542800&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F269%2F5223%2F496&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-12"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-12"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Nakabachi A, Yamashita A, Toh H, <em>et al.</em> (October 2006). &quot;The 160-kilobase genome of the bacterial endosymbiont Carsonella&quot;. <em>Science (journal)</em> <strong>314</strong> (5797): 267. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1134196"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.1134196</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17038615"><font color="#3366bb">17038615</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+160-kilobase+genome+of+the+bacterial+endosymbiont+Carsonella&amp;rft.jtitle=Science+%28journal%29&amp;rft.aulast=Nakabachi+A%2C+Yamashita+A%2C+Toh+H%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Nakabachi+A%2C+Yamashita+A%2C+Toh+H%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=October+2006&amp;rft.volume=314&amp;rft.issue=5797&amp;rft.pages=267&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.1134196&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17038615&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-13"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-13"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Frederick R. Blattner, Guy Plunkett III, et al. (1997). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/277/5331/1453"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;The Complete Genome Sequence of Escherichia coli K-12&quot;</font></a>. <em>Science</em> <strong>277</strong> (5331): 1453&ndash;1462. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.277.5331.1453"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.277.5331.1453</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9278503"><font color="#3366bb">9278503</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/277/5331/1453"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/277/5331/1453</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+Complete+Genome+Sequence+of+Escherichia+coli+K-12&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Frederick+R.+Blattner%2C+Guy+Plunkett+III%2C+et+al.&amp;rft.au=Frederick+R.+Blattner%2C+Guy+Plunkett+III%2C+et+al.&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.volume=277&amp;rft.issue=5331&amp;rft.pages=1453%E2%80%931462&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.277.5331.1453&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/9278503&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F277%2F5331%2F1453&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Parfrey2008-14"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Parfrey2008_14-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Parfrey, L.W.; Lahr, D.J.G.; Katz, L.A. (2008). &quot;The Dynamic Nature of Eukaryotic Genomes&quot;. <em>Molecular Biology and Evolution</em> <strong>25</strong> (4): 787. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsn032"><font color="#3366bb">10.1093/molbev/msn032</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18258610"><font color="#3366bb">18258610</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+Dynamic+Nature+of+Eukaryotic+Genomes&amp;rft.jtitle=Molecular+Biology+and+Evolution&amp;rft.aulast=Parfrey%2C+L.W.&amp;rft.au=Parfrey%2C+L.W.&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=25&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=787&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsn032&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18258610&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Greilhuber-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greilhuber_15-0">^{<em><strong><font color="#0645ad" size="2">a</font></strong></em>}</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greilhuber_15-1">^{<em><strong><font color="#0645ad" size="2">b</font></strong></em>}</a> <span class="citation Journal">Greilhuber, J., Borsch, T., M&uuml;ller, K., Worberg, A., Porembski, S., and Barthlott, W. (2006). &quot;Smallest angiosperm genomes found in Lentibulariaceae, with chromosomes of bacterial size&quot;. <em>Plant Biology</em> <strong>8</strong> (6): 770&ndash;777. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1055%2Fs-2006-924101"><font color="#3366bb">10.1055/s-2006-924101</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17203433"><font color="#3366bb">17203433</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Smallest+angiosperm+genomes+found+in+Lentibulariaceae%2C+with+chromosomes+of+bacterial+size&amp;rft.jtitle=Plant+Biology&amp;rft.aulast=Greilhuber%2C+J.%2C+Borsch%2C+T.%2C+M%C3%BCller%2C+K.%2C+Worberg%2C+A.%2C+Porembski%2C+S.%2C+and+Barthlott%2C+W.&amp;rft.au=Greilhuber%2C+J.%2C+Borsch%2C+T.%2C+M%C3%BCller%2C+K.%2C+Worberg%2C+A.%2C+Porembski%2C+S.%2C+and+Barthlott%2C+W.&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=8&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=770%E2%80%93777&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1055%2Fs-2006-924101&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17203433&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-16"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> Daniel Lang, Andreas D. Zimmer, Stefan A. Rensing, <a title="Ralf Reski" href="/wiki/Ralf_Reski"><font color="#0645ad">Ralf Reski</font></a>(2008): Exploring plant <a title="Biodiversity" href="/wiki/Biodiversity"><font color="#0645ad">biodiversity</font></a>: the Physcomitrella genome and beyond. Trends in Plant Science 13, 542-549. <a class="external autonumber" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cell.com/trends/plant-science/abstract/S1360-1385(08)00204-5"><font color="#3366bb">[1]</font></a></li> <li id="cite_note-17"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-17"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.yeastgenome.org/"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.yeastgenome.org/</font></a></li> <li id="cite_note-18"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-18"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">The <em>C. elegans</em> Sequencing Consortium (1998). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/282/5396/2012"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Genome sequence of the nematode <em>C. elegans</em>: a platform for investigating biology&quot;</font></a>. <em><a title="Science (journal)" href="/wiki/Science_(journal)"><font color="#0645ad">Science</font></a></em> <strong>282</strong> (5396): 2012&ndash;2018. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.282.5396.2012"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.282.5396.2012</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9851916"><font color="#3366bb">9851916</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/282/5396/2012"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/282/5396/2012</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+sequence+of+the+nematode+%27%27C.+elegans%27%27%3A+a+platform+for+investigating+biology&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BScience+%28journal%29%7CScience%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=The+%27%27C.+elegans%27%27+Sequencing+Consortium&amp;rft.au=The+%27%27C.+elegans%27%27+Sequencing+Consortium&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.volume=282&amp;rft.issue=5396&amp;rft.pages=2012%E2%80%932018&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.282.5396.2012&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/9851916&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F282%2F5396%2F2012&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-19"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-19"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomesize.com/statistics.php?stats=entire#stats_top"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Gregory, T.R. (2005). Animal Genome Size Database. http://www.genomesize.com.&quot;</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomesize.com/statistics.php?stats=entire#stats_top"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.genomesize.com/statistics.php?stats=entire#stats_top</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Gregory%2C+T.R.+%282005%29.+Animal+Genome+Size+Database.+http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genomesize.com.&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genomesize.com%2Fstatistics.php%3Fstats%3Dentire%23stats_top&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Adams_2000-20"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Adams_2000_20-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Adams MD, Celniker SE, Holt RA, <em>et al.</em> (2000). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/287/5461/2185"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;The genome sequence of <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em>&quot;</font></a>. <em>Science</em> <strong>287</strong> (5461): 2185&ndash;95. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.287.5461.2185"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.287.5461.2185</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10731132"><font color="#3366bb">10731132</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/287/5461/2185"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/287/5461/2185</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-05-25</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+genome+sequence+of+%27%27Drosophila+melanogaster%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Adams+MD%2C+Celniker+SE%2C+Holt+RA%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Adams+MD%2C+Celniker+SE%2C+Holt+RA%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.volume=287&amp;rft.issue=5461&amp;rft.pages=2185%E2%80%9395&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.287.5461.2185&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/10731132&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F287%2F5461%2F2185&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-21"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-21"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Glass JI, Assad-Garcia N, Alperovich N, Yooseph S, Lewis MR, Maruf M, Hutchison CA 3rd, Smith HO, Venter JC (2006). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1324956"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Essential genes of a minimal bacterium.&quot;</font></a>. <em>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</em> <strong>103</strong> (2): 425&ndash;30. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0510013103"><font color="#3366bb">10.1073/pnas.0510013103</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16407165"><font color="#3366bb">16407165</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Essential+genes+of+a+minimal+bacterium.&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+USA&amp;rft.aulast=Glass+JI%2C+Assad-Garcia+N%2C+Alperovich+N%2C+Yooseph+S%2C+Lewis+MR%2C+Maruf+M%2C+Hutchison+CA+3rd%2C+Smith+HO%2C+Venter+JC&amp;rft.au=Glass+JI%2C+Assad-Garcia+N%2C+Alperovich+N%2C+Yooseph+S%2C+Lewis+MR%2C+Maruf+M%2C+Hutchison+CA+3rd%2C+Smith+HO%2C+Venter+JC&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=103&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=425%E2%80%9330&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.0510013103&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16407165&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-22"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-22"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Forster AC, Church GM (2006). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1681520"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Towards synthesis of a minimal cell&quot;</font></a>. <em>Mol Syst Biol.</em> <strong>2:45</strong>: 45. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fmsb4100090"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/msb4100090</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16924266"><font color="#3366bb">16924266</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Towards+synthesis+of+a+minimal+cell&amp;rft.jtitle=Mol+Syst+Biol.&amp;rft.aulast=Forster+AC%2C+Church+GM&amp;rft.au=Forster+AC%2C+Church+GM&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=2%3A45&amp;rft.pages=45&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fmsb4100090&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16924266&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> </ol> </div> <h2><span id="Further_reading" class="mw-headline">Further reading</span></h2> <ul> <li><span class="citation book">Benfey, P.; Protopapas, A.D. (2004). <em>Essentials of Genomics</em>. Prentice Hall.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Essentials+of+Genomics&amp;rft.aulast=Benfey&amp;rft.aufirst=P.&amp;rft.au=Benfey%2C%26%2332%3BP.&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Brown, Terence A. (2002). <em>Genomes 2</em>. Oxford: Bios Scientific Publishers. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/978-1859960295" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1859960295"><font color="#0645ad">978-1859960295</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Genomes+2&amp;rft.aulast=Brown&amp;rft.aufirst=Terence+A.&amp;rft.au=Brown%2C%26%2332%3BTerence+A.&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Bios+Scientific+Publishers&amp;rft.isbn=978-1859960295&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Gibson, Greg; Muse, Spencer V. (2004). <em>A Primer of Genome Science</em> (Second ed.). Sunderland, Mass: Sinauer Assoc. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/0-87893-234-8" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87893-234-8"><font color="#0645ad">0-87893-234-8</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+Primer+of+Genome+Science&amp;rft.aulast=Gibson&amp;rft.aufirst=Greg&amp;rft.au=Gibson%2C%26%2332%3BGreg&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.edition=Second&amp;rft.place=Sunderland%2C+Mass&amp;rft.pub=Sinauer+Assoc&amp;rft.isbn=0-87893-234-8&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Gregory, T. Ryan (ed) (2005). <em><a title="The Evolution of the Genome" href="/wiki/The_Evolution_of_the_Genome"><font color="#0645ad">The Evolution of the Genome</font></a></em>. Elsevier. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/0-12-301463-8" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-301463-8"><font color="#0645ad">0-12-301463-8</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=%5B%5BThe+Evolution+of+the+Genome%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Gregory&amp;rft.aufirst=T.+Ryan+%28ed%29&amp;rft.au=Gregory%2C%26%2332%3BT.+Ryan+%28ed%29&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.pub=Elsevier&amp;rft.isbn=0-12-301463-8&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Reece, Richard J. (2004). <em>Analysis of Genes and Genomes</em>. Chichester: John Wiley &amp; Sons. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/0-470-84379-9" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-470-84379-9"><font color="#0645ad">0-470-84379-9</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Analysis+of+Genes+and+Genomes&amp;rft.aulast=Reece&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&amp;rft.au=Reece%2C%26%2332%3BRichard+J.&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.place=Chichester&amp;rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&amp;rft.isbn=0-470-84379-9&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Saccone, Cecilia; Pesole, Graziano (2003). <em>Handbook of Comparative Genomics</em>. Chichester: John Wiley &amp; Sons. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/0-471-39128-X" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-39128-X"><font color="#0645ad">0-471-39128-X</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Comparative+Genomics&amp;rft.aulast=Saccone&amp;rft.aufirst=Cecilia&amp;rft.au=Saccone%2C%26%2332%3BCecilia&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.place=Chichester&amp;rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&amp;rft.isbn=0-471-39128-X&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li><span class="citation Journal">Werner, E. (2003). &quot;In silico multicellular systems biology and minimal genomes&quot;. <em>Drug Discov Today</em> <strong>8</strong> (24): 1121&ndash;1127. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS1359-6446%2803%2902918-0"><font color="#3366bb">10.1016/S1359-6446(03)02918-0</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14678738"><font color="#3366bb">14678738</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=In+silico+multicellular+systems+biology+and+minimal+genomes&amp;rft.jtitle=Drug+Discov+Today&amp;rft.aulast=Werner&amp;rft.aufirst=E.&amp;rft.au=Werner%2C%26%2332%3BE.&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=8&amp;rft.issue=24&amp;rft.pages=1121%E2%80%931127&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2FS1359-6446%2803%2902918-0&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/14678738&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> </ul> <h2><span id="External_links" class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><font color="#3366bb">[http://genomics.org Genomics.org]</font></li> <li>[http://omics.org Omics.org]</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/dna/builddna/"><font color="#3366bb">Build a DNA Molecule</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/articles/02_01/Sizing_genomes.shtml"><font color="#3366bb">Some comparative genome sizes</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.dnai.org/"><font color="#3366bb">DNA Interactive: The History of DNA Science</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.dnaftb.org/"><font color="#3366bb">DNA From The Beginning</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.gov/10001772"><font color="#3366bb">All About The Human Genome Project from Genome.gov</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomesize.com/"><font color="#3366bb">Animal genome size database</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.rbgkew.org.uk/cval/homepage.html"><font color="#3366bb">Plant genome size database</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomesonline.org/"><font color="#3366bb">GOLD:Genomes OnLine Database</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/"><font color="#3366bb">The Genome News Network</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=genomeprj"><font color="#3366bb">NCBI Entrez Genome Project database</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/primer/genetics_genome.html"><font color="#3366bb">NCBI Genome Primer</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4994088.stm"><font color="#3366bb">BBC News - Final genome 'chapter' published</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.crops.org/genome/"><font color="#3366bb">The Plant Genome</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://img.jgi.doe.gov/"><font color="#3366bb">IMG</font></a> The Integrated Microbial Genomes system, for genome analysis by the DOE-JGI.</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://camera.calit2.net/index.php/"><font color="#3366bb">CAMERA</font></a> Cyberinfrastructure for Metagenomics, data repository and bioinformatics tools for metagenomic research</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genecards.org/"><font color="#3366bb">GeneCards</font></a> an integrated database of human genes.</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://genome.igib.res.in/"><font color="#3366bb">Genome@IGIB</font></a> Resources and News on the Zebrafish Genome Project @ IGIB.</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.geknome.com"><font color="#3366bb">GeKnome Technologies Next-Gen Sequencing Data Analysis</font></a> Next-Gen Sequencing Data Analysis for <a title="Illumina" href="/wiki/Illumina"><font color="#0645ad">Illumina</font></a> and <a title="454" href="/wiki/454"><font color="#0645ad">454</font></a> Service from GeKnome Technologies.</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://ascb.org/ibioseminars/brenner/brenner1.cfm"><font color="#3366bb">What Genomes Can Tell Us About the Past</font></a> - lecture by <a title="Sydney Brenner" href="/wiki/Sydney_Brenner"><font color="#0645ad">Sydney Brenner</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.imame.org/form/genome--mid80-frz.htm"><font color="#3366bb">Genome metaphor, reflecting from formal-net hierarchies, and software binaries</font></a>.</li> </ul> 270178962c43ec9d6112c074971e1fb0a67939ca 3476 3475 2011-02-03T08:09:02Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font color="#000000"><font size="3">The&nbsp;<strong>genome</strong> is the entire&nbsp;set of sequences in an organism that&nbsp;encodes information for survival and the&nbsp;continuation of the species it belongs to. </font></font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size: large"><font color="#000000">Main function of genomes</font></span></p> <p><font color="#000000"><font size="3">The main function of genome is information storaging and processing to form an entity that utilizes energy to keep processing signals to interact with other genomes in the whole eco-system.</font><br /> <br /> <font size="3">The genome is universal in the universe and aliens living&nbsp;on other planets also have genomes. The chemical construction may be slightly different but the information deposition and processing function is the same.</font></font></p> <p><font color="#000000"><font size="3">The information is usually stored&nbsp;in DNA or RNA in the organisms found on Earth.<br /> <br /> The genome is often classified&nbsp;into the protein coding genes and the non-coding sequences of the DNA historically.<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><font size="3"><span>[</span>1</font><span><font size="3">]</font><br /> </span></font></sup></font></font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size: large"><font color="#000000">The essence of genome</font></span></p> <p><font color="#000000"><font size="3">The essence of genomes is that it is the foundation of spontaneous information processing network that can utilizes energy in time axis. The genome is a kind of linearly expressed language system.</font></font><font color="#000000"><font size="3"><br /> <br /> </font></font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size: large"><span id="Origin_of_Term" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Origin of Term</font></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#000000">The term was adapted in 1920 by [[Hans Winkler]], Professor of Botany at the University of Hamburg, Germany. In Greek, the word <em>genome</em> (&gamma;ί&nu;&omicron;&mu;&alpha;&iota;) means I become, I am born, to come into being. </font></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#000000">The Oxford English Dictionary suggests the name to be a blend of the words <em><strong>gen</strong>e</em> and <em>chromos<strong>ome</strong></em>. A few related <em>-ome</em> words already existed, such as <em>biome</em> and <em>rhizome</em>, forming a vocabulary into which <em>genome</em> fits systematically.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference">[2]</sup></font></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: large"><span id="Overview" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Overview</font></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#000000">Some organisms have multiple copies of chromosomes, diploid, triploid, tetraploid and so on. In classical genetics, in a sexually reproducing organism (typically eukarya) the gamete has half of the number of chromosome of the somatic cell and the genome is a full set of chromosomes in a gamete. In haploid organisms, including cells of bacteria, archaea, and in organelles including mitochondria and chloroplasts, or viruses, that similarly contain genes, the single or set of circular and/or linear chains of DNA (or RNA for some viruses), likewise constitute the <em>genome</em>. The term genome can be applied specifically to mean that stored on a complete set of <em>nuclear DNA</em> (i.e., the &quot;nuclear genome&quot;) but can also be applied to that stored within organelles that contain their own DNA, as with the &quot;mitochondrial genome&quot; or the &quot;chloroplast genome&quot;. Additionally, the genome can comprise nonchromosomal genetic elements such as viruses, plasmids, and transposable elements<sup id="cite_ref-Brock_2-0" class="reference">[3]</sup>. When people say that the genome of a sexually reproducing species has been &quot;sequenced&quot;, typically they are referring to a determination of the sequences of one set of autosomes and one of each type of sex chromosome, which together represent both of the possible sexes. Even in species that exist in only one sex, what is described as &quot;a genome sequence&quot; may be a composite read from the chromosomes of various individuals. In general use, the phrase &quot;genetic makeup&quot; is sometimes used conversationally to mean the genome of a particular individual or organism. The study of the global properties of genomes of related organisms is usually referred to as genomics, which distinguishes it from genetics which generally studies the properties of single genes or groups of genes.</font></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#000000">Both the number of base pairs and the number of genes vary widely from one species to another, and there is only a rough correlation between the two (an observation known as the C-value paradox). At present, the highest known number of genes is around 60,000, for the protozoan causing trichomoniasis (see List of sequenced eukaryotic genomes), almost three times as many as in the human genome.</font></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#000000">An analogy to the human genome stored on DNA is that of instructions stored in a library:</font></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#000000">The library would contain 46 books (chromosomes)</font> </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#000000">The books range in size from 400 to 3340 pages (genes)</font> </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#000000">which is 48 to 250 million letters (A,C,G,T) per book.</font> </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#000000">Hence the library contains over six billion letters total;</font> </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#000000">The library fits into a cell nucleus the size of a pinpoint;</font> </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#000000">A copy of the library (all 46 books) is contained in almost every cell of our body.</font> </span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-size: large"><span id="Types" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Types</font></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#000000">Most biological entities that are more complex than a virus sometimes or always carry additional genetic material besides that which resides in their chromosomes. In some contexts, such as sequencing the genome of a pathogenic microbe, &quot;genome&quot; is meant to include information stored on this auxiliary material, which is carried in plasmids. In such circumstances then, &quot;genome&quot; describes all of the genes and information on non-coding DNA that have the potential to be present.</font></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#000000">In eukaryotes such as plants, protozoa and animals, however, &quot;genome&quot; carries the typical connotation of only information on chromosomal DNA. So although these organisms contain chloroplasts and/or mitochondria that have their own DNA, the genetic information contained by DNA within these organelles is not considered part of the genome. In fact, mitochondria are sometimes said to have their own genome often referred to as the &quot;mitochondrial genome&quot;. The DNA found within the chloroplast may be referred to as the &quot;plastome&quot;.</font></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: large"><span id="Genomes_and_genetic_variation" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Genomes and genetic variation</font></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#000000">Note that a genome does not capture the genetic diversity or the genetic polymorphism of a species. For example, the human genome sequence in principle could be determined from just half the information on the DNA of one cell from one individual. To learn what variations in genetic information underlie particular traits or diseases requires comparisons across individuals. This point explains the common usage of &quot;genome&quot; (which parallels a common usage of &quot;gene&quot;) to refer not to the information in any particular DNA sequence, but to a whole family of sequences that share a biological context.</font></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#000000">Although this concept may seem counter intuitive, it is the same concept that says there is no particular shape that is the shape of a cheetah. Cheetahs vary, and so do the sequences of their genomes. Yet both the individual animals and their sequences share commonalities, so one can learn something about cheetahs and &quot;cheetah-ness&quot; from a single example of either.</font></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size: large"><span id="Sequencing_and_mapping" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Sequencing and mapping</font></span></span></p> <div class="rellink boilerplate seealso"><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#000000">For more details on this topic, see Genome project.</font></span></div> <p><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#000000">The Human Genome Project was organized to map and to sequence the human genome. Other genome projects include mouse, rice, the plant <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em>, the puffer fish, bacteria like E. coli, etc. In 1976, Walter Fiers at the University of Ghent (Belgium) was the first to establish the complete nucleotide sequence of a viral RNA-genome (bacteriophage MS2). The first DNA-genome project to be completed was the Phage &Phi;-X174, with only 5386 base pairs, which was sequenced by Fred Sanger in 1977 . The first bacterial genome to be completed was that of Haemophilus influenzae, completed by a team at The Institute for Genomic Research in 1995.</font></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#000000">The development of new technologies has dramatically decreased the difficulty and cost of sequencing, and the number of complete genome sequences is rising rapidly. Among many genome database sites, the one maintained by the US National Institutes of Health is inclusive.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference">[4]</sup></font></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#000000">These new technologies open up the prospect of personal genome sequencing as an important diagnostic tool. A major step toward that goal was the May 2007 <em>New York Times</em> announcement that the full genome of DNA pioneer James D. Watson was deciphered.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference">[5]</sup></font></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#000000">Whereas a genome sequence lists the order of every DNA base in a genome, a genome map identifies the landmarks. A genome map is less detailed than a genome sequence and aids in navigating around the genome.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference">[6]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference">[7]</sup></font></span></p> <h2><span id="Comparison_of_different_genome_sizes" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Comparison of different genome sizes</font></span></h2> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle"><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#000000">Main article: Genome size</font></span></div> <p> <table id="sortable_table_id_0" class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody> <tr> <th><font color="#000000">Organism type<span class="sortarrow"><img alt="&darr;" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></font></th> <th><font color="#000000">Organism<span class="sortarrow"><img alt="&darr;" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></font></th> <th><font color="#000000">Genome size (base pairs)<span class="sortarrow"><img alt="&darr;" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></font></th> <th><font color="#000000">mass - in pg<span class="sortarrow"><img alt="&darr;" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></font></th> <th><font color="#000000">Note<span class="sortarrow"><img alt="&darr;" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></font></th> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Virus</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Bacteriophage MS2</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">3,569</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">0.000002</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">First sequenced RNA-genome<sup id="cite_ref-Fiers1976_7-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Virus</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">SV40</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">5,224</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Fiers1978_8-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#000000"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></font></font></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Virus</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Phage &Phi;-X174</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">5,386</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">First sequenced DNA-genome<sup id="cite_ref-Sanger1977_9-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Virus</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">HIV</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">9749<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Virus</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Phage &lambda;</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">48,502</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Virus</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Mimivirus</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">1,181,404</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">Largest known viral genome</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Bacterium</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Haemophilus influenzae</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">1,830,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">First genome of living organism, July 1995<sup id="cite_ref-Fleichmann_1995_11-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Bacterium</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Carsonella ruddii</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">159,662</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">Smallest non-viral genome.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Bacterium</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Buchnera aphidicola</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">600,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Bacterium</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Wigglesworthia glossinidia</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">700,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Bacterium</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Escherichia coli</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">4,600,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#000000"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></font></font></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Bacterium</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"><em>Solibacter usitatus</em> (strain Ellin 6076)</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">9,970,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">Largest known Bacterial genome</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Amoeboid</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"><em>Polychaos dubium</em> (<em>&quot;Amoeba&quot; dubia</em>)</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">670,000,000,000</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">737</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Largest known genome.<sup id="cite_ref-Parfrey2008_14-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Plant</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Arabidopsis thaliana</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">157,000,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">First plant genome sequenced, December 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-Greilhuber_15-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Plant</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Genlisea margaretae</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">63,400,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">Smallest recorded flowering plant genome, 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-Greilhuber_15-1" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Plant</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Fritillaria assyrica</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">130,000,000,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Plant</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Populus trichocarpa</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">480,000,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">First tree genome, September 2006</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Moss</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Physcomitrella patens</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">480,000,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">First genome of a bryophyte, January 2008 <sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Yeast</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">12,100,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#000000"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></font></font></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Fungus</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Aspergillus nidulans</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">30,000,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Nematode</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Caenorhabditis elegans</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">100,300,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">First multicellular animal genome, December 1998<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Nematode</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Pratylenchus coffeae</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">20,000,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">Smallest animal genome known<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></font></sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Insect</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"><em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> (fruit fly)</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">130,000,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Adams_2000_20-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#000000"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></font></font></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Insect</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"><em>Bombyx mori</em> (silk moth)</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">530,000,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Insect</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"><em>Apis mellifera</em> (honey bee)</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">236,000,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Fish</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"><em>Tetraodon nigroviridis</em> (type of puffer fish)</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">385,000,000</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><font color="#000000">Smallest vertebrate genome known</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Mammal</font></td> <td><em><font color="#000000">Homo sapiens</font></em></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">3,200,000,000</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">3</font></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td><font color="#000000">Fish</font></td> <td><font color="#000000"><em>Protopterus aethiopicus</em> (marbled lungfish)</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">130,000,000,000</font></td> <td align="right"><font color="#000000">143</font></td> <td><font color="#000000">Largest vertebrate genome known</font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#000000"><em>Note:</em> The DNA from a single (diploid) human cell if the 46 chromosomes were connected end-to-end and straightened, would have a length of ~2 m and a width of ~2.4 nanometers.</font></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#000000">Since genomes and their organisms are very complex, one research strategy is to reduce the number of genes in a genome to the bare minimum and still have the organism in question survive. There is experimental work being done on minimal genomes for single cell organisms as well as minimal genomes for multicellular organisms (see Developmental biology). The work is both <em>in vivo</em> and <em>in silico</em>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference">[22]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference">[23]</sup></font></span></p> <h2><span id="Genome_evolution" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Genome evolution</font></span></h2> <p><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#000000">Genomes are more than the sum of an organism's genes and have traits that may be measured and studied without reference to the details of any particular genes and their products. Researchers compare traits such as <em>chromosome number</em> (karyotype), genome size, gene order, codon usage bias, and GC-content to determine what mechanisms could have produced the great variety of genomes that exist today (for recent overviews, see Brown 2002; Saccone and Pesole 2003; Benfey and Protopapas 2004; Gibson and Muse 2004; Reese 2004; Gregory 2005).</font></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#000000">Duplications play a major role in shaping the genome. Duplications may range from extension of short tandem repeats, to duplication of a cluster of genes, and all the way to duplications of entire chromosomes or even entire genomes. Such duplications are probably fundamental to the creation of genetic novelty.</font></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><font color="#000000">Horizontal gene transfer is invoked to explain how there is often extreme similarity between small portions of the genomes of two organisms that are otherwise very distantly related. Horizontal gene transfer seems to be common among many microbes. Also, eukaryotic cells seem to have experienced a transfer of some genetic material from their chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes to their nuclear chromosomes.</font></span></p> <h2><span id="References" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">References</font></span></h2> <div style="column-count: 2; -moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2" class="references-small references-column-count references-column-count-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-0"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> Ridley, M. (2006). <em>Genome</em>. New York, NY: Harper Perennial. <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0060194979"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN 0-06-019497-9</font></a></li> <li id="cite_note-1"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-1"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Joshua Lederberg and Alexa T. McCray (2001). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://lhncbc.nlm.nih.gov/lhc/docs/published/2001/pub2001047.pdf"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;'Ome Sweet 'Omics -- A Genealogical Treasury of Words&quot;</font></a>. <em>The Scientist</em> <strong>15</strong> (7)<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://lhncbc.nlm.nih.gov/lhc/docs/published/2001/pub2001047.pdf"><font color="#3366bb">http://lhncbc.nlm.nih.gov/lhc/docs/published/2001/pub2001047.pdf</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=%27Ome+Sweet+%27Omics+--+A+Genealogical+Treasury+of+Words&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Scientist&amp;rft.aulast=Joshua+Lederberg+and+Alexa+T.+McCray&amp;rft.au=Joshua+Lederberg+and+Alexa+T.+McCray&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.volume=15&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flhncbc.nlm.nih.gov%2Flhc%2Fdocs%2Fpublished%2F2001%2Fpub2001047.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Brock-2"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Brock_2-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation book">Madigan M, Martinko J (editors) (2006). <em>Brock Biology of Microorganisms</em> (11th ed.). Prentice Hall. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/0-13-144329-1" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-144329-1"><font color="#0645ad">0-13-144329-1</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Brock+Biology+of+Microorganisms&amp;rft.aulast=Madigan+M%2C+Martinko+J+%28editors%29&amp;rft.au=Madigan+M%2C+Martinko+J+%28editors%29&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.edition=11th&amp;rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&amp;rft.isbn=0-13-144329-1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-3"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=Genome&amp;itool=toolbar"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=Genome&amp;itool=toolbar</font></a></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-4"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation news">Wade, Nicholas (2007-05-31). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/31/science/31cnd-gene.html?em&amp;ex=1180843200&amp;en=19e1d55639350b73&amp;ei=5087%0A"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Genome of DNA Pioneer Is Deciphered&quot;</font></a>. <em>The New York Times</em><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/31/science/31cnd-gene.html?em&amp;ex=1180843200&amp;en=19e1d55639350b73&amp;ei=5087%0A"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/31/science/31cnd-gene.html?em&amp;ex=1180843200&amp;en=19e1d55639350b73&amp;ei=5087%0A</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-04-02</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+of+DNA+Pioneer+Is+Deciphered&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.aulast=Wade&amp;rft.aufirst=Nicholas&amp;rft.au=Wade%2C%26%2332%3BNicholas&amp;rft.date=2007-05-31&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F05%2F31%2Fscience%2F31cnd-gene.html%3Fem%26ex%3D1180843200%26en%3D19e1d55639350b73%26ei%3D5087%250A&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-5"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/whats_a_genome/Chp3_1.shtml"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/whats_a_genome/Chp3_1.shtml</font></a></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-6"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/primer/mapping.html"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/primer/mapping.html</font></a></li> <li id="cite_note-Fiers1976-7"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Fiers1976_7-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Fiers W, <em>et al.</em> (1976). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v260/n5551/abs/260500a0.html"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA - primary and secondary structure of replicase gene&quot;</font></a>. <em>Nature</em> <strong>260</strong> (5551): 500&ndash;507. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F260500a0"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/260500a0</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1264203"><font color="#3366bb">1264203</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v260/n5551/abs/260500a0.html"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v260/n5551/abs/260500a0.html</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+nucleotide-sequence+of+bacteriophage+MS2-RNA+-+primary+and+secondary+structure+of+replicase+gene&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Fiers+W%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Fiers+W%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=1976&amp;rft.volume=260&amp;rft.issue=5551&amp;rft.pages=500%E2%80%93507&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F260500a0&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/1264203&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv260%2Fn5551%2Fabs%2F260500a0.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Fiers1978-8"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Fiers1978_8-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Fiers W, Contreras R, Haegemann G, Rogiers R, Van de Voorde A, Van Heuverswyn H, Van Herreweghe J, Volckaert G, Ysebaert M (1978). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v273/n5658/abs/273113a0.html"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Complete nucleotide sequence of SV40 DNA&quot;</font></a>. <em>Nature</em> <strong>273</strong> (5658): 113&ndash;120. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F273113a0"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/273113a0</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/205802"><font color="#3366bb">205802</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v273/n5658/abs/273113a0.html"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v273/n5658/abs/273113a0.html</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+nucleotide+sequence+of+SV40+DNA&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Fiers+W%2C+Contreras+R%2C+Haegemann+G%2C+Rogiers+R%2C+Van+de+Voorde+A%2C+Van+Heuverswyn+H%2C+Van+Herreweghe+J%2C+Volckaert+G%2C+Ysebaert+M&amp;rft.au=Fiers+W%2C+Contreras+R%2C+Haegemann+G%2C+Rogiers+R%2C+Van+de+Voorde+A%2C+Van+Heuverswyn+H%2C+Van+Herreweghe+J%2C+Volckaert+G%2C+Ysebaert+M&amp;rft.date=1978&amp;rft.volume=273&amp;rft.issue=5658&amp;rft.pages=113%E2%80%93120&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F273113a0&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/205802&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv273%2Fn5658%2Fabs%2F273113a0.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Sanger1977-9"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Sanger1977_9-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Sanger F, Air GM, Barrell BG, Brown NL, Coulson AR, Fiddes CA, Hutchison CA, Slocombe PM, Smith M (1977). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v265/n5596/abs/265687a0.html"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA&quot;</font></a>. <em>Nature</em> <strong>265</strong> (5596): 687&ndash;695. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F265687a0"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/265687a0</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/870828"><font color="#3366bb">870828</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v265/n5596/abs/265687a0.html"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v265/n5596/abs/265687a0.html</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Nucleotide+sequence+of+bacteriophage+phi+X174+DNA&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Sanger+F%2C+Air+GM%2C+Barrell+BG%2C+Brown+NL%2C+Coulson+AR%2C+Fiddes+CA%2C+Hutchison+CA%2C+Slocombe+PM%2C+Smith+M&amp;rft.au=Sanger+F%2C+Air+GM%2C+Barrell+BG%2C+Brown+NL%2C+Coulson+AR%2C+Fiddes+CA%2C+Hutchison+CA%2C+Slocombe+PM%2C+Smith+M&amp;rft.date=1977&amp;rft.volume=265&amp;rft.issue=5596&amp;rft.pages=687%E2%80%93695&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F265687a0&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/870828&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv265%2Fn5596%2Fabs%2F265687a0.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-10"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/lecture/hiv9.htm"><font color="#3366bb">VIROLOGY - HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS AND AIDS, STRUCTURE: The Genome AND PROTEINS of HIV</font></a></li> <li id="cite_note-Fleichmann_1995-11"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Fleichmann_1995_11-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Fleischmann R, Adams M, White O, Clayton R, Kirkness E, Kerlavage A, Bult C, Tomb J, Dougherty B, Merrick J (1995). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/269/5223/496"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Whole-genome random sequencing and assembly of Haemophilus influenzae Rd&quot;</font></a>. <em>Science</em> <strong>269</strong> (5223): 496&ndash;512. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.7542800"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.7542800</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7542800"><font color="#3366bb">7542800</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/269/5223/496"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/269/5223/496</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Whole-genome+random+sequencing+and+assembly+of+Haemophilus+influenzae+Rd&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Fleischmann+R%2C+Adams+M%2C+White+O%2C+Clayton+R%2C+Kirkness+E%2C+Kerlavage+A%2C+Bult+C%2C+Tomb+J%2C+Dougherty+B%2C+Merrick+J&amp;rft.au=Fleischmann+R%2C+Adams+M%2C+White+O%2C+Clayton+R%2C+Kirkness+E%2C+Kerlavage+A%2C+Bult+C%2C+Tomb+J%2C+Dougherty+B%2C+Merrick+J&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.volume=269&amp;rft.issue=5223&amp;rft.pages=496%E2%80%93512&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.7542800&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/7542800&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F269%2F5223%2F496&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-12"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-12"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Nakabachi A, Yamashita A, Toh H, <em>et al.</em> (October 2006). &quot;The 160-kilobase genome of the bacterial endosymbiont Carsonella&quot;. <em>Science (journal)</em> <strong>314</strong> (5797): 267. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1134196"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.1134196</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17038615"><font color="#3366bb">17038615</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+160-kilobase+genome+of+the+bacterial+endosymbiont+Carsonella&amp;rft.jtitle=Science+%28journal%29&amp;rft.aulast=Nakabachi+A%2C+Yamashita+A%2C+Toh+H%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Nakabachi+A%2C+Yamashita+A%2C+Toh+H%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=October+2006&amp;rft.volume=314&amp;rft.issue=5797&amp;rft.pages=267&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.1134196&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17038615&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-13"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-13"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Frederick R. Blattner, Guy Plunkett III, et al. (1997). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/277/5331/1453"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;The Complete Genome Sequence of Escherichia coli K-12&quot;</font></a>. <em>Science</em> <strong>277</strong> (5331): 1453&ndash;1462. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.277.5331.1453"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.277.5331.1453</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9278503"><font color="#3366bb">9278503</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/277/5331/1453"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/277/5331/1453</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+Complete+Genome+Sequence+of+Escherichia+coli+K-12&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Frederick+R.+Blattner%2C+Guy+Plunkett+III%2C+et+al.&amp;rft.au=Frederick+R.+Blattner%2C+Guy+Plunkett+III%2C+et+al.&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.volume=277&amp;rft.issue=5331&amp;rft.pages=1453%E2%80%931462&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.277.5331.1453&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/9278503&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F277%2F5331%2F1453&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Parfrey2008-14"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Parfrey2008_14-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Parfrey, L.W.; Lahr, D.J.G.; Katz, L.A. (2008). &quot;The Dynamic Nature of Eukaryotic Genomes&quot;. <em>Molecular Biology and Evolution</em> <strong>25</strong> (4): 787. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsn032"><font color="#3366bb">10.1093/molbev/msn032</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18258610"><font color="#3366bb">18258610</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+Dynamic+Nature+of+Eukaryotic+Genomes&amp;rft.jtitle=Molecular+Biology+and+Evolution&amp;rft.aulast=Parfrey%2C+L.W.&amp;rft.au=Parfrey%2C+L.W.&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=25&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=787&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsn032&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18258610&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Greilhuber-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greilhuber_15-0">^{<em><strong><font color="#0645ad" size="2">a</font></strong></em>}</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greilhuber_15-1">^{<em><strong><font color="#0645ad" size="2">b</font></strong></em>}</a> <span class="citation Journal">Greilhuber, J., Borsch, T., M&uuml;ller, K., Worberg, A., Porembski, S., and Barthlott, W. (2006). &quot;Smallest angiosperm genomes found in Lentibulariaceae, with chromosomes of bacterial size&quot;. <em>Plant Biology</em> <strong>8</strong> (6): 770&ndash;777. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1055%2Fs-2006-924101"><font color="#3366bb">10.1055/s-2006-924101</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17203433"><font color="#3366bb">17203433</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Smallest+angiosperm+genomes+found+in+Lentibulariaceae%2C+with+chromosomes+of+bacterial+size&amp;rft.jtitle=Plant+Biology&amp;rft.aulast=Greilhuber%2C+J.%2C+Borsch%2C+T.%2C+M%C3%BCller%2C+K.%2C+Worberg%2C+A.%2C+Porembski%2C+S.%2C+and+Barthlott%2C+W.&amp;rft.au=Greilhuber%2C+J.%2C+Borsch%2C+T.%2C+M%C3%BCller%2C+K.%2C+Worberg%2C+A.%2C+Porembski%2C+S.%2C+and+Barthlott%2C+W.&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=8&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=770%E2%80%93777&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1055%2Fs-2006-924101&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17203433&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-16"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> Daniel Lang, Andreas D. Zimmer, Stefan A. Rensing, <a title="Ralf Reski" href="/wiki/Ralf_Reski"><font color="#0645ad">Ralf Reski</font></a>(2008): Exploring plant <a title="Biodiversity" href="/wiki/Biodiversity"><font color="#0645ad">biodiversity</font></a>: the Physcomitrella genome and beyond. Trends in Plant Science 13, 542-549. <a class="external autonumber" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cell.com/trends/plant-science/abstract/S1360-1385(08)00204-5"><font color="#3366bb">[1]</font></a></li> <li id="cite_note-17"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-17"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.yeastgenome.org/"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.yeastgenome.org/</font></a></li> <li id="cite_note-18"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-18"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">The <em>C. elegans</em> Sequencing Consortium (1998). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/282/5396/2012"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Genome sequence of the nematode <em>C. elegans</em>: a platform for investigating biology&quot;</font></a>. <em><a title="Science (journal)" href="/wiki/Science_(journal)"><font color="#0645ad">Science</font></a></em> <strong>282</strong> (5396): 2012&ndash;2018. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.282.5396.2012"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.282.5396.2012</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9851916"><font color="#3366bb">9851916</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/282/5396/2012"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/282/5396/2012</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+sequence+of+the+nematode+%27%27C.+elegans%27%27%3A+a+platform+for+investigating+biology&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BScience+%28journal%29%7CScience%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=The+%27%27C.+elegans%27%27+Sequencing+Consortium&amp;rft.au=The+%27%27C.+elegans%27%27+Sequencing+Consortium&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.volume=282&amp;rft.issue=5396&amp;rft.pages=2012%E2%80%932018&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.282.5396.2012&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/9851916&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F282%2F5396%2F2012&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-19"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-19"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomesize.com/statistics.php?stats=entire#stats_top"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Gregory, T.R. (2005). Animal Genome Size Database. http://www.genomesize.com.&quot;</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomesize.com/statistics.php?stats=entire#stats_top"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.genomesize.com/statistics.php?stats=entire#stats_top</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Gregory%2C+T.R.+%282005%29.+Animal+Genome+Size+Database.+http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genomesize.com.&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genomesize.com%2Fstatistics.php%3Fstats%3Dentire%23stats_top&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Adams_2000-20"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Adams_2000_20-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Adams MD, Celniker SE, Holt RA, <em>et al.</em> (2000). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/287/5461/2185"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;The genome sequence of <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em>&quot;</font></a>. <em>Science</em> <strong>287</strong> (5461): 2185&ndash;95. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.287.5461.2185"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.287.5461.2185</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10731132"><font color="#3366bb">10731132</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/287/5461/2185"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/287/5461/2185</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-05-25</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+genome+sequence+of+%27%27Drosophila+melanogaster%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Adams+MD%2C+Celniker+SE%2C+Holt+RA%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Adams+MD%2C+Celniker+SE%2C+Holt+RA%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.volume=287&amp;rft.issue=5461&amp;rft.pages=2185%E2%80%9395&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.287.5461.2185&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/10731132&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F287%2F5461%2F2185&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-21"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-21"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Glass JI, Assad-Garcia N, Alperovich N, Yooseph S, Lewis MR, Maruf M, Hutchison CA 3rd, Smith HO, Venter JC (2006). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1324956"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Essential genes of a minimal bacterium.&quot;</font></a>. <em>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</em> <strong>103</strong> (2): 425&ndash;30. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0510013103"><font color="#3366bb">10.1073/pnas.0510013103</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16407165"><font color="#3366bb">16407165</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Essential+genes+of+a+minimal+bacterium.&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+USA&amp;rft.aulast=Glass+JI%2C+Assad-Garcia+N%2C+Alperovich+N%2C+Yooseph+S%2C+Lewis+MR%2C+Maruf+M%2C+Hutchison+CA+3rd%2C+Smith+HO%2C+Venter+JC&amp;rft.au=Glass+JI%2C+Assad-Garcia+N%2C+Alperovich+N%2C+Yooseph+S%2C+Lewis+MR%2C+Maruf+M%2C+Hutchison+CA+3rd%2C+Smith+HO%2C+Venter+JC&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=103&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=425%E2%80%9330&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.0510013103&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16407165&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-22"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-22"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Forster AC, Church GM (2006). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1681520"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Towards synthesis of a minimal cell&quot;</font></a>. <em>Mol Syst Biol.</em> <strong>2:45</strong>: 45. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fmsb4100090"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/msb4100090</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16924266"><font color="#3366bb">16924266</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Towards+synthesis+of+a+minimal+cell&amp;rft.jtitle=Mol+Syst+Biol.&amp;rft.aulast=Forster+AC%2C+Church+GM&amp;rft.au=Forster+AC%2C+Church+GM&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=2%3A45&amp;rft.pages=45&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fmsb4100090&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16924266&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> </ol> </div> <h2><span id="Further_reading" class="mw-headline">Further reading</span></h2> <ul> <li><span class="citation book">Benfey, P.; Protopapas, A.D. (2004). <em>Essentials of Genomics</em>. Prentice Hall.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Essentials+of+Genomics&amp;rft.aulast=Benfey&amp;rft.aufirst=P.&amp;rft.au=Benfey%2C%26%2332%3BP.&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Brown, Terence A. (2002). <em>Genomes 2</em>. Oxford: Bios Scientific Publishers. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/978-1859960295" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1859960295"><font color="#0645ad">978-1859960295</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Genomes+2&amp;rft.aulast=Brown&amp;rft.aufirst=Terence+A.&amp;rft.au=Brown%2C%26%2332%3BTerence+A.&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Bios+Scientific+Publishers&amp;rft.isbn=978-1859960295&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Gibson, Greg; Muse, Spencer V. (2004). <em>A Primer of Genome Science</em> (Second ed.). Sunderland, Mass: Sinauer Assoc. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/0-87893-234-8" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87893-234-8"><font color="#0645ad">0-87893-234-8</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+Primer+of+Genome+Science&amp;rft.aulast=Gibson&amp;rft.aufirst=Greg&amp;rft.au=Gibson%2C%26%2332%3BGreg&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.edition=Second&amp;rft.place=Sunderland%2C+Mass&amp;rft.pub=Sinauer+Assoc&amp;rft.isbn=0-87893-234-8&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Gregory, T. Ryan (ed) (2005). <em><a title="The Evolution of the Genome" href="/wiki/The_Evolution_of_the_Genome"><font color="#0645ad">The Evolution of the Genome</font></a></em>. Elsevier. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/0-12-301463-8" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-301463-8"><font color="#0645ad">0-12-301463-8</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=%5B%5BThe+Evolution+of+the+Genome%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Gregory&amp;rft.aufirst=T.+Ryan+%28ed%29&amp;rft.au=Gregory%2C%26%2332%3BT.+Ryan+%28ed%29&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.pub=Elsevier&amp;rft.isbn=0-12-301463-8&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Reece, Richard J. (2004). <em>Analysis of Genes and Genomes</em>. Chichester: John Wiley &amp; Sons. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/0-470-84379-9" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-470-84379-9"><font color="#0645ad">0-470-84379-9</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Analysis+of+Genes+and+Genomes&amp;rft.aulast=Reece&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&amp;rft.au=Reece%2C%26%2332%3BRichard+J.&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.place=Chichester&amp;rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&amp;rft.isbn=0-470-84379-9&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Saccone, Cecilia; Pesole, Graziano (2003). <em>Handbook of Comparative Genomics</em>. Chichester: John Wiley &amp; Sons. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/0-471-39128-X" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-39128-X"><font color="#0645ad">0-471-39128-X</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Comparative+Genomics&amp;rft.aulast=Saccone&amp;rft.aufirst=Cecilia&amp;rft.au=Saccone%2C%26%2332%3BCecilia&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.place=Chichester&amp;rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&amp;rft.isbn=0-471-39128-X&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li><span class="citation Journal">Werner, E. (2003). &quot;In silico multicellular systems biology and minimal genomes&quot;. <em>Drug Discov Today</em> <strong>8</strong> (24): 1121&ndash;1127. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS1359-6446%2803%2902918-0"><font color="#3366bb">10.1016/S1359-6446(03)02918-0</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14678738"><font color="#3366bb">14678738</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=In+silico+multicellular+systems+biology+and+minimal+genomes&amp;rft.jtitle=Drug+Discov+Today&amp;rft.aulast=Werner&amp;rft.aufirst=E.&amp;rft.au=Werner%2C%26%2332%3BE.&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=8&amp;rft.issue=24&amp;rft.pages=1121%E2%80%931127&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2FS1359-6446%2803%2902918-0&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/14678738&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> </ul> <h2><span id="External_links" class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><font color="#3366bb">[http://genomics.org Genomics.org]</font></li> <li>[http://omics.org Omics.org]</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/dna/builddna/"><font color="#3366bb">Build a DNA Molecule</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/articles/02_01/Sizing_genomes.shtml"><font color="#3366bb">Some comparative genome sizes</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.dnai.org/"><font color="#3366bb">DNA Interactive: The History of DNA Science</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.dnaftb.org/"><font color="#3366bb">DNA From The Beginning</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.gov/10001772"><font color="#3366bb">All About The Human Genome Project from Genome.gov</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomesize.com/"><font color="#3366bb">Animal genome size database</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.rbgkew.org.uk/cval/homepage.html"><font color="#3366bb">Plant genome size database</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomesonline.org/"><font color="#3366bb">GOLD:Genomes OnLine Database</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/"><font color="#3366bb">The Genome News Network</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=genomeprj"><font color="#3366bb">NCBI Entrez Genome Project database</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/primer/genetics_genome.html"><font color="#3366bb">NCBI Genome Primer</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4994088.stm"><font color="#3366bb">BBC News - Final genome 'chapter' published</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.crops.org/genome/"><font color="#3366bb">The Plant Genome</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://img.jgi.doe.gov/"><font color="#3366bb">IMG</font></a> The Integrated Microbial Genomes system, for genome analysis by the DOE-JGI.</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://camera.calit2.net/index.php/"><font color="#3366bb">CAMERA</font></a> Cyberinfrastructure for Metagenomics, data repository and bioinformatics tools for metagenomic research</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genecards.org/"><font color="#3366bb">GeneCards</font></a> an integrated database of human genes.</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://genome.igib.res.in/"><font color="#3366bb">Genome@IGIB</font></a> Resources and News on the Zebrafish Genome Project @ IGIB.</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.geknome.com"><font color="#3366bb">GeKnome Technologies Next-Gen Sequencing Data Analysis</font></a> Next-Gen Sequencing Data Analysis for <a title="Illumina" href="/wiki/Illumina"><font color="#0645ad">Illumina</font></a> and <a title="454" href="/wiki/454"><font color="#0645ad">454</font></a> Service from GeKnome Technologies.</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://ascb.org/ibioseminars/brenner/brenner1.cfm"><font color="#3366bb">What Genomes Can Tell Us About the Past</font></a> - lecture by <a title="Sydney Brenner" href="/wiki/Sydney_Brenner"><font color="#0645ad">Sydney Brenner</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.imame.org/form/genome--mid80-frz.htm"><font color="#3366bb">Genome metaphor, reflecting from formal-net hierarchies, and software binaries</font></a>.</li> </ul> aa2ebbf5f49a2e4bbe1cf67b0bad0bf5c9f2014c 0 2027 3496 3449 2011-02-11T15:58:55Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: medium"><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1188021&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fresearchblogging.org&amp;rft.atitle=A+Draft+Sequence+of+the+Neandertal+Genome&amp;rft.issn=0036-8075&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.volume=328&amp;rft.issue=5979&amp;rft.spage=710&amp;rft.epage=722&amp;rft.artnum=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fdoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1188021&amp;rft.au=Green%2C+R.&amp;rft.au=Krause%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Briggs%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Maricic%2C+T.&amp;rft.au=Stenzel%2C+U.&amp;rft.au=Kircher%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Patterson%2C+N.&amp;rft.au=Li%2C+H.&amp;rft.au=Zhai%2C+W.&amp;rft.au=Fritz%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Hansen%2C+N.&amp;rft.au=Durand%2C+E.&amp;rft.au=Malaspinas%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Jensen%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Marques-Bonet%2C+T.&amp;rft.au=Alkan%2C+C.&amp;rft.au=Prufer%2C+K.&amp;rft.au=Meyer%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Burbano%2C+H.&amp;rft.au=Good%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Schultz%2C+R.&amp;rft.au=Aximu-Petri%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Butthof%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Hober%2C+B.&amp;rft.au=Hoffner%2C+B.&amp;rft.au=Siegemund%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Weihmann%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Nusbaum%2C+C.&amp;rft.au=Lander%2C+E.&amp;rft.au=Russ%2C+C.&amp;rft.au=Novod%2C+N.&amp;rft.au=Affourtit%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Egholm%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Verna%2C+C.&amp;rft.au=Rudan%2C+P.&amp;rft.au=Brajkovic%2C+D.&amp;rft.au=Kucan%2C+Z.&amp;rft.au=Gusic%2C+I.&amp;rft.au=Doronichev%2C+V.&amp;rft.au=Golovanova%2C+L.&amp;rft.au=Lalueza-Fox%2C+C.&amp;rft.au=de+la+Rasilla%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Fortea%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Rosas%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Schmitz%2C+R.&amp;rft.au=Johnson%2C+P.&amp;rft.au=Eichler%2C+E.&amp;rft.au=Falush%2C+D.&amp;rft.au=Birney%2C+E.&amp;rft.au=Mullikin%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Slatkin%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Nielsen%2C+R.&amp;rft.au=Kelso%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Lachmann%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Reich%2C+D.&amp;rft.au=Paabo%2C+S.&amp;rfe_dat=bpr3.included=1;bpr3.tags=Anthropology%2CBiology%2CGenomics%2C+Evolutionary+Anthropology%2C+Paleontology%2C+Archeology">A Draft Sequence of the Neandertal Genome </span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1188021&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fresearchblogging.org&amp;rft.atitle=A+Draft+Sequence+of+the+Neandertal+Genome&amp;rft.issn=0036-8075&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.volume=328&amp;rft.issue=5979&amp;rft.spage=710&amp;rft.epage=722&amp;rft.artnum=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fdoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1188021&amp;rft.au=Green%2C+R.&amp;rft.au=Krause%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Briggs%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Maricic%2C+T.&amp;rft.au=Stenzel%2C+U.&amp;rft.au=Kircher%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Patterson%2C+N.&amp;rft.au=Li%2C+H.&amp;rft.au=Zhai%2C+W.&amp;rft.au=Fritz%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Hansen%2C+N.&amp;rft.au=Durand%2C+E.&amp;rft.au=Malaspinas%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Jensen%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Marques-Bonet%2C+T.&amp;rft.au=Alkan%2C+C.&amp;rft.au=Prufer%2C+K.&amp;rft.au=Meyer%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Burbano%2C+H.&amp;rft.au=Good%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Schultz%2C+R.&amp;rft.au=Aximu-Petri%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Butthof%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Hober%2C+B.&amp;rft.au=Hoffner%2C+B.&amp;rft.au=Siegemund%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Weihmann%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Nusbaum%2C+C.&amp;rft.au=Lander%2C+E.&amp;rft.au=Russ%2C+C.&amp;rft.au=Novod%2C+N.&amp;rft.au=Affourtit%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Egholm%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Verna%2C+C.&amp;rft.au=Rudan%2C+P.&amp;rft.au=Brajkovic%2C+D.&amp;rft.au=Kucan%2C+Z.&amp;rft.au=Gusic%2C+I.&amp;rft.au=Doronichev%2C+V.&amp;rft.au=Golovanova%2C+L.&amp;rft.au=Lalueza-Fox%2C+C.&amp;rft.au=de+la+Rasilla%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Fortea%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Rosas%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Schmitz%2C+R.&amp;rft.au=Johnson%2C+P.&amp;rft.au=Eichler%2C+E.&amp;rft.au=Falush%2C+D.&amp;rft.au=Birney%2C+E.&amp;rft.au=Mullikin%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Slatkin%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Nielsen%2C+R.&amp;rft.au=Kelso%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Lachmann%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Reich%2C+D.&amp;rft.au=Paabo%2C+S.&amp;rfe_dat=bpr3.included=1;bpr3.tags=Anthropology%2CBiology%2CGenomics%2C+Evolutionary+Anthropology%2C+Paleontology%2C+Archeology"><span style="font-style: italic">Science</span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small"><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1188021&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fresearchblogging.org&amp;rft.atitle=A+Draft+Sequence+of+the+Neandertal+Genome&amp;rft.issn=0036-8075&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.volume=328&amp;rft.issue=5979&amp;rft.spage=710&amp;rft.epage=722&amp;rft.artnum=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fdoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1188021&amp;rft.au=Green%2C+R.&amp;rft.au=Krause%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Briggs%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Maricic%2C+T.&amp;rft.au=Stenzel%2C+U.&amp;rft.au=Kircher%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Patterson%2C+N.&amp;rft.au=Li%2C+H.&amp;rft.au=Zhai%2C+W.&amp;rft.au=Fritz%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Hansen%2C+N.&amp;rft.au=Durand%2C+E.&amp;rft.au=Malaspinas%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Jensen%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Marques-Bonet%2C+T.&amp;rft.au=Alkan%2C+C.&amp;rft.au=Prufer%2C+K.&amp;rft.au=Meyer%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Burbano%2C+H.&amp;rft.au=Good%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Schultz%2C+R.&amp;rft.au=Aximu-Petri%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Butthof%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Hober%2C+B.&amp;rft.au=Hoffner%2C+B.&amp;rft.au=Siegemund%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Weihmann%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Nusbaum%2C+C.&amp;rft.au=Lander%2C+E.&amp;rft.au=Russ%2C+C.&amp;rft.au=Novod%2C+N.&amp;rft.au=Affourtit%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Egholm%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Verna%2C+C.&amp;rft.au=Rudan%2C+P.&amp;rft.au=Brajkovic%2C+D.&amp;rft.au=Kucan%2C+Z.&amp;rft.au=Gusic%2C+I.&amp;rft.au=Doronichev%2C+V.&amp;rft.au=Golovanova%2C+L.&amp;rft.au=Lalueza-Fox%2C+C.&amp;rft.au=de+la+Rasilla%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Fortea%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Rosas%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Schmitz%2C+R.&amp;rft.au=Johnson%2C+P.&amp;rft.au=Eichler%2C+E.&amp;rft.au=Falush%2C+D.&amp;rft.au=Birney%2C+E.&amp;rft.au=Mullikin%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Slatkin%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Nielsen%2C+R.&amp;rft.au=Kelso%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Lachmann%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Reich%2C+D.&amp;rft.au=Paabo%2C+S.&amp;rfe_dat=bpr3.included=1;bpr3.tags=Anthropology%2CBiology%2CGenomics%2C+Evolutionary+Anthropology%2C+Paleontology%2C+Archeology">Green, R., Krause, J., Briggs, A., Maricic, T., Stenzel, U., Kircher, M., Patterson, N., Li, H., Zhai, W., Fritz, M., Hansen, N., Durand, E., Malaspinas, A., Jensen, J., Marques-Bonet, T., Alkan, C., Prufer, K., Meyer, M., Burbano, H., Good, J., Schultz, R., Aximu-Petri, A., Butthof, A., Hober, B., Hoffner, B., Siegemund, M., Weihmann, A., Nusbaum, C., Lander, E., Russ, C., Novod, N., Affourtit, J., Egholm, M., Verna, C., Rudan, P., Brajkovic, D., Kucan, Z., Gusic, I., Doronichev, V., Golovanova, L., Lalueza-Fox, C., de la Rasilla, M., Fortea, J., Rosas, A., Schmitz, R., Johnson, P., Eichler, E., Falush, D., Birney, E., Mullikin, J., Slatkin, M., Nielsen, R., Kelso, J., Lachmann, M., Reich, D., &amp; Paabo, S. (2010). <span style="font-style: italic">, 328</span> (5979), 710-722 DOI: </span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1188021&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fresearchblogging.org&amp;rft.atitle=A+Draft+Sequence+of+the+Neandertal+Genome&amp;rft.issn=0036-8075&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.volume=328&amp;rft.issue=5979&amp;rft.spage=710&amp;rft.epage=722&amp;rft.artnum=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fdoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1188021&amp;rft.au=Green%2C+R.&amp;rft.au=Krause%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Briggs%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Maricic%2C+T.&amp;rft.au=Stenzel%2C+U.&amp;rft.au=Kircher%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Patterson%2C+N.&amp;rft.au=Li%2C+H.&amp;rft.au=Zhai%2C+W.&amp;rft.au=Fritz%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Hansen%2C+N.&amp;rft.au=Durand%2C+E.&amp;rft.au=Malaspinas%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Jensen%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Marques-Bonet%2C+T.&amp;rft.au=Alkan%2C+C.&amp;rft.au=Prufer%2C+K.&amp;rft.au=Meyer%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Burbano%2C+H.&amp;rft.au=Good%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Schultz%2C+R.&amp;rft.au=Aximu-Petri%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Butthof%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Hober%2C+B.&amp;rft.au=Hoffner%2C+B.&amp;rft.au=Siegemund%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Weihmann%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Nusbaum%2C+C.&amp;rft.au=Lander%2C+E.&amp;rft.au=Russ%2C+C.&amp;rft.au=Novod%2C+N.&amp;rft.au=Affourtit%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Egholm%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Verna%2C+C.&amp;rft.au=Rudan%2C+P.&amp;rft.au=Brajkovic%2C+D.&amp;rft.au=Kucan%2C+Z.&amp;rft.au=Gusic%2C+I.&amp;rft.au=Doronichev%2C+V.&amp;rft.au=Golovanova%2C+L.&amp;rft.au=Lalueza-Fox%2C+C.&amp;rft.au=de+la+Rasilla%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Fortea%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Rosas%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Schmitz%2C+R.&amp;rft.au=Johnson%2C+P.&amp;rft.au=Eichler%2C+E.&amp;rft.au=Falush%2C+D.&amp;rft.au=Birney%2C+E.&amp;rft.au=Mullikin%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Slatkin%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Nielsen%2C+R.&amp;rft.au=Kelso%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Lachmann%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Reich%2C+D.&amp;rft.au=Paabo%2C+S.&amp;rfe_dat=bpr3.included=1;bpr3.tags=Anthropology%2CBiology%2CGenomics%2C+Evolutionary+Anthropology%2C+Paleontology%2C+Archeology"><a rev="review" onclick="javascript:_gaq.push(['_trackEvent','outbound-article','dx.doi.org']);" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1188021"><span style="font-size: small">10.1126/science.1188021</span></a></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">Related papers</span></p> <p>[[Deep Divergences of Human Gene Trees andModels of Human Origins]]</p> 528e8b27367b2a1b98956eb57e457a9ccd6d1893 0 2052 3497 2011-02-11T15:59:13Z WikiSysop 1 Created page with "<p>Deep Divergences of Human Gene Trees andModels of Human<br /> Origins<br /> Michael G. B. Blum*,1 and Mattias Jakobsson2<br /> 1Laboratoire des Techniques de l&rsquo;Ing&acute..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p>Deep Divergences of Human Gene Trees andModels of Human<br /> Origins<br /> Michael G. B. Blum*,1 and Mattias Jakobsson2<br /> 1Laboratoire des Techniques de l&rsquo;Ing&acute;enierie M&acute;edicale et de la Complexit&acute;e (TIMC-IMAG), Equipe Biologie Computationnelle et<br /> Math&acute;ematique (BCM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universit&acute;e Joseph Fourier (UJF), Grenoble, France<br /> 2Department of Evolutionary Biology, Uppsala University, Sweden<br /> *Corresponding author: E-mail: <a href="mailto:michael.blum@imag.fr">michael.blum@imag.fr</a>.<br /> Associate editor: Sarah Tishkoff<br /> Abstract<br /> Two competing hypotheses are at the forefront of the debate on modern human origins. In the first scenario, known as the<br /> recent Out-of-Africa hypothesis, modern humans arose in Africa about 100,000&ndash;200,000 years ago and spread throughout<br /> the world by replacing the local archaic human populations. By contrast, the second hypothesis posits substantial gene flow<br /> between archaic and emerging modern humans. In the last two decades, the young time estimates&mdash;between 100,000 and<br /> 200,000 years&mdash;of the most recent common ancestors for the mitochondrion and the Y chromosome provided evidence in<br /> favor of a recent African origin of modern humans. However, the presence of very old lineages for autosomal and X-linked<br /> genes has often been claimed to be incompatible with a simple, single origin of modern humans. Through the analysis of a<br /> public DNA sequence database, we find, similar to previous estimates, that the common ancestors of autosomal and X-linked<br /> genes are indeed very old, living, on average, respectively, 1,500,000 and 1,000,000 years ago. However, contrary to previous<br /> conclusions, we find that these deep gene genealogies are consistent with the Out-of-Africa scenario provided that the ancestral<br /> effective population size was approximately 14,000 individuals. We show that an ancient bottleneck in the Middle<br /> Pleistocene, possibly arising from an ancestral structured population, can reconcile the contradictory findings fromthemitochondrion<br /> on the one hand, with the autosomes and the X chromosome on the other hand.<br /> Key words: human origins, time to the most recent common ancestor, TMRCA, archaic admixture, African bottleneck,<br /> coalescent.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><a href="http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/28/2/889.full.pdf+html">http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/28/2/889.full.pdf+html</a></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 9c759850e9f83c57c93e2e10807a1ef1acd3efbc 0 1949 3498 3450 2011-02-13T15:40:09Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><b><span style="font-size: large">The first genomes in the genomics history.</span></b></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">[[The first human genome]]&nbsp; [[The first Neanderthal genome]]</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [[The first Caucasian genome]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[The first Asian genome]]&nbsp; [[The first Chinese genome]]&nbsp; [[The first Korean genome]]</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [[The first individual genome]] Venter's.&nbsp; [[James Watson Genome]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[The first African Genome]] NA18507</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [[The first Japanese genome]]&nbsp; [[The first Indian genome]]</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">[[The first Orangutan genome]]</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">[[The first bacterial genome]]</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">[[The first plant genome]]</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">[[The first Archae genome]]</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">[[The first&nbsp;yeast genome]]: April 1996</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">[[The first animal genome]]</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">[[The first mammoth genome]]</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">&nbsp;</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <hr /> <p><span style="font-size: small">[[Top genomics centers]]&nbsp; |&nbsp; [[Genomics News and Ads Archive|Genomics news]]&nbsp; |&nbsp; [[Genomics people]]&nbsp;&nbsp;|&nbsp; [[Genomics company]]</span></p> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> 8c6a039de1cf7d5fdbb22fa448ad3f6d38faf432 0 2053 3499 2011-02-13T15:40:39Z WikiSysop 1 Created page with "<p>[http://www.deccanchronicle.com/national/scientists-question-human-genome-mapping-claim-894&nbsp;Scientists question Human genome mapping claimDecember 12th, 2009]</p>" wikitext text/x-wiki <p>[http://www.deccanchronicle.com/national/scientists-question-human-genome-mapping-claim-894&nbsp;Scientists question Human genome mapping claimDecember 12th, 2009]</p> b1bab47c5347516fb28c36ce3000303779813abb 3500 3499 2011-02-13T15:43:39Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/scientist-who-mapped-first-indian-genome-rem/732990/ Jay Shendure. 20110104]</p> <p>[http://vinodscaria.rnabiology.org/indian-genome Indian genome by Vinod Scaria]</p> <p>[http://www.deccanchronicle.com/national/scientists-question-human-genome-mapping-claim-894&nbsp;Scientists question Human genome mapping claimDecember 12th, 2009]</p> 8d8bda738a5e4875063ac9d6473df47f5b4cf3ac 3501 3500 2011-02-13T15:46:19Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Genome-sequencing-can-be-applied-in-clinical-setting/articleshow/5320708.cms A news article on Indian genome sequencing]</p> <p>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/scientist-who-mapped-first-indian-genome-rem/732990/ Jay Shendure. 20110104]</p> <p>[http://vinodscaria.rnabiology.org/indian-genome Indian genome by Vinod Scaria]</p> <p>[http://www.deccanchronicle.com/national/scientists-question-human-genome-mapping-claim-894&nbsp;Scientists question Human genome mapping claimDecember 12th, 2009]</p> c831dbe11dc8d3a5931f805149babf02362a5537 0 2058 3508 2011-02-15T12:36:16Z J 2 Created page with "<p class="citation"><a title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America." href="javascript:AL_get(this, 'jour', 'Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.')..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p class="citation"><a title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America." href="javascript:AL_get(this, 'jour', 'Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.');" _sg="true">Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.</a> 2011 Jan 31. [Epub ahead of print]</p> <h1 class="title">Draft genome of the globally widespread and invasive Argentine ant (Linepithema humile).</h1> <p class="auth_list"><a href="/pubmed?term=%22Smith%20CD%22%5BAuthor%5D" _sg="true">Smith CD</a>, <a href="/pubmed?term=%22Zimin%20A%22%5BAuthor%5D" _sg="true">Zimin A</a>, <a href="/pubmed?term=%22Holt%20C%22%5BAuthor%5D" _sg="true">Holt C</a>, <a href="/pubmed?term=%22Abouheif%20E%22%5BAuthor%5D" _sg="true">Abouheif E</a>, <a href="/pubmed?term=%22Benton%20R%22%5BAuthor%5D" _sg="true">Benton R</a>, <a href="/pubmed?term=%22Cash%20E%22%5BAuthor%5D" _sg="true">Cash E</a>, <a href="/pubmed?term=%22Croset%20V%22%5BAuthor%5D" _sg="true">Croset V</a>, <a href="/pubmed?term=%22Currie%20CR%22%5BAuthor%5D" _sg="true">Currie CR</a>, <a href="/pubmed?term=%22Elhaik%20E%22%5BAuthor%5D" _sg="true">Elhaik E</a>, <a href="/pubmed?term=%22Elsik%20CG%22%5BAuthor%5D" _sg="true">Elsik CG</a>, <a href="/pubmed?term=%22Fave%20MJ%22%5BAuthor%5D" _sg="true">Fave MJ</a>, <a href="/pubmed?term=%22Fernandes%20V%22%5BAuthor%5D" _sg="true">Fernandes V</a>, <a href="/pubmed?term=%22Gadau%20J%22%5BAuthor%5D" _sg="true">Gadau J</a>, <a href="/pubmed?term=%22Gibson%20JD%22%5BAuthor%5D" _sg="true">Gibson JD</a>, <a href="/pubmed?term=%22Graur%20D%22%5BAuthor%5D" _sg="true">Graur D</a>, <a href="/pubmed?term=%22Grubbs%20KJ%22%5BAuthor%5D" _sg="true">Grubbs KJ</a>, <a href="/pubmed?term=%22Hagen%20DE%22%5BAuthor%5D" _sg="true">Hagen DE</a>, <a href="/pubmed?term=%22Helmkampf%20M%22%5BAuthor%5D" _sg="true">Helmkampf M</a>, <a href="/pubmed?term=%22Holley%20JA%22%5BAuthor%5D" _sg="true">Holley JA</a>, <a href="/pubmed?term=%22Hu%20H%22%5BAuthor%5D" _sg="true">Hu H</a>, <a href="/pubmed?term=%22Viniegra%20AS%22%5BAuthor%5D" _sg="true">Viniegra AS</a>, <a href="/pubmed?term=%22Johnson%20BR%22%5BAuthor%5D" _sg="true">Johnson BR</a>, <a href="/pubmed?term=%22Johnson%20RM%22%5BAuthor%5D" _sg="true">Johnson RM</a>, <a href="/pubmed?term=%22Khila%20A%22%5BAuthor%5D" _sg="true">Khila A</a>, <a href="/pubmed?term=%22Kim%20JW%22%5BAuthor%5D" _sg="true">Kim JW</a>, <a href="/pubmed?term=%22Laird%20J%22%5BAuthor%5D" _sg="true">Laird J</a>, <a href="/pubmed?term=%22Mathis%20KA%22%5BAuthor%5D" _sg="true">Mathis KA</a>, <a href="/pubmed?term=%22Moeller%20JA%22%5BAuthor%5D" _sg="true">Moeller JA</a>, <a href="/pubmed?term=%22Mu%C3%B1oz-Torres%20MC%22%5BAuthor%5D" _sg="true">Mu&ntilde;oz-Torres MC</a>, <a href="/pubmed?term=%22Murphy%20MC%22%5BAuthor%5D" _sg="true">Murphy MC</a>, <a href="/pubmed?term=%22Nakamura%20R%22%5BAuthor%5D" _sg="true">Nakamura R</a>, <a href="/pubmed?term=%22Nigam%20S%22%5BAuthor%5D" _sg="true">Nigam S</a>, <a href="/pubmed?term=%22Overson%20RP%22%5BAuthor%5D" _sg="true">Overson RP</a>, <a href="/pubmed?term=%22Placek%20JE%22%5BAuthor%5D" _sg="true">Placek JE</a>, <a href="/pubmed?term=%22Rajakumar%20R%22%5BAuthor%5D" _sg="true">Rajakumar R</a>, <a href="/pubmed?term=%22Reese%20JT%22%5BAuthor%5D" _sg="true">Reese JT</a>, <a href="/pubmed?term=%22Robertson%20HM%22%5BAuthor%5D" _sg="true">Robertson HM</a>, <a href="/pubmed?term=%22Smith%20CR%22%5BAuthor%5D" _sg="true">Smith CR</a>, <a href="/pubmed?term=%22Suarez%20AV%22%5BAuthor%5D" _sg="true">Suarez AV</a>, <a href="/pubmed?term=%22Suen%20G%22%5BAuthor%5D" _sg="true">Suen G</a>, <a href="/pubmed?term=%22Suhr%20EL%22%5BAuthor%5D" _sg="true">Suhr EL</a>, <a href="/pubmed?term=%22Tao%20S%22%5BAuthor%5D" _sg="true">Tao S</a>, <a href="/pubmed?term=%22Torres%20CW%22%5BAuthor%5D" _sg="true">Torres CW</a>, <a href="/pubmed?term=%22van%20Wilgenburg%20E%22%5BAuthor%5D" _sg="true">van Wilgenburg E</a>, <a href="/pubmed?term=%22Viljakainen%20L%22%5BAuthor%5D" _sg="true">Viljakainen L</a>, <a href="/pubmed?term=%22Walden%20KK%22%5BAuthor%5D" _sg="true">Walden KK</a>, <a href="/pubmed?term=%22Wild%20AL%22%5BAuthor%5D" _sg="true">Wild AL</a>, <a href="/pubmed?term=%22Yandell%20M%22%5BAuthor%5D" _sg="true">Yandell M</a>, <a href="/pubmed?term=%22Yorke%20JA%22%5BAuthor%5D" _sg="true">Yorke JA</a>, <a href="/pubmed?term=%22Tsutsui%20ND%22%5BAuthor%5D" _sg="true">Tsutsui ND</a>.</p> <p class="aff">Departments of Biology and Computer Science, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132.</p> <div class="abstract_text"> <h3 class="abstract_label">Abstract</h3> <p>Ants are some of the most abundant and familiar animals on Earth, and they play vital roles in most terrestrial ecosystems. Although all ants are eusocial, and display a variety of complex and fascinating behaviors, few genomic resources exist for them. Here, we report the draft genome sequence of a particularly widespread and well-studied species, the invasive Argentine ant (Linepithema humile), which was accomplished using a combination of 454 (Roche) and Illumina sequencing and community-based funding rather than federal grant support. Manual annotation of &gt;1,000 genes from a variety of different gene families and functional classes reveals unique features of the Argentine ant's biology, as well as similarities to Apis mellifera and Nasonia vitripennis. Distinctive features of the Argentine ant genome include remarkable expansions of gustatory (116 genes) and odorant receptors (367 genes), an abundance of cytochrome P450 genes (&gt;110), lineage-specific expansions of yellow/major royal jelly proteins and desaturases, and complete CpG DNA methylation and RNAi toolkits. The Argentine ant genome contains fewer immune genes than Drosophila and Tribolium, which may reflect the prominent role played by behavioral and chemical suppression of pathogens. Analysis of the ratio of observed to expected CpG nucleotides for genes in the reproductive development and apoptosis pathways suggests higher levels of methylation than in the genome overall. The resources provided by this genome sequence will offer an abundance of tools for researchers seeking to illuminate the fascinating biology of this emerging model organism.</p> </div> <p class="rprtid"><span class="pmid">PMID: 21282631 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span class="status_icon" jquery1297773156689="30">Free Article</span></p> <p class="rprtid">&nbsp;</p> <p class="rprtid">&nbsp;</p> <p class="rprtid">&nbsp;</p> e9f0f18038d42f5734d3fa8cb96a8a4b0b956bbd 0 2059 3511 2011-02-17T15:47:21Z WikiSysop 1 Created page with "<p><span style="font-size: large">Genomic Democracy </span></p> <p>- Jong Bhak</p> <p><span style="font-size: small">Genomic Democracy is the democracy of genome sequencing and g..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: large">Genomic Democracy </span></p> <p>- Jong Bhak</p> <p><span style="font-size: small">Genomic Democracy is the democracy of genome sequencing and genomics. Common people have the resources and power to analyze their own genomes for their own health enhancement (whatever way they choose).</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">Personal genomics is the democratization of genomics from the special field to common field.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 29cd3c4c987160dbd2538484d0217b2ad7d37adb 6 2061 3513 2011-02-17T16:25:18Z MelvilleSchmitt 131 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 0 2068 3523 2011-03-02T01:18:20Z WikiSysop 1 Created page with "<p>test</p>" wikitext text/x-wiki <p>test</p> 4e5b1b4d1d107914b0f7d86626e8981a60b95381 3524 3523 2011-03-02T01:18:26Z WikiSysop 1 Blanked the page wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 6 2070 3527 2011-03-03T17:24:21Z AshbyBaca6 135 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 6 2072 3529 2011-03-03T21:01:01Z VitusTerry3 136 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 6 2074 3531 2011-03-04T06:10:35Z IcyMallory2 137 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 6 2076 3533 2011-03-04T19:39:15Z GordonQuezada 138 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 6 2082 3541 2011-03-05T21:23:54Z TeofanBird2 145 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 0 2084 3545 2011-03-07T03:56:34Z J 2 Created page with "<p><a href="http://www.bionews.org.uk/page_89234.asp">http://www.bionews.org.uk/page_89234.asp</a></p> <h1 class="page-header">Letter abstract</h1> <hr class="separator" /> <p id..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p><a href="http://www.bionews.org.uk/page_89234.asp">http://www.bionews.org.uk/page_89234.asp</a></p> <h1 class="page-header">Letter abstract</h1> <hr class="separator" /> <p id="cite"><span class="journalname">Nature Genetics</span> <span class="b">39</span>, 645 - 649 (2007) <br /> Published online: 1 April 2007 | <span class="doi"><abbr title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</abbr>:10.1038/ng2022</span></p> <p id="errorcor">&nbsp;</p> <h2 id="atl">Genome-wide association study of prostate cancer identifies a second risk locus at 8q24</h2> <p id="aug">Meredith Yeager^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n5/abs/ng2022.html#a1">1</a>,}^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n5/abs/ng2022.html#a2">2</a>}, Nick Orr^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n5/abs/ng2022.html#a3">3</a>}, Richard B Hayes^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n5/abs/ng2022.html#a2">2</a>}, Kevin B Jacobs^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n5/abs/ng2022.html#a4">4</a>}, Peter Kraft^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n5/abs/ng2022.html#a5">5</a>}, Sholom Wacholder^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n5/abs/ng2022.html#a2">2</a>}, Mark J Minichiello^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n5/abs/ng2022.html#a6">6</a>}, Paul Fearnhead^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n5/abs/ng2022.html#a7">7</a>}, Kai Yu^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n5/abs/ng2022.html#a2">2</a>}, Nilanjan Chatterjee^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n5/abs/ng2022.html#a2">2</a>}, Zhaoming Wang^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n5/abs/ng2022.html#a1">1</a>,}^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n5/abs/ng2022.html#a2">2</a>}, Robert Welch^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n5/abs/ng2022.html#a1">1</a>,}^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n5/abs/ng2022.html#a2">2</a>}, Brian J Staats^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n5/abs/ng2022.html#a1">1</a>,}^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n5/abs/ng2022.html#a2">2</a>}, Eugenia E Calle^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n5/abs/ng2022.html#a8">8</a>}, Heather Spencer Feigelson^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n5/abs/ng2022.html#a8">8</a>}, Michael J Thun^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n5/abs/ng2022.html#a8">8</a>}, Carmen Rodriguez^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n5/abs/ng2022.html#a8">8</a>}, Demetrius Albanes^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n5/abs/ng2022.html#a2">2</a>}, Jarmo Virtamo^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n5/abs/ng2022.html#a9">9</a>}, Stephanie Weinstein^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n5/abs/ng2022.html#a2">2</a>}, Fredrick R Schumacher^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n5/abs/ng2022.html#a5">5</a>}, Edward Giovannucci^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n5/abs/ng2022.html#a10">10</a>}, Walter C Willett^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n5/abs/ng2022.html#a10">10</a>}, Geraldine Cancel-Tassin^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n5/abs/ng2022.html#a11">11</a>}, Olivier Cussenot^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n5/abs/ng2022.html#a11">11</a>}, Antoine Valeri^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n5/abs/ng2022.html#a11">11</a>}, Gerald L Andriole^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n5/abs/ng2022.html#a12">12</a>}, Edward P Gelmann^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n5/abs/ng2022.html#a13">13</a>}, Margaret Tucker^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n5/abs/ng2022.html#a2">2</a>}, Daniela S Gerhard^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n5/abs/ng2022.html#a14">14</a>}, Joseph F Fraumeni, Jr^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n5/abs/ng2022.html#a2">2</a>}, Robert Hoover^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n5/abs/ng2022.html#a2">2</a>}, David J Hunter^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n5/abs/ng2022.html#a2">2</a>,}^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n5/abs/ng2022.html#a5">5</a>}, Stephen J Chanock^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n5/abs/ng2022.html#a2">2</a>,}^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n5/abs/ng2022.html#a3">3</a>} &amp; Gilles Thomas^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n5/abs/ng2022.html#a2">2</a>}</p> <div id="abs"><a class="backtotop" href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n5/abs/ng2022.html#top">Top<span class="hidden"> of page</span></a> <p class="lead">Recently, common variants on human chromosome 8q24 were found to be associated with prostate cancer risk. While conducting a genome-wide association study in the Cancer Genetic Markers of Susceptibility project with 550,000 SNPs in a nested case-control study (1,172 cases and 1,157 controls of European origin), we identified a new association at 8q24 with an independent effect on prostate cancer susceptibility. The most significant signal is 70 kb centromeric to the previously reported SNP, rs1447295, but shows little evidence of linkage disequilibrium with it. A combined analysis with four additional studies (total: 4,296 cases and 4,299 controls) confirms association with prostate cancer for rs6983267 in the centromeric locus (<i>P</i> = 9.42 <img style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; vertical-align: middle; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px" alt="times" src="http://www.nature.com/__chars/math/special/times/black/med/base/glyph.gif" /> 10^-13; heterozygote odds ratio (OR): 1.26, 95% confidence interval (c.i.): 1.13&ndash;1.41; homozygote OR: 1.58, 95% c.i.: 1.40&ndash;1.78). Each SNP remained significant in a joint analysis after adjusting for the other (rs1447295 <i>P</i> = 1.41 <img style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; vertical-align: middle; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px" alt="times" src="http://www.nature.com/__chars/math/special/times/black/med/base/glyph.gif" /> 10^-11; rs6983267 <i>P</i> = 6.62 <img style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; vertical-align: middle; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px" alt="times" src="http://www.nature.com/__chars/math/special/times/black/med/base/glyph.gif" /> 10^-10). These observations, combined with compelling evidence for a recombination hotspot between the two markers, indicate the presence of at least two independent loci within 8q24 that contribute to prostate cancer in men of European ancestry. We estimate that the population attributable risk of the new locus, marked by rs6983267, is higher than the locus marked by rs1447295 (21% versus 9%).</p> </div> <p>&nbsp;</p> c91d5a1b36ef1e2acd0b09e1921196b1cc85c21f 3546 3545 2011-03-07T03:56:58Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><strong><font size="6"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n5/abs/ng2022.html"><span style="font-size: medium">http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n5/abs/ng2022.html</span></a></font></strong></p> <h1 class="page-header">Letter abstract</h1> <p id="cite"><span class="journalname">Nature Genetics</span> <span class="b">39</span>, 645 - 649 (2007) <br /> Published online: 1 April 2007 | <span class="doi"><abbr title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</abbr>:10.1038/ng2022</span></p> <p id="errorcor">&nbsp;</p> <h2 id="atl">Genome-wide association study of prostate cancer identifies a second risk locus at 8q24</h2> <p id="aug">Meredith Yeager^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n5/abs/ng2022.html#a1">1</a>,}^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n5/abs/ng2022.html#a2">2</a>}, Nick Orr^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n5/abs/ng2022.html#a3">3</a>}, Richard B Hayes^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n5/abs/ng2022.html#a2">2</a>}, Kevin B Jacobs^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n5/abs/ng2022.html#a4">4</a>}, Peter Kraft^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n5/abs/ng2022.html#a5">5</a>}, Sholom Wacholder^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n5/abs/ng2022.html#a2">2</a>}, Mark J Minichiello^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n5/abs/ng2022.html#a6">6</a>}, Paul Fearnhead^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n5/abs/ng2022.html#a7">7</a>}, Kai Yu^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n5/abs/ng2022.html#a2">2</a>}, Nilanjan Chatterjee^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n5/abs/ng2022.html#a2">2</a>}, Zhaoming Wang^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n5/abs/ng2022.html#a1">1</a>,}^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n5/abs/ng2022.html#a2">2</a>}, Robert Welch^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n5/abs/ng2022.html#a1">1</a>,}^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n5/abs/ng2022.html#a2">2</a>}, Brian J Staats^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n5/abs/ng2022.html#a1">1</a>,}^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n5/abs/ng2022.html#a2">2</a>}, Eugenia E Calle^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n5/abs/ng2022.html#a8">8</a>}, Heather Spencer Feigelson^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n5/abs/ng2022.html#a8">8</a>}, Michael J Thun^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n5/abs/ng2022.html#a8">8</a>}, Carmen Rodriguez^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n5/abs/ng2022.html#a8">8</a>}, Demetrius Albanes^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n5/abs/ng2022.html#a2">2</a>}, Jarmo Virtamo^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n5/abs/ng2022.html#a9">9</a>}, Stephanie Weinstein^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n5/abs/ng2022.html#a2">2</a>}, Fredrick R Schumacher^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n5/abs/ng2022.html#a5">5</a>}, Edward Giovannucci^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n5/abs/ng2022.html#a10">10</a>}, Walter C Willett^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n5/abs/ng2022.html#a10">10</a>}, Geraldine Cancel-Tassin^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n5/abs/ng2022.html#a11">11</a>}, Olivier Cussenot^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n5/abs/ng2022.html#a11">11</a>}, Antoine Valeri^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n5/abs/ng2022.html#a11">11</a>}, Gerald L Andriole^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n5/abs/ng2022.html#a12">12</a>}, Edward P Gelmann^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n5/abs/ng2022.html#a13">13</a>}, Margaret Tucker^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n5/abs/ng2022.html#a2">2</a>}, Daniela S Gerhard^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n5/abs/ng2022.html#a14">14</a>}, Joseph F Fraumeni, Jr^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n5/abs/ng2022.html#a2">2</a>}, Robert Hoover^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n5/abs/ng2022.html#a2">2</a>}, David J Hunter^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n5/abs/ng2022.html#a2">2</a>,}^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n5/abs/ng2022.html#a5">5</a>}, Stephen J Chanock^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n5/abs/ng2022.html#a2">2</a>,}^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n5/abs/ng2022.html#a3">3</a>} &amp; Gilles Thomas^{<a title="affiliated with " href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n5/abs/ng2022.html#a2">2</a>}</p> <div id="abs"><a class="backtotop" href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n5/abs/ng2022.html#top">Top<span class="hidden"> of page</span></a> <p class="lead">Recently, common variants on human chromosome 8q24 were found to be associated with prostate cancer risk. While conducting a genome-wide association study in the Cancer Genetic Markers of Susceptibility project with 550,000 SNPs in a nested case-control study (1,172 cases and 1,157 controls of European origin), we identified a new association at 8q24 with an independent effect on prostate cancer susceptibility. The most significant signal is 70 kb centromeric to the previously reported SNP, rs1447295, but shows little evidence of linkage disequilibrium with it. A combined analysis with four additional studies (total: 4,296 cases and 4,299 controls) confirms association with prostate cancer for rs6983267 in the centromeric locus (<i>P</i> = 9.42 <img style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; vertical-align: middle; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px" alt="times" src="http://www.nature.com/__chars/math/special/times/black/med/base/glyph.gif" /> 10^-13; heterozygote odds ratio (OR): 1.26, 95% confidence interval (c.i.): 1.13&ndash;1.41; homozygote OR: 1.58, 95% c.i.: 1.40&ndash;1.78). Each SNP remained significant in a joint analysis after adjusting for the other (rs1447295 <i>P</i> = 1.41 <img style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; vertical-align: middle; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px" alt="times" src="http://www.nature.com/__chars/math/special/times/black/med/base/glyph.gif" /> 10^-11; rs6983267 <i>P</i> = 6.62 <img style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; vertical-align: middle; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px" alt="times" src="http://www.nature.com/__chars/math/special/times/black/med/base/glyph.gif" /> 10^-10). These observations, combined with compelling evidence for a recombination hotspot between the two markers, indicate the presence of at least two independent loci within 8q24 that contribute to prostate cancer in men of European ancestry. We estimate that the population attributable risk of the new locus, marked by rs6983267, is higher than the locus marked by rs1447295 (21% versus 9%).</p> </div> <p>&nbsp;</p> 238e59fe2079dae391e3722a135cb0ad1eac4580 3547 3546 2011-03-07T03:59:46Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21307934">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21307934</a></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size: medium"><br /> Nature. 2011 Feb 10;470(7333):214-20.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">The genomic complexity of primary human prostate cancer.<br /> Berger MF, Lawrence MS, Demichelis F, Drier Y, Cibulskis K, Sivachenko AY, Sboner A, Esgueva R, Pflueger D, Sougnez C, Onofrio R, Carter SL, Park K, Habegger L, Ambrogio L, Fennell T, Parkin M, Saksena G, Voet D, Ramos AH, Pugh TJ, Wilkinson J, Fisher S, Winckler W, Mahan S, Ardlie K, Baldwin J, Simons JW, Kitabayashi N, MacDonald TY, Kantoff PW, Chin L, Gabriel SB, Gerstein MB, Golub TR, Meyerson M, Tewari A, Lander ES, Getz G, Rubin MA, Garraway LA.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.</span></p> <p><b><span style="font-size: small">Abstract<br /> </span></b><span style="font-size: small">Prostate cancer is the second most common cause of male cancer deaths in the United States. However, the full range of prostate cancer genomic alterations is incompletely characterized. Here we present the complete sequence of seven primary human prostate cancers and their paired normal counterparts. Several tumours contained complex chains of balanced (that is, 'copy-neutral') rearrangements that occurred within or adjacent to known cancer genes. Rearrangement breakpoints were enriched near open chromatin, androgen receptor and ERG DNA binding sites in the setting of the ETS gene fusion TMPRSS2-ERG, but inversely correlated with these regions in tumours lacking ETS fusions. This observation suggests a link between chromatin or transcriptional regulation and the genesis of genomic aberrations. Three tumours contained rearrangements that disrupted CADM2, and four harboured events disrupting either PTEN (unbalanced events), a prostate tumour suppressor, or MAGI2 (balanced events), a PTEN interacting protein not previously implicated in prostate tumorigenesis. Thus, genomic rearrangements may arise from transcriptional or chromatin aberrancies and engage prostate tumorigenic mechanisms.</span></p> <p>PMID: 21307934 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]</p> <p><br /> Publication Types, MeSH Terms, Substances, Grant SupportPublication Types: <br /> Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural<br /> Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't<br /> Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.<br /> MeSH Terms:<br /> Carrier Proteins/genetics<br /> Case-Control Studies<br /> Cell Adhesion Molecules/genetics<br /> Chromatin/genetics<br /> Chromatin/metabolism<br /> Chromosome Aberrations<br /> Chromosome Breakpoints<br /> Epigenesis, Genetic/genetics<br /> Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic<br /> Genome, Human/genetics*<br /> Humans<br /> Male<br /> PTEN Phosphohydrolase/genetics<br /> PTEN Phosphohydrolase/metabolism<br /> Prostatic Neoplasms/genetics*<br /> Recombination, Genetic/genetics<br /> Signal Transduction/genetics<br /> Transcription, Genetic<br /> Substances:<br /> AIP1 protein, human<br /> CADM2 protein, human<br /> Carrier Proteins<br /> Cell Adhesion Molecules<br /> Chromatin<br /> PTEN protein, human<br /> PTEN Phosphohydrolase<br /> Grant Support:<br /> 2 P50 CA090381-11/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States<br /> Howard Hughes Medical Institute/United States<br /> LinkOut - more resources</p> c2088eeacd2b099f68ae71b24ad92cf6b7ee0a07 6 2090 3553 2011-03-09T16:07:04Z FrankieRamsey 150 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 6 2092 3555 2011-03-09T18:13:07Z CandidoMedina 151 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 6 1991 3559 3365 2011-03-09T23:32:18Z WikiSysop 1 uploaded a new version of &quot;[[File:Globe 5.gif]]&quot; wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 6 2096 3562 2011-03-10T05:05:12Z GodPelletier6 153 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 6 2098 3564 2011-03-10T20:05:35Z ArlingtonMcmillan 154 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 6 2100 3566 2011-03-11T03:27:25Z AntoniusBusch 155 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 6 2102 3568 2011-03-11T19:40:19Z EmalineBird1 156 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 0 2107 3573 2011-03-12T01:19:58Z WikiSysop 1 Created page with "<p><b>Epistasis</b> is the phenomenon where the effects of one gene are modified by one or several other genes, which are sometimes called <b>modifier genes</b>. The gene whose p..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p><b>Epistasis</b> is the phenomenon where the effects of one gene are modified by one or several other genes, which are sometimes called <b>modifier genes</b>. The gene whose phenotype is expressed is called <b>epistatic</b>, while the phenotype altered or suppressed is called <b>hypostatic</b>. Epistasis can be contrasted with dominance, which is an interaction between alleles at the same gene locus. Epistasis is often studied in relation to Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) and polygenic inheritance.</p> <p>In general, the fitness increment of any one allele depends in a complicated way on many other alleles; but, because of the way that the science of population genetics was developed, evolutionary scientists tend to think of epistasis as the exception to the rule. In the first models of natural selection devised in the early 20th century, each gene was considered to make its own characteristic contribution to fitness, against an average background of other genes. Some introductory college courses still teach population genetics this way.</p> <p>Epistasis and <b>genetic interaction</b> refer to different aspects of the same phenomenon. The term <b>epistasis</b> is widely used in population genetics and refers especially to the statistical properties of the phenomenon, and does not necessarily imply biochemical interaction between gene products. However, in general epistasis is used to denote the departure from 'independence' of the effects of different genetic loci. Confusion often arises due to the varied interpretation of 'independence' between different branches of biology. For further discussion of the definitions of epistasis, and the history of these definitions, see <sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[1]</font></sup>.</p> <p>Examples of tightly linked genes having epistatic effects on fitness are found in supergenes and the human major histocompatibility complex genes. The effect can occur directly at the genomic level, where one gene could code for a protein preventing transcription of the other gene. Alternatively, the effect can occur at the phenotypic level. For example, the gene causing albinism would hide the gene controlling color of a person's hair. In another example, a gene coding for a widow's peak would be hidden by a gene causing baldness. Fitness epistasis (where the affected trait is fitness) is one cause of linkage disequilibrium.</p> <p>Studying genetic interactions can reveal gene function, the nature of the mutations, functional redundancy, and protein interactions. Because protein complexes are responsible for most biological functions, genetic interactions are a powerful tool.</p> <p> <table id="toc" class="toc"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2> <span class="toctoggle">[hide]</span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Classification by fitness or trait value</span></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Epistasis and sex</span></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Functional or mechanistic classification</span></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> <h2><span id="Classification_by_fitness_or_trait_value" class="mw-headline">Classification by fitness or trait value</span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width: 202px" class="thumbinner"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Synergistic_versus_antagonistic_epistasis.svg/200px-Synergistic_versus_antagonistic_epistasis.svg.png" width="200" height="157" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><img alt="" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" /></div> Diagram illustrating different relationships between numbers of mutations and fitness. <i>Synergistic</i> epistasis is the blue line - each mutation has a disproportionately large effect on the organism's fitness. <i>Antagonistic</i> epistasis is the red line. See Evolution of Sex</div> </div> </div> <p>Two-locus epistatic interactions can be either synergistic (enhancing the effectiveness) or antagonistic (reducing the activity).<sup id="cite_ref-azevedo_1-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[2]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bonhoeffer_2-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[3]</font></sup> In the example of a haploid organism with genotypes (at two loci) <i>AB</i>, <i>Ab</i>, <i>aB</i> or <i>ab</i>, we can think of the following trait values where higher values suggest greater expression of the characteristic (the exact values are simply given as examples):</p> <p> <table cellpadding="2"> <tbody> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><i>AB</i></td> <td><i>Ab</i></td> <td><i>aB</i></td> <td><i>ab</i></td> </tr> <tr> <td>No epistasis (additive across loci)&nbsp;</td> <td>2</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Synergistic epistasis</td> <td>3</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Antagonistic epistasis</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> <p>Hence, we can classify thus:</p> <p> <table cellpadding="2"> <tbody> <tr> <td><b>Trait values</b></td> <td><b>Type of epistasis</b></td> </tr> <tr> <td><i>AB</i> = <i>Ab</i> + <i>aB</i> &minus; <i>ab</i>&nbsp;</td> <td>No epistasis, additive inheritance</td> </tr> <tr> <td><i>AB</i> &gt; <i>Ab</i> + <i>aB</i> &minus; <i>ab</i>&nbsp;</td> <td>Synergistic epistasis</td> </tr> <tr> <td><i>AB</i> &lt; <i>Ab</i> + <i>aB</i> &minus; <i>ab</i>&nbsp;</td> <td>Antagonistic epistasis</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> <p>Understanding whether the majority of genetic interactions are synergistic or antagonistic will help solve such problems as the evolution of sex.</p> <h2><span id="Epistasis_and_sex" class="mw-headline">Epistasis and sex</span></h2> <p>Negative epistasis and sex are thought to be intimately correlated. Experimentally, this idea has been tested in using digital simulations of asexual and sexual populations. Over time, sexual populations move towards more negative epistasis, or the lowering of fitness by two interacting alleles. It is thought that negative epistasis allows individuals carrying the interacting deleterious mutations to be removed from the populations efficiently. This removes those alleles from the population, resulting in an overall more fit population. This hypothesis was proposed by Alexey Kondrashov, and is sometimes known as the <i>deterministic mutation hypothesis</i><sup id="cite_ref-kondrashov_3-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[4]</font></sup> and has also been tested using artificial gene networks.<sup id="cite_ref-azevedo_1-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[2]</font></sup></p> <p>However, the evidence for this hypothesis has not always been straightforward and the model proposed by Kondrashov has been criticized for assuming mutation parameters far from real world observations. For example, see MacCarthy and Bergman <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><font size="2">[5]</font></sup>. In addition, in those tests which used artificial gene networks, negative epistasis is only found in more densely connected networks<sup id="cite_ref-azevedo_1-2" class="reference"><font size="2">[2]</font></sup>, whereas empirical evidence indicates that natural gene networks are sparsely connected<sup id="cite_ref-leclerc_5-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[6]</font></sup>, and theory shows that selection for robustness will favor more sparsely connected and minimally complex networks.<sup id="cite_ref-leclerc_5-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[6]</font></sup></p> <h2><span id="Functional_or_mechanistic_classification" class="mw-headline">Functional or mechanistic classification</span></h2> <ul> <li><b>Genetic suppression</b> - the double mutant has a less severe phenotype than either single mutant. [This term can also apply to a case where the double mutant has a phenotype intermediate between those of the single mutants, in which case the more severe single mutant phenotype is &quot;suppressed&quot; by the other mutation or genetic condition. For example, in a diploid organism, a hypomorphic (or partial loss-of-function) mutant phenotype can be suppressed by knocking out one copy of a gene that acts oppositely in the same pathway. In this case, the second gene is described as a &quot;dominant suppressor&quot; of the hypomorphic mutant; &quot;dominant&quot; because the effect is seen when one wild-type copy of the suppressor gene is present. For most genes, the phenotype of the heterozygous suppressor mutation by itself would be wild type (because most genes are not haplo-insufficient), so that the double mutant (suppressed) phenotype is intermediate between those of the single mutants.]</li> <li><b>Genetic enhancement</b> - the double mutant has a more severe phenotype than one predicted by the additive effects of the single mutants.</li> <li><b>Synthetic lethality</b> or <b>unlinked non-complementation</b> - two mutations fail to complement and yet do not map to the same locus.</li> <li><b>Intragenic complementation</b>, <b>allelic complementation</b>, or <b>interallelic complementation</b> - two mutations map to the same locus, yet the two alleles complement in the heteroallelic diploid. Causes of intragenic complementation include: <ul> <li>homology effects such as transvection, where, for example, an enhancer from one allele acts in <i>trans</i> to activate transcription from the promoter of the second allele.</li> <li>trans-splicing of two mutant RNA molecules to produce a functional RNA.</li> <li>At the protein level, another possibility involves proteins that normally function as dimers. In a heteroallelic diploid, two different abnormal proteins could form a functional dimer if each can compensate for the lack of function in the other.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h2><span id="See_also" class="mw-headline">See also</span></h2> <ul> <li>Co-adaptation</li> <li>Epistasis and functional genomics</li> <li>Mutation</li> <li>Quantitative trait locus</li> </ul> <h2><span id="References" class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <div style="list-style-type: decimal" class="reflist"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-0"><b><a href="#cite_ref-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Cordell, Heather J. (2002). &quot;Epistasis: what it means, what it doesn't mean, and statistical methods to detect it in humans&quot;. <i><a href="/wiki/Human_Molecular_Genetics">Human Molecular Genetics</a></i> <b>11</b> (20): 2463&ndash;8. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fhmg%2F11.20.2463" rel="nofollow">10.1093/hmg/11.20.2463</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12351582" rel="nofollow">12351582</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Epistasis%3A+what+it+means%2C+what+it+doesn%27t+mean%2C+and+statistical+methods+to+detect+it+in+humans&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BHuman+Molecular+Genetics%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Cordell%2C+Heather+J.&amp;rft.au=Cordell%2C+Heather+J.&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.volume=11&amp;rft.issue=20&amp;rft.pages=2463%E2%80%938&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Fhmg%2F11.20.2463&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12351582&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Epistasis"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-azevedo-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-azevedo_1-0">^{<i><b><font size="2">a</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="#cite_ref-azevedo_1-1">^{<i><b><font size="2">b</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="#cite_ref-azevedo_1-2">^{<i><b><font size="2">c</font></b></i>}</a> <span class="citation Journal">Azevedo R, Lohaus R, Srinivasan S, Dang K, Burch C (2006). &quot;Sexual reproduction selects for robustness and negative epistasis in artificial gene networks&quot;. <i>Nature</i> <b>440</b> (7080): 87&ndash;90. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature04488" rel="nofollow">10.1038/nature04488</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16511495" rel="nofollow">16511495</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Sexual+reproduction+selects+for+robustness+and+negative+epistasis+in+artificial+gene+networks&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Azevedo+R%2C+Lohaus+R%2C+Srinivasan+S%2C+Dang+K%2C+Burch+C&amp;rft.au=Azevedo+R%2C+Lohaus+R%2C+Srinivasan+S%2C+Dang+K%2C+Burch+C&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=440&amp;rft.issue=7080&amp;rft.pages=87%E2%80%9390&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnature04488&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16511495&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Epistasis"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-bonhoeffer-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bonhoeffer_2-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Bonhoeffer S, Chappey C, Parkin NT, Whitcomb JM, Petropoulos CJ (2004). &quot;Evidence for positive epistasis in HIV-1&quot;. <i>Science</i> <b>306</b> (5701): 1547&ndash;50. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1101786" rel="nofollow">10.1126/science.1101786</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15567861" rel="nofollow">15567861</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Evidence+for+positive+epistasis+in+HIV-1&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Bonhoeffer+S%2C+Chappey+C%2C+Parkin+NT%2C+Whitcomb+JM%2C+Petropoulos+CJ&amp;rft.au=Bonhoeffer+S%2C+Chappey+C%2C+Parkin+NT%2C+Whitcomb+JM%2C+Petropoulos+CJ&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=306&amp;rft.issue=5701&amp;rft.pages=1547%E2%80%9350&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.1101786&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15567861&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Epistasis"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-kondrashov-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kondrashov_3-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal">A. S. Kondrashov (1988). &quot;Deleterious mutations and the evolution of sexual reproduction&quot;. <i><a title="Nature (journal)" href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)">Nature</a></i> <b>336</b> (6198): 435&ndash;440. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F336435a0" rel="nofollow">10.1038/336435a0</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3057385" rel="nofollow">3057385</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Deleterious+mutations+and+the+evolution+of+sexual+reproduction&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BNature+%28journal%29%7CNature%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=A.+S.+Kondrashov&amp;rft.au=A.+S.+Kondrashov&amp;rft.date=1988&amp;rft.volume=336&amp;rft.issue=6198&amp;rft.pages=435%E2%80%93440&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F336435a0&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/3057385&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Epistasis"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal">MacCarthy T, Bergman A. (July 2007). <a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1931480" rel="nofollow">&quot;Coevolution of robustness, epistasis, and recombination favors asexual reproduction&quot;</a>. <i><a class="mw-redirect" title="Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A" href="/wiki/Proc_Natl_Acad_Sci_U_S_A">Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</a></i> <b>104</b> (31): 12801&ndash;6. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0705455104" rel="nofollow">10.1073/pnas.0705455104</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1931480" rel="nofollow">1931480</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17646644" rel="nofollow">17646644</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1931480" rel="nofollow">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1931480</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Coevolution+of+robustness%2C+epistasis%2C+and+recombination+favors+asexual+reproduction&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BProc+Natl+Acad+Sci+U+S+A%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=MacCarthy+T%2C+Bergman+A.&amp;rft.au=MacCarthy+T%2C+Bergman+A.&amp;rft.date=July+2007&amp;rft.volume=104&amp;rft.issue=31&amp;rft.pages=12801%E2%80%936&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.0705455104&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/1931480&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17646644&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D1931480&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Epistasis"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-leclerc-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-leclerc_5-0">^{<i><b><font size="2">a</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="#cite_ref-leclerc_5-1">^{<i><b><font size="2">b</font></b></i>}</a> <span class="citation Journal">Leclerc R. (August 2008). &quot;<a class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/msb/journal/v4/n1/full/msb200852.html" rel="nofollow">Survival of the sparsest: robust gene networks are parsimonious</a>&quot;. <i>Mol Syst Biol.</i> <b>4</b> (213).</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fmsb%2Fjournal%2Fv4%2Fn1%2Ffull%2Fmsb200852.html+Survival+of+the+sparsest%3A+robust+gene+networks+are+parsimonious%5D&amp;rft.jtitle=Mol+Syst+Biol.&amp;rft.aulast=Leclerc+R.&amp;rft.au=Leclerc+R.&amp;rft.date=August+2008&amp;rft.volume=4&amp;rft.issue=213&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Epistasis"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> </ol> </div> <h2><span id="External_links" class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" href="http://scienceaid.co.uk/biology/genetics/inheritance.html" rel="nofollow">Science Aid: Epistasis</a> High school (GCSE, Alevel) resource.</li> <li><a class="external text" href="http://www.geneticinteractions.org" rel="nofollow">GeneticInteractions.org</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="http://www.epistasis.org" rel="nofollow">Epistasis.org</a></li> </ul> 1999ca782db4b9e6c643bd200fa8e961db649eb6 3574 3573 2011-03-12T01:20:10Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><b>Epistasis</b> is the phenomenon where the effects of one gene are modified by one or several other genes, which are sometimes called <b>modifier genes</b>. The gene whose phenotype is expressed is called <b>epistatic</b>, while the phenotype altered or suppressed is called <b>hypostatic</b>. Epistasis can be contrasted with dominance, which is an interaction between alleles at the same gene locus. Epistasis is often studied in relation to Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) and polygenic inheritance.</p> <p>In general, the fitness increment of any one allele depends in a complicated way on many other alleles; but, because of the way that the science of population genetics was developed, evolutionary scientists tend to think of epistasis as the exception to the rule. In the first models of natural selection devised in the early 20th century, each gene was considered to make its own characteristic contribution to fitness, against an average background of other genes. Some introductory college courses still teach population genetics this way.</p> <p>Epistasis and <b>genetic interaction</b> refer to different aspects of the same phenomenon. The term <b>epistasis</b> is widely used in population genetics and refers especially to the statistical properties of the phenomenon, and does not necessarily imply biochemical interaction between gene products. However, in general epistasis is used to denote the departure from 'independence' of the effects of different genetic loci. Confusion often arises due to the varied interpretation of 'independence' between different branches of biology. For further discussion of the definitions of epistasis, and the history of these definitions, see <sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[1]</font></sup>.</p> <p>Examples of tightly linked genes having epistatic effects on fitness are found in supergenes and the human major histocompatibility complex genes. The effect can occur directly at the genomic level, where one gene could code for a protein preventing transcription of the other gene. Alternatively, the effect can occur at the phenotypic level. For example, the gene causing albinism would hide the gene controlling color of a person's hair. In another example, a gene coding for a widow's peak would be hidden by a gene causing baldness. Fitness epistasis (where the affected trait is fitness) is one cause of linkage disequilibrium.</p> <p>Studying genetic interactions can reveal gene function, the nature of the mutations, functional redundancy, and protein interactions. Because protein complexes are responsible for most biological functions, genetic interactions are a powerful tool.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span id="Classification_by_fitness_or_trait_value" class="mw-headline">Classification by fitness or trait value</span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width: 202px" class="thumbinner"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="200" height="157" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Synergistic_versus_antagonistic_epistasis.svg/200px-Synergistic_versus_antagonistic_epistasis.svg.png" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></div> Diagram illustrating different relationships between numbers of mutations and fitness. <i>Synergistic</i> epistasis is the blue line - each mutation has a disproportionately large effect on the organism's fitness. <i>Antagonistic</i> epistasis is the red line. See Evolution of Sex</div> </div> </div> <p>Two-locus epistatic interactions can be either synergistic (enhancing the effectiveness) or antagonistic (reducing the activity).<sup id="cite_ref-azevedo_1-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[2]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bonhoeffer_2-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[3]</font></sup> In the example of a haploid organism with genotypes (at two loci) <i>AB</i>, <i>Ab</i>, <i>aB</i> or <i>ab</i>, we can think of the following trait values where higher values suggest greater expression of the characteristic (the exact values are simply given as examples):</p> <p> <table cellpadding="2"> <tbody> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><i>AB</i></td> <td><i>Ab</i></td> <td><i>aB</i></td> <td><i>ab</i></td> </tr> <tr> <td>No epistasis (additive across loci)&nbsp;</td> <td>2</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Synergistic epistasis</td> <td>3</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Antagonistic epistasis</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> <p>Hence, we can classify thus:</p> <p> <table cellpadding="2"> <tbody> <tr> <td><b>Trait values</b></td> <td><b>Type of epistasis</b></td> </tr> <tr> <td><i>AB</i> = <i>Ab</i> + <i>aB</i> &minus; <i>ab</i>&nbsp;</td> <td>No epistasis, additive inheritance</td> </tr> <tr> <td><i>AB</i> &gt; <i>Ab</i> + <i>aB</i> &minus; <i>ab</i>&nbsp;</td> <td>Synergistic epistasis</td> </tr> <tr> <td><i>AB</i> &lt; <i>Ab</i> + <i>aB</i> &minus; <i>ab</i>&nbsp;</td> <td>Antagonistic epistasis</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> <p>Understanding whether the majority of genetic interactions are synergistic or antagonistic will help solve such problems as the evolution of sex.</p> <h2><span id="Epistasis_and_sex" class="mw-headline">Epistasis and sex</span></h2> <p>Negative epistasis and sex are thought to be intimately correlated. Experimentally, this idea has been tested in using digital simulations of asexual and sexual populations. Over time, sexual populations move towards more negative epistasis, or the lowering of fitness by two interacting alleles. It is thought that negative epistasis allows individuals carrying the interacting deleterious mutations to be removed from the populations efficiently. This removes those alleles from the population, resulting in an overall more fit population. This hypothesis was proposed by Alexey Kondrashov, and is sometimes known as the <i>deterministic mutation hypothesis</i><sup id="cite_ref-kondrashov_3-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[4]</font></sup> and has also been tested using artificial gene networks.<sup id="cite_ref-azevedo_1-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[2]</font></sup></p> <p>However, the evidence for this hypothesis has not always been straightforward and the model proposed by Kondrashov has been criticized for assuming mutation parameters far from real world observations. For example, see MacCarthy and Bergman <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><font size="2">[5]</font></sup>. In addition, in those tests which used artificial gene networks, negative epistasis is only found in more densely connected networks<sup id="cite_ref-azevedo_1-2" class="reference"><font size="2">[2]</font></sup>, whereas empirical evidence indicates that natural gene networks are sparsely connected<sup id="cite_ref-leclerc_5-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[6]</font></sup>, and theory shows that selection for robustness will favor more sparsely connected and minimally complex networks.<sup id="cite_ref-leclerc_5-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[6]</font></sup></p> <h2><span id="Functional_or_mechanistic_classification" class="mw-headline">Functional or mechanistic classification</span></h2> <ul> <li><b>Genetic suppression</b> - the double mutant has a less severe phenotype than either single mutant. [This term can also apply to a case where the double mutant has a phenotype intermediate between those of the single mutants, in which case the more severe single mutant phenotype is &quot;suppressed&quot; by the other mutation or genetic condition. For example, in a diploid organism, a hypomorphic (or partial loss-of-function) mutant phenotype can be suppressed by knocking out one copy of a gene that acts oppositely in the same pathway. In this case, the second gene is described as a &quot;dominant suppressor&quot; of the hypomorphic mutant; &quot;dominant&quot; because the effect is seen when one wild-type copy of the suppressor gene is present. For most genes, the phenotype of the heterozygous suppressor mutation by itself would be wild type (because most genes are not haplo-insufficient), so that the double mutant (suppressed) phenotype is intermediate between those of the single mutants.]</li> <li><b>Genetic enhancement</b> - the double mutant has a more severe phenotype than one predicted by the additive effects of the single mutants.</li> <li><b>Synthetic lethality</b> or <b>unlinked non-complementation</b> - two mutations fail to complement and yet do not map to the same locus.</li> <li><b>Intragenic complementation</b>, <b>allelic complementation</b>, or <b>interallelic complementation</b> - two mutations map to the same locus, yet the two alleles complement in the heteroallelic diploid. Causes of intragenic complementation include: <ul> <li>homology effects such as transvection, where, for example, an enhancer from one allele acts in <i>trans</i> to activate transcription from the promoter of the second allele.</li> <li>trans-splicing of two mutant RNA molecules to produce a functional RNA.</li> <li>At the protein level, another possibility involves proteins that normally function as dimers. In a heteroallelic diploid, two different abnormal proteins could form a functional dimer if each can compensate for the lack of function in the other.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h2><span id="See_also" class="mw-headline">See also</span></h2> <ul> <li>Co-adaptation</li> <li>Epistasis and functional genomics</li> <li>Mutation</li> <li>Quantitative trait locus</li> </ul> <h2><span id="References" class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <div style="list-style-type: decimal" class="reflist"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-0"><b><a href="#cite_ref-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Cordell, Heather J. (2002). &quot;Epistasis: what it means, what it doesn't mean, and statistical methods to detect it in humans&quot;. <i><a href="/wiki/Human_Molecular_Genetics">Human Molecular Genetics</a></i> <b>11</b> (20): 2463&ndash;8. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fhmg%2F11.20.2463">10.1093/hmg/11.20.2463</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12351582">12351582</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Epistasis%3A+what+it+means%2C+what+it+doesn%27t+mean%2C+and+statistical+methods+to+detect+it+in+humans&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BHuman+Molecular+Genetics%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Cordell%2C+Heather+J.&amp;rft.au=Cordell%2C+Heather+J.&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.volume=11&amp;rft.issue=20&amp;rft.pages=2463%E2%80%938&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Fhmg%2F11.20.2463&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12351582&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Epistasis"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-azevedo-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-azevedo_1-0">^{<i><b><font size="2">a</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="#cite_ref-azevedo_1-1">^{<i><b><font size="2">b</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="#cite_ref-azevedo_1-2">^{<i><b><font size="2">c</font></b></i>}</a> <span class="citation Journal">Azevedo R, Lohaus R, Srinivasan S, Dang K, Burch C (2006). &quot;Sexual reproduction selects for robustness and negative epistasis in artificial gene networks&quot;. <i>Nature</i> <b>440</b> (7080): 87&ndash;90. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature04488">10.1038/nature04488</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16511495">16511495</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Sexual+reproduction+selects+for+robustness+and+negative+epistasis+in+artificial+gene+networks&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Azevedo+R%2C+Lohaus+R%2C+Srinivasan+S%2C+Dang+K%2C+Burch+C&amp;rft.au=Azevedo+R%2C+Lohaus+R%2C+Srinivasan+S%2C+Dang+K%2C+Burch+C&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=440&amp;rft.issue=7080&amp;rft.pages=87%E2%80%9390&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnature04488&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16511495&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Epistasis"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-bonhoeffer-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bonhoeffer_2-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Bonhoeffer S, Chappey C, Parkin NT, Whitcomb JM, Petropoulos CJ (2004). &quot;Evidence for positive epistasis in HIV-1&quot;. <i>Science</i> <b>306</b> (5701): 1547&ndash;50. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1101786">10.1126/science.1101786</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15567861">15567861</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Evidence+for+positive+epistasis+in+HIV-1&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Bonhoeffer+S%2C+Chappey+C%2C+Parkin+NT%2C+Whitcomb+JM%2C+Petropoulos+CJ&amp;rft.au=Bonhoeffer+S%2C+Chappey+C%2C+Parkin+NT%2C+Whitcomb+JM%2C+Petropoulos+CJ&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=306&amp;rft.issue=5701&amp;rft.pages=1547%E2%80%9350&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.1101786&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15567861&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Epistasis"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-kondrashov-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kondrashov_3-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal">A. S. Kondrashov (1988). &quot;Deleterious mutations and the evolution of sexual reproduction&quot;. <i><a title="Nature (journal)" href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)">Nature</a></i> <b>336</b> (6198): 435&ndash;440. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F336435a0">10.1038/336435a0</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3057385">3057385</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Deleterious+mutations+and+the+evolution+of+sexual+reproduction&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BNature+%28journal%29%7CNature%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=A.+S.+Kondrashov&amp;rft.au=A.+S.+Kondrashov&amp;rft.date=1988&amp;rft.volume=336&amp;rft.issue=6198&amp;rft.pages=435%E2%80%93440&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F336435a0&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/3057385&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Epistasis"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal">MacCarthy T, Bergman A. (July 2007). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1931480">&quot;Coevolution of robustness, epistasis, and recombination favors asexual reproduction&quot;</a>. <i><a class="mw-redirect" title="Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A" href="/wiki/Proc_Natl_Acad_Sci_U_S_A">Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</a></i> <b>104</b> (31): 12801&ndash;6. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0705455104">10.1073/pnas.0705455104</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1931480">1931480</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17646644">17646644</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1931480">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1931480</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Coevolution+of+robustness%2C+epistasis%2C+and+recombination+favors+asexual+reproduction&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BProc+Natl+Acad+Sci+U+S+A%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=MacCarthy+T%2C+Bergman+A.&amp;rft.au=MacCarthy+T%2C+Bergman+A.&amp;rft.date=July+2007&amp;rft.volume=104&amp;rft.issue=31&amp;rft.pages=12801%E2%80%936&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.0705455104&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/1931480&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17646644&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D1931480&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Epistasis"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-leclerc-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-leclerc_5-0">^{<i><b><font size="2">a</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="#cite_ref-leclerc_5-1">^{<i><b><font size="2">b</font></b></i>}</a> <span class="citation Journal">Leclerc R. (August 2008). &quot;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/msb/journal/v4/n1/full/msb200852.html">Survival of the sparsest: robust gene networks are parsimonious</a>&quot;. <i>Mol Syst Biol.</i> <b>4</b> (213).</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fmsb%2Fjournal%2Fv4%2Fn1%2Ffull%2Fmsb200852.html+Survival+of+the+sparsest%3A+robust+gene+networks+are+parsimonious%5D&amp;rft.jtitle=Mol+Syst+Biol.&amp;rft.aulast=Leclerc+R.&amp;rft.au=Leclerc+R.&amp;rft.date=August+2008&amp;rft.volume=4&amp;rft.issue=213&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Epistasis"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> </ol> </div> <h2><span id="External_links" class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://scienceaid.co.uk/biology/genetics/inheritance.html">Science Aid: Epistasis</a> High school (GCSE, Alevel) resource.</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.geneticinteractions.org">GeneticInteractions.org</a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.epistasis.org">Epistasis.org</a></li> </ul> 30c943facc7cea3a55342a383190011c1a1773fd 6 2111 3578 2011-03-12T13:53:05Z LeroyKidd4 160 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 6 2113 3580 2011-03-12T17:37:48Z JustinArmstrong 161 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 6 2115 3582 2011-03-13T01:31:39Z MilesOhara7 162 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 6 2117 3584 2011-03-13T04:18:30Z YeeKenny8 163 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 6 2119 3586 2011-03-13T07:45:48Z IzoraBonilla9 164 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 6 2123 3590 2011-03-15T04:06:30Z FuckdoggerWeiss 166 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 8 1175 3608 2077 2011-03-21T01:49:10Z WikiSysop 1 Blanked the page wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 0 2149 3621 2011-03-26T17:51:59Z WikiSysop 1 Created page with "<h1 class="article-heading">Initial genome sequencing and analysis of multiple myeloma</h1> <p>Michael A. Chapman,1, 22 <br /> Michael S. Lawrence,1 <br /> Jonathan J. Keats,2, 3..." wikitext text/x-wiki <h1 class="article-heading">Initial genome sequencing and analysis of multiple myeloma</h1> <p>Michael A. Chapman,1, 22 <br /> Michael S. Lawrence,1 <br /> Jonathan J. Keats,2, 3 <br /> Kristian Cibulskis,1 <br /> Carrie Sougnez,1 <br /> Anna C. Schinzel,4 <br /> Christina L. Harview,1 <br /> Jean-Philippe Brunet,1 <br /> Gregory J. Ahmann,2, 3 <br /> Mazhar Adli,1, 5 <br /> Kenneth C. Anderson,3, 4 <br /> Kristin G. Ardlie,1 <br /> Daniel Auclair,3, 6 <br /> Angela Baker,7 <br /> P. Leif Bergsagel,2, 3 <br /> Bradley E. Bernstein,1, 5, 8, 9 <br /> Yotam Drier,1, 10 <br /> Rafael Fonseca,2, 3 <br /> Stacey B. Gabriel,1 <br /> Craig C. Hofmeister,3, 11 <br /> Sundar Jagannath,3, 12 <br /> Andrzej J. Jakubowiak,3, 13 <br /> Amrita Krishnan,3, 14 <br /> Joan Levy,3, 6 <br /> Ted Liefeld,1 <br /> Sagar Lonial,3, 15 Scott Mahan,1 Bunmi Mfuko,3, 6 Stefano Monti,1 Louise M. Perkins,3, 6 Robb Onofrio,1 Trevor J. Pugh,1 S. Vincent Rajkumar,3, 16 Alex H. Ramos,1 David S. Siegel,3, 17 Andrey Sivachenko,1 A. Keith Stewart,2, 3 Suzanne Trudel,3, 18 Ravi Vij,3, 19 Douglas Voet,1 Wendy Winckler,1 Todd Zimmerman,3, 20 John Carpten,7 Jeff Trent,7 William C. Hahn,1, 4, 8 Levi A. Garraway,1, 4 Matthew Meyerson,1, 4, 8 Eric S. Lander,1, 8, 21 Gad Getz1 &amp; Todd R. Golub1, 4, 8, 9 <br /> &nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">Abstract</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">Multiple myeloma is an incurable malignancy of plasma cells, and its pathogenesis is poorly understood. Here we report the massively parallel sequencing of 38 tumour genomes and their comparison to matched normal DNAs. Several new and unexpected oncogenic mechanisms were suggested by the pattern of somatic mutation across the data set. These include the mutation of genes involved in protein translation (seen in nearly half of the patients), genes involved in histone methylation, and genes involved in blood coagulation. In addition, a broader than anticipated role of NF-&kappa;B signalling was indicated by mutations in 11 members of the NF-&kappa;B pathway. Of potential immediate clinical relevance, activating mutations of the kinase BRAF were observed in 4% of patients, suggesting the evaluation of BRAF inhibitors in multiple myeloma clinical trials. These results indicate that cancer genome sequencing of large collections of samples will yield new insights into cancer not anticipated by existing knowledge.</span></p> <p><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v471/n7339/full/nature09837.html">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v471/n7339/full/nature09837.html</a></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size: large">References</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">1. Bergsagel, P. L. &amp; Kuehl, W. M. Molecular pathogenesis and a consequent<br /> classification of multiple myeloma. J. Clin. Oncol. 23, 6333&ndash;6338 (2005).<br /> 2. Keats, J. J. et al. Promiscuousmutations activate the noncanonical NF-kBpathway<br /> in multiple myeloma. Cancer Cell 12, 131&ndash;144 (2007).<br /> 3. Annunziata, C. M. et al. Frequentengagement of the classicaland alternativeNF-kB<br /> pathways by diverse genetic abnormalities in multiple myeloma. Cancer Cell 12,<br /> 115&ndash;130 (2007).<br /> 4. van Haaften, G. et al. Somatic mutations of the histone H3K27 demethylase gene<br /> UTX in human cancer. Nature Genet. 41, 521&ndash;523 (2009).<br /> 5. Lee, W. et al. Themutation spectrumrevealed by paired genomesequences froma<br /> lung cancer patient. Nature 465, 473&ndash;477 (2010).<br /> 6. Campbell, P. J. et al. Identification of somatically acquired rearrangements in<br /> cancer using genome-wide massively parallel paired-end sequencing. Nature<br /> Genet. 40, 722&ndash;729 (2008).<br /> 7. Ley, T. J. et al. DNA sequencing of a cytogenetically normal acute myeloid<br /> leukaemia genome. Nature 456, 66&ndash;72 (2008).<br /> 8. Shah, S. P. et al. Mutational evolution in a lobular breast tumour profiled at single<br /> nucleotide resolution. Nature 461, 809&ndash;813 (2009).<br /> 9. Ding, L. et al. Genome remodelling in a basal-like breast cancer metastasis and<br /> xenograft. Nature 464, 999&ndash;1005 (2010).<br /> 10. Pleasance, E. D. et al. A small-cell lung cancer genome with complex signatures of<br /> tobacco exposure. Nature 463, 184&ndash;190 (2010).<br /> 11. Pleasance, E. D. et al. A comprehensive catalogue of somatic mutations from a<br /> human cancer genome. Nature 463, 191&ndash;196 (2010).<br /> 12. Reva, B., Antipin, Y. &amp; Sander, C. Determinants of protein function revealed by<br /> combinatorial entropy optimization. Genome Biol. 8, R232 (2007).<br /> 13. Dziembowski, A. et al. A single subunit, Dis3, is essentially responsible for yeast<br /> exosome core activity. Nature Struct. Mol. Biol. 14, 15&ndash;22 (2007).<br /> 14. Schmid, M. &amp; Jensen, T. H. The exosome: a multipurpose RNA-decay machine.<br /> Trends Biochem. Sci. 33, 501&ndash;510 (2008).<br /> 15. Schneider, C., Anderson, J. T. &amp; Tollervey, D. The exosome subunit Rrp44 plays a<br /> direct role in RNA substrate recognition. Mol. Cell 27, 324&ndash;331 (2007).<br /> 16. Barbas, A. et al. Determination of key residues for catalysis and RNA cleavage<br /> specificity: one mutation turns RNase II into a &lsquo;&lsquo;SUPER-ENZYME&rsquo;&rsquo;. J. Biol. Chem.<br /> 284, 20486&ndash;20498 (2009).<br /> 17. Ibrahim, H., Wilusz, J. &amp; Wilusz, C. J. RNA recognition by 39-to-59 exonucleases: the<br /> substrate perspective. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1779, 256&ndash;265 (2008).<br /> 18. Zhan, F. et al. The molecular classification of multiple myeloma. Blood 108,<br /> 2020&ndash;2028 (2006).<br /> 19. Subramanian, A. et al. Gene set enrichment analysis: a knowledge-based<br /> approach for interpreting genome-wide expression profiles. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci.<br /> USA 102, 15545&ndash;15550 (2005).<br /> 20. Mootha, V. K. et al.PGC-1a-responsive genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation<br /> are coordinately downregulated in human diabetes. Nature Genet. 34, 267&ndash;273<br /> (2003).<br /> 21. Tanay, A., Regev, A. &amp; Shamir, R. Conservation and evolvability in regulatory<br /> networks: the evolution of ribosomal regulation in yeast. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA<br /> 102, 7203&ndash;7208 (2005).<br /> 22. Carrasco, D. R. et al. The differentiation and stress response factor XBP-1 drives<br /> multiple myeloma pathogenesis. Cancer Cell 11, 349&ndash;360 (2007).<br /> 23. Zimprich, A. et al. Mutations in LRRK2 cause autosomal-dominant parkinsonism<br /> with pleomorphic pathology. Neuron 44, 601&ndash;607 (2004).<br /> 24. Paisa&acute;n-Ruı&acute;z, C. et al. Cloning of the gene containing mutations that cause PARK8-<br /> linked Parkinson&rsquo;s disease. Neuron 44, 595&ndash;600 (2004).<br /> 25. Forman, M. S., Lee, V. M. &amp; Trojanowski, J. Q. &lsquo;Unfolding&rsquo; pathways in<br /> neurodegenerative disease. Trends Neurosci. 26, 407&ndash;410 (2003).<br /> 26. Masciarelli, S. et al.CHOP-independent apoptosisandpathway-selective induction<br /> of the UPR in developing plasma cells. Mol. Immunol. 47, 1356&ndash;1365 (2010).<br /> 27. Cenci, S. &amp; Sitia, R. Managing and exploiting stress in the antibody factory. FEBS<br /> Lett. 581, 3652&ndash;3657 (2007).<br /> 28. Todd, D. J., Lee, A. H. &amp; Glimcher, L. H. The endoplasmic reticulumstress response<br /> in immunity and autoimmunity. Nature Rev. Immunol. 8, 663&ndash;674 (2008).<br /> 29. Adams, J. The development of proteasome inhibitors as anticancer drugs. Cancer<br /> Cell 5, 417&ndash;421 (2004).<br /> 30. Shaffer, A. L. et al. IRF4 addiction in multiple myeloma. Nature 454, 226&ndash;231<br /> (2008).<br /> 31. Mandelbaum, J. et al. BLIMP1 is a tumor suppressor gene frequently disrupted in<br /> activatedBcell-likediffuse largeBcell lymphoma. Cancer Cell 18,568&ndash;579(2010).<br /> 32. Pasqualucci, L. et al. Inactivation of the PRDM1/BLIMP1 gene in diffuse largeBcell<br /> lymphoma. J. Exp. Med. 203, 311&ndash;317 (2006).<br /> 33. Shaffer, A. L. et al. Blimp-1 orchestrates plasma cell differentiation by<br /> extinguishing the mature B cell gene expression program. Immunity 17, 51&ndash;62<br /> (2002).<br /> 34. Shapiro-Shelef, M. et al. Blimp-1 is required for the formation of immunoglobulin<br /> secreting plasma cells and pre-plasma memory B cells. Immunity 19, 607&ndash;620<br /> (2003).<br /> 35. Turner, C. A. Jr, Mack, D. H. &amp; Davis, M. M. Blimp-1, a novel zinc finger-containing<br /> protein that can drive the maturation of B lymphocytes into immunoglobulinsecreting<br /> cells. Cell 77, 297&ndash;306 (1994).<br /> 36. Wan, P. T. et al. Mechanism of activation of the RAF-ERK signaling pathway by<br /> oncogenic mutations of B-RAF. Cell 116, 855&ndash;867 (2004).<br /> 37. Davies, H. et al. Mutations of the BRAF gene in human cancer. Nature 417,<br /> 949&ndash;954 (2002).<br /> 38. Flaherty, K. et al. Phase I study of PLX4032: Proof of concept for V600E BRAF<br /> mutation as a therapeutic target in human cancer. In 2009 ASCO Meeting (American<br /> Society of Clinical Oncology, 2009).<br /> 39. Kim, K. et al. Blockade of the MEK/ERK signalling cascade by AS703026, a novel<br /> selective MEK1/2 inhibitor, induces pleiotropic anti-myeloma activity in vitro and<br /> in vivo. Br. J. Haematol. 149, 537&ndash;549 (2010).<br /> 40. Lessard, J. &amp; Sauvageau, G. Polycomb group genes as epigenetic regulators of<br /> normal and leukemic hemopoiesis. Exp. Hematol. 31, 567&ndash;585 (2003).<br /> 41. Bernstein, B. E., Meissner, A. &amp; Lander, E. S. Themammalian epigenome. Cell 128,<br /> 669&ndash;681 (2007).<br /> 42. Ruf, W. &amp; Mueller, B. M. Thrombin generation and the pathogenesis of cancer.<br /> Semin. Thromb. Hemost. 32 (suppl. 1), 61&ndash;68 (2006).<br /> 43. Esumi, N., Fan, D. &amp; Fidler, I. J. Inhibition of murine melanoma experimental<br /> metastasis by recombinant desulfatohirudin, a highly specific thrombin inhibitor.<br /> Cancer Res. 51, 4549&ndash;4556 (1991).<br /> 44. Migliazza, A. et al. Frequent somatic hypermutation of the 59 noncoding region of<br /> the BCL6 gene in B-cell lymphoma. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 92, 12520&ndash;12524<br /> (1995).<br /> 45. Zani, V. J. et al. Molecular cloning of complex chromosomal translocation<br /> t(8;14;12)(q24.1;q32.3;q24.1) in a Burkitt lymphomacell line defines a newgene<br /> (BCL7A) with homology to caldesmon. Blood 87, 3124&ndash;3134 (1996).<br /> 46. Zhang, W. et al. Unravelling the hidden heterogeneities of diffuse large B-cell<br /> lymphoma based on coupled two-way clustering. BMC Genomics 8, 332 (2007).<br /> 47. Carbone, A. et al. Array-based comparative genomic hybridization in early-stage<br /> mycosis fungoides: recurrent deletion of tumor suppressor genes BCL7A,SMAC/<br /> DIABLO, and RHOF. Genes Chromosom. Cancer 47, 1067&ndash;1075 (2008).</span></p> 6c17122b615faa3b177991dcc55d52d946adf16c 3622 3621 2011-03-26T17:52:18Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <h1 class="article-heading">Initial genome sequencing and analysis of multiple myeloma</h1> <p>Michael A. Chapman,1, 22 <br /> Michael S. Lawrence,1 <br /> Jonathan J. Keats,2, 3 <br /> Kristian Cibulskis,1 <br /> Carrie Sougnez,1 <br /> Anna C. Schinzel,4 <br /> Christina L. Harview,1 <br /> Jean-Philippe Brunet,1 <br /> Gregory J. Ahmann,2, 3 <br /> Mazhar Adli,1, 5 <br /> Kenneth C. Anderson,3, 4 <br /> Kristin G. Ardlie,1 <br /> Daniel Auclair,3, 6 <br /> Angela Baker,7 <br /> P. Leif Bergsagel,2, 3 <br /> Bradley E. Bernstein,1, 5, 8, 9 <br /> Yotam Drier,1, 10 <br /> Rafael Fonseca,2, 3 <br /> Stacey B. Gabriel,1 <br /> Craig C. Hofmeister,3, 11 <br /> Sundar Jagannath,3, 12 <br /> Andrzej J. Jakubowiak,3, 13 <br /> Amrita Krishnan,3, 14 <br /> Joan Levy,3, 6 <br /> Ted Liefeld,1 <br /> Sagar Lonial,3, 15 Scott Mahan,1 Bunmi Mfuko,3, 6 Stefano Monti,1 Louise M. Perkins,3, 6 Robb Onofrio,1 Trevor J. Pugh,1 S. Vincent Rajkumar,3, 16 Alex H. Ramos,1 David S. Siegel,3, 17 Andrey Sivachenko,1 A. Keith Stewart,2, 3 Suzanne Trudel,3, 18 Ravi Vij,3, 19 Douglas Voet,1 Wendy Winckler,1 Todd Zimmerman,3, 20 John Carpten,7 Jeff Trent,7 William C. Hahn,1, 4, 8 Levi A. Garraway,1, 4 Matthew Meyerson,1, 4, 8 Eric S. Lander,1, 8, 21 Gad Getz1 &amp; Todd R. Golub1, 4, 8, 9 <br /> &nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">Abstract</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">Multiple myeloma is an incurable malignancy of plasma cells, and its pathogenesis is poorly understood. Here we report the massively parallel sequencing of 38 tumour genomes and their comparison to matched normal DNAs. Several new and unexpected oncogenic mechanisms were suggested by the pattern of somatic mutation across the data set. These include the mutation of genes involved in protein translation (seen in nearly half of the patients), genes involved in histone methylation, and genes involved in blood coagulation. In addition, a broader than anticipated role of NF-&kappa;B signalling was indicated by mutations in 11 members of the NF-&kappa;B pathway. Of potential immediate clinical relevance, activating mutations of the kinase BRAF were observed in 4% of patients, suggesting the evaluation of BRAF inhibitors in multiple myeloma clinical trials. These results indicate that cancer genome sequencing of large collections of samples will yield new insights into cancer not anticipated by existing knowledge.</span></p> <p><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v471/n7339/full/nature09837.html"><span style="font-size: medium">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v471/n7339/full/nature09837.html</span></a></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size: large">References</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">1. Bergsagel, P. L. &amp; Kuehl, W. M. Molecular pathogenesis and a consequent<br /> classification of multiple myeloma. J. Clin. Oncol. 23, 6333&ndash;6338 (2005).<br /> 2. Keats, J. J. et al. Promiscuousmutations activate the noncanonical NF-kBpathway<br /> in multiple myeloma. Cancer Cell 12, 131&ndash;144 (2007).<br /> 3. Annunziata, C. M. et al. Frequentengagement of the classicaland alternativeNF-kB<br /> pathways by diverse genetic abnormalities in multiple myeloma. Cancer Cell 12,<br /> 115&ndash;130 (2007).<br /> 4. van Haaften, G. et al. Somatic mutations of the histone H3K27 demethylase gene<br /> UTX in human cancer. Nature Genet. 41, 521&ndash;523 (2009).<br /> 5. Lee, W. et al. Themutation spectrumrevealed by paired genomesequences froma<br /> lung cancer patient. Nature 465, 473&ndash;477 (2010).<br /> 6. Campbell, P. J. et al. Identification of somatically acquired rearrangements in<br /> cancer using genome-wide massively parallel paired-end sequencing. Nature<br /> Genet. 40, 722&ndash;729 (2008).<br /> 7. Ley, T. J. et al. DNA sequencing of a cytogenetically normal acute myeloid<br /> leukaemia genome. Nature 456, 66&ndash;72 (2008).<br /> 8. Shah, S. P. et al. Mutational evolution in a lobular breast tumour profiled at single<br /> nucleotide resolution. Nature 461, 809&ndash;813 (2009).<br /> 9. Ding, L. et al. Genome remodelling in a basal-like breast cancer metastasis and<br /> xenograft. Nature 464, 999&ndash;1005 (2010).<br /> 10. Pleasance, E. D. et al. A small-cell lung cancer genome with complex signatures of<br /> tobacco exposure. Nature 463, 184&ndash;190 (2010).<br /> 11. Pleasance, E. D. et al. A comprehensive catalogue of somatic mutations from a<br /> human cancer genome. Nature 463, 191&ndash;196 (2010).<br /> 12. Reva, B., Antipin, Y. &amp; Sander, C. Determinants of protein function revealed by<br /> combinatorial entropy optimization. Genome Biol. 8, R232 (2007).<br /> 13. Dziembowski, A. et al. A single subunit, Dis3, is essentially responsible for yeast<br /> exosome core activity. Nature Struct. Mol. Biol. 14, 15&ndash;22 (2007).<br /> 14. Schmid, M. &amp; Jensen, T. H. The exosome: a multipurpose RNA-decay machine.<br /> Trends Biochem. Sci. 33, 501&ndash;510 (2008).<br /> 15. Schneider, C., Anderson, J. T. &amp; Tollervey, D. The exosome subunit Rrp44 plays a<br /> direct role in RNA substrate recognition. Mol. Cell 27, 324&ndash;331 (2007).<br /> 16. Barbas, A. et al. Determination of key residues for catalysis and RNA cleavage<br /> specificity: one mutation turns RNase II into a &lsquo;&lsquo;SUPER-ENZYME&rsquo;&rsquo;. J. Biol. Chem.<br /> 284, 20486&ndash;20498 (2009).<br /> 17. Ibrahim, H., Wilusz, J. &amp; Wilusz, C. J. RNA recognition by 39-to-59 exonucleases: the<br /> substrate perspective. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1779, 256&ndash;265 (2008).<br /> 18. Zhan, F. et al. The molecular classification of multiple myeloma. Blood 108,<br /> 2020&ndash;2028 (2006).<br /> 19. Subramanian, A. et al. Gene set enrichment analysis: a knowledge-based<br /> approach for interpreting genome-wide expression profiles. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci.<br /> USA 102, 15545&ndash;15550 (2005).<br /> 20. Mootha, V. K. et al.PGC-1a-responsive genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation<br /> are coordinately downregulated in human diabetes. Nature Genet. 34, 267&ndash;273<br /> (2003).<br /> 21. Tanay, A., Regev, A. &amp; Shamir, R. Conservation and evolvability in regulatory<br /> networks: the evolution of ribosomal regulation in yeast. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA<br /> 102, 7203&ndash;7208 (2005).<br /> 22. Carrasco, D. R. et al. The differentiation and stress response factor XBP-1 drives<br /> multiple myeloma pathogenesis. Cancer Cell 11, 349&ndash;360 (2007).<br /> 23. Zimprich, A. et al. Mutations in LRRK2 cause autosomal-dominant parkinsonism<br /> with pleomorphic pathology. Neuron 44, 601&ndash;607 (2004).<br /> 24. Paisa&acute;n-Ruı&acute;z, C. et al. Cloning of the gene containing mutations that cause PARK8-<br /> linked Parkinson&rsquo;s disease. Neuron 44, 595&ndash;600 (2004).<br /> 25. Forman, M. S., Lee, V. M. &amp; Trojanowski, J. Q. &lsquo;Unfolding&rsquo; pathways in<br /> neurodegenerative disease. Trends Neurosci. 26, 407&ndash;410 (2003).<br /> 26. Masciarelli, S. et al.CHOP-independent apoptosisandpathway-selective induction<br /> of the UPR in developing plasma cells. Mol. Immunol. 47, 1356&ndash;1365 (2010).<br /> 27. Cenci, S. &amp; Sitia, R. Managing and exploiting stress in the antibody factory. FEBS<br /> Lett. 581, 3652&ndash;3657 (2007).<br /> 28. Todd, D. J., Lee, A. H. &amp; Glimcher, L. H. The endoplasmic reticulumstress response<br /> in immunity and autoimmunity. Nature Rev. Immunol. 8, 663&ndash;674 (2008).<br /> 29. Adams, J. The development of proteasome inhibitors as anticancer drugs. Cancer<br /> Cell 5, 417&ndash;421 (2004).<br /> 30. Shaffer, A. L. et al. IRF4 addiction in multiple myeloma. Nature 454, 226&ndash;231<br /> (2008).<br /> 31. Mandelbaum, J. et al. BLIMP1 is a tumor suppressor gene frequently disrupted in<br /> activatedBcell-likediffuse largeBcell lymphoma. Cancer Cell 18,568&ndash;579(2010).<br /> 32. Pasqualucci, L. et al. Inactivation of the PRDM1/BLIMP1 gene in diffuse largeBcell<br /> lymphoma. J. Exp. Med. 203, 311&ndash;317 (2006).<br /> 33. Shaffer, A. L. et al. Blimp-1 orchestrates plasma cell differentiation by<br /> extinguishing the mature B cell gene expression program. Immunity 17, 51&ndash;62<br /> (2002).<br /> 34. Shapiro-Shelef, M. et al. Blimp-1 is required for the formation of immunoglobulin<br /> secreting plasma cells and pre-plasma memory B cells. Immunity 19, 607&ndash;620<br /> (2003).<br /> 35. Turner, C. A. Jr, Mack, D. H. &amp; Davis, M. M. Blimp-1, a novel zinc finger-containing<br /> protein that can drive the maturation of B lymphocytes into immunoglobulinsecreting<br /> cells. Cell 77, 297&ndash;306 (1994).<br /> 36. Wan, P. T. et al. Mechanism of activation of the RAF-ERK signaling pathway by<br /> oncogenic mutations of B-RAF. Cell 116, 855&ndash;867 (2004).<br /> 37. Davies, H. et al. Mutations of the BRAF gene in human cancer. Nature 417,<br /> 949&ndash;954 (2002).<br /> 38. Flaherty, K. et al. Phase I study of PLX4032: Proof of concept for V600E BRAF<br /> mutation as a therapeutic target in human cancer. In 2009 ASCO Meeting (American<br /> Society of Clinical Oncology, 2009).<br /> 39. Kim, K. et al. Blockade of the MEK/ERK signalling cascade by AS703026, a novel<br /> selective MEK1/2 inhibitor, induces pleiotropic anti-myeloma activity in vitro and<br /> in vivo. Br. J. Haematol. 149, 537&ndash;549 (2010).<br /> 40. Lessard, J. &amp; Sauvageau, G. Polycomb group genes as epigenetic regulators of<br /> normal and leukemic hemopoiesis. Exp. Hematol. 31, 567&ndash;585 (2003).<br /> 41. Bernstein, B. E., Meissner, A. &amp; Lander, E. S. Themammalian epigenome. Cell 128,<br /> 669&ndash;681 (2007).<br /> 42. Ruf, W. &amp; Mueller, B. M. Thrombin generation and the pathogenesis of cancer.<br /> Semin. Thromb. Hemost. 32 (suppl. 1), 61&ndash;68 (2006).<br /> 43. Esumi, N., Fan, D. &amp; Fidler, I. J. Inhibition of murine melanoma experimental<br /> metastasis by recombinant desulfatohirudin, a highly specific thrombin inhibitor.<br /> Cancer Res. 51, 4549&ndash;4556 (1991).<br /> 44. Migliazza, A. et al. Frequent somatic hypermutation of the 59 noncoding region of<br /> the BCL6 gene in B-cell lymphoma. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 92, 12520&ndash;12524<br /> (1995).<br /> 45. Zani, V. J. et al. Molecular cloning of complex chromosomal translocation<br /> t(8;14;12)(q24.1;q32.3;q24.1) in a Burkitt lymphomacell line defines a newgene<br /> (BCL7A) with homology to caldesmon. Blood 87, 3124&ndash;3134 (1996).<br /> 46. Zhang, W. et al. Unravelling the hidden heterogeneities of diffuse large B-cell<br /> lymphoma based on coupled two-way clustering. BMC Genomics 8, 332 (2007).<br /> 47. Carbone, A. et al. Array-based comparative genomic hybridization in early-stage<br /> mycosis fungoides: recurrent deletion of tumor suppressor genes BCL7A,SMAC/<br /> DIABLO, and RHOF. Genes Chromosom. Cancer 47, 1067&ndash;1075 (2008).</span></p> 3d432ab0e0d9f74f547eeaf3a8e8a3f1c0cd83f7 3623 3622 2011-03-26T17:52:46Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <h1 class="article-heading">Initial genome sequencing and analysis of multiple myeloma</h1> <p>[[Multiple myeloma genomes authors]]&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">Abstract</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">Multiple myeloma is an incurable malignancy of plasma cells, and its pathogenesis is poorly understood. Here we report the massively parallel sequencing of 38 tumour genomes and their comparison to matched normal DNAs. Several new and unexpected oncogenic mechanisms were suggested by the pattern of somatic mutation across the data set. These include the mutation of genes involved in protein translation (seen in nearly half of the patients), genes involved in histone methylation, and genes involved in blood coagulation. In addition, a broader than anticipated role of NF-&kappa;B signalling was indicated by mutations in 11 members of the NF-&kappa;B pathway. Of potential immediate clinical relevance, activating mutations of the kinase BRAF were observed in 4% of patients, suggesting the evaluation of BRAF inhibitors in multiple myeloma clinical trials. These results indicate that cancer genome sequencing of large collections of samples will yield new insights into cancer not anticipated by existing knowledge.</span></p> <p><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v471/n7339/full/nature09837.html"><span style="font-size: medium">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v471/n7339/full/nature09837.html</span></a></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size: large">References</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">1. Bergsagel, P. L. &amp; Kuehl, W. M. Molecular pathogenesis and a consequent<br /> classification of multiple myeloma. J. Clin. Oncol. 23, 6333&ndash;6338 (2005).<br /> 2. Keats, J. J. et al. Promiscuousmutations activate the noncanonical NF-kBpathway<br /> in multiple myeloma. Cancer Cell 12, 131&ndash;144 (2007).<br /> 3. Annunziata, C. M. et al. Frequentengagement of the classicaland alternativeNF-kB<br /> pathways by diverse genetic abnormalities in multiple myeloma. Cancer Cell 12,<br /> 115&ndash;130 (2007).<br /> 4. van Haaften, G. et al. Somatic mutations of the histone H3K27 demethylase gene<br /> UTX in human cancer. Nature Genet. 41, 521&ndash;523 (2009).<br /> 5. Lee, W. et al. Themutation spectrumrevealed by paired genomesequences froma<br /> lung cancer patient. Nature 465, 473&ndash;477 (2010).<br /> 6. Campbell, P. J. et al. Identification of somatically acquired rearrangements in<br /> cancer using genome-wide massively parallel paired-end sequencing. Nature<br /> Genet. 40, 722&ndash;729 (2008).<br /> 7. Ley, T. J. et al. DNA sequencing of a cytogenetically normal acute myeloid<br /> leukaemia genome. Nature 456, 66&ndash;72 (2008).<br /> 8. Shah, S. P. et al. Mutational evolution in a lobular breast tumour profiled at single<br /> nucleotide resolution. Nature 461, 809&ndash;813 (2009).<br /> 9. Ding, L. et al. Genome remodelling in a basal-like breast cancer metastasis and<br /> xenograft. Nature 464, 999&ndash;1005 (2010).<br /> 10. Pleasance, E. D. et al. A small-cell lung cancer genome with complex signatures of<br /> tobacco exposure. Nature 463, 184&ndash;190 (2010).<br /> 11. Pleasance, E. D. et al. A comprehensive catalogue of somatic mutations from a<br /> human cancer genome. Nature 463, 191&ndash;196 (2010).<br /> 12. Reva, B., Antipin, Y. &amp; Sander, C. Determinants of protein function revealed by<br /> combinatorial entropy optimization. Genome Biol. 8, R232 (2007).<br /> 13. Dziembowski, A. et al. A single subunit, Dis3, is essentially responsible for yeast<br /> exosome core activity. Nature Struct. Mol. Biol. 14, 15&ndash;22 (2007).<br /> 14. Schmid, M. &amp; Jensen, T. H. The exosome: a multipurpose RNA-decay machine.<br /> Trends Biochem. Sci. 33, 501&ndash;510 (2008).<br /> 15. Schneider, C., Anderson, J. T. &amp; Tollervey, D. The exosome subunit Rrp44 plays a<br /> direct role in RNA substrate recognition. Mol. Cell 27, 324&ndash;331 (2007).<br /> 16. Barbas, A. et al. Determination of key residues for catalysis and RNA cleavage<br /> specificity: one mutation turns RNase II into a &lsquo;&lsquo;SUPER-ENZYME&rsquo;&rsquo;. J. Biol. Chem.<br /> 284, 20486&ndash;20498 (2009).<br /> 17. Ibrahim, H., Wilusz, J. &amp; Wilusz, C. J. RNA recognition by 39-to-59 exonucleases: the<br /> substrate perspective. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1779, 256&ndash;265 (2008).<br /> 18. Zhan, F. et al. The molecular classification of multiple myeloma. Blood 108,<br /> 2020&ndash;2028 (2006).<br /> 19. Subramanian, A. et al. Gene set enrichment analysis: a knowledge-based<br /> approach for interpreting genome-wide expression profiles. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci.<br /> USA 102, 15545&ndash;15550 (2005).<br /> 20. Mootha, V. K. et al.PGC-1a-responsive genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation<br /> are coordinately downregulated in human diabetes. Nature Genet. 34, 267&ndash;273<br /> (2003).<br /> 21. Tanay, A., Regev, A. &amp; Shamir, R. Conservation and evolvability in regulatory<br /> networks: the evolution of ribosomal regulation in yeast. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA<br /> 102, 7203&ndash;7208 (2005).<br /> 22. Carrasco, D. R. et al. The differentiation and stress response factor XBP-1 drives<br /> multiple myeloma pathogenesis. Cancer Cell 11, 349&ndash;360 (2007).<br /> 23. Zimprich, A. et al. Mutations in LRRK2 cause autosomal-dominant parkinsonism<br /> with pleomorphic pathology. Neuron 44, 601&ndash;607 (2004).<br /> 24. Paisa&acute;n-Ruı&acute;z, C. et al. Cloning of the gene containing mutations that cause PARK8-<br /> linked Parkinson&rsquo;s disease. Neuron 44, 595&ndash;600 (2004).<br /> 25. Forman, M. S., Lee, V. M. &amp; Trojanowski, J. Q. &lsquo;Unfolding&rsquo; pathways in<br /> neurodegenerative disease. Trends Neurosci. 26, 407&ndash;410 (2003).<br /> 26. Masciarelli, S. et al.CHOP-independent apoptosisandpathway-selective induction<br /> of the UPR in developing plasma cells. Mol. Immunol. 47, 1356&ndash;1365 (2010).<br /> 27. Cenci, S. &amp; Sitia, R. Managing and exploiting stress in the antibody factory. FEBS<br /> Lett. 581, 3652&ndash;3657 (2007).<br /> 28. Todd, D. J., Lee, A. H. &amp; Glimcher, L. H. The endoplasmic reticulumstress response<br /> in immunity and autoimmunity. Nature Rev. Immunol. 8, 663&ndash;674 (2008).<br /> 29. Adams, J. The development of proteasome inhibitors as anticancer drugs. Cancer<br /> Cell 5, 417&ndash;421 (2004).<br /> 30. Shaffer, A. L. et al. IRF4 addiction in multiple myeloma. Nature 454, 226&ndash;231<br /> (2008).<br /> 31. Mandelbaum, J. et al. BLIMP1 is a tumor suppressor gene frequently disrupted in<br /> activatedBcell-likediffuse largeBcell lymphoma. Cancer Cell 18,568&ndash;579(2010).<br /> 32. Pasqualucci, L. et al. Inactivation of the PRDM1/BLIMP1 gene in diffuse largeBcell<br /> lymphoma. J. Exp. Med. 203, 311&ndash;317 (2006).<br /> 33. Shaffer, A. L. et al. Blimp-1 orchestrates plasma cell differentiation by<br /> extinguishing the mature B cell gene expression program. Immunity 17, 51&ndash;62<br /> (2002).<br /> 34. Shapiro-Shelef, M. et al. Blimp-1 is required for the formation of immunoglobulin<br /> secreting plasma cells and pre-plasma memory B cells. Immunity 19, 607&ndash;620<br /> (2003).<br /> 35. Turner, C. A. Jr, Mack, D. H. &amp; Davis, M. M. Blimp-1, a novel zinc finger-containing<br /> protein that can drive the maturation of B lymphocytes into immunoglobulinsecreting<br /> cells. Cell 77, 297&ndash;306 (1994).<br /> 36. Wan, P. T. et al. Mechanism of activation of the RAF-ERK signaling pathway by<br /> oncogenic mutations of B-RAF. Cell 116, 855&ndash;867 (2004).<br /> 37. Davies, H. et al. Mutations of the BRAF gene in human cancer. Nature 417,<br /> 949&ndash;954 (2002).<br /> 38. Flaherty, K. et al. Phase I study of PLX4032: Proof of concept for V600E BRAF<br /> mutation as a therapeutic target in human cancer. In 2009 ASCO Meeting (American<br /> Society of Clinical Oncology, 2009).<br /> 39. Kim, K. et al. Blockade of the MEK/ERK signalling cascade by AS703026, a novel<br /> selective MEK1/2 inhibitor, induces pleiotropic anti-myeloma activity in vitro and<br /> in vivo. Br. J. Haematol. 149, 537&ndash;549 (2010).<br /> 40. Lessard, J. &amp; Sauvageau, G. Polycomb group genes as epigenetic regulators of<br /> normal and leukemic hemopoiesis. Exp. Hematol. 31, 567&ndash;585 (2003).<br /> 41. Bernstein, B. E., Meissner, A. &amp; Lander, E. S. Themammalian epigenome. Cell 128,<br /> 669&ndash;681 (2007).<br /> 42. Ruf, W. &amp; Mueller, B. M. Thrombin generation and the pathogenesis of cancer.<br /> Semin. Thromb. Hemost. 32 (suppl. 1), 61&ndash;68 (2006).<br /> 43. Esumi, N., Fan, D. &amp; Fidler, I. J. Inhibition of murine melanoma experimental<br /> metastasis by recombinant desulfatohirudin, a highly specific thrombin inhibitor.<br /> Cancer Res. 51, 4549&ndash;4556 (1991).<br /> 44. Migliazza, A. et al. Frequent somatic hypermutation of the 59 noncoding region of<br /> the BCL6 gene in B-cell lymphoma. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 92, 12520&ndash;12524<br /> (1995).<br /> 45. Zani, V. J. et al. Molecular cloning of complex chromosomal translocation<br /> t(8;14;12)(q24.1;q32.3;q24.1) in a Burkitt lymphomacell line defines a newgene<br /> (BCL7A) with homology to caldesmon. Blood 87, 3124&ndash;3134 (1996).<br /> 46. Zhang, W. et al. Unravelling the hidden heterogeneities of diffuse large B-cell<br /> lymphoma based on coupled two-way clustering. BMC Genomics 8, 332 (2007).<br /> 47. Carbone, A. et al. Array-based comparative genomic hybridization in early-stage<br /> mycosis fungoides: recurrent deletion of tumor suppressor genes BCL7A,SMAC/<br /> DIABLO, and RHOF. Genes Chromosom. Cancer 47, 1067&ndash;1075 (2008).</span></p> c247e00e5d1a2a19850683b1ef7f7047aa508628 0 2150 3624 2011-03-26T17:52:55Z WikiSysop 1 Created page with "<p>Michael A. Chapman,1, 22 <br /> Michael S. Lawrence,1 <br /> Jonathan J. Keats,2, 3 <br /> Kristian Cibulskis,1 <br /> Carrie Sougnez,1 <br /> Anna C. Schinzel,4 <br /> Christ..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p>Michael A. Chapman,1, 22 <br /> Michael S. Lawrence,1 <br /> Jonathan J. Keats,2, 3 <br /> Kristian Cibulskis,1 <br /> Carrie Sougnez,1 <br /> Anna C. Schinzel,4 <br /> Christina L. Harview,1 <br /> Jean-Philippe Brunet,1 <br /> Gregory J. Ahmann,2, 3 <br /> Mazhar Adli,1, 5 <br /> Kenneth C. Anderson,3, 4 <br /> Kristin G. Ardlie,1 <br /> Daniel Auclair,3, 6 <br /> Angela Baker,7 <br /> P. Leif Bergsagel,2, 3 <br /> Bradley E. Bernstein,1, 5, 8, 9 <br /> Yotam Drier,1, 10 <br /> Rafael Fonseca,2, 3 <br /> Stacey B. Gabriel,1 <br /> Craig C. Hofmeister,3, 11 <br /> Sundar Jagannath,3, 12 <br /> Andrzej J. Jakubowiak,3, 13 <br /> Amrita Krishnan,3, 14 <br /> Joan Levy,3, 6 <br /> Ted Liefeld,1 <br /> Sagar Lonial,3, 15 Scott Mahan,1 Bunmi Mfuko,3, 6 Stefano Monti,1 Louise M. Perkins,3, 6 Robb Onofrio,1 Trevor J. Pugh,1 S. Vincent Rajkumar,3, 16 Alex H. Ramos,1 David S. Siegel,3, 17 Andrey Sivachenko,1 A. Keith Stewart,2, 3 Suzanne Trudel,3, 18 Ravi Vij,3, 19 Douglas Voet,1 Wendy Winckler,1 Todd Zimmerman,3, 20 John Carpten,7 Jeff Trent,7 William C. Hahn,1, 4, 8 Levi A. Garraway,1, 4 Matthew Meyerson,1, 4, 8 Eric S. Lander,1, 8, 21 Gad Getz1 &amp; Todd R. Golub1, 4, 8, 9&nbsp;<br /> &nbsp;</p> 44a02f88061493d5369428a06288cffca9971967 0 1878 3629 3459 2011-03-26T17:55:34Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: medium"><br /> 20110324:&nbsp;[[Multiple myeloma genomes sequenced]]: 20110324 Nature.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">20110201: [[Three new ant genomes sequenced and reported in PNAS: Draft genome of the globally widespread and invasive Argentine ant (Linepithema humile)]]<br /> </span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">20110127: [[University of Colorado gets funds for genome sequencing from the government]]</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">&nbsp;</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">20101009: [[Image:Paris japonica logo openfree.gif]] [[The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica]]: &rArr; [[Genome size]] <br /> 20100907: [[Image:Turkey logo 2.gif]] [[Turkey genome sequenced 20100907]] &rArr; [[Bird genome]]&nbsp;<br /> 20100818: [[Image:Scripps logo openfree 1.gif]] [[Image:Sanofi aventis logo1.gif]] [[Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging]] <br /> 20100810:[[Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection]]<br /> <br /> 20100711:Theragen [[Totalomics Solutions Launched]] &rArr;[[Genome sequencing product]]&nbsp;</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">20100623: [[African Genomics project launched]]<br /> <br /> 20100427: [[GET conference Boston by PGP]] Boston, 27th April.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20100419: [[Personal Genomics Institute established]] &rArr;[[Genome Institutes]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20100401: [[IonTorrent ion-sequencing machine announced publically]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20100330:[[The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill]]: PGP9. 20100330.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20100325: [[The dynamic genome of Hydra]] Nature. 2010 Mar 25 &rArr; [[Animal Genome]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20100315:[[The Human Genome Rights]] Declaration. 20100315 &rArr;[[GenomeEthics]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20100310: [[Whole-Genome Sequencing in a Patient with Charcot&ndash;Marie&ndash;Tooth Neuropathy]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20100126: GATC Biotech Purchases [[HiSeq 2000]] Instrument. . &rArr;[[GenomeSequencer]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20100303: [[Theragen Inc. launched a personal genome typing service similar to 23andme's. However, the product was&nbsp;<br /> withheld due to legal issues.]]&nbsp;</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">20100121: [[File:Panda logo tr openfree_2.jpg]] [[The sequence of Giant Panda genome assembled de novo by NGS by BGI.]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20091230: [[Theragen Inc. in Korea launches commercial full genome and SNP chip personal genome service. The first in Asia]]<br /> <br /> 20090928: [[Potato genome draft announced]]<br /> <br /> 20090810: [[A Caucasian human genome was sequenced by Helicos single molecule sequencer]].<br /> <br /> 20090805: [[Recurring Mutations Found by Full length Sequencing of an Acute Myeloid Leukemia Genome (AML)]]. [[N&nbsp;<br /> Engl J Med]]<br /> <br /> 20090802: [[The complete genome sequence of Triticum mosaic virus is published in Arch Vriol.]]<br /> <br /> 20090730: [[Crocodile genome map published in BMC Genomics]].<br /> <br /> 20090727: [[A new multiplex sequencing method published by MPI group for highly degraded DNA fragments. Cave&nbsp;<br /> bear mitochondria]]<br /> <br /> 20090724: DNA Sequencing and&nbsp;Array Drive 8% Growth for Roche in First Half of 2009. [[454 GS FLX]] and [[Nimblegen]]. [http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/dna-sequencing-systems-arrays-drive-8-percent-growth-roche-applied-science-first]<br /> <br /> 20090724: BGI (Beijing Genomics Institute) in China participates in orchid genome (<em>[[Phalaenopsis equestris]]) </em>sequencing. [http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/bgi-china-partners-sequence-orchids]<br /> <br /> 20090716: Navigenics Lowers Health Compass Price to $999 USD. [http://www.genomeweb.com/dxpgx/navigenics-<br /> lowers-health-compass-price-1k]<br /> <br /> 20090716: Celera Uses&nbsp;Automated Workflows for Genomics [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/17/celera-pushes-boundaries.html]<br /> <br /> 20090716: [[A draft genomic sequence for a worm, Schistosoma japonicum, was published]].<br /> <br /> 20090716: Genomes Of Parasitic Flatworms Decoded: <em>Schistosoma mansoni</em> and <em>Schistosoma japonicum</em> [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090715131439.htm]<br /> <br /> 20090716: <!-- a href=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl?z2090023735&amp;z=950242273 target=_parent><b>Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</b></a --></span><span style="font-size: medium"><a target="_parent" d.moreover.com="" click="" c.moreover.com="" href="http://www.bioportfolio.co.uk/cgi-bin/dialogserver.exe?CMD=hit.displayMdoc&amp;ID=3022030&amp;HITNO=2&amp;MSIZE=634&amp;LANGUAGE=en&amp;FILE=doc.NEWSFEED&amp;SAVEQUERY00=Genomics&amp;SAVEPROP00=L%3den&amp;SAVEDB=news&amp;SAVEORGANISE_CODED=R:date&amp;R=3022030&amp;THISHREF=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl%3fz2090023735%26amp%3bz%3d950242273&amp;THEHOST=site d.moreover.com"><font color="#0066cc">Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</font></a>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20090715: [[Pathway Genomics]] starts the Direct-to-Consumer Genomics service as 23andme and Decodeme&nbsp;<br /> [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/15/pathway-consumer-genomics.html]<br /> <br /> 20090714: OryzaSNP Consortium IDs Thousands of Variants in Rice Genome: [http://www.genomeweb.com/arrays/oryzasnp-consortium-ids-thousands-variants-rice-genome]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20090709: [[The second Korean pesonal genome was sequenced by a Korean team and analyzed by US researchers]] (Macrogen and Seoul University Medical School)<br /> <br /> 20090630: [[Genomic linkage map of the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni]]:&nbsp; <em>Genome Biology</em> 2009, 10:R71<span class="pseudotab">doi:10.1186/gb-2009-10-6-r71</span>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20090629: [[Melon Genome Map was publicized by US researchers]]<br /> <br /> 20090616: Illumina Launches Personal Genome-Sequencing Service Using Genome Analyzer II. [http://scienceblogs.com/geneticfuture/2009/06/illumina_launches_personal_gen.php]<br /> <br /> 20090604: [[An integrated genetic and cytogenetic map of the cucumber genome was announced in PLOS One]]<br /> <br /> 20090603: [[Neanderthal genome sequeced by MPI Germany and Roche]]<br /> <br /> 20090601: Microsoft buys Rosetta Biosoftware from Merck. Merck becomes the client of Microsoft.<br /> <br /> 20090529:&nbsp;[[A new malaria agent in African chimpanzees found]].&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20090526: [[The first Korean Genome Sequence analysis]] by two Korean teams&nbsp;published in&nbsp;<br /> [http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2009/05/26/gr.092197.109.full.pdf+html Genome Research article]<br /> <br /> 20081208: [[Soybean genome, G. max data publicized]]<br /> <br /> 20081204: [http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/tech/2008/12/133_35578.html Korean Genome Publicized]. The sequencing and bioinformatic analyses were carried out by two&nbsp;Korean teams. <br /> <br /> <br /> </span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium"><hr /> [[Genomics News Links]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Biotechnology News Sites]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Science News Sites]]<br /> <br /> </span></p> 1b1d6d0b5068b0fe6fecfaaf554cb8603dd17224 3630 3629 2011-03-26T17:56:38Z WikiSysop 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: medium"><br /> 20110324:&nbsp;[[Multiple myeloma genomes sequenced]]: 20110324 Nature.</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial"><span style="font-size: medium"> <p>20110214: [[Prostate cancer genomes sequenced by Broad and Dana Faber]]: 20110214</p> </span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">20110201: [[Three new ant genomes sequenced and reported in PNAS: Draft genome of the globally widespread and invasive Argentine ant (Linepithema humile)]]<br /> </span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">20110127: [[University of Colorado gets funds for genome sequencing from the government]]</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">&nbsp;</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">20101009: [[Image:Paris japonica logo openfree.gif]] [[The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica]]: &rArr; [[Genome size]] <br /> 20100907: [[Image:Turkey logo 2.gif]] [[Turkey genome sequenced 20100907]] &rArr; [[Bird genome]]&nbsp;<br /> 20100818: [[Image:Scripps logo openfree 1.gif]] [[Image:Sanofi aventis logo1.gif]] [[Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging]] <br /> 20100810:[[Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection]]<br /> <br /> 20100711:Theragen [[Totalomics Solutions Launched]] &rArr;[[Genome sequencing product]]&nbsp;</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">20100623: [[African Genomics project launched]]<br /> <br /> 20100427: [[GET conference Boston by PGP]] Boston, 27th April.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20100419: [[Personal Genomics Institute established]] &rArr;[[Genome Institutes]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20100401: [[IonTorrent ion-sequencing machine announced publically]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20100330:[[The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill]]: PGP9. 20100330.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20100325: [[The dynamic genome of Hydra]] Nature. 2010 Mar 25 &rArr; [[Animal Genome]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20100315:[[The Human Genome Rights]] Declaration. 20100315 &rArr;[[GenomeEthics]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20100310: [[Whole-Genome Sequencing in a Patient with Charcot&ndash;Marie&ndash;Tooth Neuropathy]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20100126: GATC Biotech Purchases [[HiSeq 2000]] Instrument. . &rArr;[[GenomeSequencer]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20100303: [[Theragen Inc. launched a personal genome typing service similar to 23andme's. However, the product was&nbsp;<br /> withheld due to legal issues.]]&nbsp;</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">20100121: [[File:Panda logo tr openfree_2.jpg]] [[The sequence of Giant Panda genome assembled de novo by NGS by BGI.]]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20091230: [[Theragen Inc. in Korea launches commercial full genome and SNP chip personal genome service. The first in Asia]]<br /> <br /> 20090928: [[Potato genome draft announced]]<br /> <br /> 20090810: [[A Caucasian human genome was sequenced by Helicos single molecule sequencer]].<br /> <br /> 20090805: [[Recurring Mutations Found by Full length Sequencing of an Acute Myeloid Leukemia Genome (AML)]]. [[N&nbsp;<br /> Engl J Med]]<br /> <br /> 20090802: [[The complete genome sequence of Triticum mosaic virus is published in Arch Vriol.]]<br /> <br /> 20090730: [[Crocodile genome map published in BMC Genomics]].<br /> <br /> 20090727: [[A new multiplex sequencing method published by MPI group for highly degraded DNA fragments. Cave&nbsp;<br /> bear mitochondria]]<br /> <br /> 20090724: DNA Sequencing and&nbsp;Array Drive 8% Growth for Roche in First Half of 2009. [[454 GS FLX]] and [[Nimblegen]]. [http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/dna-sequencing-systems-arrays-drive-8-percent-growth-roche-applied-science-first]<br /> <br /> 20090724: BGI (Beijing Genomics Institute) in China participates in orchid genome (<em>[[Phalaenopsis equestris]]) </em>sequencing. [http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/bgi-china-partners-sequence-orchids]<br /> <br /> 20090716: Navigenics Lowers Health Compass Price to $999 USD. [http://www.genomeweb.com/dxpgx/navigenics-<br /> lowers-health-compass-price-1k]<br /> <br /> 20090716: Celera Uses&nbsp;Automated Workflows for Genomics [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/17/celera-pushes-boundaries.html]<br /> <br /> 20090716: [[A draft genomic sequence for a worm, Schistosoma japonicum, was published]].<br /> <br /> 20090716: Genomes Of Parasitic Flatworms Decoded: <em>Schistosoma mansoni</em> and <em>Schistosoma japonicum</em> [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090715131439.htm]<br /> <br /> 20090716: <!-- a href=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl?z2090023735&amp;z=950242273 target=_parent><b>Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</b></a --></span><span style="font-size: medium"><a target="_parent" d.moreover.com="" click="" c.moreover.com="" href="http://www.bioportfolio.co.uk/cgi-bin/dialogserver.exe?CMD=hit.displayMdoc&amp;ID=3022030&amp;HITNO=2&amp;MSIZE=634&amp;LANGUAGE=en&amp;FILE=doc.NEWSFEED&amp;SAVEQUERY00=Genomics&amp;SAVEPROP00=L%3den&amp;SAVEDB=news&amp;SAVEORGANISE_CODED=R:date&amp;R=3022030&amp;THISHREF=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl%3fz2090023735%26amp%3bz%3d950242273&amp;THEHOST=site d.moreover.com"><font color="#0066cc">Exxon join with DNA pioneer to develop algae biofuels</font></a>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20090715: [[Pathway Genomics]] starts the Direct-to-Consumer Genomics service as 23andme and Decodeme&nbsp;<br /> [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/15/pathway-consumer-genomics.html]<br /> <br /> 20090714: OryzaSNP Consortium IDs Thousands of Variants in Rice Genome: [http://www.genomeweb.com/arrays/oryzasnp-consortium-ids-thousands-variants-rice-genome]&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20090709: [[The second Korean pesonal genome was sequenced by a Korean team and analyzed by US researchers]] (Macrogen and Seoul University Medical School)<br /> <br /> 20090630: [[Genomic linkage map of the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni]]:&nbsp; <em>Genome Biology</em> 2009, 10:R71<span class="pseudotab">doi:10.1186/gb-2009-10-6-r71</span>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20090629: [[Melon Genome Map was publicized by US researchers]]<br /> <br /> 20090616: Illumina Launches Personal Genome-Sequencing Service Using Genome Analyzer II. [http://scienceblogs.com/geneticfuture/2009/06/illumina_launches_personal_gen.php]<br /> <br /> 20090604: [[An integrated genetic and cytogenetic map of the cucumber genome was announced in PLOS One]]<br /> <br /> 20090603: [[Neanderthal genome sequeced by MPI Germany and Roche]]<br /> <br /> 20090601: Microsoft buys Rosetta Biosoftware from Merck. Merck becomes the client of Microsoft.<br /> <br /> 20090529:&nbsp;[[A new malaria agent in African chimpanzees found]].&nbsp;<br /> <br /> 20090526: [[The first Korean Genome Sequence analysis]] by two Korean teams&nbsp;published in&nbsp;<br /> [http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2009/05/26/gr.092197.109.full.pdf+html Genome Research article]<br /> <br /> 20081208: [[Soybean genome, G. max data publicized]]<br /> <br /> 20081204: [http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/tech/2008/12/133_35578.html Korean Genome Publicized]. The sequencing and bioinformatic analyses were carried out by two&nbsp;Korean teams. <br /> <br /> <br /> </span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium"><hr /> [[Genomics News Links]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Biotechnology News Sites]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Science News Sites]]<br /> <br /> </span></p> 890ba64ee84537b4c015d5e17b995eb7083cb512 6 2152 3632 2011-03-26T18:15:55Z PalmerMccoy8 183 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 0 1573 3646 3060 2011-03-31T11:15:16Z Spam cleanup script 190 Cleaning up links to www.california-liability-insurance.com wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="5">Genomics Companies</font>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <br /> [[454 Life Sciences]]<br /> [[Acacia Biosciences]]<br /> [[ACLARA BioSciences, Inc.]]<br /> [[Advanced Center for Genome Technology]]<br /> [[Abgenomics]]: Hong Kong based.<br /> [[Advalytix AG]] : Advalytix is a leading provider of highly innovative solutions for Life Science Research and Diagnostics.&nbsp;<br /> [[Affymax Research Institute]]: <span class="url">www.affymax.com</span><br /> <a href="http://www.agilixcorp.com/">Agilix</a>: <font size="2">developer of next generation functional genomics and proteomics platform technologies for the systematic discovery and analysis of genes, their protein products and related biological functions</font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.agencourt.com/">Agencourt Bioscience</a></font> : Beverly MA USA: <font size="2">developer of next generation functional genomics and proteomics platform technologies for the systematic discovery and analysis of genes, their protein products and related biological functions.</font><br /> <font color="#000000">[[Agy Therapeutics]]:&nbsp; <span class="url">www.biodatabases.com</span></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.alphagene.com/">AlphaGene</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.altheatech.com/">Althea Technologies</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.amershambiosciences.com/na/">Amersham Biosciences</a></font>&nbsp;<br /> <font color="#000000">[[Amita]]: <br /> <a href="http://www.apgenomics.com/">AP Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.applied-genomics.com/">Applied Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000">[[Array Biopharma]]</font> <br /> <a href="http://www.ariad.com/" target="new"><font color="#000000">Ariad</font></a><br /> <a href="http://www.avalonrx.com/">Avalon Pharmaceuticals</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.automatedcell.com/" target="new">Automated Cell</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.axxam.com/">Axxam</a><br /> [[Azign Biosciences]]: <span style="font-weight: bold;" id="ctl00_PageCenterContent_StandardProfileInfo_CompanyNameLabel">Azign Bioscience A/S, <span id="ctl00_PageCenterContent_StandardProfileInfo_CityLabel">Copenhagen SV</span>&nbsp; <span id="ctl00_PageCenterContent_StandardProfileInfo_StateProvinceLabel"></span>&nbsp; <span id="ctl00_PageCenterContent_StandardProfileInfo_PostalCodeLabel">DK-2450</span>&nbsp; <span id="ctl00_PageCenterContent_StandardProfileInfo_CountryLabel">Denmark</span></span><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bangaloregenei.com/" target="new">Bangalore Genei</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.beyondgenomics.com/" target="new">Beyond Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioarrays.com/" target="new">BioArray Solutions</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biocarta.com/">Biocarta</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biocarta.com/">Biofrontera Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.biogen.com/">Biogen</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biogenex.com/">BioGenex</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biosearchtech.com/">Biosearch Technologies</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.blueheronbio.com/">BlueHeron Biotech</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://biominerva.com/">BioMinerva</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.capitalgenomix.com/">Capital Genomix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.cellulargenomics.com/" target="new">Cellular Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.cerep.fr/Cerep/Utilisateur/index.asp" target="new">Cerep</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.chemogenix.com/products_en.html" target="new">ChemoGenix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.chimerx.com/" target="new">CHIMERx</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.chugaibio.com/" target="new">Chugai Biopharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.cimsoft.com/">Cimarron</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.clinomicslabs.net/" target="new">Clinomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.cobrabio.com/">Cobra</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.combimatrix.com/home.shtml" target="new">CombiMatrix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.combinatorx.com/" target="new">CombinatoRx</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biocomplex.de/" target="new">Complex Biosystems</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.compucyte.com/" target="new">CompuCyte</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.cemines.com/main.html">Cemines</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.microsensor.com/CMS_Splash_cm.html">Clinical MicroSensors</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.cybergenome.com/">CyberGenome Technologies</a> <br /> <a href="http://cytogenix.com/">CytoGenix</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.cytogenomic.com/">Cytogenomics</a><br /> <a href="http://www.cyvera.com/">CyVera</a><br /> <font color="#000000">[[deCODE]]</font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.deltagen.com/" target="new">Deltagen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.diadexus.com/" target="new">diaDexus</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.digem.fr/" target="new">DiGEM</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://digigenomics.com/" target="new">DigiGenomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.dgt.com/" target="new">Digital Gene</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="https://www.directgenomics.com/" target="new">DirectGenomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.dna20.com/">DNA 2.0</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.dnalandmarks.ca/" target="new">DNA LandMarks</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://dnalink.com/" target="new">DNA Link</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.takara.co.jp/dragon/index-e.htm" target="new">Dragon Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.egeeninc.com/" target="new">EGeen</a><br /> <a href="http://eirxtherapeutics.com/">EiRx Therapeutics</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.engeneos.com/">engeneOS</a><br /> </font><font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.eosbiotech.com/" target="new">EOS</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.epicentre.com/main.asp" target="new">Epicentre</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.epigenomics.com/" target="new">Epigenomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.epochbiolabs.com/">Epoch Biolabs</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.eurogentec.com/" target="new">Eurogentec</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://europroteome.com/" target="new">Europroteome</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.exactsciences.com/_index.htm" target="new">Exact Sciences</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://exalpha.com/">Exalpha</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.exiqon.com/" target="new">Exiqon</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.eurogentec.be/hp/hp.htm" target="new">Eurogentec</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.europroteome.com/" target="new">Europroteome</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.fallingrain.com/" target="new">Falling Rain Genomics</a></font>&nbsp;<br /> [[Functional Biosciences Inc.]]<br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gala.com/" target="new">Gala Design</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.galapagosgenomics.com/" target="new">Galapagos Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.genearrays.com/">Gene Arrays</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genecopoeia.com/" target="new">GeneCopoeia</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.geneka.com/" target="new">Geneka</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genemachines.com/">GeneMachines</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genentech.com/" target="new">Genentech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gtg.com.au/" target="new">Genetic Technologies</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genetix.co.uk/" target="new">Genetix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genetrace.com/flash3page.html" target="new">GeneTrace Systems</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.genetronics.com/">GeneTronics</a> <br /> <a href="http://genwaybio.com/">GeneWay Biotech</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.geneworks.com/">GeneWorks</a> <br /> <a href="http://genstruct.com/">Genestruct</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genhunter.com/">GenHunter</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.geniconsciences.com/">Genicon Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomac.com/">Genomac</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.genomeexplorations.com/">Genome Explorations</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomex.com/">Genome Express</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomems.com/">GenoMEMS</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://genomatix.gsf.de/">Genomatix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomex.com/" target="new">Genomex</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.getdna.com/">Genomics Collaborative</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomicsone.com/">Genomics One</a></font>&nbsp;<br /> [http://www.genomicsproteomics.com/ GenomicsProteomics]<br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomicsolutions.com/" target="new">Genomic Solutions</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genoptera.com/" target="new">Genoptera</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genosys.com/index2.html" target="new">Genosys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genotypictech.com/index.htm" target="new">Genotypic Technology</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genpakdna.com/" target="new">GenPak</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genxy.com/" target="new">Genset</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genstruct.com/" target="new">Genstruct</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.genusbiosystems.com/">GenUs BioSytems</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genzyme.com/" target="new">Genzyme</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.globalgenomics.com/" target="new">Global Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.glycofi.com/" target="new">GlycoFi</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.glycominds.com/" target="new">Glycominds</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gorillagenomics.com/" target="new">Gorilla Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gpc-biotech.com/" target="new">GPC Biotech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gmpgenetics.com/phase1/html/intro_frameset.html" target="new">GMP Genetics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://guavatechnologies.com/">Guava Technologies</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gvkbio.com/" target="new">Gvk bio</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.hamiltonthorne.com/" target="new">Hamilton Thorne Biosciences</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://helixbiomedix.com/">Helix Biomedix</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.htgenomics.com/" target="new">High Throughput Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.hgsi.com/" target="new">Human Genome Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.uvs.is/" target="new">Iceland Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.imgenex.com/">Imgenex</a><br /> <a href="http://www.impath.com/">Impath</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.infoceutics.com/">Infoceutics</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.inimexpharma.com/">Inimex Pharmaceuticals</a><br /> <a href="http://www.invivogen.com/">InvivoGen</a><br /> <a href="http://www.integragen.com/">Gen</a><br /> <a href="http://www.integragen.com/">Integragen</a><br /> <a href="http://www.interomex.com/">Interomex</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.intradigm.com/">Intradigm</a> <br /> <a href="http://eng.intronbio.com/">iNtRON Biotechnology</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://jaxmice.jax.org/index.shtml" target="new">Jackson Lab</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.jivanbio.com/">Jivan Biologics</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.kalypsys.com/" target="new">Kalypsys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.keryxbiopharm.com/" target="new">Keryx Biopharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.keygene.com/" target="new">Keygene</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.lark.com/">Lark Technologies</a> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.dnastar.com/" target="new">Lasergene</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.lynk-biotech.com/services.htm" target="new">Link Biotechnologies</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.lynxgen.com/" target="new">Lynx</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.metabometrix.com/" target="new">Metabometrix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.microgenomics.com/" target="new">MicroGenomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.meta-helix.com/">Metahelix Life Sciences</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mlnm.com/MLNM99.shtml" target="new">Millennium</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.miraibio.com/" target="new">MiraiBio</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mobious.com/" target="new">Mobious Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.myriad.com/" target="new">Myriad Genetics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mwg-biotech.com/html/index.shtml" target="new">MWG Biotech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.nanogen.com/www1/index.htm">Nanogen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.newchemicalentities.com/">New Chemical Entities</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://odysseythera.com/">Odyssey Thera</a><br /> <a href="http://www.omnipharm.com/">OmniScience</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.opgen.com/">OpGen</a><br /> <a href="http://www.orphagen.com/">Orphagen Pharmaceuticals</a><br /> <font size="+0"><a href="http://www.oscient.com/" target="new"><font color="#000000">Oscient Pharmaceuticals</font></a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pangene.com/">PanGene</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.panomics.com/">Panomics</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.peoplesgenetics.com/">Peoples Genetics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.perbio.com/">Perbio</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pharmaseq.com/multiplex_assays.htm" target="new">PharmaSeq</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.phase1tox.com/" target="new">Phase-1 Molecular Toxicology</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.phenomixcorp.com/" target="new">Phenomix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.phylogenyinc.com/" target="new">Phylogeny</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://physiogenix.com/" target="new">PhysioGenix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.plexxikon.com/" target="new">Plexxikon</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pluvita.com/" target="new">Pluvita</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.primalinc.com/">Primal</a><br /> <a href="http://primerdesign.co.uk/">Primer Design</a><br /> <a href="http://www.prolexys.com/">Prolexis</a><br /> <a href="http://proteinpathways.com/">ProteinPathways</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://proteologics.com/" target="new">Proteologics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.psygenomics.com/" target="new">Psychiatric Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.purelyproteins.com/" target="new">Purely Proteins</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pyxisgenomics.com/" target="new">Pyxis Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.quarkbiotech.com/" target="new">Quark Biotech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.renovis.com/" target="new">Renovis</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.resgen.com/" target="new">Research Genetics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://ribomed.com/">Ribomed</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.rigel.com/" target="new">Rigel</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.rnature.com/">Rnature</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.rosettagenomics.com/">Rosetta Genomics</a><br /> <a href="http://www.sbio.com/">S*BIO</a><br /> <a href="http://www.see-gene.com/">Seegene</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.seqwright.com/">SeqwrighT</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.signalgene.com/">SignalGene</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.stratagene.com/" target="new">Stratagene</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.sunbio.co.kr/sunbio/eng-main.html" target="new">SunBio</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.switch-biotech.com/">Switch Biotech</a> <br /> <a href="http://syntem.com/">Syntem</a><br /> <a href="http://www.syntheticgenetics.com/">Synthetic Genetics</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.tgs.com.tw/index_e.htm">Taiwan Genome Sciences</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.takara.co.jp/english/bio_e/">TaKaRa Zhuzo</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.targetedmolecules.com/">Targeted Molecules</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.tcgaresearch.org/">TCGA</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.tigr.org/" target="new">TIGR</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.thinkgen.com/" target="new">ThinkGen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://tranzyme.com/" target="new">Tranzyme</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.turbogenomics.com/" target="new">TurboWorx</a></font> <a href="http://www.unigene.com/"><br /> Unigene</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.umangenomics.com/main.asp" target="new">UmanGenomics</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.ubi.ca/">United Bioinformatica</a>&nbsp;<br /> <font color="#000000">[[US Genomics]]</font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.valentis.com/" target="new">Valentis</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.valigen.com/" target="new">ValiGen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.vbc-genomics.com/" target="new">VBC-Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.virinova.de/">Virinova</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.visiblegenetics.com/">Visible Genetics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.vitagenomics.com/">Vita Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.xcellsyz.com/">Xcellsyz</a><br /> <a href="http://www.zp.dk/">Zealand Pharma</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.zen-bio.com/">Zen</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.zengen.com/">Zengen</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.zeptosens.com/">Zeptosens</a></font> <br /> &nbsp;<br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Platform Technologies - GPCRs</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://www.7tm.com/">7TM Pharma</a><br /> <font color="#000000">[[Acadia Pharmaceuticals]]: Web Site: <a href="http://www.acadia-pharm.com/">www.acadia-pharm.com</a> </font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.aptusgenomics.com/">Aptus Genomics</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.atugen.com/" target="new">Atugen</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.discoverx.com/" target="new">DiscoveRx</a></font><br /> <a href="Animal%20Genomics%0Ahttp://www.norakbio.com/">Norak Bioscience</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.predixpharm.com/">Predix</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.synapticcorp.com/">Synaptic Pharmaceuticals</a><br /> <br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Platform Technologies - Kinases</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ambitbio.com/">Ambit Bioscience</a><br /> <a href="http://www.qtlbio.com/">QTL Biosystems</a><br /> </font><br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Platform Technologies - Ion Channels</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://www.cellectricon.com/">Cellectricon</a><br /> <a href="http://www.evotec.com/">Evotec OAI</a><br /> <a href="http://www.hydrabiosciences.com/">Hydra Biosciences</a><br /> <a href="Platform%20Technologies%20-%20Kinases%0Ahttp://www.iongate.de/">IonGate</a><br /> <a href="http://www.nanion.de/">Nanion</a><br /> &nbsp;<br /> <br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Platform Technologies - Nuclear Receptors</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="Platform%20Technologies%20-%20Kinases%0Ahttp://www.genfit.com/">Genfit Biopharmaceutical</a><br /> <a href="http://www.ligand.com/">Ligand Pharmaceuticals</a><br /> <br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Platform Technologies - Carbohydrate</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://www.absorber.se/">AbSorber</a><br /> &nbsp;<br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Animal Genomics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.biopsytec.de/">Biopsytec</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.cellectis.com/">Cellectis</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.criver.com/">Charles River Laboratories</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.daniolabs.com/">DanioLabs</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.deltagen.com/">Deltagen</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.gala.com/"><font color="#000000">Gala Biotech</font></a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.geneticmodels.com/">Genetic Models</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.geneticsolutions.com.au/content/page.asp">GeneticSolutions</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomicfx.com/index.html">GenomicFX</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://phylonix.com/">Phylonix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://zygogen.com/">Zygogen</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Plant Genomics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.agrinomics.com/">Agrinomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.akkadix.com/">Akkadix</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://arcadiabio.com/">Arcadia Biosciences</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.avesthagen.com/">AvesthaGen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.cereon.com/" target="new">Cereon</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.exelixis.com/" target="new">Exelixis Plant Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gentech.fr/" target="new">Gentech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.icongenetics.com/home.html" target="new">Icon Genetics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mendelbio.com/" target="new">Mendel Biotechnology</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.oriongenomics.com/" target="new">Orion Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.phytagenics.com/" target="new">Phytagenics</a><br /> <a href="http://www.phytomyco.net/">PhytoMyco</a><br /> </font><a href="http://seaphire.com/">Seaphire</a><br /> &nbsp;<br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Microbial Genomics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://www.bacbarcodes.com/">Bacterial Barcodes</a><a href="http://www.evolv-us.com/"><br /> </a><font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.evolv-us.com/">Evolvus</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://integratedgenomics.com/">Integrated Genomics</a><br /> <a href="http://microbia.com/">Microbia</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.xanagen.com/index-e.html">Xanagen</a></font><br /> <br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Clinical Genomics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.appliedphenomics.com/">Applied Phenomics</a><br /> <a href="http://www.ardais.com/">Ardais</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.clinphone.com/">ClinPhone</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.expressionpathology.com/">Expression Pathology</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genvault.com/">GenVault</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pharsight.com/">Pharsight</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.precisionmed.com/">PrecisionMed</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">ChemoGenomics/Chemical Genetics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ambitbio.com/">Ambit Bioscience</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.amphoracorp.com/" target="new">Amphora</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.chemovation.com/">ChemOvation</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.comgenex.com/" target="new">ComGenex</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.graffinity.com/" target="new">Graffinity Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.iconixpharm.com/">Iconix Pharmaceuticals</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ipi.com/" target="new">Infinity Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.morphochem.ch/">MorphoChem</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.neogenesis.com/">NeoGenesis</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">SNPs, PharmacoGenomics &amp; Population Genetics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.454.com/" target="new">454 Life Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.affymetrix.com/" target="new">Affymetrix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.asperbio.com/" target="new">Asper Biotech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://bioventures.com/" target="new">BioVentures</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.cepheid.com/index3.html" target="new">Cepheid</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.dnaprint.com/" target="new">DNAPrint Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.dna.com/home" target="new">DNA Sciences</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.dnavision.be/">DNA Vision</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.dxsgenotyping.com/" target="new">DxS</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.encode.is/" target="new">enCode</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.epicentre.com/main.asp" target="new">Epicentre</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.epidauros.de/en/home_fla.html" target="new">Epidauros</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.expressionanalysis.com/">Expression Analysis</a><br /> <a href="http://www.galileogenomics.com/" target="new"><font color="#000000">Galileo Genomics</font></a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gamida-sense.com/" target="new">Gamida-Sense Diagnostics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genaissance.com/" target="new">Genaissance</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.genecheck.com/">GeneCheck</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.geneohm.com/" target="new">GeneOhm Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.geneseek.com/" target="new">GeneSeek</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genprofile.com/" target="new">GenProfile</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gentris.com/" target="new">Gentris</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.hibergen.com/" target="new">Hibergen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.hubitgenomix.com/eng/index.html" target="new">HuBit Genomix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.idahotech.com/" target="new">Idaho Technology</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.idgene.com/home.html" target="new">idGENE</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.illumina.com/" target="new">Illumina</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.leveninc.com/" target="new">Leven</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.miraibio.com/" target="new">MiraiBio</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://molecularstaging.com/" target="new">Molecular Staging</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.nanogen.com/www1/index.htm">Nanogen</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.thetagen.com/thetagen.htm" target="new">New Chemical Entities</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.nuvelo.com/" target="new">Nuvelo</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.opgen.com/" target="new">OpGen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.orchid.com/">Orchid Biosciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.oxagen.co.uk/">Oxagen</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.panomics.com/">Panomics</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.p-gene.com/">ParAllele</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.peoplesgenetics.com/home.shtml">Peoples Genetics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.perlegen.com/main.html">Perlegen Sciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.polygenyx.com/" target="new">PolyGenyx</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.polymorphicdna.com/">Polymorphic DNA Technologies</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ppgx.com/" target="new">PPGx</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.pyrosequencing.com/" target="new">Pyrosequencing</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.qiagengenomics.com/" target="new">Qiagen Genomics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.rexagen.com/">Rexagen</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.rubicongenomics.com/" target="new">Rubicon Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.sequenom.com/home/seq_flash.htm" target="new">Sequenom</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.solexa.com/" target="new">Solexa</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.thermohybaid.com/cgi-bin/pg.exe?00000000000000070001d0fe00000002000012d4" target="new">ThermoHybaid</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.trevigen.com/" target="new">Trevigen</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://trimgen.com/">TrimGen</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.twt.com/" target="new">Third Wave Technologies</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.umangenomics.com/" target="new">UmanGenomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.usgenomics.com/" target="new">U.S. Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.valigen.com/" target="new">ValiGen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.varianinc.com/cgi-bin/nav?varinc/docs/biosolutions/index&amp;cid=374264" target="new">Varian</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.vitagenomics.com/" target="new">Vita Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.vysis.com/">Vysis</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.xanthon.com/">Xanthon</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.xenongenetics.com/">Xenon Genetics</a></font> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Functional &amp; Comparative Genomics</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.acadia-pharm.com/" target="new">Acadia Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ark-genomics.org/" target="new">ARK Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.artemis.com/main.html" target="new">Artemis</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.athersys.com/" target="new">Athersys</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.axaron.com/" target="new">Axaron</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.cambriabio.com/" target="new">Cambria Biosciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.develogen.com/splash.html" target="new">DeveloGen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.devgen.com/" target="new">Devgen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.elegene.com/" target="new">EleGene</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.elitra.com/" target="new">Elitra Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.exelixis.com/" target="new">Exelixis</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.galapagosgenomics.com/" target="new">Galapagos Genomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genfit.com/flash.htm" target="new">Genfit</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genodyssee.com/Default.htm" target="new">GenOdyssee</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genomar.com/" target="new">Genomar</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.paradigmgenetics.com/" target="new">Icoria</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="imgenex.com" target="new">Imgenex</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ingenium-ag.com/" target="new">Ingenium</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.marligen.com/" target="new">Marligen Bioscience</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mermaidbio.com/" target="new">Mermaid Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.nautilusbiotech.com/" target="new">Nautilus Biotech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.phylonix.com/animate.js" target="new">Phylonix Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.the-genetics.com/" target="new">The Genetics Company</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.unionbio.com/">Union Biometrica</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.xantos.de/">Xantos Biomedicine</a><br /> <a href="http://www.zygogen.com/">Zygogen</a> <br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">ToxicoGenomics &amp; ADMET<br /> </font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://www.chemovation.com/">ChemOvation</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.exonhit.com/" target="new">ExonHit Therapeutics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genelogic.com/" target="new">GeneLogic</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genpharmtox.com/english/index_e.html" target="new">GenPharm Tox BioTech</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gentest.com/" target="new">GenTest</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.mergen-ltd.com/">Mergen</a><br /> <a href="http://www.noabbiodiscoveries.com/">NoAb BioDiscoveries</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.xeno.com/index2.html">Xenometrix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.xenopharm.com/" target="new">XenoPharm</a></font> <br /> &nbsp;&nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">siRNA, Antisense &amp; Other&nbsp;</font></strong> <br /> <strong><font color="#000000">Nucleic acid Technologies</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.allelebiotech.com/">Allele Biotechnology</a><br /> <a href="http://www.alnylam.com/" target="new">Alnylam Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.amaxa.com/" target="new">Amaxa</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ambion.com/" target="new">Ambion</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.anadyspharma.com/" target="new">Anadys Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.araios.com/">Araios</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.archemix.com/flash.html" target="new">Archemix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.atugen.com/" target="new">Atugen</a><br /> <a href="http://www.avibio.com/">AVI BioPharma</a><br /> <a href="http://www.avocel.com/">Avocel</a><br /> </font><font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.benitec.com/" target="new">Benitec</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.biolegio.com/">Biolegio</a><br /> <a href="http://www.cellsignal.com/">Cell Signaling Technology</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.cenix-bioscience.com/" target="new">Cenix BioScience</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://cureon.com/">Cureon</a><br /> <a href="http://www.cyntellect.com/">Cyntellect</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.dharmacon.com/" target="new">Dharmacon</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.epibio.com/">Epicentre Biotechnologies</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://expressgenes.com/" target="new">GeneExpression Systems</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.genetherapysystems.com/">Gene Therapy Systems</a><br /> <a href="http://www.gene-tools.com/">Gene-Tools</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genetrove.com/" target="new">GeneTrove</a><br /> </font><a href="http://www.genlantis.com/">Genlantis</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genta.com/">Genta</a><br /> </font><font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.hybridon.com/" target="new">Hybridon</a></font><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ibisrna.com/" target="new">Ibis Therapeutics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.imgenex.com/">Imgenex</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.immusol.com/" target="new">Immusol</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.indexpharmab.com/">InDex Pharmaceuticals</a><br /> <a href="http://www.idtdna.com/">Integrated DNA Technologies</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.intronn.com/" target="new">Intronn</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.invivogen.com/">InvivoGen</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.isip.com/" target="new">Isis Pharmaceuticals</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.lorusthera.com/">Lorus Therapeutics</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.messagepharm.com/" target="new">Message Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mirusbio.com/" target="new">Mirus Bio</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.molecula.com/" target="new">Molecula Research Laboratories</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.monomer.com/">Monomer Sciences</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.nascacell.de/" target="new">NascaCell</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.noxxon.net/" target="new">Noxxon</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.nucleonicsinc.com/">Nucleonics</a><br /> <a href="http://www.oligoengine.com/">OligoEngine</a><br /> <a href="http://www.orbigen.com/">Orbigen</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://origenix.com/main/index.php" target="new">Origenix</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.proligo.com/" target="new">Proligo</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.ptcbio.com/big/indexhome.html" target="new">PTC Therapeutics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.qiagen.com/" target="new">Qiagen</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.rpi.com/">Ribozyme Pharmaceuticals</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.rnature.com/">RNAture</a> <br /> <a href="http://www.rnax.de/">RNAx</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.sequiturinc.com/indexflash.html" target="new">Sequitor</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.sirna.com/">Sirna Therapeutics</a><br /> <a href="http://somagenics.com/">SomaGenics</a><br /> <a href="http://www.springbio.com/">Spring Bioscience</a><br /> &nbsp;<br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Nucleic acid Labelling &amp; Detection</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://www.enzobio.com/">Enzo Biochem</a><br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center">&nbsp;<strong><font color="#000000">Transcription Factors &amp; Transcription Regulation</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.epigene.com/">EpiGenesis Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.gendaq.com/home.htm">Gendaq</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.genedetect.com/" target="new">GeneDetect.com</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mermaidbio.com/" target="new">Mermaid Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.panomics.com/" target="new">Panomics</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.rheogene.com/p-tech.htm">RheoGene</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.sangamo.com/" target="new">Sangamo Biosciences</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.toolgen.co.kr/english/main.htm" target="new">Toolgen</a></font> <br /> &nbsp;<br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Transgenics Companies</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://avigenics.com/">AviGenics</a><a href="http://www.bioprotein.com/index_flash.htm" target="new"><br /> </a><font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.bioprotein.com/" target="new">BioProtein Technologies</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.dnxsciences.com/" target="new">DNX Transgenics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.gala.com/">Gala Botech</a><br /> <a href="http://www.genoway.com/">GenOway</a><br /> <a href="http://www.ingenotyping.com/">Ingenotyping</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.lexicon-genetics.com//" target="new">Lexicon Genetics</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.pharming.com/">Pharming Technology</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.macrogen.com/english/index.html" target="new">Macrogen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.mermaidbio.com/" target="new">Mermaid Pharmaceuticals</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.nucleis.com/">Nucleis</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.tosk.com/" target="new">Tosk</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.tranxenogen.com/" target="new">TranXenoGen</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.xenogen.com/">Xenogen</a><br /> &nbsp; <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Gene Engineering</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.aptagen.com/">Aptagen</a></font> <br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.maxygen.com/webpage_templates/home.php3?page_name=home" target="new">Maxygen</a><br /> </font><font color="#000000"><br /> </font> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">Glycomics &amp; Carb Chips</font></strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://www.glycogenesys.com/">GlycoGenesys</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.glycominds.com/">Glycominds</a></font> <br /> <a href="http://www.glycotope.com/">Glycotope</a><br /> <br /> <table width="90%" cols="1" background="fancygreen.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Metabolomics</span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="http://www.esainc.com/">ESA</a><br /> <font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.paradigmgenetics.com/" target="new">Icoria</a></font><br /> <a href="http://www.metanomics.de/">Metanomics</a><br /> <a href="http://www.surromed.com/Technology.html">SurroMed</a> ca1327acc4e83bcf826e51dafadb8a8399a30153 0 1616 3647 3055 2011-03-31T11:15:48Z Spam cleanup script 190 Cleaning up links to www.california-liability-insurance.com wikitext text/x-wiki <p>The term <strong>DNA sequencing</strong> encompasses biochemical methods for determining the order of the nucleotide bases, adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine, in a DNA oligonucleotide. The sequence of DNA constitutes the heritable genetic information in nuclei, plasmids, mitochondria, and chloroplasts that forms the basis for the developmental programs of all living organisms. Determining the DNA sequence is therefore useful in basic research studying fundamental biological processes, as well as in applied fields such as diagnostic or forensic research. The advent of DNA sequencing has significantly accelerated biological research and discovery. The rapid speed of sequencing attained with modern DNA sequencing technology has been instrumental in the large-scale sequencing of the human genome, in the Human Genome Project. Related projects, often by scientific collaboration across continents, have generated the complete DNA sequences of many animal, plant, and microbial genomes.</p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 502px"><img class="thumbimage" height="106" alt="DNA Sequence Trace" width="500" border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/89/Mutation_Surveyor_Trace.jpg/500px-Mutation_Surveyor_Trace.jpg" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><span class="" style="BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 2px; DISPLAY: inline-block; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 2px; FONT-SIZE: 0px; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #0000ff; BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 2px; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #0000ff; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; CURSOR: hand; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #0000ff; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 2px; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #0000ff"><span style="DISPLAY: inline-block; FILTER: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.AlphaImageLoader(src='http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png'); WIDTH: 1px; HEIGHT: 1px"></span></span></div> DNA Sequence Trace</div> </div> </div> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Early methods</span></h2> <p>For thirty years, a large proportion of DNA sequencing has been carried out with the chain-termination method developed by Frederick Sanger and coworkers in 1975.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><font color="#800080">[1]</font></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><font color="#800080">[2]</font></sup> Prior to the development of rapid DNA sequencing methods in the early 1970s by Sanger in England and Walter Gilbert and Allan Maxam at Harvard,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><font color="#800080">[3]</font></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><font color="#800080">[4]</font></sup> a number of laborious methods were used. For instance, in 1973<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><font color="#800080">[5]</font></sup> Gilbert and Maxam reported the sequence of 24 basepairs using a method known as wandering-spot analysis.</p> <p>RNA sequencing, which for technical reasons is easier to perform than DNA sequencing, was one of the earliest forms of nucleotide sequencing. The major landmark of RNA sequencing, dating from the pre-recombinant DNA era, is the sequence of the first complete gene and then the complete genome of Bacteriophage MS2, identified and published by Walter Fiers and his coworkers at the University of Ghent (Ghent, Belgium), published between 1972<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"><font color="#800080">[6]</font></sup> and 1976.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"><font color="#800080">[7]</font></sup></p> <p><font color="#800080"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Maxam-Gilbert sequencing</span></h2> <p>In 1976-1977, Allan Maxam and Walter Gilbert developed a DNA sequencing method based on chemical modification of DNA and subsequent cleavage at specific bases [1]. Although Maxam and Gilbert published their chemical sequencing method two years after the ground-breaking paper of Sanger and Coulson on plus-minus sequencing,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7"><font color="#800080">[8]</font></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8"><font color="#800080">[9]</font></sup> Maxam-Gilbert sequencing rapidly became more popular, since purified DNA could be used directly, while the initial Sanger method required that each read start be cloned for production of single-stranded DNA. However, with the development and improvement of the chain-termination method (see below), Maxam-Gilbert sequencing has fallen out of favour due to its technical complexity, extensive use of hazardous chemicals, and difficulties with scale-up. In addition, unlike the chain-termination method, chemicals used in the Maxam-Gilbert method cannot easily be customized for use in a standard molecular biology kit.</p> <p>In brief, the method requires radioactive labelling at one end and purification of the DNA fragment to be sequenced. Chemical treatment generates breaks at a small proportion of one or two of the four nucleotide bases in each of four reactions (G, A+G, C, C+T). Thus a series of labelled fragments is generated, from the radiolabelled end to the first 'cut' site in each molecule. The fragments are then size-separated by gel electrophoresis, with the four reactions arranged side by side. To visualize the fragments generated in each reaction, the gel is exposed to X-ray film for autoradiography, yielding an image of a series of dark 'bands' corresponding to the radiolabelled DNA fragments, from which the sequence may be inferred.</p> <p>Also sometimes known as 'chemical sequencing', this method originated in the study of DNA-protein interactions (footprinting), nucleic acid structure and epigenetic modifications to DNA, and within these it still has important applications.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Chain-termination methods</span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 162px"><img class="thumbimage" height="332" alt="Part of a radioactively labelled sequencing gel" width="160" border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Sequencing.jpg" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><span class="" style="BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 2px; DISPLAY: inline-block; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 2px; FONT-SIZE: 0px; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #0000ff; BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 2px; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #0000ff; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; CURSOR: hand; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #0000ff; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 2px; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #0000ff"><span style="DISPLAY: inline-block; FILTER: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.AlphaImageLoader(src='http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png'); WIDTH: 1px; HEIGHT: 1px"></span></span></div> Part of a radioactively labelled sequencing gel</div> </div> </div> <p>While the chemical sequencing method of Maxam and Gilbert, and the plus-minus method of Sanger and Coulson were orders of magnitude faster than previous methods, the chain-terminator method developed by Sanger was even more efficient, and rapidly became the method of choice. The Maxam-Gilbert technique requires the use of highly toxic chemicals, and large amounts of radiolabeled DNA, whereas the chain-terminator method uses fewer toxic chemicals and lower amounts of radioactivity. The key principle of the Sanger method was the use of dideoxynucleotides triphosphates (ddNTPs) as DNA chain terminators.</p> <p>The classical chain-termination or Sanger method requires a single-stranded DNA template, a DNA primer, a DNA polymerase, radioactively or fluorescently labeled nucleotides, and modified nucleotides that terminate DNA strand elongation. The DNA sample is divided into four separate sequencing reactions, containing the four standard deoxynucleotides (dATP, dGTP, dCTP and dTTP) and the DNA polymerase. To each reaction is added only one of the four dideoxynucleotides (ddATP, ddGTP, ddCTP, or ddTTP). These dideoxynucleotides are the chain-terminating nucleotides, lacking a 3'-OH group required for the formation of a phosphodiester bond between two nucleotides during DNA strand elongation. Incorporation of a dideoxynucleotide into the nascent (elongating) DNA strand therefore terminates DNA strand extension, resulting in various DNA fragments of varying length. The dideoxynucleotides are added at lower concentration than the standard deoxynucleotides to allow strand elongation sufficient for sequence analysis.</p> <p>The newly synthesized and labeled DNA fragments are heat denatured, and separated by size (with a resolution of just one nucleotide) by gel electrophoresis on a denaturing polyacrylamide-urea gel. Each of the four DNA synthesis reactions is run in one of four individual lanes (lanes A, T, G, C); the DNA bands are then visualized by autoradiography or UV light, and the DNA sequence can be directly read off the X-ray film or gel image. In the image on the right, X-ray film was exposed to the gel, and the dark bands correspond to DNA fragments of different lengths. A dark band in a lane indicates a DNA fragment that is the result of chain termination after incorporation of a dideoxynucleotide (ddATP, ddGTP, ddCTP, or ddTTP). The terminal nucleotide base can be identified according to which dideoxynucleotide was added in the reaction giving that band. The relative positions of the different bands among the four lanes are then used to read (from bottom to top) the DNA sequence as indicated.</p> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 182px"><img class="thumbimage" height="240" alt="DNA fragments can be labeled by using a radioactive or fluorescent tag on the primer (1), in the new DNA strand with a labeled dNTP, or with a labeled ddNTP. (click to expand)" width="180" border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/df/DNA_Sequencin_3_labeling_methods.jpg/180px-DNA_Sequencin_3_labeling_methods.jpg" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><span class="" style="BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 2px; DISPLAY: inline-block; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 2px; FONT-SIZE: 0px; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #0000ff; BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 2px; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #0000ff; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; CURSOR: hand; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #0000ff; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 2px; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #0000ff"><span style="DISPLAY: inline-block; FILTER: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.AlphaImageLoader(src='http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png'); WIDTH: 1px; HEIGHT: 1px"></span></span></div> DNA fragments can be labeled by using a radioactive or fluorescent tag on the primer (1), in the new DNA strand with a labeled dNTP, or with a labeled ddNTP. (click to expand)</div> </div> </div> <p>There are some technical variations of chain-termination sequencing. In one method, the DNA fragments are tagged with nucleotides containing radioactive phosphorus for radiolabelling. Alternatively, a primer labeled at the 5&rsquo; end with a fluorescent dye is used for the tagging. Four separate reactions are still required, but DNA fragments with dye labels can be read using an optical system, facilitating faster and more economical analysis and automation. This approach is known as 'dye-primer sequencing'. The later development by L Hood and coworkers<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9"><font color="#800080">[10]</font></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10"><font color="#800080">[11]</font></sup> of fluorescently labeled ddNTPs and primers set the stage for automated, high-throughput DNA sequencing.</p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 182px"><img class="thumbimage" height="256" alt="Sequence ladder by radioactive sequencing compared to fluorescent peaks (click to expand)" width="180" border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3d/Radioactive_Fluorescent_Seq.jpg/180px-Radioactive_Fluorescent_Seq.jpg" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><span class="" style="BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 2px; DISPLAY: inline-block; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 2px; FONT-SIZE: 0px; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #0000ff; BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 2px; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #0000ff; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; CURSOR: hand; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #0000ff; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 2px; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #0000ff"><span style="DISPLAY: inline-block; FILTER: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.AlphaImageLoader(src='http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png'); WIDTH: 1px; HEIGHT: 1px"></span></span></div> Sequence ladder by radioactive sequencing compared to fluorescent peaks (click to expand)</div> </div> </div> <p>The different chain-termination methods have greatly simplified the amount of work and planning needed for DNA sequencing. For example, the chain-termination-based &quot;Sequenase&quot; kit from USB Biochemicals contains most of the reagents needed for sequencing, prealiquoted and ready to use. Some sequencing problems can occur with the Sanger method, such as non-specific binding of the primer to the DNA, affecting accurate read-out of the DNA sequence. In addition, secondary structures within the DNA template, or contaminating RNA randomly priming at the DNA template can also affect the fidelity of the obtained sequence. Other contaminants affecting the reaction may consist of extraneous DNA or inhibitors of the DNA polymerase.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Dye-terminator sequencing</span></h3> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 182px"><img class="thumbimage" height="109" alt="Capillary electrophoresis (click to expand)" width="180" border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fe/CE_Basic.jpg/180px-CE_Basic.jpg" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><span class="" style="BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 2px; DISPLAY: inline-block; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 2px; FONT-SIZE: 0px; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #0000ff; BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 2px; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #0000ff; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; CURSOR: hand; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #0000ff; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 2px; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #0000ff"><span style="DISPLAY: inline-block; FILTER: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.AlphaImageLoader(src='http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png'); WIDTH: 1px; HEIGHT: 1px"></span></span></div> Capillary electrophoresis (click to expand)</div> </div> </div> <p>An alternative to primer labelling is labelling of the chain terminators, a method commonly called 'dye-terminator sequencing'. The major advantage of this method is that the sequencing can be performed in a single reaction, rather than four reactions as in the labelled-primer method. In dye-terminator sequencing, each of the four dideoxynucleotide chain terminators is labelled with a different fluorescent dye, each fluorescing at a different wavelength. This method is attractive because of its greater expediency and speed and is now the mainstay in automated sequencing with computer-controlled sequence analyzers (see below). Its potential limitations include dye effects due to differences in the incorporation of the dye-labelled chain terminators into the DNA fragment, resulting in unequal peak heights and shapes in the electronic DNA sequence trace chromatogram after capillary electrophoresis (see figure to the right). This problem has largely been overcome with the introduction of new DNA polymerase enzyme systems and dyes that minimize incorporation variability, as well as methods for eliminating &quot;dye blobs&quot;, caused by certain chemical characteristics of the dyes that can result in artifacts in DNA sequence traces. The dye-terminator sequencing method, along with automated high-throughput DNA sequence analyzers, is now being used for the vast majority of sequencing projects, as it is both easier to perform and lower in cost than most previous sequencing methods.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Challenges</span></h3> <p>Modern sequencing typically produces a sequence that has poor quality in the first 15-40 bases, a high quality region of 700-900 bases, and then quickly deteriorating quality. Base calling software typically outputs an estimate of quality along with the sequence to aid in quality trimming.</p> <p>Before the DNA can be sequenced, linker sequences are attached to its ends, and it is inserted into a cloning vector. The resulting sequence can therefore often contain parts of the vector or the linker sequences, which must be filtered out prior to analysis. In contrast, emerging sequencing technologies based on pyrosequencing often avoid using cloning vectors.</p> <p>During PCR amplification, unrelated sequences can hybridize, and the resulting clone can be a chimaeric sequence, containing fragments from both sequences. Another problem is polymerase stuttering, where the polymerase repeatedly outputs the same fragments, giving an artificially long low-complexity part of the sequence.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Automation and sample preparation</span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 182px"><img class="thumbimage" height="42" alt="View of the start of an example dye-terminator read (click to expand)" width="180" border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Sanger_sequencing_read_display.gif/180px-Sanger_sequencing_read_display.gif" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><span class="" style="BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 2px; DISPLAY: inline-block; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 2px; FONT-SIZE: 0px; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #0000ff; BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 2px; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #0000ff; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; CURSOR: hand; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #0000ff; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 2px; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #0000ff"><span style="DISPLAY: inline-block; FILTER: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.AlphaImageLoader(src='http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png'); WIDTH: 1px; HEIGHT: 1px"></span></span></div> View of the start of an example dye-terminator read (click to expand)</div> </div> </div> <p>Modern automated DNA sequencing instruments (DNA sequencers) can sequence up to 384 fluorescently labelled samples in a single batch (run) and perform as many as 24 runs a day. However, automated DNA sequencers carry out only DNA-size-based separation (by capillary electrophoresis), detection and recording of dye fluorescence, and data output as fluorescent peak trace chromatograms. Sequencing reactions by thermocycling, cleanup and re-suspension in a buffer solution before loading onto the sequencer are performed separately. In the past, an operator had to trim the low quality ends (see image in the right) of every sequence manually in order to remove the sequencing errors. However, today, software like Fast Chromatogram Viewer can automatically trim the ends at batch. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Large-scale sequencing strategies</span></h2> <p>Current methods can directly sequence only relatively short (300-1000 nucleotides long) DNA fragments in a single reaction. [2]. The main obstacle to sequencing DNA fragments above this size limit is insufficient power of separation for resolving large DNA fragments that differ in length by only one nucleotide. Limitations on ddNTP incorporation were largely solved by Tabor at Harvard Medical, Carl Fuller at USB biochemicals, and their coworkers.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Reeve.2CFuller_11-0"><font color="#800080">[12]</font></sup></p> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 182px"><font color="#800080"><img class="thumbimage" height="240" alt="Genomic DNA is fragmented into random pieces and cloned as a bacterial library. DNA from individual bacterial clones is sequenced and the sequence is assembled by using overlapping regions.(click to expand)" width="180" border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/60/DNA_Sequencing_gDNA_libraries.jpg/180px-DNA_Sequencing_gDNA_libraries.jpg" /></font> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><span class="" style="BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 2px; DISPLAY: inline-block; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 2px; FONT-SIZE: 0px; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #0000ff; BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 2px; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #0000ff; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; CURSOR: hand; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #0000ff; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 2px; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #0000ff"><span style="DISPLAY: inline-block; FILTER: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.AlphaImageLoader(src='http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png'); WIDTH: 1px; HEIGHT: 1px"></span></span></div> Genomic DNA is fragmented into random pieces and cloned as a bacterial library. DNA from individual bacterial clones is sequenced and the sequence is assembled by using overlapping regions.(click to expand)</div> </div> </div> <p>Large-scale sequencing aims at sequencing very long DNA fragments. Even relatively small bacterial <font color="#800080">genomes</font> contain millions of nucleotides, and the human chromosome 1 alone contains about 246 million bases. Therefore, some approaches consist of cutting (with restriction enzymes) or shearing (with mechanical forces) large DNA fragments into shorter DNA fragments. The fragmented DNA is cloned into a DNA vector, usually a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC), and amplified in <em>Escherichia coli</em>. The amplified DNA can then be purified from the bacterial cells (a disadvantage of bacterial clones for sequencing is that some DNA sequences may be inherently <em>un-clonable</em> in some or all available bacterial strains, due to deleterious effect of the cloned sequence on the host bacterium or other effects). These short DNA fragments purified from individual bacterial colonies are then individually and completely sequenced and assembled electronically into one long, contiguous sequence by identifying 100%-identical overlapping sequences between them (shotgun sequencing). This method does not require any pre-existing information about the sequence of the DNA and is often referred to as <em>de novo</em> sequencing. Gaps in the assembled sequence may be filled by Primer walking, often with sub-cloning steps (or transposon-based sequencing depending on the size of the remaining region to be sequenced). These strategies all involve taking many small <em>reads</em> of the DNA by one of the above methods and subsequently assembling them into a contiguous sequence. The different strategies have different tradeoffs in speed and accuracy; the shotgun method is the most practical for sequencing large genomes, but its assembly process is complex and potentially error-prone - particularly in the presence of sequence repeats. Because of this, the assembly of the human genome is not literally complete &mdash; the repetitive sequences of the centromeres, telomeres, and some other parts of chromosomes result in gaps in the genome assembly. Despite having only 93% of the full genome assembled, the Human Genome Project was declared complete because their definition of human genome sequencing was limited to euchromatic sequence (99% complete at the time), excluding these intractable repetitive regions.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12"><font color="#800080">[13]</font></sup></p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 182px"><font color="#800080"><img class="thumbimage" height="247" alt="Resequencing steps. Sample prep: Extraction of nucleic acid. Template prep: Amplification and preparation of a small region of the target region. Sequencing steps. (click to expand)" width="180" border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a1/Sequencing_workflow.jpg/180px-Sequencing_workflow.jpg" /></font> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><span class="" style="BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 2px; DISPLAY: inline-block; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 2px; FONT-SIZE: 0px; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #0000ff; BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 2px; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #0000ff; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; CURSOR: hand; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #0000ff; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 2px; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #0000ff"><span style="DISPLAY: inline-block; FILTER: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.AlphaImageLoader(src='http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png'); WIDTH: 1px; HEIGHT: 1px"></span></span></div> Resequencing steps. Sample prep: Extraction of nucleic acid. Template prep: Amplification and preparation of a small region of the target region. Sequencing steps. (click to expand)</div> </div> </div> <p>The human genome is about 3 billion (3,000,000,000) bp long;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13"><font color="#800080">[14]</font></sup> if the average fragment length is 500 bases, it would take a minimum of six million (3 billion/500) to sequence the human genome (not allowing for overlap = 1-fold coverage). Keeping track of such a high number of sequences presents significant challenges, only held down by developing and coordinating several procedural and computational algorithms, such as efficient database development and management.</p> <p><em>Resequencing</em> or <em>targeted sequencing</em> is utilized for determining a change in DNA sequence from a &quot;reference&quot; sequence. It is often performed using PCR to amplify the region of interest (pre-existing DNA sequence is required to design the PCR primers). Resequencing uses three steps, extraction of DNA or RNA from biological tissue; amplification of the RNA or DNA (often by PCR); followed by sequencing. The resultant sequence is compared to a reference or a normal sample to detect mutations.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">New sequencing methods</span></h2> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">High-throughput sequencing</span></h3> <p>The high demand for low cost sequencing has given rise to a number of high-throughput sequencing technologies.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14"><font color="#800080">[15]</font></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15"><font color="#800080">[16]</font></sup> These efforts have been funded by public and private institutions as well as privately researched and commercialized by biotechnology companies. High-throughput sequencing technologies are intended to lower the cost of sequencing DNA libraries beyond what is possible with the current dye-terminator method based on DNA separation by capillary electrophoresis. Many of the new high-throughput methods use methods that parallelize the sequencing process, producing thousands or millions of sequences at once.</p> <dl><dt>In vitro clonal amplification </dt></dl> <p>As molecular detection methods are often not sensitive enough for single molecule sequencing, most approaches use an <em>in vitro</em> cloning step to generate many copies of each individual molecule. Emulsion PCR is one method, isolating individual DNA molecules along with primer-coated beads in aqueous bubbles within an oil phase. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) then coats each bead with clonal copies of the isolated library molecule and these beads are subsequently immobilized for later sequencing. Emulsion PCR is used in the methods published by Marguilis et al. (commercialized by 454 Life Sciences, acquired by Roche), Shendure and Porreca et al. (also known as &quot;polony sequencing&quot;) and SOLiD sequencing, (developed by Agencourt and acquired by Applied Biosystems).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Margulies_16-0"><font color="#800080">[17]</font></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-polony_sequencing_17-0"><font color="#800080">[18]</font></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-solid_sequencing_18-0"><font color="#800080">[19]</font></sup> Another method for <em>in vitro</em> clonal amplification is &quot;bridge PCR&quot;, where fragments are amplified upon primers attached to a solid surface, developed and used by Solexa (now owned by Illumina). These methods both produce many physically isolated locations which each contain many copies of a single fragment. The single-molecule method developed by Stephen Quake's laboratory (later commercialized by Helicos) skips this amplification step, directly fixing DNA molecules to a surface.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19"><font color="#800080">[20]</font></sup></p> <dl><dt>Parallelized sequencing </dt></dl> <p>Once clonal DNA sequences are physically localized to separate positions on a surface, various sequencing approaches may be used to determine the DNA sequences of all locations, in parallel. &quot;Sequencing by synthesis&quot;, like the popular dye-termination electrophoretic sequencing, uses the process of DNA synthesis by DNA polymerase to identify the bases present in the complementary DNA molecule. Reversible terminator methods (used by Illumina and Helicos) use reversible versions of dye-terminators, adding one nucleotide at a time, detecting fluorescence corresponding to that position, then removing the blocking group to allow the polymerization of another nucleotide. Pyrosequencing (used by 454) also uses DNA polymerization to add nucleotides, adding one type of nucleotide at a time, then detecting and quantifying the number of nucleotides added to a given location through the light emitted by the release of attached pyrophosphates.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Margulies_16-1"><font color="#800080">[17]</font></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20"><font color="#800080">[21]</font></sup></p> <p>&quot;Sequencing by ligation&quot; is another enzymatic method of sequencing, using a DNA ligase enzyme rather than polymerase to identify the target sequence.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21"><font color="#800080">[22]</font></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-polony_sequencing_17-1"><font color="#800080">[18]</font></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-solid_sequencing_18-1"><font color="#800080">[19]</font></sup> Used in the polony method and in the SOLiD technology offered by Applied Biosystems, this method uses a pool of all possible oligonucleotides of a fixed length, labeled according to the sequenced position. Oligonucleotides are annealed and ligated; the preferential ligation by DNA ligase for matching sequences results in a signal corresponding to the complementary sequence at that position.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Other sequencing technologies</span></h3> <p>Other methods of DNA sequencing may have advantages in terms of efficiency or accuracy. Like traditional dye-terminator sequencing, they are limited to sequencing single isolated DNA fragments. &quot;Sequencing by hybridization&quot; is a non-enzymatic method that uses a DNA microarray. In this method, a single pool of unknown DNA is fluorescently labeled and hybridized to an array of known sequences. If the unknown DNA hybridizes strongly to a given spot on the array, causing it to &quot;light up&quot;, then that sequence is inferred to exist within the unknown DNA being sequenced.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22"><font color="#800080">[23]</font></sup> Mass spectrometry can also be used to sequence DNA molecules; conventional chain-termination reactions produce DNA molecules of different lengths and the length of these fragments is then determined by the mass differences between them (rather than using gel separation).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23"><font color="#800080">[24]</font></sup></p> <p>There are new proposals for DNA sequencing, which are in development, but remain to be proven. These include labeling the DNA polymerase,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24"><font color="#800080">[25]</font></sup> reading the sequence as a DNA strand transits through nanopores,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25"><font color="#800080">[26]</font></sup> and microscopy-based techniques, such as AFM or electron microscopy that are used to identify the positions of individual nucleotides within long DNA fragments by nucleotide labeling with heavier elements (e.g., halogens) for visual detection and recording.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26"><font color="#800080">[27]</font></sup> In October 2006 the NIH issued a news release describing novel sequencing techniques and announcing several grant awards.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27"><font color="#800080">[28]</font></sup></p> <p>In October 2006, the X Prize Foundation established the Archon X Prize, intending to award $10 million to &quot;the first Team that can build a device and use it to sequence 100 human genomes within 10 days or less, with an accuracy of no more than one error in every 100,000 bases sequenced, with sequences accurately covering at least 98% of the genome, and at a recurring cost of no more than $10,000 (US) per genome.&quot;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28"><font color="#800080">[29]</font></sup></p> <p><font color="#800080"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Major landmarks in DNA sequencing</span></h2> <ul> <li>1953 Discovery of the structure of the DNA double helix. </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1972 Development of recombinant DNA technology, which permits isolation of defined fragments of DNA; prior to this, the only accessible samples for sequencing were from bacteriophage or virus DNA. </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1975 The first complete DNA genome to be sequenced is that of bacteriophage &phi;X174 </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1977 Allan Maxam and Walter Gilbert publish &quot;DNA sequencing by chemical degradation&quot; [3]. Fred Sanger, independently, publishes &quot;DNA sequencing by enzymatic synthesis&quot;. </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1980 Fred Sanger and Wally Gilbert receive the Nobel Prize in Chemistry <ul> <li>EMBL-bank, the first nucleotide sequence repository, is started at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1982 Genbank starts as a public repository of DNA sequences. <ul> <li>Andre Marion and Sam Eletr from Hewlett Packard start Applied Biosystems in May, which comes to dominate automated sequencing. </li> <li>Akiyoshi Wada proposes automated sequencing and gets support to build robots with help from Hitachi. </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1984 Medical Research Council scientists decipher the complete DNA sequence of the Epstein-Barr virus, 170 kb. </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1985 Kary Mullis and colleagues develop the polymerase chain reaction, a technique to replicate small fragments of DNA </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1986 Leroy E. Hood's laboratory at the California Institute of Technology and Smith announce the first semi-automated DNA sequencing machine. </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1987 Applied Biosystems markets first automated sequencing machine, the model ABI 370. <ul> <li>Walter Gilbert leaves the U.S. National Research Council genome panel to start Genome Corp., with the goal of sequencing and commercializing the data. </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1990 The U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) begins large-scale sequencing trials on <em>Mycoplasma capricolum</em>, <em>Escherichia coli</em>, <em>Caenorhabditis elegans</em>, and <em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em> (at 75 cents (US)/base). <ul> <li>Barry Karger (January<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-29"><font color="#800080">[30]</font></sup>), Lloyd Smith (August<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-30"><font color="#800080">[31]</font></sup>), and Norman Dovichi (September<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-31"><font color="#800080">[32]</font></sup>) publish on capillary electrophoresis. </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1991 Craig Venter develops strategy to find expressed genes with ESTs (Expressed Sequence Tags). <ul> <li>Uberbacher develops GRAIL, a gene-prediction program. </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1992 Craig Venter leaves NIH to set up The Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR). <ul> <li>William Haseltine heads Human Genome Sciences, to commercialize TIGR products. </li> <li>Wellcome Trust begins participation in the Human Genome Project. </li> <li>Simon et al. develop BACs (Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes) for cloning. </li> <li>First chromosome physical maps published: <ul> <li>Page et al. - Y chromosome<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-32"><font color="#800080">[33]</font></sup>; </li> <li>Cohen et al. chromosome 21<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-33"><font color="#800080">[34]</font></sup>. </li> <li>Lander - complete mouse genetic map<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-34"><font color="#800080">[35]</font></sup>; </li> <li>Weissenbach - complete human genetic map<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-35"><font color="#800080">[36]</font></sup>. </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1993 Wellcome Trust and MRC open Sanger Centre, near Cambridge, UK. <ul> <li>The GenBank database migrates from Los Alamos (DOE) to NCBI (NIH). </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1995 Venter, Fraser and Smith publish first sequence of free-living organism, <em>Haemophilus influenzae</em> (genome size of 1.8 Mb). <ul> <li>Richard Mathies et al. publish on sequencing dyes (PNAS, May)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-36"><font color="#800080">[37]</font></sup>. </li> <li>Michael Reeve and Carl Fuller, thermostable polymerase for sequencing<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Reeve.2CFuller_11-1"><font color="#800080">[12]</font></sup>. </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1996 International HGP partners agree to release sequence data into public databases within 24 hours. <ul> <li>International consortium releases genome sequence of yeast <em>S. cerevisiae</em> (genome size of 12.1 Mb). </li> <li>Yoshihide Hayashizaki's at RIKEN completes the first set of full-length mouse cDNAs. </li> <li>ABI introduces a capillary electrophoresis system, the ABI310 sequence analyzer. </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1997 Blattner, Plunkett et al. publish the sequence of E. coli (genome size of 5 Mb)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-37"><font color="#800080">[38]</font></sup> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1998 Phil Green and Brent Ewing of Washington University publish <code>&ldquo;phred&rdquo;</code> for interpreting sequencer data (in use since &lsquo;95)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-38"><font color="#800080">[39]</font></sup>. <ul> <li>Venter starts new company &ldquo;Celera&rdquo;; &ldquo;will sequence HG in 3 yrs for $300m.&rdquo; </li> <li>Applied Biosystems introduces the 3700 capillary sequencing machine. </li> <li>Wellcome Trust doubles support for the HGP to $330 million for 1/3 of the sequencing. </li> <li>NIH &amp; DOE goal: &quot;working draft&quot; of the human genome by 2001. </li> <li>Sulston, Waterston et al finish sequence of <em>C. elegans</em> (genome size of 97Mb)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-39"><font color="#800080">[40]</font></sup>. </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>1999 NIH moves up completion date for rough draft, to spring 2000. <ul> <li>NIH launches the mouse genome sequencing project. </li> <li>First sequence of human chromosome 22 published<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-40"><font color="#800080">[41]</font></sup>. </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>2000 Celera and collaborators sequence fruit fly <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> (genome size of 180Mb) - validation of Venter's shotgun method. HGP and Celera debate issues related to data release. <ul> <li>HGP consortium publishes sequence of chromosome 21.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-41"><font color="#800080">[42]</font></sup> </li> <li>HGP &amp; Celera jointly announce working drafts of HG sequence, promise joint publication. </li> <li>Estimates for the number of genes in the human genome range from 35,000 to 120,000. International consortium completes first plant sequence, <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em> (genome size of 125 Mb). </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>2001 HGP consortium publishes Human Genome Sequence draft in Nature (15 Feb)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-42"><font color="#800080">[43]</font></sup>. <ul> <li>Celera publishes the Human Genome sequence<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-43"><font color="#800080">[44]</font></sup>. </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>2005 420,000 VariantSEQr human resequencing primer sequences published on new NCBI Probe database. </li> </ul> <ul> <li>2007 For the first time, a set of closely related species (12 Drosophilidae) are sequenced, launching the era of phylogenomics. <ul> <li>Craig Venter publishes his full diploid genome: the first human genome to be sequenced completely. </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>2008 An international consortium launches The 1000 Genomes Project, aimed to study human genetic variability. </li> </ul> <ul> <li>2008 Leiden University Medical Center scientists decipher the first complete DNA sequence of a woman.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-44"><font color="#800080">[45]</font></sup> </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">See also</span></h2> <ul> <li><font color="#800080">Sequencing</font> </li> <li>Genome project - how entire genomes are assembled from these short sequences. </li> <li>Applied Biosystems - provided most of the chemistry and equipment for the genome projects. Next-generation technology for very high data generation rates. </li> <li>454 Life Sciences - company specializing in high-throughput DNA sequencing using a sequencing-by-synthesis approach. </li> <li>Illumina (company) - Advancing genetic analysis one billion bases at a time; whole genome sequencing. </li> <li>Joint Genome Institute - sequencing center from the US Department of Energy whose mission is to provide integrated high-throughput sequencing and computational analysis to enable genomic-scale/systems-based scientific approaches to DOE-relevant challenges in energy and the environment. </li> <li>DNA field-effect transistor </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Citations</span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="moz-column-count: 2; webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-0"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> Sanger F, Coulson AR. A rapid method for determining sequences in DNA by primed synthesis with DNA polymerase. J Mol Biol. 1975 May 25;94(3):441&ndash;448 </li> <li id="cite_note-1"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> F. Sanger, S. Nicklen, and A. R. Coulson, DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1977 December; 74(12): 5463&ndash;5467 </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> Maxam AM, Gilbert W., A new method for sequencing DNA, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1977 Feb;74(2):560-4 </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> Unknown </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1973 December; 70(12 Pt 1-2): 3581&ndash;3584. The Nucleotide Sequence of the lac Operator, Walter Gilbert and Allan Maxam </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> Min Jou W, Haegeman G, Ysebaert M, Fiers W., Nucleotide sequence of the gene coding for the bacteriophage MS2 coat protein, Nature. 1972 May 12;237(5350):82-8 </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> Complete nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage MS2 RNA: primary and secondary structure of the replicase gene. <em>Nature</em>. 1976 Apr 8;260(5551):500-7. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> Sanger, F. &amp; Coulson, A. R. (1975) J. Mol. Biol. 94, 441-448 </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> Unknown </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> Nature. 1986 Jun 12-18;321(6071):674-9. Fluorescence detection in automated DNA sequence analysis. We have developed a method for the partial automation of DNA sequence analysis. Fluorescence detection of the DNA fragments is accomplished by means of a fluorophore covalently attached to the oligonucleotide primer used in enzymatic DNA sequence analysis. A different coloured fluorophore is used for each of the reactions specific for the bases A, C, G and T. The reaction mixtures are combined and co-electrophoresed down a single polyacrylamide gel tube, the separated fluorescent bands of DNA are detected near the bottom of the tube, and the sequence information is acquired directly by computer. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> Nucleic Acids Res. 1985 Apr 11;13(7):2399-412. The synthesis of oligonucleotides containing an aliphatic amino group at the 5' terminus: synthesis of fluorescent DNA primers for use in DNA sequence analysis. Note that Oxford University Press, the publishers of the journal Nucleic Acids Research, make the full contents of this journal available online for free - you can download a copy of this paper for yourself&nbsp;!! </li> <li id="cite_note-Reeve.2CFuller-11">^ ^{<em><strong><font color="#800080">a</font></strong></em>} ^{<em><strong><font color="#800080">b</font></strong></em>} <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">&quot;A novel thermostable polymerase for DNA sequencing.&quot; (1995-08-31). <em>Nature</em> <strong>376</strong> (6543): 796-797. doi:<span class="plainlinks neverexpand">10.1038/376796a0</span>. PMID 7651542.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=A+novel+thermostable+polymerase+for+DNA+sequencing.&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.date=1995-08-31&amp;rft.volume=376&amp;rft.issue=6543&amp;rft.pages=796-797&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/7651542&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F376796a0"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium (2004). &quot;Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome.&quot;. <em>Nature</em> <strong>431</strong> (7011): 931-45. doi:<span class="plainlinks neverexpand">10.1038/nature03001</span>. PMID 15496913.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Finishing+the+euchromatic+sequence+of+the+human+genome.&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=431&amp;rft.issue=7011&amp;rft.au=International+Human+Genome+Sequencing+Consortium&amp;rft.pages=931-45&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15496913&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnature03001"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> paper available online </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> Human Genome Project Information </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Neil Hall (2007). &quot;Advanced sequencing technologies and their wider impact in microbiology&quot;. <em>The Journal of Experimental Biology</em> <strong>209</strong>: 1518-1525.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Advanced+sequencing+technologies+and+their+wider+impact+in+microbiology&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Experimental+Biology&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.volume=209&amp;rft.au=Neil+Hall&amp;rft.pages=1518-1525"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">G.M. Church (2006). &quot;Genomes for ALL&quot;. <em>Scientific American</em> <strong>294</strong> (1): 47-54. PMID 16468433.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genomes+for+ALL&amp;rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=294&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.au=G.M.+Church&amp;rft.pages=47-54&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16468433"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Margulies-16">^ ^{<em><strong><font color="#800080">a</font></strong></em>} ^{<em><strong><font color="#800080">b</font></strong></em>} <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">M. Margulies, et al. (2005). &quot;Genome sequencing in microfabricated high-density picolitre reactors&quot;. <em>Nature</em> <strong>437</strong>: 376-380.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+sequencing+in+microfabricated+high-density+picolitre+reactors&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=437&amp;rft.au=M.+Margulies%2C+et+al.&amp;rft.pages=376-380"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-polony_sequencing-17">^ ^{<em><strong><font color="#800080">a</font></strong></em>} ^{<em><strong><font color="#800080">b</font></strong></em>} <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">J. Shendure, G.J. Porreca, N.B. Reppas, X. Lin, J.Pe McCutcheon, A.M. Rosenbaum, M.D. Wang, K. Zhang, R.D. Mitra and G.M. Church (2005). &quot;Accurate Multiplex Polony Sequencing of an Evolved Bacterial Genome&quot;. <em>Science</em> <strong>309</strong> (5741): 1728-1732. doi:<span class="plainlinks neverexpand">10.1126/science.1117389</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Accurate+Multiplex+Polony+Sequencing+of+an+Evolved+Bacterial+Genome&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=309&amp;rft.issue=5741&amp;rft.au=J.+Shendure%2C+G.J.+Porreca%2C+N.B.+Reppas%2C+X.+Lin%2C+J.Pe+McCutcheon%2C+A.M.+Rosenbaum%2C+M.D.+Wang%2C+K.+Zhang%2C+R.D.+Mitra+and+G.M.+Church&amp;rft.pages=1728-1732&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.1117389"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-solid_sequencing-18">^ ^{<em><strong><font color="#800080">a</font></strong></em>} ^{<em><strong><font color="#800080">b</font></strong></em>} http://solid.appliedbiosystems.com/ - Applied Biosystems' SOLiD technology </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Braslavsky, I., Hebert, H., Kartalov, E. and Quake, S.R. (2003). &quot;Sequence information can be obtained from single DNA molecules&quot;. <em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</em> <strong>100</strong>: 3960&ndash;3964. doi:<span class="plainlinks neverexpand">10.1073/pnas.0230489100</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Sequence+information+can+be+obtained+from+single+DNA+molecules&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=100&amp;rft.au=Braslavsky%2C+I.%2C+Hebert%2C+H.%2C+Kartalov%2C+E.+and+Quake%2C+S.R.&amp;rft.pages=3960%E2%80%933964&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.0230489100"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span>full text available online </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">M. Ronaghi, S. Karamohamed, B. Pettersson, M. Uhlen, and P. Nyren (1996). &quot;Real-time DNA sequencing using detection of pyrophosphate release&quot;. <em>Analytical Biochemistry</em> <strong>242</strong>: 84=89. doi:<span class="plainlinks neverexpand">10.1006/abio.1996.0432</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Real-time+DNA+sequencing+using+detection+of+pyrophosphate+release&amp;rft.jtitle=Analytical+Biochemistry&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.volume=242&amp;rft.au=M.+Ronaghi%2C+S.+Karamohamed%2C+B.+Pettersson%2C+M.+Uhlen%2C+and+P.+Nyren&amp;rft.pages=84%3D89&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1006%2Fabio.1996.0432"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> S. C. Macevicz, US Patent 5750341, filed 1995 </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">G.J. Hanna, V.A. Johnson, D.R. Kuritzkes, D.D. Richman, J. Martinez-Picado, L. Sutton, J.D. Hazelwood, R.T. D'Aquila (2000). &quot;Comparison of sequencing by hybridization and cycle sequencing for genotyping of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase&quot;. <em>Journal of Clinical Microbiology</em> <strong>38</strong> (7): 2715. PMID 10878069.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Comparison+of+sequencing+by+hybridization+and+cycle+sequencing+for+genotyping+of+human+immunodeficiency+virus+type+1+reverse+transcriptase&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Clinical+Microbiology&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.volume=38&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.au=G.J.+Hanna%2C+V.A.+Johnson%2C+D.R.+Kuritzkes%2C+D.D.+Richman%2C+J.+Martinez-Picado%2C+L.+Sutton%2C+J.D.+Hazelwood%2C+R.T.+D%27Aquila&amp;rft.pages=2715&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/10878069"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">J.R. Edwards, H.Ruparel, and J. Ju. &quot;Mass-spectrometry DNA sequencing&quot;. <em>Mutation Research</em> <strong>573</strong> (1-2): 3-12.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Mass-spectrometry+DNA+sequencing&amp;rft.jtitle=Mutation+Research&amp;rft.volume=573&amp;rft.issue=1-2&amp;rft.au=J.R.+Edwards%2C+H.Ruparel%2C+and+J.+Ju&amp;rft.pages=3-12"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> VisiGen Biotechnologies Inc. - Technology Overview </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> The Harvard Nanopore Group </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> USPTO application # 20060029957 assigned to ZS genetics http://www.freepatentsonline.com/20060029957.html </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> NHGRI Aims to Make DNA Sequencing Faster, More Cost Effective, NIH News Release, 4 October 2006 </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> &quot;PRIZE Overview: Archon X PRIZE for Genomics&quot; </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Karger, Barry L.; A. Guttman, A. S. Cohen, D. N. Heiger (1990-01-15). &quot;Analytical and micropreparative ultrahigh resolution of oligonucleotides by polyacrylamide gel high-performance capillary electrophoresis&quot;. <em>Analytical Chemistry</em> <strong>62</strong> (2): 137 - 141. doi:<span class="plainlinks neverexpand">10.1021/ac00201a010</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Analytical+and+micropreparative+ultrahigh+resolution+of+oligonucleotides+by+polyacrylamide+gel+high-performance+capillary+electrophoresis&amp;rft.jtitle=Analytical+Chemistry&amp;rft.date=1990-01-15&amp;rft.volume=62&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.aulast=Karger&amp;rft.aufirst=Barry+L.&amp;rft.pages=137+-+141&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1021%2Fac00201a010"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span>|url=|format=|accessdate=2007-10-08 </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Smith, Lloyd M.; Luckey JA, Drossman H, Kostichka AJ, Mead DA, D'Cunha J, Norris TB (1990-08-11). &quot;High speed DNA sequencing by capillary electrophoresis.&quot;. <em>Nucleic Acids Research</em> <strong>18</strong>: 4417-4421. PMID 2388826 doi:10.1093/nar/18.15.4417.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=High+speed+DNA+sequencing+by+capillary+electrophoresis.&amp;rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Research&amp;rft.date=1990-08-11&amp;rft.volume=18&amp;rft.aulast=Smith&amp;rft.aufirst=Lloyd+M.&amp;rft.pages=4417-4421&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/2388826+%5B%5BDigital+object+identifier%7Cdoi%5D%5D%3A%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1093%252Fnar%252F18.15.4417+10.1093%2Fnar%2F18.15.4417%5D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnar.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F18%2F15%2F4417"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Dovichi, Norman J.; H.P. Swerdlow, S. Wu , H.R. Harke (1990-09-07). &quot;Capillary gel electrophoresis for DNA sequencing: laser-induced fluorescence detection with the sheath flow cuvette&quot;. <em>Journal of Chromatography</em> <strong>516</strong>: 61-67. PMID 2286629.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Capillary+gel+electrophoresis+for+DNA+sequencing%3A+laser-induced+fluorescence+detection+with+the+sheath+flow+cuvette&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chromatography&amp;rft.date=1990-09-07&amp;rft.volume=516&amp;rft.aulast=Dovichi&amp;rft.aufirst=Norman+J.&amp;rft.pages=61-67&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/2286629"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Page, DC; Foote S, Vollrath D, Hilton A (1992-10-02). &quot;The human Y chromosome: overlapping DNA clones spanning the euchromatic region.&quot;. <em>Science</em> <strong>258</strong> (5079): 60-66. PMID 1359640.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+human+Y+chromosome%3A+overlapping+DNA+clones+spanning+the+euchromatic+region.&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.date=1992-10-02&amp;rft.volume=258&amp;rft.issue=5079&amp;rft.aulast=Page&amp;rft.aufirst=DC&amp;rft.pages=60-66&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/1359640"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Cohen, Daniel; Ilya Chumakov, Philippe Rigault, Sophie Guillou, Pierre Ougen, Alain Billaut, Ghislaine Guasconi, Patricia Gervy, Isabelle LeGall, Pascal Soularue, Laurent Grinas, Lydie Bougueleret, Christine Bellann&eacute;-Chantelot, Bruno Lacroix, Emmanuel Barillot, Philippe Gesnouin, Stuart Pook, Guy Vaysseix, Gerard Frelat, Annette Schmitz, Jean-Luc Sambucy, Assumpcio Bosch, Xavier Estivill, Jean Weissenbachparallel, Alain Vignal, Harold Riethman, David Cox, David Patterson, Kathleen Gardiner, Masahira Hattori, Yoshiyuki Sakaki, Hitoshi Ichikawa, Misao Ohki, Denis Le Paslier, Roland Heilig, Stylianos Antonarakis (1992-10-01). &quot;Continuum of overlapping clones spanning the entire human chromosome 21q&quot;. <em>Nature</em> <strong>359</strong> (6394): 380-387. doi:<span class="plainlinks neverexpand">10.1038/359380a0</span>. PMID 1406950 doi:10.1038/359380a0.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Continuum+of+overlapping+clones+spanning+the+entire+human+chromosome+21q&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.date=1992-10-01&amp;rft.volume=359&amp;rft.issue=6394&amp;rft.aulast=Cohen&amp;rft.aufirst=Daniel&amp;rft.pages=380-387&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/1406950+%5B%5BDigital+object+identifier%7Cdoi%5D%5D%3A%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1038%252F359380a0+10.1038%2F359380a0%5D&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F359380a0"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Lander, E. S.; Dietrich W, Katz H, Lincoln SE, Shin HS, Friedman J, Dracopoli NC (1992-06). &quot;A Genetic Map of the Mouse Suitable for Typing Intraspecific Crosses&quot;. <em>Genetics</em> <strong>131</strong>: 423-447. PMID 1353738.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=A+Genetic+Map+of+the+Mouse+Suitable+for+Typing+Intraspecific+Crosses&amp;rft.jtitle=Genetics&amp;rft.date=1992-06&amp;rft.volume=131&amp;rft.aulast=Lander&amp;rft.aufirst=E.+S.&amp;rft.pages=423-447&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/1353738&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genetics.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F131%2F2%2F423"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Weissenbach, Jean; Gyapay G, Dib C, Vignal A, Morissette J, Millasseau P, Vaysseix G, Lathrop M. (1992-10-29). &quot;A second-generation linkage map of the human genome&quot;. <em>Nature</em> <strong>359</strong>: 794 - 801. doi:<span class="plainlinks neverexpand">10.1038/359794a0</span>. PMID 1436057 doi:10.1038/359794a0.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=A+second-generation+linkage+map+of+the+human+genome&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.date=1992-10-29&amp;rft.volume=359&amp;rft.aulast=Weissenbach&amp;rft.aufirst=Jean&amp;rft.pages=794+-+801&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/1436057+%5B%5BDigital+object+identifier%7Cdoi%5D%5D%3A%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1038%252F359794a0+10.1038%2F359794a0%5D&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F359794a0"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Mathies, R. A.; Ju J, Ruan C, Fuller CW, Glazer AN (1995-05-09). &quot;Fluorescence Energy Transfer Dye-Labeled Primers for DNA Sequencing and Analysis&quot;. <em>PNAS</em> <strong>92</strong>: 4347-4351. PMID 7753809.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Fluorescence+Energy+Transfer+Dye-Labeled+Primers+for+DNA+Sequencing+and+Analysis&amp;rft.jtitle=PNAS&amp;rft.date=1995-05-09&amp;rft.volume=92&amp;rft.aulast=Mathies&amp;rft.aufirst=R.+A.&amp;rft.pages=4347-4351&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/7753809&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpubmed%26pubmedid%3D7753809"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Blattner, F. R.; Frederick R. Blattner, Guy Plunkett III, Craig A. Bloch, Nicole T. Perna, Valerie Burland, Monica Riley, Julio Collado-Vides, Jeremy D. Glasner, Christopher K. Rode, George F. Mayhew, Jason Gregor, Nelson Wayne Davis, Heather A. Kirkpatrick, Michael A. Goeden, Debra J. Rose, Bob Mau, Ying Shao (1997-09-05). &quot;The Complete Genome Sequence of Escherichia coli K-12&quot;. <em>Science</em> <strong>277</strong> (5331): 1453-1462. doi:<span class="plainlinks neverexpand">10.1126/science.277.5331.1453</span>. PMID 9278503 doi:10.1126/science.277.5331.1453.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+Complete+Genome+Sequence+of+Escherichia+coli+K-12&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.date=1997-09-05&amp;rft.volume=277&amp;rft.issue=5331&amp;rft.au=Blattner%2C+F.+R.&amp;rft.pages=1453-1462&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/9278503+%5B%5BDigital+object+identifier%7Cdoi%5D%5D%3A%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1126%252Fscience.277.5331.1453+10.1126%2Fscience.277.5331.1453%5D&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.277.5331.1453"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">&quot;Base-calling of automated sequencer traces using phred. II. Error probabilities.&quot; (1998-03). <em>Genome Reserarch</em> <strong>8</strong> (3): 186-94. PMID 9521922.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Base-calling+of+automated+sequencer+traces+using+phred.+II.+Error+probabilities.&amp;rft.jtitle=Genome+Reserarch&amp;rft.date=1998-03&amp;rft.volume=8&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=186-94&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/9521922"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">The C.&amp;Nbsp;Elegans Sequencing Consortium,; The C. elegans Sequencing Consortium (1998-12-11). &quot;Genome Sequence of the Nematode C. elegans: A Platform for Investigating Biology&quot;. <em>Science</em> <strong>282</strong> (5396): 2012-2018. doi:<span class="plainlinks neverexpand">10.1126/science.282.5396.2012</span>. PMID 9851916 doi:10.1126/science.282.5396.2012.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+Sequence+of+the+Nematode+C.+elegans%3A+A+Platform+for+Investigating+Biology&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.date=1998-12-11&amp;rft.volume=282&amp;rft.issue=5396&amp;rft.au=The+C.%26Nbsp%3BElegans+Sequencing+Consortium%2C&amp;rft.pages=2012-2018&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/9851916+%5B%5BDigital+object+identifier%7Cdoi%5D%5D%3A%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1126%252Fscience.282.5396.2012+10.1126%2Fscience.282.5396.2012%5D&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.282.5396.2012"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">&quot;The DNA sequence of human chromosome 22&quot; (1999-12-02). <em>Nature</em> <strong>402</strong> (6761): 489-495. doi:<span class="plainlinks neverexpand">10.1038/990031</span>. PMID 10591208.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+DNA+sequence+of+human+chromosome+22&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.date=1999-12-02&amp;rft.volume=402&amp;rft.issue=6761&amp;rft.pages=489-495&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/10591208&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F990031"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> Hattori, M., A. Fujiyama, T. D. Taylor, H. Watanabe, T. Yada, H.-S. Park, A. Toyoda, K. Ishii, Y. Totoki, D.-K. Choi, E. Soeda, M. Ohki, T. Takagi, Y. Sakaki; S. Taudienk, K. Blechschmidtk, A. Polleyk, U. Menzelk, J. Delabar, K. Kumpfk, R. Lehmannk, D. Patterson, K. Reichwaldk, A. Rumpk, M. Schillhabelk, A. Schudyk, W. Zimmermannk, A. Rosenthalk; J. KudohI, K. ShibuyaI, K. KawasakiI, S. AsakawaI, A. ShintaniI, T. SasakiI, K. NagamineI, S. MitsuyamaI, S. E. Antonarakis, S. MinoshimaI, N. ShimizuI, G. Nordsiek, K. Hornischer, P. Brandt, M. Scharfe, O. Scho&Egrave;n, A. Desario, J. Reichelt, G. Kauer, H. Bloecker; J. Ramser, A. Beck, S. Klages, S. Hennig, L. Riesselmann, E. Dagand, T. Haaf, S. Wehrmeyer, K. Borzym, K. Gardiner, D. Nizetickk, F. Francis, H. Lehrach, R. Reinhardt, and M.-L. Yaspo, (2000). The DNA sequence of human chromosome 21. Nature 405: 311-319. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">&quot;Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome&quot; (2001-02-15). <em>Nature</em> <strong>409</strong> (6822): 860-921. doi:<span class="plainlinks neverexpand">10.1038/35057062</span>. PMID 11237011.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Initial+sequencing+and+analysis+of+the+human+genome&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.date=2001-02-15&amp;rft.volume=409&amp;rft.issue=6822&amp;rft.pages=860-921&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11237011&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F35057062"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Venter, J. C.; et al (2001-02-16). &quot;The sequence of the human genome.&quot;. <em>Science</em> <strong>291</strong> (5507): 1304-51. doi:<span class="plainlinks neverexpand">10.1126/science.1058040</span>. PMID 11181995 doi:10.1126/science.1058040.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+sequence+of+the+human+genome.&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.date=2001-02-16&amp;rft.volume=291&amp;rft.issue=5507&amp;rft.aulast=Venter&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+C.&amp;rft.pages=1304-51&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11181995+%5B%5BDigital+object+identifier%7Cdoi%5D%5D%3A%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1126%252Fscience.1058040+10.1126%2Fscience.1058040%5D&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.1058040"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><strong><font color="#800080">^</font></strong> &quot;Scientists encode first woman's genome&quot;, <em>msnbc.com</em>, Microsoft, 2008-05-27. Retrieved on 2008-05-27.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;rft.type=newspaperArticle&amp;rft.subject=News&amp;rft.title=Scientists+encode+first+woman%27s+genome&amp;rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msnbc.msn.com%2Fid%2F24840903%2F&amp;rft.source=msnbc.com&amp;rft.publisher=Microsoft&amp;rft.date=2008-05-27"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> </ol> </div> <p><a id="External_links" name="External_links"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.jgi.doe.gov/education/how/how30minflash.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.jgi.doe.gov/education/how/how30minflash.html">DNA Sequencing: Dye Terminator Animation</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.genomics.xprize.org" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomics.xprize.org/">Archon Genomics X PRIZE</a> - $10 million competition for fast and inexpensive sequencing technology </li> </ul> de86b4cc262e3149c55ba0f570477a7d51f03d17 0 1706 3651 3080 2011-03-31T11:15:54Z Spam cleanup script 190 Cleaning up links to www.asiawriters.com wikitext text/x-wiki Center for Integrative Genomics! <br /> The Center for Integrative Genomics at Berkeley is a research center bringing together researchers from several traditionally isolated fields of study to analyze and compare the genome sequences of a broad spectrum of organisms to determine the mechanisms responsible for evolutionary diversity among animals, plants and microbes. <br /> <br /> Faculty at the Center are drawn from a number of academic departments at UC Berkeley and Lawrence Berkeley National Labs, including molecular and cellular biology, integrative biology, statistics, computer science, bioengineering, plant and microbial biology, biostatistics, mathematics, physics, and public health. <br /> <br /> One of the Center's primary objectives is to decode regulatory DNA - the regions of the genome that control gene expression - and the protein factors that bind to them. By understanding how a common set of genes is deployed differently in various organisms, we hope to reveal the mechanisms of evolution. Many of our projects involve the study of the organisms shown above. Click on one to find out more. <br /> <br /> <br /> Mailing address: <br /> UC Berkeley MCB <br /> CIG 142 LSA #3200 <br /> Berkeley, CA 94720-3200 <br /> <br /> Fax: 510-643-5785 <br /> <br /> <a href="http://cigbrowser.berkeley.edu/">http://cigbrowser.berkeley.edu/</a> c397fc03680f1b12df0f8fd5871dd102eafa7475 6 2166 3656 2011-04-01T22:32:04Z NorrisLy4 191 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 6 2168 3658 2011-04-02T00:38:01Z SuzanneBiggs3 192 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 6 2170 3660 2011-04-02T00:42:14Z WalesMcbride5 193 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 6 2172 3662 2011-04-02T01:02:05Z EdwinaPickett 194 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 6 2174 3664 2011-04-02T04:44:21Z ConceptionThornton 195 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 6 2178 3668 2011-04-02T19:27:19Z HettieLandry5 198 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 6 2180 3670 2011-04-03T00:32:00Z HowellHerbert 199 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 6 2189 3682 2011-04-12T05:06:04Z EphraimStrickland 205 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 6 2191 3684 2011-04-12T14:51:53Z VictoriaShepherd 206 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 0 2001 3685 3473 2011-04-13T02:29:47Z S 72 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font size="3"><strong><font size="5">What is genomics?</font><br /> <br /> Genomics</strong> is the [[omics]] study of [[gene]]s of individual organisms,&nbsp;populations, and species. <br /> </font></p> <p><font size="3">It is also a paradigm of performing biological science that deviates from&nbsp;investigating single genes, their functions, and roles. <br /> </font></p> <p><font size="3">The main reason of an independent biological discipline is that it deals with very large sets of genetic information to automatically analyze information using interaction and network concepts. Genomics inevitably employs high performance computing and bioinformatics technologies.</font><br /> &nbsp;</p> <ul> <li>[[What is a genome?]]</li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <div v:shape="_x0000_s1026">&nbsp;</div> <div v:shape="_x0000_s1026"><span style="font-size: 32pt"><font color="#339966" size="5">&quot;[[Genome sequencing is not Genomics]]&quot;</font></span></div> <p><br /> &nbsp;</p> <p><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">History of the field</font></span></strong></p> <p><font size="3">Genomics was practically founded by Fred Sanger group in 1970s when they developed&nbsp;a gene sequencing technique and completed the first [[genome]]s; namely bacteriophage &Phi;-X174; (5,368 bp),&nbsp;the human mitochondrial genome, and lamda virus.</font></p> <p><font size="3">In 1972, Walter Fiers and his team at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology of the University of Ghent (Ghent, Belgium) were the first to determine the sequence of a gene: the gene for Bacteriophage MS2 coat protein.<sup id="_ref-0" class="reference">[1]</sup> In 1976, the team determined the complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA.<sup id="_ref-1" class="reference">[2]</sup> The first DNA-based genome to be sequenced in its entirety was that of bacteriophage &Phi;-X174; (5,368 bp), sequenced by Frederick Sanger in 1977<sup id="_ref-2" class="reference">[3]</sup>. The first free-living organism to be sequenced was that of <em>Haemophilus influenzae</em> (1.8 Mb) in 1995, and since then genomes are being sequenced at a rapid pace. A rough draft of the human genome was completed by Sanger centre and the Human Genome Project in early 2001.</font></p> <p><font size="3">As of September 2007, the complete sequence was known of about 1879 viruses <sup id="_ref-3" class="reference">[4]</sup>, 577 bacterial species and roughly 23 eukaryote organisms, of which about half are fungi. <sup id="_ref-4" class="reference">[5]</sup> Most of the bacteria whose genomes have been completely sequenced are problematic disease-causing agents, such as <em>Haemophilus influenzae</em>. Of the other sequenced species, most were chosen because they were well-studied model organisms or promised to become good models. Yeast (<em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em>) has long been an important model organism for the eukaryotic cell, while the fruit fly <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> has been a very important tool (notably in early pre-molecular genetics). The worm <em>Caenorhabditis elegans</em> is an often used simple model for multicellular organisms. The zebrafish <em>Brachydanio rerio</em> is used for many developmental studies on the molecular level and the flower <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em> is a model organism for flowering plants. The Japanese pufferfish (<em>Takifugu rubripes</em>) and the spotted green pufferfish (<em>Tetraodon nigroviridis</em>) are interesting because of their small and compact genomes, containing very little non-coding DNA compared to most species. <sup id="_ref-5" class="reference">[6]</sup> <sup id="_ref-6" class="reference">[7]</sup> The mammals dog (<em>Canis familiaris</em>), <sup id="_ref-7" class="reference">[8]</sup> brown rat (<em>Rattus norvegicus</em>), mouse (<em>Mus musculus</em>), and chimpanzee (<em>Pan troglodytes</em>) are all important model animals in medical research.</font></p> <p><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></p> <p><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">Bacteriophage Genomics</font></span></strong></p> <p><font size="3">Bacteriophages have played and continue to play a key role in bacterial genetics and molecular biology. Historically, they were used to define gene structure and gene regulation. Also the first genome to be sequenced was a bacteriophage. However, bacteriophage research did not lead the genomics revolution, which is clearly dominated by bacterial genomics. Only very recently has the study of bacteriophage genomes become prominent, thereby enabling researchers to understand the mechanisms underlying phage evolution. Bacteriophage genome sequences can be obtained through direct sequencing of isolated bacteriophages, but can also be derived as part of microbial genomes. Analysis of bacterial genomes has shown that a substantial amount of microbial DNA consists of prophage sequences and prophage-like elements. A detailed database mining of these sequences offers insights into the role of prophages in shaping the bacterial genome.<sup id="_ref-McGrath_0" class="reference">[9]</sup></font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">Cyanobacteria Genomics</font></span></strong></p> <p><font size="3">At present there are 24 cyanobacteria for which a total genome sequence is available. 15 of these cyanobacteria come from the marine environment. These are six <em>Prochlorococcus</em><em>Synechococcus</em> strains, <em>Trichodesmium erythraeum</em> IMS101 and <em>Crocosphaera watsonii</em> [[WH8501. Several studies have demonstrated how these sequences could be used very successfully to infer important ecological and physiological characteristics of marine cyanobacteria. However, there are many more genome projects currently in progress, amongst those there are further <em>Prochlorococcus</em> and marine <em>Synechococcus</em> isolates, <em>Acaryochloris</em> and <em>Prochloron</em>, the N₂-fixing filamentous cyanobacteria <em>Nodularia spumigena</em>, <em>Lyngbya aestuarii</em> and <em>Lyngbya majuscula</em>, as well as bacteriophages infecting marine cyanobaceria. Thus, the growing body of genome information can also be tapped in a more general way to address global problems by applying a comparative approach. Some new and exciting examples of progress in this field are the identification of genes for regulatory RNAs, insights into the evolutionary origin of photosynthesis, or estimation of the contribution of horizontal gene transfer to the genomes that have been analyzed.<sup id="_ref-Herrero_0" class="reference">[10]</sup></font></p> <p><font size="4">[[Genome sequencing and genomics]]</font></p> <p><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">See also</font></span></strong></p> <ul> <li><font size="3">[[Pangenomics]] and [[Pangenome]]</font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Personal Genome Project]]</font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Omics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Proteomics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Interactomics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Functional genomics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Computational genomics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Nitrogenomics]]</font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Pathogenomics]]</font></li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">References</font></span></strong></p> <ol class="references"> <li id="_note-0"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-0">^</a></strong> Min Jou W, Haegeman G, Ysebaert M, Fiers W., Nucleotide sequence of the gene coding for the bacteriophage MS2 coat protein, Nature. 1972 May 12;237(5350):82-8 </font></li> <li id="_note-1"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-1">^</a></strong> Fiers W et al., Complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA - primary and secondary structure of replicase gene, Nature, 260, 500-507, 1976 </font></li> <li id="_note-2"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-2">^</a></strong> Sanger F, Air GM, Barrell BG, Brown NL, Coulson AR, Fiddes CA, Hutchison CA, Slocombe PM, Smith M., Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA, Nature. 1977 Feb 24;265(5596):687-95 </font></li> <li id="_note-3"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-3">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/VIRUSES/virostat.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/VIRUSES/virostat.html"><em>The Viral Genomes Resource</em>, NCBI Friday, 14 September, 2007</a></font></li> <li id="_note-4"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-4">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/static/gpstat.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/static/gpstat.html"><em>Genome Project Statistic</em>, NCBI Friday, 14 September, 2007</a></font></li> <li id="_note-5"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-5">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3760766.stm" rel="nofollow" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3760766.stm">BBC article <em>Human gene number slashed</em> from Wednesday, 20 October, 2004</a></font></li> <li id="_note-6"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-6">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2003/10/16/pufferfish_fruitfly/index.shtml" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2003/10/16/pufferfish_fruitfly/index.shtml">CBSE News, Thursday October 16, 2003</a></font></li> <li id="_note-7"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-7">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.genome.gov/12511476" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.gov/12511476">NHGRI, pressrelease of the publishing of the dog genome</a></font></li> <li id="_note-McGrath"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-McGrath_0">^</a></strong> <cite style="font-style: normal" class="book">Mc Grath S and van Sinderen D (editors). (2007). <em><a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage">Bacteriophage: Genetics and Molecular Biology</a></em>, 1st ed., Caister Academic Press. <a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage">ISBN 978-1-904455-14-1</a> .</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Bacteriophage%3A+Genetics+and+Molecular+Biology&amp;rft.au=Mc+Grath+S+and+van+Sinderen+D+%28editors%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fphage">&nbsp;</span></font></li> <li id="_note-Herrero"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-Herrero_0">^</a></strong> <cite style="font-style: normal" class="book">Herrero A and Flores E (editor). (2008). <em><a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan">The Cyanobacteria: Molecular Biology, Genomics and Evolution</a></em>, 1st ed., Caister Academic Press. <a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan">ISBN 978-1-904455-15-8</a> .</cite></font><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cyanobacteria%3A+Molecular+Biology%2C+Genomics+and+Evolution&amp;rft.au=Herrero+A+and+Flores+E+%28editor%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fcyan"><font size="3"> </font><br /> </span></li> </ol> <p><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cyanobacteria%3A+Molecular+Biology%2C+Genomics+and+Evolution&amp;rft.au=Herrero+A+and+Flores+E+%28editor%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fcyan"><font size="5"><br /> Web links</font><br /> [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics Wikipedia Genomics link]<br /> [http://omics.org Omics.org]<br /> [http://totalomics.com Totalomics.com]<br /> </span></p> e357d936d1a7d78a9fcfef9c8f2ce46acea34fc5 0 2192 3686 2011-04-13T02:31:15Z S 72 Created page with "<p><span style="font-size: large">Genome is the totality of genetic information.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">Genome is the history book of life.</..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: large">Genome is the totality of genetic information.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">Genome is the history book of life.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">Genome is the operation manual and system of life.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">Genome is a language.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">Genome is in one dimention in sequence and multi-dimension in function.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> a3f7a4942e8073158ccc47f1e15c650affd749a1 6 2194 3688 2011-04-13T19:41:20Z AdrienneSteele 207 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 6 2196 3690 2011-04-14T02:01:04Z CliffordLink9 208 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 6 2198 3693 2011-04-14T18:50:42Z TerryFischer3 210 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 6 2200 3695 2011-04-15T20:43:34Z MasonHolcomb2 211 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 6 2202 3697 2011-04-15T20:56:15Z PurificationBarlow 212 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 6 2204 3699 2011-04-16T22:18:51Z MarshallHaas4 213 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 6 2213 3708 2011-04-20T03:39:15Z TeodoraGipson 217 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 6 2215 3710 2011-04-20T07:06:15Z PermBowers3 218 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 6 2237 3735 2011-05-01T07:17:10Z CeciliaBranch 230 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 6 2239 3737 2011-05-01T07:59:50Z JustinKaplan4 231 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 6 2241 3739 2011-05-02T17:56:23Z WillianHuber8 232 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 6 2247 3745 2011-05-06T03:10:33Z DessieCoffey5 235 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 6 2251 3749 2011-05-07T13:36:27Z MollyChung5 237 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 6 2255 3753 2011-05-07T22:45:47Z OttilieSpencer 239 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 6 2257 3755 2011-05-09T08:40:46Z ConstantBarnhart 240 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 6 2259 3757 2011-05-09T12:26:47Z EvalineHyatt7 241 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 6 2263 3761 2011-05-10T09:34:11Z AlfordGarcia2 243 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 0 2264 3762 2011-05-29T08:45:13Z J 2 Created page with "<p>fRNA</p> <p>Functional RNA.</p> <p>A <b>non-coding RNA</b><span style="color: #000000"> (<b>ncRNA</b>) is a functional RNA molecule that is not translated into a protein. Less..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p>fRNA</p> <p>Functional RNA.</p> <p>A <b>non-coding RNA</b><span style="color: #000000"> (<b>ncRNA</b>) is a functional RNA molecule that is not translated into a protein. Less-frequently used synonyms are non-protein-coding RNA (npcRNA), non-messenger RNA (nmRNA), small non-messenger RNA (snmRNA) and functional RNA (fRNA). The term <b>small RNA</b> (<b>sRNA</b>) is often used for small bacterial ncRNAs. The DNA sequence from which a non-coding RNA is transcribed as the end product is often called an <b>RNA gene</b> or non-coding RNA gene.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Non-coding RNA genes include highly abundant and functionally important RNAs such as transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA), as well as RNAs such as snoRNAs, microRNAs, siRNAs and piRNAs and the long ncRNAs that include examples such as Xist and HOTAIR (see here for a more complete list of ncRNAs). The number of ncRNAs encoded within the human genome is unknown, however recent transcriptomic and bioinformatic studies suggest the existence of thousands of ncRNAs.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15790807_0-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[1]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid17571346_1-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[2]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid17568003_2-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[3]</font></sup>^{<font size="2">, but see</font>} <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><font size="2">[4]</font></sup> Since many of the newly identified ncRNAs have not been validated for their function, it is possible that many are non-functional.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15851066_4-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[5]</font></sup></span></p> <p> <table id="toc" class="toc tochidden"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <div id="toctitle"> <h2><span style="color: #000000">Contents</span></h2> <span style="color: #000000"><span class="toctoggle"><font size="2">[</font><font size="2">show</font><font size="2">]</font></span></span></div> <ul style="display: none"> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><span style="color: #000000"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History and discovery</span></span></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><span style="color: #000000"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Biological roles of ncRNA</span> </span> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><span style="color: #000000"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">ncRNAs in translation</span></span></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><span style="color: #000000"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">ncRNAs in RNA splicing</span></span></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><span style="color: #000000"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">ncRNAs in gene regulation</span> </span> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><span style="color: #000000"><span class="tocnumber">2.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">trans-acting ncRNAs</span></span></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><span style="color: #000000"><span class="tocnumber">2.3.2</span> <span class="toctext">cis-acting ncRNAs</span></span></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><span style="color: #000000"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">ncRNAs and genome defense</span></span></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><span style="color: #000000"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">ncRNAs and chromosome structure</span></span></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><span style="color: #000000"><span class="tocnumber">2.6</span> <span class="toctext">Bifunctional RNA</span></span></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><span style="color: #000000"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">ncRNAs and disease</span> </span> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><span style="color: #000000"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Cancer</span></span></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><span style="color: #000000"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Prader&ndash;Willi syndrome</span></span></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><span style="color: #000000"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Autism</span></span></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><span style="color: #000000"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Cartilage-hair hypoplasia</span></span></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><span style="color: #000000"><span class="tocnumber">3.5</span> <span class="toctext">Alzheimer's disease</span></span></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><span style="color: #000000"><span class="tocnumber">3.6</span> <span class="toctext">miR-96 and hearing loss</span></span></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><span style="color: #000000"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Distinction between functional RNA (fRNA) and ncRNA</span></span></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><span style="color: #000000"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></span></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><span style="color: #000000"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></span></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><span style="color: #000000"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="History_and_discovery" class="mw-headline">History and discovery</span></span></h2> <div class="rellink boilerplate further"><span style="color: #000000">Further information: History of molecular biology</span></div> <p><span style="color: #000000">Nucleic acids were first discovered in 1868 by Friedrich Miescher<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><font size="2">[6]</font></sup> and by 1939 RNA had been implicated in protein synthesis.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><font size="2">[7]</font></sup> Two decades later, Francis Crick predicted a functional RNA component which mediated translation; he reasoned that RNA is better suited to base-pair with the mRNA transcript than a pure polypeptide.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><font size="2">[8]</font></sup></span></p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width: 252px" class="thumbinner"><span style="color: #000000"><font size="2"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/TRNA-Phe_yeast_1ehz.png/250px-TRNA-Phe_yeast_1ehz.png" width="250" height="247" /></font> </span> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><span style="color: #000000"><img alt="" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" /></span></div> <span style="color: #000000">The cloverleaf structure of Yeast tRNA^{<font size="1">Phe</font>} (<i>inset</i>) and the 3D structure determined by X-ray analysis.</span></div> </div> </div> <p><span style="color: #000000">The first non-coding RNA to be characterised was an alanine tRNA found in baker's yeast, its structure was published in 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-Hol65_8-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[9]</font></sup> To produce a purified alanine tRNA sample, Robert W. Holley <i>et al.</i> used 140kg of commercial baker's yeast to give just 1g of purified tRNA^{<font size="2">Ala</font>} for analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel68_9-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[10]</font></sup> The 80 nucleotide tRNA was sequenced by first being digested with Pancreatic ribonuclease (producing fragments ending in Cytosine or Uridine) and then with takadiastase ribonuclease Tl (producing fragments which finished with Guanosine). Chromatography and identification of the 5' and 3' ends then helped arrange the fragments to establish the RNA sequence.<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel68_9-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[10]</font></sup> Of the three structures originally proposed for this tRNA,<sup id="cite_ref-Hol65_8-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[9]</font></sup> the 'cloverleaf' structure was independently proposed in several following publications.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid5938777_10-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[11]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><font size="2">[12]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><font size="2">[13]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><font size="2">[14]</font></sup> The cloverleaf secondary structure was finalised following X-ray crystallography anaylsis performed by two independent research groups in 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><font size="2">[15]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><font size="2">[16]</font></sup></span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Ribosomal RNA was next to be discovered, followed by URNA in the early 1980s. Since then, the discovery of new non-coding RNAs has continued with snoRNAs, Xist, CRISPR and many more.<sup id="cite_ref-Edd01_16-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[17]</font></sup> Recent notable additions include riboswitches and miRNA, the discovery of the RNAi mechanism associated with the latter earned Craig C. Mello and Andrew Fire the 2006 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><font size="2">[18]</font></sup></span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Biological_roles_of_ncRNA" class="mw-headline">Biological roles of ncRNA</span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000">Noncoding RNAs belong to several groups and are involved in many cellular processes. These range from ncRNAs of central importance that are conserved across all or most cellular life through to more transient ncRNAs specific to one or a few closely related species. The more conserved ncRNAs are thought to be molecular fossils or relics from LUCA and the RNA world.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid9419222_18-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[19]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid9419221_19-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[20]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid10497339_20-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[21]</font></sup></span></p> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="ncRNAs_in_translation" class="mw-headline">ncRNAs in translation</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width: 402px" class="thumbinner"><span style="color: #000000"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/NcRNAs-central-dogma.svg/400px-NcRNAs-central-dogma.svg.png" width="400" height="203" /> </span> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><span style="color: #000000"><img alt="" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" /></span></div> <span style="color: #000000">An illustration of the central dogma of molecular biology annotated with the processes ncRNAs are involved in. RNPs are shown in red, ncRNAs are shown in blue.</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div style="width: 222px" class="thumbinner"><span style="color: #000000"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/10_large_subunit.gif/220px-10_large_subunit.gif" width="220" height="220" /> </span> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><span style="color: #000000"><img alt="" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" /></span></div> <span style="color: #000000">Atomic structure of the 50S Subunit from <i>Haloarcula marismortui</i>. Proteins are shown in blue and the two RNA strands in orange and yellow.<sup id="cite_ref-Ban_21-0" class="reference"><font size="1">[22]</font></sup> The small patch of green in the center of the subunit is the active site.</span></div> </div> </div> <p><span style="color: #000000">Many of the conserved, essential and abundant ncRNAs are involved in translation. Ribonucleoprotein (RNP) particles called ribosomes are the 'factories' where translation takes place in the cell. The ribosome consists of more than 60% ribosomal RNA, these are made up of 3 ncRNAs in prokaryotes and 4 ncRNAs in eukaryotes. Ribosomal RNAs catalyse the translation of nucleotide sequences to protein. Another set of ncRNAs, Transfer RNAs, form an 'adaptor molecule' between mRNA and protein. The H/ACA box and C/D box snoRNAs are ncRNAs found in archaea and eukaryotes, RNase MRP is restricted to eukaryotes, both groups of ncRNA are involved in the maturation of rRNA. The snoRNAs guide covalent modifications of rRNA, tRNA and snRNAs, RNase MRP cleaves the internal transcribed spacer 1 between 18S and 5.8S rRNAs. The ubiquitous ncRNA, RNase P, is an evolutionary relative of RNase MRP.<sup id="cite_ref-PMID16540690_22-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[23]</font></sup> RNase P matures tRNA sequences by generating mature 5'-ends of tRNAs through cleaving the 5'-leader elements of precursor-tRNAs. Another ubiquitous RNP called SRP recognizes and transports specific nascent proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotes and the plasma membrane in prokaryotes. In bacteria Transfer-messenger RNA (tmRNA) is an RNP involved in rescuing stalled ribosomes, tagging incomplete polypeptides and promoting the degradation of aberrant mRNA.</span></p> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="ncRNAs_in_RNA_splicing" class="mw-headline">ncRNAs in RNA splicing</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div style="width: 222px" class="thumbinner"><span style="color: #000000"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Yeast_tri-snRNP.jpg/220px-Yeast_tri-snRNP.jpg" width="220" height="160" /> </span> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><span style="color: #000000"><img alt="" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" /></span></div> <span style="color: #000000">Electron microscopy images of the yeast spliceosome. Note the bulk of the complex is in fact ncRNA.</span></div> </div> </div> <p><span style="color: #000000">In eukaryotes the spliceosome performs the splicing reactions essential for removing intron sequences, this process is required for the formation of mature mRNA. The spliceosome is another RNP often also known as the snRNP or tri-snRNP. There are two different forms of the spliceosome, the major and minor forms. The ncRNA components of the major spliceosome are U1, U2, U4 and U5. The ncRNA components of the minor spliceosome are U11, U12, U5, U4atac and U6atac.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Another group of introns can catalyse their own removal from host transcripts, these are called self-splicing RNAs. There are two main groups of self-splicing RNAs, these are the group I catalytic intron and group II catalytic intron. These ncRNAs catalyze their own excision from mRNA, tRNA and rRNA precursors in a wide range of organisms.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">In mammals it has been found that snoRNAs can also regulate the alternative splicing of mRNA, for example snoRNA HBII-52 regulates the splicing of serotonin receptor 2C.<sup id="cite_ref-Kishore_23-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[24]</font></sup></span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">In nematodes the SmY ncRNA appears to be involved in mRNA trans-splicing.</span></p> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="ncRNAs_in_gene_regulation" class="mw-headline">ncRNAs in gene regulation</span></span></h3> <p><span style="color: #000000">The expression of many thousands of genes are regulated by ncRNAs. This regulation can occur in trans or in cis.</span></p> <h4><span style="color: #000000"><span id="trans-acting_ncRNAs" class="mw-headline">trans-acting ncRNAs</span></span></h4> <p><span style="color: #000000">In higher eukaryotes microRNAs regulate gene expression. A single miRNA can reduce the expression levels of hundreds of genes. The mechanism by which mature miRNA molecules act is through partial complementary to one or more messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules, generally in 3' UTRs. The main function of miRNAs is to down-regulate gene expression.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">The ncRNA RNase P has also been shown to influence gene expression. In the human nucleus RNase P is required for the normal and efficient transcription of various ncRNAs transcribed by RNA polymerase III. These include tRNA, 5S rRNA, SRP RNA and U6 snRNA genes. RNase P exerts its role in transcription through association with Pol III and chromatin of active tRNA and 5S rRNA genes. <sup id="cite_ref-pmid16778078_24-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[25]</font></sup></span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">It has been shown that 7SK RNA, a metazoan ncRNA, acts as a negative regulator of the RNA polymerase II elongation factor P-TEFb, and that this activity is influenced by stress response pathways.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">The bacterial ncRNA, 6S RNA, specifically associates with RNA polymerase holoenzyme containing the sigma70 specificity factor. This interaction represses expression from a sigma70-dependent promoter during stationary phase.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Another bacterial ncRNA, OxyS RNA represses translation by binding to Shine-Dalgarno sequences thereby occluding ribosome binding. OxyS RNA is induced in response to oxidative stress in Escherichia coli.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">The B2 RNA is a small noncoding RNA polymerase III transcript that represses mRNA transcription in response to heat shock in mouse cells. B2 RNA inhibits transcription by binding to core Pol II. Through this interaction, B2 RNA assembles into preinitiation complexes at the promoter and blocks RNA synthesis. <sup id="cite_ref-pmid15300239_25-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[26]</font></sup></span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">A recent study has shown that just the act of transcription of ncRNA sequence can have an influence on gene expression. RNA polymerase II transcription of ncRNAs is required for chromatin remodelling in the Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Chromatin is progressively converted to an open configuration, as several species of ncRNAs are transcribed. <sup id="cite_ref-pmid18820678_26-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[27]</font></sup></span></p> <h4><span style="color: #000000"><span id="cis-acting_ncRNAs" class="mw-headline">cis-acting ncRNAs</span></span></h4> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle"><span style="color: #000000">Main articles: Five prime untranslated region and Three prime untranslated region</span></div> <p><span style="color: #000000">A number of ncRNAs are embedded in the 5' UTRs of protein coding genes and influence their expression in various ways. For example, a riboswitch can directly bind a small target molecule, the binding of the target affects the gene's activity.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">RNA leader sequences are found upstream of the first gene of in amino acid biosynthetic operons. These RNA elements form one of two possible structures in regions encoding very short peptide sequences that are rich in the end product amino acid of the operon. A terminator structure forms when there is an excess of the regulatory amino acid and ribosome movement over the leader transcript is not impeded. When there is a deficiency of the charged tRNA of the regulatory amino acid the ribosome translating the leader peptide stalls and the antiterminator structure forms. This allows RNA polymerase to transcribe the operon. Known RNA leaders are Histidine operon leader, Leucine operon leader, Threonine operon leader and the Tryptophan operon leader.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Iron response elements (IRE) are bound by iron response proteins (IRP). The IRE is found in UTRs (Untranslated Regions) of various mRNAs whose products are involved in iron metabolism. When iron concentration is low, IRPs bind the ferritin mRNA IRE leading to translation repression.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Internal ribosome entry sites (IRES) are a RNA structure that allow for translation initiation in the middle of a mRNA sequence as part of the process of protein synthesis.</span></p> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="ncRNAs_and_genome_defense" class="mw-headline">ncRNAs and genome defense</span></span></h3> <p><span style="color: #000000">Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) expressed in mammalian testes and somatic cells, they form RNA-protein complexes with Piwi proteins. These piRNA complexes (piRCs) have been linked to transcriptional gene silencing of retrotransposons and other genetic elements in germ line cells, particularly those in spermatogenesis.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) are repeats found in the DNA of many bacteria and archaea. The repeats are separated by spacers of similar length. It has been demonstrated that these spacers can be derived from phage and subsequently help protect the cell from infection.</span></p> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="ncRNAs_and_chromosome_structure" class="mw-headline">ncRNAs and chromosome structure</span></span></h3> <p><span style="color: #000000">Telomerase is an RNP enzyme that adds specific DNA sequence repeats (&quot;TTAGGG&quot; in vertebrates) to telomeric regions, which are found at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes. The telomeres contain condensed DNA material, giving stability to the chromosomes. The enzyme is a reverse transcriptase that carries Telomerase RNA, which is used as a template when it elongates telomeres, which are shortened after each replication cycle.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Xist (X-inactive-specific transcript) is an long ncRNA gene on the X chromosome of the placental mammals that acts as major effector of the X chromosome inactivation process forming Barr bodies. An antisense RNA, Tsix, is a negative regulator of Xist. X chromosomes lacking Tsix expression (and thus having high levels of Xist transcription) are inactivated more frequently than normal chromosomes. In drosophilids, which also use an XY sex-determination system, the roX (RNA on the X) RNAs are involved in dosage compensation. <sup id="cite_ref-pmid12446910_27-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[28]</font></sup> Both Xist and roX operate by epigenetic regulation of transcription through the recruitment of histone-modifying enzymes.</span></p> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Bifunctional_RNA" class="mw-headline">Bifunctional RNA</span></span></h3> <p><span style="color: #000000"><b>Bifunctional RNAs</b> are RNAs that have two distinct functions, these are also known as dual function RNAs.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18042713_28-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[29]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid19043537_29-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[30]</font></sup> The majority of the known bifunctional RNAs are both mRNAs that encode a protein and ncRNAs. However there are also a growing number of ncRNAs that fall into two different ncRNA categories e.g. H/ACA box snoRNA and miRNA.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19043559_30-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[31]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid19026782_31-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[32]</font></sup></span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Two well known examples of bifunctional RNAs are SgrS RNA and RNAIII. However, a handful of other bifunctional RNAs are known to exist, e.g. SRA (Steroid Receptor Activator) ,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17710122_32-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[33]</font></sup> VegT RNA ,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid9012531_33-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[34]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid16000384_34-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[35]</font></sup> Oskar RNA <sup id="cite_ref-pmid16835436_35-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[36]</font></sup> and ENOD40.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17452360_36-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[37]</font></sup></span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="ncRNAs_and_disease" class="mw-headline">ncRNAs and disease</span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000"><i>See also:</i> Long noncoding RNAs in disease</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">As with proteins, mutations or imbalances in the ncRNA repertoire within the body can cause a variety of diseases.</span></p> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Cancer" class="mw-headline">Cancer</span></span></h3> <p><span style="color: #000000">Many ncRNAs show abnormal expression patterns in cancerous tissues. These include miRNAs,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15944708_37-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[38]</font></sup> long mRNA-like ncRNAs ,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11890990_38-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[39]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid16569192_39-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[40]</font></sup> GAS5, <sup id="cite_ref-pmid18836484_40-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[41]</font></sup> SNORD50, <sup id="cite_ref-pmid19683667_41-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[42]</font></sup> telomerase RNA and Y RNAs. <sup id="cite_ref-pmid18283318_42-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[43]</font></sup> The miRNAs are involved in the large scale regulation of many protein coding genes,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16308420_43-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[44]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid15685193_44-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[45]</font></sup> the Y RNAs are important for the initiation of DNA replication,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16943439_45-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[46]</font></sup> telomerase RNA that serves as a primer for telomerase, an RNP that extends telomeric regions at chromosome ends (see telomeres and disease for more information). The direct function of the long mRNA-like ncRNAs is less clear.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Germ-line mutations in miR-16-1 and miR-15 primary precursors have been shown to be much more frequent in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia compared to control populations.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16251535_46-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[47]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><font size="2">[48]</font></sup></span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">It has been suggested that a rare SNP (rs11614913) that overlaps hsa-mir-196a2 has been found to be associated with non-small cell lung carcinoma.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18521189_48-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[49]</font></sup> Likewise, a screen of 17 miRNAs that have been predicted to regulate a number of breast cancer associated genes found variations in the microRNAs miR-17 and miR-30c-1, these patients were noncarriers of BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations, lending the possibility that familial breast cancer may be caused by variation in these miRNAs.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19048628_49-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[50]</font></sup></span></p> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Prader.E2.80.93Willi_syndrome" class="mw-headline">Prader&ndash;Willi syndrome</span></span></h3> <p><span style="color: #000000">The deletion of the 48 copies of the C/D box snoRNA SNORD116 has been shown to be the primary cause of Prader&ndash;Willi syndrome.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18500341_50-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[51]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid18320030_51-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[52]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid16075369_52-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[53]</font></sup> Prader&ndash;Willi is a developmental disorder associated with over-eating and learning difficulties. SNORD116 has potential target sites within a number of protein-coding genes, and could have a role in regulating alternative splicing.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18160232_53-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[54]</font></sup></span></p> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Autism" class="mw-headline">Autism</span></span></h3> <p><span style="color: #000000">The chromosomal locus containing the small nucleolar RNA SNORD115 gene cluster has been duplicated in approximately 5% of individuals with autistic traits.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15318025_54-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[55]</font></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-pmid18923514_55-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[56]</font></sup> A mouse model engineered to have a duplication of the SNORD115 cluster displays autistic-like behaviour. <sup id="cite_ref-pmid19563756_56-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[57]</font></sup></span></p> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Cartilage-hair_hypoplasia" class="mw-headline">Cartilage-hair hypoplasia</span></span></h3> <p><span style="color: #000000">Mutations within RNase MRP have been shown to cause cartilage-hair hypoplasia, a disease associated with an array of symptoms such as short stature, sparse hair, skeletal abnormalities and a suppressed immune system that is frequent among Amish and Finnish.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11207361_57-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[58]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid17189938_58-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[59]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid18804272_59-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[60]</font></sup> The best characterised variant is an A-to-G transition at nucleotide 70 that is in a loop region two bases 5' of a conserved pseudoknot. However, many other mutations within RNase MRP also cause CHH.</span></p> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Alzheimer.27s_disease" class="mw-headline">Alzheimer's disease</span></span></h3> <p><span style="color: #000000">The antisense RNA, BACE1-AS is transcribed from the opposite strand to BACE1 and is upregulated in patients with Alzheimer's disease.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18587408_60-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[61]</font></sup> BACE1-AS regulates the expression of BACE1 by increasing BACE1 mRNA stability and generating additional BACE1 through a post-transcriptional feed-forward mechanism. By the same mechanism it also raises concentrations of beta amyloid, the main constituent of senile plaques. BACE1-AS concentrations are elevated in subjects with Alzheimer's disease and in amyloid precursor protein transgenic mice.</span></p> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="miR-96_and_hearing_loss" class="mw-headline">miR-96 and hearing loss</span></span></h3> <p><span style="color: #000000">Variation within the seed region of mature miR-96 has been associated with autosomal dominant, progressive hearing loss in humans and mice. The homozygous mutant mice were profoundly deaf, showing no cochlear responses. Heterozygous mice and humans progressively lose the ability to hear. <sup id="cite_ref-pmid19363479_61-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[62]</font></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-pmid19363478_62-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[63]</font></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-pmid19245798_63-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[64]</font></sup></span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Distinction_between_functional_RNA_.28fRNA.29_and_ncRNA" class="mw-headline">Distinction between functional RNA (fRNA) and ncRNA</span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000">Several publications<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><font size="2">[65]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><font size="2">[66]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><font size="2">[67]</font></sup> have started using the term <b>functional RNA (fRNA)</b>, as opposed to ncRNA, to describe regions functional at the RNA level that may or may not be stand-alone RNA transcripts. Therefore, every ncRNA is a fRNA, but there exist fRNA (such as riboswitches, SECIS elements, and other cis-regulatory regions) that are not ncRNA. Yet the term fRNA could also include mRNA as this is RNA coding for protein and hence is functional. Additionally artificially evolved RNAs also fall under the fRNA umbrella term. Some publications<sup id="cite_ref-Edd01_16-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[17]</font></sup> state that the terms <i>ncRNA</i> and <i>fRNA</i> are nearly synonymous.</span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="See_also" class="mw-headline">See also</span></span></h2> <ul> <li><span style="color: #000000">List of RNAs</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Nucleic acid structure</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Rfam</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Riboswitch</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Ribozyme</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">RNAs present in environmental samples</span></li> </ul> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="References" class="mw-headline">References</span></span></h2> <div style="list-style-type: decimal; column-count: 2; -moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2" class="reflist references-column-count references-column-count-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-pmid15790807-0"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid15790807_0-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Cheng J, Kapranov P, Drenkow J, Dike S, Brubaker S, Patel S, Long J, Stern D, Tammana H, Helt G, Sementchenko V, Piccolboni A, Bekiranov S, Bailey DK, Ganesh M, Ghosh S, Bell I, Gerhard DS, Gingeras TR (2005). &quot;Transcriptional maps of 10 human chromosomes at 5-nucleotide resolution.&quot;. <i>Science</i> <b>308</b> (5725): 1149&ndash;54. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1108625" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.1108625</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15790807" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">15790807</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Transcriptional+maps+of+10+human+chromosomes+at+5-nucleotide+resolution.&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Cheng+J%2C+Kapranov+P%2C+Drenkow+J%2C+Dike+S%2C+Brubaker+S%2C+Patel+S%2C+Long+J%2C+Stern+D%2C+Tammana+H%2C+Helt+G%2C+Sementchenko+V%2C+Piccolboni+A%2C+Bekiranov+S%2C+Bailey+DK%2C+Ganesh+M%2C+Ghosh+S%2C+Bell+I%2C+Gerhard+DS%2C+Gingeras+TR&amp;rft.au=Cheng+J%2C+Kapranov+P%2C+Drenkow+J%2C+Dike+S%2C+Brubaker+S%2C+Patel+S%2C+Long+J%2C+Stern+D%2C+Tammana+H%2C+Helt+G%2C+Sementchenko+V%2C+Piccolboni+A%2C+Bekiranov+S%2C+Bailey+DK%2C+Ganesh+M%2C+Ghosh+S%2C+Bell+I%2C+Gerhard+DS%2C+Gingeras+TR&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=308&amp;rft.issue=5725&amp;rft.pages=1149%E2%80%9354&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.1108625&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15790807&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid17571346-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid17571346_1-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">ENCODE Project Consortium; Birney, E; Stamatoyannopoulos, JA; Dutta, A; Guig&oacute;, R; Gingeras, TR; Margulies, EH; Weng, Z et al. (2007). <a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2212820" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Identification and analysis of functional elements in 1% of the human genome by the ENCODE pilot project.&quot;</font></a>. <i>Nature</i> <b>447</b> (7146): 799&ndash;816. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature05874" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/nature05874</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2212820" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">2212820</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17571346" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">17571346</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2212820" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2212820</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Identification+and+analysis+of+functional+elements+in+1%25+of+the+human+genome+by+the+ENCODE+pilot+project.&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=ENCODE+Project+Consortium&amp;rft.au=ENCODE+Project+Consortium&amp;rft.au=Birney%2C%26%2332%3BE&amp;rft.au=Stamatoyannopoulos%2C%26%2332%3BJA&amp;rft.au=Dutta%2C%26%2332%3BA&amp;rft.au=Guig%C3%B3%2C%26%2332%3BR&amp;rft.au=Gingeras%2C%26%2332%3BTR&amp;rft.au=Margulies%2C%26%2332%3BEH&amp;rft.au=Weng%2C%26%2332%3BZ&amp;rft.au=Snyder%2C%26%2332%3BM&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.volume=447&amp;rft.issue=7146&amp;rft.pages=799%E2%80%93816&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnature05874&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/2212820&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17571346&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D2212820&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid17568003-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid17568003_2-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Washietl S, Pedersen JS, Korbel JO, Stocsits C, Gruber AR, Hackerm&uuml;ller J, Hertel J, Lindemeyer M, Reiche K, Tanzer A, Ucla C, Wyss C, Antonarakis SE, Denoeud F, Lagarde J, Drenkow J, Kapranov P, Gingeras TR, Guig&oacute; R, Snyder M, Gerstein MB, Reymond A, Hofacker IL, Stadler PF (2007). <a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1891344" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Structured RNAs in the ENCODE selected regions of the human genome.&quot;</font></a>. <i>Genome Res</i> <b>17</b> (6): 852&ndash;64. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.5650707" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1101/gr.5650707</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1891344" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">1891344</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17568003" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">17568003</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1891344" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1891344</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Structured+RNAs+in+the+ENCODE+selected+regions+of+the+human+genome.&amp;rft.jtitle=Genome+Res&amp;rft.aulast=Washietl+S%2C+Pedersen+JS%2C+Korbel+JO%2C+Stocsits+C%2C+Gruber+AR%2C+Hackerm%C3%BCller+J%2C+Hertel+J%2C+Lindemeyer+M%2C+Reiche+K%2C+Tanzer+A%2C+Ucla+C%2C+Wyss+C%2C+Antonarakis+SE%2C+Denoeud+F%2C+Lagarde+J%2C+Drenkow+J%2C+Kapranov+P%2C+Gingeras+TR%2C+Guig%C3%B3+R%2C+Snyder+M%2C+Gerstein+MB%2C+Reymond+A%2C+Hofacker+IL%2C+Stadler+PF&amp;rft.au=Washietl+S%2C+Pedersen+JS%2C+Korbel+JO%2C+Stocsits+C%2C+Gruber+AR%2C+Hackerm%C3%BCller+J%2C+Hertel+J%2C+Lindemeyer+M%2C+Reiche+K%2C+Tanzer+A%2C+Ucla+C%2C+Wyss+C%2C+Antonarakis+SE%2C+Denoeud+F%2C+Lagarde+J%2C+Drenkow+J%2C+Kapranov+P%2C+Gingeras+TR%2C+Guig%C3%B3+R%2C+Snyder+M%2C+Gerstein+MB%2C+Reymond+A%2C+Hofacker+IL%2C+Stadler+PF&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.volume=17&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=852%E2%80%9364&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1101%2Fgr.5650707&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/1891344&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17568003&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D1891344&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">van Bakel H, Nislow C, Blencowe BJ, Hughes TR (2010). <a class="external text" href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1000371" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Most &ldquo;dark matter&rdquo; transcripts are associated with known genes&quot;</font></a>. <i>PLoS Biol</i> <b>8</b> (5): e1000371. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1000371" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1371/journal.pbio.1000371</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2872640" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">2872640</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20502517" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">20502517</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1000371" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1000371</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Most+%E2%80%9Cdark+matter%E2%80%9D+transcripts+are+associated+with+known+genes&amp;rft.jtitle=PLoS+Biol&amp;rft.aulast=van+Bakel+H%2C+Nislow+C%2C+Blencowe+BJ%2C+Hughes+TR&amp;rft.au=van+Bakel+H%2C+Nislow+C%2C+Blencowe+BJ%2C+Hughes+TR&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.volume=8&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=e1000371&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1000371&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/2872640&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/20502517&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.plosbiology.org%2Farticle%2Finfo%253Adoi%252F10.1371%252Fjournal.pbio.1000371&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid15851066-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid15851066_4-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">H&uuml;ttenhofer A, Schattner P, Polacek N (2005). &quot;Non-coding RNAs: hope or hype?&quot;. <i>Trends Genet</i> <b>21</b> (5): 289&ndash;97. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tig.2005.03.007" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1016/j.tig.2005.03.007</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15851066" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">15851066</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Non-coding+RNAs%3A+hope+or+hype%3F&amp;rft.jtitle=Trends+Genet&amp;rft.aulast=H%C3%BCttenhofer+A%2C+Schattner+P%2C+Polacek+N&amp;rft.au=H%C3%BCttenhofer+A%2C+Schattner+P%2C+Polacek+N&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=21&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=289%E2%80%9397&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.tig.2005.03.007&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15851066&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Dahm R (February 2005). <a class="external text" href="http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0012-1606(04)00823-1" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Friedrich Miescher and the discovery of DNA&quot;</font></a>. <i>Dev. Biol.</i> <b>278</b> (2): 274&ndash;88. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ydbio.2004.11.028" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1016/j.ydbio.2004.11.028</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15680349" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">15680349</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0012-1606(04)00823-1" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0012-1606(04)00823-1</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-09-03</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Friedrich+Miescher+and+the+discovery+of+DNA&amp;rft.jtitle=Dev.+Biol.&amp;rft.aulast=Dahm+R&amp;rft.au=Dahm+R&amp;rft.date=February+2005&amp;rft.volume=278&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=274%E2%80%9388&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.ydbio.2004.11.028&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15680349&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0012-1606%2804%2900823-1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Caspersson T, Schultz J (1939). &quot;Pentose nucleotides in the cytoplasm of growing tissues&quot;. <i>Nature</i> <b>143</b> (3623): 602&ndash;3. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F143602c0" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/143602c0</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Pentose+nucleotides+in+the+cytoplasm+of+growing+tissues&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Caspersson+T%2C+Schultz+J&amp;rft.au=Caspersson+T%2C+Schultz+J&amp;rft.date=1939&amp;rft.volume=143&amp;rft.issue=3623&amp;rft.pages=602%E2%80%933&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F143602c0&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">CRICK FH (1958). &quot;On protein synthesis&quot;. <i>Symp. Soc. Exp. Biol.</i> <b>12</b>: 138&ndash;63. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13580867" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">13580867</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=On+protein+synthesis&amp;rft.jtitle=Symp.+Soc.+Exp.+Biol.&amp;rft.aulast=CRICK+FH&amp;rft.au=CRICK+FH&amp;rft.date=1958&amp;rft.volume=12&amp;rft.pages=138%E2%80%9363&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/13580867&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Hol65-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hol65_8-0">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="1">a</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hol65_8-1">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="1">b</font></b></i>}</a> <span class="citation Journal">HOLLEY RW, APGAR J, EVERETT GA, <i>et al.</i> (March 1965). <a class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=14263761" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;STRUCTURE OF A RIBONUCLEIC ACID&quot;</font></a>. <i>Science</i> <b>147</b> (3664): 1462&ndash;5. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.147.3664.1462" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.147.3664.1462</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14263761" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">14263761</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=14263761" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=14263761</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-09-03</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=STRUCTURE+OF+A+RIBONUCLEIC+ACID&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=HOLLEY+RW%2C+APGAR+J%2C+EVERETT+GA%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=HOLLEY+RW%2C+APGAR+J%2C+EVERETT+GA%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=March+1965&amp;rft.volume=147&amp;rft.issue=3664&amp;rft.pages=1462%E2%80%935&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.147.3664.1462&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/14263761&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D14263761&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Nobel68-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nobel68_9-0">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="1">a</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nobel68_9-1">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="1">b</font></b></i>}</a> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1968/index.html" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1968&quot;</font></a>. Nobel Foundation<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1968/index.html" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1968/index.html</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-07-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1968&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1968%2Findex.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid5938777-10"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid5938777_10-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Madison JT, Everett GA, Kung H (1966). &quot;Nucleotide sequence of a yeast tyrosine transfer RNA.&quot;. <i>Science</i> <b>153</b> (735): 531&ndash;4. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.153.3735.531" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.153.3735.531</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5938777" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">5938777</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Nucleotide+sequence+of+a+yeast+tyrosine+transfer+RNA.&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Madison+JT%2C+Everett+GA%2C+Kung+H&amp;rft.au=Madison+JT%2C+Everett+GA%2C+Kung+H&amp;rft.date=1966&amp;rft.volume=153&amp;rft.issue=735&amp;rft.pages=531%E2%80%934&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.153.3735.531&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/5938777&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Zachau HG, D&uuml;tting D, Feldmann H, Melchers F, Karau W (1966). &quot;Serine specific transfer ribonucleic acids. XIV. Comparison of nucleotide sequences and secondary structure models&quot;. <i>Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol.</i> <b>31</b>: 417&ndash;24. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5237198" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">5237198</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Serine+specific+transfer+ribonucleic+acids.+XIV.+Comparison+of+nucleotide+sequences+and+secondary+structure+models&amp;rft.jtitle=Cold+Spring+Harb.+Symp.+Quant.+Biol.&amp;rft.aulast=Zachau+HG%2C+D%C3%BCtting+D%2C+Feldmann+H%2C+Melchers+F%2C+Karau+W&amp;rft.au=Zachau+HG%2C+D%C3%BCtting+D%2C+Feldmann+H%2C+Melchers+F%2C+Karau+W&amp;rft.date=1966&amp;rft.volume=31&amp;rft.pages=417%E2%80%9324&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/5237198&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-12"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Dudock BS, Katz G, Taylor EK, Holley RW (March 1969). <a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=223689" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Primary structure of wheat germ phenylalanine transfer RNA&quot;</font></a>. <i>Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.</i> <b>62</b> (3): 941&ndash;5. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.62.3.941" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1073/pnas.62.3.941</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=223689" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">223689</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5257014" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">5257014</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=223689" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=223689</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-09-03</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Primary+structure+of+wheat+germ+phenylalanine+transfer+RNA&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc.+Natl.+Acad.+Sci.+U.S.A.&amp;rft.aulast=Dudock+BS%2C+Katz+G%2C+Taylor+EK%2C+Holley+RW&amp;rft.au=Dudock+BS%2C+Katz+G%2C+Taylor+EK%2C+Holley+RW&amp;rft.date=March+1969&amp;rft.volume=62&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=941%E2%80%935&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.62.3.941&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/223689&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/5257014&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D223689&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-13"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Cramer F, Doepner H, Haar F VD, Schlimme E, Seidel H (December 1968). <a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=225267" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;On the conformation of transfer RNA&quot;</font></a>. <i>Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.</i> <b>61</b> (4): 1384&ndash;91. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.61.4.1384" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1073/pnas.61.4.1384</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=225267" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">225267</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4884685" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">4884685</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=225267" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=225267</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-09-03</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=On+the+conformation+of+transfer+RNA&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc.+Natl.+Acad.+Sci.+U.S.A.&amp;rft.aulast=Cramer+F%2C+Doepner+H%2C+Haar+F+VD%2C+Schlimme+E%2C+Seidel+H&amp;rft.au=Cramer+F%2C+Doepner+H%2C+Haar+F+VD%2C+Schlimme+E%2C+Seidel+H&amp;rft.date=December+1968&amp;rft.volume=61&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=1384%E2%80%9391&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.61.4.1384&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/225267&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/4884685&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D225267&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Ladner JE, Jack A, Robertus JD, <i>et al.</i> (November 1975). <a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=388732" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Structure of yeast phenylalanine transfer RNA at 2.5 A resolution&quot;</font></a>. <i>Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.</i> <b>72</b> (11): 4414&ndash;8. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.72.11.4414" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1073/pnas.72.11.4414</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=388732" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">388732</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1105583" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">1105583</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=388732" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=388732</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-09-03</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Structure+of+yeast+phenylalanine+transfer+RNA+at+2.5+A+resolution&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc.+Natl.+Acad.+Sci.+U.S.A.&amp;rft.aulast=Ladner+JE%2C+Jack+A%2C+Robertus+JD%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Ladner+JE%2C+Jack+A%2C+Robertus+JD%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=November+1975&amp;rft.volume=72&amp;rft.issue=11&amp;rft.pages=4414%E2%80%938&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.72.11.4414&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/388732&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/1105583&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D388732&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-15"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Kim SH, Quigley GJ, Suddath FL, <i>et al.</i> (1973). &quot;Three-dimensional structure of yeast phenylalanine transfer RNA: folding of the polynucleotide chain&quot;. <i>Science</i> <b>179</b> (70): 285&ndash;8. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.179.4070.285" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.179.4070.285</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4566654" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">4566654</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Three-dimensional+structure+of+yeast+phenylalanine+transfer+RNA%3A+folding+of+the+polynucleotide+chain&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Kim+SH%2C+Quigley+GJ%2C+Suddath+FL%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Kim+SH%2C+Quigley+GJ%2C+Suddath+FL%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=1973&amp;rft.volume=179&amp;rft.issue=70&amp;rft.pages=285%E2%80%938&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.179.4070.285&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/4566654&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Edd01-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Edd01_16-0">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="1">a</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edd01_16-1">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="1">b</font></b></i>}</a> <span class="citation Journal">Eddy SR (December 2001). &quot;Non-coding RNA genes and the modern RNA world&quot;. <i>Nat. Rev. Genet.</i> <b>2</b> (12): 919&ndash;29. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F35103511" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/35103511</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11733745" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">11733745</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Non-coding+RNA+genes+and+the+modern+RNA+world&amp;rft.jtitle=Nat.+Rev.+Genet.&amp;rft.aulast=Eddy+SR&amp;rft.au=Eddy+SR&amp;rft.date=December+2001&amp;rft.volume=2&amp;rft.issue=12&amp;rft.pages=919%E2%80%9329&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F35103511&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11733745&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-17"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation web">Daneholt, Bertil. <a class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2006/adv.html" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Advanced Information: RNA interference&quot;</font></a>. <i>The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2006</i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2006/adv.html" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2006/adv.html</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-01-25</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Advanced+Information%3A+RNA+interference&amp;rft.atitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+2006&amp;rft.aulast=Daneholt&amp;rft.aufirst=Bertil&amp;rft.au=Daneholt%2C%26%2332%3BBertil&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F2006%2Fadv.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid9419222-18"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid9419222_18-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Jeffares DC, Poole AM, Penny D (1998). &quot;Relics from the RNA world.&quot;. <i>J Mol Evol</i> <b>46</b> (1): 18&ndash;36. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FPL00006280" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1007/PL00006280</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9419222" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">9419222</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Relics+from+the+RNA+world.&amp;rft.jtitle=J+Mol+Evol&amp;rft.aulast=Jeffares+DC%2C+Poole+AM%2C+Penny+D&amp;rft.au=Jeffares+DC%2C+Poole+AM%2C+Penny+D&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.volume=46&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=18%E2%80%9336&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2FPL00006280&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/9419222&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid9419221-19"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid9419221_19-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Poole AM, Jeffares DC, Penny D (1998). &quot;The path from the RNA world.&quot;. <i>J Mol Evol</i> <b>46</b> (1): 1&ndash;17. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FPL00006275" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1007/PL00006275</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9419221" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">9419221</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+path+from+the+RNA+world.&amp;rft.jtitle=J+Mol+Evol&amp;rft.aulast=Poole+AM%2C+Jeffares+DC%2C+Penny+D&amp;rft.au=Poole+AM%2C+Jeffares+DC%2C+Penny+D&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.volume=46&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=1%E2%80%9317&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2FPL00006275&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/9419221&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid10497339-20"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid10497339_20-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Poole A, Jeffares D, Penny D (1999). &quot;Early evolution: prokaryotes, the new kids on the block.&quot;. <i>Bioessays</i> <b>21</b> (10): 880&ndash;9. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291521-1878%28199910%2921%3A10%3C880%3A%3AAID-BIES11%3E3.0.CO%3B2-P" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1002/(SICI)1521-1878(199910)21:10&lt;880::AID-BIES11&gt;3.0.CO;2-P</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10497339" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10497339</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Early+evolution%3A+prokaryotes%2C+the+new+kids+on+the+block.&amp;rft.jtitle=Bioessays&amp;rft.aulast=Poole+A%2C+Jeffares+D%2C+Penny+D&amp;rft.au=Poole+A%2C+Jeffares+D%2C+Penny+D&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.volume=21&amp;rft.issue=10&amp;rft.pages=880%E2%80%939&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291521-1878%28199910%2921%3A10%3C880%3A%3AAID-BIES11%3E3.0.CO%3B2-P&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/10497339&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Ban-21"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ban_21-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Ban N, Nissen P, Hansen J, Moore P, Steitz T (2000). &quot;The complete atomic structure of the large ribosomal subunit at 2.4 &aring;ngstr&ouml;m resolution&quot;. <i>Science</i> <b>289</b> (5481): 905&ndash;20. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.289.5481.905" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.289.5481.905</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10937989" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10937989</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+complete+atomic+structure+of+the+large+ribosomal+subunit+at+2.4+%C3%A5ngstr%C3%B6m+resolution&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Ban+N%2C+Nissen+P%2C+Hansen+J%2C+Moore+P%2C+Steitz+T&amp;rft.au=Ban+N%2C+Nissen+P%2C+Hansen+J%2C+Moore+P%2C+Steitz+T&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.volume=289&amp;rft.issue=5481&amp;rft.pages=905%E2%80%9320&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.289.5481.905&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/10937989&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-PMID16540690-22"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PMID16540690_22-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Zhu Y, Stribinskis V, Ramos KS, Li Y (2006). <a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1440897" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Sequence analysis of RNase MRP RNA reveals its origination from eukaryotic RNase P RNA&quot;</font></a>. <i>RNA</i> <b>12</b> (5): 699&ndash;706. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1261%2Frna.2284906" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1261/rna.2284906</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1440897" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">1440897</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16540690" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">16540690</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1440897" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1440897</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Sequence+analysis+of+RNase+MRP+RNA+reveals+its+origination+from+eukaryotic+RNase+P+RNA&amp;rft.jtitle=RNA&amp;rft.aulast=Zhu+Y%2C+Stribinskis+V%2C+Ramos+KS%2C+Li+Y&amp;rft.au=Zhu+Y%2C+Stribinskis+V%2C+Ramos+KS%2C+Li+Y&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=12&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=699%E2%80%93706&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1261%2Frna.2284906&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/1440897&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16540690&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D1440897&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Kishore-23"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kishore_23-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Kishore S, Stamm S (2006). &quot;The snoRNA HBII-52 regulates alternative splicing of the serotonin receptor 2C&quot;. <i>Science</i> <b>311</b> (5758): 230&ndash;231. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1118265" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.1118265</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16357227" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">16357227</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+snoRNA+HBII-52+regulates+alternative+splicing+of+the+serotonin+receptor+2C&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Kishore+S%2C+Stamm+S&amp;rft.au=Kishore+S%2C+Stamm+S&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=311&amp;rft.issue=5758&amp;rft.pages=230%E2%80%93231&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.1118265&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16357227&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid16778078-24"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid16778078_24-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Reiner R, Ben-Asouli Y, Krilovetzky I, Jarrous N (2006). <a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1482482" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;A role for the catalytic ribonucleoprotein RNase P in RNA polymerase III transcription.&quot;</font></a>. <i>Genes Dev</i> <b>20</b> (12): 1621&ndash;35. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1101%2Fgad.386706" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1101/gad.386706</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1482482" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">1482482</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16778078" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">16778078</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1482482" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1482482</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=A+role+for+the+catalytic+ribonucleoprotein+RNase+P+in+RNA+polymerase+III+transcription.&amp;rft.jtitle=Genes+Dev&amp;rft.aulast=Reiner+R%2C+Ben-Asouli+Y%2C+Krilovetzky+I%2C+Jarrous+N&amp;rft.au=Reiner+R%2C+Ben-Asouli+Y%2C+Krilovetzky+I%2C+Jarrous+N&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=20&amp;rft.issue=12&amp;rft.pages=1621%E2%80%9335&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1101%2Fgad.386706&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/1482482&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16778078&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D1482482&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid15300239-25"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid15300239_25-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Espinoza CA, Allen TA, Hieb AR, Kugel JF, Goodrich JA (2004). &quot;B2 RNA binds directly to RNA polymerase II to repress transcript synthesis.&quot;. <i>Nat Struct Mol Biol</i> <b>11</b> (9): 822&ndash;9. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnsmb812" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/nsmb812</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15300239" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">15300239</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=B2+RNA+binds+directly+to+RNA+polymerase+II+to+repress+transcript+synthesis.&amp;rft.jtitle=Nat+Struct+Mol+Biol&amp;rft.aulast=Espinoza+CA%2C+Allen+TA%2C+Hieb+AR%2C+Kugel+JF%2C+Goodrich+JA&amp;rft.au=Espinoza+CA%2C+Allen+TA%2C+Hieb+AR%2C+Kugel+JF%2C+Goodrich+JA&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=11&amp;rft.issue=9&amp;rft.pages=822%E2%80%939&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnsmb812&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15300239&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18820678-26"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18820678_26-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Hirota K, Miyoshi T, Kugou K, Hoffman CS, Shibata T, Ohta K (2008). &quot;Stepwise chromatin remodelling by a cascade of transcription initiation of non-coding RNAs.&quot;. <i>Nature</i> <b>456</b> (7218): 130&ndash;4. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature07348" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/nature07348</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18820678" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">18820678</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Stepwise+chromatin+remodelling+by+a+cascade+of+transcription+initiation+of+non-coding+RNAs.&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Hirota+K%2C+Miyoshi+T%2C+Kugou+K%2C+Hoffman+CS%2C+Shibata+T%2C+Ohta+K&amp;rft.au=Hirota+K%2C+Miyoshi+T%2C+Kugou+K%2C+Hoffman+CS%2C+Shibata+T%2C+Ohta+K&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=456&amp;rft.issue=7218&amp;rft.pages=130%E2%80%934&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnature07348&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18820678&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid12446910-27"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid12446910_27-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Park Y, Kelley RL, Oh H, Kuroda MI, Meller VH (2002). &quot;Extent of chromatin spreading determined by roX RNA recruitment of MSL proteins.&quot;. <i>Science</i> <b>298</b> (5598): 1620&ndash;3. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1076686" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.1076686</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12446910" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">12446910</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Extent+of+chromatin+spreading+determined+by+roX+RNA+recruitment+of+MSL+proteins.&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Park+Y%2C+Kelley+RL%2C+Oh+H%2C+Kuroda+MI%2C+Meller+VH&amp;rft.au=Park+Y%2C+Kelley+RL%2C+Oh+H%2C+Kuroda+MI%2C+Meller+VH&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.volume=298&amp;rft.issue=5598&amp;rft.pages=1620%E2%80%933&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.1076686&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12446910&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18042713-28"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18042713_28-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Wadler CS, Vanderpool CK (2007). <a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2154452" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;A dual function for a bacterial small RNA: SgrS performs base pairing-dependent regulation and encodes a functional polypeptide.&quot;</font></a>. <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</i> <b>104</b> (51): 20454&ndash;9. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0708102104" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1073/pnas.0708102104</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2154452" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">2154452</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18042713" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">18042713</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2154452" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2154452</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=A+dual+function+for+a+bacterial+small+RNA%3A+SgrS+performs+base+pairing-dependent+regulation+and+encodes+a+functional+polypeptide.&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+USA&amp;rft.aulast=Wadler+CS%2C+Vanderpool+CK&amp;rft.au=Wadler+CS%2C+Vanderpool+CK&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.volume=104&amp;rft.issue=51&amp;rft.pages=20454%E2%80%939&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.0708102104&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/2154452&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18042713&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D2154452&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid19043537-29"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid19043537_29-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Dinger ME, Pang KC, Mercer TR, Mattick JS (2008). <a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2518207" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Differentiating protein-coding and noncoding RNA: challenges and ambiguities.&quot;</font></a>. <i>PLoS Comput Biol</i> <b>4</b> (11): e1000176. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pcbi.1000176" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000176</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2518207" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">2518207</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19043537" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">19043537</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2518207" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2518207</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Differentiating+protein-coding+and+noncoding+RNA%3A+challenges+and+ambiguities.&amp;rft.jtitle=PLoS+Comput+Biol&amp;rft.aulast=Dinger+ME%2C+Pang+KC%2C+Mercer+TR%2C+Mattick+JS&amp;rft.au=Dinger+ME%2C+Pang+KC%2C+Mercer+TR%2C+Mattick+JS&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=4&amp;rft.issue=11&amp;rft.pages=e1000176&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1371%2Fjournal.pcbi.1000176&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/2518207&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/19043537&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D2518207&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid19043559-30"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid19043559_30-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Saraiya AA, Wang CC (2008). <a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2583053" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;snoRNA, a novel precursor of microRNA in Giardia lamblia.&quot;</font></a>. <i>PLoS Pathog</i> <b>4</b> (11): e1000224. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1000224" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1371/journal.ppat.1000224</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2583053" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">2583053</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19043559" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">19043559</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2583053" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2583053</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=snoRNA%2C+a+novel+precursor+of+microRNA+in+Giardia+lamblia.&amp;rft.jtitle=PLoS+Pathog&amp;rft.aulast=Saraiya+AA%2C+Wang+CC&amp;rft.au=Saraiya+AA%2C+Wang+CC&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=4&amp;rft.issue=11&amp;rft.pages=e1000224&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1000224&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/2583053&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/19043559&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D2583053&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid19026782-31"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid19026782_31-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Ender C, Krek A, Friedl&auml;nder MR, Beitzinger M, Weinmann L, Chen W, Pfeffer S, Rajewsky N, Meister G (2008). &quot;A human snoRNA with microRNA-like functions.&quot;. <i>Mol Cell</i> <b>32</b> (4): 519&ndash;28. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.molcel.2008.10.017" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1016/j.molcel.2008.10.017</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19026782" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">19026782</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=A+human+snoRNA+with+microRNA-like+functions.&amp;rft.jtitle=Mol+Cell&amp;rft.aulast=Ender+C%2C+Krek+A%2C+Friedl%C3%A4nder+MR%2C+Beitzinger+M%2C+Weinmann+L%2C+Chen+W%2C+Pfeffer+S%2C+Rajewsky+N%2C+Meister+G&amp;rft.au=Ender+C%2C+Krek+A%2C+Friedl%C3%A4nder+MR%2C+Beitzinger+M%2C+Weinmann+L%2C+Chen+W%2C+Pfeffer+S%2C+Rajewsky+N%2C+Meister+G&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=32&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=519%E2%80%9328&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.molcel.2008.10.017&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/19026782&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid17710122-32"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid17710122_32-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Leygue E (2007). <a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1948073" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Steroid receptor RNA activator (SRA1): unusual bifaceted gene products with suspected relevance to breast cancer.&quot;</font></a>. <i>Nucl Recept Signal</i> <b>5</b>: e006. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1621%2Fnrs.05006" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1621/nrs.05006</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1948073" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">1948073</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17710122" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">17710122</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1948073" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1948073</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Steroid+receptor+RNA+activator+%28SRA1%29%3A+unusual+bifaceted+gene+products+with+suspected+relevance+to+breast+cancer.&amp;rft.jtitle=Nucl+Recept+Signal&amp;rft.aulast=Leygue+E&amp;rft.au=Leygue+E&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.volume=5&amp;rft.pages=e006&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1621%2Fnrs.05006&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/1948073&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17710122&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D1948073&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid9012531-33"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid9012531_33-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Zhang J, King ML (1996). &quot;Xenopus VegT RNA is localized to the vegetal cortex during oogenesis and encodes a novel T-box transcription factor involved in mesodermal patterning.&quot;. <i>Development</i> <b>122</b> (12): 4119&ndash;29. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9012531" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">9012531</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Xenopus+VegT+RNA+is+localized+to+the+vegetal+cortex+during+oogenesis+and+encodes+a+novel+T-box+transcription+factor+involved+in+mesodermal+patterning.&amp;rft.jtitle=Development&amp;rft.aulast=Zhang+J%2C+King+ML&amp;rft.au=Zhang+J%2C+King+ML&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.volume=122&amp;rft.issue=12&amp;rft.pages=4119%E2%80%9329&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/9012531&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid16000384-34"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid16000384_34-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Kloc M, Wilk K, Vargas D, Shirato Y, Bilinski S, Etkin LD (2005). &quot;Potential structural role of non-coding and coding RNAs in the organization of the cytoskeleton at the vegetal cortex of Xenopus oocytes.&quot;. <i>Development</i> <b>132</b> (15): 3445&ndash;57. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1242%2Fdev.01919" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1242/dev.01919</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16000384" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">16000384</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Potential+structural+role+of+non-coding+and+coding+RNAs+in+the+organization+of+the+cytoskeleton+at+the+vegetal+cortex+of+Xenopus+oocytes.&amp;rft.jtitle=Development&amp;rft.aulast=Kloc+M%2C+Wilk+K%2C+Vargas+D%2C+Shirato+Y%2C+Bilinski+S%2C+Etkin+LD&amp;rft.au=Kloc+M%2C+Wilk+K%2C+Vargas+D%2C+Shirato+Y%2C+Bilinski+S%2C+Etkin+LD&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=132&amp;rft.issue=15&amp;rft.pages=3445%E2%80%9357&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1242%2Fdev.01919&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16000384&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid16835436-35"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid16835436_35-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Jenny A, Hachet O, Z&aacute;vorszky P, Cyrklaff A, Weston MD, Johnston DS, Erd&eacute;lyi M, Ephrussi A (2006). &quot;A translation-independent role of oskar RNA in early Drosophila oogenesis.&quot;. <i>Development</i> <b>133</b> (15): 2827&ndash;33. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1242%2Fdev.02456" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1242/dev.02456</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16835436" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">16835436</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=A+translation-independent+role+of+oskar+RNA+in+early+Drosophila+oogenesis.&amp;rft.jtitle=Development&amp;rft.aulast=Jenny+A%2C+Hachet+O%2C+Z%C3%A1vorszky+P%2C+Cyrklaff+A%2C+Weston+MD%2C+Johnston+DS%2C+Erd%C3%A9lyi+M%2C+Ephrussi+A&amp;rft.au=Jenny+A%2C+Hachet+O%2C+Z%C3%A1vorszky+P%2C+Cyrklaff+A%2C+Weston+MD%2C+Johnston+DS%2C+Erd%C3%A9lyi+M%2C+Ephrussi+A&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=133&amp;rft.issue=15&amp;rft.pages=2827%E2%80%9333&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1242%2Fdev.02456&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16835436&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid17452360-36"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid17452360_36-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Gultyaev AP, Roussis A (2007). <a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1888808" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Identification of conserved secondary structures and expansion segments in enod40 RNAs reveals new enod40 homologues in plants.&quot;</font></a>. <i>Nucleic Acids Res</i> <b>35</b> (9): 3144&ndash;52. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkm173" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1093/nar/gkm173</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1888808" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">1888808</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17452360" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">17452360</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1888808" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1888808</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Identification+of+conserved+secondary+structures+and+expansion+segments+in+enod40+RNAs+reveals+new+enod40+homologues+in+plants.&amp;rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Res&amp;rft.aulast=Gultyaev+AP%2C+Roussis+A&amp;rft.au=Gultyaev+AP%2C+Roussis+A&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.volume=35&amp;rft.issue=9&amp;rft.pages=3144%E2%80%9352&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkm173&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/1888808&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17452360&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D1888808&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid15944708-37"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid15944708_37-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Lu J, Getz G, Miska EA, Alvarez-Saavedra E, Lamb J, Peck D, Sweet-Cordero A, Ebert BL, Mak RH, Ferrando AA, Downing JR, Jacks T, Horvitz HR, Golub TR (2005). &quot;MicroRNA expression profiles classify human cancers&quot;. <i>Nature</i> <b>435</b> (7043): 834&ndash;8. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature03702" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/nature03702</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15944708" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">15944708</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=MicroRNA+expression+profiles+classify+human+cancers&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Lu+J%2C+Getz+G%2C+Miska+EA%2C+Alvarez-Saavedra+E%2C+Lamb+J%2C+Peck+D%2C+Sweet-Cordero+A%2C+Ebert+BL%2C+Mak+RH%2C+Ferrando+AA%2C+Downing+JR%2C+Jacks+T%2C+Horvitz+HR%2C+Golub+TR&amp;rft.au=Lu+J%2C+Getz+G%2C+Miska+EA%2C+Alvarez-Saavedra+E%2C+Lamb+J%2C+Peck+D%2C+Sweet-Cordero+A%2C+Ebert+BL%2C+Mak+RH%2C+Ferrando+AA%2C+Downing+JR%2C+Jacks+T%2C+Horvitz+HR%2C+Golub+TR&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=435&amp;rft.issue=7043&amp;rft.pages=834%E2%80%938&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnature03702&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15944708&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid11890990-38"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid11890990_38-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Pibouin L, Villaudy J, Ferbus D, Muleris M, Prosp&eacute;ri MT, Remvikos Y, Goubin G (2002). &quot;Cloning of the mRNA of overexpression in colon carcinoma-1: a sequence overexpressed in a subset of colon carcinomas&quot;. <i>Cancer Genet Cytogenet</i> <b>133</b> (1): 55&ndash;60. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0165-4608%2801%2900634-3" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1016/S0165-4608(01)00634-3</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11890990" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">11890990</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Cloning+of+the+mRNA+of+overexpression+in+colon+carcinoma-1%3A+a+sequence+overexpressed+in+a+subset+of+colon+carcinomas&amp;rft.jtitle=Cancer+Genet+Cytogenet&amp;rft.aulast=Pibouin+L%2C+Villaudy+J%2C+Ferbus+D%2C+Muleris+M%2C+Prosp%C3%A9ri+MT%2C+Remvikos+Y%2C+Goubin+G&amp;rft.au=Pibouin+L%2C+Villaudy+J%2C+Ferbus+D%2C+Muleris+M%2C+Prosp%C3%A9ri+MT%2C+Remvikos+Y%2C+Goubin+G&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.volume=133&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=55%E2%80%9360&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2FS0165-4608%2801%2900634-3&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11890990&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid16569192-39"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid16569192_39-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Fu X, Ravindranath L, Tran N, Petrovics G, Srivastava S (2006). &quot;Regulation of apoptosis by a prostate-specific and prostate cancer-associated noncoding gene, PCGEM1&quot;. <i>DNA Cell Biol</i> <b>25</b> (3): 135&ndash;41. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1089%2Fdna.2006.25.135" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1089/dna.2006.25.135</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16569192" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">16569192</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Regulation+of+apoptosis+by+a+prostate-specific+and+prostate+cancer-associated+noncoding+gene%2C+PCGEM1&amp;rft.jtitle=DNA+Cell+Biol&amp;rft.aulast=Fu+X%2C+Ravindranath+L%2C+Tran+N%2C+Petrovics+G%2C+Srivastava+S&amp;rft.au=Fu+X%2C+Ravindranath+L%2C+Tran+N%2C+Petrovics+G%2C+Srivastava+S&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=25&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=135%E2%80%9341&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1089%2Fdna.2006.25.135&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16569192&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18836484-40"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18836484_40-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Mourtada-Maarabouni M, Pickard MR, Hedge VL, Farzaneh F, Williams GT (2009). &quot;GAS5, a non-protein-coding RNA, controls apoptosis and is downregulated in breast cancer.&quot;. <i>Oncogene</i> <b>28</b> (2): 195&ndash;208. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fonc.2008.373" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/onc.2008.373</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18836484" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">18836484</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=GAS5%2C+a+non-protein-coding+RNA%2C+controls+apoptosis+and+is+downregulated+in+breast+cancer.&amp;rft.jtitle=Oncogene&amp;rft.aulast=Mourtada-Maarabouni+M%2C+Pickard+MR%2C+Hedge+VL%2C+Farzaneh+F%2C+Williams+GT&amp;rft.au=Mourtada-Maarabouni+M%2C+Pickard+MR%2C+Hedge+VL%2C+Farzaneh+F%2C+Williams+GT&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.volume=28&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=195%E2%80%93208&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fonc.2008.373&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18836484&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid19683667-41"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid19683667_41-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Dong XY, Guo P, Boyd J, Sun X, Li Q, Zhou W, Dong JT (2009). <a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2854654" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Implication of snoRNA U50 in human breast cancer.&quot;</font></a>. <i>J Genet Genomics</i> <b>36</b> (8): 447&ndash;54. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS1673-8527%2808%2960134-4" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1016/S1673-8527(08)60134-4</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2854654" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">2854654</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19683667" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">19683667</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2854654" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2854654</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Implication+of+snoRNA+U50+in+human+breast+cancer.&amp;rft.jtitle=J+Genet+Genomics&amp;rft.aulast=Dong+XY%2C+Guo+P%2C+Boyd+J%2C+Sun+X%2C+Li+Q%2C+Zhou+W%2C+Dong+JT&amp;rft.au=Dong+XY%2C+Guo+P%2C+Boyd+J%2C+Sun+X%2C+Li+Q%2C+Zhou+W%2C+Dong+JT&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.volume=36&amp;rft.issue=8&amp;rft.pages=447%E2%80%9354&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2FS1673-8527%2808%2960134-4&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/2854654&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/19683667&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D2854654&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18283318-42"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18283318_42-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Christov CP, Trivier E, Krude T (2008). <a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2266855" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Noncoding human Y RNAs are overexpressed in tumours and required for cell proliferation&quot;</font></a>. <i>Br J Cancer</i> <b>98</b> (5): 981&ndash;8. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.bjc.6604254" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/sj.bjc.6604254</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2266855" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">2266855</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18283318" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">18283318</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2266855" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2266855</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Noncoding+human+Y+RNAs+are+overexpressed+in+tumours+and+required+for+cell+proliferation&amp;rft.jtitle=Br+J+Cancer&amp;rft.aulast=Christov+CP%2C+Trivier+E%2C+Krude+T&amp;rft.au=Christov+CP%2C+Trivier+E%2C+Krude+T&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=98&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=981%E2%80%938&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fsj.bjc.6604254&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/2266855&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18283318&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D2266855&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid16308420-43"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid16308420_43-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Farh KK, Grimson A, Jan C, Lewis BP, Johnston WK, Lim LP, Burge CB, Bartel DP (2005). &quot;The widespread impact of mammalian MicroRNAs on mRNA repression and evolution&quot;. <i>Science</i> <b>310</b> (5755): 1817&ndash;21. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1121158" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.1121158</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16308420" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">16308420</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+widespread+impact+of+mammalian+MicroRNAs+on+mRNA+repression+and+evolution&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Farh+KK%2C+Grimson+A%2C+Jan+C%2C+Lewis+BP%2C+Johnston+WK%2C+Lim+LP%2C+Burge+CB%2C+Bartel+DP&amp;rft.au=Farh+KK%2C+Grimson+A%2C+Jan+C%2C+Lewis+BP%2C+Johnston+WK%2C+Lim+LP%2C+Burge+CB%2C+Bartel+DP&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=310&amp;rft.issue=5755&amp;rft.pages=1817%E2%80%9321&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.1121158&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16308420&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid15685193-44"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid15685193_44-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Lim LP, Lau NC, Garrett-Engele P, Grimson A, Schelter JM, Castle J, Bartel DP, Linsley PS, Johnson JM (2005). &quot;Microarray analysis shows that some microRNAs downregulate large numbers of target mRNAs&quot;. <i>Nature</i> <b>433</b> (7027): 769&ndash;73. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature03315" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/nature03315</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15685193" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">15685193</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Microarray+analysis+shows+that+some+microRNAs+downregulate+large+numbers+of+target+mRNAs&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Lim+LP%2C+Lau+NC%2C+Garrett-Engele+P%2C+Grimson+A%2C+Schelter+JM%2C+Castle+J%2C+Bartel+DP%2C+Linsley+PS%2C+Johnson+JM&amp;rft.au=Lim+LP%2C+Lau+NC%2C+Garrett-Engele+P%2C+Grimson+A%2C+Schelter+JM%2C+Castle+J%2C+Bartel+DP%2C+Linsley+PS%2C+Johnson+JM&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=433&amp;rft.issue=7027&amp;rft.pages=769%E2%80%9373&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnature03315&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15685193&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid16943439-45"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid16943439_45-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Christov CP, Gardiner TJ, Sz&uuml;ts D, Krude T (2006). <a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1592862" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Functional requirement of noncoding Y RNAs for human chromosomal DNA replication&quot;</font></a>. <i>Mol Cell Biol</i> <b>26</b> (18): 6993&ndash;7004. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FMCB.01060-06" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1128/MCB.01060-06</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1592862" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">1592862</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16943439" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">16943439</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1592862" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1592862</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Functional+requirement+of+noncoding+Y+RNAs+for+human+chromosomal+DNA+replication&amp;rft.jtitle=Mol+Cell+Biol&amp;rft.aulast=Christov+CP%2C+Gardiner+TJ%2C+Sz%C3%BCts+D%2C+Krude+T&amp;rft.au=Christov+CP%2C+Gardiner+TJ%2C+Sz%C3%BCts+D%2C+Krude+T&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=26&amp;rft.issue=18&amp;rft.pages=6993%E2%80%937004&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FMCB.01060-06&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/1592862&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16943439&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D1592862&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid16251535-46"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid16251535_46-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Calin GA, Ferracin M, Cimmino A, <i>et al</i> (October 2005). <a class="external text" href="http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/353/17/1793" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;A MicroRNA signature associated with prognosis and progression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia&quot;</font></a>. <i>N. Engl. J. Med.</i> <b>353</b> (17): 1793&ndash;801. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMoa050995" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1056/NEJMoa050995</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16251535" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">16251535</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/353/17/1793" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/353/17/1793</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=A+MicroRNA+signature+associated+with+prognosis+and+progression+in+chronic+lymphocytic+leukemia&amp;rft.jtitle=N.+Engl.+J.+Med.&amp;rft.aulast=Calin+GA%2C+Ferracin+M%2C+Cimmino+A%2C+%27%27et+al%27%27&amp;rft.au=Calin+GA%2C+Ferracin+M%2C+Cimmino+A%2C+%27%27et+al%27%27&amp;rft.date=October+2005&amp;rft.volume=353&amp;rft.issue=17&amp;rft.pages=1793%E2%80%93801&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1056%2FNEJMoa050995&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16251535&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.nejm.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F353%2F17%2F1793&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-47"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Calin, GA; Dumitru CD, Shimizu M, Bichi R, Zupo S, Noch E, Aldler H, Rattan S, Keating M, Rai K, Rassenti L, Kipps T, Negrini M, Bullrich F, Croce CM (2002). <a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=137750" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Frequent deletions and down-regulation of micro-RNA genes miR15 and miR16 at 13q14 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia&quot;</font></a>. <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</i> <b>99</b> (24): 15524&ndash;15529. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.242606799" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1073/pnas.242606799</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=137750" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">137750</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12434020" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">12434020</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=137750" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=137750</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Frequent+deletions+and+down-regulation+of+micro-RNA+genes+miR15+and+miR16+at+13q14+in+chronic+lymphocytic+leukemia&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+USA&amp;rft.aulast=Calin&amp;rft.aufirst=GA&amp;rft.au=Calin%2C%26%2332%3BGA&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.volume=99&amp;rft.issue=24&amp;rft.pages=15524%26ndash%3B15529&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.242606799&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/137750&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12434020&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D137750&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18521189-48"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18521189_48-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Hu Z, Chen J, Tian T, Zhou X, Gu H, Xu L, Zeng Y, Miao R, Jin G, Ma H, Chen Y, Shen H (2008). <a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2402113" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Genetic variants of miRNA sequences and non-small cell lung cancer survival&quot;</font></a>. <i>J Clin Invest</i> <b>118</b> (7): 2600&ndash;8. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1172%2FJCI34934" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1172/JCI34934</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2402113" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">2402113</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18521189" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">18521189</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2402113" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2402113</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genetic+variants+of+miRNA+sequences+and+non-small+cell+lung+cancer+survival&amp;rft.jtitle=J+Clin+Invest&amp;rft.aulast=Hu+Z%2C+Chen+J%2C+Tian+T%2C+Zhou+X%2C+Gu+H%2C+Xu+L%2C+Zeng+Y%2C+Miao+R%2C+Jin+G%2C+Ma+H%2C+Chen+Y%2C+Shen+H&amp;rft.au=Hu+Z%2C+Chen+J%2C+Tian+T%2C+Zhou+X%2C+Gu+H%2C+Xu+L%2C+Zeng+Y%2C+Miao+R%2C+Jin+G%2C+Ma+H%2C+Chen+Y%2C+Shen+H&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=118&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.pages=2600%E2%80%938&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1172%2FJCI34934&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/2402113&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18521189&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D2402113&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid19048628-49"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid19048628_49-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Shen J, Ambrosone CB, Zhao H (2009). &quot;Novel genetic variants in microRNA genes and familial breast cancer&quot;. <i>Int J Cancer</i> <b>124</b> (5): 1178&ndash;82. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fijc.24008" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1002/ijc.24008</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19048628" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">19048628</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Novel+genetic+variants+in+microRNA+genes+and+familial+breast+cancer&amp;rft.jtitle=Int+J+Cancer&amp;rft.aulast=Shen+J%2C+Ambrosone+CB%2C+Zhao+H&amp;rft.au=Shen+J%2C+Ambrosone+CB%2C+Zhao+H&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.volume=124&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=1178%E2%80%9382&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1002%2Fijc.24008&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/19048628&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18500341-50"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18500341_50-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Sahoo T, del Gaudio D, German JR, Shinawi M, Peters SU, Person RE, Garnica A, Cheung SW, Beaudet AL (2008). <a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2705197" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Prader&ndash;Willi phenotype caused by paternal deficiency for the HBII-85 C/D box small nucleolar RNA cluster.&quot;</font></a>. <i>Nat Genet</i> <b>40</b> (6): 719&ndash;21. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fng.158" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/ng.158</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2705197" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">2705197</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18500341" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">18500341</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2705197" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2705197</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Prader%26ndash%3BWilli+phenotype+caused+by+paternal+deficiency+for+the+HBII-85+C%2FD+box+small+nucleolar+RNA+cluster.&amp;rft.jtitle=Nat+Genet&amp;rft.aulast=Sahoo+T%2C+del+Gaudio+D%2C+German+JR%2C+Shinawi+M%2C+Peters+SU%2C+Person+RE%2C+Garnica+A%2C+Cheung+SW%2C+Beaudet+AL&amp;rft.au=Sahoo+T%2C+del+Gaudio+D%2C+German+JR%2C+Shinawi+M%2C+Peters+SU%2C+Person+RE%2C+Garnica+A%2C+Cheung+SW%2C+Beaudet+AL&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=40&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=719%E2%80%9321&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fng.158&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/2705197&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18500341&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D2705197&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18320030-51"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18320030_51-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Ding F, Li HH, Zhang S, Solomon NM, Camper SA, Cohen P, Francke U (2008). <a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2248623" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;SnoRNA Snord116 (Pwcr1/MBII-85) deletion causes growth deficiency and hyperphagia in mice.&quot;</font></a>. <i>PLoS ONE</i> <b>3</b> (3): e1709. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0001709" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1371/journal.pone.0001709</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2248623" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">2248623</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18320030" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">18320030</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2248623" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2248623</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=SnoRNA+Snord116+%28Pwcr1%2FMBII-85%29+deletion+causes+growth+deficiency+and+hyperphagia+in+mice.&amp;rft.jtitle=PLoS+ONE&amp;rft.aulast=Ding+F%2C+Li+HH%2C+Zhang+S%2C+Solomon+NM%2C+Camper+SA%2C+Cohen+P%2C+Francke+U&amp;rft.au=Ding+F%2C+Li+HH%2C+Zhang+S%2C+Solomon+NM%2C+Camper+SA%2C+Cohen+P%2C+Francke+U&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=3&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=e1709&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0001709&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/2248623&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18320030&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D2248623&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid16075369-52"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid16075369_52-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Ding F, Prints Y, Dhar MS, Johnson DK, Garnacho-Montero C, Nicholls RD, Francke U (2005). &quot;Lack of Pwcr1/MBII-85 snoRNA is critical for neonatal lethality in Prader&ndash;Willi syndrome mouse models.&quot;. <i>Mamm Genome</i> <b>16</b> (6): 424&ndash;31. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00335-005-2460-2" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1007/s00335-005-2460-2</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16075369" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">16075369</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Lack+of+Pwcr1%2FMBII-85+snoRNA+is+critical+for+neonatal+lethality+in+Prader%26ndash%3BWilli+syndrome+mouse+models.&amp;rft.jtitle=Mamm+Genome&amp;rft.aulast=Ding+F%2C+Prints+Y%2C+Dhar+MS%2C+Johnson+DK%2C+Garnacho-Montero+C%2C+Nicholls+RD%2C+Francke+U&amp;rft.au=Ding+F%2C+Prints+Y%2C+Dhar+MS%2C+Johnson+DK%2C+Garnacho-Montero+C%2C+Nicholls+RD%2C+Francke+U&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=16&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=424%E2%80%9331&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2Fs00335-005-2460-2&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16075369&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18160232-53"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18160232_53-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Bazeley PS, Shepelev V, Talebizadeh Z, Butler MG, Fedorova L, Filatov V, Fedorov A (2008). &quot;snoTARGET shows that human orphan snoRNA targets locate close to alternative splice junctions.&quot;. <i>Gene</i> <b>408</b> (1-2): 172&ndash;9. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gene.2007.10.037" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1016/j.gene.2007.10.037</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18160232" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">18160232</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=snoTARGET+shows+that+human+orphan+snoRNA+targets+locate+close+to+alternative+splice+junctions.&amp;rft.jtitle=Gene&amp;rft.aulast=Bazeley+PS%2C+Shepelev+V%2C+Talebizadeh+Z%2C+Butler+MG%2C+Fedorova+L%2C+Filatov+V%2C+Fedorov+A&amp;rft.au=Bazeley+PS%2C+Shepelev+V%2C+Talebizadeh+Z%2C+Butler+MG%2C+Fedorova+L%2C+Filatov+V%2C+Fedorov+A&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=408&amp;rft.issue=1-2&amp;rft.pages=172%E2%80%939&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.gene.2007.10.037&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18160232&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid15318025-54"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid15318025_54-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Bolton PF, Veltman MW, Weisblatt E, <i>et al.</i> (September 2004). <a class="external text" href="http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=0955-8829&amp;volume=14&amp;issue=3&amp;spage=131" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Chromosome 15q11-13 abnormalities and other medical conditions in individuals with autism spectrum disorders&quot;</font></a>. <i>Psychiatr. Genet.</i> <b>14</b> (3): 131&ndash;7. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1097%2F00041444-200409000-00002" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1097/00041444-200409000-00002</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15318025" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">15318025</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=0955-8829&amp;volume=14&amp;issue=3&amp;spage=131" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=0955-8829&amp;volume=14&amp;issue=3&amp;spage=131</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Chromosome+15q11-13+abnormalities+and+other+medical+conditions+in+individuals+with+autism+spectrum+disorders&amp;rft.jtitle=Psychiatr.+Genet.&amp;rft.aulast=Bolton+PF%2C+Veltman+MW%2C+Weisblatt+E%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Bolton+PF%2C+Veltman+MW%2C+Weisblatt+E%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=September+2004&amp;rft.volume=14&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=131%E2%80%937&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1097%2F00041444-200409000-00002&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15318025&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmeta.wkhealth.com%2Fpt%2Fpt-core%2Ftemplate-journal%2Flwwgateway%2Fmedia%2Flandingpage.htm%3Fissn%3D0955-8829%26volume%3D14%26issue%3D3%26spage%3D131&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18923514-55"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18923514_55-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Cook EH, Scherer SW (October 2008). &quot;Copy-number variations associated with neuropsychiatric conditions&quot;. <i>Nature</i> <b>455</b> (7215): 919&ndash;23. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature07458" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/nature07458</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18923514" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">18923514</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Copy-number+variations+associated+with+neuropsychiatric+conditions&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Cook+EH%2C+Scherer+SW&amp;rft.au=Cook+EH%2C+Scherer+SW&amp;rft.date=October+2008&amp;rft.volume=455&amp;rft.issue=7215&amp;rft.pages=919%E2%80%9323&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnature07458&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18923514&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid19563756-56"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid19563756_56-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Nakatani J, Tamada K, Hatanaka F, <i>et al.</i> (June 2009). &quot;Abnormal behavior in a chromosome-engineered mouse model for human 15q11-13 duplication seen in autism&quot;. <i>Cell</i> <b>137</b> (7): 1235&ndash;46. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2009.04.024" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1016/j.cell.2009.04.024</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19563756" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">19563756</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Abnormal+behavior+in+a+chromosome-engineered+mouse+model+for+human+15q11-13+duplication+seen+in+autism&amp;rft.jtitle=Cell&amp;rft.aulast=Nakatani+J%2C+Tamada+K%2C+Hatanaka+F%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Nakatani+J%2C+Tamada+K%2C+Hatanaka+F%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=June+2009&amp;rft.volume=137&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.pages=1235%E2%80%9346&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2009.04.024&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/19563756&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid11207361-57"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid11207361_57-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Ridanp&auml;&auml; M, van Eenennaam H, Pelin K, Chadwick R, Johnson C, Yuan B, vanVenrooij W, Pruijn G, Salmela R, Rockas S, M&auml;kitie O, Kaitila I, de la Chapelle A (2001). &quot;Mutations in the RNA component of RNase MRP cause a pleiotropic human disease, cartilage-hair hypoplasia.&quot;. <i>Cell</i> <b>104</b> (2): 195&ndash;203. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0092-8674%2801%2900205-7" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00205-7</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11207361" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">11207361</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Mutations+in+the+RNA+component+of+RNase+MRP+cause+a+pleiotropic+human+disease%2C+cartilage-hair+hypoplasia.&amp;rft.jtitle=Cell&amp;rft.aulast=Ridanp%C3%A4%C3%A4+M%2C+van+Eenennaam+H%2C+Pelin+K%2C+Chadwick+R%2C+Johnson+C%2C+Yuan+B%2C+vanVenrooij+W%2C+Pruijn+G%2C+Salmela+R%2C+Rockas+S%2C+M%C3%A4kitie+O%2C+Kaitila+I%2C+de+la+Chapelle+A&amp;rft.au=Ridanp%C3%A4%C3%A4+M%2C+van+Eenennaam+H%2C+Pelin+K%2C+Chadwick+R%2C+Johnson+C%2C+Yuan+B%2C+vanVenrooij+W%2C+Pruijn+G%2C+Salmela+R%2C+Rockas+S%2C+M%C3%A4kitie+O%2C+Kaitila+I%2C+de+la+Chapelle+A&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.volume=104&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=195%E2%80%93203&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2FS0092-8674%2801%2900205-7&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11207361&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid17189938-58"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid17189938_58-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Martin AN, Li Y (2007). &quot;RNase MRP RNA and human genetic diseases.&quot;. <i>Cell Res</i> <b>17</b> (3): 219&ndash;26. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.cr.7310120" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/sj.cr.7310120</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17189938" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">17189938</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=RNase+MRP+RNA+and+human+genetic+diseases.&amp;rft.jtitle=Cell+Res&amp;rft.aulast=Martin+AN%2C+Li+Y&amp;rft.au=Martin+AN%2C+Li+Y&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.volume=17&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=219%E2%80%9326&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fsj.cr.7310120&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17189938&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18804272-59"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18804272_59-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Kavadas FD, Giliani S, Gu Y, Mazzolari E, Bates A, Pegoiani E, Roifman CM, Notarangelo LD (2008). &quot;Variability of clinical and laboratory features among patients with ribonuclease mitochondrial RNA processing endoribonuclease gene mutations.&quot;. <i>J Allergy Clin Immunol</i> <b>122</b> (6): 1178&ndash;84. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jaci.2008.07.036" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1016/j.jaci.2008.07.036</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18804272" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">18804272</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Variability+of+clinical+and+laboratory+features+among+patients+with+ribonuclease+mitochondrial+RNA+processing+endoribonuclease+gene+mutations.&amp;rft.jtitle=J+Allergy+Clin+Immunol&amp;rft.aulast=Kavadas+FD%2C+Giliani+S%2C+Gu+Y%2C+Mazzolari+E%2C+Bates+A%2C+Pegoiani+E%2C+Roifman+CM%2C+Notarangelo+LD&amp;rft.au=Kavadas+FD%2C+Giliani+S%2C+Gu+Y%2C+Mazzolari+E%2C+Bates+A%2C+Pegoiani+E%2C+Roifman+CM%2C+Notarangelo+LD&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=122&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=1178%E2%80%9384&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.jaci.2008.07.036&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18804272&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18587408-60"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18587408_60-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Faghihi MA, Modarresi F, Khalil AM, Wood DE, Sahagan BG, Morgan TE, Finch CE, St Laurent G, Kenny PJ, Wahlestedt C (2008). <a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2826895" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Expression of a noncoding RNA is elevated in Alzheimer's disease and drives rapid feed-forward regulation of beta-secretase.&quot;</font></a>. <i>Nat Med</i> <b>14</b> (7): 723&ndash;30. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnm1784" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/nm1784</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2826895" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">2826895</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18587408" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">18587408</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2826895" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2826895</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Expression+of+a+noncoding+RNA+is+elevated+in+Alzheimer%27s+disease+and+drives+rapid+feed-forward+regulation+of+beta-secretase.&amp;rft.jtitle=Nat+Med&amp;rft.aulast=Faghihi+MA%2C+Modarresi+F%2C+Khalil+AM%2C+Wood+DE%2C+Sahagan+BG%2C+Morgan+TE%2C+Finch+CE%2C+St+Laurent+G%2C+Kenny+PJ%2C+Wahlestedt+C&amp;rft.au=Faghihi+MA%2C+Modarresi+F%2C+Khalil+AM%2C+Wood+DE%2C+Sahagan+BG%2C+Morgan+TE%2C+Finch+CE%2C+St+Laurent+G%2C+Kenny+PJ%2C+Wahlestedt+C&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=14&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.pages=723%E2%80%9330&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnm1784&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/2826895&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18587408&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D2826895&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid19363479-61"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid19363479_61-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Menc&iacute;a A, Modamio-H&oslash;ybj&oslash;r S, Redshaw N, Mor&iacute;n M, Mayo-Merino F, Olavarrieta L, Aguirre LA, del Castillo I, Steel KP, Dalmay T, Moreno F, Moreno-Pelayo MA (2009). &quot;Mutations in the seed region of human miR-96 are responsible for nonsyndromic progressive hearing loss.&quot;. <i>Nat Genet</i> <b>41</b> (5): 609&ndash;13. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fng.355" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/ng.355</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19363479" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">19363479</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Mutations+in+the+seed+region+of+human+miR-96+are+responsible+for+nonsyndromic+progressive+hearing+loss.&amp;rft.jtitle=Nat+Genet&amp;rft.aulast=Menc%C3%ADa+A%2C+Modamio-H%C3%B8ybj%C3%B8r+S%2C+Redshaw+N%2C+Mor%C3%ADn+M%2C+Mayo-Merino+F%2C+Olavarrieta+L%2C+Aguirre+LA%2C+del+Castillo+I%2C+Steel+KP%2C+Dalmay+T%2C+Moreno+F%2C+Moreno-Pelayo+MA&amp;rft.au=Menc%C3%ADa+A%2C+Modamio-H%C3%B8ybj%C3%B8r+S%2C+Redshaw+N%2C+Mor%C3%ADn+M%2C+Mayo-Merino+F%2C+Olavarrieta+L%2C+Aguirre+LA%2C+del+Castillo+I%2C+Steel+KP%2C+Dalmay+T%2C+Moreno+F%2C+Moreno-Pelayo+MA&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.volume=41&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=609%E2%80%9313&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fng.355&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/19363479&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid19363478-62"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid19363478_62-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Lewis MA, Quint E, Glazier AM, Fuchs H, De Angelis MH, Langford C, van Dongen S, Abreu-Goodger C, Piipari M, Redshaw N, Dalmay T, Moreno-Pelayo MA, Enright AJ, Steel KP (2009). <a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2705913" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;An ENU-induced mutation of miR-96 associated with progressive hearing loss in mice.&quot;</font></a>. <i>Nat Genet</i> <b>41</b> (5): 614&ndash;8. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fng.369" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/ng.369</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2705913" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">2705913</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19363478" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">19363478</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2705913" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2705913</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=An+ENU-induced+mutation+of+miR-96+associated+with+progressive+hearing+loss+in+mice.&amp;rft.jtitle=Nat+Genet&amp;rft.aulast=Lewis+MA%2C+Quint+E%2C+Glazier+AM%2C+Fuchs+H%2C+De+Angelis+MH%2C+Langford+C%2C+van+Dongen+S%2C+Abreu-Goodger+C%2C+Piipari+M%2C+Redshaw+N%2C+Dalmay+T%2C+Moreno-Pelayo+MA%2C+Enright+AJ%2C+Steel+KP&amp;rft.au=Lewis+MA%2C+Quint+E%2C+Glazier+AM%2C+Fuchs+H%2C+De+Angelis+MH%2C+Langford+C%2C+van+Dongen+S%2C+Abreu-Goodger+C%2C+Piipari+M%2C+Redshaw+N%2C+Dalmay+T%2C+Moreno-Pelayo+MA%2C+Enright+AJ%2C+Steel+KP&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.volume=41&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=614%E2%80%938&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fng.369&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/2705913&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/19363478&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D2705913&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid19245798-63"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid19245798_63-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Soukup GA (2009). <a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2700218" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Little but loud: Small RNAs have a resounding affect on ear development.&quot;</font></a>. <i>Brain Res</i> <b>1277</b>: 104&ndash;14. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.brainres.2009.02.027" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1016/j.brainres.2009.02.027</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2700218" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">2700218</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19245798" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">19245798</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2700218" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2700218</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Little+but+loud%3A+Small+RNAs+have+a+resounding+affect+on+ear+development.&amp;rft.jtitle=Brain+Res&amp;rft.aulast=Soukup+GA&amp;rft.au=Soukup+GA&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.volume=1277&amp;rft.pages=104%E2%80%9314&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.brainres.2009.02.027&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/2700218&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/19245798&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D2700218&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-64"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Richard J. Carter, Inna Dubchak, Stephen R. Holbrook (2001). <a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov.oca.ucsc.edu/articlerender.fcgi?artid=60242&amp;rendertype=abstract" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;A computational approach to identify genes for functional RNAs in genomic sequences&quot;</font></a>. <i>Nucleic Acids Research</i> <b>29</b> (19): 3928&ndash;3938. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=60242" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">60242</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11574674" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">11574674</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov.oca.ucsc.edu/articlerender.fcgi?artid=60242&amp;rendertype=abstract" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov.oca.ucsc.edu/articlerender.fcgi?artid=60242&amp;rendertype=abstract</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=A+computational+approach+to+identify+genes+for+functional+RNAs+in+genomic+sequences&amp;rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Research&amp;rft.aulast=Richard+J.+Carter%2C+Inna+Dubchak%2C+Stephen+R.+Holbrook&amp;rft.au=Richard+J.+Carter%2C+Inna+Dubchak%2C+Stephen+R.+Holbrook&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.volume=29&amp;rft.issue=19&amp;rft.pages=3928%E2%80%933938&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/60242&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11574674&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov.oca.ucsc.edu%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Fartid%3D60242%26rendertype%3Dabstract&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-65"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Jakob Skou Pedersen, Gill Bejerano, Adam Siepel, Kate Rosenbloom, Kerstin Lindblad-Toh, Eric S. Lander, Jim Kent, Webb Miller, David Haussler (2006). <a class="external text" href="http://compbiol.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&amp;doi=10.1371/journal.pcbi.0020033" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Identification and Classification of Conserved RNA Secondary Structures in the Human Genome&quot;</font></a>. <i>PLOS Computational Biology</i> <b>2</b> (4): e33. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pcbi.0020033" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1371/journal.pcbi.0020033</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1440920" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">1440920</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16628248" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">16628248</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://compbiol.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&amp;doi=10.1371/journal.pcbi.0020033" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://compbiol.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&amp;doi=10.1371/journal.pcbi.0020033</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Identification+and+Classification+of+Conserved+RNA+Secondary+Structures+in+the+Human+Genome&amp;rft.jtitle=PLOS+Computational+Biology&amp;rft.aulast=Jakob+Skou+Pedersen%2C+Gill+Bejerano%2C+Adam+Siepel%2C+Kate+Rosenbloom%2C+Kerstin+Lindblad-Toh%2C+Eric+S.+Lander%2C+Jim+Kent%2C+Webb+Miller%2C+David+Haussler&amp;rft.au=Jakob+Skou+Pedersen%2C+Gill+Bejerano%2C+Adam+Siepel%2C+Kate+Rosenbloom%2C+Kerstin+Lindblad-Toh%2C+Eric+S.+Lander%2C+Jim+Kent%2C+Webb+Miller%2C+David+Haussler&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=2&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=e33&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1371%2Fjournal.pcbi.0020033&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/1440920&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16628248&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcompbiol.plosjournals.org%2Fperlserv%2F%3Frequest%3Dget-document%26doi%3D10.1371%2Fjournal.pcbi.0020033&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-66"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Tomas Babak, Benjamin J Blencowe, Timothy R Hughes (2007). <a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov.oca.ucsc.edu/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1803800&amp;rendertype=abstract" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Considerations in the identification of functional RNA structural elements in genomic alignments&quot;</font></a>. <i>BMC Bioinformatics</i> <b>8</b> (8): 33. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2105-8-21" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1186/1471-2105-8-21</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1783863" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">1783863</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17244370" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">17244370</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov.oca.ucsc.edu/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1803800&amp;rendertype=abstract" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov.oca.ucsc.edu/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1803800&amp;rendertype=abstract</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Considerations+in+the+identification+of+functional+RNA+structural+elements+in+genomic+alignments&amp;rft.jtitle=BMC+Bioinformatics&amp;rft.aulast=Tomas+Babak%2C+Benjamin+J+Blencowe%2C+Timothy+R+Hughes&amp;rft.au=Tomas+Babak%2C+Benjamin+J+Blencowe%2C+Timothy+R+Hughes&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.volume=8&amp;rft.issue=8&amp;rft.pages=33&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1186%2F1471-2105-8-21&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/1783863&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17244370&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov.oca.ucsc.edu%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Fartid%3D1803800%26rendertype%3Dabstract&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> </ol> </div> <h2><span id="External_links" class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" href="http://jsm-research.imb.uq.edu.au/rnadb" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">Comprehensive database of mammalian ncRNAs</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="http://rfam.sanger.ac.uk" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">The Rfam Database</font></a> &mdash; a curated list of hundreds of families of related ncRNAs.</li> <li><a class="external text" href="http://www.noncode.org/" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">NONCODE.org</font></a> &mdash; a free database of all kinds of noncoding RNAs (except tRNAs and rRNAs).</li> <li><a class="external text" href="http://www.ncrnadb.trna.ibch.poznan.pl/" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">Joint ncRNA Database</font></a> &mdash; over 30,000 individual sequences from 99 species of bacteria, archaea and eukaryota</li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> a384cf596d7282c4e20bffc6c65cebe947ced8cc 3763 3762 2011-05-29T08:45:28Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>fRNA</p> <p>Functional RNA.</p> <p>A <b>non-coding RNA</b><span style="color: #000000"> (<b>ncRNA</b>) is a functional RNA molecule that is not translated into a protein. Less-frequently used synonyms are non-protein-coding RNA (npcRNA), non-messenger RNA (nmRNA), small non-messenger RNA (snmRNA) and functional RNA (fRNA). The term <b>small RNA</b> (<b>sRNA</b>) is often used for small bacterial ncRNAs. The DNA sequence from which a non-coding RNA is transcribed as the end product is often called an <b>RNA gene</b> or non-coding RNA gene.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Non-coding RNA genes include highly abundant and functionally important RNAs such as transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA), as well as RNAs such as snoRNAs, microRNAs, siRNAs and piRNAs and the long ncRNAs that include examples such as Xist and HOTAIR (see here for a more complete list of ncRNAs). The number of ncRNAs encoded within the human genome is unknown, however recent transcriptomic and bioinformatic studies suggest the existence of thousands of ncRNAs.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15790807_0-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[1]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid17571346_1-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[2]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid17568003_2-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[3]</font></sup>^{<font size="2">, but see</font>} <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><font size="2">[4]</font></sup> Since many of the newly identified ncRNAs have not been validated for their function, it is possible that many are non-functional.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15851066_4-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[5]</font></sup></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="History_and_discovery" class="mw-headline">History and discovery</span></span></h2> <div class="rellink boilerplate further"><span style="color: #000000">Further information: History of molecular biology</span></div> <p><span style="color: #000000">Nucleic acids were first discovered in 1868 by Friedrich Miescher<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><font size="2">[6]</font></sup> and by 1939 RNA had been implicated in protein synthesis.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><font size="2">[7]</font></sup> Two decades later, Francis Crick predicted a functional RNA component which mediated translation; he reasoned that RNA is better suited to base-pair with the mRNA transcript than a pure polypeptide.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><font size="2">[8]</font></sup></span></p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width: 252px" class="thumbinner"><span style="color: #000000"><font size="2"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="250" height="247" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/TRNA-Phe_yeast_1ehz.png/250px-TRNA-Phe_yeast_1ehz.png" /></font> </span> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><span style="color: #000000"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></span></div> <span style="color: #000000">The cloverleaf structure of Yeast tRNA^{<font size="1">Phe</font>} (<i>inset</i>) and the 3D structure determined by X-ray analysis.</span></div> </div> </div> <p><span style="color: #000000">The first non-coding RNA to be characterised was an alanine tRNA found in baker's yeast, its structure was published in 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-Hol65_8-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[9]</font></sup> To produce a purified alanine tRNA sample, Robert W. Holley <i>et al.</i> used 140kg of commercial baker's yeast to give just 1g of purified tRNA^{<font size="2">Ala</font>} for analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel68_9-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[10]</font></sup> The 80 nucleotide tRNA was sequenced by first being digested with Pancreatic ribonuclease (producing fragments ending in Cytosine or Uridine) and then with takadiastase ribonuclease Tl (producing fragments which finished with Guanosine). Chromatography and identification of the 5' and 3' ends then helped arrange the fragments to establish the RNA sequence.<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel68_9-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[10]</font></sup> Of the three structures originally proposed for this tRNA,<sup id="cite_ref-Hol65_8-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[9]</font></sup> the 'cloverleaf' structure was independently proposed in several following publications.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid5938777_10-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[11]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><font size="2">[12]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><font size="2">[13]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><font size="2">[14]</font></sup> The cloverleaf secondary structure was finalised following X-ray crystallography anaylsis performed by two independent research groups in 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><font size="2">[15]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><font size="2">[16]</font></sup></span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Ribosomal RNA was next to be discovered, followed by URNA in the early 1980s. Since then, the discovery of new non-coding RNAs has continued with snoRNAs, Xist, CRISPR and many more.<sup id="cite_ref-Edd01_16-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[17]</font></sup> Recent notable additions include riboswitches and miRNA, the discovery of the RNAi mechanism associated with the latter earned Craig C. Mello and Andrew Fire the 2006 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><font size="2">[18]</font></sup></span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Biological_roles_of_ncRNA" class="mw-headline">Biological roles of ncRNA</span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000">Noncoding RNAs belong to several groups and are involved in many cellular processes. These range from ncRNAs of central importance that are conserved across all or most cellular life through to more transient ncRNAs specific to one or a few closely related species. The more conserved ncRNAs are thought to be molecular fossils or relics from LUCA and the RNA world.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid9419222_18-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[19]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid9419221_19-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[20]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid10497339_20-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[21]</font></sup></span></p> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="ncRNAs_in_translation" class="mw-headline">ncRNAs in translation</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width: 402px" class="thumbinner"><span style="color: #000000"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="400" height="203" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/NcRNAs-central-dogma.svg/400px-NcRNAs-central-dogma.svg.png" /> </span> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><span style="color: #000000"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></span></div> <span style="color: #000000">An illustration of the central dogma of molecular biology annotated with the processes ncRNAs are involved in. RNPs are shown in red, ncRNAs are shown in blue.</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div style="width: 222px" class="thumbinner"><span style="color: #000000"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="220" height="220" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/10_large_subunit.gif/220px-10_large_subunit.gif" /> </span> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><span style="color: #000000"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></span></div> <span style="color: #000000">Atomic structure of the 50S Subunit from <i>Haloarcula marismortui</i>. Proteins are shown in blue and the two RNA strands in orange and yellow.<sup id="cite_ref-Ban_21-0" class="reference"><font size="1">[22]</font></sup> The small patch of green in the center of the subunit is the active site.</span></div> </div> </div> <p><span style="color: #000000">Many of the conserved, essential and abundant ncRNAs are involved in translation. Ribonucleoprotein (RNP) particles called ribosomes are the 'factories' where translation takes place in the cell. The ribosome consists of more than 60% ribosomal RNA, these are made up of 3 ncRNAs in prokaryotes and 4 ncRNAs in eukaryotes. Ribosomal RNAs catalyse the translation of nucleotide sequences to protein. Another set of ncRNAs, Transfer RNAs, form an 'adaptor molecule' between mRNA and protein. The H/ACA box and C/D box snoRNAs are ncRNAs found in archaea and eukaryotes, RNase MRP is restricted to eukaryotes, both groups of ncRNA are involved in the maturation of rRNA. The snoRNAs guide covalent modifications of rRNA, tRNA and snRNAs, RNase MRP cleaves the internal transcribed spacer 1 between 18S and 5.8S rRNAs. The ubiquitous ncRNA, RNase P, is an evolutionary relative of RNase MRP.<sup id="cite_ref-PMID16540690_22-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[23]</font></sup> RNase P matures tRNA sequences by generating mature 5'-ends of tRNAs through cleaving the 5'-leader elements of precursor-tRNAs. Another ubiquitous RNP called SRP recognizes and transports specific nascent proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotes and the plasma membrane in prokaryotes. In bacteria Transfer-messenger RNA (tmRNA) is an RNP involved in rescuing stalled ribosomes, tagging incomplete polypeptides and promoting the degradation of aberrant mRNA.</span></p> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="ncRNAs_in_RNA_splicing" class="mw-headline">ncRNAs in RNA splicing</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div style="width: 222px" class="thumbinner"><span style="color: #000000"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="220" height="160" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Yeast_tri-snRNP.jpg/220px-Yeast_tri-snRNP.jpg" /> </span> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><span style="color: #000000"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></span></div> <span style="color: #000000">Electron microscopy images of the yeast spliceosome. Note the bulk of the complex is in fact ncRNA.</span></div> </div> </div> <p><span style="color: #000000">In eukaryotes the spliceosome performs the splicing reactions essential for removing intron sequences, this process is required for the formation of mature mRNA. The spliceosome is another RNP often also known as the snRNP or tri-snRNP. There are two different forms of the spliceosome, the major and minor forms. The ncRNA components of the major spliceosome are U1, U2, U4 and U5. The ncRNA components of the minor spliceosome are U11, U12, U5, U4atac and U6atac.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Another group of introns can catalyse their own removal from host transcripts, these are called self-splicing RNAs. There are two main groups of self-splicing RNAs, these are the group I catalytic intron and group II catalytic intron. These ncRNAs catalyze their own excision from mRNA, tRNA and rRNA precursors in a wide range of organisms.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">In mammals it has been found that snoRNAs can also regulate the alternative splicing of mRNA, for example snoRNA HBII-52 regulates the splicing of serotonin receptor 2C.<sup id="cite_ref-Kishore_23-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[24]</font></sup></span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">In nematodes the SmY ncRNA appears to be involved in mRNA trans-splicing.</span></p> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="ncRNAs_in_gene_regulation" class="mw-headline">ncRNAs in gene regulation</span></span></h3> <p><span style="color: #000000">The expression of many thousands of genes are regulated by ncRNAs. This regulation can occur in trans or in cis.</span></p> <h4><span style="color: #000000"><span id="trans-acting_ncRNAs" class="mw-headline">trans-acting ncRNAs</span></span></h4> <p><span style="color: #000000">In higher eukaryotes microRNAs regulate gene expression. A single miRNA can reduce the expression levels of hundreds of genes. The mechanism by which mature miRNA molecules act is through partial complementary to one or more messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules, generally in 3' UTRs. The main function of miRNAs is to down-regulate gene expression.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">The ncRNA RNase P has also been shown to influence gene expression. In the human nucleus RNase P is required for the normal and efficient transcription of various ncRNAs transcribed by RNA polymerase III. These include tRNA, 5S rRNA, SRP RNA and U6 snRNA genes. RNase P exerts its role in transcription through association with Pol III and chromatin of active tRNA and 5S rRNA genes. <sup id="cite_ref-pmid16778078_24-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[25]</font></sup></span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">It has been shown that 7SK RNA, a metazoan ncRNA, acts as a negative regulator of the RNA polymerase II elongation factor P-TEFb, and that this activity is influenced by stress response pathways.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">The bacterial ncRNA, 6S RNA, specifically associates with RNA polymerase holoenzyme containing the sigma70 specificity factor. This interaction represses expression from a sigma70-dependent promoter during stationary phase.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Another bacterial ncRNA, OxyS RNA represses translation by binding to Shine-Dalgarno sequences thereby occluding ribosome binding. OxyS RNA is induced in response to oxidative stress in Escherichia coli.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">The B2 RNA is a small noncoding RNA polymerase III transcript that represses mRNA transcription in response to heat shock in mouse cells. B2 RNA inhibits transcription by binding to core Pol II. Through this interaction, B2 RNA assembles into preinitiation complexes at the promoter and blocks RNA synthesis. <sup id="cite_ref-pmid15300239_25-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[26]</font></sup></span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">A recent study has shown that just the act of transcription of ncRNA sequence can have an influence on gene expression. RNA polymerase II transcription of ncRNAs is required for chromatin remodelling in the Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Chromatin is progressively converted to an open configuration, as several species of ncRNAs are transcribed. <sup id="cite_ref-pmid18820678_26-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[27]</font></sup></span></p> <h4><span style="color: #000000"><span id="cis-acting_ncRNAs" class="mw-headline">cis-acting ncRNAs</span></span></h4> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle"><span style="color: #000000">Main articles: Five prime untranslated region and Three prime untranslated region</span></div> <p><span style="color: #000000">A number of ncRNAs are embedded in the 5' UTRs of protein coding genes and influence their expression in various ways. For example, a riboswitch can directly bind a small target molecule, the binding of the target affects the gene's activity.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">RNA leader sequences are found upstream of the first gene of in amino acid biosynthetic operons. These RNA elements form one of two possible structures in regions encoding very short peptide sequences that are rich in the end product amino acid of the operon. A terminator structure forms when there is an excess of the regulatory amino acid and ribosome movement over the leader transcript is not impeded. When there is a deficiency of the charged tRNA of the regulatory amino acid the ribosome translating the leader peptide stalls and the antiterminator structure forms. This allows RNA polymerase to transcribe the operon. Known RNA leaders are Histidine operon leader, Leucine operon leader, Threonine operon leader and the Tryptophan operon leader.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Iron response elements (IRE) are bound by iron response proteins (IRP). The IRE is found in UTRs (Untranslated Regions) of various mRNAs whose products are involved in iron metabolism. When iron concentration is low, IRPs bind the ferritin mRNA IRE leading to translation repression.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Internal ribosome entry sites (IRES) are a RNA structure that allow for translation initiation in the middle of a mRNA sequence as part of the process of protein synthesis.</span></p> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="ncRNAs_and_genome_defense" class="mw-headline">ncRNAs and genome defense</span></span></h3> <p><span style="color: #000000">Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) expressed in mammalian testes and somatic cells, they form RNA-protein complexes with Piwi proteins. These piRNA complexes (piRCs) have been linked to transcriptional gene silencing of retrotransposons and other genetic elements in germ line cells, particularly those in spermatogenesis.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) are repeats found in the DNA of many bacteria and archaea. The repeats are separated by spacers of similar length. It has been demonstrated that these spacers can be derived from phage and subsequently help protect the cell from infection.</span></p> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="ncRNAs_and_chromosome_structure" class="mw-headline">ncRNAs and chromosome structure</span></span></h3> <p><span style="color: #000000">Telomerase is an RNP enzyme that adds specific DNA sequence repeats (&quot;TTAGGG&quot; in vertebrates) to telomeric regions, which are found at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes. The telomeres contain condensed DNA material, giving stability to the chromosomes. The enzyme is a reverse transcriptase that carries Telomerase RNA, which is used as a template when it elongates telomeres, which are shortened after each replication cycle.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Xist (X-inactive-specific transcript) is an long ncRNA gene on the X chromosome of the placental mammals that acts as major effector of the X chromosome inactivation process forming Barr bodies. An antisense RNA, Tsix, is a negative regulator of Xist. X chromosomes lacking Tsix expression (and thus having high levels of Xist transcription) are inactivated more frequently than normal chromosomes. In drosophilids, which also use an XY sex-determination system, the roX (RNA on the X) RNAs are involved in dosage compensation. <sup id="cite_ref-pmid12446910_27-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[28]</font></sup> Both Xist and roX operate by epigenetic regulation of transcription through the recruitment of histone-modifying enzymes.</span></p> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Bifunctional_RNA" class="mw-headline">Bifunctional RNA</span></span></h3> <p><span style="color: #000000"><b>Bifunctional RNAs</b> are RNAs that have two distinct functions, these are also known as dual function RNAs.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18042713_28-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[29]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid19043537_29-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[30]</font></sup> The majority of the known bifunctional RNAs are both mRNAs that encode a protein and ncRNAs. However there are also a growing number of ncRNAs that fall into two different ncRNA categories e.g. H/ACA box snoRNA and miRNA.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19043559_30-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[31]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid19026782_31-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[32]</font></sup></span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Two well known examples of bifunctional RNAs are SgrS RNA and RNAIII. However, a handful of other bifunctional RNAs are known to exist, e.g. SRA (Steroid Receptor Activator) ,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17710122_32-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[33]</font></sup> VegT RNA ,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid9012531_33-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[34]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid16000384_34-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[35]</font></sup> Oskar RNA <sup id="cite_ref-pmid16835436_35-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[36]</font></sup> and ENOD40.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17452360_36-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[37]</font></sup></span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="ncRNAs_and_disease" class="mw-headline">ncRNAs and disease</span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000"><i>See also:</i> Long noncoding RNAs in disease</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">As with proteins, mutations or imbalances in the ncRNA repertoire within the body can cause a variety of diseases.</span></p> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Cancer" class="mw-headline">Cancer</span></span></h3> <p><span style="color: #000000">Many ncRNAs show abnormal expression patterns in cancerous tissues. These include miRNAs,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15944708_37-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[38]</font></sup> long mRNA-like ncRNAs ,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11890990_38-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[39]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid16569192_39-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[40]</font></sup> GAS5, <sup id="cite_ref-pmid18836484_40-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[41]</font></sup> SNORD50, <sup id="cite_ref-pmid19683667_41-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[42]</font></sup> telomerase RNA and Y RNAs. <sup id="cite_ref-pmid18283318_42-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[43]</font></sup> The miRNAs are involved in the large scale regulation of many protein coding genes,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16308420_43-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[44]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid15685193_44-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[45]</font></sup> the Y RNAs are important for the initiation of DNA replication,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16943439_45-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[46]</font></sup> telomerase RNA that serves as a primer for telomerase, an RNP that extends telomeric regions at chromosome ends (see telomeres and disease for more information). The direct function of the long mRNA-like ncRNAs is less clear.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Germ-line mutations in miR-16-1 and miR-15 primary precursors have been shown to be much more frequent in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia compared to control populations.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16251535_46-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[47]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><font size="2">[48]</font></sup></span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">It has been suggested that a rare SNP (rs11614913) that overlaps hsa-mir-196a2 has been found to be associated with non-small cell lung carcinoma.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18521189_48-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[49]</font></sup> Likewise, a screen of 17 miRNAs that have been predicted to regulate a number of breast cancer associated genes found variations in the microRNAs miR-17 and miR-30c-1, these patients were noncarriers of BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations, lending the possibility that familial breast cancer may be caused by variation in these miRNAs.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19048628_49-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[50]</font></sup></span></p> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Prader.E2.80.93Willi_syndrome" class="mw-headline">Prader&ndash;Willi syndrome</span></span></h3> <p><span style="color: #000000">The deletion of the 48 copies of the C/D box snoRNA SNORD116 has been shown to be the primary cause of Prader&ndash;Willi syndrome.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18500341_50-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[51]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid18320030_51-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[52]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid16075369_52-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[53]</font></sup> Prader&ndash;Willi is a developmental disorder associated with over-eating and learning difficulties. SNORD116 has potential target sites within a number of protein-coding genes, and could have a role in regulating alternative splicing.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18160232_53-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[54]</font></sup></span></p> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Autism" class="mw-headline">Autism</span></span></h3> <p><span style="color: #000000">The chromosomal locus containing the small nucleolar RNA SNORD115 gene cluster has been duplicated in approximately 5% of individuals with autistic traits.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15318025_54-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[55]</font></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-pmid18923514_55-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[56]</font></sup> A mouse model engineered to have a duplication of the SNORD115 cluster displays autistic-like behaviour. <sup id="cite_ref-pmid19563756_56-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[57]</font></sup></span></p> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Cartilage-hair_hypoplasia" class="mw-headline">Cartilage-hair hypoplasia</span></span></h3> <p><span style="color: #000000">Mutations within RNase MRP have been shown to cause cartilage-hair hypoplasia, a disease associated with an array of symptoms such as short stature, sparse hair, skeletal abnormalities and a suppressed immune system that is frequent among Amish and Finnish.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11207361_57-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[58]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid17189938_58-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[59]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid18804272_59-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[60]</font></sup> The best characterised variant is an A-to-G transition at nucleotide 70 that is in a loop region two bases 5' of a conserved pseudoknot. However, many other mutations within RNase MRP also cause CHH.</span></p> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Alzheimer.27s_disease" class="mw-headline">Alzheimer's disease</span></span></h3> <p><span style="color: #000000">The antisense RNA, BACE1-AS is transcribed from the opposite strand to BACE1 and is upregulated in patients with Alzheimer's disease.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18587408_60-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[61]</font></sup> BACE1-AS regulates the expression of BACE1 by increasing BACE1 mRNA stability and generating additional BACE1 through a post-transcriptional feed-forward mechanism. By the same mechanism it also raises concentrations of beta amyloid, the main constituent of senile plaques. BACE1-AS concentrations are elevated in subjects with Alzheimer's disease and in amyloid precursor protein transgenic mice.</span></p> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="miR-96_and_hearing_loss" class="mw-headline">miR-96 and hearing loss</span></span></h3> <p><span style="color: #000000">Variation within the seed region of mature miR-96 has been associated with autosomal dominant, progressive hearing loss in humans and mice. The homozygous mutant mice were profoundly deaf, showing no cochlear responses. Heterozygous mice and humans progressively lose the ability to hear. <sup id="cite_ref-pmid19363479_61-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[62]</font></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-pmid19363478_62-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[63]</font></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-pmid19245798_63-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[64]</font></sup></span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Distinction_between_functional_RNA_.28fRNA.29_and_ncRNA" class="mw-headline">Distinction between functional RNA (fRNA) and ncRNA</span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000">Several publications<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><font size="2">[65]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><font size="2">[66]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><font size="2">[67]</font></sup> have started using the term <b>functional RNA (fRNA)</b>, as opposed to ncRNA, to describe regions functional at the RNA level that may or may not be stand-alone RNA transcripts. Therefore, every ncRNA is a fRNA, but there exist fRNA (such as riboswitches, SECIS elements, and other cis-regulatory regions) that are not ncRNA. Yet the term fRNA could also include mRNA as this is RNA coding for protein and hence is functional. Additionally artificially evolved RNAs also fall under the fRNA umbrella term. Some publications<sup id="cite_ref-Edd01_16-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[17]</font></sup> state that the terms <i>ncRNA</i> and <i>fRNA</i> are nearly synonymous.</span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="See_also" class="mw-headline">See also</span></span></h2> <ul> <li><span style="color: #000000">List of RNAs</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Nucleic acid structure</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Rfam</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Riboswitch</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Ribozyme</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">RNAs present in environmental samples</span></li> </ul> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="References" class="mw-headline">References</span></span></h2> <div style="list-style-type: decimal; column-count: 2; -moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2" class="reflist references-column-count references-column-count-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-pmid15790807-0"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid15790807_0-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Cheng J, Kapranov P, Drenkow J, Dike S, Brubaker S, Patel S, Long J, Stern D, Tammana H, Helt G, Sementchenko V, Piccolboni A, Bekiranov S, Bailey DK, Ganesh M, Ghosh S, Bell I, Gerhard DS, Gingeras TR (2005). &quot;Transcriptional maps of 10 human chromosomes at 5-nucleotide resolution.&quot;. <i>Science</i> <b>308</b> (5725): 1149&ndash;54. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1108625"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.1108625</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15790807"><font color="#3366bb">15790807</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Transcriptional+maps+of+10+human+chromosomes+at+5-nucleotide+resolution.&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Cheng+J%2C+Kapranov+P%2C+Drenkow+J%2C+Dike+S%2C+Brubaker+S%2C+Patel+S%2C+Long+J%2C+Stern+D%2C+Tammana+H%2C+Helt+G%2C+Sementchenko+V%2C+Piccolboni+A%2C+Bekiranov+S%2C+Bailey+DK%2C+Ganesh+M%2C+Ghosh+S%2C+Bell+I%2C+Gerhard+DS%2C+Gingeras+TR&amp;rft.au=Cheng+J%2C+Kapranov+P%2C+Drenkow+J%2C+Dike+S%2C+Brubaker+S%2C+Patel+S%2C+Long+J%2C+Stern+D%2C+Tammana+H%2C+Helt+G%2C+Sementchenko+V%2C+Piccolboni+A%2C+Bekiranov+S%2C+Bailey+DK%2C+Ganesh+M%2C+Ghosh+S%2C+Bell+I%2C+Gerhard+DS%2C+Gingeras+TR&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=308&amp;rft.issue=5725&amp;rft.pages=1149%E2%80%9354&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.1108625&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15790807&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid17571346-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid17571346_1-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">ENCODE Project Consortium; Birney, E; Stamatoyannopoulos, JA; Dutta, A; Guig&oacute;, R; Gingeras, TR; Margulies, EH; Weng, Z et al. (2007). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2212820"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Identification and analysis of functional elements in 1% of the human genome by the ENCODE pilot project.&quot;</font></a>. <i>Nature</i> <b>447</b> (7146): 799&ndash;816. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature05874"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/nature05874</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2212820"><font color="#3366bb">2212820</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17571346"><font color="#3366bb">17571346</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2212820"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2212820</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Identification+and+analysis+of+functional+elements+in+1%25+of+the+human+genome+by+the+ENCODE+pilot+project.&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=ENCODE+Project+Consortium&amp;rft.au=ENCODE+Project+Consortium&amp;rft.au=Birney%2C%26%2332%3BE&amp;rft.au=Stamatoyannopoulos%2C%26%2332%3BJA&amp;rft.au=Dutta%2C%26%2332%3BA&amp;rft.au=Guig%C3%B3%2C%26%2332%3BR&amp;rft.au=Gingeras%2C%26%2332%3BTR&amp;rft.au=Margulies%2C%26%2332%3BEH&amp;rft.au=Weng%2C%26%2332%3BZ&amp;rft.au=Snyder%2C%26%2332%3BM&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.volume=447&amp;rft.issue=7146&amp;rft.pages=799%E2%80%93816&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnature05874&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/2212820&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17571346&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D2212820&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid17568003-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid17568003_2-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Washietl S, Pedersen JS, Korbel JO, Stocsits C, Gruber AR, Hackerm&uuml;ller J, Hertel J, Lindemeyer M, Reiche K, Tanzer A, Ucla C, Wyss C, Antonarakis SE, Denoeud F, Lagarde J, Drenkow J, Kapranov P, Gingeras TR, Guig&oacute; R, Snyder M, Gerstein MB, Reymond A, Hofacker IL, Stadler PF (2007). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1891344"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Structured RNAs in the ENCODE selected regions of the human genome.&quot;</font></a>. <i>Genome Res</i> <b>17</b> (6): 852&ndash;64. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.5650707"><font color="#3366bb">10.1101/gr.5650707</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1891344"><font color="#3366bb">1891344</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17568003"><font color="#3366bb">17568003</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1891344"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1891344</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Structured+RNAs+in+the+ENCODE+selected+regions+of+the+human+genome.&amp;rft.jtitle=Genome+Res&amp;rft.aulast=Washietl+S%2C+Pedersen+JS%2C+Korbel+JO%2C+Stocsits+C%2C+Gruber+AR%2C+Hackerm%C3%BCller+J%2C+Hertel+J%2C+Lindemeyer+M%2C+Reiche+K%2C+Tanzer+A%2C+Ucla+C%2C+Wyss+C%2C+Antonarakis+SE%2C+Denoeud+F%2C+Lagarde+J%2C+Drenkow+J%2C+Kapranov+P%2C+Gingeras+TR%2C+Guig%C3%B3+R%2C+Snyder+M%2C+Gerstein+MB%2C+Reymond+A%2C+Hofacker+IL%2C+Stadler+PF&amp;rft.au=Washietl+S%2C+Pedersen+JS%2C+Korbel+JO%2C+Stocsits+C%2C+Gruber+AR%2C+Hackerm%C3%BCller+J%2C+Hertel+J%2C+Lindemeyer+M%2C+Reiche+K%2C+Tanzer+A%2C+Ucla+C%2C+Wyss+C%2C+Antonarakis+SE%2C+Denoeud+F%2C+Lagarde+J%2C+Drenkow+J%2C+Kapranov+P%2C+Gingeras+TR%2C+Guig%C3%B3+R%2C+Snyder+M%2C+Gerstein+MB%2C+Reymond+A%2C+Hofacker+IL%2C+Stadler+PF&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.volume=17&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=852%E2%80%9364&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1101%2Fgr.5650707&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/1891344&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17568003&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D1891344&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">van Bakel H, Nislow C, Blencowe BJ, Hughes TR (2010). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1000371"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Most &ldquo;dark matter&rdquo; transcripts are associated with known genes&quot;</font></a>. <i>PLoS Biol</i> <b>8</b> (5): e1000371. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1000371"><font color="#3366bb">10.1371/journal.pbio.1000371</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2872640"><font color="#3366bb">2872640</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20502517"><font color="#3366bb">20502517</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1000371"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1000371</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Most+%E2%80%9Cdark+matter%E2%80%9D+transcripts+are+associated+with+known+genes&amp;rft.jtitle=PLoS+Biol&amp;rft.aulast=van+Bakel+H%2C+Nislow+C%2C+Blencowe+BJ%2C+Hughes+TR&amp;rft.au=van+Bakel+H%2C+Nislow+C%2C+Blencowe+BJ%2C+Hughes+TR&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.volume=8&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=e1000371&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1000371&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/2872640&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/20502517&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.plosbiology.org%2Farticle%2Finfo%253Adoi%252F10.1371%252Fjournal.pbio.1000371&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid15851066-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid15851066_4-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">H&uuml;ttenhofer A, Schattner P, Polacek N (2005). &quot;Non-coding RNAs: hope or hype?&quot;. <i>Trends Genet</i> <b>21</b> (5): 289&ndash;97. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tig.2005.03.007"><font color="#3366bb">10.1016/j.tig.2005.03.007</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15851066"><font color="#3366bb">15851066</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Non-coding+RNAs%3A+hope+or+hype%3F&amp;rft.jtitle=Trends+Genet&amp;rft.aulast=H%C3%BCttenhofer+A%2C+Schattner+P%2C+Polacek+N&amp;rft.au=H%C3%BCttenhofer+A%2C+Schattner+P%2C+Polacek+N&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=21&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=289%E2%80%9397&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.tig.2005.03.007&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15851066&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Dahm R (February 2005). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0012-1606(04)00823-1"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Friedrich Miescher and the discovery of DNA&quot;</font></a>. <i>Dev. Biol.</i> <b>278</b> (2): 274&ndash;88. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ydbio.2004.11.028"><font color="#3366bb">10.1016/j.ydbio.2004.11.028</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15680349"><font color="#3366bb">15680349</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0012-1606(04)00823-1"><font color="#3366bb">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0012-1606(04)00823-1</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-09-03</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Friedrich+Miescher+and+the+discovery+of+DNA&amp;rft.jtitle=Dev.+Biol.&amp;rft.aulast=Dahm+R&amp;rft.au=Dahm+R&amp;rft.date=February+2005&amp;rft.volume=278&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=274%E2%80%9388&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.ydbio.2004.11.028&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15680349&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0012-1606%2804%2900823-1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Caspersson T, Schultz J (1939). &quot;Pentose nucleotides in the cytoplasm of growing tissues&quot;. <i>Nature</i> <b>143</b> (3623): 602&ndash;3. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F143602c0"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/143602c0</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Pentose+nucleotides+in+the+cytoplasm+of+growing+tissues&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Caspersson+T%2C+Schultz+J&amp;rft.au=Caspersson+T%2C+Schultz+J&amp;rft.date=1939&amp;rft.volume=143&amp;rft.issue=3623&amp;rft.pages=602%E2%80%933&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F143602c0&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">CRICK FH (1958). &quot;On protein synthesis&quot;. <i>Symp. Soc. Exp. Biol.</i> <b>12</b>: 138&ndash;63. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13580867"><font color="#3366bb">13580867</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=On+protein+synthesis&amp;rft.jtitle=Symp.+Soc.+Exp.+Biol.&amp;rft.aulast=CRICK+FH&amp;rft.au=CRICK+FH&amp;rft.date=1958&amp;rft.volume=12&amp;rft.pages=138%E2%80%9363&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/13580867&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Hol65-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hol65_8-0">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="1">a</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hol65_8-1">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="1">b</font></b></i>}</a> <span class="citation Journal">HOLLEY RW, APGAR J, EVERETT GA, <i>et al.</i> (March 1965). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=14263761"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;STRUCTURE OF A RIBONUCLEIC ACID&quot;</font></a>. <i>Science</i> <b>147</b> (3664): 1462&ndash;5. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.147.3664.1462"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.147.3664.1462</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14263761"><font color="#3366bb">14263761</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=14263761"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=14263761</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-09-03</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=STRUCTURE+OF+A+RIBONUCLEIC+ACID&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=HOLLEY+RW%2C+APGAR+J%2C+EVERETT+GA%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=HOLLEY+RW%2C+APGAR+J%2C+EVERETT+GA%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=March+1965&amp;rft.volume=147&amp;rft.issue=3664&amp;rft.pages=1462%E2%80%935&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.147.3664.1462&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/14263761&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D14263761&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Nobel68-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nobel68_9-0">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="1">a</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nobel68_9-1">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="1">b</font></b></i>}</a> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1968/index.html"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1968&quot;</font></a>. Nobel Foundation<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1968/index.html"><font color="#3366bb">http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1968/index.html</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-07-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1968&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1968%2Findex.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid5938777-10"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid5938777_10-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Madison JT, Everett GA, Kung H (1966). &quot;Nucleotide sequence of a yeast tyrosine transfer RNA.&quot;. <i>Science</i> <b>153</b> (735): 531&ndash;4. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.153.3735.531"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.153.3735.531</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5938777"><font color="#3366bb">5938777</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Nucleotide+sequence+of+a+yeast+tyrosine+transfer+RNA.&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Madison+JT%2C+Everett+GA%2C+Kung+H&amp;rft.au=Madison+JT%2C+Everett+GA%2C+Kung+H&amp;rft.date=1966&amp;rft.volume=153&amp;rft.issue=735&amp;rft.pages=531%E2%80%934&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.153.3735.531&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/5938777&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Zachau HG, D&uuml;tting D, Feldmann H, Melchers F, Karau W (1966). &quot;Serine specific transfer ribonucleic acids. XIV. Comparison of nucleotide sequences and secondary structure models&quot;. <i>Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol.</i> <b>31</b>: 417&ndash;24. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5237198"><font color="#3366bb">5237198</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Serine+specific+transfer+ribonucleic+acids.+XIV.+Comparison+of+nucleotide+sequences+and+secondary+structure+models&amp;rft.jtitle=Cold+Spring+Harb.+Symp.+Quant.+Biol.&amp;rft.aulast=Zachau+HG%2C+D%C3%BCtting+D%2C+Feldmann+H%2C+Melchers+F%2C+Karau+W&amp;rft.au=Zachau+HG%2C+D%C3%BCtting+D%2C+Feldmann+H%2C+Melchers+F%2C+Karau+W&amp;rft.date=1966&amp;rft.volume=31&amp;rft.pages=417%E2%80%9324&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/5237198&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-12"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Dudock BS, Katz G, Taylor EK, Holley RW (March 1969). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=223689"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Primary structure of wheat germ phenylalanine transfer RNA&quot;</font></a>. <i>Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.</i> <b>62</b> (3): 941&ndash;5. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.62.3.941"><font color="#3366bb">10.1073/pnas.62.3.941</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=223689"><font color="#3366bb">223689</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5257014"><font color="#3366bb">5257014</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=223689"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=223689</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-09-03</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Primary+structure+of+wheat+germ+phenylalanine+transfer+RNA&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc.+Natl.+Acad.+Sci.+U.S.A.&amp;rft.aulast=Dudock+BS%2C+Katz+G%2C+Taylor+EK%2C+Holley+RW&amp;rft.au=Dudock+BS%2C+Katz+G%2C+Taylor+EK%2C+Holley+RW&amp;rft.date=March+1969&amp;rft.volume=62&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=941%E2%80%935&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.62.3.941&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/223689&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/5257014&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D223689&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-13"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Cramer F, Doepner H, Haar F VD, Schlimme E, Seidel H (December 1968). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=225267"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;On the conformation of transfer RNA&quot;</font></a>. <i>Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.</i> <b>61</b> (4): 1384&ndash;91. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.61.4.1384"><font color="#3366bb">10.1073/pnas.61.4.1384</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=225267"><font color="#3366bb">225267</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4884685"><font color="#3366bb">4884685</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=225267"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=225267</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-09-03</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=On+the+conformation+of+transfer+RNA&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc.+Natl.+Acad.+Sci.+U.S.A.&amp;rft.aulast=Cramer+F%2C+Doepner+H%2C+Haar+F+VD%2C+Schlimme+E%2C+Seidel+H&amp;rft.au=Cramer+F%2C+Doepner+H%2C+Haar+F+VD%2C+Schlimme+E%2C+Seidel+H&amp;rft.date=December+1968&amp;rft.volume=61&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=1384%E2%80%9391&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.61.4.1384&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/225267&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/4884685&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D225267&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Ladner JE, Jack A, Robertus JD, <i>et al.</i> (November 1975). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=388732"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Structure of yeast phenylalanine transfer RNA at 2.5 A resolution&quot;</font></a>. <i>Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.</i> <b>72</b> (11): 4414&ndash;8. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.72.11.4414"><font color="#3366bb">10.1073/pnas.72.11.4414</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=388732"><font color="#3366bb">388732</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1105583"><font color="#3366bb">1105583</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=388732"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=388732</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-09-03</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Structure+of+yeast+phenylalanine+transfer+RNA+at+2.5+A+resolution&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc.+Natl.+Acad.+Sci.+U.S.A.&amp;rft.aulast=Ladner+JE%2C+Jack+A%2C+Robertus+JD%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Ladner+JE%2C+Jack+A%2C+Robertus+JD%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=November+1975&amp;rft.volume=72&amp;rft.issue=11&amp;rft.pages=4414%E2%80%938&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.72.11.4414&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/388732&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/1105583&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D388732&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-15"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Kim SH, Quigley GJ, Suddath FL, <i>et al.</i> (1973). &quot;Three-dimensional structure of yeast phenylalanine transfer RNA: folding of the polynucleotide chain&quot;. <i>Science</i> <b>179</b> (70): 285&ndash;8. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.179.4070.285"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.179.4070.285</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4566654"><font color="#3366bb">4566654</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Three-dimensional+structure+of+yeast+phenylalanine+transfer+RNA%3A+folding+of+the+polynucleotide+chain&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Kim+SH%2C+Quigley+GJ%2C+Suddath+FL%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Kim+SH%2C+Quigley+GJ%2C+Suddath+FL%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=1973&amp;rft.volume=179&amp;rft.issue=70&amp;rft.pages=285%E2%80%938&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.179.4070.285&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/4566654&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Edd01-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Edd01_16-0">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="1">a</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edd01_16-1">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="1">b</font></b></i>}</a> <span class="citation Journal">Eddy SR (December 2001). &quot;Non-coding RNA genes and the modern RNA world&quot;. <i>Nat. Rev. Genet.</i> <b>2</b> (12): 919&ndash;29. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F35103511"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/35103511</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11733745"><font color="#3366bb">11733745</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Non-coding+RNA+genes+and+the+modern+RNA+world&amp;rft.jtitle=Nat.+Rev.+Genet.&amp;rft.aulast=Eddy+SR&amp;rft.au=Eddy+SR&amp;rft.date=December+2001&amp;rft.volume=2&amp;rft.issue=12&amp;rft.pages=919%E2%80%9329&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F35103511&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11733745&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-17"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation web">Daneholt, Bertil. <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2006/adv.html"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Advanced Information: RNA interference&quot;</font></a>. <i>The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2006</i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2006/adv.html"><font color="#3366bb">http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2006/adv.html</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-01-25</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Advanced+Information%3A+RNA+interference&amp;rft.atitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+2006&amp;rft.aulast=Daneholt&amp;rft.aufirst=Bertil&amp;rft.au=Daneholt%2C%26%2332%3BBertil&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F2006%2Fadv.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid9419222-18"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid9419222_18-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Jeffares DC, Poole AM, Penny D (1998). &quot;Relics from the RNA world.&quot;. <i>J Mol Evol</i> <b>46</b> (1): 18&ndash;36. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FPL00006280"><font color="#3366bb">10.1007/PL00006280</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9419222"><font color="#3366bb">9419222</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Relics+from+the+RNA+world.&amp;rft.jtitle=J+Mol+Evol&amp;rft.aulast=Jeffares+DC%2C+Poole+AM%2C+Penny+D&amp;rft.au=Jeffares+DC%2C+Poole+AM%2C+Penny+D&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.volume=46&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=18%E2%80%9336&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2FPL00006280&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/9419222&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid9419221-19"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid9419221_19-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Poole AM, Jeffares DC, Penny D (1998). &quot;The path from the RNA world.&quot;. <i>J Mol Evol</i> <b>46</b> (1): 1&ndash;17. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FPL00006275"><font color="#3366bb">10.1007/PL00006275</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9419221"><font color="#3366bb">9419221</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+path+from+the+RNA+world.&amp;rft.jtitle=J+Mol+Evol&amp;rft.aulast=Poole+AM%2C+Jeffares+DC%2C+Penny+D&amp;rft.au=Poole+AM%2C+Jeffares+DC%2C+Penny+D&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.volume=46&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=1%E2%80%9317&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2FPL00006275&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/9419221&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid10497339-20"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid10497339_20-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Poole A, Jeffares D, Penny D (1999). &quot;Early evolution: prokaryotes, the new kids on the block.&quot;. <i>Bioessays</i> <b>21</b> (10): 880&ndash;9. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291521-1878%28199910%2921%3A10%3C880%3A%3AAID-BIES11%3E3.0.CO%3B2-P"><font color="#3366bb">10.1002/(SICI)1521-1878(199910)21:10&lt;880::AID-BIES11&gt;3.0.CO;2-P</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10497339"><font color="#3366bb">10497339</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Early+evolution%3A+prokaryotes%2C+the+new+kids+on+the+block.&amp;rft.jtitle=Bioessays&amp;rft.aulast=Poole+A%2C+Jeffares+D%2C+Penny+D&amp;rft.au=Poole+A%2C+Jeffares+D%2C+Penny+D&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.volume=21&amp;rft.issue=10&amp;rft.pages=880%E2%80%939&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291521-1878%28199910%2921%3A10%3C880%3A%3AAID-BIES11%3E3.0.CO%3B2-P&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/10497339&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Ban-21"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ban_21-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Ban N, Nissen P, Hansen J, Moore P, Steitz T (2000). &quot;The complete atomic structure of the large ribosomal subunit at 2.4 &aring;ngstr&ouml;m resolution&quot;. <i>Science</i> <b>289</b> (5481): 905&ndash;20. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.289.5481.905"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.289.5481.905</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10937989"><font color="#3366bb">10937989</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+complete+atomic+structure+of+the+large+ribosomal+subunit+at+2.4+%C3%A5ngstr%C3%B6m+resolution&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Ban+N%2C+Nissen+P%2C+Hansen+J%2C+Moore+P%2C+Steitz+T&amp;rft.au=Ban+N%2C+Nissen+P%2C+Hansen+J%2C+Moore+P%2C+Steitz+T&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.volume=289&amp;rft.issue=5481&amp;rft.pages=905%E2%80%9320&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.289.5481.905&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/10937989&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-PMID16540690-22"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PMID16540690_22-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Zhu Y, Stribinskis V, Ramos KS, Li Y (2006). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1440897"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Sequence analysis of RNase MRP RNA reveals its origination from eukaryotic RNase P RNA&quot;</font></a>. <i>RNA</i> <b>12</b> (5): 699&ndash;706. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1261%2Frna.2284906"><font color="#3366bb">10.1261/rna.2284906</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1440897"><font color="#3366bb">1440897</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16540690"><font color="#3366bb">16540690</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1440897"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1440897</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Sequence+analysis+of+RNase+MRP+RNA+reveals+its+origination+from+eukaryotic+RNase+P+RNA&amp;rft.jtitle=RNA&amp;rft.aulast=Zhu+Y%2C+Stribinskis+V%2C+Ramos+KS%2C+Li+Y&amp;rft.au=Zhu+Y%2C+Stribinskis+V%2C+Ramos+KS%2C+Li+Y&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=12&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=699%E2%80%93706&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1261%2Frna.2284906&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/1440897&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16540690&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D1440897&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Kishore-23"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kishore_23-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Kishore S, Stamm S (2006). &quot;The snoRNA HBII-52 regulates alternative splicing of the serotonin receptor 2C&quot;. <i>Science</i> <b>311</b> (5758): 230&ndash;231. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1118265"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.1118265</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16357227"><font color="#3366bb">16357227</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+snoRNA+HBII-52+regulates+alternative+splicing+of+the+serotonin+receptor+2C&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Kishore+S%2C+Stamm+S&amp;rft.au=Kishore+S%2C+Stamm+S&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=311&amp;rft.issue=5758&amp;rft.pages=230%E2%80%93231&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.1118265&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16357227&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid16778078-24"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid16778078_24-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Reiner R, Ben-Asouli Y, Krilovetzky I, Jarrous N (2006). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1482482"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;A role for the catalytic ribonucleoprotein RNase P in RNA polymerase III transcription.&quot;</font></a>. <i>Genes Dev</i> <b>20</b> (12): 1621&ndash;35. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1101%2Fgad.386706"><font color="#3366bb">10.1101/gad.386706</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1482482"><font color="#3366bb">1482482</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16778078"><font color="#3366bb">16778078</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1482482"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1482482</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=A+role+for+the+catalytic+ribonucleoprotein+RNase+P+in+RNA+polymerase+III+transcription.&amp;rft.jtitle=Genes+Dev&amp;rft.aulast=Reiner+R%2C+Ben-Asouli+Y%2C+Krilovetzky+I%2C+Jarrous+N&amp;rft.au=Reiner+R%2C+Ben-Asouli+Y%2C+Krilovetzky+I%2C+Jarrous+N&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=20&amp;rft.issue=12&amp;rft.pages=1621%E2%80%9335&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1101%2Fgad.386706&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/1482482&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16778078&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D1482482&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid15300239-25"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid15300239_25-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Espinoza CA, Allen TA, Hieb AR, Kugel JF, Goodrich JA (2004). &quot;B2 RNA binds directly to RNA polymerase II to repress transcript synthesis.&quot;. <i>Nat Struct Mol Biol</i> <b>11</b> (9): 822&ndash;9. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnsmb812"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/nsmb812</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15300239"><font color="#3366bb">15300239</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=B2+RNA+binds+directly+to+RNA+polymerase+II+to+repress+transcript+synthesis.&amp;rft.jtitle=Nat+Struct+Mol+Biol&amp;rft.aulast=Espinoza+CA%2C+Allen+TA%2C+Hieb+AR%2C+Kugel+JF%2C+Goodrich+JA&amp;rft.au=Espinoza+CA%2C+Allen+TA%2C+Hieb+AR%2C+Kugel+JF%2C+Goodrich+JA&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=11&amp;rft.issue=9&amp;rft.pages=822%E2%80%939&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnsmb812&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15300239&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18820678-26"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18820678_26-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Hirota K, Miyoshi T, Kugou K, Hoffman CS, Shibata T, Ohta K (2008). &quot;Stepwise chromatin remodelling by a cascade of transcription initiation of non-coding RNAs.&quot;. <i>Nature</i> <b>456</b> (7218): 130&ndash;4. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature07348"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/nature07348</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18820678"><font color="#3366bb">18820678</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Stepwise+chromatin+remodelling+by+a+cascade+of+transcription+initiation+of+non-coding+RNAs.&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Hirota+K%2C+Miyoshi+T%2C+Kugou+K%2C+Hoffman+CS%2C+Shibata+T%2C+Ohta+K&amp;rft.au=Hirota+K%2C+Miyoshi+T%2C+Kugou+K%2C+Hoffman+CS%2C+Shibata+T%2C+Ohta+K&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=456&amp;rft.issue=7218&amp;rft.pages=130%E2%80%934&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnature07348&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18820678&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid12446910-27"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid12446910_27-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Park Y, Kelley RL, Oh H, Kuroda MI, Meller VH (2002). &quot;Extent of chromatin spreading determined by roX RNA recruitment of MSL proteins.&quot;. <i>Science</i> <b>298</b> (5598): 1620&ndash;3. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1076686"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.1076686</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12446910"><font color="#3366bb">12446910</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Extent+of+chromatin+spreading+determined+by+roX+RNA+recruitment+of+MSL+proteins.&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Park+Y%2C+Kelley+RL%2C+Oh+H%2C+Kuroda+MI%2C+Meller+VH&amp;rft.au=Park+Y%2C+Kelley+RL%2C+Oh+H%2C+Kuroda+MI%2C+Meller+VH&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.volume=298&amp;rft.issue=5598&amp;rft.pages=1620%E2%80%933&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.1076686&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12446910&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18042713-28"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18042713_28-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Wadler CS, Vanderpool CK (2007). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2154452"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;A dual function for a bacterial small RNA: SgrS performs base pairing-dependent regulation and encodes a functional polypeptide.&quot;</font></a>. <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</i> <b>104</b> (51): 20454&ndash;9. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0708102104"><font color="#3366bb">10.1073/pnas.0708102104</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2154452"><font color="#3366bb">2154452</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18042713"><font color="#3366bb">18042713</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2154452"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2154452</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=A+dual+function+for+a+bacterial+small+RNA%3A+SgrS+performs+base+pairing-dependent+regulation+and+encodes+a+functional+polypeptide.&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+USA&amp;rft.aulast=Wadler+CS%2C+Vanderpool+CK&amp;rft.au=Wadler+CS%2C+Vanderpool+CK&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.volume=104&amp;rft.issue=51&amp;rft.pages=20454%E2%80%939&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.0708102104&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/2154452&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18042713&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D2154452&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid19043537-29"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid19043537_29-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Dinger ME, Pang KC, Mercer TR, Mattick JS (2008). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2518207"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Differentiating protein-coding and noncoding RNA: challenges and ambiguities.&quot;</font></a>. <i>PLoS Comput Biol</i> <b>4</b> (11): e1000176. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pcbi.1000176"><font color="#3366bb">10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000176</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2518207"><font color="#3366bb">2518207</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19043537"><font color="#3366bb">19043537</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2518207"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2518207</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Differentiating+protein-coding+and+noncoding+RNA%3A+challenges+and+ambiguities.&amp;rft.jtitle=PLoS+Comput+Biol&amp;rft.aulast=Dinger+ME%2C+Pang+KC%2C+Mercer+TR%2C+Mattick+JS&amp;rft.au=Dinger+ME%2C+Pang+KC%2C+Mercer+TR%2C+Mattick+JS&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=4&amp;rft.issue=11&amp;rft.pages=e1000176&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1371%2Fjournal.pcbi.1000176&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/2518207&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/19043537&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D2518207&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid19043559-30"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid19043559_30-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Saraiya AA, Wang CC (2008). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2583053"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;snoRNA, a novel precursor of microRNA in Giardia lamblia.&quot;</font></a>. <i>PLoS Pathog</i> <b>4</b> (11): e1000224. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1000224"><font color="#3366bb">10.1371/journal.ppat.1000224</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2583053"><font color="#3366bb">2583053</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19043559"><font color="#3366bb">19043559</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2583053"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2583053</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=snoRNA%2C+a+novel+precursor+of+microRNA+in+Giardia+lamblia.&amp;rft.jtitle=PLoS+Pathog&amp;rft.aulast=Saraiya+AA%2C+Wang+CC&amp;rft.au=Saraiya+AA%2C+Wang+CC&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=4&amp;rft.issue=11&amp;rft.pages=e1000224&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1000224&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/2583053&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/19043559&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D2583053&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid19026782-31"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid19026782_31-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Ender C, Krek A, Friedl&auml;nder MR, Beitzinger M, Weinmann L, Chen W, Pfeffer S, Rajewsky N, Meister G (2008). &quot;A human snoRNA with microRNA-like functions.&quot;. <i>Mol Cell</i> <b>32</b> (4): 519&ndash;28. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.molcel.2008.10.017"><font color="#3366bb">10.1016/j.molcel.2008.10.017</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19026782"><font color="#3366bb">19026782</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=A+human+snoRNA+with+microRNA-like+functions.&amp;rft.jtitle=Mol+Cell&amp;rft.aulast=Ender+C%2C+Krek+A%2C+Friedl%C3%A4nder+MR%2C+Beitzinger+M%2C+Weinmann+L%2C+Chen+W%2C+Pfeffer+S%2C+Rajewsky+N%2C+Meister+G&amp;rft.au=Ender+C%2C+Krek+A%2C+Friedl%C3%A4nder+MR%2C+Beitzinger+M%2C+Weinmann+L%2C+Chen+W%2C+Pfeffer+S%2C+Rajewsky+N%2C+Meister+G&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=32&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=519%E2%80%9328&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.molcel.2008.10.017&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/19026782&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid17710122-32"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid17710122_32-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Leygue E (2007). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1948073"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Steroid receptor RNA activator (SRA1): unusual bifaceted gene products with suspected relevance to breast cancer.&quot;</font></a>. <i>Nucl Recept Signal</i> <b>5</b>: e006. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1621%2Fnrs.05006"><font color="#3366bb">10.1621/nrs.05006</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1948073"><font color="#3366bb">1948073</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17710122"><font color="#3366bb">17710122</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1948073"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1948073</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Steroid+receptor+RNA+activator+%28SRA1%29%3A+unusual+bifaceted+gene+products+with+suspected+relevance+to+breast+cancer.&amp;rft.jtitle=Nucl+Recept+Signal&amp;rft.aulast=Leygue+E&amp;rft.au=Leygue+E&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.volume=5&amp;rft.pages=e006&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1621%2Fnrs.05006&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/1948073&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17710122&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D1948073&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid9012531-33"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid9012531_33-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Zhang J, King ML (1996). &quot;Xenopus VegT RNA is localized to the vegetal cortex during oogenesis and encodes a novel T-box transcription factor involved in mesodermal patterning.&quot;. <i>Development</i> <b>122</b> (12): 4119&ndash;29. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9012531"><font color="#3366bb">9012531</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Xenopus+VegT+RNA+is+localized+to+the+vegetal+cortex+during+oogenesis+and+encodes+a+novel+T-box+transcription+factor+involved+in+mesodermal+patterning.&amp;rft.jtitle=Development&amp;rft.aulast=Zhang+J%2C+King+ML&amp;rft.au=Zhang+J%2C+King+ML&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.volume=122&amp;rft.issue=12&amp;rft.pages=4119%E2%80%9329&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/9012531&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid16000384-34"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid16000384_34-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Kloc M, Wilk K, Vargas D, Shirato Y, Bilinski S, Etkin LD (2005). &quot;Potential structural role of non-coding and coding RNAs in the organization of the cytoskeleton at the vegetal cortex of Xenopus oocytes.&quot;. <i>Development</i> <b>132</b> (15): 3445&ndash;57. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1242%2Fdev.01919"><font color="#3366bb">10.1242/dev.01919</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16000384"><font color="#3366bb">16000384</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Potential+structural+role+of+non-coding+and+coding+RNAs+in+the+organization+of+the+cytoskeleton+at+the+vegetal+cortex+of+Xenopus+oocytes.&amp;rft.jtitle=Development&amp;rft.aulast=Kloc+M%2C+Wilk+K%2C+Vargas+D%2C+Shirato+Y%2C+Bilinski+S%2C+Etkin+LD&amp;rft.au=Kloc+M%2C+Wilk+K%2C+Vargas+D%2C+Shirato+Y%2C+Bilinski+S%2C+Etkin+LD&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=132&amp;rft.issue=15&amp;rft.pages=3445%E2%80%9357&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1242%2Fdev.01919&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16000384&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid16835436-35"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid16835436_35-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Jenny A, Hachet O, Z&aacute;vorszky P, Cyrklaff A, Weston MD, Johnston DS, Erd&eacute;lyi M, Ephrussi A (2006). &quot;A translation-independent role of oskar RNA in early Drosophila oogenesis.&quot;. <i>Development</i> <b>133</b> (15): 2827&ndash;33. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1242%2Fdev.02456"><font color="#3366bb">10.1242/dev.02456</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16835436"><font color="#3366bb">16835436</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=A+translation-independent+role+of+oskar+RNA+in+early+Drosophila+oogenesis.&amp;rft.jtitle=Development&amp;rft.aulast=Jenny+A%2C+Hachet+O%2C+Z%C3%A1vorszky+P%2C+Cyrklaff+A%2C+Weston+MD%2C+Johnston+DS%2C+Erd%C3%A9lyi+M%2C+Ephrussi+A&amp;rft.au=Jenny+A%2C+Hachet+O%2C+Z%C3%A1vorszky+P%2C+Cyrklaff+A%2C+Weston+MD%2C+Johnston+DS%2C+Erd%C3%A9lyi+M%2C+Ephrussi+A&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=133&amp;rft.issue=15&amp;rft.pages=2827%E2%80%9333&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1242%2Fdev.02456&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16835436&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid17452360-36"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid17452360_36-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Gultyaev AP, Roussis A (2007). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1888808"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Identification of conserved secondary structures and expansion segments in enod40 RNAs reveals new enod40 homologues in plants.&quot;</font></a>. <i>Nucleic Acids Res</i> <b>35</b> (9): 3144&ndash;52. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkm173"><font color="#3366bb">10.1093/nar/gkm173</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1888808"><font color="#3366bb">1888808</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17452360"><font color="#3366bb">17452360</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1888808"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1888808</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Identification+of+conserved+secondary+structures+and+expansion+segments+in+enod40+RNAs+reveals+new+enod40+homologues+in+plants.&amp;rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Res&amp;rft.aulast=Gultyaev+AP%2C+Roussis+A&amp;rft.au=Gultyaev+AP%2C+Roussis+A&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.volume=35&amp;rft.issue=9&amp;rft.pages=3144%E2%80%9352&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkm173&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/1888808&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17452360&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D1888808&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid15944708-37"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid15944708_37-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Lu J, Getz G, Miska EA, Alvarez-Saavedra E, Lamb J, Peck D, Sweet-Cordero A, Ebert BL, Mak RH, Ferrando AA, Downing JR, Jacks T, Horvitz HR, Golub TR (2005). &quot;MicroRNA expression profiles classify human cancers&quot;. <i>Nature</i> <b>435</b> (7043): 834&ndash;8. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature03702"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/nature03702</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15944708"><font color="#3366bb">15944708</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=MicroRNA+expression+profiles+classify+human+cancers&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Lu+J%2C+Getz+G%2C+Miska+EA%2C+Alvarez-Saavedra+E%2C+Lamb+J%2C+Peck+D%2C+Sweet-Cordero+A%2C+Ebert+BL%2C+Mak+RH%2C+Ferrando+AA%2C+Downing+JR%2C+Jacks+T%2C+Horvitz+HR%2C+Golub+TR&amp;rft.au=Lu+J%2C+Getz+G%2C+Miska+EA%2C+Alvarez-Saavedra+E%2C+Lamb+J%2C+Peck+D%2C+Sweet-Cordero+A%2C+Ebert+BL%2C+Mak+RH%2C+Ferrando+AA%2C+Downing+JR%2C+Jacks+T%2C+Horvitz+HR%2C+Golub+TR&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=435&amp;rft.issue=7043&amp;rft.pages=834%E2%80%938&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnature03702&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15944708&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid11890990-38"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid11890990_38-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Pibouin L, Villaudy J, Ferbus D, Muleris M, Prosp&eacute;ri MT, Remvikos Y, Goubin G (2002). &quot;Cloning of the mRNA of overexpression in colon carcinoma-1: a sequence overexpressed in a subset of colon carcinomas&quot;. <i>Cancer Genet Cytogenet</i> <b>133</b> (1): 55&ndash;60. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0165-4608%2801%2900634-3"><font color="#3366bb">10.1016/S0165-4608(01)00634-3</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11890990"><font color="#3366bb">11890990</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Cloning+of+the+mRNA+of+overexpression+in+colon+carcinoma-1%3A+a+sequence+overexpressed+in+a+subset+of+colon+carcinomas&amp;rft.jtitle=Cancer+Genet+Cytogenet&amp;rft.aulast=Pibouin+L%2C+Villaudy+J%2C+Ferbus+D%2C+Muleris+M%2C+Prosp%C3%A9ri+MT%2C+Remvikos+Y%2C+Goubin+G&amp;rft.au=Pibouin+L%2C+Villaudy+J%2C+Ferbus+D%2C+Muleris+M%2C+Prosp%C3%A9ri+MT%2C+Remvikos+Y%2C+Goubin+G&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.volume=133&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=55%E2%80%9360&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2FS0165-4608%2801%2900634-3&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11890990&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid16569192-39"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid16569192_39-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Fu X, Ravindranath L, Tran N, Petrovics G, Srivastava S (2006). &quot;Regulation of apoptosis by a prostate-specific and prostate cancer-associated noncoding gene, PCGEM1&quot;. <i>DNA Cell Biol</i> <b>25</b> (3): 135&ndash;41. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1089%2Fdna.2006.25.135"><font color="#3366bb">10.1089/dna.2006.25.135</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16569192"><font color="#3366bb">16569192</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Regulation+of+apoptosis+by+a+prostate-specific+and+prostate+cancer-associated+noncoding+gene%2C+PCGEM1&amp;rft.jtitle=DNA+Cell+Biol&amp;rft.aulast=Fu+X%2C+Ravindranath+L%2C+Tran+N%2C+Petrovics+G%2C+Srivastava+S&amp;rft.au=Fu+X%2C+Ravindranath+L%2C+Tran+N%2C+Petrovics+G%2C+Srivastava+S&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=25&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=135%E2%80%9341&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1089%2Fdna.2006.25.135&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16569192&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18836484-40"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18836484_40-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Mourtada-Maarabouni M, Pickard MR, Hedge VL, Farzaneh F, Williams GT (2009). &quot;GAS5, a non-protein-coding RNA, controls apoptosis and is downregulated in breast cancer.&quot;. <i>Oncogene</i> <b>28</b> (2): 195&ndash;208. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fonc.2008.373"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/onc.2008.373</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18836484"><font color="#3366bb">18836484</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=GAS5%2C+a+non-protein-coding+RNA%2C+controls+apoptosis+and+is+downregulated+in+breast+cancer.&amp;rft.jtitle=Oncogene&amp;rft.aulast=Mourtada-Maarabouni+M%2C+Pickard+MR%2C+Hedge+VL%2C+Farzaneh+F%2C+Williams+GT&amp;rft.au=Mourtada-Maarabouni+M%2C+Pickard+MR%2C+Hedge+VL%2C+Farzaneh+F%2C+Williams+GT&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.volume=28&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=195%E2%80%93208&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fonc.2008.373&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18836484&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid19683667-41"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid19683667_41-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Dong XY, Guo P, Boyd J, Sun X, Li Q, Zhou W, Dong JT (2009). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2854654"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Implication of snoRNA U50 in human breast cancer.&quot;</font></a>. <i>J Genet Genomics</i> <b>36</b> (8): 447&ndash;54. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS1673-8527%2808%2960134-4"><font color="#3366bb">10.1016/S1673-8527(08)60134-4</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2854654"><font color="#3366bb">2854654</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19683667"><font color="#3366bb">19683667</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2854654"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2854654</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Implication+of+snoRNA+U50+in+human+breast+cancer.&amp;rft.jtitle=J+Genet+Genomics&amp;rft.aulast=Dong+XY%2C+Guo+P%2C+Boyd+J%2C+Sun+X%2C+Li+Q%2C+Zhou+W%2C+Dong+JT&amp;rft.au=Dong+XY%2C+Guo+P%2C+Boyd+J%2C+Sun+X%2C+Li+Q%2C+Zhou+W%2C+Dong+JT&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.volume=36&amp;rft.issue=8&amp;rft.pages=447%E2%80%9354&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2FS1673-8527%2808%2960134-4&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/2854654&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/19683667&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D2854654&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18283318-42"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18283318_42-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Christov CP, Trivier E, Krude T (2008). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2266855"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Noncoding human Y RNAs are overexpressed in tumours and required for cell proliferation&quot;</font></a>. <i>Br J Cancer</i> <b>98</b> (5): 981&ndash;8. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.bjc.6604254"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/sj.bjc.6604254</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2266855"><font color="#3366bb">2266855</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18283318"><font color="#3366bb">18283318</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2266855"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2266855</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Noncoding+human+Y+RNAs+are+overexpressed+in+tumours+and+required+for+cell+proliferation&amp;rft.jtitle=Br+J+Cancer&amp;rft.aulast=Christov+CP%2C+Trivier+E%2C+Krude+T&amp;rft.au=Christov+CP%2C+Trivier+E%2C+Krude+T&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=98&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=981%E2%80%938&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fsj.bjc.6604254&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/2266855&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18283318&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D2266855&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid16308420-43"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid16308420_43-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Farh KK, Grimson A, Jan C, Lewis BP, Johnston WK, Lim LP, Burge CB, Bartel DP (2005). &quot;The widespread impact of mammalian MicroRNAs on mRNA repression and evolution&quot;. <i>Science</i> <b>310</b> (5755): 1817&ndash;21. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1121158"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.1121158</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16308420"><font color="#3366bb">16308420</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+widespread+impact+of+mammalian+MicroRNAs+on+mRNA+repression+and+evolution&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Farh+KK%2C+Grimson+A%2C+Jan+C%2C+Lewis+BP%2C+Johnston+WK%2C+Lim+LP%2C+Burge+CB%2C+Bartel+DP&amp;rft.au=Farh+KK%2C+Grimson+A%2C+Jan+C%2C+Lewis+BP%2C+Johnston+WK%2C+Lim+LP%2C+Burge+CB%2C+Bartel+DP&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=310&amp;rft.issue=5755&amp;rft.pages=1817%E2%80%9321&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.1121158&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16308420&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid15685193-44"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid15685193_44-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Lim LP, Lau NC, Garrett-Engele P, Grimson A, Schelter JM, Castle J, Bartel DP, Linsley PS, Johnson JM (2005). &quot;Microarray analysis shows that some microRNAs downregulate large numbers of target mRNAs&quot;. <i>Nature</i> <b>433</b> (7027): 769&ndash;73. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature03315"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/nature03315</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15685193"><font color="#3366bb">15685193</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Microarray+analysis+shows+that+some+microRNAs+downregulate+large+numbers+of+target+mRNAs&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Lim+LP%2C+Lau+NC%2C+Garrett-Engele+P%2C+Grimson+A%2C+Schelter+JM%2C+Castle+J%2C+Bartel+DP%2C+Linsley+PS%2C+Johnson+JM&amp;rft.au=Lim+LP%2C+Lau+NC%2C+Garrett-Engele+P%2C+Grimson+A%2C+Schelter+JM%2C+Castle+J%2C+Bartel+DP%2C+Linsley+PS%2C+Johnson+JM&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=433&amp;rft.issue=7027&amp;rft.pages=769%E2%80%9373&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnature03315&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15685193&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid16943439-45"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid16943439_45-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Christov CP, Gardiner TJ, Sz&uuml;ts D, Krude T (2006). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1592862"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Functional requirement of noncoding Y RNAs for human chromosomal DNA replication&quot;</font></a>. <i>Mol Cell Biol</i> <b>26</b> (18): 6993&ndash;7004. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FMCB.01060-06"><font color="#3366bb">10.1128/MCB.01060-06</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1592862"><font color="#3366bb">1592862</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16943439"><font color="#3366bb">16943439</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1592862"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1592862</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Functional+requirement+of+noncoding+Y+RNAs+for+human+chromosomal+DNA+replication&amp;rft.jtitle=Mol+Cell+Biol&amp;rft.aulast=Christov+CP%2C+Gardiner+TJ%2C+Sz%C3%BCts+D%2C+Krude+T&amp;rft.au=Christov+CP%2C+Gardiner+TJ%2C+Sz%C3%BCts+D%2C+Krude+T&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=26&amp;rft.issue=18&amp;rft.pages=6993%E2%80%937004&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FMCB.01060-06&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/1592862&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16943439&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D1592862&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid16251535-46"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid16251535_46-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Calin GA, Ferracin M, Cimmino A, <i>et al</i> (October 2005). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/353/17/1793"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;A MicroRNA signature associated with prognosis and progression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia&quot;</font></a>. <i>N. Engl. J. Med.</i> <b>353</b> (17): 1793&ndash;801. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMoa050995"><font color="#3366bb">10.1056/NEJMoa050995</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16251535"><font color="#3366bb">16251535</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/353/17/1793"><font color="#3366bb">http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/353/17/1793</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=A+MicroRNA+signature+associated+with+prognosis+and+progression+in+chronic+lymphocytic+leukemia&amp;rft.jtitle=N.+Engl.+J.+Med.&amp;rft.aulast=Calin+GA%2C+Ferracin+M%2C+Cimmino+A%2C+%27%27et+al%27%27&amp;rft.au=Calin+GA%2C+Ferracin+M%2C+Cimmino+A%2C+%27%27et+al%27%27&amp;rft.date=October+2005&amp;rft.volume=353&amp;rft.issue=17&amp;rft.pages=1793%E2%80%93801&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1056%2FNEJMoa050995&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16251535&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.nejm.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F353%2F17%2F1793&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-47"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Calin, GA; Dumitru CD, Shimizu M, Bichi R, Zupo S, Noch E, Aldler H, Rattan S, Keating M, Rai K, Rassenti L, Kipps T, Negrini M, Bullrich F, Croce CM (2002). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=137750"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Frequent deletions and down-regulation of micro-RNA genes miR15 and miR16 at 13q14 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia&quot;</font></a>. <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</i> <b>99</b> (24): 15524&ndash;15529. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.242606799"><font color="#3366bb">10.1073/pnas.242606799</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=137750"><font color="#3366bb">137750</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12434020"><font color="#3366bb">12434020</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=137750"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=137750</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Frequent+deletions+and+down-regulation+of+micro-RNA+genes+miR15+and+miR16+at+13q14+in+chronic+lymphocytic+leukemia&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+USA&amp;rft.aulast=Calin&amp;rft.aufirst=GA&amp;rft.au=Calin%2C%26%2332%3BGA&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.volume=99&amp;rft.issue=24&amp;rft.pages=15524%26ndash%3B15529&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.242606799&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/137750&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12434020&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D137750&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18521189-48"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18521189_48-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Hu Z, Chen J, Tian T, Zhou X, Gu H, Xu L, Zeng Y, Miao R, Jin G, Ma H, Chen Y, Shen H (2008). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2402113"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Genetic variants of miRNA sequences and non-small cell lung cancer survival&quot;</font></a>. <i>J Clin Invest</i> <b>118</b> (7): 2600&ndash;8. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1172%2FJCI34934"><font color="#3366bb">10.1172/JCI34934</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2402113"><font color="#3366bb">2402113</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18521189"><font color="#3366bb">18521189</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2402113"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2402113</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genetic+variants+of+miRNA+sequences+and+non-small+cell+lung+cancer+survival&amp;rft.jtitle=J+Clin+Invest&amp;rft.aulast=Hu+Z%2C+Chen+J%2C+Tian+T%2C+Zhou+X%2C+Gu+H%2C+Xu+L%2C+Zeng+Y%2C+Miao+R%2C+Jin+G%2C+Ma+H%2C+Chen+Y%2C+Shen+H&amp;rft.au=Hu+Z%2C+Chen+J%2C+Tian+T%2C+Zhou+X%2C+Gu+H%2C+Xu+L%2C+Zeng+Y%2C+Miao+R%2C+Jin+G%2C+Ma+H%2C+Chen+Y%2C+Shen+H&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=118&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.pages=2600%E2%80%938&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1172%2FJCI34934&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/2402113&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18521189&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D2402113&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid19048628-49"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid19048628_49-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Shen J, Ambrosone CB, Zhao H (2009). &quot;Novel genetic variants in microRNA genes and familial breast cancer&quot;. <i>Int J Cancer</i> <b>124</b> (5): 1178&ndash;82. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fijc.24008"><font color="#3366bb">10.1002/ijc.24008</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19048628"><font color="#3366bb">19048628</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Novel+genetic+variants+in+microRNA+genes+and+familial+breast+cancer&amp;rft.jtitle=Int+J+Cancer&amp;rft.aulast=Shen+J%2C+Ambrosone+CB%2C+Zhao+H&amp;rft.au=Shen+J%2C+Ambrosone+CB%2C+Zhao+H&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.volume=124&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=1178%E2%80%9382&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1002%2Fijc.24008&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/19048628&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18500341-50"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18500341_50-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Sahoo T, del Gaudio D, German JR, Shinawi M, Peters SU, Person RE, Garnica A, Cheung SW, Beaudet AL (2008). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2705197"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Prader&ndash;Willi phenotype caused by paternal deficiency for the HBII-85 C/D box small nucleolar RNA cluster.&quot;</font></a>. <i>Nat Genet</i> <b>40</b> (6): 719&ndash;21. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fng.158"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/ng.158</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2705197"><font color="#3366bb">2705197</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18500341"><font color="#3366bb">18500341</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2705197"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2705197</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Prader%26ndash%3BWilli+phenotype+caused+by+paternal+deficiency+for+the+HBII-85+C%2FD+box+small+nucleolar+RNA+cluster.&amp;rft.jtitle=Nat+Genet&amp;rft.aulast=Sahoo+T%2C+del+Gaudio+D%2C+German+JR%2C+Shinawi+M%2C+Peters+SU%2C+Person+RE%2C+Garnica+A%2C+Cheung+SW%2C+Beaudet+AL&amp;rft.au=Sahoo+T%2C+del+Gaudio+D%2C+German+JR%2C+Shinawi+M%2C+Peters+SU%2C+Person+RE%2C+Garnica+A%2C+Cheung+SW%2C+Beaudet+AL&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=40&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=719%E2%80%9321&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fng.158&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/2705197&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18500341&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D2705197&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18320030-51"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18320030_51-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Ding F, Li HH, Zhang S, Solomon NM, Camper SA, Cohen P, Francke U (2008). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2248623"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;SnoRNA Snord116 (Pwcr1/MBII-85) deletion causes growth deficiency and hyperphagia in mice.&quot;</font></a>. <i>PLoS ONE</i> <b>3</b> (3): e1709. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0001709"><font color="#3366bb">10.1371/journal.pone.0001709</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2248623"><font color="#3366bb">2248623</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18320030"><font color="#3366bb">18320030</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2248623"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2248623</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=SnoRNA+Snord116+%28Pwcr1%2FMBII-85%29+deletion+causes+growth+deficiency+and+hyperphagia+in+mice.&amp;rft.jtitle=PLoS+ONE&amp;rft.aulast=Ding+F%2C+Li+HH%2C+Zhang+S%2C+Solomon+NM%2C+Camper+SA%2C+Cohen+P%2C+Francke+U&amp;rft.au=Ding+F%2C+Li+HH%2C+Zhang+S%2C+Solomon+NM%2C+Camper+SA%2C+Cohen+P%2C+Francke+U&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=3&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=e1709&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0001709&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/2248623&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18320030&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D2248623&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid16075369-52"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid16075369_52-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Ding F, Prints Y, Dhar MS, Johnson DK, Garnacho-Montero C, Nicholls RD, Francke U (2005). &quot;Lack of Pwcr1/MBII-85 snoRNA is critical for neonatal lethality in Prader&ndash;Willi syndrome mouse models.&quot;. <i>Mamm Genome</i> <b>16</b> (6): 424&ndash;31. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00335-005-2460-2"><font color="#3366bb">10.1007/s00335-005-2460-2</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16075369"><font color="#3366bb">16075369</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Lack+of+Pwcr1%2FMBII-85+snoRNA+is+critical+for+neonatal+lethality+in+Prader%26ndash%3BWilli+syndrome+mouse+models.&amp;rft.jtitle=Mamm+Genome&amp;rft.aulast=Ding+F%2C+Prints+Y%2C+Dhar+MS%2C+Johnson+DK%2C+Garnacho-Montero+C%2C+Nicholls+RD%2C+Francke+U&amp;rft.au=Ding+F%2C+Prints+Y%2C+Dhar+MS%2C+Johnson+DK%2C+Garnacho-Montero+C%2C+Nicholls+RD%2C+Francke+U&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=16&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=424%E2%80%9331&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2Fs00335-005-2460-2&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16075369&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18160232-53"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18160232_53-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Bazeley PS, Shepelev V, Talebizadeh Z, Butler MG, Fedorova L, Filatov V, Fedorov A (2008). &quot;snoTARGET shows that human orphan snoRNA targets locate close to alternative splice junctions.&quot;. <i>Gene</i> <b>408</b> (1-2): 172&ndash;9. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gene.2007.10.037"><font color="#3366bb">10.1016/j.gene.2007.10.037</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18160232"><font color="#3366bb">18160232</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=snoTARGET+shows+that+human+orphan+snoRNA+targets+locate+close+to+alternative+splice+junctions.&amp;rft.jtitle=Gene&amp;rft.aulast=Bazeley+PS%2C+Shepelev+V%2C+Talebizadeh+Z%2C+Butler+MG%2C+Fedorova+L%2C+Filatov+V%2C+Fedorov+A&amp;rft.au=Bazeley+PS%2C+Shepelev+V%2C+Talebizadeh+Z%2C+Butler+MG%2C+Fedorova+L%2C+Filatov+V%2C+Fedorov+A&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=408&amp;rft.issue=1-2&amp;rft.pages=172%E2%80%939&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.gene.2007.10.037&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18160232&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid15318025-54"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid15318025_54-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Bolton PF, Veltman MW, Weisblatt E, <i>et al.</i> (September 2004). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=0955-8829&amp;volume=14&amp;issue=3&amp;spage=131"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Chromosome 15q11-13 abnormalities and other medical conditions in individuals with autism spectrum disorders&quot;</font></a>. <i>Psychiatr. Genet.</i> <b>14</b> (3): 131&ndash;7. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1097%2F00041444-200409000-00002"><font color="#3366bb">10.1097/00041444-200409000-00002</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15318025"><font color="#3366bb">15318025</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=0955-8829&amp;volume=14&amp;issue=3&amp;spage=131"><font color="#3366bb">http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=0955-8829&amp;volume=14&amp;issue=3&amp;spage=131</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Chromosome+15q11-13+abnormalities+and+other+medical+conditions+in+individuals+with+autism+spectrum+disorders&amp;rft.jtitle=Psychiatr.+Genet.&amp;rft.aulast=Bolton+PF%2C+Veltman+MW%2C+Weisblatt+E%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Bolton+PF%2C+Veltman+MW%2C+Weisblatt+E%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=September+2004&amp;rft.volume=14&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=131%E2%80%937&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1097%2F00041444-200409000-00002&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15318025&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmeta.wkhealth.com%2Fpt%2Fpt-core%2Ftemplate-journal%2Flwwgateway%2Fmedia%2Flandingpage.htm%3Fissn%3D0955-8829%26volume%3D14%26issue%3D3%26spage%3D131&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18923514-55"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18923514_55-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Cook EH, Scherer SW (October 2008). &quot;Copy-number variations associated with neuropsychiatric conditions&quot;. <i>Nature</i> <b>455</b> (7215): 919&ndash;23. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature07458"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/nature07458</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18923514"><font color="#3366bb">18923514</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Copy-number+variations+associated+with+neuropsychiatric+conditions&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Cook+EH%2C+Scherer+SW&amp;rft.au=Cook+EH%2C+Scherer+SW&amp;rft.date=October+2008&amp;rft.volume=455&amp;rft.issue=7215&amp;rft.pages=919%E2%80%9323&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnature07458&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18923514&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid19563756-56"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid19563756_56-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Nakatani J, Tamada K, Hatanaka F, <i>et al.</i> (June 2009). &quot;Abnormal behavior in a chromosome-engineered mouse model for human 15q11-13 duplication seen in autism&quot;. <i>Cell</i> <b>137</b> (7): 1235&ndash;46. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2009.04.024"><font color="#3366bb">10.1016/j.cell.2009.04.024</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19563756"><font color="#3366bb">19563756</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Abnormal+behavior+in+a+chromosome-engineered+mouse+model+for+human+15q11-13+duplication+seen+in+autism&amp;rft.jtitle=Cell&amp;rft.aulast=Nakatani+J%2C+Tamada+K%2C+Hatanaka+F%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Nakatani+J%2C+Tamada+K%2C+Hatanaka+F%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=June+2009&amp;rft.volume=137&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.pages=1235%E2%80%9346&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2009.04.024&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/19563756&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid11207361-57"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid11207361_57-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Ridanp&auml;&auml; M, van Eenennaam H, Pelin K, Chadwick R, Johnson C, Yuan B, vanVenrooij W, Pruijn G, Salmela R, Rockas S, M&auml;kitie O, Kaitila I, de la Chapelle A (2001). &quot;Mutations in the RNA component of RNase MRP cause a pleiotropic human disease, cartilage-hair hypoplasia.&quot;. <i>Cell</i> <b>104</b> (2): 195&ndash;203. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0092-8674%2801%2900205-7"><font color="#3366bb">10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00205-7</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11207361"><font color="#3366bb">11207361</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Mutations+in+the+RNA+component+of+RNase+MRP+cause+a+pleiotropic+human+disease%2C+cartilage-hair+hypoplasia.&amp;rft.jtitle=Cell&amp;rft.aulast=Ridanp%C3%A4%C3%A4+M%2C+van+Eenennaam+H%2C+Pelin+K%2C+Chadwick+R%2C+Johnson+C%2C+Yuan+B%2C+vanVenrooij+W%2C+Pruijn+G%2C+Salmela+R%2C+Rockas+S%2C+M%C3%A4kitie+O%2C+Kaitila+I%2C+de+la+Chapelle+A&amp;rft.au=Ridanp%C3%A4%C3%A4+M%2C+van+Eenennaam+H%2C+Pelin+K%2C+Chadwick+R%2C+Johnson+C%2C+Yuan+B%2C+vanVenrooij+W%2C+Pruijn+G%2C+Salmela+R%2C+Rockas+S%2C+M%C3%A4kitie+O%2C+Kaitila+I%2C+de+la+Chapelle+A&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.volume=104&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=195%E2%80%93203&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2FS0092-8674%2801%2900205-7&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11207361&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid17189938-58"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid17189938_58-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Martin AN, Li Y (2007). &quot;RNase MRP RNA and human genetic diseases.&quot;. <i>Cell Res</i> <b>17</b> (3): 219&ndash;26. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.cr.7310120"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/sj.cr.7310120</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17189938"><font color="#3366bb">17189938</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=RNase+MRP+RNA+and+human+genetic+diseases.&amp;rft.jtitle=Cell+Res&amp;rft.aulast=Martin+AN%2C+Li+Y&amp;rft.au=Martin+AN%2C+Li+Y&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.volume=17&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=219%E2%80%9326&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fsj.cr.7310120&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17189938&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18804272-59"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18804272_59-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Kavadas FD, Giliani S, Gu Y, Mazzolari E, Bates A, Pegoiani E, Roifman CM, Notarangelo LD (2008). &quot;Variability of clinical and laboratory features among patients with ribonuclease mitochondrial RNA processing endoribonuclease gene mutations.&quot;. <i>J Allergy Clin Immunol</i> <b>122</b> (6): 1178&ndash;84. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jaci.2008.07.036"><font color="#3366bb">10.1016/j.jaci.2008.07.036</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18804272"><font color="#3366bb">18804272</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Variability+of+clinical+and+laboratory+features+among+patients+with+ribonuclease+mitochondrial+RNA+processing+endoribonuclease+gene+mutations.&amp;rft.jtitle=J+Allergy+Clin+Immunol&amp;rft.aulast=Kavadas+FD%2C+Giliani+S%2C+Gu+Y%2C+Mazzolari+E%2C+Bates+A%2C+Pegoiani+E%2C+Roifman+CM%2C+Notarangelo+LD&amp;rft.au=Kavadas+FD%2C+Giliani+S%2C+Gu+Y%2C+Mazzolari+E%2C+Bates+A%2C+Pegoiani+E%2C+Roifman+CM%2C+Notarangelo+LD&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=122&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=1178%E2%80%9384&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.jaci.2008.07.036&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18804272&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18587408-60"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18587408_60-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Faghihi MA, Modarresi F, Khalil AM, Wood DE, Sahagan BG, Morgan TE, Finch CE, St Laurent G, Kenny PJ, Wahlestedt C (2008). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2826895"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Expression of a noncoding RNA is elevated in Alzheimer's disease and drives rapid feed-forward regulation of beta-secretase.&quot;</font></a>. <i>Nat Med</i> <b>14</b> (7): 723&ndash;30. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnm1784"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/nm1784</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2826895"><font color="#3366bb">2826895</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18587408"><font color="#3366bb">18587408</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2826895"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2826895</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Expression+of+a+noncoding+RNA+is+elevated+in+Alzheimer%27s+disease+and+drives+rapid+feed-forward+regulation+of+beta-secretase.&amp;rft.jtitle=Nat+Med&amp;rft.aulast=Faghihi+MA%2C+Modarresi+F%2C+Khalil+AM%2C+Wood+DE%2C+Sahagan+BG%2C+Morgan+TE%2C+Finch+CE%2C+St+Laurent+G%2C+Kenny+PJ%2C+Wahlestedt+C&amp;rft.au=Faghihi+MA%2C+Modarresi+F%2C+Khalil+AM%2C+Wood+DE%2C+Sahagan+BG%2C+Morgan+TE%2C+Finch+CE%2C+St+Laurent+G%2C+Kenny+PJ%2C+Wahlestedt+C&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=14&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.pages=723%E2%80%9330&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnm1784&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/2826895&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18587408&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D2826895&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid19363479-61"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid19363479_61-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Menc&iacute;a A, Modamio-H&oslash;ybj&oslash;r S, Redshaw N, Mor&iacute;n M, Mayo-Merino F, Olavarrieta L, Aguirre LA, del Castillo I, Steel KP, Dalmay T, Moreno F, Moreno-Pelayo MA (2009). &quot;Mutations in the seed region of human miR-96 are responsible for nonsyndromic progressive hearing loss.&quot;. <i>Nat Genet</i> <b>41</b> (5): 609&ndash;13. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fng.355"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/ng.355</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19363479"><font color="#3366bb">19363479</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Mutations+in+the+seed+region+of+human+miR-96+are+responsible+for+nonsyndromic+progressive+hearing+loss.&amp;rft.jtitle=Nat+Genet&amp;rft.aulast=Menc%C3%ADa+A%2C+Modamio-H%C3%B8ybj%C3%B8r+S%2C+Redshaw+N%2C+Mor%C3%ADn+M%2C+Mayo-Merino+F%2C+Olavarrieta+L%2C+Aguirre+LA%2C+del+Castillo+I%2C+Steel+KP%2C+Dalmay+T%2C+Moreno+F%2C+Moreno-Pelayo+MA&amp;rft.au=Menc%C3%ADa+A%2C+Modamio-H%C3%B8ybj%C3%B8r+S%2C+Redshaw+N%2C+Mor%C3%ADn+M%2C+Mayo-Merino+F%2C+Olavarrieta+L%2C+Aguirre+LA%2C+del+Castillo+I%2C+Steel+KP%2C+Dalmay+T%2C+Moreno+F%2C+Moreno-Pelayo+MA&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.volume=41&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=609%E2%80%9313&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fng.355&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/19363479&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid19363478-62"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid19363478_62-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Lewis MA, Quint E, Glazier AM, Fuchs H, De Angelis MH, Langford C, van Dongen S, Abreu-Goodger C, Piipari M, Redshaw N, Dalmay T, Moreno-Pelayo MA, Enright AJ, Steel KP (2009). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2705913"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;An ENU-induced mutation of miR-96 associated with progressive hearing loss in mice.&quot;</font></a>. <i>Nat Genet</i> <b>41</b> (5): 614&ndash;8. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fng.369"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/ng.369</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2705913"><font color="#3366bb">2705913</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19363478"><font color="#3366bb">19363478</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2705913"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2705913</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=An+ENU-induced+mutation+of+miR-96+associated+with+progressive+hearing+loss+in+mice.&amp;rft.jtitle=Nat+Genet&amp;rft.aulast=Lewis+MA%2C+Quint+E%2C+Glazier+AM%2C+Fuchs+H%2C+De+Angelis+MH%2C+Langford+C%2C+van+Dongen+S%2C+Abreu-Goodger+C%2C+Piipari+M%2C+Redshaw+N%2C+Dalmay+T%2C+Moreno-Pelayo+MA%2C+Enright+AJ%2C+Steel+KP&amp;rft.au=Lewis+MA%2C+Quint+E%2C+Glazier+AM%2C+Fuchs+H%2C+De+Angelis+MH%2C+Langford+C%2C+van+Dongen+S%2C+Abreu-Goodger+C%2C+Piipari+M%2C+Redshaw+N%2C+Dalmay+T%2C+Moreno-Pelayo+MA%2C+Enright+AJ%2C+Steel+KP&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.volume=41&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=614%E2%80%938&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fng.369&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/2705913&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/19363478&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D2705913&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid19245798-63"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid19245798_63-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Soukup GA (2009). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2700218"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Little but loud: Small RNAs have a resounding affect on ear development.&quot;</font></a>. <i>Brain Res</i> <b>1277</b>: 104&ndash;14. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.brainres.2009.02.027"><font color="#3366bb">10.1016/j.brainres.2009.02.027</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2700218"><font color="#3366bb">2700218</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19245798"><font color="#3366bb">19245798</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2700218"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2700218</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Little+but+loud%3A+Small+RNAs+have+a+resounding+affect+on+ear+development.&amp;rft.jtitle=Brain+Res&amp;rft.aulast=Soukup+GA&amp;rft.au=Soukup+GA&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.volume=1277&amp;rft.pages=104%E2%80%9314&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.brainres.2009.02.027&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/2700218&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/19245798&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D2700218&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-64"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Richard J. Carter, Inna Dubchak, Stephen R. Holbrook (2001). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov.oca.ucsc.edu/articlerender.fcgi?artid=60242&amp;rendertype=abstract"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;A computational approach to identify genes for functional RNAs in genomic sequences&quot;</font></a>. <i>Nucleic Acids Research</i> <b>29</b> (19): 3928&ndash;3938. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=60242"><font color="#3366bb">60242</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11574674"><font color="#3366bb">11574674</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov.oca.ucsc.edu/articlerender.fcgi?artid=60242&amp;rendertype=abstract"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov.oca.ucsc.edu/articlerender.fcgi?artid=60242&amp;rendertype=abstract</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=A+computational+approach+to+identify+genes+for+functional+RNAs+in+genomic+sequences&amp;rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Research&amp;rft.aulast=Richard+J.+Carter%2C+Inna+Dubchak%2C+Stephen+R.+Holbrook&amp;rft.au=Richard+J.+Carter%2C+Inna+Dubchak%2C+Stephen+R.+Holbrook&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.volume=29&amp;rft.issue=19&amp;rft.pages=3928%E2%80%933938&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/60242&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11574674&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov.oca.ucsc.edu%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Fartid%3D60242%26rendertype%3Dabstract&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-65"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Jakob Skou Pedersen, Gill Bejerano, Adam Siepel, Kate Rosenbloom, Kerstin Lindblad-Toh, Eric S. Lander, Jim Kent, Webb Miller, David Haussler (2006). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://compbiol.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&amp;doi=10.1371/journal.pcbi.0020033"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Identification and Classification of Conserved RNA Secondary Structures in the Human Genome&quot;</font></a>. <i>PLOS Computational Biology</i> <b>2</b> (4): e33. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pcbi.0020033"><font color="#3366bb">10.1371/journal.pcbi.0020033</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1440920"><font color="#3366bb">1440920</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16628248"><font color="#3366bb">16628248</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://compbiol.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&amp;doi=10.1371/journal.pcbi.0020033"><font color="#3366bb">http://compbiol.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&amp;doi=10.1371/journal.pcbi.0020033</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Identification+and+Classification+of+Conserved+RNA+Secondary+Structures+in+the+Human+Genome&amp;rft.jtitle=PLOS+Computational+Biology&amp;rft.aulast=Jakob+Skou+Pedersen%2C+Gill+Bejerano%2C+Adam+Siepel%2C+Kate+Rosenbloom%2C+Kerstin+Lindblad-Toh%2C+Eric+S.+Lander%2C+Jim+Kent%2C+Webb+Miller%2C+David+Haussler&amp;rft.au=Jakob+Skou+Pedersen%2C+Gill+Bejerano%2C+Adam+Siepel%2C+Kate+Rosenbloom%2C+Kerstin+Lindblad-Toh%2C+Eric+S.+Lander%2C+Jim+Kent%2C+Webb+Miller%2C+David+Haussler&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=2&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=e33&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1371%2Fjournal.pcbi.0020033&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/1440920&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16628248&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcompbiol.plosjournals.org%2Fperlserv%2F%3Frequest%3Dget-document%26doi%3D10.1371%2Fjournal.pcbi.0020033&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-66"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Tomas Babak, Benjamin J Blencowe, Timothy R Hughes (2007). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov.oca.ucsc.edu/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1803800&amp;rendertype=abstract"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Considerations in the identification of functional RNA structural elements in genomic alignments&quot;</font></a>. <i>BMC Bioinformatics</i> <b>8</b> (8): 33. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2105-8-21"><font color="#3366bb">10.1186/1471-2105-8-21</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1783863"><font color="#3366bb">1783863</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17244370"><font color="#3366bb">17244370</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov.oca.ucsc.edu/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1803800&amp;rendertype=abstract"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov.oca.ucsc.edu/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1803800&amp;rendertype=abstract</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Considerations+in+the+identification+of+functional+RNA+structural+elements+in+genomic+alignments&amp;rft.jtitle=BMC+Bioinformatics&amp;rft.aulast=Tomas+Babak%2C+Benjamin+J+Blencowe%2C+Timothy+R+Hughes&amp;rft.au=Tomas+Babak%2C+Benjamin+J+Blencowe%2C+Timothy+R+Hughes&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.volume=8&amp;rft.issue=8&amp;rft.pages=33&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1186%2F1471-2105-8-21&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/1783863&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17244370&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov.oca.ucsc.edu%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Fartid%3D1803800%26rendertype%3Dabstract&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> </ol> </div> <h2><span id="External_links" class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://jsm-research.imb.uq.edu.au/rnadb"><font color="#3366bb">Comprehensive database of mammalian ncRNAs</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://rfam.sanger.ac.uk"><font color="#3366bb">The Rfam Database</font></a> &mdash; a curated list of hundreds of families of related ncRNAs.</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.noncode.org/"><font color="#3366bb">NONCODE.org</font></a> &mdash; a free database of all kinds of noncoding RNAs (except tRNAs and rRNAs).</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncrnadb.trna.ibch.poznan.pl/"><font color="#3366bb">Joint ncRNA Database</font></a> &mdash; over 30,000 individual sequences from 99 species of bacteria, archaea and eukaryota</li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> 3a07445a3e8875047ffb90d7a61cc3fe79ca70ea 3764 3763 2011-05-29T08:46:35Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>fRNA</p> <p>Functional RNA.</p> <p>A functional<b> RNA</b><span style="color: #000000"> (f<b>RNA</b>) is a non-coding RNA molecule that is not translated into a protein. </span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Less-frequently used synonyms are non-protein-coding RNA (npcRNA), non-messenger RNA (nmRNA), and small non-messenger RNA (snmRNA). The term <b>small RNA</b> (<b>sRNA</b>) is often used for small bacterial ncRNAs. The DNA sequence from which a non-coding RNA is transcribed as the end product is often called an <b>RNA gene</b> or non-coding RNA gene.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Non-coding RNA genes include highly abundant and functionally important RNAs such as transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA), as well as RNAs such as snoRNAs, microRNAs, siRNAs and piRNAs and the long ncRNAs that include examples such as Xist and HOTAIR (see here for a more complete list of ncRNAs). The number of ncRNAs encoded within the human genome is unknown, however recent transcriptomic and bioinformatic studies suggest the existence of thousands of ncRNAs.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15790807_0-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[1]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid17571346_1-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[2]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid17568003_2-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[3]</font></sup>^{<font size="2">, but see</font>} <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><font size="2">[4]</font></sup> Since many of the newly identified ncRNAs have not been validated for their function, it is possible that many are non-functional.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15851066_4-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[5]</font></sup></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="History_and_discovery" class="mw-headline">History and discovery</span></span></h2> <div class="rellink boilerplate further"><span style="color: #000000">Further information: History of molecular biology</span></div> <p><span style="color: #000000">Nucleic acids were first discovered in 1868 by Friedrich Miescher<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><font size="2">[6]</font></sup> and by 1939 RNA had been implicated in protein synthesis.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><font size="2">[7]</font></sup> Two decades later, Francis Crick predicted a functional RNA component which mediated translation; he reasoned that RNA is better suited to base-pair with the mRNA transcript than a pure polypeptide.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><font size="2">[8]</font></sup></span></p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width: 252px" class="thumbinner"><span style="color: #000000"><font size="2"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="250" height="247" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/TRNA-Phe_yeast_1ehz.png/250px-TRNA-Phe_yeast_1ehz.png" /></font> </span> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><span style="color: #000000"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></span></div> <span style="color: #000000">The cloverleaf structure of Yeast tRNA^{<font size="1">Phe</font>} (<i>inset</i>) and the 3D structure determined by X-ray analysis.</span></div> </div> </div> <p><span style="color: #000000">The first non-coding RNA to be characterised was an alanine tRNA found in baker's yeast, its structure was published in 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-Hol65_8-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[9]</font></sup> To produce a purified alanine tRNA sample, Robert W. Holley <i>et al.</i> used 140kg of commercial baker's yeast to give just 1g of purified tRNA^{<font size="2">Ala</font>} for analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel68_9-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[10]</font></sup> The 80 nucleotide tRNA was sequenced by first being digested with Pancreatic ribonuclease (producing fragments ending in Cytosine or Uridine) and then with takadiastase ribonuclease Tl (producing fragments which finished with Guanosine). Chromatography and identification of the 5' and 3' ends then helped arrange the fragments to establish the RNA sequence.<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel68_9-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[10]</font></sup> Of the three structures originally proposed for this tRNA,<sup id="cite_ref-Hol65_8-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[9]</font></sup> the 'cloverleaf' structure was independently proposed in several following publications.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid5938777_10-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[11]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><font size="2">[12]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><font size="2">[13]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><font size="2">[14]</font></sup> The cloverleaf secondary structure was finalised following X-ray crystallography anaylsis performed by two independent research groups in 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><font size="2">[15]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><font size="2">[16]</font></sup></span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Ribosomal RNA was next to be discovered, followed by URNA in the early 1980s. Since then, the discovery of new non-coding RNAs has continued with snoRNAs, Xist, CRISPR and many more.<sup id="cite_ref-Edd01_16-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[17]</font></sup> Recent notable additions include riboswitches and miRNA, the discovery of the RNAi mechanism associated with the latter earned Craig C. Mello and Andrew Fire the 2006 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><font size="2">[18]</font></sup></span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Biological_roles_of_ncRNA" class="mw-headline">Biological roles of ncRNA</span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000">Noncoding RNAs belong to several groups and are involved in many cellular processes. These range from ncRNAs of central importance that are conserved across all or most cellular life through to more transient ncRNAs specific to one or a few closely related species. The more conserved ncRNAs are thought to be molecular fossils or relics from LUCA and the RNA world.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid9419222_18-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[19]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid9419221_19-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[20]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid10497339_20-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[21]</font></sup></span></p> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="ncRNAs_in_translation" class="mw-headline">ncRNAs in translation</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width: 402px" class="thumbinner"><span style="color: #000000"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="400" height="203" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/NcRNAs-central-dogma.svg/400px-NcRNAs-central-dogma.svg.png" /> </span> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><span style="color: #000000"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></span></div> <span style="color: #000000">An illustration of the central dogma of molecular biology annotated with the processes ncRNAs are involved in. RNPs are shown in red, ncRNAs are shown in blue.</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div style="width: 222px" class="thumbinner"><span style="color: #000000"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="220" height="220" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/10_large_subunit.gif/220px-10_large_subunit.gif" /> </span> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><span style="color: #000000"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></span></div> <span style="color: #000000">Atomic structure of the 50S Subunit from <i>Haloarcula marismortui</i>. Proteins are shown in blue and the two RNA strands in orange and yellow.<sup id="cite_ref-Ban_21-0" class="reference"><font size="1">[22]</font></sup> The small patch of green in the center of the subunit is the active site.</span></div> </div> </div> <p><span style="color: #000000">Many of the conserved, essential and abundant ncRNAs are involved in translation. Ribonucleoprotein (RNP) particles called ribosomes are the 'factories' where translation takes place in the cell. The ribosome consists of more than 60% ribosomal RNA, these are made up of 3 ncRNAs in prokaryotes and 4 ncRNAs in eukaryotes. Ribosomal RNAs catalyse the translation of nucleotide sequences to protein. Another set of ncRNAs, Transfer RNAs, form an 'adaptor molecule' between mRNA and protein. The H/ACA box and C/D box snoRNAs are ncRNAs found in archaea and eukaryotes, RNase MRP is restricted to eukaryotes, both groups of ncRNA are involved in the maturation of rRNA. The snoRNAs guide covalent modifications of rRNA, tRNA and snRNAs, RNase MRP cleaves the internal transcribed spacer 1 between 18S and 5.8S rRNAs. The ubiquitous ncRNA, RNase P, is an evolutionary relative of RNase MRP.<sup id="cite_ref-PMID16540690_22-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[23]</font></sup> RNase P matures tRNA sequences by generating mature 5'-ends of tRNAs through cleaving the 5'-leader elements of precursor-tRNAs. Another ubiquitous RNP called SRP recognizes and transports specific nascent proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotes and the plasma membrane in prokaryotes. In bacteria Transfer-messenger RNA (tmRNA) is an RNP involved in rescuing stalled ribosomes, tagging incomplete polypeptides and promoting the degradation of aberrant mRNA.</span></p> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="ncRNAs_in_RNA_splicing" class="mw-headline">ncRNAs in RNA splicing</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div style="width: 222px" class="thumbinner"><span style="color: #000000"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="220" height="160" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Yeast_tri-snRNP.jpg/220px-Yeast_tri-snRNP.jpg" /> </span> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><span style="color: #000000"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></span></div> <span style="color: #000000">Electron microscopy images of the yeast spliceosome. Note the bulk of the complex is in fact ncRNA.</span></div> </div> </div> <p><span style="color: #000000">In eukaryotes the spliceosome performs the splicing reactions essential for removing intron sequences, this process is required for the formation of mature mRNA. The spliceosome is another RNP often also known as the snRNP or tri-snRNP. There are two different forms of the spliceosome, the major and minor forms. The ncRNA components of the major spliceosome are U1, U2, U4 and U5. The ncRNA components of the minor spliceosome are U11, U12, U5, U4atac and U6atac.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Another group of introns can catalyse their own removal from host transcripts, these are called self-splicing RNAs. There are two main groups of self-splicing RNAs, these are the group I catalytic intron and group II catalytic intron. These ncRNAs catalyze their own excision from mRNA, tRNA and rRNA precursors in a wide range of organisms.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">In mammals it has been found that snoRNAs can also regulate the alternative splicing of mRNA, for example snoRNA HBII-52 regulates the splicing of serotonin receptor 2C.<sup id="cite_ref-Kishore_23-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[24]</font></sup></span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">In nematodes the SmY ncRNA appears to be involved in mRNA trans-splicing.</span></p> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="ncRNAs_in_gene_regulation" class="mw-headline">ncRNAs in gene regulation</span></span></h3> <p><span style="color: #000000">The expression of many thousands of genes are regulated by ncRNAs. This regulation can occur in trans or in cis.</span></p> <h4><span style="color: #000000"><span id="trans-acting_ncRNAs" class="mw-headline">trans-acting ncRNAs</span></span></h4> <p><span style="color: #000000">In higher eukaryotes microRNAs regulate gene expression. A single miRNA can reduce the expression levels of hundreds of genes. The mechanism by which mature miRNA molecules act is through partial complementary to one or more messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules, generally in 3' UTRs. The main function of miRNAs is to down-regulate gene expression.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">The ncRNA RNase P has also been shown to influence gene expression. In the human nucleus RNase P is required for the normal and efficient transcription of various ncRNAs transcribed by RNA polymerase III. These include tRNA, 5S rRNA, SRP RNA and U6 snRNA genes. RNase P exerts its role in transcription through association with Pol III and chromatin of active tRNA and 5S rRNA genes. <sup id="cite_ref-pmid16778078_24-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[25]</font></sup></span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">It has been shown that 7SK RNA, a metazoan ncRNA, acts as a negative regulator of the RNA polymerase II elongation factor P-TEFb, and that this activity is influenced by stress response pathways.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">The bacterial ncRNA, 6S RNA, specifically associates with RNA polymerase holoenzyme containing the sigma70 specificity factor. This interaction represses expression from a sigma70-dependent promoter during stationary phase.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Another bacterial ncRNA, OxyS RNA represses translation by binding to Shine-Dalgarno sequences thereby occluding ribosome binding. OxyS RNA is induced in response to oxidative stress in Escherichia coli.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">The B2 RNA is a small noncoding RNA polymerase III transcript that represses mRNA transcription in response to heat shock in mouse cells. B2 RNA inhibits transcription by binding to core Pol II. Through this interaction, B2 RNA assembles into preinitiation complexes at the promoter and blocks RNA synthesis. <sup id="cite_ref-pmid15300239_25-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[26]</font></sup></span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">A recent study has shown that just the act of transcription of ncRNA sequence can have an influence on gene expression. RNA polymerase II transcription of ncRNAs is required for chromatin remodelling in the Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Chromatin is progressively converted to an open configuration, as several species of ncRNAs are transcribed. <sup id="cite_ref-pmid18820678_26-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[27]</font></sup></span></p> <h4><span style="color: #000000"><span id="cis-acting_ncRNAs" class="mw-headline">cis-acting ncRNAs</span></span></h4> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle"><span style="color: #000000">Main articles: Five prime untranslated region and Three prime untranslated region</span></div> <p><span style="color: #000000">A number of ncRNAs are embedded in the 5' UTRs of protein coding genes and influence their expression in various ways. For example, a riboswitch can directly bind a small target molecule, the binding of the target affects the gene's activity.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">RNA leader sequences are found upstream of the first gene of in amino acid biosynthetic operons. These RNA elements form one of two possible structures in regions encoding very short peptide sequences that are rich in the end product amino acid of the operon. A terminator structure forms when there is an excess of the regulatory amino acid and ribosome movement over the leader transcript is not impeded. When there is a deficiency of the charged tRNA of the regulatory amino acid the ribosome translating the leader peptide stalls and the antiterminator structure forms. This allows RNA polymerase to transcribe the operon. Known RNA leaders are Histidine operon leader, Leucine operon leader, Threonine operon leader and the Tryptophan operon leader.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Iron response elements (IRE) are bound by iron response proteins (IRP). The IRE is found in UTRs (Untranslated Regions) of various mRNAs whose products are involved in iron metabolism. When iron concentration is low, IRPs bind the ferritin mRNA IRE leading to translation repression.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Internal ribosome entry sites (IRES) are a RNA structure that allow for translation initiation in the middle of a mRNA sequence as part of the process of protein synthesis.</span></p> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="ncRNAs_and_genome_defense" class="mw-headline">ncRNAs and genome defense</span></span></h3> <p><span style="color: #000000">Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) expressed in mammalian testes and somatic cells, they form RNA-protein complexes with Piwi proteins. These piRNA complexes (piRCs) have been linked to transcriptional gene silencing of retrotransposons and other genetic elements in germ line cells, particularly those in spermatogenesis.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) are repeats found in the DNA of many bacteria and archaea. The repeats are separated by spacers of similar length. It has been demonstrated that these spacers can be derived from phage and subsequently help protect the cell from infection.</span></p> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="ncRNAs_and_chromosome_structure" class="mw-headline">ncRNAs and chromosome structure</span></span></h3> <p><span style="color: #000000">Telomerase is an RNP enzyme that adds specific DNA sequence repeats (&quot;TTAGGG&quot; in vertebrates) to telomeric regions, which are found at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes. The telomeres contain condensed DNA material, giving stability to the chromosomes. The enzyme is a reverse transcriptase that carries Telomerase RNA, which is used as a template when it elongates telomeres, which are shortened after each replication cycle.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Xist (X-inactive-specific transcript) is an long ncRNA gene on the X chromosome of the placental mammals that acts as major effector of the X chromosome inactivation process forming Barr bodies. An antisense RNA, Tsix, is a negative regulator of Xist. X chromosomes lacking Tsix expression (and thus having high levels of Xist transcription) are inactivated more frequently than normal chromosomes. In drosophilids, which also use an XY sex-determination system, the roX (RNA on the X) RNAs are involved in dosage compensation. <sup id="cite_ref-pmid12446910_27-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[28]</font></sup> Both Xist and roX operate by epigenetic regulation of transcription through the recruitment of histone-modifying enzymes.</span></p> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Bifunctional_RNA" class="mw-headline">Bifunctional RNA</span></span></h3> <p><span style="color: #000000"><b>Bifunctional RNAs</b> are RNAs that have two distinct functions, these are also known as dual function RNAs.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18042713_28-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[29]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid19043537_29-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[30]</font></sup> The majority of the known bifunctional RNAs are both mRNAs that encode a protein and ncRNAs. However there are also a growing number of ncRNAs that fall into two different ncRNA categories e.g. H/ACA box snoRNA and miRNA.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19043559_30-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[31]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid19026782_31-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[32]</font></sup></span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Two well known examples of bifunctional RNAs are SgrS RNA and RNAIII. However, a handful of other bifunctional RNAs are known to exist, e.g. SRA (Steroid Receptor Activator) ,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17710122_32-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[33]</font></sup> VegT RNA ,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid9012531_33-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[34]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid16000384_34-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[35]</font></sup> Oskar RNA <sup id="cite_ref-pmid16835436_35-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[36]</font></sup> and ENOD40.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17452360_36-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[37]</font></sup></span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="ncRNAs_and_disease" class="mw-headline">ncRNAs and disease</span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000"><i>See also:</i> Long noncoding RNAs in disease</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">As with proteins, mutations or imbalances in the ncRNA repertoire within the body can cause a variety of diseases.</span></p> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Cancer" class="mw-headline">Cancer</span></span></h3> <p><span style="color: #000000">Many ncRNAs show abnormal expression patterns in cancerous tissues. These include miRNAs,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15944708_37-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[38]</font></sup> long mRNA-like ncRNAs ,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11890990_38-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[39]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid16569192_39-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[40]</font></sup> GAS5, <sup id="cite_ref-pmid18836484_40-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[41]</font></sup> SNORD50, <sup id="cite_ref-pmid19683667_41-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[42]</font></sup> telomerase RNA and Y RNAs. <sup id="cite_ref-pmid18283318_42-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[43]</font></sup> The miRNAs are involved in the large scale regulation of many protein coding genes,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16308420_43-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[44]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid15685193_44-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[45]</font></sup> the Y RNAs are important for the initiation of DNA replication,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16943439_45-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[46]</font></sup> telomerase RNA that serves as a primer for telomerase, an RNP that extends telomeric regions at chromosome ends (see telomeres and disease for more information). The direct function of the long mRNA-like ncRNAs is less clear.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Germ-line mutations in miR-16-1 and miR-15 primary precursors have been shown to be much more frequent in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia compared to control populations.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16251535_46-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[47]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><font size="2">[48]</font></sup></span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">It has been suggested that a rare SNP (rs11614913) that overlaps hsa-mir-196a2 has been found to be associated with non-small cell lung carcinoma.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18521189_48-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[49]</font></sup> Likewise, a screen of 17 miRNAs that have been predicted to regulate a number of breast cancer associated genes found variations in the microRNAs miR-17 and miR-30c-1, these patients were noncarriers of BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations, lending the possibility that familial breast cancer may be caused by variation in these miRNAs.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19048628_49-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[50]</font></sup></span></p> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Prader.E2.80.93Willi_syndrome" class="mw-headline">Prader&ndash;Willi syndrome</span></span></h3> <p><span style="color: #000000">The deletion of the 48 copies of the C/D box snoRNA SNORD116 has been shown to be the primary cause of Prader&ndash;Willi syndrome.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18500341_50-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[51]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid18320030_51-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[52]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid16075369_52-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[53]</font></sup> Prader&ndash;Willi is a developmental disorder associated with over-eating and learning difficulties. SNORD116 has potential target sites within a number of protein-coding genes, and could have a role in regulating alternative splicing.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18160232_53-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[54]</font></sup></span></p> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Autism" class="mw-headline">Autism</span></span></h3> <p><span style="color: #000000">The chromosomal locus containing the small nucleolar RNA SNORD115 gene cluster has been duplicated in approximately 5% of individuals with autistic traits.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15318025_54-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[55]</font></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-pmid18923514_55-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[56]</font></sup> A mouse model engineered to have a duplication of the SNORD115 cluster displays autistic-like behaviour. <sup id="cite_ref-pmid19563756_56-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[57]</font></sup></span></p> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Cartilage-hair_hypoplasia" class="mw-headline">Cartilage-hair hypoplasia</span></span></h3> <p><span style="color: #000000">Mutations within RNase MRP have been shown to cause cartilage-hair hypoplasia, a disease associated with an array of symptoms such as short stature, sparse hair, skeletal abnormalities and a suppressed immune system that is frequent among Amish and Finnish.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11207361_57-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[58]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid17189938_58-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[59]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid18804272_59-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[60]</font></sup> The best characterised variant is an A-to-G transition at nucleotide 70 that is in a loop region two bases 5' of a conserved pseudoknot. However, many other mutations within RNase MRP also cause CHH.</span></p> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Alzheimer.27s_disease" class="mw-headline">Alzheimer's disease</span></span></h3> <p><span style="color: #000000">The antisense RNA, BACE1-AS is transcribed from the opposite strand to BACE1 and is upregulated in patients with Alzheimer's disease.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18587408_60-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[61]</font></sup> BACE1-AS regulates the expression of BACE1 by increasing BACE1 mRNA stability and generating additional BACE1 through a post-transcriptional feed-forward mechanism. By the same mechanism it also raises concentrations of beta amyloid, the main constituent of senile plaques. BACE1-AS concentrations are elevated in subjects with Alzheimer's disease and in amyloid precursor protein transgenic mice.</span></p> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="miR-96_and_hearing_loss" class="mw-headline">miR-96 and hearing loss</span></span></h3> <p><span style="color: #000000">Variation within the seed region of mature miR-96 has been associated with autosomal dominant, progressive hearing loss in humans and mice. The homozygous mutant mice were profoundly deaf, showing no cochlear responses. Heterozygous mice and humans progressively lose the ability to hear. <sup id="cite_ref-pmid19363479_61-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[62]</font></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-pmid19363478_62-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[63]</font></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-pmid19245798_63-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[64]</font></sup></span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Distinction_between_functional_RNA_.28fRNA.29_and_ncRNA" class="mw-headline">Distinction between functional RNA (fRNA) and ncRNA</span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000">Several publications<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><font size="2">[65]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><font size="2">[66]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><font size="2">[67]</font></sup> have started using the term <b>functional RNA (fRNA)</b>, as opposed to ncRNA, to describe regions functional at the RNA level that may or may not be stand-alone RNA transcripts. Therefore, every ncRNA is a fRNA, but there exist fRNA (such as riboswitches, SECIS elements, and other cis-regulatory regions) that are not ncRNA. Yet the term fRNA could also include mRNA as this is RNA coding for protein and hence is functional. Additionally artificially evolved RNAs also fall under the fRNA umbrella term. Some publications<sup id="cite_ref-Edd01_16-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[17]</font></sup> state that the terms <i>ncRNA</i> and <i>fRNA</i> are nearly synonymous.</span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="See_also" class="mw-headline">See also</span></span></h2> <ul> <li><span style="color: #000000">List of RNAs</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Nucleic acid structure</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Rfam</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Riboswitch</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Ribozyme</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">RNAs present in environmental samples</span></li> </ul> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="References" class="mw-headline">References</span></span></h2> <div style="list-style-type: decimal; column-count: 2; -moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2" class="reflist references-column-count references-column-count-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-pmid15790807-0"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid15790807_0-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Cheng J, Kapranov P, Drenkow J, Dike S, Brubaker S, Patel S, Long J, Stern D, Tammana H, Helt G, Sementchenko V, Piccolboni A, Bekiranov S, Bailey DK, Ganesh M, Ghosh S, Bell I, Gerhard DS, Gingeras TR (2005). &quot;Transcriptional maps of 10 human chromosomes at 5-nucleotide resolution.&quot;. <i>Science</i> <b>308</b> (5725): 1149&ndash;54. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1108625"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.1108625</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15790807"><font color="#3366bb">15790807</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Transcriptional+maps+of+10+human+chromosomes+at+5-nucleotide+resolution.&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Cheng+J%2C+Kapranov+P%2C+Drenkow+J%2C+Dike+S%2C+Brubaker+S%2C+Patel+S%2C+Long+J%2C+Stern+D%2C+Tammana+H%2C+Helt+G%2C+Sementchenko+V%2C+Piccolboni+A%2C+Bekiranov+S%2C+Bailey+DK%2C+Ganesh+M%2C+Ghosh+S%2C+Bell+I%2C+Gerhard+DS%2C+Gingeras+TR&amp;rft.au=Cheng+J%2C+Kapranov+P%2C+Drenkow+J%2C+Dike+S%2C+Brubaker+S%2C+Patel+S%2C+Long+J%2C+Stern+D%2C+Tammana+H%2C+Helt+G%2C+Sementchenko+V%2C+Piccolboni+A%2C+Bekiranov+S%2C+Bailey+DK%2C+Ganesh+M%2C+Ghosh+S%2C+Bell+I%2C+Gerhard+DS%2C+Gingeras+TR&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=308&amp;rft.issue=5725&amp;rft.pages=1149%E2%80%9354&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.1108625&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15790807&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid17571346-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid17571346_1-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">ENCODE Project Consortium; Birney, E; Stamatoyannopoulos, JA; Dutta, A; Guig&oacute;, R; Gingeras, TR; Margulies, EH; Weng, Z et al. (2007). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2212820"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Identification and analysis of functional elements in 1% of the human genome by the ENCODE pilot project.&quot;</font></a>. <i>Nature</i> <b>447</b> (7146): 799&ndash;816. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature05874"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/nature05874</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2212820"><font color="#3366bb">2212820</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17571346"><font color="#3366bb">17571346</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2212820"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2212820</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Identification+and+analysis+of+functional+elements+in+1%25+of+the+human+genome+by+the+ENCODE+pilot+project.&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=ENCODE+Project+Consortium&amp;rft.au=ENCODE+Project+Consortium&amp;rft.au=Birney%2C%26%2332%3BE&amp;rft.au=Stamatoyannopoulos%2C%26%2332%3BJA&amp;rft.au=Dutta%2C%26%2332%3BA&amp;rft.au=Guig%C3%B3%2C%26%2332%3BR&amp;rft.au=Gingeras%2C%26%2332%3BTR&amp;rft.au=Margulies%2C%26%2332%3BEH&amp;rft.au=Weng%2C%26%2332%3BZ&amp;rft.au=Snyder%2C%26%2332%3BM&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.volume=447&amp;rft.issue=7146&amp;rft.pages=799%E2%80%93816&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnature05874&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/2212820&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17571346&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D2212820&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid17568003-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid17568003_2-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Washietl S, Pedersen JS, Korbel JO, Stocsits C, Gruber AR, Hackerm&uuml;ller J, Hertel J, Lindemeyer M, Reiche K, Tanzer A, Ucla C, Wyss C, Antonarakis SE, Denoeud F, Lagarde J, Drenkow J, Kapranov P, Gingeras TR, Guig&oacute; R, Snyder M, Gerstein MB, Reymond A, Hofacker IL, Stadler PF (2007). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1891344"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Structured RNAs in the ENCODE selected regions of the human genome.&quot;</font></a>. <i>Genome Res</i> <b>17</b> (6): 852&ndash;64. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.5650707"><font color="#3366bb">10.1101/gr.5650707</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1891344"><font color="#3366bb">1891344</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17568003"><font color="#3366bb">17568003</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1891344"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1891344</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Structured+RNAs+in+the+ENCODE+selected+regions+of+the+human+genome.&amp;rft.jtitle=Genome+Res&amp;rft.aulast=Washietl+S%2C+Pedersen+JS%2C+Korbel+JO%2C+Stocsits+C%2C+Gruber+AR%2C+Hackerm%C3%BCller+J%2C+Hertel+J%2C+Lindemeyer+M%2C+Reiche+K%2C+Tanzer+A%2C+Ucla+C%2C+Wyss+C%2C+Antonarakis+SE%2C+Denoeud+F%2C+Lagarde+J%2C+Drenkow+J%2C+Kapranov+P%2C+Gingeras+TR%2C+Guig%C3%B3+R%2C+Snyder+M%2C+Gerstein+MB%2C+Reymond+A%2C+Hofacker+IL%2C+Stadler+PF&amp;rft.au=Washietl+S%2C+Pedersen+JS%2C+Korbel+JO%2C+Stocsits+C%2C+Gruber+AR%2C+Hackerm%C3%BCller+J%2C+Hertel+J%2C+Lindemeyer+M%2C+Reiche+K%2C+Tanzer+A%2C+Ucla+C%2C+Wyss+C%2C+Antonarakis+SE%2C+Denoeud+F%2C+Lagarde+J%2C+Drenkow+J%2C+Kapranov+P%2C+Gingeras+TR%2C+Guig%C3%B3+R%2C+Snyder+M%2C+Gerstein+MB%2C+Reymond+A%2C+Hofacker+IL%2C+Stadler+PF&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.volume=17&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=852%E2%80%9364&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1101%2Fgr.5650707&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/1891344&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17568003&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D1891344&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">van Bakel H, Nislow C, Blencowe BJ, Hughes TR (2010). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1000371"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Most &ldquo;dark matter&rdquo; transcripts are associated with known genes&quot;</font></a>. <i>PLoS Biol</i> <b>8</b> (5): e1000371. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1000371"><font color="#3366bb">10.1371/journal.pbio.1000371</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2872640"><font color="#3366bb">2872640</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20502517"><font color="#3366bb">20502517</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1000371"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1000371</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Most+%E2%80%9Cdark+matter%E2%80%9D+transcripts+are+associated+with+known+genes&amp;rft.jtitle=PLoS+Biol&amp;rft.aulast=van+Bakel+H%2C+Nislow+C%2C+Blencowe+BJ%2C+Hughes+TR&amp;rft.au=van+Bakel+H%2C+Nislow+C%2C+Blencowe+BJ%2C+Hughes+TR&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.volume=8&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=e1000371&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1000371&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/2872640&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/20502517&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.plosbiology.org%2Farticle%2Finfo%253Adoi%252F10.1371%252Fjournal.pbio.1000371&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid15851066-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid15851066_4-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">H&uuml;ttenhofer A, Schattner P, Polacek N (2005). &quot;Non-coding RNAs: hope or hype?&quot;. <i>Trends Genet</i> <b>21</b> (5): 289&ndash;97. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tig.2005.03.007"><font color="#3366bb">10.1016/j.tig.2005.03.007</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15851066"><font color="#3366bb">15851066</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Non-coding+RNAs%3A+hope+or+hype%3F&amp;rft.jtitle=Trends+Genet&amp;rft.aulast=H%C3%BCttenhofer+A%2C+Schattner+P%2C+Polacek+N&amp;rft.au=H%C3%BCttenhofer+A%2C+Schattner+P%2C+Polacek+N&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=21&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=289%E2%80%9397&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.tig.2005.03.007&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15851066&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Dahm R (February 2005). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0012-1606(04)00823-1"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Friedrich Miescher and the discovery of DNA&quot;</font></a>. <i>Dev. Biol.</i> <b>278</b> (2): 274&ndash;88. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ydbio.2004.11.028"><font color="#3366bb">10.1016/j.ydbio.2004.11.028</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15680349"><font color="#3366bb">15680349</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0012-1606(04)00823-1"><font color="#3366bb">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0012-1606(04)00823-1</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-09-03</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Friedrich+Miescher+and+the+discovery+of+DNA&amp;rft.jtitle=Dev.+Biol.&amp;rft.aulast=Dahm+R&amp;rft.au=Dahm+R&amp;rft.date=February+2005&amp;rft.volume=278&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=274%E2%80%9388&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.ydbio.2004.11.028&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15680349&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0012-1606%2804%2900823-1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Caspersson T, Schultz J (1939). &quot;Pentose nucleotides in the cytoplasm of growing tissues&quot;. <i>Nature</i> <b>143</b> (3623): 602&ndash;3. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F143602c0"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/143602c0</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Pentose+nucleotides+in+the+cytoplasm+of+growing+tissues&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Caspersson+T%2C+Schultz+J&amp;rft.au=Caspersson+T%2C+Schultz+J&amp;rft.date=1939&amp;rft.volume=143&amp;rft.issue=3623&amp;rft.pages=602%E2%80%933&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F143602c0&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">CRICK FH (1958). &quot;On protein synthesis&quot;. <i>Symp. Soc. Exp. Biol.</i> <b>12</b>: 138&ndash;63. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13580867"><font color="#3366bb">13580867</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=On+protein+synthesis&amp;rft.jtitle=Symp.+Soc.+Exp.+Biol.&amp;rft.aulast=CRICK+FH&amp;rft.au=CRICK+FH&amp;rft.date=1958&amp;rft.volume=12&amp;rft.pages=138%E2%80%9363&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/13580867&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Hol65-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hol65_8-0">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="1">a</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hol65_8-1">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="1">b</font></b></i>}</a> <span class="citation Journal">HOLLEY RW, APGAR J, EVERETT GA, <i>et al.</i> (March 1965). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=14263761"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;STRUCTURE OF A RIBONUCLEIC ACID&quot;</font></a>. <i>Science</i> <b>147</b> (3664): 1462&ndash;5. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.147.3664.1462"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.147.3664.1462</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14263761"><font color="#3366bb">14263761</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=14263761"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=14263761</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-09-03</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=STRUCTURE+OF+A+RIBONUCLEIC+ACID&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=HOLLEY+RW%2C+APGAR+J%2C+EVERETT+GA%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=HOLLEY+RW%2C+APGAR+J%2C+EVERETT+GA%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=March+1965&amp;rft.volume=147&amp;rft.issue=3664&amp;rft.pages=1462%E2%80%935&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.147.3664.1462&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/14263761&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D14263761&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Nobel68-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nobel68_9-0">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="1">a</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nobel68_9-1">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="1">b</font></b></i>}</a> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1968/index.html"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1968&quot;</font></a>. Nobel Foundation<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1968/index.html"><font color="#3366bb">http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1968/index.html</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-07-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1968&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1968%2Findex.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid5938777-10"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid5938777_10-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Madison JT, Everett GA, Kung H (1966). &quot;Nucleotide sequence of a yeast tyrosine transfer RNA.&quot;. <i>Science</i> <b>153</b> (735): 531&ndash;4. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.153.3735.531"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.153.3735.531</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5938777"><font color="#3366bb">5938777</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Nucleotide+sequence+of+a+yeast+tyrosine+transfer+RNA.&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Madison+JT%2C+Everett+GA%2C+Kung+H&amp;rft.au=Madison+JT%2C+Everett+GA%2C+Kung+H&amp;rft.date=1966&amp;rft.volume=153&amp;rft.issue=735&amp;rft.pages=531%E2%80%934&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.153.3735.531&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/5938777&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Zachau HG, D&uuml;tting D, Feldmann H, Melchers F, Karau W (1966). &quot;Serine specific transfer ribonucleic acids. XIV. Comparison of nucleotide sequences and secondary structure models&quot;. <i>Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol.</i> <b>31</b>: 417&ndash;24. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5237198"><font color="#3366bb">5237198</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Serine+specific+transfer+ribonucleic+acids.+XIV.+Comparison+of+nucleotide+sequences+and+secondary+structure+models&amp;rft.jtitle=Cold+Spring+Harb.+Symp.+Quant.+Biol.&amp;rft.aulast=Zachau+HG%2C+D%C3%BCtting+D%2C+Feldmann+H%2C+Melchers+F%2C+Karau+W&amp;rft.au=Zachau+HG%2C+D%C3%BCtting+D%2C+Feldmann+H%2C+Melchers+F%2C+Karau+W&amp;rft.date=1966&amp;rft.volume=31&amp;rft.pages=417%E2%80%9324&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/5237198&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-12"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Dudock BS, Katz G, Taylor EK, Holley RW (March 1969). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=223689"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Primary structure of wheat germ phenylalanine transfer RNA&quot;</font></a>. <i>Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.</i> <b>62</b> (3): 941&ndash;5. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.62.3.941"><font color="#3366bb">10.1073/pnas.62.3.941</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=223689"><font color="#3366bb">223689</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5257014"><font color="#3366bb">5257014</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=223689"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=223689</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-09-03</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Primary+structure+of+wheat+germ+phenylalanine+transfer+RNA&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc.+Natl.+Acad.+Sci.+U.S.A.&amp;rft.aulast=Dudock+BS%2C+Katz+G%2C+Taylor+EK%2C+Holley+RW&amp;rft.au=Dudock+BS%2C+Katz+G%2C+Taylor+EK%2C+Holley+RW&amp;rft.date=March+1969&amp;rft.volume=62&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=941%E2%80%935&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.62.3.941&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/223689&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/5257014&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D223689&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-13"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Cramer F, Doepner H, Haar F VD, Schlimme E, Seidel H (December 1968). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=225267"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;On the conformation of transfer RNA&quot;</font></a>. <i>Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.</i> <b>61</b> (4): 1384&ndash;91. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.61.4.1384"><font color="#3366bb">10.1073/pnas.61.4.1384</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=225267"><font color="#3366bb">225267</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4884685"><font color="#3366bb">4884685</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=225267"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=225267</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-09-03</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=On+the+conformation+of+transfer+RNA&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc.+Natl.+Acad.+Sci.+U.S.A.&amp;rft.aulast=Cramer+F%2C+Doepner+H%2C+Haar+F+VD%2C+Schlimme+E%2C+Seidel+H&amp;rft.au=Cramer+F%2C+Doepner+H%2C+Haar+F+VD%2C+Schlimme+E%2C+Seidel+H&amp;rft.date=December+1968&amp;rft.volume=61&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=1384%E2%80%9391&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.61.4.1384&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/225267&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/4884685&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D225267&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Ladner JE, Jack A, Robertus JD, <i>et al.</i> (November 1975). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=388732"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Structure of yeast phenylalanine transfer RNA at 2.5 A resolution&quot;</font></a>. <i>Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.</i> <b>72</b> (11): 4414&ndash;8. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.72.11.4414"><font color="#3366bb">10.1073/pnas.72.11.4414</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=388732"><font color="#3366bb">388732</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1105583"><font color="#3366bb">1105583</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=388732"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=388732</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-09-03</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Structure+of+yeast+phenylalanine+transfer+RNA+at+2.5+A+resolution&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc.+Natl.+Acad.+Sci.+U.S.A.&amp;rft.aulast=Ladner+JE%2C+Jack+A%2C+Robertus+JD%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Ladner+JE%2C+Jack+A%2C+Robertus+JD%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=November+1975&amp;rft.volume=72&amp;rft.issue=11&amp;rft.pages=4414%E2%80%938&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.72.11.4414&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/388732&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/1105583&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D388732&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-15"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Kim SH, Quigley GJ, Suddath FL, <i>et al.</i> (1973). &quot;Three-dimensional structure of yeast phenylalanine transfer RNA: folding of the polynucleotide chain&quot;. <i>Science</i> <b>179</b> (70): 285&ndash;8. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.179.4070.285"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.179.4070.285</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4566654"><font color="#3366bb">4566654</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Three-dimensional+structure+of+yeast+phenylalanine+transfer+RNA%3A+folding+of+the+polynucleotide+chain&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Kim+SH%2C+Quigley+GJ%2C+Suddath+FL%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Kim+SH%2C+Quigley+GJ%2C+Suddath+FL%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=1973&amp;rft.volume=179&amp;rft.issue=70&amp;rft.pages=285%E2%80%938&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.179.4070.285&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/4566654&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Edd01-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Edd01_16-0">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="1">a</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edd01_16-1">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="1">b</font></b></i>}</a> <span class="citation Journal">Eddy SR (December 2001). &quot;Non-coding RNA genes and the modern RNA world&quot;. <i>Nat. Rev. Genet.</i> <b>2</b> (12): 919&ndash;29. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F35103511"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/35103511</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11733745"><font color="#3366bb">11733745</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Non-coding+RNA+genes+and+the+modern+RNA+world&amp;rft.jtitle=Nat.+Rev.+Genet.&amp;rft.aulast=Eddy+SR&amp;rft.au=Eddy+SR&amp;rft.date=December+2001&amp;rft.volume=2&amp;rft.issue=12&amp;rft.pages=919%E2%80%9329&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F35103511&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11733745&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-17"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation web">Daneholt, Bertil. <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2006/adv.html"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Advanced Information: RNA interference&quot;</font></a>. <i>The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2006</i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2006/adv.html"><font color="#3366bb">http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2006/adv.html</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-01-25</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Advanced+Information%3A+RNA+interference&amp;rft.atitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+2006&amp;rft.aulast=Daneholt&amp;rft.aufirst=Bertil&amp;rft.au=Daneholt%2C%26%2332%3BBertil&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F2006%2Fadv.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid9419222-18"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid9419222_18-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Jeffares DC, Poole AM, Penny D (1998). &quot;Relics from the RNA world.&quot;. <i>J Mol Evol</i> <b>46</b> (1): 18&ndash;36. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FPL00006280"><font color="#3366bb">10.1007/PL00006280</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9419222"><font color="#3366bb">9419222</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Relics+from+the+RNA+world.&amp;rft.jtitle=J+Mol+Evol&amp;rft.aulast=Jeffares+DC%2C+Poole+AM%2C+Penny+D&amp;rft.au=Jeffares+DC%2C+Poole+AM%2C+Penny+D&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.volume=46&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=18%E2%80%9336&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2FPL00006280&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/9419222&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid9419221-19"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid9419221_19-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Poole AM, Jeffares DC, Penny D (1998). &quot;The path from the RNA world.&quot;. <i>J Mol Evol</i> <b>46</b> (1): 1&ndash;17. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FPL00006275"><font color="#3366bb">10.1007/PL00006275</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9419221"><font color="#3366bb">9419221</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+path+from+the+RNA+world.&amp;rft.jtitle=J+Mol+Evol&amp;rft.aulast=Poole+AM%2C+Jeffares+DC%2C+Penny+D&amp;rft.au=Poole+AM%2C+Jeffares+DC%2C+Penny+D&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.volume=46&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=1%E2%80%9317&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2FPL00006275&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/9419221&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid10497339-20"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid10497339_20-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Poole A, Jeffares D, Penny D (1999). &quot;Early evolution: prokaryotes, the new kids on the block.&quot;. <i>Bioessays</i> <b>21</b> (10): 880&ndash;9. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291521-1878%28199910%2921%3A10%3C880%3A%3AAID-BIES11%3E3.0.CO%3B2-P"><font color="#3366bb">10.1002/(SICI)1521-1878(199910)21:10&lt;880::AID-BIES11&gt;3.0.CO;2-P</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10497339"><font color="#3366bb">10497339</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Early+evolution%3A+prokaryotes%2C+the+new+kids+on+the+block.&amp;rft.jtitle=Bioessays&amp;rft.aulast=Poole+A%2C+Jeffares+D%2C+Penny+D&amp;rft.au=Poole+A%2C+Jeffares+D%2C+Penny+D&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.volume=21&amp;rft.issue=10&amp;rft.pages=880%E2%80%939&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291521-1878%28199910%2921%3A10%3C880%3A%3AAID-BIES11%3E3.0.CO%3B2-P&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/10497339&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Ban-21"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ban_21-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Ban N, Nissen P, Hansen J, Moore P, Steitz T (2000). &quot;The complete atomic structure of the large ribosomal subunit at 2.4 &aring;ngstr&ouml;m resolution&quot;. <i>Science</i> <b>289</b> (5481): 905&ndash;20. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.289.5481.905"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.289.5481.905</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10937989"><font color="#3366bb">10937989</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+complete+atomic+structure+of+the+large+ribosomal+subunit+at+2.4+%C3%A5ngstr%C3%B6m+resolution&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Ban+N%2C+Nissen+P%2C+Hansen+J%2C+Moore+P%2C+Steitz+T&amp;rft.au=Ban+N%2C+Nissen+P%2C+Hansen+J%2C+Moore+P%2C+Steitz+T&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.volume=289&amp;rft.issue=5481&amp;rft.pages=905%E2%80%9320&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.289.5481.905&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/10937989&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-PMID16540690-22"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PMID16540690_22-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Zhu Y, Stribinskis V, Ramos KS, Li Y (2006). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1440897"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Sequence analysis of RNase MRP RNA reveals its origination from eukaryotic RNase P RNA&quot;</font></a>. <i>RNA</i> <b>12</b> (5): 699&ndash;706. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1261%2Frna.2284906"><font color="#3366bb">10.1261/rna.2284906</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1440897"><font color="#3366bb">1440897</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16540690"><font color="#3366bb">16540690</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1440897"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1440897</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Sequence+analysis+of+RNase+MRP+RNA+reveals+its+origination+from+eukaryotic+RNase+P+RNA&amp;rft.jtitle=RNA&amp;rft.aulast=Zhu+Y%2C+Stribinskis+V%2C+Ramos+KS%2C+Li+Y&amp;rft.au=Zhu+Y%2C+Stribinskis+V%2C+Ramos+KS%2C+Li+Y&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=12&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=699%E2%80%93706&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1261%2Frna.2284906&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/1440897&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16540690&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D1440897&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Kishore-23"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kishore_23-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Kishore S, Stamm S (2006). &quot;The snoRNA HBII-52 regulates alternative splicing of the serotonin receptor 2C&quot;. <i>Science</i> <b>311</b> (5758): 230&ndash;231. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1118265"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.1118265</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16357227"><font color="#3366bb">16357227</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+snoRNA+HBII-52+regulates+alternative+splicing+of+the+serotonin+receptor+2C&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Kishore+S%2C+Stamm+S&amp;rft.au=Kishore+S%2C+Stamm+S&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=311&amp;rft.issue=5758&amp;rft.pages=230%E2%80%93231&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.1118265&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16357227&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid16778078-24"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid16778078_24-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Reiner R, Ben-Asouli Y, Krilovetzky I, Jarrous N (2006). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1482482"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;A role for the catalytic ribonucleoprotein RNase P in RNA polymerase III transcription.&quot;</font></a>. <i>Genes Dev</i> <b>20</b> (12): 1621&ndash;35. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1101%2Fgad.386706"><font color="#3366bb">10.1101/gad.386706</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1482482"><font color="#3366bb">1482482</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16778078"><font color="#3366bb">16778078</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1482482"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1482482</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=A+role+for+the+catalytic+ribonucleoprotein+RNase+P+in+RNA+polymerase+III+transcription.&amp;rft.jtitle=Genes+Dev&amp;rft.aulast=Reiner+R%2C+Ben-Asouli+Y%2C+Krilovetzky+I%2C+Jarrous+N&amp;rft.au=Reiner+R%2C+Ben-Asouli+Y%2C+Krilovetzky+I%2C+Jarrous+N&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=20&amp;rft.issue=12&amp;rft.pages=1621%E2%80%9335&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1101%2Fgad.386706&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/1482482&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16778078&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D1482482&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid15300239-25"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid15300239_25-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Espinoza CA, Allen TA, Hieb AR, Kugel JF, Goodrich JA (2004). &quot;B2 RNA binds directly to RNA polymerase II to repress transcript synthesis.&quot;. <i>Nat Struct Mol Biol</i> <b>11</b> (9): 822&ndash;9. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnsmb812"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/nsmb812</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15300239"><font color="#3366bb">15300239</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=B2+RNA+binds+directly+to+RNA+polymerase+II+to+repress+transcript+synthesis.&amp;rft.jtitle=Nat+Struct+Mol+Biol&amp;rft.aulast=Espinoza+CA%2C+Allen+TA%2C+Hieb+AR%2C+Kugel+JF%2C+Goodrich+JA&amp;rft.au=Espinoza+CA%2C+Allen+TA%2C+Hieb+AR%2C+Kugel+JF%2C+Goodrich+JA&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=11&amp;rft.issue=9&amp;rft.pages=822%E2%80%939&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnsmb812&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15300239&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18820678-26"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18820678_26-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Hirota K, Miyoshi T, Kugou K, Hoffman CS, Shibata T, Ohta K (2008). &quot;Stepwise chromatin remodelling by a cascade of transcription initiation of non-coding RNAs.&quot;. <i>Nature</i> <b>456</b> (7218): 130&ndash;4. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature07348"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/nature07348</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18820678"><font color="#3366bb">18820678</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Stepwise+chromatin+remodelling+by+a+cascade+of+transcription+initiation+of+non-coding+RNAs.&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Hirota+K%2C+Miyoshi+T%2C+Kugou+K%2C+Hoffman+CS%2C+Shibata+T%2C+Ohta+K&amp;rft.au=Hirota+K%2C+Miyoshi+T%2C+Kugou+K%2C+Hoffman+CS%2C+Shibata+T%2C+Ohta+K&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=456&amp;rft.issue=7218&amp;rft.pages=130%E2%80%934&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnature07348&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18820678&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid12446910-27"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid12446910_27-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Park Y, Kelley RL, Oh H, Kuroda MI, Meller VH (2002). &quot;Extent of chromatin spreading determined by roX RNA recruitment of MSL proteins.&quot;. <i>Science</i> <b>298</b> (5598): 1620&ndash;3. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1076686"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.1076686</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12446910"><font color="#3366bb">12446910</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Extent+of+chromatin+spreading+determined+by+roX+RNA+recruitment+of+MSL+proteins.&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Park+Y%2C+Kelley+RL%2C+Oh+H%2C+Kuroda+MI%2C+Meller+VH&amp;rft.au=Park+Y%2C+Kelley+RL%2C+Oh+H%2C+Kuroda+MI%2C+Meller+VH&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.volume=298&amp;rft.issue=5598&amp;rft.pages=1620%E2%80%933&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.1076686&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12446910&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18042713-28"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18042713_28-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Wadler CS, Vanderpool CK (2007). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2154452"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;A dual function for a bacterial small RNA: SgrS performs base pairing-dependent regulation and encodes a functional polypeptide.&quot;</font></a>. <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</i> <b>104</b> (51): 20454&ndash;9. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0708102104"><font color="#3366bb">10.1073/pnas.0708102104</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2154452"><font color="#3366bb">2154452</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18042713"><font color="#3366bb">18042713</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2154452"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2154452</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=A+dual+function+for+a+bacterial+small+RNA%3A+SgrS+performs+base+pairing-dependent+regulation+and+encodes+a+functional+polypeptide.&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+USA&amp;rft.aulast=Wadler+CS%2C+Vanderpool+CK&amp;rft.au=Wadler+CS%2C+Vanderpool+CK&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.volume=104&amp;rft.issue=51&amp;rft.pages=20454%E2%80%939&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.0708102104&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/2154452&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18042713&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D2154452&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid19043537-29"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid19043537_29-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Dinger ME, Pang KC, Mercer TR, Mattick JS (2008). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2518207"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Differentiating protein-coding and noncoding RNA: challenges and ambiguities.&quot;</font></a>. <i>PLoS Comput Biol</i> <b>4</b> (11): e1000176. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pcbi.1000176"><font color="#3366bb">10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000176</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2518207"><font color="#3366bb">2518207</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19043537"><font color="#3366bb">19043537</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2518207"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2518207</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Differentiating+protein-coding+and+noncoding+RNA%3A+challenges+and+ambiguities.&amp;rft.jtitle=PLoS+Comput+Biol&amp;rft.aulast=Dinger+ME%2C+Pang+KC%2C+Mercer+TR%2C+Mattick+JS&amp;rft.au=Dinger+ME%2C+Pang+KC%2C+Mercer+TR%2C+Mattick+JS&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=4&amp;rft.issue=11&amp;rft.pages=e1000176&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1371%2Fjournal.pcbi.1000176&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/2518207&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/19043537&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D2518207&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid19043559-30"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid19043559_30-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Saraiya AA, Wang CC (2008). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2583053"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;snoRNA, a novel precursor of microRNA in Giardia lamblia.&quot;</font></a>. <i>PLoS Pathog</i> <b>4</b> (11): e1000224. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1000224"><font color="#3366bb">10.1371/journal.ppat.1000224</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2583053"><font color="#3366bb">2583053</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19043559"><font color="#3366bb">19043559</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2583053"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2583053</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=snoRNA%2C+a+novel+precursor+of+microRNA+in+Giardia+lamblia.&amp;rft.jtitle=PLoS+Pathog&amp;rft.aulast=Saraiya+AA%2C+Wang+CC&amp;rft.au=Saraiya+AA%2C+Wang+CC&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=4&amp;rft.issue=11&amp;rft.pages=e1000224&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1000224&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/2583053&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/19043559&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D2583053&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid19026782-31"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid19026782_31-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Ender C, Krek A, Friedl&auml;nder MR, Beitzinger M, Weinmann L, Chen W, Pfeffer S, Rajewsky N, Meister G (2008). &quot;A human snoRNA with microRNA-like functions.&quot;. <i>Mol Cell</i> <b>32</b> (4): 519&ndash;28. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.molcel.2008.10.017"><font color="#3366bb">10.1016/j.molcel.2008.10.017</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19026782"><font color="#3366bb">19026782</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=A+human+snoRNA+with+microRNA-like+functions.&amp;rft.jtitle=Mol+Cell&amp;rft.aulast=Ender+C%2C+Krek+A%2C+Friedl%C3%A4nder+MR%2C+Beitzinger+M%2C+Weinmann+L%2C+Chen+W%2C+Pfeffer+S%2C+Rajewsky+N%2C+Meister+G&amp;rft.au=Ender+C%2C+Krek+A%2C+Friedl%C3%A4nder+MR%2C+Beitzinger+M%2C+Weinmann+L%2C+Chen+W%2C+Pfeffer+S%2C+Rajewsky+N%2C+Meister+G&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=32&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=519%E2%80%9328&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.molcel.2008.10.017&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/19026782&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid17710122-32"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid17710122_32-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Leygue E (2007). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1948073"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Steroid receptor RNA activator (SRA1): unusual bifaceted gene products with suspected relevance to breast cancer.&quot;</font></a>. <i>Nucl Recept Signal</i> <b>5</b>: e006. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1621%2Fnrs.05006"><font color="#3366bb">10.1621/nrs.05006</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1948073"><font color="#3366bb">1948073</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17710122"><font color="#3366bb">17710122</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1948073"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1948073</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Steroid+receptor+RNA+activator+%28SRA1%29%3A+unusual+bifaceted+gene+products+with+suspected+relevance+to+breast+cancer.&amp;rft.jtitle=Nucl+Recept+Signal&amp;rft.aulast=Leygue+E&amp;rft.au=Leygue+E&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.volume=5&amp;rft.pages=e006&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1621%2Fnrs.05006&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/1948073&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17710122&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D1948073&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid9012531-33"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid9012531_33-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Zhang J, King ML (1996). &quot;Xenopus VegT RNA is localized to the vegetal cortex during oogenesis and encodes a novel T-box transcription factor involved in mesodermal patterning.&quot;. <i>Development</i> <b>122</b> (12): 4119&ndash;29. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9012531"><font color="#3366bb">9012531</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Xenopus+VegT+RNA+is+localized+to+the+vegetal+cortex+during+oogenesis+and+encodes+a+novel+T-box+transcription+factor+involved+in+mesodermal+patterning.&amp;rft.jtitle=Development&amp;rft.aulast=Zhang+J%2C+King+ML&amp;rft.au=Zhang+J%2C+King+ML&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.volume=122&amp;rft.issue=12&amp;rft.pages=4119%E2%80%9329&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/9012531&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid16000384-34"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid16000384_34-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Kloc M, Wilk K, Vargas D, Shirato Y, Bilinski S, Etkin LD (2005). &quot;Potential structural role of non-coding and coding RNAs in the organization of the cytoskeleton at the vegetal cortex of Xenopus oocytes.&quot;. <i>Development</i> <b>132</b> (15): 3445&ndash;57. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1242%2Fdev.01919"><font color="#3366bb">10.1242/dev.01919</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16000384"><font color="#3366bb">16000384</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Potential+structural+role+of+non-coding+and+coding+RNAs+in+the+organization+of+the+cytoskeleton+at+the+vegetal+cortex+of+Xenopus+oocytes.&amp;rft.jtitle=Development&amp;rft.aulast=Kloc+M%2C+Wilk+K%2C+Vargas+D%2C+Shirato+Y%2C+Bilinski+S%2C+Etkin+LD&amp;rft.au=Kloc+M%2C+Wilk+K%2C+Vargas+D%2C+Shirato+Y%2C+Bilinski+S%2C+Etkin+LD&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=132&amp;rft.issue=15&amp;rft.pages=3445%E2%80%9357&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1242%2Fdev.01919&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16000384&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid16835436-35"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid16835436_35-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Jenny A, Hachet O, Z&aacute;vorszky P, Cyrklaff A, Weston MD, Johnston DS, Erd&eacute;lyi M, Ephrussi A (2006). &quot;A translation-independent role of oskar RNA in early Drosophila oogenesis.&quot;. <i>Development</i> <b>133</b> (15): 2827&ndash;33. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1242%2Fdev.02456"><font color="#3366bb">10.1242/dev.02456</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16835436"><font color="#3366bb">16835436</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=A+translation-independent+role+of+oskar+RNA+in+early+Drosophila+oogenesis.&amp;rft.jtitle=Development&amp;rft.aulast=Jenny+A%2C+Hachet+O%2C+Z%C3%A1vorszky+P%2C+Cyrklaff+A%2C+Weston+MD%2C+Johnston+DS%2C+Erd%C3%A9lyi+M%2C+Ephrussi+A&amp;rft.au=Jenny+A%2C+Hachet+O%2C+Z%C3%A1vorszky+P%2C+Cyrklaff+A%2C+Weston+MD%2C+Johnston+DS%2C+Erd%C3%A9lyi+M%2C+Ephrussi+A&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=133&amp;rft.issue=15&amp;rft.pages=2827%E2%80%9333&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1242%2Fdev.02456&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16835436&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid17452360-36"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid17452360_36-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Gultyaev AP, Roussis A (2007). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1888808"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Identification of conserved secondary structures and expansion segments in enod40 RNAs reveals new enod40 homologues in plants.&quot;</font></a>. <i>Nucleic Acids Res</i> <b>35</b> (9): 3144&ndash;52. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkm173"><font color="#3366bb">10.1093/nar/gkm173</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1888808"><font color="#3366bb">1888808</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17452360"><font color="#3366bb">17452360</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1888808"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1888808</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Identification+of+conserved+secondary+structures+and+expansion+segments+in+enod40+RNAs+reveals+new+enod40+homologues+in+plants.&amp;rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Res&amp;rft.aulast=Gultyaev+AP%2C+Roussis+A&amp;rft.au=Gultyaev+AP%2C+Roussis+A&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.volume=35&amp;rft.issue=9&amp;rft.pages=3144%E2%80%9352&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkm173&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/1888808&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17452360&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D1888808&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid15944708-37"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid15944708_37-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Lu J, Getz G, Miska EA, Alvarez-Saavedra E, Lamb J, Peck D, Sweet-Cordero A, Ebert BL, Mak RH, Ferrando AA, Downing JR, Jacks T, Horvitz HR, Golub TR (2005). &quot;MicroRNA expression profiles classify human cancers&quot;. <i>Nature</i> <b>435</b> (7043): 834&ndash;8. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature03702"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/nature03702</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15944708"><font color="#3366bb">15944708</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=MicroRNA+expression+profiles+classify+human+cancers&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Lu+J%2C+Getz+G%2C+Miska+EA%2C+Alvarez-Saavedra+E%2C+Lamb+J%2C+Peck+D%2C+Sweet-Cordero+A%2C+Ebert+BL%2C+Mak+RH%2C+Ferrando+AA%2C+Downing+JR%2C+Jacks+T%2C+Horvitz+HR%2C+Golub+TR&amp;rft.au=Lu+J%2C+Getz+G%2C+Miska+EA%2C+Alvarez-Saavedra+E%2C+Lamb+J%2C+Peck+D%2C+Sweet-Cordero+A%2C+Ebert+BL%2C+Mak+RH%2C+Ferrando+AA%2C+Downing+JR%2C+Jacks+T%2C+Horvitz+HR%2C+Golub+TR&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=435&amp;rft.issue=7043&amp;rft.pages=834%E2%80%938&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnature03702&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15944708&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid11890990-38"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid11890990_38-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Pibouin L, Villaudy J, Ferbus D, Muleris M, Prosp&eacute;ri MT, Remvikos Y, Goubin G (2002). &quot;Cloning of the mRNA of overexpression in colon carcinoma-1: a sequence overexpressed in a subset of colon carcinomas&quot;. <i>Cancer Genet Cytogenet</i> <b>133</b> (1): 55&ndash;60. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0165-4608%2801%2900634-3"><font color="#3366bb">10.1016/S0165-4608(01)00634-3</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11890990"><font color="#3366bb">11890990</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Cloning+of+the+mRNA+of+overexpression+in+colon+carcinoma-1%3A+a+sequence+overexpressed+in+a+subset+of+colon+carcinomas&amp;rft.jtitle=Cancer+Genet+Cytogenet&amp;rft.aulast=Pibouin+L%2C+Villaudy+J%2C+Ferbus+D%2C+Muleris+M%2C+Prosp%C3%A9ri+MT%2C+Remvikos+Y%2C+Goubin+G&amp;rft.au=Pibouin+L%2C+Villaudy+J%2C+Ferbus+D%2C+Muleris+M%2C+Prosp%C3%A9ri+MT%2C+Remvikos+Y%2C+Goubin+G&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.volume=133&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=55%E2%80%9360&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2FS0165-4608%2801%2900634-3&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11890990&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid16569192-39"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid16569192_39-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Fu X, Ravindranath L, Tran N, Petrovics G, Srivastava S (2006). &quot;Regulation of apoptosis by a prostate-specific and prostate cancer-associated noncoding gene, PCGEM1&quot;. <i>DNA Cell Biol</i> <b>25</b> (3): 135&ndash;41. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1089%2Fdna.2006.25.135"><font color="#3366bb">10.1089/dna.2006.25.135</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16569192"><font color="#3366bb">16569192</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Regulation+of+apoptosis+by+a+prostate-specific+and+prostate+cancer-associated+noncoding+gene%2C+PCGEM1&amp;rft.jtitle=DNA+Cell+Biol&amp;rft.aulast=Fu+X%2C+Ravindranath+L%2C+Tran+N%2C+Petrovics+G%2C+Srivastava+S&amp;rft.au=Fu+X%2C+Ravindranath+L%2C+Tran+N%2C+Petrovics+G%2C+Srivastava+S&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=25&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=135%E2%80%9341&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1089%2Fdna.2006.25.135&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16569192&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18836484-40"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18836484_40-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Mourtada-Maarabouni M, Pickard MR, Hedge VL, Farzaneh F, Williams GT (2009). &quot;GAS5, a non-protein-coding RNA, controls apoptosis and is downregulated in breast cancer.&quot;. <i>Oncogene</i> <b>28</b> (2): 195&ndash;208. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fonc.2008.373"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/onc.2008.373</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18836484"><font color="#3366bb">18836484</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=GAS5%2C+a+non-protein-coding+RNA%2C+controls+apoptosis+and+is+downregulated+in+breast+cancer.&amp;rft.jtitle=Oncogene&amp;rft.aulast=Mourtada-Maarabouni+M%2C+Pickard+MR%2C+Hedge+VL%2C+Farzaneh+F%2C+Williams+GT&amp;rft.au=Mourtada-Maarabouni+M%2C+Pickard+MR%2C+Hedge+VL%2C+Farzaneh+F%2C+Williams+GT&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.volume=28&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=195%E2%80%93208&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fonc.2008.373&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18836484&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid19683667-41"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid19683667_41-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Dong XY, Guo P, Boyd J, Sun X, Li Q, Zhou W, Dong JT (2009). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2854654"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Implication of snoRNA U50 in human breast cancer.&quot;</font></a>. <i>J Genet Genomics</i> <b>36</b> (8): 447&ndash;54. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS1673-8527%2808%2960134-4"><font color="#3366bb">10.1016/S1673-8527(08)60134-4</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2854654"><font color="#3366bb">2854654</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19683667"><font color="#3366bb">19683667</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2854654"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2854654</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Implication+of+snoRNA+U50+in+human+breast+cancer.&amp;rft.jtitle=J+Genet+Genomics&amp;rft.aulast=Dong+XY%2C+Guo+P%2C+Boyd+J%2C+Sun+X%2C+Li+Q%2C+Zhou+W%2C+Dong+JT&amp;rft.au=Dong+XY%2C+Guo+P%2C+Boyd+J%2C+Sun+X%2C+Li+Q%2C+Zhou+W%2C+Dong+JT&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.volume=36&amp;rft.issue=8&amp;rft.pages=447%E2%80%9354&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2FS1673-8527%2808%2960134-4&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/2854654&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/19683667&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D2854654&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18283318-42"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18283318_42-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Christov CP, Trivier E, Krude T (2008). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2266855"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Noncoding human Y RNAs are overexpressed in tumours and required for cell proliferation&quot;</font></a>. <i>Br J Cancer</i> <b>98</b> (5): 981&ndash;8. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.bjc.6604254"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/sj.bjc.6604254</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2266855"><font color="#3366bb">2266855</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18283318"><font color="#3366bb">18283318</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2266855"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2266855</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Noncoding+human+Y+RNAs+are+overexpressed+in+tumours+and+required+for+cell+proliferation&amp;rft.jtitle=Br+J+Cancer&amp;rft.aulast=Christov+CP%2C+Trivier+E%2C+Krude+T&amp;rft.au=Christov+CP%2C+Trivier+E%2C+Krude+T&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=98&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=981%E2%80%938&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fsj.bjc.6604254&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/2266855&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18283318&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D2266855&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid16308420-43"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid16308420_43-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Farh KK, Grimson A, Jan C, Lewis BP, Johnston WK, Lim LP, Burge CB, Bartel DP (2005). &quot;The widespread impact of mammalian MicroRNAs on mRNA repression and evolution&quot;. <i>Science</i> <b>310</b> (5755): 1817&ndash;21. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1121158"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.1121158</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16308420"><font color="#3366bb">16308420</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+widespread+impact+of+mammalian+MicroRNAs+on+mRNA+repression+and+evolution&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Farh+KK%2C+Grimson+A%2C+Jan+C%2C+Lewis+BP%2C+Johnston+WK%2C+Lim+LP%2C+Burge+CB%2C+Bartel+DP&amp;rft.au=Farh+KK%2C+Grimson+A%2C+Jan+C%2C+Lewis+BP%2C+Johnston+WK%2C+Lim+LP%2C+Burge+CB%2C+Bartel+DP&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=310&amp;rft.issue=5755&amp;rft.pages=1817%E2%80%9321&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.1121158&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16308420&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid15685193-44"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid15685193_44-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Lim LP, Lau NC, Garrett-Engele P, Grimson A, Schelter JM, Castle J, Bartel DP, Linsley PS, Johnson JM (2005). &quot;Microarray analysis shows that some microRNAs downregulate large numbers of target mRNAs&quot;. <i>Nature</i> <b>433</b> (7027): 769&ndash;73. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature03315"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/nature03315</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15685193"><font color="#3366bb">15685193</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Microarray+analysis+shows+that+some+microRNAs+downregulate+large+numbers+of+target+mRNAs&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Lim+LP%2C+Lau+NC%2C+Garrett-Engele+P%2C+Grimson+A%2C+Schelter+JM%2C+Castle+J%2C+Bartel+DP%2C+Linsley+PS%2C+Johnson+JM&amp;rft.au=Lim+LP%2C+Lau+NC%2C+Garrett-Engele+P%2C+Grimson+A%2C+Schelter+JM%2C+Castle+J%2C+Bartel+DP%2C+Linsley+PS%2C+Johnson+JM&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=433&amp;rft.issue=7027&amp;rft.pages=769%E2%80%9373&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnature03315&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15685193&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid16943439-45"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid16943439_45-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Christov CP, Gardiner TJ, Sz&uuml;ts D, Krude T (2006). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1592862"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Functional requirement of noncoding Y RNAs for human chromosomal DNA replication&quot;</font></a>. <i>Mol Cell Biol</i> <b>26</b> (18): 6993&ndash;7004. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FMCB.01060-06"><font color="#3366bb">10.1128/MCB.01060-06</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1592862"><font color="#3366bb">1592862</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16943439"><font color="#3366bb">16943439</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1592862"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1592862</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Functional+requirement+of+noncoding+Y+RNAs+for+human+chromosomal+DNA+replication&amp;rft.jtitle=Mol+Cell+Biol&amp;rft.aulast=Christov+CP%2C+Gardiner+TJ%2C+Sz%C3%BCts+D%2C+Krude+T&amp;rft.au=Christov+CP%2C+Gardiner+TJ%2C+Sz%C3%BCts+D%2C+Krude+T&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=26&amp;rft.issue=18&amp;rft.pages=6993%E2%80%937004&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FMCB.01060-06&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/1592862&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16943439&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D1592862&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid16251535-46"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid16251535_46-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Calin GA, Ferracin M, Cimmino A, <i>et al</i> (October 2005). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/353/17/1793"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;A MicroRNA signature associated with prognosis and progression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia&quot;</font></a>. <i>N. Engl. J. Med.</i> <b>353</b> (17): 1793&ndash;801. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMoa050995"><font color="#3366bb">10.1056/NEJMoa050995</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16251535"><font color="#3366bb">16251535</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/353/17/1793"><font color="#3366bb">http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/353/17/1793</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=A+MicroRNA+signature+associated+with+prognosis+and+progression+in+chronic+lymphocytic+leukemia&amp;rft.jtitle=N.+Engl.+J.+Med.&amp;rft.aulast=Calin+GA%2C+Ferracin+M%2C+Cimmino+A%2C+%27%27et+al%27%27&amp;rft.au=Calin+GA%2C+Ferracin+M%2C+Cimmino+A%2C+%27%27et+al%27%27&amp;rft.date=October+2005&amp;rft.volume=353&amp;rft.issue=17&amp;rft.pages=1793%E2%80%93801&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1056%2FNEJMoa050995&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16251535&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.nejm.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F353%2F17%2F1793&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-47"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Calin, GA; Dumitru CD, Shimizu M, Bichi R, Zupo S, Noch E, Aldler H, Rattan S, Keating M, Rai K, Rassenti L, Kipps T, Negrini M, Bullrich F, Croce CM (2002). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=137750"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Frequent deletions and down-regulation of micro-RNA genes miR15 and miR16 at 13q14 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia&quot;</font></a>. <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</i> <b>99</b> (24): 15524&ndash;15529. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.242606799"><font color="#3366bb">10.1073/pnas.242606799</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=137750"><font color="#3366bb">137750</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12434020"><font color="#3366bb">12434020</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=137750"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=137750</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Frequent+deletions+and+down-regulation+of+micro-RNA+genes+miR15+and+miR16+at+13q14+in+chronic+lymphocytic+leukemia&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+USA&amp;rft.aulast=Calin&amp;rft.aufirst=GA&amp;rft.au=Calin%2C%26%2332%3BGA&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.volume=99&amp;rft.issue=24&amp;rft.pages=15524%26ndash%3B15529&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.242606799&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/137750&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12434020&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D137750&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18521189-48"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18521189_48-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Hu Z, Chen J, Tian T, Zhou X, Gu H, Xu L, Zeng Y, Miao R, Jin G, Ma H, Chen Y, Shen H (2008). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2402113"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Genetic variants of miRNA sequences and non-small cell lung cancer survival&quot;</font></a>. <i>J Clin Invest</i> <b>118</b> (7): 2600&ndash;8. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1172%2FJCI34934"><font color="#3366bb">10.1172/JCI34934</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2402113"><font color="#3366bb">2402113</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18521189"><font color="#3366bb">18521189</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2402113"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2402113</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genetic+variants+of+miRNA+sequences+and+non-small+cell+lung+cancer+survival&amp;rft.jtitle=J+Clin+Invest&amp;rft.aulast=Hu+Z%2C+Chen+J%2C+Tian+T%2C+Zhou+X%2C+Gu+H%2C+Xu+L%2C+Zeng+Y%2C+Miao+R%2C+Jin+G%2C+Ma+H%2C+Chen+Y%2C+Shen+H&amp;rft.au=Hu+Z%2C+Chen+J%2C+Tian+T%2C+Zhou+X%2C+Gu+H%2C+Xu+L%2C+Zeng+Y%2C+Miao+R%2C+Jin+G%2C+Ma+H%2C+Chen+Y%2C+Shen+H&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=118&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.pages=2600%E2%80%938&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1172%2FJCI34934&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/2402113&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18521189&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D2402113&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid19048628-49"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid19048628_49-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Shen J, Ambrosone CB, Zhao H (2009). &quot;Novel genetic variants in microRNA genes and familial breast cancer&quot;. <i>Int J Cancer</i> <b>124</b> (5): 1178&ndash;82. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fijc.24008"><font color="#3366bb">10.1002/ijc.24008</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19048628"><font color="#3366bb">19048628</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Novel+genetic+variants+in+microRNA+genes+and+familial+breast+cancer&amp;rft.jtitle=Int+J+Cancer&amp;rft.aulast=Shen+J%2C+Ambrosone+CB%2C+Zhao+H&amp;rft.au=Shen+J%2C+Ambrosone+CB%2C+Zhao+H&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.volume=124&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=1178%E2%80%9382&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1002%2Fijc.24008&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/19048628&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18500341-50"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18500341_50-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Sahoo T, del Gaudio D, German JR, Shinawi M, Peters SU, Person RE, Garnica A, Cheung SW, Beaudet AL (2008). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2705197"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Prader&ndash;Willi phenotype caused by paternal deficiency for the HBII-85 C/D box small nucleolar RNA cluster.&quot;</font></a>. <i>Nat Genet</i> <b>40</b> (6): 719&ndash;21. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fng.158"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/ng.158</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2705197"><font color="#3366bb">2705197</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18500341"><font color="#3366bb">18500341</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2705197"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2705197</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Prader%26ndash%3BWilli+phenotype+caused+by+paternal+deficiency+for+the+HBII-85+C%2FD+box+small+nucleolar+RNA+cluster.&amp;rft.jtitle=Nat+Genet&amp;rft.aulast=Sahoo+T%2C+del+Gaudio+D%2C+German+JR%2C+Shinawi+M%2C+Peters+SU%2C+Person+RE%2C+Garnica+A%2C+Cheung+SW%2C+Beaudet+AL&amp;rft.au=Sahoo+T%2C+del+Gaudio+D%2C+German+JR%2C+Shinawi+M%2C+Peters+SU%2C+Person+RE%2C+Garnica+A%2C+Cheung+SW%2C+Beaudet+AL&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=40&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=719%E2%80%9321&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fng.158&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/2705197&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18500341&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D2705197&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18320030-51"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18320030_51-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Ding F, Li HH, Zhang S, Solomon NM, Camper SA, Cohen P, Francke U (2008). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2248623"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;SnoRNA Snord116 (Pwcr1/MBII-85) deletion causes growth deficiency and hyperphagia in mice.&quot;</font></a>. <i>PLoS ONE</i> <b>3</b> (3): e1709. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0001709"><font color="#3366bb">10.1371/journal.pone.0001709</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2248623"><font color="#3366bb">2248623</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18320030"><font color="#3366bb">18320030</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2248623"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2248623</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=SnoRNA+Snord116+%28Pwcr1%2FMBII-85%29+deletion+causes+growth+deficiency+and+hyperphagia+in+mice.&amp;rft.jtitle=PLoS+ONE&amp;rft.aulast=Ding+F%2C+Li+HH%2C+Zhang+S%2C+Solomon+NM%2C+Camper+SA%2C+Cohen+P%2C+Francke+U&amp;rft.au=Ding+F%2C+Li+HH%2C+Zhang+S%2C+Solomon+NM%2C+Camper+SA%2C+Cohen+P%2C+Francke+U&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=3&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=e1709&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0001709&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/2248623&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18320030&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D2248623&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid16075369-52"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid16075369_52-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Ding F, Prints Y, Dhar MS, Johnson DK, Garnacho-Montero C, Nicholls RD, Francke U (2005). &quot;Lack of Pwcr1/MBII-85 snoRNA is critical for neonatal lethality in Prader&ndash;Willi syndrome mouse models.&quot;. <i>Mamm Genome</i> <b>16</b> (6): 424&ndash;31. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00335-005-2460-2"><font color="#3366bb">10.1007/s00335-005-2460-2</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16075369"><font color="#3366bb">16075369</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Lack+of+Pwcr1%2FMBII-85+snoRNA+is+critical+for+neonatal+lethality+in+Prader%26ndash%3BWilli+syndrome+mouse+models.&amp;rft.jtitle=Mamm+Genome&amp;rft.aulast=Ding+F%2C+Prints+Y%2C+Dhar+MS%2C+Johnson+DK%2C+Garnacho-Montero+C%2C+Nicholls+RD%2C+Francke+U&amp;rft.au=Ding+F%2C+Prints+Y%2C+Dhar+MS%2C+Johnson+DK%2C+Garnacho-Montero+C%2C+Nicholls+RD%2C+Francke+U&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=16&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=424%E2%80%9331&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2Fs00335-005-2460-2&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16075369&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18160232-53"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18160232_53-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Bazeley PS, Shepelev V, Talebizadeh Z, Butler MG, Fedorova L, Filatov V, Fedorov A (2008). &quot;snoTARGET shows that human orphan snoRNA targets locate close to alternative splice junctions.&quot;. <i>Gene</i> <b>408</b> (1-2): 172&ndash;9. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gene.2007.10.037"><font color="#3366bb">10.1016/j.gene.2007.10.037</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18160232"><font color="#3366bb">18160232</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=snoTARGET+shows+that+human+orphan+snoRNA+targets+locate+close+to+alternative+splice+junctions.&amp;rft.jtitle=Gene&amp;rft.aulast=Bazeley+PS%2C+Shepelev+V%2C+Talebizadeh+Z%2C+Butler+MG%2C+Fedorova+L%2C+Filatov+V%2C+Fedorov+A&amp;rft.au=Bazeley+PS%2C+Shepelev+V%2C+Talebizadeh+Z%2C+Butler+MG%2C+Fedorova+L%2C+Filatov+V%2C+Fedorov+A&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=408&amp;rft.issue=1-2&amp;rft.pages=172%E2%80%939&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.gene.2007.10.037&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18160232&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid15318025-54"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid15318025_54-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Bolton PF, Veltman MW, Weisblatt E, <i>et al.</i> (September 2004). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=0955-8829&amp;volume=14&amp;issue=3&amp;spage=131"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Chromosome 15q11-13 abnormalities and other medical conditions in individuals with autism spectrum disorders&quot;</font></a>. <i>Psychiatr. Genet.</i> <b>14</b> (3): 131&ndash;7. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1097%2F00041444-200409000-00002"><font color="#3366bb">10.1097/00041444-200409000-00002</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15318025"><font color="#3366bb">15318025</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=0955-8829&amp;volume=14&amp;issue=3&amp;spage=131"><font color="#3366bb">http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=0955-8829&amp;volume=14&amp;issue=3&amp;spage=131</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Chromosome+15q11-13+abnormalities+and+other+medical+conditions+in+individuals+with+autism+spectrum+disorders&amp;rft.jtitle=Psychiatr.+Genet.&amp;rft.aulast=Bolton+PF%2C+Veltman+MW%2C+Weisblatt+E%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Bolton+PF%2C+Veltman+MW%2C+Weisblatt+E%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=September+2004&amp;rft.volume=14&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=131%E2%80%937&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1097%2F00041444-200409000-00002&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15318025&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmeta.wkhealth.com%2Fpt%2Fpt-core%2Ftemplate-journal%2Flwwgateway%2Fmedia%2Flandingpage.htm%3Fissn%3D0955-8829%26volume%3D14%26issue%3D3%26spage%3D131&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18923514-55"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18923514_55-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Cook EH, Scherer SW (October 2008). &quot;Copy-number variations associated with neuropsychiatric conditions&quot;. <i>Nature</i> <b>455</b> (7215): 919&ndash;23. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature07458"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/nature07458</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18923514"><font color="#3366bb">18923514</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Copy-number+variations+associated+with+neuropsychiatric+conditions&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Cook+EH%2C+Scherer+SW&amp;rft.au=Cook+EH%2C+Scherer+SW&amp;rft.date=October+2008&amp;rft.volume=455&amp;rft.issue=7215&amp;rft.pages=919%E2%80%9323&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnature07458&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18923514&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid19563756-56"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid19563756_56-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Nakatani J, Tamada K, Hatanaka F, <i>et al.</i> (June 2009). &quot;Abnormal behavior in a chromosome-engineered mouse model for human 15q11-13 duplication seen in autism&quot;. <i>Cell</i> <b>137</b> (7): 1235&ndash;46. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2009.04.024"><font color="#3366bb">10.1016/j.cell.2009.04.024</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19563756"><font color="#3366bb">19563756</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Abnormal+behavior+in+a+chromosome-engineered+mouse+model+for+human+15q11-13+duplication+seen+in+autism&amp;rft.jtitle=Cell&amp;rft.aulast=Nakatani+J%2C+Tamada+K%2C+Hatanaka+F%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Nakatani+J%2C+Tamada+K%2C+Hatanaka+F%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=June+2009&amp;rft.volume=137&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.pages=1235%E2%80%9346&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2009.04.024&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/19563756&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid11207361-57"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid11207361_57-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Ridanp&auml;&auml; M, van Eenennaam H, Pelin K, Chadwick R, Johnson C, Yuan B, vanVenrooij W, Pruijn G, Salmela R, Rockas S, M&auml;kitie O, Kaitila I, de la Chapelle A (2001). &quot;Mutations in the RNA component of RNase MRP cause a pleiotropic human disease, cartilage-hair hypoplasia.&quot;. <i>Cell</i> <b>104</b> (2): 195&ndash;203. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0092-8674%2801%2900205-7"><font color="#3366bb">10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00205-7</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11207361"><font color="#3366bb">11207361</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Mutations+in+the+RNA+component+of+RNase+MRP+cause+a+pleiotropic+human+disease%2C+cartilage-hair+hypoplasia.&amp;rft.jtitle=Cell&amp;rft.aulast=Ridanp%C3%A4%C3%A4+M%2C+van+Eenennaam+H%2C+Pelin+K%2C+Chadwick+R%2C+Johnson+C%2C+Yuan+B%2C+vanVenrooij+W%2C+Pruijn+G%2C+Salmela+R%2C+Rockas+S%2C+M%C3%A4kitie+O%2C+Kaitila+I%2C+de+la+Chapelle+A&amp;rft.au=Ridanp%C3%A4%C3%A4+M%2C+van+Eenennaam+H%2C+Pelin+K%2C+Chadwick+R%2C+Johnson+C%2C+Yuan+B%2C+vanVenrooij+W%2C+Pruijn+G%2C+Salmela+R%2C+Rockas+S%2C+M%C3%A4kitie+O%2C+Kaitila+I%2C+de+la+Chapelle+A&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.volume=104&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=195%E2%80%93203&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2FS0092-8674%2801%2900205-7&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11207361&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid17189938-58"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid17189938_58-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Martin AN, Li Y (2007). &quot;RNase MRP RNA and human genetic diseases.&quot;. <i>Cell Res</i> <b>17</b> (3): 219&ndash;26. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.cr.7310120"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/sj.cr.7310120</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17189938"><font color="#3366bb">17189938</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=RNase+MRP+RNA+and+human+genetic+diseases.&amp;rft.jtitle=Cell+Res&amp;rft.aulast=Martin+AN%2C+Li+Y&amp;rft.au=Martin+AN%2C+Li+Y&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.volume=17&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=219%E2%80%9326&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fsj.cr.7310120&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17189938&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18804272-59"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18804272_59-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Kavadas FD, Giliani S, Gu Y, Mazzolari E, Bates A, Pegoiani E, Roifman CM, Notarangelo LD (2008). &quot;Variability of clinical and laboratory features among patients with ribonuclease mitochondrial RNA processing endoribonuclease gene mutations.&quot;. <i>J Allergy Clin Immunol</i> <b>122</b> (6): 1178&ndash;84. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jaci.2008.07.036"><font color="#3366bb">10.1016/j.jaci.2008.07.036</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18804272"><font color="#3366bb">18804272</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Variability+of+clinical+and+laboratory+features+among+patients+with+ribonuclease+mitochondrial+RNA+processing+endoribonuclease+gene+mutations.&amp;rft.jtitle=J+Allergy+Clin+Immunol&amp;rft.aulast=Kavadas+FD%2C+Giliani+S%2C+Gu+Y%2C+Mazzolari+E%2C+Bates+A%2C+Pegoiani+E%2C+Roifman+CM%2C+Notarangelo+LD&amp;rft.au=Kavadas+FD%2C+Giliani+S%2C+Gu+Y%2C+Mazzolari+E%2C+Bates+A%2C+Pegoiani+E%2C+Roifman+CM%2C+Notarangelo+LD&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=122&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=1178%E2%80%9384&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.jaci.2008.07.036&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18804272&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18587408-60"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18587408_60-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Faghihi MA, Modarresi F, Khalil AM, Wood DE, Sahagan BG, Morgan TE, Finch CE, St Laurent G, Kenny PJ, Wahlestedt C (2008). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2826895"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Expression of a noncoding RNA is elevated in Alzheimer's disease and drives rapid feed-forward regulation of beta-secretase.&quot;</font></a>. <i>Nat Med</i> <b>14</b> (7): 723&ndash;30. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnm1784"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/nm1784</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2826895"><font color="#3366bb">2826895</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18587408"><font color="#3366bb">18587408</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2826895"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2826895</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Expression+of+a+noncoding+RNA+is+elevated+in+Alzheimer%27s+disease+and+drives+rapid+feed-forward+regulation+of+beta-secretase.&amp;rft.jtitle=Nat+Med&amp;rft.aulast=Faghihi+MA%2C+Modarresi+F%2C+Khalil+AM%2C+Wood+DE%2C+Sahagan+BG%2C+Morgan+TE%2C+Finch+CE%2C+St+Laurent+G%2C+Kenny+PJ%2C+Wahlestedt+C&amp;rft.au=Faghihi+MA%2C+Modarresi+F%2C+Khalil+AM%2C+Wood+DE%2C+Sahagan+BG%2C+Morgan+TE%2C+Finch+CE%2C+St+Laurent+G%2C+Kenny+PJ%2C+Wahlestedt+C&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=14&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.pages=723%E2%80%9330&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnm1784&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/2826895&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18587408&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D2826895&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid19363479-61"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid19363479_61-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Menc&iacute;a A, Modamio-H&oslash;ybj&oslash;r S, Redshaw N, Mor&iacute;n M, Mayo-Merino F, Olavarrieta L, Aguirre LA, del Castillo I, Steel KP, Dalmay T, Moreno F, Moreno-Pelayo MA (2009). &quot;Mutations in the seed region of human miR-96 are responsible for nonsyndromic progressive hearing loss.&quot;. <i>Nat Genet</i> <b>41</b> (5): 609&ndash;13. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fng.355"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/ng.355</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19363479"><font color="#3366bb">19363479</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Mutations+in+the+seed+region+of+human+miR-96+are+responsible+for+nonsyndromic+progressive+hearing+loss.&amp;rft.jtitle=Nat+Genet&amp;rft.aulast=Menc%C3%ADa+A%2C+Modamio-H%C3%B8ybj%C3%B8r+S%2C+Redshaw+N%2C+Mor%C3%ADn+M%2C+Mayo-Merino+F%2C+Olavarrieta+L%2C+Aguirre+LA%2C+del+Castillo+I%2C+Steel+KP%2C+Dalmay+T%2C+Moreno+F%2C+Moreno-Pelayo+MA&amp;rft.au=Menc%C3%ADa+A%2C+Modamio-H%C3%B8ybj%C3%B8r+S%2C+Redshaw+N%2C+Mor%C3%ADn+M%2C+Mayo-Merino+F%2C+Olavarrieta+L%2C+Aguirre+LA%2C+del+Castillo+I%2C+Steel+KP%2C+Dalmay+T%2C+Moreno+F%2C+Moreno-Pelayo+MA&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.volume=41&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=609%E2%80%9313&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fng.355&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/19363479&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid19363478-62"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid19363478_62-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Lewis MA, Quint E, Glazier AM, Fuchs H, De Angelis MH, Langford C, van Dongen S, Abreu-Goodger C, Piipari M, Redshaw N, Dalmay T, Moreno-Pelayo MA, Enright AJ, Steel KP (2009). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2705913"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;An ENU-induced mutation of miR-96 associated with progressive hearing loss in mice.&quot;</font></a>. <i>Nat Genet</i> <b>41</b> (5): 614&ndash;8. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fng.369"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/ng.369</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2705913"><font color="#3366bb">2705913</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19363478"><font color="#3366bb">19363478</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2705913"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2705913</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=An+ENU-induced+mutation+of+miR-96+associated+with+progressive+hearing+loss+in+mice.&amp;rft.jtitle=Nat+Genet&amp;rft.aulast=Lewis+MA%2C+Quint+E%2C+Glazier+AM%2C+Fuchs+H%2C+De+Angelis+MH%2C+Langford+C%2C+van+Dongen+S%2C+Abreu-Goodger+C%2C+Piipari+M%2C+Redshaw+N%2C+Dalmay+T%2C+Moreno-Pelayo+MA%2C+Enright+AJ%2C+Steel+KP&amp;rft.au=Lewis+MA%2C+Quint+E%2C+Glazier+AM%2C+Fuchs+H%2C+De+Angelis+MH%2C+Langford+C%2C+van+Dongen+S%2C+Abreu-Goodger+C%2C+Piipari+M%2C+Redshaw+N%2C+Dalmay+T%2C+Moreno-Pelayo+MA%2C+Enright+AJ%2C+Steel+KP&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.volume=41&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=614%E2%80%938&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fng.369&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/2705913&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/19363478&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D2705913&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid19245798-63"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid19245798_63-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Soukup GA (2009). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2700218"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Little but loud: Small RNAs have a resounding affect on ear development.&quot;</font></a>. <i>Brain Res</i> <b>1277</b>: 104&ndash;14. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.brainres.2009.02.027"><font color="#3366bb">10.1016/j.brainres.2009.02.027</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2700218"><font color="#3366bb">2700218</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19245798"><font color="#3366bb">19245798</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2700218"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2700218</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Little+but+loud%3A+Small+RNAs+have+a+resounding+affect+on+ear+development.&amp;rft.jtitle=Brain+Res&amp;rft.aulast=Soukup+GA&amp;rft.au=Soukup+GA&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.volume=1277&amp;rft.pages=104%E2%80%9314&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.brainres.2009.02.027&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/2700218&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/19245798&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D2700218&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-64"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Richard J. Carter, Inna Dubchak, Stephen R. Holbrook (2001). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov.oca.ucsc.edu/articlerender.fcgi?artid=60242&amp;rendertype=abstract"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;A computational approach to identify genes for functional RNAs in genomic sequences&quot;</font></a>. <i>Nucleic Acids Research</i> <b>29</b> (19): 3928&ndash;3938. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=60242"><font color="#3366bb">60242</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11574674"><font color="#3366bb">11574674</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov.oca.ucsc.edu/articlerender.fcgi?artid=60242&amp;rendertype=abstract"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov.oca.ucsc.edu/articlerender.fcgi?artid=60242&amp;rendertype=abstract</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=A+computational+approach+to+identify+genes+for+functional+RNAs+in+genomic+sequences&amp;rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Research&amp;rft.aulast=Richard+J.+Carter%2C+Inna+Dubchak%2C+Stephen+R.+Holbrook&amp;rft.au=Richard+J.+Carter%2C+Inna+Dubchak%2C+Stephen+R.+Holbrook&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.volume=29&amp;rft.issue=19&amp;rft.pages=3928%E2%80%933938&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/60242&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11574674&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov.oca.ucsc.edu%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Fartid%3D60242%26rendertype%3Dabstract&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-65"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Jakob Skou Pedersen, Gill Bejerano, Adam Siepel, Kate Rosenbloom, Kerstin Lindblad-Toh, Eric S. Lander, Jim Kent, Webb Miller, David Haussler (2006). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://compbiol.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&amp;doi=10.1371/journal.pcbi.0020033"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Identification and Classification of Conserved RNA Secondary Structures in the Human Genome&quot;</font></a>. <i>PLOS Computational Biology</i> <b>2</b> (4): e33. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pcbi.0020033"><font color="#3366bb">10.1371/journal.pcbi.0020033</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1440920"><font color="#3366bb">1440920</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16628248"><font color="#3366bb">16628248</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://compbiol.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&amp;doi=10.1371/journal.pcbi.0020033"><font color="#3366bb">http://compbiol.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&amp;doi=10.1371/journal.pcbi.0020033</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Identification+and+Classification+of+Conserved+RNA+Secondary+Structures+in+the+Human+Genome&amp;rft.jtitle=PLOS+Computational+Biology&amp;rft.aulast=Jakob+Skou+Pedersen%2C+Gill+Bejerano%2C+Adam+Siepel%2C+Kate+Rosenbloom%2C+Kerstin+Lindblad-Toh%2C+Eric+S.+Lander%2C+Jim+Kent%2C+Webb+Miller%2C+David+Haussler&amp;rft.au=Jakob+Skou+Pedersen%2C+Gill+Bejerano%2C+Adam+Siepel%2C+Kate+Rosenbloom%2C+Kerstin+Lindblad-Toh%2C+Eric+S.+Lander%2C+Jim+Kent%2C+Webb+Miller%2C+David+Haussler&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=2&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=e33&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1371%2Fjournal.pcbi.0020033&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/1440920&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16628248&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcompbiol.plosjournals.org%2Fperlserv%2F%3Frequest%3Dget-document%26doi%3D10.1371%2Fjournal.pcbi.0020033&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-66"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Tomas Babak, Benjamin J Blencowe, Timothy R Hughes (2007). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov.oca.ucsc.edu/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1803800&amp;rendertype=abstract"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Considerations in the identification of functional RNA structural elements in genomic alignments&quot;</font></a>. <i>BMC Bioinformatics</i> <b>8</b> (8): 33. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2105-8-21"><font color="#3366bb">10.1186/1471-2105-8-21</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0645ad">PMC</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1783863"><font color="#3366bb">1783863</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17244370"><font color="#3366bb">17244370</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov.oca.ucsc.edu/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1803800&amp;rendertype=abstract"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov.oca.ucsc.edu/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1803800&amp;rendertype=abstract</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Considerations+in+the+identification+of+functional+RNA+structural+elements+in+genomic+alignments&amp;rft.jtitle=BMC+Bioinformatics&amp;rft.aulast=Tomas+Babak%2C+Benjamin+J+Blencowe%2C+Timothy+R+Hughes&amp;rft.au=Tomas+Babak%2C+Benjamin+J+Blencowe%2C+Timothy+R+Hughes&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.volume=8&amp;rft.issue=8&amp;rft.pages=33&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1186%2F1471-2105-8-21&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/1783863&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17244370&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov.oca.ucsc.edu%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Fartid%3D1803800%26rendertype%3Dabstract&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Non-coding_RNA"><span style="display: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> </ol> </div> <h2><span id="External_links" class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://jsm-research.imb.uq.edu.au/rnadb"><font color="#3366bb">Comprehensive database of mammalian ncRNAs</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://rfam.sanger.ac.uk"><font color="#3366bb">The Rfam Database</font></a> &mdash; a curated list of hundreds of families of related ncRNAs.</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.noncode.org/"><font color="#3366bb">NONCODE.org</font></a> &mdash; a free database of all kinds of noncoding RNAs (except tRNAs and rRNAs).</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncrnadb.trna.ibch.poznan.pl/"><font color="#3366bb">Joint ncRNA Database</font></a> &mdash; over 30,000 individual sequences from 99 species of bacteria, archaea and eukaryota</li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> 0fbfdb0e20b4cf75329872d6abc9272d647976df 0 2265 3765 2011-05-29T14:29:47Z S 72 Created page with "<p><span style="font-size: medium">Flat Ladder DNA model</span></p> <p>Jong Bhak and Jamie Keddie.</p> <p>Flat Ladder DNA (FLD) is a DNA structure model proposed by Jong Bhak and..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: medium">Flat Ladder DNA model</span></p> <p>Jong Bhak and Jamie Keddie.</p> <p>Flat Ladder DNA (FLD) is a DNA structure model proposed by Jong Bhak and Jamie Keddie in 1992.</p> <p>The main idea of FLD model is that the cannoncal structure of DNA is not double helix but a flat DNA. FLD model regards double helix model one of many conformations DNA can have.</p> <p>This model was conceived from 1) involving topoisomerase for DNA supercoil and helix structure is too complicated to explain DNA functions 2) there are circular genomes and if the DNA is coiled helices, it would be too complicated to wind and unwind DNA strings.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 53d8d4c2f364c052bffd131694d2357871ed5a50 0 1839 3766 2873 2011-06-08T09:54:38Z S 72 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>[[BGI Animal and Plant Genome Sequencing Outline]]<br /> &nbsp;</p> <p>[http://www.newsweek.com/2011/04/24/high-quality-dna.html BGI DNA sequencing] in Newsweek.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 1ea46916441540fa10c8dbbe85695b3cd2d35e96 3767 3766 2011-06-09T11:38:58Z S 72 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>[[BGI Animal and Plant Genome Sequencing Outline]]<br /> &nbsp;</p> <p>[http://www.newsweek.com/2011/04/24/high-quality-dna.html BGI DNA sequencing] in Newsweek.</p> <p>[https://cloud.genomics.hk/index.php BGI's cloud service]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 04a10bf1d32cae85632f3c3330660ca3a137e69c 0 2266 3768 2011-06-09T13:18:35Z S 72 Created page with "<p><span style="font-size: medium">Date Palm Genome </span></p> <p>Date Palm Genome Drafted&nbsp;May, 2009<br /> &nbsp;</p> <p>Cornell Unviversity's date palm genome download sit..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: medium">Date Palm Genome </span></p> <p>Date Palm Genome Drafted&nbsp;May, 2009<br /> &nbsp;</p> <p>Cornell Unviversity's date palm genome download site:</p> <p><a href="http://qatar-weill.cornell.edu/research/datepalmGenome/download.html">http://qatar-weill.cornell.edu/research/datepalmGenome/download.html</a></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>[[Plant genome]]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 4f6f74b1dec37eda3210e616bdd2fa624fafa3b7 3769 3768 2011-06-09T13:19:12Z S 72 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: medium">Date Palm Genome </span></p> <p>Date Palm Genome Drafted&nbsp;April 8th, 2009<br /> &nbsp;</p> <p>Cornell Unviversity's date palm genome download site:</p> <p><a href="http://qatar-weill.cornell.edu/research/datepalmGenome/download.html">http://qatar-weill.cornell.edu/research/datepalmGenome/download.html</a></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>[[Plant genome]]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 4c3fcc3f86a2430edcdd9977b89c3c1d98625f82 0 2267 3770 2011-06-22T11:31:48Z J 2 Created page with "<p>&nbsp;[http://news.mk.co.kr/v3/view.php?sc=30000001&amp;cm=%C7%EC%B5%E5%B6%F3%C0%CE&amp;year=2011&amp;no=396556&amp;selFlag=&amp;relatedcode=&amp;wonNo=&amp;sID=502 Genome bus..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p>&nbsp;[http://news.mk.co.kr/v3/view.php?sc=30000001&amp;cm=%C7%EC%B5%E5%B6%F3%C0%CE&amp;year=2011&amp;no=396556&amp;selFlag=&amp;relatedcode=&amp;wonNo=&amp;sID=502 Genome business is one of 6 promising fields]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 03fcb548f833d502a8f90d7f0cc88824cd612571 0 2268 3772 2011-07-01T01:35:30Z S 72 Created page with "<p>&nbsp;</p> <p><a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/06/23/1102838108">http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/06/23/1102838108</a></p> <h1 id="article-title-1">Geneti..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/06/23/1102838108">http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/06/23/1102838108</a></p> <h1 id="article-title-1">Genetic diversity and population structure of the endangered marsupial <em>Sarcophilus harrisii</em> (Tasmanian devil)</h1> <div class="contributors"> <ol class="contributor-list" id="contrib-group-1"> <li class="contributor" id="contrib-1"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Webb+Miller&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Webb Miller</a></span><a class="xref-aff" id="xref-aff-1-1" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/06/23/1102838108#aff-1">^{<font size="2">a</font>}</a><span class="xref-sep">,</span><a class="xref-fn" id="xref-fn-3-1" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/06/23/1102838108#fn-3">^{<font size="2">1</font>}</a>,</li> <li class="contributor" id="contrib-2"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Vanessa+M.+Hayes&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Vanessa M. Hayes</a></span><a class="xref-aff" id="xref-aff-2-1" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/06/23/1102838108#aff-2">^{<font size="2">b</font>}</a><span class="xref-sep">,</span><a class="xref-aff" id="xref-aff-3-1" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/06/23/1102838108#aff-3">^{<font size="2">c</font>}</a><span class="xref-sep">,</span><a class="xref-fn" id="xref-fn-3-2" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/06/23/1102838108#fn-3">^{<font size="2">1</font>}</a><span class="xref-sep">,</span><a class="xref-corresp" id="xref-corresp-1-1" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/06/23/1102838108#corresp-1">^{<font size="2">2</font>}</a>,</li> <li class="contributor" id="contrib-3"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Aakrosh+Ratan&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Aakrosh Ratan</a></span><a class="xref-aff" id="xref-aff-1-2" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/06/23/1102838108#aff-1">^{<font size="2">a</font>}</a>,</li> <li class="contributor" id="contrib-4"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Desiree+C.+Petersen&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Desiree C. Petersen</a></span><a class="xref-aff" id="xref-aff-2-2" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/06/23/1102838108#aff-2">^{<font size="2">b</font>}</a><span class="xref-sep">,</span><a class="xref-aff" id="xref-aff-3-2" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/06/23/1102838108#aff-3">^{<font size="2">c</font>}</a>,</li> <li class="contributor" id="contrib-5"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Nicola+E.+Wittekindt&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Nicola E. Wittekindt</a></span><a class="xref-aff" id="xref-aff-1-3" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/06/23/1102838108#aff-1">^{<font size="2">a</font>}</a>,</li> <li class="contributor" id="contrib-6"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Jason+Miller&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Jason Miller</a></span><a class="xref-aff" id="xref-aff-3-3" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/06/23/1102838108#aff-3">^{<font size="2">c</font>}</a>,</li> <li class="contributor" id="contrib-7"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Brian+Walenz&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Brian Walenz</a></span><a class="xref-aff" id="xref-aff-3-4" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/06/23/1102838108#aff-3">^{<font size="2">c</font>}</a>,</li> <li class="contributor" id="contrib-8"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=James+Knight&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">James Knight</a></span><a class="xref-aff" id="xref-aff-4-1" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/06/23/1102838108#aff-4">^{<font size="2">d</font>}</a>,</li> <li class="contributor" id="contrib-9"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Ji+Qi&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Ji Qi</a></span><a class="xref-aff" id="xref-aff-1-4" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/06/23/1102838108#aff-1">^{<font size="2">a</font>}</a>,</li> <li class="contributor" id="contrib-10"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Fangqing+Zhao&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Fangqing Zhao</a></span><a class="xref-aff" id="xref-aff-1-5" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/06/23/1102838108#aff-1">^{<font size="2">a</font>}</a>,</li> <li class="contributor" id="contrib-11"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Qingyu+Wang&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Qingyu Wang</a></span><a class="xref-aff" id="xref-aff-1-6" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/06/23/1102838108#aff-1">^{<font size="2">a</font>}</a>,</li> <li class="contributor" id="contrib-12"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Oscar+C.++Bedoya-Reina&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Oscar C. Bedoya-Reina</a></span><a class="xref-aff" id="xref-aff-1-7" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/06/23/1102838108#aff-1">^{<font size="2">a</font>}</a>,</li> <li class="contributor" id="contrib-13"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Neerja+Katiyar&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Neerja Katiyar</a></span><a class="xref-aff" id="xref-aff-1-8" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/06/23/1102838108#aff-1">^{<font size="2">a</font>}</a>,</li> <li class="contributor" id="contrib-14"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Lynn+P.+Tomsho&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Lynn P. Tomsho</a></span><a class="xref-aff" id="xref-aff-1-9" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/06/23/1102838108#aff-1">^{<font size="2">a</font>}</a>,</li> <li class="contributor" id="contrib-15"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Lindsay+McClellan+Kasson&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Lindsay McClellan Kasson</a></span><a class="xref-aff" id="xref-aff-1-10" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/06/23/1102838108#aff-1">^{<font size="2">a</font>}</a>,</li> <li class="contributor" id="contrib-16"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Rae-Anne+Hardie&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Rae-Anne Hardie</a></span><a class="xref-aff" id="xref-aff-2-3" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/06/23/1102838108#aff-2">^{<font size="2">b</font>}</a>,</li> <li class="contributor" id="contrib-17"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Paula+Woodbridge&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Paula Woodbridge</a></span><a class="xref-aff" id="xref-aff-2-4" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/06/23/1102838108#aff-2">^{<font size="2">b</font>}</a>,</li> <li class="contributor" id="contrib-18"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Elizabeth+A.+Tindall&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Elizabeth A. Tindall</a></span><a class="xref-aff" id="xref-aff-2-5" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/06/23/1102838108#aff-2">^{<font size="2">b</font>}</a>,</li> <li class="contributor" id="contrib-19"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Mads+Frost+Bertelsen&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Mads Frost Bertelsen</a></span><a class="xref-aff" id="xref-aff-5-1" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/06/23/1102838108#aff-5">^{<font size="2">e</font>}</a>,</li> <li class="contributor" id="contrib-20"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Dale+Dixon&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Dale Dixon</a></span><a class="xref-aff" id="xref-aff-6-1" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/06/23/1102838108#aff-6">^{<font size="2">f</font>}</a>,</li> <li class="contributor" id="contrib-21"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Stephen+Pyecroft&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Stephen Pyecroft</a></span><a class="xref-aff" id="xref-aff-7-1" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/06/23/1102838108#aff-7">^{<font size="2">g</font>}</a>,</li> <li class="contributor" id="contrib-22"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Kristofer+M.+Helgen&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Kristofer M. Helgen</a></span><a class="xref-aff" id="xref-aff-8-1" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/06/23/1102838108#aff-8">^{<font size="2">h</font>}</a>,</li> <li class="contributor" id="contrib-23"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Arthur+M.+Lesk&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Arthur M. Lesk</a></span><a class="xref-aff" id="xref-aff-1-11" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/06/23/1102838108#aff-1">^{<font size="2">a</font>}</a>,</li> <li class="contributor" id="contrib-24"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Thomas+H.+Pringle&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Thomas H. Pringle</a></span><a class="xref-aff" id="xref-aff-9-1" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/06/23/1102838108#aff-9">^{<font size="2">i</font>}</a>,</li> <li class="contributor" id="contrib-25"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Nick+Patterson&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Nick Patterson</a></span><a class="xref-aff" id="xref-aff-10-1" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/06/23/1102838108#aff-10">^{<font size="2">j</font>}</a>,</li> <li class="contributor" id="contrib-26"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Yu+Zhang&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Yu Zhang</a></span><a class="xref-aff" id="xref-aff-1-12" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/06/23/1102838108#aff-1">^{<font size="2">a</font>}</a>,</li> <li class="contributor" id="contrib-27"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Alexandre+Kreiss&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Alexandre Kreiss</a></span><a class="xref-aff" id="xref-aff-11-1" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/06/23/1102838108#aff-11">^{<font size="2">k</font>}</a>,</li> <li class="contributor" id="contrib-28"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Gregory+M.+Woods&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Gregory M. Woods</a></span><a class="xref-aff" id="xref-aff-11-2" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/06/23/1102838108#aff-11">^{<font size="2">k</font>}</a><span class="xref-sep">,</span><a class="xref-aff" id="xref-aff-12-1" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/06/23/1102838108#aff-12">^{<font size="2">l</font>}</a>,</li> <li class="contributor" id="contrib-29"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Menna+E.+Jones&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Menna E. Jones</a></span><a class="xref-aff" id="xref-aff-11-3" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/06/23/1102838108#aff-11">^{<font size="2">k</font>}</a>, and</li> <li class="last" id="contrib-30"><span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Stephan+C.+Schuster&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit">Stephan C. Schuster</a></span><a class="xref-aff" id="xref-aff-1-13" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/06/23/1102838108#aff-1">^{<font size="2">a</font>}</a><span class="xref-sep">,</span><a class="xref-aff" id="xref-fn-3-3" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/06/23/1102838108#fn-3">^{<font size="2">1</font>}</a><span class="xref-sep">,</span><a class="xref-corresp" id="xref-corresp-1-2" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/06/23/1102838108#corresp-1">^{<font size="2">2</font>}</a></li> </ol> <p class="affiliation-list-reveal"><a class="view-more" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/06/23/1102838108#">+</a> Author Affiliations</p> <ol class="affiliation-list hideaffil"> <li class="aff"><a id="aff-1" name="aff-1"></a> <address>^{<font size="2">a</font>}Pennsylvania State University, Center for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, University Park, PA 16802;</address> </li> <li class="aff"><a id="aff-2" name="aff-2"></a> <address>^{<font size="2">b</font>}Children's Cancer Institute Australia and University of New South Wales, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia;</address> </li> <li class="aff"><a id="aff-3" name="aff-3"></a> <address>^{<font size="2">c</font>}The J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD 20850;</address> </li> <li class="aff"><a id="aff-4" name="aff-4"></a> <address>^{<font size="2">d</font>}454 Life Sciences, Branford, CT 06405;</address> </li> <li class="aff"><a id="aff-5" name="aff-5"></a> <address>^{<font size="2">e</font>}Center for Zoo and Wild Animal Health, Copenhagen Zoo, 2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark;</address> </li> <li class="aff"><a id="aff-6" name="aff-6"></a> <address>^{<font size="2">f</font>}Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory, Darwin 0801, Australia;</address> </li> <li class="aff"><a id="aff-7" name="aff-7"></a> <address>^{<font size="2">g</font>}Department of Primary Industries and Water, Mt. Pleasant Animal Health Laboratories, Kings Meadows, Tasmania 7249, Australia;</address> </li> <li class="aff"><a id="aff-8" name="aff-8"></a> <address>^{<font size="2">h</font>}National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013-7012;</address> </li> <li class="aff"><a id="aff-9" name="aff-9"></a> <address>^{<font size="2">i</font>}The Sperling Foundation, Eugene, OR 97405;</address> </li> <li class="aff"><a id="aff-10" name="aff-10"></a> <address>^{<font size="2">j</font>}Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142;</address> </li> <li class="aff"><a id="aff-11" name="aff-11"></a> <address>^{<font size="2">k</font>}University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia; and</address> </li> <li class="aff"><a id="aff-12" name="aff-12"></a> <address>^{<font size="2">l</font>}Immunology, Menzies Research Institute, Hobart, Tasmania 7000, Australia</address> </li> </ol> <ol class="fn-track"> <li class="fn-edited-by" id="fn-1"> <p id="p-1">Edited<a class="xref-fn" id="xref-fn-6-1" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/06/23/1102838108#fn-6">*</a> by Luis Herrera Estrella, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, Irapuato, Mexico, and approved May 23, 2011 (received for review February 24, 2011)</p> </li> </ol> </div> <div class="section abstract" id="abstract-1"> <h2>Abstract</h2> <p id="p-4">The Tasmanian devil (<em>Sarcophilus harrisii</em>) is threatened with extinction because of a contagious cancer known as Devil Facial Tumor Disease. The inability to mount an immune response and to reject these tumors might be caused by a lack of genetic diversity within a dwindling population. Here we report a whole-genome analysis of two animals originating from extreme northwest and southeast Tasmania, the maximal geographic spread, together with the genome from a tumor taken from one of them. A 3.3-Gb de novo assembly of the sequence data from two complementary next-generation sequencing platforms was used to identify 1 million polymorphic genomic positions, roughly one-quarter of the number observed between two genetically distant human genomes. Analysis of 14 complete mitochondrial genomes from current and museum specimens, as well as mitochondrial and nuclear SNP markers in 175 animals, suggests that the observed low genetic diversity in today's population preceded the Devil Facial Tumor Disease disease outbreak by at least 100 y. Using a genetically characterized breeding stock based on the genome sequence will enable preservation of the extant genetic diversity in future Tasmanian devil populations.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> </div> e36e20ec93dc08a8f2a97202a757d80beaf81fff 6 2272 3777 2011-07-03T08:07:43Z 173.208.51.136 0 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 9 2275 3780 2011-07-03T17:17:08Z 195.162.68.246 0 I identified this great why to download from hotfile for Cost-free! wikitext text/x-wiki I expended days and days wanting to find a quickly and effective way to download from megaupload for no cost which is when i observed out about this awesome [url=http://rainleech.com]free premium link generator[/url] examine it out! 3a5c9d8b3322d4a58db98190e8c46c7fd0c364fe 6 2277 3782 2011-07-04T02:34:59Z 173.234.143.96 0 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 6 2279 3784 2011-07-04T09:19:24Z 173.234.130.40 0 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 6 2286 3791 2011-07-05T03:15:18Z 173.234.244.30 0 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 6 2296 3802 2011-07-07T11:12:33Z 173.234.130.40 0 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 0 1878 3805 3630 2011-07-07T17:59:42Z 112.202.71.93 0 wikitext text/x-wiki <span style="font-size: medium"> 20110324:&nbsp;[[Multiple myeloma genomes sequenced]]: 20110324 Nature.</span> <span style="font-family: Arial"><span style="font-size: medium"> </span></span> 20110214: [[Prostate cancer genomes sequenced by Broad and Dana Faber]]: 20110214 <span style="font-size: medium">20110201: [[Three new ant genomes sequenced and reported in PNAS: Draft genome of the globally widespread and invasive Argentine ant (Linepithema humile)]] </span> <span style="font-size: medium">20110127: [[University of Colorado gets funds for genome sequencing from the government]]</span> <span style="font-size: medium">&nbsp;</span> <span style="font-size: medium">20101009: [[Image:Paris japonica logo openfree.gif]] [[The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica]]: ⇒ [[Genome size]] 20100907: [[Image:Turkey logo 2.gif]] [[Turkey genome sequenced 20100907]] ⇒ [[Bird genome]]&nbsp; 20100818: [[Image:Scripps logo openfree 1.gif]] [[Image:Sanofi aventis logo1.gif]] [[Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging]] 20100810:[[Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection]] 20100711:Theragen [[Totalomics Solutions Launched]] ⇒[[Genome sequencing product]]&nbsp;</span> <span style="font-size: medium">20100623: [[African Genomics project launched]] 20100427: [[GET conference Boston by PGP]] Boston, 27th April.&nbsp; 20100419: [[Personal Genomics Institute established]] ⇒[[Genome Institutes]]&nbsp; 20100401: [[IonTorrent ion-sequencing machine announced publically]]&nbsp; 20100330:[[The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill]]: PGP9. 20100330.&nbsp; 20100325: [[The dynamic genome of Hydra]] Nature. 2010 Mar 25 ⇒ [[Animal Genome]]&nbsp; 20100315:[[The Human Genome Rights]] Declaration. 20100315 ⇒[[GenomeEthics]]&nbsp; 20100310: [[Whole-Genome Sequencing in a Patient with Charcot–Marie–Tooth Neuropathy]]&nbsp; 20100126: GATC Biotech Purchases [[HiSeq 2000]] Instrument. . ⇒[[GenomeSequencer]]&nbsp; 20100303: [[Theragen Inc. launched a personal genome typing service similar to 23andme's. However, the product was&nbsp; withheld due to legal issues.]]&nbsp;</span> <span style="font-size: medium">20100121: [[Image:Panda logo tr openfree 2.jpg]] [[The sequence of Giant Panda genome assembled de novo by NGS by BGI.]]&nbsp; 20091230: [[Theragen Inc. in Korea launches commercial full genome and SNP chip personal genome service. The first in Asia]] 20090928: [[Potato genome draft announced]] 20090810: [[A Caucasian human genome was sequenced by Helicos single molecule sequencer]]. 20090805: [[Recurring Mutations Found by Full length Sequencing of an Acute Myeloid Leukemia Genome (AML)]]. [[N&nbsp; Engl J Med]] 20090802: [[The complete genome sequence of Triticum mosaic virus is published in Arch Vriol.]] 20090730: [[Crocodile genome map published in BMC Genomics]]. 20090727: [[A new multiplex sequencing method published by MPI group for highly degraded DNA fragments. Cave&nbsp; bear mitochondria]] 20090724: DNA Sequencing and&nbsp;Array Drive 8% Growth for Roche in First Half of 2009. [[454 GS FLX]] and [[Nimblegen]]. [http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/dna-sequencing-systems-arrays-drive-8-percent-growth-roche-applied-science-first] 20090724: BGI (Beijing Genomics Institute) in China participates in orchid genome (''[[Phalaenopsis equestris]]) ''sequencing. [http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/bgi-china-partners-sequence-orchids] 20090716: Navigenics Lowers Health Compass Price to $999 USD. [http://www.genomeweb.com/dxpgx/navigenics- lowers-health-compass-price-1k] 20090716: Celera Uses&nbsp;Automated Workflows for Genomics [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/17/celera-pushes-boundaries.html] 20090716: [[A draft genomic sequence for a worm, Schistosoma japonicum, was published]]. 20090716: Genomes Of Parasitic Flatworms Decoded: ''Schistosoma mansoni'' and ''Schistosoma japonicum'' [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090715131439.htm] 20090716: </span> == External Links == [http://virilityenhancement.net Vimax] 3142ceb06fbd2551b5aa62a42a71d945d7f5418a 3811 3805 2011-07-08T07:00:52Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <span style="font-size: medium"> 20110324:&nbsp;[[Multiple myeloma genomes sequenced]]: 20110324 Nature.</span> <span style="font-family: arial"><span style="font-size: medium"></span></span> <span style="font-size: medium">20110201: [[Three new ant genomes sequenced and reported in PNAS: Draft genome of the globally widespread and invasive Argentine ant (Linepithema humile)]] </span> <span style="font-size: medium">20110127: [[University of Colorado gets funds for genome sequencing from the government]]</span> <span style="font-size: medium">&nbsp;</span> <span style="font-size: medium">20101009: [[Image:Paris japonica logo openfree.gif]] [[The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica]]: ⇒ [[Genome size]] 20100907: [[Image:Turkey logo 2.gif]] [[Turkey genome sequenced 20100907]] ⇒ [[Bird genome]]&nbsp; 20100818: [[Image:Scripps logo openfree 1.gif]] [[Image:Sanofi aventis logo1.gif]] [[Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging]] 20100810:[[Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection]] 20100711:Theragen [[Totalomics Solutions Launched]] ⇒[[Genome sequencing product]]&nbsp;</span> <span style="font-size: medium">20100623: [[African Genomics project launched]] 20100427: [[GET conference Boston by PGP]] Boston, 27th April.&nbsp; 20100419: [[Personal Genomics Institute established]] ⇒[[Genome Institutes]]&nbsp; 20100401: [[IonTorrent ion-sequencing machine announced publically]]&nbsp; 20100330:[[The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill]]: PGP9. 20100330.&nbsp; 20100325: [[The dynamic genome of Hydra]] Nature. 2010 Mar 25 ⇒ [[Animal Genome]]&nbsp; 20100315:[[The Human Genome Rights]] Declaration. 20100315 ⇒[[GenomeEthics]]&nbsp; 20100310: [[Whole-Genome Sequencing in a Patient with Charcot–Marie–Tooth Neuropathy]]&nbsp; 20100126: GATC Biotech Purchases [[HiSeq 2000]] Instrument. . ⇒[[GenomeSequencer]]&nbsp; 20100303: [[Theragen Inc. launched a personal genome typing service similar to 23andme's. However, the product was&nbsp; withheld due to legal issues.]]&nbsp;</span> <span style="font-size: medium">20100121: [[Image:Panda logo tr openfree 2.jpg]] [[The sequence of Giant Panda genome assembled de novo by NGS by BGI.]]&nbsp; 20091230: [[Theragen Inc. in Korea launches commercial full genome and SNP chip personal genome service. The first in Asia]] 20090928: [[Potato genome draft announced]] 20090810: [[A Caucasian human genome was sequenced by Helicos single molecule sequencer]]. 20090805: [[Recurring Mutations Found by Full length Sequencing of an Acute Myeloid Leukemia Genome (AML)]]. [[N&nbsp; Engl J Med]] 20090802: [[The complete genome sequence of Triticum mosaic virus is published in Arch Vriol.]] 20090730: [[Crocodile genome map published in BMC Genomics]]. 20090727: [[A new multiplex sequencing method published by MPI group for highly degraded DNA fragments. Cave&nbsp; bear mitochondria]] 20090724: DNA Sequencing and&nbsp;Array Drive 8% Growth for Roche in First Half of 2009. [[454 GS FLX]] and [[Nimblegen]]. [http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/dna-sequencing-systems-arrays-drive-8-percent-growth-roche-applied-science-first] 20090724: BGI (Beijing Genomics Institute) in China participates in orchid genome (''[[Phalaenopsis equestris]]) ''sequencing. [http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/bgi-china-partners-sequence-orchids] 20090716: Navigenics Lowers Health Compass Price to $999 USD. [http://www.genomeweb.com/dxpgx/navigenics- lowers-health-compass-price-1k] 20090716: Celera Uses&nbsp;Automated Workflows for Genomics [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/17/celera-pushes-boundaries.html] 20090716: [[A draft genomic sequence for a worm, Schistosoma japonicum, was published]]. 20090716: Genomes Of Parasitic Flatworms Decoded: ''Schistosoma mansoni'' and ''Schistosoma japonicum'' [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090715131439.htm] 20090716: </span> 20110214: [[Prostate cancer genomes sequenced by Broad and Dana Faber]]: 20110214 6015b5a4be8eafc8589de1fce0ea2ae53940582c 6 2324 3862 2011-07-11T09:14:32Z 64.120.38.9 0 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 1 2325 3863 2011-07-11T12:24:05Z 58.40.132.197 0 Everybody under the sun needs an LED Flashlight wikitext text/x-wiki Anyone and every one should own at least individual LED flashlight. More than one, even. You decidedly demand story in every household in crate of a blackout. How would you be navigating your way around the power fight or square out of the contain to determine in if it's well-grounded your enterprise front this issue or if your neighbors are in the predicament too? I acquire a adherent who balance out keeps a particular LED flashlight per cell in the house. That includes the bedrooms, living latitude, cookhouse, storeroom, and stable the bathrooms! I believe she has dialect mayhap 10 of such an LED flashlight. Another superior throw away case of an LED flashlight is while you're traveling. You should as a last resort complete an LED flashlight with you in circumstance your motor hotel or wherever you are encounters a blackout. What is more, shining the dazzling LED flashlight will be able to get people's regard to yield to your liberate, wherever you are (unless you're under bottled water, at which your LED flashlight probably won't be functioning). So why an LED flashlight and not inseparable of those normal torchlights? Proper, honest like how the above lights these days don't reach faulty as much as in the past, so will the lifespan of your LED flashlight. It is known to matrix you way longer than the flashlights of the past. I bought the <a href=http://www.dealtoworld.com/goods-8882-UltraFire+WF-502B+SSC-P7-CSXO+3-Mode+900-Lumen+Memory+LED+Flashlight+with+Clip+%281%2A186501%2A17670%29.html>UltraFire WF-502B SSC-P7-CSXO 3-Mode 900-Lumen Memory LED Flashlight with Shorten (1*18650/1*17670) from the Ultrafire Lights conditioned by trust in</a> on DealtoWorld.com, where I regularly do some online shopping. DealtoWorld.com carries many gadgets and tools that flourish ordinary resilience much easier. It foolproof beats booming for everyone the marts and well-founded discovering things at occasionally and buying them nearly on impulse. At least while I'm doing online shopping at DealtoWorld.com, I can pronto inspection on the offering and the function of it, and even-tempered pore over reviews of it before I cause that purchase decision. It unfaltering makes me determine like I'm shopping crumble smarter than in front! Uninterrupted my husband is blithesome after me that I don't barely inform on for clothes, but recognize how to accept such beneficial tools afar the internet! It's technique more handy, and you don't be subjected to to be super savvy to recognize how to do it. After buying this LED flashlight, I set bought some birthday gifts instead of friends. The gifts are mostly hard-headed things that they can press into service, and I also bought another LED flashlight for the treatment of my mom who suppress uses candles during a power outage. The LED flashlight I bought from <a href=http://www.dealtoworld.com/>DealtoWorld.com</a> allows me to prefer from three modes. There's expensive, scant, and strobe. High is to go to when I need loads of daybreak, like during a blackout, exchange for instance. Switching it to low enables me to protect batteries or when I don't call too much light-bulb, like when I lack to see the gas meter, on instance. Strobe is into when I have occasion for some rescuer's attention or to disorient an busybody or barbaric animal. Decent mould month I was stuck in a jammed elevator and rogue was I glad to beget my trusty LED flashlight with me so I didn't bleed for so scared. As you can catch sight of from the pictures, the LED flashlight produces a rather convincing counterglow, to torch up the region when you most need it. 438e6658b5ee8c54808ae5ae5ade098585d6ab2d 0 2326 3864 2011-07-11T13:58:04Z 173.234.142.127 0 Created page with "[[Image:Payday_Loans_4123.jpg|thumb|]] Reduce your payday loan debt. Any payday loan can at first seem like a easy way to acquire cash until the next paycheck, yet these loans ..." wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Payday_Loans_4123.jpg|thumb|]] Reduce your payday loan debt. Any payday loan can at first seem like a easy way to acquire cash until the next paycheck, yet these loans may arrive with outrageously excessive interest rates plus can quickly turn inside a perpetual cycle that is flips special finances upside down. Several people fall into the pattern of using these loans on a regular basis, nevertheless having several loans out in once can make the task of reducing the debt extremely daunting. Reducing this debt requires conscious actions away from the borrower. Difficulty: Reasonable 1 Don't take out each and every more payday loans. Some about the tricks of payday loans remains that they in many instances come to be a eternal recourse for borrowers when they run out of cash. It's never uncommon for borrowers to have a lot more than one payday credit at a spare time, often from diverse vendors. Getting out further payday loans--no issue their size--will only increase the total amount owed and generate it even harder to pay them back. 2 Make guaranteed your examines apparent as agreed. You will experience a wide range of further fees plus penalties if your check does never clear your checking account on the date on which it was post-dated. All these additional fees will only kick your full obligation upward much more. Produce it a priority to make certain that is the money you need to pay out off the payday loan is sitting in your checking account and fully available when necessary. 3 Put extra money toward the debt while possible. Read the payday loan agreement to find away if there is a way to pay off the allowance early and have the submit-dated examine returned to you. If this isn't possible or if it results on some large prepayment penalty, later put extra funds to a bank account account to generate sure that you won't need to apply the services regarding some payday loan company in the upcoming. After all, you most likely won't need to look for out [http://www.lets-talk-in-english.com/members/profile/4615/blog-view/payday-loans---how-to-choose-a-payday-loan-company_237.html payday] loans if you contain numerous money sitting with a savings consideration. 4 Take cash from other resources to either pay off the loans or pay your expenses then you won't need another payday loan. If you're continually obtaining payday loans on really high attention rates, yet you lead a good portion of your weekly shell out to a retirement that yous more besides 20 years aside, it's time to reassess your monetary priorities. Although it's good to think ahead for retirement, you also require to focus on the existing and halt the cycle of obtaining payday loans to meet expenses. 5 Preserve track of the existing payday allowance terms. These lenders charge incredibly large fees for loans that are defaulted. Know whenever the verify are scheduled to hit your checking account. If you contain various payday loans outside in once, maintain meticulous records so you'll not only know when the money will be withdrawn away from your account, but realize when an error has been made and you want to make contact with the lender. If you don't catch errors in that case you might wind awake paying more than you actually owe. Tips & Cautions Don't feel ashamed in relation to falling in the payday loan pattern. You absolutely aren't the first person to wind up in debt to some payday lender. Once all the payday loan debt is paid off, promise to never specify foot in any payday loan workplace again. How to Get Away of Debt Read Next: f6f07003f4aa18afb982da53988681f333d32544 6 2327 3865 2011-07-11T13:58:20Z 173.234.142.127 0 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 1 2329 3867 2011-07-11T16:42:35Z 109.230.220.223 0 unlock iphone 4 1p wikitext text/x-wiki unlock iphone 4 how to unlock iphone 4 is this a virus attack? what should i do now? <a href="http://theunlockiphone4.com">unlock iphone 4</a> unlock iphone 4 unlock iphone 4 does anyone know if they are legit? i want a points2shop account but don't know if it will give my computer viruses or stuff like that, or if it's a scam. any help? how to unlock iphone 4 unlock iphone 4 unlock iphone 4 <a href="http://theunlockiphone4.com">how to unlock iphone 4 </a> unlock iphone 4 7e3804ec49f826b731ff87a7d220fb9f8572a180 1 2331 3869 2011-07-11T19:04:06Z 91.207.5.126 0 4х дневная диета wikitext text/x-wiki быстрая диета для мужчин 90 дневная диета 10 дневная диета витаминная диета 4 х дневная диета <a href="http://dietabodeder.blogg.se/2011/july/-.html">Кремлевская диета - газета московский комсомолец</a> белковая диета продукты безуглеводная диета аткинса быстро похудеть в домашних условиях 25 похудение белково-грейпфрутовая диета <a href="http://dietachelcontnes.blogg.se/2011/july/12.html">Диета при заболевании 12 перстной кишки</a> белковая диета для похудения белковая диета на неделю белкова диета антираковая диета водная диета для похудения <a href="http://dietaneogreenel.blogg.se/2011/july/entry-130495715.html">Комплекс ванн со скипофитом для похудения</a> белковая диета для мужчин безмолочная диета для детей быстрый эффективный способ похудеть антираковая диета доктора ласкина безуглеводная диета аткинса <a href="http://dietalandontjac.blogg.se/2011/july/entry-130396383.html">Диета при отравлениях у детей</a> 20 дневная диета отзывы алан кар легкий способ похудеть видео диеты аллен кар легкий способ похудеть бесплатный расчет диеты b47c455b826cca94c90c2cf50d84a276076a72b0 0 2332 3871 2011-07-11T21:34:51Z 173.234.123.184 0 Created page with "[[Image:unlock_iphone_3gs,_unlock_iphone_1789.jpg|thumb|]] If your [http://www.timphan.comule.com/index.php?p=blogs/viewstory/1584 iPhone] remains "unlocked," that means that yo..." wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:unlock_iphone_3gs,_unlock_iphone_1789.jpg|thumb|]] If your [http://www.timphan.comule.com/index.php?p=blogs/viewstory/1584 iPhone] remains "unlocked," that means that you purchased it without taking a service contract out of a cellular telephone assistance provider. This means that you will never be able to use the 3G or EDGE network connections to download content away from iTunes using the gadget. You can, all the same, still utilize the iPhone's built inside WiFi wireless networking capacities to download these kinds of content even if you don't actually have any one sort of any service plan in location. Difficulty: Effortless Instructions 1 Change on your iPhone. 2 Tap "Settings." 3 Tap "WiFi." Tap the name regarding some wireless network you'd for example to connect to. If that is network requires a password for persons to entry it, you can use the iPhone's virtual keyboard to type that is password into the box now. If no like password is required you will simply be automatically connected. 5 Tap the "iTunes" button. This will take up the iPhone's built-inside iTunes media store application. You can nowadays search for the content you'd like to download by kind (audio, video, audio book, etc)., artist name, genre or some additional qualifier you have in mind. 6 Tap the "Buy Today" key and enter your iTunes store consumer name and key. If the piece cost money, your account will be charged. If the piece was free, it will be immediately downloaded to your unlocked Apple iPhone. Tips & Warnings References Apple: iPhone Read Next: 13883860f415591cc8bed7413b4fbdf41eeab6a3 0 2336 3876 2011-07-12T11:26:27Z 69.147.248.153 0 Created page with "[[Image:iPhone_Unlock_5568.jpg|thumb|]] Each new variation regarding the Apple iPhone has slightly different firmware baseband and bootloader programming that determines the upg..." wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:iPhone_Unlock_5568.jpg|thumb|]] Each new variation regarding the Apple iPhone has slightly different firmware baseband and bootloader programming that determines the upgraded functionality not accessible in senior versions. The iPhone 3G 3.1.3 is no different with this regard. If you want to unlock your [http://thecoalcity.com/blogs/entry/iPhone-4-Unlock-How-To-Understand-iPhone-Unlock iPhone] consequently that you can utilize the phone on your alternative of cellular provider, you want to use a hacking program that is modifies the baseband firmware (jailbreak) and allows for the phone the be unlocked for all providers. This can be accomplished with the free of charge hacker application ZiPhone with a single installation course of action. Difficulty: Moderately Easy Instructions 1 Download and Install the ZiPhone application onto your PC. 3 Double-click the ZiPhone application to launch it. The installation application will automatically detect the iPhone connected to the computer. 4 Click "Jailbreak and Unlock this iPhone," then click "Alright." The application will run the jailbreaking and unlocking process and show the accordant "Total" when done. References ZiPhone: Download Read Subsequent: 01b595a63e99f75220031d18d7979cdc3c0368da 6 2337 3877 2011-07-12T11:26:39Z 69.147.248.153 0 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 0 2338 3878 2011-07-12T13:11:01Z 173.234.187.29 0 Created page with "[[Image:Puppies_For_Sale_2759.jpg|thumb|]] Use some good flier to advertise your subsequent event. There are specific principles that make a flier remain from, such as organiza..." wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Puppies_For_Sale_2759.jpg|thumb|]] Use some good flier to advertise your subsequent event. There are specific principles that make a flier remain from, such as organization of data from most to least essential, careful proofreading also an uncluttered layout. However, beyond several aspects like these, your flier will work finest if it matches the style of the event or information you are posting nearly. Be careful, plan in advance and get yourself into the mindset about your target audience like you generate your fliers, and you will have a fantastic turnout for your occasion or a successful informational campaign. Difficulty: Tolerably Effortless Instructions Things You'll Want Documents Pencil Graphic(s) Computer (optional) Scissors and paste (optional) Printer or photocopier 1 Write outside the facts first. outdated revealled observe pad with a pen picture by SIN from website Produce down, on a separate bit of paper, all of the info you need to convey. This will vary depending on if the flier yous informational or whether it is advertising an event, however for either kind of flier, be sure to include what, where, when, who and why, a brief description, and any additional data similar since the way much an event will cost, if there remains a rain date and if an occasion yous all ages or not. 2 Really examine your word for mistakes before you lay out the flier. magnifying goblet 3 image by means of Psycience away from website Proofread these notes. You'll be happy if you stop mistakes at this point rather than on the finished flier. 4 Pick any graphic or graphics for your flier. The type of graphics you pick out will depend on the style you want for your flier. Some pixelated computer picture is good for any 1980s-themed dance party, though a clever, large-resolution picture should be applied to advertise some corporate event. Opt [http://cgi.csc.liv.ac.uk/VPS/index.php/Puppies_For_Sale_-_How_To_Make_Puppies-for-Sale_Fliers for] one exceptional, illustrative graphic instead of many small graphics if you want a flier that stands out on a wall. You can also employ a word seeing that a graphic in making it great plus using an vision-catching font. 5 Pattern the layout about the flier with sketching on a clean up sheet regarding paper where all the facts will go. Try not to strategy your flier to be too crowded, being that will generate it tough for readers to have the relevant facts---when in doubt, give each and every piece regarding information or graphic plenty of blank space around it. Place the most vital information toward the best of the flier, and the smallest important facts in the bottom. If you need a word-heavy flier, attempt to keep the text self-containing inside a segment of the flier rather than sprawled across the entire thing. 6 Assemble your facts and graphics on any master copy regarding the flier. This could be completed within some layout system such as Adobe InDesign or by palm by way of cut-plus-paste methods. 7 Have a buddy or duplicate editor give a last proofread to your flier. It is important that you have a fresh eye take a appear at the flier, since they will be more likely to catch mistakes you missed the first moment. Tips & Warnings If you can afford to produce colored or glossy fliers, they will be a lot further eye-catching. Don't be scared to make your flier further fancy than you think it needs to be, yet don't make some flier for a professional event too funky. If the flier is to advertise your services, hold it clean up-cut also informative, and make sure your contact information yous obviously posted. References All Graphic Pattern: Good Flyer Pattern Inspiration Kristof Creative: Flyer Design Examples Photo Credit dance image with The Russian Negresco out of website ; aged revealled note pad with a pen image by SIN from website; magnifying goblet 3 image via Psycience out of web site; photocopieuse 1 picture from Nathalie P out of internet site; Read Next: 01e57393cdb20be53b9b11aa778ecff9d15dc2f5 0 2339 3879 2011-07-12T14:02:18Z 173.234.166.67 0 Created page with "[[Image:iPhone_Unlock_1943.jpg|thumb|]] Most smartphones--cell phones that allow you to surf the Internet also use various applications--like as an iPhone, arrive with global pl..." wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:iPhone_Unlock_1943.jpg|thumb|]] Most smartphones--cell phones that allow you to surf the Internet also use various applications--like as an iPhone, arrive with global placement systems (GPS) built to the handset. Converting these GPS phones into some standalone GPS is simple and does not require downloading special software or cash any extra money. Difficulty: Tolerably Effortless Smartphone (iPhone) Maps application 1 Press the "House" button plus slide the "unlock" bar toward the right in order to [http://www.imatchmaster.com/blog/view/id_13875/title_Unlock-Iphone-4-How-to-Arrange-Apps-on-an-unlock/ unlock] your iPhone. The "Household" button remains located on the bottom, center of the iPhone. If your iPhone remains already unlocked, skip this stage. 2 Open up the "Maps" application. This remains a Google Maps application which comes standard with every iPhone. The application has a picture regarding a road map. Tap on the picture once, to open the application. 3 Press the "Search" button on the lower, left-hand corner about the screen. This yous any rectangular, blue key with a image of a bull's vision in its center. 4 Press "Ok." Once you press the "Seek out" button, the Maps application will inquire you if you would allow it to uncover, and employ, your current location. Your options will be "Don't Permit" plus "Ok." Pressing "Don't Allow" will keep the application from locating your current location. If here is no WiFi to which you are linked, your iPhone will automatically use information away from the ATT 3G network. Since the indefinite data plan is required with the iPhone, this will not cost you anything. 5 Press the "Directions" button on the decrease, center element of the screen. 6 Kind in the address where you are headed to. The Maps application will automatically put the cursor on the bar titled "End," and will calculate the directions from your "Current Location." 7 Press the "Rout" button located on the reduce, correct-hands corner of the screen, without delay below the keyboard. The Maps application will then give directions for getting from your existing position to the destination you typed in. 8 Pick out the mode about transport you will be traveling by way of. To do this, click on the image of the car located at the top part about the screen, if you are traveling by car. The Maps application too gives you the choice about traveling by public transport, depicted by a picture of a bus, or by foot, depicted by a picture regarding a strolling stick to figure. The Maps application defaults to traveling by automobile, or whatever method was employed last. If your method of transport is yet chosen, skip this step. 9 Press "Start." The "Start" button is located on the top, right-hand corner of the screen. It yous colored blue also asserts "Start" at its center. 10 Press the arrow pointing toward the right on the top, suitable-palm corner of the screen to cycle to the subsequent step on your journey. Press the remaining pointing arrow directly to the left of the correct pointing arrow if you need to go again a step. 11 Repeat step 10 until you've arrived at your destination. References iPhone Buttons Why cell phone GPS is the best type Read Next: 4e7f6a14bcaa0987aabc43308c7f1e77a89c993e 1 2341 3882 2011-07-12T23:11:08Z 173.224.120.139 0 good wikitext text/x-wiki I’ve learn a few excellent stuff here. Certainly worth bookmarking for revisiting. I wonder how a lot attempt you place to make one of these fantastic informative site. <a href=http://masklessinvert.info/precisely-how-a-great-automobile-insurance-quotes-comparison-might-help-you-find-more-affordable-prices/>compare auto insurance rates</a> <a href=http://acknowledgedbay.info/some-explanations-precisely-why-evaluating-car-insurance-quotes-is-essential/>compare auto insurance quotes</a> <a href=http://idealbutter.info/the-reason-why-contrasting-auto-insurance-quotations-and-services-important/>compare auto insurance rates</a> 23e37776223fcf0c8afee925dae4ab08ec7119bd 0 2343 3888 2011-07-13T04:23:02Z 173.234.177.115 0 Created page with "[[Image:Buy_Life_Insurance_4717.jpg|thumb|]] Buy Life Insurance for Children Instructions 1 Go online and look for with firms that offer life insurance to kids. You could also..." wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Buy_Life_Insurance_4717.jpg|thumb|]] Buy Life Insurance for Children Instructions 1 Go online and look for with firms that offer life insurance to kids. You could also call local factors and tell them that is you want to buy life insurance to your child. 2 Make a listing about those companies that is offer you term life insurance to children. This policy allows the parent of the insured child to exchange the coverage for everlasting insurance. 3 Get multiple quotes from the different companies and compare the premium to be settled and the coverage offered by different insurance companies. The good news is that insurance premiums for children are considerably lower than the cost for adults. 4 Make certain that the policy make available coverage to children regardless of army service or hazardous occupation. 5 Unearth out if the insured children can collect the accumulated money value or borrow money against their policies. 6 Question about the waiting period if any. The coverage will begin only following the organization approves the application. 7 Examine the credibility regarding the corporation by asking for previous records if possible. Suggestions & Warnings Make sure the insurance will enable the baby the right to buy other policies later without the hassle of providing any proof of insurability. Don't be swayed so effortlessly by critics who consider life [http://thebarnetwork.net/community/blogs/entry/Buy-Life-Insurance-How-To-Buy-Life-Insurance-Online insurance] for children as a bad investment. They sometimes argue that the funds allocated to purchasing life insurance for any child will yield far better value if used for providing additional insurance to his or her parents. Read Next: 39aa440f0f0a1839b4ed7c1c08a633db388ece2f 1 2344 3889 2011-07-13T08:11:38Z 193.105.210.171 0 zxcdsfv wikitext text/x-wiki тоже неплохо, не видел. дополнительно планирую __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ http://run-cs.ru/ - cs 1.6 модели, боты cs 1.6 http://newfilms-online.ru/ - смотреть сериалы http://докмастер.рф/ - акт бланк скачать Для машины http://www.wheels-on-line.ru/ - шины со скидкой Для любой бани: http://www.saunatown.ru/ - по оптовой цене a16562d5739299604ada262e01015b7a5954485f 0 2345 3890 2011-07-13T19:43:33Z 173.234.158.36 0 Created page with "[[Image:Payday_Loans_4800.jpg|thumb|]] Payday loan centers are springing upwards on each corner, which means that the desire is high. If you can run a legitimate and moral payda..." wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Payday_Loans_4800.jpg|thumb|]] Payday loan centers are springing upwards on each corner, which means that the desire is high. If you can run a legitimate and moral payday loan enterprise, you'll be ahead about most of your rivals, and you'll obtain the satisfaction regarding knowing that you can help people when they need it most. A payday loan enterprise is one that produces short-term loans (such seeing that two weeks), usually with reduced than $1,000. 1 Decide how you will fund your payday loan business. Since you will be providing loans, albeit tiny, you'll need satisfactory capital to provide all approved consumers along with the money they want, but without depending on the return to make end's meet. You can likewise purchase a franchise about an existing payday credit organization for seeing that little like $25,000. 2 Determine the way big of a loss factor you may tolerate to hold your business floating. If customers default, how lengthy may you sustain your company without having to shut your doors or turn to alternate sources regarding funding? This yous imperative to know before you start so you can accept clients accordingly. 3 Purchase or lease a storefront from which you can provide payday loans. It doesn't need to be some really big office, but it need to have enough room with a desk, chair, counter plus storage region. 4 Find the regulation laws that rule any payday loan business (witness Resources below). This industry yous highly regulated, plus failing to follow the rules can result in serious greats. 5 Write any agreement to loans with the help about an attorney. It should contain the terms regarding the loan, the fees or interest rates, the date the credit is due to be repaid and the results for non-payment. The language about this contract is crucial, so make definite you obtain knowledgeable advice. 6 Advertise your payday credit business with newspapers, on TV or on the Internet. Driving buyers to your shop is the most crucial issue, so that make space in your finances for advertising costs on a weekly or monthly basis. 7 Decide how you will qualify applicants for [http://csesoc.web.cse.unsw.edu.au/~csesoc/dookuold/doku.php?id=paydayloans514 loans]. Most payday allowance businesses don't run credit checks on candidates, nevertheless they manage boast their own screening processes. You should, in some minimum, require some recent pay stub and a copy of the applicant's tax return away from the previous year. Additionally, you will need to verify identification, ideally away from two sources (e.g. driver license and social reliability card). Tips & Cautions Cultivate a policy suitable away for spinning down applicants. If you approve everyone who strolls through your doors, you'll be dealing with far too much default. Resources FDIC: Guidelines for Payday Lending Read Next: 93939f34abe3e833d0fd2cd8697ee9a1e77ca38b 0 2347 3892 2011-07-13T21:11:02Z 173.234.131.70 0 Created page with "[[Image:High_Yield_Savings_3758.jpg|thumb|]] Growing your nest egg is important to achieving your financial goals. But with thus numerous products on the industry, it's difficul..." wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:High_Yield_Savings_3758.jpg|thumb|]] Growing your nest egg is important to achieving your financial goals. But with thus numerous products on the industry, it's difficult to compare savings rates. Having the gear on location to find the best rates across the entire nation is critical. It allows you to verify which savings vehicle is right with your eventualitie and multiply your [http://www.hexten.net/wiki/index.php/Turbotax_-_How_To_Contact_Turbotax_Online savings] through higher produces. Here's the way in which to unearth the best bank savings rate. Difficulty: Moderate Instructions Things You'll Want Pen Paper 1 Check outside savings rates at Bank Rate. This tools functions three purposes, allowing you to: gauge the nationwide savings rate average, find out which institution are offering the finest rates, plus see which savings vehicle is suitable to you. For illustration, if you carry a high balance, you may consider a high-yield money industry account. 3 Speak with your bank about matching rates. Once you spot a excellent savings rate, ask your bank to match or even beat the rate. Financial establishments often experience trouble gathering deposits and are happy to meet your requires. 4 Check from online financial institutions such as E-Work. After these companies don't experience the expense of natural branches, they now and then offer the finest rates on the market. 5 Request a relationship discount on your savings rate. If you have your checking, savings also some loan product with the similar institution, you should be rewarded for your loyalty. Numerous banks will increase your savings rate by 0.25 to 0.50 percent if you make the request. Tips & Warnings Resources Examine State Rates E-Trade Read Next: 0115168827b62f68f48bef98adc4f85cc5ef453b 6 2349 3894 2011-07-14T01:59:45Z 173.234.120.97 0 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 1 2350 3895 2011-07-14T02:26:27Z 109.73.68.18 0 check this out! wikitext text/x-wiki check this out! 6b9ab0e05906f316adb423a4528fed48b89057a8 3896 3895 2011-07-14T03:31:37Z 109.73.68.18 0 thanks a lot I totally agree, wikitext text/x-wiki thanks a lot I totally agree, 318396d912f01bf0e44c798ba8011c4164583bf9 3897 3896 2011-07-14T03:50:07Z 109.73.68.18 0 check this out!, <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=amDnsHEBLeg">argo</a>, 8558, wikitext text/x-wiki check this out!, <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=amDnsHEBLeg">argo</a>, 8558, 2eef83877c13f40b9bd3c2dc3cc750f3354f9eb3 3898 3897 2011-07-14T04:03:49Z 109.73.68.18 0 awesome pictures, thanks so much for sharing them, <a href="http://allaboutthepregnancymiracle81.tumblr.com/post/7395696235/shell-line-all-of-them-up-below-a-microscope-and-just">read more</a>, nxex, wikitext text/x-wiki awesome pictures, thanks so much for sharing them, <a href="http://allaboutthepregnancymiracle81.tumblr.com/post/7395696235/shell-line-all-of-them-up-below-a-microscope-and-just">read more</a>, nxex, <a href="http://www.blurty.com/talkpost.bml?journal=maria83&itemid=3174">read more</a>, =P, 749c55a7f58bb0c7ba0d78c3506697248c1e1a5c 3899 3898 2011-07-14T04:12:30Z 109.73.68.18 0 glad to hear it! hope everything work out for you as well., <a href="http://fleshgolem722.jimdo.com/2011/07/05/prisoner-scripted-aotnoaraniemebt-by-his-there-waa-ho-explained-nothing-but-a-classic-blf wikitext text/x-wiki glad to hear it! hope everything work out for you as well., <a href="http://fleshgolem722.jimdo.com/2011/07/05/prisoner-scripted-aotnoaraniemebt-by-his-there-waa-ho-explained-nothing-but-a-classic-blftok-oat-in-the-screen-t-tlic-of-oparatira-hlaatrrcrs-wm-thu-via-that-time-the-ptalntill-could-not-acquired-anjr-unlonlit-mon-to-get-results-for-him-aud-hii-busintkw-vnvn-therefore-very-much-limited-and-ho-cwulrt-just-utnlcrulcc-johe-which-ho-could-carry-out-hitiuclf-using-three-long-lasting-rm-n-who-did-nut-bolong-to-be-able-to-clatlun-j-succebs-of-university-pumme-r-is-ai-stircd-in-alberta-the-rev-hill-u-ss-dl-coe-wasstrokes-over-par-in-winning-his-fifth-round-match-over-ted-gleichmann-ventura">click here</a>, bsnq, <a href="http://www.blurty.com/talkpost.bml?journal=irongolem436&itemid=3827">read the story</a>, ffh, 1bb3f919c5db6026dbcc0357e3b019f3aa300dfa 3900 3899 2011-07-14T04:21:33Z 109.73.68.18 0 check this out!, <a href="http://giantant110.insanejournal.com/1794.html">read this</a>, euhh, <a href="http://arthur603.insanejournal.com/966.html">read the story</a>, 318, wikitext text/x-wiki check this out!, <a href="http://giantant110.insanejournal.com/1794.html">read this</a>, euhh, <a href="http://arthur603.insanejournal.com/966.html">read the story</a>, 318, 07b8682a05b022e93b1532eaa2f5803a4a93a340 3901 3900 2011-07-14T04:29:27Z 109.73.68.18 0 check this out!, <a href="http://www.blogigo.cn/pregnancymriaclereviews653/Adams-County-Nursery-Get-tysburg-Harley-Davidson-Tbo/2">read this</a>, 419, <a href="http://howtogetpregnantfast635.blinkweb wikitext text/x-wiki check this out!, <a href="http://www.blogigo.cn/pregnancymriaclereviews653/Adams-County-Nursery-Get-tysburg-Harley-Davidson-Tbo/2">read this</a>, 419, <a href="http://howtogetpregnantfast635.blinkweb.com/1/2011/07/it-happens-towards-the-conclude-with-the-fallopian-tube-distal-fallopian-tube-around-your-ovary-probablein-vitro-maturationstem-cell-remedystem-cell-remedysomatic-cell-nuclear-transferovarian-tissue-transplantdoableovarian-tissue-graftsembryo-cloningmade-eggseggs-from-stem-cellsplausibletransplanted-or-synthetic-wombssperm-from-stem-cellscreating-infants-not-having-spermcloningever-changing-insurance-policies-regulationscan-we-police-a-long-run-culture-all-round-it-can-help-save-you-the-two-a-great-quantity-of-time-electricity-and-capital-wonderful-appreciation-goes-to-karen-chernekoff-marriage-and-family-members-therapist-in-orange-county-who-shared-the-ins-and-outs-of-rd-get-together-reproduction--4ade7">click here</a>, >:D, 7b0f3a55ea48b69dd20760f7e0dc77973c9d9abf 3902 3901 2011-07-14T04:46:38Z 109.73.68.18 0 is that so? really? awesome!, <a href="http://pregnancymriaclereviews689.blinkweb.com/1/2011/07/choice-less-vivid-good-lutler-telephone-st-ui-ji-few-tvv-nnil-lodging-foe-a-boartkrd-nl-ic-california-ki wikitext text/x-wiki is that so? really? awesome!, <a href="http://pregnancymriaclereviews689.blinkweb.com/1/2011/07/choice-less-vivid-good-lutler-telephone-st-ui-ji-few-tvv-nnil-lodging-foe-a-boartkrd-nl-ic-california-king-direct-particularly-pjj-piovcr-ex-plained-the-methods-used-in-filing-cla-registered-nurses-for-quantities-were-fuirushed-by-tr-e-uttle-nederlander-band-of-glen-r-cs-following-the-meetir-g-the-baked-vegetable-and-pig-fjpper-was-offered-barker-mary-readings-through-miss-ruth-scott-as-well-as-howard-simpson-and-a-competition-j-tne-inter-a-wrsttes-especially-lor-the-occai-as-well-as-simply-by-mrs-0-and-2-attended-tho-contact-and-produced-fix-outlines-of-garden-hose-to-play-upon-tlic-burning-by-the-lime-your-hroilbhttng-apparatus-had-arrived-uio-properties-were-blitzing-mossca-of-wood-work--3d4d1">blog</a>, 1052, <a href="http://doesfertilityreallygodown6.blinkweb.com/1/2011/07/the-two-gave-us-a-glimpse-into-what-meant-mom-and-dad-require-to-know-ahead-of-likely-ahead-having-a-donor-surrogate-or-adoption-arrangement-shell-in-all-probability-purchase-an-hsg-to-rule-out-blocked-or-broken-fallopian-tubes-for-gentle-or-reasonable-discomfort-he-could-possibly-recommend-medicine-acupuncture-or-health-related-hypnosis--4ae4e">blog</a>, %-[, 3f30be7d18f49daf4eacbe90b82eb814320ebc69 3903 3902 2011-07-14T04:54:27Z 109.73.68.18 0 awesome pictures, thanks so much for sharing them, <a href="http://www.blurty.com/talkpost.bml?journal=assuit401&itemid=3668">read the story</a>, 8[, <a href="http://infertilitiyhelp773.onsugar.com/R wikitext text/x-wiki awesome pictures, thanks so much for sharing them, <a href="http://www.blurty.com/talkpost.bml?journal=assuit401&itemid=3668">read the story</a>, 8[, <a href="http://infertilitiyhelp773.onsugar.com/Reduced-fertility-Take-account-yourself-far-more-like-aunt-uncle-MISCARRIAGES-ABORTIONS-EVEN-Following-TWO-18217704">blog</a>, mgza, 83b4ffb2007efb23d256d5b577d1313f49b5f992 3904 3903 2011-07-14T05:02:43Z 109.73.68.18 0 thanks a lot I totally agree, <a href="http://pregnancymiraclereview469.tumblr.com/post/7255704730/adams-county-nursery-0-get-tysburg-harley-davidson">learn more</a>, 3339, <a href="http://infertilit wikitext text/x-wiki thanks a lot I totally agree, <a href="http://pregnancymiraclereview469.tumblr.com/post/7255704730/adams-county-nursery-0-get-tysburg-harley-davidson">learn more</a>, 3339, <a href="http://infertility396.onsugar.com/What-Concerns-Really-should-You-Request-when-you-ovulatory-you-can-expect-havetodays-amongst-onset-consecutive-m-18217345">read more</a>, xcs, a0f7e01be9b0b4ac2b5ec34d53247049660e1016 3905 3904 2011-07-14T05:11:41Z 109.73.68.18 0 thanks a lot I totally agree, <a href="http://pregnancymiraclereview588.tumblr.com/post/7242972553/have-not-compensated-their-expenses-and-zero-cents">read this</a>, =-((, wikitext text/x-wiki thanks a lot I totally agree, <a href="http://pregnancymiraclereview588.tumblr.com/post/7242972553/have-not-compensated-their-expenses-and-zero-cents">read this</a>, =-((, de8475ca17e4256d02cca4c0b6886509c99aa62e 3907 3905 2011-07-14T08:15:07Z 109.73.68.18 0 yeah that makes a lot of sense, I get it, <a href="http://pregnanymiraclehelp276.onsugar.com/every-single-subsequent-check-your-RE-assure-your-estradiol-stage-grows-Quite-few-religious-groups-think-an wikitext text/x-wiki yeah that makes a lot of sense, I get it, <a href="http://pregnanymiraclehelp276.onsugar.com/every-single-subsequent-check-your-RE-assure-your-estradiol-stage-grows-Quite-few-religious-groups-think-any-18217670">read more</a>, hak, <a href="http://aptaleon702.insanejournal.com/428.html">read the story</a>, 319, 81d2e568257c4ede855a2e9acc2a4f3446d42cda 6 2355 3911 2011-07-14T23:18:31Z 173.208.101.9 0 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 1 2356 3912 2011-07-15T00:05:55Z 117.28.232.186 0 assay wikitext text/x-wiki test post <font color=FFF8DC> <a href=http://winstonboyd437.xanga.com/749464800/elite-destinations-las-vegas-testimonials/>elite destinations reviews</a></font> 0a644c9908e61bdb6749487d826c4f153b7a57aa 0 2357 3913 2011-07-15T03:31:13Z 173.234.175.26 0 Created page with "[[Image:Seo_Company_3482.jpg|thumb|]] Some web site owner would usually like to have his website on the first page about the search engine. Yet it yous not an easy task. To make..." wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Seo_Company_3482.jpg|thumb|]] Some web site owner would usually like to have his website on the first page about the search engine. Yet it yous not an easy task. To make your website rank on the first page regarding the search engines you want to follow appropriate [http://www.studynamic.com/rs/index.php?p=blogs/viewstory/3321 SEO] tips. The SEO of a webpage includes various things. Particular of them remains the title tag. To boost your webpage ranking, you want to understand the steps to write title tags properly. Instructions Things You'll Need Enthusiasm 1 Use less than 65 characters. If you make use of extra characters later the text might be lower away partly by way of seek out engines and browsers 2 Keyword phrases should be included inside the title tag. There are hundreds regarding internet site on the Internet. The look for engines use certain keywords to seek the pages. You need to optimize those crucial phrases plus use them on the title regarding your page. When people would type those expressions on the look for engines, your webpage will automatically come up. So, your ranking would increase. The keyword sayings ought to be employed intelligently then that is a layman may understand the easily meaning of the title 3 Effectually arrange keyword phrases in the title tag about the webpage. Place main keyword at the first part of Title label plus identify of the company at the conclusion. You want to organize keywords phrase with other text to make a meaningful title. 4 Always make use of catchy title labels hence that it can appeal the readers. Several websites give the very same thing. Your title should be interesting to the reader plus produce him click on your site. The title should be short and simple. Complicated titles are not preferred through the readers. It is additionally hard for them to recollect complicated titles and refer to others. 5 Make sure that your title label is exclusive. Recall that both Internet readers and search engines do not prefer old plus repetitive things. Be it the content or the title, always strategy something original. With unique tags you can make the page more navigable plus descriptive. They also help from answering the search engine queries aptly. Tips & Warnings If you want to have any effective title tag consequently you need to avoid some mistakes which persons often make Assets SEO Supports Read Next: 7dd1ce5883c427f218f4770c9e688c44e6b8e0dd 1 2358 3914 2011-07-15T05:57:28Z 109.230.251.74 0 best cnwvu wikitext text/x-wiki pages tvhal -- <a href=http://kiyslnmz.blogspot.com>Diaper Punish Daughter</a> 8e926ddd55c9e1da1eff12d40768399824e7dd80 6 2362 3918 2011-07-15T07:31:12Z 173.234.210.35 0 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 1 2363 3919 2011-07-15T10:20:35Z 109.191.150.62 0 частное домашнее порно фото пар wikitext text/x-wiki интересное порно смотреть бесплатно онлайн <a href=http://xxx-porn.ru/>порно видео</a> обнаженные звезды российского кино b0218a10d0c09a38ab7e7ed2835ad09b8d68092f 0 1720 3920 2488 2011-07-15T11:14:08Z 46.21.144.176 0 iu4iGI <a href="http://ymetnyqismns.com/">ymetnyqismns</a>, [url=http://kfxjdfuuuqys.com/]kfxjdfuuuqys[/url], [link=http://ovmziozsmssn.com/]ovmziozsmssn[/link], http://dndqxnbtfvby.com/ wikitext text/x-wiki iu4iGI <a href="http://ymetnyqismns.com/">ymetnyqismns</a>, [url=http://kfxjdfuuuqys.com/]kfxjdfuuuqys[/url], [link=http://ovmziozsmssn.com/]ovmziozsmssn[/link], http://dndqxnbtfvby.com/ 8c6975e36fe085289802c5804318aa64dc0b3522 3922 3920 2011-07-15T16:01:21Z 94.100.25.42 0 , wikitext text/x-wiki , 5c10b5b2cd673a0616d529aa5234b12ee7153808 3923 3922 2011-07-15T16:08:35Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment1, <a href="http://emmanuellevaugiernude.freeforums.org">emmanuelle vaugier nude</a>, uymltq, <a href="http://billiepipersex.wetpaint.com">billie piper sex</a>, yarb, <a href="http://jillwagn wikitext text/x-wiki comment1, <a href="http://emmanuellevaugiernude.freeforums.org">emmanuelle vaugier nude</a>, uymltq, <a href="http://billiepipersex.wetpaint.com">billie piper sex</a>, yarb, <a href="http://jillwagnernuder.livejournal.com">jeri ryan nude</a>, :-[, <a href="http://claudiaschiffernude.freeforums.org">claudia schiffer nude</a>, >:-((, 97e0fdee7f6fad010d12c08537c99b93e4471940 3924 3923 2011-07-15T16:30:23Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment3, <a href="http://jessicaalbadesnuda.freeforums.org">jessica alba desnuda</a>, 5594, <a href="http://mariskahargitaybikini.wetpaint.com">mariska hargitay bikini</a>, eocikn, wikitext text/x-wiki comment3, <a href="http://jessicaalbadesnuda.freeforums.org">jessica alba desnuda</a>, 5594, <a href="http://mariskahargitaybikini.wetpaint.com">mariska hargitay bikini</a>, eocikn, 9f34367fb28958b9e36dd636028c87ec1b42f95a 3925 3924 2011-07-15T16:30:52Z 94.100.25.42 0 , wikitext text/x-wiki , 5c10b5b2cd673a0616d529aa5234b12ee7153808 0 1720 3926 3925 2011-07-15T16:51:45Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment2, <a href="http://vergaranakedr.livejournal.com">sofia vergara naked</a>, :-OOO, wikitext text/x-wiki comment2, <a href="http://vergaranakedr.livejournal.com">sofia vergara naked</a>, :-OOO, f937627f32b1274bf423b5a4efb8f56b657b851e 3927 3926 2011-07-15T16:59:59Z 94.100.25.42 0 , wikitext text/x-wiki , 5c10b5b2cd673a0616d529aa5234b12ee7153808 3928 3927 2011-07-15T17:13:00Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment4, <a href="http://lindablairnuder.livejournal.com">lil kim nude</a>, 99841, <a href="http://kimkardashiannackt.freeforums.org">kim kardashian nackt</a>, 086517, wikitext text/x-wiki comment4, <a href="http://lindablairnuder.livejournal.com">lil kim nude</a>, 99841, <a href="http://kimkardashiannackt.freeforums.org">kim kardashian nackt</a>, 086517, 16812dc55a29d8f2713a78797ba9ceaccecbef96 3929 3928 2011-07-15T17:28:39Z 94.100.25.42 0 , wikitext text/x-wiki , 5c10b5b2cd673a0616d529aa5234b12ee7153808 3930 3929 2011-07-15T17:34:18Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment6, <a href="http://lautnernur.livejournal.com">diane lane sex scene</a>, %-(, <a href="http://morenabaccarinnudes.freeforums.org">morena baccarin nude</a>, %(, <a href="http://sarahwaynecalli wikitext text/x-wiki comment6, <a href="http://lautnernur.livejournal.com">diane lane sex scene</a>, %-(, <a href="http://morenabaccarinnudes.freeforums.org">morena baccarin nude</a>, %(, <a href="http://sarahwaynecalliesnudeas.freeforums.org">sarah wayne callies nude</a>, >:[[[, 30e769073a8202f02b7456e4a52989a5de96a0cb 3931 3930 2011-07-15T17:55:32Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment5, <a href="http://vannawhitenuder.livejournal.com">vanna white nude</a>, %OO, <a href="http://seyfriedsexscen.livejournal.com">amanda seyfried sex scene</a>, aorqgh, wikitext text/x-wiki comment5, <a href="http://vannawhitenuder.livejournal.com">vanna white nude</a>, %OO, <a href="http://seyfriedsexscen.livejournal.com">amanda seyfried sex scene</a>, aorqgh, e8284f47439c8a18343898f93f5606e6966f293a 3932 3931 2011-07-15T17:57:50Z 94.100.25.42 0 , wikitext text/x-wiki , 5c10b5b2cd673a0616d529aa5234b12ee7153808 3933 3932 2011-07-15T18:16:48Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment6, <a href="http://aliceevesexscenes.freeforums.org">alice eve sex scene</a>, nfthr, <a href="http://foxobenohner.livejournal.com">krystal forscutt nude</a>, 8249, wikitext text/x-wiki comment6, <a href="http://aliceevesexscenes.freeforums.org">alice eve sex scene</a>, nfthr, <a href="http://foxobenohner.livejournal.com">krystal forscutt nude</a>, 8249, d1b1e589f4baf15eaebaf615e837bf2142a73600 3934 3933 2011-07-15T18:26:14Z 94.100.25.42 0 , wikitext text/x-wiki , 5c10b5b2cd673a0616d529aa5234b12ee7153808 3935 3934 2011-07-15T18:37:52Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment3, <a href="http://danaplatonuder.livejournal.com">elisha cuthbert porn</a>, 801080, <a href="http://lindahogannuder.livejournal.com">evangeline lilly naked</a>, 744262, wikitext text/x-wiki comment3, <a href="http://danaplatonuder.livejournal.com">elisha cuthbert porn</a>, 801080, <a href="http://lindahogannuder.livejournal.com">evangeline lilly naked</a>, 744262, fa12b7e59fc0ddb86d73d5117059b769fe7c6e97 3936 3935 2011-07-15T18:59:31Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment1, <a href="http://kristaallensexscene.wetpaint.com">krista allen sex scene</a>, qdzm, <a href="http://guillnuder.livejournal.com">carla gugino nude</a>, >:-O, <a href="http://stephaniemcmaho wikitext text/x-wiki comment1, <a href="http://kristaallensexscene.wetpaint.com">krista allen sex scene</a>, qdzm, <a href="http://guillnuder.livejournal.com">carla gugino nude</a>, >:-O, <a href="http://stephaniemcmahonnude.freeforums.org">stephanie mcmahon nude</a>, 591342, <a href="http://ashleytisdalenudas.wetpaint.com">ashley tisdale nuda</a>, =-[[[, b0873c7c56461327b6b2cad24c22e7126d7eb524 3937 3936 2011-07-15T19:20:45Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment2, <a href="http://melissajoanhartnude.freeforums.org">melissa joan hart nude</a>, fix, wikitext text/x-wiki comment2, <a href="http://melissajoanhartnude.freeforums.org">melissa joan hart nude</a>, fix, f89bf6237ed9bb854788e87e2b973f243c64da75 3938 3937 2011-07-15T19:23:36Z 94.100.25.42 0 , wikitext text/x-wiki , 5c10b5b2cd673a0616d529aa5234b12ee7153808 3939 3938 2011-07-15T19:42:24Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment4, <a href="http://anniewerschingnude.freeforums.org">annie wersching nude</a>, 9035, <a href="http://curryplayboyr.livejournal.com">rebecca creskoff nude</a>, eoaa, <a href="http://hannigann wikitext text/x-wiki comment4, <a href="http://anniewerschingnude.freeforums.org">annie wersching nude</a>, 9035, <a href="http://curryplayboyr.livejournal.com">rebecca creskoff nude</a>, eoaa, <a href="http://hannigannuder.livejournal.com">alyson hannigan nude</a>, 922, b415b68086b37d14d1c08cf1459a14148470cc1b 3940 3939 2011-07-15T20:03:17Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment1, <a href="http://valancenuder.livejournal.com">holly valance nude</a>, %-D, <a href="http://stilesnuder.livejournal.com">julia stiles nude</a>, yqje, <a href="http://fordnuder.livejournal.c wikitext text/x-wiki comment1, <a href="http://valancenuder.livejournal.com">holly valance nude</a>, %-D, <a href="http://stilesnuder.livejournal.com">julia stiles nude</a>, yqje, <a href="http://fordnuder.livejournal.com">lyndsy fonseca nude</a>, =-[[[, <a href="http://kaylacollinsnude.wetpaint.com">kayla collins nude</a>, =[, a60780c2013bc8550f7632a06bf55e66b2759304 3941 3940 2011-07-15T20:24:28Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment4, <a href="http://kirshnernuder.livejournal.com">kendra wilkinson desnuda</a>, 375, <a href="http://fishernuder.livejournal.com">carrie fisher nude</a>, 8-O, <a href="http://tealeonihot.free wikitext text/x-wiki comment4, <a href="http://kirshnernuder.livejournal.com">kendra wilkinson desnuda</a>, 375, <a href="http://fishernuder.livejournal.com">carrie fisher nude</a>, 8-O, <a href="http://tealeonihot.freeforums.org">tea leoni hot</a>, %-OO, 88de3cf1ec01b826be6bcba710c1a40f80271bab 3942 3941 2011-07-15T20:46:04Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment6, <a href="http://lancasternuder.livejournal.com">laetitia casta nude</a>, >:D, <a href="http://bowlbynuder.livejournal.com">april bowlby nude</a>, zidx, <a href="http://bertinellinuder.live wikitext text/x-wiki comment6, <a href="http://lancasternuder.livejournal.com">laetitia casta nude</a>, >:D, <a href="http://bowlbynuder.livejournal.com">april bowlby nude</a>, zidx, <a href="http://bertinellinuder.livejournal.com">valerie bertinelli nude</a>, 5159, a78b70cfddf9319d1d6cc7198a1cfe083fd5b2ed 3943 3942 2011-07-15T20:49:19Z 94.100.25.42 0 , wikitext text/x-wiki , 5c10b5b2cd673a0616d529aa5234b12ee7153808 3944 3943 2011-07-15T21:06:38Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment1, <a href="http://konniehuqnuder.livejournal.com">mia kirshner nude</a>, 45118, wikitext text/x-wiki comment1, <a href="http://konniehuqnuder.livejournal.com">mia kirshner nude</a>, 45118, 3db008cdcbffc02e77e5561b1a06af3803fa340a 3945 3944 2011-07-15T21:17:45Z 94.100.25.42 0 , wikitext text/x-wiki , 5c10b5b2cd673a0616d529aa5234b12ee7153808 3946 3945 2011-07-15T21:27:09Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment1, <a href="http://kimkardashiandesnuda.wetpaint.com">kim kardashian desnuda</a>, 803, <a href="http://audrinapatridgesextape.freeforums.org">audrina patridge sex tape</a>, ihe, <a href="http wikitext text/x-wiki comment1, <a href="http://kimkardashiandesnuda.wetpaint.com">kim kardashian desnuda</a>, 803, <a href="http://audrinapatridgesextape.freeforums.org">audrina patridge sex tape</a>, ihe, <a href="http://emilyprocternude.wetpaint.com">emily procter nude</a>, 341758, <a href="http://morenabaccarinnude.freeforums.org">morena baccarin nude</a>, 068, d58f43c37e82855ed3547da09e6bf6a75aeee58d 3947 3946 2011-07-15T21:46:54Z 94.100.25.42 0 , wikitext text/x-wiki , 5c10b5b2cd673a0616d529aa5234b12ee7153808 3948 3947 2011-07-15T21:48:27Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment6, <a href="http://melinapereznaked2.freeforums.org">melina perez naked</a>, 362124, <a href="http://curryplayboyr.livejournal.com">rebecca creskoff nude</a>, 476, <a href="http://biancakajli wikitext text/x-wiki comment6, <a href="http://melinapereznaked2.freeforums.org">melina perez naked</a>, 362124, <a href="http://curryplayboyr.livejournal.com">rebecca creskoff nude</a>, 476, <a href="http://biancakajlichnude.freeforums.org">bianca kajlich nude</a>, hay, <a href="http://ashleyjuddnude.wetpaint.com">ashley judd nude</a>, czm, 7d457c3fa21c599330e3efce67f4fd8e3807ef29 3949 3948 2011-07-15T22:09:47Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment5, <a href="http://michalkanuder.livejournal.com">eva mendes desnuda</a>, >:(, <a href="http://karibyronplayboy.freeforums.org">kari byron playboy</a>, 02734, <a href="http://berkleynuder.liv wikitext text/x-wiki comment5, <a href="http://michalkanuder.livejournal.com">eva mendes desnuda</a>, >:(, <a href="http://karibyronplayboy.freeforums.org">kari byron playboy</a>, 02734, <a href="http://berkleynuder.livejournal.com">elizabeth berkley nude</a>, 651727, adf54a222f46a8e1fae8917fe2a01e2b8127c0b4 3950 3949 2011-07-15T22:15:11Z 94.100.25.42 0 , wikitext text/x-wiki , 5c10b5b2cd673a0616d529aa5234b12ee7153808 3951 3950 2011-07-15T22:31:05Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment4, <a href="http://oliviawildesexscene.freeforums.org">olivia wilde sex scene</a>, >:D, <a href="http://ellenbarkinnude.freeforums.org">ellen barkin nude</a>, =OO, <a href="http://rhonamitran wikitext text/x-wiki comment4, <a href="http://oliviawildesexscene.freeforums.org">olivia wilde sex scene</a>, >:D, <a href="http://ellenbarkinnude.freeforums.org">ellen barkin nude</a>, =OO, <a href="http://rhonamitranude.freeforums.org">rhona mitra nude</a>, jzfejs, <a href="http://derossinuder.livejournal.com">emilie de ravin nude</a>, 21239, c84bb316d081369976d39ed09bd07a6a83821d61 3952 3951 2011-07-15T22:43:45Z 94.100.25.42 0 , wikitext text/x-wiki , 5c10b5b2cd673a0616d529aa5234b12ee7153808 3953 3952 2011-07-15T22:51:41Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment5, <a href="http://andersonnudar.livejournal.com">pamela anderson nuda</a>, 325, <a href="http://conradsextaper.livejournal.com">jennifer connelly nude</a>, 62963, wikitext text/x-wiki comment5, <a href="http://andersonnudar.livejournal.com">pamela anderson nuda</a>, 325, <a href="http://conradsextaper.livejournal.com">jennifer connelly nude</a>, 62963, 8edb3b7995eefd5ca8886b9e1ab728921297fd3d 3954 3953 2011-07-15T23:12:11Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment2, <a href="http://lindacardellininudes.wetpaint.com">linda cardellini nude</a>, eas, <a href="http://griffithsnuder.livejournal.com">camille grammer playboy</a>, zeu, <a href="http://sofiave wikitext text/x-wiki comment2, <a href="http://lindacardellininudes.wetpaint.com">linda cardellini nude</a>, eas, <a href="http://griffithsnuder.livejournal.com">camille grammer playboy</a>, zeu, <a href="http://sofiavergaratopless.wetpaint.com">sofia vergara topless</a>, zdzq, f9a0cf62a8ccc1ae00c227bf95ee88d620830d9d 3955 3954 2011-07-15T23:12:49Z 94.100.25.42 0 , wikitext text/x-wiki , 5c10b5b2cd673a0616d529aa5234b12ee7153808 3956 3955 2011-07-15T23:32:59Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment1, <a href="http://zacefronnur.livejournal.com">zac efron nu</a>, %PP, <a href="http://karibyronnaked2.freeforums.org">kari byron naked</a>, zbo, <a href="http://marinasirtisnude.freeforums.o wikitext text/x-wiki comment1, <a href="http://zacefronnur.livejournal.com">zac efron nu</a>, %PP, <a href="http://karibyronnaked2.freeforums.org">kari byron naked</a>, zbo, <a href="http://marinasirtisnude.freeforums.org">marina sirtis nude</a>, >:-PP, <a href="http://autumnreesernude.freeforums.org">autumn reeser nude</a>, %[, c982d8b41744071dc6f070653d6db5eae50c7344 3957 3956 2011-07-15T23:41:52Z 94.100.25.42 0 , wikitext text/x-wiki , 5c10b5b2cd673a0616d529aa5234b12ee7153808 3958 3957 2011-07-15T23:54:14Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment4, <a href="http://karadioguardinudes.freeforums.org">kara dioguardi nude</a>, %-[[[, <a href="http://allisonscagliottinude.wetpaint.com">allison scagliotti nude</a>, =PP, <a href="http://mag wikitext text/x-wiki comment4, <a href="http://karadioguardinudes.freeforums.org">kara dioguardi nude</a>, %-[[[, <a href="http://allisonscagliottinude.wetpaint.com">allison scagliotti nude</a>, =PP, <a href="http://maggieqsextaper.livejournal.com">maggie q nude</a>, 25911, <a href="http://roxannenuder.livejournal.com">betsy russell nude</a>, kgebei, 774f112e0919e6307df37264c294325f48971761 3959 3958 2011-07-16T00:10:43Z 94.100.25.42 0 , wikitext text/x-wiki , 5c10b5b2cd673a0616d529aa5234b12ee7153808 3960 3959 2011-07-16T00:15:40Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment5, <a href="http://katesexscenesr.livejournal.com">kate beckinsale sex scene</a>, 8-)), wikitext text/x-wiki comment5, <a href="http://katesexscenesr.livejournal.com">kate beckinsale sex scene</a>, 8-)), 8044b55d584f7cda724142d76fb1f6616ab812b7 3961 3960 2011-07-16T00:35:50Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment6, <a href="http://mariabellonude.wetpaint.com">maria bello nude</a>, =[[[, <a href="http://jordanabrewsterhot.freeforums.org">jordana brewster hot</a>, 727, <a href="http://davinamccallnude. wikitext text/x-wiki comment6, <a href="http://mariabellonude.wetpaint.com">maria bello nude</a>, =[[[, <a href="http://jordanabrewsterhot.freeforums.org">jordana brewster hot</a>, 727, <a href="http://davinamccallnude.wetpaint.com">davina mccall nude</a>, 232662, e49d0acd57995c6478fe7c86727e3d0fbe428959 3962 3961 2011-07-16T00:39:29Z 94.100.25.42 0 , wikitext text/x-wiki , 5c10b5b2cd673a0616d529aa5234b12ee7153808 3963 3962 2011-07-16T00:57:07Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment1, <a href="http://michalkanuder.livejournal.com">eva mendes desnuda</a>, =-PP, <a href="http://aliceevesexscenes.freeforums.org">alice eve sex scene</a>, 8PP, wikitext text/x-wiki comment1, <a href="http://michalkanuder.livejournal.com">eva mendes desnuda</a>, =-PP, <a href="http://aliceevesexscenes.freeforums.org">alice eve sex scene</a>, 8PP, 0dd0f5cce611f6eb555f06773a66a9966092eeb9 3964 3963 2011-07-16T01:08:16Z 94.100.25.42 0 , wikitext text/x-wiki , 5c10b5b2cd673a0616d529aa5234b12ee7153808 3965 3964 2011-07-16T01:18:08Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment2, <a href="http://billiepipersex.wetpaint.com">billie piper sex</a>, %DD, wikitext text/x-wiki comment2, <a href="http://billiepipersex.wetpaint.com">billie piper sex</a>, %DD, d9789f0c0cbb500d44acc5083b86b57f41991db9 3966 3965 2011-07-16T01:36:51Z 94.100.25.42 0 , wikitext text/x-wiki , 5c10b5b2cd673a0616d529aa5234b12ee7153808 3967 3966 2011-07-16T01:39:04Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment1, <a href="http://aliceevesexscene.freeforums.org">alice eve sex scene</a>, rczjcc, <a href="http://lawlessnakedr.livejournal.com">taylor lautner nu</a>, 561, wikitext text/x-wiki comment1, <a href="http://aliceevesexscene.freeforums.org">alice eve sex scene</a>, rczjcc, <a href="http://lawlessnakedr.livejournal.com">taylor lautner nu</a>, 561, e14c75a5a93ab52e9cffae5646e14b814bb5660f 3968 3967 2011-07-16T02:01:03Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment3, <a href="http://sofiavergaraporn.freeforums.org">sofia vergara porn</a>, %PP, <a href="http://derossinuder.livejournal.com">emilie de ravin nude</a>, 8P, wikitext text/x-wiki comment3, <a href="http://sofiavergaraporn.freeforums.org">sofia vergara porn</a>, %PP, <a href="http://derossinuder.livejournal.com">emilie de ravin nude</a>, 8P, bf8dceabadf9162035ab5955fff4336a13e9c22b 3969 3968 2011-07-16T02:05:54Z 94.100.25.42 0 , wikitext text/x-wiki , 5c10b5b2cd673a0616d529aa5234b12ee7153808 3970 3969 2011-07-16T02:22:45Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment5, <a href="http://collinsnuder.livejournal.com">lynn collins nude</a>, 585, <a href="http://jeanlouisakellynude.freeforums.org">jean louisa kelly nude</a>, :(((, wikitext text/x-wiki comment5, <a href="http://collinsnuder.livejournal.com">lynn collins nude</a>, 585, <a href="http://jeanlouisakellynude.freeforums.org">jean louisa kelly nude</a>, :(((, 90caac3b5315caaaec0ecc97f366c35bd97a5356 3971 3970 2011-07-16T02:34:43Z 94.100.25.42 0 , wikitext text/x-wiki , 5c10b5b2cd673a0616d529aa5234b12ee7153808 3972 3971 2011-07-16T02:45:09Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment6, <a href="http://nielsennuder.livejournal.com">connie nielsen nude</a>, weexh, <a href="http://forscuttnuder.livejournal.com">melyssa ford nude</a>, =((, wikitext text/x-wiki comment6, <a href="http://nielsennuder.livejournal.com">connie nielsen nude</a>, weexh, <a href="http://forscuttnuder.livejournal.com">melyssa ford nude</a>, =((, 76aacba7d3efd9319339f040bcbe1a6ce3e70f20 3973 3972 2011-07-16T03:03:52Z 94.100.25.42 0 , wikitext text/x-wiki , 5c10b5b2cd673a0616d529aa5234b12ee7153808 3974 3973 2011-07-16T03:06:24Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment4, <a href="http://lauravandervoortnude.freeforums.org">laura vandervoort nude</a>, ucfh, wikitext text/x-wiki comment4, <a href="http://lauravandervoortnude.freeforums.org">laura vandervoort nude</a>, ucfh, c122fb7534a9105424d5178caeddbeb99234b65c 3975 3974 2011-07-16T03:28:35Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment5, <a href="http://fishburnesexr.livejournal.com">montana fishburne sex</a>, 8]]], wikitext text/x-wiki comment5, <a href="http://fishburnesexr.livejournal.com">montana fishburne sex</a>, 8]]], 0099ef5265dcd4c2ad5acadb80a9ab01250d0c9e 0 1720 3976 3975 2011-07-16T03:32:17Z 94.100.25.42 0 , wikitext text/x-wiki , 5c10b5b2cd673a0616d529aa5234b12ee7153808 3977 3976 2011-07-16T03:50:12Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment3, <a href="http://christycarlsonromanonude.wetpaint.com">christy carlson romano nude</a>, 026, wikitext text/x-wiki comment3, <a href="http://christycarlsonromanonude.wetpaint.com">christy carlson romano nude</a>, 026, 43bbf429e7053e7b3a719d70e32413942bf89989 3978 3977 2011-07-16T04:01:31Z 94.100.25.42 0 , wikitext text/x-wiki , 5c10b5b2cd673a0616d529aa5234b12ee7153808 3979 3978 2011-07-16T04:12:09Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment5, <a href="http://katesexscenesr.livejournal.com">kate beckinsale sex scene</a>, =-DDD, <a href="http://junotemplenuder.livejournal.com">julie benz naked</a>, %D, wikitext text/x-wiki comment5, <a href="http://katesexscenesr.livejournal.com">kate beckinsale sex scene</a>, =-DDD, <a href="http://junotemplenuder.livejournal.com">julie benz naked</a>, %D, bec11de689c5968700945402e4c06558c80de8ee 3980 3979 2011-07-16T04:30:27Z 94.100.25.42 0 , wikitext text/x-wiki , 5c10b5b2cd673a0616d529aa5234b12ee7153808 3981 3980 2011-07-16T04:34:03Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment5, <a href="http://fonsecanuder.livejournal.com">lara flynn boyle nude</a>, hufqp, <a href="http://shakirasexs.wetpaint.com">shakira sex</a>, wifq, <a href="http://angelinajolienackts.freefor wikitext text/x-wiki comment5, <a href="http://fonsecanuder.livejournal.com">lara flynn boyle nude</a>, hufqp, <a href="http://shakirasexs.wetpaint.com">shakira sex</a>, wifq, <a href="http://angelinajolienackts.freeforums.org">angelina jolie nackt</a>, 8[[[, <a href="http://ashleytisdalenudas.wetpaint.com">ashley tisdale nuda</a>, gbq, b81bf946f98b7a6e99e90a67dee58b7955e37765 3982 3981 2011-07-16T04:56:11Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment4, <a href="http://karadioguardinudes.freeforums.org">kara dioguardi nude</a>, 3882, wikitext text/x-wiki comment4, <a href="http://karadioguardinudes.freeforums.org">kara dioguardi nude</a>, 3882, 587c8c65878055d134e91ec25f2c80c953ef191b 3983 3982 2011-07-16T04:59:24Z 94.100.25.42 0 , wikitext text/x-wiki , 5c10b5b2cd673a0616d529aa5234b12ee7153808 3984 3983 2011-07-16T05:17:31Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment6, <a href="http://connellynuder.livejournal.com">jennifer connelly naked</a>, rrdpbk, <a href="http://cristaflanaganplayboy.wetpaint.com">crista flanagan playboy</a>, %-DD, <a href="http://e wikitext text/x-wiki comment6, <a href="http://connellynuder.livejournal.com">jennifer connelly naked</a>, rrdpbk, <a href="http://cristaflanaganplayboy.wetpaint.com">crista flanagan playboy</a>, %-DD, <a href="http://emmawatsonnipslip.freeforums.org">emma watson nip slip</a>, 06073, 62f7ea64d991581af311643e93f489e0c690dfab 3985 3984 2011-07-16T05:28:14Z 94.100.25.42 0 , wikitext text/x-wiki , 5c10b5b2cd673a0616d529aa5234b12ee7153808 3986 3985 2011-07-16T05:39:12Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment1, <a href="http://kristannanuder.livejournal.com">kristin kreuk nude</a>, %), <a href="http://laurasangiacomonude.freeforums.org">laura san giacomo nude</a>, 57437, <a href="http://hollywill wikitext text/x-wiki comment1, <a href="http://kristannanuder.livejournal.com">kristin kreuk nude</a>, %), <a href="http://laurasangiacomonude.freeforums.org">laura san giacomo nude</a>, 57437, <a href="http://hollywilloughbynaked.wetpaint.com">holly willoughby naked</a>, 225110, <a href="http://takianuder.livejournal.com">amanda tapping naked</a>, 07242, c3808ce96731de3f6ee6b747e916835debeacea6 3987 3986 2011-07-16T05:57:17Z 94.100.25.42 0 , wikitext text/x-wiki , 5c10b5b2cd673a0616d529aa5234b12ee7153808 3988 3987 2011-07-16T06:01:19Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment4, <a href="http://lynnsiglernuder.livejournal.com">lucy liu nude</a>, 69571, <a href="http://katyperrynakedpictures.wetpaint.com">katy perry naked pictures</a>, uqrrqk, <a href="http://minni wikitext text/x-wiki comment4, <a href="http://lynnsiglernuder.livejournal.com">lucy liu nude</a>, 69571, <a href="http://katyperrynakedpictures.wetpaint.com">katy perry naked pictures</a>, uqrrqk, <a href="http://minniedrivernude.freeforums.org">minnie driver nude</a>, 57102, 49858efe0ed77f8e574f516a4ec46ef102be5932 3989 3988 2011-07-16T06:23:52Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment4, <a href="http://farisplayboyr.livejournal.com">anna faris playboy</a>, 452993, <a href="http://weavernuder.livejournal.com">sigourney weaver nude</a>, fqhp, <a href="http://kurylenkonuder. wikitext text/x-wiki comment4, <a href="http://farisplayboyr.livejournal.com">anna faris playboy</a>, 452993, <a href="http://weavernuder.livejournal.com">sigourney weaver nude</a>, fqhp, <a href="http://kurylenkonuder.livejournal.com">olga kurylenko naked</a>, 65670, <a href="http://kellyhunakedr.livejournal.com">stacy keibler nude</a>, %[[[, a23fc5e7b1ecfdbc536edc7a5c6e89ce70f1eeff 3990 3989 2011-07-16T06:45:52Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment6, <a href="http://farisplayboyr.livejournal.com">anna faris playboy</a>, 1417, <a href="http://spearsdesnudar.livejournal.com">jamie lynn spears desnuda</a>, sfdma, <a href="http://ambrosion wikitext text/x-wiki comment6, <a href="http://farisplayboyr.livejournal.com">anna faris playboy</a>, 1417, <a href="http://spearsdesnudar.livejournal.com">jamie lynn spears desnuda</a>, sfdma, <a href="http://ambrosionuder.livejournal.com">alessandra ambrosio nude</a>, =-(, c3ebf0b474dc62397d4a02af65aba492f5286b47 3991 3990 2011-07-16T06:54:39Z 94.100.25.42 0 , wikitext text/x-wiki , 5c10b5b2cd673a0616d529aa5234b12ee7153808 3992 3991 2011-07-16T07:07:49Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment1, <a href="http://carrieprejeansextape2.wetpaint.com">carrie prejean sex tape</a>, =-O, <a href="http://sophiamylesnude.wetpaint.com">sophia myles nude</a>, 996, wikitext text/x-wiki comment1, <a href="http://carrieprejeansextape2.wetpaint.com">carrie prejean sex tape</a>, =-O, <a href="http://sophiamylesnude.wetpaint.com">sophia myles nude</a>, 996, 1fc2fc234cd8e9691fc28180269e887f767195af 3993 3992 2011-07-16T07:23:55Z 94.100.25.42 0 , wikitext text/x-wiki , 5c10b5b2cd673a0616d529aa5234b12ee7153808 3994 3993 2011-07-16T07:29:49Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment6, <a href="http://cynthianixonnude.wetpaint.com">cynthia nixon nude</a>, >:-PP, <a href="http://mansfieldnuder.livejournal.com">maggie q sex tape</a>, 646214, <a href="http://hogannakedr.liv wikitext text/x-wiki comment6, <a href="http://cynthianixonnude.wetpaint.com">cynthia nixon nude</a>, >:-PP, <a href="http://mansfieldnuder.livejournal.com">maggie q sex tape</a>, 646214, <a href="http://hogannakedr.livejournal.com">brooke hogan naked</a>, cntje, f40002daa442af315540bab71123c906162140bf 3995 3994 2011-07-16T07:52:14Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment5, <a href="http://kellyripanude.freeforums.org">kelly ripa nude</a>, 852, <a href="http://emmawatsonnaakt.wetpaint.com">emma watson naakt</a>, >:-DDD, <a href="http://cindymargolisnude.wetpa wikitext text/x-wiki comment5, <a href="http://kellyripanude.freeforums.org">kelly ripa nude</a>, 852, <a href="http://emmawatsonnaakt.wetpaint.com">emma watson naakt</a>, >:-DDD, <a href="http://cindymargolisnude.wetpaint.com">cindy margolis nude</a>, >:-D, d5a37281981fd9c4b8e2d463dfebfca7e18e4b6a 3996 3995 2011-07-16T07:52:41Z 94.100.25.42 0 , wikitext text/x-wiki , 5c10b5b2cd673a0616d529aa5234b12ee7153808 3997 3996 2011-07-16T08:13:48Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment4, <a href="http://natalieportmandesnuda.freeforums.org">natalie portman desnuda</a>, 650061, <a href="http://hudgensnacktr.livejournal.com">bryce dallas howard nude</a>, :(((, <a href="http: wikitext text/x-wiki comment4, <a href="http://natalieportmandesnuda.freeforums.org">natalie portman desnuda</a>, 650061, <a href="http://hudgensnacktr.livejournal.com">bryce dallas howard nude</a>, :(((, <a href="http://katesexscener.livejournal.com">kate mara nude</a>, bqg, 0f06de11af720ea98695d6072d4e013b02ea52db 3998 3997 2011-07-16T08:21:22Z 94.100.25.42 0 , wikitext text/x-wiki , 5c10b5b2cd673a0616d529aa5234b12ee7153808 3999 3998 2011-07-16T08:35:28Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment6, <a href="http://thiessennuder.livejournal.com">tiffani amber thiessen nude</a>, nvwjp, <a href="http://sararuenude.wetpaint.com">sara rue nude</a>, 8-), wikitext text/x-wiki comment6, <a href="http://thiessennuder.livejournal.com">tiffani amber thiessen nude</a>, nvwjp, <a href="http://sararuenude.wetpaint.com">sara rue nude</a>, 8-), 406c3ac911089133651c01fb714aed328cb81b97 4000 3999 2011-07-16T08:50:16Z 94.100.25.42 0 , wikitext text/x-wiki , 5c10b5b2cd673a0616d529aa5234b12ee7153808 4001 4000 2011-07-16T08:57:25Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment3, <a href="http://stilesnuder.livejournal.com">julia stiles nude</a>, 84688, <a href="http://lowellnuder.livejournal.com">sophia loren nude</a>, 724075, <a href="http://johanssonnuders.livej wikitext text/x-wiki comment3, <a href="http://stilesnuder.livejournal.com">julia stiles nude</a>, 84688, <a href="http://lowellnuder.livejournal.com">sophia loren nude</a>, 724075, <a href="http://johanssonnuders.livejournal.com">jill wagner nude</a>, 7176, <a href="http://ninelcondenuder.livejournal.com">ninel conde nude</a>, lqbw, 8ad7bf179b852326452dff7331de1e4f9f853671 4002 4001 2011-07-16T09:19:09Z 94.100.25.42 0 , wikitext text/x-wiki , 5c10b5b2cd673a0616d529aa5234b12ee7153808 4003 4002 2011-07-16T09:19:20Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment1, <a href="http://piperperabonude.freeforums.org">piper perabo nude</a>, 8]]], wikitext text/x-wiki comment1, <a href="http://piperperabonude.freeforums.org">piper perabo nude</a>, 8]]], 8ebb334fb39d1072a0a5686db4ccd466e737c83b 4005 4003 2011-07-16T09:41:33Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment3, <a href="http://rihannanudephotos.wetpaint.com">rihanna nude photos</a>, xwnxe, <a href="http://nicolekidmandesnuda.wetpaint.com">nicole kidman desnuda</a>, 8-[, <a href="http://amandarigh wikitext text/x-wiki comment3, <a href="http://rihannanudephotos.wetpaint.com">rihanna nude photos</a>, xwnxe, <a href="http://nicolekidmandesnuda.wetpaint.com">nicole kidman desnuda</a>, 8-[, <a href="http://amandarighettinude.wetpaint.com">amanda righetti nude</a>, 348, 72a510d95570d10cdcf735e8309047f7f69574f7 4006 4005 2011-07-16T09:48:32Z 94.100.25.42 0 , wikitext text/x-wiki , 5c10b5b2cd673a0616d529aa5234b12ee7153808 4007 4006 2011-07-16T10:03:14Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment4, <a href="http://emmanuellevaugiernude.freeforums.org">emmanuelle vaugier nude</a>, =-))), <a href="http://lilycoleplayboy.wetpaint.com">lily cole playboy</a>, %[[, wikitext text/x-wiki comment4, <a href="http://emmanuellevaugiernude.freeforums.org">emmanuelle vaugier nude</a>, =-))), <a href="http://lilycoleplayboy.wetpaint.com">lily cole playboy</a>, %[[, 6bfcbd686b3230b5a285027ccc319b30e93d4484 4008 4007 2011-07-16T10:17:47Z 94.100.25.42 0 , wikitext text/x-wiki , 5c10b5b2cd673a0616d529aa5234b12ee7153808 4010 4008 2011-07-16T10:25:08Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment1, <a href="http://partonnuder.livejournal.com">dolly parton nude</a>, %-[[, wikitext text/x-wiki comment1, <a href="http://partonnuder.livejournal.com">dolly parton nude</a>, %-[[, a58fec56a6188b1c29b39d5c2a96d88aea6754b9 4011 4010 2011-07-16T10:46:38Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment2, <a href="http://shilpashettynude.wetpaint.com">shilpa shetty nude</a>, 526, <a href="http://jennifercoolidgenude.freeforums.org">jennifer coolidge nude</a>, 8P, wikitext text/x-wiki comment2, <a href="http://shilpashettynude.wetpaint.com">shilpa shetty nude</a>, 526, <a href="http://jennifercoolidgenude.freeforums.org">jennifer coolidge nude</a>, 8P, f5607832a822aaf424050ec24ce475c04bc6f7ee 4012 4011 2011-07-16T10:47:11Z 94.100.25.42 0 , wikitext text/x-wiki , 5c10b5b2cd673a0616d529aa5234b12ee7153808 4014 4012 2011-07-16T11:09:23Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment1, <a href="http://lisaraynuder.livejournal.com">lisa kudrow nude</a>, xemlg, <a href="http://mccoolnuder.livejournal.com">jenny mccarthy nude</a>, >:[[[, <a href="http://autumnreesernudes.fr wikitext text/x-wiki comment1, <a href="http://lisaraynuder.livejournal.com">lisa kudrow nude</a>, xemlg, <a href="http://mccoolnuder.livejournal.com">jenny mccarthy nude</a>, >:[[[, <a href="http://autumnreesernudes.freeforums.org">autumn reeser nude</a>, 264167, d05f94a719e4b3be521ab80d0f03cf601d823e45 4015 4014 2011-07-16T11:15:47Z 94.100.25.42 0 , wikitext text/x-wiki , 5c10b5b2cd673a0616d529aa5234b12ee7153808 4016 4015 2011-07-16T11:30:19Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment5, <a href="http://kateysagalnudes.wetpaint.com">katey sagal nude</a>, =)), wikitext text/x-wiki comment5, <a href="http://kateysagalnudes.wetpaint.com">katey sagal nude</a>, =)), 71a3ca21e44f4ff3d7b9aca7b6802c15b183e4ce 4017 4016 2011-07-16T11:51:49Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment6, <a href="http://rosamundpikenude2.freeforums.org">rosamund pike nude</a>, 8[[[, wikitext text/x-wiki comment6, <a href="http://rosamundpikenude2.freeforums.org">rosamund pike nude</a>, 8[[[, 504b786b67e6900a8868e8a31fd8b60b24074f07 4018 4017 2011-07-16T12:13:50Z 94.100.25.42 0 , wikitext text/x-wiki , 5c10b5b2cd673a0616d529aa5234b12ee7153808 4019 4018 2011-07-16T12:14:18Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment6, <a href="http://deschanelnakedr.livejournal.com">portia de rossi nude</a>, glqds, <a href="http://prestonnuder.livejournal.com">victoria principal nude</a>, ibvw, <a href="http://annapaqui wikitext text/x-wiki comment6, <a href="http://deschanelnakedr.livejournal.com">portia de rossi nude</a>, glqds, <a href="http://prestonnuder.livejournal.com">victoria principal nude</a>, ibvw, <a href="http://annapaquinnaked.wetpaint.com">anna paquin naked</a>, 364303, <a href="http://melanielynskeynude.wetpaint.com">melanie lynskey nude</a>, gnnmm, 8c95ae60180342db6157965f9cb70a1b42bcfc4d 4020 4019 2011-07-16T12:43:08Z 94.100.25.42 0 , wikitext text/x-wiki , 5c10b5b2cd673a0616d529aa5234b12ee7153808 4021 4020 2011-07-16T12:58:15Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment1, <a href="http://karadioguardinudes.freeforums.org">kara dioguardi nude</a>, 839464, <a href="http://hollywebernude.freeforums.org">holly weber nude</a>, lcyrw, <a href="http://helenmirrent wikitext text/x-wiki comment1, <a href="http://karadioguardinudes.freeforums.org">kara dioguardi nude</a>, 839464, <a href="http://hollywebernude.freeforums.org">holly weber nude</a>, lcyrw, <a href="http://helenmirrentopless.freeforums.org">helen mirren topless</a>, lxm, 3c540aee793f2bee56a3c71a5372829f4e0de4db 4022 4021 2011-07-16T13:11:53Z 94.100.25.42 0 , wikitext text/x-wiki , 5c10b5b2cd673a0616d529aa5234b12ee7153808 4023 4022 2011-07-16T13:20:17Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment5, <a href="http://sararuenude.wetpaint.com">sara rue nude</a>, dvmj, <a href="http://trishstratusnaked.freeforums.org">trish stratus naked</a>, 409, <a href="http://spearsdesnudar.livejourna wikitext text/x-wiki comment5, <a href="http://sararuenude.wetpaint.com">sara rue nude</a>, dvmj, <a href="http://trishstratusnaked.freeforums.org">trish stratus naked</a>, 409, <a href="http://spearsdesnudar.livejournal.com">jamie lynn spears desnuda</a>, ejeje, bae894d85b7a65caae1551cccc7959cee933ed46 4024 4023 2011-07-16T13:40:54Z 94.100.25.42 0 , wikitext text/x-wiki , 5c10b5b2cd673a0616d529aa5234b12ee7153808 4025 4024 2011-07-16T13:42:29Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment4, <a href="http://katyperrynipslip.wetpaint.com">katy perry nip slip</a>, 1473, <a href="http://grammerplayboyr.livejournal.com">camille grammer nude</a>, 8-OO, <a href="http://jessicajanecl wikitext text/x-wiki comment4, <a href="http://katyperrynipslip.wetpaint.com">katy perry nip slip</a>, 1473, <a href="http://grammerplayboyr.livejournal.com">camille grammer nude</a>, 8-OO, <a href="http://jessicajaneclementnaked2.freeforums.org">jessica jane clement naked</a>, 358524, <a href="http://kimkardashiannackt2.freeforums.org">kim kardashian nackt</a>, :-))), 49d1d9fee60285e250b368130deeee1e5dc0a678 4026 4025 2011-07-16T14:05:02Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment4, <a href="http://kristindavissextapes.freeforums.org">kristin davis sex tape</a>, njn, <a href="http://micheletoplessr.livejournal.com">alyson michalka nude</a>, 160, <a href="http://maryse wikitext text/x-wiki comment4, <a href="http://kristindavissextapes.freeforums.org">kristin davis sex tape</a>, njn, <a href="http://micheletoplessr.livejournal.com">alyson michalka nude</a>, 160, <a href="http://maryseouelletnaked2.freeforums.org">maryse ouellet naked</a>, 22934, a791c89052d3cc1d70772703df4acdde4f1cc028 4027 4026 2011-07-16T14:09:44Z 94.100.25.42 0 , wikitext text/x-wiki , 5c10b5b2cd673a0616d529aa5234b12ee7153808 1 2344 4013 3889 2011-07-16T10:55:00Z 193.105.210.171 0 /* kimope the kiloeriosa */ new section wikitext text/x-wiki тоже неплохо, не видел. дополнительно планирую __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ http://run-cs.ru/ - cs 1.6 модели, боты cs 1.6 http://newfilms-online.ru/ - смотреть сериалы http://докмастер.рф/ - акт бланк скачать Для машины http://www.wheels-on-line.ru/ - шины со скидкой Для любой бани: http://www.saunatown.ru/ - по оптовой цене == kimope the kiloeriosa == Ожидаете ли автора принесла __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ http://chinasell.ru/ - Nokia 8800 Diamond gold Узнать http://m2141.com - стоимость автомобилей бесплатно Играйте бесплатно сейчас в http://burevesnik.ru - overkings и другие mmorpg игры онлайн. Ничего не ростёт в огороде? http://clubsovetov.ru/?cat=7 - советы дачникам помогут это исправить http://stroytochka.ru/bash_cranes/ - пусконаладочные работы башенных кранов 88c93e488dc2c5aa237f599614262d22ae591361 0 1720 4028 4027 2011-07-16T14:27:53Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment5, <a href="http://canalisnuder.livejournal.com">elisabetta canalis nude</a>, >:[[, <a href="http://sarahshahinude.wetpaint.com">sarah shahi nude</a>, %-D, wikitext text/x-wiki comment5, <a href="http://canalisnuder.livejournal.com">elisabetta canalis nude</a>, >:[[, <a href="http://sarahshahinude.wetpaint.com">sarah shahi nude</a>, %-D, d2752cb0596bdf79f3ddeb3d3e431ed0dc074e95 4029 4028 2011-07-16T14:38:00Z 94.100.25.42 0 , wikitext text/x-wiki , 5c10b5b2cd673a0616d529aa5234b12ee7153808 4030 4029 2011-07-16T14:51:55Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment4, <a href="http://seymournuder.livejournal.com">jane seymour nude</a>, 8-OO, <a href="http://ravensymonenaked.freeforums.org">raven symone naked</a>, :], <a href="http://kelliwilliamsnude.fr wikitext text/x-wiki comment4, <a href="http://seymournuder.livejournal.com">jane seymour nude</a>, 8-OO, <a href="http://ravensymonenaked.freeforums.org">raven symone naked</a>, :], <a href="http://kelliwilliamsnude.freeforums.org">kelli williams nude</a>, okdint, <a href="http://regannuder.livejournal.com">kelly reilly nude</a>, 8-P, 9bc0b9bcb40b51aa30df56c0f70680858c952548 4031 4030 2011-07-16T15:07:05Z 94.100.25.42 0 , wikitext text/x-wiki , 5c10b5b2cd673a0616d529aa5234b12ee7153808 4032 4031 2011-07-16T15:15:59Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment6, <a href="http://maggiegracenude.freeforums.org">maggie grace nude</a>, %[, <a href="http://partonnuder.livejournal.com">dolly parton nude</a>, 700950, <a href="http://salmahayekdesnuda.wet wikitext text/x-wiki comment6, <a href="http://maggiegracenude.freeforums.org">maggie grace nude</a>, %[, <a href="http://partonnuder.livejournal.com">dolly parton nude</a>, 700950, <a href="http://salmahayekdesnuda.wetpaint.com">salma hayek desnuda</a>, =-D, 39dcdea69f7d850c69956bb6a2bce18f0bf99662 4033 4032 2011-07-16T15:35:57Z 94.100.25.42 0 , wikitext text/x-wiki , 5c10b5b2cd673a0616d529aa5234b12ee7153808 4034 4033 2011-07-16T15:38:42Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment6, <a href="http://fonsecanuder.livejournal.com">lara flynn boyle nude</a>, vpbiq, <a href="http://danniiminogueplayboy.freeforums.org">dannii minogue playboy</a>, 0295, wikitext text/x-wiki comment6, <a href="http://fonsecanuder.livejournal.com">lara flynn boyle nude</a>, vpbiq, <a href="http://danniiminogueplayboy.freeforums.org">dannii minogue playboy</a>, 0295, 4d171a85796a75397454db969cc450ceb8f8ee64 4035 4034 2011-07-16T15:46:20Z 217.19.45.2 0 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>[[What is a C. elegans?]]<br /> <br /> [http://elegans.swmed.edu/genome.shtml SWmed.edu C. elegans genomics and genetics home page]</p> e5e36a7230beee2553870bf3147cf1a0ac309880 4036 4035 2011-07-16T16:01:19Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment2, <a href="http://brendasongnaked.freeforums.org">brenda song naked</a>, aykyyg, <a href="http://jacksonnuder.livejournal.com">isla fisher nude</a>, gsl, <a href="http://everhartnuder.livejo wikitext text/x-wiki comment2, <a href="http://brendasongnaked.freeforums.org">brenda song naked</a>, aykyyg, <a href="http://jacksonnuder.livejournal.com">isla fisher nude</a>, gsl, <a href="http://everhartnuder.livejournal.com">angie everhart nude</a>, wcv, <a href="http://atkinsontopless.livejournal.com">gemma atkinson topless</a>, uofwsn, 75f0bb99d733bceaf2fba6d8d52b9042ee07c82d 4037 4036 2011-07-16T16:04:34Z 94.100.25.42 0 , wikitext text/x-wiki , 5c10b5b2cd673a0616d529aa5234b12ee7153808 4038 4037 2011-07-16T16:24:07Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment6, <a href="http://miliannuder.livejournal.com">lea michele topless</a>, kdcp, <a href="http://joanseverancenude.wetpaint.com">joan severance nude</a>, =PP, <a href="http://marylouiseparkernu wikitext text/x-wiki comment6, <a href="http://miliannuder.livejournal.com">lea michele topless</a>, kdcp, <a href="http://joanseverancenude.wetpaint.com">joan severance nude</a>, =PP, <a href="http://marylouiseparkernude.freeforums.org">mary louise parker nude</a>, %-PPP, <a href="http://angelinajolienackts.freeforums.org">angelina jolie nackt</a>, 5936, bcee47bfb93eb9b8e7941ce54a10f2f84175f822 4039 4038 2011-07-16T16:33:17Z 94.100.25.42 0 , wikitext text/x-wiki , 5c10b5b2cd673a0616d529aa5234b12ee7153808 4040 4039 2011-07-16T16:46:09Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment3, <a href="http://fishburnesexr.livejournal.com">montana fishburne sex</a>, 7517, <a href="http://symonenuder.livejournal.com">raven symone nude</a>, 139866, <a href="http://vivabiancanude.w wikitext text/x-wiki comment3, <a href="http://fishburnesexr.livejournal.com">montana fishburne sex</a>, 7517, <a href="http://symonenuder.livejournal.com">raven symone nude</a>, 139866, <a href="http://vivabiancanude.wetpaint.com">viva bianca nude</a>, xmndp, 2ca3bfe377afe674155c091c2a6ce7997b4e0081 4041 4040 2011-07-16T17:02:15Z 94.100.25.42 0 , wikitext text/x-wiki , 5c10b5b2cd673a0616d529aa5234b12ee7153808 4042 4041 2011-07-16T17:08:38Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment2, <a href="http://overtonnuder.livejournal.com">kelly overton nude</a>, mouh, <a href="http://deravinnuder.livejournal.com">cote de pablo naked</a>, 8PP, <a href="http://danadelanynude.wetpa wikitext text/x-wiki comment2, <a href="http://overtonnuder.livejournal.com">kelly overton nude</a>, mouh, <a href="http://deravinnuder.livejournal.com">cote de pablo naked</a>, 8PP, <a href="http://danadelanynude.wetpaint.com">dana delany nude</a>, gve, b511befd0de7d0ddb6457889bbdd913b251fc24e 4043 4042 2011-07-16T17:31:22Z 94.100.25.42 0 , wikitext text/x-wiki , 5c10b5b2cd673a0616d529aa5234b12ee7153808 4044 4043 2011-07-16T17:31:53Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment2, <a href="http://summerglaunuder.livejournal.com">summer glau nude</a>, 916553, <a href="http://kurylenkonuder.livejournal.com">olga kurylenko naked</a>, %-DD, <a href="http://takianuder.li wikitext text/x-wiki comment2, <a href="http://summerglaunuder.livejournal.com">summer glau nude</a>, 916553, <a href="http://kurylenkonuder.livejournal.com">olga kurylenko naked</a>, %-DD, <a href="http://takianuder.livejournal.com">amanda tapping naked</a>, %-]]], 510e79d670e77d2313d317b28c3ce517bdf7ff3b 4045 4044 2011-07-16T17:54:34Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment2, <a href="http://lisaraynuder.livejournal.com">lisa kudrow nude</a>, wuwje, <a href="http://juliebowennudes.freeforums.org">julie bowen nude</a>, 351010, wikitext text/x-wiki comment2, <a href="http://lisaraynuder.livejournal.com">lisa kudrow nude</a>, wuwje, <a href="http://juliebowennudes.freeforums.org">julie bowen nude</a>, 351010, 0b3bd6c278c3bf454b06b9d9c16a93ce4af87e7d 4046 4045 2011-07-16T18:00:31Z 94.100.25.42 0 , wikitext text/x-wiki , 5c10b5b2cd673a0616d529aa5234b12ee7153808 4047 4046 2011-07-16T18:16:22Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment4, <a href="http://elisabettacanalisnuda.freeforums.org">elisabetta canalis nuda</a>, 75774, <a href="http://mansfieldnuder.livejournal.com">maggie q sex tape</a>, eblnst, wikitext text/x-wiki comment4, <a href="http://elisabettacanalisnuda.freeforums.org">elisabetta canalis nuda</a>, 75774, <a href="http://mansfieldnuder.livejournal.com">maggie q sex tape</a>, eblnst, 9edaafb3b3cca9e7760606519433d3e815ff5000 4048 4047 2011-07-16T18:29:44Z 94.100.25.42 0 , wikitext text/x-wiki , 5c10b5b2cd673a0616d529aa5234b12ee7153808 4049 4048 2011-07-16T18:38:31Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment3, <a href="http://lindsaylohannackt.freeforums.org">lindsay lohan nackt</a>, dzbvfd, <a href="http://torispellingnude.freeforums.org">tori spelling nude</a>, ogy, <a href="http://nicoleausti wikitext text/x-wiki comment3, <a href="http://lindsaylohannackt.freeforums.org">lindsay lohan nackt</a>, dzbvfd, <a href="http://torispellingnude.freeforums.org">tori spelling nude</a>, ogy, <a href="http://nicoleaustinnude.freeforums.org">nicole austin nude</a>, %-((, <a href="http://poppymontgomerynude.wetpaint.com">poppy montgomery nude</a>, laok, 3794224d553e64705f8aedbcc211ede26e00f6b0 4050 4049 2011-07-16T18:58:50Z 94.100.25.42 0 , wikitext text/x-wiki , 5c10b5b2cd673a0616d529aa5234b12ee7153808 4051 4050 2011-07-16T19:00:29Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment2, <a href="http://emmawatsonnuda.wetpaint.com">emma watson nuda</a>, cvzm, wikitext text/x-wiki comment2, <a href="http://emmawatsonnuda.wetpaint.com">emma watson nuda</a>, cvzm, 09867983f2eec57d40784c33b6dc1599ce167b12 4052 4051 2011-07-16T19:22:59Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment2, <a href="http://lilkimnuder.livejournal.com">lena headey nude</a>, 053020, <a href="http://murraynuder.livejournal.com">jaime murray nude</a>, 8-PP, wikitext text/x-wiki comment2, <a href="http://lilkimnuder.livejournal.com">lena headey nude</a>, 053020, <a href="http://murraynuder.livejournal.com">jaime murray nude</a>, 8-PP, cb88e73db7db4f3c301e73009e44dcb14c3d4cff 4053 4052 2011-07-16T19:27:47Z 94.100.25.42 0 , wikitext text/x-wiki , 5c10b5b2cd673a0616d529aa5234b12ee7153808 4054 4053 2011-07-16T19:46:52Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment6, <a href="http://karadioguardinude2.freeforums.org">kara dioguardi nude</a>, 6684, wikitext text/x-wiki comment6, <a href="http://karadioguardinude2.freeforums.org">kara dioguardi nude</a>, 6684, dd06c0ff92fac1c3d7cdc3b32c37748e771c5a21 4055 4054 2011-07-16T19:56:08Z 94.100.25.42 0 , wikitext text/x-wiki , 5c10b5b2cd673a0616d529aa5234b12ee7153808 4056 4055 2011-07-16T20:10:01Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment5, <a href="http://christinemendozanude.freeforums.org">christine mendoza nude</a>, cbd, <a href="http://victoriasilvstedtnu.wetpaint.com">victoria silvstedt nu</a>, =-))), <a href="http://ci wikitext text/x-wiki comment5, <a href="http://christinemendozanude.freeforums.org">christine mendoza nude</a>, cbd, <a href="http://victoriasilvstedtnu.wetpaint.com">victoria silvstedt nu</a>, =-))), <a href="http://cindymargolisnude.wetpaint.com">cindy margolis nude</a>, lgrt, <a href="http://presslynuder.livejournal.com">kelly preston nude</a>, hpcm, dbc08a8a3908c29a95cddd40bc77b0575216310e 4057 4056 2011-07-16T20:25:34Z 94.100.25.42 0 , wikitext text/x-wiki , 5c10b5b2cd673a0616d529aa5234b12ee7153808 4059 4057 2011-07-16T20:33:13Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment1, <a href="http://christensennude.livejournal.com">erika christensen nude</a>, 0044, wikitext text/x-wiki comment1, <a href="http://christensennude.livejournal.com">erika christensen nude</a>, 0044, d5dd8fa98a738d4ac47ba8316cb130e3569c5e25 4060 4059 2011-07-16T20:54:45Z 94.100.25.42 0 , wikitext text/x-wiki , 5c10b5b2cd673a0616d529aa5234b12ee7153808 4061 4060 2011-07-16T20:55:30Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment2, <a href="http://laurentnuder.livejournal.com">amber lancaster nude</a>, 1809, <a href="http://lilycoleplayboy.wetpaint.com">lily cole playboy</a>, 183210, <a href="http://ashleytisdalenuda wikitext text/x-wiki comment2, <a href="http://laurentnuder.livejournal.com">amber lancaster nude</a>, 1809, <a href="http://lilycoleplayboy.wetpaint.com">lily cole playboy</a>, 183210, <a href="http://ashleytisdalenudas.wetpaint.com">ashley tisdale nuda</a>, 01880, 4a8310701de43964a217ef1b7991165f0778348f 4062 4061 2011-07-16T21:18:20Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment5, <a href="http://bodereknuder.livejournal.com">bo derek nude</a>, pdulki, <a href="http://selitaebanksnude.wetpaint.com">selita ebanks nude</a>, 8DD, wikitext text/x-wiki comment5, <a href="http://bodereknuder.livejournal.com">bo derek nude</a>, pdulki, <a href="http://selitaebanksnude.wetpaint.com">selita ebanks nude</a>, 8DD, 2096940f26dc45d408a20f7d822b8defede84194 4063 4062 2011-07-16T21:23:00Z 94.100.25.42 0 , wikitext text/x-wiki , 5c10b5b2cd673a0616d529aa5234b12ee7153808 4064 4063 2011-07-16T21:41:27Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment3, <a href="http://madisonnudepics.livejournal.com">holly madison desnuda</a>, 989501, wikitext text/x-wiki comment3, <a href="http://madisonnudepics.livejournal.com">holly madison desnuda</a>, 989501, e61623ed65db94cbda941502253073fc8de7377a 4065 4064 2011-07-16T21:52:05Z 94.100.25.42 0 , wikitext text/x-wiki , 5c10b5b2cd673a0616d529aa5234b12ee7153808 4067 4065 2011-07-16T22:04:23Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment6, <a href="http://minajnakedpicsr.livejournal.com">christina milian nude</a>, 365058, <a href="http://madsennuder.livejournal.com">madonna nude</a>, qlwbul, <a href="http://angelinajolienack wikitext text/x-wiki comment6, <a href="http://minajnakedpicsr.livejournal.com">christina milian nude</a>, 365058, <a href="http://madsennuder.livejournal.com">madonna nude</a>, qlwbul, <a href="http://angelinajolienackts.freeforums.org">angelina jolie nackt</a>, %(, 6f3f5886333a62e0de31205da30ad2db960e3a34 4068 4067 2011-07-16T22:20:35Z 94.100.25.42 0 , wikitext text/x-wiki , 5c10b5b2cd673a0616d529aa5234b12ee7153808 4069 4068 2011-07-16T22:27:28Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment5, <a href="http://karenmcdougalnude.wetpaint.com">karen mcdougal nude</a>, 2326, <a href="http://jaynemansfieldplayboy.wetpaint.com">jayne mansfield playboy</a>, %OOO, wikitext text/x-wiki comment5, <a href="http://karenmcdougalnude.wetpaint.com">karen mcdougal nude</a>, 2326, <a href="http://jaynemansfieldplayboy.wetpaint.com">jayne mansfield playboy</a>, %OOO, a4ad9b1fca7f98ed7904f86b313d7f0c346907c4 4070 4069 2011-07-16T22:49:58Z 94.100.25.42 0 , wikitext text/x-wiki , 5c10b5b2cd673a0616d529aa5234b12ee7153808 4071 4070 2011-07-16T22:49:59Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment3, <a href="http://meganfoxdesnuda.wetpaint.com">megan fox desnuda</a>, 771, <a href="http://megryannude.wetpaint.com">meg ryan nude</a>, 845352, <a href="http://jennifermorrisonnude.wetpaint wikitext text/x-wiki comment3, <a href="http://meganfoxdesnuda.wetpaint.com">megan fox desnuda</a>, 771, <a href="http://megryannude.wetpaint.com">meg ryan nude</a>, 845352, <a href="http://jennifermorrisonnude.wetpaint.com">jennifer morrison nude</a>, =]], <a href="http://joslynjamesnude.wetpaint.com">joslyn james nude</a>, =-OOO, 5129660ad3ced49324ada165bf0a2c39a1e21a4e 4072 4071 2011-07-16T23:13:02Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment5, <a href="http://denisemilanidesnuda.freeforums.org">denise milani desnuda</a>, vbh, <a href="http://leeleesobieskinude.wetpaint.com">leelee sobieski nude</a>, irltl, <a href="http://sarahw wikitext text/x-wiki comment5, <a href="http://denisemilanidesnuda.freeforums.org">denise milani desnuda</a>, vbh, <a href="http://leeleesobieskinude.wetpaint.com">leelee sobieski nude</a>, irltl, <a href="http://sarahwaynecalliesnudeas.freeforums.org">sarah wayne callies nude</a>, :P, b773bf11c3105cd70583f52b167d29b37ea935f4 4073 4072 2011-07-16T23:19:00Z 94.100.25.42 0 , wikitext text/x-wiki , 5c10b5b2cd673a0616d529aa5234b12ee7153808 4074 4073 2011-07-16T23:55:55Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment2, <a href="http://brycinude.freeforums.org">bryci nude</a>, pobhv, <a href="http://weavernuder.livejournal.com">sigourney weaver nude</a>, mmcob, <a href="http://branderodericknude2.freeforu wikitext text/x-wiki comment2, <a href="http://brycinude.freeforums.org">bryci nude</a>, pobhv, <a href="http://weavernuder.livejournal.com">sigourney weaver nude</a>, mmcob, <a href="http://branderodericknude2.freeforums.org">brande roderick nude</a>, %(((, <a href="http://shannendohertyplayboy.freeforums.org">shannen doherty playboy</a>, %OOO, 697dd280dc376c34ea2f26c198d4ed21e5dd89ca 4075 4074 2011-07-17T00:17:32Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment2, <a href="http://hollynuder.livejournal.com">hope dworaczyk playboy</a>, nkzajj, <a href="http://christinemendozanude.freeforums.org">christine mendoza nude</a>, =-]], <a href="http://danie wikitext text/x-wiki comment2, <a href="http://hollynuder.livejournal.com">hope dworaczyk playboy</a>, nkzajj, <a href="http://christinemendozanude.freeforums.org">christine mendoza nude</a>, =-]], <a href="http://daniellelloydnude.wetpaint.com">danielle lloyd nude</a>, txarhw, dd85117f341209160794f8a9f2d480b8155f637c 4076 4075 2011-07-17T00:18:05Z 94.100.25.42 0 , wikitext text/x-wiki , 5c10b5b2cd673a0616d529aa5234b12ee7153808 4077 4076 2011-07-17T01:00:45Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment2, <a href="http://sophiemonknude.wetpaint.com">sophie monk nude</a>, %PPP, <a href="http://lucasnuder.livejournal.com">lori loughlin nude</a>, 30905, <a href="http://julialouisdreyfusnudes.f wikitext text/x-wiki comment2, <a href="http://sophiemonknude.wetpaint.com">sophie monk nude</a>, %PPP, <a href="http://lucasnuder.livejournal.com">lori loughlin nude</a>, 30905, <a href="http://julialouisdreyfusnudes.freeforums.org">julia louis-dreyfus nude</a>, 8-[[[, <a href="http://drewsexscener.livejournal.com">fran drescher hot</a>, nursx, 16eac1cadd39225fb4af6fa4ecb600260ba88864 1 2366 4058 2011-07-16T20:31:35Z 202.60.56.221 0 ghUcZh <a href="http://cgxocphemcrp.com/">cgxocphemcrp</a>, [url=http://geubwxtrqfls.com/]geubwxtrqfls[/url], [link=http://cykturwdkvic.com/]cykturwdkvic[/link], http://njzajkacggig.com/ wikitext text/x-wiki == ghUcZh <a href="http://cgxocphemcrp.com/">cgxocphemcrp</a>, [url=http://geubwxtrqfls.com/]geubwxtrqfls[/url], [link=http://cykturwdkvic.com/]cykturwdkvic[/link], http://njzajkacggig.com/ == ghUcZh <a href="http://cgxocphemcrp.com/">cgxocphemcrp</a>, [url=http://geubwxtrqfls.com/]geubwxtrqfls[/url], [link=http://cykturwdkvic.com/]cykturwdkvic[/link], http://njzajkacggig.com/ 3a8cca2b0e95a5d6bd85491dca8bc808742dc179 1 2367 4066 2011-07-16T21:54:51Z 109.230.251.121 0 buy likes on facebook bk wikitext text/x-wiki buy bulk facebook fans buy cheap facebook fans buy facebook fans cheap how to buy facebook likes <a href="http://www.bookmarkplanet.info/technology/buy-facebook-likes-8/#discuss ">buy facebook likes cheap </a> buy facebook likes cheap facebook likes buy _________________ buy facebook likes <a href=http://www.thetanuxi-alphabeta.com/apps/profile/77098273/>buy facebook likes</a> buy targeted facebook likes buy cheap facebook fans 329d503913662e1e6f5b291fd8dd619e805547bc 0 1720 4078 4077 2011-07-17T01:16:43Z 94.100.25.42 0 , wikitext text/x-wiki , 5c10b5b2cd673a0616d529aa5234b12ee7153808 4079 4078 2011-07-17T01:22:53Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment2, <a href="http://kellyhunuder.livejournal.com">kelly hu naked</a>, vgcwl, <a href="http://karenmcdougalnudes.wetpaint.com">karen mcdougal nude</a>, >:-))), <a href="http://hollywilloughbyna wikitext text/x-wiki comment2, <a href="http://kellyhunuder.livejournal.com">kelly hu naked</a>, vgcwl, <a href="http://karenmcdougalnudes.wetpaint.com">karen mcdougal nude</a>, >:-))), <a href="http://hollywilloughbynaked.wetpaint.com">holly willoughby naked</a>, 212, <a href="http://juliebowennude2.freeforums.org">julie bowen nude</a>, :-((, 4bb20b6c107581d15422bdb0d37e65bceaefb888 4080 4079 2011-07-17T02:06:48Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment3, <a href="http://jennettemccurdybikini.wetpaint.com">jennette mccurdy bikini</a>, 543490, <a href="http://ericacerranuder.livejournal.com">erica cerra nude</a>, %-P, wikitext text/x-wiki comment3, <a href="http://jennettemccurdybikini.wetpaint.com">jennette mccurdy bikini</a>, 543490, <a href="http://ericacerranuder.livejournal.com">erica cerra nude</a>, %-P, ec54951be30895cafdba0567a73ec828a2e828cf 4081 4080 2011-07-17T02:15:49Z 94.100.25.42 0 , wikitext text/x-wiki , 5c10b5b2cd673a0616d529aa5234b12ee7153808 4082 4081 2011-07-17T02:29:04Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment4, <a href="http://adriennebarbeaunudes.freeforums.org">adrienne barbeau nude</a>, 40445, wikitext text/x-wiki comment4, <a href="http://adriennebarbeaunudes.freeforums.org">adrienne barbeau nude</a>, 40445, f3af9dccf019ac46b6c00b6ac92b16cac140d230 4083 4082 2011-07-17T02:44:31Z 94.100.25.42 0 , wikitext text/x-wiki , 5c10b5b2cd673a0616d529aa5234b12ee7153808 4085 4083 2011-07-17T03:34:55Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment2, <a href="http://marguliesnuder.livejournal.com">sophie marceau nude</a>, xfl, <a href="http://sarapaxtonnuder.livejournal.com">sara paxton nude</a>, :-OOO, <a href="http://placidonuder.liv wikitext text/x-wiki comment2, <a href="http://marguliesnuder.livejournal.com">sophie marceau nude</a>, xfl, <a href="http://sarapaxtonnuder.livejournal.com">sara paxton nude</a>, :-OOO, <a href="http://placidonuder.livejournal.com">dana plato playboy</a>, qqbl, 74d62b48b5feaeb1e7d3565f2293db4c88eb3b33 4086 4085 2011-07-17T03:42:38Z 94.100.25.42 0 , wikitext text/x-wiki , 5c10b5b2cd673a0616d529aa5234b12ee7153808 4091 4086 2011-07-17T09:22:25Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment4, <a href="http://monaghannuder.livejournal.com">gretchen mol nude</a>, 14978, <a href="http://mccarthynuder.livejournal.com">rachel mcadams nude</a>, fieukd, <a href="http://minoguenakedr.l wikitext text/x-wiki comment4, <a href="http://monaghannuder.livejournal.com">gretchen mol nude</a>, 14978, <a href="http://mccarthynuder.livejournal.com">rachel mcadams nude</a>, fieukd, <a href="http://minoguenakedr.livejournal.com">vanessa minnillo nude</a>, >:P, <a href="http://jessicajaneclementnaked2.freeforums.org">jessica jane clement naked</a>, 11025, cc0b78ae6c85e7bbd60a8e203c774c0f971df5df 4092 4091 2011-07-17T09:45:20Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment2, <a href="http://prestonnuder.livejournal.com">victoria principal nude</a>, 7956, <a href="http://lilycoleplayboy.wetpaint.com">lily cole playboy</a>, >:O, wikitext text/x-wiki comment2, <a href="http://prestonnuder.livejournal.com">victoria principal nude</a>, 7956, <a href="http://lilycoleplayboy.wetpaint.com">lily cole playboy</a>, >:O, adbbe955a565c931feaa0ab3023a5f2a2025df54 4093 4092 2011-07-17T10:11:35Z 94.100.25.42 0 , wikitext text/x-wiki , 5c10b5b2cd673a0616d529aa5234b12ee7153808 4094 4093 2011-07-17T10:57:38Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment4, <a href="http://lindakozlowskinudes.freeforums.org">linda kozlowski nude</a>, uij, <a href="http://kristenbellnaked.freeforums.org">kristen bell naked</a>, :-(((, <a href="http://lisarayen wikitext text/x-wiki comment4, <a href="http://lindakozlowskinudes.freeforums.org">linda kozlowski nude</a>, uij, <a href="http://kristenbellnaked.freeforums.org">kristen bell naked</a>, :-(((, <a href="http://lisarayenuder.livejournal.com">linda hogan nude</a>, :-(, <a href="http://meganfoxnakedpics.wetpaint.com">megan fox naked pics</a>, :-))), f6f166410c61a46321b5c39665b554f1839d26e0 4096 4094 2011-07-17T12:30:12Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment4, <a href="http://annakournikovanude.freeforums.org">anna kournikova nude</a>, 8-D, <a href="http://dorismarplayboy.wetpaint.com">dorismar playboy</a>, ymejem, <a href="http://sarahwaynecall wikitext text/x-wiki comment4, <a href="http://annakournikovanude.freeforums.org">anna kournikova nude</a>, 8-D, <a href="http://dorismarplayboy.wetpaint.com">dorismar playboy</a>, ymejem, <a href="http://sarahwaynecalliesnudeas.freeforums.org">sarah wayne callies nude</a>, dihm, b2e5c1a5ed658d68a8e23eca4bb69b6471f71236 4097 4096 2011-07-17T12:38:02Z 46.21.144.51 0 comment5, <a href="http://farmiganuder.livejournal.com">vera farmiga nude</a>, :))), <a href="http://shannontweedplayboy.wetpaint.com">shannon tweed playboy</a>, rnyy, <a href="http://michellehunzik wikitext text/x-wiki comment5, <a href="http://farmiganuder.livejournal.com">vera farmiga nude</a>, :))), <a href="http://shannontweedplayboy.wetpaint.com">shannon tweed playboy</a>, rnyy, <a href="http://michellehunzikernude.freeforums.org">michelle hunziker nude</a>, 0627, <a href="http://mimirogersnude.wetpaint.com">mimi rogers nude</a>, :(, fb93f7b9137c2ce46d2b20eb864cc010d11d4cf0 4098 4097 2011-07-17T12:47:06Z 94.100.25.42 0 , wikitext text/x-wiki , 5c10b5b2cd673a0616d529aa5234b12ee7153808 4099 4098 2011-07-17T13:09:11Z 46.21.144.51 0 comment3, <a href="http://alilarternuder.livejournal.com">ali larter nude</a>, 385, <a href="http://jennifermorrisonnude.wetpaint.com">jennifer morrison nude</a>, :-OOO, <a href="http://heardnakedr. wikitext text/x-wiki comment3, <a href="http://alilarternuder.livejournal.com">ali larter nude</a>, 385, <a href="http://jennifermorrisonnude.wetpaint.com">jennifer morrison nude</a>, :-OOO, <a href="http://heardnakedr.livejournal.com">amber heard naked</a>, 1335, 8b28f3724d6cab5301f57b1b9a192ae8316bf392 4100 4099 2011-07-17T13:10:02Z 46.21.144.52 0 comment4, <a href="http://anadelaregueradesnuda.freeforums.org">ana de la reguera desnuda</a>, eol, wikitext text/x-wiki comment4, <a href="http://anadelaregueradesnuda.freeforums.org">ana de la reguera desnuda</a>, eol, c6a37ac69cea30f50e2d6aa217a1b0af0d0b5edb 4101 4100 2011-07-17T14:13:09Z 46.21.144.51 0 comment3, <a href="http://maryelizabethwinsteadnude.wetpaint.com">mary elizabeth winstead nude</a>, 1054, wikitext text/x-wiki comment3, <a href="http://maryelizabethwinsteadnude.wetpaint.com">mary elizabeth winstead nude</a>, 1054, 3c892033a136ac1a51e0f7d3f0dfa8cadaa08f75 4102 4101 2011-07-17T14:13:24Z 46.21.144.52 0 comment6, <a href="http://joshduhamelnaked.freeforums.org">josh duhamel naked</a>, 595913, <a href="http://moonbloodgoodnudes.wetpaint.com">moon bloodgood nude</a>, ygoj, <a href="http://torispellin wikitext text/x-wiki comment6, <a href="http://joshduhamelnaked.freeforums.org">josh duhamel naked</a>, 595913, <a href="http://moonbloodgoodnudes.wetpaint.com">moon bloodgood nude</a>, ygoj, <a href="http://torispellingnude.freeforums.org">tori spelling nude</a>, 8[[, <a href="http://milakunissexscene.wetpaint.com">mila kunis sex scene</a>, fses, db5e4007a510dfa4dc32bda4350ef593c7842d47 4103 4102 2011-07-17T14:27:40Z 46.21.144.51 0 comment1, <a href="http://claudiaschiffernude.freeforums.org">claudia schiffer nude</a>, :-(((, <a href="http://heardnakedr.livejournal.com">amber heard naked</a>, yzb, wikitext text/x-wiki comment1, <a href="http://claudiaschiffernude.freeforums.org">claudia schiffer nude</a>, :-(((, <a href="http://heardnakedr.livejournal.com">amber heard naked</a>, yzb, a36e43d3df3ad098eafdaaaab40a296cc46e1bf5 4104 4103 2011-07-17T14:28:32Z 46.21.144.52 0 comment4, <a href="http://careydesnudar.livejournal.com">mariah carey desnuda</a>, berj, <a href="http://emmawatsonnipslip.freeforums.org">emma watson nip slip</a>, =((, <a href="http://conradsextap wikitext text/x-wiki comment4, <a href="http://careydesnudar.livejournal.com">mariah carey desnuda</a>, berj, <a href="http://emmawatsonnipslip.freeforums.org">emma watson nip slip</a>, =((, <a href="http://conradsextaper.livejournal.com">jennifer connelly nude</a>, %(((, 63c64fd2d9158f8ec5f4fddb3df211e388c0c990 4105 4104 2011-07-17T17:12:56Z 94.100.25.42 0 , wikitext text/x-wiki , 5c10b5b2cd673a0616d529aa5234b12ee7153808 4106 4105 2011-07-17T17:38:11Z 46.21.144.51 0 comment5, <a href="http://tweednakedr.livejournal.com">shannon tweed naked</a>, sysv, <a href="http://vivabiancanude.wetpaint.com">viva bianca nude</a>, %-O, <a href="http://catherinenuder.livejourn wikitext text/x-wiki comment5, <a href="http://tweednakedr.livejournal.com">shannon tweed naked</a>, sysv, <a href="http://vivabiancanude.wetpaint.com">viva bianca nude</a>, %-O, <a href="http://catherinenuder.livejournal.com">catherine bach nude</a>, phgo, <a href="http://sarahwaynecalliesnudeas.freeforums.org">sarah wayne callies nude</a>, 60339, 90ec7663ee37af4d04a5da7363c8be33c60810c0 4107 4106 2011-07-17T17:39:00Z 46.21.144.52 0 comment3, <a href="http://patsykensitnude.freeforums.org">patsy kensit nude</a>, hyh, <a href="http://bracconuder.livejournal.com">lorraine bracco nude</a>, :-)), <a href="http://dinameyernude2.free wikitext text/x-wiki comment3, <a href="http://patsykensitnude.freeforums.org">patsy kensit nude</a>, hyh, <a href="http://bracconuder.livejournal.com">lorraine bracco nude</a>, :-)), <a href="http://dinameyernude2.freeforums.org">dina meyer nude</a>, qbexz, cfe2adbb2d01c9c9e462dd902c6c79ab567a4e5a 4108 4107 2011-07-17T17:42:17Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment3, <a href="http://edelsteinnakedr.livejournal.com">alexis dziena nude</a>, =-)), <a href="http://davalosnuder.livejournal.com">stacey dash naked</a>, kdebra, <a href="http://mcadamsnakedr.li wikitext text/x-wiki comment3, <a href="http://edelsteinnakedr.livejournal.com">alexis dziena nude</a>, =-)), <a href="http://davalosnuder.livejournal.com">stacey dash naked</a>, kdebra, <a href="http://mcadamsnakedr.livejournal.com">masiela lusha nude</a>, 12398, eab8aa91350f6c4748e25396e739da8a517e7169 4109 4108 2011-07-17T17:53:48Z 46.21.144.51 0 comment3, <a href="http://lucylawlesssexscenes.freeforums.org">lucy lawless sex scene</a>, 52616, <a href="http://alysonhanniganporn.freeforums.org">alyson hannigan porn</a>, 8OO, <a href="http://la wikitext text/x-wiki comment3, <a href="http://lucylawlesssexscenes.freeforums.org">lucy lawless sex scene</a>, 52616, <a href="http://alysonhanniganporn.freeforums.org">alyson hannigan porn</a>, 8OO, <a href="http://lakebellnude.freeforums.org">lake bell nude</a>, xaewnd, <a href="http://kimkardashiannackt2.freeforums.org">kim kardashian nackt</a>, 3559, 700a10cbc47feb19d209db57110bf3a990116627 4110 4109 2011-07-17T18:04:45Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment2, <a href="http://catherinekeenernude.freeforums.org">catherine keener nude</a>, 8PP, wikitext text/x-wiki comment2, <a href="http://catherinekeenernude.freeforums.org">catherine keener nude</a>, 8PP, f612bba7087fa36794f64bcb6514f74e0974e35c 4111 4110 2011-07-17T18:09:24Z 46.21.144.51 0 comment5, <a href="http://zacefronnur.livejournal.com">zac efron nu</a>, 148, <a href="http://bodereknuder.livejournal.com">bo derek nude</a>, 3523, <a href="http://leathompsonnudes.freeforums.org"> wikitext text/x-wiki comment5, <a href="http://zacefronnur.livejournal.com">zac efron nu</a>, 148, <a href="http://bodereknuder.livejournal.com">bo derek nude</a>, 3523, <a href="http://leathompsonnudes.freeforums.org">lea thompson nude</a>, %-OO, 8834614b883bf439f683a5e8074e8782a651c0e5 4112 4111 2011-07-17T18:09:36Z 46.21.144.52 0 comment3, <a href="http://deniserichardssexscene.wetpaint.com">denise richards sex scene</a>, =-(((, <a href="http://gabrielleunionnude.wetpaint.com">gabrielle union nude</a>, fln, wikitext text/x-wiki comment3, <a href="http://deniserichardssexscene.wetpaint.com">denise richards sex scene</a>, =-(((, <a href="http://gabrielleunionnude.wetpaint.com">gabrielle union nude</a>, fln, ca0b1eb1191b16f8c1b5855017966241aa3bb9d7 4113 4112 2011-07-17T18:42:16Z 46.21.144.52 0 comment6, <a href="http://leathompsonnude2.freeforums.org">lea thompson nude</a>, =-PPP, wikitext text/x-wiki comment6, <a href="http://leathompsonnude2.freeforums.org">lea thompson nude</a>, =-PPP, b274ec184407ee3e89167f47b571236f5dde3e11 4114 4113 2011-07-17T18:56:15Z 46.21.144.52 0 comment3, <a href="http://efrondesnudor.livejournal.com">zac efron desnudo</a>, 90236, wikitext text/x-wiki comment3, <a href="http://efrondesnudor.livejournal.com">zac efron desnudo</a>, 90236, ea37841736208fc49765348df5b7b25d864438a0 4115 4114 2011-07-17T18:56:23Z 46.21.144.51 0 comment4, <a href="http://ellenbarkinnude.freeforums.org">ellen barkin nude</a>, uomq, wikitext text/x-wiki comment4, <a href="http://ellenbarkinnude.freeforums.org">ellen barkin nude</a>, uomq, e4054f2c3d6a458f77b5616d064b7bbd316addee 4116 4115 2011-07-17T19:11:11Z 46.21.144.51 0 comment3, <a href="http://melyssaplayboyr.livejournal.com">megan fox nackt</a>, bqnun, wikitext text/x-wiki comment3, <a href="http://melyssaplayboyr.livejournal.com">megan fox nackt</a>, bqnun, 17fd4a5a226c5ba51f6d8189bfc87bb61a61e292 4117 4116 2011-07-17T19:26:05Z 46.21.144.52 0 comment6, <a href="http://jeanlouisakellynude.freeforums.org">jean louisa kelly nude</a>, 742598, <a href="http://helenamattssonnude.freeforums.org">helena mattsson nude</a>, %[, <a href="http://wal wikitext text/x-wiki comment6, <a href="http://jeanlouisakellynude.freeforums.org">jean louisa kelly nude</a>, 742598, <a href="http://helenamattssonnude.freeforums.org">helena mattsson nude</a>, %[, <a href="http://walkernuder.livejournal.com">polly walker nude</a>, 644533, 6506534ee68a78c0f228f10a1b8018a5422120de 4118 4117 2011-07-17T19:47:14Z 94.100.25.42 0 , wikitext text/x-wiki , 5c10b5b2cd673a0616d529aa5234b12ee7153808 4119 4118 2011-07-17T19:56:25Z 46.21.144.51 0 comment1, <a href="http://carternuder.livejournal.com">lynda carter nude</a>, 63489, <a href="http://misacamponakedr.livejournal.com">helen mirren naked</a>, ffgk, <a href="http://sarahconnornude.we wikitext text/x-wiki comment1, <a href="http://carternuder.livejournal.com">lynda carter nude</a>, 63489, <a href="http://misacamponakedr.livejournal.com">helen mirren naked</a>, ffgk, <a href="http://sarahconnornude.wetpaint.com">sarah connor nude</a>, 8-]]], 54d67f34f9e7d7e8c534bc9973b2253f9552852d 4120 4119 2011-07-17T20:12:02Z 46.21.144.51 0 comment1, <a href="http://andersonnudar.livejournal.com">pamela anderson nuda</a>, 662, <a href="http://clancynuder.livejournal.com">abbey clancy nude</a>, 644614, wikitext text/x-wiki comment1, <a href="http://andersonnudar.livejournal.com">pamela anderson nuda</a>, 662, <a href="http://clancynuder.livejournal.com">abbey clancy nude</a>, 644614, 6eba446cfc6a0a1ab81164a6376dc2f1d88168c3 4121 4120 2011-07-17T20:18:49Z 94.100.25.42 0 , wikitext text/x-wiki , 5c10b5b2cd673a0616d529aa5234b12ee7153808 4122 4121 2011-07-17T20:22:19Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment4, <a href="http://yvonnestrahovskinude.freeforums.org">yvonne strahovski nude</a>, >:O, wikitext text/x-wiki comment4, <a href="http://yvonnestrahovskinude.freeforums.org">yvonne strahovski nude</a>, >:O, 4708d386a3b50e850634651321f02baa99cb396f 4123 4122 2011-07-17T20:26:14Z 46.21.144.51 0 comment2, <a href="http://vergaranakedr.livejournal.com">sofia vergara naked</a>, :-]]], <a href="http://marguliesnuder.livejournal.com">sophie marceau nude</a>, 8-OOO, <a href="http://danaplatoporn wikitext text/x-wiki comment2, <a href="http://vergaranakedr.livejournal.com">sofia vergara naked</a>, :-]]], <a href="http://marguliesnuder.livejournal.com">sophie marceau nude</a>, 8-OOO, <a href="http://danaplatopornr.livejournal.com">dana plato nude</a>, gjmm, ba7d0c6c60949d183ec4467d266da76f34f348b7 4124 4123 2011-07-17T20:26:32Z 46.21.144.52 0 comment6, <a href="http://gemmaartertonnus.wetpaint.com">gemma arterton nu</a>, 127307, wikitext text/x-wiki comment6, <a href="http://gemmaartertonnus.wetpaint.com">gemma arterton nu</a>, 127307, 91ed9816ebfadb828cdd2718aae8cfc3ad982515 4125 4124 2011-07-17T20:44:10Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment4, <a href="http://lesliebibbnudes.freeforums.org">leslie bibb nude</a>, 775688, wikitext text/x-wiki comment4, <a href="http://lesliebibbnudes.freeforums.org">leslie bibb nude</a>, 775688, 2b3cb51196275b67503011efc07af2664fcc4b49 4126 4125 2011-07-17T20:48:11Z 94.100.25.42 0 , wikitext text/x-wiki , 5c10b5b2cd673a0616d529aa5234b12ee7153808 4127 4126 2011-07-17T21:05:59Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment1, <a href="http://lilkimnuder.livejournal.com">lena headey nude</a>, 8(((, wikitext text/x-wiki comment1, <a href="http://lilkimnuder.livejournal.com">lena headey nude</a>, 8(((, 5daa9257df390f52a5a10125d0cb9b4dd952e8db 1 2325 4084 3863 2011-07-17T03:27:55Z 109.230.245.241 0 /* Certificated translations */ new section wikitext text/x-wiki Anyone and every one should own at least individual LED flashlight. More than one, even. You decidedly demand story in every household in crate of a blackout. How would you be navigating your way around the power fight or square out of the contain to determine in if it's well-grounded your enterprise front this issue or if your neighbors are in the predicament too? I acquire a adherent who balance out keeps a particular LED flashlight per cell in the house. That includes the bedrooms, living latitude, cookhouse, storeroom, and stable the bathrooms! I believe she has dialect mayhap 10 of such an LED flashlight. Another superior throw away case of an LED flashlight is while you're traveling. You should as a last resort complete an LED flashlight with you in circumstance your motor hotel or wherever you are encounters a blackout. What is more, shining the dazzling LED flashlight will be able to get people's regard to yield to your liberate, wherever you are (unless you're under bottled water, at which your LED flashlight probably won't be functioning). So why an LED flashlight and not inseparable of those normal torchlights? Proper, honest like how the above lights these days don't reach faulty as much as in the past, so will the lifespan of your LED flashlight. It is known to matrix you way longer than the flashlights of the past. I bought the <a href=http://www.dealtoworld.com/goods-8882-UltraFire+WF-502B+SSC-P7-CSXO+3-Mode+900-Lumen+Memory+LED+Flashlight+with+Clip+%281%2A186501%2A17670%29.html>UltraFire WF-502B SSC-P7-CSXO 3-Mode 900-Lumen Memory LED Flashlight with Shorten (1*18650/1*17670) from the Ultrafire Lights conditioned by trust in</a> on DealtoWorld.com, where I regularly do some online shopping. DealtoWorld.com carries many gadgets and tools that flourish ordinary resilience much easier. It foolproof beats booming for everyone the marts and well-founded discovering things at occasionally and buying them nearly on impulse. At least while I'm doing online shopping at DealtoWorld.com, I can pronto inspection on the offering and the function of it, and even-tempered pore over reviews of it before I cause that purchase decision. It unfaltering makes me determine like I'm shopping crumble smarter than in front! Uninterrupted my husband is blithesome after me that I don't barely inform on for clothes, but recognize how to accept such beneficial tools afar the internet! It's technique more handy, and you don't be subjected to to be super savvy to recognize how to do it. After buying this LED flashlight, I set bought some birthday gifts instead of friends. The gifts are mostly hard-headed things that they can press into service, and I also bought another LED flashlight for the treatment of my mom who suppress uses candles during a power outage. The LED flashlight I bought from <a href=http://www.dealtoworld.com/>DealtoWorld.com</a> allows me to prefer from three modes. There's expensive, scant, and strobe. High is to go to when I need loads of daybreak, like during a blackout, exchange for instance. Switching it to low enables me to protect batteries or when I don't call too much light-bulb, like when I lack to see the gas meter, on instance. Strobe is into when I have occasion for some rescuer's attention or to disorient an busybody or barbaric animal. Decent mould month I was stuck in a jammed elevator and rogue was I glad to beget my trusty LED flashlight with me so I didn't bleed for so scared. As you can catch sight of from the pictures, the LED flashlight produces a rather convincing counterglow, to torch up the region when you most need it. == Certificated translations == By us at times to come by more low-down and facts in the matter of Visit us contemporary to buy more facts and facts regarding <a href=http://pranie-dywanow.dogory.pl>Pranie Dywan&#243;w</a> 97463375debccff01c51eefd215fd5d3182d01e5 4090 4084 2011-07-17T06:39:38Z 91.114.9.30 0 Blanked the page wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 1 2358 4087 3914 2011-07-17T05:55:43Z 109.106.156.36 0 /* Букет из пионов и прекрасный подарок на день влюбленных */ new section wikitext text/x-wiki pages tvhal -- <a href=http://kiyslnmz.blogspot.com>Diaper Punish Daughter</a> == Букет из пионов и прекрасный подарок на день влюбленных == подарок жене, В магазине мебели можно купить диван и диван-кровать по выгодным ценам. Красивые букеты цветов с доставкой. Хоть бы ничего не перепутать:бабам-цветы,а детям -мороженое На сегодняшний день каждый цветок имеет определенное значение в символике цветов. Поэтому если человек, которому вы преподносите в подарок букет, 9ade07d9cdea93546d9934279cc980783ba754dd 4088 4087 2011-07-17T06:39:05Z 91.114.9.30 0 Blanked the page wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 4095 4088 2011-07-17T12:02:51Z 109.106.156.36 0 /* Замечательные каллы в корзине на свадьбу */ new section wikitext text/x-wiki == Замечательные каллы в корзине на свадьбу == Оценка: 0 Рейтинг: 0 поедь на дачу-бесплатно подарят сорви цветы в парке, штраф будет дешевле:)ну а если бегаешь хорошо, тогда вообще даром международная доставка цветов и подарков по Украине: цветы и подарки Одесса, Николаев, Южный, Ильичевск, Белгород-Днестровский, Киев. Да и другие цветы сказать могут очень многое. 9288ea7c00e1318c41adfc652fa4f4727efac0c6 1 2367 4089 4066 2011-07-17T06:39:22Z 91.114.9.30 0 Blanked the page wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 0 1720 4128 4127 2011-07-17T21:24:29Z 46.21.144.52 0 comment2, <a href="http://erinnudevideor.livejournal.com">erin andrews nude video</a>, 9335, <a href="http://roxannenuder.livejournal.com">betsy russell nude</a>, etmg, wikitext text/x-wiki comment2, <a href="http://erinnudevideor.livejournal.com">erin andrews nude video</a>, 9335, <a href="http://roxannenuder.livejournal.com">betsy russell nude</a>, etmg, f6c4f4d88672ca05ed58d8433e30fd94a9d2b9b5 4129 4128 2011-07-17T21:39:17Z 46.21.144.52 0 comment5, <a href="http://lindablairnuder.livejournal.com">lil kim nude</a>, bkbpdd, <a href="http://vivabiancanude.wetpaint.com">viva bianca nude</a>, nddbbq, wikitext text/x-wiki comment5, <a href="http://lindablairnuder.livejournal.com">lil kim nude</a>, bkbpdd, <a href="http://vivabiancanude.wetpaint.com">viva bianca nude</a>, nddbbq, 1acebcfd27ba3565755a30347023579bfebf608e 4130 4129 2011-07-17T21:40:56Z 46.21.144.51 0 comment6, <a href="http://chernuder.livejournal.com">cher nude</a>, efj, <a href="http://courtneythornesmithnude.wetpaint.com">courtney thorne-smith nude</a>, 92056, <a href="http://moonbloodgoodnud wikitext text/x-wiki comment6, <a href="http://chernuder.livejournal.com">cher nude</a>, efj, <a href="http://courtneythornesmithnude.wetpaint.com">courtney thorne-smith nude</a>, 92056, <a href="http://moonbloodgoodnudes.wetpaint.com">moon bloodgood nude</a>, rkh, d0f844b885307634940f4c497ac9d392fa65e704 4131 4130 2011-07-17T21:50:09Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment1, <a href="http://fairchildnuder.livejournal.com">morgan fairchild nude</a>, 828, <a href="http://nickiminajtits.freeforums.org">nicki minaj tits</a>, clxisx, <a href="http://jennifermorriso wikitext text/x-wiki comment1, <a href="http://fairchildnuder.livejournal.com">morgan fairchild nude</a>, 828, <a href="http://nickiminajtits.freeforums.org">nicki minaj tits</a>, clxisx, <a href="http://jennifermorrisonnude.wetpaint.com">jennifer morrison nude</a>, rxs, <a href="http://gemmaartertonnus.wetpaint.com">gemma arterton nu</a>, 928166, a6c051f3e9b38c368b62b45c5b120d3fef86a8a3 4132 4131 2011-07-17T21:54:41Z 46.21.144.52 0 comment2, <a href="http://leecurtisnakedr.livejournal.com">rachelle leah playboy</a>, ytskz, wikitext text/x-wiki comment2, <a href="http://leecurtisnakedr.livejournal.com">rachelle leah playboy</a>, ytskz, 89a450b224e6c8167c4056c49b7f73df88b3e550 4133 4132 2011-07-17T21:55:44Z 46.21.144.51 0 comment3, <a href="http://katemaranakedr.livejournal.com">kari wuhrer nude</a>, 0685, <a href="http://constancenuder.livejournal.com">lauren conrad sex tape</a>, :-PP, <a href="http://mayralealnude. wikitext text/x-wiki comment3, <a href="http://katemaranakedr.livejournal.com">kari wuhrer nude</a>, 0685, <a href="http://constancenuder.livejournal.com">lauren conrad sex tape</a>, :-PP, <a href="http://mayralealnude.wetpaint.com">mayra leal nude</a>, gjx, <a href="http://emmawatsonnipslip.freeforums.org">emma watson nip slip</a>, 40523, 41cf340c5fdb5b307b830e0419b7843bda7ca66d 4134 4133 2011-07-17T22:08:49Z 46.21.144.52 0 comment4, <a href="http://davalosnuder.livejournal.com">stacey dash naked</a>, 593474, wikitext text/x-wiki comment4, <a href="http://davalosnuder.livejournal.com">stacey dash naked</a>, 593474, 113d8f17b0c35458c525045a755036ff8a70115b 4135 4134 2011-07-17T22:10:38Z 46.21.144.51 0 comment2, <a href="http://jennifercoolidgenudes.freeforums.org">jennifer coolidge nude</a>, 354866, <a href="http://dorismarplayboy.wetpaint.com">dorismar playboy</a>, ckvzhc, wikitext text/x-wiki comment2, <a href="http://jennifercoolidgenudes.freeforums.org">jennifer coolidge nude</a>, 354866, <a href="http://dorismarplayboy.wetpaint.com">dorismar playboy</a>, ckvzhc, 8df13bb6943bb8e7255538d94022160f4e420e25 4136 4135 2011-07-17T22:12:57Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment4, <a href="http://nicoleeggertnude2.freeforums.org">nicole eggert nude</a>, zvxx, <a href="http://shannontweedplayboy.wetpaint.com">shannon tweed playboy</a>, zxexzi, <a href="http://leslieb wikitext text/x-wiki comment4, <a href="http://nicoleeggertnude2.freeforums.org">nicole eggert nude</a>, zvxx, <a href="http://shannontweedplayboy.wetpaint.com">shannon tweed playboy</a>, zxexzi, <a href="http://lesliebibbnude2.freeforums.org">leslie bibb nude</a>, 1632, <a href="http://misacamponude.freeforums.org">misa campo nude</a>, eei, a4ed193361037a36ae2a2cc446f73cf0c9a471f1 4137 4136 2011-07-17T22:23:24Z 46.21.144.52 0 comment6, <a href="http://polleynuder.livejournal.com">teri polo playboy</a>, %-)), <a href="http://erinnudevideor.livejournal.com">erin andrews nude video</a>, 04994, <a href="http://juliebowennake wikitext text/x-wiki comment6, <a href="http://polleynuder.livejournal.com">teri polo playboy</a>, %-)), <a href="http://erinnudevideor.livejournal.com">erin andrews nude video</a>, 04994, <a href="http://juliebowennaked.wetpaint.com">julie bowen naked</a>, >:-PPP, abf7d20aece58ed464c09a03c9367cb8e5a9ca44 4138 4137 2011-07-17T22:35:15Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment3, <a href="http://rihannanackts.freeforums.org">rihanna nackt</a>, %[[[, wikitext text/x-wiki comment3, <a href="http://rihannanackts.freeforums.org">rihanna nackt</a>, %[[[, 77d18108a538b9fbd0597581bc5a265ae0b89c04 4139 4138 2011-07-17T23:03:52Z 94.100.25.42 0 , wikitext text/x-wiki , 5c10b5b2cd673a0616d529aa5234b12ee7153808 4140 4139 2011-07-17T23:07:35Z 46.21.144.52 0 comment3, <a href="http://rosannaarquettenude.freeforums.org">rosanna arquette nude</a>, =P, <a href="http://julialouisdreyfusnude.freeforums.org">julia louis-dreyfus nude</a>, 94195, <a href="http: wikitext text/x-wiki comment3, <a href="http://rosannaarquettenude.freeforums.org">rosanna arquette nude</a>, =P, <a href="http://julialouisdreyfusnude.freeforums.org">julia louis-dreyfus nude</a>, 94195, <a href="http://walgernuder.livejournal.com">sonya walger nude</a>, 1442, dfcf130ccc3ee67b045b550f2b3cbade61176288 4141 4140 2011-07-17T23:19:37Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment4, <a href="http://annemossnuder.livejournal.com">carrie anne moss nude</a>, =-], <a href="http://rihannanudephotos.wetpaint.com">rihanna nude photos</a>, 8-OO, <a href="http://lenaheadeynude wikitext text/x-wiki comment4, <a href="http://annemossnuder.livejournal.com">carrie anne moss nude</a>, =-], <a href="http://rihannanudephotos.wetpaint.com">rihanna nude photos</a>, 8-OO, <a href="http://lenaheadeynuder.livejournal.com">jamie lee curtis naked</a>, %-OO, <a href="http://autumnreesernude2.freeforums.org">autumn reeser nude</a>, riax, f61a06620a6513a0112a488eb06cd5b5bcf8b950 4142 4141 2011-07-17T23:23:23Z 46.21.144.52 0 comment4, <a href="http://lilkimnuder.livejournal.com">lena headey nude</a>, 295780, <a href="http://missyperegrymnude.wetpaint.com">missy peregrym nude</a>, 15231, <a href="http://rosamundpikenude2 wikitext text/x-wiki comment4, <a href="http://lilkimnuder.livejournal.com">lena headey nude</a>, 295780, <a href="http://missyperegrymnude.wetpaint.com">missy peregrym nude</a>, 15231, <a href="http://rosamundpikenude2.freeforums.org">rosamund pike nude</a>, >:[[, 5f4c837955f603d11132a32d42681c0ab61901ce 4143 4142 2011-07-17T23:24:34Z 46.21.144.51 0 comment6, <a href="http://meagangoodnude.freeforums.org">meagan good nude</a>, krhqy, <a href="http://ajcooknuder.livejournal.com">aj cook nude</a>, 8]], <a href="http://leeleesobieskinude.wetpaint. wikitext text/x-wiki comment6, <a href="http://meagangoodnude.freeforums.org">meagan good nude</a>, krhqy, <a href="http://ajcooknuder.livejournal.com">aj cook nude</a>, 8]], <a href="http://leeleesobieskinude.wetpaint.com">leelee sobieski nude</a>, 8-OO, 539df2e3921b38eae524093e97383a2f3611b9fb 4144 4143 2011-07-17T23:38:10Z 46.21.144.52 0 comment3, <a href="http://meganfoxdesnuda.wetpaint.com">megan fox desnuda</a>, qysye, <a href="http://gershonnuder.livejournal.com">megan fox oben ohne</a>, 343206, <a href="http://morenabaccarinnud wikitext text/x-wiki comment3, <a href="http://meganfoxdesnuda.wetpaint.com">megan fox desnuda</a>, qysye, <a href="http://gershonnuder.livejournal.com">megan fox oben ohne</a>, 343206, <a href="http://morenabaccarinnude.freeforums.org">morena baccarin nude</a>, hmp, 26c41b31b2ff9268fa60893cf5e3ddbc7e569d71 4145 4144 2011-07-17T23:52:10Z 46.21.144.52 0 comment2, <a href="http://laceychabertnude.wetpaint.com">lacey chabert nude</a>, 0222, <a href="http://jessicaalbanackt.wetpaint.com">jessica alba nackt</a>, 61522, wikitext text/x-wiki comment2, <a href="http://laceychabertnude.wetpaint.com">lacey chabert nude</a>, 0222, <a href="http://jessicaalbanackt.wetpaint.com">jessica alba nackt</a>, 61522, f7ca6f2bb4478ab01d9b389fed4fa47d2fab8052 4146 4145 2011-07-17T23:53:49Z 46.21.144.51 0 comment4, <a href="http://kristenbellnaked.freeforums.org">kristen bell naked</a>, 21470, <a href="http://capshawnuder.livejournal.com">kate capshaw nude</a>, :-))), <a href="http://courtneythornesm wikitext text/x-wiki comment4, <a href="http://kristenbellnaked.freeforums.org">kristen bell naked</a>, 21470, <a href="http://capshawnuder.livejournal.com">kate capshaw nude</a>, :-))), <a href="http://courtneythornesmithnude.wetpaint.com">courtney thorne-smith nude</a>, 506570, 5e71f48787234fec15adbfee1fcd68c07109c081 4147 4146 2011-07-18T00:08:53Z 46.21.144.51 0 comment4, <a href="http://nicoleeggertnude.freeforums.org">nicole eggert nude</a>, ugrasq, <a href="http://adriennebarbeaunude.freeforums.org">adrienne barbeau nude</a>, dzcqvc, wikitext text/x-wiki comment4, <a href="http://nicoleeggertnude.freeforums.org">nicole eggert nude</a>, ugrasq, <a href="http://adriennebarbeaunude.freeforums.org">adrienne barbeau nude</a>, dzcqvc, e21557b8153b951d27fd216e20a66d8d0c84e735 4148 4147 2011-07-18T00:22:16Z 46.21.144.52 0 comment3, <a href="http://alexmccordnuder.livejournal.com">alex mccord nude</a>, %-DD, <a href="http://swansonnuder.livejournal.com">kristy swanson nude</a>, %-OOO, wikitext text/x-wiki comment3, <a href="http://alexmccordnuder.livejournal.com">alex mccord nude</a>, %-DD, <a href="http://swansonnuder.livejournal.com">kristy swanson nude</a>, %-OOO, c8774043a60b13c57c1d404681d375871f70ecf5 4149 4148 2011-07-18T00:23:07Z 46.21.144.51 0 comment5, <a href="http://hinesnuder.livejournal.com">cheryl hines nude</a>, 380, <a href="http://milakunissexscene.wetpaint.com">mila kunis sex scene</a>, cmtr, <a href="http://amberheardnude.freef wikitext text/x-wiki comment5, <a href="http://hinesnuder.livejournal.com">cheryl hines nude</a>, 380, <a href="http://milakunissexscene.wetpaint.com">mila kunis sex scene</a>, cmtr, <a href="http://amberheardnude.freeforums.org">amber heard nude</a>, lez, <a href="http://jennifertillynaked.wetpaint.com">jennifer tilly naked</a>, :O, 7a6404e6683d849c11b5a04042fbe7ab50d72fb7 4151 4149 2011-07-18T00:52:29Z 46.21.144.51 0 comment4, <a href="http://jeanlouisakellynude.freeforums.org">jean louisa kelly nude</a>, :-[[[, <a href="http://swiftfakesr.livejournal.com">taylor swift fakes</a>, %), <a href="http://mcadamsnaked wikitext text/x-wiki comment4, <a href="http://jeanlouisakellynude.freeforums.org">jean louisa kelly nude</a>, :-[[[, <a href="http://swiftfakesr.livejournal.com">taylor swift fakes</a>, %), <a href="http://mcadamsnakedr.livejournal.com">masiela lusha nude</a>, 931, <a href="http://menasuvarinude.wetpaint.com">mena suvari nude</a>, :OOO, 91a174d5e861e1364bcf46c3f8687497c1ec6a35 4152 4151 2011-07-18T01:05:53Z 46.21.144.52 0 comment4, <a href="http://brendasongnude.wetpaint.com">brenda song nude</a>, 29310, wikitext text/x-wiki comment4, <a href="http://brendasongnude.wetpaint.com">brenda song nude</a>, 29310, 7a036eb75568047f8b62e5eadd52052e9e426fea 4153 4152 2011-07-18T01:20:30Z 46.21.144.52 0 comment3, <a href="http://tealeonihot.freeforums.org">tea leoni hot</a>, 1485, <a href="http://gabrielleanwarnude.wetpaint.com">gabrielle anwar nude</a>, jcjbjg, <a href="http://michelleryannude.wet wikitext text/x-wiki comment3, <a href="http://tealeonihot.freeforums.org">tea leoni hot</a>, 1485, <a href="http://gabrielleanwarnude.wetpaint.com">gabrielle anwar nude</a>, jcjbjg, <a href="http://michelleryannude.wetpaint.com">michelle ryan nude</a>, 8]]], f6daf22e9323ed51324d0ba2ecba454b531135b0 4154 4153 2011-07-18T01:21:58Z 46.21.144.51 0 comment3, <a href="http://nnpenichenuder.livejournal.com">kari ann peniche nude</a>, %OO, wikitext text/x-wiki comment3, <a href="http://nnpenichenuder.livejournal.com">kari ann peniche nude</a>, %OO, 4864e848cbe032f9c71daffb7b95670553bb0c9d 4155 4154 2011-07-18T02:04:59Z 46.21.144.52 0 comment1, <a href="http://gomesnuder.livejournal.com">gina gershon nude</a>, >:-(, <a href="http://nicolenuder.livejournal.com">jayde nicole nude</a>, 7180, wikitext text/x-wiki comment1, <a href="http://gomesnuder.livejournal.com">gina gershon nude</a>, >:-(, <a href="http://nicolenuder.livejournal.com">jayde nicole nude</a>, 7180, d79fb3bb7e72c0d9ffff0b933318a8ff999900d7 4156 4155 2011-07-18T02:18:26Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment5, <a href="http://bellenuder.livejournal.com">camilla belle nude</a>, 8O, <a href="http://evamendesnacktr.livejournal.com">eva mendes nackt</a>, rlhbi, wikitext text/x-wiki comment5, <a href="http://bellenuder.livejournal.com">camilla belle nude</a>, 8O, <a href="http://evamendesnacktr.livejournal.com">eva mendes nackt</a>, rlhbi, 62aebd9353289b8d7b23962f31a97a0b98f7287a 4157 4156 2011-07-18T02:33:45Z 46.21.144.51 0 comment1, <a href="http://kellyhunuder.livejournal.com">kelly hu naked</a>, 8(, <a href="http://leslieeasterbrooknude.wetpaint.com">leslie easterbrook nude</a>, 6771, <a href="http://gemmaartertonna wikitext text/x-wiki comment1, <a href="http://kellyhunuder.livejournal.com">kelly hu naked</a>, 8(, <a href="http://leslieeasterbrooknude.wetpaint.com">leslie easterbrook nude</a>, 6771, <a href="http://gemmaartertonnaked.wetpaint.com">gemma arterton naked</a>, =P, <a href="http://debbyryannude.freeforums.org">debby ryan nude</a>, 6112, 5f486af2561007b08933f124cbfb0a7b4e0ffb83 4158 4157 2011-07-18T02:55:04Z 46.21.144.52 0 comment3, <a href="http://lucylawlesssexscene.freeforums.org">lucy lawless sex scene</a>, 68340, <a href="http://atkinsontopless.livejournal.com">gemma atkinson topless</a>, >:((, <a href="http://fl wikitext text/x-wiki comment3, <a href="http://lucylawlesssexscene.freeforums.org">lucy lawless sex scene</a>, 68340, <a href="http://atkinsontopless.livejournal.com">gemma atkinson topless</a>, >:((, <a href="http://flynnboylenuder.livejournal.com">crista flanagan nude</a>, gufz, <a href="http://diorabairdnude.freeforums.org">diora baird nude</a>, =]], e09120468ad88c09fef70ae6d84e3368252e2e44 4159 4158 2011-07-18T03:05:47Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment4, <a href="http://megryannude.wetpaint.com">meg ryan nude</a>, gkoeg, <a href="http://ambervallettanude.wetpaint.com">amber valletta nude</a>, %-)), wikitext text/x-wiki comment4, <a href="http://megryannude.wetpaint.com">meg ryan nude</a>, gkoeg, <a href="http://ambervallettanude.wetpaint.com">amber valletta nude</a>, %-)), 030dd9ad84e6335201c55cff83a4814a39370bcb 4160 4159 2011-07-18T03:24:49Z 46.21.144.52 0 comment3, <a href="http://amandaholdennaked.wetpaint.com">amanda holden naked</a>, 8), <a href="http://platoplayboyr.livejournal.com">sarah polley nude</a>, cblcu, <a href="http://lesliebibbnude2.fr wikitext text/x-wiki comment3, <a href="http://amandaholdennaked.wetpaint.com">amanda holden naked</a>, 8), <a href="http://platoplayboyr.livejournal.com">sarah polley nude</a>, cblcu, <a href="http://lesliebibbnude2.freeforums.org">leslie bibb nude</a>, ihtiu, fd7ea77ca62dc620b7b63fff84c1aa2d3d04ed7d 4161 4160 2011-07-18T03:48:38Z 46.21.144.51 0 comment3, <a href="http://jennifercoolidgenudes.freeforums.org">jennifer coolidge nude</a>, 1733, <a href="http://sossamonnuder.livejournal.com">shannyn sossamon nude</a>, 817515, wikitext text/x-wiki comment3, <a href="http://jennifercoolidgenudes.freeforums.org">jennifer coolidge nude</a>, 1733, <a href="http://sossamonnuder.livejournal.com">shannyn sossamon nude</a>, 817515, 74ab9f8b95642a1a53adc5b6fb3896534654735f 4162 4161 2011-07-18T03:52:43Z 109.230.217.91 0 comment3, <a href="http://renerussonude.wetpaint.com">rene russo nude</a>, =-)), <a href="http://christinahendrickstopless.freeforums.org">christina hendricks topless</a>, wqyk, <a href="http://mcad wikitext text/x-wiki comment3, <a href="http://renerussonude.wetpaint.com">rene russo nude</a>, =-)), <a href="http://christinahendrickstopless.freeforums.org">christina hendricks topless</a>, wqyk, <a href="http://mcadamsnakedr.livejournal.com">masiela lusha nude</a>, >:OO, <a href="http://leathompsonnudes.freeforums.org">lea thompson nude</a>, 458807, af0a98f98f1bdfdec6e04654db708051a7528e44 4163 4162 2011-07-18T03:55:12Z 46.21.144.52 0 comment2, <a href="http://lilycolenude.wetpaint.com">lily cole nude</a>, 8-[[, wikitext text/x-wiki comment2, <a href="http://lilycolenude.wetpaint.com">lily cole nude</a>, 8-[[, 57770c53576612d2650f63755fda35c43e30f16b 4164 4163 2011-07-18T04:03:59Z 46.21.144.51 0 comment6, <a href="http://weavernuder.livejournal.com">sigourney weaver nude</a>, 91272, <a href="http://wrightnuder.livejournal.com">bonnie wright nude</a>, jbvbrd, <a href="http://edennuder.livejo wikitext text/x-wiki comment6, <a href="http://weavernuder.livejournal.com">sigourney weaver nude</a>, 91272, <a href="http://wrightnuder.livejournal.com">bonnie wright nude</a>, jbvbrd, <a href="http://edennuder.livejournal.com">lisa edelstein nude</a>, hsinh, 0030d67c31df57d3d99017ab1d02a1925e7685c0 4165 4164 2011-07-18T04:08:05Z 94.100.25.42 0 , wikitext text/x-wiki , 5c10b5b2cd673a0616d529aa5234b12ee7153808 4166 4165 2011-07-18T04:10:46Z 46.21.144.52 0 comment3, <a href="http://roxannenuder.livejournal.com">betsy russell nude</a>, 48293, wikitext text/x-wiki comment3, <a href="http://roxannenuder.livejournal.com">betsy russell nude</a>, 48293, eb35c6fea379181edf93cf367eede2421f07f40a 4167 4166 2011-07-18T04:25:04Z 46.21.144.52 0 comment2, <a href="http://leslieeasterbrooknude.wetpaint.com">leslie easterbrook nude</a>, etavtd, <a href="http://forscuttnuder.livejournal.com">melyssa ford nude</a>, bweuw, <a href="http://addiso wikitext text/x-wiki comment2, <a href="http://leslieeasterbrooknude.wetpaint.com">leslie easterbrook nude</a>, etavtd, <a href="http://forscuttnuder.livejournal.com">melyssa ford nude</a>, bweuw, <a href="http://addisontimlinnude.wetpaint.com">addison timlin nude</a>, csk, 82c1db278c8546e66ee2df0bcda323ab6f7ac0d0 4168 4167 2011-07-18T04:31:21Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>[[What is a C. elegans?]]<br /> <br /> [http://elegans.swmed.edu/genome.shtml SWmed.edu C. elegans genomics and genetics home page]</p> e5e36a7230beee2553870bf3147cf1a0ac309880 4169 4168 2011-07-18T04:31:31Z J 2 Protected "[[C. elegans Genomics]]" ([edit=autoconfirmed] (indefinite) [move=autoconfirmed] (indefinite)) wikitext text/x-wiki <p>[[What is a C. elegans?]]<br /> <br /> [http://elegans.swmed.edu/genome.shtml SWmed.edu C. elegans genomics and genetics home page]</p> e5e36a7230beee2553870bf3147cf1a0ac309880 1 2358 4172 4095 2011-07-19T05:48:35Z 109.230.251.74 0 /* favorites rnxyz */ new section wikitext text/x-wiki == Замечательные каллы в корзине на свадьбу == Оценка: 0 Рейтинг: 0 поедь на дачу-бесплатно подарят сорви цветы в парке, штраф будет дешевле:)ну а если бегаешь хорошо, тогда вообще даром международная доставка цветов и подарков по Украине: цветы и подарки Одесса, Николаев, Южный, Ильичевск, Белгород-Днестровский, Киев. Да и другие цветы сказать могут очень многое. == favorites rnxyz == top jwldu -- <a href=http://antkaczworokatam.blogspot.com>Second Hand Metal Core Wheels</a> 0b3eded20d03c427fdf884bcbcbbde367810a330 0 2371 4178 2011-07-27T14:05:32Z J 2 Created page with "<p><span style="font-size: medium">Genomics.org</span></p> <p>Genomics.org is an openfree genomics research organization.</p>" wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: medium">Genomics.org</span></p> <p>Genomics.org is an openfree genomics research organization.</p> c3ed23a4cd696cb39158a0082cecd600dd92bb55 4179 4178 2011-07-27T14:09:24Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: medium">Genomics.org</span></p> <p>Genomics.org is an openfree genomics research organization.</p> <p>It is a non-profit organization.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> e4ac221cd4e283a8120451686fe153731325b005 0 2372 4182 2011-07-29T16:33:37Z J 2 Created page with "<p class="articleType">The New England Journal of Medicine: Original Article</p> <h1>Origins of the <em>E. coli</em> Strain Causing an Outbreak of Hemolytic&ndash;Uremic Syndrome..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p class="articleType">The New England Journal of Medicine: Original Article</p> <h1>Origins of the <em>E. coli</em> Strain Causing an Outbreak of Hemolytic&ndash;Uremic Syndrome in Germany</h1> <p class="authors">David A. Rasko, Ph.D., Dale R. Webster, Ph.D., Jason W. Sahl, Ph.D., Ali Bashir, Ph.D., Nadia Boisen, Ph.D., Flemming Scheutz, Ph.D., Ellen E. Paxinos, Ph.D., Robert Sebra, Ph.D., Chen-Shan Chin, Ph.D., Dimitris Iliopoulos, Ph.D., Aaron Klammer, Ph.D., Paul Peluso, Ph.D., Lawrence Lee, Ph.D., Andrey O. Kislyuk, Ph.D., James Bullard, Ph.D., Andrew Kasarskis, Ph.D., Susanna Wang, B.S., John Eid, Ph.D., David Rank, Ph.D., Julia C. Redman, Ph.D., Susan R. Steyert, Ph.D., Jakob Frimodt-M&oslash;ller, M.Sc.Eng., Carsten Struve, Ph.D., Andreas M. Petersen, Ph.D., Karen A. Krogfelt, Ph.D., James P. Nataro, M.D., Ph.D., M.B.A., Eric E. Schadt, Ph.D., and Matthew K. Waldor, M.D., Ph.D.</p> <p class="citationLine">July 27, 2011 (10.1056/NEJMoa1106920)</p> <p class="citationLine"><a href="http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1106920?query=featured_home&amp;&amp;#t=article">http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1106920?query=featured_home&amp;&amp;#t=article</a></p> <p class="citationLine">&nbsp;</p> <p class="citationLine">&nbsp;</p> <p class="citationLine">&nbsp;</p> 0f5b097874af084afc2127903404e186b76d1cf7 4183 4182 2011-07-29T16:33:47Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p class="articleType">The New England Journal of Medicine: Original Article</p> <h1>Origins of the <em>E. coli</em> Strain Causing an Outbreak of [[Hemolytic&ndash;Uremic Syndrome]] in Germany</h1> <p class="authors">David A. Rasko, Ph.D., Dale R. Webster, Ph.D., Jason W. Sahl, Ph.D., Ali Bashir, Ph.D., Nadia Boisen, Ph.D., Flemming Scheutz, Ph.D., Ellen E. Paxinos, Ph.D., Robert Sebra, Ph.D., Chen-Shan Chin, Ph.D., Dimitris Iliopoulos, Ph.D., Aaron Klammer, Ph.D., Paul Peluso, Ph.D., Lawrence Lee, Ph.D., Andrey O. Kislyuk, Ph.D., James Bullard, Ph.D., Andrew Kasarskis, Ph.D., Susanna Wang, B.S., John Eid, Ph.D., David Rank, Ph.D., Julia C. Redman, Ph.D., Susan R. Steyert, Ph.D., Jakob Frimodt-M&oslash;ller, M.Sc.Eng., Carsten Struve, Ph.D., Andreas M. Petersen, Ph.D., Karen A. Krogfelt, Ph.D., James P. Nataro, M.D., Ph.D., M.B.A., Eric E. Schadt, Ph.D., and Matthew K. Waldor, M.D., Ph.D.</p> <p class="citationLine">July 27, 2011 (10.1056/NEJMoa1106920)</p> <p class="citationLine"><a href="http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1106920?query=featured_home&amp;&amp;#t=article">http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1106920?query=featured_home&amp;&amp;#t=article</a></p> <p class="citationLine">&nbsp;</p> <p class="citationLine">&nbsp;</p> <p class="citationLine">&nbsp;</p> 9247222f5769fc0d3c849bb6011059c038715274 0 2373 4184 2011-07-29T16:35:15Z J 2 Created page with "<p><span style="color: #000000"><b>Hemolytic-uremic syndrome</b> (or <b>haemolytic-uraemic syndrome</b>), abbreviated <b>HUS</b>, is a disease characterized by hemolytic anemia, ..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="color: #000000"><b>Hemolytic-uremic syndrome</b> (or <b>haemolytic-uraemic syndrome</b>), abbreviated <b>HUS</b>, is a disease characterized by hemolytic anemia, acute renal failure (uremia) and a low platelet count (thrombocytopenia). It predominantly but not exclusively affects children. Most cases are preceded by an episode of diarrhea caused by <i>E. coli</i> O157:H7, which is acquired as a foodborne illness. It is a medical emergency and carries a 5&ndash;10% mortality; of the remainder, the majority recover without major consequences but a small proportion develop chronic kidney disease and become reliant on renal replacement therapy.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11691946_0-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[1]</font></sup> HUS was first defined as a syndrome in 1955.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid1816053_1-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[2]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid13274004_2-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[3]</font></sup></span></p> <p> <table id="toc" class="toc"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>&nbsp;</h2> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Signs_and_symptoms" class="mw-headline">Signs and symptoms</span></span></h2> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="In_children" class="mw-headline">In children</span></span></h3> <p><span style="color: #000000">HUS is one of the thrombotic microangiopathies, a category of disorders that includes thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP).</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">The classic childhood case of HUS occurs after bloody diarrhea caused by a strain of <i>E. coli</i> that expresses verotoxin (also called shiga-like toxin) which is known as shiga toxin-producing <i>E. coli</i> (STEC) or enterohemorrhagic <i>E. coli</i> (EHEC). HUS follows an influenza-like or gastrointestinal (GI) prodrome with bleeding manifestations (especially hematemesis and melena), severe oliguria, hematuria, a microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, and (in some patients) prominent neurologic changes.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_3-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[4]</font></sup></span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">A somewhat less common form of HUS (~10% of cases) does not follow STEC infection and is thought to result from factor H deficiency (a complement regulatory protein) that results in uncontrolled complement activation after minor endothelial injury resulting in thrombosis.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><font size="2">[5]</font></sup></span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">In the classical form (90% of cases), the STEC toxin enters the bloodstream and causes damage to the body's vascular endothelium. This is especially damaging to the kidney, where the toxin attaches to the glomerular endothelium and initiates a noninflammatory reaction leading to acute renal failure. Moreover, the generalized endothelial damage leads to platelet activation that causes thrombocytopenia (low platelet count). The renal glomerular endothelial cells express a receptor for the toxin. <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><font size="2">[6]</font></sup></span></p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width: 222px" class="thumbinner"><span style="color: #000000"><font size="2"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Shiga_toxin_type_2_%28Stx2%29_from_from_Escherichia_coli_O157-H7_PDB_1r4p.png/220px-Shiga_toxin_type_2_%28Stx2%29_from_from_Escherichia_coli_O157-H7_PDB_1r4p.png" width="220" height="182" /></font></span> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><span style="color: #000000"><font size="2"><img alt="" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" /></font></span></div> <span style="color: #000000">Shiga-like toxin 2 (Stx2) from <i>Escherichia coli</i> O157:H7. From PDB 1R4P.</span></div> </div> </div> <p><span style="color: #000000">The typical pathophysiology involves the shiga-toxin binding to proteins on the surface of glomerular endothelium and inactivating a metalloproteinase called ADAMTS13, which is also involved in the closely-related thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP).<sup style="white-space: nowrap" class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from June 2011"><font size="2">[<i>citation needed</i>]</font></sup> Once the ADAMTS13 is disabled, multimers of von Willebrand Factor (vWF) form and initiate platelet activation and cause microthrombi formation.<sup style="white-space: nowrap" class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from June 2011"><font size="2">[<i>citation needed</i>]</font></sup> The arterioles and capillaries of the body become obstructed by the resulting complexes of activated platelets which have adhered to endothelium via large multimeric vWF. The growing thrombi lodged in smaller vessels destroy red blood cells (RBCs) as they squeeze through the narrowed blood vessels, forming schistocytes, or fragments of sheared RBCs. This mechanism, known as microangiopathic hemolysis,<sup style="white-space: nowrap" class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from June 2011"><font size="2">[<i>citation needed</i>]</font></sup> has been likened to the effect of a cheesewire or garotte across the vessel lumen. The presence of schistocytes is a key finding that helps to diagnose HUS.<sup style="white-space: nowrap" class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from June 2011"><font size="2">[<i>citation needed</i>]</font></sup></span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">The consumption of platelets as they adhere to the thrombi lodged in the small vessels can lead to severe thrombocytopenia.<sup style="white-space: nowrap" class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from June 2011"><font size="2">[<i>citation needed</i>]</font></sup></span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">As in the related condition TTP, reduced blood flow through the narrowed blood vessels of the microvasculature leads to reduced blood flow to vital organs, and ischemia may develop.<sup style="white-space: nowrap" class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from June 2011"><font size="2">[<i>citation needed</i>]</font></sup> The kidneys and the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) are the parts of the body most critically dependent on high blood flow, thus they are the most likely organs to be affected. However, in comparison to TTP, the kidneys tend to be more severely affected in HUS, and the central nervous system is less commonly affected.<sup style="white-space: nowrap" class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from June 2011"><font size="2">[<i>citation needed</i>]</font></sup></span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">In contrast with typical disseminated intravascular coagulation seen with other causes of septicemia and occasionally with advanced cancer, coagulation factors are not consumed in HUS (or TTP) and the coagulation screen, fibrinogen level, and assays for fibrin degradation products such as &quot;D-Dimers&quot;, are generally normal despite the low platelet count (thrombocytopenia).<sup style="white-space: nowrap" class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from June 2011"><font size="2">[<i>citation needed</i>]</font></sup></span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">HUS occurs after 2-7% of all <i>E. coli</i> O157:H7 infections<sup style="white-space: nowrap" class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from May 2010"><font size="2">[<i>citation needed</i>]</font></sup>. Children and adolescents are commonly affected.<sup style="white-space: nowrap" class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from June 2011"><font size="2">[<i>citation needed</i>]</font></sup> Grossly, the kidneys may show patchy or diffuse renal cortical necrosis. Histologically, the glomeruli show thickened and sometimes split capillary walls due largely to endothelial swelling. Large deposits of fibrin-related materials in the capillary lumens, subendothelially, and in the mesangium are also found along with mesangiolysis. Interlobular and afferent arterioles show fibrinoid necrosis and intimal hyperplasia and are often occluded by thrombi.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_3-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[4]</font></sup></span></p> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="In_adults" class="mw-headline">In adults</span></span></h3> <p><span style="color: #000000">Adult HUS has similar symptoms and pathology, but is an uncommon outcome of the following: HIV; antiphospholipid syndrome (associated with lupus erythematosus and generalized hypercoagulability); postpartum renal failure; malignant hypertension; scleroderma; and certain drugs, including some chemotherapy drugs and other immunosuppressive agents (mitomycin, ciclosporin, cisplatin and bleomycin).</span></p> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Atypical_cases" class="mw-headline">Atypical cases</span></span></h3> <p><span style="color: #000000">A third category is referred to as familial HUS or atypical HUS (aHUS).</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">It represents 5-10% of HUS cases<sup style="white-space: nowrap" class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from November 2008"><font size="2">[<i>citation needed</i>]</font></sup> and is largely due to mutations in the complement proteins factor H, membrane cofactor protein and factor I<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15661753_6-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[7]</font></sup> leading to uncontrolled complement system activation.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Recurrent thromboses result in a high mortality rate.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Most reported HUS cases during the 2011 Escherichia coli O104:H4 outbreak were atypical cases.</span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Diagnosis" class="mw-headline">Diagnosis</span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000">Clinically, HUS can be very hard to distinguish from thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. The laboratory features are almost identical, and not every case of HUS is preceded by diarrhea. HUS is characterized by the triad of hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute renal failure. The only distinguishing feature is that in TTP, fever and neurological symptoms are often present; but this is not always the case. A pericardial friction rub can also sometimes be heard on auscultation (uremic pericarditis). The two conditions are sometimes treated as a single entity called TTP/HUS.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12544708_7-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[8]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid11604563_8-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[9]</font></sup> However, some dispute this grouping, and TTP is now known to be caused by an acquired defect in the protein ADAMTS13.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12823037_9-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[10]</font></sup></span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Treatment" class="mw-headline">Treatment</span></span></h2> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Antibiotic treatment of <i>E. coli</i> O157:H7 colitis may stimulate further verotoxin production and thereby increase the risk of HUS.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><font size="2">[11]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid16918877_11-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[12]</font></sup></span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Treatment is generally supportive, with dialysis as needed. Untreated HUS in adults, however, may progress to end-stage organ damage. Platelet transfusion may actually worsen the outcome.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Since 2010, eculizumab has been used experimentally in the treatment of HUS, following approval from the European Medicines Agency in 2007.<sup style="white-space: nowrap" class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from June 2011"><font size="2">[<i>citation needed</i>]</font></sup></span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">In most children with postdiarrheal HUS, there is a good chance of spontaneous resolution, so observation in a hospital is often all that is necessary, with supportive care such as hemodialysis where indicated. In children with neurological or other nonrenal involvement, and in adult cases, particularly when there is diagnostic uncertainty between HUS and TTP, plasmapheresis (plasma exchange) is the treatment of choice. This is generally performed daily until the platelet count is normal, using fresh frozen plasma as the replacement fluid for the patient's plasma which is removed. Plasmapheresis may reverse the ongoing platelet consumption.</span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Prognosis" class="mw-headline">Prognosis</span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000">With aggressive treatment, more than 90% survive the acute phase. About 9% may develop end stage renal disease. About one-third of persons with HUS have abnormal kidney function many years later, and a few require long-term dialysis. Another 8% of persons with HUS have other lifelong complications, such as high blood pressure, seizures, blindness, paralysis, and the effects of having part of their colon removed. The overall mortality rate from HUS is 5-15%. Children and the elderly have a worse prognosis.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><font size="2">[13]</font></sup></span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Epidemiology" class="mw-headline">Epidemiology</span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000">HUS has a peak incidence between six months and four years of age.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11691946_0-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[1]</font></sup></span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">HUS and the <i>E. coli</i> infections which caused it have been the source of much negative publicity for the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), meat industries, and fast-food restaurants since the 1990s, especially in the Jack in the Box contaminations. It was also featured in the Robin Cook novel <i>Toxin</i>. In 2006, an epidemic of harmful <i>E. coli</i> emerged in the United States due to contaminated spinach. The known cases have been reported at 183, including 29 cases of HUS. In June, 2009, Nestle Toll House cookie dough was linked to an outbreak of E. coli 0157:H7 in the United States, which sickened 70 people in 30 states.[1]</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">At least 18 people died presumably from hemolytic-uremic syndrome in the 2011 E. coli O104:H4 outbreak in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><font size="2">[14]</font></sup></span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="See_also" class="mw-headline">See also</span></span></h2> <ul> <li><span style="color: #000000">Shigellosis</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia</span></li> </ul> <h2><span id="References" class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <div style="list-style-type: decimal; -moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2" class="reflist references-column-count references-column-count-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-pmid11691946-0">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolytic-uremic_syndrome#cite_ref-pmid11691946_0-0">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="1">a</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolytic-uremic_syndrome#cite_ref-pmid11691946_0-1">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="1">b</font></b></i>}</a> <span class="citation Journal">Corrigan JJ, Boineau FG (November 2001). &quot;Hemolytic-uremic syndrome&quot;. <i>Pediatr Rev</i> <b>22</b> (11): 365&ndash;9. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11691946" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">11691946</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Hemolytic-uremic+syndrome&amp;rft.jtitle=Pediatr+Rev&amp;rft.aulast=Corrigan+JJ%2C+Boineau+FG&amp;rft.au=Corrigan+JJ%2C+Boineau+FG&amp;rft.date=November+2001&amp;rft.volume=22&amp;rft.issue=11&amp;rft.pages=365%E2%80%939&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11691946&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hemolytic-uremic_syndrome"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid1816053-1"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolytic-uremic_syndrome#cite_ref-pmid1816053_1-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Anagnou NP, Papanicolaou N, Fessas P (1991). &quot;Recurrent attacks of hemolytic uremic syndrome&quot;. <i>Haematologia (Budap)</i> <b>24</b> (2): 101&ndash;5. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1816053" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">1816053</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Recurrent+attacks+of+hemolytic+uremic+syndrome&amp;rft.jtitle=Haematologia+%28Budap%29&amp;rft.aulast=Anagnou+NP%2C+Papanicolaou+N%2C+Fessas+P&amp;rft.au=Anagnou+NP%2C+Papanicolaou+N%2C+Fessas+P&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.volume=24&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=101%E2%80%935&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/1816053&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hemolytic-uremic_syndrome"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid13274004-2"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolytic-uremic_syndrome#cite_ref-pmid13274004_2-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">GAsser C, Gautier E, Steck A, Siebenmann RE, Oechslin R (September 1955). &quot;Hemolytic-uremic syndrome: bilateral necrosis of the renal cortex in acute acquired hemolytic anemia&quot; (in German). <i>Schweiz Med Wochenschr</i> <b>85</b> (38-39): 905&ndash;9. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13274004" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">13274004</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Hemolytic-uremic+syndrome%3A++bilateral+necrosis+of+the+renal+cortex+in+acute+acquired+hemolytic+anemia&amp;rft.jtitle=Schweiz+Med+Wochenschr&amp;rft.aulast=GAsser+C%2C+Gautier+E%2C+Steck+A%2C+Siebenmann+RE%2C+Oechslin+R&amp;rft.au=GAsser+C%2C+Gautier+E%2C+Steck+A%2C+Siebenmann+RE%2C+Oechslin+R&amp;rft.date=September+1955&amp;rft.volume=85&amp;rft.issue=38-39&amp;rft.pages=905%E2%80%939&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/13274004&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hemolytic-uremic_syndrome"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-3">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolytic-uremic_syndrome#cite_ref-ReferenceA_3-0">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="1">a</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolytic-uremic_syndrome#cite_ref-ReferenceA_3-1">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="1">b</font></b></i>}</a> Robbins Basic Pathology, 7th edition</li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolytic-uremic_syndrome#cite_ref-4"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Kumar et al., Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Edition; <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781416029731"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN 978-1-4160-2973-1</font></a></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolytic-uremic_syndrome#cite_ref-5"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Kumar et al., Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Edition; <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781416029731"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN 978-1-4160-2973-1</font></a></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid15661753-6"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolytic-uremic_syndrome#cite_ref-pmid15661753_6-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Esparza-Gordillo J, Goicoechea de Jorge E, Buil A, <i>et al.</i> (March 2005). <a class="external text" href="http://hmg.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15661753" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Predisposition to atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome involves the concurrence of different susceptibility alleles in the regulators of complement activation gene cluster in 1q32&quot;</font></a>. <i>Hum. Mol. Genet.</i> <b>14</b> (5): 703&ndash;12. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fhmg%2Fddi066" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1093/hmg/ddi066</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15661753" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">15661753</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://hmg.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15661753" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://hmg.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15661753</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Predisposition+to+atypical+hemolytic+uremic+syndrome+involves+the+concurrence+of+different+susceptibility+alleles+in+the+regulators+of+complement+activation+gene+cluster+in+1q32&amp;rft.jtitle=Hum.+Mol.+Genet.&amp;rft.aulast=Esparza-Gordillo+J%2C+Goicoechea+de+Jorge+E%2C+Buil+A%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Esparza-Gordillo+J%2C+Goicoechea+de+Jorge+E%2C+Buil+A%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=March+2005&amp;rft.volume=14&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=703%E2%80%9312&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Fhmg%2Fddi066&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15661753&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhmg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D15661753&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hemolytic-uremic_syndrome"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid12544708-7"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolytic-uremic_syndrome#cite_ref-pmid12544708_7-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Coppo P, Bussel A, Charrier S, <i>et al.</i> (January 2003). <a class="external text" href="http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=0025-7974&amp;volume=82&amp;issue=1&amp;spage=27" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;High-dose plasma infusion versus plasma exchange as early treatment of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura/hemolytic-uremic syndrome&quot;</font></a>. <i>Medicine (Baltimore)</i> <b>82</b> (1): 27&ndash;38. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1097%2F00005792-200301000-00003" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1097/00005792-200301000-00003</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12544708" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">12544708</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=0025-7974&amp;volume=82&amp;issue=1&amp;spage=27" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=0025-7974&amp;volume=82&amp;issue=1&amp;spage=27</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=High-dose+plasma+infusion+versus+plasma+exchange+as+early+treatment+of+thrombotic+thrombocytopenic+purpura%2Fhemolytic-uremic+syndrome&amp;rft.jtitle=Medicine+%28Baltimore%29&amp;rft.aulast=Coppo+P%2C+Bussel+A%2C+Charrier+S%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Coppo+P%2C+Bussel+A%2C+Charrier+S%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=January+2003&amp;rft.volume=82&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=27%E2%80%9338&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1097%2F00005792-200301000-00003&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12544708&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmeta.wkhealth.com%2Fpt%2Fpt-core%2Ftemplate-journal%2Flwwgateway%2Fmedia%2Flandingpage.htm%3Fissn%3D0025-7974%26volume%3D82%26issue%3D1%26spage%3D27&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hemolytic-uremic_syndrome"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid11604563-8"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolytic-uremic_syndrome#cite_ref-pmid11604563_8-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Medina PJ, Sipols JM, George JN (September 2001). <a class="external text" href="http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=1065-6251&amp;volume=8&amp;issue=5&amp;spage=286" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Drug-associated thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura-hemolytic uremic syndrome&quot;</font></a>. <i>Curr. Opin. Hematol.</i> <b>8</b> (5): 286&ndash;93. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1097%2F00062752-200109000-00004" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1097/00062752-200109000-00004</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11604563" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">11604563</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=1065-6251&amp;volume=8&amp;issue=5&amp;spage=286" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=1065-6251&amp;volume=8&amp;issue=5&amp;spage=286</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Drug-associated+thrombotic+thrombocytopenic+purpura-hemolytic+uremic+syndrome&amp;rft.jtitle=Curr.+Opin.+Hematol.&amp;rft.aulast=Medina+PJ%2C+Sipols+JM%2C+George+JN&amp;rft.au=Medina+PJ%2C+Sipols+JM%2C+George+JN&amp;rft.date=September+2001&amp;rft.volume=8&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=286%E2%80%9393&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1097%2F00062752-200109000-00004&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11604563&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmeta.wkhealth.com%2Fpt%2Fpt-core%2Ftemplate-journal%2Flwwgateway%2Fmedia%2Flandingpage.htm%3Fissn%3D1065-6251%26volume%3D8%26issue%3D5%26spage%3D286&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hemolytic-uremic_syndrome"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid12823037-9"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolytic-uremic_syndrome#cite_ref-pmid12823037_9-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Hosler GA, Cusumano AM, Hutchins GM (July 2003). <a class="external text" href="http://journals.allenpress.com/jrnlserv/?request=get-abstract&amp;issn=0003-9985&amp;volume=127&amp;page=834" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and hemolytic uremic syndrome are distinct pathologic entities. A review of 56 autopsy cases&quot;</font></a>. <i>Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med.</i> <b>127</b> (7): 834&ndash;9. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12823037" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">12823037</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://journals.allenpress.com/jrnlserv/?request=get-abstract&amp;issn=0003-9985&amp;volume=127&amp;page=834" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://journals.allenpress.com/jrnlserv/?request=get-abstract&amp;issn=0003-9985&amp;volume=127&amp;page=834</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Thrombotic+thrombocytopenic+purpura+and+hemolytic+uremic+syndrome+are+distinct+pathologic+entities.+A+review+of+56+autopsy+cases&amp;rft.jtitle=Arch.+Pathol.+Lab.+Med.&amp;rft.aulast=Hosler+GA%2C+Cusumano+AM%2C+Hutchins+GM&amp;rft.au=Hosler+GA%2C+Cusumano+AM%2C+Hutchins+GM&amp;rft.date=July+2003&amp;rft.volume=127&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.pages=834%E2%80%939&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12823037&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.allenpress.com%2Fjrnlserv%2F%3Frequest%3Dget-abstract%26issn%3D0003-9985%26volume%3D127%26page%3D834&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hemolytic-uremic_syndrome"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolytic-uremic_syndrome#cite_ref-10"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.emedicine.com/EMERG/topic238.htm" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">eMedicine - Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome : Article by William Shapiro</font></a></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid16918877-11"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolytic-uremic_syndrome#cite_ref-pmid16918877_11-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Panos GZ, Betsi GI, Falagas ME (September 2006). <a class="external text" href="http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/openurl?genre=article&amp;sid=nlm:pubmed&amp;issn=0269-2813&amp;date=2006&amp;volume=24&amp;issue=5&amp;spage=731" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Systematic review: are antibiotics detrimental or beneficial for the treatment of patients with Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection?&quot;</font></a>. <i>Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther.</i> <b>24</b> (5): 731&ndash;42. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2036.2006.03036.x" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.03036.x</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16918877" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">16918877</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/openurl?genre=article&amp;sid=nlm:pubmed&amp;issn=0269-2813&amp;date=2006&amp;volume=24&amp;issue=5&amp;spage=731" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/openurl?genre=article&amp;sid=nlm:pubmed&amp;issn=0269-2813&amp;date=2006&amp;volume=24&amp;issue=5&amp;spage=731</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Systematic+review%3A+are+antibiotics+detrimental+or+beneficial+for+the+treatment+of+patients+with+Escherichia+coli+O157%3AH7+infection%3F&amp;rft.jtitle=Aliment.+Pharmacol.+Ther.&amp;rft.aulast=Panos+GZ%2C+Betsi+GI%2C+Falagas+ME&amp;rft.au=Panos+GZ%2C+Betsi+GI%2C+Falagas+ME&amp;rft.date=September+2006&amp;rft.volume=24&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=731%E2%80%9342&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2036.2006.03036.x&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16918877&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blackwell-synergy.com%2Fopenurl%3Fgenre%3Darticle%26sid%3Dnlm%3Apubmed%26issn%3D0269-2813%26date%3D2006%26volume%3D24%26issue%3D5%26spage%3D731&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hemolytic-uremic_syndrome"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-12"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolytic-uremic_syndrome#cite_ref-12"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation book">Chu P, Hemphill RR (2004). &quot;222: Acuired hemolytic anemia&quot;. In Tintinalli JE, Kelen GD, Stapczynski JS. <i>Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide</i> (6th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a> <a title="Special:BookSources/0-07-138875-3" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-138875-3"><font color="#0645ad">0-07-138875-3</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=222%3A+Acuired+hemolytic+anemia&amp;rft.atitle=Emergency+Medicine%3A+A+Comprehensive+Study+Guide&amp;rft.aulast=Chu+P%2C+Hemphill+RR&amp;rft.au=Chu+P%2C+Hemphill+RR&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.edition=6th&amp;rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&amp;rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&amp;rft.isbn=0-07-138875-3&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hemolytic-uremic_syndrome"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-13"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolytic-uremic_syndrome#cite_ref-13"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/jun/02/e-coli-outbreak-uk-cases" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;E coli outbreak: three UK cases have rare strain&quot;</font></a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 2 June 2011<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/jun/02/e-coli-outbreak-uk-cases" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/jun/02/e-coli-outbreak-uk-cases</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=E+coli+outbreak%3A+three+UK+cases+have+rare+strain&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&amp;rft.date=2+June+2011&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Fworld%2F2011%2Fjun%2F02%2Fe-coli-outbreak-uk-cases&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hemolytic-uremic_syndrome"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></li> </ol> </div> <h2><span id="External_links" class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1367/" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome</font></a></li> </ul> c044f296933988d58a4f2946bd954d7bec4a3a9f 4185 4184 2011-07-29T16:35:27Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="color: #000000"><b>Hemolytic-uremic syndrome</b> (or <b>haemolytic-uraemic syndrome</b>), abbreviated <b>HUS</b>, is a disease characterized by hemolytic anemia, acute renal failure (uremia) and a low platelet count (thrombocytopenia). It predominantly but not exclusively affects children. Most cases are preceded by an episode of diarrhea caused by <i>E. coli</i> O157:H7, which is acquired as a foodborne illness. It is a medical emergency and carries a 5&ndash;10% mortality; of the remainder, the majority recover without major consequences but a small proportion develop chronic kidney disease and become reliant on renal replacement therapy.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11691946_0-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[1]</font></sup> HUS was first defined as a syndrome in 1955.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid1816053_1-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[2]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid13274004_2-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[3]</font></sup></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Signs_and_symptoms" class="mw-headline">Signs and symptoms</span></span></h2> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="In_children" class="mw-headline">In children</span></span></h3> <p><span style="color: #000000">HUS is one of the thrombotic microangiopathies, a category of disorders that includes thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP).</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">The classic childhood case of HUS occurs after bloody diarrhea caused by a strain of <i>E. coli</i> that expresses verotoxin (also called shiga-like toxin) which is known as shiga toxin-producing <i>E. coli</i> (STEC) or enterohemorrhagic <i>E. coli</i> (EHEC). HUS follows an influenza-like or gastrointestinal (GI) prodrome with bleeding manifestations (especially hematemesis and melena), severe oliguria, hematuria, a microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, and (in some patients) prominent neurologic changes.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_3-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[4]</font></sup></span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">A somewhat less common form of HUS (~10% of cases) does not follow STEC infection and is thought to result from factor H deficiency (a complement regulatory protein) that results in uncontrolled complement activation after minor endothelial injury resulting in thrombosis.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><font size="2">[5]</font></sup></span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">In the classical form (90% of cases), the STEC toxin enters the bloodstream and causes damage to the body's vascular endothelium. This is especially damaging to the kidney, where the toxin attaches to the glomerular endothelium and initiates a noninflammatory reaction leading to acute renal failure. Moreover, the generalized endothelial damage leads to platelet activation that causes thrombocytopenia (low platelet count). The renal glomerular endothelial cells express a receptor for the toxin. <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><font size="2">[6]</font></sup></span></p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width: 222px" class="thumbinner"><span style="color: #000000"><font size="2"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="220" height="182" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Shiga_toxin_type_2_%28Stx2%29_from_from_Escherichia_coli_O157-H7_PDB_1r4p.png/220px-Shiga_toxin_type_2_%28Stx2%29_from_from_Escherichia_coli_O157-H7_PDB_1r4p.png" /></font></span> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><span style="color: #000000"><font size="2"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></font></span></div> <span style="color: #000000">Shiga-like toxin 2 (Stx2) from <i>Escherichia coli</i> O157:H7. From PDB 1R4P.</span></div> </div> </div> <p><span style="color: #000000">The typical pathophysiology involves the shiga-toxin binding to proteins on the surface of glomerular endothelium and inactivating a metalloproteinase called ADAMTS13, which is also involved in the closely-related thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP).<sup style="white-space: nowrap" class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from June 2011"><font size="2">[<i>citation needed</i>]</font></sup> Once the ADAMTS13 is disabled, multimers of von Willebrand Factor (vWF) form and initiate platelet activation and cause microthrombi formation.<sup style="white-space: nowrap" class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from June 2011"><font size="2">[<i>citation needed</i>]</font></sup> The arterioles and capillaries of the body become obstructed by the resulting complexes of activated platelets which have adhered to endothelium via large multimeric vWF. The growing thrombi lodged in smaller vessels destroy red blood cells (RBCs) as they squeeze through the narrowed blood vessels, forming schistocytes, or fragments of sheared RBCs. This mechanism, known as microangiopathic hemolysis,<sup style="white-space: nowrap" class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from June 2011"><font size="2">[<i>citation needed</i>]</font></sup> has been likened to the effect of a cheesewire or garotte across the vessel lumen. The presence of schistocytes is a key finding that helps to diagnose HUS.<sup style="white-space: nowrap" class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from June 2011"><font size="2">[<i>citation needed</i>]</font></sup></span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">The consumption of platelets as they adhere to the thrombi lodged in the small vessels can lead to severe thrombocytopenia.<sup style="white-space: nowrap" class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from June 2011"><font size="2">[<i>citation needed</i>]</font></sup></span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">As in the related condition TTP, reduced blood flow through the narrowed blood vessels of the microvasculature leads to reduced blood flow to vital organs, and ischemia may develop.<sup style="white-space: nowrap" class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from June 2011"><font size="2">[<i>citation needed</i>]</font></sup> The kidneys and the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) are the parts of the body most critically dependent on high blood flow, thus they are the most likely organs to be affected. However, in comparison to TTP, the kidneys tend to be more severely affected in HUS, and the central nervous system is less commonly affected.<sup style="white-space: nowrap" class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from June 2011"><font size="2">[<i>citation needed</i>]</font></sup></span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">In contrast with typical disseminated intravascular coagulation seen with other causes of septicemia and occasionally with advanced cancer, coagulation factors are not consumed in HUS (or TTP) and the coagulation screen, fibrinogen level, and assays for fibrin degradation products such as &quot;D-Dimers&quot;, are generally normal despite the low platelet count (thrombocytopenia).<sup style="white-space: nowrap" class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from June 2011"><font size="2">[<i>citation needed</i>]</font></sup></span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">HUS occurs after 2-7% of all <i>E. coli</i> O157:H7 infections<sup style="white-space: nowrap" class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from May 2010"><font size="2">[<i>citation needed</i>]</font></sup>. Children and adolescents are commonly affected.<sup style="white-space: nowrap" class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from June 2011"><font size="2">[<i>citation needed</i>]</font></sup> Grossly, the kidneys may show patchy or diffuse renal cortical necrosis. Histologically, the glomeruli show thickened and sometimes split capillary walls due largely to endothelial swelling. Large deposits of fibrin-related materials in the capillary lumens, subendothelially, and in the mesangium are also found along with mesangiolysis. Interlobular and afferent arterioles show fibrinoid necrosis and intimal hyperplasia and are often occluded by thrombi.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_3-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[4]</font></sup></span></p> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="In_adults" class="mw-headline">In adults</span></span></h3> <p><span style="color: #000000">Adult HUS has similar symptoms and pathology, but is an uncommon outcome of the following: HIV; antiphospholipid syndrome (associated with lupus erythematosus and generalized hypercoagulability); postpartum renal failure; malignant hypertension; scleroderma; and certain drugs, including some chemotherapy drugs and other immunosuppressive agents (mitomycin, ciclosporin, cisplatin and bleomycin).</span></p> <h3><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Atypical_cases" class="mw-headline">Atypical cases</span></span></h3> <p><span style="color: #000000">A third category is referred to as familial HUS or atypical HUS (aHUS).</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">It represents 5-10% of HUS cases<sup style="white-space: nowrap" class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from November 2008"><font size="2">[<i>citation needed</i>]</font></sup> and is largely due to mutations in the complement proteins factor H, membrane cofactor protein and factor I<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15661753_6-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[7]</font></sup> leading to uncontrolled complement system activation.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Recurrent thromboses result in a high mortality rate.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Most reported HUS cases during the 2011 Escherichia coli O104:H4 outbreak were atypical cases.</span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Diagnosis" class="mw-headline">Diagnosis</span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000">Clinically, HUS can be very hard to distinguish from thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. The laboratory features are almost identical, and not every case of HUS is preceded by diarrhea. HUS is characterized by the triad of hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute renal failure. The only distinguishing feature is that in TTP, fever and neurological symptoms are often present; but this is not always the case. A pericardial friction rub can also sometimes be heard on auscultation (uremic pericarditis). The two conditions are sometimes treated as a single entity called TTP/HUS.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12544708_7-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[8]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid11604563_8-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[9]</font></sup> However, some dispute this grouping, and TTP is now known to be caused by an acquired defect in the protein ADAMTS13.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12823037_9-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[10]</font></sup></span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Treatment" class="mw-headline">Treatment</span></span></h2> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Antibiotic treatment of <i>E. coli</i> O157:H7 colitis may stimulate further verotoxin production and thereby increase the risk of HUS.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><font size="2">[11]</font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid16918877_11-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[12]</font></sup></span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Treatment is generally supportive, with dialysis as needed. Untreated HUS in adults, however, may progress to end-stage organ damage. Platelet transfusion may actually worsen the outcome.</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">Since 2010, eculizumab has been used experimentally in the treatment of HUS, following approval from the European Medicines Agency in 2007.<sup style="white-space: nowrap" class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from June 2011"><font size="2">[<i>citation needed</i>]</font></sup></span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">In most children with postdiarrheal HUS, there is a good chance of spontaneous resolution, so observation in a hospital is often all that is necessary, with supportive care such as hemodialysis where indicated. In children with neurological or other nonrenal involvement, and in adult cases, particularly when there is diagnostic uncertainty between HUS and TTP, plasmapheresis (plasma exchange) is the treatment of choice. This is generally performed daily until the platelet count is normal, using fresh frozen plasma as the replacement fluid for the patient's plasma which is removed. Plasmapheresis may reverse the ongoing platelet consumption.</span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Prognosis" class="mw-headline">Prognosis</span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000">With aggressive treatment, more than 90% survive the acute phase. About 9% may develop end stage renal disease. About one-third of persons with HUS have abnormal kidney function many years later, and a few require long-term dialysis. Another 8% of persons with HUS have other lifelong complications, such as high blood pressure, seizures, blindness, paralysis, and the effects of having part of their colon removed. The overall mortality rate from HUS is 5-15%. Children and the elderly have a worse prognosis.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><font size="2">[13]</font></sup></span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Epidemiology" class="mw-headline">Epidemiology</span></span></h2> <p><span style="color: #000000">HUS has a peak incidence between six months and four years of age.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11691946_0-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[1]</font></sup></span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">HUS and the <i>E. coli</i> infections which caused it have been the source of much negative publicity for the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), meat industries, and fast-food restaurants since the 1990s, especially in the Jack in the Box contaminations. It was also featured in the Robin Cook novel <i>Toxin</i>. In 2006, an epidemic of harmful <i>E. coli</i> emerged in the United States due to contaminated spinach. The known cases have been reported at 183, including 29 cases of HUS. In June, 2009, Nestle Toll House cookie dough was linked to an outbreak of E. coli 0157:H7 in the United States, which sickened 70 people in 30 states.[1]</span></p> <p><span style="color: #000000">At least 18 people died presumably from hemolytic-uremic syndrome in the 2011 E. coli O104:H4 outbreak in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><font size="2">[14]</font></sup></span></p> <h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="See_also" class="mw-headline">See also</span></span></h2> <ul> <li><span style="color: #000000">Shigellosis</span></li> <li><span style="color: #000000">Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia</span></li> </ul> <h2><span id="References" class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <div style="list-style-type: decimal; -moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2" class="reflist references-column-count references-column-count-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-pmid11691946-0">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolytic-uremic_syndrome#cite_ref-pmid11691946_0-0">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="1">a</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolytic-uremic_syndrome#cite_ref-pmid11691946_0-1">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="1">b</font></b></i>}</a> <span class="citation Journal">Corrigan JJ, Boineau FG (November 2001). &quot;Hemolytic-uremic syndrome&quot;. <i>Pediatr Rev</i> <b>22</b> (11): 365&ndash;9. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11691946"><font color="#3366bb">11691946</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Hemolytic-uremic+syndrome&amp;rft.jtitle=Pediatr+Rev&amp;rft.aulast=Corrigan+JJ%2C+Boineau+FG&amp;rft.au=Corrigan+JJ%2C+Boineau+FG&amp;rft.date=November+2001&amp;rft.volume=22&amp;rft.issue=11&amp;rft.pages=365%E2%80%939&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11691946&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hemolytic-uremic_syndrome"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid1816053-1"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolytic-uremic_syndrome#cite_ref-pmid1816053_1-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Anagnou NP, Papanicolaou N, Fessas P (1991). &quot;Recurrent attacks of hemolytic uremic syndrome&quot;. <i>Haematologia (Budap)</i> <b>24</b> (2): 101&ndash;5. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1816053"><font color="#3366bb">1816053</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Recurrent+attacks+of+hemolytic+uremic+syndrome&amp;rft.jtitle=Haematologia+%28Budap%29&amp;rft.aulast=Anagnou+NP%2C+Papanicolaou+N%2C+Fessas+P&amp;rft.au=Anagnou+NP%2C+Papanicolaou+N%2C+Fessas+P&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.volume=24&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=101%E2%80%935&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/1816053&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hemolytic-uremic_syndrome"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid13274004-2"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolytic-uremic_syndrome#cite_ref-pmid13274004_2-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">GAsser C, Gautier E, Steck A, Siebenmann RE, Oechslin R (September 1955). &quot;Hemolytic-uremic syndrome: bilateral necrosis of the renal cortex in acute acquired hemolytic anemia&quot; (in German). <i>Schweiz Med Wochenschr</i> <b>85</b> (38-39): 905&ndash;9. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13274004"><font color="#3366bb">13274004</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Hemolytic-uremic+syndrome%3A++bilateral+necrosis+of+the+renal+cortex+in+acute+acquired+hemolytic+anemia&amp;rft.jtitle=Schweiz+Med+Wochenschr&amp;rft.aulast=GAsser+C%2C+Gautier+E%2C+Steck+A%2C+Siebenmann+RE%2C+Oechslin+R&amp;rft.au=GAsser+C%2C+Gautier+E%2C+Steck+A%2C+Siebenmann+RE%2C+Oechslin+R&amp;rft.date=September+1955&amp;rft.volume=85&amp;rft.issue=38-39&amp;rft.pages=905%E2%80%939&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/13274004&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hemolytic-uremic_syndrome"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-3">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolytic-uremic_syndrome#cite_ref-ReferenceA_3-0">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="1">a</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolytic-uremic_syndrome#cite_ref-ReferenceA_3-1">^{<i><b><font color="#0645ad" size="1">b</font></b></i>}</a> Robbins Basic Pathology, 7th edition</li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolytic-uremic_syndrome#cite_ref-4"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Kumar et al., Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Edition; <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781416029731"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN 978-1-4160-2973-1</font></a></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolytic-uremic_syndrome#cite_ref-5"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> Kumar et al., Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Edition; <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781416029731"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN 978-1-4160-2973-1</font></a></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid15661753-6"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolytic-uremic_syndrome#cite_ref-pmid15661753_6-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Esparza-Gordillo J, Goicoechea de Jorge E, Buil A, <i>et al.</i> (March 2005). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://hmg.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15661753"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Predisposition to atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome involves the concurrence of different susceptibility alleles in the regulators of complement activation gene cluster in 1q32&quot;</font></a>. <i>Hum. Mol. Genet.</i> <b>14</b> (5): 703&ndash;12. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fhmg%2Fddi066"><font color="#3366bb">10.1093/hmg/ddi066</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15661753"><font color="#3366bb">15661753</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://hmg.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15661753"><font color="#3366bb">http://hmg.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15661753</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Predisposition+to+atypical+hemolytic+uremic+syndrome+involves+the+concurrence+of+different+susceptibility+alleles+in+the+regulators+of+complement+activation+gene+cluster+in+1q32&amp;rft.jtitle=Hum.+Mol.+Genet.&amp;rft.aulast=Esparza-Gordillo+J%2C+Goicoechea+de+Jorge+E%2C+Buil+A%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Esparza-Gordillo+J%2C+Goicoechea+de+Jorge+E%2C+Buil+A%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=March+2005&amp;rft.volume=14&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=703%E2%80%9312&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Fhmg%2Fddi066&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15661753&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhmg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D15661753&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hemolytic-uremic_syndrome"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid12544708-7"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolytic-uremic_syndrome#cite_ref-pmid12544708_7-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Coppo P, Bussel A, Charrier S, <i>et al.</i> (January 2003). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=0025-7974&amp;volume=82&amp;issue=1&amp;spage=27"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;High-dose plasma infusion versus plasma exchange as early treatment of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura/hemolytic-uremic syndrome&quot;</font></a>. <i>Medicine (Baltimore)</i> <b>82</b> (1): 27&ndash;38. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1097%2F00005792-200301000-00003"><font color="#3366bb">10.1097/00005792-200301000-00003</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12544708"><font color="#3366bb">12544708</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=0025-7974&amp;volume=82&amp;issue=1&amp;spage=27"><font color="#3366bb">http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=0025-7974&amp;volume=82&amp;issue=1&amp;spage=27</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=High-dose+plasma+infusion+versus+plasma+exchange+as+early+treatment+of+thrombotic+thrombocytopenic+purpura%2Fhemolytic-uremic+syndrome&amp;rft.jtitle=Medicine+%28Baltimore%29&amp;rft.aulast=Coppo+P%2C+Bussel+A%2C+Charrier+S%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Coppo+P%2C+Bussel+A%2C+Charrier+S%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=January+2003&amp;rft.volume=82&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=27%E2%80%9338&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1097%2F00005792-200301000-00003&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12544708&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmeta.wkhealth.com%2Fpt%2Fpt-core%2Ftemplate-journal%2Flwwgateway%2Fmedia%2Flandingpage.htm%3Fissn%3D0025-7974%26volume%3D82%26issue%3D1%26spage%3D27&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hemolytic-uremic_syndrome"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid11604563-8"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolytic-uremic_syndrome#cite_ref-pmid11604563_8-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Medina PJ, Sipols JM, George JN (September 2001). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=1065-6251&amp;volume=8&amp;issue=5&amp;spage=286"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Drug-associated thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura-hemolytic uremic syndrome&quot;</font></a>. <i>Curr. Opin. Hematol.</i> <b>8</b> (5): 286&ndash;93. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1097%2F00062752-200109000-00004"><font color="#3366bb">10.1097/00062752-200109000-00004</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11604563"><font color="#3366bb">11604563</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=1065-6251&amp;volume=8&amp;issue=5&amp;spage=286"><font color="#3366bb">http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=1065-6251&amp;volume=8&amp;issue=5&amp;spage=286</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Drug-associated+thrombotic+thrombocytopenic+purpura-hemolytic+uremic+syndrome&amp;rft.jtitle=Curr.+Opin.+Hematol.&amp;rft.aulast=Medina+PJ%2C+Sipols+JM%2C+George+JN&amp;rft.au=Medina+PJ%2C+Sipols+JM%2C+George+JN&amp;rft.date=September+2001&amp;rft.volume=8&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=286%E2%80%9393&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1097%2F00062752-200109000-00004&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11604563&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmeta.wkhealth.com%2Fpt%2Fpt-core%2Ftemplate-journal%2Flwwgateway%2Fmedia%2Flandingpage.htm%3Fissn%3D1065-6251%26volume%3D8%26issue%3D5%26spage%3D286&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hemolytic-uremic_syndrome"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid12823037-9"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolytic-uremic_syndrome#cite_ref-pmid12823037_9-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Hosler GA, Cusumano AM, Hutchins GM (July 2003). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://journals.allenpress.com/jrnlserv/?request=get-abstract&amp;issn=0003-9985&amp;volume=127&amp;page=834"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and hemolytic uremic syndrome are distinct pathologic entities. A review of 56 autopsy cases&quot;</font></a>. <i>Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med.</i> <b>127</b> (7): 834&ndash;9. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12823037"><font color="#3366bb">12823037</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://journals.allenpress.com/jrnlserv/?request=get-abstract&amp;issn=0003-9985&amp;volume=127&amp;page=834"><font color="#3366bb">http://journals.allenpress.com/jrnlserv/?request=get-abstract&amp;issn=0003-9985&amp;volume=127&amp;page=834</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Thrombotic+thrombocytopenic+purpura+and+hemolytic+uremic+syndrome+are+distinct+pathologic+entities.+A+review+of+56+autopsy+cases&amp;rft.jtitle=Arch.+Pathol.+Lab.+Med.&amp;rft.aulast=Hosler+GA%2C+Cusumano+AM%2C+Hutchins+GM&amp;rft.au=Hosler+GA%2C+Cusumano+AM%2C+Hutchins+GM&amp;rft.date=July+2003&amp;rft.volume=127&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.pages=834%E2%80%939&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12823037&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.allenpress.com%2Fjrnlserv%2F%3Frequest%3Dget-abstract%26issn%3D0003-9985%26volume%3D127%26page%3D834&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hemolytic-uremic_syndrome"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolytic-uremic_syndrome#cite_ref-10"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.emedicine.com/EMERG/topic238.htm"><font color="#3366bb">eMedicine - Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome : Article by William Shapiro</font></a></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid16918877-11"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolytic-uremic_syndrome#cite_ref-pmid16918877_11-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Panos GZ, Betsi GI, Falagas ME (September 2006). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/openurl?genre=article&amp;sid=nlm:pubmed&amp;issn=0269-2813&amp;date=2006&amp;volume=24&amp;issue=5&amp;spage=731"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Systematic review: are antibiotics detrimental or beneficial for the treatment of patients with Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection?&quot;</font></a>. <i>Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther.</i> <b>24</b> (5): 731&ndash;42. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2036.2006.03036.x"><font color="#3366bb">10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.03036.x</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><font color="#0645ad">PMID</font></a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16918877"><font color="#3366bb">16918877</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/openurl?genre=article&amp;sid=nlm:pubmed&amp;issn=0269-2813&amp;date=2006&amp;volume=24&amp;issue=5&amp;spage=731"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/openurl?genre=article&amp;sid=nlm:pubmed&amp;issn=0269-2813&amp;date=2006&amp;volume=24&amp;issue=5&amp;spage=731</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Systematic+review%3A+are+antibiotics+detrimental+or+beneficial+for+the+treatment+of+patients+with+Escherichia+coli+O157%3AH7+infection%3F&amp;rft.jtitle=Aliment.+Pharmacol.+Ther.&amp;rft.aulast=Panos+GZ%2C+Betsi+GI%2C+Falagas+ME&amp;rft.au=Panos+GZ%2C+Betsi+GI%2C+Falagas+ME&amp;rft.date=September+2006&amp;rft.volume=24&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=731%E2%80%9342&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2036.2006.03036.x&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16918877&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blackwell-synergy.com%2Fopenurl%3Fgenre%3Darticle%26sid%3Dnlm%3Apubmed%26issn%3D0269-2813%26date%3D2006%26volume%3D24%26issue%3D5%26spage%3D731&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hemolytic-uremic_syndrome"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-12"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolytic-uremic_syndrome#cite_ref-12"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation book">Chu P, Hemphill RR (2004). &quot;222: Acuired hemolytic anemia&quot;. In Tintinalli JE, Kelen GD, Stapczynski JS. <i>Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide</i> (6th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISBN</font></a> <a title="Special:BookSources/0-07-138875-3" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-138875-3"><font color="#0645ad">0-07-138875-3</font></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=222%3A+Acuired+hemolytic+anemia&amp;rft.atitle=Emergency+Medicine%3A+A+Comprehensive+Study+Guide&amp;rft.aulast=Chu+P%2C+Hemphill+RR&amp;rft.au=Chu+P%2C+Hemphill+RR&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.edition=6th&amp;rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&amp;rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&amp;rft.isbn=0-07-138875-3&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hemolytic-uremic_syndrome"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-13"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolytic-uremic_syndrome#cite_ref-13"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/jun/02/e-coli-outbreak-uk-cases"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;E coli outbreak: three UK cases have rare strain&quot;</font></a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 2 June 2011<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/jun/02/e-coli-outbreak-uk-cases"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/jun/02/e-coli-outbreak-uk-cases</font></a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=E+coli+outbreak%3A+three+UK+cases+have+rare+strain&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&amp;rft.date=2+June+2011&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Fworld%2F2011%2Fjun%2F02%2Fe-coli-outbreak-uk-cases&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hemolytic-uremic_syndrome"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></li> </ol> </div> <h2><span id="External_links" class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1367/"><font color="#3366bb">GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome</font></a></li> </ul> b619c049a168a3d8291011fc59c173fc2eed53cd 6 2374 4187 2011-08-30T02:25:09Z J 2 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 0 2427 4199 2011-10-03T14:22:59Z J 2 Created page with "<p>.</p>" wikitext text/x-wiki <p>.</p> 92d615dc6edb1c110383edc55c602663fa2f2739 0 2458 4234 2011-10-13T17:57:04Z ArlieSullivan 328 Created page with "[[Image:Payday_Loans_2449.jpg|thumb|]] Love this! College journalists try publishing an issue w/out computers and wear '70's garb while doing it. When I die, I hope it happens o..." wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Payday_Loans_2449.jpg|thumb|]] Love this! College journalists try publishing an issue w/out computers and wear '70's garb while doing it. When I die, I hope it happens on a slow news day. that would be a short lived punishment. they want jobs, they can do community service. NYC mayor says nycbudget woes mean police force and FDNY must shrink (AP swag Regarding this - - Pam Geller deleted the line about "stockpiling weapons" in Norway this month: Foursquare To Power INQ Mobiles Location Based Services via - congrats INQ Cheese sauce. Easy. So good. If you want to eat it like cereal, we won't judge. Enjoying some treats by Crabtree & Evelyn: White Chocolate and Raspberry Biscuits and Traditional Shortbread. TOO delicious! NUM NUM! Oh, the places you'll go... (via ) get over it. !!!! ~ Rob. A! Return to LA is near celebrate Empanadas are really cornish pasties? who knew!! mexmadesimple Treasury announces $10 billion in TARP profit from banks West Coast only? Also, we getting a YEM tonight? will be good. Ryan Adams Confirms First US Tour Since 2009 Thx. Congrats ! : Outstanding Restaurant Design: Bar Agricole, San Francisco, Design Firm: Aidlin Darling Design" This year's Thursday schedule is now live at SDCC hahahah I like August. It's always so quiet in tech world. Time to take a step back, work on some feature stories... No poder llegar a la milpa, evento importantísimo. Desde ayer lo intento. Tal vez domingo... Yes!! :-) look! You have dress up clothes! You guys look so handsome!!! And fawkin hotties!!! winning Applying for a payday allowance or short-phrase loan online may seem for example a fast way to make money, still be careful! Among the legitimate payday loan corporations that are Internet, there are credit stings designed to take your money or steal your identity. However, if you get oneself in want of a brief-term cash loan for a car fix, medical bill, or any financial crisis, you can safely apply for a payday allowance online, without losing money to a loan scam, via repaying attention to these steps. Trouble: Effortless Instructions 2 Check to realize that the company's name, address, telephone number or comparable contact facts is on their website. Type the business's name into Google or another search engine along with the term "sting" or "ripoff" to realize if you can reveal each and every complaints or proof of a allowance swindle. You can also search with the phone amount or the address to see if they seem legitimate, or see if the Superior Business Bureau is aware of the corporation. 3 Compare the loan rates of many firms that seem honest. It's useful to compare Annual Percentage Rates (APRs) being well as the cost in dollars. If one loan is amazingly cheaper other than the relax, be cautious. Payday loans include risk to loan companies, so they're dear. A cheap payday loan that seems way too good to be true, may be some sting. 4 When you've found a few companies you're fascinated from, apply to a [http://girlfriends4life.com/paydayloans00/blog/payday-loans-how-to-choose-a-payday-loan-company/ payday] loan online, making sure you're not obligated to accept the loan just by applying. Commonly, you'll fill outside an application online, and within any few hours or the next day, you'll receive an solution through email or phone. You may subsequently decide if you want to accept the loan. If one organization asks for far added exclusive data than the others, be careful. It may be a loan scam to steal your identity. 5 If a payday loan firm questions to funds previous to they'll give you cash, don't send it to it! That is's the most obvious sign of a loan sting and the easiest to stay away from. A payday loan company need to deposit the cash on your account first, before you need to begin repaying it. Assets A report of some typical loan sting Website on payday loans, credit repair, etc. Read Next: a896879f2cfde7c504a079403be2a1e8ced68ae3 0 2481 4260 2011-10-20T20:16:38Z S 72 Created page with "<p>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.openpgx.org/">http://www.openpgx.org/</a></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p>" wikitext text/x-wiki <p>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.openpgx.org/">http://www.openpgx.org/</a></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 390fa0e557ff312f1c9c720d98f83f416baf878f 4261 4260 2011-10-20T20:21:22Z S 72 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.openpgx.org/">http://www.openpgx.org/</a></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 57, 101); font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 21px; ">OpenPGx is a global collaborative endeavor to create an Open Access resource for Pharmacogenomics data in order to enable the application of advances in science and technology to clinical settings with the overall aim and impact of improving patient health care.<br /> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>Our focus is not only on improving patient health care through science and technology, but also by providing an open and wide platform for students, Researchers, Medical Professionals, Software Engineers and Patients alike, where they can collaborate and come to the best possible conclusions through constant communication, discussions and exchange of information.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> It is with this purpose that OpenPGx aims at the:&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <ol style="list-style-type: decimal; "> <li>Creation and maintenance of a comprehensive Open Access Data resource of the Pharmacogenomics markers for clinical applications.&nbsp;</li> <li>Creating and maintaining softwares, algortithms and resources for interpreting partial and complete genomes.&nbsp;</li> <li>Developing and publishing evidence based guidelines for the use and application of pharmacogenomic data to personalized therapy and improving patient therapy.&nbsp;</li> <li>Creating an open platform for collaborative interaction between individuals from diverse fields and having different expertise with the overall objective of accelerating the application of pharmacogenomics to personalized medicine. &nbsp;</li> </ol> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> </div> </span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> c46ac8b15bb00a9c419a4dfc386dc055695ed464 0 2482 4265 2011-10-20T21:37:28Z S 72 Created page with "<p><b>Genomics</b> is a discipline in <a title="Genetics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics">genetics</a> concerning the study of the <a class="mw-redirect" title="Geno..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p><b>Genomics</b> is a discipline in <a title="Genetics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics">genetics</a> concerning the study of the <a class="mw-redirect" title="Genomes" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomes">genomes</a> of organisms. The field includes intensive efforts to determine the entire <a class="mw-redirect" title="DNA sequence" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequence">DNA sequence</a> of organisms and fine-scale <a class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic mapping" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_mapping">genetic mapping</a> efforts. The field also includes studies of intragenomic phenomena such as <a title="Heterosis" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterosis">heterosis</a>, <a title="Epistasis" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistasis">epistasis</a>, <a title="Pleiotropy" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleiotropy">pleiotropy</a> and other interactions between loci and alleles within the genome. In contrast, the investigation of the roles and functions of single genes is a primary focus of <a title="Molecular biology" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_biology">molecular biology</a> or <a title="Genetics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics">genetics</a> and is a common topic of modern medical and biological research. Research of single genes does not fall into the definition of genomics unless the aim of this genetic, pathway, and functional information analysis is to elucidate its effect on, place in, and response to the entire genome's networks.</p> <p>For the <a title="United States Environmental Protection Agency" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a>, &quot;the term &quot;genomics&quot; encompasses a broader scope of scientific inquiry associated technologies than when genomics was initially considered. A genome is the sum total of all an individual organism's genes. Thus, genomics is the study of all the genes of a cell, or tissue, at the DNA (genotype), mRNA (transcriptome), or protein (proteome) levels.&quot;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <table class="toc" id="toc"> <tbody> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2><span id="History" class="mw-headline">History</span></h2> <p>The first genomes to be sequenced were those of a <a title="Virus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus">virus</a> and a <a title="Mitochondrion" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrion">mitochondrion</a>, and were done by <a class="mw-redirect" title="Fred Sanger" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Sanger">Fred Sanger</a>. His group established techniques of sequencing, genome mapping, data storage, and bioinformatic analyses in the 1970-1980s. A major branch of genomics is still concerned with <a title="Sequencing" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequencing">sequencing</a> the genomes of various organisms, but the knowledge of full genomes has created the possibility for the field of <a title="Functional genomics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_genomics">functional genomics</a>, mainly concerned with patterns of <a title="Gene expression" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_expression">gene expression</a> during various conditions. The most important tools here are <a title="Microarray" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microarray">microarrays</a> and <a title="Bioinformatics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformatics">bioinformatics</a>. Study of the full set of proteins in a cell type or tissue, and the changes during various conditions, is called <a title="Proteomics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteomics">proteomics</a>. A related concept is <a title="Materiomics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materiomics">materiomics</a>, which is defined as the study of the material properties of biological materials (e.g. hierarchical protein structures and materials, mineralized biological tissues, etc.) and their effect on the macroscopic function and failure in their biological context, linking processes, structure and properties at multiple scales through a materials science approach. The actual term 'genomics' is thought to have been coined by Dr. Tom Roderick, a geneticist at the Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, ME) over beer at a meeting held in Maryland on the mapping of the human genome in 1986.</p> <p>In 1972, <a title="Walter Fiers" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Fiers">Walter Fiers</a> and his team at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology of the <a class="mw-redirect" title="University of Ghent" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Ghent">University of Ghent</a> (<a title="Ghent" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghent">Ghent</a>, <a title="Belgium" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium">Belgium</a>) were the first to determine the sequence of a gene: the gene for <a title="Bacteriophage MS2" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriophage_MS2">Bacteriophage MS2</a> coat protein.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> In 1976, the team determined the complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> The first DNA-based genome to be sequenced in its entirety was that of <a title="Bacteriophage" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriophage">bacteriophage</a> <a class="mw-redirect" title="Phi-X174 phage" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi-X174_phage">&Phi;-X174;</a> (5,368 <a title="Base pair" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_pair">bp</a>), sequenced by <a title="Frederick Sanger" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Sanger">Frederick Sanger</a> in 1977.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>The first free-living organism to be sequenced was that of <i><a title="Haemophilus influenzae" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemophilus_influenzae">Haemophilus influenzae</a></i> (1.8 <a title="Base pair" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_pair">Mb</a>) in 1995<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup>, and since then genomes are being sequenced at a rapid pace.</p> <p>As of September 2007, the complete sequence was known of about 1879 <a title="Virus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus">viruses</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> 577 <a title="Bacteria" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria">bacterial</a> species and roughly 23 <a title="Eukaryote" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote">eukaryote</a> organisms, of which about half are <a class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi">fungi</a>. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> Most of the bacteria whose genomes have been completely sequenced are problematic disease-causing agents, such as <i><a title="Haemophilus influenzae" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemophilus_influenzae">Haemophilus influenzae</a></i>. Of the other sequenced species, most were chosen because they were well-studied model organisms or promised to become good models. Yeast (<i><a title="Saccharomyces cerevisiae" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharomyces_cerevisiae">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</a></i>) has long been an important <a title="Model organism" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_organism">model organism</a> for the <a class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryotic cell" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotic_cell">eukaryotic cell</a>, while the fruit fly <i><a title="Drosophila melanogaster" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drosophila_melanogaster">Drosophila melanogaster</a></i> has been a very important tool (notably in early pre-molecular <a title="Genetics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics">genetics</a>). The worm <i><a title="Caenorhabditis elegans" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans">Caenorhabditis elegans</a></i> is an often used simple model for <a title="Multicellular organism" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicellular_organism">multicellular organisms</a>. The zebrafish <i><a class="mw-redirect" title="Brachydanio rerio" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachydanio_rerio">Brachydanio rerio</a></i> is used for many developmental studies on the molecular level and the flower <i><a title="Arabidopsis thaliana" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabidopsis_thaliana">Arabidopsis thaliana</a></i> is a model organism for flowering plants. The <a class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese pufferfish" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_pufferfish">Japanese pufferfish</a> (<i><a title="Takifugu rubripes" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takifugu_rubripes">Takifugu rubripes</a></i>) and the <a class="mw-redirect" title="Spotted green pufferfish" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotted_green_pufferfish">spotted green pufferfish</a> (<i><a title="Tetraodon nigroviridis" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetraodon_nigroviridis">Tetraodon nigroviridis</a></i>) are interesting because of their small and compact genomes, containing very little non-coding DNA compared to most species. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-8"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> The mammals dog (<i><a class="mw-redirect" title="Canis familiaris" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canis_familiaris">Canis familiaris</a></i>), <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-9"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> brown rat (<i><a class="mw-redirect" title="Rattus norvegicus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rattus_norvegicus">Rattus norvegicus</a></i>), mouse (<i><a class="mw-redirect" title="Mus musculus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus_musculus">Mus musculus</a></i>), and chimpanzee (<i><a class="mw-redirect" title="Pan troglodytes" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_troglodytes">Pan troglodytes</a></i>) are all important model animals in medical research.</p> <h2><span id="Human_genomics" class="mw-headline">Human genomics</span></h2> <p>A rough draft of the human genome was completed by the <a title="Human Genome Project" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Genome_Project">Human Genome Project</a> in early 2001, creating much fanfare. By 2007 the human sequence was declared &quot;finished&quot; (less than one error in 20,000 bases and all chromosomes assembled). Display of the results of the project required significant <a title="Bioinformatics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformatics">bioinformatics</a> resources. The sequence of the human <a class="mw-redirect" title="Reference assembly" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_assembly">reference assembly</a> can be explored using the <a title="UCSC Genome Browser" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCSC_Genome_Browser">UCSC Genome Browser</a> or <a title="Ensembl" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensembl">Ensembl</a>.</p> <h2><span id="Bacteriophage_genomics" class="mw-headline">Bacteriophage genomics</span></h2> <p><a title="Bacteriophage" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriophage">Bacteriophages</a> have played and continue to play a key role in bacterial <a title="Genetics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics">genetics</a> and <a title="Molecular biology" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_biology">molecular biology</a>. Historically, they were used to define <a title="Gene" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene">gene</a> structure and gene regulation. Also the first <a title="Genome" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome">genome</a> to be sequenced was a <a title="Bacteriophage" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriophage">bacteriophage</a>. However, bacteriophage research did not lead the genomics revolution, which is clearly dominated by bacterial genomics. Only very recently has the study of bacteriophage genomes become prominent, thereby enabling researchers to understand the mechanisms underlying <a class="mw-redirect" title="Phage" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phage">phage</a> evolution. Bacteriophage genome sequences can be obtained through direct sequencing of isolated bacteriophages, but can also be derived as part of microbial genomes. Analysis of bacterial genomes has shown that a substantial amount of microbial DNA consists of <a title="Prophage" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophage">prophage</a> sequences and prophage-like elements. A detailed database mining of these sequences offers insights into the role of prophages in shaping the bacterial genome.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-McGrath_10-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-McGrath-10"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h2><span id="Cyanobacteria_genomics" class="mw-headline">Cyanobacteria genomics</span></h2> <p>At present there are 24 <a title="Cyanobacteria" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanobacteria">cyanobacteria</a> for which a total genome sequence is available. 15 of these cyanobacteria come from the marine environment. These are six <i><a title="Prochlorococcus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prochlorococcus">Prochlorococcus</a></i> strains, seven marine <i><a title="Synechococcus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synechococcus">Synechococcus</a></i> strains, <i><a title="Trichodesmium erythraeum (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trichodesmium_erythraeum&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Trichodesmium erythraeum</a></i> IMS101 and <i><a title="Crocosphaera watsonii (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crocosphaera_watsonii&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Crocosphaera watsonii</a></i> <a title="WH8501 (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WH8501&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">WH8501</a>. Several studies have demonstrated how these sequences could be used very successfully to infer important ecological and physiological characteristics of marine cyanobacteria. However, there are many more genome projects currently in progress, amongst those there are further <i><a title="Prochlorococcus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prochlorococcus">Prochlorococcus</a></i> and marine <i><a title="Synechococcus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synechococcus">Synechococcus</a></i> isolates, <i><a title="Acaryochloris (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acaryochloris&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Acaryochloris</a></i> and <i><a title="Prochloron" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prochloron">Prochloron</a></i>, the N₂-fixing filamentous cyanobacteria <i><a title="Nodularia spumigena (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nodularia_spumigena&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Nodularia spumigena</a></i>, <i><a title="Lyngbya aestuarii (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyngbya_aestuarii&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Lyngbya aestuarii</a></i> and <i><a title="Lyngbya majuscula" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyngbya_majuscula">Lyngbya majuscula</a></i>, as well as <a title="Bacteriophage" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriophage">bacteriophages</a> infecting marine cyanobaceria. Thus, the growing body of genome information can also be tapped in a more general way to address global problems by applying a comparative approach. Some new and exciting examples of progress in this field are the identification of genes for regulatory RNAs, insights into the evolutionary origin of <a title="Photosynthesis" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a>, or estimation of the contribution of horizontal gene transfer to the genomes that have been analyzed.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Herrero_11-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-Herrero-11"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h2><span id="See_also" class="mw-headline">See also</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="mw-redirect" title="Full Genome Sequencing" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_Genome_Sequencing">Full Genome Sequencing</a></li> <li><a title="Computational genomics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_genomics">Computational genomics</a></li> <li><a title="Nitrogenomics (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nitrogenomics&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Nitrogenomics</a></li> <li><a title="Metagenomics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metagenomics">Metagenomics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-redirect" title="Predictive Medicine" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictive_Medicine">Predictive Medicine</a></li> <li><a title="Personal genomics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_genomics">Personal genomics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-redirect" title="Psychogenomics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychogenomics">Psychogenomics</a></li> </ul> <h2><span id="References" class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <div style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;" class="reflist references-column-count references-column-count-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-0"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-0">^</a></b> <a href="http://epa.gov/osa/spc/pdfs/genomics.pdf" class="external text" rel="nofollow">EPA Interim Genomics Policy</a></li> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Min Jou W, Haegeman G, Ysebaert M, Fiers W (1972). &quot;Nucleotide sequence of the gene coding for the bacteriophage MS2 coat protein&quot;. <i>Nature</i> <b>237</b> (5350): 82&ndash;88. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F237082a0" class="external text" rel="nofollow">10.1038/237082a0</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4555447" class="external text" rel="nofollow">4555447</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Fiers W, Contreras R, Duerinck F, Haegeman G, Iserentant D, Merregaert J, Min Jou W, Molemans F, Raeymaekers A, Van den Berghe A, Volckaert G, Ysebaert M (1976). &quot;Complete nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage MS2 RNA: primary and secondary structure of the replicase gene&quot;. <i>Nature</i> <b>260</b> (5551): 500&ndash;507. <a title="Bibcode" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1976Natur.260..500F" class="external text" rel="nofollow">1976Natur.260..500F</a>. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F260500a0" class="external text" rel="nofollow">10.1038/260500a0</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1264203" class="external text" rel="nofollow">1264203</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Sanger F, Air GM, Barrell BG, Brown NL, Coulson AR, Fiddes CA, Hutchison CA, Slocombe PM, Smith M (1977). &quot;Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA&quot;. <i>Nature</i> <b>265</b> (5596): 687&ndash;695. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F265687a0" class="external text" rel="nofollow">10.1038/265687a0</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/870828" class="external text" rel="nofollow">870828</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Fleischmann RD, Adams MD, White O, Clayton RA, Kirkness EF, Kerlavage AR, Bult CJ, Tomb JF, Dougherty BA, Merrick JM, et al. (1995). &quot;Whole-genome random sequencing and assembly of Haemophilus influenzae Rd&quot;. <i>Science</i> <b>269</b> (5223): 496&ndash;512. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.7542800" class="external text" rel="nofollow">10.1126/science.7542800</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7542800" class="external text" rel="nofollow">7542800</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/VIRUSES/virostat.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow"><i>The Viral Genomes Resource</i>, NCBI Friday, 14 September 2007</a></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/static/gpstat.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow"><i>Genome Project Statistic</i>, NCBI Friday, 14 September 2007</a></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3760766.stm" class="external text" rel="nofollow">BBC article <i>Human gene number slashed</i> from Wednesday, 20 October 2004</a></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> <a href="http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2003/10/16/pufferfish_fruitfly/index.shtml" class="external text" rel="nofollow">CBSE News, Thursday, 16 October 2003</a></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-9">^</a></b> <a href="http://www.genome.gov/12511476" class="external text" rel="nofollow">NHGRI, pressrelease of the publishing of the dog genome</a></li> <li id="cite_note-McGrath-10"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-McGrath_10-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation book">McGrath S and van Sinderen D, ed (2007). <a href="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage" class="external text" rel="nofollow"><i>Bacteriophage: Genetics and Molecular Biology</i></a> (1st ed.). Caister Academic Press. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-14-1" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-14-1">978-1-904455-14-1</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Herrero-11"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-Herrero_11-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation book">Herrero A and Flores E, ed (2008). <a href="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan" class="external text" rel="nofollow"><i>The Cyanobacteria: Molecular Biology, Genomics and Evolution</i></a> (1st ed.). Caister Academic Press. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-15-8" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-15-8">978-1-904455-15-8</a>.</span></li> </ol> </div> <h2><span id="External_links" class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a href="http://www.genomicsdirectory.com/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Genomics Directory</a>: A one-stop biotechnology resource center for bioentrepreneurs, scientists, and students</li> <li><a href="http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/loi/genom/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcgenomics/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">BMC Genomics</a>: A BMC journal on Genomics</li> <li><a href="http://www.caglab.org/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Center for Applied Genomics</a>: Genomics Research - a specialized Center of Emphasis at the Children&rsquo;s Hospital of Philadelphia</li> <li><a href="http://www.genomics.co.uk/companylist.php" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Genomics</a>: UK companies and laboratories* <a href="http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/622838/description#description" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Genomics journal</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.knoblauchpublishing.com/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Genomics and Quantitative Genetics</a>: An international electronic, open access journal publishing, inter alia, genomics research.</li> <li><a href="../../../" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Genomics.org</a>: An openfree wiki based Genomics portal</li> <li><a href="http://www.genome.gov/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">NHGRI</a>: US government's genome institute</li> <li><a href="http://www.springer.com/humana+press/pharmacology+and+toxicology/book/978-1-58829-887-4" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Pharmacogenomics in Drug Discovery and Development</a>, a book on pharmacogenomics, diseases, personalized medicine, and therapeutics</li> <li><a href="http://www.zpu-journal.ru/en/articles/detail.php?ID=342" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Tishchenko P. D. Genomics: New Science in the New Cultural Situation</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.lcg.unam.mx/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Undergraduate program on Genomic Sciences (spanish)</a>: One of the first undergraduate programs in the world</li> <li><a href="http://cmr.jcvi.org/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">JCVI Comprehensive Microbial Resource</a></li> <li><a href="http://pathema.jcvi.org/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Pathema: A Clade Specific Bioinformatics Resource Center</a></li> <li><a href="http://koreagenome.org/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">KoreaGenome.org</a>: The first Korean Genome published and the sequence is available freely.</li> <li><a href="http://genomicsnetwork.ac.uk/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">GenomicsNetwork</a>: Looks at the development and use of the science and technologies of genomics.</li> <li><a href="http://www.igs.umaryland.edu/research_topics.php" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Institute for Genome Sciences</a>: Genomics research.</li> <li><a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/health-sciences-and-technology/hst-512-genomic-medicine-spring-2004/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">MIT OpenCourseWare HST.512 Genomic Medicine</a> A free, self-study course in genomic medicine. Resources include audio lectures and selected lecture notes.</li> <li><a href="http://www.extension.org/plant_breeding_genomics" class="external text" rel="nofollow">The Plant Breeding and Genomics Community of Practice on eXtension</a> - provides education and training materials for plant breeders and allied professionals</li> </ul> 3a89bd1c446005bb4df70c21ad937886e555f99d 4266 4265 2011-10-20T21:38:22Z S 72 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><b>Genomics</b> is a discipline in <a title="Genetics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics">genetics</a> concerning the study of the <a class="mw-redirect" title="Genomes" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomes">genomes</a> of organisms. The field includes intensive efforts to determine the entire <a class="mw-redirect" title="DNA sequence" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequence">DNA sequence</a> of organisms and fine-scale <a class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic mapping" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_mapping">genetic mapping</a> efforts. The field also includes studies of intragenomic phenomena such as <a title="Heterosis" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterosis">heterosis</a>, <a title="Epistasis" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistasis">epistasis</a>, <a title="Pleiotropy" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleiotropy">pleiotropy</a> and other interactions between loci and alleles within the genome. In contrast, the investigation of the roles and functions of single genes is a primary focus of <a title="Molecular biology" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_biology">molecular biology</a> or <a title="Genetics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics">genetics</a> and is a common topic of modern medical and biological research. Research of single genes does not fall into the definition of genomics unless the aim of this genetic, pathway, and functional information analysis is to elucidate its effect on, place in, and response to the entire genome's networks.</p> <p>For the <a title="United States Environmental Protection Agency" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a>, &quot;the term &quot;genomics&quot; encompasses a broader scope of scientific inquiry associated technologies than when genomics was initially considered. A genome is the sum total of all an individual organism's genes. Thus, genomics is the study of all the genes of a cell, or tissue, at the DNA (genotype), mRNA (transcriptome), or protein (proteome) levels.&quot;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p><font class="Apple-style-span" size="3"><br /> </font></p> <h2><span id="History" class="mw-headline">History</span></h2> <p>The first genomes to be sequenced were those of a <a title="Virus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus">virus</a> and a <a title="Mitochondrion" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrion">mitochondrion</a>, and were done by <a class="mw-redirect" title="Fred Sanger" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Sanger">Fred Sanger</a>. His group established techniques of sequencing, genome mapping, data storage, and bioinformatic analyses in the 1970-1980s. A major branch of genomics is still concerned with <a title="Sequencing" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequencing">sequencing</a> the genomes of various organisms, but the knowledge of full genomes has created the possibility for the field of <a title="Functional genomics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_genomics">functional genomics</a>, mainly concerned with patterns of <a title="Gene expression" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_expression">gene expression</a> during various conditions. The most important tools here are <a title="Microarray" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microarray">microarrays</a> and <a title="Bioinformatics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformatics">bioinformatics</a>. Study of the full set of proteins in a cell type or tissue, and the changes during various conditions, is called <a title="Proteomics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteomics">proteomics</a>. A related concept is <a title="Materiomics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materiomics">materiomics</a>, which is defined as the study of the material properties of biological materials (e.g. hierarchical protein structures and materials, mineralized biological tissues, etc.) and their effect on the macroscopic function and failure in their biological context, linking processes, structure and properties at multiple scales through a materials science approach. The actual term 'genomics' is thought to have been coined by Dr. Tom Roderick, a geneticist at the Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, ME) over beer at a meeting held in Maryland on the mapping of the human genome in 1986.</p> <p>In 1972, <a title="Walter Fiers" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Fiers">Walter Fiers</a> and his team at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology of the <a class="mw-redirect" title="University of Ghent" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Ghent">University of Ghent</a> (<a title="Ghent" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghent">Ghent</a>, <a title="Belgium" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium">Belgium</a>) were the first to determine the sequence of a gene: the gene for <a title="Bacteriophage MS2" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriophage_MS2">Bacteriophage MS2</a> coat protein.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> In 1976, the team determined the complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> The first DNA-based genome to be sequenced in its entirety was that of <a title="Bacteriophage" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriophage">bacteriophage</a> <a class="mw-redirect" title="Phi-X174 phage" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi-X174_phage">&Phi;-X174;</a> (5,368 <a title="Base pair" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_pair">bp</a>), sequenced by <a title="Frederick Sanger" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Sanger">Frederick Sanger</a> in 1977.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>The first free-living organism to be sequenced was that of <i><a title="Haemophilus influenzae" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemophilus_influenzae">Haemophilus influenzae</a></i> (1.8 <a title="Base pair" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_pair">Mb</a>) in 1995<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup>, and since then genomes are being sequenced at a rapid pace.</p> <p>As of September 2007, the complete sequence was known of about 1879 <a title="Virus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus">viruses</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> 577 <a title="Bacteria" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria">bacterial</a> species and roughly 23 <a title="Eukaryote" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote">eukaryote</a> organisms, of which about half are <a class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi">fungi</a>. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> Most of the bacteria whose genomes have been completely sequenced are problematic disease-causing agents, such as <i><a title="Haemophilus influenzae" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemophilus_influenzae">Haemophilus influenzae</a></i>. Of the other sequenced species, most were chosen because they were well-studied model organisms or promised to become good models. Yeast (<i><a title="Saccharomyces cerevisiae" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharomyces_cerevisiae">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</a></i>) has long been an important <a title="Model organism" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_organism">model organism</a> for the <a class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryotic cell" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotic_cell">eukaryotic cell</a>, while the fruit fly <i><a title="Drosophila melanogaster" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drosophila_melanogaster">Drosophila melanogaster</a></i> has been a very important tool (notably in early pre-molecular <a title="Genetics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics">genetics</a>). The worm <i><a title="Caenorhabditis elegans" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans">Caenorhabditis elegans</a></i> is an often used simple model for <a title="Multicellular organism" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicellular_organism">multicellular organisms</a>. The zebrafish <i><a class="mw-redirect" title="Brachydanio rerio" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachydanio_rerio">Brachydanio rerio</a></i> is used for many developmental studies on the molecular level and the flower <i><a title="Arabidopsis thaliana" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabidopsis_thaliana">Arabidopsis thaliana</a></i> is a model organism for flowering plants. The <a class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese pufferfish" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_pufferfish">Japanese pufferfish</a> (<i><a title="Takifugu rubripes" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takifugu_rubripes">Takifugu rubripes</a></i>) and the <a class="mw-redirect" title="Spotted green pufferfish" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotted_green_pufferfish">spotted green pufferfish</a> (<i><a title="Tetraodon nigroviridis" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetraodon_nigroviridis">Tetraodon nigroviridis</a></i>) are interesting because of their small and compact genomes, containing very little non-coding DNA compared to most species. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-8"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> The mammals dog (<i><a class="mw-redirect" title="Canis familiaris" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canis_familiaris">Canis familiaris</a></i>), <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-9"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> brown rat (<i><a class="mw-redirect" title="Rattus norvegicus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rattus_norvegicus">Rattus norvegicus</a></i>), mouse (<i><a class="mw-redirect" title="Mus musculus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus_musculus">Mus musculus</a></i>), and chimpanzee (<i><a class="mw-redirect" title="Pan troglodytes" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_troglodytes">Pan troglodytes</a></i>) are all important model animals in medical research.</p> <h2><span id="Human_genomics" class="mw-headline">Human genomics</span></h2> <p>A rough draft of the human genome was completed by the <a title="Human Genome Project" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Genome_Project">Human Genome Project</a> in early 2001, creating much fanfare. By 2007 the human sequence was declared &quot;finished&quot; (less than one error in 20,000 bases and all chromosomes assembled). Display of the results of the project required significant <a title="Bioinformatics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformatics">bioinformatics</a> resources. The sequence of the human <a class="mw-redirect" title="Reference assembly" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_assembly">reference assembly</a> can be explored using the <a title="UCSC Genome Browser" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCSC_Genome_Browser">UCSC Genome Browser</a> or <a title="Ensembl" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensembl">Ensembl</a>.</p> <h2><span id="Bacteriophage_genomics" class="mw-headline">Bacteriophage genomics</span></h2> <p><a title="Bacteriophage" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriophage">Bacteriophages</a> have played and continue to play a key role in bacterial <a title="Genetics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics">genetics</a> and <a title="Molecular biology" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_biology">molecular biology</a>. Historically, they were used to define <a title="Gene" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene">gene</a> structure and gene regulation. Also the first <a title="Genome" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome">genome</a> to be sequenced was a <a title="Bacteriophage" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriophage">bacteriophage</a>. However, bacteriophage research did not lead the genomics revolution, which is clearly dominated by bacterial genomics. Only very recently has the study of bacteriophage genomes become prominent, thereby enabling researchers to understand the mechanisms underlying <a class="mw-redirect" title="Phage" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phage">phage</a> evolution. Bacteriophage genome sequences can be obtained through direct sequencing of isolated bacteriophages, but can also be derived as part of microbial genomes. Analysis of bacterial genomes has shown that a substantial amount of microbial DNA consists of <a title="Prophage" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophage">prophage</a> sequences and prophage-like elements. A detailed database mining of these sequences offers insights into the role of prophages in shaping the bacterial genome.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-McGrath_10-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-McGrath-10"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h2><span id="Cyanobacteria_genomics" class="mw-headline">Cyanobacteria genomics</span></h2> <p>At present there are 24 <a title="Cyanobacteria" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanobacteria">cyanobacteria</a> for which a total genome sequence is available. 15 of these cyanobacteria come from the marine environment. These are six <i><a title="Prochlorococcus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prochlorococcus">Prochlorococcus</a></i> strains, seven marine <i><a title="Synechococcus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synechococcus">Synechococcus</a></i> strains, <i><a title="Trichodesmium erythraeum (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trichodesmium_erythraeum&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Trichodesmium erythraeum</a></i> IMS101 and <i><a title="Crocosphaera watsonii (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crocosphaera_watsonii&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Crocosphaera watsonii</a></i> <a title="WH8501 (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WH8501&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">WH8501</a>. Several studies have demonstrated how these sequences could be used very successfully to infer important ecological and physiological characteristics of marine cyanobacteria. However, there are many more genome projects currently in progress, amongst those there are further <i><a title="Prochlorococcus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prochlorococcus">Prochlorococcus</a></i> and marine <i><a title="Synechococcus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synechococcus">Synechococcus</a></i> isolates, <i><a title="Acaryochloris (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acaryochloris&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Acaryochloris</a></i> and <i><a title="Prochloron" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prochloron">Prochloron</a></i>, the N₂-fixing filamentous cyanobacteria <i><a title="Nodularia spumigena (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nodularia_spumigena&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Nodularia spumigena</a></i>, <i><a title="Lyngbya aestuarii (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyngbya_aestuarii&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Lyngbya aestuarii</a></i> and <i><a title="Lyngbya majuscula" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyngbya_majuscula">Lyngbya majuscula</a></i>, as well as <a title="Bacteriophage" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriophage">bacteriophages</a> infecting marine cyanobaceria. Thus, the growing body of genome information can also be tapped in a more general way to address global problems by applying a comparative approach. Some new and exciting examples of progress in this field are the identification of genes for regulatory RNAs, insights into the evolutionary origin of <a title="Photosynthesis" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a>, or estimation of the contribution of horizontal gene transfer to the genomes that have been analyzed.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Herrero_11-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-Herrero-11"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h2><span id="See_also" class="mw-headline">See also</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="mw-redirect" title="Full Genome Sequencing" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_Genome_Sequencing">Full Genome Sequencing</a></li> <li><a title="Computational genomics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_genomics">Computational genomics</a></li> <li><a title="Nitrogenomics (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nitrogenomics&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Nitrogenomics</a></li> <li><a title="Metagenomics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metagenomics">Metagenomics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-redirect" title="Predictive Medicine" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictive_Medicine">Predictive Medicine</a></li> <li><a title="Personal genomics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_genomics">Personal genomics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-redirect" title="Psychogenomics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychogenomics">Psychogenomics</a></li> </ul> <h2><span id="References" class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <div style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;" class="reflist references-column-count references-column-count-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-0"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-0">^</a></b> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://epa.gov/osa/spc/pdfs/genomics.pdf">EPA Interim Genomics Policy</a></li> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Min Jou W, Haegeman G, Ysebaert M, Fiers W (1972). &quot;Nucleotide sequence of the gene coding for the bacteriophage MS2 coat protein&quot;. <i>Nature</i> <b>237</b> (5350): 82&ndash;88. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F237082a0">10.1038/237082a0</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4555447">4555447</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Fiers W, Contreras R, Duerinck F, Haegeman G, Iserentant D, Merregaert J, Min Jou W, Molemans F, Raeymaekers A, Van den Berghe A, Volckaert G, Ysebaert M (1976). &quot;Complete nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage MS2 RNA: primary and secondary structure of the replicase gene&quot;. <i>Nature</i> <b>260</b> (5551): 500&ndash;507. <a title="Bibcode" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1976Natur.260..500F">1976Natur.260..500F</a>. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F260500a0">10.1038/260500a0</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1264203">1264203</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Sanger F, Air GM, Barrell BG, Brown NL, Coulson AR, Fiddes CA, Hutchison CA, Slocombe PM, Smith M (1977). &quot;Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA&quot;. <i>Nature</i> <b>265</b> (5596): 687&ndash;695. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F265687a0">10.1038/265687a0</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/870828">870828</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Fleischmann RD, Adams MD, White O, Clayton RA, Kirkness EF, Kerlavage AR, Bult CJ, Tomb JF, Dougherty BA, Merrick JM, et al. (1995). &quot;Whole-genome random sequencing and assembly of Haemophilus influenzae Rd&quot;. <i>Science</i> <b>269</b> (5223): 496&ndash;512. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.7542800">10.1126/science.7542800</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7542800">7542800</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/VIRUSES/virostat.html"><i>The Viral Genomes Resource</i>, NCBI Friday, 14 September 2007</a></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/static/gpstat.html"><i>Genome Project Statistic</i>, NCBI Friday, 14 September 2007</a></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3760766.stm">BBC article <i>Human gene number slashed</i> from Wednesday, 20 October 2004</a></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2003/10/16/pufferfish_fruitfly/index.shtml">CBSE News, Thursday, 16 October 2003</a></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-9">^</a></b> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.gov/12511476">NHGRI, pressrelease of the publishing of the dog genome</a></li> <li id="cite_note-McGrath-10"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-McGrath_10-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation book">McGrath S and van Sinderen D, ed (2007). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage"><i>Bacteriophage: Genetics and Molecular Biology</i></a> (1st ed.). Caister Academic Press. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-14-1" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-14-1">978-1-904455-14-1</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Herrero-11"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-Herrero_11-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation book">Herrero A and Flores E, ed (2008). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan"><i>The Cyanobacteria: Molecular Biology, Genomics and Evolution</i></a> (1st ed.). Caister Academic Press. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-15-8" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-15-8">978-1-904455-15-8</a>.</span></li> </ol> </div> <h2><span id="External_links" class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomicsdirectory.com/">Genomics Directory</a>: A one-stop biotechnology resource center for bioentrepreneurs, scientists, and students</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/loi/genom/">Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics</a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcgenomics/">BMC Genomics</a>: A BMC journal on Genomics</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.caglab.org/">Center for Applied Genomics</a>: Genomics Research - a specialized Center of Emphasis at the Children&rsquo;s Hospital of Philadelphia</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomics.co.uk/companylist.php">Genomics</a>: UK companies and laboratories* <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/622838/description#description">Genomics journal</a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.knoblauchpublishing.com/">Genomics and Quantitative Genetics</a>: An international electronic, open access journal publishing, inter alia, genomics research.</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="../../../">Genomics.org</a>: An openfree wiki based Genomics portal</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.gov/">NHGRI</a>: US government's genome institute</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.springer.com/humana+press/pharmacology+and+toxicology/book/978-1-58829-887-4">Pharmacogenomics in Drug Discovery and Development</a>, a book on pharmacogenomics, diseases, personalized medicine, and therapeutics</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.zpu-journal.ru/en/articles/detail.php?ID=342">Tishchenko P. D. Genomics: New Science in the New Cultural Situation</a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.lcg.unam.mx/">Undergraduate program on Genomic Sciences (spanish)</a>: One of the first undergraduate programs in the world</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://cmr.jcvi.org/">JCVI Comprehensive Microbial Resource</a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://pathema.jcvi.org/">Pathema: A Clade Specific Bioinformatics Resource Center</a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://koreagenome.org/">KoreaGenome.org</a>: The first Korean Genome published and the sequence is available freely.</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://genomicsnetwork.ac.uk/">GenomicsNetwork</a>: Looks at the development and use of the science and technologies of genomics.</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.igs.umaryland.edu/research_topics.php">Institute for Genome Sciences</a>: Genomics research.</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/health-sciences-and-technology/hst-512-genomic-medicine-spring-2004/">MIT OpenCourseWare HST.512 Genomic Medicine</a> A free, self-study course in genomic medicine. Resources include audio lectures and selected lecture notes.</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.extension.org/plant_breeding_genomics">The Plant Breeding and Genomics Community of Practice on eXtension</a> - provides education and training materials for plant breeders and allied professionals</li> </ul> d22180d04cd77998291b056ecf0d5a55aff83a8e 4267 4266 2011-10-20T21:38:36Z S 72 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><b>Genomics</b> is a discipline in genetics concerning the study of the genomes of organisms. The field includes intensive efforts to determine the entire <a class="mw-redirect" title="DNA sequence" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequence">DNA sequence</a> of organisms and fine-scale <a class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic mapping" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_mapping">genetic mapping</a> efforts. The field also includes studies of intragenomic phenomena such as heterosis, epistasis, <a title="Pleiotropy" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleiotropy">pleiotropy</a> and other interactions between loci and alleles within the genome. In contrast, the investigation of the roles and functions of single genes is a primary focus of <a title="Molecular biology" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_biology">molecular biology</a> or <a title="Genetics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics">genetics</a> and is a common topic of modern medical and biological research. Research of single genes does not fall into the definition of genomics unless the aim of this genetic, pathway, and functional information analysis is to elucidate its effect on, place in, and response to the entire genome's networks.</p> <p>For the <a title="United States Environmental Protection Agency" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a>, &quot;the term &quot;genomics&quot; encompasses a broader scope of scientific inquiry associated technologies than when genomics was initially considered. A genome is the sum total of all an individual organism's genes. Thus, genomics is the study of all the genes of a cell, or tissue, at the DNA (genotype), mRNA (transcriptome), or protein (proteome) levels.&quot;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p><font class="Apple-style-span" size="3"><br /> </font></p> <h2><span id="History" class="mw-headline">History</span></h2> <p>The first genomes to be sequenced were those of a <a title="Virus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus">virus</a> and a <a title="Mitochondrion" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrion">mitochondrion</a>, and were done by <a class="mw-redirect" title="Fred Sanger" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Sanger">Fred Sanger</a>. His group established techniques of sequencing, genome mapping, data storage, and bioinformatic analyses in the 1970-1980s. A major branch of genomics is still concerned with <a title="Sequencing" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequencing">sequencing</a> the genomes of various organisms, but the knowledge of full genomes has created the possibility for the field of <a title="Functional genomics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_genomics">functional genomics</a>, mainly concerned with patterns of <a title="Gene expression" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_expression">gene expression</a> during various conditions. The most important tools here are <a title="Microarray" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microarray">microarrays</a> and <a title="Bioinformatics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformatics">bioinformatics</a>. Study of the full set of proteins in a cell type or tissue, and the changes during various conditions, is called <a title="Proteomics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteomics">proteomics</a>. A related concept is <a title="Materiomics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materiomics">materiomics</a>, which is defined as the study of the material properties of biological materials (e.g. hierarchical protein structures and materials, mineralized biological tissues, etc.) and their effect on the macroscopic function and failure in their biological context, linking processes, structure and properties at multiple scales through a materials science approach. The actual term 'genomics' is thought to have been coined by Dr. Tom Roderick, a geneticist at the Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, ME) over beer at a meeting held in Maryland on the mapping of the human genome in 1986.</p> <p>In 1972, <a title="Walter Fiers" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Fiers">Walter Fiers</a> and his team at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology of the <a class="mw-redirect" title="University of Ghent" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Ghent">University of Ghent</a> (<a title="Ghent" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghent">Ghent</a>, <a title="Belgium" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium">Belgium</a>) were the first to determine the sequence of a gene: the gene for <a title="Bacteriophage MS2" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriophage_MS2">Bacteriophage MS2</a> coat protein.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> In 1976, the team determined the complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> The first DNA-based genome to be sequenced in its entirety was that of <a title="Bacteriophage" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriophage">bacteriophage</a> <a class="mw-redirect" title="Phi-X174 phage" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi-X174_phage">&Phi;-X174;</a> (5,368 <a title="Base pair" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_pair">bp</a>), sequenced by <a title="Frederick Sanger" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Sanger">Frederick Sanger</a> in 1977.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>The first free-living organism to be sequenced was that of <i><a title="Haemophilus influenzae" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemophilus_influenzae">Haemophilus influenzae</a></i> (1.8 <a title="Base pair" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_pair">Mb</a>) in 1995<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup>, and since then genomes are being sequenced at a rapid pace.</p> <p>As of September 2007, the complete sequence was known of about 1879 <a title="Virus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus">viruses</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> 577 <a title="Bacteria" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria">bacterial</a> species and roughly 23 <a title="Eukaryote" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote">eukaryote</a> organisms, of which about half are <a class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi">fungi</a>. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> Most of the bacteria whose genomes have been completely sequenced are problematic disease-causing agents, such as <i><a title="Haemophilus influenzae" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemophilus_influenzae">Haemophilus influenzae</a></i>. Of the other sequenced species, most were chosen because they were well-studied model organisms or promised to become good models. Yeast (<i><a title="Saccharomyces cerevisiae" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharomyces_cerevisiae">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</a></i>) has long been an important <a title="Model organism" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_organism">model organism</a> for the <a class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryotic cell" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotic_cell">eukaryotic cell</a>, while the fruit fly <i><a title="Drosophila melanogaster" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drosophila_melanogaster">Drosophila melanogaster</a></i> has been a very important tool (notably in early pre-molecular <a title="Genetics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics">genetics</a>). The worm <i><a title="Caenorhabditis elegans" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans">Caenorhabditis elegans</a></i> is an often used simple model for <a title="Multicellular organism" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicellular_organism">multicellular organisms</a>. The zebrafish <i><a class="mw-redirect" title="Brachydanio rerio" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachydanio_rerio">Brachydanio rerio</a></i> is used for many developmental studies on the molecular level and the flower <i><a title="Arabidopsis thaliana" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabidopsis_thaliana">Arabidopsis thaliana</a></i> is a model organism for flowering plants. The <a class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese pufferfish" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_pufferfish">Japanese pufferfish</a> (<i><a title="Takifugu rubripes" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takifugu_rubripes">Takifugu rubripes</a></i>) and the <a class="mw-redirect" title="Spotted green pufferfish" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotted_green_pufferfish">spotted green pufferfish</a> (<i><a title="Tetraodon nigroviridis" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetraodon_nigroviridis">Tetraodon nigroviridis</a></i>) are interesting because of their small and compact genomes, containing very little non-coding DNA compared to most species. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-8"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> The mammals dog (<i><a class="mw-redirect" title="Canis familiaris" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canis_familiaris">Canis familiaris</a></i>), <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-9"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> brown rat (<i><a class="mw-redirect" title="Rattus norvegicus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rattus_norvegicus">Rattus norvegicus</a></i>), mouse (<i><a class="mw-redirect" title="Mus musculus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus_musculus">Mus musculus</a></i>), and chimpanzee (<i><a class="mw-redirect" title="Pan troglodytes" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_troglodytes">Pan troglodytes</a></i>) are all important model animals in medical research.</p> <h2><span id="Human_genomics" class="mw-headline">Human genomics</span></h2> <p>A rough draft of the human genome was completed by the <a title="Human Genome Project" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Genome_Project">Human Genome Project</a> in early 2001, creating much fanfare. By 2007 the human sequence was declared &quot;finished&quot; (less than one error in 20,000 bases and all chromosomes assembled). Display of the results of the project required significant <a title="Bioinformatics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformatics">bioinformatics</a> resources. The sequence of the human <a class="mw-redirect" title="Reference assembly" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_assembly">reference assembly</a> can be explored using the <a title="UCSC Genome Browser" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCSC_Genome_Browser">UCSC Genome Browser</a> or <a title="Ensembl" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensembl">Ensembl</a>.</p> <h2><span id="Bacteriophage_genomics" class="mw-headline">Bacteriophage genomics</span></h2> <p><a title="Bacteriophage" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriophage">Bacteriophages</a> have played and continue to play a key role in bacterial <a title="Genetics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics">genetics</a> and <a title="Molecular biology" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_biology">molecular biology</a>. Historically, they were used to define <a title="Gene" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene">gene</a> structure and gene regulation. Also the first <a title="Genome" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome">genome</a> to be sequenced was a <a title="Bacteriophage" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriophage">bacteriophage</a>. However, bacteriophage research did not lead the genomics revolution, which is clearly dominated by bacterial genomics. Only very recently has the study of bacteriophage genomes become prominent, thereby enabling researchers to understand the mechanisms underlying <a class="mw-redirect" title="Phage" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phage">phage</a> evolution. Bacteriophage genome sequences can be obtained through direct sequencing of isolated bacteriophages, but can also be derived as part of microbial genomes. Analysis of bacterial genomes has shown that a substantial amount of microbial DNA consists of <a title="Prophage" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophage">prophage</a> sequences and prophage-like elements. A detailed database mining of these sequences offers insights into the role of prophages in shaping the bacterial genome.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-McGrath_10-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-McGrath-10"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h2><span id="Cyanobacteria_genomics" class="mw-headline">Cyanobacteria genomics</span></h2> <p>At present there are 24 <a title="Cyanobacteria" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanobacteria">cyanobacteria</a> for which a total genome sequence is available. 15 of these cyanobacteria come from the marine environment. These are six <i><a title="Prochlorococcus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prochlorococcus">Prochlorococcus</a></i> strains, seven marine <i><a title="Synechococcus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synechococcus">Synechococcus</a></i> strains, <i><a title="Trichodesmium erythraeum (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trichodesmium_erythraeum&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Trichodesmium erythraeum</a></i> IMS101 and <i><a title="Crocosphaera watsonii (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crocosphaera_watsonii&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Crocosphaera watsonii</a></i> <a title="WH8501 (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WH8501&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">WH8501</a>. Several studies have demonstrated how these sequences could be used very successfully to infer important ecological and physiological characteristics of marine cyanobacteria. However, there are many more genome projects currently in progress, amongst those there are further <i><a title="Prochlorococcus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prochlorococcus">Prochlorococcus</a></i> and marine <i><a title="Synechococcus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synechococcus">Synechococcus</a></i> isolates, <i><a title="Acaryochloris (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acaryochloris&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Acaryochloris</a></i> and <i><a title="Prochloron" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prochloron">Prochloron</a></i>, the N₂-fixing filamentous cyanobacteria <i><a title="Nodularia spumigena (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nodularia_spumigena&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Nodularia spumigena</a></i>, <i><a title="Lyngbya aestuarii (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyngbya_aestuarii&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Lyngbya aestuarii</a></i> and <i><a title="Lyngbya majuscula" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyngbya_majuscula">Lyngbya majuscula</a></i>, as well as <a title="Bacteriophage" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriophage">bacteriophages</a> infecting marine cyanobaceria. Thus, the growing body of genome information can also be tapped in a more general way to address global problems by applying a comparative approach. Some new and exciting examples of progress in this field are the identification of genes for regulatory RNAs, insights into the evolutionary origin of <a title="Photosynthesis" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a>, or estimation of the contribution of horizontal gene transfer to the genomes that have been analyzed.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Herrero_11-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-Herrero-11"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h2><span id="See_also" class="mw-headline">See also</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="mw-redirect" title="Full Genome Sequencing" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_Genome_Sequencing">Full Genome Sequencing</a></li> <li><a title="Computational genomics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_genomics">Computational genomics</a></li> <li><a title="Nitrogenomics (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nitrogenomics&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Nitrogenomics</a></li> <li><a title="Metagenomics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metagenomics">Metagenomics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-redirect" title="Predictive Medicine" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictive_Medicine">Predictive Medicine</a></li> <li><a title="Personal genomics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_genomics">Personal genomics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-redirect" title="Psychogenomics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychogenomics">Psychogenomics</a></li> </ul> <h2><span id="References" class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <div style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;" class="reflist references-column-count references-column-count-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-0"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-0">^</a></b> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://epa.gov/osa/spc/pdfs/genomics.pdf">EPA Interim Genomics Policy</a></li> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Min Jou W, Haegeman G, Ysebaert M, Fiers W (1972). &quot;Nucleotide sequence of the gene coding for the bacteriophage MS2 coat protein&quot;. <i>Nature</i> <b>237</b> (5350): 82&ndash;88. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F237082a0">10.1038/237082a0</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4555447">4555447</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Fiers W, Contreras R, Duerinck F, Haegeman G, Iserentant D, Merregaert J, Min Jou W, Molemans F, Raeymaekers A, Van den Berghe A, Volckaert G, Ysebaert M (1976). &quot;Complete nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage MS2 RNA: primary and secondary structure of the replicase gene&quot;. <i>Nature</i> <b>260</b> (5551): 500&ndash;507. <a title="Bibcode" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1976Natur.260..500F">1976Natur.260..500F</a>. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F260500a0">10.1038/260500a0</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1264203">1264203</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Sanger F, Air GM, Barrell BG, Brown NL, Coulson AR, Fiddes CA, Hutchison CA, Slocombe PM, Smith M (1977). &quot;Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA&quot;. <i>Nature</i> <b>265</b> (5596): 687&ndash;695. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F265687a0">10.1038/265687a0</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/870828">870828</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Fleischmann RD, Adams MD, White O, Clayton RA, Kirkness EF, Kerlavage AR, Bult CJ, Tomb JF, Dougherty BA, Merrick JM, et al. (1995). &quot;Whole-genome random sequencing and assembly of Haemophilus influenzae Rd&quot;. <i>Science</i> <b>269</b> (5223): 496&ndash;512. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.7542800">10.1126/science.7542800</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7542800">7542800</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/VIRUSES/virostat.html"><i>The Viral Genomes Resource</i>, NCBI Friday, 14 September 2007</a></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/static/gpstat.html"><i>Genome Project Statistic</i>, NCBI Friday, 14 September 2007</a></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3760766.stm">BBC article <i>Human gene number slashed</i> from Wednesday, 20 October 2004</a></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2003/10/16/pufferfish_fruitfly/index.shtml">CBSE News, Thursday, 16 October 2003</a></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-9">^</a></b> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.gov/12511476">NHGRI, pressrelease of the publishing of the dog genome</a></li> <li id="cite_note-McGrath-10"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-McGrath_10-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation book">McGrath S and van Sinderen D, ed (2007). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage"><i>Bacteriophage: Genetics and Molecular Biology</i></a> (1st ed.). Caister Academic Press. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-14-1" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-14-1">978-1-904455-14-1</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Herrero-11"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-Herrero_11-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation book">Herrero A and Flores E, ed (2008). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan"><i>The Cyanobacteria: Molecular Biology, Genomics and Evolution</i></a> (1st ed.). Caister Academic Press. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-15-8" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-15-8">978-1-904455-15-8</a>.</span></li> </ol> </div> <h2><span id="External_links" class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomicsdirectory.com/">Genomics Directory</a>: A one-stop biotechnology resource center for bioentrepreneurs, scientists, and students</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/loi/genom/">Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics</a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcgenomics/">BMC Genomics</a>: A BMC journal on Genomics</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.caglab.org/">Center for Applied Genomics</a>: Genomics Research - a specialized Center of Emphasis at the Children&rsquo;s Hospital of Philadelphia</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomics.co.uk/companylist.php">Genomics</a>: UK companies and laboratories* <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/622838/description#description">Genomics journal</a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.knoblauchpublishing.com/">Genomics and Quantitative Genetics</a>: An international electronic, open access journal publishing, inter alia, genomics research.</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="../../../">Genomics.org</a>: An openfree wiki based Genomics portal</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.gov/">NHGRI</a>: US government's genome institute</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.springer.com/humana+press/pharmacology+and+toxicology/book/978-1-58829-887-4">Pharmacogenomics in Drug Discovery and Development</a>, a book on pharmacogenomics, diseases, personalized medicine, and therapeutics</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.zpu-journal.ru/en/articles/detail.php?ID=342">Tishchenko P. D. Genomics: New Science in the New Cultural Situation</a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.lcg.unam.mx/">Undergraduate program on Genomic Sciences (spanish)</a>: One of the first undergraduate programs in the world</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://cmr.jcvi.org/">JCVI Comprehensive Microbial Resource</a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://pathema.jcvi.org/">Pathema: A Clade Specific Bioinformatics Resource Center</a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://koreagenome.org/">KoreaGenome.org</a>: The first Korean Genome published and the sequence is available freely.</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://genomicsnetwork.ac.uk/">GenomicsNetwork</a>: Looks at the development and use of the science and technologies of genomics.</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.igs.umaryland.edu/research_topics.php">Institute for Genome Sciences</a>: Genomics research.</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/health-sciences-and-technology/hst-512-genomic-medicine-spring-2004/">MIT OpenCourseWare HST.512 Genomic Medicine</a> A free, self-study course in genomic medicine. Resources include audio lectures and selected lecture notes.</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.extension.org/plant_breeding_genomics">The Plant Breeding and Genomics Community of Practice on eXtension</a> - provides education and training materials for plant breeders and allied professionals</li> </ul> 548afce84b8ad3686e8e2ba6886fa272638ba10f 4268 4267 2011-10-20T21:39:18Z S 72 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><b>Genomics</b> is a discipline in [[omics]] concerning the study of the genomes of organisms.</p> <p>The field includes intensive efforts to determine the entire <a class="mw-redirect" title="DNA sequence" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequence">DNA sequence</a> of organisms and fine-scale <a class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic mapping" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_mapping">genetic mapping</a> efforts. The field also includes studies of intragenomic phenomena such as heterosis, epistasis, <a title="Pleiotropy" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleiotropy">pleiotropy</a> and other interactions between loci and alleles within the genome. In contrast, the investigation of the roles and functions of single genes is a primary focus of <a title="Molecular biology" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_biology">molecular biology</a> or <a title="Genetics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics">genetics</a> and is a common topic of modern medical and biological research. Research of single genes does not fall into the definition of genomics unless the aim of this genetic, pathway, and functional information analysis is to elucidate its effect on, place in, and response to the entire genome's networks.</p> <p>For the <a title="United States Environmental Protection Agency" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a>, &quot;the term &quot;genomics&quot; encompasses a broader scope of scientific inquiry associated technologies than when genomics was initially considered. A genome is the sum total of all an individual organism's genes. Thus, genomics is the study of all the genes of a cell, or tissue, at the DNA (genotype), mRNA (transcriptome), or protein (proteome) levels.&quot;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p><font class="Apple-style-span" size="3"><br /> </font></p> <h2><span id="History" class="mw-headline">History</span></h2> <p>The first genomes to be sequenced were those of a <a title="Virus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus">virus</a> and a <a title="Mitochondrion" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrion">mitochondrion</a>, and were done by <a class="mw-redirect" title="Fred Sanger" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Sanger">Fred Sanger</a>. His group established techniques of sequencing, genome mapping, data storage, and bioinformatic analyses in the 1970-1980s. A major branch of genomics is still concerned with <a title="Sequencing" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequencing">sequencing</a> the genomes of various organisms, but the knowledge of full genomes has created the possibility for the field of <a title="Functional genomics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_genomics">functional genomics</a>, mainly concerned with patterns of <a title="Gene expression" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_expression">gene expression</a> during various conditions. The most important tools here are <a title="Microarray" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microarray">microarrays</a> and <a title="Bioinformatics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformatics">bioinformatics</a>. Study of the full set of proteins in a cell type or tissue, and the changes during various conditions, is called <a title="Proteomics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteomics">proteomics</a>. A related concept is <a title="Materiomics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materiomics">materiomics</a>, which is defined as the study of the material properties of biological materials (e.g. hierarchical protein structures and materials, mineralized biological tissues, etc.) and their effect on the macroscopic function and failure in their biological context, linking processes, structure and properties at multiple scales through a materials science approach. The actual term 'genomics' is thought to have been coined by Dr. Tom Roderick, a geneticist at the Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, ME) over beer at a meeting held in Maryland on the mapping of the human genome in 1986.</p> <p>In 1972, <a title="Walter Fiers" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Fiers">Walter Fiers</a> and his team at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology of the <a class="mw-redirect" title="University of Ghent" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Ghent">University of Ghent</a> (<a title="Ghent" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghent">Ghent</a>, <a title="Belgium" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium">Belgium</a>) were the first to determine the sequence of a gene: the gene for <a title="Bacteriophage MS2" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriophage_MS2">Bacteriophage MS2</a> coat protein.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> In 1976, the team determined the complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> The first DNA-based genome to be sequenced in its entirety was that of <a title="Bacteriophage" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriophage">bacteriophage</a> <a class="mw-redirect" title="Phi-X174 phage" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi-X174_phage">&Phi;-X174;</a> (5,368 <a title="Base pair" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_pair">bp</a>), sequenced by <a title="Frederick Sanger" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Sanger">Frederick Sanger</a> in 1977.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>The first free-living organism to be sequenced was that of <i><a title="Haemophilus influenzae" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemophilus_influenzae">Haemophilus influenzae</a></i> (1.8 <a title="Base pair" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_pair">Mb</a>) in 1995<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup>, and since then genomes are being sequenced at a rapid pace.</p> <p>As of September 2007, the complete sequence was known of about 1879 <a title="Virus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus">viruses</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> 577 <a title="Bacteria" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria">bacterial</a> species and roughly 23 <a title="Eukaryote" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote">eukaryote</a> organisms, of which about half are <a class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi">fungi</a>. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> Most of the bacteria whose genomes have been completely sequenced are problematic disease-causing agents, such as <i><a title="Haemophilus influenzae" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemophilus_influenzae">Haemophilus influenzae</a></i>. Of the other sequenced species, most were chosen because they were well-studied model organisms or promised to become good models. Yeast (<i><a title="Saccharomyces cerevisiae" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharomyces_cerevisiae">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</a></i>) has long been an important <a title="Model organism" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_organism">model organism</a> for the <a class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryotic cell" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotic_cell">eukaryotic cell</a>, while the fruit fly <i><a title="Drosophila melanogaster" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drosophila_melanogaster">Drosophila melanogaster</a></i> has been a very important tool (notably in early pre-molecular <a title="Genetics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics">genetics</a>). The worm <i><a title="Caenorhabditis elegans" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans">Caenorhabditis elegans</a></i> is an often used simple model for <a title="Multicellular organism" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicellular_organism">multicellular organisms</a>. The zebrafish <i><a class="mw-redirect" title="Brachydanio rerio" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachydanio_rerio">Brachydanio rerio</a></i> is used for many developmental studies on the molecular level and the flower <i><a title="Arabidopsis thaliana" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabidopsis_thaliana">Arabidopsis thaliana</a></i> is a model organism for flowering plants. The <a class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese pufferfish" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_pufferfish">Japanese pufferfish</a> (<i><a title="Takifugu rubripes" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takifugu_rubripes">Takifugu rubripes</a></i>) and the <a class="mw-redirect" title="Spotted green pufferfish" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotted_green_pufferfish">spotted green pufferfish</a> (<i><a title="Tetraodon nigroviridis" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetraodon_nigroviridis">Tetraodon nigroviridis</a></i>) are interesting because of their small and compact genomes, containing very little non-coding DNA compared to most species. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-8"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> The mammals dog (<i><a class="mw-redirect" title="Canis familiaris" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canis_familiaris">Canis familiaris</a></i>), <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-9"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> brown rat (<i><a class="mw-redirect" title="Rattus norvegicus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rattus_norvegicus">Rattus norvegicus</a></i>), mouse (<i><a class="mw-redirect" title="Mus musculus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus_musculus">Mus musculus</a></i>), and chimpanzee (<i><a class="mw-redirect" title="Pan troglodytes" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_troglodytes">Pan troglodytes</a></i>) are all important model animals in medical research.</p> <h2><span id="Human_genomics" class="mw-headline">Human genomics</span></h2> <p>A rough draft of the human genome was completed by the <a title="Human Genome Project" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Genome_Project">Human Genome Project</a> in early 2001, creating much fanfare. By 2007 the human sequence was declared &quot;finished&quot; (less than one error in 20,000 bases and all chromosomes assembled). Display of the results of the project required significant <a title="Bioinformatics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformatics">bioinformatics</a> resources. The sequence of the human <a class="mw-redirect" title="Reference assembly" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_assembly">reference assembly</a> can be explored using the <a title="UCSC Genome Browser" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCSC_Genome_Browser">UCSC Genome Browser</a> or <a title="Ensembl" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensembl">Ensembl</a>.</p> <h2><span id="Bacteriophage_genomics" class="mw-headline">Bacteriophage genomics</span></h2> <p><a title="Bacteriophage" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriophage">Bacteriophages</a> have played and continue to play a key role in bacterial <a title="Genetics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics">genetics</a> and <a title="Molecular biology" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_biology">molecular biology</a>. Historically, they were used to define <a title="Gene" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene">gene</a> structure and gene regulation. Also the first <a title="Genome" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome">genome</a> to be sequenced was a <a title="Bacteriophage" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriophage">bacteriophage</a>. However, bacteriophage research did not lead the genomics revolution, which is clearly dominated by bacterial genomics. Only very recently has the study of bacteriophage genomes become prominent, thereby enabling researchers to understand the mechanisms underlying <a class="mw-redirect" title="Phage" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phage">phage</a> evolution. Bacteriophage genome sequences can be obtained through direct sequencing of isolated bacteriophages, but can also be derived as part of microbial genomes. Analysis of bacterial genomes has shown that a substantial amount of microbial DNA consists of <a title="Prophage" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophage">prophage</a> sequences and prophage-like elements. A detailed database mining of these sequences offers insights into the role of prophages in shaping the bacterial genome.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-McGrath_10-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-McGrath-10"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h2><span id="Cyanobacteria_genomics" class="mw-headline">Cyanobacteria genomics</span></h2> <p>At present there are 24 <a title="Cyanobacteria" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanobacteria">cyanobacteria</a> for which a total genome sequence is available. 15 of these cyanobacteria come from the marine environment. These are six <i><a title="Prochlorococcus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prochlorococcus">Prochlorococcus</a></i> strains, seven marine <i><a title="Synechococcus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synechococcus">Synechococcus</a></i> strains, <i><a title="Trichodesmium erythraeum (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trichodesmium_erythraeum&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Trichodesmium erythraeum</a></i> IMS101 and <i><a title="Crocosphaera watsonii (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crocosphaera_watsonii&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Crocosphaera watsonii</a></i> <a title="WH8501 (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WH8501&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">WH8501</a>. Several studies have demonstrated how these sequences could be used very successfully to infer important ecological and physiological characteristics of marine cyanobacteria. However, there are many more genome projects currently in progress, amongst those there are further <i><a title="Prochlorococcus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prochlorococcus">Prochlorococcus</a></i> and marine <i><a title="Synechococcus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synechococcus">Synechococcus</a></i> isolates, <i><a title="Acaryochloris (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acaryochloris&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Acaryochloris</a></i> and <i><a title="Prochloron" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prochloron">Prochloron</a></i>, the N₂-fixing filamentous cyanobacteria <i><a title="Nodularia spumigena (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nodularia_spumigena&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Nodularia spumigena</a></i>, <i><a title="Lyngbya aestuarii (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyngbya_aestuarii&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Lyngbya aestuarii</a></i> and <i><a title="Lyngbya majuscula" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyngbya_majuscula">Lyngbya majuscula</a></i>, as well as <a title="Bacteriophage" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriophage">bacteriophages</a> infecting marine cyanobaceria. Thus, the growing body of genome information can also be tapped in a more general way to address global problems by applying a comparative approach. Some new and exciting examples of progress in this field are the identification of genes for regulatory RNAs, insights into the evolutionary origin of <a title="Photosynthesis" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a>, or estimation of the contribution of horizontal gene transfer to the genomes that have been analyzed.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Herrero_11-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-Herrero-11"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h2><span id="See_also" class="mw-headline">See also</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="mw-redirect" title="Full Genome Sequencing" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_Genome_Sequencing">Full Genome Sequencing</a></li> <li><a title="Computational genomics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_genomics">Computational genomics</a></li> <li><a title="Nitrogenomics (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nitrogenomics&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Nitrogenomics</a></li> <li><a title="Metagenomics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metagenomics">Metagenomics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-redirect" title="Predictive Medicine" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictive_Medicine">Predictive Medicine</a></li> <li><a title="Personal genomics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_genomics">Personal genomics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-redirect" title="Psychogenomics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychogenomics">Psychogenomics</a></li> </ul> <h2><span id="References" class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <div style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;" class="reflist references-column-count references-column-count-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-0"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-0">^</a></b> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://epa.gov/osa/spc/pdfs/genomics.pdf">EPA Interim Genomics Policy</a></li> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Min Jou W, Haegeman G, Ysebaert M, Fiers W (1972). &quot;Nucleotide sequence of the gene coding for the bacteriophage MS2 coat protein&quot;. <i>Nature</i> <b>237</b> (5350): 82&ndash;88. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F237082a0">10.1038/237082a0</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4555447">4555447</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Fiers W, Contreras R, Duerinck F, Haegeman G, Iserentant D, Merregaert J, Min Jou W, Molemans F, Raeymaekers A, Van den Berghe A, Volckaert G, Ysebaert M (1976). &quot;Complete nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage MS2 RNA: primary and secondary structure of the replicase gene&quot;. <i>Nature</i> <b>260</b> (5551): 500&ndash;507. <a title="Bibcode" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1976Natur.260..500F">1976Natur.260..500F</a>. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F260500a0">10.1038/260500a0</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1264203">1264203</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Sanger F, Air GM, Barrell BG, Brown NL, Coulson AR, Fiddes CA, Hutchison CA, Slocombe PM, Smith M (1977). &quot;Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA&quot;. <i>Nature</i> <b>265</b> (5596): 687&ndash;695. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F265687a0">10.1038/265687a0</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/870828">870828</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Fleischmann RD, Adams MD, White O, Clayton RA, Kirkness EF, Kerlavage AR, Bult CJ, Tomb JF, Dougherty BA, Merrick JM, et al. (1995). &quot;Whole-genome random sequencing and assembly of Haemophilus influenzae Rd&quot;. <i>Science</i> <b>269</b> (5223): 496&ndash;512. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.7542800">10.1126/science.7542800</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7542800">7542800</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/VIRUSES/virostat.html"><i>The Viral Genomes Resource</i>, NCBI Friday, 14 September 2007</a></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/static/gpstat.html"><i>Genome Project Statistic</i>, NCBI Friday, 14 September 2007</a></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3760766.stm">BBC article <i>Human gene number slashed</i> from Wednesday, 20 October 2004</a></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2003/10/16/pufferfish_fruitfly/index.shtml">CBSE News, Thursday, 16 October 2003</a></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-9">^</a></b> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.gov/12511476">NHGRI, pressrelease of the publishing of the dog genome</a></li> <li id="cite_note-McGrath-10"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-McGrath_10-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation book">McGrath S and van Sinderen D, ed (2007). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage"><i>Bacteriophage: Genetics and Molecular Biology</i></a> (1st ed.). Caister Academic Press. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-14-1" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-14-1">978-1-904455-14-1</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Herrero-11"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-Herrero_11-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation book">Herrero A and Flores E, ed (2008). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan"><i>The Cyanobacteria: Molecular Biology, Genomics and Evolution</i></a> (1st ed.). Caister Academic Press. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-15-8" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-15-8">978-1-904455-15-8</a>.</span></li> </ol> </div> <h2><span id="External_links" class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomicsdirectory.com/">Genomics Directory</a>: A one-stop biotechnology resource center for bioentrepreneurs, scientists, and students</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/loi/genom/">Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics</a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcgenomics/">BMC Genomics</a>: A BMC journal on Genomics</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.caglab.org/">Center for Applied Genomics</a>: Genomics Research - a specialized Center of Emphasis at the Children&rsquo;s Hospital of Philadelphia</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomics.co.uk/companylist.php">Genomics</a>: UK companies and laboratories* <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/622838/description#description">Genomics journal</a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.knoblauchpublishing.com/">Genomics and Quantitative Genetics</a>: An international electronic, open access journal publishing, inter alia, genomics research.</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="../../../">Genomics.org</a>: An openfree wiki based Genomics portal</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.gov/">NHGRI</a>: US government's genome institute</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.springer.com/humana+press/pharmacology+and+toxicology/book/978-1-58829-887-4">Pharmacogenomics in Drug Discovery and Development</a>, a book on pharmacogenomics, diseases, personalized medicine, and therapeutics</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.zpu-journal.ru/en/articles/detail.php?ID=342">Tishchenko P. D. Genomics: New Science in the New Cultural Situation</a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.lcg.unam.mx/">Undergraduate program on Genomic Sciences (spanish)</a>: One of the first undergraduate programs in the world</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://cmr.jcvi.org/">JCVI Comprehensive Microbial Resource</a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://pathema.jcvi.org/">Pathema: A Clade Specific Bioinformatics Resource Center</a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://koreagenome.org/">KoreaGenome.org</a>: The first Korean Genome published and the sequence is available freely.</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://genomicsnetwork.ac.uk/">GenomicsNetwork</a>: Looks at the development and use of the science and technologies of genomics.</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.igs.umaryland.edu/research_topics.php">Institute for Genome Sciences</a>: Genomics research.</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/health-sciences-and-technology/hst-512-genomic-medicine-spring-2004/">MIT OpenCourseWare HST.512 Genomic Medicine</a> A free, self-study course in genomic medicine. Resources include audio lectures and selected lecture notes.</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.extension.org/plant_breeding_genomics">The Plant Breeding and Genomics Community of Practice on eXtension</a> - provides education and training materials for plant breeders and allied professionals</li> </ul> d8552421adb43d8a5cf8e7f8c7acca68475b4f01 0 1506 4269 3425 2011-10-20T21:39:42Z S 72 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: small"><strong>Omics</strong> is a general term for a broad discipline of science and engineering for analyzing the interactions of biological information objects in various&nbsp;</span><a title="Omes" href="http://omics.org/index.php/Omes"><span style="font-size: small">omes</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">These include genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, expressomics&nbsp;and interactomics. The main focus is on 1) mapping information objects such as genes and proteins, 2) finding interaction relationships among the objects and 3) engineering the networks and objects to understand and manipulate the regulatory mechanisms.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <br /> [http://omics.org Omics.org] </span></p> 8b735a218ca04ede38d76205d264d000a7ae7b58 4270 4269 2011-10-20T21:39:58Z S 72 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: small"><strong>Omics</strong> is a general term for a broad discipline of science and engineering for analyzing the interactions of biological information objects in various&nbsp;</span><a title="Omes" href="http://omics.org/index.php/Omes"><span style="font-size: small">omes</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">These include [[genomics]], proteomics, metabolomics, expressomics&nbsp;and interactomics. The main focus is on 1) mapping information objects such as genes and proteins, 2) finding interaction relationships among the objects and 3) engineering the networks and objects to understand and manipulate the regulatory mechanisms.&nbsp;<br /> </span><span style="font-size: small"><br /> <br /> [http://omics.org Omics.org] </span></p> 2bf49b9d509c69f283348ecf65debac95bfa0568 0 1498 4271 3040 2011-10-20T21:40:41Z S 72 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font size="3"><strong><font size="5">What is genomics?</font><br /> <br /> Genomics</strong> is the [[omics]] study of [[gene]]s of individual organisms,&nbsp;populations, and species. <br /> </font></p> <p><font size="3">It is also a paradigm of performing biological science that deviates from&nbsp;investigating single genes, their functions, and roles. <br /> </font></p> <p><font size="3">The main reason of an independent biological discipline is that it deals with very large sets of genetic information to automatically analyze information using interaction and network concepts. </font></p> <p><font size="3">Genomics inevitably employs high performance computing and bioinformatics technologies.</font></p> <p><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">&nbsp; </font></span></p> <div v:shape="_x0000_s1026"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 32pt"><font color="#339966" size="5">&quot;[[Genome sequencing is not Genomics]]&quot;</font></span></div> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">History of the field</font></span></strong></p> <p><font size="3">Genomics was practically founded by Fred Sanger group in 1970s when they developed&nbsp;a gene sequencing technique and completed the first genomes; namely bacteriophage &Phi;-X174; (5,368 bp),&nbsp;the human mitochondrial genome, and lamda virus.</font></p> <p><font size="3">In 1972, Walter Fiers and his team at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology of the University of Ghent (Ghent, Belgium) were the first to determine the sequence of a gene: the gene for Bacteriophage MS2 coat protein.<sup id="_ref-0" class="reference">[1]</sup> In 1976, the team determined the complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA.<sup id="_ref-1" class="reference">[2]</sup> The first DNA-based genome to be sequenced in its entirety was that of bacteriophage &Phi;-X174; (5,368 bp), sequenced by Frederick Sanger in 1977<sup id="_ref-2" class="reference">[3]</sup>. The first free-living organism to be sequenced was that of <em>Haemophilus influenzae</em> (1.8 Mb) in 1995, and since then genomes are being sequenced at a rapid pace. A rough draft of the human genome was completed by Sanger centre and the Human Genome Project in early 2001.</font></p> <p><font size="3">As of September 2007, the complete sequence was known of about 1879 viruses <sup id="_ref-3" class="reference">[4]</sup>, 577 bacterial species and roughly 23 eukaryote organisms, of which about half are fungi. <sup id="_ref-4" class="reference">[5]</sup> Most of the bacteria whose genomes have been completely sequenced are problematic disease-causing agents, such as <em>Haemophilus influenzae</em>. Of the other sequenced species, most were chosen because they were well-studied model organisms or promised to become good models. Yeast (<em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em>) has long been an important model organism for the eukaryotic cell, while the fruit fly <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> has been a very important tool (notably in early pre-molecular genetics). The worm <em>Caenorhabditis elegans</em> is an often used simple model for multicellular organisms. The zebrafish <em>Brachydanio rerio</em> is used for many developmental studies on the molecular level and the flower <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em> is a model organism for flowering plants. The Japanese pufferfish (<em>Takifugu rubripes</em>) and the spotted green pufferfish (<em>Tetraodon nigroviridis</em>) are interesting because of their small and compact genomes, containing very little non-coding DNA compared to most species. <sup id="_ref-5" class="reference">[6]</sup> <sup id="_ref-6" class="reference">[7]</sup> The mammals dog (<em>Canis familiaris</em>), <sup id="_ref-7" class="reference">[8]</sup> brown rat (<em>Rattus norvegicus</em>), mouse (<em>Mus musculus</em>), and chimpanzee (<em>Pan troglodytes</em>) are all important model animals in medical research.</font></p> <p><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></p> <p><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">Bacteriophage Genomics</font></span></strong></p> <p><font size="3">Bacteriophages have played and continue to play a key role in bacterial genetics and molecular biology. Historically, they were used to define gene structure and gene regulation. Also the first genome to be sequenced was a bacteriophage. However, bacteriophage research did not lead the genomics revolution, which is clearly dominated by bacterial genomics. Only very recently has the study of bacteriophage genomes become prominent, thereby enabling researchers to understand the mechanisms underlying phage evolution. Bacteriophage genome sequences can be obtained through direct sequencing of isolated bacteriophages, but can also be derived as part of microbial genomes. Analysis of bacterial genomes has shown that a substantial amount of microbial DNA consists of prophage sequences and prophage-like elements. A detailed database mining of these sequences offers insights into the role of prophages in shaping the bacterial genome.<sup id="_ref-McGrath_0" class="reference">[9]</sup></font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">Cyanobacteria Genomics</font></span></strong></p> <p><font size="3">At present there are 24 cyanobacteria for which a total genome sequence is available. 15 of these cyanobacteria come from the marine environment. These are six <em>Prochlorococcus</em><em>Synechococcus</em> strains, <em>Trichodesmium erythraeum</em> IMS101 and <em>Crocosphaera watsonii</em> [[WH8501. Several studies have demonstrated how these sequences could be used very successfully to infer important ecological and physiological characteristics of marine cyanobacteria. However, there are many more genome projects currently in progress, amongst those there are further <em>Prochlorococcus</em> and marine <em>Synechococcus</em> isolates, <em>Acaryochloris</em> and <em>Prochloron</em>, the N₂-fixing filamentous cyanobacteria <em>Nodularia spumigena</em>, <em>Lyngbya aestuarii</em> and <em>Lyngbya majuscula</em>, as well as bacteriophages infecting marine cyanobaceria. Thus, the growing body of genome information can also be tapped in a more general way to address global problems by applying a comparative approach. Some new and exciting examples of progress in this field are the identification of genes for regulatory RNAs, insights into the evolutionary origin of photosynthesis, or estimation of the contribution of horizontal gene transfer to the genomes that have been analyzed.<sup id="_ref-Herrero_0" class="reference">[10]</sup></font></p> <p><font size="4">[[Genome sequencing and genomics]]</font></p> <p><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">See also</font></span></strong></p> <ul> <li><font size="3">[[Pangenomics]] and [[Pangenome]]</font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Personal Genome Project]]</font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Omics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Proteomics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Interactomics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Functional genomics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Computational genomics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Nitrogenomics]]</font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Pathogenomics]]</font></li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">References</font></span></strong></p> <ol class="references"> <li id="_note-0"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-0">^</a></strong> Min Jou W, Haegeman G, Ysebaert M, Fiers W., Nucleotide sequence of the gene coding for the bacteriophage MS2 coat protein, Nature. 1972 May 12;237(5350):82-8 </font></li> <li id="_note-1"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-1">^</a></strong> Fiers W et al., Complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA - primary and secondary structure of replicase gene, Nature, 260, 500-507, 1976 </font></li> <li id="_note-2"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-2">^</a></strong> Sanger F, Air GM, Barrell BG, Brown NL, Coulson AR, Fiddes CA, Hutchison CA, Slocombe PM, Smith M., Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA, Nature. 1977 Feb 24;265(5596):687-95 </font></li> <li id="_note-3"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-3">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/VIRUSES/virostat.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/VIRUSES/virostat.html"><em>The Viral Genomes Resource</em>, NCBI Friday, 14 September, 2007</a></font></li> <li id="_note-4"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-4">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/static/gpstat.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/static/gpstat.html"><em>Genome Project Statistic</em>, NCBI Friday, 14 September, 2007</a></font></li> <li id="_note-5"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-5">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3760766.stm" rel="nofollow" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3760766.stm">BBC article <em>Human gene number slashed</em> from Wednesday, 20 October, 2004</a></font></li> <li id="_note-6"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-6">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2003/10/16/pufferfish_fruitfly/index.shtml" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2003/10/16/pufferfish_fruitfly/index.shtml">CBSE News, Thursday October 16, 2003</a></font></li> <li id="_note-7"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-7">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.genome.gov/12511476" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.gov/12511476">NHGRI, pressrelease of the publishing of the dog genome</a></font></li> <li id="_note-McGrath"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-McGrath_0">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="book">Mc Grath S and van Sinderen D (editors). (2007). <em><a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage">Bacteriophage: Genetics and Molecular Biology</a></em>, 1st ed., Caister Academic Press. <a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage">ISBN 978-1-904455-14-1</a> .</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Bacteriophage%3A+Genetics+and+Molecular+Biology&amp;rft.au=Mc+Grath+S+and+van+Sinderen+D+%28editors%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fphage">&nbsp;</span></font></li> <li id="_note-Herrero"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-Herrero_0">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="book">Herrero A and Flores E (editor). (2008). <em><a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan">The Cyanobacteria: Molecular Biology, Genomics and Evolution</a></em>, 1st ed., Caister Academic Press. <a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan">ISBN 978-1-904455-15-8</a> .</cite></font><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cyanobacteria%3A+Molecular+Biology%2C+Genomics+and+Evolution&amp;rft.au=Herrero+A+and+Flores+E+%28editor%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fcyan"><font size="3"> </font><br /> </span></li> </ol> <p><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cyanobacteria%3A+Molecular+Biology%2C+Genomics+and+Evolution&amp;rft.au=Herrero+A+and+Flores+E+%28editor%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fcyan"><font size="5"><br /> Web links</font><br /> [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics Wikipedia Genomics link]<br /> [http://omics.org Omics.org]<br /> [http://totalomics.com Totalomics.com]<br /> </span></p> 85fe625e9036747e1e254b7a96ee66d6a6d6c12f 0 1774 4274 2682 2011-10-23T06:24:36Z S 72 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: small; "><strong>Full genome <font color="#000000">sequencing (FGS)</font></strong><font color="#000000">, also known as <strong>whole genome sequencing</strong>, <strong>complete genome sequencing</strong>, or <strong>entire genome sequencing</strong>, is a laboratory process that determines the complete DNA sequence of an organism's genome at a single time. </font></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small; "><font color="#000000">This entails sequencing all of an organism's chromosomal DNA as well as DNA contained in the mitochondria or chloroplast, depending respectively on whether the organism is an animal or plant. Almost any biological sample&mdash;even a very small amount of DNA or ancient DNA&mdash;can provide the genetic material necessary for full genome sequencing. Such samples may include saliva, epithelial cells, bone marrow, hair (as long as the hair contains a hair follicle), seeds, plant leaves, or anything else that has DNA-containing cells. Because the sequence data that is produced can be quite large (for example, there are approximately six billion base pairs in each human diploid genome), genomic data is stored electronically and requires a large amount of computing power and storage capacity. Full genome sequencing would have been nearly impossible before the advent of the microprocessor, computers, and the Information Age.</font></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small; "><font color="#000000">Full genome sequencing should thus not be confused with DNA profiling. The latter only determines the likelihood that genetic material came from a particular individual or group and does not contain additional information on genetic relationships, origin or suspectability on specific diseases. <sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference">[1]</sup>. It is also distinct from SNP genotyping which covers less than 0.1% of the genome. Almost all truly complete genomes are of microbes, the term &quot;full genome&quot; is sometimes used loosely to mean &quot;greater than 95%&quot;. The remainder of this article focuses on nearly complete human genomes.</font></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size: small; "> <p><font color="#000000">Full genome sequencing only refers to the laboratory process of deducing a person's entire genetic code and, on its own, may not contain any clinical assessment or useful clinical information. However, this may change over time as a large number of scientific studies continue to be published detailing clear associations between specific genetic variants and disease.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17554300_1-0" class="reference">[2]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid17898773_2-0" class="reference">[3]</sup></font></p> </span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small; "><font color="#000000">The first nearly complete human genomes sequenced were J. Craig Venter's (caucasian male at 7.5-fold average coverage) <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference">[4]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference">[5]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid17803354_5-0" class="reference">[6]</sup> and James Watson's (caucasian male at 7.4-fold).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference">[7]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference">[8]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference">[9]</sup>, a Han Chinese (YH at 36-fold) <sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference">[10]</sup>, a Yoruban from Nigeria (at 30-fold) <sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference">[11]</sup>, a female leukemia patient (at 33 and 14-fold coverage for tumor and normal tissues)<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference">[12]</sup>, and Seong-Jin Kim (Korean at 29-fold) <sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference">[13]</sup>. Other full genomes have been sequenced but not published, and as of June 2009, commercialization of full genome sequencing is in an early stage and growing rapidly.</font></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><b><span style="font-size: medium; ">[[Genome Sequencing Procedure]]</span></b></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">New techniques</span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="WIDTH: 182px" class="thumbinner"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="180" height="135" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/ABI_PRISM_3100_Genetic_Analyzer_3.jpg/180px-ABI_PRISM_3100_Genetic_Analyzer_3.jpg" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></div> An ABI PRISM 3100 Genetic Analyzer. Sequencers automate the process of sequencing the genome.</div> </div> </div> <p><font color="#000000">One possible way to accomplish the cost-effective high-throughput sequencing necessary to accomplish full genome sequencing is by using Nanopore technology, which is a patented technology held by Harvard University and Oxford Nanopore Technologies and licensed to biotechnology companies.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></font></sup> To facilitate their full genome sequencing initiatives, Illumina licensed nanopore sequencing technology from Oxford Nanopore Technologies and Sequenom licensed the technology from Harvard University.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></font></sup> Another possible way to accomplish cost-effective high-throughput sequencing is by utilizing fluorophore technology. Pacific Biosciences is currently using this approach in their SMRT (single molecule real time) DNA sequencing technology.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></font></sup> Complete Genomics is developing DNA Nanoball (DNB) technology that are arranged on self-assembling arrays.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></font></sup> Pyrosequencing is a method of DNA sequencing based on the sequencing by synthesis principle.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></font></sup> The technique was developed by P&aring;l Nyr&eacute;n and his student Mostafa Ronaghi at the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm in 1996,<sup id="cite_ref-RonachiScience_19-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid8923969_20-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid17185753_21-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></font></sup> and is currently being used by 454 Life Sciences in their effort to deliver an affordable, fast and highly accurate full genome sequencing platform.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Older techniques</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000">Full genome sequencing of the entire human genome was first accomplished in 2000 partly through the use of shotgun sequencing technology. While full genome shotgun sequencing for small (4000&ndash;7000 base pair) genomes was already in use in 1979,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid461197_23-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></font></sup> broader application benefited from pairwise end sequencing, known colloquially as <em>double-barrel shotgun sequencing</em>. As sequencing projects began to take on longer and more complicated genomes, multiple groups began to realize that useful information could be obtained by sequencing both ends of a fragment of DNA. Although sequencing both ends of the same fragment and keeping track of the paired data was more cumbersome than sequencing a single end of two distinct fragments, the knowledge that the two sequences were oriented in opposite directions and were about the length of a fragment apart from each other was valuable in reconstructing the sequence of the original target fragment.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">The first published description of the use of paired ends was in 1990 as part of the sequencing of the human HPRT locus,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></font></sup> although the use of paired ends was limited to closing gaps after the application of a traditional shotgun sequencing approach. The first theoretical description of a pure pairwise end sequencing strategy, assuming fragments of constant length, was in 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid2341149_25-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></font></sup> In 1995 Roach et al.introduced the innovation of using fragments of varying sizes,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid7601461_26-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></font></sup> and demonstrated that a pure pairwise end-sequencing strategy would be possible on large targets. The strategy was subsequently adopted by The Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR) to sequence the entire genome of the bacterium <em>Haemophilus influenzae</em> in 1995,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid7542800_27-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></font></sup> and then by Celera Genomics to sequence the entire fruit fly genome in 2000,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></font></sup> and subsequently the entire human genome. Applied Biosystems, now called Life Technologies, manufactured the shotgun sequencers utilized by both Celera Genomics and The Human Genome Project.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">While shotgun sequencing was one of the first approaches utilized to successfully sequence the full genome of a human, it is too expensive and requires too long of a turn-around-time to be utilized for commercial purposes. Because of this, shotgun sequencing technology, even though it is still relatively 'new', is being displaced by technologies like pyrosequencing, SMRT sequencing, and nanopore technology.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19193124_29-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Race to commercialization</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000">In October 2006, the X Prize Foundation, working in collaboration with the J. Craig Venter Science Foundation, established the Archon X Prize for Genomics,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></font></sup> intending to award US$10&nbsp;million to &quot;the first Team that can build a device and use it to sequence 100 human genomes within 10 days or less, with an accuracy of no more than one error in every 100,000 bases sequenced, with sequences accurately covering at least 98% of the genome, and at a recurring cost of no more than $10,000&nbsp;per genome.&quot;<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></font></sup> However, higher accuracy rates (or confirmatory methods) are desirable for some clinical applications. An error rate of 1&nbsp;in 100,000&nbsp;bases, out of a total of six billion bases in the human diploid genome, would mean about 60,000&nbsp;errors per genome, which is a significant number of false positives and negatives. For the latter it is not known where the errors occur . The error rates required for widespread clinical use, such as Predictive Medicine<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17055251_32-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></font></sup> is currently set by over 1400 clinical single gene sequencing tests <sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></font></sup> (for example, errors in BRCA1 gene for breast cancer risk analysis). As of June 2009, the Archon X Prize for Genomics remains unclaimed.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">In 2007, Applied Biosystems started selling a new type of sequencer called SOLiD System, with the first sale to Helicos Biosciences in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>35<span>]</span></font></sup> Helicos stated that, utilizing the new sequencers, they will attempt to provide a full genome sequencing service with a target price of $72,000 per sample.<sup id="cite_ref-pagewanted1_35-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>36<span>]</span></font></sup> However, this price point is still too high some applications, and is only competitive to DNA arrays (at $500 per sample) in cases where more than 0.1% of the genome is desired.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">In 2008 and 2009, both public and private companies have emerged that are now in a competitive race to be the first mover to provide a full genome sequencing platform that is commercially robust for both research and clinical use,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>37<span>]</span></font></sup> including Illumina,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>38<span>]</span></font></sup> Sequenom,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>39<span>]</span></font></sup> 454 Life Sciences,<sup id="cite_ref-genengnews1_39-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></font></sup> Pacific Biosciences,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>41<span>]</span></font></sup> Complete Genomics,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>42<span>]</span></font></sup> Intelligent Bio-Systems,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>43<span>]</span></font></sup> Genome Corp.,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>44<span>]</span></font></sup> and Helicos BioScience<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>45<span>]</span></font></sup>. These companies are heavily financed and backed by venture capitalists, hedge funds, investment banks and, in the case of Illumina, Sequenom and 454, heavy re-investment of revenue into research and development, mergers and acquisitions, and licensing initiatives.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>46<span>]</span></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>47<span>]</span></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>48<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">In the race to commercialize full genome sequencing, companies have made claims about being able to offer a service at a specific time for a specific price that have turned out to not be true. Intelligent Bio-Systems stated in November 2007 that by the end of 2008 they would release a platform capable of a providing a $5,000 full genome sequence, but, as of March 2009, no such platform has yet to be released.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>49<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Pacific Biosciences stated that they will start selling their full genome sequencers in early 2010. While they didn't disclose the cost to sequence a single genome, they did state they may not release their second-generation machine capable of a $1,000 genome until 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-pagewanted1_35-1" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>36<span>]</span></font></sup> Complete Genomics, however, stated that they'll be able to provide a $5,000&nbsp;full genome sequencing service by the summer of 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>50<span>]</span></font></sup> The accuracy, precision, and reproducibility of both Pacific Biosciences and Complete Genomics technology, however, is still unknown.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">A personal genomics company located in Massachusetts, Knome.com, currently provides genome sequencing services but the cost is about $99,500 per genome (down from $350,000 per genome initially),<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>51<span>]</span></font></sup> the turn-around time is unknown, the accuracy is unknown, and the number of people was limited to 20 for the first year, and is still considered early stage commercialization of full genome sequencing, focusing on wealthy customers.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>52<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">As of January 2009, there are no indications that any of these companies have been hindered by the global recession. And thus, the race appears to be proceeding forward at full speed. <sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>53<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">At the end of February </font><font color="#000000">2009, Complete Genomics released a full sequence of a human genome that was sequenced using their service. The data indicates that Complete Genomics' full genome sequencing service accuracy is just under 99.99%, meaning that there is an error in one out of every ten thousand base pairs. This means that their full sequence of the human genome will contain approximately 80,000-100,000 false positive errors in each genome. However, this accuracy rate was based on Complete Genomics' sequence that was completed utilizing a 90x depth of coverage (each base in the genome was sequenced 90 times) while their commercialized sequence is reported to be only 40x, so the accuracy may be substantially lower unless they can find some way to improve it before their first service release planned for the summer 2009. This accuracy rate may be acceptable for research purposes, and clinical use would require confirmation by other methods of any reportable alleles.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>54<span>]</span></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>55<span>]</span></font></sup> In March 2009, it was announced that Complete Genomics has signed a deal with the Broad Institute to sequence cancer patient's genomes and will be sequencing five full genomes to start.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>56<span>]</span></font></sup> In April 2009, Complete Genomics announced that it plans to sequence 1,000 full genome's between June 2009 and the end of the year and that they plan to be able to sequence one million full genomes <em>per year</em> by 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>57<span>]</span></font></sup> Complete Genomics plans to officially launch in June 2009, although it is unknown if their lab will have received CLIA-certification by that time.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">In June 2009, Illumina announced that they were launching their own Personal Full Genome Sequencing Service at a depth of 30X for $48,000 per genome.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>58<span>]</span></font></sup> This is still expensive for </font><font color="#000000">widespread consumer use, but the price may decrease substantially over the next few years as they realize economies of scale and given the competition with other companies such as Complete Genomics.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>59<span>]</span></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>60<span>]</span></font></sup> Jay Flatley, Illumina's President &amp; CEO, stated that &quot;during the next five years, perhaps markedly sooner,&quot; the price point for full genome sequencing will fall from $48,000 to under $1,000.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>61<span>]</span></font></sup> Illumina has already signed agreements to supply full genome sequencing services to multiple direct-to-consumer personal genomics companies.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Disruptive technology</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000">Full genome sequencing provides information on a genome that is orders of magnitude larger than that provided by the current leader in sequencing technology, DNA arrays. For humans, DNA arrays currently provides genotypic information on up to one million genetic variants,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>62<span>]</span></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid18803882_62-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>63<span>]</span></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>64<span>]</span></font></sup> while full genome sequencing will provide information on all six billion bases in the human genome, or 3,000&nbsp;times more data. Because of this, full genome sequencing is considered disruptive to the DNA array markets as the accuracy of both range from 99.98% to 99.999% (in non-repetitive DNA regions) and their cost of $5000 per 6 billion base pairs is competitive (for some applications) with DNA arrays ($500&nbsp;per 1 million basepairs).<sup id="cite_ref-genengnews1_39-1" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></font></sup> Agilent, another established DNA array manufacturer, is working on targeted (selective region) genome sequencing technologies<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>65<span>]</span></font></sup>. It is thought that Affymetrix, the pioneer of array technology in the 1990s, has fallen behind due to significant corporate and stock turbulence and is currently not working on any known full genome sequencing approach.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>66<span>]</span></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>67<span>]</span></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid17108930_67-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>68<span>]</span></font></sup> It is unknown what will happen to the DNA array market once full genome sequencing becomes commercially widespread, especially as companies and laboratories providing this disruptive technology start to realize economies of scale. It is postulated, however, that this new technology may significantly diminish the total market size for arrays and any other sequencing technology once it becomes commonplace for individuals and newborns to have their full genomes sequenced.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18846083_68-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>69<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Societal impact</font></span></h2> <div class="rellink"><font color="#000000">Further information: Personal genomics - predictive medicine services already available</font></div> <p><font color="#000000">Inexpensive, time-efficient full genome sequencing will be a major accomplishment not only for the field of Genomics, but for the entire human civilization because, for the first time, individuals will be able to have their entire genome sequenced. Utilizing this information, it is speculated that health care professionals, such as physicians and genetic counselors, will eventually be able to use genomic information to predict what diseases a person may get in the future and attempt to either minimize the impact of that disease or avoid it altogether through the implementation of personalized, preventive medicine. Full genome sequencing will allow health care professionals to analyze the entire human genome of an individual and therefore detect all disease-related genetic variants, regardless of the genetic variant's prevalence or frequency. This will enable the rapidly emerging medical fields of Predictive Medicine and Personalized Medicine and will mark a significant leap forward for the clinical genetic revolution. Full genome sequencing is clearly of great importance for research into the basis of genetic disease. However, it should be recognized that despite advancements in genome sequencing technology, incomplete understanding of the significance of individual variants or combinations of variants will limit the widespread usefulness of full genome sequencing in medicine until its clinical utility can be demonstrated.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Illumina's CEO, Jay Flatley, stated in February 2009 that &quot;A complete DNA read-out for every newborn will be technically feasible and affordable in less than five years, promising a revolution in healthcare&quot; and that &quot;by 2019 it will have become routine to map infants' genes when they are born.&quot;<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>70<span>]</span></font></sup> However, this potential use of genome sequencing runs counter to established norms for genetic testing of asymptomatic minors that have been well established in the field of genetic counseling.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>71<span>]</span></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>72<span>]</span></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>73<span>]</span></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>74<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">See also</font></span></h2> <ul> <li><font color="#000000">DNA microarray </font></li> <li><font color="#000000">DNA profiling </font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Medical genetics </font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Human Genome Project </font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Personal Genome Project </font></li> <li><font color="#000000">List of sequenced eukaryotic genomes </font></li> <li><font color="#000000">List of sequenced bacterial genomes </font></li> <li><font color="#000000">List of sequenced archaeal genomes </font></li> </ul> <p><font color="#000000"><a id="References" name="References"></a></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">References</font></span></h2> <div style="-moz-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em" class="references-small references-column-width"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-0"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-0"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> Kijk magazine, 01 January 2009</li> <li id="cite_note-pmid17554300-1"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-pmid17554300_1-0"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">&quot;Genome-wide association study of 14,000 cases of seven common diseases and 3,000 shared controls&quot;. <em>Nature</em> <strong>447</strong> (7145): 661&ndash;78. June 2007. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0066cc">doi</font></a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature05911" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature05911"><font color="#0066cc">10.1038/nature05911</font></a></span>. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17554300" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17554300"><font color="#0066cc">PMID 17554300</font></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome-wide+association+study+of+14%2C000+cases+of+seven+common+diseases+and+3%2C000+shared+controls&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.date=June+2007&amp;rft.volume=447&amp;rft.issue=7145&amp;rft.pages=661%E2%80%9378&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnature05911&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17554300&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid17898773-2"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-pmid17898773_2-0"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFMailman_MD.2C_Feolo_M.2C_Jin_Y.2C_Kimura_M.2C_Tryka_K.2C_Bagoutdinov_R.2C_Hao_L.2C_Kiang_A.2C_Paschall_J.2C_Phan_L.2C_Popova_N.2C_Pretel_S.2C_Ziyabari_L.2C_Lee_M.2C_Shao_Y.2C_Wang_ZY.2C_Sirotkin_K.2C_Ward_M.2C_Kholodov_M.2C_Zbicz_K.2C_Beck_J.2C_Kimelman_M.2C_Shevelev_S.2C_Preuss_D.2C_Yaschenko_E.2C_Graeff_A.2C_Ostell_J.2C_Sherry_ST2007">Mailman MD, Feolo M, Jin Y, Kimura M, Tryka K, Bagoutdinov R, Hao L, Kiang A, Paschall J, Phan L, Popova N, Pretel S, Ziyabari L, Lee M, Shao Y, Wang ZY, Sirotkin K, Ward M, Kholodov M, Zbicz K, Beck J, Kimelman M, Shevelev S, Preuss D, Yaschenko E, Graeff A, Ostell J, Sherry ST (October 2007). &quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2031016" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2031016"><font color="#0066cc">The NCBI dbGaP database of genotypes and phenotypes</font></a>&quot;. <em>Nat. Genet.</em> <strong>39</strong> (10): 1181&ndash;6. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0066cc">doi</font></a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fng1007-1181" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fng1007-1181"><font color="#0066cc">10.1038/ng1007-1181</font></a></span>. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17898773" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17898773"><font color="#0066cc">PMID 17898773</font></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+NCBI+dbGaP+database+of+genotypes+and+phenotypes&amp;rft.jtitle=Nat.+Genet.&amp;rft.aulast=Mailman+MD%2C+Feolo+M%2C+Jin+Y%2C+Kimura+M%2C+Tryka+K%2C+Bagoutdinov+R%2C+Hao+L%2C+Kiang+A%2C+Paschall+J%2C+Phan+L%2C+Popova+N%2C+Pretel+S%2C+Ziyabari+L%2C+Lee+M%2C+Shao+Y%2C+Wang+ZY%2C+Sirotkin+K%2C+Ward+M%2C+Kholodov+M%2C+Zbicz+K%2C+Beck+J%2C+Kimelman+M%2C+Shevelev+S%2C+Preuss+D%2C+Yaschenko+E%2C+Graeff+A%2C+Ostell+J%2C+Sherry+ST&amp;rft.au=Mailman+MD%2C+Feolo+M%2C+Jin+Y%2C+Kimura+M%2C+Tryka+K%2C+Bagoutdinov+R%2C+Hao+L%2C+Kiang+A%2C+Paschall+J%2C+Phan+L%2C+Popova+N%2C+Pretel+S%2C+Ziyabari+L%2C+Lee+M%2C+Shao+Y%2C+Wang+ZY%2C+Sirotkin+K%2C+Ward+M%2C+Kholodov+M%2C+Zbicz+K%2C+Beck+J%2C+Kimelman+M%2C+Shevelev+S%2C+Preuss+D%2C+Yaschenko+E%2C+Graeff+A%2C+Ostell+J%2C+Sherry+ST&amp;rft.date=October+2007&amp;rft.volume=39&amp;rft.issue=10&amp;rft.pages=1181%E2%80%936&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fng1007-1181&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17898773&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-3"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFWade2007" class="news">Wade, Nicholas (September 4, 2007). &quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/04/science/04vent.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/04/science/04vent.html"><font color="#0066cc">In the Genome Race, the Sequel Is Personal</font></a>&quot;. New York Times<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/04/science/04vent.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/04/science/04vent.html"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/04/science/04vent.html</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on February 22, 2009</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=In+the+Genome+Race%2C+the+Sequel+Is+Personal&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Wade&amp;rft.aufirst=Nicholas&amp;rft.au=Wade%2C+Nicholas&amp;rft.date=September+4%2C+2007&amp;rft.pub=New+York+Times&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F09%2F04%2Fscience%2F04vent.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-4"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFNature" class="web">Nature. &quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v449/n7158/full/449006a.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v449/n7158/full/449006a.html"><font color="#0066cc">Access&nbsp;: All about Craig: the first 'full' genome sequence</font></a>&quot;. Nature<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v449/n7158/full/449006a.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v449/n7158/full/449006a.html"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v449/n7158/full/449006a.html</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on 2009-02-24</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Access+%3A+All+about+Craig%3A+the+first+%27full%27+genome+sequence&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Nature&amp;rft.au=Nature&amp;rft.pub=Nature&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv449%2Fn7158%2Ffull%2F449006a.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid17803354-5"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-pmid17803354_5-0"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFLevy_S.2C_Sutton_G.2C_Ng_PC.2C_Feuk_L.2C_Halpern_AL.2C_Walenz_BP.2C_Axelrod_N.2C_Huang_J.2C_Kirkness_EF.2C_Denisov_G.2C_Lin_Y.2C_MacDonald_JR.2C_Pang_AW.2C_Shago_M.2C_Stockwell_TB.2C_Tsiamouri_A.2C_Bafna_V.2C_Bansal_V.2C_Kravitz_SA.2C_Busam_DA.2C_Beeson_KY.2C_McIntosh_TC.2C_Remington_KA.2C_Abril_JF.2C_Gill_J.2C_Borman_J.2C_Rogers_YH.2C_Frazier_ME.2C_Scherer_SW.2C_Strausberg_RL.2C_Venter_JC2007">Levy S, Sutton G, Ng PC, Feuk L, Halpern AL, Walenz BP, Axelrod N, Huang J, Kirkness EF, Denisov G, Lin Y, MacDonald JR, Pang AW, Shago M, Stockwell TB, Tsiamouri A, Bafna V, Bansal V, Kravitz SA, Busam DA, Beeson KY, McIntosh TC, Remington KA, Abril JF, Gill J, Borman J, Rogers YH, Frazier ME, Scherer SW, Strausberg RL, Venter JC (September 2007). &quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1964779" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1964779"><font color="#0066cc">The diploid genome sequence of an individual human</font></a>&quot;. <em>PLoS Biol.</em> <strong>5</strong> (10): e254. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0066cc">doi</font></a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0050254" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0050254"><font color="#0066cc">10.1371/journal.pbio.0050254</font></a></span>. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17803354" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17803354"><font color="#0066cc">PMID 17803354</font></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+diploid+genome+sequence+of+an+individual+human&amp;rft.jtitle=PLoS+Biol.&amp;rft.aulast=Levy+S%2C+Sutton+G%2C+Ng+PC%2C+Feuk+L%2C+Halpern+AL%2C+Walenz+BP%2C+Axelrod+N%2C+Huang+J%2C+Kirkness+EF%2C+Denisov+G%2C+Lin+Y%2C+MacDonald+JR%2C+Pang+AW%2C+Shago+M%2C+Stockwell+TB%2C+Tsiamouri+A%2C+Bafna+V%2C+Bansal+V%2C+Kravitz+SA%2C+Busam+DA%2C+Beeson+KY%2C+McIntosh+TC%2C+Remington+KA%2C+Abril+JF%2C+Gill+J%2C+Borman+J%2C+Rogers+YH%2C+Frazier+ME%2C+Scherer+SW%2C+Strausberg+RL%2C+Venter+JC&amp;rft.au=Levy+S%2C+Sutton+G%2C+Ng+PC%2C+Feuk+L%2C+Halpern+AL%2C+Walenz+BP%2C+Axelrod+N%2C+Huang+J%2C+Kirkness+EF%2C+Denisov+G%2C+Lin+Y%2C+MacDonald+JR%2C+Pang+AW%2C+Shago+M%2C+Stockwell+TB%2C+Tsiamouri+A%2C+Bafna+V%2C+Bansal+V%2C+Kravitz+SA%2C+Busam+DA%2C+Beeson+KY%2C+McIntosh+TC%2C+Remington+KA%2C+Abril+JF%2C+Gill+J%2C+Borman+J%2C+Rogers+YH%2C+Frazier+ME%2C+Scherer+SW%2C+Strausberg+RL%2C+Venter+JC&amp;rft.date=September+2007&amp;rft.volume=5&amp;rft.issue=10&amp;rft.pages=e254&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0050254&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17803354&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-6"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFWade2007" class="web">Wade, Wade (June 1, 2007). &quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/06/01/america/dna.php" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/06/01/america/dna.php"><font color="#0066cc">DNA pioneer Watson gets own genome map</font></a>&quot;. International Herald Tribune<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/06/01/america/dna.php" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/06/01/america/dna.php"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/06/01/america/dna.php</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on February 22, 2009</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=DNA+pioneer+Watson+gets+own+genome+map&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Wade&amp;rft.aufirst=Wade&amp;rft.au=Wade%2C+Wade&amp;rft.date=June+1%2C+2007&amp;rft.pub=International+Herald+Tribune&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iht.com%2Farticles%2F2007%2F06%2F01%2Famerica%2Fdna.php&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-7"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFWade2007" class="news">Wade, Nicholas (May 31, 2007). &quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/31/science/31cnd-gene.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/31/science/31cnd-gene.html"><font color="#0066cc">Genome of DNA Pioneer Is Deciphered</font></a>&quot;. New York Times<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/31/science/31cnd-gene.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/31/science/31cnd-gene.html"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/31/science/31cnd-gene.html</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on February 21, 2009</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Genome+of+DNA+Pioneer+Is+Deciphered&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Wade&amp;rft.aufirst=Nicholas&amp;rft.au=Wade%2C+Nicholas&amp;rft.date=May+31%2C+2007&amp;rft.pub=New+York+Times&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F05%2F31%2Fscience%2F31cnd-gene.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-8"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFWheeler_DA.2C_Srinivasan_M.2C_Egholm_M.2C_Shen_Y.2C_Chen_L.2C_McGuire_A.2C_He_W.2C_Chen_YJ.2C_Makhijani_V.2C_Roth_GT.2C_Gomes_X.2C_Tartaro_K.2C_Niazi_F.2C_Turcotte_CL.2C_Irzyk_GP.2C_Lupski_JR.2C_Chinault_C.2C_Song_XZ.2C_Liu_Y.2C_Yuan_Y.2C_Nazareth_L.2C_Qin_X.2C_Muzny_DM.2C_Margulies_M.2C_Weinstock_GM.2C_Gibbs_RA.2C_Rothberg_JM.2008">Wheeler DA, Srinivasan M, Egholm M, Shen Y, Chen L, McGuire A, He W, Chen YJ, Makhijani V, Roth GT, Gomes X, Tartaro K, Niazi F, Turcotte CL, Irzyk GP, Lupski JR, Chinault C, Song XZ, Liu Y, Yuan Y, Nazareth L, Qin X, Muzny DM, Margulies M, Weinstock GM, Gibbs RA, Rothberg JM. (2008). &quot;The complete genome of an individual by massively parallel DNA sequencing&quot;. <em>Nature</em> <strong>452</strong>: 872&ndash;6.. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18421352" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18421352"><font color="#0066cc">PMID 18421352</font></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+complete+genome+of+an+individual+by+massively+parallel+DNA+sequencing&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Wheeler+DA%2C+Srinivasan+M%2C+Egholm+M%2C+Shen+Y%2C+Chen+L%2C+McGuire+A%2C+He+W%2C+Chen+YJ%2C+Makhijani+V%2C+Roth+GT%2C+Gomes+X%2C+Tartaro+K%2C+Niazi+F%2C+Turcotte+CL%2C+Irzyk+GP%2C+Lupski+JR%2C+Chinault+C%2C+Song+XZ%2C+Liu+Y%2C+Yuan+Y%2C+Nazareth+L%2C+Qin+X%2C+Muzny+DM%2C+Margulies+M%2C+Weinstock+GM%2C+Gibbs+RA%2C+Rothberg+JM.&amp;rft.au=Wheeler+DA%2C+Srinivasan+M%2C+Egholm+M%2C+Shen+Y%2C+Chen+L%2C+McGuire+A%2C+He+W%2C+Chen+YJ%2C+Makhijani+V%2C+Roth+GT%2C+Gomes+X%2C+Tartaro+K%2C+Niazi+F%2C+Turcotte+CL%2C+Irzyk+GP%2C+Lupski+JR%2C+Chinault+C%2C+Song+XZ%2C+Liu+Y%2C+Yuan+Y%2C+Nazareth+L%2C+Qin+X%2C+Muzny+DM%2C+Margulies+M%2C+Weinstock+GM%2C+Gibbs+RA%2C+Rothberg+JM.&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=452&amp;rft.pages=872%E2%80%936.&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18421352&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-9"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFWang_J.2C_et_al.2008">Wang J, et al. (2008). &quot;The diploid genome sequence of an Asian individual&quot;. <em>Nature</em> <strong>456</strong>: 60&ndash;65. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18987735" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18987735"><font color="#0066cc">PMID 18987735</font></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+diploid+genome+sequence+of+an+Asian+individual&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Wang+J%2C+et+al.&amp;rft.au=Wang+J%2C+et+al.&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=456&amp;rft.pages=60%E2%80%9365&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18987735&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-10"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFBentley_DR.2C_Balasubramanian_S.2C_et_al.2008">Bentley DR, Balasubramanian S, et al. (2008). &quot;Accurate whole human genome sequencing using reversible terminator chemistry&quot;. <em>Nature</em> <strong>456</strong>: 53&ndash;9. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18987734" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18987734"><font color="#0066cc">PMID 18987734</font></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Accurate+whole+human+genome+sequencing+using+reversible+terminator+chemistry&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Bentley+DR%2C+Balasubramanian+S%2C+et+al.&amp;rft.au=Bentley+DR%2C+Balasubramanian+S%2C+et+al.&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=456&amp;rft.pages=53%E2%80%939&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18987734&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-11"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFLey_TJ.2C_Mardis_ER.2C_Ding_L.2C_Fulton_B.2C_McLellan_MD.2C_Chen_K.2C_Dooling_D.2C_Dunford-Shore_BH.2C_McGrath_S.2C_Hickenbotham_M.2C_Cook_L.2C_Abbott_R.2C_Larson_DE.2C_Koboldt.0ADC.2C_Pohl_C.2C_Smith_S.2C_Hawkins_A.2C_Abbott_S.2C_Locke_D.2C_Hillier_LW.2C_Miner_T.2C_Fulton_L.2C.0AMagrini_V.2C_Wylie_T.2C_Glasscock_J.2C_Conyers_J.2C_Sander_N.2C_Shi_X.2C_Osborne_JR.2C_Minx_P.2C_.0AGordon_D.2C_Chinwalla_A.2C_Zhao_Y.2C_Ries_RE.2C_Payton_JE.2C_Westervelt_P.2C_Tomasson_MH.2C.0AWatson_M.2C_Baty_J.2C_Ivanovich_J.2C_Heath_S.2C_Shannon_WD.2C_Nagarajan_R.2C_Walter_MJ.2C_Link_.0ADC.2C_Graubert_TA.2C_DiPersio_JF.2C_Wilson_RK.2008">Ley TJ, Mardis ER, Ding L, Fulton B, McLellan MD, Chen K, Dooling D, Dunford-Shore BH, McGrath S, Hickenbotham M, Cook L, Abbott R, Larson DE, Koboldt DC, Pohl C, Smith S, Hawkins A, Abbott S, Locke D, Hillier LW, Miner T, Fulton L, Magrini V, Wylie T, Glasscock J, Conyers J, Sander N, Shi X, Osborne JR, Minx P, Gordon D, Chinwalla A, Zhao Y, Ries RE, Payton JE, Westervelt P, Tomasson MH, Watson M, Baty J, Ivanovich J, Heath S, Shannon WD, Nagarajan R, Walter MJ, Link DC, Graubert TA, DiPersio JF, Wilson RK. (2008). &quot;DNA sequencing of a cytogenetically normal acute myeloid leukaemia genome&quot;. <em>Nature</em> <strong>456</strong>: 66&ndash;72. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18987736" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18987736"><font color="#0066cc">PMID 18987736</font></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=DNA+sequencing+of+a+cytogenetically+normal+acute+myeloid+leukaemia+genome&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Ley+TJ%2C+Mardis+ER%2C+Ding+L%2C+Fulton+B%2C+McLellan+MD%2C+Chen+K%2C+Dooling+D%2C+Dunford-Shore+BH%2C+McGrath+S%2C+Hickenbotham+M%2C+Cook+L%2C+Abbott+R%2C+Larson+DE%2C+Koboldt%0ADC%2C+Pohl+C%2C+Smith+S%2C+Hawkins+A%2C+Abbott+S%2C+Locke+D%2C+Hillier+LW%2C+Miner+T%2C+Fulton+L%2C%0AMagrini+V%2C+Wylie+T%2C+Glasscock+J%2C+Conyers+J%2C+Sander+N%2C+Shi+X%2C+Osborne+JR%2C+Minx+P%2C+%0AGordon+D%2C+Chinwalla+A%2C+Zhao+Y%2C+Ries+RE%2C+Payton+JE%2C+Westervelt+P%2C+Tomasson+MH%2C%0AWatson+M%2C+Baty+J%2C+Ivanovich+J%2C+Heath+S%2C+Shannon+WD%2C+Nagarajan+R%2C+Walter+MJ%2C+Link+%0ADC%2C+Graubert+TA%2C+DiPersio+JF%2C+Wilson+RK.&amp;rft.au=Ley+TJ%2C+Mardis+ER%2C+Ding+L%2C+Fulton+B%2C+McLellan+MD%2C+Chen+K%2C+Dooling+D%2C+Dunford-Shore+BH%2C+McGrath+S%2C+Hickenbotham+M%2C+Cook+L%2C+Abbott+R%2C+Larson+DE%2C+Koboldt%0ADC%2C+Pohl+C%2C+Smith+S%2C+Hawkins+A%2C+Abbott+S%2C+Locke+D%2C+Hillier+LW%2C+Miner+T%2C+Fulton+L%2C%0AMagrini+V%2C+Wylie+T%2C+Glasscock+J%2C+Conyers+J%2C+Sander+N%2C+Shi+X%2C+Osborne+JR%2C+Minx+P%2C+%0AGordon+D%2C+Chinwalla+A%2C+Zhao+Y%2C+Ries+RE%2C+Payton+JE%2C+Westervelt+P%2C+Tomasson+MH%2C%0AWatson+M%2C+Baty+J%2C+Ivanovich+J%2C+Heath+S%2C+Shannon+WD%2C+Nagarajan+R%2C+Walter+MJ%2C+Link+%0ADC%2C+Graubert+TA%2C+DiPersio+JF%2C+Wilson+RK.&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=456&amp;rft.pages=66%E2%80%9372&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18987736&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-12"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-12"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFAhn_SM.2C_Kim_TH.2C_Lee_S.2C_Kim_D.2C_Ghang_H.2C_Kim_D.2C_Kim_BC.2C_Kim_SY.2C_Kim_WY.2C_Kim_C.2C_Park_D.2C_Lee_YS.2C_Kim_S.2C_Reja_R.2C_Jho_S.2C_Kim_CG.2C_Cha_JY.2C_Kim_KH.2C_Lee_B.2C_Bhak_J.2C_Kim_SJ2009">Ahn SM, Kim TH, Lee S, Kim D, Ghang H, Kim D, Kim BC, Kim SY, Kim WY, Kim C, Park D, Lee YS, Kim S, Reja R, Jho S, Kim CG, Cha JY, Kim KH, Lee B, Bhak J, Kim SJ (2009). &quot;The first Korean genome sequence and analysis: Full genome sequencing for a socio-ethnic group&quot;. <em>Genome Research</em>. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19470904" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19470904"><font color="#0066cc">PMID 19470904</font></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+first+Korean+genome+sequence+and+analysis%3A+Full+genome+sequencing+for+a%0Asocio-ethnic+group&amp;rft.jtitle=Genome+Research&amp;rft.aulast=Ahn+SM%2C+Kim+TH%2C+Lee+S%2C+Kim+D%2C+Ghang+H%2C+Kim+D%2C+Kim+BC%2C+Kim+SY%2C+Kim+WY%2C+Kim+C%2C+Park+D%2C+Lee+YS%2C+Kim+S%2C+Reja+R%2C+Jho+S%2C+Kim+CG%2C+Cha+JY%2C+Kim+KH%2C+Lee+B%2C+Bhak+J%2C+Kim+SJ&amp;rft.au=Ahn+SM%2C+Kim+TH%2C+Lee+S%2C+Kim+D%2C+Ghang+H%2C+Kim+D%2C+Kim+BC%2C+Kim+SY%2C+Kim+WY%2C+Kim+C%2C+Park+D%2C+Lee+YS%2C+Kim+S%2C+Reja+R%2C+Jho+S%2C+Kim+CG%2C+Cha+JY%2C+Kim+KH%2C+Lee+B%2C+Bhak+J%2C+Kim+SJ&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/19470904&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-13"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-13"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="web">&quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.nanotechwire.com/news.asp?nid=6428" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nanotechwire.com/news.asp?nid=6428"><font color="#0066cc">Harvard University and Oxford Nanopore Technologies Announce Licence Agreement to Advance Nanopore DNA Sequencing and other Applications</font></a>&quot;. Nanotechwire. August 5, 2008<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://www.nanotechwire.com/news.asp?nid=6428" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nanotechwire.com/news.asp?nid=6428"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.nanotechwire.com/news.asp?nid=6428</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on February 23, 2009</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Harvard+University+and+Oxford+Nanopore+Technologies+Announce+Licence+Agreement+to+Advance+Nanopore+DNA+Sequencing+and+other+Applications&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=August+5%2C+2008&amp;rft.pub=Nanotechwire&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nanotechwire.com%2Fnews.asp%3Fnid%3D6428&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-14"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="news">&quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS49869+12-Jan-2009+BW20090112" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS49869+12-Jan-2009+BW20090112"><font color="#0066cc">Illumina and Oxford Nanopore Enter into Broad Commercialization Agreement</font></a>&quot;. Reuters. January 12, 2009<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS49869+12-Jan-2009+BW20090112" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS49869+12-Jan-2009+BW20090112"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS49869+12-Jan-2009+BW20090112</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on February 23, 2009</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Illumina+and+Oxford+Nanopore+Enter+into+Broad+Commercialization+Agreement&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=January+12%2C+2009&amp;rft.pub=Reuters&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FpressRelease%2FidUS49869%2B12-Jan-2009%2BBW20090112&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-15"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-15"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" title="http://www..com/sequenom-licenses-nanopore-technology-harvard-develop-third-generation-sequencer" rel="nofollow" href="http://www..com/sequenom-licenses-nanopore-technology-harvard-develop-third-generation-sequencer"><font color="#0066cc">http://www..com/sequenom-licenses-nanopore-technology-harvard-develop-third-generation-sequencer</font></a></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-16"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="news">&quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.pacificbiosciences.com/index.php?q=technology-introduction" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pacificbiosciences.com/index.php?q=technology-introduction"><font color="#0066cc">Single Molecule Real Time (SMRT) DNA Sequencing</font></a>&quot;. Pacific Biosciences<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://www.pacificbiosciences.com/index.php?q=technology-introduction" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pacificbiosciences.com/index.php?q=technology-introduction"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.pacificbiosciences.com/index.php?q=technology-introduction</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on February 23, 2009</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Single+Molecule+Real+Time+%28SMRT%29+DNA+Sequencing&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.pub=Pacific+Biosciences&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pacificbiosciences.com%2Findex.php%3Fq%3Dtechnology-introduction&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-17"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-17"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="news">&quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.completegenomicsinc.com/pages/materials/CompleteGenomicsTechnologyPaper.pdf" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.completegenomicsinc.com/pages/materials/CompleteGenomicsTechnologyPaper.pdf"><font color="#0066cc">Complete Human Genome Sequencing Technology Overview</font></a>&quot;. Complete Genomics. 2009<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://www.completegenomicsinc.com/pages/materials/CompleteGenomicsTechnologyPaper.pdf" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.completegenomicsinc.com/pages/materials/CompleteGenomicsTechnologyPaper.pdf"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.completegenomicsinc.com/pages/materials/CompleteGenomicsTechnologyPaper.pdf</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on February 23, 2009</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Complete+Human+Genome+Sequencing+Technology+Overview&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.pub=Complete+Genomics&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.completegenomicsinc.com%2Fpages%2Fmaterials%2FCompleteGenomicsTechnologyPaper.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-18"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-18"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="web">&quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v6/n11/glossary/nrg1709_glossary.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v6/n11/glossary/nrg1709_glossary.html"><font color="#0066cc">Definition of pyrosequencing from the Nature Reviews Genetics Glossary</font></a>&quot;<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v6/n11/glossary/nrg1709_glossary.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v6/n11/glossary/nrg1709_glossary.html"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v6/n11/glossary/nrg1709_glossary.html</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on 2008-10-28</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Definition+of+pyrosequencing+from+the+Nature+Reviews+Genetics+Glossary&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnrg%2Fjournal%2Fv6%2Fn11%2Fglossary%2Fnrg1709_glossary.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-RonachiScience-19"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-RonachiScience_19-0"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFRonaghi_M.2C_Uhl.C3.A9n_M.2C_Nyr.C3.A9n_P1998">Ronaghi M, Uhl&eacute;n M, Nyr&eacute;n P (July 1998). &quot;A sequencing method based on real-time pyrophosphate&quot;. <em>Science (journal)</em> <strong>281</strong> (5375): 363, 365. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0066cc">doi</font></a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.281.5375.363" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.281.5375.363"><font color="#0066cc">10.1126/science.281.5375.363</font></a></span>. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9705713" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9705713"><font color="#0066cc">PMID 9705713</font></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=A+sequencing+method+based+on+real-time+pyrophosphate&amp;rft.jtitle=Science+%28journal%29&amp;rft.aulast=Ronaghi+M%2C+Uhl%C3%A9n+M%2C+Nyr%C3%A9n+P&amp;rft.au=Ronaghi+M%2C+Uhl%C3%A9n+M%2C+Nyr%C3%A9n+P&amp;rft.date=July+1998&amp;rft.volume=281&amp;rft.issue=5375&amp;rft.pages=363%2C+365&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.281.5375.363&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/9705713&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid8923969-20"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-pmid8923969_20-0"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFRonaghi_M.2C_Karamohamed_S.2C_Pettersson_B.2C_Uhl.C3.A9n_M.2C_Nyr.C3.A9n_P1996">Ronaghi M, Karamohamed S, Pettersson B, Uhl&eacute;n M, Nyr&eacute;n P (November 1996). &quot;Real-time DNA sequencing using detection of pyrophosphate release&quot;. <em>Anal. Biochem.</em> <strong>242</strong> (1): 84&ndash;9. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0066cc">doi</font></a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1006%2Fabio.1996.0432" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1006%2Fabio.1996.0432"><font color="#0066cc">10.1006/abio.1996.0432</font></a></span>. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8923969" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8923969"><font color="#0066cc">PMID 8923969</font></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Real-time+DNA+sequencing+using+detection+of+pyrophosphate+release&amp;rft.jtitle=Anal.+Biochem.&amp;rft.aulast=Ronaghi+M%2C+Karamohamed+S%2C+Pettersson+B%2C+Uhl%C3%A9n+M%2C+Nyr%C3%A9n+P&amp;rft.au=Ronaghi+M%2C+Karamohamed+S%2C+Pettersson+B%2C+Uhl%C3%A9n+M%2C+Nyr%C3%A9n+P&amp;rft.date=November+1996&amp;rft.volume=242&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=84%E2%80%939&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1006%2Fabio.1996.0432&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/8923969&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid17185753-21"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-pmid17185753_21-0"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFNyr.C3.A9n_P2007">Nyr&eacute;n P (2007). &quot;The history of pyrosequencing&quot;. <em>Methods Mol. Biol.</em> <strong>373</strong>: 1&ndash;14. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17185753" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17185753"><font color="#0066cc">PMID 17185753</font></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+history+of+pyrosequencing&amp;rft.jtitle=Methods+Mol.+Biol.&amp;rft.aulast=Nyr%C3%A9n+P&amp;rft.au=Nyr%C3%A9n+P&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.volume=373&amp;rft.pages=1%E2%80%9314&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17185753&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-22"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-22"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" title="http://files.shareholder.com/downloads/CRGN/0x0x53381/386c4aaa-f36e-4b7a-9ff0-c06e61fad31f/211559.pdf" rel="nofollow" href="http://files.shareholder.com/downloads/CRGN/0x0x53381/386c4aaa-f36e-4b7a-9ff0-c06e61fad31f/211559.pdf"><font color="#0066cc">http://files.shareholder.com/downloads/CRGN/0x0x53381/386c4aaa-f36e-4b7a-9ff0-c06e61fad31f/211559.pdf</font></a></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid461197-23"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-pmid461197_23-0"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFStaden_R1979">Staden R (June 1979). &quot;<a class="external text" title="http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=461197" rel="nofollow" href="http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=461197"><font color="#0066cc">A strategy of DNA sequencing employing computer programs</font></a>&quot;. <em>Nucleic Acids Res.</em> <strong>6</strong> (7): 2601&ndash;10. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/461197" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/461197"><font color="#0066cc">PMID 461197</font></a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#0066cc">PMC</font></a>: <a class="external text" title="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=327874" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=327874"><font color="#0066cc">327874</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=461197" rel="nofollow" href="http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=461197"><font color="#0066cc">http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=461197</font></a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=A+strategy+of+DNA+sequencing+employing+computer+programs&amp;rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Res.&amp;rft.aulast=Staden+R&amp;rft.au=Staden+R&amp;rft.date=June+1979&amp;rft.volume=6&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.pages=2601%E2%80%9310&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/461197&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnar.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D461197&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-24"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-24"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFEdwardsCaskey.2C_T1991">Edwards, A; Caskey, T (1991). &quot;Closure strategies for random DNA sequencing&quot;. <em>Methods: A Companion to Methods in Enzymology</em> <strong>3</strong> (1): 41&ndash;47. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0066cc">doi</font></a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS1046-2023%2805%2980162-8" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS1046-2023%2805%2980162-8"><font color="#0066cc">10.1016/S1046-2023(05)80162-8</font></a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Closure+strategies+for+random+DNA+sequencing&amp;rft.jtitle=Methods%3A+A+Companion+to+Methods+in+Enzymology&amp;rft.aulast=Edwards&amp;rft.aufirst=A&amp;rft.au=Edwards%2C+A&amp;rft.au=Caskey%2C+T&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.volume=3&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=41%E2%80%9347&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2FS1046-2023%2805%2980162-8&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid2341149-25"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-pmid2341149_25-0"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFEdwards_A.2C_Voss_H.2C_Rice_P.2C_Civitello_A.2C_Stegemann_J.2C_Schwager_C.2C_Zimmermann_J.2C_Erfle_H.2C_Caskey_CT.2C_Ansorge_W1990">Edwards A, Voss H, Rice P, Civitello A, Stegemann J, Schwager C, Zimmermann J, Erfle H, Caskey CT, Ansorge W (April 1990). &quot;Automated DNA sequencing of the human HPRT locus&quot;. <em>Genomics</em> <strong>6</strong> (4): 593&ndash;608. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0066cc">doi</font></a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0888-7543%2890%2990493-E" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0888-7543%2890%2990493-E"><font color="#0066cc">10.1016/0888-7543(90)90493-E</font></a></span>. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2341149" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2341149"><font color="#0066cc">PMID 2341149</font></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Automated+DNA+sequencing+of+the+human+HPRT+locus&amp;rft.jtitle=Genomics&amp;rft.aulast=Edwards+A%2C+Voss+H%2C+Rice+P%2C+Civitello+A%2C+Stegemann+J%2C+Schwager+C%2C+Zimmermann+J%2C+Erfle+H%2C+Caskey+CT%2C+Ansorge+W&amp;rft.au=Edwards+A%2C+Voss+H%2C+Rice+P%2C+Civitello+A%2C+Stegemann+J%2C+Schwager+C%2C+Zimmermann+J%2C+Erfle+H%2C+Caskey+CT%2C+Ansorge+W&amp;rft.date=April+1990&amp;rft.volume=6&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=593%E2%80%93608&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2F0888-7543%2890%2990493-E&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/2341149&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid7601461-26"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-pmid7601461_26-0"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFRoach_JC.2C_Boysen_C.2C_Wang_K.2C_Hood_L1995">Roach JC, Boysen C, Wang K, Hood L (March 1995). &quot;Pairwise end sequencing: a unified approach to genomic mapping and sequencing&quot;. <em>Genomics</em> <strong>26</strong> (2): 345&ndash;53. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0066cc">doi</font></a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0888-7543%2895%2980219-C" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0888-7543%2895%2980219-C"><font color="#0066cc">10.1016/0888-7543(95)80219-C</font></a></span>. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7601461" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7601461"><font color="#0066cc">PMID 7601461</font></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Pairwise+end+sequencing%3A+a+unified+approach+to+genomic+mapping+and+sequencing&amp;rft.jtitle=Genomics&amp;rft.aulast=Roach+JC%2C+Boysen+C%2C+Wang+K%2C+Hood+L&amp;rft.au=Roach+JC%2C+Boysen+C%2C+Wang+K%2C+Hood+L&amp;rft.date=March+1995&amp;rft.volume=26&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=345%E2%80%9353&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2F0888-7543%2895%2980219-C&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/7601461&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid7542800-27"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-pmid7542800_27-0"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFFleischmann_RD.2C_Adams_MD.2C_White_O.2C_Clayton_RA.2C_Kirkness_EF.2C_Kerlavage_AR.2C_Bult_CJ.2C_Tomb_JF.2C_Dougherty_BA.2C_Merrick_JM1995">Fleischmann RD, Adams MD, White O, Clayton RA, Kirkness EF, Kerlavage AR, Bult CJ, Tomb JF, Dougherty BA, Merrick JM (July 1995). &quot;Whole-genome random sequencing and assembly of Haemophilus influenzae Rd&quot;. <em>Science (journal)</em> <strong>269</strong> (5223): 496&ndash;512. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0066cc">doi</font></a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.7542800" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.7542800"><font color="#0066cc">10.1126/science.7542800</font></a></span>. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7542800" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7542800"><font color="#0066cc">PMID 7542800</font></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Whole-genome+random+sequencing+and+assembly+of+Haemophilus+influenzae+Rd&amp;rft.jtitle=Science+%28journal%29&amp;rft.aulast=Fleischmann+RD%2C+Adams+MD%2C+White+O%2C+Clayton+RA%2C+Kirkness+EF%2C+Kerlavage+AR%2C+Bult+CJ%2C+Tomb+JF%2C+Dougherty+BA%2C+Merrick+JM&amp;rft.au=Fleischmann+RD%2C+Adams+MD%2C+White+O%2C+Clayton+RA%2C+Kirkness+EF%2C+Kerlavage+AR%2C+Bult+CJ%2C+Tomb+JF%2C+Dougherty+BA%2C+Merrick+JM&amp;rft.date=July+1995&amp;rft.volume=269&amp;rft.issue=5223&amp;rft.pages=496%E2%80%93512&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.7542800&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/7542800&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-28"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-28"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFAdamset_al.2009">Adams, MD; et al. (2000). &quot;The genome sequence of Drosophila melanogaster&quot;. <em>Science</em> <strong>287</strong> (5461): 2185&ndash;95. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0066cc">doi</font></a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.287.5461.2185" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.287.5461.2185"><font color="#0066cc">10.1126/science.287.5461.2185</font></a></span>. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10731132" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10731132"><font color="#0066cc">PMID 10731132</font></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+genome+sequence+of+Drosophila+melanogaster&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Adams&amp;rft.aufirst=MD&amp;rft.au=Adams%2C+MD&amp;rft.au=et+al.&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.volume=287&amp;rft.issue=5461&amp;rft.pages=2185%E2%80%9395&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.287.5461.2185&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/10731132&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid19193124-29"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-pmid19193124_29-0"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFMukhopadhyay_R2009">Mukhopadhyay R (February 2009). &quot;DNA sequencers: the next generation&quot;. <em>Anal. Chem.</em>. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0066cc">doi</font></a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fac802712u" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fac802712u"><font color="#0066cc">10.1021/ac802712u</font></a></span>. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19193124" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19193124"><font color="#0066cc">PMID 19193124</font></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=DNA+sequencers%3A+the+next+generation&amp;rft.jtitle=Anal.+Chem.&amp;rft.aulast=Mukhopadhyay+R&amp;rft.au=Mukhopadhyay+R&amp;rft.date=February+2009&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1021%2Fac802712u&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/19193124&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-30"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-30"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFCarlson2007" class="web">Carlson, Rob (2007-01-02). &quot;<a class="external text" title="http://synthesis.cc/2007/01/a-few-thoughts-on-rapid-genome-sequencing-and-the-archon-prize.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://synthesis.cc/2007/01/a-few-thoughts-on-rapid-genome-sequencing-and-the-archon-prize.html"><font color="#0066cc">A Few Thoughts on Rapid Genome Sequencing and The Archon Prize - synthesis</font></a>&quot;. Synthesis.cc<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://synthesis.cc/2007/01/a-few-thoughts-on-rapid-genome-sequencing-and-the-archon-prize.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://synthesis.cc/2007/01/a-few-thoughts-on-rapid-genome-sequencing-and-the-archon-prize.html"><font color="#0066cc">http://synthesis.cc/2007/01/a-few-thoughts-on-rapid-genome-sequencing-and-the-archon-prize.html</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on 2009-02-23</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=A+Few+Thoughts+on+Rapid+Genome+Sequencing+and+The+Archon+Prize+-+synthesis&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Carlson&amp;rft.aufirst=Rob&amp;rft.au=Carlson%2C+Rob&amp;rft.date=2007-01-02&amp;rft.pub=Synthesis.cc&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsynthesis.cc%2F2007%2F01%2Fa-few-thoughts-on-rapid-genome-sequencing-and-the-archon-prize.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-31"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-31"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://genomics.xprize.org/genomics/archon-x-prize-for-genomics/prize-overview" rel="nofollow" href="http://genomics.xprize.org/genomics/archon-x-prize-for-genomics/prize-overview"><font color="#0066cc">&quot;PRIZE Overview: Archon X PRIZE for Genomics&quot;</font></a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-pmid17055251-32"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-pmid17055251_32-0"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFBentley_DR2006">Bentley DR (December 2006). &quot;Whole-genome re-sequencing&quot;. <em>Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev.</em> <strong>16</strong> (6): 545&ndash;52. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0066cc">doi</font></a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gde.2006.10.009" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gde.2006.10.009"><font color="#0066cc">10.1016/j.gde.2006.10.009</font></a></span>. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17055251" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17055251"><font color="#0066cc">PMID 17055251</font></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Whole-genome+re-sequencing&amp;rft.jtitle=Curr.+Opin.+Genet.+Dev.&amp;rft.aulast=Bentley+DR&amp;rft.au=Bentley+DR&amp;rft.date=December+2006&amp;rft.volume=16&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=545%E2%80%9352&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.gde.2006.10.009&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17055251&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-33"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-33"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="web">&quot;<a class="external text" title="http://genetests.org" rel="nofollow" href="http://genetests.org"><font color="#0066cc">GeneTests.org</font></a>&quot;<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://genetests.org" rel="nofollow" href="http://genetests.org"><font color="#0066cc">http://genetests.org</font></a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=GeneTests.org&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgenetests.org&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-34"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-34"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="web">&quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.gizmag.com/go/8248/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.gizmag.com/go/8248/"><font color="#0066cc">SOLiD System - a next-gen DNA sequencing platform announced</font></a>&quot;. Gizmag.com. 2007-10-27<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://www.gizmag.com/go/8248/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.gizmag.com/go/8248/"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.gizmag.com/go/8248/</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on 2009-02-24</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=SOLiD+System+-+a+next-gen+DNA+sequencing+platform+announced&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=2007-10-27&amp;rft.pub=Gizmag.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gizmag.com%2Fgo%2F8248%2F&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pagewanted1-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pagewanted1_35-0">^{<em><strong><font color="#0066cc" size="2">a</font></strong></em>}</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pagewanted1_35-1">^{<em><strong><font color="#0066cc" size="2">b</font></strong></em>}</a> <a class="external free" title="http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/09/business/09genome.html?pagewanted=print" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/09/business/09genome.html?pagewanted=print"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/09/business/09genome.html?pagewanted=print</font></a></li> <li id="cite_note-36"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-36"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="web">&quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.genengnews.com/articles/chitem.aspx?aid=939&amp;chid=1" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genengnews.com/articles/chitem.aspx?aid=939&amp;chid=1"><font color="#0066cc">Article&nbsp;: Race to Cut Whole Genome Sequencing Costs Genetic Engineering &amp; Biotechnology News - Biotechnology from Bench to Business</font></a>&quot;. Genengnews.com<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://www.genengnews.com/articles/chitem.aspx?aid=939&amp;chid=1" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genengnews.com/articles/chitem.aspx?aid=939&amp;chid=1"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.genengnews.com/articles/chitem.aspx?aid=939&amp;chid=1</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on 2009-02-23</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Article+%3A+Race+to+Cut+Whole+Genome+Sequencing+Costs+Genetic+Engineering+%26+Biotechnology+News+-+Biotechnology+from+Bench+to+Business&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.pub=Genengnews.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genengnews.com%2Farticles%2Fchitem.aspx%3Faid%3D939%26chid%3D1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-37"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-37"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="web">&quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.eyeondna.com/2008/02/11/whole-genome-sequencing-costs-continue-to-drop/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.eyeondna.com/2008/02/11/whole-genome-sequencing-costs-continue-to-drop/"><font color="#0066cc">Whole Genome Sequencing Costs Continue to Drop</font></a>&quot;. Eyeondna.com<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://www.eyeondna.com/2008/02/11/whole-genome-sequencing-costs-continue-to-drop/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.eyeondna.com/2008/02/11/whole-genome-sequencing-costs-continue-to-drop/"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.eyeondna.com/2008/02/11/whole-genome-sequencing-costs-continue-to-drop/</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on 2009-02-23</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Whole+Genome+Sequencing+Costs+Continue+to+Drop&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.pub=Eyeondna.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eyeondna.com%2F2008%2F02%2F11%2Fwhole-genome-sequencing-costs-continue-to-drop%2F&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-38"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-38"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFSan_Diego.2FOrange_County_Technology_News" class="web">San Diego/Orange County Technology News. &quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.freshnews.com/news/biotech-biomedical/article_39927.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.freshnews.com/news/biotech-biomedical/article_39927.html"><font color="#0066cc">Sequenom to Develop Third-Generation Nanopore-Based Single Molecule Sequencing Technology</font></a>&quot;. Freshnews.com<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://www.freshnews.com/news/biotech-biomedical/article_39927.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.freshnews.com/news/biotech-biomedical/article_39927.html"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.freshnews.com/news/biotech-biomedical/article_39927.html</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on 2009-02-24</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Sequenom+to+Develop+Third-Generation+Nanopore-Based+Single+Molecule+Sequencing+Technology&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=San+Diego%2FOrange+County+Technology+News&amp;rft.au=San+Diego%2FOrange+County+Technology+News&amp;rft.pub=Freshnews.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freshnews.com%2Fnews%2Fbiotech-biomedical%2Farticle_39927.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-genengnews1-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-genengnews1_39-0">^{<em><strong><font color="#0066cc" size="2">a</font></strong></em>}</a> <a href="#cite_ref-genengnews1_39-1">^{<em><strong><font color="#0066cc" size="2">b</font></strong></em>}</a> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="web">&quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.genengnews.com/articles/chitem.aspx?aid=658&amp;chid=2" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genengnews.com/articles/chitem.aspx?aid=658&amp;chid=2"><font color="#0066cc">Article&nbsp;: Whole Genome Sequencing in 24 Hours Genetic Engineering &amp; Biotechnology News - Biotechnology from Bench to Business</font></a>&quot;. Genengnews.com<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://www.genengnews.com/articles/chitem.aspx?aid=658&amp;chid=2" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genengnews.com/articles/chitem.aspx?aid=658&amp;chid=2"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.genengnews.com/articles/chitem.aspx?aid=658&amp;chid=2</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on 2009-02-23</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Article+%3A+Whole+Genome+Sequencing+in+24+Hours+Genetic+Engineering+%26+Biotechnology+News+-+Biotechnology+from+Bench+to+Business&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.pub=Genengnews.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genengnews.com%2Farticles%2Fchitem.aspx%3Faid%3D658%26chid%3D2&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-40"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-40"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="web">&quot;<a class="external text" title="http://venturebeat.com/2008/02/10/pacific-bio-lifts-the-veil-on-its-high-speed-genome-sequencing-effort/" rel="nofollow" href="http://venturebeat.com/2008/02/10/pacific-bio-lifts-the-veil-on-its-high-speed-genome-sequencing-effort/"><font color="#0066cc">Pacific Bio lifts the veil on its high-speed genome-sequencing effort</font></a>&quot;. VentureBeat<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://venturebeat.com/2008/02/10/pacific-bio-lifts-the-veil-on-its-high-speed-genome-sequencing-effort/" rel="nofollow" href="http://venturebeat.com/2008/02/10/pacific-bio-lifts-the-veil-on-its-high-speed-genome-sequencing-effort/"><font color="#0066cc">http://venturebeat.com/2008/02/10/pacific-bio-lifts-the-veil-on-its-high-speed-genome-sequencing-effort/</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on 2009-02-23</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Pacific+Bio+lifts+the+veil+on+its+high-speed+genome-sequencing+effort&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.pub=VentureBeat&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fventurebeat.com%2F2008%2F02%2F10%2Fpacific-bio-lifts-the-veil-on-its-high-speed-genome-sequencing-effort%2F&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-41"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-41"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="web">&quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.bio-itworld.com/headlines/2008/oct06/complete-genomics-dna-nanoballs.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.bio-itworld.com/headlines/2008/oct06/complete-genomics-dna-nanoballs.html"><font color="#0066cc">Bio-IT World</font></a>&quot;. Bio-IT World. 2008-10-06<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://www.bio-itworld.com/headlines/2008/oct06/complete-genomics-dna-nanoballs.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.bio-itworld.com/headlines/2008/oct06/complete-genomics-dna-nanoballs.html"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.bio-itworld.com/headlines/2008/oct06/complete-genomics-dna-nanoballs.html</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on 2009-02-23</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Bio-IT+World&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=2008-10-06&amp;rft.pub=Bio-IT+World&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bio-itworld.com%2Fheadlines%2F2008%2Foct06%2Fcomplete-genomics-dna-nanoballs.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-42"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-42"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" title="http://nextbigfuture.com/2008/03/genome-sequencing-costs-continue-to.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://nextbigfuture.com/2008/03/genome-sequencing-costs-continue-to.html"><font color="#0066cc">http://nextbigfuture.com/2008/03/genome-sequencing-costs-continue-to.html</font></a></li> <li id="cite_note-43"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-43"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" title="http://www.pbn.com/stories/29333.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pbn.com/stories/29333.html"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.pbn.com/stories/29333.html</font></a></li> <li id="cite_note-44"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-44"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" title="http://www.xconomy.com/boston/2008/04/22/with-new-machine-helicos-brings-personal-genome-sequencing-a-step-closer/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.xconomy.com/boston/2008/04/22/with-new-machine-helicos-brings-personal-genome-sequencing-a-step-closer/"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.xconomy.com/boston/2008/04/22/with-new-machine-helicos-brings-personal-genome-sequencing-a-step-closer/</font></a></li> <li id="cite_note-45"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-45"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFJuly_14.2C_2008_.26.238212.3B_11:19am_ET2008" class="web">July 14, 2008 &mdash; 11:19am ET (2008-07-14). &quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.fiercebiotech.com/story/pacific-biosciences-garners-100m-sequencing-tech/2008-07-14" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.fiercebiotech.com/story/pacific-biosciences-garners-100m-sequencing-tech/2008-07-14"><font color="#0066cc">Pacific Biosciences gains $100M for sequencing tech</font></a>&quot;. FierceBiotech<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://www.fiercebiotech.com/story/pacific-biosciences-garners-100m-sequencing-tech/2008-07-14" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.fiercebiotech.com/story/pacific-biosciences-garners-100m-sequencing-tech/2008-07-14"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.fiercebiotech.com/story/pacific-biosciences-garners-100m-sequencing-tech/2008-07-14</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on 2009-02-23</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Pacific+Biosciences+gains+%24100M+for+sequencing+tech&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=July+14%2C+2008+%26%238212%3B+11%3A19am+ET&amp;rft.au=July+14%2C+2008+%26%238212%3B+11%3A19am+ET&amp;rft.date=2008-07-14&amp;rft.pub=FierceBiotech&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fiercebiotech.com%2Fstory%2Fpacific-biosciences-garners-100m-sequencing-tech%2F2008-07-14&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-46"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-46"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="web">&quot;<a class="external text" title="http://sanjose.bizjournals.com/sanjose/stories/2009/02/09/story1.html?b=1234155600^1773923" rel="nofollow" href="http://sanjose.bizjournals.com/sanjose/stories/2009/02/09/story1.html?b=1234155600^1773923"><font color="#0066cc">Complete Genomics brings radical reduction in cost - Silicon Valley / San Jose Business Journal:</font></a>&quot;. Sanjose.bizjournals.com<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://sanjose.bizjournals.com/sanjose/stories/2009/02/09/story1.html?b=1234155600^1773923" rel="nofollow" href="http://sanjose.bizjournals.com/sanjose/stories/2009/02/09/story1.html?b=1234155600^1773923"><font color="#0066cc">http://sanjose.bizjournals.com/sanjose/stories/2009/02/09/story1.html?b=1234155600^1773923</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on 2009-02-23</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Complete+Genomics+brings+radical+reduction+in+cost+-+Silicon+Valley+%2F+San+Jose+Business+Journal%3A&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.pub=Sanjose.bizjournals.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsanjose.bizjournals.com%2Fsanjose%2Fstories%2F2009%2F02%2F09%2Fstory1.html%3Fb%3D1234155600%5E1773923&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-47"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-47"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="web">&quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.bio-itworld.com/issues/2007/nov/sequenom-nanopore-technology/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.bio-itworld.com/issues/2007/nov/sequenom-nanopore-technology/"><font color="#0066cc">Bio-IT World</font></a>&quot;. Bio-IT World<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://www.bio-itworld.com/issues/2007/nov/sequenom-nanopore-technology/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.bio-itworld.com/issues/2007/nov/sequenom-nanopore-technology/"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.bio-itworld.com/issues/2007/nov/sequenom-nanopore-technology/</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on 2009-02-24</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Bio-IT+World&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.pub=Bio-IT+World&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bio-itworld.com%2Fissues%2F2007%2Fnov%2Fsequenom-nanopore-technology%2F&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-48"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-48"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" title="http://venturebeat.com/tag/cointelligent-bio-systems/" rel="nofollow" href="http://venturebeat.com/tag/cointelligent-bio-systems/"><font color="#0066cc">http://venturebeat.com/tag/cointelligent-bio-systems/</font></a></li> <li id="cite_note-49"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-49"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="web">&quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.technologyreview.com/biomedicine/21466/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.technologyreview.com/biomedicine/21466/"><font color="#0066cc">Five Thousand Bucks for Your Genome</font></a>&quot;. Technology Review. 2008-10-20<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://www.technologyreview.com/biomedicine/21466/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.technologyreview.com/biomedicine/21466/"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.technologyreview.com/biomedicine/21466/</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on 2009-02-23</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Five+Thousand+Bucks+for+Your+Genome&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=2008-10-20&amp;rft.pub=Technology+Review&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.technologyreview.com%2Fbiomedicine%2F21466%2F&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-50"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-50"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601124&amp;sid=aEUlnq6ltPpQ" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601124&amp;sid=aEUlnq6ltPpQ"><font color="#0066cc">Complete Genomics Drives Down Cost of Genome Sequence to $5,000</font></a></li> <li id="cite_note-51"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-51"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREF28_January_20082008" class="web">28 January 2008 (2008-01-28). &quot;<a class="external text" title="http://springwise.com/lifestyle_leisure/premium_genome_mapping_service/" rel="nofollow" href="http://springwise.com/lifestyle_leisure/premium_genome_mapping_service/"><font color="#0066cc">Premium genome mapping service: Knome</font></a>&quot;. Springwise<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://springwise.com/lifestyle_leisure/premium_genome_mapping_service/" rel="nofollow" href="http://springwise.com/lifestyle_leisure/premium_genome_mapping_service/"><font color="#0066cc">http://springwise.com/lifestyle_leisure/premium_genome_mapping_service/</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on 2009-02-23</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Premium+genome+mapping+service%3A+Knome&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=28+January+2008&amp;rft.au=28+January+2008&amp;rft.date=2008-01-28&amp;rft.pub=Springwise&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspringwise.com%2Flifestyle_leisure%2Fpremium_genome_mapping_service%2F&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-52"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-52"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" title="http://www.twine.com/item/11rf6j5mx-84/technology-review-recession-resistant-medicine" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.twine.com/item/11rf6j5mx-84/technology-review-recession-resistant-medicine"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.twine.com/item/11rf6j5mx-84/technology-review-recession-resistant-medicine</font></a></li> <li id="cite_note-53"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-53"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" title="http://www.completegenomics.com/dataRelease/sequencingResults.aspx" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.completegenomics.com/dataRelease/sequencingResults.aspx"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.completegenomics.com/dataRelease/sequencingResults.aspx</font></a></li> <li id="cite_note-54"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-54"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" title="http://scienceblogs.com/geneticfuture/2009/03/broad_institute_complete_genomics.php" rel="nofollow" href="http://scienceblogs.com/geneticfuture/2009/03/broad_institute_complete_genomics.php"><font color="#0066cc">http://scienceblogs.com/geneticfuture/2009/03/broad_institute_complete_genomics.php</font></a></li> <li id="cite_note-55"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-55"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" title="http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/03/03/09/complete-genomic-broad-institute-cancer-collaboration.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/03/03/09/complete-genomic-broad-institute-cancer-collaboration.html"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/03/03/09/complete-genomic-broad-institute-cancer-collaboration.html</font></a></li> <li id="cite_note-56"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-56"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" title="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7954968.stm" rel="nofollow" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7954968.stm"><font color="#0066cc">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7954968.stm</font></a></li> <li id="cite_note-57"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-57"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" title="http://www.everygenome.com" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.everygenome.com"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.everygenome.com</font></a></li> <li id="cite_note-58"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-58"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" title="http://news.moneycentral.msn.com/provider/providerarticle.aspx?feed=BW&amp;date=20090610&amp;id=9999448" rel="nofollow" href="http://news.moneycentral.msn.com/provider/providerarticle.aspx?feed=BW&amp;date=20090610&amp;id=9999448"><font color="#0066cc">http://news.moneycentral.msn.com/provider/providerarticle.aspx?feed=BW&amp;date=20090610&amp;id=9999448</font></a></li> <li id="cite_note-59"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-59"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" title="http://scienceblogs.com/geneticfuture/2009/06/illumina_launches_personal_gen.php" rel="nofollow" href="http://scienceblogs.com/geneticfuture/2009/06/illumina_launches_personal_gen.php"><font color="#0066cc">http://scienceblogs.com/geneticfuture/2009/06/illumina_launches_personal_gen.php</font></a></li> <li id="cite_note-60"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-60"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" title="http://mobihealthnews.com/2658/illumina-demos-concept-iphone-app-for-genetic-data-sharing/" rel="nofollow" href="http://mobihealthnews.com/2658/illumina-demos-concept-iphone-app-for-genetic-data-sharing/"><font color="#0066cc">http://mobihealthnews.com/2658/illumina-demos-concept-iphone-app-for-genetic-data-sharing/</font></a></li> <li id="cite_note-61"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-61"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="web">&quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.gladstone.ucsf.edu/gladstone/site/genomicscore/section/1919" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.gladstone.ucsf.edu/gladstone/site/genomicscore/section/1919"><font color="#0066cc">Genomics Core</font></a>&quot;. Gladstone.ucsf.edu<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://www.gladstone.ucsf.edu/gladstone/site/genomicscore/section/1919" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.gladstone.ucsf.edu/gladstone/site/genomicscore/section/1919"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.gladstone.ucsf.edu/gladstone/site/genomicscore/section/1919</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on 2009-02-23</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Genomics+Core&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.pub=Gladstone.ucsf.edu&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gladstone.ucsf.edu%2Fgladstone%2Fsite%2Fgenomicscore%2Fsection%2F1919&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18803882-62"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18803882_62-0"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFNishida_N.2C_Koike_A.2C_Tajima_A.2C_Ogasawara_Y.2C_Ishibashi_Y.2C_Uehara_Y.2C_Inoue_I.2C_Tokunaga_K2008">Nishida N, Koike A, Tajima A, Ogasawara Y, Ishibashi Y, Uehara Y, Inoue I, Tokunaga K (2008). &quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2566316" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2566316"><font color="#0066cc">Evaluating the performance of Affymetrix SNP Array 6.0 platform with 400 Japanese individuals</font></a>&quot;. <em>BMC Genomics</em> <strong>9</strong>: 431. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0066cc">doi</font></a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2164-9-431" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2164-9-431"><font color="#0066cc">10.1186/1471-2164-9-431</font></a></span>. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18803882" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18803882"><font color="#0066cc">PMID 18803882</font></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Evaluating+the+performance+of+Affymetrix+SNP+Array+6.0+platform+with+400+Japanese+individuals&amp;rft.jtitle=BMC+Genomics&amp;rft.aulast=Nishida+N%2C+Koike+A%2C+Tajima+A%2C+Ogasawara+Y%2C+Ishibashi+Y%2C+Uehara+Y%2C+Inoue+I%2C+Tokunaga+K&amp;rft.au=Nishida+N%2C+Koike+A%2C+Tajima+A%2C+Ogasawara+Y%2C+Ishibashi+Y%2C+Uehara+Y%2C+Inoue+I%2C+Tokunaga+K&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=9&amp;rft.pages=431&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1186%2F1471-2164-9-431&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18803882&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-63"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-63"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFPetrone" class="web">Petrone, Justin. &quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.genomeweb.com/arrays/illumina-decode-build-1m-snp-chip-q2-launch-coincide-release-affys-60-snp-array" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomeweb.com/arrays/illumina-decode-build-1m-snp-chip-q2-launch-coincide-release-affys-60-snp-array"><font color="#0066cc">Illumina, DeCode Build 1M SNP Chip; Q2 Launch to Coincide with Release of Affy's 6.0 SNP Array | BioArray News | Arrays</font></a>&quot;. GenomeWeb<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://www.genomeweb.com/arrays/illumina-decode-build-1m-snp-chip-q2-launch-coincide-release-affys-60-snp-array" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomeweb.com/arrays/illumina-decode-build-1m-snp-chip-q2-launch-coincide-release-affys-60-snp-array"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.genomeweb.com/arrays/illumina-decode-build-1m-snp-chip-q2-launch-coincide-release-affys-60-snp-array</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on 2009-02-23</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Illumina%2C+DeCode+Build+1M+SNP+Chip%3B+Q2+Launch+to+Coincide+with+Release+of+Affy%27s+6.0+SNP+Array+%26%23124%3B+BioArray+News+%26%23124%3B+Arrays&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Petrone&amp;rft.aufirst=Justin&amp;rft.au=Petrone%2C+Justin&amp;rft.pub=GenomeWeb&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genomeweb.com%2Farrays%2Fillumina-decode-build-1m-snp-chip-q2-launch-coincide-release-affys-60-snp-array&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-64"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-64"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="web">&quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.chem.agilent.com/en-US/PressReleases/Pages/PRCA08032.aspx" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.chem.agilent.com/en-US/PressReleases/Pages/PRCA08032.aspx"><font color="#0066cc">Agilent Technologies Announces Licensing Agreement with Broad Institute to Develop Genome-Partitioning Kits to Streamline Next-Generation Sequencing</font></a>&quot;<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://www.chem.agilent.com/en-US/PressReleases/Pages/PRCA08032.aspx" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.chem.agilent.com/en-US/PressReleases/Pages/PRCA08032.aspx"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.chem.agilent.com/en-US/PressReleases/Pages/PRCA08032.aspx</font></a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Agilent+Technologies+Announces+Licensing+Agreement+with+Broad+Institute+to+Develop+Genome-Partitioning+Kits+to+Streamline+Next-Generation+Sequencing&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chem.agilent.com%2Fen-US%2FPressReleases%2FPages%2FPRCA08032.aspx&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-65"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-65"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="web">&quot;<a class="external text" title="http://sacramento.bizjournals.com/sacramento/stories/2008/07/21/daily52.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://sacramento.bizjournals.com/sacramento/stories/2008/07/21/daily52.html"><font color="#0066cc">Affymetrix stock slumps 30% on forecast - Sacramento Business Journal:</font></a>&quot;. Sacramento.bizjournals.com. 2008-07-25<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://sacramento.bizjournals.com/sacramento/stories/2008/07/21/daily52.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://sacramento.bizjournals.com/sacramento/stories/2008/07/21/daily52.html"><font color="#0066cc">http://sacramento.bizjournals.com/sacramento/stories/2008/07/21/daily52.html</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on 2009-02-23</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Affymetrix+stock+slumps+30%25+on+forecast+-+Sacramento+Business+Journal%3A&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=2008-07-25&amp;rft.pub=Sacramento.bizjournals.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsacramento.bizjournals.com%2Fsacramento%2Fstories%2F2008%2F07%2F21%2Fdaily52.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-66"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-66"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFBluis2006" class="web">Bluis, John (2006-04-24). &quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.fool.com/investing/high-growth/2006/04/24/affymetrix-gets-chipped-again.aspx" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.fool.com/investing/high-growth/2006/04/24/affymetrix-gets-chipped-again.aspx"><font color="#0066cc">Affymetrix Gets Chipped Again</font></a>&quot;. Fool.com<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://www.fool.com/investing/high-growth/2006/04/24/affymetrix-gets-chipped-again.aspx" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.fool.com/investing/high-growth/2006/04/24/affymetrix-gets-chipped-again.aspx"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.fool.com/investing/high-growth/2006/04/24/affymetrix-gets-chipped-again.aspx</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on 2009-02-23</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Affymetrix+Gets+Chipped+Again&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Bluis&amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;rft.au=Bluis%2C+John&amp;rft.date=2006-04-24&amp;rft.pub=Fool.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fool.com%2Finvesting%2Fhigh-growth%2F2006%2F04%2F24%2Faffymetrix-gets-chipped-again.aspx&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid17108930-67"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-pmid17108930_67-0"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">&quot;The chips are down&quot;. <em>Nature</em> <strong>444</strong> (7117): 256&ndash;7. November 2006. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0066cc">doi</font></a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F444256a" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F444256a"><font color="#0066cc">10.1038/444256a</font></a></span>. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17108930" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17108930"><font color="#0066cc">PMID 17108930</font></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+chips+are+down&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.date=November+2006&amp;rft.volume=444&amp;rft.issue=7117&amp;rft.pages=256%E2%80%937&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F444256a&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17108930&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18846083-68"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18846083_68-0"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFCoombs_A2008">Coombs A (October 2008). &quot;The sequencing shakeup&quot;. <em>Nat. Biotechnol.</em> <strong>26</strong> (10): 1109&ndash;12. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0066cc">doi</font></a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnbt1008-1109" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnbt1008-1109"><font color="#0066cc">10.1038/nbt1008-1109</font></a></span>. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18846083" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18846083"><font color="#0066cc">PMID 18846083</font></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+sequencing+shakeup&amp;rft.jtitle=Nat.+Biotechnol.&amp;rft.aulast=Coombs+A&amp;rft.au=Coombs+A&amp;rft.date=October+2008&amp;rft.volume=26&amp;rft.issue=10&amp;rft.pages=1109%E2%80%9312&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnbt1008-1109&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18846083&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-69"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-69"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFHenderson" class="news">Henderson, Mark. &quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/science/article5689052.ece" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/science/article5689052.ece"><font color="#0066cc">Genetic mapping of babies by 2019 will transform preventive medicine</font></a>&quot;. Times Online<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/science/article5689052.ece" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/science/article5689052.ece"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/science/article5689052.ece</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on 2009-02-23</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Genetic+mapping+of+babies+by+2019+will+transform+preventive+medicine&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Henderson&amp;rft.aufirst=Mark&amp;rft.au=Henderson%2C+Mark&amp;rft.pub=Times+Online&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fscience%2Farticle5689052.ece&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-70"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-70"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFMcCabe_LL.2C_McCabe_ER2001">McCabe LL, McCabe ER (June 2001). &quot;Postgenomic medicine. Presymptomatic testing for prediction and prevention&quot;. <em>Clin Perinatol</em> <strong>28</strong> (2): 425&ndash;34. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11499063" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11499063"><font color="#0066cc">PMID 11499063</font></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Postgenomic+medicine.+Presymptomatic+testing+for+prediction+and+prevention&amp;rft.jtitle=Clin+Perinatol&amp;rft.aulast=McCabe+LL%2C+McCabe+ER&amp;rft.au=McCabe+LL%2C+McCabe+ER&amp;rft.date=June+2001&amp;rft.volume=28&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=425%E2%80%9334&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11499063&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-71"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-71"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFNelson_RM.2C_Botkjin_JR.2C_Kodish_ED.2C_.27.27et_al..27.272001">Nelson RM, Botkjin JR, Kodish ED, <em>et al.</em> (June 2001). &quot;Ethical issues with genetic testing in pediatrics&quot;. <em>Pediatrics</em> <strong>107</strong> (6): 1451&ndash;5. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11389275" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11389275"><font color="#0066cc">PMID 11389275</font></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Ethical+issues+with+genetic+testing+in+pediatrics&amp;rft.jtitle=Pediatrics&amp;rft.aulast=Nelson+RM%2C+Botkjin+JR%2C+Kodish+ED%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Nelson+RM%2C+Botkjin+JR%2C+Kodish+ED%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=June+2001&amp;rft.volume=107&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=1451%E2%80%935&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11389275&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-72"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-72"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFBorry_P.2C_Fryns_JP.2C_Schotsmans_P.2C_Dierickx_K2006">Borry P, Fryns JP, Schotsmans P, Dierickx K (February 2006). &quot;Carrier testing in minors: a systematic review of guidelines and position papers&quot;. <em>Eur. J. Hum. Genet.</em> <strong>14</strong> (2): 133&ndash;8. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0066cc">doi</font></a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.ejhg.5201509" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.ejhg.5201509"><font color="#0066cc">10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201509</font></a></span>. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16267502" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16267502"><font color="#0066cc">PMID 16267502</font></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Carrier+testing+in+minors%3A+a+systematic+review+of+guidelines+and+position+papers&amp;rft.jtitle=Eur.+J.+Hum.+Genet.&amp;rft.aulast=Borry+P%2C+Fryns+JP%2C+Schotsmans+P%2C+Dierickx+K&amp;rft.au=Borry+P%2C+Fryns+JP%2C+Schotsmans+P%2C+Dierickx+K&amp;rft.date=February+2006&amp;rft.volume=14&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=133%E2%80%938&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fsj.ejhg.5201509&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16267502&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-73"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-73"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFBorry_P.2C_Stultiens_L.2C_Nys_H.2C_Cassiman_JJ.2C_Dierickx_K2006">Borry P, Stultiens L, Nys H, Cassiman JJ, Dierickx K (November 2006). &quot;Presymptomatic and predictive genetic testing in minors: a systematic review of guidelines and position papers&quot;. <em>Clin. Genet.</em> <strong>70</strong> (5): 374&ndash;81. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0066cc">doi</font></a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1399-0004.2006.00692.x" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1399-0004.2006.00692.x"><font color="#0066cc">10.1111/j.1399-0004.2006.00692.x</font></a></span>. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17026616" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17026616"><font color="#0066cc">PMID 17026616</font></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Presymptomatic+and+predictive+genetic+testing+in+minors%3A+a+systematic+review+of+guidelines+and+position+papers&amp;rft.jtitle=Clin.+Genet.&amp;rft.aulast=Borry+P%2C+Stultiens+L%2C+Nys+H%2C+Cassiman+JJ%2C+Dierickx+K&amp;rft.au=Borry+P%2C+Stultiens+L%2C+Nys+H%2C+Cassiman+JJ%2C+Dierickx+K&amp;rft.date=November+2006&amp;rft.volume=70&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=374%E2%80%9381&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1111%2Fj.1399-0004.2006.00692.x&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17026616&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Full_genome_sequencing"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></li> </ol> </div> <p><a id="External_links" name="External_links"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" title="http://genomics.xprize.org/" rel="nofollow" href="http://genomics.xprize.org/"><font color="#0066cc">Archon X Prize for Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://jimwatsonsequence.cshl.edu/cgi-perl/gbrowse/jwsequence/" rel="nofollow" href="http://jimwatsonsequence.cshl.edu/cgi-perl/gbrowse/jwsequence/"><font color="#0066cc">James Watson's Personal Genome Sequence</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.illumina.com" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.illumina.com"><font color="#0066cc">Illumina's Website</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.sequenom.com" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sequenom.com"><font color="#0066cc">Sequenom's Website</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.454.com/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.454.com/"><font color="#0066cc">454 Life Science's Website</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.pacificbiosciences.com/index.php" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pacificbiosciences.com/index.php"><font color="#0066cc">Pacific Biosciences' Website</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.completegenomicsinc.com/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.completegenomicsinc.com/"><font color="#0066cc">Complete Genomics' Website</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.intelligentbiosystems.com/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.intelligentbiosystems.com/"><font color="#0066cc">Intelligent Bio-System's Website</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.helicosbio.com/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.helicosbio.com/"><font color="#0066cc">Helicos BioScience's Website</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://genomecorp.com/" rel="nofollow" href="http://genomecorp.com/"><font color="#0066cc">Genome Corp's Website</font></a></li> </ul> 8c14ce70737c63353260d22a7fcbe13b0bc2b204 0 1501 4276 2522 2011-10-23T06:25:47Z S 72 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><strong><font size="4">You can get the whole genetic map and sequences of you.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> It means that you can store nearly everything about your genetic information in a PC.</font></strong><br /> <br /> <font size="3" color="#ff0000"><strong>However, the price for now it too high (about $300,000 in 2009). By 2012, the price will go down to around $1,000 USD.</strong></font> By 2016, the price will be below zero (i.e, you can sell your genome information if you want)<br /> <br /> <span style="font-size: large; "><strong>The Genomics recipe for having your own set of Genetic material&nbsp;: (</strong><b>[[Genome Sequencing Procedure]])</b></span><br /> <br /> <span style="font-size: medium; ">1) Take small amount of blood from your body or spit saliva to a test tube.<br /> 2) Do sequencing after amplifying the amount of genetic material (i.e., your genome parts) using re-sequencing equipments.<br /> 3) Map the sequences to a reference genome and assemble all the genetic parts of your genome&nbsp;<br /> 4) Store the information in such a way that bioinformaists can analyze hundreds of aspects of your genome.<br /> 5) Applying bioinformatics software to find interesting things such as relatedness, geneology, disease susceptability, and visualizing the whole genome.<br /> 6) Finding critical information on yourself as a biological being.<br /> <br /> There will be thousands of companies by 2010 that try to help you get and see your own genomes.</span></p> <hr /> <p>[[Genomics basics]]<br /> <br /> <font size="5">External links</font><br /> [http://personalgenome.org PersonalGenome.org]<br /> [http://knome.com Knome.com]</p> 4b3d7ebd425b2b67a08c05db16fae05f08989672 0 2483 4277 2011-10-23T06:26:33Z S 72 Created page with "<p><span style="font-size: x-large; ">Genome Sequencing Procedure</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size: large; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: ..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: x-large; ">Genome Sequencing Procedure</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size: large; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; ">1) Take small amount of blood from your body or spit saliva to a test tube.<br /> 2) Do sequencing after amplifying the amount of genetic material (i.e., your genome parts) using re-sequencing equipments.<br /> 3) Map the sequences to a reference genome and assemble all the genetic parts of your genome&nbsp;<br /> 4) Store the information in such a way that bioinformaists can analyze hundreds of aspects of your genome.<br /> 5) Applying bioinformatics software to find interesting things such as relatedness, geneology, disease susceptability, and visualizing the whole genome.<br /> 6) Finding critical information on yourself as a biological being.</span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> dee0616dac230f51b560a7f286543416d5a34ad4 3 2488 4282 2011-10-24T00:50:18Z J 2 Welcome! wikitext text/x-wiki '''Welcome to ''Genomics_org''!''' We hope you will contribute much and well. You will probably want to read the [[Help:Contents|help pages]]. Again, welcome and have fun! [[User:J|J]] 20:50, 23 October 2011 (EDT) b559cee4c4b1d5fd48d1bec8eaea1c158ddbbf3d 0 2493 4288 2011-11-04T01:54:54Z S 300001 Created page with "<p><span style="font-size: medium">Environe</span></p> <p>- Jong Bhak</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>An environe is a single environmental factor in biology. Temperature point is an enviro..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: medium">Environe</span></p> <p>- Jong Bhak</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>An environe is a single environmental factor in biology. Temperature point is an environe.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">See also</span></p> <p>[[Trait]]</p> <p>[[Phene]]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> e7e4e8253e6b03ce6571758753a8b8ab63299a23 0 2494 4289 2011-11-04T01:56:07Z S 300001 Created page with "<p><span style="font-size: medium">Phene</span></p> <p>- Jong Bhak</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>A phene is the smallest single phenotypic factor (characteristic) in biology.</p> <p>&nbsp..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: medium">Phene</span></p> <p>- Jong Bhak</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>A phene is the smallest single phenotypic factor (characteristic) in biology.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">See also</span></p> <p>[[Environe]]</p> <p>[[Gene]]</p> <p>[[Trait]]</p> <p>[[Envirome]]</p> <p>[[Phenome]]</p> <p>[[Associatome]]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> a3c5b37015ce10901e831def0b452e6848e279b5 0 2495 4290 2011-11-04T01:57:06Z S 300001 Created page with "<p><span style="font-size: medium">Associatome</span></p> <p>- Jong Bhak</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>Associatome is the totality of genetic, phenotypic, and environmental associations.<..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: medium">Associatome</span></p> <p>- Jong Bhak</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>Associatome is the totality of genetic, phenotypic, and environmental associations.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">See also</span></p> <p>[[Phenome]]</p> <p>[[Traitome]]</p> <p>[[Genome]]</p> <p>[[Interactome]]</p> <p>[[Networkome]]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 19b3e30706289e6b7402706b0288dd17a2f367f3 4291 4290 2011-11-04T01:57:38Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: medium">Associatome</span></p> <p>- Jong Bhak</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>Associatome is the totality of genetic, phenotypic, and environmental associations. [[Associatomics]] is the omics study of associatomes.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">See also</span></p> <p>[[Phenome]]</p> <p>[[Traitome]]</p> <p>[[Genome]]</p> <p>[[Interactome]]</p> <p>[[Networkome]]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 8f660344a473b33c1ee8f1dfd1c604e8a636cc9f 0 2496 4292 2011-11-07T15:31:00Z S 300001 Created page with "<p>&nbsp;</p> <div><embed type="{0C55C096-0F1D-4F28-AAA2-85EF591126E7}" cotype="cs" id="cosymantecbfw" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; width: 0px; heigh..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p>&nbsp;</p> <div><embed type="{0C55C096-0F1D-4F28-AAA2-85EF591126E7}" cotype="cs" id="cosymantecbfw" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; width: 0px; height: 0px; display: block; "></embed><a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.einstein.yu.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.einstein.yu.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.ambrygen.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.ambrygen.com</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.asu.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.asu.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.baylorhealth.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.baylorhealth.com</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.beckmangenomics.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.beckmangenomics.com</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.biodiversity.uoguelph.ca+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.biodiversity.uoguelph.ca</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://openwetware.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">openwetware.org</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://genome.med.harvard.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">genome.med.harvard.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.ars.usda.gov+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.ars.usda.gov</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.broadinstitute.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.broadinstitute.org</a> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.brown.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.brown.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.sanfordburnham.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.sanfordburnham.org</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.cagef.utoronto.ca+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.cagef.utoronto.ca</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.bcgsc.bc.ca+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.bcgsc.bc.ca</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://cancer.osu.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">cancer.osu.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://cancer.case.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">cancer.case.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.cdc.gov+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.cdc.gov</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.ceb.utk.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.ceb.utk.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.centrillionbio.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.centrillionbio.com</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.research.chop.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.research.chop.edu</a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://core.iddrc.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">core.iddrc.org</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.cincinnatichildrens.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.cincinnatichildrens.org</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.cau.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.cau.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.cofactorgenomics.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.cofactorgenomics.com</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.cumc.columbia.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.cumc.columbia.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.completegenomics.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.completegenomics.com</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://cores.lifesciences.cornell.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">cores.lifesciences.cornell.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.covance.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.covance.com</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.creative-genomics.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.creative-genomics.com</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.cshl.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.cshl.edu</a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://geschwindlab.neurology.ucla.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">geschwindlab.neurology.ucla.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.dana-farber.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.dana-farber.org</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.dhmri.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.dhmri.org</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.dbi.udel.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.dbi.udel.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.biotech.missouri.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.biotech.missouri.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.dnalandmarks.ca+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.dnalandmarks.ca</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.jgi.doe.gov+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.jgi.doe.gov</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://humangenome.duke.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">humangenome.duke.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.genome.duke.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.genome.duke.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.edgebio.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.edgebio.com</a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://genetics.emory.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">genetics.emory.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.corelabs.emory.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.corelabs.emory.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://engencore.sc.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">engencore.sc.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.eurekagenomics.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.eurekagenomics.com</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.expressionanalysis.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.expressionanalysis.com</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.fhcrc.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.fhcrc.org</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://grcf.med.jhu.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">grcf.med.jhu.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://people.virginia.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">people.virginia.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://newscenter.nmsu.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">newscenter.nmsu.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.mc.vanderbilt.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.mc.vanderbilt.edu</a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://gsl.cals.ncsu.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">gsl.cals.ncsu.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.genetics.pitt.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.genetics.pitt.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://gcf.pbrc.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">gcf.pbrc.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://genoseq.ucla.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">genoseq.ucla.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://dna.uga.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">dna.uga.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.ggc.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.ggc.org</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://sysbio.harvard.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">sysbio.harvard.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.hpcgg.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.hpcgg.org</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.helicosbio.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.helicosbio.com</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.igsb.anl.gov+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.igsb.anl.gov</a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.hei.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.hei.org</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.hudsonalpha.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.hudsonalpha.org</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.hgsc.bcm.tmc.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.hgsc.bcm.tmc.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://bioserver.hci.utah.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">bioserver.hci.utah.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.ibest.uidaho.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.ibest.uidaho.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.ignitehealth.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.ignitehealth.org</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.illumina.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.illumina.com</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.indiana.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.indiana.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://idrc.colostate.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">idrc.colostate.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.inmegen.gob.mx+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.inmegen.gob.mx</a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.insp.mx+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.insp.mx</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.igs.umaryland.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.igs.umaryland.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.systemsbiology.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.systemsbiology.org</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.iontorrent.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.iontorrent.com</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.dna.iastate.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.dna.iastate.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.jcvi.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.jcvi.org</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.k-state.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.k-state.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.knome.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.knome.com</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://lgt.tamu.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">lgt.tamu.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://web.ncifcrf.gov+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">web.ncifcrf.gov</a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.langebio.cinvestav.mx+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.langebio.cinvestav.mx</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.lifetechnologies.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.lifetechnologies.com</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.macrogenusa.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.macrogenusa.com</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttps://dnacore.mgh.harvard.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">dnacore.mgh.harvard.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://cancercenter.mayo.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">cancercenter.mayo.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.gqinnovationcenter.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.gqinnovationcenter.com</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.medicalneurogenetics.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.medicalneurogenetics.com</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.mskcc.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.mskcc.org</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.mihg.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.mihg.org</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://rtsf.msu.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">rtsf.msu.edu</a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://college.usc.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">college.usc.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://mbcf.dfci.harvard.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">mbcf.dfci.harvard.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://cbmi.catalyst.harvard.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">cbmi.catalyst.harvard.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://cancer.ucsd.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">cancer.ucsd.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.mssm.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.mssm.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.ncgr.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.ncgr.org</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://cgf.nci.nih.gov+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">cgf.nci.nih.gov</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://njms.umdnj.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">njms.umdnj.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.hopkinsmedicine.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.hopkinsmedicine.org</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www2.niddk.nih.gov+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www2.niddk.nih.gov</a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.nisc.nih.gov+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.nisc.nih.gov</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.niaid.nih.gov+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.niaid.nih.gov</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.cgm.northwestern.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.cgm.northwestern.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.nd.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.nd.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.med.nyu.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.med.nyu.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www3.ocimumbio.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www3.ocimumbio.com</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.ohsu.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.ohsu.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://lupus.omrf.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">lupus.omrf.org</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.oicr.on.ca+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.oicr.on.ca</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.cgrb.oregonstate.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.cgrb.oregonstate.edu</a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.ottawagenomecenter.ca+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.ottawagenomecenter.ca</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.pacificbiosciences.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.pacificbiosciences.com</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.huck.psu.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.huck.psu.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.prognosysbio.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.prognosysbio.com</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://genome.purdue.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">genome.purdue.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.rockefeller.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.rockefeller.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.saic-frederick.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.saic-frederick.com</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.scripps.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.scripps.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.stsiweb.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.stsiweb.org</a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.seqwright.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.seqwright.com</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.pediatriccancergenomeproject.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.pediatriccancergenomeproject.org</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttps://secure.genome.ucla.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">secure.genome.ucla.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://med.stanford.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">med.stanford.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.stowers-institute.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.stowers-institute.org</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.taueret.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.taueret.com</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.tcag.ca+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.tcag.ca</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://genome.wustl.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">genome.wustl.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.iric.ca+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.iric.ca</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.jax.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.jax.org</a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.lrgc.ca+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.lrgc.ca</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.osuccc.osu.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.osuccc.osu.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.tgen.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.tgen.org</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://tucf.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">tucf.org</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://genomics.ucdavis.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">genomics.ucdavis.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://dmaf.biochem.uci.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">dmaf.biochem.uci.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://translationalgenomics.uchc.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">translationalgenomics.uchc.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://sequencing.soe.ucsc.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">sequencing.soe.ucsc.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://cancer.ucsf.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">cancer.ucsf.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.uky.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.uky.edu</a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.umassmed.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.umassmed.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://uagc.arl.arizona.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">uagc.arl.arizona.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.uams.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.uams.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://cigbrowser.berkeley.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">cigbrowser.berkeley.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://ggb.ucr.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">ggb.ucr.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://genetics.uconn.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">genetics.uconn.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.biotech.ufl.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.biotech.ufl.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.igb.illinois.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.igb.illinois.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://dna-9.int-med.uiowa.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">dna-9.int-med.uiowa.edu</a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.umich.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.umich.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.bmgc.umn.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.bmgc.umn.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://cage.unl.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">cage.unl.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://genomics.unc.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">genomics.unc.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.genome.ou.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.genome.ou.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://htseq.uoregon.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">htseq.uoregon.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.urmc.rochester.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.urmc.rochester.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.ti3d.utexas.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.ti3d.utexas.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.cores.utah.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.cores.utah.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.biotech.wisc.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.biotech.wisc.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.med.upenn.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.med.upenn.edu</a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.ars.usda.gov+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.ars.usda.gov</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.utsouthwestern.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.utsouthwestern.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://qb3.berkeley.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">qb3.berkeley.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttps://www.vbi.vt.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.vbi.vt.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.biostatistics.vcu.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.biostatistics.vcu.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://jbpc.mbl.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">jbpc.mbl.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://genomics.rutgers.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">genomics.rutgers.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://jura.wi.mit.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">jura.wi.mit.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://cgp.yale.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">cgp.yale.edu</a></p> </div> e48beeef86799c35d70859de0d2d9209454ff08f 4293 4292 2011-11-07T15:31:14Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><embed type="{0C55C096-0F1D-4F28-AAA2-85EF591126E7}" cotype="cs" id="cosymantecbfw" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; width: 0px; height: 0px; display: block; "></embed><a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.einstein.yu.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.einstein.yu.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.ambrygen.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.ambrygen.com</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.asu.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.asu.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.baylorhealth.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.baylorhealth.com</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.beckmangenomics.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.beckmangenomics.com</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.biodiversity.uoguelph.ca+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.biodiversity.uoguelph.ca</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://openwetware.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">openwetware.org</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://genome.med.harvard.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">genome.med.harvard.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.ars.usda.gov+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.ars.usda.gov</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.broadinstitute.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.broadinstitute.org</a> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.brown.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.brown.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.sanfordburnham.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.sanfordburnham.org</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.cagef.utoronto.ca+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.cagef.utoronto.ca</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.bcgsc.bc.ca+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.bcgsc.bc.ca</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://cancer.osu.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">cancer.osu.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://cancer.case.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">cancer.case.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.cdc.gov+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.cdc.gov</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.ceb.utk.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.ceb.utk.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.centrillionbio.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.centrillionbio.com</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.research.chop.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.research.chop.edu</a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://core.iddrc.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">core.iddrc.org</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.cincinnatichildrens.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.cincinnatichildrens.org</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.cau.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.cau.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.cofactorgenomics.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.cofactorgenomics.com</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.cumc.columbia.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.cumc.columbia.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.completegenomics.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.completegenomics.com</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://cores.lifesciences.cornell.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">cores.lifesciences.cornell.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.covance.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.covance.com</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.creative-genomics.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.creative-genomics.com</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.cshl.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.cshl.edu</a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://geschwindlab.neurology.ucla.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">geschwindlab.neurology.ucla.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.dana-farber.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.dana-farber.org</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.dhmri.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.dhmri.org</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.dbi.udel.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.dbi.udel.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.biotech.missouri.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.biotech.missouri.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.dnalandmarks.ca+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.dnalandmarks.ca</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.jgi.doe.gov+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.jgi.doe.gov</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://humangenome.duke.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">humangenome.duke.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.genome.duke.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.genome.duke.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.edgebio.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.edgebio.com</a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://genetics.emory.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">genetics.emory.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.corelabs.emory.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.corelabs.emory.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://engencore.sc.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">engencore.sc.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.eurekagenomics.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.eurekagenomics.com</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.expressionanalysis.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.expressionanalysis.com</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.fhcrc.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.fhcrc.org</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://grcf.med.jhu.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">grcf.med.jhu.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://people.virginia.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">people.virginia.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://newscenter.nmsu.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">newscenter.nmsu.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.mc.vanderbilt.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.mc.vanderbilt.edu</a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://gsl.cals.ncsu.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">gsl.cals.ncsu.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.genetics.pitt.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.genetics.pitt.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://gcf.pbrc.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">gcf.pbrc.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://genoseq.ucla.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">genoseq.ucla.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://dna.uga.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">dna.uga.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.ggc.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.ggc.org</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://sysbio.harvard.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">sysbio.harvard.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.hpcgg.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.hpcgg.org</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.helicosbio.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.helicosbio.com</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.igsb.anl.gov+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.igsb.anl.gov</a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.hei.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.hei.org</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.hudsonalpha.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.hudsonalpha.org</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.hgsc.bcm.tmc.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.hgsc.bcm.tmc.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://bioserver.hci.utah.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">bioserver.hci.utah.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.ibest.uidaho.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.ibest.uidaho.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.ignitehealth.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.ignitehealth.org</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.illumina.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.illumina.com</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.indiana.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.indiana.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://idrc.colostate.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">idrc.colostate.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.inmegen.gob.mx+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.inmegen.gob.mx</a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.insp.mx+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.insp.mx</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.igs.umaryland.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.igs.umaryland.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.systemsbiology.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.systemsbiology.org</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.iontorrent.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.iontorrent.com</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.dna.iastate.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.dna.iastate.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.jcvi.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.jcvi.org</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.k-state.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.k-state.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.knome.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.knome.com</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://lgt.tamu.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">lgt.tamu.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://web.ncifcrf.gov+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">web.ncifcrf.gov</a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.langebio.cinvestav.mx+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.langebio.cinvestav.mx</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.lifetechnologies.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.lifetechnologies.com</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.macrogenusa.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.macrogenusa.com</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttps://dnacore.mgh.harvard.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">dnacore.mgh.harvard.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://cancercenter.mayo.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">cancercenter.mayo.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.gqinnovationcenter.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.gqinnovationcenter.com</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.medicalneurogenetics.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.medicalneurogenetics.com</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.mskcc.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.mskcc.org</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.mihg.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.mihg.org</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://rtsf.msu.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">rtsf.msu.edu</a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://college.usc.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">college.usc.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://mbcf.dfci.harvard.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">mbcf.dfci.harvard.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://cbmi.catalyst.harvard.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">cbmi.catalyst.harvard.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://cancer.ucsd.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">cancer.ucsd.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.mssm.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.mssm.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.ncgr.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.ncgr.org</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://cgf.nci.nih.gov+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">cgf.nci.nih.gov</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://njms.umdnj.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">njms.umdnj.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.hopkinsmedicine.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.hopkinsmedicine.org</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www2.niddk.nih.gov+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www2.niddk.nih.gov</a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.nisc.nih.gov+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.nisc.nih.gov</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.niaid.nih.gov+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.niaid.nih.gov</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.cgm.northwestern.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.cgm.northwestern.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.nd.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.nd.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.med.nyu.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.med.nyu.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www3.ocimumbio.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www3.ocimumbio.com</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.ohsu.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.ohsu.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://lupus.omrf.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">lupus.omrf.org</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.oicr.on.ca+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.oicr.on.ca</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.cgrb.oregonstate.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.cgrb.oregonstate.edu</a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.ottawagenomecenter.ca+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.ottawagenomecenter.ca</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.pacificbiosciences.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.pacificbiosciences.com</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.huck.psu.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.huck.psu.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.prognosysbio.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.prognosysbio.com</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://genome.purdue.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">genome.purdue.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.rockefeller.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.rockefeller.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.saic-frederick.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.saic-frederick.com</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.scripps.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.scripps.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.stsiweb.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.stsiweb.org</a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.seqwright.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.seqwright.com</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.pediatriccancergenomeproject.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.pediatriccancergenomeproject.org</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttps://secure.genome.ucla.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">secure.genome.ucla.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://med.stanford.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">med.stanford.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.stowers-institute.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.stowers-institute.org</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.taueret.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.taueret.com</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.tcag.ca+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.tcag.ca</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://genome.wustl.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">genome.wustl.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.iric.ca+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.iric.ca</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.jax.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.jax.org</a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.lrgc.ca+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.lrgc.ca</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.osuccc.osu.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.osuccc.osu.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.tgen.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.tgen.org</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://tucf.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">tucf.org</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://genomics.ucdavis.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">genomics.ucdavis.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://dmaf.biochem.uci.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">dmaf.biochem.uci.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://translationalgenomics.uchc.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">translationalgenomics.uchc.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://sequencing.soe.ucsc.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">sequencing.soe.ucsc.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://cancer.ucsf.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">cancer.ucsf.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.uky.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.uky.edu</a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.umassmed.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.umassmed.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://uagc.arl.arizona.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">uagc.arl.arizona.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.uams.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.uams.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://cigbrowser.berkeley.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">cigbrowser.berkeley.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://ggb.ucr.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">ggb.ucr.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://genetics.uconn.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">genetics.uconn.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.biotech.ufl.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.biotech.ufl.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.igb.illinois.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.igb.illinois.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://dna-9.int-med.uiowa.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">dna-9.int-med.uiowa.edu</a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.umich.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.umich.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.bmgc.umn.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.bmgc.umn.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://cage.unl.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">cage.unl.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://genomics.unc.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">genomics.unc.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.genome.ou.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.genome.ou.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://htseq.uoregon.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">htseq.uoregon.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.urmc.rochester.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.urmc.rochester.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.ti3d.utexas.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.ti3d.utexas.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.cores.utah.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.cores.utah.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.biotech.wisc.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.biotech.wisc.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.med.upenn.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.med.upenn.edu</a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.ars.usda.gov+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.ars.usda.gov</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.utsouthwestern.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.utsouthwestern.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://qb3.berkeley.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">qb3.berkeley.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttps://www.vbi.vt.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.vbi.vt.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.biostatistics.vcu.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.biostatistics.vcu.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://jbpc.mbl.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">jbpc.mbl.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://genomics.rutgers.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">genomics.rutgers.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://jura.wi.mit.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">jura.wi.mit.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://cgp.yale.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">cgp.yale.edu</a></p> </p> 1ce5ccec532327a1c47d1fd6b9fea8490ef3979e 4294 4293 2011-11-07T15:31:44Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><embed type="{0C55C096-0F1D-4F28-AAA2-85EF591126E7}" cotype="cs" id="cosymantecbfw" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; width: 0px; height: 0px; display: block; "></embed><a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.einstein.yu.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.einstein.yu.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.ambrygen.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.ambrygen.com</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.asu.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.asu.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.baylorhealth.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.baylorhealth.com</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.beckmangenomics.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.beckmangenomics.com</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.biodiversity.uoguelph.ca+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.biodiversity.uoguelph.ca</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://openwetware.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">openwetware.org</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://genome.med.harvard.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">genome.med.harvard.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.ars.usda.gov+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.ars.usda.gov</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.broadinstitute.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.broadinstitute.org</a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.brown.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.brown.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.sanfordburnham.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.sanfordburnham.org</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.cagef.utoronto.ca+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.cagef.utoronto.ca</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.bcgsc.bc.ca+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.bcgsc.bc.ca</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://cancer.osu.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">cancer.osu.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://cancer.case.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">cancer.case.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.cdc.gov+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.cdc.gov</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.ceb.utk.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.ceb.utk.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.centrillionbio.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.centrillionbio.com</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.research.chop.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.research.chop.edu</a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://core.iddrc.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">core.iddrc.org</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.cincinnatichildrens.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.cincinnatichildrens.org</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.cau.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.cau.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.cofactorgenomics.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.cofactorgenomics.com</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.cumc.columbia.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.cumc.columbia.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.completegenomics.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.completegenomics.com</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://cores.lifesciences.cornell.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">cores.lifesciences.cornell.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.covance.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.covance.com</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.creative-genomics.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.creative-genomics.com</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.cshl.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.cshl.edu</a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://geschwindlab.neurology.ucla.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">geschwindlab.neurology.ucla.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.dana-farber.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.dana-farber.org</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.dhmri.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.dhmri.org</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.dbi.udel.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.dbi.udel.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.biotech.missouri.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.biotech.missouri.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.dnalandmarks.ca+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.dnalandmarks.ca</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.jgi.doe.gov+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.jgi.doe.gov</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://humangenome.duke.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">humangenome.duke.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.genome.duke.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.genome.duke.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.edgebio.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.edgebio.com</a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://genetics.emory.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">genetics.emory.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.corelabs.emory.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.corelabs.emory.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://engencore.sc.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">engencore.sc.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.eurekagenomics.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.eurekagenomics.com</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.expressionanalysis.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.expressionanalysis.com</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.fhcrc.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.fhcrc.org</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://grcf.med.jhu.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">grcf.med.jhu.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://people.virginia.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">people.virginia.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://newscenter.nmsu.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">newscenter.nmsu.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.mc.vanderbilt.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.mc.vanderbilt.edu</a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://gsl.cals.ncsu.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">gsl.cals.ncsu.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.genetics.pitt.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.genetics.pitt.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://gcf.pbrc.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">gcf.pbrc.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://genoseq.ucla.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">genoseq.ucla.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://dna.uga.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">dna.uga.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.ggc.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.ggc.org</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://sysbio.harvard.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">sysbio.harvard.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.hpcgg.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.hpcgg.org</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.helicosbio.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.helicosbio.com</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.igsb.anl.gov+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.igsb.anl.gov</a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.hei.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.hei.org</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.hudsonalpha.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.hudsonalpha.org</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.hgsc.bcm.tmc.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.hgsc.bcm.tmc.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://bioserver.hci.utah.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">bioserver.hci.utah.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.ibest.uidaho.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.ibest.uidaho.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.ignitehealth.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.ignitehealth.org</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.illumina.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.illumina.com</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.indiana.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.indiana.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://idrc.colostate.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">idrc.colostate.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.inmegen.gob.mx+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.inmegen.gob.mx</a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.insp.mx+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.insp.mx</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.igs.umaryland.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.igs.umaryland.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.systemsbiology.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.systemsbiology.org</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.iontorrent.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.iontorrent.com</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.dna.iastate.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.dna.iastate.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.jcvi.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.jcvi.org</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.k-state.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.k-state.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.knome.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.knome.com</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://lgt.tamu.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">lgt.tamu.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://web.ncifcrf.gov+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">web.ncifcrf.gov</a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.langebio.cinvestav.mx+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.langebio.cinvestav.mx</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.lifetechnologies.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.lifetechnologies.com</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.macrogenusa.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.macrogenusa.com</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttps://dnacore.mgh.harvard.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">dnacore.mgh.harvard.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://cancercenter.mayo.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">cancercenter.mayo.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.gqinnovationcenter.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.gqinnovationcenter.com</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.medicalneurogenetics.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.medicalneurogenetics.com</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.mskcc.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.mskcc.org</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.mihg.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.mihg.org</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://rtsf.msu.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">rtsf.msu.edu</a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://college.usc.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">college.usc.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://mbcf.dfci.harvard.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">mbcf.dfci.harvard.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://cbmi.catalyst.harvard.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">cbmi.catalyst.harvard.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://cancer.ucsd.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">cancer.ucsd.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.mssm.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.mssm.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.ncgr.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.ncgr.org</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://cgf.nci.nih.gov+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">cgf.nci.nih.gov</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://njms.umdnj.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">njms.umdnj.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.hopkinsmedicine.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.hopkinsmedicine.org</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www2.niddk.nih.gov+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www2.niddk.nih.gov</a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.nisc.nih.gov+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.nisc.nih.gov</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.niaid.nih.gov+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.niaid.nih.gov</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.cgm.northwestern.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.cgm.northwestern.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.nd.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.nd.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.med.nyu.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.med.nyu.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www3.ocimumbio.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www3.ocimumbio.com</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.ohsu.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.ohsu.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://lupus.omrf.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">lupus.omrf.org</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.oicr.on.ca+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.oicr.on.ca</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.cgrb.oregonstate.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.cgrb.oregonstate.edu</a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.ottawagenomecenter.ca+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.ottawagenomecenter.ca</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.pacificbiosciences.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.pacificbiosciences.com</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.huck.psu.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.huck.psu.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.prognosysbio.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.prognosysbio.com</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://genome.purdue.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">genome.purdue.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.rockefeller.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.rockefeller.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.saic-frederick.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.saic-frederick.com</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.scripps.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.scripps.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.stsiweb.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.stsiweb.org</a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.seqwright.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.seqwright.com</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.pediatriccancergenomeproject.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.pediatriccancergenomeproject.org</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttps://secure.genome.ucla.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">secure.genome.ucla.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://med.stanford.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">med.stanford.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.stowers-institute.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.stowers-institute.org</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.taueret.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.taueret.com</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.tcag.ca+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.tcag.ca</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://genome.wustl.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">genome.wustl.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.iric.ca+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.iric.ca</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.jax.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.jax.org</a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.lrgc.ca+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.lrgc.ca</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.osuccc.osu.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.osuccc.osu.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.tgen.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.tgen.org</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://tucf.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">tucf.org</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://genomics.ucdavis.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">genomics.ucdavis.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://dmaf.biochem.uci.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">dmaf.biochem.uci.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://translationalgenomics.uchc.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">translationalgenomics.uchc.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://sequencing.soe.ucsc.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">sequencing.soe.ucsc.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://cancer.ucsf.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">cancer.ucsf.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.uky.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.uky.edu</a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.umassmed.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.umassmed.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://uagc.arl.arizona.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">uagc.arl.arizona.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.uams.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.uams.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://cigbrowser.berkeley.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">cigbrowser.berkeley.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://ggb.ucr.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">ggb.ucr.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://genetics.uconn.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">genetics.uconn.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.biotech.ufl.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.biotech.ufl.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.igb.illinois.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.igb.illinois.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://dna-9.int-med.uiowa.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">dna-9.int-med.uiowa.edu</a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.umich.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.umich.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.bmgc.umn.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.bmgc.umn.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://cage.unl.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">cage.unl.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://genomics.unc.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">genomics.unc.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.genome.ou.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.genome.ou.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://htseq.uoregon.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">htseq.uoregon.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.urmc.rochester.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.urmc.rochester.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.ti3d.utexas.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.ti3d.utexas.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.cores.utah.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.cores.utah.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.biotech.wisc.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.biotech.wisc.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.med.upenn.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.med.upenn.edu</a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.ars.usda.gov+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.ars.usda.gov</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.utsouthwestern.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.utsouthwestern.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://qb3.berkeley.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">qb3.berkeley.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttps://www.vbi.vt.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.vbi.vt.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.biostatistics.vcu.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">www.biostatistics.vcu.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://jbpc.mbl.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">jbpc.mbl.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://genomics.rutgers.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">genomics.rutgers.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://jura.wi.mit.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">jura.wi.mit.edu</a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://cgp.yale.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc">cgp.yale.edu</a></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> b484b870d7cff6f559156393669ed9baab57483a 0 1883 4295 3053 2011-11-08T06:22:33Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><a href="http://www.tomsawyer.com/industries/lifesciences.php"><br /> Tom Sawyer Software </a><br /> Along with the human genome project's identification of more than 30,000 human genes comes the awareness that sequencing genes is only the beginning. Researchers now face the difficult task of understanding how these genes interact with one another in complex networks. Applications using Tom Sawyer's sophisticated graph layout technology can produce diagrams that clearly show the relationships between this complex data.</p> <p><b>NGSview [http://ngsview.sourceforge.net/ NGSview]</b></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 27a04ea62a2a6b958c9a5d0a558d9f8a9bc5d69b 4 1500 4297 2976 2011-11-10T04:53:09Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font size="3"><font size="4">Genomics.org is a text place for enhancing the popularization of genomics application in societies.</font><br /> <br /> Genomics.org is particularly interested in common people understand and user genomics information in their everyday lives.<br /> <br /> The contents of Genomics.org is under [[BioLicense]] scheme. To know more about BioLicense, please visit: http://biolicense.org<br /> <br /> Genomics.org is dedicated to all the information processing organisms on Earth.<br /> <br /> The contributors of Genomics.org aim to provide an [[openfree]] cyberspace to people, robots,&nbsp;and machines&nbsp;who want to know more about their biological identity.<br /> <br /> All the data, information, knowledge, and multimedia on this site is <em>openfree</em> under [[BioLicense]].<br /> <br /> Everyone and everything who is interested in [[genome analysis]]&nbsp;is welcome to share his/her/its information with others without any mental obstacles.<br /> <br /> <strong>How to contribute to Genomics.org project?</strong><br /> You can contribute your own genetic and genome information to any way you like. The only restriction is that any such material should not have any restriction in sharing with others.<br /> <br /> <font size="4">Where can I deposit&nbsp;Genome information?</font><br /> [ftp://bioftp.org BioFtp.org]<br /> <br /> </font><font size="3"><strong>Who owns Genomics.org?<br /> <font color="#ff0000">It is you!</font></strong><br /> <br /> </font><font size="3"><strong>Who are the founders of Genomics.org?<br /> <font color="#ff0000">It is you!</font></strong>&nbsp; <br /> Genomics.org is under [[BioOriginality]] principle. It means there is no one person or group who claims the originality of the project's concepts, ideas, software, and knowledge.&nbsp;<br /> <strong><font color="#339966">It is all yours, it is all everybody else's.</font><br /> </strong><br /> <hr width="100%" size="2" /> </font></p> <p><font size="3">[http://biolicense.org/index.php/BioOriginality BioOriginality at BioLicense.org] </font></p> <p><font size="3">This work was supported by the Industrial Strategic technology development program, 10040231, &quot;Bioinformatics platform development for next generation bioinformation analysis&quot; <br /> funded by the Ministry of Knowledge Economy(MKE, Korea)&quot;</font></p> <p><font size="3"><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> </font></p> b3c4b7658e4822e69a4572664de9f21a85d936ba 4 1731 4379 2534 2011-11-18T19:47:41Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: medium">Everything in Genomics.org is open and free.</span><br /> <br /> The contents are the results of group brain called biobrain and everything here is not owned by anyone and does not reflect any one person's or one group's point of view.<br /> <br /> <strong>See also<br /> </strong>[http://biolicense.org BioLicense.org]<br /> &nbsp;</p> <p>This site is supported by [[TheragenEtex]] Inc., [[Genome Research Foundation]], and [[Diagnomics]] Inc.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 1629517560fc7ed73d394e569da8b32a1be80d19 0 2535 4380 2011-11-18T19:48:20Z S 300001 Created page with "<p><span style="font-size: medium">Diagnomics is a genomics and bioinformatics company for personalized diagnostics and medicine.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p>" wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: medium">Diagnomics is a genomics and bioinformatics company for personalized diagnostics and medicine.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> b61b9e73e615da9615254307eae522129f0b6a4e 4381 4380 2011-11-18T19:48:30Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: medium">Diagnomics is a genomics and bioinformatics company for personalized diagnostics and medicine.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size: medium"><a href="http://diagnomics.com">http://diagnomics.com</a></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 52cd7ae64f2aae324ec58506eb43b9162f0a9a36 0 2568 4417 2011-11-24T04:15:29Z ZHOU YANG 300079 Created page with "<p>Please download and refer to the following document for information on gDNA methods of preparation and delivery.</p> <p>1. <a href="/userfiles/DNA_sample_sheet_by_Theragen.doc..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p>Please download and refer to the following document for information on gDNA methods of preparation and delivery.</p> <p>1. <a href="/userfiles/DNA_sample_sheet_by_Theragen.doc">Sample Shipping Information&nbsp;</a></p> <p>2.&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="/userfiles/Declaration_of_Shipment_for_anyone.doc">Declaration </a></p> 9748fc364d6b06a63fea3d6c782ba648c3c4ef0a 4418 4417 2011-11-24T04:16:25Z ZHOU YANG 300079 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>Please download and refer to the following document for information on gDNA methods of preparation and delivery.</p> <p>1. <a href="/userfiles/DNA_sample_sheet_by_Theragen.doc">Sample Shipping Information&nbsp;</a></p> <p>2.&nbsp;<a href="/userfiles/Declaration_of_Shipment_for_anyone.doc">Declaration </a></p> b6f127b9476d91b623b96b7d646c555c97a1593c 4419 4418 2011-11-24T04:17:12Z ZHOU YANG 300079 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>Please download and refer to the following documents for information on gDNA methods of preparation and delivery.</p> <p>1. <a href="/userfiles/DNA_sample_sheet_by_Theragen.doc">Sample Shipping Information&nbsp;</a></p> <p>2.&nbsp;<a href="/userfiles/Declaration_of_Shipment_for_anyone.doc">Declaration </a></p> d01b7db31e71f86c89d2525df9fd64bd5ccaecac 4420 4419 2011-11-24T05:04:48Z ZHOU YANG 300079 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>Please download and refer to the following documents for information on gDNA methods of preparation and delivery.</p> <p>1. <a href="/userfiles/DNA_sample_sheet_by_Theragen(1).doc">Sample Shipping Information&nbsp;</a></p> <p>2.&nbsp;<a href="/userfiles/Declaration_of_Shipment_for_anyone.doc">Declaration </a></p> 7883443d0acea75c5444c004403f699957543b23 4421 4420 2011-11-24T05:40:57Z ZHOU YANG 300079 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>Please download and refer to the following documents for information on gDNA methods of preparation and delivery.</p> <p>1. <a href="/userfiles/DNA_sample_sheet.doc">Sample Shipping Information&nbsp;</a></p> <p>2.&nbsp;<a href="/userfiles/Declaration_of_Shipment_for_anyone.doc">Declaration </a></p> 466706f209f2ff13eed631e169c7c6e7e8bdfd5b 4422 4421 2011-11-24T07:41:25Z ZHOU YANG 300079 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><b><span style="font-size: medium"><span id="Informaion_of_Sample.28gDNA.29_.C2.A0delivery_preparation" class="mw-headline">Informaion of Sample(gDNA) &nbsp;delivery preparation</span></span></b></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">1) Method of gDNA delivery preparation</span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;DNA should be dissolved in TE buffer (Tris 10mM pH 8,0, 0.1 mM EDTA) or 10 mM Tris pH 8.0. Do Not Dissolve in Water. </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;DNA requirement&nbsp;: total 50-100ug of gDNA with &gt;50 ng/ul </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;Sample purity: OD260/280=1.8~2.0; free of protein, RNA, or other visible contamination </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;The sender must provide at least one information among &ldquo;Sample QC data&rdquo; and &ldquo;Gel image of DNA electrophoresis&rdquo;&nbsp; </span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-size: small">2) &nbsp;Sender information</span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;Name&nbsp;:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;Affiliation:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;Address:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;Telephone:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;Email:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;3)&nbsp;Sample information</span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: small"><span style="font-family: Arial"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: KO" lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">&nbsp;</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: '맑은 고딕'; mso-fareast-language: KO" lang="EN-US">Sample type: DNA</span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small"><span style="font-family: Arial"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: KO" lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">&nbsp;</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: '맑은 고딕'; mso-fareast-language: KO" lang="EN-US">Condition: <u>DNA in TE buffer or EB buffer or equivalent. Not in water</u></span> </span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small"><span style="font-family: Arial"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: KO" lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">&nbsp;</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: '맑은 고딕'; mso-fareast-language: KO" lang="EN-US">Sample QC data (</span><span style="line-height: 150%; color: red" lang="EN-US">*</span><span style="line-height: 150%; color: red; mso-fareast-font-family: '맑은 고딕'; mso-fareast-language: KO" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="line-height: 150%; color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: '맑은 고딕'; mso-fareast-language: KO" lang="EN-US">is Essential</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: '맑은 고딕'; mso-fareast-language: KO" lang="EN-US">)</span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small"><span style="font-family: Arial"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: KO" lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">&nbsp;</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: '맑은 고딕'; mso-fareast-language: KO" lang="EN-US">Gel image of DNA electrophoresis</span></span>&nbsp;</span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-size: small">4) DNA packing information&nbsp; This way is only available when DNA is dissolved in TE or Tris buffer (Please read Note).<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp; If not, please pack DNA with icepack in icebox and use Fedex or DHL service.</span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: small">Mark sample information on tube (concentration, sample name&hellip;what you want) </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small">Seal the cap of tube with parafilm well </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small">Wrap the tube with paper towel or equivalent </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small">Put into the 50 ml Falcon tube and close the cap </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small">Send the sample with air cushion envelop by FEDEX or DHL or equivalent. </span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-size: small">Please download and refer to the following documents for information on gDNA methods of preparation and delivery.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">1. </span><a href="/userfiles/DNA_sample_sheet.doc"><span style="font-size: small">Sample Shipping Information&nbsp;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">2.&nbsp;</span><a href="/userfiles/Declaration_of_Shipment_for_anyone.doc"><span style="font-size: small">Declaration </span></a></p> 7f775e35dd39526ac47a41ed0725034f93bcd75a 4423 4422 2011-11-24T07:41:44Z ZHOU YANG 300079 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><b><span style="font-size: medium"><span id="Informaion_of_Sample.28gDNA.29_.C2.A0delivery_preparation" class="mw-headline">Informaion of Sample(gDNA)&nbsp;&nbsp;Delivery Preparation</span></span></b></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">1) Method of gDNA delivery preparation</span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;DNA should be dissolved in TE buffer (Tris 10mM pH 8,0, 0.1 mM EDTA) or 10 mM Tris pH 8.0. Do Not Dissolve in Water. </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;DNA requirement&nbsp;: total 50-100ug of gDNA with &gt;50 ng/ul </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;Sample purity: OD260/280=1.8~2.0; free of protein, RNA, or other visible contamination </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;The sender must provide at least one information among &ldquo;Sample QC data&rdquo; and &ldquo;Gel image of DNA electrophoresis&rdquo;&nbsp; </span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-size: small">2) &nbsp;Sender information</span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;Name&nbsp;:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;Affiliation:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;Address:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;Telephone:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;Email:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;3)&nbsp;Sample information</span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: small"><span style="font-family: Arial"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: KO" lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">&nbsp;</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: '맑은 고딕'; mso-fareast-language: KO" lang="EN-US">Sample type: DNA</span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small"><span style="font-family: Arial"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: KO" lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">&nbsp;</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: '맑은 고딕'; mso-fareast-language: KO" lang="EN-US">Condition: <u>DNA in TE buffer or EB buffer or equivalent. Not in water</u></span> </span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small"><span style="font-family: Arial"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: KO" lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">&nbsp;</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: '맑은 고딕'; mso-fareast-language: KO" lang="EN-US">Sample QC data (</span><span style="line-height: 150%; color: red" lang="EN-US">*</span><span style="line-height: 150%; color: red; mso-fareast-font-family: '맑은 고딕'; mso-fareast-language: KO" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="line-height: 150%; color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: '맑은 고딕'; mso-fareast-language: KO" lang="EN-US">is Essential</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: '맑은 고딕'; mso-fareast-language: KO" lang="EN-US">)</span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small"><span style="font-family: Arial"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: KO" lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">&nbsp;</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: '맑은 고딕'; mso-fareast-language: KO" lang="EN-US">Gel image of DNA electrophoresis</span></span>&nbsp;</span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-size: small">4) DNA packing information&nbsp; This way is only available when DNA is dissolved in TE or Tris buffer (Please read Note).<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp; If not, please pack DNA with icepack in icebox and use Fedex or DHL service.</span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: small">Mark sample information on tube (concentration, sample name&hellip;what you want) </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small">Seal the cap of tube with parafilm well </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small">Wrap the tube with paper towel or equivalent </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small">Put into the 50 ml Falcon tube and close the cap </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small">Send the sample with air cushion envelop by FEDEX or DHL or equivalent. </span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-size: small">Please download and refer to the following documents for information on gDNA methods of preparation and delivery.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">1. </span><a href="/userfiles/DNA_sample_sheet.doc"><span style="font-size: small">Sample Shipping Information&nbsp;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">2.&nbsp;</span><a href="/userfiles/Declaration_of_Shipment_for_anyone.doc"><span style="font-size: small">Declaration </span></a></p> f743d8cc95bd211e801474ca06f67afcdd3ff494 4424 4423 2011-11-24T07:41:54Z ZHOU YANG 300079 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><b><span style="font-size: medium"><span id="Informaion_of_Sample.28gDNA.29_.C2.A0delivery_preparation" class="mw-headline">Informaion of Sample(gDNA)&nbsp;Delivery Preparation</span></span></b></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">1) Method of gDNA delivery preparation</span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;DNA should be dissolved in TE buffer (Tris 10mM pH 8,0, 0.1 mM EDTA) or 10 mM Tris pH 8.0. Do Not Dissolve in Water. </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;DNA requirement&nbsp;: total 50-100ug of gDNA with &gt;50 ng/ul </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;Sample purity: OD260/280=1.8~2.0; free of protein, RNA, or other visible contamination </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;The sender must provide at least one information among &ldquo;Sample QC data&rdquo; and &ldquo;Gel image of DNA electrophoresis&rdquo;&nbsp; </span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-size: small">2) &nbsp;Sender information</span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;Name&nbsp;:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;Affiliation:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;Address:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;Telephone:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;Email:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;3)&nbsp;Sample information</span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: small"><span style="font-family: Arial"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: KO" lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">&nbsp;</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: '맑은 고딕'; mso-fareast-language: KO" lang="EN-US">Sample type: DNA</span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small"><span style="font-family: Arial"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: KO" lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">&nbsp;</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: '맑은 고딕'; mso-fareast-language: KO" lang="EN-US">Condition: <u>DNA in TE buffer or EB buffer or equivalent. Not in water</u></span> </span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small"><span style="font-family: Arial"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: KO" lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">&nbsp;</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: '맑은 고딕'; mso-fareast-language: KO" lang="EN-US">Sample QC data (</span><span style="line-height: 150%; color: red" lang="EN-US">*</span><span style="line-height: 150%; color: red; mso-fareast-font-family: '맑은 고딕'; mso-fareast-language: KO" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="line-height: 150%; color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: '맑은 고딕'; mso-fareast-language: KO" lang="EN-US">is Essential</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: '맑은 고딕'; mso-fareast-language: KO" lang="EN-US">)</span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small"><span style="font-family: Arial"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: KO" lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">&nbsp;</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: '맑은 고딕'; mso-fareast-language: KO" lang="EN-US">Gel image of DNA electrophoresis</span></span>&nbsp;</span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-size: small">4) DNA packing information&nbsp; This way is only available when DNA is dissolved in TE or Tris buffer (Please read Note).<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp; If not, please pack DNA with icepack in icebox and use Fedex or DHL service.</span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: small">Mark sample information on tube (concentration, sample name&hellip;what you want) </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small">Seal the cap of tube with parafilm well </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small">Wrap the tube with paper towel or equivalent </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small">Put into the 50 ml Falcon tube and close the cap </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small">Send the sample with air cushion envelop by FEDEX or DHL or equivalent. </span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-size: small">Please download and refer to the following documents for information on gDNA methods of preparation and delivery.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">1. </span><a href="/userfiles/DNA_sample_sheet.doc"><span style="font-size: small">Sample Shipping Information&nbsp;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">2.&nbsp;</span><a href="/userfiles/Declaration_of_Shipment_for_anyone.doc"><span style="font-size: small">Declaration </span></a></p> 45c030e531ff50d4718f643ac80f0dc251da26f1 4427 4424 2011-11-25T02:32:30Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: large"><b><span id="Informaion_of_Sample.28gDNA.29_.C2.A0delivery_preparation" class="mw-headline">Informaion&nbsp;for Sample(gDNA)&nbsp;Preparation Delivery </span></b></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">1) Method of gDNA preparation for sending out.</span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;DNA should be dissolved in TE buffer (Tris 10mM pH 8,0, 0.1 mM EDTA) or 10 mM Tris pH 8.0. Do Not Dissolve in Water. </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;DNA requirement&nbsp;: total 50-100ug of gDNA with &gt;50 ng/ul </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;Sample purity: OD260/280=1.8~2.0; free of protein, RNA, or other visible contamination </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;The sender must provide at least one information among &ldquo;Sample QC data&rdquo; and &ldquo;Gel image of DNA electrophoresis&rdquo;&nbsp; </span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-size: small">2) &nbsp;Sender information</span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;Name&nbsp;:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;Affiliation:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;Address:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;Telephone:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;Email:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;3)&nbsp;Sample information</span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: small"><span style="font-family: Arial"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: KO" lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">&nbsp;</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: '맑은 고딕'; mso-fareast-language: KO" lang="EN-US">Sample type: DNA</span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small"><span style="font-family: Arial"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: KO" lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">&nbsp;</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: '맑은 고딕'; mso-fareast-language: KO" lang="EN-US">Condition: <u>DNA in TE buffer or EB buffer or equivalent. Not in water</u></span> </span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small"><span style="font-family: Arial"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: KO" lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">&nbsp;</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: '맑은 고딕'; mso-fareast-language: KO" lang="EN-US">Sample QC data (</span><span style="line-height: 150%; color: red" lang="EN-US">*</span><span style="line-height: 150%; color: red; mso-fareast-font-family: '맑은 고딕'; mso-fareast-language: KO" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="line-height: 150%; color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: '맑은 고딕'; mso-fareast-language: KO" lang="EN-US">is Essential</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: '맑은 고딕'; mso-fareast-language: KO" lang="EN-US">)</span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small"><span style="font-family: Arial"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: KO" lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">&nbsp;</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: '맑은 고딕'; mso-fareast-language: KO" lang="EN-US">Gel image of DNA electrophoresis</span></span>&nbsp;</span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-size: small">4) DNA packing information&nbsp; This way is only available when DNA is dissolved in TE or Tris buffer (Please read Note).<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp; If not, please pack DNA with icepack in icebox and use Fedex or DHL service.</span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: small">Mark sample information on tube (concentration, sample name&hellip;what you want) </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small">Seal the cap of tube with parafilm well </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small">Wrap the tube with paper towel or equivalent </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small">Put into the 50 ml Falcon tube and close the cap </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small">Send the sample with air cushion envelop by FEDEX or DHL or equivalent. </span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-size: small">Please download and refer to the following documents for information on gDNA methods of preparation and delivery.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <hr /> <p><span style="font-size: small">1. </span><a href="/userfiles/DNA_sample_sheet.doc"><span style="font-size: small">Sample Shipping Information&nbsp;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">2.&nbsp;</span><a href="/userfiles/Declaration_of_Shipment_for_anyone.doc"><span style="font-size: small">Declaration </span></a></p> 522148038d1f77cbcc0fc5d317518f16683aa28b 0 2573 4434 2011-11-25T12:48:04Z ZHOU YANG 300079 Created page with "<h1><span id="1..C2.A0Sample.28gDNA.29_Preparation" class="mw-headline">1.&nbsp;Sample(gDNA) Preparation</span></h1> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>1)&nbsp;&nbsp;DNA should be dissolved in TE ..." wikitext text/x-wiki <h1><span id="1..C2.A0Sample.28gDNA.29_Preparation" class="mw-headline">1.&nbsp;Sample(gDNA) Preparation</span></h1> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>1)&nbsp;&nbsp;DNA should be dissolved in TE buffer (Tris 10mM pH 8,0, 0.1 mM EDTA) or 10 mM Tris pH 8.0.</p> <p>2)&nbsp;&nbsp;Do Not Dissolve in Water</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h1><span id="2..C2.A0Sample.28gDNA.29_Requirement" class="mw-headline">2.&nbsp;Sample(gDNA) Requirement</span></h1> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>1)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Amount and concentration spec.&nbsp;: over 20 ug of gDNA with &gt;50 ng/ul</p> <p>&nbsp;This amount is required for</p> <p>a.&nbsp;&nbsp;Whole genome sequencing (30X)</p> <p>b.&nbsp;&nbsp;Whole exome sequencing (50X)</p> <p>c.&nbsp;&nbsp;Genotyping</p> <p>2)&nbsp;&nbsp;Sample(gDNA) should be&nbsp;: OD260/280=1.8~2.0; free of protein, RNA, or other visible contamination</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h1><span id="3..C2.A0Sample.28gDNA.29_Packing_Information.C2.A0" class="mw-headline">3.&nbsp;Sample(gDNA) Packing Information&nbsp;</span></h1> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>This way is only available when DNA is dissolved in TE or Tris buffer.</p> <p>1)&nbsp;&nbsp;If not, please pack DNA with icepack in icebox and use Fedex or DHL service</p> <p>2)&nbsp;&nbsp;Mark sample information on tube (concentration, sample name&hellip;what you want)</p> <p>3)&nbsp;&nbsp;Seal the cap of tube with parafilm well</p> <p>4)&nbsp;&nbsp;Wrap the tube with paper towel or equivalent</p> <p>5)&nbsp;&nbsp;Put into the 50 ml Falcon tube and close the cap</p> <p>6)&nbsp;&nbsp;Send the sample with air cushion envelop by FEDEX or DHL or equivalent</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h1><span id="4..C2.A0Requirement_of_Sample.28gDNA.29_Information" class="mw-headline">4.&nbsp;Requirement of Sample(gDNA) Information</span></h1> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>1)&nbsp; Sample type: DNA</p> <p>2)&nbsp; Condition: DNA in TE buffer or EB buffer or equivalent. Not in water</p> <p>3)&nbsp; Gel image of DNA electrophoresis</p> <p>4)&nbsp; Species</p> <p>5)&nbsp; No. of Tubes</p> <p>6)&nbsp; Concentration (ng/&mu;l)</p> <p>7)&nbsp; Volume (&mu;l)</p> <p>8) &nbsp;Total Quantity (&mu;g)</p> <p>9)&nbsp; OD260/280</p> <p>10)&nbsp; OD260/230</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><b><span style="font-size: medium">Please download and refer to the following documents for information on gDNA methods of preparation and delivery.</span></b></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>1.<span style="color: #800000"><a href="/userfiles/Method of Sample(gDNA) Preparation for Sending out.doc">Method of Sample (gDNA) Preparation for Sending out</a></span></p> <p>2.<span style="color: #800000"><a href="/userfiles/Declaration_of_Shipment_for_anyone(1).doc">Declaration of Shipment</a><br /> </span></p> 7cca281713ec59ad2aa2b49d3541a49dc162575c 4435 4434 2011-11-25T12:48:52Z ZHOU YANG 300079 wikitext text/x-wiki <h1><span id="1..C2.A0Sample.28gDNA.29_Preparation" class="mw-headline">1.&nbsp;Sample(gDNA) Preparation</span></h1> <p>1)&nbsp;&nbsp;DNA should be dissolved in TE buffer (Tris 10mM pH 8,0, 0.1 mM EDTA) or 10 mM Tris pH 8.0.</p> <p>2)&nbsp;&nbsp;Do Not Dissolve in Water</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h1><span id="2..C2.A0Sample.28gDNA.29_Requirement" class="mw-headline">2.&nbsp;Sample(gDNA) Requirement</span></h1> <p>1)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Amount and concentration spec.&nbsp;: over 20 ug of gDNA with &gt;50 ng/ul</p> <p>&nbsp;This amount is required for</p> <p>a.&nbsp;&nbsp;Whole genome sequencing (30X)</p> <p>b.&nbsp;&nbsp;Whole exome sequencing (50X)</p> <p>c.&nbsp;&nbsp;Genotyping</p> <p>2)&nbsp;&nbsp;Sample(gDNA) should be&nbsp;: OD260/280=1.8~2.0; free of protein, RNA, or other visible contamination</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h1><span id="3..C2.A0Sample.28gDNA.29_Packing_Information.C2.A0" class="mw-headline">3.&nbsp;Sample(gDNA) Packing Information&nbsp;</span></h1> <p>This way is only available when DNA is dissolved in TE or Tris buffer.</p> <p>1)&nbsp;&nbsp;If not, please pack DNA with icepack in icebox and use Fedex or DHL service</p> <p>2)&nbsp;&nbsp;Mark sample information on tube (concentration, sample name&hellip;what you want)</p> <p>3)&nbsp;&nbsp;Seal the cap of tube with parafilm well</p> <p>4)&nbsp;&nbsp;Wrap the tube with paper towel or equivalent</p> <p>5)&nbsp;&nbsp;Put into the 50 ml Falcon tube and close the cap</p> <p>6)&nbsp;&nbsp;Send the sample with air cushion envelop by FEDEX or DHL or equivalent</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h1><span id="4..C2.A0Requirement_of_Sample.28gDNA.29_Information" class="mw-headline">4.&nbsp;Requirement of Sample(gDNA) Information</span></h1> <p>1)&nbsp; Sample type: DNA</p> <p>2)&nbsp; Condition: DNA in TE buffer or EB buffer or equivalent. Not in water</p> <p>3)&nbsp; Gel image of DNA electrophoresis</p> <p>4)&nbsp; Species</p> <p>5)&nbsp; No. of Tubes</p> <p>6)&nbsp; Concentration (ng/&mu;l)</p> <p>7)&nbsp; Volume (&mu;l)</p> <p>8) &nbsp;Total Quantity (&mu;g)</p> <p>9)&nbsp; OD260/280</p> <p>10)&nbsp; OD260/230</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><b><span style="font-size: medium">Please download and refer to the following documents for information on gDNA methods of preparation and delivery.</span></b></p> <p>1.<span style="color: #800000"><a href="/userfiles/Method of Sample(gDNA) Preparation for Sending out.doc">Method of Sample (gDNA) Preparation for Sending out</a></span></p> <p>2.<span style="color: #800000"><a href="/userfiles/Declaration_of_Shipment_for_anyone(1).doc">Declaration of Shipment</a><br /> </span></p> 5cb9a579ae51059eca63747f25a623646eca9506 4436 4435 2011-11-25T12:51:24Z ZHOU YANG 300079 wikitext text/x-wiki <h1><span id="1..C2.A0Sample.28gDNA.29_Preparation" class="mw-headline">Sample(gDNA) Preparation</span></h1> <p>1)&nbsp;&nbsp;DNA should be dissolved in TE buffer (Tris 10mM pH 8,0, 0.1 mM EDTA) or 10 mM Tris pH 8.0.</p> <p>2)&nbsp;&nbsp;Do Not Dissolve in Water</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h1><span id="2..C2.A0Sample.28gDNA.29_Requirement" class="mw-headline">Sample(gDNA) Requirement</span></h1> <p>1)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Amount and concentration spec.&nbsp;: over 20 ug of gDNA with &gt;50 ng/ul</p> <p>&nbsp;This amount is required for</p> <p>a.&nbsp;&nbsp;Whole genome sequencing (30X)</p> <p>b.&nbsp;&nbsp;Whole exome sequencing (50X)</p> <p>c.&nbsp;&nbsp;Genotyping</p> <p>2)&nbsp;&nbsp;Sample(gDNA) should be&nbsp;: OD260/280=1.8~2.0; free of protein, RNA, or other visible contamination</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h1><span id="3..C2.A0Sample.28gDNA.29_Packing_Information.C2.A0" class="mw-headline">Sample(gDNA) Packing Information&nbsp;</span></h1> <p>This way is only available when DNA is dissolved in TE or Tris buffer.</p> <p>1)&nbsp;&nbsp;If not, please pack DNA with icepack in icebox and use Fedex or DHL service</p> <p>2)&nbsp;&nbsp;Mark sample information on tube (concentration, sample name&hellip;what you want)</p> <p>3)&nbsp;&nbsp;Seal the cap of tube with parafilm well</p> <p>4)&nbsp;&nbsp;Wrap the tube with paper towel or equivalent</p> <p>5)&nbsp;&nbsp;Put into the 50 ml Falcon tube and close the cap</p> <p>6)&nbsp;&nbsp;Send the sample with air cushion envelop by FEDEX or DHL or equivalent</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h1><span id="4..C2.A0Requirement_of_Sample.28gDNA.29_Information" class="mw-headline">Requirement of Sample(gDNA) Information</span></h1> <p>1)&nbsp; Sample type: DNA</p> <p>2)&nbsp; Condition: DNA in TE buffer or EB buffer or equivalent. Not in water</p> <p>3)&nbsp; Gel image of DNA electrophoresis</p> <p>4)&nbsp; Species</p> <p>5)&nbsp; No. of Tubes</p> <p>6)&nbsp; Concentration (ng/&mu;l)</p> <p>7)&nbsp; Volume (&mu;l)</p> <p>8) &nbsp;Total Quantity (&mu;g)</p> <p>9)&nbsp; OD260/280</p> <p>10)&nbsp; OD260/230</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><b><span style="font-size: medium">Please download and refer to the following documents for information on gDNA methods of preparation and delivery.</span></b></p> <p>1.<span style="color: #800000"><a href="/userfiles/Method of Sample(gDNA) Preparation for Sending out.doc">Method of Sample (gDNA) Preparation for Sending out</a></span></p> <p>2.<span style="color: #800000"><a href="/userfiles/Declaration_of_Shipment_for_anyone(1).doc">Declaration of Shipment</a><br /> </span></p> 598f046313f3e3106da76c5275c538d94f3af85d 0 2582 4445 2011-11-28T01:37:36Z S 300001 Created page with "<p><span style="font-size: large">Genome Database</span></p> <p>[http://www.grapegenome.net/ Grapevine genome gene model made by Genome Research Foundation]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p>" wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: large">Genome Database</span></p> <p>[http://www.grapegenome.net/ Grapevine genome gene model made by Genome Research Foundation]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> e36cc33c82ead3afe36202e740161e606c8dea39 0 2583 4446 2011-11-28T01:38:05Z S 300001 Created page with "<p><span style="font-size: medium">Grape genome</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>[http://www.grapegenome.net/ Grape genome database]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p>" wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: medium">Grape genome</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>[http://www.grapegenome.net/ Grape genome database]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 61d1a82b6cb3880c475970d6e6b65b64f3cfd805 0 2626 4492 2011-12-15T11:05:25Z Rusy1935 300114 Created page with "People today have a preference for cheap units. This can be the easy reason why reasonably priced lazer units are getting to be really common. Even printer makers that aim for ex..." wikitext text/x-wiki People today have a preference for cheap units. This can be the easy reason why reasonably priced lazer units are getting to be really common. Even printer makers that aim for exclusivity in the the design and style and the asking price of a few can't assist but acquire their unique spending budget products. HP as an illustration, seriously isn't actually acknowledged to offer the cheapest lazer models, but is frequently regarding top-notch strength and top printing quality. Having said that, HP efforts to compel budget-sensitive consumers while using the 2605. Well below Money300 in many outlets, the Hewlett packard 2605 does vie effectively for some other low-charged producing answers. Having said that, would it be actually affordable to make use of? The key power on the 2605 lies in its style and design, as HP did grow into success furnishing user-friendly handles. Even though may believe that getting only three management keys is fairly limiting, it should be remarked that when used alongside each-range present, all center making capabilities can be remedied without difficulty. Additionally, both Universal serial bus and Ethernet locations are surely located on the printer's side, making it possible for convenient use yet still time still left disguised . very well to cut back unsightly wire chaos. The printer's plain and simple style would also in shape perfectly in any work place. Naturally, tests the computer printers specific effectiveness is really important. About stamping a number of non colored documents and dyed internet pages utilizing the Hewlett packard 2605, it can do seem that Horsepower has yet again productively launched a laser beam publishing resolution with fantastic top printing quality. It's undeniable that whenever publishing very precise dyed images the 2605 attains gorgeous quality and colouring exactness. Although the laser printer is reasonably heavy which is produced for company use, celebrate minimal sound when printer, just like scaled-down making alternatives. Pertaining to the computer printers measurements, most people would definitely value its significant enter dish that can handle around 500 sheets. Regrettably, in spite of these characteristics, the 2605 includes a really about flaw: laser toner ink cartridges drastically price most as opposed to printing device. Although some might think until this is reasonably typical, it has to be emphasized that a Usd300 toner collection only can handle 2000 designs for every container. Therefore, at most effective, a produce would price tag all over 3 pennies having a one capsule. When publishing a complete page which has each word and pictures, making expenditures can even be 15 mere cents every site. Without a doubt, these prices usually do not mirror a cost-effective printer. With having less higher-deliver choices, it sounds as if utilizing the 2605 is high-priced. It is correct to say that the Hp . p . 2605 is lumination about the jean pocket. On the other hand, this only relates to the original undertaking involving the printer's. In steady use, you might soon recognize that the printer's seriously isn't spending budget-friendly in any way, offered its strangely costly nonetheless lower-provide compatible [http://www.informacjakredytowa.com/ banki polskie] toners capsules that raise printer expenditures. It will be easy even though, that after its generate, the 2605 happens to be the most reasonable printing solutions. Presently, you will find way too many improved available options. As far better solutions can be obtained easily, it no more is a good idea to obtain a 2605. 52a0e757f8d5dacfe08628feb47570639ed4eac6 0 2371 4498 4179 2011-12-17T06:07:37Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: large">Genomics.org</span></p> <p>Genomics.org is an openfree genomics research organization.</p> <p>It is a non-profit organization.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> f8f4445e80cc7ee3d8b43c18c7211c14d46aada7 0 2630 4499 2012-03-04T02:24:21Z S 300001 Created page with "<p><span style="font-size: large">Nanogenomics</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>Nanogenomics is the genomics technology where nano devices are used to analyze and engineer genomes (Jo..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: large">Nanogenomics</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>Nanogenomics is the genomics technology where nano devices are used to analyze and engineer genomes (Jong Bhak)</p> <p><a href="http://nanogenomics.org">http://nanogenomics.org</a></p> <p><a href="http://nanogenomics.net">http://nanogenomics.net</a></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> f9ee4b9bfcc6d2fb0786d909f15d5052fddec2a0 4500 4499 2012-03-04T02:27:23Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: large">Nanogenomics</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>Nanogenomics is the genomics technology where nano devices are used to analyze and engineer genomes (Jong Bhak)</p> <p><a href="http://nanogenomics.org">http://nanogenomics.org</a></p> <p><a href="http://nanogenomics.net">http://nanogenomics.net</a></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>See also</p> <p>[http://syntheticgenomics.org Syntheticgenomics.org]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> f7172022fc4e21cc2e4db68e81e866afc25c2d61 0 1984 4502 3351 2012-06-30T13:21:26Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size:large;">Animal Genomics</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>[[Open Tiger Genome Project]] by GRF, Korea.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 86d3b1abbec91926ba93d5f4927a3748b6a20474 0 1942 4503 3263 2012-07-02T07:09:45Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>[[The first bacterium sequenced]]:&nbsp;Haemophilus influenzae<br /> [[The first Cyano bacterium sequenced]]:&nbsp;Synechocystis sp. PCC6803</p> <p>[[The fisrt archae genome sequenced]]:&nbsp;[[Methanococcus jannaschii]]</p> <p>[[Mycoplazma genitalium]]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>[[ejtest]]</p> 19c9d6076d7f7ab4d27b8f3f8c2daab08819a2be 0 2631 4504 2012-07-02T07:50:53Z S 300001 Created page with "<p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p> <table style="width: 858pt; border-collapse: collapse" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="1142"> <colgroup><col style="width: 1..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p> <table style="width: 858pt; border-collapse: collapse" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="1142"> <colgroup><col style="width: 134pt; mso-width-source: userset; mso-width-alt: 5708" width="178" /><col style="width: 100pt; mso-width-source: userset; mso-width-alt: 4275" width="134" /><col style="width: 53pt" width="70" /><col style="width: 100pt; mso-width-source: userset; mso-width-alt: 4249" width="133" /><col style="width: 418pt; mso-width-source: userset; mso-width-alt: 17817" width="557" /><col style="width: 53pt" width="70" /></colgroup> <tbody> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: #dbeef3; width: 134pt; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66" height="23" width="178"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">학명</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: #dbeef3; width: 100pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66" width="134"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">국명</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: #dbeef3; width: 53pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66" width="70"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">연도</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: #dbeef3; width: 100pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66" width="133"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">저널</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: #dbeef3; width: 418pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66" width="557"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">논문명</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: #dbeef3; width: 53pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66" width="70"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">저자</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" height="23"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Heliconius melpomene</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">멜포메네 나비</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" align="right"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">2012</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Butterfly genome reveals promiscuous exchange of mimicry adaptations among species</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3"><font face="맑은 고딕">The Heliconius Genome Consortium<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span></font></font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" height="23"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Danaus plexippus</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">제왕나비</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" align="right"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">2012</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">cell</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">The monarch butterfly genome yields insights into long-distance migration.</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Zhan S et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" height="23"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Gasterosteus aculeatus</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">가시고기</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" align="right"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">2012</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">The genomic basis of adaptive evolution in threespine sticklebacks</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3"><font face="맑은 고딕">Felicity C. Jones et al.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span></font></font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" height="23"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Gorilla gorilla</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">고릴라</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" align="right"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">2012</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Insights into hominid evolution from the gorilla genome sequence.</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Scally A et al.</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" height="23"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Ascaris suum</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">돼지회충</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" align="right"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">2011</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Ascaris suum draft genome</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Aaron R. Jex et al.</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" height="23"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Tetranychus urticae</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">점박이응애</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" align="right"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">2011</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">The genome of Tetranychus urticae reveals herbivorous pest adaptations</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Miodrag Grbić et al.</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" height="23"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Heterocephalus glaber</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">두더지쥐</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" align="right"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">2011</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Genome sequencing reveals insights into physiology and longevity of the naked mole rat</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Eun Bae Kim et al.</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" height="23"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Anolis carolinensis</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">도마뱀</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" align="right"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">2011</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">The genome of the green anole lizard and a comparative analysis with birds and mammals</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Jessica Alf&ouml;ldi et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 34.8pt" height="46"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 34.8pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" height="46"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Sarcophilus harrisii</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">타스마니안데빌</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" align="right"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">2011</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">PNAS</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3"><font face="맑은 고딕">Genetic diversity and population structure of the endangered marsupial Sarcophilus harrisii (Tasmanian devil)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span></font></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; width: 53pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" width="70"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Webb Miller</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" height="23"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Acropora digitifera</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">산호</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" align="right"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">2011</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Using the Acropora digitifera genome to understand coral responses to environmental change</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Chuya Shinzato et al.</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" height="23"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Pongo abelii</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">오랑우탄</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" align="right"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">2011</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Comparative and demographic analysis of orang-utan genomes</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Devin P. Locke et al.</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" height="23"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Gadus morhua</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">대서양대구</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" align="right"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">2011</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">The genome sequence of Atlantic cod reveals a unique immune system</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Bastiaan Star et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" height="23"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Macropus eugenii</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">캥거루, 타마왈라비</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" align="right"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">2011</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Genome biology</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Genome sequence of an Australian kangaroo, Macropus eugenii, provides insight into the evolution of mammalian reproduction and development</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Marilyn B Renfree et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 34.8pt" height="46"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 34.8pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" height="46"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Xenopus tropicalis</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">서양개구리</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" align="right"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">2010</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">science</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">The Genome of the Western Clawed Frog Xenopus tropicalis</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; width: 53pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" width="70"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Hellsten, et al.</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" height="23"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Meleagris gallopavo</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">칠면조, 터키</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" align="right"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">2010</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Plos biology</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Multi-Platform Next-Generation Sequencing of the Domestic Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo): Genome Assembly and Analysis</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Rami A. Dalloul et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" height="23"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Ailuropoda melanoleura</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">팬더</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" align="right"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">2010</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">The sequence and de novo assembly of the giant panda genome</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Ruiqiang Li</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" height="23"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Taeniopygia guttata</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">금화조</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" align="right"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">2010</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">The genome of a songbird</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Wesley C. Warren et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" height="23"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Bos taurus</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">소</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" align="right"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">2009</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Genome biology</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">The Genome Sequence of Taurine Cattle: A Window to Ruminant Biology and Evolution</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">The Bovine Genome Sequencing and Analysis Consortium</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" height="23"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Equus caballus</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">말</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" align="right"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">2009</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">science</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Genome Sequence, Comparative Analysis, and Population Genetics of the Domestic Horse</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">C. M. Wade et al.</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" height="23"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Ornithorhynchus anatinus</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">오리너구리</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" align="right"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">2008</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Genome analysis of the platypus reveals unique signatures of evolution.</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Warren WC et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" height="23"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Tribolium castaneum</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">거짓쌀도둑거저리</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" align="right"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">2008</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">The genome of the model beetle and pest Tribolium castaneum</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Tribolium Genome Sequencing Consortium</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" height="23"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Callorhinchus milii</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">상어</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" align="right"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">2007</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Plos biology</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Survey Sequencing and Comparative Analysis of the Elephant Shark (Callorhinchus milii) Genome</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Byrappa Venkatesh</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" height="23"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Monodelphis domestica</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">주머니쥐</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" align="right"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">2007</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Genome of the marsupial Monodelphis domestica reveals innovation in non-coding sequences</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Mikkelsen TS et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-before: always; height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" height="23"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Felis catus</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">고양이</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" align="right"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">2007</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Genome Research</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Initial sequence and comparative analysis of the cat genome</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Joan U. Pontius et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" height="23"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Macaca mulatta</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">마카크원숭이</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" align="right"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">2007</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">science</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Evolutionary and Biomedical Insights from the Rhesus Macaque Genome</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Rhesus Macaque Genome Sequencing and Analysis Consortium</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" height="23"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Apis mellifera</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">벌</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" align="right"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">2006</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Insights into social insects from the genome of the honeybee Apis mellifera</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">The Honeybee Genome Sequencing Consortium</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" height="23"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Canis familiaris</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">개</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" align="right"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">2005</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Genome sequence, comparative analysis and haplotype structure of the domestic dog</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Lindblad-Toh K et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" height="23"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Pan troglodytes</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">침팬지</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" align="right"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">2005</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Initial sequence of the chimpanzee genome and comparison with the human genome</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">The Chimpanzee Sequencing and Analysis Consortium</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" height="23"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Drosophila melanogaster</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">초파리류</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" align="right"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">2005</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Genome Research</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Drosophila melanogaster: A case study of a model genomic sequence and its consequences</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Michael Ashburner et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" height="23"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Bombyx mori</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">누에</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" align="right"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">2004</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">science</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">A Draft Sequence for the Genome of the Domesticated Silkworm (Bombyx mori)</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Biology Analysis Group et al.</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" height="23"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Gallus gallus</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">닭</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" align="right"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">2004</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Sequence and comparative analysis of the chicken genome provide unique perspectives on vertebrate evolution</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">International Chicken Genome Sequencing Consortium</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" height="23"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Rattus norvegicus</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">집쥐(rat)</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" align="right"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">2004</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Genome sequence of the Brown Norway rat yields insights into mammalian evolution</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Rat Genome Sequencing Project Consortium</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" height="23"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Tetraodon nigroviridis</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">초록복어</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" align="right"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">2004</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Genome duplication in the teleost fish Tetraodon nigroviridis reveals the early vertebrate proto-karyotype</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Olivier Jaillon</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" height="23"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Ciona intestinalis</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">유령멍게</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" align="right"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">2002</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">science</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">The draft genome of Ciona intestinalis: insights into chordate and vertebrate origins</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Dehal P, Satou. et al.</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" height="23"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Fugu rubripes</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">복어</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" align="right"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">2002</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">science</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Whole-Genome Shotgun Assembly and Analysis of the Genome of Fugu rubripes</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Samuel Aparicio, et al.</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" height="23"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Mus musculus</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">쥐(mouse)</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" align="right"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">2002</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Initial sequencing and comparative analysis of the mouse genome</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Mouse Genome Sequencing Consortium</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 34.8pt" height="46"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 34.8pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" height="46"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Drosophila melanogaster</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">초파리류</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" align="right"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">2000</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">science</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3"><font face="맑은 고딕">The Genome Sequence of Drosophila melanogaster<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span></font></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; width: 53pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" width="70"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Adams, et al.</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" height="23"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">Caenorhabditis elegans</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">예쁜 꼬마 선충</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" align="right"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">1999</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">science</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3"><font face="맑은 고딕">Genome Sequence of the Nematode C. elegans: A Platform for Investigating Biology<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span></font></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0"><font size="3" face="맑은 고딕">C. elegans Sequencing Consortium.</font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 2f2055b93a858961fe82a1c0d2f89e904590b9ef 4505 4504 2012-07-02T07:53:04Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p> <table style="width: 724pt; border-collapse: collapse" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="968"> <colgroup><col style="width: 113pt; mso-width-source: userset; mso-width-alt: 4838" width="151" /><col style="width: 78pt; mso-width-source: userset; mso-width-alt: 3328" width="104" /><col style="width: 46pt; mso-width-source: userset; mso-width-alt: 1971" width="62" /><col style="width: 73pt; mso-width-source: userset; mso-width-alt: 3123" width="98" /><col style="width: 335pt; mso-width-source: userset; mso-width-alt: 14310" width="447" /><col style="width: 79pt; mso-width-source: userset; mso-width-alt: 3379" width="106" /></colgroup> <tbody> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: #dbeef3; width: 113pt; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl68" height="23" width="151"><font face="맑은 고딕">학명</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: #dbeef3; width: 78pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl68" width="104"><font face="맑은 고딕">국명</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: #dbeef3; width: 46pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl69" width="62"><font face="맑은 고딕">연도</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: #dbeef3; width: 73pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl69" width="98"><font face="맑은 고딕">저널</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: #dbeef3; width: 335pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl68" width="447"><font face="맑은 고딕">논문명</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: #dbeef3; width: 79pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl68" width="106"><font face="맑은 고딕">저자</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Heliconius melpomene</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">멜포메네 나비</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2012</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Butterfly genome reveals promiscuous exchange of mimicry adaptations among species</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">The Heliconius Genome Consortium<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span></font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Danaus plexippus</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">제왕나비</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2012</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">cell</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">The monarch butterfly genome yields insights into long-distance migration.</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Zhan S et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Gasterosteus aculeatus</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">가시고기</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2012</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">The genomic basis of adaptive evolution in threespine sticklebacks</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Felicity C. Jones et al.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span></font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Gorilla gorilla</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">고릴라</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2012</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Insights into hominid evolution from the gorilla genome sequence.</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Scally A et al.</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Ascaris suum</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">돼지회충</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2011</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Ascaris suum draft genome</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Aaron R. Jex et al.</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Tetranychus urticae</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">점박이응애</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2011</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">The genome of Tetranychus urticae reveals herbivorous pest adaptations</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Miodrag Grbić et al.</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Heterocephalus glaber</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">두더지쥐</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2011</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Genome sequencing reveals insights into physiology and longevity of the naked mole rat</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Eun Bae Kim et al.</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Anolis carolinensis</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">도마뱀</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2011</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">The genome of the green anole lizard and a comparative analysis with birds and mammals</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Jessica Alf&ouml;ldi et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 26.4pt" height="35"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 26.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="35"><font face="맑은 고딕">Sarcophilus harrisii</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">타스마니안데빌</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2011</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">PNAS</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Genetic diversity and population structure of the endangered marsupial Sarcophilus harrisii (Tasmanian devil)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; width: 79pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl70" width="106"><font face="맑은 고딕">Webb Miller</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Acropora digitifera</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">산호</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2011</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Using the Acropora digitifera genome to understand coral responses to environmental change</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Chuya Shinzato et al.</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Pongo abelii</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">오랑우탄</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2011</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Comparative and demographic analysis of orang-utan genomes</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Devin P. Locke et al.</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Gadus morhua</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">대서양대구</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2011</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">The genome sequence of Atlantic cod reveals a unique immune system</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Bastiaan Star et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Macropus eugenii</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">캥거루, 타마왈라비</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2011</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">Genome biology</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Genome sequence of an Australian kangaroo, Macropus eugenii, provides insight into the evolution of mammalian reproduction and development</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Marilyn B Renfree et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 26.4pt" height="35"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 26.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="35"><font face="맑은 고딕">Xenopus tropicalis</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">서양개구리</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2010</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">science</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">The Genome of the Western Clawed Frog Xenopus tropicalis</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; width: 79pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl70" width="106"><font face="맑은 고딕">Hellsten, et al.</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Meleagris gallopavo</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">칠면조, 터키</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2010</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">Plos biology</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Multi-Platform Next-Generation Sequencing of the Domestic Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo): Genome Assembly and Analysis</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Rami A. Dalloul et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Ailuropoda melanoleura</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">팬더</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2010</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">The sequence and de novo assembly of the giant panda genome</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Ruiqiang Li</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Taeniopygia guttata</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">금화조</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2010</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">The genome of a songbird</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Wesley C. Warren et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Bos taurus</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">소</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2009</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">Genome biology</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">The Genome Sequence of Taurine Cattle: A Window to Ruminant Biology and Evolution</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">The Bovine Genome Sequencing and Analysis Consortium</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Equus caballus</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">말</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2009</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">science</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Genome Sequence, Comparative Analysis, and Population Genetics of the Domestic Horse</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">C. M. Wade et al.</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Ornithorhynchus anatinus</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">오리너구리</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2008</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Genome analysis of the platypus reveals unique signatures of evolution.</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Warren WC et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Tribolium castaneum</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">거짓쌀도둑거저리</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2008</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">The genome of the model beetle and pest Tribolium castaneum</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Tribolium Genome Sequencing Consortium</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Callorhinchus milii</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">상어</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2007</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">Plos biology</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Survey Sequencing and Comparative Analysis of the Elephant Shark (Callorhinchus milii) Genome</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Byrappa Venkatesh</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Monodelphis domestica</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">주머니쥐</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2007</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Genome of the marsupial Monodelphis domestica reveals innovation in non-coding sequences</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Mikkelsen TS et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Felis catus</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">고양이</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2007</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">Genome Research</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Initial sequence and comparative analysis of the cat genome</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Joan U. Pontius et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-before: always; height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Macaca mulatta</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">마카크원숭이</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2007</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">science</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Evolutionary and Biomedical Insights from the Rhesus Macaque Genome</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Rhesus Macaque Genome Sequencing and Analysis Consortium</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Apis mellifera</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">벌</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2006</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Insights into social insects from the genome of the honeybee Apis mellifera</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">The Honeybee Genome Sequencing Consortium</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Canis familiaris</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">개</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2005</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Genome sequence, comparative analysis and haplotype structure of the domestic dog</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Lindblad-Toh K et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Pan troglodytes</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">침팬지</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2005</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Initial sequence of the chimpanzee genome and comparison with the human genome</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">The Chimpanzee Sequencing and Analysis Consortium</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Drosophila melanogaster</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">초파리류</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2005</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">Genome Research</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Drosophila melanogaster: A case study of a model genomic sequence and its consequences</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Michael Ashburner et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Bombyx mori</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">누에</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2004</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">science</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">A Draft Sequence for the Genome of the Domesticated Silkworm (Bombyx mori)</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Biology Analysis Group et al.</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Gallus gallus</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">닭</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2004</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Sequence and comparative analysis of the chicken genome provide unique perspectives on vertebrate evolution</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">International Chicken Genome Sequencing Consortium</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Rattus norvegicus</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">집쥐(rat)</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2004</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Genome sequence of the Brown Norway rat yields insights into mammalian evolution</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Rat Genome Sequencing Project Consortium</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Tetraodon nigroviridis</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">초록복어</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2004</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Genome duplication in the teleost fish Tetraodon nigroviridis reveals the early vertebrate proto-karyotype</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Olivier Jaillon</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Ciona intestinalis</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">유령멍게</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2002</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">science</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">The draft genome of Ciona intestinalis: insights into chordate and vertebrate origins</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Dehal P, Satou. et al.</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Fugu rubripes</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">복어</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2002</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">science</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Whole-Genome Shotgun Assembly and Analysis of the Genome of Fugu rubripes</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Samuel Aparicio, et al.</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Mus musculus</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">쥐(mouse)</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2002</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Initial sequencing and comparative analysis of the mouse genome</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Mouse Genome Sequencing Consortium</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 26.4pt" height="35"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 26.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="35"><font face="맑은 고딕">Drosophila melanogaster</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">초파리류</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2000</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">science</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">The Genome Sequence of Drosophila melanogaster<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; width: 79pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl70" width="106"><font face="맑은 고딕">Adams, et al.</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Caenorhabditis elegans</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">예쁜 꼬마 선충</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">1999</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">science</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Genome Sequence of the Nematode C. elegans: A Platform for Investigating Biology<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">C. elegans Sequencing Consortium.</font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 9377470003447922b98df7ab802344326138063a 4506 4505 2012-07-02T07:53:54Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: large"><b>list of sequenced animal&nbsp;genome paper&nbsp;</b></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p> <table style="width: 724pt; border-collapse: collapse" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="968"> <tbody> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: #dbeef3; width: 113pt; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl68" height="23" width="151"><font face="맑은 고딕">학명</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: #dbeef3; width: 78pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl68" width="104"><font face="맑은 고딕">국명</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: #dbeef3; width: 46pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl69" width="62"><font face="맑은 고딕">연도</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: #dbeef3; width: 73pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl69" width="98"><font face="맑은 고딕">저널</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: #dbeef3; width: 335pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl68" width="447"><font face="맑은 고딕">논문명</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: #dbeef3; width: 79pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl68" width="106"><font face="맑은 고딕">저자</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Heliconius melpomene</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">멜포메네 나비</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2012</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Butterfly genome reveals promiscuous exchange of mimicry adaptations among species</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">The Heliconius Genome Consortium<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span></font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Danaus plexippus</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">제왕나비</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2012</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">cell</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">The monarch butterfly genome yields insights into long-distance migration.</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Zhan S et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Gasterosteus aculeatus</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">가시고기</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2012</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">The genomic basis of adaptive evolution in threespine sticklebacks</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Felicity C. Jones et al.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span></font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Gorilla gorilla</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">고릴라</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2012</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Insights into hominid evolution from the gorilla genome sequence.</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Scally A et al.</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Ascaris suum</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">돼지회충</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2011</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Ascaris suum draft genome</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Aaron R. Jex et al.</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Tetranychus urticae</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">점박이응애</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2011</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">The genome of Tetranychus urticae reveals herbivorous pest adaptations</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Miodrag Grbić et al.</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Heterocephalus glaber</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">두더지쥐</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2011</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Genome sequencing reveals insights into physiology and longevity of the naked mole rat</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Eun Bae Kim et al.</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Anolis carolinensis</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">도마뱀</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2011</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">The genome of the green anole lizard and a comparative analysis with birds and mammals</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Jessica Alf&ouml;ldi et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 26.4pt" height="35"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 26.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="35"><font face="맑은 고딕">Sarcophilus harrisii</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">타스마니안데빌</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2011</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">PNAS</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Genetic diversity and population structure of the endangered marsupial Sarcophilus harrisii (Tasmanian devil)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; width: 79pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl70" width="106"><font face="맑은 고딕">Webb Miller</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Acropora digitifera</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">산호</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2011</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Using the Acropora digitifera genome to understand coral responses to environmental change</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Chuya Shinzato et al.</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Pongo abelii</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">오랑우탄</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2011</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Comparative and demographic analysis of orang-utan genomes</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Devin P. Locke et al.</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Gadus morhua</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">대서양대구</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2011</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">The genome sequence of Atlantic cod reveals a unique immune system</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Bastiaan Star et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Macropus eugenii</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">캥거루, 타마왈라비</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2011</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">Genome biology</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Genome sequence of an Australian kangaroo, Macropus eugenii, provides insight into the evolution of mammalian reproduction and development</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Marilyn B Renfree et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 26.4pt" height="35"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 26.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="35"><font face="맑은 고딕">Xenopus tropicalis</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">서양개구리</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2010</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">science</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">The Genome of the Western Clawed Frog Xenopus tropicalis</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; width: 79pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl70" width="106"><font face="맑은 고딕">Hellsten, et al.</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Meleagris gallopavo</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">칠면조, 터키</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2010</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">Plos biology</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Multi-Platform Next-Generation Sequencing of the Domestic Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo): Genome Assembly and Analysis</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Rami A. Dalloul et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Ailuropoda melanoleura</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">팬더</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2010</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">The sequence and de novo assembly of the giant panda genome</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Ruiqiang Li</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Taeniopygia guttata</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">금화조</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2010</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">The genome of a songbird</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Wesley C. Warren et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Bos taurus</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">소</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2009</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">Genome biology</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">The Genome Sequence of Taurine Cattle: A Window to Ruminant Biology and Evolution</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">The Bovine Genome Sequencing and Analysis Consortium</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Equus caballus</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">말</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2009</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">science</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Genome Sequence, Comparative Analysis, and Population Genetics of the Domestic Horse</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">C. M. Wade et al.</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Ornithorhynchus anatinus</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">오리너구리</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2008</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Genome analysis of the platypus reveals unique signatures of evolution.</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Warren WC et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Tribolium castaneum</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">거짓쌀도둑거저리</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2008</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">The genome of the model beetle and pest Tribolium castaneum</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Tribolium Genome Sequencing Consortium</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Callorhinchus milii</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">상어</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2007</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">Plos biology</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Survey Sequencing and Comparative Analysis of the Elephant Shark (Callorhinchus milii) Genome</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Byrappa Venkatesh</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Monodelphis domestica</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">주머니쥐</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2007</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Genome of the marsupial Monodelphis domestica reveals innovation in non-coding sequences</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Mikkelsen TS et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Felis catus</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">고양이</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2007</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">Genome Research</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Initial sequence and comparative analysis of the cat genome</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Joan U. Pontius et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-before: always; height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Macaca mulatta</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">마카크원숭이</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2007</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">science</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Evolutionary and Biomedical Insights from the Rhesus Macaque Genome</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Rhesus Macaque Genome Sequencing and Analysis Consortium</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Apis mellifera</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">벌</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2006</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Insights into social insects from the genome of the honeybee Apis mellifera</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">The Honeybee Genome Sequencing Consortium</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Canis familiaris</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">개</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2005</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Genome sequence, comparative analysis and haplotype structure of the domestic dog</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Lindblad-Toh K et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Pan troglodytes</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">침팬지</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2005</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Initial sequence of the chimpanzee genome and comparison with the human genome</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">The Chimpanzee Sequencing and Analysis Consortium</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Drosophila melanogaster</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">초파리류</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2005</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">Genome Research</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Drosophila melanogaster: A case study of a model genomic sequence and its consequences</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Michael Ashburner et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Bombyx mori</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">누에</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2004</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">science</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">A Draft Sequence for the Genome of the Domesticated Silkworm (Bombyx mori)</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Biology Analysis Group et al.</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Gallus gallus</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">닭</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2004</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Sequence and comparative analysis of the chicken genome provide unique perspectives on vertebrate evolution</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">International Chicken Genome Sequencing Consortium</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Rattus norvegicus</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">집쥐(rat)</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2004</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Genome sequence of the Brown Norway rat yields insights into mammalian evolution</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Rat Genome Sequencing Project Consortium</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Tetraodon nigroviridis</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">초록복어</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2004</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Genome duplication in the teleost fish Tetraodon nigroviridis reveals the early vertebrate proto-karyotype</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Olivier Jaillon</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Ciona intestinalis</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">유령멍게</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2002</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">science</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">The draft genome of Ciona intestinalis: insights into chordate and vertebrate origins</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Dehal P, Satou. et al.</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Fugu rubripes</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">복어</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2002</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">science</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Whole-Genome Shotgun Assembly and Analysis of the Genome of Fugu rubripes</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Samuel Aparicio, et al.</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Mus musculus</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">쥐(mouse)</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2002</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Initial sequencing and comparative analysis of the mouse genome</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Mouse Genome Sequencing Consortium</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 26.4pt" height="35"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 26.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="35"><font face="맑은 고딕">Drosophila melanogaster</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">초파리류</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2000</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">science</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">The Genome Sequence of Drosophila melanogaster<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; width: 79pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl70" width="106"><font face="맑은 고딕">Adams, et al.</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Caenorhabditis elegans</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">예쁜 꼬마 선충</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">1999</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">science</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Genome Sequence of the Nematode C. elegans: A Platform for Investigating Biology<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">C. elegans Sequencing Consortium.</font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 48c103dfd632a6454dd0ac166dc12459c4ed5edc 4507 4506 2012-07-02T08:00:33Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: large"><b>list of sequenced animal&nbsp;genome paper&nbsp;</b></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p> <table style="width: 724pt; border-collapse: collapse" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="968"> <tbody> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: #dbeef3; width: 113pt; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl68" height="23" width="151"><font face="맑은 고딕">학명</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: #dbeef3; width: 78pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl68" width="104"><font face="맑은 고딕">국명</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: #dbeef3; width: 46pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl69" width="62"><font face="맑은 고딕">연도</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: #dbeef3; width: 73pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl69" width="98"><font face="맑은 고딕">저널</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: #dbeef3; width: 335pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl68" width="447"><font face="맑은 고딕">논문명</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: #dbeef3; width: 79pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl68" width="106"><font face="맑은 고딕">저자</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Heliconius melpomene</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">멜포메네 나비</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2012</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature11041.html">Butterfly genome reveals promiscuous exchange of mimicry adaptations among species</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">The Heliconius Genome Consortium<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span></font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Danaus plexippus</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">제왕나비</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2012</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">cell</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.cell.com/retrieve/pii/S0092867411012682">The monarch butterfly genome yields insights into long-distance migration.</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Zhan S et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Gasterosteus aculeatus</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">가시고기</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2012</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v484/n7392/full/nature10944.html">The genomic basis of adaptive evolution in threespine sticklebacks</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Felicity C. Jones et al.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span></font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Gorilla gorilla</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">고릴라</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2012</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v483/n7388/full/nature10842.html">Insights into hominid evolution from the gorilla genome sequence.</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Scally A et al.</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Ascaris suum</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">돼지회충</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2011</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v479/n7374/full/nature10553.html">Ascaris suum draft genome</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Aaron R. Jex et al.</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Tetranychus urticae</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">점박이응애</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2011</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v479/n7374/full/nature10640.html">The genome of Tetranychus urticae reveals herbivorous pest adaptations</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Miodrag Grbić et al.</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Heterocephalus glaber</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">두더지쥐</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2011</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v479/n7372/full/nature10533.html">Genome sequencing reveals insights into physiology and longevity of the naked mole rat</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Eun Bae Kim et al.</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Anolis carolinensis</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">도마뱀</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2011</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v477/n7366/full/nature10390.html">The genome of the green anole lizard and a comparative analysis with birds and mammals</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Jessica Alf&ouml;ldi et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 26.4pt" height="35"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 26.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="35"><font face="맑은 고딕">Sarcophilus harrisii</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">타스마니안데빌</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2011</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">PNAS</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/108/30/12348">Genetic diversity and population structure of the endangered marsupial Sarcophilus harrisii (Tasmanian devil)</a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; width: 79pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl70" width="106"><font face="맑은 고딕">Webb Miller</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Acropora digitifera</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">산호</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2011</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v476/n7360/full/nature10249.html">Using the Acropora digitifera genome to understand coral responses to environmental change</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Chuya Shinzato et al.</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Pongo abelii</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">오랑우탄</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2011</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v469/n7331/full/nature09687.html">Comparative and demographic analysis of orang-utan genomes</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Devin P. Locke et al.</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Gadus morhua</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">대서양대구</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2011</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v477/n7363/full/nature10342.html">The genome sequence of Atlantic cod reveals a unique immune system</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Bastiaan Star et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Macropus eugenii</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">캥거루, 타마왈라비</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2011</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">Genome biology</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://genomebiology.com/2011/12/8/R81/abstract">Genome sequence of an Australian kangaroo, Macropus eugenii, provides insight into the evolution of mammalian reproduction and development</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Marilyn B Renfree et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 26.4pt" height="35"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 26.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="35"><font face="맑은 고딕">Xenopus tropicalis</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">서양개구리</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2010</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">science</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/328/5978/633.long">The Genome of the Western Clawed Frog Xenopus tropicalis</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; width: 79pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl70" width="106"><font face="맑은 고딕">Hellsten, et al.</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Meleagris gallopavo</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">칠면조, 터키</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2010</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">Plos biology</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1000475">Multi-Platform Next-Generation Sequencing of the Domestic Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo): Genome Assembly and Analysis</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Rami A. Dalloul et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Ailuropoda melanoleura</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">팬더</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2010</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v463/n7279/full/nature08696.html">The sequence and de novo assembly of the giant panda genome</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Ruiqiang Li</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Taeniopygia guttata</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">금화조</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2010</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v464/n7289/full/nature08819.html">The genome of a songbird</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Wesley C. Warren et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Bos taurus</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">소</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2009</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">Genome biology</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/324/5926/522.long">The Genome Sequence of Taurine Cattle: A Window to Ruminant Biology and Evolution</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">The Bovine Genome Sequencing and Analysis Consortium</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Equus caballus</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">말</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2009</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">science</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/326/5954/865">Genome Sequence, Comparative Analysis, and Population Genetics of the Domestic Horse</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">C. M. Wade et al.</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Ornithorhynchus anatinus</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">오리너구리</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2008</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v453/n7192/full/nature06936.html">Genome analysis of the platypus reveals unique signatures of evolution.</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Warren WC et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Tribolium castaneum</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">거짓쌀도둑거저리</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2008</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v452/n7190/full/nature06784.html">The genome of the model beetle and pest Tribolium castaneum</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Tribolium Genome Sequencing Consortium</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Callorhinchus milii</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">상어</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2007</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">Plos biology</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.0050101">Survey Sequencing and Comparative Analysis of the Elephant Shark (Callorhinchus milii) Genome</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Byrappa Venkatesh</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Monodelphis domestica</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">주머니쥐</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2007</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v447/n7141/full/nature05805.html">Genome of the marsupial Monodelphis domestica reveals innovation in non-coding sequences</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Mikkelsen TS et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Felis catus</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">고양이</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2007</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">Genome Research</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://genome.cshlp.org/content/17/11/1675">Initial sequence and comparative analysis of the cat genome</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Joan U. Pontius et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-before: always; height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Macaca mulatta</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">마카크원숭이</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2007</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">science</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/316/5822/222.long">Evolutionary and Biomedical Insights from the Rhesus Macaque Genome</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Rhesus Macaque Genome Sequencing and Analysis Consortium</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Apis mellifera</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">벌</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2006</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2048586/?tool=pubmed">Insights into social insects from the genome of the honeybee Apis mellifera</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">The Honeybee Genome Sequencing Consortium</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Canis familiaris</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">개</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2005</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v438/n7069/full/nature04338.html">Genome sequence, comparative analysis and haplotype structure of the domestic dog</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Lindblad-Toh K et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Pan troglodytes</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">침팬지</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2005</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v437/n7055/full/nature04072.html">Initial sequence of the chimpanzee genome and comparison with the human genome</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">The Chimpanzee Sequencing and Analysis Consortium</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Drosophila melanogaster</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">초파리류</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2005</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">Genome Research</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://genome.cshlp.org/content/15/12/1661">Drosophila melanogaster: A case study of a model genomic sequence and its consequences</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Michael Ashburner et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Bombyx mori</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">누에</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2004</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">science</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/306/5703/1937.long">A Draft Sequence for the Genome of the Domesticated Silkworm (Bombyx mori)</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Biology Analysis Group et al.</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Gallus gallus</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">닭</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2004</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v432/n7018/full/nature03154.html">Sequence and comparative analysis of the chicken genome provide unique perspectives on vertebrate evolution</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">International Chicken Genome Sequencing Consortium</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Rattus norvegicus</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">집쥐(rat)</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2004</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v428/n6982/full/nature02426.html">Genome sequence of the Brown Norway rat yields insights into mammalian evolution</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Rat Genome Sequencing Project Consortium</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Tetraodon nigroviridis</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">초록복어</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2004</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v431/n7011/full/nature03025.html">Genome duplication in the teleost fish Tetraodon nigroviridis reveals the early vertebrate proto-karyotype</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Olivier Jaillon</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Ciona intestinalis</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">유령멍게</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2002</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">science</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/298/5601/2157.long">The draft genome of Ciona intestinalis: insights into chordate and vertebrate origins</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Dehal P, Satou. et al.</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Fugu rubripes</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">복어</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2002</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">science</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/297/5585/1301.full.html">Whole-Genome Shotgun Assembly and Analysis of the Genome of Fugu rubripes</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Samuel Aparicio, et al.</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Mus musculus</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">쥐(mouse)</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2002</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v420/n6915/abs/nature01262.html">Initial sequencing and comparative analysis of the mouse genome</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Mouse Genome Sequencing Consortium</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 26.4pt" height="35"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 26.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="35"><font face="맑은 고딕">Drosophila melanogaster</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">초파리류</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2000</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">science</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/287/5461/2185.long">The Genome Sequence of Drosophila melanogaster</a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; width: 79pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl70" width="106"><font face="맑은 고딕">Adams, et al.</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Caenorhabditis elegans</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">예쁜 꼬마 선충</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">1999</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">science</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/282/5396/2012.long">Genome Sequence of the Nematode C. elegans: A Platform for Investigating Biology</a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">C. elegans Sequencing Consortium.</font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> c3b8612f325404cd71d6d05a2a09ad7d434ff740 0 1984 4508 4502 2012-07-02T08:06:39Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: large">Animal Genomics</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>[[Open Tiger Genome Project]] by GRF, Korea.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size: large"><b>list of sequenced animal&nbsp;genome paper&nbsp;</b></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p> <table style="width: 724pt; border-collapse: collapse" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="968"> <tbody> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: #dbeef3; width: 113pt; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl68" height="23" width="151"><font face="맑은 고딕">학명</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: #dbeef3; width: 78pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl68" width="104"><font face="맑은 고딕">국명</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: #dbeef3; width: 46pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl69" width="62"><font face="맑은 고딕">연도</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: #dbeef3; width: 73pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl69" width="98"><font face="맑은 고딕">저널</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: #dbeef3; width: 335pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl68" width="447"><font face="맑은 고딕">논문명</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: #dbeef3; width: 79pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl68" width="106"><font face="맑은 고딕">저자</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Heliconius melpomene</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">멜포메네 나비</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2012</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature11041.html">Butterfly genome reveals promiscuous exchange of mimicry adaptations among species</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">The Heliconius Genome Consortium<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span></font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Danaus plexippus</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">제왕나비</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2012</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">cell</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.cell.com/retrieve/pii/S0092867411012682">The monarch butterfly genome yields insights into long-distance migration.</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Zhan S et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Gasterosteus aculeatus</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">가시고기</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2012</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v484/n7392/full/nature10944.html">The genomic basis of adaptive evolution in threespine sticklebacks</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Felicity C. Jones et al.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span></font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Gorilla gorilla</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">고릴라</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2012</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v483/n7388/full/nature10842.html">Insights into hominid evolution from the gorilla genome sequence.</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Scally A et al.</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Ascaris suum</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">돼지회충</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2011</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v479/n7374/full/nature10553.html">Ascaris suum draft genome</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Aaron R. Jex et al.</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Tetranychus urticae</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">점박이응애</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2011</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v479/n7374/full/nature10640.html">The genome of Tetranychus urticae reveals herbivorous pest adaptations</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Miodrag Grbić et al.</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Heterocephalus glaber</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">두더지쥐</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2011</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v479/n7372/full/nature10533.html">Genome sequencing reveals insights into physiology and longevity of the naked mole rat</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Eun Bae Kim et al.</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Anolis carolinensis</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">도마뱀</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2011</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v477/n7366/full/nature10390.html">The genome of the green anole lizard and a comparative analysis with birds and mammals</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Jessica Alf&ouml;ldi et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 26.4pt" height="35"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 26.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="35"><font face="맑은 고딕">Sarcophilus harrisii</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">타스마니안데빌</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2011</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">PNAS</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/108/30/12348">Genetic diversity and population structure of the endangered marsupial Sarcophilus harrisii (Tasmanian devil)</a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; width: 79pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl70" width="106"><font face="맑은 고딕">Webb Miller</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Acropora digitifera</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">산호</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2011</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v476/n7360/full/nature10249.html">Using the Acropora digitifera genome to understand coral responses to environmental change</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Chuya Shinzato et al.</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Pongo abelii</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">오랑우탄</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2011</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v469/n7331/full/nature09687.html">Comparative and demographic analysis of orang-utan genomes</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Devin P. Locke et al.</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Gadus morhua</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">대서양대구</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2011</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v477/n7363/full/nature10342.html">The genome sequence of Atlantic cod reveals a unique immune system</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Bastiaan Star et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Macropus eugenii</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">캥거루, 타마왈라비</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2011</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">Genome biology</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://genomebiology.com/2011/12/8/R81/abstract">Genome sequence of an Australian kangaroo, Macropus eugenii, provides insight into the evolution of mammalian reproduction and development</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Marilyn B Renfree et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 26.4pt" height="35"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 26.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="35"><font face="맑은 고딕">Xenopus tropicalis</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">서양개구리</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2010</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">science</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/328/5978/633.long">The Genome of the Western Clawed Frog Xenopus tropicalis</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; width: 79pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl70" width="106"><font face="맑은 고딕">Hellsten, et al.</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Meleagris gallopavo</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">칠면조, 터키</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2010</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">Plos biology</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1000475">Multi-Platform Next-Generation Sequencing of the Domestic Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo): Genome Assembly and Analysis</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Rami A. Dalloul et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Ailuropoda melanoleura</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">팬더</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2010</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v463/n7279/full/nature08696.html">The sequence and de novo assembly of the giant panda genome</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Ruiqiang Li</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Taeniopygia guttata</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">금화조</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2010</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v464/n7289/full/nature08819.html">The genome of a songbird</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Wesley C. Warren et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Bos taurus</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">소</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2009</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">Genome biology</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/324/5926/522.long">The Genome Sequence of Taurine Cattle: A Window to Ruminant Biology and Evolution</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">The Bovine Genome Sequencing and Analysis Consortium</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Equus caballus</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">말</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2009</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">science</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/326/5954/865">Genome Sequence, Comparative Analysis, and Population Genetics of the Domestic Horse</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">C. M. Wade et al.</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Ornithorhynchus anatinus</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">오리너구리</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2008</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v453/n7192/full/nature06936.html">Genome analysis of the platypus reveals unique signatures of evolution.</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Warren WC et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Tribolium castaneum</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">거짓쌀도둑거저리</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2008</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v452/n7190/full/nature06784.html">The genome of the model beetle and pest Tribolium castaneum</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Tribolium Genome Sequencing Consortium</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Callorhinchus milii</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">상어</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2007</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">Plos biology</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.0050101">Survey Sequencing and Comparative Analysis of the Elephant Shark (Callorhinchus milii) Genome</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Byrappa Venkatesh</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Monodelphis domestica</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">주머니쥐</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2007</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v447/n7141/full/nature05805.html">Genome of the marsupial Monodelphis domestica reveals innovation in non-coding sequences</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Mikkelsen TS et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Felis catus</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">고양이</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2007</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">Genome Research</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://genome.cshlp.org/content/17/11/1675">Initial sequence and comparative analysis of the cat genome</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Joan U. Pontius et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-before: always; height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Macaca mulatta</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">마카크원숭이</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2007</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">science</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/316/5822/222.long">Evolutionary and Biomedical Insights from the Rhesus Macaque Genome</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Rhesus Macaque Genome Sequencing and Analysis Consortium</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Apis mellifera</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">벌</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2006</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2048586/?tool=pubmed">Insights into social insects from the genome of the honeybee Apis mellifera</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">The Honeybee Genome Sequencing Consortium</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Canis familiaris</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">개</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2005</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v438/n7069/full/nature04338.html">Genome sequence, comparative analysis and haplotype structure of the domestic dog</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Lindblad-Toh K et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Pan troglodytes</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">침팬지</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2005</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v437/n7055/full/nature04072.html">Initial sequence of the chimpanzee genome and comparison with the human genome</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">The Chimpanzee Sequencing and Analysis Consortium</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Drosophila melanogaster</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">초파리류</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2005</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">Genome Research</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://genome.cshlp.org/content/15/12/1661">Drosophila melanogaster: A case study of a model genomic sequence and its consequences</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Michael Ashburner et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Bombyx mori</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">누에</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2004</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">science</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/306/5703/1937.long">A Draft Sequence for the Genome of the Domesticated Silkworm (Bombyx mori)</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Biology Analysis Group et al.</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Gallus gallus</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">닭</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2004</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v432/n7018/full/nature03154.html">Sequence and comparative analysis of the chicken genome provide unique perspectives on vertebrate evolution</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">International Chicken Genome Sequencing Consortium</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Rattus norvegicus</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">집쥐(rat)</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2004</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v428/n6982/full/nature02426.html">Genome sequence of the Brown Norway rat yields insights into mammalian evolution</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Rat Genome Sequencing Project Consortium</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Tetraodon nigroviridis</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">초록복어</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2004</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v431/n7011/full/nature03025.html">Genome duplication in the teleost fish Tetraodon nigroviridis reveals the early vertebrate proto-karyotype</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Olivier Jaillon</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Ciona intestinalis</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">유령멍게</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2002</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">science</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/298/5601/2157.long">The draft genome of Ciona intestinalis: insights into chordate and vertebrate origins</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Dehal P, Satou. et al.</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Fugu rubripes</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">복어</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2002</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">science</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/297/5585/1301.full.html">Whole-Genome Shotgun Assembly and Analysis of the Genome of Fugu rubripes</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Samuel Aparicio, et al.</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Mus musculus</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">쥐(mouse)</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2002</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v420/n6915/abs/nature01262.html">Initial sequencing and comparative analysis of the mouse genome</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Mouse Genome Sequencing Consortium</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 26.4pt" height="35"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 26.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="35"><font face="맑은 고딕">Drosophila melanogaster</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">초파리류</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2000</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">science</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/287/5461/2185.long">The Genome Sequence of Drosophila melanogaster</a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; width: 79pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl70" width="106"><font face="맑은 고딕">Adams, et al.</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Caenorhabditis elegans</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">예쁜 꼬마 선충</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">1999</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">science</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/282/5396/2012.long">Genome Sequence of the Nematode C. elegans: A Platform for Investigating Biology</a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">C. elegans Sequencing Consortium.</font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> e2ba5cfd6df88eea4dc69966e4017dae50794e72 4509 4508 2012-07-02T08:07:46Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: large">Animal Genomics</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>[[Open Tiger Genome Project]] by GRF, Korea.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size: large"><b>list of sequenced animal&nbsp;genome paper&nbsp;</b></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p> <table style="width: 724pt; border-collapse: collapse" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="968"> <tbody> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: #dbeef3; width: 113pt; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl68" height="23" width="151"><font face="맑은 고딕">scientific name</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: #dbeef3; width: 78pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl68" width="104"><font face="맑은 고딕">Korean name</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: #dbeef3; width: 46pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl69" width="62"><font face="맑은 고딕">year</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: #dbeef3; width: 73pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl69" width="98"><font face="맑은 고딕">jurnal</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: #dbeef3; width: 335pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl68" width="447"><font face="맑은 고딕">paper</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: #dbeef3; width: 79pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl68" width="106"><font face="맑은 고딕">author</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Heliconius melpomene</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">멜포메네 나비</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2012</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature11041.html">Butterfly genome reveals promiscuous exchange of mimicry adaptations among species</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">The Heliconius Genome Consortium<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span></font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Danaus plexippus</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">제왕나비</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2012</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">cell</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.cell.com/retrieve/pii/S0092867411012682">The monarch butterfly genome yields insights into long-distance migration.</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Zhan S et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Gasterosteus aculeatus</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">가시고기</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2012</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v484/n7392/full/nature10944.html">The genomic basis of adaptive evolution in threespine sticklebacks</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Felicity C. Jones et al.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span></font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Gorilla gorilla</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">고릴라</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2012</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v483/n7388/full/nature10842.html">Insights into hominid evolution from the gorilla genome sequence.</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Scally A et al.</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Ascaris suum</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">돼지회충</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2011</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v479/n7374/full/nature10553.html">Ascaris suum draft genome</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Aaron R. Jex et al.</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Tetranychus urticae</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">점박이응애</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2011</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v479/n7374/full/nature10640.html">The genome of Tetranychus urticae reveals herbivorous pest adaptations</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Miodrag Grbić et al.</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Heterocephalus glaber</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">두더지쥐</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2011</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v479/n7372/full/nature10533.html">Genome sequencing reveals insights into physiology and longevity of the naked mole rat</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Eun Bae Kim et al.</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Anolis carolinensis</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">도마뱀</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2011</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v477/n7366/full/nature10390.html">The genome of the green anole lizard and a comparative analysis with birds and mammals</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Jessica Alf&ouml;ldi et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 26.4pt" height="35"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 26.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="35"><font face="맑은 고딕">Sarcophilus harrisii</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">타스마니안데빌</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2011</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">PNAS</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/108/30/12348">Genetic diversity and population structure of the endangered marsupial Sarcophilus harrisii (Tasmanian devil)</a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; width: 79pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl70" width="106"><font face="맑은 고딕">Webb Miller</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Acropora digitifera</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">산호</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2011</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v476/n7360/full/nature10249.html">Using the Acropora digitifera genome to understand coral responses to environmental change</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Chuya Shinzato et al.</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Pongo abelii</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">오랑우탄</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2011</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v469/n7331/full/nature09687.html">Comparative and demographic analysis of orang-utan genomes</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Devin P. Locke et al.</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Gadus morhua</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">대서양대구</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2011</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v477/n7363/full/nature10342.html">The genome sequence of Atlantic cod reveals a unique immune system</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Bastiaan Star et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Macropus eugenii</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">캥거루, 타마왈라비</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2011</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">Genome biology</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://genomebiology.com/2011/12/8/R81/abstract">Genome sequence of an Australian kangaroo, Macropus eugenii, provides insight into the evolution of mammalian reproduction and development</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Marilyn B Renfree et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 26.4pt" height="35"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 26.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="35"><font face="맑은 고딕">Xenopus tropicalis</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">서양개구리</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2010</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">science</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/328/5978/633.long">The Genome of the Western Clawed Frog Xenopus tropicalis</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; width: 79pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl70" width="106"><font face="맑은 고딕">Hellsten, et al.</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Meleagris gallopavo</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">칠면조, 터키</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2010</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">Plos biology</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1000475">Multi-Platform Next-Generation Sequencing of the Domestic Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo): Genome Assembly and Analysis</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Rami A. Dalloul et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Ailuropoda melanoleura</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">팬더</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2010</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v463/n7279/full/nature08696.html">The sequence and de novo assembly of the giant panda genome</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Ruiqiang Li</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Taeniopygia guttata</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">금화조</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2010</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v464/n7289/full/nature08819.html">The genome of a songbird</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Wesley C. Warren et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Bos taurus</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">소</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2009</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">Genome biology</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/324/5926/522.long">The Genome Sequence of Taurine Cattle: A Window to Ruminant Biology and Evolution</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">The Bovine Genome Sequencing and Analysis Consortium</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Equus caballus</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">말</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2009</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">science</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/326/5954/865">Genome Sequence, Comparative Analysis, and Population Genetics of the Domestic Horse</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">C. M. Wade et al.</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Ornithorhynchus anatinus</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">오리너구리</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2008</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v453/n7192/full/nature06936.html">Genome analysis of the platypus reveals unique signatures of evolution.</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Warren WC et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Tribolium castaneum</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">거짓쌀도둑거저리</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2008</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v452/n7190/full/nature06784.html">The genome of the model beetle and pest Tribolium castaneum</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Tribolium Genome Sequencing Consortium</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Callorhinchus milii</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">상어</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2007</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">Plos biology</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.0050101">Survey Sequencing and Comparative Analysis of the Elephant Shark (Callorhinchus milii) Genome</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Byrappa Venkatesh</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Monodelphis domestica</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">주머니쥐</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2007</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v447/n7141/full/nature05805.html">Genome of the marsupial Monodelphis domestica reveals innovation in non-coding sequences</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Mikkelsen TS et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Felis catus</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">고양이</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2007</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">Genome Research</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://genome.cshlp.org/content/17/11/1675">Initial sequence and comparative analysis of the cat genome</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Joan U. Pontius et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-before: always; height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Macaca mulatta</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">마카크원숭이</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2007</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">science</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/316/5822/222.long">Evolutionary and Biomedical Insights from the Rhesus Macaque Genome</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Rhesus Macaque Genome Sequencing and Analysis Consortium</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Apis mellifera</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">벌</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2006</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2048586/?tool=pubmed">Insights into social insects from the genome of the honeybee Apis mellifera</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">The Honeybee Genome Sequencing Consortium</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Canis familiaris</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">개</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2005</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v438/n7069/full/nature04338.html">Genome sequence, comparative analysis and haplotype structure of the domestic dog</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Lindblad-Toh K et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Pan troglodytes</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">침팬지</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2005</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v437/n7055/full/nature04072.html">Initial sequence of the chimpanzee genome and comparison with the human genome</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">The Chimpanzee Sequencing and Analysis Consortium</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Drosophila melanogaster</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">초파리류</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2005</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">Genome Research</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://genome.cshlp.org/content/15/12/1661">Drosophila melanogaster: A case study of a model genomic sequence and its consequences</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Michael Ashburner et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Bombyx mori</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">누에</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2004</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">science</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/306/5703/1937.long">A Draft Sequence for the Genome of the Domesticated Silkworm (Bombyx mori)</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Biology Analysis Group et al.</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Gallus gallus</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">닭</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2004</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v432/n7018/full/nature03154.html">Sequence and comparative analysis of the chicken genome provide unique perspectives on vertebrate evolution</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">International Chicken Genome Sequencing Consortium</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Rattus norvegicus</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">집쥐(rat)</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2004</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v428/n6982/full/nature02426.html">Genome sequence of the Brown Norway rat yields insights into mammalian evolution</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Rat Genome Sequencing Project Consortium</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Tetraodon nigroviridis</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">초록복어</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2004</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v431/n7011/full/nature03025.html">Genome duplication in the teleost fish Tetraodon nigroviridis reveals the early vertebrate proto-karyotype</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Olivier Jaillon</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Ciona intestinalis</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">유령멍게</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2002</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">science</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/298/5601/2157.long">The draft genome of Ciona intestinalis: insights into chordate and vertebrate origins</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Dehal P, Satou. et al.</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Fugu rubripes</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">복어</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2002</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">science</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/297/5585/1301.full.html">Whole-Genome Shotgun Assembly and Analysis of the Genome of Fugu rubripes</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Samuel Aparicio, et al.</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Mus musculus</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">쥐(mouse)</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2002</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v420/n6915/abs/nature01262.html">Initial sequencing and comparative analysis of the mouse genome</a></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">Mouse Genome Sequencing Consortium</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 26.4pt" height="35"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 26.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="35"><font face="맑은 고딕">Drosophila melanogaster</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">초파리류</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">2000</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">science</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/287/5461/2185.long">The Genome Sequence of Drosophila melanogaster</a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; width: 79pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl70" width="106"><font face="맑은 고딕">Adams, et al.</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.4pt" height="23"> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; height: 17.4pt; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65" height="23"><font face="맑은 고딕">Caenorhabditis elegans</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">예쁜 꼬마 선충</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">1999</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl66"><font face="맑은 고딕">science</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕"><a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/282/5396/2012.long">Genome Sequence of the Nematode C. elegans: A Platform for Investigating Biology</a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; background-color: transparent; border-top: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0" class="xl65"><font face="맑은 고딕">C. elegans Sequencing Consortium.</font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 41823e542b716d430b9a193c998beaf2a75d9983 0 2631 4510 4507 2012-07-02T08:13:19Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: large"><b>list of sequenced plant genome paper<br /> </b></span></p> <p>&nbsp; <table style="width: 735pt; border-collapse: collapse" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="981"> <colgroup><col style="width: 120pt; mso-width-source: userset; mso-width-alt: 5120" width="160" /><col style="width: 61pt; mso-width-source: userset; mso-width-alt: 2611" width="82" /><col style="width: 47pt; mso-width-source: userset; mso-width-alt: 1996" width="62" /><col style="width: 56pt; mso-width-source: userset; mso-width-alt: 2406" width="75" /><col style="width: 347pt; mso-width-source: userset; mso-width-alt: 14822" width="463" /><col style="width: 104pt; mso-width-source: userset; mso-width-alt: 4454" width="139" /></colgroup> <tbody> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: #dbeef3; width: 120pt; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl65" height="14" width="160"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">scientific name</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: #dbeef3; width: 61pt; border-top: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl65" width="82"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Korean name</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: #dbeef3; width: 47pt; border-top: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl68" width="62"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">year</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: #dbeef3; width: 56pt; border-top: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl68" width="75"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">jurnal</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: #dbeef3; width: 347pt; border-top: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl65" width="463"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">paper</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: #dbeef3; width: 104pt; border-top: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl65" width="139"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">author</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2"><font face="맑은 고딕">Arabidopsis thaliana<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span></font></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">애기장대</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2000</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Analysis of the genome sequence of the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana.</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Arabidopsis Genome Initiative</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2"><font face="맑은 고딕">Arabidopsis thaliana<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span></font></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">애기장대</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2008</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">genome research</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Sequencing of natural strains of Arabidopsis thaliana with short reads</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Stephan Ossowski et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Oryza sativa L.</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">쌀</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2002</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">science</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2"><font face="맑은 고딕">A Draft Sequence of the Rice Genome (Oryza sativa L. ssp. japonica)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span></font></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Stephen A. Goff et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Corchorus Olitorius</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">모로헤이야, 몰로키아</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2005</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Plant Tissue Cult. &amp; Biotech</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Preliminary Progress in Jute (Corchorus species) Genome Analysis</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Ahmad S. Islam et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Populus trichocarpa</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Black Cottonwood</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2006</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">science</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2"><font face="맑은 고딕">The Genome of Black Cottonwood, Populus trichocarpa (Torr. &amp; Gray)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span></font></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">G. A. Tuskan et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Chlamydomonas reinhardtii</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">녹조류</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2007</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">science</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">The Chlamydomonas Genome Reveals the Evolution of Key Animal and Plant Functions</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Merchant SS</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Physcomitrella patens</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">이끼류</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2008</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">science</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">The Physcomitrella Genome Reveals Evolutionary Insights into the Conquest of Land by Plants</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Stefan A. Rensing et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Carica papaya</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">파파야</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2008</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">The draft genome of the transgenic tropical fruit tree papaya (Carica papaya Linnaeus)</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Ray Ming et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Lotus japonicus</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">벌노랑이</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2008</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2"><font face="맑은 고딕">DNA Research<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span></font></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Genome Structure of the Legume, Lotus japonicus</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Sato S et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Sorghum bicolor</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">수수</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2009</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">The Sorghum bicolor genome and the diversification of grasses</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Andrew H. Paterson et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Cucumis sativus L.</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">오이</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2009</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">nature genetics</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">The genome of the cucumber, Cucumis sativus L.</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Sanwen Huang et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Zea mays</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">옥수수</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2009</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">science</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">The B73 Maize Genome: Complexity, Diversity, and Dynamics</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Patrick S. Schnable, et al.</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Fragaria vesca</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">딸기</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2010</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">nature genetics</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">The genome of woodland strawberry (Fragaria vesca)</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Vladimir Shulaev et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Malus &times; domestica Borkh</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">사과</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2010</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">nature genetics</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">The genome of the domesticated apple (Malus &times; domestica Borkh.)</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Velasco R et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Theobroma cacao</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">카카오</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2010</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">nature genetics</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">The genome of Theobroma cacao</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Xavier Argout et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Brachypodium distachyon</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">야생잔디</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2010</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Genome sequencing and analysis of the model grass Brachypodium distachyon</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">The International Brachypodium Initiative</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Solanum tuberosum L.</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">감자</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2011</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Genome sequence and analysis of the tuber crop potato</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2"><font face="맑은 고딕">The Potato Genome Sequencing Consortium<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span></font></font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Phoenix dactylifera</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">대추야자</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2011</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">nature biotechnology</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">De novo genome sequencing and comparative genomics of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera)</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Eman K Al-Dous et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Arabidopsis lyrata</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">묏장대</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2011</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">nature genetics</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">The Arabidopsis lyrata genome sequence and the basis of rapid genome size change</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Tina T Hu et al.</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2"><font face="맑은 고딕">Brassica rapa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span></font></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">배추</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2011</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">nature genetics</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">The genome of the mesopolyploid crop species Brassica rapa</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">The Brassica rapa Genome Sequencing Project Consortium</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Thellungiella parvula</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">극한환경 적응 식물</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2011</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">nature genetics</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">The genome of the extremophile crucifer Thellungiella parvula</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Dassanayake M</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Cajanus cajan</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">비둘기콩</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2011</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">nature biotechnology</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Draft genome sequence of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan), an orphan legume crop of resource-poor farmers</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Rajeev K Varshney et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Medicago truncatula</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Medicago</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2011</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">The Medicago genome provides insight into the evolution of rhizobial symbioses</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Nevin D. Young et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2"><font face="맑은 고딕">Cannabis sativa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span></font></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">대마</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2011</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">genome biology</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">The draft genome and transcriptome of Cannabis sativa</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Harm van Bakel et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Setaria italica</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">조</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2012</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Reference genome sequence of the model plant Setaria.</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Bennetzen JL et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Solanum lycopersicum</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">토마토</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2012</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">The tomato genome sequence provides insights into fleshy fruit evolution</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2"><font face="맑은 고딕">The Tomato Genome Consortium<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span></font></font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Ganoderma lucidum</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">영지버섯</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2012</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">NATURE COMMUNICATIONS</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Genome sequence of the model medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Shilin Chen et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Vitis vinifera</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">포도</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2007</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Plosone</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">A High Quality Draft Consensus Sequence of the Genome of a Heterozygous Grapevine Variety</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Riccardo Velasco et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Ricinus communis</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">피마자</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2010</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">nature biotechnology</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Draft genome sequence of the oilseed species Ricinus communis</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Agnes P Chan et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Glycine max</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">콩</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2010</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Genome sequence of the palaeopolyploid soybean</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Jeremy Schmutz et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Glycene soja</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">돌콩</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2010</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">PNAS</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Whole-genome sequencing and intensive analysis of the undomesticated soybean (Glycine soja Sieb. and Zucc.) genome</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Moon Young Kim et al.</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Prunus persica</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">복숭아</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2011</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">BMC</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Whole genome sequencing of peach (Prunus persica L.) for SNP identification and selection</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Riaz Ahmad</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Selaginella moellendorffii</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">개부처손 (양치식물)</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2011</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">사이언스 유료논문</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">The Selaginella Genome Identifies Genetic Changes Associated with the Evolution of Vascular Plants</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Jo Ann Banks et al</font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 2826d216c0c51cbfe3b54fed2c7791b035898e83 4512 4510 2012-07-02T08:16:33Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: large"><b>list of sequenced plant genome paper<br /> </b></span></p> <p>&nbsp; <table style="width: 735pt; border-collapse: collapse" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="981"> <tbody> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: #dbeef3; width: 120pt; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl65" height="14" width="160"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">scientific name</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: #dbeef3; width: 61pt; border-top: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl65" width="82"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Korean name</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: #dbeef3; width: 47pt; border-top: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl68" width="62"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">year</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: #dbeef3; width: 56pt; border-top: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl68" width="75"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">jurnal</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: #dbeef3; width: 347pt; border-top: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl65" width="463"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">paper</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: #dbeef3; width: 104pt; border-top: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl65" width="139"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">author</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2"><font face="맑은 고딕">Arabidopsis thaliana<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span></font></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">애기장대</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2000</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Analysis of the genome sequence of the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana.</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Arabidopsis Genome Initiative</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2"><font face="맑은 고딕">Arabidopsis thaliana<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span></font></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">애기장대</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2008</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">genome research</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Sequencing of natural strains of Arabidopsis thaliana with short reads</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Stephan Ossowski et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Oryza sativa L.</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">쌀</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2002</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">science</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2"><font face="맑은 고딕">A Draft Sequence of the Rice Genome (Oryza sativa L. ssp. japonica)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span></font></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Stephen A. Goff et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Corchorus Olitorius</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">모로헤이야, 몰로키아</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2005</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Plant Tissue Cult. &amp; Biotech</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Preliminary Progress in Jute (Corchorus species) Genome Analysis</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Ahmad S. Islam et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Populus trichocarpa</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Black Cottonwood</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2006</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">science</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2"><font face="맑은 고딕">The Genome of Black Cottonwood, Populus trichocarpa (Torr. &amp; Gray)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span></font></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">G. A. Tuskan et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Chlamydomonas reinhardtii</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">녹조류</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2007</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">science</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">The Chlamydomonas Genome Reveals the Evolution of Key Animal and Plant Functions</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Merchant SS</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Physcomitrella patens</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">이끼류</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2008</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">science</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">The Physcomitrella Genome Reveals Evolutionary Insights into the Conquest of Land by Plants</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Stefan A. Rensing et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Carica papaya</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">파파야</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2008</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">The draft genome of the transgenic tropical fruit tree papaya (Carica papaya Linnaeus)</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Ray Ming et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Lotus japonicus</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">벌노랑이</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2008</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2"><font face="맑은 고딕">DNA Research<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span></font></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Genome Structure of the Legume, Lotus japonicus</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Sato S et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Sorghum bicolor</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">수수</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2009</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">The Sorghum bicolor genome and the diversification of grasses</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Andrew H. Paterson et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Cucumis sativus L.</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">오이</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2009</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">nature genetics</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">The genome of the cucumber, Cucumis sativus L.</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Sanwen Huang et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Zea mays</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">옥수수</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2009</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">science</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">The B73 Maize Genome: Complexity, Diversity, and Dynamics</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Patrick S. Schnable, et al.</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Fragaria vesca</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">딸기</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2010</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">nature genetics</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">The genome of woodland strawberry (Fragaria vesca)</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Vladimir Shulaev et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Malus &times; domestica Borkh</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">사과</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2010</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">nature genetics</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">The genome of the domesticated apple (Malus &times; domestica Borkh.)</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Velasco R et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Theobroma cacao</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">카카오</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2010</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">nature genetics</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">The genome of Theobroma cacao</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Xavier Argout et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Brachypodium distachyon</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">야생잔디</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2010</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Genome sequencing and analysis of the model grass Brachypodium distachyon</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">The International Brachypodium Initiative</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Solanum tuberosum L.</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">감자</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2011</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Genome sequence and analysis of the tuber crop potato</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2"><font face="맑은 고딕">The Potato Genome Sequencing Consortium<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span></font></font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Phoenix dactylifera</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">대추야자</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2011</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">nature biotechnology</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">De novo genome sequencing and comparative genomics of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera)</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Eman K Al-Dous et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Arabidopsis lyrata</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">묏장대</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2011</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">nature genetics</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">The Arabidopsis lyrata genome sequence and the basis of rapid genome size change</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Tina T Hu et al.</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2"><font face="맑은 고딕">Brassica rapa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span></font></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">배추</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2011</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">nature genetics</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">The genome of the mesopolyploid crop species Brassica rapa</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">The Brassica rapa Genome Sequencing Project Consortium</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Thellungiella parvula</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">극한환경 적응 식물</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2011</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">nature genetics</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">The genome of the extremophile crucifer Thellungiella parvula</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Dassanayake M</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Cajanus cajan</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">비둘기콩</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2011</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">nature biotechnology</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Draft genome sequence of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan), an orphan legume crop of resource-poor farmers</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Rajeev K Varshney et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Medicago truncatula</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Medicago</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2011</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">The Medicago genome provides insight into the evolution of rhizobial symbioses</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Nevin D. Young et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2"><font face="맑은 고딕">Cannabis sativa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span></font></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">대마</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2011</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">genome biology</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">The draft genome and transcriptome of Cannabis sativa</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Harm van Bakel et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Setaria italica</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">조</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2012</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Reference genome sequence of the model plant Setaria.</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Bennetzen JL et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Solanum lycopersicum</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">토마토</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2012</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">The tomato genome sequence provides insights into fleshy fruit evolution</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2"><font face="맑은 고딕">The Tomato Genome Consortium<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span></font></font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Ganoderma lucidum</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">영지버섯</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2012</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">NATURE COMMUNICATIONS</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Genome sequence of the model medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Shilin Chen et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Vitis vinifera</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">포도</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2007</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Plosone</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">A High Quality Draft Consensus Sequence of the Genome of a Heterozygous Grapevine Variety</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Riccardo Velasco et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Ricinus communis</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">피마자</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2010</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">nature biotechnology</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Draft genome sequence of the oilseed species Ricinus communis</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Agnes P Chan et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Glycine max</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">콩</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2010</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Genome sequence of the palaeopolyploid soybean</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Jeremy Schmutz et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Glycene soja</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">돌콩</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2010</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">PNAS</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Whole-genome sequencing and intensive analysis of the undomesticated soybean (Glycine soja Sieb. and Zucc.) genome</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Moon Young Kim et al.</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Prunus persica</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">복숭아</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2011</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">BMC</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Whole genome sequencing of peach (Prunus persica L.) for SNP identification and selection</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Riaz Ahmad</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Selaginella moellendorffii</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">개부처손 (양치식물)</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2011</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">사이언스 유료논문</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">The Selaginella Genome Identifies Genetic Changes Associated with the Evolution of Vascular Plants</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Jo Ann Banks et al</font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> <p>&nbsp;</p> b71dede6ddbdaffe175c176994ab559164629f4a 0 1927 4511 3209 2012-07-02T08:14:48Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: large">Plant genomics</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>[[Soybean genomics]]: Glycine max, Glycine soja</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;<span style="font-size: large"><b>list of sequenced plant genome paper<br /> </b></span></p> <p>&nbsp; <table style="width: 735pt; border-collapse: collapse" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="981"> <tbody> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: #dbeef3; width: 120pt; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl65" height="14" width="160"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">scientific name</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: #dbeef3; width: 61pt; border-top: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl65" width="82"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Korean name</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: #dbeef3; width: 47pt; border-top: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl68" width="62"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">year</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: #dbeef3; width: 56pt; border-top: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl68" width="75"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">jurnal</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: #dbeef3; width: 347pt; border-top: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl65" width="463"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">paper</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: #dbeef3; width: 104pt; border-top: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl65" width="139"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">author</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2"><font face="맑은 고딕">Arabidopsis thaliana<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span></font></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">애기장대</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2000</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Analysis of the genome sequence of the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana.</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Arabidopsis Genome Initiative</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2"><font face="맑은 고딕">Arabidopsis thaliana<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span></font></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">애기장대</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2008</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">genome research</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Sequencing of natural strains of Arabidopsis thaliana with short reads</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Stephan Ossowski et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Oryza sativa L.</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">쌀</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2002</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">science</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2"><font face="맑은 고딕">A Draft Sequence of the Rice Genome (Oryza sativa L. ssp. japonica)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span></font></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Stephen A. Goff et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Corchorus Olitorius</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">모로헤이야, 몰로키아</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2005</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Plant Tissue Cult. &amp; Biotech</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Preliminary Progress in Jute (Corchorus species) Genome Analysis</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Ahmad S. Islam et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Populus trichocarpa</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Black Cottonwood</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2006</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">science</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2"><font face="맑은 고딕">The Genome of Black Cottonwood, Populus trichocarpa (Torr. &amp; Gray)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span></font></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">G. A. Tuskan et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Chlamydomonas reinhardtii</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">녹조류</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2007</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">science</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">The Chlamydomonas Genome Reveals the Evolution of Key Animal and Plant Functions</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Merchant SS</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Physcomitrella patens</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">이끼류</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2008</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">science</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">The Physcomitrella Genome Reveals Evolutionary Insights into the Conquest of Land by Plants</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Stefan A. Rensing et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Carica papaya</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">파파야</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2008</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">The draft genome of the transgenic tropical fruit tree papaya (Carica papaya Linnaeus)</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Ray Ming et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Lotus japonicus</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">벌노랑이</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2008</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2"><font face="맑은 고딕">DNA Research<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span></font></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Genome Structure of the Legume, Lotus japonicus</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Sato S et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Sorghum bicolor</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">수수</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2009</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">The Sorghum bicolor genome and the diversification of grasses</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Andrew H. Paterson et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Cucumis sativus L.</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">오이</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2009</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">nature genetics</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">The genome of the cucumber, Cucumis sativus L.</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Sanwen Huang et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Zea mays</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">옥수수</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2009</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">science</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">The B73 Maize Genome: Complexity, Diversity, and Dynamics</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Patrick S. Schnable, et al.</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Fragaria vesca</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">딸기</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2010</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">nature genetics</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">The genome of woodland strawberry (Fragaria vesca)</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Vladimir Shulaev et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Malus &times; domestica Borkh</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">사과</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2010</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">nature genetics</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">The genome of the domesticated apple (Malus &times; domestica Borkh.)</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Velasco R et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Theobroma cacao</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">카카오</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2010</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">nature genetics</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">The genome of Theobroma cacao</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Xavier Argout et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Brachypodium distachyon</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">야생잔디</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2010</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Genome sequencing and analysis of the model grass Brachypodium distachyon</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">The International Brachypodium Initiative</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Solanum tuberosum L.</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">감자</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2011</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Genome sequence and analysis of the tuber crop potato</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2"><font face="맑은 고딕">The Potato Genome Sequencing Consortium<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span></font></font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Phoenix dactylifera</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">대추야자</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2011</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">nature biotechnology</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">De novo genome sequencing and comparative genomics of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera)</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Eman K Al-Dous et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Arabidopsis lyrata</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">묏장대</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2011</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">nature genetics</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">The Arabidopsis lyrata genome sequence and the basis of rapid genome size change</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Tina T Hu et al.</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2"><font face="맑은 고딕">Brassica rapa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span></font></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">배추</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2011</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">nature genetics</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">The genome of the mesopolyploid crop species Brassica rapa</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">The Brassica rapa Genome Sequencing Project Consortium</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Thellungiella parvula</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">극한환경 적응 식물</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2011</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">nature genetics</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">The genome of the extremophile crucifer Thellungiella parvula</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Dassanayake M</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Cajanus cajan</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">비둘기콩</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2011</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">nature biotechnology</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Draft genome sequence of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan), an orphan legume crop of resource-poor farmers</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Rajeev K Varshney et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Medicago truncatula</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Medicago</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2011</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">The Medicago genome provides insight into the evolution of rhizobial symbioses</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Nevin D. Young et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2"><font face="맑은 고딕">Cannabis sativa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span></font></font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">대마</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2011</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">genome biology</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">The draft genome and transcriptome of Cannabis sativa</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Harm van Bakel et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Setaria italica</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">조</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2012</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Reference genome sequence of the model plant Setaria.</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Bennetzen JL et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Solanum lycopersicum</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">토마토</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2012</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">The tomato genome sequence provides insights into fleshy fruit evolution</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2"><font face="맑은 고딕">The Tomato Genome Consortium<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span></font></font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Ganoderma lucidum</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">영지버섯</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2012</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">NATURE COMMUNICATIONS</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Genome sequence of the model medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Shilin Chen et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Vitis vinifera</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">포도</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2007</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Plosone</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">A High Quality Draft Consensus Sequence of the Genome of a Heterozygous Grapevine Variety</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Riccardo Velasco et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Ricinus communis</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">피마자</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2010</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">nature biotechnology</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Draft genome sequence of the oilseed species Ricinus communis</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Agnes P Chan et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Glycine max</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">콩</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2010</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">nature</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Genome sequence of the palaeopolyploid soybean</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Jeremy Schmutz et al</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Glycene soja</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">돌콩</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2010</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">PNAS</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Whole-genome sequencing and intensive analysis of the undomesticated soybean (Glycine soja Sieb. and Zucc.) genome</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Moon Young Kim et al.</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Prunus persica</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">복숭아</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2011</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">BMC</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Whole genome sequencing of peach (Prunus persica L.) for SNP identification and selection</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Riaz Ahmad</font></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 10.8pt" height="14"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; height: 10.8pt; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67" height="14"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Selaginella moellendorffii</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">개부처손 (양치식물)</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">2011</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl69"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">사이언스 유료논문</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">The Selaginella Genome Identifies Genetic Changes Associated with the Evolution of Vascular Plants</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; background-color: transparent; border-top: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid" class="xl67"><font size="2" face="맑은 고딕">Jo Ann Banks et al</font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;<span style="font-size: large">External links</span></p> <p>[http://www.phytozome.org/ Phytozome.org]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 7e15befcc93af0feb1af98d5d6edde86cef63496 0 1942 4513 4503 2012-07-02T08:26:14Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>[[The first bacterium sequenced]]:&nbsp;Haemophilus influenzae<br /> [[The first Cyano bacterium sequenced]]:&nbsp;Synechocystis sp. PCC6803</p> <p>[[The fisrt archae genome sequenced]]:&nbsp;[[Methanococcus jannaschii]]</p> <p>[[Mycoplazma genitalium]]</p> 32abb48d878a8ac48cafd7b67f9ac62b1b73fb77 4516 4513 2012-07-19T04:38:11Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>[[The first bacterium sequenced]]:&nbsp;Haemophilus influenzae<br /> [[The first Cyano bacterium sequenced]]:&nbsp;Synechocystis sp. PCC6803</p> <p>[[The fisrt archae genome sequenced]]:&nbsp;[[Methanococcus jannaschii]]</p> <p>[[Mycoplazma genitalium]]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>[[archaeal genomics]]</p> <p>[[bacterial genomics]]</p> 03446643fc5b26bf6559e41a40a0088d242568b0 4526 4516 2012-07-19T04:58:04Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>[[The first bacterium sequenced]]:&nbsp;Haemophilus influenzae<br /> [[The first Cyano bacterium sequenced]]:&nbsp;Synechocystis sp. PCC6803</p> <p>[[The fisrt archae genome sequenced]]:&nbsp;[[Methanococcus jannaschii]]</p> <p>[[Mycoplazma genitalium]]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><b><span style="font-size: medium">microbial genome paper list</span></b></p> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp; -&nbsp;[[archaeal genomics]]</p> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp; - [[bacterial genomics]]</p> b9e54e1482c229284fd2b688879ea7f6e3f52230 0 2632 4514 2012-07-19T04:29:59Z S 300001 Created page with "<h1><span style="font-size: large"><b>list of sequenced fungi&nbsp;genome paper&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</b></span><span style="font-size: small"><br /> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&n..." wikitext text/x-wiki <h1><span style="font-size: large"><b>list of sequenced fungi&nbsp;genome paper&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</b></span><span style="font-size: small"><br /> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><span style="font-size: medium">Ascomycota&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></h1> <h3><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> Ascomycetes&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></h3> <ol> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Neurospora crassa :</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;붉은빵곰팡이 류,&nbsp;model eukaryote, &nbsp;2003,&nbsp;nature,&nbsp;The genome sequence of the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa,&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v422/n6934/full/nature01554.html"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v422/n6934/full/nature01554.html</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> </ol> <h3><span style="font-size: small">Dothideomycetes&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> </span></h3> <ol> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Leptosphaeria maculans : </span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;&nbsp;plant pathogen,&nbsp;2011,&nbsp;Nature, Communications&nbsp;Effector diversification within compartments of the Leptosphaeria maculans genome affected by Repeat-Induced Point mutations,&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/journal/v2/n2/full/ncomms1189.html"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.nature.com/ncomms/journal/v2/n2/full/ncomms1189.html</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> </ol> <h3><span style="font-size: small">Eurotiomycetes&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></h3> <ol> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Aspergillus fumigatus :&nbsp;</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;human pathogen,&nbsp;2008,&nbsp;PLoS Genetics, &nbsp;Genomic islands in the pathogenic filamentous fungus Aspergillus fumigatus&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Aspergillus fumigatus&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;human pathogen,&nbsp;2005,&nbsp;nature,&nbsp;Genomic sequence of the pathogenic and allergenic filamentous fungus Aspergillus fumigatus,&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v438/n7071/full/nature04332.html"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v438/n7071/full/nature04332.html</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Aspergillus niger :</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;흑국균,&nbsp;industrial use,&nbsp;2007,&nbsp;Nature Biotechnology&nbsp;Genome sequencing and analysis of the versatile cell factory Aspergillus niger CBS 513.88,&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v25/n2/full/nbt1282.html"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v25/n2/full/nbt1282.html</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Aspergillus oryzae :</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;누룩곰팡이,&nbsp;industrial use,&nbsp;2005,&nbsp;nature,&nbsp;Genome sequencing and analysis of Aspergillus oryzae,&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v438/n7071/full/nature04300.html"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v438/n7071/full/nature04300.html</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Coccidioides immitis&nbsp;:&nbsp;</span></b><span style="font-size: small">human pathogen,&nbsp;2009,&nbsp;Genome Res,&nbsp;Comparative genomic analyses of the human fungal pathogens Coccidioides and their relatives,&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="http://genome.cshlp.org/content/19/10/1722"><span style="font-size: small">http://genome.cshlp.org/content/19/10/1722</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Coccidioides posadasii</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;:&nbsp;&nbsp;human pathogen,&nbsp;2009,&nbsp;Genome Res,&nbsp;Comparative genomic analyses of the human fungal pathogens Coccidioides and their relatives, &nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="http://genome.cshlp.org/content/19/10/1722"><span style="font-size: small">http://genome.cshlp.org/content/19/10/1722</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Penicillium chrysogenum :</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;푸른곰팡이속,&nbsp;industrial use, &nbsp;2008,&nbsp;Nature Biotechnology&nbsp;Genome sequencing and analysis of the filamentous fungus Penicillium chrysogenum,&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v26/n10/full/nbt.1498.html"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v26/n10/full/nbt.1498.html</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Penicillium marneffei&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;human pathogen,&nbsp;2011,&nbsp;Eukaryotic Cell&nbsp;Draft Genome Sequence of Penicillium marneffei Strain PM1,&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="http://ec.asm.org/content/10/12/1740"><span style="font-size: small">http://ec.asm.org/content/10/12/1740</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> </ol> <p><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> </span></p> <h3><span style="font-size: small">Leotiomycetes&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> </span></h3> <ol> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Botrytis cinerea&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;plant pathogen&nbsp;2011&nbsp;PLoS Genetics&nbsp;Genomic Analysis of the Necrotrophic Fungal Pathogens Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Botrytis cinerea&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1002230"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1002230</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> </ol> <p><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> </span></p> <h3><span style="font-size: small">Pezizomycetes&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> </span></h3> <ol> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Tuber melanosporum :</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;송로버섯&nbsp;P&eacute;rigord black truffle &nbsp;2010&nbsp;nature&nbsp;P&eacute;rigord black truffle genome uncovers evolutionary origins and mechanisms of symbiosis&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v464/n7291/full/nature08867.html"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v464/n7291/full/nature08867.html</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> </ol> <p><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> </span></p> <h3><span style="font-size: small">Saccharomycetes&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> </span></h3> <ol> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Ashbya gossypii :</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;&nbsp;plant pathogen &nbsp;2004&nbsp;nature&nbsp;The Ashbya gossypii genome as a tool for mapping the ancient Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/304/5668/304"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.sciencemag.org/content/304/5668/304</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Candida albicans :</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;&nbsp;human pathogen &nbsp;2004&nbsp;PNAS&nbsp;The diploid genome sequence of Candida albicans&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/101/19/7329"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.pnas.org/content/101/19/7329</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Candida albicans&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;human pathogen &nbsp;2005&nbsp;Genetics&nbsp;Sequence finishing and gene mapping for Candida albicans chromosome 7 and syntenic analysis against the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.genetics.org/content/170/4/1525.long"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.genetics.org/content/170/4/1525.long</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Candida albicans :</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;&nbsp;human pathogen &nbsp;2009&nbsp;nature(candida 8종 해독)&nbsp;Evolution of pathogenicity and sexual reproduction in eight Candida genomes&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7247/full/nature08064.html"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7247/full/nature08064.html</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Candida glabrata&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;human pathogen &nbsp;2009&nbsp;nature(candida 8종 해독)&nbsp;Evolution of pathogenicity and sexual reproduction in eight Candida genomes&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7247/full/nature08064.html"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7247/full/nature08064.html</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Candida tropicalis&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;human pathogen &nbsp;2009&nbsp;nature(candida 8종 해독)&nbsp;Evolution of pathogenicity and sexual reproduction in eight Candida genomes&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7247/full/nature08064.html"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7247/full/nature08064.html</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Candida parapsilosis&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;human pathogen &nbsp;2009&nbsp;nature(candida 8종 해독)&nbsp;Evolution of pathogenicity and sexual reproduction in eight Candida genomes&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7247/full/nature08064.html"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7247/full/nature08064.html</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Candida krusei&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;human pathogen &nbsp;2009&nbsp;nature(candida 8종 해독)&nbsp;Evolution of pathogenicity and sexual reproduction in eight Candida genomes&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7247/full/nature08064.html"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7247/full/nature08064.html</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Candida lusitaniae&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;human pathogen &nbsp;2009&nbsp;nature(candida 8종 해독)&nbsp;Evolution of pathogenicity and sexual reproduction in eight Candida genomes&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7247/full/nature08064.html"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7247/full/nature08064.html</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Candida guilliermondii&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;human pathogen &nbsp;2009&nbsp;nature(candida 8종 해독)&nbsp;Evolution of pathogenicity and sexual reproduction in eight Candida genomes&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7247/full/nature08064.html"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7247/full/nature08064.html</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Candida lusitaniae&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;human pathogen &nbsp;2009&nbsp;nature(candida 8종 해독)&nbsp;Evolution of pathogenicity and sexual reproduction in eight Candida genomes&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7247/full/nature08064.html"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7247/full/nature08064.html</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Debaryomyces hansenii&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;industrial use&nbsp;2012&nbsp;Eukaryotic Cell&nbsp;Draft Genome Sequence of Salt-Tolerant Yeast Debaryomyces hansenii var. hansenii MTCC 234 &nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="http://ec.asm.org/content/11/7/961.full"><span style="font-size: small">http://ec.asm.org/content/11/7/961.full</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Hansenula polymorpha&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;&nbsp;industrial use &nbsp;2003&nbsp;FEMS Yeast Research&nbsp;The Hansenula polymorpha (strain CBS4732) genome sequencing and analysis&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1016/S1567-1356(03)00125-9/full"><span style="font-size: small">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1016/S1567-1356(03)00125-9/full</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Lachancea (Saccharomyces) kluyveri :</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;plant pathogen &nbsp;2009&nbsp;Genome Res.&nbsp;Unusual composition of a yeast chromosome arm is associated with its delayed replication&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2765276/"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2765276/</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Saccharomyces cerevisiae&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;industrial/model&nbsp;2007&nbsp;Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.&nbsp;Genome sequencing and comparative analysis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain YJM789&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/104/31/12825.long"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.pnas.org/content/104/31/12825.long</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Saccharomyces cerevisiae&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;industrial/model&nbsp;2008&nbsp;PLoS Genetics&nbsp;A Catalog of Neutral and Deleterious Polymorphism in Yeast&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1000183"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1000183</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Saccharomyces cerevisiae&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;industrial/model&nbsp;2008&nbsp;FEMS Yeast Research&nbsp;Comparative genome analysis of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae wine strain&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1567-1364.2008.00434.x/abstract;jsessionid=8A70BABAA07CBDF67AFAA1AE0275FD89.d04t04?systemMessage=Wiley+Online+Library+will+be+disrupted+on+7+July+from+10%3A00-12%3A00+BST+%2805%3A00-07%3A00+EDT%29+for+essential+maintenance"><span style="font-size: small">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1567-1364.2008.00434.x/abstract;jsessionid=8A70BABAA07CBDF67AFAA1AE0275FD89.d04t04?systemMessage=Wiley+Online+Library+will+be+disrupted+on+7+July+from+10%3A00-12%3A00+BST+%2805%3A00-07%3A00+EDT%29+for+essential+maintenance</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Saccharomyces cerevisiae&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;industrial/model&nbsp;2009&nbsp;Genome Res.&nbsp;Genome structure of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain widely used in bioethanol production&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="http://genome.cshlp.org/content/19/12/2258.long"><span style="font-size: small">http://genome.cshlp.org/content/19/12/2258.long</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Pichia stipitis&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;lignin/xylose degrader &nbsp;2007&nbsp;Nature Biotechnology&nbsp;Genome sequence of the lignocellulose-bioconverting and xylose-fermenting yeast Pichia stipitis&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v25/n3/full/nbt1290.html"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v25/n3/full/nbt1290.html</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Saccharomyces pastorianus&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;industrial, beer &nbsp;2009&nbsp;DNA Res&nbsp;Genome Sequence of the Lager Brewing Yeast, an Interspecies Hybrid&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="http://dnaresearch.oxfordjournals.org/content/16/2/115"><span style="font-size: small">http://dnaresearch.oxfordjournals.org/content/16/2/115</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Saccharomyces cerevisiae&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;industrial/model&nbsp;2003&nbsp;nature&nbsp;Sequencing and comparison of yeast species to identify genes and regulatory elements&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v423/n6937/full/nature01644.html"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v423/n6937/full/nature01644.html</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Saccharomyces paradoxus&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;&nbsp;2003&nbsp;nature&nbsp;Sequencing and comparison of yeast species to identify genes and regulatory elements&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v423/n6937/full/nature01644.html"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v423/n6937/full/nature01644.html</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Saccharomyces mikatae&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;&nbsp;2003&nbsp;nature&nbsp;Sequencing and comparison of yeast species to identify genes and regulatory elements&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v423/n6937/full/nature01644.html"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v423/n6937/full/nature01644.html</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Saccharomyces bayanus&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;&nbsp;2003&nbsp;nature&nbsp;Sequencing and comparison of yeast species to identify genes and regulatory elements&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v423/n6937/full/nature01644.html"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v423/n6937/full/nature01644.html</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Yarrowia lipolytica&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;industrial use&nbsp;2004&nbsp;nature&nbsp;Genome evolution in yeasts&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v430/n6995/full/nature02579.html"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v430/n6995/full/nature02579.html</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> </ol> <p><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> </span></p> <h3><span style="font-size: small">Schizosaccharomycetes&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> </span></h3> <ol> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Schizosaccharomyces pombe :</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;&nbsp;model eukaryote &nbsp;2002&nbsp;nature&nbsp;The genome sequence of Schizosaccharomyces pombe&nbsp;V. Wood et al&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v415/n6874/full/nature724.html"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v415/n6874/full/nature724.html</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> </ol> <p><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> </span></p> <h3><span style="font-size: small">Sordariomycetes&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> </span></h3> <ol> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Fusarium oxysporum&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;human/plant pathogen&nbsp;2010&nbsp;nature(Fusarium 3종)&nbsp;Comparative genomics reveals mobile pathogenicity chromosomes in Fusarium&nbsp;Li-Jun Ma et al&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v464/n7287/full/nature08850.html"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v464/n7287/full/nature08850.html</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Fusarium graminearum&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;human/plant pathogen&nbsp;2010&nbsp;nature(Fusarium 3종)&nbsp;Comparative genomics reveals mobile pathogenicity chromosomes in Fusarium&nbsp;Li-Jun Ma et al&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v464/n7287/full/nature08850.html"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v464/n7287/full/nature08850.html</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Fusarium verticillioides :</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;&nbsp;human/plant pathogen&nbsp;2010&nbsp;nature(Fusarium 3종)&nbsp;Comparative genomics reveals mobile pathogenicity chromosomes in Fusarium&nbsp;Li-Jun Ma et al&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v464/n7287/full/nature08850.html"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v464/n7287/full/nature08850.html</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Fusarium graminearum&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;&nbsp;2007&nbsp;Science&nbsp;The Fusarium graminearum genome reveals a link between localized polymorphism and pathogen specialization&nbsp;Cuomo CA et al&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/317/5843/1400"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.sciencemag.org/content/317/5843/1400</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Grosmannia clavigera&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;plant pathogen &nbsp;2011&nbsp;PNAS&nbsp;Genome and transcriptome analyses of the mountain pine beetle-fungal symbiont Grosmannia clavigera, a lodgepole pine pathogen&nbsp;Scott DiGuistini et al&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/18/1011289108"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/18/1011289108</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Magnaporthe grisea&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;plant pathogen&nbsp;2005&nbsp;nature&nbsp;The genome sequence of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea&nbsp;Ralph A. Dean et al&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v434/n7036/full/nature03449.html"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v434/n7036/full/nature03449.html</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Nectria haematococca&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;plastic/pest./lignin degrader &nbsp;2009&nbsp;PLoS Genetics&nbsp;The Genome of Nectria haematococca: Contribution of Supernumerary Chromosomes to Gene Expansion&nbsp;Jeffrey J. Coleman et al&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1000618"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1000618</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Podospora anserina&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;&nbsp;2008&nbsp;Genome Biology&nbsp;The genome sequence of the model ascomycete fungus Podospora anserina&nbsp;Eric Espagne et al&nbsp;</span><a href="http://genomebiology.com/content/9/5/R77"><span style="font-size: small">http://genomebiology.com/content/9/5/R77</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Sporotrichum thermophile&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;thermophilic cellulose degrader &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Myceliophthora thermophila&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;&nbsp;2011&nbsp;Nature Biotechnology&nbsp;Comparative genomic analysis of the thermophilic biomass-degrading fungi Myceliophthora thermophila and Thielavia terrestris&nbsp;Randy M Berka et al&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v29/n10/full/nbt.1976.html"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v29/n10/full/nbt.1976.html</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Thielavia terrestris&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;model thermophile/industrial &nbsp;2011&nbsp;Nature Biotechnology&nbsp;Comparative genomic analysis of the thermophilic biomass-degrading fungi Myceliophthora thermophila and Thielavia terrestris&nbsp;Randy M Berka et al&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v29/n10/full/nbt.1976.html"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v29/n10/full/nbt.1976.html</span></a><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Trichoderma reesei&nbsp;:&nbsp;</span></b><span style="font-size: small">biomass-degrading&nbsp;2008&nbsp;Nature Biotechnology&nbsp;Genome sequencing and analysis of the biomass-degrading fungus Trichoderma reesei (syn. Hypocrea jecorina)&nbsp;Diego Martinez et al&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v26/n5/full/nbt1403.html"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v26/n5/full/nbt1403.html</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> </ol> <p><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> </span></p> <h2><span style="font-size: medium">Basidiomycota&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> </span></h2> <h3><span style="font-size: small">Agaricomycetes&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> </span></h3> <p><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></p> <ol> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Auricularia delicata&nbsp;&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;2012&nbsp;science&nbsp;The Paleozoic origin of enzymatic lignin decomposition reconstructed from 31 funal genomes&nbsp;Floudas, et al.&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/336/6089/1715.long"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.sciencemag.org/content/336/6089/1715.long</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Coprinopsis cinerea&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;model organism for multicellular fungi&nbsp;2010&nbsp;PNAS&nbsp;Insights into evolution of multicellular fungi from the assembled chromosomes of the mushroom Coprinopsis cinerea (Coprinus cinereus) &nbsp;Jason E. Stajich et al&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/107/26/11889"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.pnas.org/content/107/26/11889</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Laccaria bicolor&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;&nbsp;mycorrhiza &nbsp;2007&nbsp;nature&nbsp;The genome of Laccaria bicolor provides insights into mycorrhizal symbiosis&nbsp;F. Martin et al&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v452/n7183/full/nature06556.html"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v452/n7183/full/nature06556.html</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Moniliophthora perniciosa&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;&nbsp;2008&nbsp;BMC Genomics &nbsp;A genome survey of Moniliophthora perniciosa gives new insights into Witches' Broom Disease of cacao&nbsp;Jorge MC Mondego et al&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/9/548"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/9/548</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Phanerochaete chrysosporium :</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;mycoremediation(균류정화법)&nbsp;2004&nbsp;Nature Biotechnology&nbsp;Genome sequence of the lignocellulose degrading fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium strain RP78&nbsp;Diego Martinez et al&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v22/n6/full/nbt967.html"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v22/n6/full/nbt967.html</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Postia placenta :</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;&nbsp;cellulose degrader &nbsp;2009&nbsp;PNAS&nbsp;Genome, transcriptome, and secretome analysis of wood decay fungus Postia placenta supports unique mechanisms of lignocellulose conversion&nbsp;Diego Martinez et al&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/106/6/1954"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.pnas.org/content/106/6/1954</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Schizophyllum commune :</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;&nbsp;model mushroom&nbsp;2010&nbsp;Nature Biotechnology&nbsp;Genome sequence of the model mushroom Schizophyllum commune&nbsp;Robin A Ohm et al&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v28/n9/full/nbt.1643.html"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v28/n9/full/nbt.1643.html</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Serpula lacrymans&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;plant pathogen&nbsp;2011&nbsp;Science&nbsp;The Plant Cell Wall&ndash;Decomposing Machinery Underlies the Functional Diversity of Forest Fungi&nbsp;Daniel C. Eastwood et al&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/333/6043/762"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.sciencemag.org/content/333/6043/762</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> </ol> <p><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> </span></p> <h3><span style="font-size: small">Pucciniomycetes&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> </span></h3> <ol> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Puccinia graminis f. sp. Tritici&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;plant pathogen &nbsp;2011&nbsp;PNAS&nbsp;Obligate biotrophy features unraveled by the genomic analysis of rust fungi&nbsp;S&eacute;bastien Duplessis et al&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/108/22/9166"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.pnas.org/content/108/22/9166</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Cryptococcus neoformans&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;human pathogen&nbsp;2005&nbsp;Science&nbsp;The genome of the basidiomycetous yeast and human pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans&nbsp;Brendan J. Loftus et al&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/307/5713/1321"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.sciencemag.org/content/307/5713/1321</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> </ol> <p><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> </span></p> <h3><span style="font-size: small">Ustilaginomycetes&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> </span></h3> <ol> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Malassezia globosa&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;human/plant pathogen&nbsp;2007&nbsp;PNAS&nbsp;Dandruff-associated Malassezia genomes reveal convergent and divergent virulence traits shared with plant and human fungal pathogens &nbsp;Jun Xu et al&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/104/47/18730"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.pnas.org/content/104/47/18730</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Malassezia restricta&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;dandruff-associated &nbsp;2007&nbsp;PNAS&nbsp;Dandruff-associated Malassezia genomes reveal convergent and divergent virulence traits shared with plant and human fungal pathogens &nbsp;Jun Xu et al&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/104/47/18730"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.pnas.org/content/104/47/18730</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Sporisorium rellianum&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;plant pathogen &nbsp;2010&nbsp;Science&nbsp;Pathogenicity Determinants in Smut Fungi Revealed by Genome Comparison&nbsp;Jan Schirawski et al&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/330/6010/1546"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.sciencemag.org/content/330/6010/1546</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Ustilago maydis&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;plant pathogen &nbsp;2006&nbsp;nature&nbsp;Insights from the genome of the biotrophic fungal plant pathogen Ustilago maydis&nbsp;J&ouml;rg K&auml;mper et al&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v444/n7115/full/nature05248.html"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v444/n7115/full/nature05248.html</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> </ol> <p><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> </span></p> <h2><span style="font-size: medium">Microsporidia&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> </span></h2> <ol> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Encephalitozoon cuniculi&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;human pathogen &nbsp;2001&nbsp;nature&nbsp;Genome sequence and gene compaction of the eukaryote parasite Encephalitozoon cuniculi&nbsp;Micha&euml;l D. Katinka et al&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v414/n6862/full/414450a0.html"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v414/n6862/full/414450a0.html</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Encephalitozoon intestinalis&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;human pathogen&nbsp;2010&nbsp;Nature Communications&nbsp;The complete sequence of the smallest known nuclear genome from the microsporidian Encephalitozoon intestinalis&nbsp;Nicolas Corradi et al&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/journal/v1/n6/full/ncomms1082.html"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.nature.com/ncomms/journal/v1/n6/full/ncomms1082.html</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Enterocytozoon bieneusi&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;human pathogen particularly in the context of HIV infection &nbsp;2009&nbsp;PLoS Pathogens&nbsp;Genomic survey of the non-cultivatable opportunistic human pathogen, Enterocytozoon bieneusi&nbsp;Donna E. Akiyoshi et al&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1000261"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1000261</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Nosema ceranae&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;honey bee pathogen &nbsp;2009&nbsp;PLoS Pathogens&nbsp;Genomic Analyses of the Microsporidian Nosema ceranae, an Emergent Pathogen of Honey Bees&nbsp;R. Scott Cornman et al&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1000466"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1000466</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Octosporea bayeri&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;Daphnia pathogen &nbsp;2009&nbsp;Genome Biology&nbsp;Draft genome sequence of the Daphnia pathogen Octosporea bayeri: insights into the gene content of a large microsporidian genome and a model for host-parasite interactions&nbsp;Nicolas Corradi et al&nbsp;</span><a href="http://genomebiology.com/2009/10/10/R106"><span style="font-size: small">http://genomebiology.com/2009/10/10/R106</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> </ol> <h2><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> </span></h2> <h2><span style="font-size: medium">Zygomycota&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> </span></h2> <ol> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Rhizopus oryzae&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;human pathogen &nbsp;2009&nbsp;PLoS Genetics&nbsp;Genomic analysis of the basal lineage fungus Rhizopus oryzae reveals a whole genome duplication&nbsp;Li-Jun Ma et al&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1000549"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1000549</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Mortierella alpina&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;commercial source of arachidonic acid &nbsp;2011&nbsp;PLoS One&nbsp;Genome characterization of the oleaginous fungus Mortierella alpina&nbsp;Lei Wang et al&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0028319"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0028319</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> </ol> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 98b5b013d7d09be2ff6050f69e3d12c978ef959e 4515 4514 2012-07-19T04:33:28Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <h2><span style="font-size: large"><b>list of sequenced fungi&nbsp;genome paper&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</b></span><span style="font-size: small"><br /> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </span><b><span style="font-size: medium">Ascomycota&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></b><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></h2> <h3><span style="font-size: small">Ascomycetes&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></h3> <ol> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Neurospora crassa :</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;붉은빵곰팡이 류,&nbsp;model eukaryote, &nbsp;2003,&nbsp;nature,&nbsp;The genome sequence of the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa,&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v422/n6934/full/nature01554.html"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v422/n6934/full/nature01554.html</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> </ol> <h3><span style="font-size: small">Dothideomycetes&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> </span></h3> <ol> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Leptosphaeria maculans : </span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;&nbsp;plant pathogen,&nbsp;2011,&nbsp;Nature, Communications&nbsp;Effector diversification within compartments of the Leptosphaeria maculans genome affected by Repeat-Induced Point mutations,&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/journal/v2/n2/full/ncomms1189.html"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.nature.com/ncomms/journal/v2/n2/full/ncomms1189.html</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> </ol> <h3><span style="font-size: small">Eurotiomycetes&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></h3> <ol> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Aspergillus fumigatus :&nbsp;</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;human pathogen,&nbsp;2008,&nbsp;PLoS Genetics, &nbsp;Genomic islands in the pathogenic filamentous fungus Aspergillus fumigatus&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Aspergillus fumigatus&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;human pathogen,&nbsp;2005,&nbsp;nature,&nbsp;Genomic sequence of the pathogenic and allergenic filamentous fungus Aspergillus fumigatus,&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v438/n7071/full/nature04332.html"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v438/n7071/full/nature04332.html</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Aspergillus niger :</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;흑국균,&nbsp;industrial use,&nbsp;2007,&nbsp;Nature Biotechnology&nbsp;Genome sequencing and analysis of the versatile cell factory Aspergillus niger CBS 513.88,&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v25/n2/full/nbt1282.html"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v25/n2/full/nbt1282.html</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Aspergillus oryzae :</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;누룩곰팡이,&nbsp;industrial use,&nbsp;2005,&nbsp;nature,&nbsp;Genome sequencing and analysis of Aspergillus oryzae,&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v438/n7071/full/nature04300.html"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v438/n7071/full/nature04300.html</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Coccidioides immitis&nbsp;:&nbsp;</span></b><span style="font-size: small">human pathogen,&nbsp;2009,&nbsp;Genome Res,&nbsp;Comparative genomic analyses of the human fungal pathogens Coccidioides and their relatives,&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="http://genome.cshlp.org/content/19/10/1722"><span style="font-size: small">http://genome.cshlp.org/content/19/10/1722</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Coccidioides posadasii</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;:&nbsp;&nbsp;human pathogen,&nbsp;2009,&nbsp;Genome Res,&nbsp;Comparative genomic analyses of the human fungal pathogens Coccidioides and their relatives, &nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="http://genome.cshlp.org/content/19/10/1722"><span style="font-size: small">http://genome.cshlp.org/content/19/10/1722</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Penicillium chrysogenum :</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;푸른곰팡이속,&nbsp;industrial use, &nbsp;2008,&nbsp;Nature Biotechnology&nbsp;Genome sequencing and analysis of the filamentous fungus Penicillium chrysogenum,&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v26/n10/full/nbt.1498.html"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v26/n10/full/nbt.1498.html</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Penicillium marneffei&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;human pathogen,&nbsp;2011,&nbsp;Eukaryotic Cell&nbsp;Draft Genome Sequence of Penicillium marneffei Strain PM1,&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="http://ec.asm.org/content/10/12/1740"><span style="font-size: small">http://ec.asm.org/content/10/12/1740</span></a><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> </span></li> </ol> <h3><span style="font-size: small">Leotiomycetes&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> </span></h3> <ol> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Botrytis cinerea&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;plant pathogen&nbsp;2011&nbsp;PLoS Genetics&nbsp;Genomic Analysis of the Necrotrophic Fungal Pathogens Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Botrytis cinerea&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1002230"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1002230</span></a><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> </span></li> </ol> <h3><span style="font-size: small">Pezizomycetes&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> </span></h3> <ol> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Tuber melanosporum :</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;송로버섯&nbsp;P&eacute;rigord black truffle &nbsp;2010&nbsp;nature&nbsp;P&eacute;rigord black truffle genome uncovers evolutionary origins and mechanisms of symbiosis&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v464/n7291/full/nature08867.html"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v464/n7291/full/nature08867.html</span></a><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> </span></li> </ol> <h3><span style="font-size: small">Saccharomycetes&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> </span></h3> <ol> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Ashbya gossypii :</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;&nbsp;plant pathogen &nbsp;2004&nbsp;nature&nbsp;The Ashbya gossypii genome as a tool for mapping the ancient Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/304/5668/304"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.sciencemag.org/content/304/5668/304</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Candida albicans :</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;&nbsp;human pathogen &nbsp;2004&nbsp;PNAS&nbsp;The diploid genome sequence of Candida albicans&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/101/19/7329"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.pnas.org/content/101/19/7329</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Candida albicans&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;human pathogen &nbsp;2005&nbsp;Genetics&nbsp;Sequence finishing and gene mapping for Candida albicans chromosome 7 and syntenic analysis against the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.genetics.org/content/170/4/1525.long"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.genetics.org/content/170/4/1525.long</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Candida albicans :</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;&nbsp;human pathogen &nbsp;2009&nbsp;nature(candida 8종 해독)&nbsp;Evolution of pathogenicity and sexual reproduction in eight Candida genomes&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7247/full/nature08064.html"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7247/full/nature08064.html</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Candida glabrata&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;human pathogen &nbsp;2009&nbsp;nature(candida 8종 해독)&nbsp;Evolution of pathogenicity and sexual reproduction in eight Candida genomes&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7247/full/nature08064.html"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7247/full/nature08064.html</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Candida tropicalis&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;human pathogen &nbsp;2009&nbsp;nature(candida 8종 해독)&nbsp;Evolution of pathogenicity and sexual reproduction in eight Candida genomes&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7247/full/nature08064.html"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7247/full/nature08064.html</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Candida parapsilosis&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;human pathogen &nbsp;2009&nbsp;nature(candida 8종 해독)&nbsp;Evolution of pathogenicity and sexual reproduction in eight Candida genomes&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7247/full/nature08064.html"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7247/full/nature08064.html</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Candida krusei&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;human pathogen &nbsp;2009&nbsp;nature(candida 8종 해독)&nbsp;Evolution of pathogenicity and sexual reproduction in eight Candida genomes&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7247/full/nature08064.html"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7247/full/nature08064.html</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Candida lusitaniae&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;human pathogen &nbsp;2009&nbsp;nature(candida 8종 해독)&nbsp;Evolution of pathogenicity and sexual reproduction in eight Candida genomes&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7247/full/nature08064.html"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7247/full/nature08064.html</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Candida guilliermondii&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;human pathogen &nbsp;2009&nbsp;nature(candida 8종 해독)&nbsp;Evolution of pathogenicity and sexual reproduction in eight Candida genomes&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7247/full/nature08064.html"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7247/full/nature08064.html</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Candida lusitaniae&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;human pathogen &nbsp;2009&nbsp;nature(candida 8종 해독)&nbsp;Evolution of pathogenicity and sexual reproduction in eight Candida genomes&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7247/full/nature08064.html"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7247/full/nature08064.html</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Debaryomyces hansenii&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;industrial use&nbsp;2012&nbsp;Eukaryotic Cell&nbsp;Draft Genome Sequence of Salt-Tolerant Yeast Debaryomyces hansenii var. hansenii MTCC 234 &nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="http://ec.asm.org/content/11/7/961.full"><span style="font-size: small">http://ec.asm.org/content/11/7/961.full</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Hansenula polymorpha&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;&nbsp;industrial use &nbsp;2003&nbsp;FEMS Yeast Research&nbsp;The Hansenula polymorpha (strain CBS4732) genome sequencing and analysis&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1016/S1567-1356(03)00125-9/full"><span style="font-size: small">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1016/S1567-1356(03)00125-9/full</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Lachancea (Saccharomyces) kluyveri :</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;plant pathogen &nbsp;2009&nbsp;Genome Res.&nbsp;Unusual composition of a yeast chromosome arm is associated with its delayed replication&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2765276/"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2765276/</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Saccharomyces cerevisiae&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;industrial/model&nbsp;2007&nbsp;Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.&nbsp;Genome sequencing and comparative analysis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain YJM789&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/104/31/12825.long"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.pnas.org/content/104/31/12825.long</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Saccharomyces cerevisiae&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;industrial/model&nbsp;2008&nbsp;PLoS Genetics&nbsp;A Catalog of Neutral and Deleterious Polymorphism in Yeast&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1000183"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1000183</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Saccharomyces cerevisiae&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;industrial/model&nbsp;2008&nbsp;FEMS Yeast Research&nbsp;Comparative genome analysis of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae wine strain&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1567-1364.2008.00434.x/abstract;jsessionid=8A70BABAA07CBDF67AFAA1AE0275FD89.d04t04?systemMessage=Wiley+Online+Library+will+be+disrupted+on+7+July+from+10%3A00-12%3A00+BST+%2805%3A00-07%3A00+EDT%29+for+essential+maintenance"><span style="font-size: small">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1567-1364.2008.00434.x/abstract;jsessionid=8A70BABAA07CBDF67AFAA1AE0275FD89.d04t04?systemMessage=Wiley+Online+Library+will+be+disrupted+on+7+July+from+10%3A00-12%3A00+BST+%2805%3A00-07%3A00+EDT%29+for+essential+maintenance</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Saccharomyces cerevisiae&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;industrial/model&nbsp;2009&nbsp;Genome Res.&nbsp;Genome structure of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain widely used in bioethanol production&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="http://genome.cshlp.org/content/19/12/2258.long"><span style="font-size: small">http://genome.cshlp.org/content/19/12/2258.long</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Pichia stipitis&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;lignin/xylose degrader &nbsp;2007&nbsp;Nature Biotechnology&nbsp;Genome sequence of the lignocellulose-bioconverting and xylose-fermenting yeast Pichia stipitis&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v25/n3/full/nbt1290.html"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v25/n3/full/nbt1290.html</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Saccharomyces pastorianus&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;industrial, beer &nbsp;2009&nbsp;DNA Res&nbsp;Genome Sequence of the Lager Brewing Yeast, an Interspecies Hybrid&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="http://dnaresearch.oxfordjournals.org/content/16/2/115"><span style="font-size: small">http://dnaresearch.oxfordjournals.org/content/16/2/115</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Saccharomyces cerevisiae&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;industrial/model&nbsp;2003&nbsp;nature&nbsp;Sequencing and comparison of yeast species to identify genes and regulatory elements&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v423/n6937/full/nature01644.html"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v423/n6937/full/nature01644.html</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Saccharomyces paradoxus&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;&nbsp;2003&nbsp;nature&nbsp;Sequencing and comparison of yeast species to identify genes and regulatory elements&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v423/n6937/full/nature01644.html"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v423/n6937/full/nature01644.html</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Saccharomyces mikatae&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;&nbsp;2003&nbsp;nature&nbsp;Sequencing and comparison of yeast species to identify genes and regulatory elements&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v423/n6937/full/nature01644.html"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v423/n6937/full/nature01644.html</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Saccharomyces bayanus&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;&nbsp;2003&nbsp;nature&nbsp;Sequencing and comparison of yeast species to identify genes and regulatory elements&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v423/n6937/full/nature01644.html"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v423/n6937/full/nature01644.html</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Yarrowia lipolytica&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;industrial use&nbsp;2004&nbsp;nature&nbsp;Genome evolution in yeasts&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v430/n6995/full/nature02579.html"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v430/n6995/full/nature02579.html</span></a><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> </span></li> </ol> <h3><span style="font-size: small">Schizosaccharomycetes&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> </span></h3> <ol> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Schizosaccharomyces pombe :</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;&nbsp;model eukaryote &nbsp;2002&nbsp;nature&nbsp;The genome sequence of Schizosaccharomyces pombe&nbsp;V. Wood et al&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v415/n6874/full/nature724.html"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v415/n6874/full/nature724.html</span></a><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> </span></li> </ol> <h3><span style="font-size: small">Sordariomycetes&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> </span></h3> <ol> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Fusarium oxysporum&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;human/plant pathogen&nbsp;2010&nbsp;nature(Fusarium 3종)&nbsp;Comparative genomics reveals mobile pathogenicity chromosomes in Fusarium&nbsp;Li-Jun Ma et al&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v464/n7287/full/nature08850.html"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v464/n7287/full/nature08850.html</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Fusarium graminearum&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;human/plant pathogen&nbsp;2010&nbsp;nature(Fusarium 3종)&nbsp;Comparative genomics reveals mobile pathogenicity chromosomes in Fusarium&nbsp;Li-Jun Ma et al&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v464/n7287/full/nature08850.html"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v464/n7287/full/nature08850.html</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Fusarium verticillioides :</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;&nbsp;human/plant pathogen&nbsp;2010&nbsp;nature(Fusarium 3종)&nbsp;Comparative genomics reveals mobile pathogenicity chromosomes in Fusarium&nbsp;Li-Jun Ma et al&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v464/n7287/full/nature08850.html"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v464/n7287/full/nature08850.html</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Fusarium graminearum&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;&nbsp;2007&nbsp;Science&nbsp;The Fusarium graminearum genome reveals a link between localized polymorphism and pathogen specialization&nbsp;Cuomo CA et al&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/317/5843/1400"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.sciencemag.org/content/317/5843/1400</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Grosmannia clavigera&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;plant pathogen &nbsp;2011&nbsp;PNAS&nbsp;Genome and transcriptome analyses of the mountain pine beetle-fungal symbiont Grosmannia clavigera, a lodgepole pine pathogen&nbsp;Scott DiGuistini et al&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/18/1011289108"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/18/1011289108</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Magnaporthe grisea&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;plant pathogen&nbsp;2005&nbsp;nature&nbsp;The genome sequence of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea&nbsp;Ralph A. Dean et al&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v434/n7036/full/nature03449.html"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v434/n7036/full/nature03449.html</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Nectria haematococca&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;plastic/pest./lignin degrader &nbsp;2009&nbsp;PLoS Genetics&nbsp;The Genome of Nectria haematococca: Contribution of Supernumerary Chromosomes to Gene Expansion&nbsp;Jeffrey J. Coleman et al&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1000618"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1000618</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Podospora anserina&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;&nbsp;2008&nbsp;Genome Biology&nbsp;The genome sequence of the model ascomycete fungus Podospora anserina&nbsp;Eric Espagne et al&nbsp;</span><a href="http://genomebiology.com/content/9/5/R77"><span style="font-size: small">http://genomebiology.com/content/9/5/R77</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Sporotrichum thermophile&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;thermophilic cellulose degrader &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Myceliophthora thermophila&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;&nbsp;2011&nbsp;Nature Biotechnology&nbsp;Comparative genomic analysis of the thermophilic biomass-degrading fungi Myceliophthora thermophila and Thielavia terrestris&nbsp;Randy M Berka et al&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v29/n10/full/nbt.1976.html"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v29/n10/full/nbt.1976.html</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Thielavia terrestris&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;model thermophile/industrial &nbsp;2011&nbsp;Nature Biotechnology&nbsp;Comparative genomic analysis of the thermophilic biomass-degrading fungi Myceliophthora thermophila and Thielavia terrestris&nbsp;Randy M Berka et al&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v29/n10/full/nbt.1976.html"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v29/n10/full/nbt.1976.html</span></a><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Trichoderma reesei&nbsp;:&nbsp;</span></b><span style="font-size: small">biomass-degrading&nbsp;2008&nbsp;Nature Biotechnology&nbsp;Genome sequencing and analysis of the biomass-degrading fungus Trichoderma reesei (syn. Hypocrea jecorina)&nbsp;Diego Martinez et al&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v26/n5/full/nbt1403.html"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v26/n5/full/nbt1403.html</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> </span></li> </ol> <h2><span style="font-size: medium">Basidiomycota&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> </span></h2> <h3><span style="font-size: small">Agaricomycetes&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> </span></h3> <p><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></p> <ol> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Auricularia delicata&nbsp;&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;2012&nbsp;science&nbsp;The Paleozoic origin of enzymatic lignin decomposition reconstructed from 31 funal genomes&nbsp;Floudas, et al.&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/336/6089/1715.long"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.sciencemag.org/content/336/6089/1715.long</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Coprinopsis cinerea&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;model organism for multicellular fungi&nbsp;2010&nbsp;PNAS&nbsp;Insights into evolution of multicellular fungi from the assembled chromosomes of the mushroom Coprinopsis cinerea (Coprinus cinereus) &nbsp;Jason E. Stajich et al&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/107/26/11889"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.pnas.org/content/107/26/11889</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Laccaria bicolor&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;&nbsp;mycorrhiza &nbsp;2007&nbsp;nature&nbsp;The genome of Laccaria bicolor provides insights into mycorrhizal symbiosis&nbsp;F. Martin et al&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v452/n7183/full/nature06556.html"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v452/n7183/full/nature06556.html</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Moniliophthora perniciosa&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;&nbsp;2008&nbsp;BMC Genomics &nbsp;A genome survey of Moniliophthora perniciosa gives new insights into Witches' Broom Disease of cacao&nbsp;Jorge MC Mondego et al&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/9/548"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/9/548</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Phanerochaete chrysosporium :</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;mycoremediation(균류정화법)&nbsp;2004&nbsp;Nature Biotechnology&nbsp;Genome sequence of the lignocellulose degrading fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium strain RP78&nbsp;Diego Martinez et al&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v22/n6/full/nbt967.html"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v22/n6/full/nbt967.html</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Postia placenta :</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;&nbsp;cellulose degrader &nbsp;2009&nbsp;PNAS&nbsp;Genome, transcriptome, and secretome analysis of wood decay fungus Postia placenta supports unique mechanisms of lignocellulose conversion&nbsp;Diego Martinez et al&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/106/6/1954"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.pnas.org/content/106/6/1954</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Schizophyllum commune :</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;&nbsp;model mushroom&nbsp;2010&nbsp;Nature Biotechnology&nbsp;Genome sequence of the model mushroom Schizophyllum commune&nbsp;Robin A Ohm et al&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v28/n9/full/nbt.1643.html"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v28/n9/full/nbt.1643.html</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Serpula lacrymans&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;plant pathogen&nbsp;2011&nbsp;Science&nbsp;The Plant Cell Wall&ndash;Decomposing Machinery Underlies the Functional Diversity of Forest Fungi&nbsp;Daniel C. Eastwood et al&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/333/6043/762"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.sciencemag.org/content/333/6043/762</span></a><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> </span></li> </ol> <h3><span style="font-size: small">Pucciniomycetes&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> </span></h3> <ol> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Puccinia graminis f. sp. Tritici&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;plant pathogen &nbsp;2011&nbsp;PNAS&nbsp;Obligate biotrophy features unraveled by the genomic analysis of rust fungi&nbsp;S&eacute;bastien Duplessis et al&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/108/22/9166"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.pnas.org/content/108/22/9166</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Cryptococcus neoformans&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;human pathogen&nbsp;2005&nbsp;Science&nbsp;The genome of the basidiomycetous yeast and human pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans&nbsp;Brendan J. Loftus et al&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/307/5713/1321"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.sciencemag.org/content/307/5713/1321</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> </span></li> </ol> <h3><span style="font-size: small">Ustilaginomycetes&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> </span></h3> <ol> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Malassezia globosa&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;human/plant pathogen&nbsp;2007&nbsp;PNAS&nbsp;Dandruff-associated Malassezia genomes reveal convergent and divergent virulence traits shared with plant and human fungal pathogens &nbsp;Jun Xu et al&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/104/47/18730"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.pnas.org/content/104/47/18730</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Malassezia restricta&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;dandruff-associated &nbsp;2007&nbsp;PNAS&nbsp;Dandruff-associated Malassezia genomes reveal convergent and divergent virulence traits shared with plant and human fungal pathogens &nbsp;Jun Xu et al&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/104/47/18730"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.pnas.org/content/104/47/18730</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Sporisorium rellianum&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;plant pathogen &nbsp;2010&nbsp;Science&nbsp;Pathogenicity Determinants in Smut Fungi Revealed by Genome Comparison&nbsp;Jan Schirawski et al&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/330/6010/1546"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.sciencemag.org/content/330/6010/1546</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Ustilago maydis&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;plant pathogen &nbsp;2006&nbsp;nature&nbsp;Insights from the genome of the biotrophic fungal plant pathogen Ustilago maydis&nbsp;J&ouml;rg K&auml;mper et al&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v444/n7115/full/nature05248.html"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v444/n7115/full/nature05248.html</span></a><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> </span></li> </ol> <h2><span style="font-size: medium">Microsporidia&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> </span></h2> <ol> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Encephalitozoon cuniculi&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;human pathogen &nbsp;2001&nbsp;nature&nbsp;Genome sequence and gene compaction of the eukaryote parasite Encephalitozoon cuniculi&nbsp;Micha&euml;l D. Katinka et al&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v414/n6862/full/414450a0.html"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v414/n6862/full/414450a0.html</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Encephalitozoon intestinalis&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;human pathogen&nbsp;2010&nbsp;Nature Communications&nbsp;The complete sequence of the smallest known nuclear genome from the microsporidian Encephalitozoon intestinalis&nbsp;Nicolas Corradi et al&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/journal/v1/n6/full/ncomms1082.html"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.nature.com/ncomms/journal/v1/n6/full/ncomms1082.html</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Enterocytozoon bieneusi&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;human pathogen particularly in the context of HIV infection &nbsp;2009&nbsp;PLoS Pathogens&nbsp;Genomic survey of the non-cultivatable opportunistic human pathogen, Enterocytozoon bieneusi&nbsp;Donna E. Akiyoshi et al&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1000261"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1000261</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Nosema ceranae&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;honey bee pathogen &nbsp;2009&nbsp;PLoS Pathogens&nbsp;Genomic Analyses of the Microsporidian Nosema ceranae, an Emergent Pathogen of Honey Bees&nbsp;R. Scott Cornman et al&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1000466"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1000466</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Octosporea bayeri&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;Daphnia pathogen &nbsp;2009&nbsp;Genome Biology&nbsp;Draft genome sequence of the Daphnia pathogen Octosporea bayeri: insights into the gene content of a large microsporidian genome and a model for host-parasite interactions&nbsp;Nicolas Corradi et al&nbsp;</span><a href="http://genomebiology.com/2009/10/10/R106"><span style="font-size: small">http://genomebiology.com/2009/10/10/R106</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> </ol> <h2><span style="font-size: medium">Zygomycota&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> </span></h2> <ol> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Rhizopus oryzae&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;human pathogen &nbsp;2009&nbsp;PLoS Genetics&nbsp;Genomic analysis of the basal lineage fungus Rhizopus oryzae reveals a whole genome duplication&nbsp;Li-Jun Ma et al&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1000549"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1000549</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Mortierella alpina&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;commercial source of arachidonic acid &nbsp;2011&nbsp;PLoS One&nbsp;Genome characterization of the oleaginous fungus Mortierella alpina&nbsp;Lei Wang et al&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0028319"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0028319</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><br /> </span></li> </ol> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 276f6d3dc5c086f55bc040e9fe273196dbb551af 0 2633 4517 2012-07-19T04:43:22Z S 300001 Created page with "<p><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><span><b><span style="font-size: large">List of sequenced archaeal genomes</span></b></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.or..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><span><b><span style="font-size: large">List of sequenced archaeal genomes</span></b></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes</a></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span style="font-size: medium"><b><span class="mw-cite-backlink">Project pages and papers</span></b></span></h2> <ol> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-0"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Mardanov AV, Svetlitchnyi VA, Beletsky AV, <i>et al.</i> (August, 2010). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2918975"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;The genome sequence of the crenarchaeon <i>Acidilobus saccharovorans</i> supports a new order, Acidilobales, and suggests an important ecological role in terrestrial acidic hot springs&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>Appl Environ Microbiol.</i> <b>76</b> (16): 5652&ndash;5657. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FAEM.00599-10"><span style="font-size: small">10.1128/AEM.00599-10</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2918975/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">2918975</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20581186"><span style="font-size: small">20581186</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2918975</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+genome+sequence+of+the+crenarchaeon+%27%27Acidilobus+saccharovorans%27%27+supports+a+new+order%2C+Acidilobales%2C+and+suggests+an+important+ecological+role+in+terrestrial+acidic+hot+springs&amp;rft.jtitle=Appl+Environ+Microbiol.&amp;rft.aulast=Mardanov+AV%2C+Svetlitchnyi+VA%2C+Beletsky+AV%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Mardanov+AV%2C+Svetlitchnyi+VA%2C+Beletsky+AV%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=August%2C+2010&amp;rft.volume=76&amp;rft.issue=16&amp;rft.pages=5652%E2%80%935657&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FAEM.00599-10&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/2918975&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/20581186&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D2918975&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-1"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Kawarabayasi, Y.; Hino, Y; Horikawa, H; Yamazaki, S; Haikawa, Y; Jin-No, K; Takahashi, M; Sekine, M et al. (1999). &quot;Complete genome sequence of an aerobic hyper-thermophilic crenarchaeon, <i>Aeropyrum pernix</i> K1&quot;. <i>DNA Research</i> <b>6</b> (2): 83&ndash;101, 145&ndash;52. </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fdnares%2F6.2.83"><span style="font-size: small">10.1093/dnares/6.2.83</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10382966"><span style="font-size: small">10382966</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal">.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+an+aerobic+hyper-thermophilic+crenarchaeon%2C+%27%27Aeropyrum+pernix%27%27+K1&amp;rft.jtitle=DNA+Research&amp;rft.aulast=Kawarabayasi&amp;rft.aufirst=Y.&amp;rft.au=Kawarabayasi%2C%26%2332%3BY.&amp;rft.au=Hino%2C%26%2332%3BY&amp;rft.au=Horikawa%2C%26%2332%3BH&amp;rft.au=Yamazaki%2C%26%2332%3BS&amp;rft.au=Haikawa%2C%26%2332%3BY&amp;rft.au=Jin-No%2C%26%2332%3BK&amp;rft.au=Takahashi%2C%26%2332%3BM&amp;rft.au=Sekine%2C%26%2332%3BM&amp;rft.au=Baba%2C%26%2332%3BS&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.volume=6&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=83%E2%80%93101%2C+145%E2%80%9352&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Fdnares%2F6.2.83&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/10382966&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-2"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Ravin NV, Mardanov AV, Beletsky AV, <i>et al.</i> (April 2009). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2655497"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Complete genome sequence of the anaerobic, protein-degrading hyperthermophilic crenarchaeon <i>Desulfurococcus kamchatkensis</i>&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>J Bacteriology</i> <b>191</b> (7): 2371&ndash;2379. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FJB.01525-08"><span style="font-size: small">10.1128/JB.01525-08</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2655497/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">2655497</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19114480"><span style="font-size: small">19114480</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2655497</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+the+anaerobic%2C+protein-degrading+hyperthermophilic+crenarchaeon+%27%27Desulfurococcus+kamchatkensis%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=J+Bacteriology&amp;rft.aulast=Ravin+NV%2C+Mardanov+AV%2C+Beletsky+AV%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Ravin+NV%2C+Mardanov+AV%2C+Beletsky+AV%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=April+2009&amp;rft.volume=191&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.pages=2371%E2%80%932379&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FJB.01525-08&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/2655497&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/19114480&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D2655497&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-3"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Br&uuml;gger K, Chen L, Stark M, <i>et al.' (May 2007). </i></span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><i><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2686385"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;The genome of Hyperthermus butylicus<i>: a sulfur-reducing, peptide fermenting, neutrophilic Crenarchaeote growing up to 108 degrees C&quot;</i></span></a></i><span style="font-size: small"><i>.</i> Archaea <i><b>2</b> (2): 127&ndash;35. </i></span><i><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2686385/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">2686385</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17350933"><span style="font-size: small">17350933</span></a></i><span style="font-size: small"><i><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2686385</span>.</i><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+genome+of+%27%27Hyperthermus+butylicus%27%27%3A+a+sulfur-reducing%2C+peptide+fermenting%2C+neutrophilic+Crenarchaeote+growing+up+to+108+degrees+C&amp;rft.jtitle=Archaea&amp;rft.aulast=Br%C3%BCgger+K%2C+Chen+L%2C+Stark+M%2C+%27%27et+al.%27&amp;rft.au=Br%C3%BCgger+K%2C+Chen+L%2C+Stark+M%2C+%27%27et+al.%27&amp;rft.date=May+2007&amp;rft.volume=2&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=127%E2%80%9335&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/2686385&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17350933&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D2686385&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-4"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Podar M, Anderson I, Makarova KS, <i>et al.</i> (2008). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2614490"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;A genomic analysis of the archaeal system <i>Ignicoccus hospitalis</i>-<i>Nanoarchaeum equitans</i>&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>Genome Biol.</i> <b>9</b> (11): R158. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2Fgb-2008-9-11-r158"><span style="font-size: small">10.1186/gb-2008-9-11-r158</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2614490/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">2614490</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19000309"><span style="font-size: small">19000309</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2614490</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=A+genomic+analysis+of+the+archaeal+system+%27%27Ignicoccus+hospitalis%27%27-%27%27Nanoarchaeum+equitans%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=Genome+Biol.&amp;rft.aulast=Podar+M%2C+Anderson+I%2C+Makarova+KS%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Podar+M%2C+Anderson+I%2C+Makarova+KS%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=9&amp;rft.issue=11&amp;rft.pages=R158&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1186%2Fgb-2008-9-11-r158&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/2614490&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/19000309&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D2614490&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-5"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">G&ouml;ker M, Held B, Lapidus A, <i>et al.</i> (August 20, 2010). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3035270"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Complete genome sequence of Ignisphaera aggregans type strain (AQ1.S1)&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>Stand Genomic Sci.</i> <b>3</b> (1): 66&ndash;75. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.4056%2Fsigs.1072907"><span style="font-size: small">10.4056/sigs.1072907</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3035270/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">3035270</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21304693"><span style="font-size: small">21304693</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3035270</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+Ignisphaera+aggregans+type+strain+%28AQ1.S1%29&amp;rft.jtitle=Stand+Genomic+Sci.&amp;rft.aulast=G%C3%B6ker+M%2C+Held+B%2C+Lapidus+A%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=G%C3%B6ker+M%2C+Held+B%2C+Lapidus+A%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=August+20%2C+2010&amp;rft.volume=3&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=66%E2%80%9375&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.4056%2Fsigs.1072907&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/3035270&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/21304693&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D3035270&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-6"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Anderson I, G&ouml;ker M, Nolan M, <i>et al.</i> (July 1, 2011). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3156397"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Complete genome sequence of the hyperthermophilic chemolithoautotroph <i>Pyrolobus fumarii</i> type strain (1A)&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>Stand Genomic Sci.</i> <b>4</b> (3): 381&ndash;392. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.4056%2Fsigs.2014648"><span style="font-size: small">10.4056/sigs.2014648</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3156397/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">3156397</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21886865"><span style="font-size: small">21886865</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3156397</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+the+hyperthermophilic+chemolithoautotroph+%27%27Pyrolobus+fumarii%27%27+type+strain+%281A%29&amp;rft.jtitle=Stand+Genomic+Sci.&amp;rft.aulast=Anderson+I%2C+G%C3%B6ker+M%2C+Nolan+M%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Anderson+I%2C+G%C3%B6ker+M%2C+Nolan+M%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=July+1%2C+2011&amp;rft.volume=4&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=381%E2%80%93392&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.4056%2Fsigs.2014648&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/3156397&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/21886865&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D3156397&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-7"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Anderson I, Wirth R, Lucas S, <i>et al.</i> (October 15, 2011). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3236042"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Complete genome sequence of <i>Staphylothermus hellenicus</i> P8&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>Stand Genomic Sci.</i> <b>5</b> (1): 12&ndash;20. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.4056%2Fsigs.2054696"><span style="font-size: small">10.4056/sigs.2054696</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3236042/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">3236042</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22180806"><span style="font-size: small">22180806</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3236042</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+%27%27Staphylothermus+hellenicus%27%27+P8&amp;rft.jtitle=Stand+Genomic+Sci.&amp;rft.aulast=Anderson+I%2C+Wirth+R%2C+Lucas+S%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Anderson+I%2C+Wirth+R%2C+Lucas+S%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=October+15%2C+2011&amp;rft.volume=5&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=12%E2%80%9320&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.4056%2Fsigs.2054696&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/3236042&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/22180806&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D3236042&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-8"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Anderson IJ, Dharmarajan L, Rodriguez J, <i>et al.</i> (April 2, 2009). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2678158"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;The complete genome sequence of <i>Staphylothermus marinus</i> reveals differences in sulfur metabolism among heterotrophic Crenarchaeota&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>BMC Genomics</i> <b>10</b>: 145. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2164-10-145"><span style="font-size: small">10.1186/1471-2164-10-145</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2678158/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">2678158</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19341479"><span style="font-size: small">19341479</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2678158</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+complete+genome+sequence+of+%27%27Staphylothermus+marinus%27%27+reveals+differences+in+sulfur+metabolism+among+heterotrophic+Crenarchaeota&amp;rft.jtitle=BMC+Genomics&amp;rft.aulast=Anderson+IJ%2C+Dharmarajan+L%2C+Rodriguez+J%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Anderson+IJ%2C+Dharmarajan+L%2C+Rodriguez+J%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=April+2%2C+2009&amp;rft.volume=10&amp;rft.pages=145&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1186%2F1471-2164-10-145&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/2678158&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/19341479&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D2678158&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-9"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Spring S, Rachel R, Lapidus A, <i>et al.</i> (June 15, 2010). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3035292"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Complete genome sequence of <i>Thermosphaera aggregans</i> type strain (M11TL)&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>Stand Genomic Sci.</i> <b>2</b> (3): 245&ndash;259. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.4056%2Fsigs.821804"><span style="font-size: small">10.4056/sigs.821804</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3035292/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">3035292</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21304709"><span style="font-size: small">21304709</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3035292</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+%27%27Thermosphaera+aggregans%27%27+type+strain+%28M11TL%29&amp;rft.jtitle=Stand+Genomic+Sci.&amp;rft.aulast=Spring+S%2C+Rachel+R%2C+Lapidus+A%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Spring+S%2C+Rachel+R%2C+Lapidus+A%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=June+15%2C+2010&amp;rft.volume=2&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=245%E2%80%93259&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.4056%2Fsigs.821804&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/3035292&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/21304709&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D3035292&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-10"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><i>Extremophiles</i> <b>in press</b>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.jtitle=Extremophiles&amp;rft.volume=in+press&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-11"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Liu LJ, You XY, Zheng H, <i>et al.</i> (July 2011). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3133273"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Complete genome sequence of Metallosphaera cuprina, a metal sulfide-oxidizing archaeon from a hot spring&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>J. Bacteriol.</i> <b>193</b> (13): 3387-33888. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FJB.05038-11"><span style="font-size: small">10.1128/JB.05038-11</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3133273/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">3133273</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21551305"><span style="font-size: small">21551305</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3133273</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+Metallosphaera+cuprina%2C+a+metal+sulfide-oxidizing+archaeon+from+a+hot+spring&amp;rft.jtitle=J.+Bacteriol.&amp;rft.aulast=Liu+LJ%2C+You+XY%2C+Zheng+H%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Liu+LJ%2C+You+XY%2C+Zheng+H%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=July+2011&amp;rft.volume=193&amp;rft.issue=13&amp;rft.pages=3387-33888&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FJB.05038-11&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/3133273&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/21551305&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D3133273&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-12"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Auernik KS, Maezato Y, Blum PH, Kelly RM (February 2008). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2227735"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;The genome sequence of the metal-mobilizing, extremely thermoacidophilic archaeon <i>Metallosphaera sedula</i> provides insights into bioleaching-associated metabolism&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>Appl Environ Microbiol.</i> <b>74</b> (3): 682&ndash;692. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FAEM.02019-07"><span style="font-size: small">10.1128/AEM.02019-07</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2227735/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">2227735</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18083856"><span style="font-size: small">18083856</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2227735</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+genome+sequence+of+the+metal-mobilizing%2C+extremely+thermoacidophilic+archaeon+%27%27Metallosphaera+sedula%27%27+provides+insights+into+bioleaching-associated+metabolism&amp;rft.jtitle=Appl+Environ+Microbiol.&amp;rft.aulast=Auernik+KS%2C+Maezato+Y%2C+Blum+PH%2C+Kelly+RM&amp;rft.au=Auernik+KS%2C+Maezato+Y%2C+Blum+PH%2C+Kelly+RM&amp;rft.date=February+2008&amp;rft.volume=74&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=682%E2%80%93692&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FAEM.02019-07&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/2227735&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18083856&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D2227735&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-13"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Chen, L.; Brugger, K.; Skovgaard, M.; Redder, P.; She, Q.; Torarinsson, E.; Greve, B.; Awayez, M. et al. (2005). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1169522"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;The genome of <i>Sulfolobus acidocaldarius</i>, a model organism of the Crenarchaeota&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>J. Bacteriol.</i> <b>187</b> (14): 4992&ndash;9. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FJB.187.14.4992-4999.2005"><span style="font-size: small">10.1128/JB.187.14.4992-4999.2005</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1169522/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">1169522</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15995215"><span style="font-size: small">15995215</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1169522</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+genome+of+%27%27Sulfolobus+acidocaldarius%27%27%2C+a+model+organism+of+the+Crenarchaeota&amp;rft.jtitle=J.+Bacteriol.&amp;rft.aulast=Chen&amp;rft.aufirst=L.&amp;rft.au=Chen%2C%26%2332%3BL.&amp;rft.au=Brugger%2C%26%2332%3BK.&amp;rft.au=Skovgaard%2C%26%2332%3BM.&amp;rft.au=Redder%2C%26%2332%3BP.&amp;rft.au=She%2C%26%2332%3BQ.&amp;rft.au=Torarinsson%2C%26%2332%3BE.&amp;rft.au=Greve%2C%26%2332%3BB.&amp;rft.au=Awayez%2C%26%2332%3BM.&amp;rft.au=Zibat%2C%26%2332%3BA.&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=187&amp;rft.issue=14&amp;rft.pages=4992%E2%80%939&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FJB.187.14.4992-4999.2005&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/1169522&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15995215&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D1169522&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ </span></span><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><span style="font-size: small"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-Guo2011_14-0">^{<i><b>a</b></i>}</a> </span></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-Guo2011_14-1">^{<i><b>b</b></i>}</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Guo L, Br&uuml;gger K, Liu C, <i>et al.</i> (Apr 2011). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3067641"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Genome analyses of Icelandic strains of Sulfolobus islandicus, model organisms for genetic and virus-host interaction studies&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>J. Bacteriol.</i> <b>193</b> (7): 1672&ndash;1680. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FJB.01487-10"><span style="font-size: small">10.1128/JB.01487-10</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3067641/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">3067641</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21278296"><span style="font-size: small">21278296</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3067641</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+analyses+of+Icelandic+strains+of+Sulfolobus+islandicus%2C+model+organisms+for+genetic+and+virus-host+interaction+studies&amp;rft.jtitle=J.+Bacteriol.&amp;rft.aulast=Guo+L%2C+Br%C3%BCgger+K%2C+Liu+C%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Guo+L%2C+Br%C3%BCgger+K%2C+Liu+C%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=Apr+2011&amp;rft.volume=193&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.pages=1672%E2%80%931680&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FJB.01487-10&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/3067641&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/21278296&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D3067641&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ </span></span><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><span style="font-size: small"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-Reno2009_15-0">^{<i><b>a</b></i>}</a> </span><span style="font-size: small"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-Reno2009_15-1">^{<i><b>b</b></i>}</a> </span><span style="font-size: small"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-Reno2009_15-2">^{<i><b>c</b></i>}</a> </span><span style="font-size: small"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-Reno2009_15-3">^{<i><b>d</b></i>}</a> </span><span style="font-size: small"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-Reno2009_15-4">^{<i><b>e</b></i>}</a> </span><span style="font-size: small"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-Reno2009_15-5">^{<i><b>f</b></i>}</a> </span></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-Reno2009_15-6">^{<i><b>g</b></i>}</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Reno ML, Held NL, Fields CJ, <i>et al.</i> (May 26, 2009). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2689034"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Biogeography of the <i>Sulfolobus islandicus' pan-genome&quot;</i></span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal">.</span> PNAS <i><b>106</b> (21): 8605&ndash;8610. </i></span><i><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0808945106"><span style="font-size: small">10.1073/pnas.0808945106</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2689034/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">2689034</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19435847"><span style="font-size: small">19435847</span></a></i><span style="font-size: small"><i><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2689034</span>.</i><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Biogeography+of+the+%27%27Sulfolobus+islandicus%27+pan-genome&amp;rft.jtitle=PNAS&amp;rft.aulast=Reno+ML%2C+Held+NL%2C+Fields+CJ%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Reno+ML%2C+Held+NL%2C+Fields+CJ%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=May+26%2C+2009&amp;rft.volume=106&amp;rft.issue=21&amp;rft.pages=8605%E2%80%938610&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.0808945106&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/2689034&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/19435847&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D2689034&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-16"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">She Q, Singh RK, Confalonieri F, <i>et al.</i> (July 3, 2001). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=35428"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;The complete genome of the crenarchaeon <i>Sulfolobus solfataricus</i> P2&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>PNAS</i> <b>98</b> (14): 7835&ndash;7840. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.141222098"><span style="font-size: small">10.1073/pnas.141222098</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC35428/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">35428</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11427726"><span style="font-size: small">11427726</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=35428</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+complete+genome+of+the+crenarchaeon+%27%27Sulfolobus+solfataricus%27%27+P2&amp;rft.jtitle=PNAS&amp;rft.aulast=She+Q%2C+Singh+RK%2C+Confalonieri+F%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=She+Q%2C+Singh+RK%2C+Confalonieri+F%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=July+3%2C+2001&amp;rft.volume=98&amp;rft.issue=14&amp;rft.pages=7835%E2%80%937840&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.141222098&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/35428&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11427726&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D35428&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-17"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Kawarabayasi, Y.; Hino, Y; Horikawa, H; Jin-No, K; Takahashi, M; Sekine, M; Baba, S; Ankai, A et al. (2001). &quot;Complete genome sequence of an aerobic thermoacidophilic Crenarchaeon, <i>Sulfolobus tokodaii</i> strain7&quot;. <i>DNA Research</i> <b>8</b> (4): 123&ndash;40. </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fdnares%2F8.4.123"><span style="font-size: small">10.1093/dnares/8.4.123</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11572479"><span style="font-size: small">11572479</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal">.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+an+aerobic+thermoacidophilic+Crenarchaeon%2C+%27%27Sulfolobus+tokodaii%27%27+strain7&amp;rft.jtitle=DNA+Research&amp;rft.aulast=Kawarabayasi&amp;rft.aufirst=Y.&amp;rft.au=Kawarabayasi%2C%26%2332%3BY.&amp;rft.au=Hino%2C%26%2332%3BY&amp;rft.au=Horikawa%2C%26%2332%3BH&amp;rft.au=Jin-No%2C%26%2332%3BK&amp;rft.au=Takahashi%2C%26%2332%3BM&amp;rft.au=Sekine%2C%26%2332%3BM&amp;rft.au=Baba%2C%26%2332%3BS&amp;rft.au=Ankai%2C%26%2332%3BA&amp;rft.au=Kosugi%2C%26%2332%3BH&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.volume=8&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=123%E2%80%9340&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Fdnares%2F8.4.123&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11572479&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-18"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Fitz-Gibbon, S. T.; Ladner, H; Kim, UJ; Stetter, KO; Simon, MI; Miller, JH (2002). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=117417"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Genome sequence of the hyperthermophilic crenarchaeon <i>Pyrobaculum aerophilum</i>&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i> <b>99</b> (2): 984&ndash;9. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.241636498"><span style="font-size: small">10.1073/pnas.241636498</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC117417/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">117417</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11792869"><span style="font-size: small">11792869</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=117417</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+sequence+of+the+hyperthermophilic+crenarchaeon+%27%27Pyrobaculum+aerophilum%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&amp;rft.aulast=Fitz-Gibbon&amp;rft.aufirst=S.+T.&amp;rft.au=Fitz-Gibbon%2C%26%2332%3BS.+T.&amp;rft.au=Ladner%2C%26%2332%3BH&amp;rft.au=Kim%2C%26%2332%3BUJ&amp;rft.au=Stetter%2C%26%2332%3BKO&amp;rft.au=Simon%2C%26%2332%3BMI&amp;rft.au=Miller%2C%26%2332%3BJH&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.volume=99&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=984%E2%80%939&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.241636498&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/117417&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11792869&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D117417&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ </span></span><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><span style="font-size: small"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-GOLD_19-0">^{<i><b>a</b></i>}</a> </span><span style="font-size: small"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-GOLD_19-1">^{<i><b>b</b></i>}</a> </span><span style="font-size: small"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-GOLD_19-2">^{<i><b>c</b></i>}</a> </span><span style="font-size: small"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-GOLD_19-3">^{<i><b>d</b></i>}</a> </span></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-GOLD_19-4">^{<i><b>e</b></i>}</a></span> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomesonline.org/"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;GOLD&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><span class="printonly">. </span></span><span class="printonly"><a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomesonline.org/"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.genomesonline.org</span></a></span></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation web">.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=GOLD&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genomesonline.org&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-20"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Anderson I, Rodriguez J, Susanti D, <i>et al.</i> (April 2008). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2293246"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Genome sequence of <i>Thermofilum pendens</i> reveals an exceptional loss of biosynthetic pathways without genome reduction&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>J. Bacteriol.</i> <b>190</b> (8): 2957&ndash;2965. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FJB.01949-07"><span style="font-size: small">10.1128/JB.01949-07</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2293246/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">2293246</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18263724"><span style="font-size: small">18263724</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2293246</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+sequence+of+%27%27Thermofilum+pendens%27%27+reveals+an+exceptional+loss+of+biosynthetic+pathways+without+genome+reduction&amp;rft.jtitle=J.+Bacteriol.&amp;rft.aulast=Anderson+I%2C+Rodriguez+J%2C+Susanti+D%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Anderson+I%2C+Rodriguez+J%2C+Susanti+D%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=April+2008&amp;rft.volume=190&amp;rft.issue=8&amp;rft.pages=2957%E2%80%932965&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FJB.01949-07&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/2293246&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18263724&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D2293246&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-21"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Siebers B, Zaparty M, Raddatz G, <i>et al.</i> (2011). &quot;The complete genome sequence of <i>Thermoproteus tenax</i>: a physiologically versatile member of the Crenarchaeota&quot;. <i>PLoS ONE</i> <b>6</b> (10): e24222. </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0024222"><span style="font-size: small">10.1371/journal.pone.0024222</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22003381"><span style="font-size: small">22003381</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal">.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+complete+genome+sequence+of+%27%27Thermoproteus+tenax%27%27%3A+a+physiologically+versatile+member+of+the+Crenarchaeota&amp;rft.jtitle=PLoS+ONE&amp;rft.aulast=Siebers+B%2C+Zaparty+M%2C+Raddatz+G%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Siebers+B%2C+Zaparty+M%2C+Raddatz+G%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.volume=6&amp;rft.issue=10&amp;rft.pages=e24222&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0024222&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/22003381&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-22"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Mardanov AV, Gumerov VM, Beletsky AV, <i>et al.</i> (June 2011). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3133184"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Complete genome sequence of the thermoacidophilic crenarchaeon Thermoproteus uzoniensis 768-20&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>J. Bacteriol.</i> <b>193</b> (12): 3156&ndash;3157. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FJB.00409-11"><span style="font-size: small">10.1128/JB.00409-11</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3133184/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">3133184</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21478349"><span style="font-size: small">21478349</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3133184</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+the+thermoacidophilic+crenarchaeon+Thermoproteus+uzoniensis+768-20&amp;rft.jtitle=J.+Bacteriol.&amp;rft.aulast=Mardanov+AV%2C+Gumerov+VM%2C+Beletsky+AV%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Mardanov+AV%2C+Gumerov+VM%2C+Beletsky+AV%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=June+2011&amp;rft.volume=193&amp;rft.issue=12&amp;rft.pages=3156%E2%80%933157&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FJB.00409-11&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/3133184&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/21478349&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D3133184&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-23"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Mavromatis K, Sikorski J, Pabst E, <i>et al.</i> (September 28, 2010). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3035369"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Complete genome sequence of <i>Vulcanisaeta distributa</i> type strain (IC-017)&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>Stand Genomic Sci.</i> <b>3</b> (2): 117&ndash;125. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.4056%2Fsigs.1113067"><span style="font-size: small">10.4056/sigs.1113067</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3035369/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">3035369</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21304741"><span style="font-size: small">21304741</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3035369</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+%27%27Vulcanisaeta+distributa%27%27+type+strain+%28IC-017%29&amp;rft.jtitle=Stand+Genomic+Sci.&amp;rft.aulast=Mavromatis+K%2C+Sikorski+J%2C+Pabst+E%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Mavromatis+K%2C+Sikorski+J%2C+Pabst+E%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=September+28%2C+2010&amp;rft.volume=3&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=117%E2%80%93125&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.4056%2Fsigs.1113067&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/3035369&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/21304741&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D3035369&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-24"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Gumerov VM, Mardanov AV, Beletsky AV, <i>et al.</i> (May 2011). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3133093"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Complete genome sequence of <i>&quot;Vulcanisaeta moutnovskia&quot;</i> strain 768-28, a novel member of the hyperthermophilic crenarchaeal genus Vulcanisaeta&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>J. Bacteriol.</i> <b>193</b> (9): 2355&ndash;2356. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FJB.00237-11"><span style="font-size: small">10.1128/JB.00237-11</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3133093/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">3133093</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21398550"><span style="font-size: small">21398550</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3133093</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+%27%27%22Vulcanisaeta+moutnovskia%22%27%27+strain+768-28%2C+a+novel+member+of+the+hyperthermophilic+crenarchaeal+genus+Vulcanisaeta&amp;rft.jtitle=J.+Bacteriol.&amp;rft.aulast=Gumerov+VM%2C+Mardanov+AV%2C+Beletsky+AV%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Gumerov+VM%2C+Mardanov+AV%2C+Beletsky+AV%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=May+2011&amp;rft.volume=193&amp;rft.issue=9&amp;rft.pages=2355%E2%80%932356&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FJB.00237-11&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/3133093&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/21398550&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D3133093&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-25"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Venter, J. Craig; Klenk, Hans-Peter; Clayton, Rebecca A.; Tomb, Jean-Francois; White, Owen; Nelson, Karen E.; Ketchum, Karen A.; Dodson, Robert J. et al. (1997). &quot;The complete genome sequence of the hyperthermophilic, sulphate-reducing archaeon <i>Archaeoglobus fulgidus</i>&quot;. <i>Nature</i> <b>390</b> (6658): 364&ndash;70. </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F37052"><span style="font-size: small">10.1038/37052</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9389475"><span style="font-size: small">9389475</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal">.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+complete+genome+sequence+of+the+hyperthermophilic%2C+sulphate-reducing+archaeon+%27%27Archaeoglobus+fulgidus%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Venter&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+Craig&amp;rft.au=Venter%2C%26%2332%3BJ.+Craig&amp;rft.au=Klenk%2C%26%2332%3BHans-Peter&amp;rft.au=Clayton%2C%26%2332%3BRebecca+A.&amp;rft.au=Tomb%2C%26%2332%3BJean-Francois&amp;rft.au=White%2C%26%2332%3BOwen&amp;rft.au=Nelson%2C%26%2332%3BKaren+E.&amp;rft.au=Ketchum%2C%26%2332%3BKaren+A.&amp;rft.au=Dodson%2C%26%2332%3BRobert+J.&amp;rft.au=Gwinn%2C%26%2332%3BMichelle&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.volume=390&amp;rft.issue=6658&amp;rft.pages=364%E2%80%9370&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F37052&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/9389475&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-26"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">von Jan M, Lapidus A, Del Rio TG, <i>et al.</i> (June 15, 2010). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3035285"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Complete genome sequence of <i>Archaeoglobus profundus</i> type strain (AV18)&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>Stand Genomic Sci.</i> <b>2</b> (3,): 327&ndash;346. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.4056%2Fsigs.942153"><span style="font-size: small">10.4056/sigs.942153</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3035285/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">3035285</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21304717"><span style="font-size: small">21304717</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3035285</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+%27%27Archaeoglobus+profundus%27%27+type+strain+%28AV18%29&amp;rft.jtitle=Stand+Genomic+Sci.&amp;rft.aulast=von+Jan+M%2C+Lapidus+A%2C+Del+Rio+TG%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=von+Jan+M%2C+Lapidus+A%2C+Del+Rio+TG%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=June+15%2C+2010&amp;rft.volume=2&amp;rft.issue=3%2C&amp;rft.pages=327%E2%80%93346&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.4056%2Fsigs.942153&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/3035285&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/21304717&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D3035285&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-27"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Anderson I, Risso C, Holmes D, <i>et al.</i> (October 15, 2011). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3236036"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Complete genome sequence of 'Ferroglobus placidus <i>AEDII12DO&quot;</i></span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal">.</span> Stand Genomic Sci. <i><b>5</b> (1): 50&ndash;60. </i></span><i><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.4056%2Fsigs.2225018"><span style="font-size: small">10.4056/sigs.2225018</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3236036/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">3236036</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22180810"><span style="font-size: small">22180810</span></a></i><span style="font-size: small"><i><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3236036</span>.</i><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+%27Ferroglobus+placidus%27%27+AEDII12DO&amp;rft.jtitle=Stand+Genomic+Sci.&amp;rft.aulast=Anderson+I%2C+Risso+C%2C+Holmes+D%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Anderson+I%2C+Risso+C%2C+Holmes+D%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=October+15%2C+2011&amp;rft.volume=5&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=50%E2%80%9360&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.4056%2Fsigs.2225018&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/3236036&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/22180810&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D3236036&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-28"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Roh SW, Nam YD, Nam SH, <i>et al.</i> (September, 2010). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2937367"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Complete genome sequence of <i>Halalkalicoccus jeotgali</i> B3(T), an extremely halophilic archaeon&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>J Bacteriol.</i> <b>192</b> (17): 4528&ndash;4529. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FJB.00663-10"><span style="font-size: small">10.1128/JB.00663-10</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2937367/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">2937367</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20601480"><span style="font-size: small">20601480</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2937367</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+%27%27Halalkalicoccus+jeotgali%27%27+B3%28T%29%2C+an+extremely+halophilic+archaeon&amp;rft.jtitle=J+Bacteriol.&amp;rft.aulast=Roh+SW%2C+Nam+YD%2C+Nam+SH%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Roh+SW%2C+Nam+YD%2C+Nam+SH%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=September%2C+2010&amp;rft.volume=192&amp;rft.issue=17&amp;rft.pages=4528%E2%80%934529&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FJB.00663-10&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/2937367&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/20601480&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D2937367&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-29"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Liu H, Wu Z, Li M, <i>et al.</i> (November 2011). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3194904"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Complete genome sequence of <i>Haloarcula hispanica</i>, a Model Haloarchaeon for studying genetics, metabolism, and virus-host interaction&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>J. Bacteriol.</i> <b>193</b> (21): 6086&ndash;6087. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FJB.05953-11"><span style="font-size: small">10.1128/JB.05953-11</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3194904/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">3194904</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21994921"><span style="font-size: small">21994921</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3194904</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+%27%27Haloarcula+hispanica%27%27%2C+a+Model+Haloarchaeon+for+studying+genetics%2C+metabolism%2C+and+virus-host+interaction&amp;rft.jtitle=J.+Bacteriol.&amp;rft.aulast=Liu+H%2C+Wu+Z%2C+Li+M%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Liu+H%2C+Wu+Z%2C+Li+M%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=November+2011&amp;rft.volume=193&amp;rft.issue=21&amp;rft.pages=6086%E2%80%936087&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FJB.05953-11&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/3194904&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/21994921&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D3194904&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-30"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Baliga, N. S.; Bonneau, R; Facciotti, MT; Pan, M; Glusman, G; Deutsch, EW; Shannon, P; Chiu, Y et al. (2004). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=525680"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Genome sequence of <i>Haloarcula marismortui</i>: A halophilic archaeon from the Dead Sea&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>Genome Research</i> <b>14</b> (11): 2221&ndash;34. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.2700304"><span style="font-size: small">10.1101/gr.2700304</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC525680/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">525680</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15520287"><span style="font-size: small">15520287</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=525680</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+sequence+of+%27%27Haloarcula+marismortui%27%27%3A+A+halophilic+archaeon+from+the+Dead+Sea&amp;rft.jtitle=Genome+Research&amp;rft.aulast=Baliga&amp;rft.aufirst=N.+S.&amp;rft.au=Baliga%2C%26%2332%3BN.+S.&amp;rft.au=Bonneau%2C%26%2332%3BR&amp;rft.au=Facciotti%2C%26%2332%3BMT&amp;rft.au=Pan%2C%26%2332%3BM&amp;rft.au=Glusman%2C%26%2332%3BG&amp;rft.au=Deutsch%2C%26%2332%3BEW&amp;rft.au=Shannon%2C%26%2332%3BP&amp;rft.au=Chiu%2C%26%2332%3BY&amp;rft.au=Weng%2C%26%2332%3BRS&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=14&amp;rft.issue=11&amp;rft.pages=2221%E2%80%9334&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1101%2Fgr.2700304&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/525680&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15520287&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D525680&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-31"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Pfeiffer F, Schuster SC, Broicher A, <i>et al.</i> (April 2008). &quot;Evolution in the laboratory: the genome of <i>Halobacterium salinarum</i> strain R1 compared to that of strain NRC-1&quot;. <i>Genomics</i> <b>91</b> (4): 335&ndash;346. </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ygeno.2008.01.001"><span style="font-size: small">10.1016/j.ygeno.2008.01.001</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18313895"><span style="font-size: small">18313895</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal">.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Evolution+in+the+laboratory%3A+the+genome+of+%27%27Halobacterium+salinarum%27%27+strain+R1+compared+to+that+of+strain+NRC-1&amp;rft.jtitle=Genomics&amp;rft.aulast=Pfeiffer+F%2C+Schuster+SC%2C+Broicher+A%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Pfeiffer+F%2C+Schuster+SC%2C+Broicher+A%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=April+2008&amp;rft.volume=91&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=335%E2%80%93346&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.ygeno.2008.01.001&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18313895&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-32"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Ng, W. V.; Kennedy, SP; Mahairas, GG; Berquist, B; Pan, M; Shukla, HD; Lasky, SR; Baliga, NS et al. (2000). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=17314"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Genome sequence of <i>Halobacterium</i> species NRC-1&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i> <b>97</b> (22): 12176&ndash;81. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.190337797"><span style="font-size: small">10.1073/pnas.190337797</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC17314/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">17314</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11016950"><span style="font-size: small">11016950</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=17314</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+sequence+of+%27%27Halobacterium%27%27+species+NRC-1&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&amp;rft.aulast=Ng&amp;rft.aufirst=W.+V.&amp;rft.au=Ng%2C%26%2332%3BW.+V.&amp;rft.au=Kennedy%2C%26%2332%3BSP&amp;rft.au=Mahairas%2C%26%2332%3BGG&amp;rft.au=Berquist%2C%26%2332%3BB&amp;rft.au=Pan%2C%26%2332%3BM&amp;rft.au=Shukla%2C%26%2332%3BHD&amp;rft.au=Lasky%2C%26%2332%3BSR&amp;rft.au=Baliga%2C%26%2332%3BNS&amp;rft.au=Thorsson%2C%26%2332%3BV&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.volume=97&amp;rft.issue=22&amp;rft.pages=12176%E2%80%9381&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.190337797&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/17314&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11016950&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D17314&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-33"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Jiang X, Wang S, Cheng H, <i>et al.</i> (December 2011). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3232858"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Genome sequence of <i>Halobiforma lacisalsi</i> AJ5, an extremely halophilic archaeon which harbors a <i>bop</i> gene&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>J. Bacteriol.</i> <b>193</b> (24): 7023&ndash;7024. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FJB.06282-11"><span style="font-size: small">10.1128/JB.06282-11</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3232858/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">3232858</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22123770"><span style="font-size: small">22123770</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3232858</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+sequence+of+%27%27Halobiforma+lacisalsi%27%27+AJ5%2C+an+extremely+halophilic+archaeon+which+harbors+a+%27%27bop%27%27+gene&amp;rft.jtitle=J.+Bacteriol.&amp;rft.aulast=Jiang+X%2C+Wang+S%2C+Cheng+H%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Jiang+X%2C+Wang+S%2C+Cheng+H%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=December+2011&amp;rft.volume=193&amp;rft.issue=24&amp;rft.pages=7023%E2%80%937024&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FJB.06282-11&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/3232858&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/22123770&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D3232858&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-34"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Hartman, Amber L.; Norais, C&eacute;Dric; Badger, Jonathan H.; Delmas, St&eacute;Phane; Haldenby, Sam; Madupu, Ramana; Robinson, Jeffrey; Khouri, Hoda et al. (2010). Friedberg, Iddo. ed. </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2841640"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;The complete genome sequence of <i>Haloferax volcanii</i> DS2, a Model Archaeon&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>PLoS ONE</i> <b>5</b> (3): e9605. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0009605"><span style="font-size: small">10.1371/journal.pone.0009605</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2841640/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">2841640</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20333302"><span style="font-size: small">20333302</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2841640</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+complete+genome+sequence+of+%27%27Haloferax+volcanii%27%27+DS2%2C+a+Model+Archaeon&amp;rft.jtitle=PLoS+ONE&amp;rft.aulast=Hartman&amp;rft.aufirst=Amber+L.&amp;rft.au=Hartman%2C%26%2332%3BAmber+L.&amp;rft.au=Norais%2C%26%2332%3BC%C3%A9Dric&amp;rft.au=Badger%2C%26%2332%3BJonathan+H.&amp;rft.au=Delmas%2C%26%2332%3BSt%C3%A9Phane&amp;rft.au=Haldenby%2C%26%2332%3BSam&amp;rft.au=Madupu%2C%26%2332%3BRamana&amp;rft.au=Robinson%2C%26%2332%3BJeffrey&amp;rft.au=Khouri%2C%26%2332%3BHoda&amp;rft.au=Ren%2C%26%2332%3BQinghu&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.volume=5&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=e9605&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0009605&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/2841640&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/20333302&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D2841640&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-35"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Malfatti S, Tindall BJ, Schneider S, <i>et al.</i> (September 24, 2009). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3035229"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Complete genome sequence of <i>Halogeometricum borinquense</i> type strain (PR3)&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>Stand Genomic Sci.</i> <b>1</b> (2): 150&ndash;159. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.4056%2Fsigs.23264"><span style="font-size: small">10.4056/sigs.23264</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3035229/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">3035229</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21304651"><span style="font-size: small">21304651</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3035229</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+%27%27Halogeometricum+borinquense%27%27+type+strain+%28PR3%29&amp;rft.jtitle=Stand+Genomic+Sci.&amp;rft.aulast=Malfatti+S%2C+Tindall+BJ%2C+Schneider+S%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Malfatti+S%2C+Tindall+BJ%2C+Schneider+S%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=September+24%2C+2009&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=150%E2%80%93159&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.4056%2Fsigs.23264&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/3035229&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/21304651&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D3035229&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-36"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Tindall BJ, Schneider S, Lapidus A, <i>et al.</i> (November 22, 2009). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3035239"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Complete genome sequence of <i>Halomicrobium mukohataei</i> type strain (arg-2)&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>Stand Genomic Sci.</i> <b>1</b> (3): 270&ndash;277. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.4056%2Fsigs.42644"><span style="font-size: small">10.4056/sigs.42644</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3035239/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">3035239</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21304667"><span style="font-size: small">21304667</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3035239</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+%27%27Halomicrobium+mukohataei%27%27+type+strain+%28arg-2%29&amp;rft.jtitle=Stand+Genomic+Sci.&amp;rft.aulast=Tindall+BJ%2C+Schneider+S%2C+Lapidus+A%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Tindall+BJ%2C+Schneider+S%2C+Lapidus+A%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=November+22%2C+2009&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=270%E2%80%93277&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.4056%2Fsigs.42644&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/3035239&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/21304667&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D3035239&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-37"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Dyall-Smith ML, Pfeiffer F, Klee K, <i>et al.</i> (2011). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3119063"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;<i>Haloquadratum walsbyi</i>: limited diversity in a global pond&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>PLoS ONE</i> <b>6</b> (6): e20968. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0020968"><span style="font-size: small">10.1371/journal.pone.0020968</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3119063/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">3119063</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21701686"><span style="font-size: small">21701686</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3119063</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=%27%27Haloquadratum+walsbyi%27%27%3A+limited+diversity+in+a+global+pond&amp;rft.jtitle=PLoS+ONE&amp;rft.aulast=Dyall-Smith+ML%2C+Pfeiffer+F%2C+Klee+K%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Dyall-Smith+ML%2C+Pfeiffer+F%2C+Klee+K%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.volume=6&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=e20968&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0020968&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/3119063&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/21701686&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D3119063&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-38"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Bolhuis H, Palm P, Wende A, <i>et al.</i> (July 4, 2006). &quot;The genome of the square archaeon <i>Haloquadratum walsbyi</i>: life at the limits of water activity&quot;. <i>BMC Genomics</i> <b>7</b>: 169. </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2164-7-169"><span style="font-size: small">10.1186/1471-2164-7-169</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16820047"><span style="font-size: small">16820047</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal">.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+genome+of+the+square+archaeon+%27%27Haloquadratum+walsbyi%27%27%3A+life+at+the+limits+of+water+activity&amp;rft.jtitle=BMC+Genomics&amp;rft.aulast=Bolhuis+H%2C+Palm+P%2C+Wende+A%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Bolhuis+H%2C+Palm+P%2C+Wende+A%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=July+4%2C+2006&amp;rft.volume=7&amp;rft.pages=169&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1186%2F1471-2164-7-169&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16820047&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-39"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Antunes A, Alam I, Bajic VB, Stingl U (September 2011). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3165509"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Genome sequence of <i>Halorhabdus tiamatea</i>, the first archaeon isolated from a deep-sea anoxic brine lake&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>J. Bacteriol.</i> <b>193</b> (17): 4553&ndash;4554. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FJB.05462-11"><span style="font-size: small">10.1128/JB.05462-11</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3165509/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">3165509</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21705593"><span style="font-size: small">21705593</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3165509</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+sequence+of+%27%27Halorhabdus+tiamatea%27%27%2C+the+first+archaeon+isolated+from+a+deep-sea+anoxic+brine+lake&amp;rft.jtitle=J.+Bacteriol.&amp;rft.aulast=Antunes+A%2C+Alam+I%2C+Bajic+VB%2C+Stingl+U&amp;rft.au=Antunes+A%2C+Alam+I%2C+Bajic+VB%2C+Stingl+U&amp;rft.date=September+2011&amp;rft.volume=193&amp;rft.issue=17&amp;rft.pages=4553%E2%80%934554&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FJB.05462-11&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/3165509&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/21705593&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D3165509&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-40"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3035240"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Complete genome sequence of <i>Halorhabdus utahensis</i> type strain (AX-2)&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>Stand Genomic Sci.</i> <b>1</b> (3): 218&ndash;225. November 22, 2009. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.4056%2Fsigs.31864"><span style="font-size: small">10.4056/sigs.31864</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3035240/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">3035240</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21304660"><span style="font-size: small">21304660</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3035240</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+%27%27Halorhabdus+utahensis%27%27+type+strain+%28AX-2%29&amp;rft.jtitle=Stand+Genomic+Sci.&amp;rft.date=November+22%2C+2009&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=218%E2%80%93225&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.4056%2Fsigs.31864&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/3035240&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/21304660&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D3035240&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-41"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Saunders, E.; Tindall, B. J.; F&auml;hnrich, R.; Lapidus, A.; Copeland, A.; Del Rio, T. G.; Lucas, S.; Chen, F. et al. (2010). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3035258"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Complete genome sequence of Haloterrigena turkmenica type strain (4kT)&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>Standards in Genomic Sciences</i> <b>2</b> (1): 107&ndash;116. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.4056%2Fsigs.681272"><span style="font-size: small">10.4056/sigs.681272</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3035258/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">3035258</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21304683"><span style="font-size: small">21304683</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3035258</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+Haloterrigena+turkmenica+type+strain+%284kT%29&amp;rft.jtitle=Standards+in+Genomic+Sciences&amp;rft.aulast=Saunders&amp;rft.aufirst=E.&amp;rft.au=Saunders%2C%26%2332%3BE.&amp;rft.au=Tindall%2C%26%2332%3BB.+J.&amp;rft.au=F%C3%A4hnrich%2C%26%2332%3BR.&amp;rft.au=Lapidus%2C%26%2332%3BA.&amp;rft.au=Copeland%2C%26%2332%3BA.&amp;rft.au=Del+Rio%2C%26%2332%3BT.+G.&amp;rft.au=Lucas%2C%26%2332%3BS.&amp;rft.au=Chen%2C%26%2332%3BF.&amp;rft.au=Tice%2C%26%2332%3BH.&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.volume=2&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=107%E2%80%93116&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.4056%2Fsigs.681272&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/3035258&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/21304683&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D3035258&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: smaller" class="plainlinks noprint"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_doi/10.4056.2Fsigs.681272&amp;action=edit&amp;editintro=Template:Cite_doi/editintro2"><span style="font-size: small">edit</span></a></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-42"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Goo AH, Roach J, Glusman G, <i>et al.</i> (January 12, 2004). &quot;Low-pass sequencing for microbial comparative genomics&quot;. <i>BMC Genomics</i> <b>5</b>: 3. </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2164-5-3"><span style="font-size: small">10.1186/1471-2164-5-3</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14718067"><span style="font-size: small">14718067</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal">.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Low-pass+sequencing+for+microbial+comparative+genomics&amp;rft.jtitle=BMC+Genomics&amp;rft.aulast=Goo+AH%2C+Roach+J%2C+Glusman+G%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Goo+AH%2C+Roach+J%2C+Glusman+G%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=January+12%2C+2004&amp;rft.volume=5&amp;rft.pages=3&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1186%2F1471-2164-5-3&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/14718067&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-43"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Falb, M.; Pfeiffer, F; Palm, P; Rodewald, K; Hickmann, V; Tittor, J; Oesterhelt, D (2005). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1240075"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Living with two extremes: Conclusions from the genome sequence of <i>Natronomonas pharaonis</i>&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>Genome Research</i> <b>15</b> (10): 1336&ndash;43. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.3952905"><span style="font-size: small">10.1101/gr.3952905</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1240075/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">1240075</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16169924"><span style="font-size: small">16169924</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1240075</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Living+with+two+extremes%3A+Conclusions+from+the+genome+sequence+of+%27%27Natronomonas+pharaonis%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=Genome+Research&amp;rft.aulast=Falb&amp;rft.aufirst=M.&amp;rft.au=Falb%2C%26%2332%3BM.&amp;rft.au=Pfeiffer%2C%26%2332%3BF&amp;rft.au=Palm%2C%26%2332%3BP&amp;rft.au=Rodewald%2C%26%2332%3BK&amp;rft.au=Hickmann%2C%26%2332%3BV&amp;rft.au=Tittor%2C%26%2332%3BJ&amp;rft.au=Oesterhelt%2C%26%2332%3BD&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=15&amp;rft.issue=10&amp;rft.pages=1336%E2%80%9343&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1101%2Fgr.3952905&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/1240075&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16169924&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D1240075&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-44"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Smith, DR; D; D; L; D; A; B; B et al. (1997). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://jb.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=9371463"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Complete genome sequence of <i>Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum</i> deltaH: functional analysis and comparative genomics&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>The Journal of Bacteriology</i> <b>179</b> (22): 7135&ndash;55. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC179657/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">179657</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9371463"><span style="font-size: small">9371463</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><span class="printonly">. </span></span><span class="printonly"><a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://jb.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=9371463"><span style="font-size: small">http://jb.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=9371463</span></a></span></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal">.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+%27%27Methanobacterium+thermoautotrophicum%27%27+deltaH%3A+functional+analysis+and+comparative+genomics&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Bacteriology&amp;rft.aulast=Smith%2C+DR&amp;rft.au=Smith%2C+DR&amp;rft.au=D&amp;rft.au=D&amp;rft.au=L&amp;rft.au=D&amp;rft.au=A&amp;rft.au=B&amp;rft.au=B&amp;rft.au=C&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.volume=179&amp;rft.issue=22&amp;rft.pages=7135%E2%80%9355&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/179657&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/9371463&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjb.asm.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D9371463&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-45"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Leahy SC, Kelly WJ, Altermann E, <i>et al.</i> (January 28, 2010). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2812497"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;The genome sequence of the rumen methanogen <i>Methanobrevibacter ruminantium</i> reveals new possibilities for controlling ruminant methane emissions&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>PLoS ONE</i> <b>5</b> (1): e8926. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0008926"><span style="font-size: small">10.1371/journal.pone.0008926</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2812497/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">2812497</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20126622"><span style="font-size: small">20126622</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2812497</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+genome+sequence+of+the+rumen+methanogen+%27%27Methanobrevibacter+ruminantium%27%27+reveals+new+possibilities+for+controlling+ruminant+methane+emissions&amp;rft.jtitle=PLoS+ONE&amp;rft.aulast=Leahy+SC%2C+Kelly+WJ%2C+Altermann+E%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Leahy+SC%2C+Kelly+WJ%2C+Altermann+E%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=January+28%2C+2010&amp;rft.volume=5&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=e8926&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0008926&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/2812497&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/20126622&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D2812497&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-46"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Samuel BS, Hansen EE, Manchester JK, <i>et al.</i> (June 19, 2007). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1890564"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Genomic and metabolic adaptations of <i>Methanobrevibacter smithii</i> to the human gut&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>PNAS</i> <b>104</b> (25): 10643&ndash;8. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0704189104"><span style="font-size: small">10.1073/pnas.0704189104</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1890564/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">1890564</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17563350"><span style="font-size: small">17563350</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1890564</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genomic+and+metabolic+adaptations+of+%27%27Methanobrevibacter+smithii%27%27+to+the+human+gut&amp;rft.jtitle=PNAS&amp;rft.aulast=Samuel+BS%2C+Hansen+EE%2C+Manchester+JK%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Samuel+BS%2C+Hansen+EE%2C+Manchester+JK%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=June+19%2C+2007&amp;rft.volume=104&amp;rft.issue=25&amp;rft.pages=10643%E2%80%938&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.0704189104&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/1890564&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17563350&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D1890564&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ </span></span><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><span style="font-size: small"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-Hansen2011_47-0">^{<i><b>a</b></i>}</a> </span><span style="font-size: small"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-Hansen2011_47-1">^{<i><b>b</b></i>}</a> </span><span style="font-size: small"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-Hansen2011_47-2">^{<i><b>c</b></i>}</a> </span><span style="font-size: small"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-Hansen2011_47-3">^{<i><b>d</b></i>}</a> </span><span style="font-size: small"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-Hansen2011_47-4">^{<i><b>e</b></i>}</a> </span><span style="font-size: small"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-Hansen2011_47-5">^{<i><b>f</b></i>}</a> </span><span style="font-size: small"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-Hansen2011_47-6">^{<i><b>g</b></i>}</a> </span><span style="font-size: small"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-Hansen2011_47-7">^{<i><b>h</b></i>}</a> </span><span style="font-size: small"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-Hansen2011_47-8">^{<i><b>i</b></i>}</a> </span><span style="font-size: small"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-Hansen2011_47-9">^{<i><b>j</b></i>}</a> </span><span style="font-size: small"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-Hansen2011_47-10">^{<i><b>k</b></i>}</a> </span><span style="font-size: small"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-Hansen2011_47-11">^{<i><b>l</b></i>}</a> </span><span style="font-size: small"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-Hansen2011_47-12">^{<i><b>m</b></i>}</a> </span><span style="font-size: small"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-Hansen2011_47-13">^{<i><b>n</b></i>}</a> </span><span style="font-size: small"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-Hansen2011_47-14">^{<i><b>o</b></i>}</a> </span><span style="font-size: small"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-Hansen2011_47-15">^{<i><b>p</b></i>}</a> </span><span style="font-size: small"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-Hansen2011_47-16">^{<i><b>q</b></i>}</a> </span><span style="font-size: small"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-Hansen2011_47-17">^{<i><b>r</b></i>}</a> </span><span style="font-size: small"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-Hansen2011_47-18">^{<i><b>s</b></i>}</a> </span></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-Hansen2011_47-19">^{<i><b>t</b></i>}</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Hansen EE, Lozupone CA, Rey FE, <i>et al.</i> (March 15, 2011). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3063581"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Pan-genome of the dominant human gut-associated archaeon, <i>Methanobrevibacter smithii</i>, studied in twins&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>PNAS</i> <b>108</b> (Suppl 1): 4599&ndash;4606. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1000071108"><span style="font-size: small">10.1073/pnas.1000071108</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3063581/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">3063581</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21317366"><span style="font-size: small">21317366</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3063581</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Pan-genome+of+the+dominant+human+gut-associated+archaeon%2C+%27%27Methanobrevibacter+smithii%27%27%2C+studied+in+twins&amp;rft.jtitle=PNAS&amp;rft.aulast=Hansen+EE%2C+Lozupone+CA%2C+Rey+FE%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Hansen+EE%2C+Lozupone+CA%2C+Rey+FE%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=March+15%2C+2011&amp;rft.volume=108&amp;rft.issue=Suppl+1&amp;rft.pages=4599%E2%80%934606&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.1000071108&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/3063581&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/21317366&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D3063581&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-48"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Fricke, W. F.; Seedorf, H.; Henne, A.; Kruer, M.; Liesegang, H.; Hedderich, R.; Gottschalk, G.; Thauer, R. K. (2005). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1347301"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;The genome sequence of <i>Methanosphaera stadtmanae</i> reveals why this human intestinal archaeon is restricted to methanol and H2 for methane formation and ATP synthesis&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>J. Bacteriol.</i> <b>188</b> (2): 642&ndash;58. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FJB.188.2.642-658.2006"><span style="font-size: small">10.1128/JB.188.2.642-658.2006</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1347301/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">1347301</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16385054"><span style="font-size: small">16385054</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1347301</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+genome+sequence+of+%27%27Methanosphaera+stadtmanae%27%27+reveals+why+this+human+intestinal+archaeon+is+restricted+to+methanol+and+H2+for+methane+formation+and+ATP+synthesis&amp;rft.jtitle=J.+Bacteriol.&amp;rft.aulast=Fricke&amp;rft.aufirst=W.+F.&amp;rft.au=Fricke%2C%26%2332%3BW.+F.&amp;rft.au=Seedorf%2C%26%2332%3BH.&amp;rft.au=Henne%2C%26%2332%3BA.&amp;rft.au=Kruer%2C%26%2332%3BM.&amp;rft.au=Liesegang%2C%26%2332%3BH.&amp;rft.au=Hedderich%2C%26%2332%3BR.&amp;rft.au=Gottschalk%2C%26%2332%3BG.&amp;rft.au=Thauer%2C%26%2332%3BR.+K.&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=188&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=642%E2%80%9358&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FJB.188.2.642-658.2006&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/1347301&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16385054&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D1347301&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-49"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Liesegang, H.; Kaster, A. -K.; Wiezer, A.; Goenrich, M.; Wollherr, A.; Seedorf, H.; Gottschalk, G.; Thauer, R. K. (2010). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2953689"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Complete Genome Sequence of Methanothermobacter marburgensis, a Methanoarchaeon Model Organism&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>Journal of Bacteriology</i> <b>192</b> (21): 5850&ndash;5851. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FJB.00844-10"><span style="font-size: small">10.1128/JB.00844-10</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2953689/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">2953689</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20802048"><span style="font-size: small">20802048</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2953689</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+Genome+Sequence+of+Methanothermobacter+marburgensis%2C+a+Methanoarchaeon+Model+Organism&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Bacteriology&amp;rft.aulast=Liesegang&amp;rft.aufirst=H.&amp;rft.au=Liesegang%2C%26%2332%3BH.&amp;rft.au=Kaster%2C%26%2332%3BA.+-K.&amp;rft.au=Wiezer%2C%26%2332%3BA.&amp;rft.au=Goenrich%2C%26%2332%3BM.&amp;rft.au=Wollherr%2C%26%2332%3BA.&amp;rft.au=Seedorf%2C%26%2332%3BH.&amp;rft.au=Gottschalk%2C%26%2332%3BG.&amp;rft.au=Thauer%2C%26%2332%3BR.+K.&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.volume=192&amp;rft.issue=21&amp;rft.pages=5850%E2%80%935851&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FJB.00844-10&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/2953689&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/20802048&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D2953689&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: smaller" class="plainlinks noprint"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_doi/10.1128.2FJB.00844-10&amp;action=edit&amp;editintro=Template:Cite_doi/editintro2"><span style="font-size: small">edit</span></a></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-50"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Anderson I, Djao OD, Misra M, <i>et al.</i> (November 20, 2010). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3035299"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Complete genome sequence of Methanothermus fervidus type strain (V24S)&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>Stand Genomic Sci.</i> <b>3</b> (3): 315&ndash;324. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.4056%2Fsigs.1283367"><span style="font-size: small">10.4056/sigs.1283367</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3035299/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">3035299</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21304736"><span style="font-size: small">21304736</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3035299</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+Methanothermus+fervidus+type+strain+%28V24S%29&amp;rft.jtitle=Stand+Genomic+Sci.&amp;rft.aulast=Anderson+I%2C+Djao+OD%2C+Misra+M%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Anderson+I%2C+Djao+OD%2C+Misra+M%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=November+20%2C+2010&amp;rft.volume=3&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=315%E2%80%93324&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.4056%2Fsigs.1283367&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/3035299&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/21304736&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D3035299&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-51"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Bult, C. J.; White, O.; Olsen, G. J.; Zhou, L.; Fleischmann, R. D.; Sutton, G. G.; Blake, J. A.; Fitzgerald, L. M. et al. (1996). &quot;Complete Genome Sequence of the Methanogenic Archaeon, <i>Methanococcus jannaschii</i>&quot;. <i>Science</i> <b>273</b> (5278): 1058&ndash;73. </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.273.5278.1058"><span style="font-size: small">10.1126/science.273.5278.1058</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8688087"><span style="font-size: small">8688087</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal">.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+Genome+Sequence+of+the+Methanogenic+Archaeon%2C+%27%27Methanococcus+jannaschii%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Bult&amp;rft.aufirst=C.+J.&amp;rft.au=Bult%2C%26%2332%3BC.+J.&amp;rft.au=White%2C%26%2332%3BO.&amp;rft.au=Olsen%2C%26%2332%3BG.+J.&amp;rft.au=Zhou%2C%26%2332%3BL.&amp;rft.au=Fleischmann%2C%26%2332%3BR.+D.&amp;rft.au=Sutton%2C%26%2332%3BG.+G.&amp;rft.au=Blake%2C%26%2332%3BJ.+A.&amp;rft.au=Fitzgerald%2C%26%2332%3BL.+M.&amp;rft.au=Clayton%2C%26%2332%3BR.+A.&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.volume=273&amp;rft.issue=5278&amp;rft.pages=1058%E2%80%9373&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.273.5278.1058&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/8688087&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-52"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Hendrickson EL, Kaul R, Zhou Y, <i>et al.</i> (October 2004). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=522202"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Complete genome sequence of the genetically tractable hydrogenotrophic methanogen <i>Methanococcus maripaludis</i>&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>J Bacteriol.</i> <b>186</b> (20): 6956&ndash;6969. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FJB.186.20.6956-6969.2004"><span style="font-size: small">10.1128/JB.186.20.6956-6969.2004</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC522202/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">522202</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15466049"><span style="font-size: small">15466049</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=522202</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+the+genetically+tractable+hydrogenotrophic+methanogen+%27%27Methanococcus+maripaludis%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=J+Bacteriol.&amp;rft.aulast=Hendrickson+EL%2C+Kaul+R%2C+Zhou+Y%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Hendrickson+EL%2C+Kaul+R%2C+Zhou+Y%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=October+2004&amp;rft.volume=186&amp;rft.issue=20&amp;rft.pages=6956%E2%80%936969&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FJB.186.20.6956-6969.2004&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/522202&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15466049&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D522202&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-53"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Wang X, Greenfield P, Li D, <i>et al.</i> (October 2011). &quot;Complete genome sequence of a nonculturable <i>Methanococcus maripaludis</i> strain extracted in a metagenomic survey of petroleum reservoir fluids&quot;. <i>J Bacteriol.</i> <b>193</b> (19): 6956&ndash;6969. </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FJB.05835-11"><span style="font-size: small">10.1128/JB.05835-11</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21914896"><span style="font-size: small">21914896</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal">.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+a+nonculturable+%27%27Methanococcus+maripaludis%27%27+strain+extracted+in+a+metagenomic+survey+of+petroleum+reservoir+fluids&amp;rft.jtitle=J+Bacteriol.&amp;rft.aulast=Wang+X%2C+Greenfield+P%2C+Li+D%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Wang+X%2C+Greenfield+P%2C+Li+D%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=October+2011&amp;rft.volume=193&amp;rft.issue=19&amp;rft.pages=6956%E2%80%936969&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FJB.05835-11&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/21914896&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-54"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text">&quot;Candidatus Methanoregula boonei 6A8&quot;. </span></span><span class="reference-text"><a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://genome.jgi-psf.org/metbo/metbo.info.html"><span style="font-size: small">http://genome.jgi-psf.org/metbo/metbo.info.html</span></a></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-55"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Erkel C, Kube M, Reinhardt R, Liesack W (July 21, 2006). &quot;Genome of Rice Cluster I archaea--the key methane producers in the rice rhizosphere&quot;. <i>Science</i> <b>313</b> (5785): 370&ndash;372. </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1127062"><span style="font-size: small">10.1126/science.1127062</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16857943"><span style="font-size: small">16857943</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal">.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+of+Rice+Cluster+I+archaea--the+key+methane+producers+in+the+rice+rhizosphere&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Erkel+C%2C+Kube+M%2C+Reinhardt+R%2C+Liesack+W&amp;rft.au=Erkel+C%2C+Kube+M%2C+Reinhardt+R%2C+Liesack+W&amp;rft.date=July+21%2C+2006&amp;rft.volume=313&amp;rft.issue=5785&amp;rft.pages=370%E2%80%93372&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.1127062&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16857943&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-56"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Sakai, S.; Imachi, H.; Hanada, S.; Ohashi, A.; Harada, H.; Kamagata, Y. (2008). &quot;<i>Methanocella paludicola</i> gen. nov., sp. nov., a methane-producing archaeon, the first isolate of the lineage 'Rice Cluster I', and proposal of the new archaeal order Methanocellales ord. Nov&quot;. <i>International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology</i> <b>58</b> (4): 929&ndash;936. </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1099%2Fijs.0.65571-0"><span style="font-size: small">10.1099/ijs.0.65571-0</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18398197"><span style="font-size: small">18398197</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal">.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=%27%27Methanocella+paludicola%27%27+gen.+nov.%2C+sp.+nov.%2C+a+methane-producing+archaeon%2C+the+first+isolate+of+the+lineage+%27Rice+Cluster+I%27%2C+and+proposal+of+the+new+archaeal+order+Methanocellales+ord.+Nov&amp;rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Systematic+and+Evolutionary+Microbiology&amp;rft.aulast=Sakai&amp;rft.aufirst=S.&amp;rft.au=Sakai%2C%26%2332%3BS.&amp;rft.au=Imachi%2C%26%2332%3BH.&amp;rft.au=Hanada%2C%26%2332%3BS.&amp;rft.au=Ohashi%2C%26%2332%3BA.&amp;rft.au=Harada%2C%26%2332%3BH.&amp;rft.au=Kamagata%2C%26%2332%3BY.&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=58&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=929%E2%80%93936&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1099%2Fijs.0.65571-0&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18398197&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: smaller" class="plainlinks noprint"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_pmid/18398197&amp;action=edit&amp;editintro=Template:Cite_pmid/editintro2"><span style="font-size: small">edit</span></a></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-57"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Sakai S, Takaki Y, Shimamura S, <i>et al.</i> (2011). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3146512"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Genome sequence of a mesophilic hydrogenotrophic methanogen <i>Methanocella paludicola</i>, the first cultivated representative of the order Methanocellales&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>PLoS ONE</i> <b>6</b> (7): e22898. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0022898"><span style="font-size: small">10.1371/journal.pone.0022898</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3146512/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">3146512</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21829548"><span style="font-size: small">21829548</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3146512</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+sequence+of+a+mesophilic+hydrogenotrophic+methanogen+%27%27Methanocella+paludicola%27%27%2C+the+first+cultivated+representative+of+the+order+Methanocellales&amp;rft.jtitle=PLoS+ONE&amp;rft.aulast=Sakai+S%2C+Takaki+Y%2C+Shimamura+S%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Sakai+S%2C+Takaki+Y%2C+Shimamura+S%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.volume=6&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.pages=e22898&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0022898&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/3146512&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/21829548&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D3146512&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-58"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Lu, Z.; Lu, Y. (2012). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3347084"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Complete Genome Sequence of a Thermophilic Methanogen, Methanocella conradii HZ254, Isolated from Chinese Rice Field Soil&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>Journal of Bacteriology</i> <b>194</b> (9): 2398&ndash;2399. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FJB.00207-12"><span style="font-size: small">10.1128/JB.00207-12</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3347084/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">3347084</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22493204"><span style="font-size: small">22493204</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3347084</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+Genome+Sequence+of+a+Thermophilic+Methanogen%2C+Methanocella+conradii+HZ254%2C+Isolated+from+Chinese+Rice+Field+Soil&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Bacteriology&amp;rft.aulast=Lu&amp;rft.aufirst=Z.&amp;rft.au=Lu%2C%26%2332%3BZ.&amp;rft.au=Lu%2C%26%2332%3BY.&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.volume=194&amp;rft.issue=9&amp;rft.pages=2398%E2%80%932399&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FJB.00207-12&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/3347084&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/22493204&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D3347084&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: smaller" class="plainlinks noprint"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_pmid/22493204&amp;action=edit&amp;editintro=Template:Cite_pmid/editintro2"><span style="font-size: small">edit</span></a></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-59"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Allen MA, Lauro FM, Williams TJ, <i>et al.</i> (September 2009). &quot;The genome sequence of the psychrophilic archaeon, <i>Methanococcoides burtonii</i>: the role of genome evolution in cold adaptation&quot;. <i>ISME J.</i> <b>3</b> (9): 1012&ndash;1035. </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fismej.2009.45"><span style="font-size: small">10.1038/ismej.2009.45</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19404327"><span style="font-size: small">19404327</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal">.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+genome+sequence+of+the+psychrophilic+archaeon%2C+%27%27Methanococcoides+burtonii%27%27%3A+the+role+of+genome+evolution+in+cold+adaptation&amp;rft.jtitle=ISME+J.&amp;rft.aulast=Allen+MA%2C+Lauro+FM%2C+Williams+TJ%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Allen+MA%2C+Lauro+FM%2C+Williams+TJ%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=September+2009&amp;rft.volume=3&amp;rft.issue=9&amp;rft.pages=1012%E2%80%931035&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fismej.2009.45&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/19404327&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-60"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Anderson IJ, Sieprawska-Lupa M, Goltsman E, <i>et al.</i> (September 24, 2009). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3035222"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Complete genome sequence of <i>Methanocorpusculum labreanum</i> type strain Z&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>Stand Genomic Sci.</i> <b>1</b> (2): 197&ndash;203. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.4056%2Fsigs.35575"><span style="font-size: small">10.4056/sigs.35575</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3035222/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">3035222</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21304657"><span style="font-size: small">21304657</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3035222</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+%27%27Methanocorpusculum+labreanum%27%27+type+strain+Z&amp;rft.jtitle=Stand+Genomic+Sci.&amp;rft.aulast=Anderson+IJ%2C+Sieprawska-Lupa+M%2C+Goltsman+E%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Anderson+IJ%2C+Sieprawska-Lupa+M%2C+Goltsman+E%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=September+24%2C+2009&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=197%E2%80%93203&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.4056%2Fsigs.35575&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/3035222&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/21304657&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D3035222&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-61"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Anderson IJ, Sieprawska-Lupa M, Lapidus A, <i>et al.</i> (September 25, 2009). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3035220"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Complete genome sequence of <i>Methanoculleus marisnigri</i> Romesser et al. 1981 type strain JR1&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>Stand Genomic Sci.</i> <b>1</b> (2): 189&ndash;196. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.4056%2Fsigs.32535"><span style="font-size: small">10.4056/sigs.32535</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3035220/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">3035220</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21304656"><span style="font-size: small">21304656</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3035220</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+%27%27Methanoculleus+marisnigri%27%27+Romesser+et+al.+1981+type+strain+JR1&amp;rft.jtitle=Stand+Genomic+Sci.&amp;rft.aulast=Anderson+IJ%2C+Sieprawska-Lupa+M%2C+Lapidus+A%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Anderson+IJ%2C+Sieprawska-Lupa+M%2C+Lapidus+A%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=September+25%2C+2009&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=189%E2%80%93196&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.4056%2Fsigs.32535&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/3035220&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/21304656&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D3035220&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-62"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span class="reference-text"><a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://genome.jgi-psf.org/metev/metev.info.html"><span style="font-size: small">http://genome.jgi-psf.org/metev/metev.info.html</span></a></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-63"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Spring S, Scheuner C, Lapidus A, <i>et al.</i> (December 23, 2010). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3017947"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;The genome sequence of <i>Methanohalophilus mahii</i> SLP(T) reveals differences in the energy metabolism among members of the Methanosarcinaceae inhabiting freshwater and saline environments&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>Archaea</i> <b>2010</b>: 690737. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1155%2F2010%2F690737"><span style="font-size: small">10.1155/2010/690737</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3017947/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">3017947</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21234345"><span style="font-size: small">21234345</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3017947</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+genome+sequence+of+%27%27Methanohalophilus+mahii%27%27+SLP%28T%29+reveals+differences+in+the+energy+metabolism+among+members+of+the+Methanosarcinaceae+inhabiting+freshwater+and+saline+environments&amp;rft.jtitle=Archaea&amp;rft.aulast=Spring+S%2C+Scheuner+C%2C+Lapidus+A%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Spring+S%2C+Scheuner+C%2C+Lapidus+A%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=December+23%2C+2010&amp;rft.volume=2010&amp;rft.pages=690737&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1155%2F2010%2F690737&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/3017947&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/21234345&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D3017947&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-64"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Brambilla E, Djao OD, Daligault H, <i>et al.</i> (October 27, 2010). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3035365"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Complete genome sequence of Methanoplanus petrolearius type strain (SEBR 4847)&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>Stand Genomic Sci.</i> <b>3</b> (2): 203&ndash;211. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.4056%2Fsigs.1183143"><span style="font-size: small">10.4056/sigs.1183143</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3035365/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">3035365</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21304750"><span style="font-size: small">21304750</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3035365</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+Methanoplanus+petrolearius+type+strain+%28SEBR+4847%29&amp;rft.jtitle=Stand+Genomic+Sci.&amp;rft.aulast=Brambilla+E%2C+Djao+OD%2C+Daligault+H%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Brambilla+E%2C+Djao+OD%2C+Daligault+H%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=October+27%2C+2010&amp;rft.volume=3&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=203%E2%80%93211&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.4056%2Fsigs.1183143&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/3035365&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/21304750&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D3035365&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-65"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Galagan, J. E.; Nusbaum, C; Roy, A; Endrizzi, MG; MacDonald, P; Fitzhugh, W; Calvo, S; Engels, R et al. (2002). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=187521"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;The Genome of <i>M. acetivorans</i> Reveals Extensive Metabolic and Physiological Diversity&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>Genome Research</i> <b>12</b> (4): 532&ndash;42. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.223902"><span style="font-size: small">10.1101/gr.223902</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC187521/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">187521</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11932238"><span style="font-size: small">11932238</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=187521</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+Genome+of+%27%27M.+acetivorans%27%27+Reveals+Extensive+Metabolic+and+Physiological+Diversity&amp;rft.jtitle=Genome+Research&amp;rft.aulast=Galagan&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+E.&amp;rft.au=Galagan%2C%26%2332%3BJ.+E.&amp;rft.au=Nusbaum%2C%26%2332%3BC&amp;rft.au=Roy%2C%26%2332%3BA&amp;rft.au=Endrizzi%2C%26%2332%3BMG&amp;rft.au=MacDonald%2C%26%2332%3BP&amp;rft.au=Fitzhugh%2C%26%2332%3BW&amp;rft.au=Calvo%2C%26%2332%3BS&amp;rft.au=Engels%2C%26%2332%3BR&amp;rft.au=Smirnov%2C%26%2332%3BS&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.volume=12&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=532%E2%80%9342&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1101%2Fgr.223902&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/187521&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11932238&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D187521&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-66"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Maeder DL, Anderson I, Brettin TS, <i>et al.</i> (November, 2006). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1636319"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;The <i>Methanosarcina barkeri</i> genome: comparative analysis with <i>Methanosarcina acetivorans</i> and <i>Methanosarcina mazei' reveals extensive rearrangement within methanosarcinal genomes&quot;</i></span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal">.</span> J. Bacteriology <i><b>188</b> (22): 7922&ndash;7931. </i></span><i><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FJB.00810-06"><span style="font-size: small">10.1128/JB.00810-06</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1636319/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">1636319</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16980466"><span style="font-size: small">16980466</span></a></i><span style="font-size: small"><i><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1636319</span>.</i><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+%27%27Methanosarcina+barkeri%27%27+genome%3A+comparative+analysis+with+%27%27Methanosarcina+acetivorans%27%27+and+%27%27Methanosarcina+mazei%27+reveals+extensive+rearrangement+within+methanosarcinal+genomes&amp;rft.jtitle=J.+Bacteriology&amp;rft.aulast=Maeder+DL%2C+Anderson+I%2C+Brettin+TS%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Maeder+DL%2C+Anderson+I%2C+Brettin+TS%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=November%2C+2006&amp;rft.volume=188&amp;rft.issue=22&amp;rft.pages=7922%E2%80%937931&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FJB.00810-06&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/1636319&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16980466&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D1636319&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-67"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Deppenmeier, U; Johann, A; Hartsch, T; Merkl, R; Schmitz, RA; Martinez-Arias, R; Henne, A; Wiezer, A et al. (2002). &quot;The genome of <i>Methanosarcina mazei</i>: evidence for lateral gene transfer between bacteria and archaea&quot;. <i>Journal of molecular microbiology and biotechnology</i> <b>4</b> (4): 453&ndash;61. </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12125824"><span style="font-size: small">12125824</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal">.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+genome+of+%27%27Methanosarcina+mazei%27%27%3A+evidence+for+lateral+gene+transfer+between+bacteria+and+archaea&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+molecular+microbiology+and+biotechnology&amp;rft.aulast=Deppenmeier&amp;rft.aufirst=U&amp;rft.au=Deppenmeier%2C%26%2332%3BU&amp;rft.au=Johann%2C%26%2332%3BA&amp;rft.au=Hartsch%2C%26%2332%3BT&amp;rft.au=Merkl%2C%26%2332%3BR&amp;rft.au=Schmitz%2C%26%2332%3BRA&amp;rft.au=Martinez-Arias%2C%26%2332%3BR&amp;rft.au=Henne%2C%26%2332%3BA&amp;rft.au=Wiezer%2C%26%2332%3BA&amp;rft.au=B%C3%A4umer%2C%26%2332%3BS&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.volume=4&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=453%E2%80%9361&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12125824&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-68"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Slesarev, A. I.; Mezhevaya, KV; Makarova, KS; Polushin, NN; Shcherbinina, OV; Shakhova, VV; Belova, GI; Aravind, L et al. (2002). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=123701"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;The complete genome of hyperthermophile <i>Methanopyrus kandleri</i> AV19 and monophyly of archaeal methanogens&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i> <b>99</b> (7): 4644&ndash;9. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.032671499"><span style="font-size: small">10.1073/pnas.032671499</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC123701/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">123701</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11930014"><span style="font-size: small">11930014</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=123701</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+complete+genome+of+hyperthermophile+%27%27Methanopyrus+kandleri%27%27+AV19+and+monophyly+of+archaeal+methanogens&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&amp;rft.aulast=Slesarev&amp;rft.aufirst=A.+I.&amp;rft.au=Slesarev%2C%26%2332%3BA.+I.&amp;rft.au=Mezhevaya%2C%26%2332%3BKV&amp;rft.au=Makarova%2C%26%2332%3BKS&amp;rft.au=Polushin%2C%26%2332%3BNN&amp;rft.au=Shcherbinina%2C%26%2332%3BOV&amp;rft.au=Shakhova%2C%26%2332%3BVV&amp;rft.au=Belova%2C%26%2332%3BGI&amp;rft.au=Aravind%2C%26%2332%3BL&amp;rft.au=Natale%2C%26%2332%3BDA&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.volume=99&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.pages=4644%E2%80%939&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.032671499&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/123701&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11930014&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D123701&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-69"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Gaspin, C; Cavaill&eacute;, J; Erauso, G; Bachellerie, JP (2000). &quot;Archaeal homologs of eukaryotic methylation guide small nucleolar RNAs: lessons from the <i>Pyrococcus</i> genomes&quot;. <i>Journal of Molecular Biology</i> <b>297</b> (4): 895&ndash;906. </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1006%2Fjmbi.2000.3593"><span style="font-size: small">10.1006/jmbi.2000.3593</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10736225"><span style="font-size: small">10736225</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal">.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Archaeal+homologs+of+eukaryotic+methylation+guide+small+nucleolar+RNAs%3A+lessons+from+the+%27%27Pyrococcus%27%27+genomes&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Molecular+Biology&amp;rft.aulast=Gaspin&amp;rft.aufirst=C&amp;rft.au=Gaspin%2C%26%2332%3BC&amp;rft.au=Cavaill%C3%A9%2C%26%2332%3BJ&amp;rft.au=Erauso%2C%26%2332%3BG&amp;rft.au=Bachellerie%2C%26%2332%3BJP&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.volume=297&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=895%E2%80%93906&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1006%2Fjmbi.2000.3593&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/10736225&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-70"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Maeder, Dennis L.; Weiss, Robert B.; Dunn, Diane M.; Cherry, Joshua L.; Gonz&aacute;lez, Juan M.; DiRuggiero, Jocelyne; Robb, Frank T. (1999). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genetics.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=10430560"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Divergence of the hyperthermophilic archaea <i>Pyrococcus furiosus</i> and <i>P. horikoshii</i> inferred from complete genomic sequences&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>Genetics</i> <b>152</b> (4): 1299&ndash;305. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1460691/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">1460691</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10430560"><span style="font-size: small">10430560</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><span class="printonly">. </span></span><span class="printonly"><a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genetics.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=10430560"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.genetics.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=10430560</span></a></span></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal">.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Divergence+of+the+hyperthermophilic+archaea+%27%27Pyrococcus+furiosus%27%27+and+%27%27P.+horikoshii%27%27+inferred+from+complete+genomic+sequences&amp;rft.jtitle=Genetics&amp;rft.aulast=Maeder&amp;rft.aufirst=Dennis+L.&amp;rft.au=Maeder%2C%26%2332%3BDennis+L.&amp;rft.au=Weiss%2C%26%2332%3BRobert+B.&amp;rft.au=Dunn%2C%26%2332%3BDiane+M.&amp;rft.au=Cherry%2C%26%2332%3BJoshua+L.&amp;rft.au=Gonz%C3%A1lez%2C%26%2332%3BJuan+M.&amp;rft.au=DiRuggiero%2C%26%2332%3BJocelyne&amp;rft.au=Robb%2C%26%2332%3BFrank+T.&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.volume=152&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=1299%E2%80%93305&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/1460691&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/10430560&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genetics.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D10430560&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-71"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Kawarabayasi, Y.; Sawada, M; Horikawa, H; Haikawa, Y; Hino, Y; Yamamoto, S; Sekine, M; Baba, S et al. (1998). &quot;Complete Sequence and Gene Organization of the Genome of a Hyper-thermophilic Archaebacterium, <i>Pyrococcus horikoshii</i> OT3&quot;. <i>DNA Research</i> <b>5</b> (2): 55&ndash;76. </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fdnares%2F5.2.55"><span style="font-size: small">10.1093/dnares/5.2.55</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9679194"><span style="font-size: small">9679194</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal">.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+Sequence+and+Gene+Organization+of+the+Genome+of+a+Hyper-thermophilic+Archaebacterium%2C+%27%27Pyrococcus+horikoshii%27%27+OT3&amp;rft.jtitle=DNA+Research&amp;rft.aulast=Kawarabayasi&amp;rft.aufirst=Y.&amp;rft.au=Kawarabayasi%2C%26%2332%3BY.&amp;rft.au=Sawada%2C%26%2332%3BM&amp;rft.au=Horikawa%2C%26%2332%3BH&amp;rft.au=Haikawa%2C%26%2332%3BY&amp;rft.au=Hino%2C%26%2332%3BY&amp;rft.au=Yamamoto%2C%26%2332%3BS&amp;rft.au=Sekine%2C%26%2332%3BM&amp;rft.au=Baba%2C%26%2332%3BS&amp;rft.au=Kosugi%2C%26%2332%3BH&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.volume=5&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=55%E2%80%9376&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Fdnares%2F5.2.55&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/9679194&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-72"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Jun X, Lupeng L, Minjuan X, <i>et al.</i> (August 2011). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3147706"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Complete genome sequence of the obligate piezophilic hypertheromphilic archaeon <i>Pyrococcus yayanosii</i> CH1&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>J. Bacteriol.</i> <b>193</b> (16): 4297&ndash;4298. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FJB.05345-11"><span style="font-size: small">10.1128/JB.05345-11</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3147706/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">3147706</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21705594"><span style="font-size: small">21705594</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3147706</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+the+obligate+piezophilic+hypertheromphilic+archaeon+%27%27Pyrococcus+yayanosii%27%27+CH1&amp;rft.jtitle=J.+Bacteriol.&amp;rft.aulast=Jun+X%2C+Lupeng+L%2C+Minjuan+X%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Jun+X%2C+Lupeng+L%2C+Minjuan+X%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=August+2011&amp;rft.volume=193&amp;rft.issue=16&amp;rft.pages=4297%E2%80%934298&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FJB.05345-11&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/3147706&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/21705594&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D3147706&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-73"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Vannier P, Marteinsson VT, Fridjonsson OH, <i>et al.</i> (March 2011). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3067617"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Complete genome sequence of the hyperthermophilic, piezophilic, heterotrophic, and carboxydotrophic archaeon <i>Thermococcus barophilus</i> MP&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>J. Bacteriol.</i> <b>193</b> (6): 1481&ndash;1482. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FJB.01490-10"><span style="font-size: small">10.1128/JB.01490-10</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3067617/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">3067617</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21217005"><span style="font-size: small">21217005</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3067617</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+the+hyperthermophilic%2C+piezophilic%2C+heterotrophic%2C+and+carboxydotrophic+archaeon+%27%27Thermococcus+barophilus%27%27+MP&amp;rft.jtitle=J.+Bacteriol.&amp;rft.aulast=Vannier+P%2C+Marteinsson+VT%2C+Fridjonsson+OH%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Vannier+P%2C+Marteinsson+VT%2C+Fridjonsson+OH%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=March+2011&amp;rft.volume=193&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=1481%E2%80%931482&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FJB.01490-10&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/3067617&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/21217005&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D3067617&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-74"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Zivanovic Y, Armengaud J, Lagorce A, <i>et al.</i> (2009). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2718504"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Genome analysis and genome-wide proteomics of <i>Thermococcus gammatolerans</i>, the most radioresistant organism known amongst the Archaea&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>Genome Biol.</i> <b>10</b> (6): R70. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2Fgb-2009-10-6-r70"><span style="font-size: small">10.1186/gb-2009-10-6-r70</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718504/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">2718504</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19558674"><span style="font-size: small">19558674</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2718504</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+analysis+and+genome-wide+proteomics+of+%27%27Thermococcus+gammatolerans%27%27%2C+the+most+radioresistant+organism+known+amongst+the+Archaea&amp;rft.jtitle=Genome+Biol.&amp;rft.aulast=Zivanovic+Y%2C+Armengaud+J%2C+Lagorce+A%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Zivanovic+Y%2C+Armengaud+J%2C+Lagorce+A%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.volume=10&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=R70&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1186%2Fgb-2009-10-6-r70&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/2718504&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/19558674&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D2718504&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-75"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Fukui T, Atomi H, Kanai T, <i>et al.</i> (March 2005). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=551561"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Complete genome sequence of the hyperthermophilic archaeon <i>Thermococcus kodakaraensis</i> KOD1 and comparison with <i>Pyrococcus</i> genomes&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>Genome Res.</i> <b>15</b> (3): 352&ndash;363. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.3003105"><span style="font-size: small">10.1101/gr.3003105</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC551561/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">551561</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15710748"><span style="font-size: small">15710748</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=551561</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+the+hyperthermophilic+archaeon+%27%27Thermococcus+kodakaraensis%27%27+KOD1+and+comparison+with+%27%27Pyrococcus%27%27+genomes&amp;rft.jtitle=Genome+Res.&amp;rft.aulast=Fukui+T%2C+Atomi+H%2C+Kanai+T%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Fukui+T%2C+Atomi+H%2C+Kanai+T%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=March+2005&amp;rft.volume=15&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=352%E2%80%93363&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1101%2Fgr.3003105&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/551561&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15710748&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D551561&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-76"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Lee HS, Kang SG, Bae SS, <i>et al.</i> (November 2008). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2576655"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;The complete genome sequence of <i>Thermococcus onnurineus</i> NA1 reveals a mixed heterotrophic and carboxydotrophic metabolism&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>J. Bacteriol.</i> <b>190</b> (22): 7491&ndash;7499. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FJB.00746-08"><span style="font-size: small">10.1128/JB.00746-08</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2576655/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">2576655</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18790866"><span style="font-size: small">18790866</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2576655</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+complete+genome+sequence+of+%27%27Thermococcus+onnurineus%27%27+NA1+reveals+a+mixed+heterotrophic+and+carboxydotrophic+metabolism&amp;rft.jtitle=J.+Bacteriol.&amp;rft.aulast=Lee+HS%2C+Kang+SG%2C+Bae+SS%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Lee+HS%2C+Kang+SG%2C+Bae+SS%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=November+2008&amp;rft.volume=190&amp;rft.issue=22&amp;rft.pages=7491%E2%80%937499&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FJB.00746-08&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/2576655&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18790866&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D2576655&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-77"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Mardanov AV, Ravin NV, Svetlitchnyi VA, <i>et al.</i> (July 2009). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2704819"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Metabolic versatility and indigenous origin of the archaeon <i>Thermococcus sibiricus</i>, isolated from a siberian oil reservoir, as revealed by genome analysis&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>Appl Environ Microbiol.</i> <b>75</b> (13): 4580&ndash;4588. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FAEM.00718-09"><span style="font-size: small">10.1128/AEM.00718-09</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2704819/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">2704819</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19447963"><span style="font-size: small">19447963</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2704819</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Metabolic+versatility+and+indigenous+origin+of+the+archaeon+%27%27Thermococcus+sibiricus%27%27%2C+isolated+from+a+siberian+oil+reservoir%2C+as+revealed+by+genome+analysis&amp;rft.jtitle=Appl+Environ+Microbiol.&amp;rft.aulast=Mardanov+AV%2C+Ravin+NV%2C+Svetlitchnyi+VA%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Mardanov+AV%2C+Ravin+NV%2C+Svetlitchnyi+VA%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=July+2009&amp;rft.volume=75&amp;rft.issue=13&amp;rft.pages=4580%E2%80%934588&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FAEM.00718-09&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/2704819&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/19447963&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D2704819&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-78"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Wang X, Gao Z, Xu X, Ruan L (October 2011). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3187469"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Complete genome sequence of <i>Thermococcus</i> sp. strain 4557, a hyperthermophilic archaeon isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent area&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>J. Bacteriol.</i> <b>193</b> (19): 5544&ndash;5545. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FJB.05851-11"><span style="font-size: small">10.1128/JB.05851-11</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3187469/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">3187469</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21914870"><span style="font-size: small">21914870</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3187469</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+%27%27Thermococcus%27%27+sp.+strain+4557%2C+a+hyperthermophilic+archaeon+isolated+from+a+deep-sea+hydrothermal+vent+area&amp;rft.jtitle=J.+Bacteriol.&amp;rft.aulast=Wang+X%2C+Gao+Z%2C+Xu+X%2C+Ruan+L&amp;rft.au=Wang+X%2C+Gao+Z%2C+Xu+X%2C+Ruan+L&amp;rft.date=October+2011&amp;rft.volume=193&amp;rft.issue=19&amp;rft.pages=5544%E2%80%935545&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FJB.05851-11&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/3187469&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/21914870&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D3187469&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-79"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Oger P, Sokolova TG, Kozhevnikova DA, <i>et al.</i> (December 2011). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3232831"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Complete genome sequence of the hyperthermophilic archaeon <i>Thermococcus</i> sp. strain AM4, capable of organotrophic growth and growth at the expense of hydrogenogenic or sulfidogenic oxidation of carbon monoxide&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>J. Bacteriol.</i> <b>193</b> (24): 7019&ndash;7020. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FJB.06259-11"><span style="font-size: small">10.1128/JB.06259-11</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3232831/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">3232831</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22123768"><span style="font-size: small">22123768</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3232831</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+the+hyperthermophilic+archaeon+%27%27Thermococcus%27%27+sp.+strain+AM4%2C+capable+of+organotrophic+growth+and+growth+at+the+expense+of+hydrogenogenic+or+sulfidogenic+oxidation+of+carbon+monoxide&amp;rft.jtitle=J.+Bacteriol.&amp;rft.aulast=Oger+P%2C+Sokolova+TG%2C+Kozhevnikova+DA%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Oger+P%2C+Sokolova+TG%2C+Kozhevnikova+DA%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=December+2011&amp;rft.volume=193&amp;rft.issue=24&amp;rft.pages=7019%E2%80%937020&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FJB.06259-11&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/3232831&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/22123768&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D3232831&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-80"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Allen EE, Tyson GW, Whitaker RJ, <i>et al.</i> (February 6, 2007). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1794283"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Genome dynamics in a natural archaeal population&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>PNAS</i> <b>104</b> (6): 1883&ndash;1888. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0604851104"><span style="font-size: small">10.1073/pnas.0604851104</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1794283/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">1794283</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17267615"><span style="font-size: small">17267615</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1794283</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+dynamics+in+a+natural+archaeal+population&amp;rft.jtitle=PNAS&amp;rft.aulast=Allen+EE%2C+Tyson+GW%2C+Whitaker+RJ%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Allen+EE%2C+Tyson+GW%2C+Whitaker+RJ%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=February+6%2C+2007&amp;rft.volume=104&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=1883%E2%80%931888&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.0604851104&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/1794283&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17267615&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D1794283&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-81"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">F&uuml;tterer O, Angelov A, Liesegang H, <i>et al.</i> (June 15, 2004). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=428478"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Genome sequence of <i>Picrophilus torridus</i> and its implications for life around pH 0&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>PNAS</i> <b>101</b> (24): 9091&ndash;9096. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0401356101"><span style="font-size: small">10.1073/pnas.0401356101</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC428478/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">428478</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15184674"><span style="font-size: small">15184674</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=428478</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+sequence+of+%27%27Picrophilus+torridus%27%27+and+its+implications+for+life+around+pH+0&amp;rft.jtitle=PNAS&amp;rft.aulast=F%C3%BCtterer+O%2C+Angelov+A%2C+Liesegang+H%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=F%C3%BCtterer+O%2C+Angelov+A%2C+Liesegang+H%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=June+15%2C+2004&amp;rft.volume=101&amp;rft.issue=24&amp;rft.pages=9091%E2%80%939096&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.0401356101&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/428478&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15184674&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D428478&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-82"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Baumeister, Wolfgang; Ruepp, Andreas; Graml, Werner; Santos-Martinez, Martha-Leticia; Koretke, Kristin K.; Volker, Craig; Mewes, H. Werner; Frishman, Dmitrij et al. (2000). &quot;The genome sequence of the thermoacidophilic scavenger <i>Thermoplasma acidophilum</i>&quot;. <i>Nature</i> <b>407</b> (6803): 508&ndash;13. </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F35035069"><span style="font-size: small">10.1038/35035069</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11029001"><span style="font-size: small">11029001</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal">.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+genome+sequence+of+the+thermoacidophilic+scavenger+%27%27Thermoplasma+acidophilum%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Baumeister&amp;rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&amp;rft.au=Baumeister%2C%26%2332%3BWolfgang&amp;rft.au=Ruepp%2C%26%2332%3BAndreas&amp;rft.au=Graml%2C%26%2332%3BWerner&amp;rft.au=Santos-Martinez%2C%26%2332%3BMartha-Leticia&amp;rft.au=Koretke%2C%26%2332%3BKristin+K.&amp;rft.au=Volker%2C%26%2332%3BCraig&amp;rft.au=Mewes%2C%26%2332%3BH.+Werner&amp;rft.au=Frishman%2C%26%2332%3BDmitrij&amp;rft.au=Stocker%2C%26%2332%3BSusanne&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.volume=407&amp;rft.issue=6803&amp;rft.pages=508%E2%80%9313&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F35035069&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11029001&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-83"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Kawashima, T.; Amano, N; Koike, H; Makino, S; Higuchi, S; Kawashima-Ohya, Y; Watanabe, K; Yamazaki, M et al. (2000). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=18905"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Archaeal adaptation to higher temperatures revealed by genomic sequence of <i>Thermoplasma volcanium</i>&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>PNAS</i> <b>97</b> (26): 14257&ndash;62. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.97.26.14257"><span style="font-size: small">10.1073/pnas.97.26.14257</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC18905/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">18905</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11121031"><span style="font-size: small">11121031</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=18905</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Archaeal+adaptation+to+higher+temperatures+revealed+by+genomic+sequence+of+%27%27Thermoplasma+volcanium%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=PNAS&amp;rft.aulast=Kawashima&amp;rft.aufirst=T.&amp;rft.au=Kawashima%2C%26%2332%3BT.&amp;rft.au=Amano%2C%26%2332%3BN&amp;rft.au=Koike%2C%26%2332%3BH&amp;rft.au=Makino%2C%26%2332%3BS&amp;rft.au=Higuchi%2C%26%2332%3BS&amp;rft.au=Kawashima-Ohya%2C%26%2332%3BY&amp;rft.au=Watanabe%2C%26%2332%3BK&amp;rft.au=Yamazaki%2C%26%2332%3BM&amp;rft.au=Kanehori%2C%26%2332%3BK&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.volume=97&amp;rft.issue=26&amp;rft.pages=14257%E2%80%9362&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.97.26.14257&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/18905&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11121031&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D18905&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-84"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Elkins JG, Podar M, Graham DE, <i>et al.</i> (June 10, 2008). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2430366"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;A korarchaeal genome reveals insights into the evolution of the Archaea&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>PNAS</i> <b>105</b> (23): 8102&ndash;8107. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0801980105"><span style="font-size: small">10.1073/pnas.0801980105</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2430366/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">2430366</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18535141"><span style="font-size: small">18535141</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2430366</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=A+korarchaeal+genome+reveals+insights+into+the+evolution+of+the+Archaea&amp;rft.jtitle=PNAS&amp;rft.aulast=Elkins+JG%2C+Podar+M%2C+Graham+DE%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Elkins+JG%2C+Podar+M%2C+Graham+DE%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=June+10%2C+2008&amp;rft.volume=105&amp;rft.issue=23&amp;rft.pages=8102%E2%80%938107&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.0801980105&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/2430366&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18535141&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D2430366&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-85"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Waters, E.; Hohn, MJ; Ahel, I; Graham, DE; Adams, MD; Barnstead, M; Beeson, KY; Bibbs, L et al. (2003). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=240731"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;The genome of Nanoarchaeum equitans: Insights into early archaeal evolution and derived parasitism&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i> <b>100</b> (22): 12984&ndash;8. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1735403100"><span style="font-size: small">10.1073/pnas.1735403100</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC240731/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">240731</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14566062"><span style="font-size: small">14566062</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=240731</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+genome+of+Nanoarchaeum+equitans%3A+Insights+into+early+archaeal+evolution+and+derived+parasitism&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&amp;rft.aulast=Waters&amp;rft.aufirst=E.&amp;rft.au=Waters%2C%26%2332%3BE.&amp;rft.au=Hohn%2C%26%2332%3BMJ&amp;rft.au=Ahel%2C%26%2332%3BI&amp;rft.au=Graham%2C%26%2332%3BDE&amp;rft.au=Adams%2C%26%2332%3BMD&amp;rft.au=Barnstead%2C%26%2332%3BM&amp;rft.au=Beeson%2C%26%2332%3BKY&amp;rft.au=Bibbs%2C%26%2332%3BL&amp;rft.au=Bolanos%2C%26%2332%3BR&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=100&amp;rft.issue=22&amp;rft.pages=12984%E2%80%938&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.1735403100&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/240731&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/14566062&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D240731&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-86"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Hallam SJ, Konstantinidis KT, Putnam N, <i>et al.</i> (November 28, 2006). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1643844"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Genomic analysis of the uncultivated marine crenarchaeote <i>Cenarchaeum symbiosum</i>&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>PNAS</i> <b>103</b> (48): 18296&ndash;18301. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0608549103"><span style="font-size: small">10.1073/pnas.0608549103</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1643844/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">1643844</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17114289"><span style="font-size: small">17114289</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1643844</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genomic+analysis+of+the+uncultivated+marine+crenarchaeote+%27%27Cenarchaeum+symbiosum%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=PNAS&amp;rft.aulast=Hallam+SJ%2C+Konstantinidis+KT%2C+Putnam+N%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Hallam+SJ%2C+Konstantinidis+KT%2C+Putnam+N%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=November+28%2C+2006&amp;rft.volume=103&amp;rft.issue=48&amp;rft.pages=18296%E2%80%9318301&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.0608549103&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/1643844&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17114289&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D1643844&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-87"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Hallam SJ, Mincer TJ, Schleper C, <i>et al.</i> (April, 2006). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1403158"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Pathways of carbon assimilation and ammonia oxidation suggested by environmental genomic analyses of marine Crenarchaeota&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>PLoS Biol.</i> <b>4</b> (4): e95. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0040095"><span style="font-size: small">10.1371/journal.pbio.0040095</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1403158/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">1403158</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16533068"><span style="font-size: small">16533068</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1403158</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Pathways+of+carbon+assimilation+and+ammonia+oxidation+suggested+by+environmental+genomic+analyses+of+marine+Crenarchaeota&amp;rft.jtitle=PLoS+Biol.&amp;rft.aulast=Hallam+SJ%2C+Mincer+TJ%2C+Schleper+C%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Hallam+SJ%2C+Mincer+TJ%2C+Schleper+C%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=April%2C+2006&amp;rft.volume=4&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=e95&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0040095&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/1403158&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16533068&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D1403158&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-88"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Blainey PC, Mosier AC, Potanina A, <i>et al.</i> (22 February 2011). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3043068"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Genome of a low-salinity ammonia-oxidizing archaeon determined by single-cell and metagenomic analysis&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>PLoS ONE</i> <b>6</b> (2): e16626. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0016626"><span style="font-size: small">10.1371/journal.pone.0016626</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3043068/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">3043068</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21364937"><span style="font-size: small">21364937</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3043068</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+of+a+low-salinity+ammonia-oxidizing+archaeon+determined+by+single-cell+and+metagenomic+analysis&amp;rft.jtitle=PLoS+ONE&amp;rft.aulast=Blainey+PC%2C+Mosier+AC%2C+Potanina+A%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Blainey+PC%2C+Mosier+AC%2C+Potanina+A%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=22+February+2011&amp;rft.volume=6&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=e16626&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0016626&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/3043068&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/21364937&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D3043068&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-89"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Walker CB, de la Torre JR, Klotz MG, <i>et al.</i> (May 11, 2010). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2889351"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;<i>Nitrosopumilus maritimus</i> genome reveals unique mechanisms for nitrification and autotrophy in globally distributed marine crenarchaea&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>PNAS</i> <b>107</b> (19): 8818&ndash;8823. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0913533107"><span style="font-size: small">10.1073/pnas.0913533107</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2889351/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">2889351</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20421470"><span style="font-size: small">20421470</span></a></span></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2889351</span>.</span></span> </span></li> </ol> 831dbde87ead3756364ef5d8663a5000a30b44e2 4518 4517 2012-07-19T04:45:59Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><span><b><span style="font-size: large">List of sequenced archaeal genomes</span></b></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small">External links</span></p> <p>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes</a></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span style="font-size: medium"><b><span class="mw-cite-backlink">Project pages and papers</span></b></span></h2> <ol> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-0"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Mardanov AV, Svetlitchnyi VA, Beletsky AV, <i>et al.</i> (August, 2010). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2918975"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;The genome sequence of the crenarchaeon <i>Acidilobus saccharovorans</i> supports a new order, Acidilobales, and suggests an important ecological role in terrestrial acidic hot springs&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>Appl Environ Microbiol.</i> <b>76</b> (16): 5652&ndash;5657. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FAEM.00599-10"><span style="font-size: small">10.1128/AEM.00599-10</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2918975/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">2918975</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20581186"><span style="font-size: small">20581186</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2918975</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+genome+sequence+of+the+crenarchaeon+%27%27Acidilobus+saccharovorans%27%27+supports+a+new+order%2C+Acidilobales%2C+and+suggests+an+important+ecological+role+in+terrestrial+acidic+hot+springs&amp;rft.jtitle=Appl+Environ+Microbiol.&amp;rft.aulast=Mardanov+AV%2C+Svetlitchnyi+VA%2C+Beletsky+AV%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Mardanov+AV%2C+Svetlitchnyi+VA%2C+Beletsky+AV%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=August%2C+2010&amp;rft.volume=76&amp;rft.issue=16&amp;rft.pages=5652%E2%80%935657&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FAEM.00599-10&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/2918975&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/20581186&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D2918975&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-1"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Kawarabayasi, Y.; Hino, Y; Horikawa, H; Yamazaki, S; Haikawa, Y; Jin-No, K; Takahashi, M; Sekine, M et al. (1999). &quot;Complete genome sequence of an aerobic hyper-thermophilic crenarchaeon, <i>Aeropyrum pernix</i> K1&quot;. <i>DNA Research</i> <b>6</b> (2): 83&ndash;101, 145&ndash;52. </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fdnares%2F6.2.83"><span style="font-size: small">10.1093/dnares/6.2.83</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10382966"><span style="font-size: small">10382966</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal">.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+an+aerobic+hyper-thermophilic+crenarchaeon%2C+%27%27Aeropyrum+pernix%27%27+K1&amp;rft.jtitle=DNA+Research&amp;rft.aulast=Kawarabayasi&amp;rft.aufirst=Y.&amp;rft.au=Kawarabayasi%2C%26%2332%3BY.&amp;rft.au=Hino%2C%26%2332%3BY&amp;rft.au=Horikawa%2C%26%2332%3BH&amp;rft.au=Yamazaki%2C%26%2332%3BS&amp;rft.au=Haikawa%2C%26%2332%3BY&amp;rft.au=Jin-No%2C%26%2332%3BK&amp;rft.au=Takahashi%2C%26%2332%3BM&amp;rft.au=Sekine%2C%26%2332%3BM&amp;rft.au=Baba%2C%26%2332%3BS&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.volume=6&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=83%E2%80%93101%2C+145%E2%80%9352&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Fdnares%2F6.2.83&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/10382966&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-2"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Ravin NV, Mardanov AV, Beletsky AV, <i>et al.</i> (April 2009). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2655497"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Complete genome sequence of the anaerobic, protein-degrading hyperthermophilic crenarchaeon <i>Desulfurococcus kamchatkensis</i>&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>J Bacteriology</i> <b>191</b> (7): 2371&ndash;2379. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FJB.01525-08"><span style="font-size: small">10.1128/JB.01525-08</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2655497/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">2655497</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19114480"><span style="font-size: small">19114480</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2655497</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+the+anaerobic%2C+protein-degrading+hyperthermophilic+crenarchaeon+%27%27Desulfurococcus+kamchatkensis%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=J+Bacteriology&amp;rft.aulast=Ravin+NV%2C+Mardanov+AV%2C+Beletsky+AV%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Ravin+NV%2C+Mardanov+AV%2C+Beletsky+AV%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=April+2009&amp;rft.volume=191&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.pages=2371%E2%80%932379&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FJB.01525-08&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/2655497&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/19114480&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D2655497&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-3"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Br&uuml;gger K, Chen L, Stark M, <i>et al.' (May 2007). </i></span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><i><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2686385"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;The genome of Hyperthermus butylicus<i>: a sulfur-reducing, peptide fermenting, neutrophilic Crenarchaeote growing up to 108 degrees C&quot;</i></span></a></i><span style="font-size: small"><i>.</i> Archaea <i><b>2</b> (2): 127&ndash;35. </i></span><i><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2686385/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">2686385</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17350933"><span style="font-size: small">17350933</span></a></i><span style="font-size: small"><i><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2686385</span>.</i><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+genome+of+%27%27Hyperthermus+butylicus%27%27%3A+a+sulfur-reducing%2C+peptide+fermenting%2C+neutrophilic+Crenarchaeote+growing+up+to+108+degrees+C&amp;rft.jtitle=Archaea&amp;rft.aulast=Br%C3%BCgger+K%2C+Chen+L%2C+Stark+M%2C+%27%27et+al.%27&amp;rft.au=Br%C3%BCgger+K%2C+Chen+L%2C+Stark+M%2C+%27%27et+al.%27&amp;rft.date=May+2007&amp;rft.volume=2&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=127%E2%80%9335&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/2686385&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17350933&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D2686385&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-4"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Podar M, Anderson I, Makarova KS, <i>et al.</i> (2008). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2614490"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;A genomic analysis of the archaeal system <i>Ignicoccus hospitalis</i>-<i>Nanoarchaeum equitans</i>&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>Genome Biol.</i> <b>9</b> (11): R158. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2Fgb-2008-9-11-r158"><span style="font-size: small">10.1186/gb-2008-9-11-r158</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2614490/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">2614490</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19000309"><span style="font-size: small">19000309</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2614490</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=A+genomic+analysis+of+the+archaeal+system+%27%27Ignicoccus+hospitalis%27%27-%27%27Nanoarchaeum+equitans%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=Genome+Biol.&amp;rft.aulast=Podar+M%2C+Anderson+I%2C+Makarova+KS%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Podar+M%2C+Anderson+I%2C+Makarova+KS%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=9&amp;rft.issue=11&amp;rft.pages=R158&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1186%2Fgb-2008-9-11-r158&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/2614490&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/19000309&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D2614490&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-5"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">G&ouml;ker M, Held B, Lapidus A, <i>et al.</i> (August 20, 2010). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3035270"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Complete genome sequence of Ignisphaera aggregans type strain (AQ1.S1)&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>Stand Genomic Sci.</i> <b>3</b> (1): 66&ndash;75. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.4056%2Fsigs.1072907"><span style="font-size: small">10.4056/sigs.1072907</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3035270/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">3035270</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21304693"><span style="font-size: small">21304693</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3035270</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+Ignisphaera+aggregans+type+strain+%28AQ1.S1%29&amp;rft.jtitle=Stand+Genomic+Sci.&amp;rft.aulast=G%C3%B6ker+M%2C+Held+B%2C+Lapidus+A%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=G%C3%B6ker+M%2C+Held+B%2C+Lapidus+A%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=August+20%2C+2010&amp;rft.volume=3&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=66%E2%80%9375&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.4056%2Fsigs.1072907&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/3035270&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/21304693&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D3035270&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-6"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Anderson I, G&ouml;ker M, Nolan M, <i>et al.</i> (July 1, 2011). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3156397"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Complete genome sequence of the hyperthermophilic chemolithoautotroph <i>Pyrolobus fumarii</i> type strain (1A)&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>Stand Genomic Sci.</i> <b>4</b> (3): 381&ndash;392. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.4056%2Fsigs.2014648"><span style="font-size: small">10.4056/sigs.2014648</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3156397/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">3156397</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21886865"><span style="font-size: small">21886865</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3156397</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+the+hyperthermophilic+chemolithoautotroph+%27%27Pyrolobus+fumarii%27%27+type+strain+%281A%29&amp;rft.jtitle=Stand+Genomic+Sci.&amp;rft.aulast=Anderson+I%2C+G%C3%B6ker+M%2C+Nolan+M%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Anderson+I%2C+G%C3%B6ker+M%2C+Nolan+M%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=July+1%2C+2011&amp;rft.volume=4&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=381%E2%80%93392&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.4056%2Fsigs.2014648&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/3156397&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/21886865&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D3156397&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-7"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Anderson I, Wirth R, Lucas S, <i>et al.</i> (October 15, 2011). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3236042"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Complete genome sequence of <i>Staphylothermus hellenicus</i> P8&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>Stand Genomic Sci.</i> <b>5</b> (1): 12&ndash;20. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.4056%2Fsigs.2054696"><span style="font-size: small">10.4056/sigs.2054696</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3236042/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">3236042</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22180806"><span style="font-size: small">22180806</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3236042</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+%27%27Staphylothermus+hellenicus%27%27+P8&amp;rft.jtitle=Stand+Genomic+Sci.&amp;rft.aulast=Anderson+I%2C+Wirth+R%2C+Lucas+S%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Anderson+I%2C+Wirth+R%2C+Lucas+S%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=October+15%2C+2011&amp;rft.volume=5&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=12%E2%80%9320&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.4056%2Fsigs.2054696&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/3236042&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/22180806&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D3236042&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-8"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Anderson IJ, Dharmarajan L, Rodriguez J, <i>et al.</i> (April 2, 2009). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2678158"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;The complete genome sequence of <i>Staphylothermus marinus</i> reveals differences in sulfur metabolism among heterotrophic Crenarchaeota&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>BMC Genomics</i> <b>10</b>: 145. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2164-10-145"><span style="font-size: small">10.1186/1471-2164-10-145</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2678158/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">2678158</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19341479"><span style="font-size: small">19341479</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2678158</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+complete+genome+sequence+of+%27%27Staphylothermus+marinus%27%27+reveals+differences+in+sulfur+metabolism+among+heterotrophic+Crenarchaeota&amp;rft.jtitle=BMC+Genomics&amp;rft.aulast=Anderson+IJ%2C+Dharmarajan+L%2C+Rodriguez+J%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Anderson+IJ%2C+Dharmarajan+L%2C+Rodriguez+J%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=April+2%2C+2009&amp;rft.volume=10&amp;rft.pages=145&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1186%2F1471-2164-10-145&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/2678158&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/19341479&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D2678158&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-9"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Spring S, Rachel R, Lapidus A, <i>et al.</i> (June 15, 2010). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3035292"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Complete genome sequence of <i>Thermosphaera aggregans</i> type strain (M11TL)&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>Stand Genomic Sci.</i> <b>2</b> (3): 245&ndash;259. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.4056%2Fsigs.821804"><span style="font-size: small">10.4056/sigs.821804</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3035292/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">3035292</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21304709"><span style="font-size: small">21304709</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3035292</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+%27%27Thermosphaera+aggregans%27%27+type+strain+%28M11TL%29&amp;rft.jtitle=Stand+Genomic+Sci.&amp;rft.aulast=Spring+S%2C+Rachel+R%2C+Lapidus+A%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Spring+S%2C+Rachel+R%2C+Lapidus+A%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=June+15%2C+2010&amp;rft.volume=2&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=245%E2%80%93259&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.4056%2Fsigs.821804&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/3035292&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/21304709&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D3035292&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-10"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><i>Extremophiles</i> <b>in press</b>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.jtitle=Extremophiles&amp;rft.volume=in+press&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-11"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Liu LJ, You XY, Zheng H, <i>et al.</i> (July 2011). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3133273"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Complete genome sequence of Metallosphaera cuprina, a metal sulfide-oxidizing archaeon from a hot spring&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>J. Bacteriol.</i> <b>193</b> (13): 3387-33888. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FJB.05038-11"><span style="font-size: small">10.1128/JB.05038-11</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3133273/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">3133273</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21551305"><span style="font-size: small">21551305</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3133273</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+Metallosphaera+cuprina%2C+a+metal+sulfide-oxidizing+archaeon+from+a+hot+spring&amp;rft.jtitle=J.+Bacteriol.&amp;rft.aulast=Liu+LJ%2C+You+XY%2C+Zheng+H%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Liu+LJ%2C+You+XY%2C+Zheng+H%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=July+2011&amp;rft.volume=193&amp;rft.issue=13&amp;rft.pages=3387-33888&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FJB.05038-11&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/3133273&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/21551305&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D3133273&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-12"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Auernik KS, Maezato Y, Blum PH, Kelly RM (February 2008). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2227735"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;The genome sequence of the metal-mobilizing, extremely thermoacidophilic archaeon <i>Metallosphaera sedula</i> provides insights into bioleaching-associated metabolism&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>Appl Environ Microbiol.</i> <b>74</b> (3): 682&ndash;692. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FAEM.02019-07"><span style="font-size: small">10.1128/AEM.02019-07</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2227735/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">2227735</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18083856"><span style="font-size: small">18083856</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2227735</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+genome+sequence+of+the+metal-mobilizing%2C+extremely+thermoacidophilic+archaeon+%27%27Metallosphaera+sedula%27%27+provides+insights+into+bioleaching-associated+metabolism&amp;rft.jtitle=Appl+Environ+Microbiol.&amp;rft.aulast=Auernik+KS%2C+Maezato+Y%2C+Blum+PH%2C+Kelly+RM&amp;rft.au=Auernik+KS%2C+Maezato+Y%2C+Blum+PH%2C+Kelly+RM&amp;rft.date=February+2008&amp;rft.volume=74&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=682%E2%80%93692&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FAEM.02019-07&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/2227735&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18083856&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D2227735&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-13"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Chen, L.; Brugger, K.; Skovgaard, M.; Redder, P.; She, Q.; Torarinsson, E.; Greve, B.; Awayez, M. et al. (2005). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1169522"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;The genome of <i>Sulfolobus acidocaldarius</i>, a model organism of the Crenarchaeota&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>J. Bacteriol.</i> <b>187</b> (14): 4992&ndash;9. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FJB.187.14.4992-4999.2005"><span style="font-size: small">10.1128/JB.187.14.4992-4999.2005</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1169522/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">1169522</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15995215"><span style="font-size: small">15995215</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1169522</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+genome+of+%27%27Sulfolobus+acidocaldarius%27%27%2C+a+model+organism+of+the+Crenarchaeota&amp;rft.jtitle=J.+Bacteriol.&amp;rft.aulast=Chen&amp;rft.aufirst=L.&amp;rft.au=Chen%2C%26%2332%3BL.&amp;rft.au=Brugger%2C%26%2332%3BK.&amp;rft.au=Skovgaard%2C%26%2332%3BM.&amp;rft.au=Redder%2C%26%2332%3BP.&amp;rft.au=She%2C%26%2332%3BQ.&amp;rft.au=Torarinsson%2C%26%2332%3BE.&amp;rft.au=Greve%2C%26%2332%3BB.&amp;rft.au=Awayez%2C%26%2332%3BM.&amp;rft.au=Zibat%2C%26%2332%3BA.&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=187&amp;rft.issue=14&amp;rft.pages=4992%E2%80%939&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FJB.187.14.4992-4999.2005&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/1169522&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15995215&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D1169522&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ </span></span><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><span style="font-size: small"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-Guo2011_14-0">^{<i><b>a</b></i>}</a> </span></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-Guo2011_14-1">^{<i><b>b</b></i>}</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Guo L, Br&uuml;gger K, Liu C, <i>et al.</i> (Apr 2011). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3067641"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Genome analyses of Icelandic strains of Sulfolobus islandicus, model organisms for genetic and virus-host interaction studies&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>J. Bacteriol.</i> <b>193</b> (7): 1672&ndash;1680. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FJB.01487-10"><span style="font-size: small">10.1128/JB.01487-10</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3067641/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">3067641</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21278296"><span style="font-size: small">21278296</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3067641</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+analyses+of+Icelandic+strains+of+Sulfolobus+islandicus%2C+model+organisms+for+genetic+and+virus-host+interaction+studies&amp;rft.jtitle=J.+Bacteriol.&amp;rft.aulast=Guo+L%2C+Br%C3%BCgger+K%2C+Liu+C%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Guo+L%2C+Br%C3%BCgger+K%2C+Liu+C%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=Apr+2011&amp;rft.volume=193&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.pages=1672%E2%80%931680&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FJB.01487-10&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/3067641&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/21278296&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D3067641&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ </span></span><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><span style="font-size: small"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-Reno2009_15-0">^{<i><b>a</b></i>}</a> </span><span style="font-size: small"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-Reno2009_15-1">^{<i><b>b</b></i>}</a> </span><span style="font-size: small"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-Reno2009_15-2">^{<i><b>c</b></i>}</a> </span><span style="font-size: small"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-Reno2009_15-3">^{<i><b>d</b></i>}</a> </span><span style="font-size: small"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-Reno2009_15-4">^{<i><b>e</b></i>}</a> </span><span style="font-size: small"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-Reno2009_15-5">^{<i><b>f</b></i>}</a> </span></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-Reno2009_15-6">^{<i><b>g</b></i>}</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Reno ML, Held NL, Fields CJ, <i>et al.</i> (May 26, 2009). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2689034"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Biogeography of the <i>Sulfolobus islandicus' pan-genome&quot;</i></span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal">.</span> PNAS <i><b>106</b> (21): 8605&ndash;8610. </i></span><i><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0808945106"><span style="font-size: small">10.1073/pnas.0808945106</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2689034/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">2689034</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19435847"><span style="font-size: small">19435847</span></a></i><span style="font-size: small"><i><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2689034</span>.</i><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Biogeography+of+the+%27%27Sulfolobus+islandicus%27+pan-genome&amp;rft.jtitle=PNAS&amp;rft.aulast=Reno+ML%2C+Held+NL%2C+Fields+CJ%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Reno+ML%2C+Held+NL%2C+Fields+CJ%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=May+26%2C+2009&amp;rft.volume=106&amp;rft.issue=21&amp;rft.pages=8605%E2%80%938610&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.0808945106&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/2689034&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/19435847&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D2689034&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-16"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">She Q, Singh RK, Confalonieri F, <i>et al.</i> (July 3, 2001). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=35428"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;The complete genome of the crenarchaeon <i>Sulfolobus solfataricus</i> P2&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>PNAS</i> <b>98</b> (14): 7835&ndash;7840. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.141222098"><span style="font-size: small">10.1073/pnas.141222098</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC35428/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">35428</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11427726"><span style="font-size: small">11427726</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=35428</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+complete+genome+of+the+crenarchaeon+%27%27Sulfolobus+solfataricus%27%27+P2&amp;rft.jtitle=PNAS&amp;rft.aulast=She+Q%2C+Singh+RK%2C+Confalonieri+F%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=She+Q%2C+Singh+RK%2C+Confalonieri+F%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=July+3%2C+2001&amp;rft.volume=98&amp;rft.issue=14&amp;rft.pages=7835%E2%80%937840&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.141222098&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/35428&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11427726&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D35428&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-17"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Kawarabayasi, Y.; Hino, Y; Horikawa, H; Jin-No, K; Takahashi, M; Sekine, M; Baba, S; Ankai, A et al. (2001). &quot;Complete genome sequence of an aerobic thermoacidophilic Crenarchaeon, <i>Sulfolobus tokodaii</i> strain7&quot;. <i>DNA Research</i> <b>8</b> (4): 123&ndash;40. </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fdnares%2F8.4.123"><span style="font-size: small">10.1093/dnares/8.4.123</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11572479"><span style="font-size: small">11572479</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal">.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+an+aerobic+thermoacidophilic+Crenarchaeon%2C+%27%27Sulfolobus+tokodaii%27%27+strain7&amp;rft.jtitle=DNA+Research&amp;rft.aulast=Kawarabayasi&amp;rft.aufirst=Y.&amp;rft.au=Kawarabayasi%2C%26%2332%3BY.&amp;rft.au=Hino%2C%26%2332%3BY&amp;rft.au=Horikawa%2C%26%2332%3BH&amp;rft.au=Jin-No%2C%26%2332%3BK&amp;rft.au=Takahashi%2C%26%2332%3BM&amp;rft.au=Sekine%2C%26%2332%3BM&amp;rft.au=Baba%2C%26%2332%3BS&amp;rft.au=Ankai%2C%26%2332%3BA&amp;rft.au=Kosugi%2C%26%2332%3BH&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.volume=8&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=123%E2%80%9340&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Fdnares%2F8.4.123&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11572479&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-18"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Fitz-Gibbon, S. T.; Ladner, H; Kim, UJ; Stetter, KO; Simon, MI; Miller, JH (2002). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=117417"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Genome sequence of the hyperthermophilic crenarchaeon <i>Pyrobaculum aerophilum</i>&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i> <b>99</b> (2): 984&ndash;9. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.241636498"><span style="font-size: small">10.1073/pnas.241636498</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC117417/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">117417</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11792869"><span style="font-size: small">11792869</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=117417</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+sequence+of+the+hyperthermophilic+crenarchaeon+%27%27Pyrobaculum+aerophilum%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&amp;rft.aulast=Fitz-Gibbon&amp;rft.aufirst=S.+T.&amp;rft.au=Fitz-Gibbon%2C%26%2332%3BS.+T.&amp;rft.au=Ladner%2C%26%2332%3BH&amp;rft.au=Kim%2C%26%2332%3BUJ&amp;rft.au=Stetter%2C%26%2332%3BKO&amp;rft.au=Simon%2C%26%2332%3BMI&amp;rft.au=Miller%2C%26%2332%3BJH&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.volume=99&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=984%E2%80%939&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.241636498&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/117417&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11792869&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D117417&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ </span></span><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><span style="font-size: small"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-GOLD_19-0">^{<i><b>a</b></i>}</a> </span><span style="font-size: small"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-GOLD_19-1">^{<i><b>b</b></i>}</a> </span><span style="font-size: small"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-GOLD_19-2">^{<i><b>c</b></i>}</a> </span><span style="font-size: small"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-GOLD_19-3">^{<i><b>d</b></i>}</a> </span></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-GOLD_19-4">^{<i><b>e</b></i>}</a></span> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomesonline.org/"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;GOLD&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><span class="printonly">. </span></span><span class="printonly"><a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomesonline.org/"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.genomesonline.org</span></a></span></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation web">.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=GOLD&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genomesonline.org&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-20"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Anderson I, Rodriguez J, Susanti D, <i>et al.</i> (April 2008). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2293246"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Genome sequence of <i>Thermofilum pendens</i> reveals an exceptional loss of biosynthetic pathways without genome reduction&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>J. Bacteriol.</i> <b>190</b> (8): 2957&ndash;2965. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FJB.01949-07"><span style="font-size: small">10.1128/JB.01949-07</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2293246/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">2293246</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18263724"><span style="font-size: small">18263724</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2293246</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+sequence+of+%27%27Thermofilum+pendens%27%27+reveals+an+exceptional+loss+of+biosynthetic+pathways+without+genome+reduction&amp;rft.jtitle=J.+Bacteriol.&amp;rft.aulast=Anderson+I%2C+Rodriguez+J%2C+Susanti+D%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Anderson+I%2C+Rodriguez+J%2C+Susanti+D%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=April+2008&amp;rft.volume=190&amp;rft.issue=8&amp;rft.pages=2957%E2%80%932965&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FJB.01949-07&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/2293246&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18263724&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D2293246&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-21"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Siebers B, Zaparty M, Raddatz G, <i>et al.</i> (2011). &quot;The complete genome sequence of <i>Thermoproteus tenax</i>: a physiologically versatile member of the Crenarchaeota&quot;. <i>PLoS ONE</i> <b>6</b> (10): e24222. </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0024222"><span style="font-size: small">10.1371/journal.pone.0024222</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22003381"><span style="font-size: small">22003381</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal">.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+complete+genome+sequence+of+%27%27Thermoproteus+tenax%27%27%3A+a+physiologically+versatile+member+of+the+Crenarchaeota&amp;rft.jtitle=PLoS+ONE&amp;rft.aulast=Siebers+B%2C+Zaparty+M%2C+Raddatz+G%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Siebers+B%2C+Zaparty+M%2C+Raddatz+G%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.volume=6&amp;rft.issue=10&amp;rft.pages=e24222&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0024222&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/22003381&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-22"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Mardanov AV, Gumerov VM, Beletsky AV, <i>et al.</i> (June 2011). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3133184"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Complete genome sequence of the thermoacidophilic crenarchaeon Thermoproteus uzoniensis 768-20&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>J. Bacteriol.</i> <b>193</b> (12): 3156&ndash;3157. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FJB.00409-11"><span style="font-size: small">10.1128/JB.00409-11</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3133184/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">3133184</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21478349"><span style="font-size: small">21478349</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3133184</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+the+thermoacidophilic+crenarchaeon+Thermoproteus+uzoniensis+768-20&amp;rft.jtitle=J.+Bacteriol.&amp;rft.aulast=Mardanov+AV%2C+Gumerov+VM%2C+Beletsky+AV%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Mardanov+AV%2C+Gumerov+VM%2C+Beletsky+AV%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=June+2011&amp;rft.volume=193&amp;rft.issue=12&amp;rft.pages=3156%E2%80%933157&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FJB.00409-11&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/3133184&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/21478349&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D3133184&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-23"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Mavromatis K, Sikorski J, Pabst E, <i>et al.</i> (September 28, 2010). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3035369"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Complete genome sequence of <i>Vulcanisaeta distributa</i> type strain (IC-017)&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>Stand Genomic Sci.</i> <b>3</b> (2): 117&ndash;125. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.4056%2Fsigs.1113067"><span style="font-size: small">10.4056/sigs.1113067</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3035369/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">3035369</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21304741"><span style="font-size: small">21304741</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3035369</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+%27%27Vulcanisaeta+distributa%27%27+type+strain+%28IC-017%29&amp;rft.jtitle=Stand+Genomic+Sci.&amp;rft.aulast=Mavromatis+K%2C+Sikorski+J%2C+Pabst+E%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Mavromatis+K%2C+Sikorski+J%2C+Pabst+E%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=September+28%2C+2010&amp;rft.volume=3&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=117%E2%80%93125&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.4056%2Fsigs.1113067&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/3035369&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/21304741&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D3035369&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-24"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Gumerov VM, Mardanov AV, Beletsky AV, <i>et al.</i> (May 2011). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3133093"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Complete genome sequence of <i>&quot;Vulcanisaeta moutnovskia&quot;</i> strain 768-28, a novel member of the hyperthermophilic crenarchaeal genus Vulcanisaeta&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>J. Bacteriol.</i> <b>193</b> (9): 2355&ndash;2356. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FJB.00237-11"><span style="font-size: small">10.1128/JB.00237-11</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3133093/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">3133093</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21398550"><span style="font-size: small">21398550</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3133093</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+%27%27%22Vulcanisaeta+moutnovskia%22%27%27+strain+768-28%2C+a+novel+member+of+the+hyperthermophilic+crenarchaeal+genus+Vulcanisaeta&amp;rft.jtitle=J.+Bacteriol.&amp;rft.aulast=Gumerov+VM%2C+Mardanov+AV%2C+Beletsky+AV%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Gumerov+VM%2C+Mardanov+AV%2C+Beletsky+AV%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=May+2011&amp;rft.volume=193&amp;rft.issue=9&amp;rft.pages=2355%E2%80%932356&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FJB.00237-11&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/3133093&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/21398550&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D3133093&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-25"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Venter, J. Craig; Klenk, Hans-Peter; Clayton, Rebecca A.; Tomb, Jean-Francois; White, Owen; Nelson, Karen E.; Ketchum, Karen A.; Dodson, Robert J. et al. (1997). &quot;The complete genome sequence of the hyperthermophilic, sulphate-reducing archaeon <i>Archaeoglobus fulgidus</i>&quot;. <i>Nature</i> <b>390</b> (6658): 364&ndash;70. </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F37052"><span style="font-size: small">10.1038/37052</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9389475"><span style="font-size: small">9389475</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal">.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+complete+genome+sequence+of+the+hyperthermophilic%2C+sulphate-reducing+archaeon+%27%27Archaeoglobus+fulgidus%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Venter&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+Craig&amp;rft.au=Venter%2C%26%2332%3BJ.+Craig&amp;rft.au=Klenk%2C%26%2332%3BHans-Peter&amp;rft.au=Clayton%2C%26%2332%3BRebecca+A.&amp;rft.au=Tomb%2C%26%2332%3BJean-Francois&amp;rft.au=White%2C%26%2332%3BOwen&amp;rft.au=Nelson%2C%26%2332%3BKaren+E.&amp;rft.au=Ketchum%2C%26%2332%3BKaren+A.&amp;rft.au=Dodson%2C%26%2332%3BRobert+J.&amp;rft.au=Gwinn%2C%26%2332%3BMichelle&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.volume=390&amp;rft.issue=6658&amp;rft.pages=364%E2%80%9370&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F37052&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/9389475&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-26"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">von Jan M, Lapidus A, Del Rio TG, <i>et al.</i> (June 15, 2010). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3035285"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Complete genome sequence of <i>Archaeoglobus profundus</i> type strain (AV18)&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>Stand Genomic Sci.</i> <b>2</b> (3,): 327&ndash;346. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.4056%2Fsigs.942153"><span style="font-size: small">10.4056/sigs.942153</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3035285/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">3035285</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21304717"><span style="font-size: small">21304717</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3035285</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+%27%27Archaeoglobus+profundus%27%27+type+strain+%28AV18%29&amp;rft.jtitle=Stand+Genomic+Sci.&amp;rft.aulast=von+Jan+M%2C+Lapidus+A%2C+Del+Rio+TG%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=von+Jan+M%2C+Lapidus+A%2C+Del+Rio+TG%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=June+15%2C+2010&amp;rft.volume=2&amp;rft.issue=3%2C&amp;rft.pages=327%E2%80%93346&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.4056%2Fsigs.942153&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/3035285&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/21304717&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D3035285&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-27"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Anderson I, Risso C, Holmes D, <i>et al.</i> (October 15, 2011). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3236036"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Complete genome sequence of 'Ferroglobus placidus <i>AEDII12DO&quot;</i></span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal">.</span> Stand Genomic Sci. <i><b>5</b> (1): 50&ndash;60. </i></span><i><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.4056%2Fsigs.2225018"><span style="font-size: small">10.4056/sigs.2225018</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3236036/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">3236036</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22180810"><span style="font-size: small">22180810</span></a></i><span style="font-size: small"><i><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3236036</span>.</i><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+%27Ferroglobus+placidus%27%27+AEDII12DO&amp;rft.jtitle=Stand+Genomic+Sci.&amp;rft.aulast=Anderson+I%2C+Risso+C%2C+Holmes+D%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Anderson+I%2C+Risso+C%2C+Holmes+D%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=October+15%2C+2011&amp;rft.volume=5&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=50%E2%80%9360&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.4056%2Fsigs.2225018&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/3236036&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/22180810&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D3236036&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-28"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Roh SW, Nam YD, Nam SH, <i>et al.</i> (September, 2010). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2937367"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Complete genome sequence of <i>Halalkalicoccus jeotgali</i> B3(T), an extremely halophilic archaeon&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>J Bacteriol.</i> <b>192</b> (17): 4528&ndash;4529. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FJB.00663-10"><span style="font-size: small">10.1128/JB.00663-10</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2937367/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">2937367</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20601480"><span style="font-size: small">20601480</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2937367</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+%27%27Halalkalicoccus+jeotgali%27%27+B3%28T%29%2C+an+extremely+halophilic+archaeon&amp;rft.jtitle=J+Bacteriol.&amp;rft.aulast=Roh+SW%2C+Nam+YD%2C+Nam+SH%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Roh+SW%2C+Nam+YD%2C+Nam+SH%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=September%2C+2010&amp;rft.volume=192&amp;rft.issue=17&amp;rft.pages=4528%E2%80%934529&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FJB.00663-10&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/2937367&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/20601480&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D2937367&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-29"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Liu H, Wu Z, Li M, <i>et al.</i> (November 2011). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3194904"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Complete genome sequence of <i>Haloarcula hispanica</i>, a Model Haloarchaeon for studying genetics, metabolism, and virus-host interaction&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>J. Bacteriol.</i> <b>193</b> (21): 6086&ndash;6087. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FJB.05953-11"><span style="font-size: small">10.1128/JB.05953-11</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3194904/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">3194904</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21994921"><span style="font-size: small">21994921</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3194904</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+%27%27Haloarcula+hispanica%27%27%2C+a+Model+Haloarchaeon+for+studying+genetics%2C+metabolism%2C+and+virus-host+interaction&amp;rft.jtitle=J.+Bacteriol.&amp;rft.aulast=Liu+H%2C+Wu+Z%2C+Li+M%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Liu+H%2C+Wu+Z%2C+Li+M%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=November+2011&amp;rft.volume=193&amp;rft.issue=21&amp;rft.pages=6086%E2%80%936087&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FJB.05953-11&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/3194904&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/21994921&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D3194904&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-30"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Baliga, N. S.; Bonneau, R; Facciotti, MT; Pan, M; Glusman, G; Deutsch, EW; Shannon, P; Chiu, Y et al. (2004). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=525680"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Genome sequence of <i>Haloarcula marismortui</i>: A halophilic archaeon from the Dead Sea&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>Genome Research</i> <b>14</b> (11): 2221&ndash;34. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.2700304"><span style="font-size: small">10.1101/gr.2700304</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC525680/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">525680</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15520287"><span style="font-size: small">15520287</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=525680</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+sequence+of+%27%27Haloarcula+marismortui%27%27%3A+A+halophilic+archaeon+from+the+Dead+Sea&amp;rft.jtitle=Genome+Research&amp;rft.aulast=Baliga&amp;rft.aufirst=N.+S.&amp;rft.au=Baliga%2C%26%2332%3BN.+S.&amp;rft.au=Bonneau%2C%26%2332%3BR&amp;rft.au=Facciotti%2C%26%2332%3BMT&amp;rft.au=Pan%2C%26%2332%3BM&amp;rft.au=Glusman%2C%26%2332%3BG&amp;rft.au=Deutsch%2C%26%2332%3BEW&amp;rft.au=Shannon%2C%26%2332%3BP&amp;rft.au=Chiu%2C%26%2332%3BY&amp;rft.au=Weng%2C%26%2332%3BRS&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=14&amp;rft.issue=11&amp;rft.pages=2221%E2%80%9334&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1101%2Fgr.2700304&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/525680&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15520287&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D525680&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-31"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Pfeiffer F, Schuster SC, Broicher A, <i>et al.</i> (April 2008). &quot;Evolution in the laboratory: the genome of <i>Halobacterium salinarum</i> strain R1 compared to that of strain NRC-1&quot;. <i>Genomics</i> <b>91</b> (4): 335&ndash;346. </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ygeno.2008.01.001"><span style="font-size: small">10.1016/j.ygeno.2008.01.001</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18313895"><span style="font-size: small">18313895</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal">.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Evolution+in+the+laboratory%3A+the+genome+of+%27%27Halobacterium+salinarum%27%27+strain+R1+compared+to+that+of+strain+NRC-1&amp;rft.jtitle=Genomics&amp;rft.aulast=Pfeiffer+F%2C+Schuster+SC%2C+Broicher+A%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Pfeiffer+F%2C+Schuster+SC%2C+Broicher+A%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=April+2008&amp;rft.volume=91&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=335%E2%80%93346&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.ygeno.2008.01.001&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18313895&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-32"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Ng, W. V.; Kennedy, SP; Mahairas, GG; Berquist, B; Pan, M; Shukla, HD; Lasky, SR; Baliga, NS et al. (2000). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=17314"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Genome sequence of <i>Halobacterium</i> species NRC-1&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i> <b>97</b> (22): 12176&ndash;81. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.190337797"><span style="font-size: small">10.1073/pnas.190337797</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC17314/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">17314</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11016950"><span style="font-size: small">11016950</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=17314</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+sequence+of+%27%27Halobacterium%27%27+species+NRC-1&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&amp;rft.aulast=Ng&amp;rft.aufirst=W.+V.&amp;rft.au=Ng%2C%26%2332%3BW.+V.&amp;rft.au=Kennedy%2C%26%2332%3BSP&amp;rft.au=Mahairas%2C%26%2332%3BGG&amp;rft.au=Berquist%2C%26%2332%3BB&amp;rft.au=Pan%2C%26%2332%3BM&amp;rft.au=Shukla%2C%26%2332%3BHD&amp;rft.au=Lasky%2C%26%2332%3BSR&amp;rft.au=Baliga%2C%26%2332%3BNS&amp;rft.au=Thorsson%2C%26%2332%3BV&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.volume=97&amp;rft.issue=22&amp;rft.pages=12176%E2%80%9381&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.190337797&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/17314&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11016950&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D17314&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-33"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Jiang X, Wang S, Cheng H, <i>et al.</i> (December 2011). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3232858"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Genome sequence of <i>Halobiforma lacisalsi</i> AJ5, an extremely halophilic archaeon which harbors a <i>bop</i> gene&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>J. Bacteriol.</i> <b>193</b> (24): 7023&ndash;7024. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FJB.06282-11"><span style="font-size: small">10.1128/JB.06282-11</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3232858/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">3232858</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22123770"><span style="font-size: small">22123770</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3232858</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+sequence+of+%27%27Halobiforma+lacisalsi%27%27+AJ5%2C+an+extremely+halophilic+archaeon+which+harbors+a+%27%27bop%27%27+gene&amp;rft.jtitle=J.+Bacteriol.&amp;rft.aulast=Jiang+X%2C+Wang+S%2C+Cheng+H%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Jiang+X%2C+Wang+S%2C+Cheng+H%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=December+2011&amp;rft.volume=193&amp;rft.issue=24&amp;rft.pages=7023%E2%80%937024&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FJB.06282-11&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/3232858&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/22123770&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D3232858&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-34"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Hartman, Amber L.; Norais, C&eacute;Dric; Badger, Jonathan H.; Delmas, St&eacute;Phane; Haldenby, Sam; Madupu, Ramana; Robinson, Jeffrey; Khouri, Hoda et al. (2010). Friedberg, Iddo. ed. </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2841640"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;The complete genome sequence of <i>Haloferax volcanii</i> DS2, a Model Archaeon&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>PLoS ONE</i> <b>5</b> (3): e9605. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0009605"><span style="font-size: small">10.1371/journal.pone.0009605</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2841640/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">2841640</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20333302"><span style="font-size: small">20333302</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2841640</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+complete+genome+sequence+of+%27%27Haloferax+volcanii%27%27+DS2%2C+a+Model+Archaeon&amp;rft.jtitle=PLoS+ONE&amp;rft.aulast=Hartman&amp;rft.aufirst=Amber+L.&amp;rft.au=Hartman%2C%26%2332%3BAmber+L.&amp;rft.au=Norais%2C%26%2332%3BC%C3%A9Dric&amp;rft.au=Badger%2C%26%2332%3BJonathan+H.&amp;rft.au=Delmas%2C%26%2332%3BSt%C3%A9Phane&amp;rft.au=Haldenby%2C%26%2332%3BSam&amp;rft.au=Madupu%2C%26%2332%3BRamana&amp;rft.au=Robinson%2C%26%2332%3BJeffrey&amp;rft.au=Khouri%2C%26%2332%3BHoda&amp;rft.au=Ren%2C%26%2332%3BQinghu&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.volume=5&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=e9605&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0009605&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/2841640&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/20333302&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D2841640&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-35"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Malfatti S, Tindall BJ, Schneider S, <i>et al.</i> (September 24, 2009). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3035229"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Complete genome sequence of <i>Halogeometricum borinquense</i> type strain (PR3)&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>Stand Genomic Sci.</i> <b>1</b> (2): 150&ndash;159. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.4056%2Fsigs.23264"><span style="font-size: small">10.4056/sigs.23264</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3035229/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">3035229</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21304651"><span style="font-size: small">21304651</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3035229</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+%27%27Halogeometricum+borinquense%27%27+type+strain+%28PR3%29&amp;rft.jtitle=Stand+Genomic+Sci.&amp;rft.aulast=Malfatti+S%2C+Tindall+BJ%2C+Schneider+S%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Malfatti+S%2C+Tindall+BJ%2C+Schneider+S%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=September+24%2C+2009&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=150%E2%80%93159&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.4056%2Fsigs.23264&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/3035229&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/21304651&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D3035229&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-36"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Tindall BJ, Schneider S, Lapidus A, <i>et al.</i> (November 22, 2009). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3035239"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Complete genome sequence of <i>Halomicrobium mukohataei</i> type strain (arg-2)&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>Stand Genomic Sci.</i> <b>1</b> (3): 270&ndash;277. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.4056%2Fsigs.42644"><span style="font-size: small">10.4056/sigs.42644</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3035239/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">3035239</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21304667"><span style="font-size: small">21304667</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3035239</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+%27%27Halomicrobium+mukohataei%27%27+type+strain+%28arg-2%29&amp;rft.jtitle=Stand+Genomic+Sci.&amp;rft.aulast=Tindall+BJ%2C+Schneider+S%2C+Lapidus+A%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Tindall+BJ%2C+Schneider+S%2C+Lapidus+A%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=November+22%2C+2009&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=270%E2%80%93277&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.4056%2Fsigs.42644&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/3035239&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/21304667&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D3035239&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-37"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Dyall-Smith ML, Pfeiffer F, Klee K, <i>et al.</i> (2011). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3119063"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;<i>Haloquadratum walsbyi</i>: limited diversity in a global pond&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>PLoS ONE</i> <b>6</b> (6): e20968. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0020968"><span style="font-size: small">10.1371/journal.pone.0020968</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3119063/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">3119063</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21701686"><span style="font-size: small">21701686</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3119063</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=%27%27Haloquadratum+walsbyi%27%27%3A+limited+diversity+in+a+global+pond&amp;rft.jtitle=PLoS+ONE&amp;rft.aulast=Dyall-Smith+ML%2C+Pfeiffer+F%2C+Klee+K%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Dyall-Smith+ML%2C+Pfeiffer+F%2C+Klee+K%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.volume=6&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=e20968&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0020968&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/3119063&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/21701686&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D3119063&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-38"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Bolhuis H, Palm P, Wende A, <i>et al.</i> (July 4, 2006). &quot;The genome of the square archaeon <i>Haloquadratum walsbyi</i>: life at the limits of water activity&quot;. <i>BMC Genomics</i> <b>7</b>: 169. </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2164-7-169"><span style="font-size: small">10.1186/1471-2164-7-169</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16820047"><span style="font-size: small">16820047</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal">.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+genome+of+the+square+archaeon+%27%27Haloquadratum+walsbyi%27%27%3A+life+at+the+limits+of+water+activity&amp;rft.jtitle=BMC+Genomics&amp;rft.aulast=Bolhuis+H%2C+Palm+P%2C+Wende+A%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Bolhuis+H%2C+Palm+P%2C+Wende+A%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=July+4%2C+2006&amp;rft.volume=7&amp;rft.pages=169&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1186%2F1471-2164-7-169&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16820047&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-39"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Antunes A, Alam I, Bajic VB, Stingl U (September 2011). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3165509"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Genome sequence of <i>Halorhabdus tiamatea</i>, the first archaeon isolated from a deep-sea anoxic brine lake&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>J. Bacteriol.</i> <b>193</b> (17): 4553&ndash;4554. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FJB.05462-11"><span style="font-size: small">10.1128/JB.05462-11</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3165509/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">3165509</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21705593"><span style="font-size: small">21705593</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3165509</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+sequence+of+%27%27Halorhabdus+tiamatea%27%27%2C+the+first+archaeon+isolated+from+a+deep-sea+anoxic+brine+lake&amp;rft.jtitle=J.+Bacteriol.&amp;rft.aulast=Antunes+A%2C+Alam+I%2C+Bajic+VB%2C+Stingl+U&amp;rft.au=Antunes+A%2C+Alam+I%2C+Bajic+VB%2C+Stingl+U&amp;rft.date=September+2011&amp;rft.volume=193&amp;rft.issue=17&amp;rft.pages=4553%E2%80%934554&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FJB.05462-11&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/3165509&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/21705593&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D3165509&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-40"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3035240"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Complete genome sequence of <i>Halorhabdus utahensis</i> type strain (AX-2)&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>Stand Genomic Sci.</i> <b>1</b> (3): 218&ndash;225. November 22, 2009. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.4056%2Fsigs.31864"><span style="font-size: small">10.4056/sigs.31864</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3035240/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">3035240</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21304660"><span style="font-size: small">21304660</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3035240</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+%27%27Halorhabdus+utahensis%27%27+type+strain+%28AX-2%29&amp;rft.jtitle=Stand+Genomic+Sci.&amp;rft.date=November+22%2C+2009&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=218%E2%80%93225&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.4056%2Fsigs.31864&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/3035240&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/21304660&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D3035240&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-41"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Saunders, E.; Tindall, B. J.; F&auml;hnrich, R.; Lapidus, A.; Copeland, A.; Del Rio, T. G.; Lucas, S.; Chen, F. et al. (2010). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3035258"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Complete genome sequence of Haloterrigena turkmenica type strain (4kT)&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>Standards in Genomic Sciences</i> <b>2</b> (1): 107&ndash;116. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.4056%2Fsigs.681272"><span style="font-size: small">10.4056/sigs.681272</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3035258/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">3035258</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21304683"><span style="font-size: small">21304683</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3035258</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+Haloterrigena+turkmenica+type+strain+%284kT%29&amp;rft.jtitle=Standards+in+Genomic+Sciences&amp;rft.aulast=Saunders&amp;rft.aufirst=E.&amp;rft.au=Saunders%2C%26%2332%3BE.&amp;rft.au=Tindall%2C%26%2332%3BB.+J.&amp;rft.au=F%C3%A4hnrich%2C%26%2332%3BR.&amp;rft.au=Lapidus%2C%26%2332%3BA.&amp;rft.au=Copeland%2C%26%2332%3BA.&amp;rft.au=Del+Rio%2C%26%2332%3BT.+G.&amp;rft.au=Lucas%2C%26%2332%3BS.&amp;rft.au=Chen%2C%26%2332%3BF.&amp;rft.au=Tice%2C%26%2332%3BH.&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.volume=2&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=107%E2%80%93116&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.4056%2Fsigs.681272&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/3035258&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/21304683&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D3035258&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: smaller" class="plainlinks noprint"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_doi/10.4056.2Fsigs.681272&amp;action=edit&amp;editintro=Template:Cite_doi/editintro2"><span style="font-size: small">edit</span></a></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-42"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Goo AH, Roach J, Glusman G, <i>et al.</i> (January 12, 2004). &quot;Low-pass sequencing for microbial comparative genomics&quot;. <i>BMC Genomics</i> <b>5</b>: 3. </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2164-5-3"><span style="font-size: small">10.1186/1471-2164-5-3</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14718067"><span style="font-size: small">14718067</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal">.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Low-pass+sequencing+for+microbial+comparative+genomics&amp;rft.jtitle=BMC+Genomics&amp;rft.aulast=Goo+AH%2C+Roach+J%2C+Glusman+G%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Goo+AH%2C+Roach+J%2C+Glusman+G%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=January+12%2C+2004&amp;rft.volume=5&amp;rft.pages=3&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1186%2F1471-2164-5-3&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/14718067&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-43"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Falb, M.; Pfeiffer, F; Palm, P; Rodewald, K; Hickmann, V; Tittor, J; Oesterhelt, D (2005). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1240075"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Living with two extremes: Conclusions from the genome sequence of <i>Natronomonas pharaonis</i>&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>Genome Research</i> <b>15</b> (10): 1336&ndash;43. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.3952905"><span style="font-size: small">10.1101/gr.3952905</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1240075/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">1240075</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16169924"><span style="font-size: small">16169924</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1240075</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Living+with+two+extremes%3A+Conclusions+from+the+genome+sequence+of+%27%27Natronomonas+pharaonis%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=Genome+Research&amp;rft.aulast=Falb&amp;rft.aufirst=M.&amp;rft.au=Falb%2C%26%2332%3BM.&amp;rft.au=Pfeiffer%2C%26%2332%3BF&amp;rft.au=Palm%2C%26%2332%3BP&amp;rft.au=Rodewald%2C%26%2332%3BK&amp;rft.au=Hickmann%2C%26%2332%3BV&amp;rft.au=Tittor%2C%26%2332%3BJ&amp;rft.au=Oesterhelt%2C%26%2332%3BD&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=15&amp;rft.issue=10&amp;rft.pages=1336%E2%80%9343&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1101%2Fgr.3952905&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/1240075&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16169924&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D1240075&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-44"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Smith, DR; D; D; L; D; A; B; B et al. (1997). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://jb.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=9371463"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Complete genome sequence of <i>Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum</i> deltaH: functional analysis and comparative genomics&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>The Journal of Bacteriology</i> <b>179</b> (22): 7135&ndash;55. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC179657/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">179657</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9371463"><span style="font-size: small">9371463</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><span class="printonly">. </span></span><span class="printonly"><a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://jb.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=9371463"><span style="font-size: small">http://jb.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=9371463</span></a></span></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal">.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+%27%27Methanobacterium+thermoautotrophicum%27%27+deltaH%3A+functional+analysis+and+comparative+genomics&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Bacteriology&amp;rft.aulast=Smith%2C+DR&amp;rft.au=Smith%2C+DR&amp;rft.au=D&amp;rft.au=D&amp;rft.au=L&amp;rft.au=D&amp;rft.au=A&amp;rft.au=B&amp;rft.au=B&amp;rft.au=C&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.volume=179&amp;rft.issue=22&amp;rft.pages=7135%E2%80%9355&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/179657&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/9371463&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjb.asm.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D9371463&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-45"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Leahy SC, Kelly WJ, Altermann E, <i>et al.</i> (January 28, 2010). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2812497"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;The genome sequence of the rumen methanogen <i>Methanobrevibacter ruminantium</i> reveals new possibilities for controlling ruminant methane emissions&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>PLoS ONE</i> <b>5</b> (1): e8926. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0008926"><span style="font-size: small">10.1371/journal.pone.0008926</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2812497/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">2812497</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20126622"><span style="font-size: small">20126622</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2812497</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+genome+sequence+of+the+rumen+methanogen+%27%27Methanobrevibacter+ruminantium%27%27+reveals+new+possibilities+for+controlling+ruminant+methane+emissions&amp;rft.jtitle=PLoS+ONE&amp;rft.aulast=Leahy+SC%2C+Kelly+WJ%2C+Altermann+E%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Leahy+SC%2C+Kelly+WJ%2C+Altermann+E%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=January+28%2C+2010&amp;rft.volume=5&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=e8926&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0008926&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/2812497&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/20126622&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D2812497&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-46"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Samuel BS, Hansen EE, Manchester JK, <i>et al.</i> (June 19, 2007). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1890564"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Genomic and metabolic adaptations of <i>Methanobrevibacter smithii</i> to the human gut&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>PNAS</i> <b>104</b> (25): 10643&ndash;8. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0704189104"><span style="font-size: small">10.1073/pnas.0704189104</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1890564/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">1890564</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17563350"><span style="font-size: small">17563350</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1890564</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genomic+and+metabolic+adaptations+of+%27%27Methanobrevibacter+smithii%27%27+to+the+human+gut&amp;rft.jtitle=PNAS&amp;rft.aulast=Samuel+BS%2C+Hansen+EE%2C+Manchester+JK%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Samuel+BS%2C+Hansen+EE%2C+Manchester+JK%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=June+19%2C+2007&amp;rft.volume=104&amp;rft.issue=25&amp;rft.pages=10643%E2%80%938&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.0704189104&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/1890564&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17563350&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D1890564&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ </span></span><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><span style="font-size: small"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-Hansen2011_47-0">^{<i><b>a</b></i>}</a> </span><span style="font-size: small"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-Hansen2011_47-1">^{<i><b>b</b></i>}</a> </span><span style="font-size: small"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-Hansen2011_47-2">^{<i><b>c</b></i>}</a> </span><span style="font-size: small"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-Hansen2011_47-3">^{<i><b>d</b></i>}</a> </span><span style="font-size: small"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-Hansen2011_47-4">^{<i><b>e</b></i>}</a> </span><span style="font-size: small"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-Hansen2011_47-5">^{<i><b>f</b></i>}</a> </span><span style="font-size: small"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-Hansen2011_47-6">^{<i><b>g</b></i>}</a> </span><span style="font-size: small"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-Hansen2011_47-7">^{<i><b>h</b></i>}</a> </span><span style="font-size: small"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-Hansen2011_47-8">^{<i><b>i</b></i>}</a> </span><span style="font-size: small"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-Hansen2011_47-9">^{<i><b>j</b></i>}</a> </span><span style="font-size: small"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-Hansen2011_47-10">^{<i><b>k</b></i>}</a> </span><span style="font-size: small"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-Hansen2011_47-11">^{<i><b>l</b></i>}</a> </span><span style="font-size: small"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-Hansen2011_47-12">^{<i><b>m</b></i>}</a> </span><span style="font-size: small"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-Hansen2011_47-13">^{<i><b>n</b></i>}</a> </span><span style="font-size: small"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-Hansen2011_47-14">^{<i><b>o</b></i>}</a> </span><span style="font-size: small"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-Hansen2011_47-15">^{<i><b>p</b></i>}</a> </span><span style="font-size: small"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-Hansen2011_47-16">^{<i><b>q</b></i>}</a> </span><span style="font-size: small"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-Hansen2011_47-17">^{<i><b>r</b></i>}</a> </span><span style="font-size: small"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-Hansen2011_47-18">^{<i><b>s</b></i>}</a> </span></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-Hansen2011_47-19">^{<i><b>t</b></i>}</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Hansen EE, Lozupone CA, Rey FE, <i>et al.</i> (March 15, 2011). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3063581"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Pan-genome of the dominant human gut-associated archaeon, <i>Methanobrevibacter smithii</i>, studied in twins&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>PNAS</i> <b>108</b> (Suppl 1): 4599&ndash;4606. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1000071108"><span style="font-size: small">10.1073/pnas.1000071108</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3063581/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">3063581</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21317366"><span style="font-size: small">21317366</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3063581</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Pan-genome+of+the+dominant+human+gut-associated+archaeon%2C+%27%27Methanobrevibacter+smithii%27%27%2C+studied+in+twins&amp;rft.jtitle=PNAS&amp;rft.aulast=Hansen+EE%2C+Lozupone+CA%2C+Rey+FE%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Hansen+EE%2C+Lozupone+CA%2C+Rey+FE%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=March+15%2C+2011&amp;rft.volume=108&amp;rft.issue=Suppl+1&amp;rft.pages=4599%E2%80%934606&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.1000071108&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/3063581&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/21317366&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D3063581&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-48"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Fricke, W. F.; Seedorf, H.; Henne, A.; Kruer, M.; Liesegang, H.; Hedderich, R.; Gottschalk, G.; Thauer, R. K. (2005). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1347301"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;The genome sequence of <i>Methanosphaera stadtmanae</i> reveals why this human intestinal archaeon is restricted to methanol and H2 for methane formation and ATP synthesis&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>J. Bacteriol.</i> <b>188</b> (2): 642&ndash;58. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FJB.188.2.642-658.2006"><span style="font-size: small">10.1128/JB.188.2.642-658.2006</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1347301/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">1347301</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16385054"><span style="font-size: small">16385054</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1347301</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+genome+sequence+of+%27%27Methanosphaera+stadtmanae%27%27+reveals+why+this+human+intestinal+archaeon+is+restricted+to+methanol+and+H2+for+methane+formation+and+ATP+synthesis&amp;rft.jtitle=J.+Bacteriol.&amp;rft.aulast=Fricke&amp;rft.aufirst=W.+F.&amp;rft.au=Fricke%2C%26%2332%3BW.+F.&amp;rft.au=Seedorf%2C%26%2332%3BH.&amp;rft.au=Henne%2C%26%2332%3BA.&amp;rft.au=Kruer%2C%26%2332%3BM.&amp;rft.au=Liesegang%2C%26%2332%3BH.&amp;rft.au=Hedderich%2C%26%2332%3BR.&amp;rft.au=Gottschalk%2C%26%2332%3BG.&amp;rft.au=Thauer%2C%26%2332%3BR.+K.&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=188&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=642%E2%80%9358&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FJB.188.2.642-658.2006&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/1347301&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16385054&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D1347301&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-49"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Liesegang, H.; Kaster, A. -K.; Wiezer, A.; Goenrich, M.; Wollherr, A.; Seedorf, H.; Gottschalk, G.; Thauer, R. K. (2010). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2953689"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Complete Genome Sequence of Methanothermobacter marburgensis, a Methanoarchaeon Model Organism&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>Journal of Bacteriology</i> <b>192</b> (21): 5850&ndash;5851. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FJB.00844-10"><span style="font-size: small">10.1128/JB.00844-10</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2953689/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">2953689</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20802048"><span style="font-size: small">20802048</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2953689</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+Genome+Sequence+of+Methanothermobacter+marburgensis%2C+a+Methanoarchaeon+Model+Organism&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Bacteriology&amp;rft.aulast=Liesegang&amp;rft.aufirst=H.&amp;rft.au=Liesegang%2C%26%2332%3BH.&amp;rft.au=Kaster%2C%26%2332%3BA.+-K.&amp;rft.au=Wiezer%2C%26%2332%3BA.&amp;rft.au=Goenrich%2C%26%2332%3BM.&amp;rft.au=Wollherr%2C%26%2332%3BA.&amp;rft.au=Seedorf%2C%26%2332%3BH.&amp;rft.au=Gottschalk%2C%26%2332%3BG.&amp;rft.au=Thauer%2C%26%2332%3BR.+K.&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.volume=192&amp;rft.issue=21&amp;rft.pages=5850%E2%80%935851&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FJB.00844-10&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/2953689&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/20802048&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D2953689&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: smaller" class="plainlinks noprint"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_doi/10.1128.2FJB.00844-10&amp;action=edit&amp;editintro=Template:Cite_doi/editintro2"><span style="font-size: small">edit</span></a></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-50"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Anderson I, Djao OD, Misra M, <i>et al.</i> (November 20, 2010). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3035299"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Complete genome sequence of Methanothermus fervidus type strain (V24S)&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>Stand Genomic Sci.</i> <b>3</b> (3): 315&ndash;324. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.4056%2Fsigs.1283367"><span style="font-size: small">10.4056/sigs.1283367</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3035299/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">3035299</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21304736"><span style="font-size: small">21304736</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3035299</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+Methanothermus+fervidus+type+strain+%28V24S%29&amp;rft.jtitle=Stand+Genomic+Sci.&amp;rft.aulast=Anderson+I%2C+Djao+OD%2C+Misra+M%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Anderson+I%2C+Djao+OD%2C+Misra+M%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=November+20%2C+2010&amp;rft.volume=3&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=315%E2%80%93324&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.4056%2Fsigs.1283367&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/3035299&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/21304736&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D3035299&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-51"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Bult, C. J.; White, O.; Olsen, G. J.; Zhou, L.; Fleischmann, R. D.; Sutton, G. G.; Blake, J. A.; Fitzgerald, L. M. et al. (1996). &quot;Complete Genome Sequence of the Methanogenic Archaeon, <i>Methanococcus jannaschii</i>&quot;. <i>Science</i> <b>273</b> (5278): 1058&ndash;73. </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.273.5278.1058"><span style="font-size: small">10.1126/science.273.5278.1058</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8688087"><span style="font-size: small">8688087</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal">.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+Genome+Sequence+of+the+Methanogenic+Archaeon%2C+%27%27Methanococcus+jannaschii%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Bult&amp;rft.aufirst=C.+J.&amp;rft.au=Bult%2C%26%2332%3BC.+J.&amp;rft.au=White%2C%26%2332%3BO.&amp;rft.au=Olsen%2C%26%2332%3BG.+J.&amp;rft.au=Zhou%2C%26%2332%3BL.&amp;rft.au=Fleischmann%2C%26%2332%3BR.+D.&amp;rft.au=Sutton%2C%26%2332%3BG.+G.&amp;rft.au=Blake%2C%26%2332%3BJ.+A.&amp;rft.au=Fitzgerald%2C%26%2332%3BL.+M.&amp;rft.au=Clayton%2C%26%2332%3BR.+A.&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.volume=273&amp;rft.issue=5278&amp;rft.pages=1058%E2%80%9373&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.273.5278.1058&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/8688087&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-52"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Hendrickson EL, Kaul R, Zhou Y, <i>et al.</i> (October 2004). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=522202"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Complete genome sequence of the genetically tractable hydrogenotrophic methanogen <i>Methanococcus maripaludis</i>&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>J Bacteriol.</i> <b>186</b> (20): 6956&ndash;6969. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FJB.186.20.6956-6969.2004"><span style="font-size: small">10.1128/JB.186.20.6956-6969.2004</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC522202/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">522202</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15466049"><span style="font-size: small">15466049</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=522202</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+the+genetically+tractable+hydrogenotrophic+methanogen+%27%27Methanococcus+maripaludis%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=J+Bacteriol.&amp;rft.aulast=Hendrickson+EL%2C+Kaul+R%2C+Zhou+Y%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Hendrickson+EL%2C+Kaul+R%2C+Zhou+Y%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=October+2004&amp;rft.volume=186&amp;rft.issue=20&amp;rft.pages=6956%E2%80%936969&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FJB.186.20.6956-6969.2004&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/522202&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15466049&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D522202&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-53"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Wang X, Greenfield P, Li D, <i>et al.</i> (October 2011). &quot;Complete genome sequence of a nonculturable <i>Methanococcus maripaludis</i> strain extracted in a metagenomic survey of petroleum reservoir fluids&quot;. <i>J Bacteriol.</i> <b>193</b> (19): 6956&ndash;6969. </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FJB.05835-11"><span style="font-size: small">10.1128/JB.05835-11</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21914896"><span style="font-size: small">21914896</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal">.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+a+nonculturable+%27%27Methanococcus+maripaludis%27%27+strain+extracted+in+a+metagenomic+survey+of+petroleum+reservoir+fluids&amp;rft.jtitle=J+Bacteriol.&amp;rft.aulast=Wang+X%2C+Greenfield+P%2C+Li+D%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Wang+X%2C+Greenfield+P%2C+Li+D%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=October+2011&amp;rft.volume=193&amp;rft.issue=19&amp;rft.pages=6956%E2%80%936969&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FJB.05835-11&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/21914896&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-54"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text">&quot;Candidatus Methanoregula boonei 6A8&quot;. </span></span><span class="reference-text"><a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://genome.jgi-psf.org/metbo/metbo.info.html"><span style="font-size: small">http://genome.jgi-psf.org/metbo/metbo.info.html</span></a></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-55"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Erkel C, Kube M, Reinhardt R, Liesack W (July 21, 2006). &quot;Genome of Rice Cluster I archaea--the key methane producers in the rice rhizosphere&quot;. <i>Science</i> <b>313</b> (5785): 370&ndash;372. </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1127062"><span style="font-size: small">10.1126/science.1127062</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16857943"><span style="font-size: small">16857943</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal">.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+of+Rice+Cluster+I+archaea--the+key+methane+producers+in+the+rice+rhizosphere&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Erkel+C%2C+Kube+M%2C+Reinhardt+R%2C+Liesack+W&amp;rft.au=Erkel+C%2C+Kube+M%2C+Reinhardt+R%2C+Liesack+W&amp;rft.date=July+21%2C+2006&amp;rft.volume=313&amp;rft.issue=5785&amp;rft.pages=370%E2%80%93372&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.1127062&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16857943&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-56"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Sakai, S.; Imachi, H.; Hanada, S.; Ohashi, A.; Harada, H.; Kamagata, Y. (2008). &quot;<i>Methanocella paludicola</i> gen. nov., sp. nov., a methane-producing archaeon, the first isolate of the lineage 'Rice Cluster I', and proposal of the new archaeal order Methanocellales ord. Nov&quot;. <i>International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology</i> <b>58</b> (4): 929&ndash;936. </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1099%2Fijs.0.65571-0"><span style="font-size: small">10.1099/ijs.0.65571-0</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18398197"><span style="font-size: small">18398197</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal">.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=%27%27Methanocella+paludicola%27%27+gen.+nov.%2C+sp.+nov.%2C+a+methane-producing+archaeon%2C+the+first+isolate+of+the+lineage+%27Rice+Cluster+I%27%2C+and+proposal+of+the+new+archaeal+order+Methanocellales+ord.+Nov&amp;rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Systematic+and+Evolutionary+Microbiology&amp;rft.aulast=Sakai&amp;rft.aufirst=S.&amp;rft.au=Sakai%2C%26%2332%3BS.&amp;rft.au=Imachi%2C%26%2332%3BH.&amp;rft.au=Hanada%2C%26%2332%3BS.&amp;rft.au=Ohashi%2C%26%2332%3BA.&amp;rft.au=Harada%2C%26%2332%3BH.&amp;rft.au=Kamagata%2C%26%2332%3BY.&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=58&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=929%E2%80%93936&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1099%2Fijs.0.65571-0&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18398197&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: smaller" class="plainlinks noprint"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_pmid/18398197&amp;action=edit&amp;editintro=Template:Cite_pmid/editintro2"><span style="font-size: small">edit</span></a></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-57"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Sakai S, Takaki Y, Shimamura S, <i>et al.</i> (2011). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3146512"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Genome sequence of a mesophilic hydrogenotrophic methanogen <i>Methanocella paludicola</i>, the first cultivated representative of the order Methanocellales&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>PLoS ONE</i> <b>6</b> (7): e22898. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0022898"><span style="font-size: small">10.1371/journal.pone.0022898</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3146512/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">3146512</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21829548"><span style="font-size: small">21829548</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3146512</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+sequence+of+a+mesophilic+hydrogenotrophic+methanogen+%27%27Methanocella+paludicola%27%27%2C+the+first+cultivated+representative+of+the+order+Methanocellales&amp;rft.jtitle=PLoS+ONE&amp;rft.aulast=Sakai+S%2C+Takaki+Y%2C+Shimamura+S%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Sakai+S%2C+Takaki+Y%2C+Shimamura+S%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.volume=6&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.pages=e22898&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0022898&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/3146512&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/21829548&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D3146512&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-58"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Lu, Z.; Lu, Y. (2012). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3347084"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Complete Genome Sequence of a Thermophilic Methanogen, Methanocella conradii HZ254, Isolated from Chinese Rice Field Soil&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>Journal of Bacteriology</i> <b>194</b> (9): 2398&ndash;2399. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FJB.00207-12"><span style="font-size: small">10.1128/JB.00207-12</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3347084/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">3347084</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22493204"><span style="font-size: small">22493204</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3347084</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+Genome+Sequence+of+a+Thermophilic+Methanogen%2C+Methanocella+conradii+HZ254%2C+Isolated+from+Chinese+Rice+Field+Soil&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Bacteriology&amp;rft.aulast=Lu&amp;rft.aufirst=Z.&amp;rft.au=Lu%2C%26%2332%3BZ.&amp;rft.au=Lu%2C%26%2332%3BY.&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.volume=194&amp;rft.issue=9&amp;rft.pages=2398%E2%80%932399&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FJB.00207-12&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/3347084&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/22493204&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D3347084&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: smaller" class="plainlinks noprint"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_pmid/22493204&amp;action=edit&amp;editintro=Template:Cite_pmid/editintro2"><span style="font-size: small">edit</span></a></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-59"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Allen MA, Lauro FM, Williams TJ, <i>et al.</i> (September 2009). &quot;The genome sequence of the psychrophilic archaeon, <i>Methanococcoides burtonii</i>: the role of genome evolution in cold adaptation&quot;. <i>ISME J.</i> <b>3</b> (9): 1012&ndash;1035. </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fismej.2009.45"><span style="font-size: small">10.1038/ismej.2009.45</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19404327"><span style="font-size: small">19404327</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal">.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+genome+sequence+of+the+psychrophilic+archaeon%2C+%27%27Methanococcoides+burtonii%27%27%3A+the+role+of+genome+evolution+in+cold+adaptation&amp;rft.jtitle=ISME+J.&amp;rft.aulast=Allen+MA%2C+Lauro+FM%2C+Williams+TJ%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Allen+MA%2C+Lauro+FM%2C+Williams+TJ%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=September+2009&amp;rft.volume=3&amp;rft.issue=9&amp;rft.pages=1012%E2%80%931035&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fismej.2009.45&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/19404327&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-60"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Anderson IJ, Sieprawska-Lupa M, Goltsman E, <i>et al.</i> (September 24, 2009). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3035222"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Complete genome sequence of <i>Methanocorpusculum labreanum</i> type strain Z&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>Stand Genomic Sci.</i> <b>1</b> (2): 197&ndash;203. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.4056%2Fsigs.35575"><span style="font-size: small">10.4056/sigs.35575</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3035222/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">3035222</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21304657"><span style="font-size: small">21304657</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3035222</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+%27%27Methanocorpusculum+labreanum%27%27+type+strain+Z&amp;rft.jtitle=Stand+Genomic+Sci.&amp;rft.aulast=Anderson+IJ%2C+Sieprawska-Lupa+M%2C+Goltsman+E%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Anderson+IJ%2C+Sieprawska-Lupa+M%2C+Goltsman+E%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=September+24%2C+2009&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=197%E2%80%93203&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.4056%2Fsigs.35575&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/3035222&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/21304657&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D3035222&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-61"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Anderson IJ, Sieprawska-Lupa M, Lapidus A, <i>et al.</i> (September 25, 2009). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3035220"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Complete genome sequence of <i>Methanoculleus marisnigri</i> Romesser et al. 1981 type strain JR1&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>Stand Genomic Sci.</i> <b>1</b> (2): 189&ndash;196. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.4056%2Fsigs.32535"><span style="font-size: small">10.4056/sigs.32535</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3035220/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">3035220</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21304656"><span style="font-size: small">21304656</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3035220</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+%27%27Methanoculleus+marisnigri%27%27+Romesser+et+al.+1981+type+strain+JR1&amp;rft.jtitle=Stand+Genomic+Sci.&amp;rft.aulast=Anderson+IJ%2C+Sieprawska-Lupa+M%2C+Lapidus+A%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Anderson+IJ%2C+Sieprawska-Lupa+M%2C+Lapidus+A%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=September+25%2C+2009&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=189%E2%80%93196&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.4056%2Fsigs.32535&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/3035220&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/21304656&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D3035220&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-62"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span class="reference-text"><a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://genome.jgi-psf.org/metev/metev.info.html"><span style="font-size: small">http://genome.jgi-psf.org/metev/metev.info.html</span></a></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-63"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Spring S, Scheuner C, Lapidus A, <i>et al.</i> (December 23, 2010). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3017947"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;The genome sequence of <i>Methanohalophilus mahii</i> SLP(T) reveals differences in the energy metabolism among members of the Methanosarcinaceae inhabiting freshwater and saline environments&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>Archaea</i> <b>2010</b>: 690737. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1155%2F2010%2F690737"><span style="font-size: small">10.1155/2010/690737</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3017947/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">3017947</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21234345"><span style="font-size: small">21234345</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3017947</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+genome+sequence+of+%27%27Methanohalophilus+mahii%27%27+SLP%28T%29+reveals+differences+in+the+energy+metabolism+among+members+of+the+Methanosarcinaceae+inhabiting+freshwater+and+saline+environments&amp;rft.jtitle=Archaea&amp;rft.aulast=Spring+S%2C+Scheuner+C%2C+Lapidus+A%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Spring+S%2C+Scheuner+C%2C+Lapidus+A%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=December+23%2C+2010&amp;rft.volume=2010&amp;rft.pages=690737&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1155%2F2010%2F690737&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/3017947&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/21234345&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D3017947&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-64"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Brambilla E, Djao OD, Daligault H, <i>et al.</i> (October 27, 2010). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3035365"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Complete genome sequence of Methanoplanus petrolearius type strain (SEBR 4847)&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>Stand Genomic Sci.</i> <b>3</b> (2): 203&ndash;211. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.4056%2Fsigs.1183143"><span style="font-size: small">10.4056/sigs.1183143</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3035365/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">3035365</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21304750"><span style="font-size: small">21304750</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3035365</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+Methanoplanus+petrolearius+type+strain+%28SEBR+4847%29&amp;rft.jtitle=Stand+Genomic+Sci.&amp;rft.aulast=Brambilla+E%2C+Djao+OD%2C+Daligault+H%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Brambilla+E%2C+Djao+OD%2C+Daligault+H%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=October+27%2C+2010&amp;rft.volume=3&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=203%E2%80%93211&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.4056%2Fsigs.1183143&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/3035365&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/21304750&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D3035365&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-65"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Galagan, J. E.; Nusbaum, C; Roy, A; Endrizzi, MG; MacDonald, P; Fitzhugh, W; Calvo, S; Engels, R et al. (2002). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=187521"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;The Genome of <i>M. acetivorans</i> Reveals Extensive Metabolic and Physiological Diversity&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>Genome Research</i> <b>12</b> (4): 532&ndash;42. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.223902"><span style="font-size: small">10.1101/gr.223902</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC187521/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">187521</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11932238"><span style="font-size: small">11932238</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=187521</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+Genome+of+%27%27M.+acetivorans%27%27+Reveals+Extensive+Metabolic+and+Physiological+Diversity&amp;rft.jtitle=Genome+Research&amp;rft.aulast=Galagan&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+E.&amp;rft.au=Galagan%2C%26%2332%3BJ.+E.&amp;rft.au=Nusbaum%2C%26%2332%3BC&amp;rft.au=Roy%2C%26%2332%3BA&amp;rft.au=Endrizzi%2C%26%2332%3BMG&amp;rft.au=MacDonald%2C%26%2332%3BP&amp;rft.au=Fitzhugh%2C%26%2332%3BW&amp;rft.au=Calvo%2C%26%2332%3BS&amp;rft.au=Engels%2C%26%2332%3BR&amp;rft.au=Smirnov%2C%26%2332%3BS&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.volume=12&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=532%E2%80%9342&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1101%2Fgr.223902&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/187521&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11932238&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D187521&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-66"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Maeder DL, Anderson I, Brettin TS, <i>et al.</i> (November, 2006). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1636319"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;The <i>Methanosarcina barkeri</i> genome: comparative analysis with <i>Methanosarcina acetivorans</i> and <i>Methanosarcina mazei' reveals extensive rearrangement within methanosarcinal genomes&quot;</i></span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal">.</span> J. Bacteriology <i><b>188</b> (22): 7922&ndash;7931. </i></span><i><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FJB.00810-06"><span style="font-size: small">10.1128/JB.00810-06</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1636319/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">1636319</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16980466"><span style="font-size: small">16980466</span></a></i><span style="font-size: small"><i><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1636319</span>.</i><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+%27%27Methanosarcina+barkeri%27%27+genome%3A+comparative+analysis+with+%27%27Methanosarcina+acetivorans%27%27+and+%27%27Methanosarcina+mazei%27+reveals+extensive+rearrangement+within+methanosarcinal+genomes&amp;rft.jtitle=J.+Bacteriology&amp;rft.aulast=Maeder+DL%2C+Anderson+I%2C+Brettin+TS%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Maeder+DL%2C+Anderson+I%2C+Brettin+TS%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=November%2C+2006&amp;rft.volume=188&amp;rft.issue=22&amp;rft.pages=7922%E2%80%937931&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FJB.00810-06&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/1636319&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16980466&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D1636319&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-67"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Deppenmeier, U; Johann, A; Hartsch, T; Merkl, R; Schmitz, RA; Martinez-Arias, R; Henne, A; Wiezer, A et al. (2002). &quot;The genome of <i>Methanosarcina mazei</i>: evidence for lateral gene transfer between bacteria and archaea&quot;. <i>Journal of molecular microbiology and biotechnology</i> <b>4</b> (4): 453&ndash;61. </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12125824"><span style="font-size: small">12125824</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal">.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+genome+of+%27%27Methanosarcina+mazei%27%27%3A+evidence+for+lateral+gene+transfer+between+bacteria+and+archaea&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+molecular+microbiology+and+biotechnology&amp;rft.aulast=Deppenmeier&amp;rft.aufirst=U&amp;rft.au=Deppenmeier%2C%26%2332%3BU&amp;rft.au=Johann%2C%26%2332%3BA&amp;rft.au=Hartsch%2C%26%2332%3BT&amp;rft.au=Merkl%2C%26%2332%3BR&amp;rft.au=Schmitz%2C%26%2332%3BRA&amp;rft.au=Martinez-Arias%2C%26%2332%3BR&amp;rft.au=Henne%2C%26%2332%3BA&amp;rft.au=Wiezer%2C%26%2332%3BA&amp;rft.au=B%C3%A4umer%2C%26%2332%3BS&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.volume=4&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=453%E2%80%9361&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12125824&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-68"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Slesarev, A. I.; Mezhevaya, KV; Makarova, KS; Polushin, NN; Shcherbinina, OV; Shakhova, VV; Belova, GI; Aravind, L et al. (2002). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=123701"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;The complete genome of hyperthermophile <i>Methanopyrus kandleri</i> AV19 and monophyly of archaeal methanogens&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i> <b>99</b> (7): 4644&ndash;9. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.032671499"><span style="font-size: small">10.1073/pnas.032671499</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC123701/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">123701</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11930014"><span style="font-size: small">11930014</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=123701</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+complete+genome+of+hyperthermophile+%27%27Methanopyrus+kandleri%27%27+AV19+and+monophyly+of+archaeal+methanogens&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&amp;rft.aulast=Slesarev&amp;rft.aufirst=A.+I.&amp;rft.au=Slesarev%2C%26%2332%3BA.+I.&amp;rft.au=Mezhevaya%2C%26%2332%3BKV&amp;rft.au=Makarova%2C%26%2332%3BKS&amp;rft.au=Polushin%2C%26%2332%3BNN&amp;rft.au=Shcherbinina%2C%26%2332%3BOV&amp;rft.au=Shakhova%2C%26%2332%3BVV&amp;rft.au=Belova%2C%26%2332%3BGI&amp;rft.au=Aravind%2C%26%2332%3BL&amp;rft.au=Natale%2C%26%2332%3BDA&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.volume=99&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.pages=4644%E2%80%939&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.032671499&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/123701&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11930014&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D123701&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-69"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Gaspin, C; Cavaill&eacute;, J; Erauso, G; Bachellerie, JP (2000). &quot;Archaeal homologs of eukaryotic methylation guide small nucleolar RNAs: lessons from the <i>Pyrococcus</i> genomes&quot;. <i>Journal of Molecular Biology</i> <b>297</b> (4): 895&ndash;906. </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1006%2Fjmbi.2000.3593"><span style="font-size: small">10.1006/jmbi.2000.3593</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10736225"><span style="font-size: small">10736225</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal">.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Archaeal+homologs+of+eukaryotic+methylation+guide+small+nucleolar+RNAs%3A+lessons+from+the+%27%27Pyrococcus%27%27+genomes&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Molecular+Biology&amp;rft.aulast=Gaspin&amp;rft.aufirst=C&amp;rft.au=Gaspin%2C%26%2332%3BC&amp;rft.au=Cavaill%C3%A9%2C%26%2332%3BJ&amp;rft.au=Erauso%2C%26%2332%3BG&amp;rft.au=Bachellerie%2C%26%2332%3BJP&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.volume=297&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=895%E2%80%93906&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1006%2Fjmbi.2000.3593&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/10736225&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-70"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Maeder, Dennis L.; Weiss, Robert B.; Dunn, Diane M.; Cherry, Joshua L.; Gonz&aacute;lez, Juan M.; DiRuggiero, Jocelyne; Robb, Frank T. (1999). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genetics.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=10430560"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Divergence of the hyperthermophilic archaea <i>Pyrococcus furiosus</i> and <i>P. horikoshii</i> inferred from complete genomic sequences&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>Genetics</i> <b>152</b> (4): 1299&ndash;305. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1460691/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">1460691</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10430560"><span style="font-size: small">10430560</span></a><span style="font-size: small"><span class="printonly">. </span></span><span class="printonly"><a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genetics.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=10430560"><span style="font-size: small">http://www.genetics.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=10430560</span></a></span></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal">.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Divergence+of+the+hyperthermophilic+archaea+%27%27Pyrococcus+furiosus%27%27+and+%27%27P.+horikoshii%27%27+inferred+from+complete+genomic+sequences&amp;rft.jtitle=Genetics&amp;rft.aulast=Maeder&amp;rft.aufirst=Dennis+L.&amp;rft.au=Maeder%2C%26%2332%3BDennis+L.&amp;rft.au=Weiss%2C%26%2332%3BRobert+B.&amp;rft.au=Dunn%2C%26%2332%3BDiane+M.&amp;rft.au=Cherry%2C%26%2332%3BJoshua+L.&amp;rft.au=Gonz%C3%A1lez%2C%26%2332%3BJuan+M.&amp;rft.au=DiRuggiero%2C%26%2332%3BJocelyne&amp;rft.au=Robb%2C%26%2332%3BFrank+T.&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.volume=152&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=1299%E2%80%93305&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/1460691&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/10430560&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genetics.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D10430560&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-71"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Kawarabayasi, Y.; Sawada, M; Horikawa, H; Haikawa, Y; Hino, Y; Yamamoto, S; Sekine, M; Baba, S et al. (1998). &quot;Complete Sequence and Gene Organization of the Genome of a Hyper-thermophilic Archaebacterium, <i>Pyrococcus horikoshii</i> OT3&quot;. <i>DNA Research</i> <b>5</b> (2): 55&ndash;76. </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fdnares%2F5.2.55"><span style="font-size: small">10.1093/dnares/5.2.55</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9679194"><span style="font-size: small">9679194</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal">.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+Sequence+and+Gene+Organization+of+the+Genome+of+a+Hyper-thermophilic+Archaebacterium%2C+%27%27Pyrococcus+horikoshii%27%27+OT3&amp;rft.jtitle=DNA+Research&amp;rft.aulast=Kawarabayasi&amp;rft.aufirst=Y.&amp;rft.au=Kawarabayasi%2C%26%2332%3BY.&amp;rft.au=Sawada%2C%26%2332%3BM&amp;rft.au=Horikawa%2C%26%2332%3BH&amp;rft.au=Haikawa%2C%26%2332%3BY&amp;rft.au=Hino%2C%26%2332%3BY&amp;rft.au=Yamamoto%2C%26%2332%3BS&amp;rft.au=Sekine%2C%26%2332%3BM&amp;rft.au=Baba%2C%26%2332%3BS&amp;rft.au=Kosugi%2C%26%2332%3BH&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.volume=5&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=55%E2%80%9376&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Fdnares%2F5.2.55&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/9679194&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-72"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Jun X, Lupeng L, Minjuan X, <i>et al.</i> (August 2011). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3147706"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Complete genome sequence of the obligate piezophilic hypertheromphilic archaeon <i>Pyrococcus yayanosii</i> CH1&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>J. Bacteriol.</i> <b>193</b> (16): 4297&ndash;4298. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FJB.05345-11"><span style="font-size: small">10.1128/JB.05345-11</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3147706/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">3147706</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21705594"><span style="font-size: small">21705594</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3147706</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+the+obligate+piezophilic+hypertheromphilic+archaeon+%27%27Pyrococcus+yayanosii%27%27+CH1&amp;rft.jtitle=J.+Bacteriol.&amp;rft.aulast=Jun+X%2C+Lupeng+L%2C+Minjuan+X%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Jun+X%2C+Lupeng+L%2C+Minjuan+X%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=August+2011&amp;rft.volume=193&amp;rft.issue=16&amp;rft.pages=4297%E2%80%934298&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FJB.05345-11&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/3147706&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/21705594&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D3147706&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-73"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Vannier P, Marteinsson VT, Fridjonsson OH, <i>et al.</i> (March 2011). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3067617"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Complete genome sequence of the hyperthermophilic, piezophilic, heterotrophic, and carboxydotrophic archaeon <i>Thermococcus barophilus</i> MP&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>J. Bacteriol.</i> <b>193</b> (6): 1481&ndash;1482. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FJB.01490-10"><span style="font-size: small">10.1128/JB.01490-10</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3067617/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">3067617</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21217005"><span style="font-size: small">21217005</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3067617</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+the+hyperthermophilic%2C+piezophilic%2C+heterotrophic%2C+and+carboxydotrophic+archaeon+%27%27Thermococcus+barophilus%27%27+MP&amp;rft.jtitle=J.+Bacteriol.&amp;rft.aulast=Vannier+P%2C+Marteinsson+VT%2C+Fridjonsson+OH%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Vannier+P%2C+Marteinsson+VT%2C+Fridjonsson+OH%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=March+2011&amp;rft.volume=193&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=1481%E2%80%931482&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FJB.01490-10&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/3067617&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/21217005&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D3067617&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-74"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Zivanovic Y, Armengaud J, Lagorce A, <i>et al.</i> (2009). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2718504"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Genome analysis and genome-wide proteomics of <i>Thermococcus gammatolerans</i>, the most radioresistant organism known amongst the Archaea&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>Genome Biol.</i> <b>10</b> (6): R70. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2Fgb-2009-10-6-r70"><span style="font-size: small">10.1186/gb-2009-10-6-r70</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718504/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">2718504</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19558674"><span style="font-size: small">19558674</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2718504</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+analysis+and+genome-wide+proteomics+of+%27%27Thermococcus+gammatolerans%27%27%2C+the+most+radioresistant+organism+known+amongst+the+Archaea&amp;rft.jtitle=Genome+Biol.&amp;rft.aulast=Zivanovic+Y%2C+Armengaud+J%2C+Lagorce+A%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Zivanovic+Y%2C+Armengaud+J%2C+Lagorce+A%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.volume=10&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=R70&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1186%2Fgb-2009-10-6-r70&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/2718504&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/19558674&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D2718504&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-75"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Fukui T, Atomi H, Kanai T, <i>et al.</i> (March 2005). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=551561"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Complete genome sequence of the hyperthermophilic archaeon <i>Thermococcus kodakaraensis</i> KOD1 and comparison with <i>Pyrococcus</i> genomes&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>Genome Res.</i> <b>15</b> (3): 352&ndash;363. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.3003105"><span style="font-size: small">10.1101/gr.3003105</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC551561/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">551561</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15710748"><span style="font-size: small">15710748</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=551561</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+the+hyperthermophilic+archaeon+%27%27Thermococcus+kodakaraensis%27%27+KOD1+and+comparison+with+%27%27Pyrococcus%27%27+genomes&amp;rft.jtitle=Genome+Res.&amp;rft.aulast=Fukui+T%2C+Atomi+H%2C+Kanai+T%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Fukui+T%2C+Atomi+H%2C+Kanai+T%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=March+2005&amp;rft.volume=15&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=352%E2%80%93363&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1101%2Fgr.3003105&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/551561&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15710748&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D551561&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-76"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Lee HS, Kang SG, Bae SS, <i>et al.</i> (November 2008). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2576655"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;The complete genome sequence of <i>Thermococcus onnurineus</i> NA1 reveals a mixed heterotrophic and carboxydotrophic metabolism&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>J. Bacteriol.</i> <b>190</b> (22): 7491&ndash;7499. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FJB.00746-08"><span style="font-size: small">10.1128/JB.00746-08</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2576655/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">2576655</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18790866"><span style="font-size: small">18790866</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2576655</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+complete+genome+sequence+of+%27%27Thermococcus+onnurineus%27%27+NA1+reveals+a+mixed+heterotrophic+and+carboxydotrophic+metabolism&amp;rft.jtitle=J.+Bacteriol.&amp;rft.aulast=Lee+HS%2C+Kang+SG%2C+Bae+SS%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Lee+HS%2C+Kang+SG%2C+Bae+SS%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=November+2008&amp;rft.volume=190&amp;rft.issue=22&amp;rft.pages=7491%E2%80%937499&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FJB.00746-08&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/2576655&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18790866&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D2576655&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-77"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Mardanov AV, Ravin NV, Svetlitchnyi VA, <i>et al.</i> (July 2009). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2704819"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Metabolic versatility and indigenous origin of the archaeon <i>Thermococcus sibiricus</i>, isolated from a siberian oil reservoir, as revealed by genome analysis&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>Appl Environ Microbiol.</i> <b>75</b> (13): 4580&ndash;4588. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FAEM.00718-09"><span style="font-size: small">10.1128/AEM.00718-09</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2704819/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">2704819</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19447963"><span style="font-size: small">19447963</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2704819</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Metabolic+versatility+and+indigenous+origin+of+the+archaeon+%27%27Thermococcus+sibiricus%27%27%2C+isolated+from+a+siberian+oil+reservoir%2C+as+revealed+by+genome+analysis&amp;rft.jtitle=Appl+Environ+Microbiol.&amp;rft.aulast=Mardanov+AV%2C+Ravin+NV%2C+Svetlitchnyi+VA%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Mardanov+AV%2C+Ravin+NV%2C+Svetlitchnyi+VA%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=July+2009&amp;rft.volume=75&amp;rft.issue=13&amp;rft.pages=4580%E2%80%934588&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FAEM.00718-09&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/2704819&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/19447963&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D2704819&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-78"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Wang X, Gao Z, Xu X, Ruan L (October 2011). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3187469"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Complete genome sequence of <i>Thermococcus</i> sp. strain 4557, a hyperthermophilic archaeon isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent area&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>J. Bacteriol.</i> <b>193</b> (19): 5544&ndash;5545. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FJB.05851-11"><span style="font-size: small">10.1128/JB.05851-11</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3187469/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">3187469</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21914870"><span style="font-size: small">21914870</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3187469</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+%27%27Thermococcus%27%27+sp.+strain+4557%2C+a+hyperthermophilic+archaeon+isolated+from+a+deep-sea+hydrothermal+vent+area&amp;rft.jtitle=J.+Bacteriol.&amp;rft.aulast=Wang+X%2C+Gao+Z%2C+Xu+X%2C+Ruan+L&amp;rft.au=Wang+X%2C+Gao+Z%2C+Xu+X%2C+Ruan+L&amp;rft.date=October+2011&amp;rft.volume=193&amp;rft.issue=19&amp;rft.pages=5544%E2%80%935545&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FJB.05851-11&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/3187469&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/21914870&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D3187469&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-79"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Oger P, Sokolova TG, Kozhevnikova DA, <i>et al.</i> (December 2011). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3232831"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Complete genome sequence of the hyperthermophilic archaeon <i>Thermococcus</i> sp. strain AM4, capable of organotrophic growth and growth at the expense of hydrogenogenic or sulfidogenic oxidation of carbon monoxide&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>J. Bacteriol.</i> <b>193</b> (24): 7019&ndash;7020. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FJB.06259-11"><span style="font-size: small">10.1128/JB.06259-11</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3232831/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">3232831</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22123768"><span style="font-size: small">22123768</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3232831</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+the+hyperthermophilic+archaeon+%27%27Thermococcus%27%27+sp.+strain+AM4%2C+capable+of+organotrophic+growth+and+growth+at+the+expense+of+hydrogenogenic+or+sulfidogenic+oxidation+of+carbon+monoxide&amp;rft.jtitle=J.+Bacteriol.&amp;rft.aulast=Oger+P%2C+Sokolova+TG%2C+Kozhevnikova+DA%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Oger+P%2C+Sokolova+TG%2C+Kozhevnikova+DA%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=December+2011&amp;rft.volume=193&amp;rft.issue=24&amp;rft.pages=7019%E2%80%937020&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FJB.06259-11&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/3232831&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/22123768&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D3232831&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-80"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Allen EE, Tyson GW, Whitaker RJ, <i>et al.</i> (February 6, 2007). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1794283"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Genome dynamics in a natural archaeal population&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>PNAS</i> <b>104</b> (6): 1883&ndash;1888. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0604851104"><span style="font-size: small">10.1073/pnas.0604851104</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1794283/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">1794283</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17267615"><span style="font-size: small">17267615</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1794283</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+dynamics+in+a+natural+archaeal+population&amp;rft.jtitle=PNAS&amp;rft.aulast=Allen+EE%2C+Tyson+GW%2C+Whitaker+RJ%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Allen+EE%2C+Tyson+GW%2C+Whitaker+RJ%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=February+6%2C+2007&amp;rft.volume=104&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=1883%E2%80%931888&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.0604851104&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/1794283&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17267615&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D1794283&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-81"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">F&uuml;tterer O, Angelov A, Liesegang H, <i>et al.</i> (June 15, 2004). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=428478"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Genome sequence of <i>Picrophilus torridus</i> and its implications for life around pH 0&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>PNAS</i> <b>101</b> (24): 9091&ndash;9096. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0401356101"><span style="font-size: small">10.1073/pnas.0401356101</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC428478/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">428478</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15184674"><span style="font-size: small">15184674</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=428478</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+sequence+of+%27%27Picrophilus+torridus%27%27+and+its+implications+for+life+around+pH+0&amp;rft.jtitle=PNAS&amp;rft.aulast=F%C3%BCtterer+O%2C+Angelov+A%2C+Liesegang+H%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=F%C3%BCtterer+O%2C+Angelov+A%2C+Liesegang+H%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=June+15%2C+2004&amp;rft.volume=101&amp;rft.issue=24&amp;rft.pages=9091%E2%80%939096&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.0401356101&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/428478&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15184674&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D428478&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-82"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Baumeister, Wolfgang; Ruepp, Andreas; Graml, Werner; Santos-Martinez, Martha-Leticia; Koretke, Kristin K.; Volker, Craig; Mewes, H. Werner; Frishman, Dmitrij et al. (2000). &quot;The genome sequence of the thermoacidophilic scavenger <i>Thermoplasma acidophilum</i>&quot;. <i>Nature</i> <b>407</b> (6803): 508&ndash;13. </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F35035069"><span style="font-size: small">10.1038/35035069</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11029001"><span style="font-size: small">11029001</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal">.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+genome+sequence+of+the+thermoacidophilic+scavenger+%27%27Thermoplasma+acidophilum%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Baumeister&amp;rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&amp;rft.au=Baumeister%2C%26%2332%3BWolfgang&amp;rft.au=Ruepp%2C%26%2332%3BAndreas&amp;rft.au=Graml%2C%26%2332%3BWerner&amp;rft.au=Santos-Martinez%2C%26%2332%3BMartha-Leticia&amp;rft.au=Koretke%2C%26%2332%3BKristin+K.&amp;rft.au=Volker%2C%26%2332%3BCraig&amp;rft.au=Mewes%2C%26%2332%3BH.+Werner&amp;rft.au=Frishman%2C%26%2332%3BDmitrij&amp;rft.au=Stocker%2C%26%2332%3BSusanne&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.volume=407&amp;rft.issue=6803&amp;rft.pages=508%E2%80%9313&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F35035069&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11029001&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-83"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Kawashima, T.; Amano, N; Koike, H; Makino, S; Higuchi, S; Kawashima-Ohya, Y; Watanabe, K; Yamazaki, M et al. (2000). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=18905"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Archaeal adaptation to higher temperatures revealed by genomic sequence of <i>Thermoplasma volcanium</i>&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>PNAS</i> <b>97</b> (26): 14257&ndash;62. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.97.26.14257"><span style="font-size: small">10.1073/pnas.97.26.14257</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC18905/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">18905</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11121031"><span style="font-size: small">11121031</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=18905</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Archaeal+adaptation+to+higher+temperatures+revealed+by+genomic+sequence+of+%27%27Thermoplasma+volcanium%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=PNAS&amp;rft.aulast=Kawashima&amp;rft.aufirst=T.&amp;rft.au=Kawashima%2C%26%2332%3BT.&amp;rft.au=Amano%2C%26%2332%3BN&amp;rft.au=Koike%2C%26%2332%3BH&amp;rft.au=Makino%2C%26%2332%3BS&amp;rft.au=Higuchi%2C%26%2332%3BS&amp;rft.au=Kawashima-Ohya%2C%26%2332%3BY&amp;rft.au=Watanabe%2C%26%2332%3BK&amp;rft.au=Yamazaki%2C%26%2332%3BM&amp;rft.au=Kanehori%2C%26%2332%3BK&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.volume=97&amp;rft.issue=26&amp;rft.pages=14257%E2%80%9362&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.97.26.14257&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/18905&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11121031&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D18905&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-84"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Elkins JG, Podar M, Graham DE, <i>et al.</i> (June 10, 2008). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2430366"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;A korarchaeal genome reveals insights into the evolution of the Archaea&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>PNAS</i> <b>105</b> (23): 8102&ndash;8107. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0801980105"><span style="font-size: small">10.1073/pnas.0801980105</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2430366/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">2430366</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18535141"><span style="font-size: small">18535141</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2430366</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=A+korarchaeal+genome+reveals+insights+into+the+evolution+of+the+Archaea&amp;rft.jtitle=PNAS&amp;rft.aulast=Elkins+JG%2C+Podar+M%2C+Graham+DE%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Elkins+JG%2C+Podar+M%2C+Graham+DE%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=June+10%2C+2008&amp;rft.volume=105&amp;rft.issue=23&amp;rft.pages=8102%E2%80%938107&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.0801980105&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/2430366&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18535141&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D2430366&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-85"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Waters, E.; Hohn, MJ; Ahel, I; Graham, DE; Adams, MD; Barnstead, M; Beeson, KY; Bibbs, L et al. (2003). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=240731"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;The genome of Nanoarchaeum equitans: Insights into early archaeal evolution and derived parasitism&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i> <b>100</b> (22): 12984&ndash;8. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1735403100"><span style="font-size: small">10.1073/pnas.1735403100</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC240731/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">240731</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14566062"><span style="font-size: small">14566062</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=240731</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+genome+of+Nanoarchaeum+equitans%3A+Insights+into+early+archaeal+evolution+and+derived+parasitism&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&amp;rft.aulast=Waters&amp;rft.aufirst=E.&amp;rft.au=Waters%2C%26%2332%3BE.&amp;rft.au=Hohn%2C%26%2332%3BMJ&amp;rft.au=Ahel%2C%26%2332%3BI&amp;rft.au=Graham%2C%26%2332%3BDE&amp;rft.au=Adams%2C%26%2332%3BMD&amp;rft.au=Barnstead%2C%26%2332%3BM&amp;rft.au=Beeson%2C%26%2332%3BKY&amp;rft.au=Bibbs%2C%26%2332%3BL&amp;rft.au=Bolanos%2C%26%2332%3BR&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=100&amp;rft.issue=22&amp;rft.pages=12984%E2%80%938&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.1735403100&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/240731&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/14566062&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D240731&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-86"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Hallam SJ, Konstantinidis KT, Putnam N, <i>et al.</i> (November 28, 2006). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1643844"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Genomic analysis of the uncultivated marine crenarchaeote <i>Cenarchaeum symbiosum</i>&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>PNAS</i> <b>103</b> (48): 18296&ndash;18301. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0608549103"><span style="font-size: small">10.1073/pnas.0608549103</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1643844/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">1643844</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17114289"><span style="font-size: small">17114289</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1643844</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genomic+analysis+of+the+uncultivated+marine+crenarchaeote+%27%27Cenarchaeum+symbiosum%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=PNAS&amp;rft.aulast=Hallam+SJ%2C+Konstantinidis+KT%2C+Putnam+N%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Hallam+SJ%2C+Konstantinidis+KT%2C+Putnam+N%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=November+28%2C+2006&amp;rft.volume=103&amp;rft.issue=48&amp;rft.pages=18296%E2%80%9318301&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.0608549103&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/1643844&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17114289&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D1643844&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-87"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Hallam SJ, Mincer TJ, Schleper C, <i>et al.</i> (April, 2006). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1403158"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Pathways of carbon assimilation and ammonia oxidation suggested by environmental genomic analyses of marine Crenarchaeota&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>PLoS Biol.</i> <b>4</b> (4): e95. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0040095"><span style="font-size: small">10.1371/journal.pbio.0040095</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1403158/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">1403158</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16533068"><span style="font-size: small">16533068</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1403158</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Pathways+of+carbon+assimilation+and+ammonia+oxidation+suggested+by+environmental+genomic+analyses+of+marine+Crenarchaeota&amp;rft.jtitle=PLoS+Biol.&amp;rft.aulast=Hallam+SJ%2C+Mincer+TJ%2C+Schleper+C%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Hallam+SJ%2C+Mincer+TJ%2C+Schleper+C%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=April%2C+2006&amp;rft.volume=4&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=e95&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0040095&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/1403158&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16533068&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D1403158&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-88"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Blainey PC, Mosier AC, Potanina A, <i>et al.</i> (22 February 2011). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3043068"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;Genome of a low-salinity ammonia-oxidizing archaeon determined by single-cell and metagenomic analysis&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>PLoS ONE</i> <b>6</b> (2): e16626. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0016626"><span style="font-size: small">10.1371/journal.pone.0016626</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3043068/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">3043068</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21364937"><span style="font-size: small">21364937</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3043068</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+of+a+low-salinity+ammonia-oxidizing+archaeon+determined+by+single-cell+and+metagenomic+analysis&amp;rft.jtitle=PLoS+ONE&amp;rft.aulast=Blainey+PC%2C+Mosier+AC%2C+Potanina+A%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Blainey+PC%2C+Mosier+AC%2C+Potanina+A%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=22+February+2011&amp;rft.volume=6&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=e16626&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0016626&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/3043068&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/21364937&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D3043068&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes#cite_ref-89"><span style="font-size: small">^</span></a></b></span><span style="font-size: small"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Walker CB, de la Torre JR, Klotz MG, <i>et al.</i> (May 11, 2010). </span></span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2889351"><span style="font-size: small">&quot;<i>Nitrosopumilus maritimus</i> genome reveals unique mechanisms for nitrification and autotrophy in globally distributed marine crenarchaea&quot;</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. <i>PNAS</i> <b>107</b> (19): 8818&ndash;8823. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small">DOI</span></a><span style="font-size: small">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0913533107"><span style="font-size: small">10.1073/pnas.0913533107</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><span style="font-size: small">PMC</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2889351/?tool=pmcentrez"><span style="font-size: small">2889351</span></a><span style="font-size: small">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small">PMID</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20421470"><span style="font-size: small">20421470</span></a></span></span><span style="font-size: small"><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2889351</span>.</span></span> </span></li> </ol> c93a4f73533b35519e5110c8bb4ff4851bbf6e3f 0 2634 4519 2012-07-19T04:49:21Z S 300001 Created page with "<p><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><span><b><span style="font-size: large">List of sequenced&nbsp;bacterial genomes</span></b></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><span><b><span style="font-size: large">List of sequenced&nbsp;bacterial genomes</span></b></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size: small">External links</span></p> <p><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes</a></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span style="font-size: medium"><b><span class="mw-cite-backlink">Project pages and papers</span></b></span></h2> <ol> <li id="cite_note-EntrezG-0">&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=genome">&quot;Entrez Genome Database Search&quot;</a>. National Center for Biotechnology Information<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=genome">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=genome</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Entrez+Genome+Database+Search&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.pub=National+Center+for+Biotechnology+Information&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fsites%2Fentrez%3Fdb%3Dgenome&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span>Search for details on specific genomes by organism name and strain.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Deckert G et al. (1998). &quot;The complete genome of the hyperthermophilic bacterium Aquifex aeolicus&quot;. <i>Nature</i> <b>392</b> (6674): 353&ndash;8. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F32831">10.1038/32831</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9537320">9537320</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+complete+genome+of+the+hyperthermophilic+bacterium+Aquifex+aeolicus&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Deckert+G&amp;rft.au=Deckert+G&amp;rft.au=Swanson%2C%26%2332%3BRonald+V.&amp;rft.au=Deckert%2C%26%2332%3BGerard&amp;rft.au=Warren%2C%26%2332%3BPatrick+V.&amp;rft.au=Gaasterland%2C%26%2332%3BTerry&amp;rft.au=Young%2C%26%2332%3BWilliam+G.&amp;rft.au=Lenox%2C%26%2332%3BAnna+L.&amp;rft.au=Graham%2C%26%2332%3BDavid+E.&amp;rft.au=Overbeek%2C%26%2332%3BRoss&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.volume=392&amp;rft.issue=6674&amp;rft.pages=353%E2%80%938&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F32831&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/9537320&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Cerde&ntilde;o-T&aacute;rraga AM et al. (2005). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15746427">&quot;Extensive DNA inversions in the B. fragilis genome control variable gene expression&quot;</a>. <i>Science</i> <b>307</b> (5714): 1463&ndash;5. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1107008">10.1126/science.1107008</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15746427">15746427</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15746427">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15746427</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Extensive+DNA+inversions+in+the+B.+fragilis+genome+control+variable+gene+expression&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Cerde%C3%B1o-T%C3%A1rraga+AM&amp;rft.au=Cerde%C3%B1o-T%C3%A1rraga+AM&amp;rft.au=Patrick%2C%26%2332%3BS&amp;rft.au=Crossman%2C%26%2332%3BLC&amp;rft.au=Blakely%2C%26%2332%3BG&amp;rft.au=Abratt%2C%26%2332%3BV&amp;rft.au=Lennard%2C%26%2332%3BN&amp;rft.au=Poxton%2C%26%2332%3BI&amp;rft.au=Duerden%2C%26%2332%3BB&amp;rft.au=Harris%2C%26%2332%3BB&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=307&amp;rft.issue=5714&amp;rft.pages=1463%E2%80%935&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.1107008&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15746427&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D15746427&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Kuwahara T, Yamashita A, Hirakawa H, <i>et al.</i> (2004). &quot;Genomic analysis of <i>Bacteroides fragilis</i> reveals extensive DNA inversions regulating cell surface adaptation&quot;. <i>PNAS</i> <b>101</b> (41): 14919&ndash;14924.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genomic+analysis+of+%27%27Bacteroides+fragilis%27%27+reveals+extensive+DNA+inversions+regulating+cell+surface+adaptation&amp;rft.jtitle=PNAS&amp;rft.aulast=Kuwahara+T%2C+Yamashita+A%2C+Hirakawa+H%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Kuwahara+T%2C+Yamashita+A%2C+Hirakawa+H%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=101&amp;rft.issue=41&amp;rft.pages=14919%E2%80%9314924&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Xu J et al. (2003). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12663928">&quot;A genomic view of the human-Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron symbiosis&quot;</a>. <i>Science</i> <b>299</b> (5615): 2074&ndash;6. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1080029">10.1126/science.1080029</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12663928">12663928</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12663928">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12663928</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=A+genomic+view+of+the+human-Bacteroides+thetaiotaomicron+symbiosis&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Xu+J&amp;rft.au=Xu+J&amp;rft.au=Bjursell%2C%26%2332%3BMK&amp;rft.au=Himrod%2C%26%2332%3BJ&amp;rft.au=Deng%2C%26%2332%3BS&amp;rft.au=Carmichael%2C%26%2332%3BLK&amp;rft.au=Chiang%2C%26%2332%3BHC&amp;rft.au=Hooper%2C%26%2332%3BLV&amp;rft.au=Gordon%2C%26%2332%3BJI&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=299&amp;rft.issue=5615&amp;rft.pages=2074%E2%80%936&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.1080029&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12663928&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D12663928&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Schmitz-Esser,S., Tischler,P., Arnold,R., <i>et al.</i> (2010). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2812958">&quot;The genome of the amoeba symbiont 'Candidatus Amoebophilus asiaticus' reveals common mechanisms for host cell interaction among amoeba-associated bacteria&quot;</a>. <i>J. Bacteriol.</i> <b>192</b> (4): 1045&ndash;1057. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FJB.01379-09">10.1128/JB.01379-09</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2812958/?tool=pmcentrez">2812958</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20023027">20023027</a><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2812958</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+genome+of+the+amoeba+symbiont+%27Candidatus+Amoebophilus+asiaticus%27+reveals+common+mechanisms+for+host+cell+interaction+among+amoeba-associated+bacteria&amp;rft.jtitle=J.+Bacteriol.&amp;rft.aulast=Schmitz-Esser%2CS.%2C+Tischler%2CP.%2C+Arnold%2CR.%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Schmitz-Esser%2CS.%2C+Tischler%2CP.%2C+Arnold%2CR.%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.volume=192&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=1045%E2%80%931057&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FJB.01379-09&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/2812958&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/20023027&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D2812958&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Eisen JA et al. (2002). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12093901">&quot;The complete genome sequence of Chlorobium tepidum TLS, a photosynthetic, anaerobic, green-sulfur bacterium&quot;</a>. <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S</i> <b>99</b> (14): 9509&ndash;14. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.132181499">10.1073/pnas.132181499</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC123171/?tool=pmcentrez">123171</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12093901">12093901</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12093901">http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12093901</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+complete+genome+sequence+of+Chlorobium+tepidum+TLS%2C+a+photosynthetic%2C+anaerobic%2C+green-sulfur+bacterium&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+U+S&amp;rft.aulast=Eisen+JA&amp;rft.au=Eisen+JA&amp;rft.au=Nelson%2C%26%2332%3BKE&amp;rft.au=Paulsen%2C%26%2332%3BIT&amp;rft.au=Heidelberg%2C%26%2332%3BJF&amp;rft.au=Wu%2C%26%2332%3BM&amp;rft.au=Dodson%2C%26%2332%3BRJ&amp;rft.au=Deboy%2C%26%2332%3BR&amp;rft.au=Gwinn%2C%26%2332%3BML&amp;rft.au=Nelson%2C%26%2332%3BWC&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.volume=99&amp;rft.issue=14&amp;rft.pages=9509%E2%80%9314&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.132181499&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/123171&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12093901&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D12093901&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Xie G, Bruce DC, Challacombe JF, <i>et al.</i> (June, 2007). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1932680">&quot;Genome sequence of the cellulolytic gliding bacterium <i>Cytophaga hutchinsonii</i>&quot;</a>. <i>Appl Environ Microbiol.</i> <b>73</b> (11): 3536&ndash;3546. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FAEM.00225-07">10.1128/AEM.00225-07</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1932680/?tool=pmcentrez">1932680</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17400776">17400776</a><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1932680</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+sequence+of+the+cellulolytic+gliding+bacterium+%27%27Cytophaga+hutchinsonii%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=Appl+Environ+Microbiol.&amp;rft.aulast=Xie+G%2C+Bruce+DC%2C+Challacombe+JF%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Xie+G%2C+Bruce+DC%2C+Challacombe+JF%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=June%2C+2007&amp;rft.volume=73&amp;rft.issue=11&amp;rft.pages=3536%E2%80%933546&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FAEM.00225-07&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/1932680&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17400776&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D1932680&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Daligault,H., Lapidus,A., Zeytun,A., <i>et al.</i> (2011). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3156403">&quot;Complete genome sequence of <i>Haliscomenobacter hydrossis</i> type strain (O)&quot;</a>. <i>Stand Genomic Sci</i> <b>4</b> (3): 352&ndash;360. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.4056%2Fsigs.1964579">10.4056/sigs.1964579</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3156403/?tool=pmcentrez">3156403</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21886862">21886862</a><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3156403</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+%27%27Haliscomenobacter+hydrossis%27%27+type+strain+%28O%29&amp;rft.jtitle=Stand+Genomic+Sci&amp;rft.aulast=Daligault%2CH.%2C+Lapidus%2CA.%2C+Zeytun%2CA.%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Daligault%2CH.%2C+Lapidus%2CA.%2C+Zeytun%2CA.%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.volume=4&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=352%E2%80%93360&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.4056%2Fsigs.1964579&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/3156403&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/21886862&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D3156403&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Naito M, Hirakawa H, Yamashita A, <i>et al.</i> (2008). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2575886">&quot;Determination of the genome sequence of <i>Porphyromonas gingivalis</i> strain ATCC 33277 and genomic comparison with strain W83 revealed extensive genome rearrangements in <i>P. gingivalis</i>&quot;</a>. <i>DNA Res.</i> <b>15</b> (4): 215&ndash;225. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fdnares%2Fdsn013">10.1093/dnares/dsn013</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2575886/?tool=pmcentrez">2575886</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18524787">18524787</a><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=2575886</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Determination+of+the+genome+sequence+of+%27%27Porphyromonas+gingivalis%27%27+strain+ATCC+33277+and+genomic+comparison+with+strain+W83+revealed+extensive+genome+rearrangements+in+%27%27P.+gingivalis%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=DNA+Res.&amp;rft.aulast=Naito+M%2C+Hirakawa+H%2C+Yamashita+A%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Naito+M%2C+Hirakawa+H%2C+Yamashita+A%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=15&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=215%E2%80%93225&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Fdnares%2Fdsn013&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/2575886&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18524787&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D2575886&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Nelson KE et al. (2003). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://jb.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12949112">&quot;Complete genome sequence of the oral pathogenic Bacterium porphyromonas gingivalis strain W83&quot;</a>. <i>J Bacteriol</i> <b>185</b> (18): 5591&ndash;601. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FJB.185.18.5591-5601.2003">10.1128/JB.185.18.5591-5601.2003</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC193775/?tool=pmcentrez">193775</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12949112">12949112</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://jb.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12949112">http://jb.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12949112</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+the+oral+pathogenic+Bacterium+porphyromonas+gingivalis+strain+W83&amp;rft.jtitle=J+Bacteriol&amp;rft.aulast=Nelson+KE&amp;rft.au=Nelson+KE&amp;rft.au=Fleischmann%2C%26%2332%3BR.+D.&amp;rft.au=Deboy%2C%26%2332%3BR.+T.&amp;rft.au=Paulsen%2C%26%2332%3BI.+T.&amp;rft.au=Fouts%2C%26%2332%3BD.+E.&amp;rft.au=Eisen%2C%26%2332%3BJ.+A.&amp;rft.au=Daugherty%2C%26%2332%3BS.+C.&amp;rft.au=Dodson%2C%26%2332%3BR.+J.&amp;rft.au=Durkin%2C%26%2332%3BA.+S.&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=185&amp;rft.issue=18&amp;rft.pages=5591%E2%80%93601&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FJB.185.18.5591-5601.2003&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/193775&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12949112&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjb.asm.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D12949112&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Mongodin EF et al. (2005). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16330755">&quot;The genome of Salinibacter ruber: convergence and gene exchange among hyperhalophilic bacteria and archaea&quot;</a>. <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</i> <b>102</b> (50): 18147&ndash;52. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0509073102">10.1073/pnas.0509073102</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1312414/?tool=pmcentrez">1312414</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16330755">16330755</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16330755">http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16330755</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+genome+of+Salinibacter+ruber%3A+convergence+and+gene+exchange+among+hyperhalophilic+bacteria+and+archaea&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+USA&amp;rft.aulast=Mongodin+EF&amp;rft.au=Mongodin+EF&amp;rft.au=Nelson%2C%26%2332%3BKE&amp;rft.au=Daugherty%2C%26%2332%3BS&amp;rft.au=Deboy%2C%26%2332%3BRT&amp;rft.au=Wister%2C%26%2332%3BJ&amp;rft.au=Khouri%2C%26%2332%3BH&amp;rft.au=Weidman%2C%26%2332%3BJ&amp;rft.au=Walsh%2C%26%2332%3BDA&amp;rft.au=Papke%2C%26%2332%3BRT&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=102&amp;rft.issue=50&amp;rft.pages=18147%E2%80%9352&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.0509073102&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/1312414&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16330755&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D16330755&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Pena A, Teeling H, Huerta-Cepas J, <i>et al.</i> (2010). &quot;Fine-scale evolution: genomic, phenotypic and ecological differentiation in two coexisting <i>Salinibacter ruber</i> strains&quot;. <i>ISME J</i> <b>4</b> (7): 882&ndash;895.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Fine-scale+evolution%3A+genomic%2C+phenotypic+and+ecological+differentiation+in+two+coexisting+%27%27Salinibacter+ruber%27%27+strains&amp;rft.jtitle=ISME+J&amp;rft.aulast=Pena+A%2C+Teeling+H%2C+Huerta-Cepas+J%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Pena+A%2C+Teeling+H%2C+Huerta-Cepas+J%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.volume=4&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.pages=882%E2%80%93895&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-nar.oxfordjournals.org-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-nar.oxfordjournals.org_13-0">^{<i><b><font size="3">a</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-nar.oxfordjournals.org_13-1">^{<i><b><font size="3">b</font></b></i>}</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Read TD et al. (2000). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=10684935">&quot;Genome sequences of Chlamydia trachomatis MoPn and Chlamydia pneumoniae AR39&quot;</a>. <i>Nucleic Acids Res</i> <b>28</b> (6): 1397&ndash;406. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2F28.6.1397">10.1093/nar/28.6.1397</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC111046/?tool=pmcentrez">111046</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10684935">10684935</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=10684935">http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=10684935</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+sequences+of+Chlamydia+trachomatis+MoPn+and+Chlamydia+pneumoniae+AR39&amp;rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Res&amp;rft.aulast=Read+TD&amp;rft.au=Read+TD&amp;rft.au=Brunham%2C%26%2332%3BRC&amp;rft.au=Shen%2C%26%2332%3BC&amp;rft.au=Gill%2C%26%2332%3BSR&amp;rft.au=Heidelberg%2C%26%2332%3BJF&amp;rft.au=White%2C%26%2332%3BO&amp;rft.au=Hickey%2C%26%2332%3BEK&amp;rft.au=Peterson%2C%26%2332%3BJ&amp;rft.au=Utterback%2C%26%2332%3BT&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.volume=28&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=1397%E2%80%93406&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Fnar%2F28.6.1397&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/111046&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/10684935&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnar.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D10684935&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Carlson JH et al. (2005). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://iai.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16177312">&quot;Comparative genomic analysis of Chlamydia trachomatis oculotropic and genitotropic strains&quot;</a>. <i>Infect Immun</i> <b>73</b> (10): 6407&ndash;18. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FIAI.73.10.6407-6418.2005">10.1128/IAI.73.10.6407-6418.2005</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1230933/?tool=pmcentrez">1230933</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16177312">16177312</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://iai.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16177312">http://iai.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16177312</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Comparative+genomic+analysis+of+Chlamydia+trachomatis+oculotropic+and+genitotropic+strains&amp;rft.jtitle=Infect+Immun&amp;rft.aulast=Carlson+JH&amp;rft.au=Carlson+JH&amp;rft.au=Porcella%2C%26%2332%3BS.+F.&amp;rft.au=McClarty%2C%26%2332%3BG.&amp;rft.au=Caldwell%2C%26%2332%3BH.+D.&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=73&amp;rft.issue=10&amp;rft.pages=6407%E2%80%9318&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FIAI.73.10.6407-6418.2005&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/1230933&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16177312&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiai.asm.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D16177312&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Stephens RS et al. (1998). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=9784136">&quot;Genome sequence of an obligate intracellular pathogen of humans: Chlamydia trachomatis&quot;</a>. <i>Science</i> <b>282</b> (5389): 754&ndash;9. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.282.5389.754">10.1126/science.282.5389.754</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9784136">9784136</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=9784136">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=9784136</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+sequence+of+an+obligate+intracellular+pathogen+of+humans%3A+Chlamydia+trachomatis&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Stephens+RS&amp;rft.au=Stephens+RS&amp;rft.au=Kalman%2C%26%2332%3BS&amp;rft.au=Lammel%2C%26%2332%3BC&amp;rft.au=Fan%2C%26%2332%3BJ&amp;rft.au=Marathe%2C%26%2332%3BR&amp;rft.au=Aravind%2C%26%2332%3BL&amp;rft.au=Mitchell%2C%26%2332%3BW&amp;rft.au=Olinger%2C%26%2332%3BL&amp;rft.au=Tatusov%2C%26%2332%3BRL&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.volume=282&amp;rft.issue=5389&amp;rft.pages=754%E2%80%939&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.282.5389.754&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/9784136&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D9784136&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Thomson NR et al. (2005). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15837807">&quot;The Chlamydophila abortus genome sequence reveals an array of variable proteins that contribute to interspecies variation&quot;</a>. <i>Genome Res</i> <b>15</b> (5): 629&ndash;40. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.3684805">10.1101/gr.3684805</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1088291/?tool=pmcentrez">1088291</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15837807">15837807</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15837807">http://www.genome.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15837807</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+Chlamydophila+abortus+genome+sequence+reveals+an+array+of+variable+proteins+that+contribute+to+interspecies+variation&amp;rft.jtitle=Genome+Res&amp;rft.aulast=Thomson+NR&amp;rft.au=Thomson+NR&amp;rft.au=Yeats%2C%26%2332%3BC&amp;rft.au=Bell%2C%26%2332%3BK&amp;rft.au=Holden%2C%26%2332%3BMT&amp;rft.au=Bentley%2C%26%2332%3BSD&amp;rft.au=Livingstone%2C%26%2332%3BM&amp;rft.au=Cerde%C3%B1o-T%C3%A1rraga%2C%26%2332%3BAM&amp;rft.au=Harris%2C%26%2332%3BB&amp;rft.au=Doggett%2C%26%2332%3BJ&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=15&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=629%E2%80%9340&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1101%2Fgr.3684805&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/1088291&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15837807&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genome.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D15837807&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Read TD et al. (2003). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12682364">&quot;Genome sequence of Chlamydophila caviae (Chlamydia psittaci GPIC): examining the role of niche-specific genes in the evolution of the Chlamydiaceae&quot;</a>. <i>Nucleic Acids Res</i> <b>31</b> (8): 2134&ndash;47. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkg321">10.1093/nar/gkg321</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC153749/?tool=pmcentrez">153749</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12682364">12682364</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12682364">http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12682364</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+sequence+of+Chlamydophila+caviae+%28Chlamydia+psittaci+GPIC%29%3A+examining+the+role+of+niche-specific+genes+in+the+evolution+of+the+Chlamydiaceae&amp;rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Res&amp;rft.aulast=Read+TD&amp;rft.au=Read+TD&amp;rft.au=Myers%2C%26%2332%3BGS&amp;rft.au=Brunham%2C%26%2332%3BRC&amp;rft.au=Nelson%2C%26%2332%3BWC&amp;rft.au=Paulsen%2C%26%2332%3BIT&amp;rft.au=Heidelberg%2C%26%2332%3BJ&amp;rft.au=Holtzapple%2C%26%2332%3BE&amp;rft.au=Khouri%2C%26%2332%3BH&amp;rft.au=Federova%2C%26%2332%3BNB&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=31&amp;rft.issue=8&amp;rft.pages=2134%E2%80%9347&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkg321&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/153749&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12682364&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnar.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D12682364&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Kalman S et al. (1999). &quot;Comparative genomes of Chlamydia pneumoniae and C. trachomatis&quot;. <i>Nat Genet</i> <b>21</b> (4): 385&ndash;9. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F7716">10.1038/7716</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10192388">10192388</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Comparative+genomes+of+Chlamydia+pneumoniae+and+C.+trachomatis&amp;rft.jtitle=Nat+Genet&amp;rft.aulast=Kalman+S&amp;rft.au=Kalman+S&amp;rft.au=Kalman%2C%26%2332%3BSue&amp;rft.au=Mitchell%2C%26%2332%3BWayne&amp;rft.au=Marathe%2C%26%2332%3BRekha&amp;rft.au=Lammel%2C%26%2332%3BClaudia&amp;rft.au=Fan%2C%26%2332%3BJun&amp;rft.au=Hyman%2C%26%2332%3BRichard+W&amp;rft.au=Olinger%2C%26%2332%3BLynn&amp;rft.au=Grimwood%2C%26%2332%3BJane&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.volume=21&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=385%E2%80%939&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F7716&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/10192388&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J Infect Dis. 2000 Jun, 181 Suppl 3:S524-7</span></li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Horn M et al. (2004). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15073324">&quot;Illuminating the evolutionary history of chlamydiae&quot;</a>. <i>Science</i> <b>304</b> (5671): 728&ndash;30. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1096330">10.1126/science.1096330</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15073324">15073324</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15073324">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15073324</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Illuminating+the+evolutionary+history+of+chlamydiae&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Horn+M&amp;rft.au=Horn+M&amp;rft.au=Collingro%2C%26%2332%3BA&amp;rft.au=Schmitz-Esser%2C%26%2332%3BS&amp;rft.au=Beier%2C%26%2332%3BCL&amp;rft.au=Purkhold%2C%26%2332%3BU&amp;rft.au=Fartmann%2C%26%2332%3BB&amp;rft.au=Brandt%2C%26%2332%3BP&amp;rft.au=Nyakatura%2C%26%2332%3BGJ&amp;rft.au=Droege%2C%26%2332%3BM&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=304&amp;rft.issue=5671&amp;rft.pages=728%E2%80%9330&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.1096330&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15073324&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D15073324&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Seshadri R et al. (2005). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15637277">&quot;Genome sequence of the PCE-dechlorinating bacterium Dehalococcoides ethenogenes&quot;</a>. <i>Science</i> <b>307</b> (5706): 105&ndash;8. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1102226">10.1126/science.1102226</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15637277">15637277</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15637277">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15637277</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+sequence+of+the+PCE-dechlorinating+bacterium+Dehalococcoides+ethenogenes&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Seshadri+R&amp;rft.au=Seshadri+R&amp;rft.au=Adrian%2C%26%2332%3BL&amp;rft.au=Fouts%2C%26%2332%3BDE&amp;rft.au=Eisen%2C%26%2332%3BJA&amp;rft.au=Phillippy%2C%26%2332%3BAM&amp;rft.au=Methe%2C%26%2332%3BBA&amp;rft.au=Ward%2C%26%2332%3BNL&amp;rft.au=Nelson%2C%26%2332%3BWC&amp;rft.au=Deboy%2C%26%2332%3BRT&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=307&amp;rft.issue=5706&amp;rft.pages=105%E2%80%938&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.1102226&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15637277&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D15637277&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Kube M et al. (2005). &quot;Genome sequence of the chlorinated compound-respiring bacterium Dehalococcoides species strain CBDB1&quot;. <i>Nat Biotechnol</i> <b>23</b> (10): 1269&ndash;73. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnbt1131">10.1038/nbt1131</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16116419">16116419</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+sequence+of+the+chlorinated+compound-respiring+bacterium+Dehalococcoides+species+strain+CBDB1&amp;rft.jtitle=Nat+Biotechnol&amp;rft.aulast=Kube+M&amp;rft.au=Kube+M&amp;rft.au=Beck%2C%26%2332%3BAlfred&amp;rft.au=Zinder%2C%26%2332%3BStephen+H&amp;rft.au=Kuhl%2C%26%2332%3BHeiner&amp;rft.au=Reinhardt%2C%26%2332%3BRichard&amp;rft.au=Adrian%2C%26%2332%3BLorenz&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=23&amp;rft.issue=10&amp;rft.pages=1269%E2%80%9373&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnbt1131&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16116419&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DNA Res. 2001 Oct 31;8(5):205-13, 8(5):205-13; 227-53</span></li> <li id="cite_note-aem.asm.org-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-aem.asm.org_24-0">^{<i><b><font size="3">a</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-aem.asm.org_24-1">^{<i><b><font size="3">b</font></b></i>}</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Allewalt JP et al. (2006). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://aem.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16391090">&quot;Effect of temperature and light on growth of and photosynthesis by Synechococcus isolates typical of those predominating in the octopus spring microbial mat community of Yellowstone National Park&quot;</a>. <i>Appl Environ Microbiol</i> <b>72</b> (1): 544&ndash;50. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FAEM.72.1.544-550.2006">10.1128/AEM.72.1.544-550.2006</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1352173/?tool=pmcentrez">1352173</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16391090">16391090</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://aem.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16391090">http://aem.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16391090</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Effect+of+temperature+and+light+on+growth+of+and+photosynthesis+by+Synechococcus+isolates+typical+of+those+predominating+in+the+octopus+spring+microbial+mat+community+of+Yellowstone+National+Park&amp;rft.jtitle=Appl+Environ+Microbiol&amp;rft.aulast=Allewalt+JP&amp;rft.au=Allewalt+JP&amp;rft.au=Bateson%2C%26%2332%3BM.+M.&amp;rft.au=Revsbech%2C%26%2332%3BN.+P.&amp;rft.au=Slack%2C%26%2332%3BK.&amp;rft.au=Ward%2C%26%2332%3BD.+M.&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=72&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=544%E2%80%9350&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FAEM.72.1.544-550.2006&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/1352173&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16391090&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faem.asm.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D16391090&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Nakamura Y et al. (2003). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dnaresearch.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=14621292">&quot;Complete genome structure of Gloeobacter violaceus PCC 7421, a cyanobacterium that lacks thylakoids&quot;</a>. <i>DNA Res</i> <b>10</b> (4): 137&ndash;45. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fdnares%2F10.4.137">10.1093/dnares/10.4.137</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14621292">14621292</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://dnaresearch.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=14621292">http://dnaresearch.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=14621292</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+structure+of+Gloeobacter+violaceus+PCC+7421%2C+a+cyanobacterium+that+lacks+thylakoids&amp;rft.jtitle=DNA+Res&amp;rft.aulast=Nakamura+Y&amp;rft.au=Nakamura+Y&amp;rft.au=Kaneko%2C%26%2332%3BT&amp;rft.au=Sato%2C%26%2332%3BS&amp;rft.au=Mimuro%2C%26%2332%3BM&amp;rft.au=Miyashita%2C%26%2332%3BH&amp;rft.au=Tsuchiya%2C%26%2332%3BT&amp;rft.au=Sasamoto%2C%26%2332%3BS&amp;rft.au=Watanabe%2C%26%2332%3BA&amp;rft.au=Kawashima%2C%26%2332%3BK&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=10&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=137%E2%80%9345&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Fdnares%2F10.4.137&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/14621292&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdnaresearch.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D14621292&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Rocap-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-Rocap_26-0">^{<i><b><font size="3">a</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-Rocap_26-1">^{<i><b><font size="3">b</font></b></i>}</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Rocap G et al. (2003). &quot;Genome divergence in two Prochlorococcus ecotypes reflects oceanic niche differentiation&quot;. <i>Nature</i> <b>424</b> (6952): 1042&ndash;7. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature01947">10.1038/nature01947</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12917642">12917642</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+divergence+in+two+Prochlorococcus+ecotypes+reflects+oceanic+niche+differentiation&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Rocap+G&amp;rft.au=Rocap+G&amp;rft.au=Larimer%2C%26%2332%3BFrank+W.&amp;rft.au=Lamerdin%2C%26%2332%3BJane&amp;rft.au=Malfatti%2C%26%2332%3BStephanie&amp;rft.au=Chain%2C%26%2332%3BPatrick&amp;rft.au=Ahlgren%2C%26%2332%3BNathan+A.&amp;rft.au=Arellano%2C%26%2332%3BAndrae&amp;rft.au=Coleman%2C%26%2332%3BMaureen&amp;rft.au=Hauser%2C%26%2332%3BLoren&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=424&amp;rft.issue=6952&amp;rft.pages=1042%E2%80%937&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnature01947&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12917642&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Dufresne A et al. (2003). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12917486">&quot;Genome sequence of the cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus marinus SS120, a nearly minimal oxyphototrophic genome&quot;</a>. <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</i> <b>100</b> (17): 10020&ndash;5. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1733211100">10.1073/pnas.1733211100</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC187748/?tool=pmcentrez">187748</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12917486">12917486</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12917486">http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12917486</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+sequence+of+the+cyanobacterium+Prochlorococcus+marinus+SS120%2C+a+nearly+minimal+oxyphototrophic+genome&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+USA&amp;rft.aulast=Dufresne+A&amp;rft.au=Dufresne+A&amp;rft.au=Salanoubat%2C%26%2332%3BM&amp;rft.au=Partensky%2C%26%2332%3BF&amp;rft.au=Artiguenave%2C%26%2332%3BF&amp;rft.au=Axmann%2C%26%2332%3BIM&amp;rft.au=Barbe%2C%26%2332%3BV&amp;rft.au=Duprat%2C%26%2332%3BS&amp;rft.au=Galperin%2C%26%2332%3BMY&amp;rft.au=Koonin%2C%26%2332%3BEV&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=100&amp;rft.issue=17&amp;rft.pages=10020%E2%80%935&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.1733211100&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/187748&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12917486&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D12917486&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Palenik B et al. (2003). &quot;The genome of a motile marine Synechococcus&quot;. <i>Nature</i> <b>424</b> (6952): 1037&ndash;42. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature01943">10.1038/nature01943</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12917641">12917641</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+genome+of+a+motile+marine+Synechococcus&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Palenik+B&amp;rft.au=Palenik+B&amp;rft.au=Brahamsha%2C%26%2332%3BB.&amp;rft.au=Larimer%2C%26%2332%3BF.+W.&amp;rft.au=Land%2C%26%2332%3BM.&amp;rft.au=Hauser%2C%26%2332%3BL.&amp;rft.au=Chain%2C%26%2332%3BP.&amp;rft.au=Lamerdin%2C%26%2332%3BJ.&amp;rft.au=Regala%2C%26%2332%3BW.&amp;rft.au=Allen%2C%26%2332%3BE.+E.&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=424&amp;rft.issue=6952&amp;rft.pages=1037%E2%80%9342&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnature01943&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12917641&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Kaneko, T. et al. (1995). &quot;Sequence Analysis of the Genome of the Unicellular Cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC6803. I. Sequence Features in the 1 Mb Region from Map Positions 64% to 92% of the Genome&quot;. <i>DNA Res.</i> <b>2</b> (4): 153&ndash;66. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fdnares%2F2.4.153">10.1093/dnares/2.4.153</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8590279">8590279</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Sequence+Analysis+of+the+Genome+of+the+Unicellular+Cyanobacterium+Synechocystis+sp.+strain+PCC6803.+I.+Sequence+Features+in+the+1+Mb+Region+from+Map+Positions+64%25+to+92%25+of+the+Genome&amp;rft.jtitle=DNA+Res.&amp;rft.aulast=Kaneko%2C+T.&amp;rft.au=Kaneko%2C+T.&amp;rft.au=Tanaka%2C%26%2332%3BA&amp;rft.au=Sato%2C%26%2332%3BS&amp;rft.au=Kotani%2C%26%2332%3BH&amp;rft.au=Sazuka%2C%26%2332%3BT&amp;rft.au=Miyajima%2C%26%2332%3BN&amp;rft.au=Sugiura%2C%26%2332%3BM&amp;rft.au=Tabata%2C%26%2332%3BS&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.volume=2&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=153%E2%80%9366&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Fdnares%2F2.4.153&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/8590279&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">de Groot A, Dulermo R, Ortet P, <i>et al.</i> (2009). &quot;Alliance of proteomics and genomics to unravel the specificities of Sahara bacterium <i>Deinococcus deserti</i>&quot;. <i>PLoS Genet.</i> <b>5</b> (3): e1000434.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Alliance+of+proteomics+and+genomics+to+unravel+the+specificities+of+Sahara+bacterium+%27%27Deinococcus+deserti%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=PLoS+Genet.&amp;rft.aulast=de+Groot+A%2C+Dulermo+R%2C+Ortet+P%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=de+Groot+A%2C+Dulermo+R%2C+Ortet+P%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.volume=5&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=e1000434&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Yuan M, Chen M, Zhang W, <i>et al.</i> (2012). &quot;Genome Sequence and Transcriptome Analysis of the Radioresistant Bacterium <i>Deinococcus gobiensis</i>: Insights into the Extreme Environmental Adaptations&quot;. <i>PLoS ONE</i> <b>7</b> (3): e34458.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+Sequence+and+Transcriptome+Analysis+of+the+Radioresistant+Bacterium+%27%27Deinococcus+gobiensis%27%27%3A+Insights+into+the+Extreme+Environmental+Adaptations&amp;rft.jtitle=PLoS+ONE&amp;rft.aulast=Yuan+M%2C+Chen+M%2C+Zhang+W%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Yuan+M%2C+Chen+M%2C+Zhang+W%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.volume=7&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=e34458&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">White O et al. (1999). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=10567266">&quot;Genome sequence of the radioresistant bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans R1&quot;</a>. <i>Science</i> <b>286</b> (5444): 1571&ndash;7. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.286.5444.1571">10.1126/science.286.5444.1571</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10567266">10567266</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=10567266">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=10567266</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+sequence+of+the+radioresistant+bacterium+Deinococcus+radiodurans+R1&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=White+O&amp;rft.au=White+O&amp;rft.au=Eisen%2C%26%2332%3BJA&amp;rft.au=Heidelberg%2C%26%2332%3BJF&amp;rft.au=Hickey%2C%26%2332%3BEK&amp;rft.au=Peterson%2C%26%2332%3BJD&amp;rft.au=Dodson%2C%26%2332%3BRJ&amp;rft.au=Haft%2C%26%2332%3BDH&amp;rft.au=Gwinn%2C%26%2332%3BML&amp;rft.au=Nelson%2C%26%2332%3BWC&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.volume=286&amp;rft.issue=5444&amp;rft.pages=1571%E2%80%937&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.286.5444.1571&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/10567266&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D10567266&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Sikorski J, Tindall BJ, Lowry S, <i>et al.</i> (2010). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3035272">&quot;Complete genome sequence of <i>Meiothermus silvanus</i> type strain (VI-R2)&quot;</a>. <i>Stand Genomic Sci</i> <b>3</b> (1): 37&ndash;46. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.4056%2Fsigs.1042812">10.4056/sigs.1042812</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3035272/?tool=pmcentrez">3035272</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21304690">21304690</a><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3035272</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+%27%27Meiothermus+silvanus%27%27+type+strain+%28VI-R2%29&amp;rft.jtitle=Stand+Genomic+Sci&amp;rft.aulast=Sikorski+J%2C+Tindall+BJ%2C+Lowry+S%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Sikorski+J%2C+Tindall+BJ%2C+Lowry+S%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.volume=3&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=37%E2%80%9346&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.4056%2Fsigs.1042812&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/3035272&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/21304690&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D3035272&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Gounder K, Brzuszkiewicz E, Liesegang H, <i>et al.</i> (2011). &quot;Sequence of the hyperplastic genome of the naturally competent <i>Thermus scotoductus</i> SA-01&quot;. <i>BMC Genomics</i> <b>12</b>: 577.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Sequence+of+the+hyperplastic+genome+of+the+naturally+competent+%27%27Thermus+scotoductus%27%27+SA-01&amp;rft.jtitle=BMC+Genomics&amp;rft.aulast=Gounder+K%2C+Brzuszkiewicz+E%2C+Liesegang+H%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Gounder+K%2C+Brzuszkiewicz+E%2C+Liesegang+H%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.volume=12&amp;rft.pages=577&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Henne A et al. (2004). &quot;The genome sequence of the extreme thermophile Thermus thermophilus&quot;. <i>Nat Biotechnol</i> <b>22</b> (5): 547&ndash;53. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnbt956">10.1038/nbt956</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15064768">15064768</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+genome+sequence+of+the+extreme+thermophile+Thermus+thermophilus&amp;rft.jtitle=Nat+Biotechnol&amp;rft.aulast=Henne+A&amp;rft.au=Henne+A&amp;rft.au=Br%C3%BCggemann%2C%26%2332%3BHolger&amp;rft.au=Raasch%2C%26%2332%3BCarsten&amp;rft.au=Wiezer%2C%26%2332%3BArnim&amp;rft.au=Hartsch%2C%26%2332%3BThomas&amp;rft.au=Liesegang%2C%26%2332%3BHeiko&amp;rft.au=Johann%2C%26%2332%3BAndre&amp;rft.au=Lienard%2C%26%2332%3BTanja&amp;rft.au=Gohl%2C%26%2332%3BOlivia&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=22&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=547%E2%80%9353&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnbt956&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15064768&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Schell MA et al. (2002). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12381787">&quot;The genome sequence of Bifidobacterium longum reflects its adaptation to the human gastrointestinal tract&quot;</a>. <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</i> <b>99</b> (22): 14422&ndash;7. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.212527599">10.1073/pnas.212527599</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC137899/?tool=pmcentrez">137899</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12381787">12381787</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12381787">http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12381787</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+genome+sequence+of+Bifidobacterium+longum+reflects+its+adaptation+to+the+human+gastrointestinal+tract&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+USA&amp;rft.aulast=Schell+MA&amp;rft.au=Schell+MA&amp;rft.au=Karmirantzou%2C%26%2332%3BM&amp;rft.au=Snel%2C%26%2332%3BB&amp;rft.au=Vilanova%2C%26%2332%3BD&amp;rft.au=Berger%2C%26%2332%3BB&amp;rft.au=Pessi%2C%26%2332%3BG&amp;rft.au=Zwahlen%2C%26%2332%3BMC&amp;rft.au=Desiere%2C%26%2332%3BF&amp;rft.au=Bork%2C%26%2332%3BP&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.volume=99&amp;rft.issue=22&amp;rft.pages=14422%E2%80%937&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.212527599&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/137899&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12381787&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D12381787&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Cerde&radic;&Eacute;&not;&plusmn;o-T&radic;&Eacute;&not;&deg;rraga AM et al. (2003). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=14602910">&quot;The complete genome sequence and analysis of Corynebacterium diphtheriae NCTC13129&quot;</a>. <i>Nucleic Acids Res</i> <b>31</b> (22): 6516&ndash;23. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkg874">10.1093/nar/gkg874</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC275568/?tool=pmcentrez">275568</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14602910">14602910</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=14602910">http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=14602910</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+complete+genome+sequence+and+analysis+of+Corynebacterium+diphtheriae+NCTC13129&amp;rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Res&amp;rft.aulast=Cerde%E2%88%9A%C3%89%C2%AC%C2%B1o-T%E2%88%9A%C3%89%C2%AC%C2%B0rraga+AM&amp;rft.au=Cerde%E2%88%9A%C3%89%C2%AC%C2%B1o-T%E2%88%9A%C3%89%C2%AC%C2%B0rraga+AM&amp;rft.au=Efstratiou%2C%26%2332%3BA&amp;rft.au=Dover%2C%26%2332%3BLG&amp;rft.au=Holden%2C%26%2332%3BMT&amp;rft.au=Pallen%2C%26%2332%3BM&amp;rft.au=Bentley%2C%26%2332%3BSD&amp;rft.au=Besra%2C%26%2332%3BGS&amp;rft.au=Churcher%2C%26%2332%3BC&amp;rft.au=James%2C%26%2332%3BKD&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=31&amp;rft.issue=22&amp;rft.pages=6516%E2%80%9323&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkg874&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/275568&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/14602910&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnar.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D14602910&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Nishio Y et al. (2003). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12840036">&quot;Comparative complete genome sequence analysis of the amino acid replacements responsible for the thermostability of Corynebacterium efficiens&quot;</a>. <i>Genome Res</i> <b>13</b> (7): 1572&ndash;9. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.1285603">10.1101/gr.1285603</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC403753/?tool=pmcentrez">403753</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12840036">12840036</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12840036">http://www.genome.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12840036</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Comparative+complete+genome+sequence+analysis+of+the+amino+acid+replacements+responsible+for+the+thermostability+of+Corynebacterium+efficiens&amp;rft.jtitle=Genome+Res&amp;rft.aulast=Nishio+Y&amp;rft.au=Nishio+Y&amp;rft.au=Nakamura%2C%26%2332%3BY&amp;rft.au=Kawarabayasi%2C%26%2332%3BY&amp;rft.au=Usuda%2C%26%2332%3BY&amp;rft.au=Kimura%2C%26%2332%3BE&amp;rft.au=Sugimoto%2C%26%2332%3BS&amp;rft.au=Matsui%2C%26%2332%3BK&amp;rft.au=Yamagishi%2C%26%2332%3BA&amp;rft.au=Kikuchi%2C%26%2332%3BH&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=13&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.pages=1572%E2%80%939&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1101%2Fgr.1285603&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/403753&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12840036&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genome.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D12840036&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Kalinowski J et al. (2003). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0168165603001548">&quot;The complete Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032 genome sequence and its impact on the production of L-aspartate-derived amino acids and vitamins&quot;</a>. <i>J Biotechnol</i> <b>104</b> (1&ndash;3): 5&ndash;25. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0168-1656%2803%2900154-8">10.1016/S0168-1656(03)00154-8</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12948626">12948626</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0168165603001548">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0168165603001548</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+complete+Corynebacterium+glutamicum+ATCC+13032+genome+sequence+and+its+impact+on+the+production+of+L-aspartate-derived+amino+acids+and+vitamins&amp;rft.jtitle=J+Biotechnol&amp;rft.aulast=Kalinowski+J&amp;rft.au=Kalinowski+J&amp;rft.au=Bathe%2C%26%2332%3BBrigitte&amp;rft.au=Bartels%2C%26%2332%3BDaniela&amp;rft.au=Bischoff%2C%26%2332%3BNicole&amp;rft.au=Bott%2C%26%2332%3BMichael&amp;rft.au=Burkovski%2C%26%2332%3BAndreas&amp;rft.au=Dusch%2C%26%2332%3BNicole&amp;rft.au=Eggeling%2C%26%2332%3BLothar&amp;rft.au=Eikmanns%2C%26%2332%3BBernhard+J&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=104&amp;rft.issue=1%E2%80%933&amp;rft.pages=5%E2%80%9325&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2FS0168-1656%2803%2900154-8&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12948626&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0168165603001548&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Tauch A et al. (2005). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://jb.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15968079">&quot;Complete genome sequence and analysis of the multiresistant nosocomial pathogen Corynebacterium jeikeium K411, a lipid-requiring bacterium of the human skin flora&quot;</a>. <i>J Bacteriol</i> <b>187</b> (13): 4671&ndash;82. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FJB.187.13.4671-4682.2005">10.1128/JB.187.13.4671-4682.2005</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1151758/?tool=pmcentrez">1151758</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15968079">15968079</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://jb.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15968079">http://jb.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15968079</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+and+analysis+of+the+multiresistant+nosocomial+pathogen+Corynebacterium+jeikeium+K411%2C+a+lipid-requiring+bacterium+of+the+human+skin+flora&amp;rft.jtitle=J+Bacteriol&amp;rft.aulast=Tauch+A&amp;rft.au=Tauch+A&amp;rft.au=Kaiser%2C%26%2332%3BO.&amp;rft.au=Hain%2C%26%2332%3BT.&amp;rft.au=Goesmann%2C%26%2332%3BA.&amp;rft.au=Weisshaar%2C%26%2332%3BB.&amp;rft.au=Albersmeier%2C%26%2332%3BA.&amp;rft.au=Bekel%2C%26%2332%3BT.&amp;rft.au=Bischoff%2C%26%2332%3BN.&amp;rft.au=Brune%2C%26%2332%3BI.&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=187&amp;rft.issue=13&amp;rft.pages=4671%E2%80%9382&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FJB.187.13.4671-4682.2005&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/1151758&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15968079&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjb.asm.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D15968079&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Li L et al. (2005). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16116077">&quot;The complete genome sequence of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis&quot;</a>. <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</i> <b>102</b> (35): 12344&ndash;9. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0505662102">10.1073/pnas.0505662102</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1194940/?tool=pmcentrez">1194940</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16116077">16116077</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16116077">http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16116077</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+complete+genome+sequence+of+Mycobacterium+avium+subspecies+paratuberculosis&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+USA&amp;rft.aulast=Li+L&amp;rft.au=Li+L&amp;rft.au=Bannantine%2C%26%2332%3BJP&amp;rft.au=Zhang%2C%26%2332%3BQ&amp;rft.au=Amonsin%2C%26%2332%3BA&amp;rft.au=May%2C%26%2332%3BBJ&amp;rft.au=Alt%2C%26%2332%3BD&amp;rft.au=Banerji%2C%26%2332%3BN&amp;rft.au=Kanjilal%2C%26%2332%3BS&amp;rft.au=Kapur%2C%26%2332%3BV&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=102&amp;rft.issue=35&amp;rft.pages=12344%E2%80%939&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.0505662102&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/1194940&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16116077&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D16116077&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Garnier T et al. (2003). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12788972">&quot;The complete genome sequence of Mycobacterium bovis&quot;</a>. <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</i> <b>100</b> (13): 7877&ndash;82. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1130426100">10.1073/pnas.1130426100</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC164681/?tool=pmcentrez">164681</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12788972">12788972</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12788972">http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12788972</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+complete+genome+sequence+of+Mycobacterium+bovis&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+USA&amp;rft.aulast=Garnier+T&amp;rft.au=Garnier+T&amp;rft.au=Eiglmeier%2C%26%2332%3BK&amp;rft.au=Camus%2C%26%2332%3BJC&amp;rft.au=Medina%2C%26%2332%3BN&amp;rft.au=Mansoor%2C%26%2332%3BH&amp;rft.au=Pryor%2C%26%2332%3BM&amp;rft.au=Duthoy%2C%26%2332%3BS&amp;rft.au=Grondin%2C%26%2332%3BS&amp;rft.au=Lacroix%2C%26%2332%3BC&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=100&amp;rft.issue=13&amp;rft.pages=7877%E2%80%9382&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.1130426100&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/164681&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12788972&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D12788972&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Cole ST et al. (2001). &quot;Massive gene decay in the leprosy bacillus&quot;. <i>Nature</i> <b>409</b> (6823): 1007&ndash;11. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F35059006">10.1038/35059006</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11234002">11234002</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Massive+gene+decay+in+the+leprosy+bacillus&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Cole+ST&amp;rft.au=Cole+ST&amp;rft.au=Eiglmeier%2C%26%2332%3BK.&amp;rft.au=Parkhill%2C%26%2332%3BJ.&amp;rft.au=James%2C%26%2332%3BK.+D.&amp;rft.au=Thomson%2C%26%2332%3BN.+R.&amp;rft.au=Wheeler%2C%26%2332%3BP.+R.&amp;rft.au=Honor%C3%A9%2C%26%2332%3BN.&amp;rft.au=Garnier%2C%26%2332%3BT.&amp;rft.au=Churcher%2C%26%2332%3BC.&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.volume=409&amp;rft.issue=6823&amp;rft.pages=1007%E2%80%9311&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F35059006&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11234002&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Cole ST et al. (1998). &quot;Deciphering the biology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from the complete genome sequence&quot;. <i>Nature</i> <b>393</b> (6685): 537&ndash;44. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F31159">10.1038/31159</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9634230">9634230</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Deciphering+the+biology+of+Mycobacterium+tuberculosis+from+the+complete+genome+sequence&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Cole+ST&amp;rft.au=Cole+ST&amp;rft.au=Cole%2C%26%2332%3BS.+T.&amp;rft.au=Brosch%2C%26%2332%3BR.&amp;rft.au=Parkhill%2C%26%2332%3BJ.&amp;rft.au=Garnier%2C%26%2332%3BT.&amp;rft.au=Churcher%2C%26%2332%3BC.&amp;rft.au=Harris%2C%26%2332%3BD.&amp;rft.au=Gordon%2C%26%2332%3BS.+V.&amp;rft.au=Eiglmeier%2C%26%2332%3BK.&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.volume=393&amp;rft.issue=6685&amp;rft.pages=537%E2%80%9344&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F31159&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/9634230&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Ishikawa J et al. (2004). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15466710">&quot;The complete genomic sequence of Nocardia farcinica IFM 10152&quot;</a>. <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</i> <b>101</b> (41): 14925&ndash;30. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0406410101">10.1073/pnas.0406410101</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC522048/?tool=pmcentrez">522048</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15466710">15466710</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15466710">http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15466710</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+complete+genomic+sequence+of+Nocardia+farcinica+IFM+10152&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+USA&amp;rft.aulast=Ishikawa+J&amp;rft.au=Ishikawa+J&amp;rft.au=Yamashita%2C%26%2332%3BA&amp;rft.au=Mikami%2C%26%2332%3BY&amp;rft.au=Hoshino%2C%26%2332%3BY&amp;rft.au=Kurita%2C%26%2332%3BH&amp;rft.au=Hotta%2C%26%2332%3BK&amp;rft.au=Shiba%2C%26%2332%3BT&amp;rft.au=Hattori%2C%26%2332%3BM&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=101&amp;rft.issue=41&amp;rft.pages=14925%E2%80%9330&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.0406410101&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/522048&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15466710&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D15466710&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Omura S et al. (2001). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=11572948">&quot;Genome sequence of an industrial microorganism Streptomyces avermitilis: deducing the ability of producing secondary metabolites&quot;</a>. <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</i> <b>98</b> (21): 12215&ndash;20. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.211433198">10.1073/pnas.211433198</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC59794/?tool=pmcentrez">59794</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11572948">11572948</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=11572948">http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=11572948</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+sequence+of+an+industrial+microorganism+Streptomyces+avermitilis%3A+deducing+the+ability+of+producing+secondary+metabolites&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+USA&amp;rft.aulast=Omura+S&amp;rft.au=Omura+S&amp;rft.au=Ikeda%2C%26%2332%3BH&amp;rft.au=Ishikawa%2C%26%2332%3BJ&amp;rft.au=Hanamoto%2C%26%2332%3BA&amp;rft.au=Takahashi%2C%26%2332%3BC&amp;rft.au=Shinose%2C%26%2332%3BM&amp;rft.au=Takahashi%2C%26%2332%3BY&amp;rft.au=Horikawa%2C%26%2332%3BH&amp;rft.au=Nakazawa%2C%26%2332%3BH&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.volume=98&amp;rft.issue=21&amp;rft.pages=12215%E2%80%9320&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.211433198&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/59794&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11572948&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D11572948&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Redenbach M et al. (1996). &quot;A set of ordered cosmids and a detailed genetic and physical map for the 8 Mb Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) chromosome&quot;. <i>Mol Microbiol</i> <b>21</b> (1): 77&ndash;96. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2958.1996.6191336.x">10.1046/j.1365-2958.1996.6191336.x</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8843436">8843436</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=A+set+of+ordered+cosmids+and+a+detailed+genetic+and+physical+map+for+the+8+Mb+Streptomyces+coelicolor+A3%282%29+chromosome&amp;rft.jtitle=Mol+Microbiol&amp;rft.aulast=Redenbach+M&amp;rft.au=Redenbach+M&amp;rft.au=Kieser%2C%26%2332%3BH.+M.&amp;rft.au=Denapaite%2C%26%2332%3BD.&amp;rft.au=Eichner%2C%26%2332%3BA.&amp;rft.au=Cullum%2C%26%2332%3BJ.&amp;rft.au=Kinashi%2C%26%2332%3BH.&amp;rft.au=Hopwood%2C%26%2332%3BD.+A.&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.volume=21&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=77%E2%80%9396&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2958.1996.6191336.x&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/8843436&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Ueda K et al. (2004). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15383646">&quot;Genome sequence of Symbiobacterium thermophilum, an uncultivable bacterium that depends on microbial commensalism&quot;</a>. <i>Nucleic Acids Res</i> <b>32</b> (16): 4937&ndash;44. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkh830">10.1093/nar/gkh830</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC519118/?tool=pmcentrez">519118</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15383646">15383646</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15383646">http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15383646</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+sequence+of+Symbiobacterium+thermophilum%2C+an+uncultivable+bacterium+that+depends+on+microbial+commensalism&amp;rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Res&amp;rft.aulast=Ueda+K&amp;rft.au=Ueda+K&amp;rft.au=Yamashita%2C%26%2332%3BA&amp;rft.au=Ishikawa%2C%26%2332%3BJ&amp;rft.au=Shimada%2C%26%2332%3BM&amp;rft.au=Watsuji%2C%26%2332%3BTO&amp;rft.au=Morimura%2C%26%2332%3BK&amp;rft.au=Ikeda%2C%26%2332%3BH&amp;rft.au=Hattori%2C%26%2332%3BM&amp;rft.au=Beppu%2C%26%2332%3BT&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=32&amp;rft.issue=16&amp;rft.pages=4937%E2%80%9344&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkh830&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/519118&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15383646&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnar.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D15383646&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Raoult D et al. (2003). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12902375">&quot;Tropheryma whipplei Twist: a human pathogenic Actinobacteria with a reduced genome&quot;</a>. <i>Genome Res</i> <b>13</b> (8): 1800&ndash;9. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:10.1101/gr.1474603 (inactive 2010-03-16). <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC403771/?tool=pmcentrez">403771</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12902375">12902375</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12902375">http://www.genome.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12902375</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Tropheryma+whipplei+Twist%3A+a+human+pathogenic+Actinobacteria+with+a+reduced+genome&amp;rft.jtitle=Genome+Res&amp;rft.aulast=Raoult+D&amp;rft.au=Raoult+D&amp;rft.au=Ogata%2C%26%2332%3BH&amp;rft.au=Audic%2C%26%2332%3BS&amp;rft.au=Robert%2C%26%2332%3BC&amp;rft.au=Suhre%2C%26%2332%3BK&amp;rft.au=Drancourt%2C%26%2332%3BM&amp;rft.au=Claverie%2C%26%2332%3BJM&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=13&amp;rft.issue=8&amp;rft.pages=1800%E2%80%939&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1101%2Fgr.1474603&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/403771&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12902375&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genome.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D12902375&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Read TD et al. (2003). &quot;The genome sequence of Bacillus anthracis Ames and comparison to closely related bacteria&quot;. <i>Nature</i> <b>423</b> (6935): 81&ndash;6. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature01586">10.1038/nature01586</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12721629">12721629</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+genome+sequence+of+Bacillus+anthracis+Ames+and+comparison+to+closely+related+bacteria&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Read+TD&amp;rft.au=Read+TD&amp;rft.au=Peterson%2C%26%2332%3BScott+N.&amp;rft.au=Tourasse%2C%26%2332%3BNicolas&amp;rft.au=Baillie%2C%26%2332%3BLes+W.&amp;rft.au=Paulsen%2C%26%2332%3BIan+T.&amp;rft.au=Nelson%2C%26%2332%3BKaren+E.&amp;rft.au=Tettelin%2C%26%2332%3BHerv%C3%A9&amp;rft.au=Fouts%2C%26%2332%3BDerrick+E.&amp;rft.au=Eisen%2C%26%2332%3BJonathan+A.&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=423&amp;rft.issue=6935&amp;rft.pages=81%E2%80%936&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnature01586&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12721629&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Rasko DA et al. (2004). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=14960714">&quot;The genome sequence of Bacillus cereus ATCC 10987 reveals metabolic adaptations and a large plasmid related to Bacillus anthracis pXO1&quot;</a>. <i>Nucleic Acids Res</i> <b>32</b> (3): 977&ndash;88. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkh258">10.1093/nar/gkh258</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC373394/?tool=pmcentrez">373394</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14960714">14960714</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=14960714">http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=14960714</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+genome+sequence+of+Bacillus+cereus+ATCC+10987+reveals+metabolic+adaptations+and+a+large+plasmid+related+to+Bacillus+anthracis+pXO1&amp;rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Res&amp;rft.aulast=Rasko+DA&amp;rft.au=Rasko+DA&amp;rft.au=Ravel%2C%26%2332%3BJ&amp;rft.au=%C3%98kstad%2C%26%2332%3BOA&amp;rft.au=Helgason%2C%26%2332%3BE&amp;rft.au=Cer%2C%26%2332%3BRZ&amp;rft.au=Jiang%2C%26%2332%3BL&amp;rft.au=Shores%2C%26%2332%3BKA&amp;rft.au=Fouts%2C%26%2332%3BDE&amp;rft.au=Tourasse%2C%26%2332%3BNJ&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=32&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=977%E2%80%9388&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkh258&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/373394&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/14960714&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnar.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D14960714&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Ivanova N et al. (2003). &quot;Genome sequence of Bacillus cereus and comparative analysis with Bacillus anthracis&quot;. <i>Nature</i> <b>423</b> (6935): 87&ndash;91. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature01582">10.1038/nature01582</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12721630">12721630</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+sequence+of+Bacillus+cereus+and+comparative+analysis+with+Bacillus+anthracis&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Ivanova+N&amp;rft.au=Ivanova+N&amp;rft.au=Sorokin%2C%26%2332%3BAlexei&amp;rft.au=Anderson%2C%26%2332%3BIain&amp;rft.au=Galleron%2C%26%2332%3BNathalie&amp;rft.au=Candelon%2C%26%2332%3BBenjamin&amp;rft.au=Kapatral%2C%26%2332%3BVinayak&amp;rft.au=Bhattacharyya%2C%26%2332%3BAnamitra&amp;rft.au=Reznik%2C%26%2332%3BGary&amp;rft.au=Mikhailova%2C%26%2332%3BNatalia&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=423&amp;rft.issue=6935&amp;rft.pages=87%E2%80%9391&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnature01582&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12721630&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Kobayashi T et al. (1995). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://link.springer.de/link/service/journals/00253/bibs/5043003/50430473.htm">&quot;Purification and properties of an alkaline protease from alkalophilic Bacillus sp. KSM-K16&quot;</a>. <i>Appl Microbiol Biotechnol</i> <b>43</b> (3): 473&ndash;81. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00218452">10.1007/BF00218452</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7632397">7632397</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://link.springer.de/link/service/journals/00253/bibs/5043003/50430473.htm">http://link.springer.de/link/service/journals/00253/bibs/5043003/50430473.htm</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Purification+and+properties+of+an+alkaline+protease+from+alkalophilic+Bacillus+sp.+KSM-K16&amp;rft.jtitle=Appl+Microbiol+Biotechnol&amp;rft.aulast=Kobayashi+T&amp;rft.au=Kobayashi+T&amp;rft.au=Hakamada%2C%26%2332%3BY.&amp;rft.au=Adachi%2C%26%2332%3BS.&amp;rft.au=Hitomi%2C%26%2332%3BJ.&amp;rft.au=Yoshimatsu%2C%26%2332%3BT.&amp;rft.au=Koike%2C%26%2332%3BK.&amp;rft.au=Kawai%2C%26%2332%3BS.&amp;rft.au=Ito%2C%26%2332%3BS.&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.volume=43&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=473%E2%80%9381&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2FBF00218452&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/7632397&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.de%2Flink%2Fservice%2Fjournals%2F00253%2Fbibs%2F5043003%2F50430473.htm&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Takami H et al. (1999). &quot;An improved physical and genetic map of the genome of alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. C-125&quot;. <i>Extremophiles</i> <b>3</b> (1): 21&ndash;8. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs007920050095">10.1007/s007920050095</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10086841">10086841</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=An+improved+physical+and+genetic+map+of+the+genome+of+alkaliphilic+Bacillus+sp.+C-125&amp;rft.jtitle=Extremophiles&amp;rft.aulast=Takami+H&amp;rft.au=Takami+H&amp;rft.au=Nakasone%2C%26%2332%3BKaoru&amp;rft.au=Hirama%2C%26%2332%3BChie&amp;rft.au=Takaki%2C%26%2332%3BYoshihiro&amp;rft.au=Masui%2C%26%2332%3BNoriaki&amp;rft.au=Fuji%2C%26%2332%3BFumie&amp;rft.au=Nakamura%2C%26%2332%3BYuka&amp;rft.au=Inoue%2C%26%2332%3BAkira&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.volume=3&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=21%E2%80%938&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2Fs007920050095&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/10086841&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Rey MW et al. (2004). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://genomebiology.com/1465-6906/5/R77">&quot;Complete genome sequence of the industrial bacterium Bacillus licheniformis and comparisons with closely related Bacillus species&quot;</a>. <i>Genome Biol</i> <b>5</b> (10): R77. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2Fgb-2004-5-10-r77">10.1186/gb-2004-5-10-r77</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC545597/?tool=pmcentrez">545597</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15461803">15461803</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://genomebiology.com/1465-6906/5/R77">http://genomebiology.com/1465-6906/5/R77</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+the+industrial+bacterium+Bacillus+licheniformis+and+comparisons+with+closely+related+Bacillus+species&amp;rft.jtitle=Genome+Biol&amp;rft.aulast=Rey+MW&amp;rft.au=Rey+MW&amp;rft.au=Ramaiya%2C%26%2332%3BPreethi&amp;rft.au=Nelson%2C%26%2332%3BBeth+A&amp;rft.au=Brody-Karpin%2C%26%2332%3BShari+D&amp;rft.au=Zaretsky%2C%26%2332%3BElizabeth+J&amp;rft.au=Tang%2C%26%2332%3BMaria&amp;rft.au=De+Leon%2C%26%2332%3BAlfredo&amp;rft.au=Xiang%2C%26%2332%3BHenry&amp;rft.au=Gusti%2C%26%2332%3BVeronica&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=5&amp;rft.issue=10&amp;rft.pages=R77&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1186%2Fgb-2004-5-10-r77&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/545597&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15461803&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgenomebiology.com%2F1465-6906%2F5%2FR77&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Veith-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-Veith_56-0">^{<i><b><font size="3">a</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-Veith_56-1">^{<i><b><font size="3">b</font></b></i>}</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Veith B et al. (2004). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://content.karger.com/produktedb/produkte.asp?doi=10.1159/000079829&amp;typ=pdf">&quot;The complete genome sequence of Bacillus licheniformis DSM13, an organism with great industrial potential&quot;</a>. <i>J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol</i> <b>7</b> (4): 204&ndash;11. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1159%2F000079829">10.1159/000079829</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15383718">15383718</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://content.karger.com/produktedb/produkte.asp?doi=10.1159/000079829&amp;typ=pdf">http://content.karger.com/produktedb/produkte.asp?doi=10.1159/000079829&amp;typ=pdf</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+complete+genome+sequence+of+Bacillus+licheniformis+DSM13%2C+an+organism+with+great+industrial+potential&amp;rft.jtitle=J+Mol+Microbiol+Biotechnol&amp;rft.aulast=Veith+B&amp;rft.au=Veith+B&amp;rft.au=Herzberg%2C%26%2332%3BChristina&amp;rft.au=Steckel%2C%26%2332%3BSilke&amp;rft.au=Feesche%2C%26%2332%3BJ%26Ouml%3Brg&amp;rft.au=Maurer%2C%26%2332%3BKarl+Heinz&amp;rft.au=Ehrenreich%2C%26%2332%3BPetra&amp;rft.au=b%26Auml%3BUmer%2C%26%2332%3BSebastian&amp;rft.au=Henne%2C%26%2332%3BAnke&amp;rft.au=Liesegang%2C%26%2332%3BHeiko&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=7&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=204%E2%80%9311&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1159%2F000079829&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15383718&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.karger.com%2Fproduktedb%2Fprodukte.asp%3Fdoi%3D10.1159%2F000079829%26typ%3Dpdf&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Kunst F et al. (1997). &quot;The complete genome sequence of the gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis&quot;. <i>Nature</i> <b>390</b> (6657): 249&ndash;56. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F36786">10.1038/36786</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9384377">9384377</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+complete+genome+sequence+of+the+gram-positive+bacterium+Bacillus+subtilis&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Kunst+F&amp;rft.au=Kunst+F&amp;rft.au=Ogasawara%2C%26%2332%3BN.&amp;rft.au=Moszer%2C%26%2332%3BI.&amp;rft.au=Albertini%2C%26%2332%3BA.+M.&amp;rft.au=Alloni%2C%26%2332%3BG.&amp;rft.au=Azevedo%2C%26%2332%3BV.&amp;rft.au=Bertero%2C%26%2332%3BM.+G.&amp;rft.au=Bessi%C3%A8res%2C%26%2332%3BP.&amp;rft.au=Bolotin%2C%26%2332%3BA.&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.volume=390&amp;rft.issue=6657&amp;rft.pages=249%E2%80%9356&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F36786&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/9384377&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">N&ouml;lling J et al. (2001). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://jb.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=11466286">&quot;Genome sequence and comparative analysis of the solvent-producing bacterium Clostridium acetobutylicum&quot;</a>. <i>J Bacteriol</i> <b>183</b> (16): 4823&ndash;38. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FJB.183.16.4823-4838.2001">10.1128/JB.183.16.4823-4838.2001</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC99537/?tool=pmcentrez">99537</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11466286">11466286</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://jb.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=11466286">http://jb.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=11466286</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+sequence+and+comparative+analysis+of+the+solvent-producing+bacterium+Clostridium+acetobutylicum&amp;rft.jtitle=J+Bacteriol&amp;rft.aulast=N%C3%B6lling+J&amp;rft.au=N%C3%B6lling+J&amp;rft.au=Breton%2C%26%2332%3BG.&amp;rft.au=Omelchenko%2C%26%2332%3BM.+V.&amp;rft.au=Makarova%2C%26%2332%3BK.+S.&amp;rft.au=Zeng%2C%26%2332%3BQ.&amp;rft.au=Gibson%2C%26%2332%3BR.&amp;rft.au=Lee%2C%26%2332%3BH.+M.&amp;rft.au=Dubois%2C%26%2332%3BJ.&amp;rft.au=Qiu%2C%26%2332%3BD.&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.volume=183&amp;rft.issue=16&amp;rft.pages=4823%E2%80%9338&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FJB.183.16.4823-4838.2001&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/99537&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11466286&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjb.asm.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D11466286&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Shimizu T et al. (2002). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=11792842">&quot;Complete genome sequence of Clostridium perfringens, an anaerobic flesh-eater&quot;</a>. <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</i> <b>99</b> (2): 996&ndash;1001. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.022493799">10.1073/pnas.022493799</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC117419/?tool=pmcentrez">117419</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11792842">11792842</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=11792842">http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=11792842</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+Clostridium+perfringens%2C+an+anaerobic+flesh-eater&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+USA&amp;rft.aulast=Shimizu+T&amp;rft.au=Shimizu+T&amp;rft.au=Ohtani%2C%26%2332%3BK&amp;rft.au=Hirakawa%2C%26%2332%3BH&amp;rft.au=Ohshima%2C%26%2332%3BK&amp;rft.au=Yamashita%2C%26%2332%3BA&amp;rft.au=Shiba%2C%26%2332%3BT&amp;rft.au=Ogasawara%2C%26%2332%3BN&amp;rft.au=Hattori%2C%26%2332%3BM&amp;rft.au=Kuhara%2C%26%2332%3BS&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.volume=99&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=996%E2%80%931001&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.022493799&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/117419&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11792842&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D11792842&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Bruggemann H et al. (2003). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12552129">&quot;The genome sequence of Clostridium tetani, the causative agent of tetanus disease&quot;</a>. <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</i> <b>100</b> (3): 1316&ndash;21. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0335853100">10.1073/pnas.0335853100</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC298770/?tool=pmcentrez">298770</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12552129">12552129</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12552129">http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12552129</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+genome+sequence+of+Clostridium+tetani%2C+the+causative+agent+of+tetanus+disease&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+USA&amp;rft.aulast=Bruggemann+H&amp;rft.au=Bruggemann+H&amp;rft.au=Baumer%2C%26%2332%3BS&amp;rft.au=Fricke%2C%26%2332%3BWF&amp;rft.au=Wiezer%2C%26%2332%3BA&amp;rft.au=Liesegang%2C%26%2332%3BH&amp;rft.au=Decker%2C%26%2332%3BI&amp;rft.au=Herzberg%2C%26%2332%3BC&amp;rft.au=Martinez-Arias%2C%26%2332%3BR&amp;rft.au=Merkl%2C%26%2332%3BR&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=100&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=1316%E2%80%9321&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.0335853100&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/298770&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12552129&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D12552129&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Nonaka H et al. (2006). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://jb.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16513756">&quot;Complete genome sequence of the dehalorespiring bacterium Desulfitobacterium hafniense Y51 and comparison with Dehalococcoides ethenogenes 195&quot;</a>. <i>J Bacteriol</i> <b>188</b> (6): 2262&ndash;74. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FJB.188.6.2262-2274.2006">10.1128/JB.188.6.2262-2274.2006</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1428132/?tool=pmcentrez">1428132</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16513756">16513756</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://jb.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16513756">http://jb.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16513756</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+the+dehalorespiring+bacterium+Desulfitobacterium+hafniense+Y51+and+comparison+with+Dehalococcoides+ethenogenes+195&amp;rft.jtitle=J+Bacteriol&amp;rft.aulast=Nonaka+H&amp;rft.au=Nonaka+H&amp;rft.au=Keresztes%2C%26%2332%3BG.&amp;rft.au=Shinoda%2C%26%2332%3BY.&amp;rft.au=Ikenaga%2C%26%2332%3BY.&amp;rft.au=Abe%2C%26%2332%3BM.&amp;rft.au=Naito%2C%26%2332%3BK.&amp;rft.au=Inatomi%2C%26%2332%3BK.&amp;rft.au=Furukawa%2C%26%2332%3BK.&amp;rft.au=Inui%2C%26%2332%3BM.&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=188&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=2262%E2%80%9374&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FJB.188.6.2262-2274.2006&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/1428132&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16513756&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjb.asm.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D16513756&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Paulsen IT et al. (2003). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12663927">&quot;Role of mobile DNA in the evolution of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis&quot;</a>. <i>Science</i> <b>299</b> (5615): 2071&ndash;4. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1080613">10.1126/science.1080613</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12663927">12663927</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12663927">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12663927</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Role+of+mobile+DNA+in+the+evolution+of+vancomycin-resistant+Enterococcus+faecalis&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Paulsen+IT&amp;rft.au=Paulsen+IT&amp;rft.au=Banerjei%2C%26%2332%3BL&amp;rft.au=Myers%2C%26%2332%3BGS&amp;rft.au=Nelson%2C%26%2332%3BKE&amp;rft.au=Seshadri%2C%26%2332%3BR&amp;rft.au=Read%2C%26%2332%3BTD&amp;rft.au=Fouts%2C%26%2332%3BDE&amp;rft.au=Eisen%2C%26%2332%3BJA&amp;rft.au=Gill%2C%26%2332%3BSR&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=299&amp;rft.issue=5615&amp;rft.pages=2071%E2%80%934&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.1080613&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12663927&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D12663927&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Takami H et al. (2004). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15576355">&quot;Thermoadaptation trait revealed by the genome sequence of thermophilic Geobacillus kaustophilus&quot;</a>. <i>Nucleic Acids Res</i> <b>32</b> (21): 6292&ndash;303. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkh970">10.1093/nar/gkh970</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC535678/?tool=pmcentrez">535678</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15576355">15576355</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15576355">http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15576355</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Thermoadaptation+trait+revealed+by+the+genome+sequence+of+thermophilic+Geobacillus+kaustophilus&amp;rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Res&amp;rft.aulast=Takami+H&amp;rft.au=Takami+H&amp;rft.au=Takaki%2C%26%2332%3BY&amp;rft.au=Chee%2C%26%2332%3BGJ&amp;rft.au=Nishi%2C%26%2332%3BS&amp;rft.au=Shimamura%2C%26%2332%3BS&amp;rft.au=Suzuki%2C%26%2332%3BH&amp;rft.au=Matsui%2C%26%2332%3BS&amp;rft.au=Uchiyama%2C%26%2332%3BI&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=32&amp;rft.issue=21&amp;rft.pages=6292%E2%80%93303&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkh970&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/535678&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15576355&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnar.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D15576355&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Altermann E et al. (2005). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15671160">&quot;Complete genome sequence of the probiotic lactic acid bacterium Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM&quot;</a>. <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</i> <b>102</b> (11): 3906&ndash;12. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0409188102">10.1073/pnas.0409188102</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC554803/?tool=pmcentrez">554803</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15671160">15671160</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15671160">http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15671160</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+the+probiotic+lactic+acid+bacterium+Lactobacillus+acidophilus+NCFM&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+USA&amp;rft.aulast=Altermann+E&amp;rft.au=Altermann+E&amp;rft.au=Russell%2C%26%2332%3BWM&amp;rft.au=Azcarate-Peril%2C%26%2332%3BMA&amp;rft.au=Barrangou%2C%26%2332%3BR&amp;rft.au=Buck%2C%26%2332%3BBL&amp;rft.au=McAuliffe%2C%26%2332%3BO&amp;rft.au=Souther%2C%26%2332%3BN&amp;rft.au=Dobson%2C%26%2332%3BA&amp;rft.au=Duong%2C%26%2332%3BT&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=102&amp;rft.issue=11&amp;rft.pages=3906%E2%80%9312&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.0409188102&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/554803&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15671160&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D15671160&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Pridmore-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-Pridmore_65-0">^{<i><b><font size="3">a</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-Pridmore_65-1">^{<i><b><font size="3">b</font></b></i>}</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Pridmore RD et al. (2004). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=14983040">&quot;The genome sequence of the probiotic intestinal bacterium Lactobacillus johnsonii NCC 533&quot;</a>. <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</i> <b>101</b> (8): 2512&ndash;7. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0307327101">10.1073/pnas.0307327101</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC356981/?tool=pmcentrez">356981</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14983040">14983040</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=14983040">http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=14983040</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+genome+sequence+of+the+probiotic+intestinal+bacterium+Lactobacillus+johnsonii+NCC+533&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+USA&amp;rft.aulast=Pridmore+RD&amp;rft.au=Pridmore+RD&amp;rft.au=Berger%2C%26%2332%3BB&amp;rft.au=Desiere%2C%26%2332%3BF&amp;rft.au=Vilanova%2C%26%2332%3BD&amp;rft.au=Barretto%2C%26%2332%3BC&amp;rft.au=Pittet%2C%26%2332%3BAC&amp;rft.au=Zwahlen%2C%26%2332%3BMC&amp;rft.au=Rouvet%2C%26%2332%3BM&amp;rft.au=Altermann%2C%26%2332%3BE&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=101&amp;rft.issue=8&amp;rft.pages=2512%E2%80%937&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.0307327101&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/356981&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/14983040&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D14983040&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Bolotin A et al. (2001). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=11337471">&quot;The complete genome sequence of the lactic acid bacterium Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis IL1403&quot;</a>. <i>Genome Res</i> <b>11</b> (5): 731&ndash;53. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.169701">10.1101/gr.169701</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC311110/?tool=pmcentrez">311110</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11337471">11337471</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=11337471">http://www.genome.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=11337471</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+complete+genome+sequence+of+the+lactic+acid+bacterium+Lactococcus+lactis+ssp.+lactis+IL1403&amp;rft.jtitle=Genome+Res&amp;rft.aulast=Bolotin+A&amp;rft.au=Bolotin+A&amp;rft.au=Wincker%2C%26%2332%3BP&amp;rft.au=Mauger%2C%26%2332%3BS&amp;rft.au=Jaillon%2C%26%2332%3BO&amp;rft.au=Malarme%2C%26%2332%3BK&amp;rft.au=Weissenbach%2C%26%2332%3BJ&amp;rft.au=Ehrlich%2C%26%2332%3BSD&amp;rft.au=Sorokin%2C%26%2332%3BA&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.volume=11&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=731%E2%80%9353&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1101%2Fgr.169701&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/311110&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11337471&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genome.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D11337471&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Glaser-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-Glaser_67-0">^{<i><b><font size="3">a</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-Glaser_67-1">^{<i><b><font size="3">b</font></b></i>}</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Glaser P et al. (2001). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=11679669">&quot;Comparative genomics of Listeria species&quot;</a>. <i>Science</i> <b>294</b> (5543): 849&ndash;52. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1063447">10.1126/science.1063447</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11679669">11679669</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=11679669">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=11679669</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Comparative+genomics+of+Listeria+species&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Glaser+P&amp;rft.au=Glaser+P&amp;rft.au=Frangeul%2C%26%2332%3BL&amp;rft.au=Buchrieser%2C%26%2332%3BC&amp;rft.au=Rusniok%2C%26%2332%3BC&amp;rft.au=Amend%2C%26%2332%3BA&amp;rft.au=Baquero%2C%26%2332%3BF&amp;rft.au=Berche%2C%26%2332%3BP&amp;rft.au=Bloecker%2C%26%2332%3BH&amp;rft.au=Brandt%2C%26%2332%3BP&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.volume=294&amp;rft.issue=5543&amp;rft.pages=849%E2%80%9352&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.1063447&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11679669&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D11679669&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Nelson KE et al. (2004). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15115801">&quot;Whole genome comparisons of serotype 4b and 1/2a strains of the food-borne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes reveal new insights into the core genome components of this species&quot;</a>. <i>Nucleic Acids Res</i> <b>32</b> (8): 2386&ndash;95. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkh562">10.1093/nar/gkh562</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC419451/?tool=pmcentrez">419451</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15115801">15115801</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15115801">http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15115801</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Whole+genome+comparisons+of+serotype+4b+and+1%2F2a+strains+of+the+food-borne+pathogen+Listeria+monocytogenes+reveal+new+insights+into+the+core+genome+components+of+this+species&amp;rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Res&amp;rft.aulast=Nelson+KE&amp;rft.au=Nelson+KE&amp;rft.au=Fouts%2C%26%2332%3BDE&amp;rft.au=Mongodin%2C%26%2332%3BEF&amp;rft.au=Ravel%2C%26%2332%3BJ&amp;rft.au=Deboy%2C%26%2332%3BRT&amp;rft.au=Kolonay%2C%26%2332%3BJF&amp;rft.au=Rasko%2C%26%2332%3BDA&amp;rft.au=Angiuoli%2C%26%2332%3BSV&amp;rft.au=Gill%2C%26%2332%3BSR&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=32&amp;rft.issue=8&amp;rft.pages=2386%E2%80%9395&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkh562&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/419451&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15115801&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnar.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D15115801&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Lu J, Nogi Y, Takami H. (2001). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378109701004931">&quot;Oceanobacillus iheyensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a deep-sea extremely halotolerant and alkaliphilic species isolated from a depth of 1050 m on the Iheya Ridge&quot;</a>. <i>FEMS Microbiol Lett</i> <b>205</b> (2): 291&ndash;7. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1574-6968.2001.tb10963.x">10.1111/j.1574-6968.2001.tb10963.x</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11750818">11750818</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378109701004931">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378109701004931</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Oceanobacillus+iheyensis+gen.+nov.%2C+sp.+nov.%2C+a+deep-sea+extremely+halotolerant+and+alkaliphilic+species+isolated+from+a+depth+of+1050+m+on+the+Iheya+Ridge&amp;rft.jtitle=FEMS+Microbiol+Lett&amp;rft.aulast=Lu+J%2C+Nogi+Y%2C+Takami+H.&amp;rft.au=Lu+J%2C+Nogi+Y%2C+Takami+H.&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.volume=205&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=291%E2%80%937&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1111%2Fj.1574-6968.2001.tb10963.x&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11750818&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0378109701004931&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-jb.asm.org-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-jb.asm.org_70-0">^{<i><b><font size="3">a</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-jb.asm.org_70-1">^{<i><b><font size="3">b</font></b></i>}</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Gill SR et al. (2005). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://jb.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15774886">&quot;Insights on evolution of virulence and resistance from the complete genome analysis of an early methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain and a biofilm-producing methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis strain&quot;</a>. <i>J Bacteriol</i> <b>187</b> (7): 2426&ndash;38. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FJB.187.7.2426-2438.2005">10.1128/JB.187.7.2426-2438.2005</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1065214/?tool=pmcentrez">1065214</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15774886">15774886</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://jb.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15774886">http://jb.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15774886</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Insights+on+evolution+of+virulence+and+resistance+from+the+complete+genome+analysis+of+an+early+methicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus+strain+and+a+biofilm-producing+methicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+epidermidis+strain&amp;rft.jtitle=J+Bacteriol&amp;rft.aulast=Gill+SR&amp;rft.au=Gill+SR&amp;rft.au=Fouts%2C%26%2332%3BD.+E.&amp;rft.au=Archer%2C%26%2332%3BG.+L.&amp;rft.au=Mongodin%2C%26%2332%3BE.+F.&amp;rft.au=Deboy%2C%26%2332%3BR.+T.&amp;rft.au=Ravel%2C%26%2332%3BJ.&amp;rft.au=Paulsen%2C%26%2332%3BI.+T.&amp;rft.au=Kolonay%2C%26%2332%3BJ.+F.&amp;rft.au=Brinkac%2C%26%2332%3BL.&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=187&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.pages=2426%E2%80%9338&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FJB.187.7.2426-2438.2005&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/1065214&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15774886&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjb.asm.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D15774886&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Holden-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-Holden_71-0">^{<i><b><font size="3">a</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-Holden_71-1">^{<i><b><font size="3">b</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-Holden_71-2">^{<i><b><font size="3">c</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-Holden_71-3">^{<i><b><font size="3">d</font></b></i>}</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Holden MT et al. (2004). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15213324">&quot;Complete genomes of two clinical Staphylococcus aureus strains: evidence for the rapid evolution of virulence and drug resistance&quot;</a>. <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</i> <b>101</b> (26): 9786&ndash;91. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0402521101">10.1073/pnas.0402521101</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC470752/?tool=pmcentrez">470752</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15213324">15213324</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15213324">http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15213324</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genomes+of+two+clinical+Staphylococcus+aureus+strains%3A+evidence+for+the+rapid+evolution+of+virulence+and+drug+resistance&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+USA&amp;rft.aulast=Holden+MT&amp;rft.au=Holden+MT&amp;rft.au=Feil%2C%26%2332%3BEJ&amp;rft.au=Lindsay%2C%26%2332%3BJA&amp;rft.au=Peacock%2C%26%2332%3BSJ&amp;rft.au=Day%2C%26%2332%3BNP&amp;rft.au=Enright%2C%26%2332%3BMC&amp;rft.au=Foster%2C%26%2332%3BTJ&amp;rft.au=Moore%2C%26%2332%3BCE&amp;rft.au=Hurst%2C%26%2332%3BL&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=101&amp;rft.issue=26&amp;rft.pages=9786%E2%80%9391&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.0402521101&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/470752&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15213324&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D15213324&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Kuroda-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-Kuroda_72-0">^{<i><b><font size="3">a</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-Kuroda_72-1">^{<i><b><font size="3">b</font></b></i>}</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Kuroda M et al. (2001). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673600044032">&quot;Whole genome sequencing of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus&quot;</a>. <i>Lancet</i> <b>357</b> (9264): 1225&ndash;40. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2800%2904403-2">10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04403-2</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11418146">11418146</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673600044032">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673600044032</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Whole+genome+sequencing+of+meticillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus&amp;rft.jtitle=Lancet&amp;rft.aulast=Kuroda+M&amp;rft.au=Kuroda+M&amp;rft.au=Ohta%2C%26%2332%3BToshiko&amp;rft.au=Uchiyama%2C%26%2332%3BIkuo&amp;rft.au=Baba%2C%26%2332%3BTadashi&amp;rft.au=Yuzawa%2C%26%2332%3BHarumi&amp;rft.au=Kobayashi%2C%26%2332%3BIchizo&amp;rft.au=Cui%2C%26%2332%3BLongzhu&amp;rft.au=Oguchi%2C%26%2332%3BAkio&amp;rft.au=Aoki%2C%26%2332%3BKen-Ichi&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.volume=357&amp;rft.issue=9264&amp;rft.pages=1225%E2%80%9340&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2800%2904403-2&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11418146&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0140673600044032&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Baba T et al. (2002). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673602087135">&quot;Genome and virulence determinants of high virulence community-acquired MRSA&quot;</a>. <i>Lancet</i> <b>359</b> (9320): 1819&ndash;27. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2802%2908713-5">10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08713-5</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12044378">12044378</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673602087135">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673602087135</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+and+virulence+determinants+of+high+virulence+community-acquired+MRSA&amp;rft.jtitle=Lancet&amp;rft.aulast=Baba+T&amp;rft.au=Baba+T&amp;rft.au=Takeuchi%2C%26%2332%3BFumihiko&amp;rft.au=Kuroda%2C%26%2332%3BMakoto&amp;rft.au=Yuzawa%2C%26%2332%3BHarumi&amp;rft.au=Aoki%2C%26%2332%3BKen-Ichi&amp;rft.au=Oguchi%2C%26%2332%3BAkio&amp;rft.au=Nagai%2C%26%2332%3BYoshimi&amp;rft.au=Iwama%2C%26%2332%3BNatsuko&amp;rft.au=Asano%2C%26%2332%3BKazuyuki&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.volume=359&amp;rft.issue=9320&amp;rft.pages=1819%E2%80%9327&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2802%2908713-5&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12044378&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0140673602087135&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Diep BA et al. (2006). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140-6736(06)68231-7">&quot;Complete genome sequence of USA300, an epidemic clone of community-acquired meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus&quot;</a>. <i>Lancet</i> <b>367</b> (9512): 731&ndash;9. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2806%2968231-7">10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68231-7</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16517273">16517273</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140-6736(06)68231-7">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140-6736(06)68231-7</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+USA300%2C+an+epidemic+clone+of+community-acquired+meticillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus&amp;rft.jtitle=Lancet&amp;rft.aulast=Diep+BA&amp;rft.au=Diep+BA&amp;rft.au=Gill%2C%26%2332%3BSteven+R&amp;rft.au=Chang%2C%26%2332%3BRichard+F&amp;rft.au=Phan%2C%26%2332%3BTiffany+Haivan&amp;rft.au=Chen%2C%26%2332%3BJason+H&amp;rft.au=Davidson%2C%26%2332%3BMatthew+G&amp;rft.au=Lin%2C%26%2332%3BFelice&amp;rft.au=Lin%2C%26%2332%3BJessica&amp;rft.au=Carleton%2C%26%2332%3BHeather+A&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=367&amp;rft.issue=9512&amp;rft.pages=731%E2%80%939&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2806%2968231-7&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16517273&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0140-6736%2806%2968231-7&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Takeuchi F et al. (2005). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://jb.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16237012">&quot;Whole-genome sequencing of Staphylococcus haemolyticus uncovers the extreme plasticity of its genome and the evolution of human-colonizing staphylococcal species&quot;</a>. <i>J Bacteriol</i> <b>187</b> (21): 7292&ndash;308. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FJB.187.21.7292-7308.2005">10.1128/JB.187.21.7292-7308.2005</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1272970/?tool=pmcentrez">1272970</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16237012">16237012</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://jb.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16237012">http://jb.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16237012</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Whole-genome+sequencing+of+Staphylococcus+haemolyticus+uncovers+the+extreme+plasticity+of+its+genome+and+the+evolution+of+human-colonizing+staphylococcal+species&amp;rft.jtitle=J+Bacteriol&amp;rft.aulast=Takeuchi+F&amp;rft.au=Takeuchi+F&amp;rft.au=Watanabe%2C%26%2332%3BS.&amp;rft.au=Baba%2C%26%2332%3BT.&amp;rft.au=Yuzawa%2C%26%2332%3BH.&amp;rft.au=Ito%2C%26%2332%3BT.&amp;rft.au=Morimoto%2C%26%2332%3BY.&amp;rft.au=Kuroda%2C%26%2332%3BM.&amp;rft.au=Cui%2C%26%2332%3BL.&amp;rft.au=Takahashi%2C%26%2332%3BM.&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=187&amp;rft.issue=21&amp;rft.pages=7292%E2%80%93308&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FJB.187.21.7292-7308.2005&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/1272970&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16237012&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjb.asm.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D16237012&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Kuroda M et al. (2005). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16135568">&quot;Whole genome sequence of Staphylococcus saprophyticus reveals the pathogenesis of uncomplicated urinary tract infection&quot;</a>. <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</i> <b>102</b> (37): 13272&ndash;7. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0502950102">10.1073/pnas.0502950102</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1201578/?tool=pmcentrez">1201578</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16135568">16135568</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16135568">http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16135568</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Whole+genome+sequence+of+Staphylococcus+saprophyticus+reveals+the+pathogenesis+of+uncomplicated+urinary+tract+infection&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+USA&amp;rft.aulast=Kuroda+M&amp;rft.au=Kuroda+M&amp;rft.au=Yamashita%2C%26%2332%3BA&amp;rft.au=Hirakawa%2C%26%2332%3BH&amp;rft.au=Kumano%2C%26%2332%3BM&amp;rft.au=Morikawa%2C%26%2332%3BK&amp;rft.au=Higashide%2C%26%2332%3BM&amp;rft.au=Maruyama%2C%26%2332%3BA&amp;rft.au=Inose%2C%26%2332%3BY&amp;rft.au=Matoba%2C%26%2332%3BK&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=102&amp;rft.issue=37&amp;rft.pages=13272%E2%80%937&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.0502950102&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/1201578&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16135568&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D16135568&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Tettelin H et al. (2005). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16172379">&quot;Genome analysis of multiple pathogenic isolates of Streptococcus agalactiae: implications for the microbial &quot;pan-genome&quot;&quot;</a>. <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</i> <b>102</b> (39): 13950&ndash;5. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0506758102">10.1073/pnas.0506758102</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1216834/?tool=pmcentrez">1216834</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16172379">16172379</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16172379">http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16172379</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+analysis+of+multiple+pathogenic+isolates+of+Streptococcus+agalactiae%3A+implications+for+the+microbial+%22pan-genome%22&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+USA&amp;rft.aulast=Tettelin+H&amp;rft.au=Tettelin+H&amp;rft.au=Masignani%2C%26%2332%3BV&amp;rft.au=Cieslewicz%2C%26%2332%3BMJ&amp;rft.au=Donati%2C%26%2332%3BC&amp;rft.au=Medini%2C%26%2332%3BD&amp;rft.au=Ward%2C%26%2332%3BNL&amp;rft.au=Angiuoli%2C%26%2332%3BSV&amp;rft.au=Crabtree%2C%26%2332%3BJ&amp;rft.au=Jones%2C%26%2332%3BAL&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=102&amp;rft.issue=39&amp;rft.pages=13950%E2%80%935&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.0506758102&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/1216834&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16172379&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D16172379&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Glaser P et al. (2002). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/openurl?genre=article&amp;sid=nlm:pubmed&amp;issn=0950-382X&amp;date=2002&amp;volume=45&amp;issue=6&amp;spage=1499">&quot;Genome sequence of Streptococcus agalactiae, a pathogen causing invasive neonatal disease&quot;</a>. <i>Mol Microbiol</i> <b>45</b> (6): 1499&ndash;513. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2958.2002.03126.x">10.1046/j.1365-2958.2002.03126.x</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12354221">12354221</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/openurl?genre=article&amp;sid=nlm:pubmed&amp;issn=0950-382X&amp;date=2002&amp;volume=45&amp;issue=6&amp;spage=1499">http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/openurl?genre=article&amp;sid=nlm:pubmed&amp;issn=0950-382X&amp;date=2002&amp;volume=45&amp;issue=6&amp;spage=1499</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+sequence+of+Streptococcus+agalactiae%2C+a+pathogen+causing+invasive+neonatal+disease&amp;rft.jtitle=Mol+Microbiol&amp;rft.aulast=Glaser+P&amp;rft.au=Glaser+P&amp;rft.au=Rusniok%2C%26%2332%3BChristophe&amp;rft.au=Buchrieser%2C%26%2332%3BCarmen&amp;rft.au=Chevalier%2C%26%2332%3BFabien&amp;rft.au=Frangeul%2C%26%2332%3BLionel&amp;rft.au=Msadek%2C%26%2332%3BTarek&amp;rft.au=Zouine%2C%26%2332%3BMohamed&amp;rft.au=Couv%C3%A9%2C%26%2332%3BElisabeth&amp;rft.au=Lalioui%2C%26%2332%3BLila&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.volume=45&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=1499%E2%80%93513&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2958.2002.03126.x&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12354221&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blackwell-synergy.com%2Fopenurl%3Fgenre%3Darticle%26sid%3Dnlm%3Apubmed%26issn%3D0950-382X%26date%3D2002%26volume%3D45%26issue%3D6%26spage%3D1499&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Tettelin H et al. (2002). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12200547">&quot;Complete genome sequence and comparative genomic analysis of an emerging human pathogen, serotype V Streptococcus agalactiae&quot;</a>. <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</i> <b>99</b> (19): 12391&ndash;6. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.182380799">10.1073/pnas.182380799</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC129455/?tool=pmcentrez">129455</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12200547">12200547</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12200547">http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12200547</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+and+comparative+genomic+analysis+of+an+emerging+human+pathogen%2C+serotype+V+Streptococcus+agalactiae&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+USA&amp;rft.aulast=Tettelin+H&amp;rft.au=Tettelin+H&amp;rft.au=Masignani%2C%26%2332%3BV&amp;rft.au=Cieslewicz%2C%26%2332%3BMJ&amp;rft.au=Eisen%2C%26%2332%3BJA&amp;rft.au=Peterson%2C%26%2332%3BS&amp;rft.au=Wessels%2C%26%2332%3BMR&amp;rft.au=Paulsen%2C%26%2332%3BIT&amp;rft.au=Nelson%2C%26%2332%3BKE&amp;rft.au=Margarit%2C%26%2332%3BI&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.volume=99&amp;rft.issue=19&amp;rft.pages=12391%E2%80%936&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.182380799&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/129455&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12200547&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D12200547&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Ajdić D et al. (2002). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12397186">&quot;Genome sequence of Streptococcus mutans UA159, a cariogenic dental pathogen&quot;</a>. <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</i> <b>99</b> (22): 14434&ndash;9. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.172501299">10.1073/pnas.172501299</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC137901/?tool=pmcentrez">137901</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12397186">12397186</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12397186">http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12397186</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+sequence+of+Streptococcus+mutans+UA159%2C+a+cariogenic+dental+pathogen&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+USA&amp;rft.aulast=Ajdi%C4%87+D&amp;rft.au=Ajdi%C4%87+D&amp;rft.au=McShan%2C%26%2332%3BWM&amp;rft.au=McLaughlin%2C%26%2332%3BRE&amp;rft.au=Savi%C4%87%2C%26%2332%3BG&amp;rft.au=Chang%2C%26%2332%3BJ&amp;rft.au=Carson%2C%26%2332%3BMB&amp;rft.au=Primeaux%2C%26%2332%3BC&amp;rft.au=Tian%2C%26%2332%3BR&amp;rft.au=Kenton%2C%26%2332%3BS&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.volume=99&amp;rft.issue=22&amp;rft.pages=14434%E2%80%939&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.172501299&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/137901&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12397186&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D12397186&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Hoskins J et al. (2001). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://jb.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=11544234">&quot;Genome of the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae strain R6&quot;</a>. <i>J Bacteriol</i> <b>183</b> (19): 5709&ndash;17. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FJB.183.19.5709-5717.2001">10.1128/JB.183.19.5709-5717.2001</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC95463/?tool=pmcentrez">95463</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11544234">11544234</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://jb.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=11544234">http://jb.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=11544234</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+of+the+bacterium+Streptococcus+pneumoniae+strain+R6&amp;rft.jtitle=J+Bacteriol&amp;rft.aulast=Hoskins+J&amp;rft.au=Hoskins+J&amp;rft.au=Alborn%2C%26%2332%3BW.+E.&amp;rft.au=Arnold%2C%26%2332%3BJ.&amp;rft.au=Blaszczak%2C%26%2332%3BL.+C.&amp;rft.au=Burgett%2C%26%2332%3BS.&amp;rft.au=Dehoff%2C%26%2332%3BB.+S.&amp;rft.au=Estrem%2C%26%2332%3BS.+T.&amp;rft.au=Fritz%2C%26%2332%3BL.&amp;rft.au=Fu%2C%26%2332%3BD.-J.&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.volume=183&amp;rft.issue=19&amp;rft.pages=5709%E2%80%9317&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FJB.183.19.5709-5717.2001&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/95463&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11544234&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjb.asm.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D11544234&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Tettelin H et al. (2001). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=11463916">&quot;Complete genome sequence of a virulent isolate of Streptococcus pneumoniae&quot;</a>. <i>Science</i> <b>293</b> (5529): 498&ndash;506. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1061217">10.1126/science.1061217</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11463916">11463916</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=11463916">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=11463916</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+a+virulent+isolate+of+Streptococcus+pneumoniae&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Tettelin+H&amp;rft.au=Tettelin+H&amp;rft.au=Nelson%2C%26%2332%3BKE&amp;rft.au=Paulsen%2C%26%2332%3BIT&amp;rft.au=Eisen%2C%26%2332%3BJA&amp;rft.au=Read%2C%26%2332%3BTD&amp;rft.au=Peterson%2C%26%2332%3BS&amp;rft.au=Heidelberg%2C%26%2332%3BJ&amp;rft.au=Deboy%2C%26%2332%3BRT&amp;rft.au=Haft%2C%26%2332%3BDH&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.volume=293&amp;rft.issue=5529&amp;rft.pages=498%E2%80%93506&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.1061217&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11463916&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D11463916&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pnas.org-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-pnas.org_83-0">^{<i><b><font size="3">a</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-pnas.org_83-1">^{<i><b><font size="3">b</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-pnas.org_83-2">^{<i><b><font size="3">c</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-pnas.org_83-3">^{<i><b><font size="3">d</font></b></i>}</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Beres SB et al. (2006). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16636287">&quot;Molecular genetic anatomy of inter- and intraserotype variation in the human bacterial pathogen group A Streptococcus&quot;</a>. <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</i> <b>103</b> (18): 7059&ndash;64. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0510279103">10.1073/pnas.0510279103</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1459018/?tool=pmcentrez">1459018</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16636287">16636287</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16636287">http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16636287</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Molecular+genetic+anatomy+of+inter-+and+intraserotype+variation+in+the+human+bacterial+pathogen+group+A+Streptococcus&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+USA&amp;rft.aulast=Beres+SB&amp;rft.au=Beres+SB&amp;rft.au=Richter%2C%26%2332%3BEW&amp;rft.au=Nagiec%2C%26%2332%3BMJ&amp;rft.au=Sumby%2C%26%2332%3BP&amp;rft.au=Porcella%2C%26%2332%3BSF&amp;rft.au=Deleo%2C%26%2332%3BFR&amp;rft.au=Musser%2C%26%2332%3BJM&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=103&amp;rft.issue=18&amp;rft.pages=7059%E2%80%9364&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.0510279103&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/1459018&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16636287&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D16636287&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Banks DJ et al. (2004). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/resolve?JID32312">&quot;Progress toward characterization of the group A Streptococcus metagenome: complete genome sequence of a macrolide-resistant serotype M6 strain&quot;</a>. <i>J Infect Dis</i> <b>190</b> (4): 727&ndash;38. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F422697">10.1086/422697</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15272401">15272401</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/resolve?JID32312">http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/resolve?JID32312</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Progress+toward+characterization+of+the+group+A+Streptococcus+metagenome%3A+complete+genome+sequence+of+a+macrolide-resistant+serotype+M6+strain&amp;rft.jtitle=J+Infect+Dis&amp;rft.aulast=Banks+DJ&amp;rft.au=Banks+DJ&amp;rft.au=Porcella%2C%26%2332%3BStephen+F.&amp;rft.au=Barbian%2C%26%2332%3BKent+D.&amp;rft.au=Beres%2C%26%2332%3BStephen+B.&amp;rft.au=Philips%2C%26%2332%3BLauren+E.&amp;rft.au=Voyich%2C%26%2332%3BJovanka+M.&amp;rft.au=Deleo%2C%26%2332%3BFrank+R.&amp;rft.au=Martin%2C%26%2332%3BJudith+M.&amp;rft.au=Somerville%2C%26%2332%3BGreg+A.&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=190&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=727%E2%80%9338&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1086%2F422697&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15272401&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fresolve%3FJID32312&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Beres SB et al. (2002). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12122206">&quot;Genome sequence of a serotype M3 strain of group A Streptococcus: phage-encoded toxins, the high-virulence phenotype, and clone emergence&quot;</a>. <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</i> <b>99</b> (15): 10078&ndash;83. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.152298499">10.1073/pnas.152298499</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC126627/?tool=pmcentrez">126627</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12122206">12122206</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12122206">http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12122206</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+sequence+of+a+serotype+M3+strain+of+group+A+Streptococcus%3A+phage-encoded+toxins%2C+the+high-virulence+phenotype%2C+and+clone+emergence&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+USA&amp;rft.aulast=Beres+SB&amp;rft.au=Beres+SB&amp;rft.au=Sylva%2C%26%2332%3BGL&amp;rft.au=Barbian%2C%26%2332%3BKD&amp;rft.au=Lei%2C%26%2332%3BB&amp;rft.au=Hoff%2C%26%2332%3BJS&amp;rft.au=Mammarella%2C%26%2332%3BND&amp;rft.au=Liu%2C%26%2332%3BMY&amp;rft.au=Smoot%2C%26%2332%3BJC&amp;rft.au=Porcella%2C%26%2332%3BSF&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.volume=99&amp;rft.issue=15&amp;rft.pages=10078%E2%80%9383&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.152298499&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/126627&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12122206&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D12122206&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Sumby P et al. (2005). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/resolve?JID34324">&quot;Evolutionary origin and emergence of a highly successful clone of serotype M1 group a Streptococcus involved multiple horizontal gene transfer events&quot;</a>. <i>J Infect Dis</i> <b>192</b> (5): 771&ndash;82. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F432514">10.1086/432514</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16088826">16088826</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/resolve?JID34324">http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/resolve?JID34324</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Evolutionary+origin+and+emergence+of+a+highly+successful+clone+of+serotype+M1+group+a+Streptococcus+involved+multiple+horizontal+gene+transfer+events&amp;rft.jtitle=J+Infect+Dis&amp;rft.aulast=Sumby+P&amp;rft.au=Sumby+P&amp;rft.au=Porcella%2C%26%2332%3BSteve+F.&amp;rft.au=Madrigal%2C%26%2332%3BAndres+G.&amp;rft.au=Barbian%2C%26%2332%3BKent+D.&amp;rft.au=Virtaneva%2C%26%2332%3BKimmo&amp;rft.au=Ricklefs%2C%26%2332%3BStacy+M.&amp;rft.au=Sturdevant%2C%26%2332%3BDaniel+E.&amp;rft.au=Graham%2C%26%2332%3BMorag+R.&amp;rft.au=Vuopio%E2%80%90Varkila%2C%26%2332%3BJaana&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=192&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=771%E2%80%9382&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1086%2F432514&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16088826&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fresolve%3FJID34324&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Green NM et al. (2005). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/resolve?JID33878">&quot;Genome sequence of a serotype M28 strain of group a streptococcus: potential new insights into puerperal sepsis and bacterial disease specificity&quot;</a>. <i>J Infect Dis</i> <b>192</b> (5): 760&ndash;70. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F430618">10.1086/430618</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16088825">16088825</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/resolve?JID33878">http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/resolve?JID33878</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+sequence+of+a+serotype+M28+strain+of+group+a+streptococcus%3A+potential+new+insights+into+puerperal+sepsis+and+bacterial+disease+specificity&amp;rft.jtitle=J+Infect+Dis&amp;rft.aulast=Green+NM&amp;rft.au=Green+NM&amp;rft.au=Zhang%2C%26%2332%3BShizhen&amp;rft.au=Porcella%2C%26%2332%3BStephen+F.&amp;rft.au=Nagiec%2C%26%2332%3BMichal+J.&amp;rft.au=Barbian%2C%26%2332%3BKent+D.&amp;rft.au=Beres%2C%26%2332%3BStephen+B.&amp;rft.au=Lefebvre%2C%26%2332%3BRance+B.&amp;rft.au=Musser%2C%26%2332%3BJames+M.&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=192&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=760%E2%80%9370&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1086%2F430618&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16088825&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fresolve%3FJID33878&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Smoot JC et al. (2002). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=11917108">&quot;Genome sequence and comparative microarray analysis of serotype M18 group A Streptococcus strains associated with acute rheumatic fever outbreaks&quot;</a>. <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</i> <b>99</b> (7): 4668&ndash;73. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.062526099">10.1073/pnas.062526099</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC123705/?tool=pmcentrez">123705</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11917108">11917108</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=11917108">http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=11917108</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+sequence+and+comparative+microarray+analysis+of+serotype+M18+group+A+Streptococcus+strains+associated+with+acute+rheumatic+fever+outbreaks&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+USA&amp;rft.aulast=Smoot+JC&amp;rft.au=Smoot+JC&amp;rft.au=Barbian%2C%26%2332%3BKD&amp;rft.au=Van+Gompel%2C%26%2332%3BJJ&amp;rft.au=Smoot%2C%26%2332%3BLM&amp;rft.au=Chaussee%2C%26%2332%3BMS&amp;rft.au=Sylva%2C%26%2332%3BGL&amp;rft.au=Sturdevant%2C%26%2332%3BDE&amp;rft.au=Ricklefs%2C%26%2332%3BSM&amp;rft.au=Porcella%2C%26%2332%3BSF&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.volume=99&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.pages=4668%E2%80%9373&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.062526099&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/123705&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11917108&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D11917108&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Ferretti JJ et al. (2001). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=11296296">&quot;Complete genome sequence of an M1 strain of Streptococcus pyogenes&quot;</a>. <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</i> <b>98</b> (8): 4658&ndash;63. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.071559398">10.1073/pnas.071559398</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC31890/?tool=pmcentrez">31890</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11296296">11296296</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=11296296">http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=11296296</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+an+M1+strain+of+Streptococcus+pyogenes&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+USA&amp;rft.aulast=Ferretti+JJ&amp;rft.au=Ferretti+JJ&amp;rft.au=McShan%2C%26%2332%3BWM&amp;rft.au=Ajdic%2C%26%2332%3BD&amp;rft.au=Savic%2C%26%2332%3BDJ&amp;rft.au=Savic%2C%26%2332%3BG&amp;rft.au=Lyon%2C%26%2332%3BK&amp;rft.au=Primeaux%2C%26%2332%3BC&amp;rft.au=Sezate%2C%26%2332%3BS&amp;rft.au=Suvorov%2C%26%2332%3BAN&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.volume=98&amp;rft.issue=8&amp;rft.pages=4658%E2%80%9363&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.071559398&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/31890&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11296296&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D11296296&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Nakagawa I et al. (2003). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12799345">&quot;Genome sequence of an M3 strain of Streptococcus pyogenes reveals a large-scale genomic rearrangement in invasive strains and new insights into phage evolution&quot;</a>. <i>Genome Res</i> <b>13</b> (6A): 1042&ndash;55. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.1096703">10.1101/gr.1096703</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC403657/?tool=pmcentrez">403657</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12799345">12799345</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12799345">http://www.genome.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12799345</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+sequence+of+an+M3+strain+of+Streptococcus+pyogenes+reveals+a+large-scale+genomic+rearrangement+in+invasive+strains+and+new+insights+into+phage+evolution&amp;rft.jtitle=Genome+Res&amp;rft.aulast=Nakagawa+I&amp;rft.au=Nakagawa+I&amp;rft.au=Kurokawa%2C%26%2332%3BK&amp;rft.au=Yamashita%2C%26%2332%3BA&amp;rft.au=Nakata%2C%26%2332%3BM&amp;rft.au=Tomiyasu%2C%26%2332%3BY&amp;rft.au=Okahashi%2C%26%2332%3BN&amp;rft.au=Kawabata%2C%26%2332%3BS&amp;rft.au=Yamazaki%2C%26%2332%3BK&amp;rft.au=Shiba%2C%26%2332%3BT&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=13&amp;rft.issue=6A&amp;rft.pages=1042%E2%80%9355&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1101%2Fgr.1096703&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/403657&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12799345&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genome.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D12799345&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Bolotin-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-Bolotin_91-0">^{<i><b><font size="3">a</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-Bolotin_91-1">^{<i><b><font size="3">b</font></b></i>}</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Bolotin A et al. (2004). &quot;Complete sequence and comparative genome analysis of the dairy bacterium Streptococcus thermophilus&quot;. <i>Nat Biotechnol</i> <b>22</b> (12): 1554&ndash;8. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnbt1034">10.1038/nbt1034</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15543133">15543133</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+sequence+and+comparative+genome+analysis+of+the+dairy+bacterium+Streptococcus+thermophilus&amp;rft.jtitle=Nat+Biotechnol&amp;rft.aulast=Bolotin+A&amp;rft.au=Bolotin+A&amp;rft.au=Quinquis%2C%26%2332%3BBeno%C3%AEt&amp;rft.au=Renault%2C%26%2332%3BPierre&amp;rft.au=Sorokin%2C%26%2332%3BAlexei&amp;rft.au=Ehrlich%2C%26%2332%3BS+Dusko&amp;rft.au=Kulakauskas%2C%26%2332%3BSaulius&amp;rft.au=Lapidus%2C%26%2332%3BAlla&amp;rft.au=Goltsman%2C%26%2332%3BEugene&amp;rft.au=Mazur%2C%26%2332%3BMichael&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=22&amp;rft.issue=12&amp;rft.pages=1554%E2%80%938&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnbt1034&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15543133&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Kapatral V et al. (2002). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://jb.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=11889109">&quot;Genome sequence and analysis of the oral bacterium Fusobacterium nucleatum strain ATCC 25586&quot;</a>. <i>J Bacteriol</i> <b>184</b> (7): 2005&ndash;18. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FJB.184.7.2005-2018.2002">10.1128/JB.184.7.2005-2018.2002</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC134920/?tool=pmcentrez">134920</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11889109">11889109</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://jb.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=11889109">http://jb.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=11889109</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+sequence+and+analysis+of+the+oral+bacterium+Fusobacterium+nucleatum+strain+ATCC+25586&amp;rft.jtitle=J+Bacteriol&amp;rft.aulast=Kapatral+V&amp;rft.au=Kapatral+V&amp;rft.au=Anderson%2C%26%2332%3BI.&amp;rft.au=Ivanova%2C%26%2332%3BN.&amp;rft.au=Reznik%2C%26%2332%3BG.&amp;rft.au=Los%2C%26%2332%3BT.&amp;rft.au=Lykidis%2C%26%2332%3BA.&amp;rft.au=Bhattacharyya%2C%26%2332%3BA.&amp;rft.au=Bartman%2C%26%2332%3BA.&amp;rft.au=Gardner%2C%26%2332%3BW.&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.volume=184&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.pages=2005%E2%80%9318&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FJB.184.7.2005-2018.2002&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/134920&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11889109&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjb.asm.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D11889109&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Goodner B et al. (2001). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=11743194">&quot;Genome sequence of the plant pathogen and biotechnology agent Agrobacterium tumefaciens C58&quot;</a>. <i>Science</i> <b>294</b> (5550): 2323&ndash;8. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1066803">10.1126/science.1066803</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11743194">11743194</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=11743194">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=11743194</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+sequence+of+the+plant+pathogen+and+biotechnology+agent+Agrobacterium+tumefaciens+C58&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Goodner+B&amp;rft.au=Goodner+B&amp;rft.au=Hinkle%2C%26%2332%3BG&amp;rft.au=Gattung%2C%26%2332%3BS&amp;rft.au=Miller%2C%26%2332%3BN&amp;rft.au=Blanchard%2C%26%2332%3BM&amp;rft.au=Qurollo%2C%26%2332%3BB&amp;rft.au=Goldman%2C%26%2332%3BBS&amp;rft.au=Cao%2C%26%2332%3BY&amp;rft.au=Askenazi%2C%26%2332%3BM&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.volume=294&amp;rft.issue=5550&amp;rft.pages=2323%E2%80%938&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.1066803&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11743194&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D11743194&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Brayton KA et al. (2005). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15618402">&quot;Complete genome sequencing of Anaplasma marginale reveals that the surface is skewed to two superfamilies of outer membrane proteins&quot;</a>. <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</i> <b>102</b> (3): 844&ndash;9. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0406656102">10.1073/pnas.0406656102</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC545514/?tool=pmcentrez">545514</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15618402">15618402</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15618402">http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15618402</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequencing+of+Anaplasma+marginale+reveals+that+the+surface+is+skewed+to+two+superfamilies+of+outer+membrane+proteins&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+USA&amp;rft.aulast=Brayton+KA&amp;rft.au=Brayton+KA&amp;rft.au=Kappmeyer%2C%26%2332%3BLS&amp;rft.au=Herndon%2C%26%2332%3BDR&amp;rft.au=Dark%2C%26%2332%3BMJ&amp;rft.au=Tibbals%2C%26%2332%3BDL&amp;rft.au=Palmer%2C%26%2332%3BGH&amp;rft.au=McGuire%2C%26%2332%3BTC&amp;rft.au=Knowles+Jr%2C%26%2332%3BDP&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=102&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=844%E2%80%939&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.0406656102&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/545514&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15618402&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D15618402&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-plosgenetics.org-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-plosgenetics.org_95-0">^{<i><b><font size="3">a</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-plosgenetics.org_95-1">^{<i><b><font size="3">b</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-plosgenetics.org_95-2">^{<i><b><font size="3">c</font></b></i>}</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Dunning Hotopp JC et al. (2006). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.0020021">&quot;Comparative genomics of emerging human ehrlichiosis agents&quot;</a>. <i>PLoS Genet</i> <b>2</b> (2): e21. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.0020021">10.1371/journal.pgen.0020021</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1366493/?tool=pmcentrez">1366493</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16482227">16482227</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.0020021">http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.0020021</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Comparative+genomics+of+emerging+human+ehrlichiosis+agents&amp;rft.jtitle=PLoS+Genet&amp;rft.aulast=Dunning+Hotopp+JC&amp;rft.au=Dunning+Hotopp+JC&amp;rft.au=Lin%2C%26%2332%3BMingqun&amp;rft.au=Madupu%2C%26%2332%3BRamana&amp;rft.au=Crabtree%2C%26%2332%3BJonathan&amp;rft.au=Angiuoli%2C%26%2332%3BSamuel+V.&amp;rft.au=Eisen%2C%26%2332%3BJonathan&amp;rft.au=Seshadri%2C%26%2332%3BRekha&amp;rft.au=Ren%2C%26%2332%3BQinghu&amp;rft.au=Wu%2C%26%2332%3BMartin&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=2&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=e21&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.0020021&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/1366493&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16482227&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.plosgenetics.org%2Farticle%2Finfo%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.0020021&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Alsmark-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-Alsmark_96-0">^{<i><b><font size="3">a</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-Alsmark_96-1">^{<i><b><font size="3">b</font></b></i>}</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Alsmark CM et al. (2004). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15210978">&quot;The louse-borne human pathogen Bartonella quintana is a genomic derivative of the zoonotic agent Bartonella henselae&quot;</a>. <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</i> <b>101</b> (26): 9716&ndash;21. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0305659101">10.1073/pnas.0305659101</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC470741/?tool=pmcentrez">470741</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15210978">15210978</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15210978">http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15210978</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+louse-borne+human+pathogen+Bartonella+quintana+is+a+genomic+derivative+of+the+zoonotic+agent+Bartonella+henselae&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+USA&amp;rft.aulast=Alsmark+CM&amp;rft.au=Alsmark+CM&amp;rft.au=Frank%2C%26%2332%3BAC&amp;rft.au=Karlberg%2C%26%2332%3BEO&amp;rft.au=Legault%2C%26%2332%3BBA&amp;rft.au=Ardell%2C%26%2332%3BDH&amp;rft.au=Canb%C3%A4ck%2C%26%2332%3BB&amp;rft.au=Eriksson%2C%26%2332%3BAS&amp;rft.au=N%C3%A4slund%2C%26%2332%3BAK&amp;rft.au=Handley%2C%26%2332%3BSA&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=101&amp;rft.issue=26&amp;rft.pages=9716%E2%80%9321&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.0305659101&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/470741&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15210978&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D15210978&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Kaneko T et al. (2002). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dnaresearch.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12597275">&quot;Complete genomic sequence of nitrogen-fixing symbiotic bacterium Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA110&quot;</a>. <i>DNA Res</i> <b>9</b> (6): 189&ndash;97. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fdnares%2F9.6.189">10.1093/dnares/9.6.189</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12597275">12597275</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://dnaresearch.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12597275">http://dnaresearch.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12597275</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genomic+sequence+of+nitrogen-fixing+symbiotic+bacterium+Bradyrhizobium+japonicum+USDA110&amp;rft.jtitle=DNA+Res&amp;rft.aulast=Kaneko+T&amp;rft.au=Kaneko+T&amp;rft.au=Nakamura%2C%26%2332%3BY&amp;rft.au=Sato%2C%26%2332%3BS&amp;rft.au=Minamisawa%2C%26%2332%3BK&amp;rft.au=Uchiumi%2C%26%2332%3BT&amp;rft.au=Sasamoto%2C%26%2332%3BS&amp;rft.au=Watanabe%2C%26%2332%3BA&amp;rft.au=Idesawa%2C%26%2332%3BK&amp;rft.au=Iriguchi%2C%26%2332%3BM&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.volume=9&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=189%E2%80%9397&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Fdnares%2F9.6.189&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12597275&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdnaresearch.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D12597275&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Chain-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-Chain_98-0">^{<i><b><font size="3">a</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-Chain_98-1">^{<i><b><font size="3">b</font></b></i>}</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Chain PS et al. (2005). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://iai.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16299333">&quot;Whole-genome analyses of speciation events in pathogenic Brucellae&quot;</a>. <i>Infect Immun</i> <b>73</b> (12): 8353&ndash;61. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FIAI.73.12.8353-8361.2005">10.1128/IAI.73.12.8353-8361.2005</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1307078/?tool=pmcentrez">1307078</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16299333">16299333</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://iai.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16299333">http://iai.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16299333</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Whole-genome+analyses+of+speciation+events+in+pathogenic+Brucellae&amp;rft.jtitle=Infect+Immun&amp;rft.aulast=Chain+PS&amp;rft.au=Chain+PS&amp;rft.au=Comerci%2C%26%2332%3BD.+J.&amp;rft.au=Tolmasky%2C%26%2332%3BM.+E.&amp;rft.au=Larimer%2C%26%2332%3BF.+W.&amp;rft.au=Malfatti%2C%26%2332%3BS.+A.&amp;rft.au=Vergez%2C%26%2332%3BL.+M.&amp;rft.au=Aguero%2C%26%2332%3BF.&amp;rft.au=Land%2C%26%2332%3BM.+L.&amp;rft.au=Ugalde%2C%26%2332%3BR.+A.&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=73&amp;rft.issue=12&amp;rft.pages=8353%E2%80%9361&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FIAI.73.12.8353-8361.2005&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/1307078&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16299333&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiai.asm.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D16299333&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Halling-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-Halling_99-0">^{<i><b><font size="3">a</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-Halling_99-1">^{<i><b><font size="3">b</font></b></i>}</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Halling SM et al. (2005). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://jb.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15805518">&quot;Completion of the genome sequence of Brucella abortus and comparison to the highly similar genomes of Brucella melitensis and Brucella suis&quot;</a>. <i>J Bacteriol</i> <b>187</b> (8): 2715&ndash;26. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FJB.187.8.2715-2726.2005">10.1128/JB.187.8.2715-2726.2005</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1070361/?tool=pmcentrez">1070361</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15805518">15805518</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://jb.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15805518">http://jb.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15805518</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Completion+of+the+genome+sequence+of+Brucella+abortus+and+comparison+to+the+highly+similar+genomes+of+Brucella+melitensis+and+Brucella+suis&amp;rft.jtitle=J+Bacteriol&amp;rft.aulast=Halling+SM&amp;rft.au=Halling+SM&amp;rft.au=Peterson-Burch%2C%26%2332%3BB.+D.&amp;rft.au=Bricker%2C%26%2332%3BB.+J.&amp;rft.au=Zuerner%2C%26%2332%3BR.+L.&amp;rft.au=Qing%2C%26%2332%3BZ.&amp;rft.au=Li%2C%26%2332%3BL.-L.&amp;rft.au=Kapur%2C%26%2332%3BV.&amp;rft.au=Alt%2C%26%2332%3BD.+P.&amp;rft.au=Olsen%2C%26%2332%3BS.+C.&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=187&amp;rft.issue=8&amp;rft.pages=2715%E2%80%9326&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FJB.187.8.2715-2726.2005&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/1070361&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15805518&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjb.asm.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D15805518&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-DelVecchio-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-DelVecchio_100-0">^{<i><b><font size="3">a</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-DelVecchio_100-1">^{<i><b><font size="3">b</font></b></i>}</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">DelVecchio VG et al. (2002). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=11756688">&quot;The genome sequence of the facultative intracellular pathogen Brucella melitensis&quot;</a>. <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</i> <b>99</b> (1): 443&ndash;8. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.221575398">10.1073/pnas.221575398</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC117579/?tool=pmcentrez">117579</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11756688">11756688</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=11756688">http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=11756688</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+genome+sequence+of+the+facultative+intracellular+pathogen+Brucella+melitensis&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+USA&amp;rft.aulast=DelVecchio+VG&amp;rft.au=DelVecchio+VG&amp;rft.au=Kapatral%2C%26%2332%3BV&amp;rft.au=Redkar%2C%26%2332%3BRJ&amp;rft.au=Patra%2C%26%2332%3BG&amp;rft.au=Mujer%2C%26%2332%3BC&amp;rft.au=Los%2C%26%2332%3BT&amp;rft.au=Ivanova%2C%26%2332%3BN&amp;rft.au=Anderson%2C%26%2332%3BI&amp;rft.au=Bhattacharyya%2C%26%2332%3BA&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.volume=99&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=443%E2%80%938&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.221575398&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/117579&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11756688&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D11756688&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Paulsen-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-Paulsen_101-0">^{<i><b><font size="3">a</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-Paulsen_101-1">^{<i><b><font size="3">b</font></b></i>}</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Paulsen IT et al. (2002). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12271122">&quot;The Brucella suis genome reveals fundamental similarities between animal and plant pathogens and symbionts&quot;</a>. <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</i> <b>99</b> (20): 13148&ndash;53. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.192319099">10.1073/pnas.192319099</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC130601/?tool=pmcentrez">130601</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12271122">12271122</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12271122">http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12271122</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+Brucella+suis+genome+reveals+fundamental+similarities+between+animal+and+plant+pathogens+and+symbionts&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+USA&amp;rft.aulast=Paulsen+IT&amp;rft.au=Paulsen+IT&amp;rft.au=Seshadri%2C%26%2332%3BR&amp;rft.au=Nelson%2C%26%2332%3BKE&amp;rft.au=Eisen%2C%26%2332%3BJA&amp;rft.au=Heidelberg%2C%26%2332%3BJF&amp;rft.au=Read%2C%26%2332%3BTD&amp;rft.au=Dodson%2C%26%2332%3BRJ&amp;rft.au=Umayam%2C%26%2332%3BL&amp;rft.au=Brinkac%2C%26%2332%3BLM&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.volume=99&amp;rft.issue=20&amp;rft.pages=13148%E2%80%9353&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.192319099&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/130601&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12271122&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D12271122&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Nierman WC et al. (2001). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=11259647">&quot;Complete genome sequence of Caulobacter crescentus&quot;</a>. <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</i> <b>98</b> (7): 4136&ndash;41. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.061029298">10.1073/pnas.061029298</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC31192/?tool=pmcentrez">31192</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11259647">11259647</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=11259647">http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=11259647</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+Caulobacter+crescentus&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+USA&amp;rft.aulast=Nierman+WC&amp;rft.au=Nierman+WC&amp;rft.au=Feldblyum%2C%26%2332%3BTV&amp;rft.au=Laub%2C%26%2332%3BMT&amp;rft.au=Paulsen%2C%26%2332%3BIT&amp;rft.au=Nelson%2C%26%2332%3BKE&amp;rft.au=Eisen%2C%26%2332%3BJA&amp;rft.au=Heidelberg%2C%26%2332%3BJF&amp;rft.au=Alley%2C%26%2332%3BMR&amp;rft.au=Ohta%2C%26%2332%3BN&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.volume=98&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.pages=4136%E2%80%9341&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.061029298&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/31192&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11259647&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D11259647&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Collins NE et al. (2005). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15637156">&quot;The genome of the heartwater agent Ehrlichia ruminantium contains multiple tandem repeats of actively variable copy number&quot;</a>. <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</i> <b>102</b> (3): 838&ndash;43. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0406633102">10.1073/pnas.0406633102</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC545511/?tool=pmcentrez">545511</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15637156">15637156</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15637156">http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15637156</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+genome+of+the+heartwater+agent+Ehrlichia+ruminantium+contains+multiple+tandem+repeats+of+actively+variable+copy+number&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+USA&amp;rft.aulast=Collins+NE&amp;rft.au=Collins+NE&amp;rft.au=Liebenberg%2C%26%2332%3BJ&amp;rft.au=De+Villiers%2C%26%2332%3BEP&amp;rft.au=Brayton%2C%26%2332%3BKA&amp;rft.au=Louw%2C%26%2332%3BE&amp;rft.au=Pretorius%2C%26%2332%3BA&amp;rft.au=Faber%2C%26%2332%3BFE&amp;rft.au=Van+Heerden%2C%26%2332%3BH&amp;rft.au=Josemans%2C%26%2332%3BA&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=102&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=838%E2%80%9343&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.0406633102&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/545511&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15637156&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D15637156&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Prust C et al. (2005). &quot;Complete genome sequence of the acetic acid bacterium Gluconobacter oxydans&quot;. <i>Nat Biotechnol</i> <b>23</b> (2): 195&ndash;200. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnbt1062">10.1038/nbt1062</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15665824">15665824</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+the+acetic+acid+bacterium+Gluconobacter+oxydans&amp;rft.jtitle=Nat+Biotechnol&amp;rft.aulast=Prust+C&amp;rft.au=Prust+C&amp;rft.au=Hoffmeister%2C%26%2332%3BMarc&amp;rft.au=Liesegang%2C%26%2332%3BHeiko&amp;rft.au=Wiezer%2C%26%2332%3BArnim&amp;rft.au=Fricke%2C%26%2332%3BWolfgang+Florian&amp;rft.au=Ehrenreich%2C%26%2332%3BArmin&amp;rft.au=Gottschalk%2C%26%2332%3BGerhard&amp;rft.au=Deppenmeier%2C%26%2332%3BUwe&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=23&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=195%E2%80%93200&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnbt1062&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15665824&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Matsunaga T et al. (2005). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dnaresearch.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16303747">&quot;Complete genome sequence of the facultative anaerobic magnetotactic bacterium Magnetospirillum sp. strain AMB-1&quot;</a>. <i>DNA Res</i> <b>12</b> (3): 157&ndash;66. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fdnares%2Fdsi002">10.1093/dnares/dsi002</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16303747">16303747</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://dnaresearch.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16303747">http://dnaresearch.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16303747</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+the+facultative+anaerobic+magnetotactic+bacterium+Magnetospirillum+sp.+strain+AMB-1&amp;rft.jtitle=DNA+Res&amp;rft.aulast=Matsunaga+T&amp;rft.au=Matsunaga+T&amp;rft.au=Okamura%2C%26%2332%3BY.&amp;rft.au=Fukuda%2C%26%2332%3BY.&amp;rft.au=Wahyudi%2C%26%2332%3BA.+T.&amp;rft.au=Murase%2C%26%2332%3BY.&amp;rft.au=Takeyama%2C%26%2332%3BH.&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=12&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=157%E2%80%9366&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Fdnares%2Fdsi002&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16303747&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdnaresearch.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D16303747&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Kaneko T et al. (2000). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dnaresearch.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=11214968">&quot;Complete genome structure of the nitrogen-fixing symbiotic bacterium Mesorhizobium loti&quot;</a>. <i>DNA Res</i> <b>7</b> (6): 331&ndash;8. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fdnares%2F7.6.331">10.1093/dnares/7.6.331</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11214968">11214968</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://dnaresearch.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=11214968">http://dnaresearch.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=11214968</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+structure+of+the+nitrogen-fixing+symbiotic+bacterium+Mesorhizobium+loti&amp;rft.jtitle=DNA+Res&amp;rft.aulast=Kaneko+T&amp;rft.au=Kaneko+T&amp;rft.au=Nakamura%2C%26%2332%3BY&amp;rft.au=Sato%2C%26%2332%3BS&amp;rft.au=Asamizu%2C%26%2332%3BE&amp;rft.au=Kato%2C%26%2332%3BT&amp;rft.au=Sasamoto%2C%26%2332%3BS&amp;rft.au=Watanabe%2C%26%2332%3BA&amp;rft.au=Idesawa%2C%26%2332%3BK&amp;rft.au=Ishikawa%2C%26%2332%3BA&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.volume=7&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=331%E2%80%938&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Fdnares%2F7.6.331&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11214968&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdnaresearch.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D11214968&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Giovannoni SJ et al. (2005). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16109880">&quot;Genome streamlining in a cosmopolitan oceanic bacterium&quot;</a>. <i>Science</i> <b>309</b> (5738): 1242&ndash;5. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1114057">10.1126/science.1114057</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16109880">16109880</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16109880">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16109880</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+streamlining+in+a+cosmopolitan+oceanic+bacterium&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Giovannoni+SJ&amp;rft.au=Giovannoni+SJ&amp;rft.au=Tripp%2C%26%2332%3BHJ&amp;rft.au=Givan%2C%26%2332%3BS&amp;rft.au=Podar%2C%26%2332%3BM&amp;rft.au=Vergin%2C%26%2332%3BKL&amp;rft.au=Baptista%2C%26%2332%3BD&amp;rft.au=Bibbs%2C%26%2332%3BL&amp;rft.au=Eads%2C%26%2332%3BJ&amp;rft.au=Richardson%2C%26%2332%3BTH&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=309&amp;rft.issue=5738&amp;rft.pages=1242%E2%80%935&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.1114057&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16109880&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D16109880&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Gonz&aacute;lez V et al. (2006). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16505379">&quot;The partitioned Rhizobium etli genome: genetic and metabolic redundancy in seven interacting replicons&quot;</a>. <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</i> <b>103</b> (10): 3834&ndash;9. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0508502103">10.1073/pnas.0508502103</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1383491/?tool=pmcentrez">1383491</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16505379">16505379</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16505379">http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16505379</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+partitioned+Rhizobium+etli+genome%3A+genetic+and+metabolic+redundancy+in+seven+interacting+replicons&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+USA&amp;rft.aulast=Gonz%C3%A1lez+V&amp;rft.au=Gonz%C3%A1lez+V&amp;rft.au=Santamar%C3%ADa%2C%26%2332%3BRI&amp;rft.au=Bustos%2C%26%2332%3BP&amp;rft.au=Hern%C3%A1ndez-Gonz%C3%A1lez%2C%26%2332%3BI&amp;rft.au=Medrano-Soto%2C%26%2332%3BA&amp;rft.au=Moreno-Hagelsieb%2C%26%2332%3BG&amp;rft.au=Janga%2C%26%2332%3BSC&amp;rft.au=Ram%C3%ADrez%2C%26%2332%3BMA&amp;rft.au=Jim%C3%A9nez-Jacinto%2C%26%2332%3BV&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=103&amp;rft.issue=10&amp;rft.pages=3834%E2%80%939&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.0508502103&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/1383491&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16505379&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D16505379&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Larimer FW et al. (2004). &quot;Complete genome sequence of the metabolically versatile photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris&quot;. <i>Nat Biotechnol</i> <b>22</b> (1): 55&ndash;61. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnbt923">10.1038/nbt923</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14704707">14704707</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+the+metabolically+versatile+photosynthetic+bacterium+Rhodopseudomonas+palustris&amp;rft.jtitle=Nat+Biotechnol&amp;rft.aulast=Larimer+FW&amp;rft.au=Larimer+FW&amp;rft.au=Chain%2C%26%2332%3BPatrick&amp;rft.au=Hauser%2C%26%2332%3BLoren&amp;rft.au=Lamerdin%2C%26%2332%3BJane&amp;rft.au=Malfatti%2C%26%2332%3BStephanie&amp;rft.au=Do%2C%26%2332%3BLong&amp;rft.au=Land%2C%26%2332%3BMiriam+L&amp;rft.au=Pelletier%2C%26%2332%3BDale+A&amp;rft.au=Beatty%2C%26%2332%3BJ+Thomas&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=22&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=55%E2%80%9361&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnbt923&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/14704707&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Ogata H et al. (2000). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=11030655">&quot;Selfish DNA in protein-coding genes of Rickettsia&quot;</a>. <i>Science</i> <b>290</b> (5490): 347&ndash;50. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.290.5490.347">10.1126/science.290.5490.347</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11030655">11030655</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=11030655">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=11030655</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Selfish+DNA+in+protein-coding+genes+of+Rickettsia&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Ogata+H&amp;rft.au=Ogata+H&amp;rft.au=Audic%2C%26%2332%3BS&amp;rft.au=Barbe%2C%26%2332%3BV&amp;rft.au=Artiguenave%2C%26%2332%3BF&amp;rft.au=Fournier%2C%26%2332%3BPE&amp;rft.au=Raoult%2C%26%2332%3BD&amp;rft.au=Claverie%2C%26%2332%3BJM&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.volume=290&amp;rft.issue=5490&amp;rft.pages=347%E2%80%9350&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.290.5490.347&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11030655&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D11030655&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Ogata H et al. (2005). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://biology.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&amp;doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0030248">&quot;The genome sequence of Rickettsia felis identifies the first putative conjugative plasmid in an obligate intracellular parasite&quot;</a>. <i>PLoS Biol</i> <b>3</b> (8): e248. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0030248">10.1371/journal.pbio.0030248</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1166351/?tool=pmcentrez">1166351</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15984913">15984913</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://biology.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&amp;doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0030248">http://biology.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&amp;doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0030248</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+genome+sequence+of+Rickettsia+felis+identifies+the+first+putative+conjugative+plasmid+in+an+obligate+intracellular+parasite&amp;rft.jtitle=PLoS+Biol&amp;rft.aulast=Ogata+H&amp;rft.au=Ogata+H&amp;rft.au=Renesto%2C%26%2332%3BPatricia&amp;rft.au=Audic%2C%26%2332%3BSt%C3%A9phane&amp;rft.au=Robert%2C%26%2332%3BCatherine&amp;rft.au=Blanc%2C%26%2332%3BGuillaume&amp;rft.au=Fournier%2C%26%2332%3BPierre-Edouard&amp;rft.au=Parinello%2C%26%2332%3BHugues&amp;rft.au=Claverie%2C%26%2332%3BJean-Michel&amp;rft.au=Raoult%2C%26%2332%3BDidier&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=3&amp;rft.issue=8&amp;rft.pages=e248&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0030248&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/1166351&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15984913&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiology.plosjournals.org%2Fperlserv%2F%3Frequest%3Dget-document%26doi%3D10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0030248&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Andersson SG et al. (1998). &quot;The genome sequence of Rickettsia prowazekii and the origin of mitochondria&quot;. <i>Nature</i> <b>396</b> (6707): 133&ndash;40. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F24094">10.1038/24094</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9823893">9823893</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+genome+sequence+of+Rickettsia+prowazekii+and+the+origin+of+mitochondria&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Andersson+SG&amp;rft.au=Andersson+SG&amp;rft.au=Andersson%2C%26%2332%3BSiv+G.+E.&amp;rft.au=Zomorodipour%2C%26%2332%3BAlireza&amp;rft.au=Andersson%2C%26%2332%3BJan+O.&amp;rft.au=Sicheritz-Pont%C3%A9n%2C%26%2332%3BThomas&amp;rft.au=Alsmark%2C%26%2332%3BU.+Cecilia+M.&amp;rft.au=Podowski%2C%26%2332%3BRaf+M.&amp;rft.au=N%C3%A4slund%2C%26%2332%3BA.+Kristina&amp;rft.au=Eriksson%2C%26%2332%3BAnn-Sofie&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.volume=396&amp;rft.issue=6707&amp;rft.pages=133%E2%80%9340&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F24094&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/9823893&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">McLeod MP et al. (2004). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://jb.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15317790">&quot;Complete genome sequence of Rickettsia typhi and comparison with sequences of other rickettsiae&quot;</a>. <i>J Bacteriol</i> <b>186</b> (17): 5842&ndash;55. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FJB.186.17.5842-5855.2004">10.1128/JB.186.17.5842-5855.2004</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC516817/?tool=pmcentrez">516817</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15317790">15317790</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://jb.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15317790">http://jb.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15317790</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+Rickettsia+typhi+and+comparison+with+sequences+of+other+rickettsiae&amp;rft.jtitle=J+Bacteriol&amp;rft.aulast=McLeod+MP&amp;rft.au=McLeod+MP&amp;rft.au=Qin%2C%26%2332%3BX.&amp;rft.au=Karpathy%2C%26%2332%3BS.+E.&amp;rft.au=Gioia%2C%26%2332%3BJ.&amp;rft.au=Highlander%2C%26%2332%3BS.+K.&amp;rft.au=Fox%2C%26%2332%3BG.+E.&amp;rft.au=McNeill%2C%26%2332%3BT.+Z.&amp;rft.au=Jiang%2C%26%2332%3BH.&amp;rft.au=Muzny%2C%26%2332%3BD.&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=186&amp;rft.issue=17&amp;rft.pages=5842%E2%80%9355&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FJB.186.17.5842-5855.2004&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/516817&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15317790&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjb.asm.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D15317790&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Moran MA et al. (2004). &quot;Genome sequence of Silicibacter pomeroyi reveals adaptations to the marine environment&quot;. <i>Nature</i> <b>432</b> (7019): 910&ndash;3. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature03170">10.1038/nature03170</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15602564">15602564</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+sequence+of+Silicibacter+pomeroyi+reveals+adaptations+to+the+marine+environment&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Moran+MA&amp;rft.au=Moran+MA&amp;rft.au=Buchan%2C%26%2332%3BAlison&amp;rft.au=Gonz%C3%A1lez%2C%26%2332%3BJos%C3%A9+M.&amp;rft.au=Heidelberg%2C%26%2332%3BJohn+F.&amp;rft.au=Whitman%2C%26%2332%3BWilliam+B.&amp;rft.au=Kiene%2C%26%2332%3BRonald+P.&amp;rft.au=Henriksen%2C%26%2332%3BJames+R.&amp;rft.au=King%2C%26%2332%3BGary+M.&amp;rft.au=Belas%2C%26%2332%3BRobert&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=432&amp;rft.issue=7019&amp;rft.pages=910%E2%80%933&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnature03170&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15602564&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://genome.jgi-psf.org/sinme/sinme.home.html">http://genome.jgi-psf.org/sinme/sinme.home.html</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Capela D et al. (2001). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=11481430">&quot;Analysis of the chromosome sequence of the legume symbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti strain 1021&quot;</a>. <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</i> <b>98</b> (17): 9877&ndash;82. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.161294398">10.1073/pnas.161294398</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC55546/?tool=pmcentrez">55546</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11481430">11481430</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=11481430">http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=11481430</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Analysis+of+the+chromosome+sequence+of+the+legume+symbiont+Sinorhizobium+meliloti+strain+1021&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+USA&amp;rft.aulast=Capela+D&amp;rft.au=Capela+D&amp;rft.au=Barloy-Hubler%2C%26%2332%3BF&amp;rft.au=Gouzy%2C%26%2332%3BJ&amp;rft.au=Bothe%2C%26%2332%3BG&amp;rft.au=Ampe%2C%26%2332%3BF&amp;rft.au=Batut%2C%26%2332%3BJ&amp;rft.au=Boistard%2C%26%2332%3BP&amp;rft.au=Becker%2C%26%2332%3BA&amp;rft.au=Boutry%2C%26%2332%3BM&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.volume=98&amp;rft.issue=17&amp;rft.pages=9877%E2%80%9382&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.161294398&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/55546&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11481430&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D11481430&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Foster J et al. (2005). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://biology.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&amp;doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0030121">&quot;The Wolbachia genome of Brugia malayi: endosymbiont evolution within a human pathogenic nematode&quot;</a>. <i>PLoS Biol</i> <b>3</b> (4): e121. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0030121">10.1371/journal.pbio.0030121</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1069646/?tool=pmcentrez">1069646</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15780005">15780005</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://biology.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&amp;doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0030121">http://biology.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&amp;doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0030121</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+Wolbachia+genome+of+Brugia+malayi%3A+endosymbiont+evolution+within+a+human+pathogenic+nematode&amp;rft.jtitle=PLoS+Biol&amp;rft.aulast=Foster+J&amp;rft.au=Foster+J&amp;rft.au=Ganatra%2C%26%2332%3BMehul&amp;rft.au=Kamal%2C%26%2332%3BIbrahim&amp;rft.au=Ware%2C%26%2332%3BJennifer&amp;rft.au=Makarova%2C%26%2332%3BKira&amp;rft.au=Ivanova%2C%26%2332%3BNatalia&amp;rft.au=Bhattacharyya%2C%26%2332%3BAnamitra&amp;rft.au=Kapatral%2C%26%2332%3BVinayak&amp;rft.au=Kumar%2C%26%2332%3BSanjay&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=3&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=e121&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0030121&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/1069646&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15780005&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiology.plosjournals.org%2Fperlserv%2F%3Frequest%3Dget-document%26doi%3D10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0030121&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Wu M et al. (2004). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://biology.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&amp;doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0020069">&quot;Phylogenomics of the reproductive parasite Wolbachia pipientis wMel: a streamlined genome overrun by mobile genetic elements&quot;</a>. <i>PLoS Biol</i> <b>2</b> (3): E69. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0020069">10.1371/journal.pbio.0020069</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC368164/?tool=pmcentrez">368164</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15024419">15024419</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://biology.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&amp;doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0020069">http://biology.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&amp;doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0020069</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Phylogenomics+of+the+reproductive+parasite+Wolbachia+pipientis+wMel%3A+a+streamlined+genome+overrun+by+mobile+genetic+elements&amp;rft.jtitle=PLoS+Biol&amp;rft.aulast=Wu+M&amp;rft.au=Wu+M&amp;rft.au=Sun%2C%26%2332%3BLing+V.&amp;rft.au=Vamathevan%2C%26%2332%3BJessica&amp;rft.au=Riegler%2C%26%2332%3BMarkus&amp;rft.au=Deboy%2C%26%2332%3BRobert&amp;rft.au=Brownlie%2C%26%2332%3BJeremy+C.&amp;rft.au=McGraw%2C%26%2332%3BElizabeth+A.&amp;rft.au=Martin%2C%26%2332%3BWilliam&amp;rft.au=Esser%2C%26%2332%3BChristian&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=2&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=E69&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0020069&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/368164&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15024419&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiology.plosjournals.org%2Fperlserv%2F%3Frequest%3Dget-document%26doi%3D10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0020069&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Seo JS et al. (2005). &quot;The genome sequence of the ethanologenic bacterium Zymomonas mobilis ZM4&quot;. <i>Nat Biotechnol</i> <b>23</b> (1): 63&ndash;8. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnbt1045">10.1038/nbt1045</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15592456">15592456</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+genome+sequence+of+the+ethanologenic+bacterium+Zymomonas+mobilis+ZM4&amp;rft.jtitle=Nat+Biotechnol&amp;rft.aulast=Seo+JS&amp;rft.au=Seo+JS&amp;rft.au=Chong%2C%26%2332%3BHyonyong&amp;rft.au=Park%2C%26%2332%3BHyun+Seok&amp;rft.au=Yoon%2C%26%2332%3BKyoung-Oh&amp;rft.au=Jung%2C%26%2332%3BCholhee&amp;rft.au=Kim%2C%26%2332%3BJae+Joon&amp;rft.au=Hong%2C%26%2332%3BJin+Han&amp;rft.au=Kim%2C%26%2332%3BHyungtae&amp;rft.au=Kim%2C%26%2332%3BJeong-Hyun&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=23&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=63%E2%80%938&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnbt1045&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15592456&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Rabus R et al. (2002). &quot;Genes involved in the anaerobic degradation of ethylbenzene in a denitrifying bacterium, strain EbN1&quot;. <i>Arch Microbiol</i> <b>178</b> (6): 506&ndash;16. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00203-002-0487-2">10.1007/s00203-002-0487-2</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12420173">12420173</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genes+involved+in+the+anaerobic+degradation+of+ethylbenzene+in+a+denitrifying+bacterium%2C+strain+EbN1&amp;rft.jtitle=Arch+Microbiol&amp;rft.aulast=Rabus+R&amp;rft.au=Rabus+R&amp;rft.au=Kube%2C%26%2332%3BMichael&amp;rft.au=Beck%2C%26%2332%3BAlfred&amp;rft.au=Widdel%2C%26%2332%3BFriedrich&amp;rft.au=Reinhardt%2C%26%2332%3BRichard&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.volume=178&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=506%E2%80%9316&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2Fs00203-002-0487-2&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12420173&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Nierman WC et al. (2004). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15377793">&quot;Structural flexibility in the Burkholderia mallei genome&quot;</a>. <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</i> <b>101</b> (39): 14246&ndash;51. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0403306101">10.1073/pnas.0403306101</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC521142/?tool=pmcentrez">521142</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15377793">15377793</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15377793">http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15377793</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Structural+flexibility+in+the+Burkholderia+mallei+genome&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+USA&amp;rft.aulast=Nierman+WC&amp;rft.au=Nierman+WC&amp;rft.au=Deshazer%2C%26%2332%3BD&amp;rft.au=Kim%2C%26%2332%3BHS&amp;rft.au=Tettelin%2C%26%2332%3BH&amp;rft.au=Nelson%2C%26%2332%3BKE&amp;rft.au=Feldblyum%2C%26%2332%3BT&amp;rft.au=Ulrich%2C%26%2332%3BRL&amp;rft.au=Ronning%2C%26%2332%3BCM&amp;rft.au=Brinkac%2C%26%2332%3BLM&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=101&amp;rft.issue=39&amp;rft.pages=14246%E2%80%9351&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.0403306101&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/521142&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15377793&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D15377793&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-BMC_Genomics._2005_Dec_7.2C_Dec-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-BMC_Genomics._2005_Dec_7.2C_Dec_122-0">^{<i><b><font size="3">a</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-BMC_Genomics._2005_Dec_7.2C_Dec_122-1">^{<i><b><font size="3">b</font></b></i>}</a></span> <span class="reference-text">BMC Genomics. 2005 Dec 7, Dec</span></li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Brazilian National Genome Project Consortium. (2003). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=14500782">&quot;The complete genome sequence of Chromobacterium violaceum reveals remarkable and exploitable bacterial adaptability&quot;</a>. <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</i> <b>100</b> (20): 11660&ndash;5. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1832124100">10.1073/pnas.1832124100</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC208814/?tool=pmcentrez">208814</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14500782">14500782</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=14500782">http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=14500782</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+complete+genome+sequence+of+Chromobacterium+violaceum+reveals+remarkable+and+exploitable+bacterial+adaptability&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+USA&amp;rft.aulast=Brazilian+National+Genome+Project+Consortium.&amp;rft.au=Brazilian+National+Genome+Project+Consortium.&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=100&amp;rft.issue=20&amp;rft.pages=11660%E2%80%935&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.1832124100&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/208814&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/14500782&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D14500782&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Parkhill J et al. (2000). &quot;Complete DNA sequence of a serogroup A strain of Neisseria meningitidis Z2491&quot;. <i>Nature</i> <b>404</b> (6777): 502&ndash;6. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F35006655">10.1038/35006655</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10761919">10761919</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+DNA+sequence+of+a+serogroup+A+strain+of+Neisseria+meningitidis+Z2491&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Parkhill+J&amp;rft.au=Parkhill+J&amp;rft.au=Achtman%2C%26%2332%3BM.&amp;rft.au=James%2C%26%2332%3BK.+D.&amp;rft.au=Bentley%2C%26%2332%3BS.+D.&amp;rft.au=Churcher%2C%26%2332%3BC.&amp;rft.au=Klee%2C%26%2332%3BS.+R.&amp;rft.au=Morelli%2C%26%2332%3BG.&amp;rft.au=Basham%2C%26%2332%3BD.&amp;rft.au=Brown%2C%26%2332%3BD.&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.volume=404&amp;rft.issue=6777&amp;rft.pages=502%E2%80%936&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F35006655&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/10761919&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Tettelin H et al. (2000). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=10710307">&quot;Complete genome sequence of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B strain MC58&quot;</a>. <i>Science</i> <b>287</b> (5459): 1809&ndash;15. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.287.5459.1809">10.1126/science.287.5459.1809</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10710307">10710307</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=10710307">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=10710307</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+Neisseria+meningitidis+serogroup+B+strain+MC58&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Tettelin+H&amp;rft.au=Tettelin+H&amp;rft.au=Saunders%2C%26%2332%3BNJ&amp;rft.au=Heidelberg%2C%26%2332%3BJ&amp;rft.au=Jeffries%2C%26%2332%3BAC&amp;rft.au=Nelson%2C%26%2332%3BKE&amp;rft.au=Eisen%2C%26%2332%3BJA&amp;rft.au=Ketchum%2C%26%2332%3BKA&amp;rft.au=Hood%2C%26%2332%3BDW&amp;rft.au=Peden%2C%26%2332%3BJF&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.volume=287&amp;rft.issue=5459&amp;rft.pages=1809%E2%80%9315&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.287.5459.1809&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/10710307&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D10710307&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Chain P et al. (2003). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://jb.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12700255">&quot;Complete genome sequence of the ammonia-oxidizing bacterium and obligate chemolithoautotroph Nitrosomonas europaea&quot;</a>. <i>J Bacteriol</i> <b>185</b> (9): 2759&ndash;73. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FJB.185.9.2759-2773.2003">10.1128/JB.185.9.2759-2773.2003</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC154410/?tool=pmcentrez">154410</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12700255">12700255</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://jb.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12700255">http://jb.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12700255</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+the+ammonia-oxidizing+bacterium+and+obligate+chemolithoautotroph+Nitrosomonas+europaea&amp;rft.jtitle=J+Bacteriol&amp;rft.aulast=Chain+P&amp;rft.au=Chain+P&amp;rft.au=Lamerdin%2C%26%2332%3BJ.&amp;rft.au=Larimer%2C%26%2332%3BF.&amp;rft.au=Regala%2C%26%2332%3BW.&amp;rft.au=Lao%2C%26%2332%3BV.&amp;rft.au=Land%2C%26%2332%3BM.&amp;rft.au=Hauser%2C%26%2332%3BL.&amp;rft.au=Hooper%2C%26%2332%3BA.&amp;rft.au=Klotz%2C%26%2332%3BM.&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=185&amp;rft.issue=9&amp;rft.pages=2759%E2%80%9373&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FJB.185.9.2759-2773.2003&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/154410&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12700255&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjb.asm.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D12700255&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Salanoubat-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-Salanoubat_127-0">^{<i><b><font size="3">a</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-Salanoubat_127-1">^{<i><b><font size="3">b</font></b></i>}</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Salanoubat M et al. (2002). &quot;Genome sequence of the plant pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum&quot;. <i>Nature</i> <b>415</b> (6871): 497&ndash;502. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F415497a">10.1038/415497a</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11823852">11823852</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+sequence+of+the+plant+pathogen+Ralstonia+solanacearum&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Salanoubat+M&amp;rft.au=Salanoubat+M&amp;rft.au=Genin%2C%26%2332%3BS.&amp;rft.au=Artiguenave%2C%26%2332%3BF.&amp;rft.au=Gouzy%2C%26%2332%3BJ.&amp;rft.au=Mangenot%2C%26%2332%3BS.&amp;rft.au=Arlat%2C%26%2332%3BM.&amp;rft.au=Billault%2C%26%2332%3BA.&amp;rft.au=Brottier%2C%26%2332%3BP.&amp;rft.au=Camus%2C%26%2332%3BJ.+C.&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.volume=415&amp;rft.issue=6871&amp;rft.pages=497%E2%80%93502&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F415497a&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11823852&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Barbe V et al. (2004). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15514110">&quot;Unique features revealed by the genome sequence of Acinetobacter sp. ADP1, a versatile and naturally transformation competent bacterium&quot;</a>. <i>Nucleic Acids Res</i> <b>32</b> (19): 5766&ndash;79. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkh910">10.1093/nar/gkh910</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC528795/?tool=pmcentrez">528795</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15514110">15514110</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15514110">http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15514110</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Unique+features+revealed+by+the+genome+sequence+of+Acinetobacter+sp.+ADP1%2C+a+versatile+and+naturally+transformation+competent+bacterium&amp;rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Res&amp;rft.aulast=Barbe+V&amp;rft.au=Barbe+V&amp;rft.au=Vallenet%2C%26%2332%3BD&amp;rft.au=Fonknechten%2C%26%2332%3BN&amp;rft.au=Kreimeyer%2C%26%2332%3BA&amp;rft.au=Oztas%2C%26%2332%3BS&amp;rft.au=Labarre%2C%26%2332%3BL&amp;rft.au=Cruveiller%2C%26%2332%3BS&amp;rft.au=Robert%2C%26%2332%3BC&amp;rft.au=Duprat%2C%26%2332%3BS&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=32&amp;rft.issue=19&amp;rft.pages=5766%E2%80%9379&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkh910&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/528795&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15514110&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnar.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D15514110&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Gil R et al. (2003). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12886019">&quot;The genome sequence of Blochmannia floridanus: comparative analysis of reduced genomes&quot;</a>. <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</i> <b>100</b> (16): 9388&ndash;93. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1533499100">10.1073/pnas.1533499100</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC170928/?tool=pmcentrez">170928</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12886019">12886019</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12886019">http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12886019</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+genome+sequence+of+Blochmannia+floridanus%3A+comparative+analysis+of+reduced+genomes&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+USA&amp;rft.aulast=Gil+R&amp;rft.au=Gil+R&amp;rft.au=Silva%2C%26%2332%3BFJ&amp;rft.au=Zientz%2C%26%2332%3BE&amp;rft.au=Delmotte%2C%26%2332%3BF&amp;rft.au=Gonz%C3%A1lez-Candelas%2C%26%2332%3BF&amp;rft.au=Latorre%2C%26%2332%3BA&amp;rft.au=Rausell%2C%26%2332%3BC&amp;rft.au=Kamerbeek%2C%26%2332%3BJ&amp;rft.au=Gadau%2C%26%2332%3BJ&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=100&amp;rft.issue=16&amp;rft.pages=9388%E2%80%9393&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.1533499100&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/170928&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12886019&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D12886019&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Degnan PH et al. (2005). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16077009">&quot;Genome sequence of Blochmannia pennsylvanicus indicates parallel evolutionary trends among bacterial mutualists of insects&quot;</a>. <i>Genome Res</i> <b>15</b> (8): 1023&ndash;33. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.3771305">10.1101/gr.3771305</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1182215/?tool=pmcentrez">1182215</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16077009">16077009</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16077009">http://www.genome.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16077009</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+sequence+of+Blochmannia+pennsylvanicus+indicates+parallel+evolutionary+trends+among+bacterial+mutualists+of+insects&amp;rft.jtitle=Genome+Res&amp;rft.aulast=Degnan+PH&amp;rft.au=Degnan+PH&amp;rft.au=Lazarus%2C%26%2332%3BAB&amp;rft.au=Wernegreen%2C%26%2332%3BJJ&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=15&amp;rft.issue=8&amp;rft.pages=1023%E2%80%9333&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1101%2Fgr.3771305&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/1182215&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16077009&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genome.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D16077009&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Shigenobu S et al. (2000). &quot;Genome sequence of the endocellular bacterial symbiont of aphids Buchnera sp. APS&quot;. <i>Nature</i> <b>407</b> (6800): 81&ndash;6. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F35024074">10.1038/35024074</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10993077">10993077</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+sequence+of+the+endocellular+bacterial+symbiont+of+aphids+Buchnera+sp.+APS&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Shigenobu+S&amp;rft.au=Shigenobu+S&amp;rft.au=Shigenobu%2C%26%2332%3BShuji&amp;rft.au=Watanabe%2C%26%2332%3BHidemi&amp;rft.au=Hattori%2C%26%2332%3BMasahira&amp;rft.au=Ishikawa%2C%26%2332%3BHajime&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.volume=407&amp;rft.issue=6800&amp;rft.pages=81%E2%80%936&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F35024074&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/10993077&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">van Ham RC et al. (2003). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12522265">&quot;Reductive genome evolution in Buchnera aphidicola&quot;</a>. <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</i> <b>100</b> (2): 581&ndash;6. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0235981100">10.1073/pnas.0235981100</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC141039/?tool=pmcentrez">141039</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12522265">12522265</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12522265">http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12522265</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Reductive+genome+evolution+in+Buchnera+aphidicola&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+USA&amp;rft.aulast=van+Ham+RC&amp;rft.au=van+Ham+RC&amp;rft.au=Kamerbeek%2C%26%2332%3BJ&amp;rft.au=Palacios%2C%26%2332%3BC&amp;rft.au=Rausell%2C%26%2332%3BC&amp;rft.au=Abascal%2C%26%2332%3BF&amp;rft.au=Bastolla%2C%26%2332%3BU&amp;rft.au=Fern%C3%A1ndez%2C%26%2332%3BJM&amp;rft.au=Jim%C3%A9nez%2C%26%2332%3BL&amp;rft.au=Postigo%2C%26%2332%3BM&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=100&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=581%E2%80%936&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.0235981100&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/141039&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12522265&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D12522265&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Tamas I et al. (2002). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12089438">&quot;50 million years of genomic stasis in endosymbiotic bacteria&quot;</a>. <i>Science</i> <b>296</b> (5577): 2376&ndash;9. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1071278">10.1126/science.1071278</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12089438">12089438</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12089438">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12089438</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=50+million+years+of+genomic+stasis+in+endosymbiotic+bacteria&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Tamas+I&amp;rft.au=Tamas+I&amp;rft.au=Klasson%2C%26%2332%3BL&amp;rft.au=Canb%C3%A4ck%2C%26%2332%3BB&amp;rft.au=N%C3%A4slund%2C%26%2332%3BAK&amp;rft.au=Eriksson%2C%26%2332%3BAS&amp;rft.au=Wernegreen%2C%26%2332%3BJJ&amp;rft.au=Sandstr%C3%B6m%2C%26%2332%3BJP&amp;rft.au=Moran%2C%26%2332%3BNA&amp;rft.au=Andersson%2C%26%2332%3BSG&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.volume=296&amp;rft.issue=5577&amp;rft.pages=2376%E2%80%939&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.1071278&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12089438&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D12089438&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Nakabachi A et al. (2006). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=17038615">&quot;The 160-kilobase genome of the bacterial endosymbiont Carsonella&quot;</a>. <i>Science</i> <b>314</b> (5797): 267. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1134196">10.1126/science.1134196</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17038615">17038615</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=17038615">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=17038615</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+160-kilobase+genome+of+the+bacterial+endosymbiont+Carsonella&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Nakabachi+A&amp;rft.au=Nakabachi+A&amp;rft.au=Yamashita%2C%26%2332%3BA.&amp;rft.au=Toh%2C%26%2332%3BH.&amp;rft.au=Ishikawa%2C%26%2332%3BH.&amp;rft.au=Dunbar%2C%26%2332%3BH.+E.&amp;rft.au=Moran%2C%26%2332%3BN.+A.&amp;rft.au=Hattori%2C%26%2332%3BM.&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=314&amp;rft.issue=5797&amp;rft.pages=267&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.1134196&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17038615&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D17038615&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Seshadri R et al. (2003). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12704232">&quot;Complete genome sequence of the Q-fever pathogen Coxiella burnetii&quot;</a>. <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</i> <b>100</b> (9): 5455&ndash;60. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0931379100">10.1073/pnas.0931379100</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC154366/?tool=pmcentrez">154366</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12704232">12704232</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12704232">http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12704232</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+the+Q-fever+pathogen+Coxiella+burnetii&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+USA&amp;rft.aulast=Seshadri+R&amp;rft.au=Seshadri+R&amp;rft.au=Paulsen%2C%26%2332%3BIT&amp;rft.au=Eisen%2C%26%2332%3BJA&amp;rft.au=Read%2C%26%2332%3BTD&amp;rft.au=Nelson%2C%26%2332%3BKE&amp;rft.au=Nelson%2C%26%2332%3BWC&amp;rft.au=Ward%2C%26%2332%3BNL&amp;rft.au=Tettelin%2C%26%2332%3BH&amp;rft.au=Davidsen%2C%26%2332%3BTM&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=100&amp;rft.issue=9&amp;rft.pages=5455%E2%80%9360&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.0931379100&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/154366&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12704232&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D12704232&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Welch RA et al. (2002). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12471157">&quot;Extensive mosaic structure revealed by the complete genome sequence of uropathogenic Escherichia coli&quot;</a>. <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</i> <b>99</b> (26): 17020&ndash;4. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.252529799">10.1073/pnas.252529799</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC139262/?tool=pmcentrez">139262</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12471157">12471157</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12471157">http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12471157</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Extensive+mosaic+structure+revealed+by+the+complete+genome+sequence+of+uropathogenic+Escherichia+coli&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+USA&amp;rft.aulast=Welch+RA&amp;rft.au=Welch+RA&amp;rft.au=Burland%2C%26%2332%3BV&amp;rft.au=Plunkett+g%2C%26%2332%3B3rd&amp;rft.au=Redford%2C%26%2332%3BP&amp;rft.au=Roesch%2C%26%2332%3BP&amp;rft.au=Rasko%2C%26%2332%3BD&amp;rft.au=Buckles%2C%26%2332%3BEL&amp;rft.au=Liou%2C%26%2332%3BSR&amp;rft.au=Boutin%2C%26%2332%3BA&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.volume=99&amp;rft.issue=26&amp;rft.pages=17020%E2%80%934&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.252529799&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/139262&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12471157&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D12471157&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Blattner FR et al. (1997). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=9278503">&quot;The complete genome sequence of Escherichia coli K-12&quot;</a>. <i>Science</i> <b>277</b> (5331): 1453&ndash;74. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.277.5331.1453">10.1126/science.277.5331.1453</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9278503">9278503</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=9278503">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=9278503</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+complete+genome+sequence+of+Escherichia+coli+K-12&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Blattner+FR&amp;rft.au=Blattner+FR&amp;rft.au=Plunkett+g%2C%26%2332%3B3rd&amp;rft.au=Bloch%2C%26%2332%3BCA&amp;rft.au=Perna%2C%26%2332%3BNT&amp;rft.au=Burland%2C%26%2332%3BV&amp;rft.au=Riley%2C%26%2332%3BM&amp;rft.au=Collado-Vides%2C%26%2332%3BJ&amp;rft.au=Glasner%2C%26%2332%3BJD&amp;rft.au=Rode%2C%26%2332%3BCK&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.volume=277&amp;rft.issue=5331&amp;rft.pages=1453%E2%80%9374&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.277.5331.1453&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/9278503&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D9278503&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Riley M et al. (2006). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1325200">&quot;Escherichia coli K-12: a cooperatively developed annotation snapshot&mdash;2005&quot;</a>. <i>Nucleic Acids Res</i> <b>34</b> (1): 1&ndash;9. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkj405">10.1093/nar/gkj405</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1325200/?tool=pmcentrez">1325200</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16397293">16397293</a><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1325200</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Escherichia+coli+K-12%3A+a+cooperatively+developed+annotation+snapshot%E2%80%942005&amp;rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Res&amp;rft.aulast=Riley+M&amp;rft.au=Riley+M&amp;rft.au=Abe%2C%26%2332%3BT&amp;rft.au=Arnaud%2C%26%2332%3BMB&amp;rft.au=Berlyn%2C%26%2332%3BMK&amp;rft.au=Blattner%2C%26%2332%3BFR&amp;rft.au=Chaudhuri%2C%26%2332%3BRR&amp;rft.au=Glasner%2C%26%2332%3BJD&amp;rft.au=Horiuchi%2C%26%2332%3BT&amp;rft.au=Keseler%2C%26%2332%3BIM&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=34&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=1%E2%80%939&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkj405&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/1325200&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16397293&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D1325200&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Perna NT et al. (2001). &quot;Genome sequence of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7&quot;. <i>Nature</i> <b>409</b> (6819): 529&ndash;33. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F35054089">10.1038/35054089</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11206551">11206551</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+sequence+of+enterohaemorrhagic+Escherichia+coli+O157%3AH7&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Perna+NT&amp;rft.au=Perna+NT&amp;rft.au=Plunkett%2C%26%2332%3BGuy&amp;rft.au=Burland%2C%26%2332%3BValerie&amp;rft.au=Mau%2C%26%2332%3BBob&amp;rft.au=Glasner%2C%26%2332%3BJeremy+D.&amp;rft.au=Rose%2C%26%2332%3BDebra+J.&amp;rft.au=Mayhew%2C%26%2332%3BGeorge+F.&amp;rft.au=Evans%2C%26%2332%3BPeter+S.&amp;rft.au=Gregor%2C%26%2332%3BJason&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.volume=409&amp;rft.issue=6819&amp;rft.pages=529%E2%80%9333&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F35054089&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11206551&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Makino, K. et al. (1999). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ggs/74/5/74_227/_article/-char/en">&quot;Complete nucleotide sequence of the prophage VT2-Sakai carrying the verotoxin 2 genes of the enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 derived from the Sakai outbreak&quot;</a>. <i>Genes and Genetic Systems</i> <b>74</b> (5): 227&ndash;39. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1266%2Fggs.74.227">10.1266/ggs.74.227</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10734605">10734605</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ggs/74/5/74_227/_article/-char/en">http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ggs/74/5/74_227/_article/-char/en</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+nucleotide+sequence+of+the+prophage+VT2-Sakai+carrying+the+verotoxin+2+genes+of+the+enterohemorrhagic+Escherichia+coli+O157%3AH7+derived+from+the+Sakai+outbreak&amp;rft.jtitle=Genes+and+Genetic+Systems&amp;rft.aulast=Makino%2C+K.&amp;rft.au=Makino%2C+K.&amp;rft.au=Yokoyama%2C%26%2332%3BKatsushi&amp;rft.au=Kubota%2C%26%2332%3BYoshino&amp;rft.au=Yutsudo%2C%26%2332%3BChikako+H.&amp;rft.au=Kimura%2C%26%2332%3BSigenobu&amp;rft.au=Kurokawa%2C%26%2332%3BKen&amp;rft.au=Ishii%2C%26%2332%3BKazuo&amp;rft.au=Hattori%2C%26%2332%3BMasahiro&amp;rft.au=Tatsuno%2C%26%2332%3BIchiro&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.volume=74&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=227%E2%80%9339&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1266%2Fggs.74.227&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/10734605&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstage.jst.go.jp%2Farticle%2Fggs%2F74%2F5%2F74_227%2F_article%2F-char%2Fen&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Larsson P et al. (2005). &quot;The complete genome sequence of Francisella tularensis, the causative agent of tularemia&quot;. <i>Nat Genet</i> <b>37</b> (2): 153&ndash;9. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fng1499">10.1038/ng1499</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15640799">15640799</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+complete+genome+sequence+of+Francisella+tularensis%2C+the+causative+agent+of+tularemia&amp;rft.jtitle=Nat+Genet&amp;rft.aulast=Larsson+P&amp;rft.au=Larsson+P&amp;rft.au=Oyston%2C%26%2332%3BPetra+C+F&amp;rft.au=Chain%2C%26%2332%3BPatrick&amp;rft.au=Chu%2C%26%2332%3BMay+C&amp;rft.au=Duffield%2C%26%2332%3BMelanie&amp;rft.au=Fuxelius%2C%26%2332%3BHans-Henrik&amp;rft.au=Garcia%2C%26%2332%3BEmilio&amp;rft.au=H%C3%A4lltorp%2C%26%2332%3BGreger&amp;rft.au=Johansson%2C%26%2332%3BDaniel&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=37&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=153%E2%80%939&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fng1499&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15640799&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Harrison A et al. (2005). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://jb.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15968074">&quot;Genomic sequence of an otitis media isolate of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae: comparative study with H. influenzae serotype d, strain KW20&quot;</a>. <i>J Bacteriol</i> <b>187</b> (13): 4627&ndash;36. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FJB.187.13.4627-4636.2005">10.1128/JB.187.13.4627-4636.2005</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1151754/?tool=pmcentrez">1151754</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15968074">15968074</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://jb.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15968074">http://jb.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15968074</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genomic+sequence+of+an+otitis+media+isolate+of+nontypeable+Haemophilus+influenzae%3A+comparative+study+with+H.+influenzae+serotype+d%2C+strain+KW20&amp;rft.jtitle=J+Bacteriol&amp;rft.aulast=Harrison+A&amp;rft.au=Harrison+A&amp;rft.au=Dyer%2C%26%2332%3BD.+W.&amp;rft.au=Gillaspy%2C%26%2332%3BA.&amp;rft.au=Ray%2C%26%2332%3BW.+C.&amp;rft.au=Mungur%2C%26%2332%3BR.&amp;rft.au=Carson%2C%26%2332%3BM.+B.&amp;rft.au=Zhong%2C%26%2332%3BH.&amp;rft.au=Gipson%2C%26%2332%3BJ.&amp;rft.au=Gipson%2C%26%2332%3BM.&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=187&amp;rft.issue=13&amp;rft.pages=4627%E2%80%9336&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FJB.187.13.4627-4636.2005&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/1151754&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15968074&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjb.asm.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D15968074&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Fleischmann RD et al. (1995). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=7542800">&quot;Whole-genome random sequencing and assembly of Haemophilus influenzae Rd&quot;</a>. <i>Science</i> <b>269</b> (5223): 496&ndash;512. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.7542800">10.1126/science.7542800</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7542800">7542800</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=7542800">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=7542800</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Whole-genome+random+sequencing+and+assembly+of+Haemophilus+influenzae+Rd&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Fleischmann+RD&amp;rft.au=Fleischmann+RD&amp;rft.au=Adams%2C%26%2332%3BM.&amp;rft.au=White%2C%26%2332%3BO&amp;rft.au=Clayton%2C%26%2332%3BR.&amp;rft.au=Kirkness%2C%26%2332%3BE.&amp;rft.au=Kerlavage%2C%26%2332%3BA.&amp;rft.au=Bult%2C%26%2332%3BC.&amp;rft.au=Tomb%2C%26%2332%3BJ.&amp;rft.au=Dougherty%2C%26%2332%3BB.&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.volume=269&amp;rft.issue=5223&amp;rft.pages=496%E2%80%93512&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.7542800&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/7542800&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D7542800&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Jeong H et al. (2005). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1312362">&quot;Genomic blueprint of Hahella chejuensis, a marine microbe producing an algicidal agent&quot;</a>. <i>Nucleic Acids Res</i> <b>33</b> (22): 7066&ndash;73. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgki1016">10.1093/nar/gki1016</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1312362/?tool=pmcentrez">1312362</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16352867">16352867</a><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1312362</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genomic+blueprint+of+Hahella+chejuensis%2C+a+marine+microbe+producing+an+algicidal+agent&amp;rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Res&amp;rft.aulast=Jeong+H&amp;rft.au=Jeong+H&amp;rft.au=Yim%2C%26%2332%3BJH&amp;rft.au=Lee%2C%26%2332%3BC&amp;rft.au=Choi%2C%26%2332%3BSH&amp;rft.au=Park%2C%26%2332%3BYK&amp;rft.au=Yoon%2C%26%2332%3BSH&amp;rft.au=Hur%2C%26%2332%3BCG&amp;rft.au=Kang%2C%26%2332%3BHY&amp;rft.au=Kim%2C%26%2332%3BD&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=33&amp;rft.issue=22&amp;rft.pages=7066%E2%80%9373&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgki1016&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/1312362&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16352867&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D1312362&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Hou S et al. (2004). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15596722">&quot;Genome sequence of the deep-sea gamma-proteobacterium Idiomarina loihiensis reveals amino acid fermentation as a source of carbon and energy&quot;</a>. <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</i> <b>101</b> (52): 18036&ndash;41. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0407638102">10.1073/pnas.0407638102</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC539801/?tool=pmcentrez">539801</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15596722">15596722</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15596722">http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15596722</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+sequence+of+the+deep-sea+gamma-proteobacterium+Idiomarina+loihiensis+reveals+amino+acid+fermentation+as+a+source+of+carbon+and+energy&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+USA&amp;rft.aulast=Hou+S&amp;rft.au=Hou+S&amp;rft.au=Saw%2C%26%2332%3BJ.+H.&amp;rft.au=Lee%2C%26%2332%3BK.+S.&amp;rft.au=Freitas%2C%26%2332%3BT.+A.&amp;rft.au=Belisle%2C%26%2332%3BC.&amp;rft.au=Kawarabayasi%2C%26%2332%3BY.&amp;rft.au=Donachie%2C%26%2332%3BS.+P.&amp;rft.au=Pikina%2C%26%2332%3BA.&amp;rft.au=Galperin%2C%26%2332%3BM.+Y.&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=101&amp;rft.issue=52&amp;rft.pages=18036%E2%80%9341&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.0407638102&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/539801&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15596722&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D15596722&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Cazalet-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-Cazalet_146-0">^{<i><b><font size="3">a</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-Cazalet_146-1">^{<i><b><font size="3">b</font></b></i>}</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Cazalet C et al. (2004). &quot;Evidence in the Legionella pneumophila genome for exploitation of host cell functions and high genome plasticity&quot;. <i>Nat Genet</i> <b>36</b> (11): 1165&ndash;73. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fng1447">10.1038/ng1447</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15467720">15467720</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Evidence+in+the+Legionella+pneumophila+genome+for+exploitation+of+host+cell+functions+and+high+genome+plasticity&amp;rft.jtitle=Nat+Genet&amp;rft.aulast=Cazalet+C&amp;rft.au=Cazalet+C&amp;rft.au=Rusniok%2C%26%2332%3BChristophe&amp;rft.au=Br%C3%BCggemann%2C%26%2332%3BHolger&amp;rft.au=Zidane%2C%26%2332%3BNora&amp;rft.au=Magnier%2C%26%2332%3BArnaud&amp;rft.au=Ma%2C%26%2332%3BLaurence&amp;rft.au=Tichit%2C%26%2332%3BMagalie&amp;rft.au=Jarraud%2C%26%2332%3BSophie&amp;rft.au=Bouchier%2C%26%2332%3BChristiane&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=36&amp;rft.issue=11&amp;rft.pages=1165%E2%80%9373&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fng1447&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15467720&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Ward N et al. (2004). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://biology.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&amp;doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0020303">&quot;Genomic insights into methanotrophy: the complete genome sequence of Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath)&quot;</a>. <i>PLoS Biol</i> <b>2</b> (10): e303. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0020303">10.1371/journal.pbio.0020303</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC517821/?tool=pmcentrez">517821</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15383840">15383840</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://biology.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&amp;doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0020303">http://biology.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&amp;doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0020303</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genomic+insights+into+methanotrophy%3A+the+complete+genome+sequence+of+Methylococcus+capsulatus+%28Bath%29&amp;rft.jtitle=PLoS+Biol&amp;rft.aulast=Ward+N&amp;rft.au=Ward+N&amp;rft.au=Larsen%2C%26%2332%3B%C3%98ivind&amp;rft.au=Sakwa%2C%26%2332%3BJames&amp;rft.au=Bruseth%2C%26%2332%3BLive&amp;rft.au=Khouri%2C%26%2332%3BHoda&amp;rft.au=Durkin%2C%26%2332%3BA.+Scott&amp;rft.au=Dimitrov%2C%26%2332%3BGeorge&amp;rft.au=Jiang%2C%26%2332%3BLingxia&amp;rft.au=Scanlan%2C%26%2332%3BDavid&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=2&amp;rft.issue=10&amp;rft.pages=e303&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0020303&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/517821&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15383840&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiology.plosjournals.org%2Fperlserv%2F%3Frequest%3Dget-document%26doi%3D10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0020303&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">May BJ et al. (2001). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=11248100">&quot;Complete genomic sequence of Pasteurella multocida, Pm70&quot;</a>. <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</i> <b>98</b> (6): 3460&ndash;5. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.051634598">10.1073/pnas.051634598</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC30675/?tool=pmcentrez">30675</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11248100">11248100</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=11248100">http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=11248100</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genomic+sequence+of+Pasteurella+multocida%2C+Pm70&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+USA&amp;rft.aulast=May+BJ&amp;rft.au=May+BJ&amp;rft.au=Zhang%2C%26%2332%3BQ&amp;rft.au=Li%2C%26%2332%3BLL&amp;rft.au=Paustian%2C%26%2332%3BML&amp;rft.au=Whittam%2C%26%2332%3BTS&amp;rft.au=Kapur%2C%26%2332%3BV&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.volume=98&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=3460%E2%80%935&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.051634598&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/30675&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11248100&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D11248100&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Medigue-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-Medigue_149-0">^{<i><b><font size="3">a</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-Medigue_149-1">^{<i><b><font size="3">b</font></b></i>}</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">M&eacute;digue C et al. (2005). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16169927">&quot;Coping with cold: the genome of the versatile marine Antarctica bacterium Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis TAC125&quot;</a>. <i>Genome Res</i> <b>15</b> (10): 1325&ndash;35. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.4126905">10.1101/gr.4126905</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1240074/?tool=pmcentrez">1240074</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16169927">16169927</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16169927">http://www.genome.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16169927</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Coping+with+cold%3A+the+genome+of+the+versatile+marine+Antarctica+bacterium+Pseudoalteromonas+haloplanktis+TAC125&amp;rft.jtitle=Genome+Res&amp;rft.aulast=M%C3%A9digue+C&amp;rft.au=M%C3%A9digue+C&amp;rft.au=Krin%2C%26%2332%3BE&amp;rft.au=Pascal%2C%26%2332%3BG&amp;rft.au=Barbe%2C%26%2332%3BV&amp;rft.au=Bernsel%2C%26%2332%3BA&amp;rft.au=Bertin%2C%26%2332%3BPN&amp;rft.au=Cheung%2C%26%2332%3BF&amp;rft.au=Cruveiller%2C%26%2332%3BS&amp;rft.au=d%27Amico%2C%26%2332%3BS&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=15&amp;rft.issue=10&amp;rft.pages=1325%E2%80%9335&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1101%2Fgr.4126905&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/1240074&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16169927&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genome.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D16169927&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Stover CK et al. (2000). &quot;Complete genome sequence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA01, an opportunistic pathogen&quot;. <i>Nature</i> <b>406</b> (6799): 959&ndash;64. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F35023079">10.1038/35023079</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10984043">10984043</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+Pseudomonas+aeruginosa+PA01%2C+an+opportunistic+pathogen&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Stover+CK&amp;rft.au=Stover+CK&amp;rft.au=Stover%2C%26%2332%3BC.+K.&amp;rft.au=Pham%2C%26%2332%3BX.+Q.&amp;rft.au=Erwin%2C%26%2332%3BA.+L.&amp;rft.au=Mizoguchi%2C%26%2332%3BS.+D.&amp;rft.au=Warrener%2C%26%2332%3BP.&amp;rft.au=Hickey%2C%26%2332%3BM.+J.&amp;rft.au=Brinkman%2C%26%2332%3BF.S.+L.&amp;rft.au=Hufnagle%2C%26%2332%3BW.+O.&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.volume=406&amp;rft.issue=6799&amp;rft.pages=959%E2%80%9364&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F35023079&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/10984043&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Paulsen IT et al. (2005). &quot;Complete genome sequence of the plant commensal Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf-5&quot;. <i>Nat Biotechnol</i> <b>23</b> (7): 873&ndash;8. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnbt1110">10.1038/nbt1110</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15980861">15980861</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+the+plant+commensal+Pseudomonas+fluorescens+Pf-5&amp;rft.jtitle=Nat+Biotechnol&amp;rft.aulast=Paulsen+IT&amp;rft.au=Paulsen+IT&amp;rft.au=Press%2C%26%2332%3BCaroline+M&amp;rft.au=Ravel%2C%26%2332%3BJacques&amp;rft.au=Kobayashi%2C%26%2332%3BDonald+Y&amp;rft.au=Myers%2C%26%2332%3BGarry+S+A&amp;rft.au=Mavrodi%2C%26%2332%3BDmitri+V&amp;rft.au=Deboy%2C%26%2332%3BRobert+T&amp;rft.au=Seshadri%2C%26%2332%3BRekha&amp;rft.au=Ren%2C%26%2332%3BQinghu&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=23&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.pages=873%E2%80%938&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnbt1110&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15980861&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Nelson KE et al. (2002). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/openurl?genre=article&amp;sid=nlm:pubmed&amp;issn=1462-2912&amp;date=2002&amp;volume=4&amp;issue=12&amp;spage=799">&quot;Complete genome sequence and comparative analysis of the metabolically versatile Pseudomonas putida KT2440&quot;</a>. <i>Environ Microbiol</i> <b>4</b> (12): 799&ndash;808. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1462-2920.2002.00366.x">10.1046/j.1462-2920.2002.00366.x</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12534463">12534463</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/openurl?genre=article&amp;sid=nlm:pubmed&amp;issn=1462-2912&amp;date=2002&amp;volume=4&amp;issue=12&amp;spage=799">http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/openurl?genre=article&amp;sid=nlm:pubmed&amp;issn=1462-2912&amp;date=2002&amp;volume=4&amp;issue=12&amp;spage=799</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+and+comparative+analysis+of+the+metabolically+versatile+Pseudomonas+putida+KT2440&amp;rft.jtitle=Environ+Microbiol&amp;rft.aulast=Nelson+KE&amp;rft.au=Nelson+KE&amp;rft.au=Weinel%2C%26%2332%3BC.&amp;rft.au=Paulsen%2C%26%2332%3BI.+T.&amp;rft.au=Dodson%2C%26%2332%3BR.+J.&amp;rft.au=Hilbert%2C%26%2332%3BH.&amp;rft.au=Martins+Dos+Santos%2C%26%2332%3BV.+A.+P.&amp;rft.au=Fouts%2C%26%2332%3BD.+E.&amp;rft.au=Gill%2C%26%2332%3BS.+R.&amp;rft.au=Pop%2C%26%2332%3BM.&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.volume=4&amp;rft.issue=12&amp;rft.pages=799%E2%80%93808&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1046%2Fj.1462-2920.2002.00366.x&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12534463&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blackwell-synergy.com%2Fopenurl%3Fgenre%3Darticle%26sid%3Dnlm%3Apubmed%26issn%3D1462-2912%26date%3D2002%26volume%3D4%26issue%3D12%26spage%3D799&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Feil H et al. (2005). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16043691">&quot;Comparison of the complete genome sequences of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae B728a and pv. tomato DC3000&quot;</a>. <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</i> <b>102</b> (31): 11064&ndash;9. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0504930102">10.1073/pnas.0504930102</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1182459/?tool=pmcentrez">1182459</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16043691">16043691</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16043691">http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16043691</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Comparison+of+the+complete+genome+sequences+of+Pseudomonas+syringae+pv.+syringae+B728a+and+pv.+tomato+DC3000&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+USA&amp;rft.aulast=Feil+H&amp;rft.au=Feil+H&amp;rft.au=Feil%2C%26%2332%3BWS&amp;rft.au=Chain%2C%26%2332%3BP&amp;rft.au=Larimer%2C%26%2332%3BF&amp;rft.au=Dibartolo%2C%26%2332%3BG&amp;rft.au=Copeland%2C%26%2332%3BA&amp;rft.au=Lykidis%2C%26%2332%3BA&amp;rft.au=Trong%2C%26%2332%3BS&amp;rft.au=Nolan%2C%26%2332%3BM&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=102&amp;rft.issue=31&amp;rft.pages=11064%E2%80%939&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.0504930102&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/1182459&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16043691&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D16043691&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Buell CR et al. (2003). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12928499">&quot;The complete genome sequence of the Arabidopsis and tomato pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000&quot;</a>. <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</i> <b>100</b> (18): 10181&ndash;6. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1731982100">10.1073/pnas.1731982100</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC193536/?tool=pmcentrez">193536</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12928499">12928499</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12928499">http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12928499</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+complete+genome+sequence+of+the+Arabidopsis+and+tomato+pathogen+Pseudomonas+syringae+pv.+tomato+DC3000&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+USA&amp;rft.aulast=Buell+CR&amp;rft.au=Buell+CR&amp;rft.au=Joardar%2C%26%2332%3BV&amp;rft.au=Lindeberg%2C%26%2332%3BM&amp;rft.au=Selengut%2C%26%2332%3BJ&amp;rft.au=Paulsen%2C%26%2332%3BIT&amp;rft.au=Gwinn%2C%26%2332%3BML&amp;rft.au=Dodson%2C%26%2332%3BRJ&amp;rft.au=Deboy%2C%26%2332%3BRT&amp;rft.au=Durkin%2C%26%2332%3BAS&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=100&amp;rft.issue=18&amp;rft.pages=10181%E2%80%936&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.1731982100&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/193536&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12928499&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D12928499&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Psychrobacter_cryohalolentis">http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Psychrobacter_cryohalolentis</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">McClelland M et al. (2004). &quot;Comparison of genome degradation in Paratyphi A and Typhi, human-restricted serovars of Salmonella enterica that cause typhoid&quot;. <i>Nat Genet</i> <b>36</b> (12): 1268&ndash;74. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fng1470">10.1038/ng1470</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15531882">15531882</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Comparison+of+genome+degradation+in+Paratyphi+A+and+Typhi%2C+human-restricted+serovars+of+Salmonella+enterica+that+cause+typhoid&amp;rft.jtitle=Nat+Genet&amp;rft.aulast=McClelland+M&amp;rft.au=McClelland+M&amp;rft.au=Sanderson%2C%26%2332%3BKenneth+E&amp;rft.au=Clifton%2C%26%2332%3BSandra+W&amp;rft.au=Latreille%2C%26%2332%3BPhil&amp;rft.au=Porwollik%2C%26%2332%3BSteffen&amp;rft.au=Sabo%2C%26%2332%3BAniko&amp;rft.au=Meyer%2C%26%2332%3BRekha&amp;rft.au=Bieri%2C%26%2332%3BTamberlyn&amp;rft.au=Ozersky%2C%26%2332%3BPhil&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=36&amp;rft.issue=12&amp;rft.pages=1268%E2%80%9374&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fng1470&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15531882&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Chiu CH et al. (2005). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1069006">&quot;The genome sequence of Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis, a highly invasive and resistant zoonotic pathogen&quot;</a>. <i>Nucleic Acids Res</i> <b>33</b> (5): 1690&ndash;8. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgki297">10.1093/nar/gki297</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1069006/?tool=pmcentrez">1069006</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15781495">15781495</a><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1069006</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+genome+sequence+of+Salmonella+enterica+serovar+Choleraesuis%2C+a+highly+invasive+and+resistant+zoonotic+pathogen&amp;rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Res&amp;rft.aulast=Chiu+CH&amp;rft.au=Chiu+CH&amp;rft.au=Tang%2C%26%2332%3BP&amp;rft.au=Chu%2C%26%2332%3BC&amp;rft.au=Hu%2C%26%2332%3BS&amp;rft.au=Bao%2C%26%2332%3BQ&amp;rft.au=Yu%2C%26%2332%3BJ&amp;rft.au=Chou%2C%26%2332%3BYY&amp;rft.au=Wang%2C%26%2332%3BHS&amp;rft.au=Lee%2C%26%2332%3BYS&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=33&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=1690%E2%80%938&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgki297&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/1069006&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15781495&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D1069006&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Deng W et al. (2003). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://jb.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12644504">&quot;Comparative genomics of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi strains Ty2 and CT18&quot;</a>. <i>J Bacteriol</i> <b>185</b> (7): 2330&ndash;7. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FJB.185.7.2330-2337.2003">10.1128/JB.185.7.2330-2337.2003</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC151493/?tool=pmcentrez">151493</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12644504">12644504</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://jb.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12644504">http://jb.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12644504</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Comparative+genomics+of+Salmonella+enterica+serovar+Typhi+strains+Ty2+and+CT18&amp;rft.jtitle=J+Bacteriol&amp;rft.aulast=Deng+W&amp;rft.au=Deng+W&amp;rft.au=Liou%2C%26%2332%3BS.-R.&amp;rft.au=Plunkett+Iii%2C%26%2332%3BG.&amp;rft.au=Mayhew%2C%26%2332%3BG.+F.&amp;rft.au=Rose%2C%26%2332%3BD.+J.&amp;rft.au=Burland%2C%26%2332%3BV.&amp;rft.au=Kodoyianni%2C%26%2332%3BV.&amp;rft.au=Schwartz%2C%26%2332%3BD.+C.&amp;rft.au=Blattner%2C%26%2332%3BF.+R.&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=185&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.pages=2330%E2%80%937&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FJB.185.7.2330-2337.2003&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/151493&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12644504&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjb.asm.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D12644504&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Parkhill J et al. (2001). &quot;Complete genome sequence of a multiple drug resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi CT18&quot;. <i>Nature</i> <b>413</b> (6858): 848&ndash;52. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F35101607">10.1038/35101607</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11677608">11677608</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+a+multiple+drug+resistant+Salmonella+enterica+serovar+Typhi+CT18&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Parkhill+J&amp;rft.au=Parkhill+J&amp;rft.au=Dougan%2C%26%2332%3BG.&amp;rft.au=James%2C%26%2332%3BK.+D.&amp;rft.au=Thomson%2C%26%2332%3BN.+R.&amp;rft.au=Pickard%2C%26%2332%3BD.&amp;rft.au=Wain%2C%26%2332%3BJ.&amp;rft.au=Churcher%2C%26%2332%3BC.&amp;rft.au=Mungall%2C%26%2332%3BK.+L.&amp;rft.au=Bentley%2C%26%2332%3BS.+D.&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.volume=413&amp;rft.issue=6858&amp;rft.pages=848%E2%80%9352&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F35101607&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11677608&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">McClelland M et al. (2001). &quot;Complete genome sequence of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium LT2&quot;. <i>Nature</i> <b>413</b> (6858): 852&ndash;6. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F35101614">10.1038/35101614</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11677609">11677609</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+Salmonella+enterica+serovar+Typhimurium+LT2&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=McClelland+M&amp;rft.au=McClelland+M&amp;rft.au=Sanderson%2C%26%2332%3BKenneth+E.&amp;rft.au=Spieth%2C%26%2332%3BJohn&amp;rft.au=Clifton%2C%26%2332%3BSandra+W.&amp;rft.au=Latreille%2C%26%2332%3BPhil&amp;rft.au=Courtney%2C%26%2332%3BLaura&amp;rft.au=Porwollik%2C%26%2332%3BSteffen&amp;rft.au=Ali%2C%26%2332%3BJohar&amp;rft.au=Dante%2C%26%2332%3BMike&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.volume=413&amp;rft.issue=6858&amp;rft.pages=852%E2%80%936&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F35101614&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11677609&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Heidelberg JF et al. (2002). &quot;Genome sequence of the dissimilatory metal ion-reducing bacterium Shewanella oneidensis&quot;. <i>Nat Biotechnol</i> <b>20</b> (11): 1118&ndash;23. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnbt749">10.1038/nbt749</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12368813">12368813</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+sequence+of+the+dissimilatory+metal+ion-reducing+bacterium+Shewanella+oneidensis&amp;rft.jtitle=Nat+Biotechnol&amp;rft.aulast=Heidelberg+JF&amp;rft.au=Heidelberg+JF&amp;rft.au=Paulsen%2C%26%2332%3BIan+T.&amp;rft.au=Nelson%2C%26%2332%3BKaren+E.&amp;rft.au=Gaidos%2C%26%2332%3BEric+J.&amp;rft.au=Nelson%2C%26%2332%3BWilliam+C.&amp;rft.au=Read%2C%26%2332%3BTimothy+D.&amp;rft.au=Eisen%2C%26%2332%3BJonathan+A.&amp;rft.au=Seshadri%2C%26%2332%3BRekha&amp;rft.au=Ward%2C%26%2332%3BNaomi&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.volume=20&amp;rft.issue=11&amp;rft.pages=1118%E2%80%9323&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnbt749&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12368813&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Yang-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-Yang_162-0">^{<i><b><font size="3">a</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-Yang_162-1">^{<i><b><font size="3">b</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-Yang_162-2">^{<i><b><font size="3">c</font></b></i>}</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Yang F et al. (2005). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1278947">&quot;Genome dynamics and diversity of Shigella species, the etiologic agents of bacillary dysentery&quot;</a>. <i>Nucleic Acids Res</i> <b>33</b> (19): 6445&ndash;58. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgki954">10.1093/nar/gki954</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1278947/?tool=pmcentrez">1278947</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16275786">16275786</a><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1278947</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+dynamics+and+diversity+of+Shigella+species%2C+the+etiologic+agents+of+bacillary+dysentery&amp;rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Res&amp;rft.aulast=Yang+F&amp;rft.au=Yang+F&amp;rft.au=Yang%2C%26%2332%3BJ&amp;rft.au=Zhang%2C%26%2332%3BX&amp;rft.au=Chen%2C%26%2332%3BL&amp;rft.au=Jiang%2C%26%2332%3BY&amp;rft.au=Yan%2C%26%2332%3BY&amp;rft.au=Tang%2C%26%2332%3BX&amp;rft.au=Wang%2C%26%2332%3BJ&amp;rft.au=Xiong%2C%26%2332%3BZ&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=33&amp;rft.issue=19&amp;rft.pages=6445%E2%80%9358&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgki954&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/1278947&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16275786&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D1278947&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Wei J et al. (2003). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://iai.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12704152">&quot;Complete genome sequence and comparative genomics of Shigella flexneri serotype 2a strain 2457T&quot;</a>. <i>Infect Immun</i> <b>71</b> (5): 2775&ndash;86. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FIAI.71.5.2775-2786.2003">10.1128/IAI.71.5.2775-2786.2003</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC153260/?tool=pmcentrez">153260</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12704152">12704152</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://iai.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12704152">http://iai.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12704152</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+and+comparative+genomics+of+Shigella+flexneri+serotype+2a+strain+2457T&amp;rft.jtitle=Infect+Immun&amp;rft.aulast=Wei+J&amp;rft.au=Wei+J&amp;rft.au=Goldberg%2C%26%2332%3BM.+B.&amp;rft.au=Burland%2C%26%2332%3BV.&amp;rft.au=Venkatesan%2C%26%2332%3BM.+M.&amp;rft.au=Deng%2C%26%2332%3BW.&amp;rft.au=Fournier%2C%26%2332%3BG.&amp;rft.au=Mayhew%2C%26%2332%3BG.+F.&amp;rft.au=Plunkett%2C%26%2332%3BG.&amp;rft.au=Rose%2C%26%2332%3BD.+J.&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=71&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=2775%E2%80%9386&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FIAI.71.5.2775-2786.2003&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/153260&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12704152&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiai.asm.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D12704152&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Jin Q et al. (2002). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12384590">&quot;Genome sequence of Shigella flexneri 2a: insights into pathogenicity through comparison with genomes of Escherichia coli K12 and O157&quot;</a>. <i>Nucleic Acids Res</i> <b>30</b> (20): 4432&ndash;41. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkf566">10.1093/nar/gkf566</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC137130/?tool=pmcentrez">137130</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12384590">12384590</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12384590">http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12384590</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+sequence+of+Shigella+flexneri+2a%3A+insights+into+pathogenicity+through+comparison+with+genomes+of+Escherichia+coli+K12+and+O157&amp;rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Res&amp;rft.aulast=Jin+Q&amp;rft.au=Jin+Q&amp;rft.au=Yuan%2C%26%2332%3BZ&amp;rft.au=Xu%2C%26%2332%3BJ&amp;rft.au=Wang%2C%26%2332%3BY&amp;rft.au=Shen%2C%26%2332%3BY&amp;rft.au=Lu%2C%26%2332%3BW&amp;rft.au=Wang%2C%26%2332%3BJ&amp;rft.au=Liu%2C%26%2332%3BH&amp;rft.au=Yang%2C%26%2332%3BJ&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.volume=30&amp;rft.issue=20&amp;rft.pages=4432%E2%80%9341&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkf566&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/137130&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12384590&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnar.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D12384590&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Toh H et al. (2006). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16365377">&quot;Massive genome erosion and functional adaptations provide insights into the symbiotic lifestyle of Sodalis glossinidius in the tsetse host&quot;</a>. <i>Genome Res</i> <b>16</b> (2): 149&ndash;56. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.4106106">10.1101/gr.4106106</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1361709/?tool=pmcentrez">1361709</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16365377">16365377</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16365377">http://www.genome.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16365377</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Massive+genome+erosion+and+functional+adaptations+provide+insights+into+the+symbiotic+lifestyle+of+Sodalis+glossinidius+in+the+tsetse+host&amp;rft.jtitle=Genome+Res&amp;rft.aulast=Toh+H&amp;rft.au=Toh+H&amp;rft.au=Weiss%2C%26%2332%3BBL&amp;rft.au=Perkin%2C%26%2332%3BSA&amp;rft.au=Yamashita%2C%26%2332%3BA&amp;rft.au=Oshima%2C%26%2332%3BK&amp;rft.au=Hattori%2C%26%2332%3BM&amp;rft.au=Aksoy%2C%26%2332%3BS&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=16&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=149%E2%80%9356&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1101%2Fgr.4106106&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/1361709&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16365377&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genome.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D16365377&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Heidelberg-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-Heidelberg_166-0">^{<i><b><font size="3">a</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-Heidelberg_166-1">^{<i><b><font size="3">b</font></b></i>}</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Heidelberg JF et al. (2000). &quot;DNA sequence of both chromosomes of the cholera pathogen Vibrio cholerae&quot;. <i>Nature</i> <b>406</b> (6795): 477&ndash;83. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F35020000">10.1038/35020000</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10952301">10952301</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=DNA+sequence+of+both+chromosomes+of+the+cholera+pathogen+Vibrio+cholerae&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Heidelberg+JF&amp;rft.au=Heidelberg+JF&amp;rft.au=Heidelberg%2C%26%2332%3BJohn+F.&amp;rft.au=Eisen%2C%26%2332%3BJonathan+A.&amp;rft.au=Nelson%2C%26%2332%3BWilliam+C.&amp;rft.au=Clayton%2C%26%2332%3BRebecca+A.&amp;rft.au=Gwinn%2C%26%2332%3BMichelle+L.&amp;rft.au=Dodson%2C%26%2332%3BRobert+J.&amp;rft.au=Haft%2C%26%2332%3BDaniel+H.&amp;rft.au=Hickey%2C%26%2332%3BErin+K.&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.volume=406&amp;rft.issue=6795&amp;rft.pages=477%E2%80%9383&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F35020000&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/10952301&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Ruby-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-Ruby_167-0">^{<i><b><font size="3">a</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-Ruby_167-1">^{<i><b><font size="3">b</font></b></i>}</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Ruby EG et al. (2005). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15703294">&quot;Complete genome sequence of Vibrio fischeri: a symbiotic bacterium with pathogenic congeners&quot;</a>. <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</i> <b>102</b> (8): 3004&ndash;9. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0409900102">10.1073/pnas.0409900102</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC549501/?tool=pmcentrez">549501</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15703294">15703294</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15703294">http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15703294</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+Vibrio+fischeri%3A+a+symbiotic+bacterium+with+pathogenic+congeners&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+USA&amp;rft.aulast=Ruby+EG&amp;rft.au=Ruby+EG&amp;rft.au=Urbanowski%2C%26%2332%3BM&amp;rft.au=Campbell%2C%26%2332%3BJ&amp;rft.au=Dunn%2C%26%2332%3BA&amp;rft.au=Faini%2C%26%2332%3BM&amp;rft.au=Gunsalus%2C%26%2332%3BR&amp;rft.au=Lostroh%2C%26%2332%3BP&amp;rft.au=Lupp%2C%26%2332%3BC&amp;rft.au=McCann%2C%26%2332%3BJ&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=102&amp;rft.issue=8&amp;rft.pages=3004%E2%80%939&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.0409900102&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/549501&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15703294&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D15703294&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-jcm.asm.org-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-jcm.asm.org_168-0">^{<i><b><font size="3">a</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-jcm.asm.org_168-1">^{<i><b><font size="3">b</font></b></i>}</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Nasu H et al. (1 June 2000). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://jcm.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=10834969">&quot;A filamentous phage associated with recent pandemic Vibrio parahaemolyticus O3:K6 strains&quot;</a>. <i>J Clin Microbiol</i> <b>38</b> (6): 2156&ndash;61. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC86752/?tool=pmcentrez">86752</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10834969">10834969</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://jcm.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=10834969">http://jcm.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=10834969</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=A+filamentous+phage+associated+with+recent+pandemic+Vibrio+parahaemolyticus+O3%3AK6+strains&amp;rft.jtitle=J+Clin+Microbiol&amp;rft.aulast=Nasu+H&amp;rft.au=Nasu+H&amp;rft.au=Iida%2C%26%2332%3BT&amp;rft.au=Sugahara%2C%26%2332%3BT&amp;rft.au=Yamaichi%2C%26%2332%3BY&amp;rft.au=Park%2C%26%2332%3BKS&amp;rft.au=Yokoyama%2C%26%2332%3BK&amp;rft.au=Makino%2C%26%2332%3BK&amp;rft.au=Shinagawa%2C%26%2332%3BH&amp;rft.au=Honda%2C%26%2332%3BT&amp;rft.date=1+June+2000&amp;rft.volume=38&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=2156%E2%80%9361&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/86752&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/10834969&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjcm.asm.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D10834969&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Kim-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-Kim_169-0">^{<i><b><font size="3">a</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-Kim_169-1">^{<i><b><font size="3">b</font></b></i>}</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Kim YR et al. (2003). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://iai.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=14500463">&quot;Characterization and pathogenic significance of Vibrio vulnificus antigens preferentially expressed in septicemic patients&quot;</a>. <i>Infect Immun</i> <b>71</b> (10): 5461&ndash;71. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FIAI.71.10.5461-5471.2003">10.1128/IAI.71.10.5461-5471.2003</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC201039/?tool=pmcentrez">201039</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14500463">14500463</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://iai.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=14500463">http://iai.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=14500463</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Characterization+and+pathogenic+significance+of+Vibrio+vulnificus+antigens+preferentially+expressed+in+septicemic+patients&amp;rft.jtitle=Infect+Immun&amp;rft.aulast=Kim+YR&amp;rft.au=Kim+YR&amp;rft.au=Lee%2C%26%2332%3BS.+E.&amp;rft.au=Kim%2C%26%2332%3BC.+M.&amp;rft.au=Kim%2C%26%2332%3BS.+Y.&amp;rft.au=Shin%2C%26%2332%3BE.+K.&amp;rft.au=Shin%2C%26%2332%3BD.+H.&amp;rft.au=Chung%2C%26%2332%3BS.+S.&amp;rft.au=Choy%2C%26%2332%3BH.+E.&amp;rft.au=Progulske-Fox%2C%26%2332%3BA.&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=71&amp;rft.issue=10&amp;rft.pages=5461%E2%80%9371&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FIAI.71.10.5461-5471.2003&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/201039&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/14500463&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiai.asm.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D14500463&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Chen-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-Chen_170-0">^{<i><b><font size="3">a</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-Chen_170-1">^{<i><b><font size="3">b</font></b></i>}</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Chen CY et al. (2003). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=14656965">&quot;Comparative genome analysis of Vibrio vulnificus, a marine pathogen&quot;</a>. <i>Genome Res</i> <b>13</b> (12): 2577&ndash;87. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.1295503">10.1101/gr.1295503</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC403799/?tool=pmcentrez">403799</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14656965">14656965</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=14656965">http://www.genome.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=14656965</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Comparative+genome+analysis+of+Vibrio+vulnificus%2C+a+marine+pathogen&amp;rft.jtitle=Genome+Res&amp;rft.aulast=Chen+CY&amp;rft.au=Chen+CY&amp;rft.au=Wu%2C%26%2332%3BKM&amp;rft.au=Chang%2C%26%2332%3BYC&amp;rft.au=Chang%2C%26%2332%3BCH&amp;rft.au=Tsai%2C%26%2332%3BHC&amp;rft.au=Liao%2C%26%2332%3BTL&amp;rft.au=Liu%2C%26%2332%3BYM&amp;rft.au=Chen%2C%26%2332%3BHJ&amp;rft.au=Shen%2C%26%2332%3BAB&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=13&amp;rft.issue=12&amp;rft.pages=2577%E2%80%9387&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1101%2Fgr.1295503&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/403799&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/14656965&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genome.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D14656965&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Akman L et al. (2002). &quot;Genome sequence of the endocellular obligate symbiont of tsetse flies, Wigglesworthia glossinidia&quot;. <i>Nat Genet</i> <b>32</b> (3): 402&ndash;7. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fng986">10.1038/ng986</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12219091">12219091</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+sequence+of+the+endocellular+obligate+symbiont+of+tsetse+flies%2C+Wigglesworthia+glossinidia&amp;rft.jtitle=Nat+Genet&amp;rft.aulast=Akman+L&amp;rft.au=Akman+L&amp;rft.au=Yamashita%2C%26%2332%3BAtsushi&amp;rft.au=Watanabe%2C%26%2332%3BHidemi&amp;rft.au=Oshima%2C%26%2332%3BKenshiro&amp;rft.au=Shiba%2C%26%2332%3BTadayoshi&amp;rft.au=Hattori%2C%26%2332%3BMasahira&amp;rft.au=Aksoy%2C%26%2332%3BSerap&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.volume=32&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=402%E2%80%937&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fng986&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12219091&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-daSilva-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-daSilva_172-0">^{<i><b><font size="3">a</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-daSilva_172-1">^{<i><b><font size="3">b</font></b></i>}</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">da Silva AC et al. (2002). &quot;Comparison of the genomes of two Xanthomonas pathogens with differing host specificities&quot;. <i>Nature</i> <b>417</b> (6887): 459&ndash;63. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F417459a">10.1038/417459a</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12024217">12024217</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Comparison+of+the+genomes+of+two+Xanthomonas+pathogens+with+differing+host+specificities&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=da+Silva+AC&amp;rft.au=da+Silva+AC&amp;rft.au=Ferro%2C%26%2332%3BJ.+A.&amp;rft.au=Reinach%2C%26%2332%3BF.+C.&amp;rft.au=Farah%2C%26%2332%3BC.+S.&amp;rft.au=Furlan%2C%26%2332%3BL.+R.&amp;rft.au=Quaggio%2C%26%2332%3BR.+B.&amp;rft.au=Monteiro-Vitorello%2C%26%2332%3BC.+B.&amp;rft.au=Sluys%2C%26%2332%3BM.+A.+Van&amp;rft.au=Almeida%2C%26%2332%3BN.+F.&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.volume=417&amp;rft.issue=6887&amp;rft.pages=459%E2%80%9363&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F417459a&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12024217&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Qian W et al. (2005). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15899963">&quot;Comparative and functional genomic analyses of the pathogenicity of phytopathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris&quot;</a>. <i>Genome Res</i> <b>15</b> (6): 757&ndash;67. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.3378705">10.1101/gr.3378705</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1142466/?tool=pmcentrez">1142466</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15899963">15899963</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15899963">http://www.genome.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15899963</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Comparative+and+functional+genomic+analyses+of+the+pathogenicity+of+phytopathogen+Xanthomonas+campestris+pv.+campestris&amp;rft.jtitle=Genome+Res&amp;rft.aulast=Qian+W&amp;rft.au=Qian+W&amp;rft.au=Jia%2C%26%2332%3BY&amp;rft.au=Ren%2C%26%2332%3BSX&amp;rft.au=He%2C%26%2332%3BYQ&amp;rft.au=Feng%2C%26%2332%3BJX&amp;rft.au=Lu%2C%26%2332%3BLF&amp;rft.au=Sun%2C%26%2332%3BQ&amp;rft.au=Ying%2C%26%2332%3BG&amp;rft.au=Tang%2C%26%2332%3BDJ&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=15&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=757%E2%80%9367&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1101%2Fgr.3378705&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/1142466&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15899963&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genome.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D15899963&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Thieme F et al. (2005). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://jb.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16237009">&quot;Insights into genome plasticity and pathogenicity of the plant pathogenic bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria revealed by the complete genome sequence&quot;</a>. <i>J Bacteriol</i> <b>187</b> (21): 7254&ndash;66. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FJB.187.21.7254-7266.2005">10.1128/JB.187.21.7254-7266.2005</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1272972/?tool=pmcentrez">1272972</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16237009">16237009</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://jb.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16237009">http://jb.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16237009</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Insights+into+genome+plasticity+and+pathogenicity+of+the+plant+pathogenic+bacterium+Xanthomonas+campestris+pv.+vesicatoria+revealed+by+the+complete+genome+sequence&amp;rft.jtitle=J+Bacteriol&amp;rft.aulast=Thieme+F&amp;rft.au=Thieme+F&amp;rft.au=Koebnik%2C%26%2332%3BR.&amp;rft.au=Bekel%2C%26%2332%3BT.&amp;rft.au=Berger%2C%26%2332%3BC.&amp;rft.au=Boch%2C%26%2332%3BJ.&amp;rft.au=Buttner%2C%26%2332%3BD.&amp;rft.au=Caldana%2C%26%2332%3BC.&amp;rft.au=Gaigalat%2C%26%2332%3BL.&amp;rft.au=Goesmann%2C%26%2332%3BA.&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=187&amp;rft.issue=21&amp;rft.pages=7254%E2%80%9366&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FJB.187.21.7254-7266.2005&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/1272972&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16237009&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjb.asm.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D16237009&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Lee BM et al. (2005). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=548351">&quot;The genome sequence of Xanthomonas oryzae pathovar oryzae KACC10331, the bacterial blight pathogen of rice&quot;</a>. <i>Nucleic Acids Res</i> <b>33</b> (2): 577&ndash;86. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgki206">10.1093/nar/gki206</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC548351/?tool=pmcentrez">548351</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15673718">15673718</a><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=548351</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+genome+sequence+of+Xanthomonas+oryzae+pathovar+oryzae+KACC10331%2C+the+bacterial+blight+pathogen+of+rice&amp;rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Res&amp;rft.aulast=Lee+BM&amp;rft.au=Lee+BM&amp;rft.au=Park%2C%26%2332%3BYJ&amp;rft.au=Park%2C%26%2332%3BDS&amp;rft.au=Kang%2C%26%2332%3BHW&amp;rft.au=Kim%2C%26%2332%3BJG&amp;rft.au=Song%2C%26%2332%3BES&amp;rft.au=Park%2C%26%2332%3BIC&amp;rft.au=Yoon%2C%26%2332%3BUH&amp;rft.au=Hahn%2C%26%2332%3BJH&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=33&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=577%E2%80%9386&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgki206&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/548351&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15673718&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D548351&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Simpson, A.J.C. et al. (2000). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v406/n6792/abs/406151a0.html">&quot;The genome sequence of the plant pathogen Xylella fastidiosa&quot;</a>. <i>Nature.</i> <b>406</b> (6792): 151&ndash;7. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F35018003">10.1038/35018003</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10910347">10910347</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v406/n6792/abs/406151a0.html">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v406/n6792/abs/406151a0.html</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+genome+sequence+of+the+plant+pathogen+Xylella+fastidiosa&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature.&amp;rft.aulast=Simpson%2C+A.J.C.&amp;rft.au=Simpson%2C+A.J.C.&amp;rft.au=Simpson%2C%26%2332%3BA.+J.+G.&amp;rft.au=Reinach%2C%26%2332%3BF.C.&amp;rft.au=Arruda%2C%26%2332%3BP.&amp;rft.au=Abreu%2C%26%2332%3BF.+A.&amp;rft.au=Acencio%2C%26%2332%3BM.&amp;rft.au=Alvarenga%2C%26%2332%3BR.&amp;rft.au=Alves%2C%26%2332%3BL.+M.+C.&amp;rft.au=Araya%2C%26%2332%3BJ.+E.&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.volume=406&amp;rft.issue=6792&amp;rft.pages=151%E2%80%937&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F35018003&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/10910347&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv406%2Fn6792%2Fabs%2F406151a0.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Van Sluys MA et al. (2003). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://jb.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12533478">&quot;Comparative analyses of the complete genome sequences of Pierce's disease and citrus variegated chlorosis strains of Xylella fastidiosa&quot;</a>. <i>J Bacteriol</i> <b>185</b> (3): 1018&ndash;26. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FJB.185.3.1018-1026.2003">10.1128/JB.185.3.1018-1026.2003</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC142809/?tool=pmcentrez">142809</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12533478">12533478</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://jb.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12533478">http://jb.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12533478</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Comparative+analyses+of+the+complete+genome+sequences+of+Pierce%27s+disease+and+citrus+variegated+chlorosis+strains+of+Xylella+fastidiosa&amp;rft.jtitle=J+Bacteriol&amp;rft.aulast=Van+Sluys+MA&amp;rft.au=Van+Sluys+MA&amp;rft.au=De+Oliveira%2C%26%2332%3BM.+C.&amp;rft.au=Monteiro-Vitorello%2C%26%2332%3BC.+B.&amp;rft.au=Miyaki%2C%26%2332%3BC.+Y.&amp;rft.au=Furlan%2C%26%2332%3BL.+R.&amp;rft.au=Camargo%2C%26%2332%3BL.+E.+A.&amp;rft.au=Da+Silva%2C%26%2332%3BA.+C.+R.&amp;rft.au=Moon%2C%26%2332%3BD.+H.&amp;rft.au=Takita%2C%26%2332%3BM.+A.&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=185&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=1018%E2%80%9326&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FJB.185.3.1018-1026.2003&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/142809&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12533478&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjb.asm.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D12533478&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Chain PS et al. (2006). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://jb.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16740952">&quot;Complete genome sequence of Yersinia pestis strains Antiqua and Nepal516: evidence of gene reduction in an emerging pathogen&quot;</a>. <i>J Bacteriol</i> <b>188</b> (12): 4453&ndash;63. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FJB.00124-06">10.1128/JB.00124-06</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1482938/?tool=pmcentrez">1482938</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16740952">16740952</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://jb.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16740952">http://jb.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16740952</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+Yersinia+pestis+strains+Antiqua+and+Nepal516%3A+evidence+of+gene+reduction+in+an+emerging+pathogen&amp;rft.jtitle=J+Bacteriol&amp;rft.aulast=Chain+PS&amp;rft.au=Chain+PS&amp;rft.au=Hu%2C%26%2332%3BP.&amp;rft.au=Malfatti%2C%26%2332%3BS.+A.&amp;rft.au=Radnedge%2C%26%2332%3BL.&amp;rft.au=Larimer%2C%26%2332%3BF.&amp;rft.au=Vergez%2C%26%2332%3BL.+M.&amp;rft.au=Worsham%2C%26%2332%3BP.&amp;rft.au=Chu%2C%26%2332%3BM.+C.&amp;rft.au=Andersen%2C%26%2332%3BG.+L.&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=188&amp;rft.issue=12&amp;rft.pages=4453%E2%80%9363&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FJB.00124-06&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/1482938&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16740952&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjb.asm.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D16740952&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Parkhill J et al. (2001). &quot;Genome sequence of Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague&quot;. <i>Nature</i> <b>413</b> (6855): 523&ndash;7. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F35097083">10.1038/35097083</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11586360">11586360</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+sequence+of+Yersinia+pestis%2C+the+causative+agent+of+plague&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Parkhill+J&amp;rft.au=Parkhill+J&amp;rft.au=Wren%2C%26%2332%3BB.+W.&amp;rft.au=Thomson%2C%26%2332%3BN.+R.&amp;rft.au=Titball%2C%26%2332%3BR.+W.&amp;rft.au=Holden%2C%26%2332%3BM.+T.+G.&amp;rft.au=Prentice%2C%26%2332%3BM.+B.&amp;rft.au=Sebaihia%2C%26%2332%3BM.&amp;rft.au=James%2C%26%2332%3BK.+D.&amp;rft.au=Churcher%2C%26%2332%3BC.&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.volume=413&amp;rft.issue=6855&amp;rft.pages=523%E2%80%937&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F35097083&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11586360&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Deng W et al. (2002). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://jb.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12142430">&quot;Genome sequence of Yersinia pestis KIM&quot;</a>. <i>J Bacteriol</i> <b>184</b> (16): 4601&ndash;11. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FJB.184.16.4601-4611.2002">10.1128/JB.184.16.4601-4611.2002</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC135232/?tool=pmcentrez">135232</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12142430">12142430</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://jb.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12142430">http://jb.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12142430</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+sequence+of+Yersinia+pestis+KIM&amp;rft.jtitle=J+Bacteriol&amp;rft.aulast=Deng+W&amp;rft.au=Deng+W&amp;rft.au=Burland%2C%26%2332%3BV.&amp;rft.au=Plunkett+Iii%2C%26%2332%3BG.&amp;rft.au=Boutin%2C%26%2332%3BA.&amp;rft.au=Mayhew%2C%26%2332%3BG.+F.&amp;rft.au=Liss%2C%26%2332%3BP.&amp;rft.au=Perna%2C%26%2332%3BN.+T.&amp;rft.au=Rose%2C%26%2332%3BD.+J.&amp;rft.au=Mau%2C%26%2332%3BB.&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.volume=184&amp;rft.issue=16&amp;rft.pages=4601%E2%80%9311&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FJB.184.16.4601-4611.2002&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/135232&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12142430&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjb.asm.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D12142430&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Song Y et al. (2004). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dnaresearch.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15368893">&quot;Complete genome sequence of Yersinia pestis strain 91001, an isolate avirulent to humans&quot;</a>. <i>DNA Res</i> <b>11</b> (3): 179&ndash;97. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fdnares%2F11.3.179">10.1093/dnares/11.3.179</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15368893">15368893</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://dnaresearch.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15368893">http://dnaresearch.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15368893</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+Yersinia+pestis+strain+91001%2C+an+isolate+avirulent+to+humans&amp;rft.jtitle=DNA+Res&amp;rft.aulast=Song+Y&amp;rft.au=Song+Y&amp;rft.au=Tong%2C%26%2332%3BZ&amp;rft.au=Wang%2C%26%2332%3BJ&amp;rft.au=Wang%2C%26%2332%3BL&amp;rft.au=Guo%2C%26%2332%3BZ&amp;rft.au=Han%2C%26%2332%3BY&amp;rft.au=Zhang%2C%26%2332%3BJ&amp;rft.au=Pei%2C%26%2332%3BD&amp;rft.au=Zhou%2C%26%2332%3BD&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=11&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=179%E2%80%9397&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Fdnares%2F11.3.179&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15368893&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdnaresearch.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D15368893&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Chain PS et al. (2004). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15358858">&quot;Insights into the evolution of Yersinia pestis through whole-genome comparison with Yersinia pseudotuberculosis&quot;</a>. <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</i> <b>101</b> (38): 13826&ndash;31. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0404012101">10.1073/pnas.0404012101</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC518763/?tool=pmcentrez">518763</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15358858">15358858</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15358858">http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15358858</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Insights+into+the+evolution+of+Yersinia+pestis+through+whole-genome+comparison+with+Yersinia+pseudotuberculosis&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+USA&amp;rft.aulast=Chain+PS&amp;rft.au=Chain+PS&amp;rft.au=Carniel%2C%26%2332%3BE&amp;rft.au=Larimer%2C%26%2332%3BFW&amp;rft.au=Lamerdin%2C%26%2332%3BJ&amp;rft.au=Stoutland%2C%26%2332%3BPO&amp;rft.au=Regala%2C%26%2332%3BWM&amp;rft.au=Georgescu%2C%26%2332%3BAM&amp;rft.au=Vergez%2C%26%2332%3BLM&amp;rft.au=Land%2C%26%2332%3BML&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=101&amp;rft.issue=38&amp;rft.pages=13826%E2%80%9331&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.0404012101&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/518763&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15358858&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D15358858&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Rendulic S et al. (2004). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=14752164">&quot;A predator unmasked: life cycle of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus from a genomic perspective&quot;</a>. <i>Science</i> <b>303</b> (5658): 689&ndash;92. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1093027">10.1126/science.1093027</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14752164">14752164</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=14752164">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=14752164</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=A+predator+unmasked%3A+life+cycle+of+Bdellovibrio+bacteriovorus+from+a+genomic+perspective&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Rendulic+S&amp;rft.au=Rendulic+S&amp;rft.au=Jagtap%2C%26%2332%3BP&amp;rft.au=Rosinus%2C%26%2332%3BA&amp;rft.au=Eppinger%2C%26%2332%3BM&amp;rft.au=Baar%2C%26%2332%3BC&amp;rft.au=Lanz%2C%26%2332%3BC&amp;rft.au=Keller%2C%26%2332%3BH&amp;rft.au=Lambert%2C%26%2332%3BC&amp;rft.au=Evans%2C%26%2332%3BKJ&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=303&amp;rft.issue=5658&amp;rft.pages=689%E2%80%9392&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.1093027&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/14752164&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D14752164&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Parkhill J et al. (2000). &quot;The genome sequence of the food-borne pathogen Campylobacter jejuni reveals hypervariable sequences&quot;. <i>Nature</i> <b>403</b> (6770): 665&ndash;8. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F35001088">10.1038/35001088</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10688204">10688204</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+genome+sequence+of+the+food-borne+pathogen+Campylobacter+jejuni+reveals+hypervariable+sequences&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Parkhill+J&amp;rft.au=Parkhill+J&amp;rft.au=Wren%2C%26%2332%3BB.+W.&amp;rft.au=Mungall%2C%26%2332%3BK.&amp;rft.au=Ketley%2C%26%2332%3BJ.+M.&amp;rft.au=Churcher%2C%26%2332%3BC.&amp;rft.au=Basham%2C%26%2332%3BD.&amp;rft.au=Chillingworth%2C%26%2332%3BT.&amp;rft.au=Davies%2C%26%2332%3BR.+M.&amp;rft.au=Feltwell%2C%26%2332%3BT.&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.volume=403&amp;rft.issue=6770&amp;rft.pages=665%E2%80%938&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F35001088&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/10688204&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Fouts DE et al. (2005). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://biology.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&amp;doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0030015">&quot;Major structural differences and novel potential virulence mechanisms from the genomes of multiple campylobacter species&quot;</a>. <i>PLoS Biol</i> <b>3</b> (1): e15. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0030015">10.1371/journal.pbio.0030015</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC539331/?tool=pmcentrez">539331</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15660156">15660156</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://biology.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&amp;doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0030015">http://biology.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&amp;doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0030015</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Major+structural+differences+and+novel+potential+virulence+mechanisms+from+the+genomes+of+multiple+campylobacter+species&amp;rft.jtitle=PLoS+Biol&amp;rft.aulast=Fouts+DE&amp;rft.au=Fouts+DE&amp;rft.au=Mongodin%2C%26%2332%3BEmmanuel+F.&amp;rft.au=Mandrell%2C%26%2332%3BRobert+E.&amp;rft.au=Miller%2C%26%2332%3BWilliam+G.&amp;rft.au=Rasko%2C%26%2332%3BDavid+A.&amp;rft.au=Ravel%2C%26%2332%3BJacques&amp;rft.au=Brinkac%2C%26%2332%3BLauren+M.&amp;rft.au=Deboy%2C%26%2332%3BRobert+T.&amp;rft.au=Parker%2C%26%2332%3BCraig+T.&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=3&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=e15&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0030015&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/539331&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15660156&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiology.plosjournals.org%2Fperlserv%2F%3Frequest%3Dget-document%26doi%3D10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0030015&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Heidelberg JF et al. (2004). &quot;The genome sequence of the anaerobic, sulfate-reducing bacterium Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough&quot;. <i>Nat Biotechnol</i> <b>22</b> (5): 554&ndash;9. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnbt959">10.1038/nbt959</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15077118">15077118</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+genome+sequence+of+the+anaerobic%2C+sulfate-reducing+bacterium+Desulfovibrio+vulgaris+Hildenborough&amp;rft.jtitle=Nat+Biotechnol&amp;rft.aulast=Heidelberg+JF&amp;rft.au=Heidelberg+JF&amp;rft.au=Seshadri%2C%26%2332%3BRekha&amp;rft.au=Haveman%2C%26%2332%3BShelley+A&amp;rft.au=Hemme%2C%26%2332%3BChristopher+L&amp;rft.au=Paulsen%2C%26%2332%3BIan+T&amp;rft.au=Kolonay%2C%26%2332%3BJames+F&amp;rft.au=Eisen%2C%26%2332%3BJonathan+A&amp;rft.au=Ward%2C%26%2332%3BNaomi&amp;rft.au=Methe%2C%26%2332%3BBarbara&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=22&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=554%E2%80%939&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnbt959&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15077118&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Meth&eacute; BA et al. (2003). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=14671304">&quot;Genome of Geobacter sulfurreducens: metal reduction in subsurface environments&quot;</a>. <i>Science</i> <b>302</b> (5652): 1967&ndash;9. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1088727">10.1126/science.1088727</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14671304">14671304</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=14671304">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=14671304</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+of+Geobacter+sulfurreducens%3A+metal+reduction+in+subsurface+environments&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Meth%C3%A9+BA&amp;rft.au=Meth%C3%A9+BA&amp;rft.au=Nelson%2C%26%2332%3BKE&amp;rft.au=Eisen%2C%26%2332%3BJA&amp;rft.au=Paulsen%2C%26%2332%3BIT&amp;rft.au=Nelson%2C%26%2332%3BW&amp;rft.au=Heidelberg%2C%26%2332%3BJF&amp;rft.au=Wu%2C%26%2332%3BD&amp;rft.au=Wu%2C%26%2332%3BM&amp;rft.au=Ward%2C%26%2332%3BN&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=302&amp;rft.issue=5652&amp;rft.pages=1967%E2%80%939&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.1088727&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/14671304&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D14671304&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Suerbaum S et al. (2003). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12810954">&quot;The complete genome sequence of the carcinogenic bacterium Helicobacter hepaticus&quot;</a>. <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</i> <b>100</b> (13): 7901&ndash;6. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1332093100">10.1073/pnas.1332093100</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC164685/?tool=pmcentrez">164685</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12810954">12810954</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12810954">http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12810954</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+complete+genome+sequence+of+the+carcinogenic+bacterium+Helicobacter+hepaticus&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+USA&amp;rft.aulast=Suerbaum+S&amp;rft.au=Suerbaum+S&amp;rft.au=Josenhans%2C%26%2332%3BC&amp;rft.au=Sterzenbach%2C%26%2332%3BT&amp;rft.au=Drescher%2C%26%2332%3BB&amp;rft.au=Brandt%2C%26%2332%3BP&amp;rft.au=Bell%2C%26%2332%3BM&amp;rft.au=Droge%2C%26%2332%3BM&amp;rft.au=Fartmann%2C%26%2332%3BB&amp;rft.au=Fischer%2C%26%2332%3BHP&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=100&amp;rft.issue=13&amp;rft.pages=7901%E2%80%936&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.1332093100&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/164685&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12810954&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D12810954&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Tomb JF et al. (1997). &quot;The complete genome sequence of the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori&quot;. <i>Nature</i> <b>388</b> (6642): 539&ndash;47. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F41483">10.1038/41483</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9252185">9252185</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+complete+genome+sequence+of+the+gastric+pathogen+Helicobacter+pylori&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Tomb+JF&amp;rft.au=Tomb+JF&amp;rft.au=White%2C%26%2332%3BOwen&amp;rft.au=Kerlavage%2C%26%2332%3BAnthony+R.&amp;rft.au=Clayton%2C%26%2332%3BRebecca+A.&amp;rft.au=Sutton%2C%26%2332%3BGranger+G.&amp;rft.au=Fleischmann%2C%26%2332%3BRobert+D.&amp;rft.au=Ketchum%2C%26%2332%3BKaren+A.&amp;rft.au=Klenk%2C%26%2332%3BHans+Peter&amp;rft.au=Gill%2C%26%2332%3BSteven&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.volume=388&amp;rft.issue=6642&amp;rft.pages=539%E2%80%9347&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F41483&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/9252185&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Alm RA et al. (1999). &quot;Genomic-sequence comparison of two unrelated isolates of the human gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori&quot;. <i>Nature</i> <b>397</b> (6715): 176&ndash;80. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F16495">10.1038/16495</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9923682">9923682</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genomic-sequence+comparison+of+two+unrelated+isolates+of+the+human+gastric+pathogen+Helicobacter+pylori&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Alm+RA&amp;rft.au=Alm+RA&amp;rft.au=Ling%2C%26%2332%3BLo-See+L.&amp;rft.au=Moir%2C%26%2332%3BDonald+T.&amp;rft.au=King%2C%26%2332%3BBenjamin+L.&amp;rft.au=Brown%2C%26%2332%3BEric+D.&amp;rft.au=Doig%2C%26%2332%3BPeter+C.&amp;rft.au=Smith%2C%26%2332%3BDouglas+R.&amp;rft.au=Noonan%2C%26%2332%3BBrian&amp;rft.au=Guild%2C%26%2332%3BBraydon+C.&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.volume=397&amp;rft.issue=6715&amp;rft.pages=176%E2%80%9380&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F16495&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/9923682&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-191">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Baar C et al. (2003). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=14500908">&quot;Complete genome sequence and analysis of Wolinella succinogenes&quot;</a>. <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</i> <b>100</b> (20): 11690&ndash;5. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1932838100">10.1073/pnas.1932838100</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC208819/?tool=pmcentrez">208819</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14500908">14500908</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=14500908">http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=14500908</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+and+analysis+of+Wolinella+succinogenes&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+USA&amp;rft.aulast=Baar+C&amp;rft.au=Baar+C&amp;rft.au=Eppinger%2C%26%2332%3BM.&amp;rft.au=Raddatz%2C%26%2332%3BG.&amp;rft.au=Simon%2C%26%2332%3BJ.&amp;rft.au=Lanz%2C%26%2332%3BC.&amp;rft.au=Klimmek%2C%26%2332%3BO.&amp;rft.au=Nandakumar%2C%26%2332%3BR.&amp;rft.au=Gross%2C%26%2332%3BR.&amp;rft.au=Rosinus%2C%26%2332%3BA.&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=100&amp;rft.issue=20&amp;rft.pages=11690%E2%80%935&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.1932838100&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/208819&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/14500908&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D14500908&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-192">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Fraser CM et al. (1997). &quot;Genomic sequence of a Lyme disease spirochaete, Borrelia burgdorferi&quot;. <i>Nature</i> <b>390</b> (6660): 580&ndash;6. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F37551">10.1038/37551</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9403685">9403685</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genomic+sequence+of+a+Lyme+disease+spirochaete%2C+Borrelia+burgdorferi&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Fraser+CM&amp;rft.au=Fraser+CM&amp;rft.au=Casjens%2C%26%2332%3BSherwood&amp;rft.au=Huang%2C%26%2332%3BWai+Mun&amp;rft.au=Sutton%2C%26%2332%3BGranger+G.&amp;rft.au=Clayton%2C%26%2332%3BRebecca&amp;rft.au=Lathigra%2C%26%2332%3BRaju&amp;rft.au=White%2C%26%2332%3BOwen&amp;rft.au=Ketchum%2C%26%2332%3BKaren+A.&amp;rft.au=Dodson%2C%26%2332%3BRobert&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.volume=390&amp;rft.issue=6660&amp;rft.pages=580%E2%80%936&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F37551&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/9403685&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-193">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Gl&ouml;ckner G et al. (2004). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15547252">&quot;Comparative analysis of the Borrelia garinii genome&quot;</a>. <i>Nucleic Acids Res</i> <b>32</b> (20): 6038&ndash;46. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkh953">10.1093/nar/gkh953</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC534632/?tool=pmcentrez">534632</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15547252">15547252</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15547252">http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15547252</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Comparative+analysis+of+the+Borrelia+garinii+genome&amp;rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Res&amp;rft.aulast=Gl%C3%B6ckner+G&amp;rft.au=Gl%C3%B6ckner+G&amp;rft.au=Lehmann%2C%26%2332%3BR&amp;rft.au=Romualdi%2C%26%2332%3BA&amp;rft.au=Pradella%2C%26%2332%3BS&amp;rft.au=Schulte-Spechtel%2C%26%2332%3BU&amp;rft.au=Schilhabel%2C%26%2332%3BM&amp;rft.au=Wilske%2C%26%2332%3BB&amp;rft.au=S%C3%BChnel%2C%26%2332%3BJ&amp;rft.au=Platzer%2C%26%2332%3BM&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=32&amp;rft.issue=20&amp;rft.pages=6038%E2%80%9346&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkh953&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/534632&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15547252&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnar.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D15547252&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Ren_SX_et_al._2003_888.E2.80.9393-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-Ren_SX_et_al._2003_888.E2.80.9393_194-0">^{<i><b><font size="3">a</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-Ren_SX_et_al._2003_888.E2.80.9393_194-1">^{<i><b><font size="3">b</font></b></i>}</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Ren SX et al. (2003). &quot;Unique physiological and pathogenic features of Leptospira interrogans revealed by whole-genome sequencing&quot;. <i>Nature</i> <b>422</b> (6934): 888&ndash;93. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature01597">10.1038/nature01597</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12712204">12712204</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Unique+physiological+and+pathogenic+features+of+Leptospira+interrogans+revealed+by+whole-genome+sequencing&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Ren+SX&amp;rft.au=Ren+SX&amp;rft.au=Fu%2C%26%2332%3BGang&amp;rft.au=Jiang%2C%26%2332%3BXiu-Gao&amp;rft.au=Zeng%2C%26%2332%3BRong&amp;rft.au=Miao%2C%26%2332%3BYou-Gang&amp;rft.au=Xu%2C%26%2332%3BHai&amp;rft.au=Zhang%2C%26%2332%3BYi-Xuan&amp;rft.au=Xiong%2C%26%2332%3BHui&amp;rft.au=Lu%2C%26%2332%3BGang&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=422&amp;rft.issue=6934&amp;rft.pages=888%E2%80%9393&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnature01597&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12712204&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Nascimento-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-Nascimento_195-0">^{<i><b><font size="3">a</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-Nascimento_195-1">^{<i><b><font size="3">b</font></b></i>}</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Nascimento AL et al. (2004). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://jb.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15028702">&quot;Comparative genomics of two Leptospira interrogans serovars reveals novel insights into physiology and pathogenesis&quot;</a>. <i>J Bacteriol</i> <b>186</b> (7): 2164&ndash;72. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FJB.186.7.2164-2172.2004">10.1128/JB.186.7.2164-2172.2004</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC374407/?tool=pmcentrez">374407</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15028702">15028702</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://jb.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15028702">http://jb.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15028702</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Comparative+genomics+of+two+Leptospira+interrogans+serovars+reveals+novel+insights+into+physiology+and+pathogenesis&amp;rft.jtitle=J+Bacteriol&amp;rft.aulast=Nascimento+AL&amp;rft.au=Nascimento+AL&amp;rft.au=Ko%2C%26%2332%3BA.+I.&amp;rft.au=Martins%2C%26%2332%3BE.+A.+L.&amp;rft.au=Monteiro-Vitorello%2C%26%2332%3BC.+B.&amp;rft.au=Ho%2C%26%2332%3BP.+L.&amp;rft.au=Haake%2C%26%2332%3BD.+A.&amp;rft.au=Verjovski-Almeida%2C%26%2332%3BS.&amp;rft.au=Hartskeerl%2C%26%2332%3BR.+A.&amp;rft.au=Marques%2C%26%2332%3BM.+V.&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=186&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.pages=2164%E2%80%9372&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FJB.186.7.2164-2172.2004&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/374407&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15028702&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjb.asm.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D15028702&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-196">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Seshadri R et al. (2004). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15064399">&quot;Comparison of the genome of the oral pathogen Treponema denticola with other spirochete genomes&quot;</a>. <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</i> <b>101</b> (15): 5646&ndash;51. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0307639101">10.1073/pnas.0307639101</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC397461/?tool=pmcentrez">397461</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15064399">15064399</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15064399">http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15064399</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Comparison+of+the+genome+of+the+oral+pathogen+Treponema+denticola+with+other+spirochete+genomes&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+USA&amp;rft.aulast=Seshadri+R&amp;rft.au=Seshadri+R&amp;rft.au=Myers%2C%26%2332%3BGS&amp;rft.au=Tettelin%2C%26%2332%3BH&amp;rft.au=Eisen%2C%26%2332%3BJA&amp;rft.au=Heidelberg%2C%26%2332%3BJF&amp;rft.au=Dodson%2C%26%2332%3BRJ&amp;rft.au=Davidsen%2C%26%2332%3BTM&amp;rft.au=Deboy%2C%26%2332%3BRT&amp;rft.au=Fouts%2C%26%2332%3BDE&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=101&amp;rft.issue=15&amp;rft.pages=5646%E2%80%9351&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.0307639101&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/397461&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15064399&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D15064399&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-197">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Fraser CM et al. (1998). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=9665876">&quot;Complete genome sequence of Treponema pallidum, the syphilis spirochete&quot;</a>. <i>Science</i> <b>281</b> (5375): 375&ndash;88. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.281.5375.375">10.1126/science.281.5375.375</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9665876">9665876</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=9665876">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=9665876</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+genome+sequence+of+Treponema+pallidum%2C+the+syphilis+spirochete&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Fraser+CM&amp;rft.au=Fraser+CM&amp;rft.au=Norris%2C%26%2332%3BSJ&amp;rft.au=Weinstock%2C%26%2332%3BGM&amp;rft.au=White%2C%26%2332%3BO&amp;rft.au=Sutton%2C%26%2332%3BGG&amp;rft.au=Dodson%2C%26%2332%3BR&amp;rft.au=Gwinn%2C%26%2332%3BM&amp;rft.au=Hickey%2C%26%2332%3BEK&amp;rft.au=Clayton%2C%26%2332%3BR&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.volume=281&amp;rft.issue=5375&amp;rft.pages=375%E2%80%9388&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.281.5375.375&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/9665876&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D9665876&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-198">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Guo Z, Chen P, Ren PJ, <i>et al.</i> (Oct 2011). &quot;Genome sequence of duck pathogen Mycoplasma anatis strain 1340&quot;. <i>J. Bacteriol.</i> <b>193</b> (20): 5883-5884.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genome+sequence+of+duck+pathogen+Mycoplasma+anatis+strain+1340&amp;rft.jtitle=J.+Bacteriol.&amp;rft.aulast=Guo+Z%2C+Chen+P%2C+Ren+PJ%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Guo+Z%2C+Chen+P%2C+Ren+PJ%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=Oct+2011&amp;rft.volume=193&amp;rft.issue=20&amp;rft.pages=5883-5884&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-199">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Papazisi L et al. (2003). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://mic.sgmjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12949158">&quot;The complete genome sequence of the avian pathogen Mycoplasma gallisepticum strain R(low)&quot;</a>. <i>Microbiology</i> <b>149</b> (Pt 9): 2307&ndash;16. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1099%2Fmic.0.26427-0">10.1099/mic.0.26427-0</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12949158">12949158</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://mic.sgmjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12949158">http://mic.sgmjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12949158</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+complete+genome+sequence+of+the+avian+pathogen+Mycoplasma+gallisepticum+strain+R%28low%29&amp;rft.jtitle=Microbiology&amp;rft.aulast=Papazisi+L&amp;rft.au=Papazisi+L&amp;rft.au=Gorton%2C%26%2332%3BTS&amp;rft.au=Kutish%2C%26%2332%3BG&amp;rft.au=Markham%2C%26%2332%3BPF&amp;rft.au=Browning%2C%26%2332%3BGF&amp;rft.au=Nguyen%2C%26%2332%3BDK&amp;rft.au=Swartzell%2C%26%2332%3BS&amp;rft.au=Madan%2C%26%2332%3BA&amp;rft.au=Mahairas%2C%26%2332%3BG&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=149&amp;rft.issue=Pt+9&amp;rft.pages=2307%E2%80%9316&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1099%2Fmic.0.26427-0&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12949158&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmic.sgmjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D12949158&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-200">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Fraser CM et al. (1995). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=7569993">&quot;The minimal gene complement of Mycoplasma genitalium&quot;</a>. <i>Science</i> <b>270</b> (5235): 397&ndash;403. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.270.5235.397">10.1126/science.270.5235.397</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7569993">7569993</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=7569993">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=7569993</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+minimal+gene+complement+of+Mycoplasma+genitalium&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.aulast=Fraser+CM&amp;rft.au=Fraser+CM&amp;rft.au=Gocayne%2C%26%2332%3BJ.+D.&amp;rft.au=White%2C%26%2332%3BO.&amp;rft.au=Adams%2C%26%2332%3BM.+D.&amp;rft.au=Clayton%2C%26%2332%3BR.+A.&amp;rft.au=Fleischmann%2C%26%2332%3BR.+D.&amp;rft.au=Bult%2C%26%2332%3BC.+J.&amp;rft.au=Kerlavage%2C%26%2332%3BA.+R.&amp;rft.au=Sutton%2C%26%2332%3BG.&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.volume=270&amp;rft.issue=5235&amp;rft.pages=397%E2%80%93403&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.270.5235.397&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/7569993&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D7569993&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-201">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Minion FC et al. (2004). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://jb.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15489423">&quot;The genome sequence of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae strain 232, the agent of swine mycoplasmosis&quot;</a>. <i>J Bacteriol</i> <b>186</b> (21): 7123&ndash;33. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FJB.186.21.7123-7133.2004">10.1128/JB.186.21.7123-7133.2004</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC523201/?tool=pmcentrez">523201</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15489423">15489423</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://jb.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15489423">http://jb.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15489423</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+genome+sequence+of+Mycoplasma+hyopneumoniae+strain+232%2C+the+agent+of+swine+mycoplasmosis&amp;rft.jtitle=J+Bacteriol&amp;rft.aulast=Minion+FC&amp;rft.au=Minion+FC&amp;rft.au=Lefkowitz%2C%26%2332%3BE.+J.&amp;rft.au=Madsen%2C%26%2332%3BM.+L.&amp;rft.au=Cleary%2C%26%2332%3BB.+J.&amp;rft.au=Swartzell%2C%26%2332%3BS.+M.&amp;rft.au=Mahairas%2C%26%2332%3BG.+G.&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=186&amp;rft.issue=21&amp;rft.pages=7123%E2%80%9333&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FJB.186.21.7123-7133.2004&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/523201&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15489423&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjb.asm.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D15489423&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Vasconcelos-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-Vasconcelos_202-0">^{<i><b><font size="3">a</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-Vasconcelos_202-1">^{<i><b><font size="3">b</font></b></i>}</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-Vasconcelos_202-2">^{<i><b><font size="3">c</font></b></i>}</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Vasconcelos AT et al. (2005). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://jb.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16077101">&quot;Swine and poultry pathogens: the complete genome sequences of two strains of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and a strain of Mycoplasma synoviae&quot;</a>. <i>J Bacteriol</i> <b>187</b> (16): 5568&ndash;77. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FJB.187.16.5568-5577.2005">10.1128/JB.187.16.5568-5577.2005</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1196056/?tool=pmcentrez">1196056</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16077101">16077101</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://jb.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16077101">http://jb.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16077101</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Swine+and+poultry+pathogens%3A+the+complete+genome+sequences+of+two+strains+of+Mycoplasma+hyopneumoniae+and+a+strain+of+Mycoplasma+synoviae&amp;rft.jtitle=J+Bacteriol&amp;rft.aulast=Vasconcelos+AT&amp;rft.au=Vasconcelos+AT&amp;rft.au=Ferreira%2C%26%2332%3BH.+B.&amp;rft.au=Bizarro%2C%26%2332%3BC.+V.&amp;rft.au=Bonatto%2C%26%2332%3BS.+L.&amp;rft.au=Carvalho%2C%26%2332%3BM.+O.&amp;rft.au=Pinto%2C%26%2332%3BP.+M.&amp;rft.au=Almeida%2C%26%2332%3BD.+F.&amp;rft.au=Almeida%2C%26%2332%3BL.+G.+P.&amp;rft.au=Almeida%2C%26%2332%3BR.&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=187&amp;rft.issue=16&amp;rft.pages=5568%E2%80%9377&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FJB.187.16.5568-5577.2005&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/1196056&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16077101&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjb.asm.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D16077101&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-203">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Jaffe JD et al. (2004). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15289470">&quot;The complete genome and proteome of Mycoplasma mobile&quot;</a>. <i>Genome Res</i> <b>14</b> (8): 1447&ndash;61. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.2674004">10.1101/gr.2674004</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC509254/?tool=pmcentrez">509254</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15289470">15289470</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15289470">http://www.genome.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15289470</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+complete+genome+and+proteome+of+Mycoplasma+mobile&amp;rft.jtitle=Genome+Res&amp;rft.aulast=Jaffe+JD&amp;rft.au=Jaffe+JD&amp;rft.au=Stange-Thomann%2C%26%2332%3BN&amp;rft.au=Smith%2C%26%2332%3BC&amp;rft.au=Decaprio%2C%26%2332%3BD&amp;rft.au=Fisher%2C%26%2332%3BS&amp;rft.au=Butler%2C%26%2332%3BJ&amp;rft.au=Calvo%2C%26%2332%3BS&amp;rft.au=Elkins%2C%26%2332%3BT&amp;rft.au=Fitzgerald%2C%26%2332%3BMG&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=14&amp;rft.issue=8&amp;rft.pages=1447%E2%80%9361&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1101%2Fgr.2674004&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/509254&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15289470&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genome.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D15289470&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-204">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Westberg J et al. (2004). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=14762060">&quot;The genome sequence of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides SC type strain PG1T, the causative agent of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP)&quot;</a>. <i>Genome Res</i> <b>14</b> (2): 221&ndash;7. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.1673304">10.1101/gr.1673304</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC327097/?tool=pmcentrez">327097</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14762060">14762060</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=14762060">http://www.genome.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=14762060</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+genome+sequence+of+Mycoplasma+mycoides+subsp.+mycoides+SC+type+strain+PG1T%2C+the+causative+agent+of+contagious+bovine+pleuropneumonia+%28CBPP%29&amp;rft.jtitle=Genome+Res&amp;rft.aulast=Westberg+J&amp;rft.au=Westberg+J&amp;rft.au=Persson%2C%26%2332%3BA&amp;rft.au=Holmberg%2C%26%2332%3BA&amp;rft.au=Goesmann%2C%26%2332%3BA&amp;rft.au=Lundeberg%2C%26%2332%3BJ&amp;rft.au=Johansson%2C%26%2332%3BKE&amp;rft.au=Pettersson%2C%26%2332%3BB&amp;rft.au=Uhl%C3%A9n%2C%26%2332%3BM&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=14&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=221%E2%80%937&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1101%2Fgr.1673304&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/327097&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/14762060&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genome.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D14762060&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-205">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Sasaki Y et al. (2002). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12466555">&quot;The complete genomic sequence of Mycoplasma penetrans, an intracellular bacterial pathogen in humans&quot;</a>. <i>Nucleic Acids Res</i> <b>30</b> (23): 5293&ndash;300. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkf667">10.1093/nar/gkf667</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC137978/?tool=pmcentrez">137978</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12466555">12466555</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12466555">http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12466555</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+complete+genomic+sequence+of+Mycoplasma+penetrans%2C+an+intracellular+bacterial+pathogen+in+humans&amp;rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Res&amp;rft.aulast=Sasaki+Y&amp;rft.au=Sasaki+Y&amp;rft.au=Ishikawa%2C%26%2332%3BJ&amp;rft.au=Yamashita%2C%26%2332%3BA&amp;rft.au=Oshima%2C%26%2332%3BK&amp;rft.au=Kenri%2C%26%2332%3BT&amp;rft.au=Furuya%2C%26%2332%3BK&amp;rft.au=Yoshino%2C%26%2332%3BC&amp;rft.au=Horino%2C%26%2332%3BA&amp;rft.au=Shiba%2C%26%2332%3BT&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.volume=30&amp;rft.issue=23&amp;rft.pages=5293%E2%80%93300&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkf667&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/137978&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12466555&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnar.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D12466555&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-206">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Himmelreich R et al. (1996). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=8948633">&quot;Complete sequence analysis of the genome of the bacterium Mycoplasma pneumoniae&quot;</a>. <i>Nucleic Acids Res</i> <b>24</b> (22): 4420&ndash;49. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2F24.22.4420">10.1093/nar/24.22.4420</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC146264/?tool=pmcentrez">146264</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8948633">8948633</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=8948633">http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=8948633</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+sequence+analysis+of+the+genome+of+the+bacterium+Mycoplasma+pneumoniae&amp;rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Res&amp;rft.aulast=Himmelreich+R&amp;rft.au=Himmelreich+R&amp;rft.au=Hilbert%2C%26%2332%3BH&amp;rft.au=Plagens%2C%26%2332%3BH&amp;rft.au=Pirkl%2C%26%2332%3BE&amp;rft.au=Li%2C%26%2332%3BBC&amp;rft.au=Herrmann%2C%26%2332%3BR&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.volume=24&amp;rft.issue=22&amp;rft.pages=4420%E2%80%9349&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Fnar%2F24.22.4420&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/146264&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/8948633&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnar.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D8948633&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-207">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Chambaud I et al. (2001). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=11353084">&quot;The complete genome sequence of the murine respiratory pathogen Mycoplasma pulmonis&quot;</a>. <i>Nucleic Acids Res</i> <b>29</b> (10): 2145&ndash;53. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2F29.10.2145">10.1093/nar/29.10.2145</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC55444/?tool=pmcentrez">55444</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11353084">11353084</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=11353084">http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=11353084</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+complete+genome+sequence+of+the+murine+respiratory+pathogen+Mycoplasma+pulmonis&amp;rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Res&amp;rft.aulast=Chambaud+I&amp;rft.au=Chambaud+I&amp;rft.au=Heilig%2C%26%2332%3BR&amp;rft.au=Ferris%2C%26%2332%3BS&amp;rft.au=Barbe%2C%26%2332%3BV&amp;rft.au=Samson%2C%26%2332%3BD&amp;rft.au=Galisson%2C%26%2332%3BF&amp;rft.au=Moszer%2C%26%2332%3BI&amp;rft.au=Dybvig%2C%26%2332%3BK&amp;rft.au=Wr%C3%B3blewski%2C%26%2332%3BH&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.volume=29&amp;rft.issue=10&amp;rft.pages=2145%E2%80%9353&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Fnar%2F29.10.2145&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/55444&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11353084&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnar.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D11353084&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-208">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Oshima K et al. (2004). &quot;Reductive evolution suggested from the complete genome sequence of a plant-pathogenic phytoplasma&quot;. <i>Nat Genet</i> <b>36</b> (1): 27&ndash;9. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fng1277">10.1038/ng1277</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14661021">14661021</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Reductive+evolution+suggested+from+the+complete+genome+sequence+of+a+plant-pathogenic+phytoplasma&amp;rft.jtitle=Nat+Genet&amp;rft.aulast=Oshima+K&amp;rft.au=Oshima+K&amp;rft.au=Kakizawa%2C%26%2332%3BShigeyuki&amp;rft.au=Nishigawa%2C%26%2332%3BHisashi&amp;rft.au=Jung%2C%26%2332%3BHee-Young&amp;rft.au=Wei%2C%26%2332%3BWei&amp;rft.au=Suzuki%2C%26%2332%3BShiho&amp;rft.au=Arashida%2C%26%2332%3BRyo&amp;rft.au=Nakata%2C%26%2332%3BDaisuke&amp;rft.au=Miyata%2C%26%2332%3BShin-Ichi&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=36&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=27%E2%80%939&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fng1277&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/14661021&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-209">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Glass JI et al. (2000). &quot;The complete sequence of the mucosal pathogen Ureaplasma urealyticum&quot;. <i>Nature</i> <b>407</b> (6805): 757&ndash;62. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F35037619">10.1038/35037619</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11048724">11048724</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+complete+sequence+of+the+mucosal+pathogen+Ureaplasma+urealyticum&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Glass+JI&amp;rft.au=Glass+JI&amp;rft.au=Lefkowitz%2C%26%2332%3BElliot+J.&amp;rft.au=Glass%2C%26%2332%3BJennifer+S.&amp;rft.au=Heiner%2C%26%2332%3BCheryl+R.&amp;rft.au=Chen%2C%26%2332%3BEllson+Y.&amp;rft.au=Cassell%2C%26%2332%3BGail+H.&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.volume=407&amp;rft.issue=6805&amp;rft.pages=757%E2%80%9362&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F35037619&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11048724&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes#cite_ref-210">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Nelson KE et al. (1999). &quot;Evidence for lateral gene transfer between Archaea and bacteria from genome sequence of Thermotoga maritima&quot;. <i>Nature</i> <b>399</b> (6734): 323&ndash;9. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F20601">10.1038/20601</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10360571">10360571</a>.</span></span></li> </ol> 77edaadec5fdcc9351482443499ca04f8950c2fc 0 2635 4520 2012-07-19T04:51:29Z S 300001 Created page with "<p>테라젠바이오연구소 (TBI)는 생정보학 전문 분석 회사입니다.</p> <p>[[테라젠바이오연구소의 암분석 강점]]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p>" wikitext text/x-wiki <p>테라젠바이오연구소 (TBI)는 생정보학 전문 분석 회사입니다.</p> <p>[[테라젠바이오연구소의 암분석 강점]]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 61008a542d22ce45858f28e8550a12644e6f9e24 0 2636 4521 2012-07-19T04:51:39Z S 300001 Created page with "<div style="text-align: center; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt" align="center"><b><span style="line-height: 115%; font-size: 16pt">&lt; </span></b><b><span style="line-height: 115%; font-s..." wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt" align="center"><b><span style="line-height: 115%; font-size: 16pt">&lt; </span></b><b><span style="line-height: 115%; font-size: 16pt">암 유전체 분석 강점 &gt;</span></b></div> <div style="text-align: center; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt" align="center"><span style="line-height: 115%; font-size: 11pt">- </span><span style="line-height: 115%; font-size: 11pt">테라젠바이오연구소- </span></div> <div style="text-align: center; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt" align="center">&nbsp;</div> <div style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 18pt"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt">1.<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt">정확한 분석 결과</span></b></div> <div style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -20pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 40pt"><span><font size="2">A.</font><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span><font size="2"><u>somatic SNV 평균 정확도 90% 보장</u>: </font></div> <div style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 78pt"><span><font size="2">-</font><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span><font size="2">낮은 purity의 (~30%) 암유전체 샘플에서도 sensitivity와 accuracy를 최대화하여, 오류 최소화</font></div> <div style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 78pt"><span><font size="2">-</font><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span><font size="2">이 정확도는 국립암센터와의 공동연구로 얻은 결과이며, 정확도를 국립암센터에서 측정한 것으로서, 경쟁사와의 가장 큰 차별점임</font></div> <div style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -20pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 40pt"><span><font size="2">B.</font><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span><font size="2">가장 정확한 알고리즘을 사용</font></div> <div style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -60pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 60pt"><span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"><font size="2">i.</font><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><font size="2">경쟁사에서 사용하는 분석알고리즘보다 자원이 3배 정도 소요되지만 정확한 알고리즘 사용</font></div> <div style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -60pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 60pt"><span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"><font size="2">ii.</font><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><font size="2">그렇지만, 많은 분석경험에 의한 기술력 집약으로 빠른 분석 가능</font></div> <div style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -60pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 60pt"><span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"><font size="2">iii.</font><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><font size="2">자체 개발한 분석 알고리즘과 필터시스템을 사용하여 정확도 향상</font></div> <div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 80pt">&nbsp;</div> <div style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 18pt"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt">2.<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt">다량의 샘플을 빠르게 분석</span></b></div> <div style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -20pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 40pt"><span><font size="2">A.</font><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span><font size="2">고성능 분석 컴퓨터 장비 보유</font></div> <div style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -60pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 60pt"><span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"><font size="2">i.</font><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><u><font size="2">한 달에 1000 샘플 이상의 암유전체를 정확하게 분석 가능</font></u></div> <div style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -60pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 60pt"><span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"><font size="2">ii.</font><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><font size="2">대량의 연산장치 및 대용량 백업 저장장치로 데이터 무손실</font></div> <div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 60pt">&nbsp;</div> <div style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 18pt"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt">3.<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt">풍부한 암 유전체 분석 경험</span></b></div> <div style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -20pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 40pt"><span><font size="2">A.</font><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span><font size="2">현재 위암(미만형, 장형), 폐암(대세포성, 소세포성), 담도암, 췌장암, 방광암 등 다양한 암유전체 분석 진행 중</font></div> <div style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -20pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 40pt"><span><font size="2">B.</font><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span><font size="2">이 외에도, 암 전사체 분석을 통한 DEG, gene fusion, alternative splicing 등 정확한 분석 경험</font></div> <div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 60pt">&nbsp;</div> <div style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 18pt"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt">4.<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt">연구에 활용할 수 있는 풍부한 분석결과 제공</span></b></div> <div style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -20pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 40pt"><span><font size="2">A.</font><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span><font size="2">풍부한 분석결과 제공</font></div> <div style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 78pt"><span><font size="2">-</font><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span><font size="2">기본분석결과: SNV, indel, SV, CNV</font></div> <div style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 78pt"><span><font size="2">-</font><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span><font size="2">3차분석결과: enrichment analysis, driver gene list, gene fusion, &hellip;</font></div> <div style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -20pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 40pt"><span><font size="2">B.</font><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span><font size="2">연구자의 필요에 따라 고급분석 제공</font></div> f1a570fa8ae58fc152a138b528ce3256e3066650 4522 4521 2012-07-19T04:52:29Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt" align="center"><b><span style="line-height: 115%; font-size: 16pt">&lt; </span></b><b><span style="line-height: 115%; font-size: 16pt">암 유전체 분석 강점 &gt;</span></b></div> <div style="text-align: center; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt" align="center"><span style="line-height: 115%; font-size: 11pt">- </span><span style="line-height: 115%; font-size: 11pt">테라젠바이오연구소- </span></div> <div style="text-align: center; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt" align="center">&nbsp;</div> <div style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 18pt"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt">1.<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt">정확한 분석 결과</span></b></div> <div style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -20pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 40pt"><span><font size="2">A.</font><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span><font size="2"><u>somatic SNV 평균 정확도 90% 보장</u>: </font></div> <div style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 78pt"><span><font size="2">-</font><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span><font size="2">낮은 purity의 (~30%) 암유전체 샘플에서도 sensitivity와 accuracy를 최대화하여, 오류 최소화</font></div> <div style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 78pt"><span><font size="2">-</font><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span><font size="2">이 정확도는 전문센터와의 공동연구로 얻은 결과이며, 정확도를 실험과 연계하여 측정한 것으로서, 경쟁사와의 가장 큰 차별점임</font></div> <div style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -20pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 40pt"><span><font size="2">B.</font><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span><font size="2">가장 정확한 알고리즘을 사용</font></div> <div style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -60pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 60pt"><span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"><font size="2">i.</font><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><font size="2">경쟁사에서 사용하는 분석알고리즘보다 자원이 3배 정도 소요되지만 정확한 알고리즘 사용</font></div> <div style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -60pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 60pt"><span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"><font size="2">ii.</font><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><font size="2">그렇지만, 많은 분석경험에 의한 기술력 집약으로 빠른 분석 가능</font></div> <div style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -60pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 60pt"><span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"><font size="2">iii.</font><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><font size="2">자체 개발한 분석 알고리즘과 필터시스템을 사용하여 정확도 향상</font></div> <div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 80pt">&nbsp;</div> <div style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 18pt"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt">2.<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt">다량의 샘플을 빠르게 분석</span></b></div> <div style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -20pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 40pt"><span><font size="2">A.</font><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span><font size="2">고성능 분석 컴퓨터 장비 보유</font></div> <div style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -60pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 60pt"><span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"><font size="2">i.</font><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><u><font size="2">한 달에 1000 샘플 이상의 암유전체를 정확하게 분석 가능</font></u></div> <div style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -60pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 60pt"><span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"><font size="2">ii.</font><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><font size="2">대량의 연산장치 및 대용량 백업 저장장치로 데이터 무손실</font></div> <div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 60pt">&nbsp;</div> <div style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 18pt"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt">3.<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt">풍부한 암 유전체 분석 경험</span></b></div> <div style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -20pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 40pt"><span><font size="2">A.</font><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span><font size="2">현재 위암(미만형, 장형), 폐암(대세포성, 소세포성), 담도암, 췌장암, 방광암 등 다양한 암유전체 분석 진행 중</font></div> <div style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -20pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 40pt"><span><font size="2">B.</font><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span><font size="2">이 외에도, 암 전사체 분석을 통한 DEG, gene fusion, alternative splicing 등 정확한 분석 경험</font></div> <div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 60pt">&nbsp;</div> <div style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 18pt"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt">4.<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt">연구에 활용할 수 있는 풍부한 분석결과 제공</span></b></div> <div style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -20pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 40pt"><span><font size="2">A.</font><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span><font size="2">풍부한 분석결과 제공</font></div> <div style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 78pt"><span><font size="2">-</font><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span><font size="2">기본분석결과: SNV, indel, SV, CNV</font></div> <div style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 78pt"><span><font size="2">-</font><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span><font size="2">3차분석결과: enrichment analysis, driver gene list, gene fusion, &hellip;</font></div> <div style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -20pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 40pt"><span><font size="2">B.</font><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span><font size="2">연구자의 필요에 따라 고급분석 제공</font></div> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><a href="mailto:jongbhak@genomics.org">jongbhak@genomics.org</a></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 5045d71d1a5f5f5eefbdede96db7b4bdf147efce 4523 4522 2012-07-19T04:55:18Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt" align="center"><b><span style="line-height: 115%; font-size: 16pt">&lt; </span></b><b><span style="line-height: 115%; font-size: 16pt">암 유전체 분석 강점 &gt;</span></b></div> <div style="text-align: center; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt" align="center"><span style="line-height: 115%; font-size: 11pt">- </span><span style="line-height: 115%; font-size: 11pt">테라젠바이오연구소- </span></div> <div style="text-align: center; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt" align="center">&nbsp;</div> <div style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 18pt"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt">1.<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt">정확한 분석 결과</span></b></div> <div style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -20pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 40pt"><span><font size="2">A.</font><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span><font size="2"><u>somatic SNV 평균 정확도 90% 보장</u>: </font></div> <div style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 78pt"><span><font size="2">-</font><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span><font size="2">낮은 purity의 (~30%) 암유전체 샘플에서도 sensitivity와 accuracy를 최대화하여, 오류 최소화</font></div> <div style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 78pt"><span><font size="2">-</font><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span><font size="2">이 정확도는 전문센터와의 공동연구로 얻은 결과이며, 정확도를 실험과 연계하여 측정한 것으로서, 경쟁사와의 가장 큰 차별점임</font></div> <div style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -20pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 40pt"><span><font size="2">B.</font><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span><font size="2">가장 정확한 알고리즘을 사용</font></div> <div style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -60pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 60pt"><span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"><font size="2">i.</font><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><font size="2">경쟁사에서 사용하는 분석알고리즘보다 자원이 3배 정도 소요되지만 정확한 알고리즘 사용</font></div> <div style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -60pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 60pt"><span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"><font size="2">ii.</font><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><font size="2">그렇지만, 많은 분석경험에 의한 기술력 집약으로 빠른 분석 가능</font></div> <div style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -60pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 60pt"><span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"><font size="2">iii.</font><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><font size="2">자체 개발한 분석 알고리즘과 필터시스템을 사용하여 정확도 향상</font></div> <div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 80pt">&nbsp;</div> <div style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 18pt"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt">2.<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt">다량의 샘플을 빠르게 분석</span></b></div> <div style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -20pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 40pt"><span><font size="2">A.</font><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span><font size="2">고성능 분석 컴퓨터 장비 보유</font></div> <div style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -60pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 60pt"><span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"><font size="2">i.</font><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><u><font size="2">한 달에 1000 샘플 이상의 암유전체를 정확하게 분석 가능</font></u></div> <div style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -60pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 60pt"><span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"><font size="2">ii.</font><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><font size="2">대량의 연산장치 및 대용량 백업 저장장치로 데이터 무손실</font></div> <div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 60pt">&nbsp;</div> <div style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 18pt"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt">3.<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt">풍부한 암 유전체 분석 경험</span></b></div> <div style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -20pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 40pt"><span><font size="2">A.</font><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span><font size="2">현재 위암(미만형, 장형), 폐암(대세포성, 소세포성), 담도암, 췌장암, 방광암 등 다양한 암유전체 분석 진행 중</font></div> <div style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -20pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 40pt"><span><font size="2">B.</font><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span><font size="2">이 외에도, 암 전사체 분석을 통한 DEG, gene fusion, alternative splicing 등 정확한 분석 경험</font></div> <div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 60pt">&nbsp;</div> <div style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 18pt"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt">4.<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt">연구에 활용할 수 있는 풍부한 분석결과 제공</span></b></div> <div style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -20pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 40pt"><span><font size="2">A.</font><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span><font size="2">풍부한 분석결과 제공</font></div> <div style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 78pt"><span><font size="2">-</font><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span><font size="2">기본분석결과: SNV, indel, SV, CNV</font></div> <div style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 78pt"><span><font size="2">-</font><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span><font size="2">3차분석결과: enrichment analysis, driver gene list, gene fusion, &hellip;</font></div> <div style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -20pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 40pt"><span><font size="2">B.</font><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span><font size="2">연구자의 필요에 따라 고급분석 제공</font></div> <p>&nbsp;<a href="http://therabio.kr">http://therabio.kr</a></p> <p><a href="mailto:jongbhak@genomics.org">jongbhak@genomics.org</a></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 04f31600d3571e3cd7d4d6c7390007eed5f684cd 0 1629 4524 2197 2012-07-19T04:56:38Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font size="4"><font size="6"><strong>$0 Genom<font color="#ff0000">ics</font> Project</strong> <strong>for genomic equality</strong><br /> </font><font size="3">(aka: [[Free Genomics Project]])</font><font size="5">&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </font><font size="4">$0 Genomics project is a project launched by Genomics.org. - [[Jong Bhak]]</font><br /> <br /> <font color="#800000" size="3"><strong>Free Genomics Project is a &quot;world project&quot;. We aim to make all the governments, biocompanies, and institutes to partcipate in this to make&nbsp;all the&nbsp;human genome information free.</strong>&nbsp;<br /> </font><br /> <font size="3"><br /> It is to collect personal genome information for free and distribute&nbsp;genomics information&nbsp;free of charge.&nbsp;<br /> It is a zero-cost gen<strong>omics</strong> project.<br /> <br /> Governments and companies can pay for the genotyping cost and people let the world access the personal genome information without any restriction.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> All the $0 geonmics participants get all the personal genomics information for free from Genomics.org.<br /> <br /> There are people who have published personal genomic information.&nbsp;<br /> If you have your own genome information acquired by full genome sequencing, SNP chips and other genome chips, you can provide the information to genomics.org.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> It is an <em>openfree</em> <font color="#339966">B</font><font color="#ff0000">i</font><font color="#0000ff">O</font> project.<br /> <br /> </font><font size="3"><strong><br /> <font size="4"><font size="5">Why $0 genomics project?</font><br /> </font><br /> Genomic equality<br /> </strong><br /> Genome information should be free for all and the benefit of free genomics should be shared by people with little money and access to information.<br /> <br /> </font><font size="3"><strong>Faster technology development<br /> </strong>If most of the governments in the world collaborate and support free genome sequencing, biocompanies will get huge benefits and they can accelerate the tech. dev.<br /> <br /> <strong><font size="5">How does it work?</font><br /> </strong><br /> <strong><font color="#ff0000" size="4">The first step:</font></strong><br /> <strong>1. [[Please click here and sign your name to petition the governments of the world to sequence genomes free of charge]]</strong><br /> <font size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp; - Your signatures will help people understand the importance of genomic equality philosophically, socially, and financially.<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp; - We can persuade governments, UN, large companies, and trusts to perform genomics project as the world community project.<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp; - [[Openletter to the world for&nbsp;genomic equality]]<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp; - If we have&nbsp;a global participation from the early stage of personal genomics, we can discuss ethical and equality issues&nbsp;from the beginning.</font><br /> <br /> <strong><font color="#ff6600">The second step:<br /> </font>2. [[Mapping the population stratification with government and company funds for free genotyping throughout the world]]<br /> </strong><font size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp; - Equal opportunities are given to people throughout the world regardless of racial, financial, and political backgrounds.<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp; - Human beings help to other human beings in understanding the whole <em>Homo sapiens</em> with equal contribution and feeling of sharing.</font><br /> <br /> <strong><font color="#339966">The third step:</font><br /> 3. [[Pinpointing persons who represent in the population clusters and genotype them for their families and groups]]<br /> </strong><font size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp; - This way, we make sure that the free genome project evenly genotype populations throughout the world.<br /> </font><font size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp; - [[Comparing 7 billion human genomes with computers]] without sequencing 7 billion humans.<br /> </font>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> </font><font size="4"><strong>List of Companies that we target for contribution<br /> </strong></font><font size="3">[[Pfizer]]&nbsp; [[Merck]]&nbsp; [[23andme.com]]&nbsp; [[Decodeme.com]]</font><br /> <br /> <strong><font size="4"><br /> <font size="5">Who do the $0 Genomics project?<br /> </font>[[You, us, and the future generations]]<br /> <br /> </font><font size="5">External Links<br /> </font></strong><font size="3">$0 personal genomics home site is: http://personalgenome.net</font><br /> <br /> </font></p> <hr /> <p>[[Donate your genome]]<br /> &nbsp;</p> 77426fd3ed9e2ba7b0edf32370bcf772debfa2bf 0 1641 4525 2974 2012-07-19T04:56:59Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>Jong Bhak<br /> <br /> Jong is a bioinformatist. He is also a biosopher.<br /> http://jongbhak.com<br /> <br /> Email: <a href="mailto:jongbhak@genomics.org">jongbhak@genomics.org</a><br /> &nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <hr /> <p><font size="4">&nbsp;</font></p> <div><strong>Jong Bhak <br /> <br /> </strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt"><strong>Present Affiliation/Employer: Theragen Inc., Korea<br /> <br /> Address <br /> <br /> Work Address: 2^nd floor, B-dong, AICT, Suwon, 443-270, Gyunggi-do, Korea </strong></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt"><br /> <br /> <strong>Contact Info : jongbhak@yahoo.com<br /> </strong></span><strong>Home page: </strong><span style="color: black"><strong><a href="http://jongbhak.com/"><font color="#0000ff">http://jongbhak.com/</font></a></strong><strong><br /> <br /> Education <br /> </strong></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt">1990. 9&nbsp;&nbsp; ~ 1994. 7: </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt">Aberdeen University, UK Biochemistry BSc. Honours, 1st Class. <br /> </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt">1994. 10 ~ 1997. 7: </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt">MRC centre, Center for Protein Engineering,&nbsp;<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Cambridge, UK. Bioinformatics Ph.D.&nbsp;<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; with Tim Hubbard &amp; Cyrus Chothia Ph.D. <br /> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Thesis : <strong>Genome sequence analysis and methods.&nbsp;<br /> </strong></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt"><br /> Ph.D. supervisers: <span style="color: black">Tim Hubbard</span> (Sanger Inst.) &amp; <span style="color: black">Cyrus Chothia</span> (MRC-LMB) <br /> <br /> <strong>Employment and career experience <br /> </strong>1997. 8 ~ 1997.12 : </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt">MRC centre, Cambridge, UK. Bioinformatics Postdoc </span></div> <p><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; with Cyrus Chothia&nbsp;</span><br /> <br /> 1998. 1 ～1999. 4 : Harvard Medical School, Genetics dept,&nbsp;<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: black">George Church</span> Lab. Research Fellow, Postdoc&nbsp;</span><br /> <br /> 1999. 4 ～2001. 12 : EBI (European Bioinformatics Institute) Research Fellow, <br /> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Postdoc. With Dr. Liisa Holm</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt"><br /> <br /> 2001. 1 ~ 2003. 4 : </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt">MRC-DUNN, Cambridge, UK, Group Leader (Faculty)&nbsp;<br /> </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt"><br /> 2003. 4 ~ 2005. 3 :&nbsp;</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt">Biosystems Dept. KAIST, Korea Associate Professor (Faculty)&nbsp;<br /> </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt"><br /> 2005. 3 ~ Present: </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt">KOBIC, KRIBB, Daejeon, Korea (Director)&nbsp;<br /> </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt"><br /> 2006. 9 ~ 2009.9 : </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt">Korean University of Science and Technology<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;(Associate Professor) </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt"><br /> 2009. 9 ~ present : </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt">Theragen Inc. BiO Institute. Director.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt"><br /> <br /> </span><br /> <strong>General Research Interests <br /> </strong>Life time research interest: [[Bioinformatics]], [[Genomics]],&nbsp;and [[Ageing]] (Biological Gerontology) <br /> <br /> * [[Genomics]]: the frst Korean genome sequence analysis.&nbsp;<br /> * Pathogen-host interaction analysis at genomic/proteomic scale. <br /> This work is on a large-scale pathogenic interaction studies using protein-protein interaction information. <br /> * Structural Interactomics (the whole biomolecular structural interaction network construction and analysis. Mainly proteins and their ligands). This is a high resolution structural analysis of interactome. It defines precisely the structural patterns and topologies of protein and chemical domains using computer algorithms developed by us. (Park, et al., 2001, JMB). (Http://interactomics.org/) <br /> * Protein Chemical (ligand) Interaction. I have been interested in the interaction between proteins and their ligands. No publishable or significant research results are available yet. However, I am quite interested in this topic and am currently negotiating a collaboration and grant with a research institute (symposium presentation: annual Korean Biochemistry society meeting, 2002. RNA and DNA binding proteins domains) <br /> * SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) and SAP (small number amino acid polymorphism) analysis. <br /> * BioInfra (Construction of Bioinformatic infrastructure for large scale industrial biotechnology applications) <br /> * Molecular Anthropology. I have been interested in analyzing ancient DNA to track the origins and migrations of ethnic groups. <br /> <br /> <br /> <strong>[[Names of Jong Bhak's Referees]] <br /> <br /> Prof. Shoba Ranganathan</strong>, Ph.D. Chair of Bioinformatics, Dept. of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney. Australia, Tel +61 2 9850 6262 , Fax: +61 2 9850 8313, Email: shoba.ranganathan @ mq.edu.au http://bioinfo.org/people/shoba.html <br /> <br /> <strong>Prof. Tan Tin Wee</strong>, Ph.D. Associate professor of National University of Singapore (NUS). Singapore. tinwee @ bic.nus.edu.sg&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <strong>Sang-Ki Rhee</strong>, Ph.D. Professor, Department of Medical Biotechnology <br /> College of Medical Sciences&nbsp;<br /> (former director of KRIBB where KOBIC was affliated with)<br /> Chief Executive Director, SCH Center for BioPharmaceutical Research and Human Resources Development, Soon Chun Hyang (SCH) University <br /> Postal Address: 646 Eupnaeri, Sinchang, Asan City, <span id="lw_1260952744_12">Chungnam</span>, Korea (336-745) <br /> Tel: +82-(0)41-547-1793&nbsp;&nbsp; Fax: +82-(0)41-530-3085 <br /> Mobile: +82-(0)10-9309-4480&nbsp;&nbsp; e-mail: <a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:rheesk@sch.ac.kr" href="mailto:rheesk@sch.ac.kr"><font color="#000080">rheesk@sch.ac.kr</font></a>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <strong>Prof. Michael Schroeder</strong>: michael.schroeder @ biotec.tu-dresden.de. http://www.biotec.tu-dresden.de/schroeder, since 2003 Professor in Bioinformatics, Biotec and Dept. of Computing, TU Dresden , +49-351-463-40062&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <br /> <strong>Prof. Liisa Holm</strong>: liisa.holm@helsinki.fi, or holm@ebi.ac.uk, Department of Biosciences, P.O.Box 56 (Viikinkaari 9), FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland, phone: +358 9191 59117 , fax: +358-9-191-58754&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <strong>Dr. George Church</strong>: http://arep.med.harvard.edu/ Genetics Dept. Harvard Med. School, Longwood Ave. Boston, MA, USA, (617) 432-1278 <br /> (http://arep.med.harvard.edu)&nbsp;<br /> <strong><br /> Dr. Tim Hubbard</strong>: th@sanger.ac.uk, The Sanger Centre Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambs CB10 1SA, UK, Tel: +44 1223 496886 , Fax: +44 1223 494919 <br /> (http://www.sanger.ac.uk/Users/th/)&nbsp;<br /> <strong><br /> Dr. Cyrus Chothia</strong>: chc1 @ mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk, MRC-LMB, Cambridge, Hills Road, CB22QH, UK , +44 (0)1223 402221 <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <strong>List of publication (Jong Bhak is the same person as Jong H. Park) <br /> <br /> </strong>Most recent ones are here: [http://jongbhak.com/index.php/Jong%27s_Research_Articles Jong's Research Articles] | [[Jong's research articles format 2]] <br /> <br /> <br /> <strong>---- <br /> [[Jong's Corean CV]]</strong> <br /> &nbsp;</p> bfdebe206e331c011023e3033b681b2f59fb4639 0 2637 4530 2012-09-01T13:02:47Z S 300001 Created page with "<blockquote style="widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); text-indent: 0px; margin: 1em; letter-spacing: normal; display: block; font: 16px 'times n..." wikitext text/x-wiki <blockquote style="widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); text-indent: 0px; margin: 1em; letter-spacing: normal; display: block; font: 16px 'times new roman', 'new york', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; color: rgb(0,0,0); word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px" type="cite"> <div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>1. exome-seq</div> <div><a style="color: blue !important; cursor: text !important; text-decoration: underline !important" href="http://www.qbi.uq.edu.au/professor-john-mcgrath-epidemiology-and-developmental-neurobiology" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://www.qbi.uq.edu.au/professor-john-mcgrath-epidemiology-and-developmental-neurobiology</a></div> <div><a style="color: blue !important; cursor: text !important; text-decoration: underline !important" href="http://www.qbi.uq.edu.au/group-leader-wallace" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://www.qbi.uq.edu.au/group-leader-wallace</a></div> <div><a style="color: blue !important; cursor: text !important; text-decoration: underline !important" href="http://www.qbi.uq.edu.au/group-leader-mowry" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://www.qbi.uq.edu.au/group-leader-mowry</a></div> <div><br /> &nbsp;</div> <div>2. RNA-seq or ChipSeq</div> <div><a style="color: blue !important; cursor: text !important; text-decoration: underline !important" href="http://www.qbi.uq.edu.au/group-leader-bredy" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://www.qbi.uq.edu.au/group-leader-bredy</a></div> <div><a style="color: blue !important; cursor: text !important; text-decoration: underline !important" href="http://www.qbi.uq.edu.au/dr-darryl-eyles-neurobiology" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://www.qbi.uq.edu.au/dr-darryl-eyles-neurobiology</a></div> <div><a style="color: blue !important; cursor: text !important; text-decoration: underline !important" href="http://www.qbi.uq.edu.au/group-leader-van-swinderen" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://www.qbi.uq.edu.au/group-leader-van-swinderen</a></div> <div><a style="color: blue !important; cursor: text !important; text-decoration: underline !important" href="http://www.qbi.uq.edu.au/group-leader-richards" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://www.qbi.uq.edu.au/group-leader-richards</a></div> <div><br /> &nbsp;</div> <div>3. De novo seq for the reference genome</div> <div><a style="color: blue !important; cursor: text !important; text-decoration: underline !important" href="http://www.qbi.uq.edu.au/group-leader-reinhard" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://www.qbi.uq.edu.au/group-leader-reinhard</a></div> <div><a style="color: blue !important; cursor: text !important; text-decoration: underline !important" href="http://www.qbi.uq.edu.au/group-leader-marshall" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://www.qbi.uq.edu.au/group-leader-marshall</a></div> <div><br /> &nbsp;</div> <div>4. Methylome or ChipSeq</div> <div><a style="color: blue !important; cursor: text !important; text-decoration: underline !important" href="http://www.qbi.uq.edu.au/group-leader-richards" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://www.qbi.uq.edu.au/group-leader-richards</a></div> <div><a style="color: blue !important; cursor: text !important; text-decoration: underline !important" href="http://www.qbi.uq.edu.au/group-leader-bredy" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://www.qbi.uq.edu.au/group-leader-bredy</a></div> <div><a style="color: blue !important; cursor: text !important; text-decoration: underline !important" href="http://www.qbi.uq.edu.au/dr-michael-piper-neural-stem-cell-differentiation" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://www.qbi.uq.edu.au/dr-michael-piper-neural-stem-cell-differentiation</a></div> <div><a style="color: blue !important; cursor: text !important; text-decoration: underline !important" href="http://www.imb.uq.edu.au/index.html?page=11687" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://www.imb.uq.edu.au/index.html?page=11687</a></div> </div> </blockquote> <p><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /> &nbsp;</p> 488c4cb7375eb364323dd07cc9737f3162f58d91 0 2638 4532 2012-09-04T19:31:46Z S 300001 Created page with "<p><span style="font-size: large; ">The Billion Genome Project</span></p> <p>by Jong Bhak</p> <p>Genome Research Foundation</p> <p>Announced: 4th September. 2012.</p> <p>&nbsp;</..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: large; ">The Billion Genome Project</span></p> <p>by Jong Bhak</p> <p>Genome Research Foundation</p> <p>Announced: 4th September. 2012.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>Billion Genome Project (BGP) is the genome project to sequence and analyze 7 billion people on Earth (i.e., every human being on Earth).</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>1. Technological advancement: sequencing technology that can do 7 billion people</p> <p>2. Computing power to analyze 7 billion genomes in one session.</p> <p>3. Storage space to store 7 billion genomes and their secondary analysis outputs.</p> <p>4. Bioinformatics algorithms and systems to analyze them.</p> <p>5. User interface to search and use 7 billion genome sequences and bioinformatic results.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><b>Sub projects of 7 BGP:</b></p> <p>Asian Genome Project (on going)</p> <p>Korean Genome Project (on going)</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> ac7d61a1ef499418e36169bbc53506ad90ed5b2a 4533 4532 2012-09-04T19:34:06Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: large; ">The Billion Genome Project</span></p> <p>by Jong Bhak</p> <p>Genome Research Foundation</p> <p>Announced: 4th September. 2012.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>Billion Genome Project (BGP) is the genome project to sequence and analyze 7 billion people on Earth (i.e., every human being on Earth).</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>1. Technological advancement: sequencing technology that can do 7 billion people</p> <p>2. Computing power to analyze 7 billion genomes in one session.</p> <p>3. Storage space to store 7 billion genomes and their secondary analysis outputs.</p> <p>4. Bioinformatics algorithms and systems to analyze them.</p> <p>5. User interface to search and use 7 billion genome sequences and bioinformatic results.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><b>Sub projects of 7 BGP:</b></p> <p>Asian Genome Project (on going)</p> <p>[[Korean Genome Project]] (on going)</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 6c0314a3d6219e4b2df41210b9bbf712eb21814f 4537 4533 2012-09-04T19:41:25Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: large; ">The Billion Genome Project</span></p> <p>by Jong Bhak</p> <p>Genome Research Foundation</p> <p>Announced: 4th September. 2012.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>Billion Genome Project (BGP) is the genome project to sequence and analyze 7 billion people on Earth (i.e., every human being on Earth).</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>1. Technological advancement: sequencing technology that can do 7 billion people</p> <p>2. Computing power to analyze 7 billion genomes in one session.</p> <p>3. Storage space to store 7 billion genomes and their secondary analysis outputs.</p> <p>4. Bioinformatics algorithms and systems to analyze them.</p> <p>5. User interface to search and use 7 billion genome sequences and bioinformatic results.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><b>Sub projects of 7 BGP:</b></p> <p>[[Asian Genome Project]] (on going)</p> <p>[[Korean Genome Project]] (on going)</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 5f42101e4b72ab2cc6c65f70521accd0cae8c55b 0 2639 4534 2012-09-04T19:35:46Z S 300001 Created page with "<p><span style="font-size: large; ">Korean Genome Project</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>by Jong Bhak</p> <p>Genome Research Founation</p> <p>Launched 2010:</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>Goa..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: large; ">Korean Genome Project</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>by Jong Bhak</p> <p>Genome Research Founation</p> <p>Launched 2010:</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>Goal: sequencing 50,000,000 Koreans. I.e, every Korean on Earth.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>Status: 38 openly available sequences.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>See: http://opengenome.net</p> <p>Welcome to join.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 86bc2cf39942477f76a7fb32fbbf4909eea56c02 4535 4534 2012-09-04T19:36:59Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: large; ">Korean Genome Project</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>by Jong Bhak</p> <p>Genome Research Founation</p> <p>Launched 2010:</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>Goal: sequencing 50,000,000 Koreans. I.e, every Korean on Earth.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>Status: 38 openly available sequences.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>See: http://koreangenome.org and http://opengenome.net</p> <p>Welcome to join.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 4b3eaf4b434ac7e63c591dcf8f894763f7224cde 4536 4535 2012-09-04T19:37:07Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: large; ">Korean Genome Project</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>by [[Jong Bhak]]</p> <p>Genome Research Founation</p> <p>Launched 2010:</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>Goal: sequencing 50,000,000 Koreans. I.e, every Korean on Earth.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>Status: 38 openly available sequences.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>See: http://koreangenome.org and http://opengenome.net</p> <p>Welcome to join.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> f1fa40ef115bfee4c1dfb0ed2730665e5ee731ed 0 2640 4539 2012-10-07T06:17:59Z S 300001 Created page with "<p>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="http://chem.yonsei.ac.kr/~duhee/site/lab%20introduction%20korean.htm" style="color: rgb(35, 71, 134); outline: 0px; font-family: ..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="http://chem.yonsei.ac.kr/~duhee/site/lab%20introduction%20korean.htm" style="color: rgb(35, 71, 134); outline: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; "><span class="yshortcuts" id="lw_1349590504_0" style="cursor: pointer; color: rgb(54, 99, 136); ">http://chem.yonsei.ac.kr/~duhee/site/lab%20introduction%20korean.htm</span></a><span style="color: rgb(69, 69, 69); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; ">&nbsp;</span></p> b915f21ba0f2c0268cda860ea55d58ce2fb7ec62 0 2641 4541 2012-10-14T04:28:11Z S 300001 Created page with "<p>&nbsp;</p> <p>Nature submission and acceptance gaps for certain genomes.</p> <p>&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(69, 69, 69); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; ">고릴..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>Nature submission and acceptance gaps for certain genomes.</p> <p>&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(69, 69, 69); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; ">고릴라 (제출부터 accept까지: 약 7개월)</span></p> <div style="color: rgb(69, 69, 69); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; ">Received 16 June 2011<br /> Accepted 10 January 2012<br /> Published 8 March 2012</div> <p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(69, 69, 69); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; ">오랑우탄 (제출부터 accept까지: 약 8개월)<br /> Received 11 March 2010<br /> Accepted 19 November 2010<br /> Published 27 January 2011</p> <p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(69, 69, 69); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; ">보노보 (제출부터 accept까지: 약 4개월)<br /> Received 8 December 2011<br /> Accepted 5 April 2012<br /> Published 13 June 2012</p> <p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(69, 69, 69); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; ">팬다 (제출부터 accept까지: 약 3개월)<br /> Received 19 August 2009<br /> Accepted 24 November 2009<br /> Published 13 December 2009</p> <p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(69, 69, 69); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; ">두더지쥐 (제출부터 accept까지: 약 3개월)<br /> Received 14 June 2011<br /> Accepted 5 September 2011<br /> Published 12 October 2011</p> <div style="color: rgb(69, 69, 69); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; ">야크 (제출부터 accept까지: 약 6개월)<br /> Received 29 November 2011<br /> Accepted 6 June 2012<br /> published 1 July 2012</div> <div style="color: rgb(69, 69, 69); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; ">&nbsp;</div> <div style="color: rgb(69, 69, 69); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; ">&nbsp;</div> ec0425b99cbf20fda3f4dbf698a2a3ccdcf879ea 0 2642 4543 2012-11-03T08:03:24Z S 300001 Created page with "<p>All the life forms in the universe have the same architecture for genomes.</p> <p>They are all mathematical and process information.</p> <p>- Jong Bhak</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&n..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p>All the life forms in the universe have the same architecture for genomes.</p> <p>They are all mathematical and process information.</p> <p>- Jong Bhak</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 0f66f6ed70f11c59d8d22e3bcefcd6793b562cd1 0 2643 4545 2012-11-03T08:04:17Z S 300001 Created page with "<p>&nbsp;<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.03999900817871px; ">All the life forms in the universe have the same architecture ..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p>&nbsp;<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.03999900817871px; ">All the life forms in the universe have the same architecture for genomes.</span></p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.03999900817871px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; ">They are all mathematical and process information.</p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.03999900817871px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; ">- Jong Bhak</p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.03999900817871px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; ">&nbsp;</p> 6f4f2db7e683d2d95b8fc30531d80299350d9dc9 0 2644 4548 2012-12-31T09:30:12Z S 300001 Created page with "<p> <table style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0px; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); text-indent: 0px..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p> <table style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0px; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); text-indent: 0px; padding-left: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; padding-right: 0px; display: table; border-collapse: collapse; font: 12px Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; color: rgb(69,69,69); border-top: medium none; border-right: medium none; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_11871" class="yiv1211056313MsoTableGrid" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody style="width: 1697px" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_11870"> <tr style="display: table-row; height: 13.5pt; vertical-align: inherit" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_11869"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 82pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; height: 13.5pt; border-top: windowtext 1pt solid; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_13225" valign="top" width="109" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_13224" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><b id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_13223"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_13222" lang="EN-US">species</span></b></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 74pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; height: 13.5pt; border-top: windowtext 1pt solid; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_11868" valign="top" width="99" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_11867" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><b id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_11866"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_11865" lang="EN-US">author order</span></b></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 104pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; height: 13.5pt; border-top: windowtext 1pt solid; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_11987" valign="top" width="139" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_11986" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><b id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_13271"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_13270" lang="EN-US">name</span></b></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 172pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; height: 13.5pt; border-top: windowtext 1pt solid; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" valign="top" width="229" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" lang="EN-US">email</span></b></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 841pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; height: 13.5pt; border-top: windowtext 1pt solid; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" valign="top" width="1121" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" lang="EN-US">affiliation</span></b></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="display: table-row; height: 13.5pt; vertical-align: inherit" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_11877"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 82pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_13221" valign="top" rowspan="4" width="109" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_13227" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_13226" lang="EN-US">oyster</span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 74pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_11876" valign="top" width="99" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_11875" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" lang="EN-US">first author</span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 104pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_11985" valign="top" width="139" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_11984" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_13272" lang="EN-US">Ximing Guo</span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 172pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" valign="top" width="229" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" lang="EN-US">xguo@hsrl.rutgers.edu</span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 841pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" valign="top" width="1121" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" lang="EN-US">Haskin Shellfish Research Laboratory, Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, Port Norris, New Jersey 08349, USA</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="display: table-row; height: 13.5pt; vertical-align: inherit" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_11982"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 74pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" valign="top" width="99" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" lang="EN-US">first author</span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 104pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_11983" valign="top" width="139" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" lang="EN-US">Guofan Zhang</span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 172pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_11981" valign="top" width="229" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_11980" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_11979" lang="EN-US">gzhang@qdio.ac.cn</span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 841pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" valign="top" width="1121" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" lang="EN-US">Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="display: table-row; height: 13.5pt; vertical-align: inherit" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_11978"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 74pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" valign="top" width="99" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" lang="EN-US">last author</span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 104pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" valign="top" width="139" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" lang="EN-US">Jun Wang</span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 172pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_11977" valign="top" width="229" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_11976" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_11975" lang="EN-US">wangj@genomics.org.cn</span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 841pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" valign="top" width="1121" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" lang="EN-US">Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="display: table-row; height: 13.5pt; vertical-align: inherit"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 74pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" valign="top" width="99" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" lang="EN-US">last author</span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 104pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" valign="top" width="139" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" lang="EN-US">Ye Yin</span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 172pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" valign="top" width="229" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" lang="EN-US">yinye@genomics.org.cn</span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 841pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" valign="top" width="1121" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" lang="EN-US">BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="display: table-row; height: 13.5pt; vertical-align: inherit" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_13230"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 82pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_13229" valign="top" rowspan="4" width="109" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_13228" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" lang="EN-US">Yak</span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 74pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" valign="top" width="99" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" lang="EN-US">last author</span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 104pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" valign="top" width="139" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" lang="EN-US">Jun Wang</span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 172pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" valign="top" width="229" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" lang="EN-US">wangj@genomics.org.cn</span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 841pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" valign="top" width="1121" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" lang="EN-US">Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="display: table-row; height: 13.5pt; vertical-align: inherit" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_13179"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 74pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_13178" valign="top" width="99" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_13177" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" lang="EN-US">last author</span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 104pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" valign="top" width="139" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" lang="EN-US">Peng Shi</span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 172pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" valign="top" width="229" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" lang="EN-US">ship@mail.kiz.ac.cn</span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 841pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" valign="top" width="1121" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" lang="EN-US">State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Institute of Kunming Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="display: table-row; height: 13.5pt; vertical-align: inherit" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_11974"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 74pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_13174" valign="top" width="99" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_13176" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_13175" lang="EN-US">last author</span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 104pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_13182" valign="top" width="139" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_13181" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_13180" lang="EN-US">Jian Wang</span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 172pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_11973" valign="top" width="229" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_11972" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_11971" lang="EN-US">wangjian@genomics.org.cn</span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 841pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" valign="top" width="1121" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" lang="EN-US">Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="display: table-row; height: 13.5pt; vertical-align: inherit" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_11938"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 74pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_11937" valign="top" width="99" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_11936" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" lang="EN-US">last author</span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 104pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" valign="top" width="139" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" lang="EN-US">Jianquan Liu</span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 172pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" valign="top" width="229" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" lang="EN-US">liujq@lzu.edu.cn</span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 841pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" valign="top" width="1121" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" lang="EN-US">State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystem, College of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="display: table-row; height: 13.5pt; vertical-align: inherit"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 82pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" valign="top" rowspan="4" width="109" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" lang="EN-US">Polar Bear</span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 74pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" valign="top" width="99" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" lang="EN-US">first author</span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 104pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" valign="top" width="139"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" lang="EN-US">Webb Miller</span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 172pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" valign="top" width="229">&nbsp;</td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 841pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" valign="top" width="1121" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" lang="EN-US">Center for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="display: table-row; height: 13.5pt; vertical-align: inherit" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_11970"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 74pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" valign="top" width="99" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" lang="EN-US">first author</span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 104pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" valign="top" width="139"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" lang="EN-US">Stephan C. Schuster</span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 172pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_11969" valign="top" width="229">&nbsp;</td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 841pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" valign="top" width="1121" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" lang="EN-US">Center for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="display: table-row; height: 13.5pt; vertical-align: inherit" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_11941"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 74pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_11940" valign="top" width="99" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_11939" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" lang="EN-US">last author</span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 104pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_11961" valign="top" width="139"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_11960" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_11959" lang="EN-US">Luis Herrera-Estrella</span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 172pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_11968" valign="top" width="229" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_11967" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_11966" lang="EN-US">lherrera@langebio.cinvestav.mx</span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 841pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" valign="top" width="1121" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" lang="EN-US">Laboratorio Nacional de Gen&oacute;mica para la Biodiversidad, Centro de Investigaci&oacute;n y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Polit&eacute;cnico Nacional, Irapuato, 36821, Mexico;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="display: table-row; height: 13.5pt; vertical-align: inherit" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_11943"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 74pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_11942" valign="top" width="99" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" lang="EN-US">last author</span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 104pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_11962" valign="top" width="139"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_11964" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_11963" lang="EN-US">Charlotte Lindqvist</span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 172pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_11965" valign="top" width="229" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" lang="EN-US">cl243@buffalo.edu</span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 841pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" valign="top" width="1121" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" lang="EN-US">Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="display: table-row; height: 13.5pt; vertical-align: inherit" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_13211"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 82pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_13210" valign="top" rowspan="2" width="109" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_13213" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_13212" lang="EN-US">Bonobo</span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 74pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" valign="top" width="99" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" lang="EN-US">first author</span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 104pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" valign="top" width="139" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" lang="EN-US">Kay Pr&uuml;fer</span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 172pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" valign="top" width="229" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" lang="EN-US">pruefer@eva.mpg.de</span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 841pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" valign="top" width="1121" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" lang="EN-US">Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="display: table-row; height: 13.5pt; vertical-align: inherit"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 74pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" valign="top" width="99" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" lang="EN-US">middle author</span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 104pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" valign="top" width="139" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" lang="EN-US">Svante P&auml;&auml;bo</span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 172pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" valign="top" width="229" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" lang="EN-US">paabo@eva.mpg.de</span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 841pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" valign="top" width="1121" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" lang="EN-US">Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="display: table-row; height: 13.5pt; vertical-align: inherit" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_13209"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 82pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_13208" valign="top" width="109" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_13207" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_13206" lang="EN-US">Gorilla</span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 74pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" valign="top" width="99" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" lang="EN-US">last author</span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 104pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" valign="top" width="139" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" lang="EN-US">Richard Durbin</span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 172pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" valign="top" width="229" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" lang="EN-US">rd@sanger.ac.uk</span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 841pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" valign="top" width="1121" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" lang="EN-US">Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="display: table-row; height: 13.5pt; vertical-align: inherit" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_13203"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 82pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_13202" valign="top" rowspan="3" width="109" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_13205" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_13204" lang="EN-US">Naked mole rat</span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 74pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" valign="top" width="99" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" lang="EN-US">last author</span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 104pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" valign="top" width="139" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" lang="EN-US">Guojie Zhang</span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 172pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" valign="top" width="229" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" lang="EN-US">zhanggj@genomics.org.cn</span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 841pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" valign="top" width="1121" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" lang="EN-US">BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="display: table-row; height: 13.5pt; vertical-align: inherit" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_11958"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 74pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" valign="top" width="99" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" lang="EN-US">last author</span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 104pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_11957" valign="top" width="139" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_11956" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_11955" lang="EN-US">Jun Wang</span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 172pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" valign="top" width="229" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" lang="EN-US">wangj@genomics.org.cn</span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 841pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" valign="top" width="1121" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" lang="EN-US">BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="display: table-row; height: 13.5pt; vertical-align: inherit"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 74pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" valign="top" width="99" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" lang="EN-US">last author</span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 104pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" valign="top" width="139" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" lang="EN-US">Vadim N. Gladyshev</span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 172pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" valign="top" width="229" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" lang="EN-US">vgladyshev@rics.bwh.harvard.edu</span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 841pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" valign="top" width="1121" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" lang="EN-US">Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="display: table-row; height: 13.5pt; vertical-align: inherit" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_13201"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 82pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_13200" valign="top" rowspan="2" width="109" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" lang="EN-US">orang-utan</span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 74pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" valign="top" width="99" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" lang="EN-US">first author</span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 104pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" valign="top" width="139" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" lang="EN-US">Devin P. Locke</span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 172pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" valign="top" width="229" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" lang="EN-US">dlocke@wustl.edu</span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 841pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" valign="top" width="1121" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" lang="EN-US">The Genome Center at Washington University, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Avenue, Saint Louis, Missouri 63108, USA</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="display: table-row; height: 13.5pt; vertical-align: inherit" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_13186"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 74pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" valign="top" width="99" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" lang="EN-US">first author</span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 104pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_13185" valign="top" width="139" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_13184" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_13183" lang="EN-US">Wesley C. Warren</span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 172pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" valign="top" width="229" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" lang="EN-US">wwarren@wustl.edu</span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 841pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" valign="top" width="1121" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" lang="EN-US">The Genome Center at Washington University, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Avenue, Saint Louis, Missouri 63108, USA</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="display: table-row; height: 13.5pt; vertical-align: inherit" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_11946"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 82pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_13197" valign="top" rowspan="2" width="109" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_13199" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_13198" lang="EN-US">Giant Panda</span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 74pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_11945" valign="top" width="99" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_11944" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" lang="EN-US">last author</span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 104pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_11954" valign="top" width="139" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_13188" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_13187" lang="EN-US">Jian Wang</span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 172pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" valign="top" width="229" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" lang="EN-US">wangjian@genomics.org.cn</span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 841pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" valign="top" width="1121" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" lang="EN-US">BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="display: table-row; height: 13.5pt; vertical-align: inherit" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_11948"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 74pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_11947" valign="top" width="99" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" lang="EN-US">last author</span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 104pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_13191" valign="top" width="139" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_13190" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_13189" lang="EN-US">Jun Wang</span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 172pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" valign="top" width="229" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" lang="EN-US">wangj@genomics.org.cn</span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left-style: none; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-spacing: 2px; width: 841pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; display: table-cell; border-top-style: none; height: 13.5pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm" valign="top" width="1121" nowrap="nowrap"> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 12pt; padding-top: 0px" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" lang="EN-US">BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> <p style="padding-bottom: 0px; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); text-indent: 0px; margin: 0px 0cm; padding-left: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; padding-right: 0px; display: block; font: 12pt 굴림; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; color: rgb(69,69,69); word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1356941277341_11949" class="yiv1211056313MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; color: rgb(31,73,125); font-size: 10pt" lang="EN-US">&nbsp;</span></p> 3c5c9710b420b41335d24069a26fc12d2bd1c06d 0 2645 4550 2013-01-30T11:26:51Z S 300001 Created page with "<p>&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(69, 69, 69); font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">1.&nbsp;</span><span id="yui_3_7_2_1_1359544807676_5909" style="color: rgb(69, 69, 69); ..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p>&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(69, 69, 69); font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">1.&nbsp;</span><span id="yui_3_7_2_1_1359544807676_5909" style="color: rgb(69, 69, 69); font-family: dotum; font-size: 21px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -1px;">제약사 너도나도 &lsquo;유전체 분석 서비스&rsquo; 시장 진출 까닭은</span><span style="color: rgb(153, 153, 153); text-align: right; margin: 0px 5px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-family: gulim; border: none; width: 678px;">기사입력 2013-01-29 17:08</span><span style="color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-family: verdana; font-size: 11px; text-align: right;">&nbsp;</span><span style="color: rgb(153, 153, 153); text-align: right; margin: 0px 5px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-family: gulim; border: none; width: 678px;">기사수정 2013-01-29 17:08</span></p> <div id="yui_3_7_2_1_1359544807676_5906" style="color: rgb(69, 69, 69); font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span id="yui_3_7_2_1_1359544807676_5905" style="text-align: right; margin: 0px 5px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; border: none; width: 678px;"><font color="#999999" face="gulim" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1359544807676_5908"><a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="http://www.fnnews.com/view?ra=Sent0901m_View&amp;corp=fnnews&amp;arcid=201301290100264270014989&amp;cDateYear=2013&amp;cDateMonth=01&amp;cDateDay=29" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1359544807676_5907" style="color: rgb(40, 98, 197); outline: 0px;"><span class="yshortcuts" id="lw_1359544870_0">http://www.fnnews.com/view?ra=Sent0901m_View&amp;corp=fnnews&amp;arcid=201301290100264270014989&amp;cDateYear=2013&amp;cDateMonth=01&amp;cDateDay=29</span></a></font></span></div> <div id="yui_3_7_2_1_1359544807676_5888" style="color: rgb(69, 69, 69); font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">&nbsp;</div> <div id="yui_3_7_2_1_1359544807676_5904" style="color: rgb(69, 69, 69); font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">&nbsp;</div> <div id="yui_3_7_2_1_1359544807676_5889" style="color: rgb(69, 69, 69); font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">2.&nbsp;<span id="yui_3_7_2_1_1359544807676_5890" style="font-family: dotum; font-size: 21px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -1px;">유한양행&middot;테라젠이텍스, 유전체분석 서비스 &lsquo;헬로진&rsquo; 상용화</span><span style="color: rgb(153, 153, 153); text-align: right; margin: 0px 5px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-family: gulim; border: none; width: 678px;">기사입력 2013-01-29 14:42</span><span style="color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-family: verdana; font-size: 11px; text-align: right;">&nbsp;</span><span style="color: rgb(153, 153, 153); text-align: right; margin: 0px 5px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-family: gulim; border: none; width: 678px;">기사수정 2013-01-29 14:42</span></div> <div id="yui_3_7_2_1_1359544807676_5894" style="color: rgb(69, 69, 69); font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span id="yui_3_7_2_1_1359544807676_5893" style="text-align: right; margin: 0px 5px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; border: none; width: 678px;"><font color="#999999" face="gulim" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1359544807676_5892"><a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="http://www.fnnews.com/view?ra=Sent0901m_01A&amp;corp=fnnews&amp;arcid=201301290100262590014943&amp;cDateYear=2013&amp;cDateMonth=01&amp;cDateDay=29&amp;" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1359544807676_5891" style="color: rgb(40, 98, 197); outline: 0px;"><span class="yshortcuts" id="lw_1359544870_1">http://www.fnnews.com/view?ra=Sent0901m_01A&amp;corp=fnnews&amp;arcid=201301290100262590014943&amp;cDateYear=2013&amp;cDateMonth=01&amp;cDateDay=29&amp;</span></a></font></span></div> <div id="yui_3_7_2_1_1359544807676_5895" style="color: rgb(69, 69, 69); font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">&nbsp;</div> <div id="yui_3_7_2_1_1359544807676_5903" style="color: rgb(69, 69, 69); font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">&nbsp;</div> c30ddba749714db96d02e51f864d8063c16a3d53 0 2646 4552 2013-04-06T15:12:37Z S 300001 Created page with "<p>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/23559530/">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/23559530/</a></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p>" wikitext text/x-wiki <p>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/23559530/">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/23559530/</a></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> bb32a3144a5ffbd7d361a06d5a273a4f30222f7d 0 2371 4555 4498 2013-06-24T04:08:55Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: x-large">Genomics.org</span></p> <p>Genomics.org is an openfree genomics research organization.</p> <p>Located in San Diego, CA. USA</p> <p>Genomics.org is led byJong Bhak.</p> <p>It is a non-profit organization.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> c2ddb0a3cdf48db9cea1aed01b31b03e2357224d 0 2647 4556 2013-06-24T04:30:52Z S 300001 Created page with "<p><span style="font-size: x-large">Genomics.org</span></p> <p>Genomics.org is an openfree genomics research organization.</p> <p>Located in San Diego, CA. USA</p> <p>Genomics.or..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: x-large">Genomics.org</span></p> <p>Genomics.org is an openfree genomics research organization.</p> <p>Located in San Diego, CA. USA</p> <p>Genomics.org is led byJong Bhak.</p> <p>It is a non-profit organization.</p> 78827bf07bc2b759ba86e5843f132121cf64c027 0 1949 4557 3498 2013-07-30T10:07:21Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><b><span style="font-size: large">The first genomes in the genomics history.</span></b></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">[[The first human genome]]&nbsp; [[The first Neanderthal genome]]</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [[The first Caucasian genome]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[The first Asian genome]]&nbsp; [[The first Chinese genome]]&nbsp; [[The first Korean genome]]</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [[The first individual genome]] Venter's.&nbsp; [[James Watson Genome]]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[The first African Genome]] NA18507</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [[The first Japanese genome]]&nbsp; [[The first Indian genome]]</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">[[The first Orangutan genome]]</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">[[The first bacterial genome]]</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">[[The first plant genome]]</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">[[The first Archae genome]]</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">[[The first&nbsp;yeast genome]]: April 1996</span></p> <p><b><span style="font-size: medium">[[The first animal genome]]</span></b></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">&nbsp; &nbsp; [[The first mammoth genome]]</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp; &nbsp; [[The first whale genome]]: Minke whale by KIOST, TheragenEtex, and Genome Research Foundation.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp; &nbsp; [[The first Tiger Genome]]: Amur Tiger by TheragenEtex, BGI, and Genome Research Foundation.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">&nbsp;</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <hr /> <p><span style="font-size: small">[[Top genomics centers]]&nbsp; |&nbsp; [[Genomics News and Ads Archive|Genomics news]]&nbsp; |&nbsp; [[Genomics people]]&nbsp;&nbsp;|&nbsp; [[Genomics company]]</span></p> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> 265be0519b4e8f4a80fd2d66c8f9553cf5efca81 0 2648 4558 2013-07-30T10:07:35Z S 300001 Created page with "<p>&nbsp;</p> <p>http://tigergenome.org</p> <p>&nbsp;</p>" wikitext text/x-wiki <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>http://tigergenome.org</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 6f17e59824a5bb4affbf9258df21ce4bdb02579f 0 2649 4559 2013-08-03T17:43:47Z S 300001 Created page with "<p>&nbsp;<img alt="" width="1050" height="211" src="/userfiles/main.jpg" style="text-align: center; height: 148px; width: 850px;" /></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><span styl..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p>&nbsp;<img alt="" width="1050" height="211" src="/userfiles/main.jpg" style="text-align: center; height: 148px; width: 850px;" /></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><i><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Openfree"><b>Openfree</b></a></i><b><i>&nbsp;</i></b></span><b><span style="font-size: xx-large;"><font face="Courier New"><font color="#3366ff">G</font><font color="#ff0000">e</font></font><font color="#3366ff"><font face="Courier New">nomic</font><font face="Verdana">$</font>.<font face="Courier New">org&nbsp;</font></font></span></b></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><b><font color="#3366ff"><span style="font-size: small;"><a title="Genomics Organization" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics_Organization">Genomics Organization</a></span></font></b><span style="font-size: small;"><b><font color="#008080"><font color="#666699">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/What%20is%20genomics?">What is genomics?</a></font></font></b></span></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><font color="#008080"><font color="#666699">[[Genomics.org]] is a research and development organization located in La Jolla, CA.</font></font></b></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/1/11/Globe_5.gif" /></strong></span></span></td> <td style="background-color: rgb(51, 0, 204);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>&nbsp;</strong><a href="Genomics News and Ads Archive"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics News and Ads Archive</strong></span></a><strong>&nbsp;<font size="4">◇&nbsp;</font></strong><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="The first genomes"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>The first genomes</strong></span></a></span></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <ul> <li>[[Billion Genome Project]]: PGI of Jong Bhak, director of Genome Research Foundation &nbsp;launches Billlion Genome Project (2012 Sep. 4th). &nbsp;</li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">[[Open Access Pharmacogenomics Project]]: OpenPGX launched by Indian scientists.</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">[[Faroe island nation genome project]]</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">[[Origins of the E. coli Strain Causing an Outbreak of Hemolytic&ndash;Uremic Syndrome in Germany]]. NEJM. 2011 July 27th.&nbsp;<br /> </span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Tasmanian devil genome sequenced"><span style="font-size: small;">Tasmanian devil genome sequenced</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: PNAS June 27th 2011</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Multiple myeloma genomes sequenced"><span style="font-size: small;">Multiple myeloma genomes sequenced</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: 20110324 Nature.</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Prostate cancer genomes sequenced by Broad and Dana Faber"><span style="font-size: small;">Prostate cancer genomes sequenced by Broad and Dana Faber</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: 20110214</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Desmond Tutu talks about his genome"><span style="font-size: small;">Desmond Tutu talks about his genome</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: 20110222</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) genome sequenced 20110131"><span style="font-size: small;">Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) genome sequenced 20110131</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;PNAS</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img alt="" src="/images/8/81/Paris_japonica_logo_openfree.gif" />&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica"><span style="font-size: small;">The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">: 20101009 &rArr;&nbsp;</span><a href="Genome size"><span style="font-size: small;">Genome size</span></a></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><img alt="" src="/images/d/d8/Turkey_logo_2.gif" />&nbsp;</span><a href="Turkey genome sequenced 20100907"><span style="font-size: small;">Turkey genome sequenced 20100907</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;&rArr;&nbsp;</span><a href="Bird genome"><span style="font-size: small;">Bird genome</span></a></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><img alt="" src="/images/a/a1/Scripps_logo_openfree_1.gif" />&nbsp;<img alt="" src="/images/f/fe/Sanofi_aventis_logo1.gif" />&nbsp;</span><a href="Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging"><span style="font-size: small;">Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;20100818</span></li> <li><a href="Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection"><span style="font-size: small;">Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">: 20100810</span></li> <li><a href="The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill"><span style="font-size: small;">The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">: PGP9. 20100330.</span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/b/b8/Dna_sm_tran_openfree.gif" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#ff0099" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(255, 0, 153);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>&nbsp;What is&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics</span></a>?</strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <li><a href="Getting your own Genome">Getting your own Genome</a></li> <li><a href="Personal Genome Project">Personal Genome Project</a></li> <li><a href="Possible genomic diseases of you">Possible genomic diseases of you</a></li> <li><a href="Storing your genome in you PC">Storing your genome in you PC</a></li> <li><a href="Fully sequenced genomes">Fully sequenced genomes</a></li> <li><a href="Full Genome Sequencing">Full Genome Sequencing</a></li> <li><a href="Genomic Equality">Genomic Equality</a></li> </td> <td> <li><a href="Free Genomics Project">Free Genomics Project</a></li> <li><a href="Free genomes">Free genomes</a></li> <li><a href="Viewing your genetics family">Viewing your genetics family</a></li> <li><a href="Specific Omics">Specific Omics</a></li> <li><a href="A brief guide to genomics from NHGRI">A brief guide to genomics from NHGRI</a></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Interesting things in your Genome">Interesting things in your Genome</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Public Genomics Project">Public Genomics Project</a></span></li> </td> <td> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Compare your genome with other people's">Compare your genome with other people's</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Visualizing your genome">Visualizing your genome</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genome Projects">Genome Projects</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genome History">Genome History</a></span></li> <li>[[The principle of universal genome]]<br /> &nbsp;</li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/4/49/Running_man_1.gif" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#330099" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 0, 204);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><font color="#000000"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genomics"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Human Genomics</span></a></font></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Fully%20sequenced%20human%20genomes">Fully sequenced human genomes</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Fully%20sequenced%20female%20human%20genome">Fully sequenced female human genome</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mitochondrial%20Genomics">Mitochondrial Genomics</a>: Human mitochondrial genomics.</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Y%20Genomics">Y Genomics</a>: Human Y chromosome genomics.</li> <li>[[HelloGene]]</li> </td> <td> <p>&nbsp;　<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇ</span></p> </td> <td> <p><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;ㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇ</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics News Links"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics News Links</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Genomics Major Paper Publication"><span style="font-size: small;">Genomics Major Paper Publication</span></a></li> <li><a href="Your writing contribution to Genomics"><span style="font-size: small;">Your writing contribution to Genomics</span></a></li> <li><a href="Personal Genomics Issues"><span style="font-size: small;">Personal Genomics Issues</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;<b>(</b></span><b><a href="Genomic ethics"><span style="font-size: small;">Genomic ethics</span></a></b><span style="font-size: small;"><b>)</b></span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Species%20Specific%20Genomics"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Species Specific Genomics</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><span style="font-size: medium;"><font color="#0000ff"><font color="#000000"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Animal%20genomics">Animal genomics</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Plant%20genomics">Plant genomics</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Microbial%20genomics">Microbial genomics</a></b></font></font></span></p> <ul> <li>[[Primate Genomics]]</li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/C.%20elegans%20Genomics">C. elegans Genomics</a><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Cow%20genome">Cow genome</a><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Daphnia%20Genomics%20Consortium%20(DGC)">Daphnia Genomics Consortium (DGC)</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">(</font><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Insect%20genome">Insect genome</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">)</font><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Rice%20Genome%20at%20BGI%20China">Rice Genome at BGI China</a><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Sol%20Genomics">Sol Genomics</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">: Tomato</font><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Tiger%20Genome">Tiger Genome</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">:&nbsp;</font><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/TigerGenome%20Project%20by%20PGI%20Korea">TigerGenome Project by PGI Korea</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">.</font><br /> </b></li> <li><b><font color="#0000ff"><font color="#000000"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Yeast%20Genome">Yeast Genome</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">: SGD</font></font></font></b></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Projects"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Projects</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li>PGP&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal%20Genome%20Project">Personal Genome Project</a></li> <li>&quot;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/$0%20Genomics%20Project">$0 Genomics Project</a>&quot; Launched on-line. Please sign<i>!</i></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome%2010k%20Project">Genome 10k Project</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20List"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics List</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Agrogenomics"><font size="2">Agrogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Anthropogenomics"><font size="2">Anthropogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Autogenomics"><font size="2">Autogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chemicogenomics"><font size="2">Chemicogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chemogenomics"><font size="2">Chemogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chemgenomics"><font size="2">Chemgenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Demogenomics"><font size="2">Demogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Ecogenomics"><font size="2">Ecogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Econogenomics"><font size="2">Econogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Equigenomics"><font size="2">Equigenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Ethnogenomics"><font size="2">Ethnogenomics</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Eugenomics"><font size="2">Eugenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Gastrogenomics"><font size="2">Gastrogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Getontogenomics"><font size="2">Getontogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Gerogenomics"><font size="2">Gerogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Hepatogenomics"><font size="2">Hepatogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Immunogenomics"><font size="2">Immunogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Immunomics"><font size="2">Immunomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mammogenomics"><font size="2">Mammogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Metagenomics"><font size="2">Metagenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Microgenomics"><font size="2">Microgenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mitogenomics"><font size="2">Mitogenomics</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mycogenomics"><font size="2">Mycogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nanogenomics"><font size="2">Nanogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Neurogenomics"><font size="2">Neurogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/NitroGenomics"><font size="2">NitroGenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nutrigenomics"><font size="2">Nutrigenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nutragenomics"><font size="2">Nutragenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Omnigenomics"><font size="2">Omnigenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Oncogenomics"><font size="2">Oncogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Osteogenomics"><font size="2">Osteogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Pangenomics"><font size="2">Pangenomics</font></a></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Phylogenomics"><font size="2">Phylogenomics</font></a></font></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul><font size="2"> <li><font size="2">&nbsp;</font><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Phytogenomics"><font size="2">Phytogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Pulmogenomics"><font size="2">Pulmogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Psychogenomics"><font size="2">Psychogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Supergenomics"><font size="2">Supergenomics</font></a></li> <li>[[syntheticgenomics]]</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Toxicogenomics"><font size="2">Toxicogenomics</font></a></li> </font></ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>Genomics Branches</strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Comparative%20Genomics"><font size="2">Comparative Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Free%20Genomics"><font size="2">Free Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Health%20Genomics"><font size="2">Health Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genomics"><font size="2">Human Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Open%20Genomics"><font size="2">Open Genomics</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal%20Genomics"><font size="2">Personal Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Public%20Genomics"><font size="2">Public Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Public%20Health%20Genomics"><font size="2">Public Health Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Synthetic%20Genomics"><font size="2">Synthetic Genomics</font></a></li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Essays%20and%20Opinions"><b><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Essays and Opinions</span></b></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The%20Ultimate%20information%20of%20human%20beings">The Ultimate information of human beings</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Who%20have%20to%20insist%20on%20the%20first%20in%20genomics">Who have to insist on the first in genomics</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomic%20Philosophy">Genomic Philosophy</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="height: 172px; width: 1020.7999877929688px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ff0000" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Projects"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">G<span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">e</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 0);">n</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153);">o</span>mics&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(0, 255, 255);">P</span><span style="color: rgb(204, 255, 255);">u</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">b</span>lication</span></a><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">&nbsp;and&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(0, 255, 255);">P</span>apers</span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Genome Research</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Genome Biology</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Nature</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Science</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Cell</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">[[Major Genome Sequencing and Analysis&nbsp;Paper authors]]</span></b></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/7/79/Bioinstrument_company_logo_1.png" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4"><a href="Genomics Analysis Tools and Technology"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Analysis Tools and Technology</strong></span></a></font></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Bioinformatics"><font size="2">Bioinformatics</font></a></li> <li><a href="BioPipelines"><font size="2">BioPipelines</font></a></li> <li><a href="Biomatics"><font size="2">Biomatics</font></a></li> <li><a href="Genome compression">Genome compression</a></li> <li><a href="Amalga">Amalga</a>&nbsp;from Microsoft</li> </ul> </td> <td> <li><a href="Sequencing"><font size="2">Sequencing</font></a></li> <li><a href="GRID technology"><font size="2">GRID technology</font></a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></li> <li><a href="SNP chip"><font size="2">SNP chip</font></a></li> <li><a href="Genome sequence mapping">Genome sequence mapping</a></li> </td> <td> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Omics"><font size="2">Omics</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="BioEngine"><font size="2">BioEngine</font></a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎ</span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="BioComputing"><font size="2">BioComputing</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="JMP Genomics"><font size="2">JMP Genomics</font></a><font color="#000000" size="2">&nbsp;by SAS</font></span></li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/1/1a/Nasdaq_logo_4.png" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Companies"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Companies</strong></span></a></font></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/23andme.com"><font size="2">23andme.com</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/DNAgenotek.com"><font size="2">DNAgenotek.com</font></a><font size="2">:Saliva DNA</font></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Knome.com"><font size="2">Knome.com</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Navigenics.com"><font size="2">Navigenics.com</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nimblegen"><font size="2">Nimblegen</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Integrated%20Genomics"><font size="2">Integrated Genomics</font></a><font size="2">: Chicago based</font></li> </ul> </td> <td> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Affymetrix"><font size="2">Affymetrix</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Celera"><font size="2">Celera</font></a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genome%20Sciences,%20Inc.">Human Genome Sciences, Inc.</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹ</span></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Microsoft"><font size="2">Microsoft</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal%20Genome%20Companies"><font size="2">Personal Genome Companies</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Synthetic%20Genomics">Synthetic Genomics</a>: by Venter</li> </td> <td> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Agowa"><font size="2">Agowa</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Decodeme.com"><font size="2">Decodeme.com</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Decode"><font size="2">Decode</font></a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎ</span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Illumina"><font size="2">Illumina</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/NanoGen"><font size="2">NanoGen</font></a></span></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/U.S.%20Genomics"><font size="2">U.S. Genomics</font></a></li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="4" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Meetings"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Meetings</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2010%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2010 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2007%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2007 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2004%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2004 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2009%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2009 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2006%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2006 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2003%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2003 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2008%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2008 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2005%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2005 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2002%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2002 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Centers"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Centers</strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Sanger%20Institute"><font size="2">Sanger Institute</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/BGI"><font size="2">BGI</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/PGI"><font size="2">PGI</font></a></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/JGI">JGI</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/IGS%20at%20Maryland">IGS</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/IGB%20at%20UCI">IGB at UCI</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/JCVI">JCVI</a></font></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Organizations%20and%20Alliances"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Organizations and Alliances</strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><a href="http://bioitalliance.org/">Microsoft BioIT Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/GenomeFoundation.org">GenomeFoundation.org</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Stanford%20Genomics%20Resources">Stanford Genomics Resources</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20People"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics People</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/You!"><strong>You!</strong></a></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Craig%20Venter">Craig Venter</a></b></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Fred%20Sanger">Fred Sanger</a></b></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Seong-Jin%20Kim">Seong-Jin Kim</a></b></span></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><font size="2"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/George%20Church">George Church</a></b></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Yang%20Huanming">Yang Huanming</a></b></span></li> </ul> </td> <td><font size="2"> <ul> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/James%20Watson">James Watson</a></b></li> </ul> </font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20by%20Country"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics by Country</strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/British%20Genomics"><span style="font-size: medium;">British Genomics</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">: Genomics in the UK</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Canadian%20Genomics">Canadian Genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chinese%20Genomics">Chinese Genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Korean%20Genomics">Korean Genomics</a></span><font size="2"><span style="font-size: medium;">:&nbsp;</span><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/PGI"><span style="font-size: medium;">PGI</span></a><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/TBI"><span style="font-size: medium;">TBI</span></a></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Netherlands%20Genomics">Netherlands Genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/US%20Genomics">US Genomics</a></span><span style="font-size: medium;">: Genomics in the USA</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Japanese%20Genomics">Japanese Genomics</a></span><font size="2"><span style="font-size: medium;">:&nbsp;</span><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/GenomeNet"><span style="font-size: medium;">GenomeNet</span></a></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">[[Autralian Genomics]]</span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Methods"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Methods</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li>Karyotyping</li> <li>Mass spectrometry</li> <li>Western blot</li> <li>Chromosomal watlking</li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li>PCR</li> <li>Yeast Two Hybrid</li> <li>Northern blot</li> <li>RFLP</li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li>Immunoprecipitation</li> <li>Southern blot</li> <li>Elisa</li> <li> <p><span style="font-size: small;">[[Method of Sample (gDNA) Preparation for Sending out]]</span></p> </li> </ul> </td> <td><font size="2"> <ul> <li>SDS-page</li> <li>Immunofluorescence</li> <li>Real-time PCR</li> </ul> </font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Theory"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Genomics L</span></a><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">abs</span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;[[Dr. Ban Doohee lab in Yeonsei University Korea]]</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20History"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics History</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Glossary"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Glossary</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Programs"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Programs</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome%20alignement%20programs"><strong><font size="2">Genome alignement programs</font></strong></a></li> <li><strong><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome%20visualization%20programs">Genome visualization programs</a></font></strong></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="ADN static.png" width="29" height="29" src="/images/thumb/c/c2/ADN_static.png/50px-ADN_static.png" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Image"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Image</strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics Portals"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Portals</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Opinion on Genomics"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Opinion on Genomics</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><a href="About Human Genome Project"><span style="font-size: small;">About Human Genome Project</span></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics Issues and Problems"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Issues and Problems</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><a href="Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008"><span style="font-size: small;">Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008</span></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong><a href="Read Journals and Publications"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Journals</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="BMC Genomics"><font size="2">BMC Genomics</font></a></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genome Biology">Genome Biology</a>&nbsp;by BMC Ltd with Springer Science</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Elsevier Genomics">Elsevier Genomics</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="BMC Medical Genomics">BMC Medical Genomics</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Open Genomics Journal">Open Genomics Journal</a></font></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Physiological Genomics"><font size="2">Physiological Genomics</font></a><font size="2">&nbsp;by The American Physiological Society</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genome Research">Genome Research</a>&nbsp;by CSHL</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genome from NRC press">Genome from NRC press</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genomics from Elsevier">Genomics from Elsevier</a></font></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genomics books"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics books</span></strong></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1098px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics in TV and Media</strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;<b>BBC analysis on Human Genome after 10 years in YouTube</b>: &nbsp;<a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Mu9Qv-lSrU&amp;feature=autoplay&amp;list=PLC67E043CBD218D2D&amp;playnext=2">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Mu9Qv-lSrU&amp;feature=autoplay&amp;list=PLC67E043CBD218D2D&amp;playnext=2</a></li> <li><b>Boys cured with Gene Therapy 2004 article</b>:&nbsp;<a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4101411.stm">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4101411.stm</a></li> <li>[[Theragen BiO Institute]]</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genome Wish"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genome Wish</span></a>:<b>what I can do with my genome.</b></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genomics version 2.0"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics version 2.0</span></strong></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Full Genomics"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Full Genomics</span></strong></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><font color="#808080" size="6">♬</font></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genomic Art"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomic Art</strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><strong style="font-size: large; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: center; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font color="#000000" size="6">&nbsp;۩</font></strong><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics Prizes">Genomics Prizes</a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genome references"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genome references</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Post genomics era"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Post genomics era</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>Genomics era has arrived in 2008. Post-genomics era will come in 2050. - Jong Bhak</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="External links"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">External links</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://www.cdc.gov/genomics">CDC genomics</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://bioinfoblog.it/">Bioinfoblog.it</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://proteome.net">Proteome.net</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://microbiome.org">Microbiome.org</a><a href="http://www.biodata.com">Laboratory Management</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://microbiomics.org/">Microbiomics.org</a></font></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>Advertisement</strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="Totalomics full sequencing and bioinformatics analysis service">Totalomics full sequencing and bioinformatics analysis service</a></span></li> <li><a href="About Genomics.org"><span style="font-size: small;">About Genomics.org</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;</span></li> <li><a href="Unleashing your genome"><span style="font-size: small;">Unleashing your genome</span></a></li> <li><a href="Who maintains Genomics.org?"><span style="font-size: small;">Who maintains Genomics.org?</span></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> ac99a96ac45783626df9518081cbeebf0e52ddfa 4560 4559 2013-08-03T17:44:11Z S 300001 Protected "[[Main Page]]" ([edit=autoconfirmed] (indefinite) [move=autoconfirmed] (indefinite)) wikitext text/x-wiki <p>&nbsp;<img alt="" width="1050" height="211" src="/userfiles/main.jpg" style="text-align: center; height: 148px; width: 850px;" /></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><i><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Openfree"><b>Openfree</b></a></i><b><i>&nbsp;</i></b></span><b><span style="font-size: xx-large;"><font face="Courier New"><font color="#3366ff">G</font><font color="#ff0000">e</font></font><font color="#3366ff"><font face="Courier New">nomic</font><font face="Verdana">$</font>.<font face="Courier New">org&nbsp;</font></font></span></b></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><b><font color="#3366ff"><span style="font-size: small;"><a title="Genomics Organization" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics_Organization">Genomics Organization</a></span></font></b><span style="font-size: small;"><b><font color="#008080"><font color="#666699">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/What%20is%20genomics?">What is genomics?</a></font></font></b></span></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><font color="#008080"><font color="#666699">[[Genomics.org]] is a research and development organization located in La Jolla, CA.</font></font></b></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/1/11/Globe_5.gif" /></strong></span></span></td> <td style="background-color: rgb(51, 0, 204);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>&nbsp;</strong><a href="Genomics News and Ads Archive"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics News and Ads Archive</strong></span></a><strong>&nbsp;<font size="4">◇&nbsp;</font></strong><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="The first genomes"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>The first genomes</strong></span></a></span></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <ul> <li>[[Billion Genome Project]]: PGI of Jong Bhak, director of Genome Research Foundation &nbsp;launches Billlion Genome Project (2012 Sep. 4th). &nbsp;</li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">[[Open Access Pharmacogenomics Project]]: OpenPGX launched by Indian scientists.</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">[[Faroe island nation genome project]]</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">[[Origins of the E. coli Strain Causing an Outbreak of Hemolytic&ndash;Uremic Syndrome in Germany]]. NEJM. 2011 July 27th.&nbsp;<br /> </span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Tasmanian devil genome sequenced"><span style="font-size: small;">Tasmanian devil genome sequenced</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: PNAS June 27th 2011</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Multiple myeloma genomes sequenced"><span style="font-size: small;">Multiple myeloma genomes sequenced</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: 20110324 Nature.</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Prostate cancer genomes sequenced by Broad and Dana Faber"><span style="font-size: small;">Prostate cancer genomes sequenced by Broad and Dana Faber</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: 20110214</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Desmond Tutu talks about his genome"><span style="font-size: small;">Desmond Tutu talks about his genome</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: 20110222</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) genome sequenced 20110131"><span style="font-size: small;">Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) genome sequenced 20110131</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;PNAS</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img alt="" src="/images/8/81/Paris_japonica_logo_openfree.gif" />&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica"><span style="font-size: small;">The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">: 20101009 &rArr;&nbsp;</span><a href="Genome size"><span style="font-size: small;">Genome size</span></a></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><img alt="" src="/images/d/d8/Turkey_logo_2.gif" />&nbsp;</span><a href="Turkey genome sequenced 20100907"><span style="font-size: small;">Turkey genome sequenced 20100907</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;&rArr;&nbsp;</span><a href="Bird genome"><span style="font-size: small;">Bird genome</span></a></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><img alt="" src="/images/a/a1/Scripps_logo_openfree_1.gif" />&nbsp;<img alt="" src="/images/f/fe/Sanofi_aventis_logo1.gif" />&nbsp;</span><a href="Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging"><span style="font-size: small;">Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;20100818</span></li> <li><a href="Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection"><span style="font-size: small;">Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">: 20100810</span></li> <li><a href="The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill"><span style="font-size: small;">The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">: PGP9. 20100330.</span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/b/b8/Dna_sm_tran_openfree.gif" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#ff0099" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(255, 0, 153);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>&nbsp;What is&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics</span></a>?</strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <li><a href="Getting your own Genome">Getting your own Genome</a></li> <li><a href="Personal Genome Project">Personal Genome Project</a></li> <li><a href="Possible genomic diseases of you">Possible genomic diseases of you</a></li> <li><a href="Storing your genome in you PC">Storing your genome in you PC</a></li> <li><a href="Fully sequenced genomes">Fully sequenced genomes</a></li> <li><a href="Full Genome Sequencing">Full Genome Sequencing</a></li> <li><a href="Genomic Equality">Genomic Equality</a></li> </td> <td> <li><a href="Free Genomics Project">Free Genomics Project</a></li> <li><a href="Free genomes">Free genomes</a></li> <li><a href="Viewing your genetics family">Viewing your genetics family</a></li> <li><a href="Specific Omics">Specific Omics</a></li> <li><a href="A brief guide to genomics from NHGRI">A brief guide to genomics from NHGRI</a></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Interesting things in your Genome">Interesting things in your Genome</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Public Genomics Project">Public Genomics Project</a></span></li> </td> <td> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Compare your genome with other people's">Compare your genome with other people's</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Visualizing your genome">Visualizing your genome</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genome Projects">Genome Projects</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genome History">Genome History</a></span></li> <li>[[The principle of universal genome]]<br /> &nbsp;</li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/4/49/Running_man_1.gif" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#330099" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 0, 204);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><font color="#000000"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genomics"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Human Genomics</span></a></font></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Fully%20sequenced%20human%20genomes">Fully sequenced human genomes</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Fully%20sequenced%20female%20human%20genome">Fully sequenced female human genome</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mitochondrial%20Genomics">Mitochondrial Genomics</a>: Human mitochondrial genomics.</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Y%20Genomics">Y Genomics</a>: Human Y chromosome genomics.</li> <li>[[HelloGene]]</li> </td> <td> <p>&nbsp;　<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇ</span></p> </td> <td> <p><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;ㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇ</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics News Links"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics News Links</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Genomics Major Paper Publication"><span style="font-size: small;">Genomics Major Paper Publication</span></a></li> <li><a href="Your writing contribution to Genomics"><span style="font-size: small;">Your writing contribution to Genomics</span></a></li> <li><a href="Personal Genomics Issues"><span style="font-size: small;">Personal Genomics Issues</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;<b>(</b></span><b><a href="Genomic ethics"><span style="font-size: small;">Genomic ethics</span></a></b><span style="font-size: small;"><b>)</b></span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Species%20Specific%20Genomics"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Species Specific Genomics</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><span style="font-size: medium;"><font color="#0000ff"><font color="#000000"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Animal%20genomics">Animal genomics</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Plant%20genomics">Plant genomics</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Microbial%20genomics">Microbial genomics</a></b></font></font></span></p> <ul> <li>[[Primate Genomics]]</li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/C.%20elegans%20Genomics">C. elegans Genomics</a><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Cow%20genome">Cow genome</a><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Daphnia%20Genomics%20Consortium%20(DGC)">Daphnia Genomics Consortium (DGC)</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">(</font><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Insect%20genome">Insect genome</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">)</font><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Rice%20Genome%20at%20BGI%20China">Rice Genome at BGI China</a><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Sol%20Genomics">Sol Genomics</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">: Tomato</font><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Tiger%20Genome">Tiger Genome</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">:&nbsp;</font><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/TigerGenome%20Project%20by%20PGI%20Korea">TigerGenome Project by PGI Korea</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">.</font><br /> </b></li> <li><b><font color="#0000ff"><font color="#000000"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Yeast%20Genome">Yeast Genome</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">: SGD</font></font></font></b></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Projects"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Projects</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li>PGP&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal%20Genome%20Project">Personal Genome Project</a></li> <li>&quot;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/$0%20Genomics%20Project">$0 Genomics Project</a>&quot; Launched on-line. Please sign<i>!</i></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome%2010k%20Project">Genome 10k Project</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20List"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics List</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Agrogenomics"><font size="2">Agrogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Anthropogenomics"><font size="2">Anthropogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Autogenomics"><font size="2">Autogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chemicogenomics"><font size="2">Chemicogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chemogenomics"><font size="2">Chemogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chemgenomics"><font size="2">Chemgenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Demogenomics"><font size="2">Demogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Ecogenomics"><font size="2">Ecogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Econogenomics"><font size="2">Econogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Equigenomics"><font size="2">Equigenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Ethnogenomics"><font size="2">Ethnogenomics</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Eugenomics"><font size="2">Eugenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Gastrogenomics"><font size="2">Gastrogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Getontogenomics"><font size="2">Getontogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Gerogenomics"><font size="2">Gerogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Hepatogenomics"><font size="2">Hepatogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Immunogenomics"><font size="2">Immunogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Immunomics"><font size="2">Immunomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mammogenomics"><font size="2">Mammogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Metagenomics"><font size="2">Metagenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Microgenomics"><font size="2">Microgenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mitogenomics"><font size="2">Mitogenomics</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mycogenomics"><font size="2">Mycogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nanogenomics"><font size="2">Nanogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Neurogenomics"><font size="2">Neurogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/NitroGenomics"><font size="2">NitroGenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nutrigenomics"><font size="2">Nutrigenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nutragenomics"><font size="2">Nutragenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Omnigenomics"><font size="2">Omnigenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Oncogenomics"><font size="2">Oncogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Osteogenomics"><font size="2">Osteogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Pangenomics"><font size="2">Pangenomics</font></a></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Phylogenomics"><font size="2">Phylogenomics</font></a></font></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul><font size="2"> <li><font size="2">&nbsp;</font><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Phytogenomics"><font size="2">Phytogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Pulmogenomics"><font size="2">Pulmogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Psychogenomics"><font size="2">Psychogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Supergenomics"><font size="2">Supergenomics</font></a></li> <li>[[syntheticgenomics]]</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Toxicogenomics"><font size="2">Toxicogenomics</font></a></li> </font></ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>Genomics Branches</strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Comparative%20Genomics"><font size="2">Comparative Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Free%20Genomics"><font size="2">Free Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Health%20Genomics"><font size="2">Health Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genomics"><font size="2">Human Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Open%20Genomics"><font size="2">Open Genomics</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal%20Genomics"><font size="2">Personal Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Public%20Genomics"><font size="2">Public Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Public%20Health%20Genomics"><font size="2">Public Health Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Synthetic%20Genomics"><font size="2">Synthetic Genomics</font></a></li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Essays%20and%20Opinions"><b><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Essays and Opinions</span></b></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The%20Ultimate%20information%20of%20human%20beings">The Ultimate information of human beings</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Who%20have%20to%20insist%20on%20the%20first%20in%20genomics">Who have to insist on the first in genomics</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomic%20Philosophy">Genomic Philosophy</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="height: 172px; width: 1020.7999877929688px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ff0000" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Projects"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">G<span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">e</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 0);">n</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153);">o</span>mics&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(0, 255, 255);">P</span><span style="color: rgb(204, 255, 255);">u</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">b</span>lication</span></a><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">&nbsp;and&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(0, 255, 255);">P</span>apers</span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Genome Research</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Genome Biology</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Nature</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Science</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Cell</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">[[Major Genome Sequencing and Analysis&nbsp;Paper authors]]</span></b></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/7/79/Bioinstrument_company_logo_1.png" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4"><a href="Genomics Analysis Tools and Technology"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Analysis Tools and Technology</strong></span></a></font></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Bioinformatics"><font size="2">Bioinformatics</font></a></li> <li><a href="BioPipelines"><font size="2">BioPipelines</font></a></li> <li><a href="Biomatics"><font size="2">Biomatics</font></a></li> <li><a href="Genome compression">Genome compression</a></li> <li><a href="Amalga">Amalga</a>&nbsp;from Microsoft</li> </ul> </td> <td> <li><a href="Sequencing"><font size="2">Sequencing</font></a></li> <li><a href="GRID technology"><font size="2">GRID technology</font></a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></li> <li><a href="SNP chip"><font size="2">SNP chip</font></a></li> <li><a href="Genome sequence mapping">Genome sequence mapping</a></li> </td> <td> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Omics"><font size="2">Omics</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="BioEngine"><font size="2">BioEngine</font></a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎ</span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="BioComputing"><font size="2">BioComputing</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="JMP Genomics"><font size="2">JMP Genomics</font></a><font color="#000000" size="2">&nbsp;by SAS</font></span></li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/1/1a/Nasdaq_logo_4.png" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Companies"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Companies</strong></span></a></font></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/23andme.com"><font size="2">23andme.com</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/DNAgenotek.com"><font size="2">DNAgenotek.com</font></a><font size="2">:Saliva DNA</font></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Knome.com"><font size="2">Knome.com</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Navigenics.com"><font size="2">Navigenics.com</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nimblegen"><font size="2">Nimblegen</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Integrated%20Genomics"><font size="2">Integrated Genomics</font></a><font size="2">: Chicago based</font></li> </ul> </td> <td> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Affymetrix"><font size="2">Affymetrix</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Celera"><font size="2">Celera</font></a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genome%20Sciences,%20Inc.">Human Genome Sciences, Inc.</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹ</span></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Microsoft"><font size="2">Microsoft</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal%20Genome%20Companies"><font size="2">Personal Genome Companies</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Synthetic%20Genomics">Synthetic Genomics</a>: by Venter</li> </td> <td> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Agowa"><font size="2">Agowa</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Decodeme.com"><font size="2">Decodeme.com</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Decode"><font size="2">Decode</font></a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎ</span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Illumina"><font size="2">Illumina</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/NanoGen"><font size="2">NanoGen</font></a></span></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/U.S.%20Genomics"><font size="2">U.S. Genomics</font></a></li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="4" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Meetings"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Meetings</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2010%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2010 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2007%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2007 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2004%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2004 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2009%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2009 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2006%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2006 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2003%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2003 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2008%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2008 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2005%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2005 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2002%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2002 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Centers"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Centers</strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Sanger%20Institute"><font size="2">Sanger Institute</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/BGI"><font size="2">BGI</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/PGI"><font size="2">PGI</font></a></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/JGI">JGI</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/IGS%20at%20Maryland">IGS</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/IGB%20at%20UCI">IGB at UCI</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/JCVI">JCVI</a></font></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Organizations%20and%20Alliances"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Organizations and Alliances</strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><a href="http://bioitalliance.org/">Microsoft BioIT Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/GenomeFoundation.org">GenomeFoundation.org</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Stanford%20Genomics%20Resources">Stanford Genomics Resources</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20People"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics People</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/You!"><strong>You!</strong></a></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Craig%20Venter">Craig Venter</a></b></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Fred%20Sanger">Fred Sanger</a></b></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Seong-Jin%20Kim">Seong-Jin Kim</a></b></span></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><font size="2"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/George%20Church">George Church</a></b></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Yang%20Huanming">Yang Huanming</a></b></span></li> </ul> </td> <td><font size="2"> <ul> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/James%20Watson">James Watson</a></b></li> </ul> </font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20by%20Country"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics by Country</strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/British%20Genomics"><span style="font-size: medium;">British Genomics</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">: Genomics in the UK</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Canadian%20Genomics">Canadian Genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chinese%20Genomics">Chinese Genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Korean%20Genomics">Korean Genomics</a></span><font size="2"><span style="font-size: medium;">:&nbsp;</span><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/PGI"><span style="font-size: medium;">PGI</span></a><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/TBI"><span style="font-size: medium;">TBI</span></a></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Netherlands%20Genomics">Netherlands Genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/US%20Genomics">US Genomics</a></span><span style="font-size: medium;">: Genomics in the USA</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Japanese%20Genomics">Japanese Genomics</a></span><font size="2"><span style="font-size: medium;">:&nbsp;</span><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/GenomeNet"><span style="font-size: medium;">GenomeNet</span></a></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">[[Autralian Genomics]]</span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Methods"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Methods</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li>Karyotyping</li> <li>Mass spectrometry</li> <li>Western blot</li> <li>Chromosomal watlking</li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li>PCR</li> <li>Yeast Two Hybrid</li> <li>Northern blot</li> <li>RFLP</li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li>Immunoprecipitation</li> <li>Southern blot</li> <li>Elisa</li> <li> <p><span style="font-size: small;">[[Method of Sample (gDNA) Preparation for Sending out]]</span></p> </li> </ul> </td> <td><font size="2"> <ul> <li>SDS-page</li> <li>Immunofluorescence</li> <li>Real-time PCR</li> </ul> </font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Theory"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Genomics L</span></a><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">abs</span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;[[Dr. Ban Doohee lab in Yeonsei University Korea]]</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20History"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics History</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Glossary"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Glossary</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Programs"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Programs</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome%20alignement%20programs"><strong><font size="2">Genome alignement programs</font></strong></a></li> <li><strong><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome%20visualization%20programs">Genome visualization programs</a></font></strong></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="ADN static.png" width="29" height="29" src="/images/thumb/c/c2/ADN_static.png/50px-ADN_static.png" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Image"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Image</strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics Portals"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Portals</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Opinion on Genomics"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Opinion on Genomics</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><a href="About Human Genome Project"><span style="font-size: small;">About Human Genome Project</span></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics Issues and Problems"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Issues and Problems</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><a href="Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008"><span style="font-size: small;">Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008</span></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong><a href="Read Journals and Publications"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Journals</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="BMC Genomics"><font size="2">BMC Genomics</font></a></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genome Biology">Genome Biology</a>&nbsp;by BMC Ltd with Springer Science</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Elsevier Genomics">Elsevier Genomics</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="BMC Medical Genomics">BMC Medical Genomics</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Open Genomics Journal">Open Genomics Journal</a></font></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Physiological Genomics"><font size="2">Physiological Genomics</font></a><font size="2">&nbsp;by The American Physiological Society</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genome Research">Genome Research</a>&nbsp;by CSHL</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genome from NRC press">Genome from NRC press</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genomics from Elsevier">Genomics from Elsevier</a></font></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genomics books"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics books</span></strong></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1098px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics in TV and Media</strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;<b>BBC analysis on Human Genome after 10 years in YouTube</b>: &nbsp;<a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Mu9Qv-lSrU&amp;feature=autoplay&amp;list=PLC67E043CBD218D2D&amp;playnext=2">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Mu9Qv-lSrU&amp;feature=autoplay&amp;list=PLC67E043CBD218D2D&amp;playnext=2</a></li> <li><b>Boys cured with Gene Therapy 2004 article</b>:&nbsp;<a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4101411.stm">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4101411.stm</a></li> <li>[[Theragen BiO Institute]]</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genome Wish"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genome Wish</span></a>:<b>what I can do with my genome.</b></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genomics version 2.0"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics version 2.0</span></strong></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Full Genomics"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Full Genomics</span></strong></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><font color="#808080" size="6">♬</font></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genomic Art"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomic Art</strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><strong style="font-size: large; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: center; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font color="#000000" size="6">&nbsp;۩</font></strong><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics Prizes">Genomics Prizes</a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genome references"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genome references</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Post genomics era"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Post genomics era</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>Genomics era has arrived in 2008. Post-genomics era will come in 2050. - Jong Bhak</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="External links"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">External links</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://www.cdc.gov/genomics">CDC genomics</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://bioinfoblog.it/">Bioinfoblog.it</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://proteome.net">Proteome.net</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://microbiome.org">Microbiome.org</a><a href="http://www.biodata.com">Laboratory Management</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://microbiomics.org/">Microbiomics.org</a></font></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>Advertisement</strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="Totalomics full sequencing and bioinformatics analysis service">Totalomics full sequencing and bioinformatics analysis service</a></span></li> <li><a href="About Genomics.org"><span style="font-size: small;">About Genomics.org</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;</span></li> <li><a href="Unleashing your genome"><span style="font-size: small;">Unleashing your genome</span></a></li> <li><a href="Who maintains Genomics.org?"><span style="font-size: small;">Who maintains Genomics.org?</span></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> ac99a96ac45783626df9518081cbeebf0e52ddfa 4566 4560 2013-08-04T03:08:21Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>&nbsp;<img alt="" width="1050" height="211" src="/userfiles/main.jpg" style="text-align: center; height: 148px; width: 850px;" /></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><i><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Openfree"><b>Openfree</b></a></i><b><i>&nbsp;</i></b></span><b><span style="font-size: xx-large;"><font face="Courier New"><font color="#3366ff">G</font><font color="#ff0000">e</font></font><font color="#3366ff"><font face="Courier New">nomic</font><font face="Verdana">$</font>.<font face="Courier New">org&nbsp;</font></font></span></b></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><b><font color="#3366ff"><span style="font-size: small;"><a title="Genomics Organization" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics_Organization">Genomics Organization</a></span></font></b><span style="font-size: small;"><b><font color="#008080"><font color="#666699">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/What%20is%20genomics?">What is genomics?</a></font></font></b></span></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><font color="#008080"><font color="#666699">[[Genomics.org]] is a research and development organization located in La Jolla, CA.</font></font></b></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/1/11/Globe_5.gif" /></strong></span></span></td> <td style="background-color: rgb(51, 0, 204);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>&nbsp;</strong><a href="Genomics News and Ads Archive"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics News and Ads Archive</strong></span></a><strong>&nbsp;<font size="4">◇&nbsp;</font></strong><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="The first genomes"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>The first genomes</strong></span></a></span></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <ul> <li>[[Billion Genome Project]]: PGI of Jong Bhak, director of Genome Research Foundation &nbsp;launches Billlion Genome Project (2012 Sep. 4th). &nbsp;</li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">[[Open Access Pharmacogenomics Project]]: OpenPGX launched by Indian scientists.</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">[[Faroe island nation genome project]]</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">[[Origins of the E. coli Strain Causing an Outbreak of Hemolytic&ndash;Uremic Syndrome in Germany]]. NEJM. 2011 July 27th.&nbsp;<br /> </span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Tasmanian devil genome sequenced"><span style="font-size: small;">Tasmanian devil genome sequenced</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: PNAS June 27th 2011</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Multiple myeloma genomes sequenced"><span style="font-size: small;">Multiple myeloma genomes sequenced</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: 20110324 Nature.</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Prostate cancer genomes sequenced by Broad and Dana Faber"><span style="font-size: small;">Prostate cancer genomes sequenced by Broad and Dana Faber</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: 20110214</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Desmond Tutu talks about his genome"><span style="font-size: small;">Desmond Tutu talks about his genome</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: 20110222</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) genome sequenced 20110131"><span style="font-size: small;">Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) genome sequenced 20110131</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;PNAS</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img alt="" src="/images/8/81/Paris_japonica_logo_openfree.gif" />&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica"><span style="font-size: small;">The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">: 20101009 &rArr;&nbsp;</span><a href="Genome size"><span style="font-size: small;">Genome size</span></a></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><img alt="" src="/images/d/d8/Turkey_logo_2.gif" />&nbsp;</span><a href="Turkey genome sequenced 20100907"><span style="font-size: small;">Turkey genome sequenced 20100907</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;&rArr;&nbsp;</span><a href="Bird genome"><span style="font-size: small;">Bird genome</span></a></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><img alt="" src="/images/a/a1/Scripps_logo_openfree_1.gif" />&nbsp;<img alt="" src="/images/f/fe/Sanofi_aventis_logo1.gif" />&nbsp;</span><a href="Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging"><span style="font-size: small;">Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;20100818</span></li> <li><a href="Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection"><span style="font-size: small;">Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">: 20100810</span></li> <li><a href="The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill"><span style="font-size: small;">The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">: PGP9. 20100330.</span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/b/b8/Dna_sm_tran_openfree.gif" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#ff0099" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(255, 0, 153);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>&nbsp;What is&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics</span></a>?</strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <li><a href="Getting your own Genome">Getting your own Genome</a></li> <li><a href="Personal Genome Project">Personal Genome Project</a></li> <li><a href="Possible genomic diseases of you">Possible genomic diseases of you</a></li> <li><a href="Storing your genome in you PC">Storing your genome in you PC</a></li> <li><a href="Fully sequenced genomes">Fully sequenced genomes</a></li> <li><a href="Full Genome Sequencing">Full Genome Sequencing</a></li> <li><a href="Genomic Equality">Genomic Equality</a></li> </td> <td> <li><a href="Free Genomics Project">Free Genomics Project</a></li> <li><a href="Free genomes">Free genomes</a></li> <li><a href="Viewing your genetics family">Viewing your genetics family</a></li> <li><a href="Specific Omics">Specific Omics</a></li> <li><a href="A brief guide to genomics from NHGRI">A brief guide to genomics from NHGRI</a></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Interesting things in your Genome">Interesting things in your Genome</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Public Genomics Project">Public Genomics Project</a></span></li> </td> <td> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Compare your genome with other people's">Compare your genome with other people's</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Visualizing your genome">Visualizing your genome</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genome Projects">Genome Projects</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genome History">Genome History</a></span></li> <li>[[The principle of universal genome]]<br /> &nbsp;</li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/4/49/Running_man_1.gif" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#330099" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 0, 204);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><font color="#000000"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genomics"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Human Genomics</span></a></font></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Fully%20sequenced%20human%20genomes">Fully sequenced human genomes</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Fully%20sequenced%20female%20human%20genome">Fully sequenced female human genome</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mitochondrial%20Genomics">Mitochondrial Genomics</a>: Human mitochondrial genomics.</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Y%20Genomics">Y Genomics</a>: Human Y chromosome genomics.</li> <li>[[HelloGene]]</li> </td> <td> <p>&nbsp;　<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇ</span></p> </td> <td> <p><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;ㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇ</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics News Links"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics News Links</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Genomics Major Paper Publication"><span style="font-size: small;">Genomics Major Paper Publication</span></a></li> <li><a href="Your writing contribution to Genomics"><span style="font-size: small;">Your writing contribution to Genomics</span></a></li> <li><a href="Personal Genomics Issues"><span style="font-size: small;">Personal Genomics Issues</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;<b>(</b></span><b><a href="Genomic ethics"><span style="font-size: small;">Genomic ethics</span></a></b><span style="font-size: small;"><b>)</b></span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Species%20Specific%20Genomics"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Species Specific Genomics</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><span style="font-size: medium;"><font color="#0000ff"><font color="#000000"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Animal%20genomics">Animal genomics</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Plant%20genomics">Plant genomics</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Microbial%20genomics">Microbial genomics</a></b></font></font></span></p> <ul> <li>[[Primate Genomics]]</li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/C.%20elegans%20Genomics">C. elegans Genomics</a><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Cow%20genome">Cow genome</a><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Daphnia%20Genomics%20Consortium%20(DGC)">Daphnia Genomics Consortium (DGC)</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">(</font><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Insect%20genome">Insect genome</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">)</font><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Rice%20Genome%20at%20BGI%20China">Rice Genome at BGI China</a><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Sol%20Genomics">Sol Genomics</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">: Tomato</font><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Tiger%20Genome">Tiger Genome</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">:&nbsp;</font><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/TigerGenome%20Project%20by%20PGI%20Korea">TigerGenome Project by PGI Korea</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">.</font><br /> </b></li> <li><b><font color="#0000ff"><font color="#000000"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Yeast%20Genome">Yeast Genome</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">: SGD</font></font></font></b></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Projects"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Projects</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li>PGP&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal%20Genome%20Project">Personal Genome Project</a></li> <li>&quot;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/$0%20Genomics%20Project">$0 Genomics Project</a>&quot; Launched on-line. Please sign<i>!</i></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome%2010k%20Project">Genome 10k Project</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20List"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics List</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Agrogenomics"><font size="2">Agrogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Anthropogenomics"><font size="2">Anthropogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Autogenomics"><font size="2">Autogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chemicogenomics"><font size="2">Chemicogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chemogenomics"><font size="2">Chemogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chemgenomics"><font size="2">Chemgenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Demogenomics"><font size="2">Demogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Ecogenomics"><font size="2">Ecogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Econogenomics"><font size="2">Econogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Equigenomics"><font size="2">Equigenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Ethnogenomics"><font size="2">Ethnogenomics</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Eugenomics"><font size="2">Eugenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Gastrogenomics"><font size="2">Gastrogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Getontogenomics"><font size="2">Getontogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Gerogenomics"><font size="2">Gerogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Hepatogenomics"><font size="2">Hepatogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Immunogenomics"><font size="2">Immunogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Immunomics"><font size="2">Immunomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mammogenomics"><font size="2">Mammogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Metagenomics"><font size="2">Metagenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Microgenomics"><font size="2">Microgenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mitogenomics"><font size="2">Mitogenomics</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mycogenomics"><font size="2">Mycogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nanogenomics"><font size="2">Nanogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Neurogenomics"><font size="2">Neurogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/NitroGenomics"><font size="2">NitroGenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nutrigenomics"><font size="2">Nutrigenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nutragenomics"><font size="2">Nutragenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Omnigenomics"><font size="2">Omnigenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Oncogenomics"><font size="2">Oncogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Osteogenomics"><font size="2">Osteogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Pangenomics"><font size="2">Pangenomics</font></a></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Phylogenomics"><font size="2">Phylogenomics</font></a></font></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul><font size="2"> <li><font size="2">&nbsp;</font><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Phytogenomics"><font size="2">Phytogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Pulmogenomics"><font size="2">Pulmogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Psychogenomics"><font size="2">Psychogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Supergenomics"><font size="2">Supergenomics</font></a></li> <li>[[syntheticgenomics]]</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Toxicogenomics"><font size="2">Toxicogenomics</font></a></li> </font></ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>Genomics Branches</strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Comparative%20Genomics"><font size="2">Comparative Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Free%20Genomics"><font size="2">Free Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Health%20Genomics"><font size="2">Health Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genomics"><font size="2">Human Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Open%20Genomics"><font size="2">Open Genomics</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal%20Genomics"><font size="2">Personal Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Public%20Genomics"><font size="2">Public Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Public%20Health%20Genomics"><font size="2">Public Health Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Synthetic%20Genomics"><font size="2">Synthetic Genomics</font></a></li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Essays%20and%20Opinions"><b><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Essays and Opinions</span></b></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The%20Ultimate%20information%20of%20human%20beings">The Ultimate information of human beings</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Who%20have%20to%20insist%20on%20the%20first%20in%20genomics">Who have to insist on the first in genomics</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomic%20Philosophy">Genomic Philosophy</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="height: 172px; width: 1020.7999877929688px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ff0000" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Projects"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">G<span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">e</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 0);">n</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153);">o</span>mics&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(0, 255, 255);">P</span><span style="color: rgb(204, 255, 255);">u</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">b</span>lication</span></a><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">&nbsp;and&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(0, 255, 255);">P</span>apers</span></span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">[[Genomics]] Journal from ScienceDirect (</span><a href="http://www.journals.elsevier.com/genomics/">http://www.journals.elsevier.com/genomics/</a>)</li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Genome Research</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Genome Biology</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Nature</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Science</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Cell</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">[[Major Genome Sequencing and Analysis&nbsp;Paper authors]]</span></b></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/7/79/Bioinstrument_company_logo_1.png" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4"><a href="Genomics Analysis Tools and Technology"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Analysis Tools and Technology</strong></span></a></font></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Bioinformatics"><font size="2">Bioinformatics</font></a></li> <li><a href="BioPipelines"><font size="2">BioPipelines</font></a></li> <li><a href="Biomatics"><font size="2">Biomatics</font></a></li> <li><a href="Genome compression">Genome compression</a></li> <li><a href="Amalga">Amalga</a>&nbsp;from Microsoft</li> </ul> </td> <td> <li><a href="Sequencing"><font size="2">Sequencing</font></a></li> <li><a href="GRID technology"><font size="2">GRID technology</font></a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></li> <li><a href="SNP chip"><font size="2">SNP chip</font></a></li> <li><a href="Genome sequence mapping">Genome sequence mapping</a></li> </td> <td> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Omics"><font size="2">Omics</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="BioEngine"><font size="2">BioEngine</font></a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎ</span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="BioComputing"><font size="2">BioComputing</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="JMP Genomics"><font size="2">JMP Genomics</font></a><font color="#000000" size="2">&nbsp;by SAS</font></span></li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/1/1a/Nasdaq_logo_4.png" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Companies"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Companies</strong></span></a></font></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/23andme.com"><font size="2">23andme.com</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/DNAgenotek.com"><font size="2">DNAgenotek.com</font></a><font size="2">:Saliva DNA</font></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Knome.com"><font size="2">Knome.com</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Navigenics.com"><font size="2">Navigenics.com</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nimblegen"><font size="2">Nimblegen</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Integrated%20Genomics"><font size="2">Integrated Genomics</font></a><font size="2">: Chicago based</font></li> </ul> </td> <td> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Affymetrix"><font size="2">Affymetrix</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Celera"><font size="2">Celera</font></a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genome%20Sciences,%20Inc.">Human Genome Sciences, Inc.</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹ</span></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Microsoft"><font size="2">Microsoft</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal%20Genome%20Companies"><font size="2">Personal Genome Companies</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Synthetic%20Genomics">Synthetic Genomics</a>: by Venter</li> </td> <td> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Agowa"><font size="2">Agowa</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Decodeme.com"><font size="2">Decodeme.com</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Decode"><font size="2">Decode</font></a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎ</span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Illumina"><font size="2">Illumina</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/NanoGen"><font size="2">NanoGen</font></a></span></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/U.S.%20Genomics"><font size="2">U.S. Genomics</font></a></li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="4" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Meetings"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Meetings</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2010%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2010 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2007%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2007 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2004%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2004 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2009%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2009 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2006%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2006 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2003%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2003 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2008%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2008 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2005%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2005 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2002%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2002 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Centers"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Centers</strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Sanger%20Institute"><font size="2">Sanger Institute</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/BGI"><font size="2">BGI</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/PGI"><font size="2">PGI</font></a></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/JGI">JGI</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/IGS%20at%20Maryland">IGS</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/IGB%20at%20UCI">IGB at UCI</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/JCVI">JCVI</a></font></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Organizations%20and%20Alliances"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Organizations and Alliances</strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><a href="http://bioitalliance.org/">Microsoft BioIT Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/GenomeFoundation.org">GenomeFoundation.org</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Stanford%20Genomics%20Resources">Stanford Genomics Resources</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20People"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics People</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/You!"><strong>You!</strong></a></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Craig%20Venter">Craig Venter</a></b></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Fred%20Sanger">Fred Sanger</a></b></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Seong-Jin%20Kim">Seong-Jin Kim</a></b></span></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><font size="2"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/George%20Church">George Church</a></b></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Yang%20Huanming">Yang Huanming</a></b></span></li> </ul> </td> <td><font size="2"> <ul> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/James%20Watson">James Watson</a></b></li> </ul> </font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20by%20Country"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics by Country</strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/British%20Genomics"><span style="font-size: medium;">British Genomics</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">: Genomics in the UK</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Canadian%20Genomics">Canadian Genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chinese%20Genomics">Chinese Genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Korean%20Genomics">Korean Genomics</a></span><font size="2"><span style="font-size: medium;">:&nbsp;</span><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/PGI"><span style="font-size: medium;">PGI</span></a><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/TBI"><span style="font-size: medium;">TBI</span></a></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Netherlands%20Genomics">Netherlands Genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/US%20Genomics">US Genomics</a></span><span style="font-size: medium;">: Genomics in the USA</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Japanese%20Genomics">Japanese Genomics</a></span><font size="2"><span style="font-size: medium;">:&nbsp;</span><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/GenomeNet"><span style="font-size: medium;">GenomeNet</span></a></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">[[Autralian Genomics]]</span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Methods"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Methods</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li>Karyotyping</li> <li>Mass spectrometry</li> <li>Western blot</li> <li>Chromosomal watlking</li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li>PCR</li> <li>Yeast Two Hybrid</li> <li>Northern blot</li> <li>RFLP</li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li>Immunoprecipitation</li> <li>Southern blot</li> <li>Elisa</li> <li> <p><span style="font-size: small;">[[Method of Sample (gDNA) Preparation for Sending out]]</span></p> </li> </ul> </td> <td><font size="2"> <ul> <li>SDS-page</li> <li>Immunofluorescence</li> <li>Real-time PCR</li> </ul> </font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Theory"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Genomics L</span></a><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">abs</span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;[[Dr. Ban Doohee lab in Yeonsei University Korea]]</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20History"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics History</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Glossary"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Glossary</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Programs"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Programs</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome%20alignement%20programs"><strong><font size="2">Genome alignement programs</font></strong></a></li> <li><strong><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome%20visualization%20programs">Genome visualization programs</a></font></strong></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="ADN static.png" width="29" height="29" src="/images/thumb/c/c2/ADN_static.png/50px-ADN_static.png" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Image"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Image</strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics Portals"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Portals</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Opinion on Genomics"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Opinion on Genomics</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><a href="About Human Genome Project"><span style="font-size: small;">About Human Genome Project</span></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics Issues and Problems"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Issues and Problems</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><a href="Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008"><span style="font-size: small;">Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008</span></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong><a href="Read Journals and Publications"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Journals</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="BMC Genomics"><font size="2">BMC Genomics</font></a></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genome Biology">Genome Biology</a>&nbsp;by BMC Ltd with Springer Science</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Elsevier Genomics">Elsevier Genomics</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="BMC Medical Genomics">BMC Medical Genomics</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Open Genomics Journal">Open Genomics Journal</a></font></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Physiological Genomics"><font size="2">Physiological Genomics</font></a><font size="2">&nbsp;by The American Physiological Society</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genome Research">Genome Research</a>&nbsp;by CSHL</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genome from NRC press">Genome from NRC press</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genomics from Elsevier">Genomics from Elsevier</a></font></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genomics books"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics books</span></strong></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1098px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics in TV and Media</strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;<b>BBC analysis on Human Genome after 10 years in YouTube</b>: &nbsp;<a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Mu9Qv-lSrU&amp;feature=autoplay&amp;list=PLC67E043CBD218D2D&amp;playnext=2">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Mu9Qv-lSrU&amp;feature=autoplay&amp;list=PLC67E043CBD218D2D&amp;playnext=2</a></li> <li><b>Boys cured with Gene Therapy 2004 article</b>:&nbsp;<a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4101411.stm">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4101411.stm</a></li> <li>[[Theragen BiO Institute]]</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genome Wish"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genome Wish</span></a>:<b>what I can do with my genome.</b></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genomics version 2.0"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics version 2.0</span></strong></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Full Genomics"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Full Genomics</span></strong></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><font color="#808080" size="6">♬</font></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genomic Art"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomic Art</strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><strong style="font-size: large; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: center; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font color="#000000" size="6">&nbsp;۩</font></strong><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics Prizes">Genomics Prizes</a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genome references"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genome references</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Post genomics era"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Post genomics era</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>Genomics era has arrived in 2008. Post-genomics era will come in 2050. - Jong Bhak</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="External links"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">External links</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://www.cdc.gov/genomics">CDC genomics</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://bioinfoblog.it/">Bioinfoblog.it</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://proteome.net">Proteome.net</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://microbiome.org">Microbiome.org</a><a href="http://www.biodata.com">Laboratory Management</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://microbiomics.org/">Microbiomics.org</a></font></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>Advertisement</strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="Totalomics full sequencing and bioinformatics analysis service">Totalomics full sequencing and bioinformatics analysis service</a></span></li> <li><a href="About Genomics.org"><span style="font-size: small;">About Genomics.org</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;</span></li> <li><a href="Unleashing your genome"><span style="font-size: small;">Unleashing your genome</span></a></li> <li><a href="Who maintains Genomics.org?"><span style="font-size: small;">Who maintains Genomics.org?</span></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 14b4cad4f522c9e15144aad13ba059ae8b2da009 4567 4566 2013-08-04T03:09:24Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>&nbsp;<img alt="" width="1050" height="211" src="/userfiles/main.jpg" style="text-align: center; height: 148px; width: 850px;" /></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><i><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Openfree"><b>Openfree</b></a></i><b><i>&nbsp;</i></b></span><b><span style="font-size: xx-large;"><font face="Courier New"><font color="#3366ff">G</font><font color="#ff0000">e</font></font><font color="#3366ff"><font face="Courier New">nomic</font><font face="Verdana">$</font>.<font face="Courier New">org&nbsp;</font></font></span></b></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><b><font color="#3366ff"><span style="font-size: small;"><a title="Genomics Organization" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics_Organization">Genomics Organization</a></span></font></b><span style="font-size: small;"><b><font color="#008080"><font color="#666699">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/What%20is%20genomics?">What is genomics?</a></font></font></b></span></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><font color="#008080"><font color="#666699">[[Genomics.org]] is a research and development organization located in La Jolla, CA.</font></font></b></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/1/11/Globe_5.gif" /></strong></span></span></td> <td style="background-color: rgb(51, 0, 204);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>&nbsp;</strong><a href="Genomics News and Ads Archive"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics News and Ads Archive</strong></span></a><strong>&nbsp;<font size="4">◇&nbsp;</font></strong><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="The first genomes"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>The first genomes</strong></span></a></span></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <ul> <li>[[Billion Genome Project]]: PGI of Jong Bhak, director of Genome Research Foundation &nbsp;launches Billlion Genome Project (2012 Sep. 4th). &nbsp;</li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">[[Open Access Pharmacogenomics Project]]: OpenPGX launched by Indian scientists.</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">[[Faroe island nation genome project]]</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">[[Origins of the E. coli Strain Causing an Outbreak of Hemolytic&ndash;Uremic Syndrome in Germany]]. NEJM. 2011 July 27th.&nbsp;<br /> </span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Tasmanian devil genome sequenced"><span style="font-size: small;">Tasmanian devil genome sequenced</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: PNAS June 27th 2011</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Multiple myeloma genomes sequenced"><span style="font-size: small;">Multiple myeloma genomes sequenced</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: 20110324 Nature.</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Prostate cancer genomes sequenced by Broad and Dana Faber"><span style="font-size: small;">Prostate cancer genomes sequenced by Broad and Dana Faber</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: 20110214</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Desmond Tutu talks about his genome"><span style="font-size: small;">Desmond Tutu talks about his genome</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: 20110222</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) genome sequenced 20110131"><span style="font-size: small;">Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) genome sequenced 20110131</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;PNAS</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img alt="" src="/images/8/81/Paris_japonica_logo_openfree.gif" />&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica"><span style="font-size: small;">The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">: 20101009 &rArr;&nbsp;</span><a href="Genome size"><span style="font-size: small;">Genome size</span></a></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><img alt="" src="/images/d/d8/Turkey_logo_2.gif" />&nbsp;</span><a href="Turkey genome sequenced 20100907"><span style="font-size: small;">Turkey genome sequenced 20100907</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;&rArr;&nbsp;</span><a href="Bird genome"><span style="font-size: small;">Bird genome</span></a></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><img alt="" src="/images/a/a1/Scripps_logo_openfree_1.gif" />&nbsp;<img alt="" src="/images/f/fe/Sanofi_aventis_logo1.gif" />&nbsp;</span><a href="Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging"><span style="font-size: small;">Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;20100818</span></li> <li><a href="Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection"><span style="font-size: small;">Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">: 20100810</span></li> <li><a href="The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill"><span style="font-size: small;">The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">: PGP9. 20100330.</span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/b/b8/Dna_sm_tran_openfree.gif" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#ff0099" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(255, 0, 153);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>&nbsp;What is&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics</span></a>?</strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <li><a href="Getting your own Genome">Getting your own Genome</a></li> <li><a href="Personal Genome Project">Personal Genome Project</a></li> <li><a href="Possible genomic diseases of you">Possible genomic diseases of you</a></li> <li><a href="Storing your genome in you PC">Storing your genome in you PC</a></li> <li><a href="Fully sequenced genomes">Fully sequenced genomes</a></li> <li><a href="Full Genome Sequencing">Full Genome Sequencing</a></li> <li><a href="Genomic Equality">Genomic Equality</a></li> </td> <td> <li><a href="Free Genomics Project">Free Genomics Project</a></li> <li><a href="Free genomes">Free genomes</a></li> <li><a href="Viewing your genetics family">Viewing your genetics family</a></li> <li><a href="Specific Omics">Specific Omics</a></li> <li><a href="A brief guide to genomics from NHGRI">A brief guide to genomics from NHGRI</a></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Interesting things in your Genome">Interesting things in your Genome</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Public Genomics Project">Public Genomics Project</a></span></li> </td> <td> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Compare your genome with other people's">Compare your genome with other people's</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Visualizing your genome">Visualizing your genome</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genome Projects">Genome Projects</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genome History">Genome History</a></span></li> <li>[[The principle of universal genome]]<br /> &nbsp;</li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/4/49/Running_man_1.gif" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#330099" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 0, 204);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><font color="#000000"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genomics"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Human Genomics</span></a></font></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Fully%20sequenced%20human%20genomes">Fully sequenced human genomes</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Fully%20sequenced%20female%20human%20genome">Fully sequenced female human genome</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mitochondrial%20Genomics">Mitochondrial Genomics</a>: Human mitochondrial genomics.</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Y%20Genomics">Y Genomics</a>: Human Y chromosome genomics.</li> <li>[[HelloGene]]</li> </td> <td> <p>&nbsp;　<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇ</span></p> </td> <td> <p><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;ㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇ</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics News Links"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics News Links</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Genomics Major Paper Publication"><span style="font-size: small;">Genomics Major Paper Publication</span></a></li> <li><a href="Your writing contribution to Genomics"><span style="font-size: small;">Your writing contribution to Genomics</span></a></li> <li><a href="Personal Genomics Issues"><span style="font-size: small;">Personal Genomics Issues</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;<b>(</b></span><b><a href="Genomic ethics"><span style="font-size: small;">Genomic ethics</span></a></b><span style="font-size: small;"><b>)</b></span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Species%20Specific%20Genomics"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Species Specific Genomics</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><span style="font-size: medium;"><font color="#0000ff"><font color="#000000"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Animal%20genomics">Animal genomics</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Plant%20genomics">Plant genomics</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Microbial%20genomics">Microbial genomics</a></b></font></font></span></p> <ul> <li>[[Primate Genomics]]</li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/C.%20elegans%20Genomics">C. elegans Genomics</a><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Cow%20genome">Cow genome</a><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Daphnia%20Genomics%20Consortium%20(DGC)">Daphnia Genomics Consortium (DGC)</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">(</font><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Insect%20genome">Insect genome</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">)</font><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Rice%20Genome%20at%20BGI%20China">Rice Genome at BGI China</a><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Sol%20Genomics">Sol Genomics</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">: Tomato</font><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Tiger%20Genome">Tiger Genome</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">:&nbsp;</font><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/TigerGenome%20Project%20by%20PGI%20Korea">TigerGenome Project by PGI Korea</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">.</font><br /> </b></li> <li><b><font color="#0000ff"><font color="#000000"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Yeast%20Genome">Yeast Genome</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">: SGD</font></font></font></b></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Projects"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Projects</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li>PGP&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal%20Genome%20Project">Personal Genome Project</a></li> <li>&quot;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/$0%20Genomics%20Project">$0 Genomics Project</a>&quot; Launched on-line. Please sign<i>!</i></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome%2010k%20Project">Genome 10k Project</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20List"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics List</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Agrogenomics"><font size="2">Agrogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Anthropogenomics"><font size="2">Anthropogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Autogenomics"><font size="2">Autogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chemicogenomics"><font size="2">Chemicogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chemogenomics"><font size="2">Chemogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chemgenomics"><font size="2">Chemgenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Demogenomics"><font size="2">Demogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Ecogenomics"><font size="2">Ecogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Econogenomics"><font size="2">Econogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Equigenomics"><font size="2">Equigenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Ethnogenomics"><font size="2">Ethnogenomics</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Eugenomics"><font size="2">Eugenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Gastrogenomics"><font size="2">Gastrogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Getontogenomics"><font size="2">Getontogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Gerogenomics"><font size="2">Gerogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Hepatogenomics"><font size="2">Hepatogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Immunogenomics"><font size="2">Immunogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Immunomics"><font size="2">Immunomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mammogenomics"><font size="2">Mammogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Metagenomics"><font size="2">Metagenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Microgenomics"><font size="2">Microgenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mitogenomics"><font size="2">Mitogenomics</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mycogenomics"><font size="2">Mycogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nanogenomics"><font size="2">Nanogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Neurogenomics"><font size="2">Neurogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/NitroGenomics"><font size="2">NitroGenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nutrigenomics"><font size="2">Nutrigenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nutragenomics"><font size="2">Nutragenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Omnigenomics"><font size="2">Omnigenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Oncogenomics"><font size="2">Oncogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Osteogenomics"><font size="2">Osteogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Pangenomics"><font size="2">Pangenomics</font></a></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Phylogenomics"><font size="2">Phylogenomics</font></a></font></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul><font size="2"> <li><font size="2">&nbsp;</font><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Phytogenomics"><font size="2">Phytogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Pulmogenomics"><font size="2">Pulmogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Psychogenomics"><font size="2">Psychogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Supergenomics"><font size="2">Supergenomics</font></a></li> <li>[[syntheticgenomics]]</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Toxicogenomics"><font size="2">Toxicogenomics</font></a></li> </font></ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>Genomics Branches</strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Comparative%20Genomics"><font size="2">Comparative Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Free%20Genomics"><font size="2">Free Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Health%20Genomics"><font size="2">Health Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genomics"><font size="2">Human Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Open%20Genomics"><font size="2">Open Genomics</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal%20Genomics"><font size="2">Personal Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Public%20Genomics"><font size="2">Public Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Public%20Health%20Genomics"><font size="2">Public Health Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Synthetic%20Genomics"><font size="2">Synthetic Genomics</font></a></li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Essays%20and%20Opinions"><b><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Essays and Opinions</span></b></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The%20Ultimate%20information%20of%20human%20beings">The Ultimate information of human beings</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Who%20have%20to%20insist%20on%20the%20first%20in%20genomics">Who have to insist on the first in genomics</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomic%20Philosophy">Genomic Philosophy</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="height: 172px; width: 1020.7999877929688px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ff0000" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Projects"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">G<span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">e</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 0);">n</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153);">o</span>mics&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(0, 255, 255);">P</span><span style="color: rgb(204, 255, 255);">u</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">b</span>lication</span></a><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">&nbsp;and&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(0, 255, 255);">P</span>apers</span></span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">[[Genomics]] Journal from ScienceDirect (</span><a href="http://www.journals.elsevier.com/genomics/">http://www.journals.elsevier.com/genomics/</a>)</li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Genome Research</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Genome Biology</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Nature</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Science</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Cell</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">[[Major Genome Sequencing and Analysis&nbsp;Paper authors]]</span></b></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/7/79/Bioinstrument_company_logo_1.png" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4"><a href="Genomics Analysis Tools and Technology"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Analysis Tools and Technology</strong></span></a></font></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Bioinformatics"><font size="2">Bioinformatics</font></a></li> <li><a href="BioPipelines"><font size="2">BioPipelines</font></a></li> <li><a href="Biomatics"><font size="2">Biomatics</font></a></li> <li><a href="Genome compression">Genome compression</a></li> <li><a href="Amalga">Amalga</a>&nbsp;from Microsoft</li> </ul> </td> <td> <li><a href="Sequencing"><font size="2">Sequencing</font></a></li> <li><a href="GRID technology"><font size="2">GRID technology</font></a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></li> <li><a href="SNP chip"><font size="2">SNP chip</font></a></li> <li><a href="Genome sequence mapping">Genome sequence mapping</a></li> </td> <td> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Omics"><font size="2">Omics</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="BioEngine"><font size="2">BioEngine</font></a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎ</span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="BioComputing"><font size="2">BioComputing</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="JMP Genomics"><font size="2">JMP Genomics</font></a><font color="#000000" size="2">&nbsp;by SAS</font></span></li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/1/1a/Nasdaq_logo_4.png" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Companies"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Companies</strong></span></a></font></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/23andme.com"><font size="2">23andme.com</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/DNAgenotek.com"><font size="2">DNAgenotek.com</font></a><font size="2">:Saliva DNA</font></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Knome.com"><font size="2">Knome.com</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Navigenics.com"><font size="2">Navigenics.com</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nimblegen"><font size="2">Nimblegen</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Integrated%20Genomics"><font size="2">Integrated Genomics</font></a><font size="2">: Chicago based</font></li> </ul> </td> <td> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Affymetrix"><font size="2">Affymetrix</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Celera"><font size="2">Celera</font></a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genome%20Sciences,%20Inc.">Human Genome Sciences, Inc.</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹ</span></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Microsoft"><font size="2">Microsoft</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal%20Genome%20Companies"><font size="2">Personal Genome Companies</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Synthetic%20Genomics">Synthetic Genomics</a>: by Venter</li> </td> <td> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Agowa"><font size="2">Agowa</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Decodeme.com"><font size="2">Decodeme.com</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Decode"><font size="2">Decode</font></a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎ</span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Illumina"><font size="2">Illumina</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/NanoGen"><font size="2">NanoGen</font></a></span></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/U.S.%20Genomics"><font size="2">U.S. Genomics</font></a></li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="4" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Meetings"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Meetings</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2010%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2010 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2007%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2007 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2004%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2004 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2009%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2009 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2006%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2006 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2003%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2003 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2008%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2008 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2005%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2005 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2002%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2002 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Centers"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Centers</strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Sanger%20Institute"><font size="2">Sanger Institute</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/BGI"><font size="2">BGI</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/PGI"><font size="2">PGI</font></a></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/JGI">JGI</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/IGS%20at%20Maryland">IGS</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/IGB%20at%20UCI">IGB at UCI</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/JCVI">JCVI</a></font></li> <li>[[Genomics in CDC (USA)]]</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Organizations%20and%20Alliances"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Organizations and Alliances</strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><a href="http://bioitalliance.org/">Microsoft BioIT Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/GenomeFoundation.org">GenomeFoundation.org</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Stanford%20Genomics%20Resources">Stanford Genomics Resources</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20People"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics People</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/You!"><strong>You!</strong></a></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Craig%20Venter">Craig Venter</a></b></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Fred%20Sanger">Fred Sanger</a></b></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Seong-Jin%20Kim">Seong-Jin Kim</a></b></span></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><font size="2"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/George%20Church">George Church</a></b></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Yang%20Huanming">Yang Huanming</a></b></span></li> </ul> </td> <td><font size="2"> <ul> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/James%20Watson">James Watson</a></b></li> </ul> </font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20by%20Country"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics by Country</strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/British%20Genomics"><span style="font-size: medium;">British Genomics</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">: Genomics in the UK</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Canadian%20Genomics">Canadian Genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chinese%20Genomics">Chinese Genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Korean%20Genomics">Korean Genomics</a></span><font size="2"><span style="font-size: medium;">:&nbsp;</span><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/PGI"><span style="font-size: medium;">PGI</span></a><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/TBI"><span style="font-size: medium;">TBI</span></a></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Netherlands%20Genomics">Netherlands Genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/US%20Genomics">US Genomics</a></span><span style="font-size: medium;">: Genomics in the USA</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Japanese%20Genomics">Japanese Genomics</a></span><font size="2"><span style="font-size: medium;">:&nbsp;</span><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/GenomeNet"><span style="font-size: medium;">GenomeNet</span></a></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">[[Autralian Genomics]]</span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Methods"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Methods</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li>Karyotyping</li> <li>Mass spectrometry</li> <li>Western blot</li> <li>Chromosomal watlking</li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li>PCR</li> <li>Yeast Two Hybrid</li> <li>Northern blot</li> <li>RFLP</li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li>Immunoprecipitation</li> <li>Southern blot</li> <li>Elisa</li> <li> <p><span style="font-size: small;">[[Method of Sample (gDNA) Preparation for Sending out]]</span></p> </li> </ul> </td> <td><font size="2"> <ul> <li>SDS-page</li> <li>Immunofluorescence</li> <li>Real-time PCR</li> </ul> </font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Theory"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Genomics L</span></a><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">abs</span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;[[Dr. Ban Doohee lab in Yeonsei University Korea]]</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20History"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics History</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Glossary"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Glossary</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Programs"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Programs</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome%20alignement%20programs"><strong><font size="2">Genome alignement programs</font></strong></a></li> <li><strong><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome%20visualization%20programs">Genome visualization programs</a></font></strong></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="ADN static.png" width="29" height="29" src="/images/thumb/c/c2/ADN_static.png/50px-ADN_static.png" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Image"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Image</strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics Portals"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Portals</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Opinion on Genomics"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Opinion on Genomics</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><a href="About Human Genome Project"><span style="font-size: small;">About Human Genome Project</span></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics Issues and Problems"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Issues and Problems</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><a href="Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008"><span style="font-size: small;">Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008</span></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong><a href="Read Journals and Publications"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Journals</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="BMC Genomics"><font size="2">BMC Genomics</font></a></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genome Biology">Genome Biology</a>&nbsp;by BMC Ltd with Springer Science</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Elsevier Genomics">Elsevier Genomics</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="BMC Medical Genomics">BMC Medical Genomics</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Open Genomics Journal">Open Genomics Journal</a></font></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Physiological Genomics"><font size="2">Physiological Genomics</font></a><font size="2">&nbsp;by The American Physiological Society</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genome Research">Genome Research</a>&nbsp;by CSHL</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genome from NRC press">Genome from NRC press</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genomics from Elsevier">Genomics from Elsevier</a></font></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genomics books"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics books</span></strong></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1098px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics in TV and Media</strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;<b>BBC analysis on Human Genome after 10 years in YouTube</b>: &nbsp;<a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Mu9Qv-lSrU&amp;feature=autoplay&amp;list=PLC67E043CBD218D2D&amp;playnext=2">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Mu9Qv-lSrU&amp;feature=autoplay&amp;list=PLC67E043CBD218D2D&amp;playnext=2</a></li> <li><b>Boys cured with Gene Therapy 2004 article</b>:&nbsp;<a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4101411.stm">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4101411.stm</a></li> <li>[[Theragen BiO Institute]]</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genome Wish"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genome Wish</span></a>:<b>what I can do with my genome.</b></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genomics version 2.0"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics version 2.0</span></strong></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Full Genomics"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Full Genomics</span></strong></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><font color="#808080" size="6">♬</font></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genomic Art"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomic Art</strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><strong style="font-size: large; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: center; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font color="#000000" size="6">&nbsp;۩</font></strong><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics Prizes">Genomics Prizes</a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genome references"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genome references</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Post genomics era"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Post genomics era</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>Genomics era has arrived in 2008. Post-genomics era will come in 2050. - Jong Bhak</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="External links"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">External links</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://www.cdc.gov/genomics">CDC genomics</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://bioinfoblog.it/">Bioinfoblog.it</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://proteome.net">Proteome.net</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://microbiome.org">Microbiome.org</a><a href="http://www.biodata.com">Laboratory Management</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://microbiomics.org/">Microbiomics.org</a></font></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>Advertisement</strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="Totalomics full sequencing and bioinformatics analysis service">Totalomics full sequencing and bioinformatics analysis service</a></span></li> <li><a href="About Genomics.org"><span style="font-size: small;">About Genomics.org</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;</span></li> <li><a href="Unleashing your genome"><span style="font-size: small;">Unleashing your genome</span></a></li> <li><a href="Who maintains Genomics.org?"><span style="font-size: small;">Who maintains Genomics.org?</span></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> c132ed61817c8fb15777413199e9e0ddfba144bc 0 2650 4561 2013-08-03T17:46:34Z S 300001 Created page with "<p>&nbsp;</p> <h2>Part 1: Molecular Biology Search and Analysis</h2> <dl><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||ALI"><strong><font color="#810081">3D-A..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2>Part 1: Molecular Biology Search and Analysis</h2> <dl><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||ALI"><strong><font color="#810081">3D-ALI</font></strong></a>&nbsp;- Database relating Proteins Structures and Sequences (see&nbsp;<a href="gopher://s-crim1.dl.ac.uk/00/EMBnet%20Bioinformation%20Resource%20UK/Data%20%26%20Software/databases/3d_ali/3d_ali.doc"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/"><font color="#810081">EMBL-Heidelberg</font></a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/aaa.html"><font color="#810081"><strong>AA Analysis</strong>&nbsp;</font></a><strong>!Recent!</strong>&nbsp;- Protein Identification in SwissProt and PIR using Amino Acid Composition at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/"><font color="#810081">EMBL-Heidelberg</font></a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;[[AA Composition]] - Protein Identification in SwissProt using Amino Acid Composition at&nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/ch2d/aasym0.html"><strong>AA Similarity</strong></a>&nbsp;- Compare the Amino Acid Composition of a SwissProt Entry with Other Entries at&nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/align-query.html"><strong>ALIGN</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!Recent!</strong>&nbsp;- Optimal Global Alignment of Two Sequences with No Short-cuts at&nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_1.html"><strong>AllAll</strong></a>&nbsp;- Relationships in a Set of Related Peptides at&nbsp;<a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_2.html"><strong>AllAllDB</strong></a>&nbsp;- Search the All-Against-All Database of SwissProt at&nbsp;<a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://geoff.biop.ox.ac.uk/servers/amas_server.html"><strong>AMAS</strong></a>&nbsp;- Analysis of Protein Multiple Sequence Alignments at&nbsp;<a href="http://geoff.biop.ox.ac.uk/">U. Oxford</a>, UK (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/gcg/bactranslate-query.html"><strong>Backtranslate</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!Recent!</strong>&nbsp;- Translate a Protein Sequence back to a Nucleotide Sequence at&nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://kiwi.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:8088/search-launcher/launcher.html"><strong>BCM Search Launcher</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!New!</strong>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a srs="" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20(W3)%3CDD%3E*%20%3Cahref="><strong>BERLIN</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!Recent!</strong>&nbsp;- RNA Databank of 5S rRNA and 5S rRNA Gene Sequences at&nbsp;<a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/">CAOS/CAMM</a>, The Netherlands (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="ftp://pdb.pdb.bnl.gov/user_group/biological_units"><strong>Biological Units</strong></a>&nbsp;- Expanded PDB Entries with Full Biological Units at&nbsp;<a href="http://suntid.bnl.gov:8080/bnl.html">Brookhaven National Laboratory</a>&nbsp;(FTP)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.molbiol.ox.ac.uk/www/ewan/palette.html"><strong>Biologist's Search Palette</strong></a>&nbsp;- Collection of Search Engines for Biological Databases at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.molbiol.ox.ac.uk/">Oxford U.</a>, UK (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://genome.cs.unc.edu/online.html"><strong>BioSCAN</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!New!</strong>&nbsp;- Biological Sequence Comparative Analysis at&nbsp;<a href="http://genome.cs.unc.edu/">U. North Caroline</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://ibm4.carb.nist.gov:4400/bmcd/bmcd.html"><strong>BMCD</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!New!</strong>&nbsp;- Biological Macromolecule Crystallization Database at&nbsp;<a href="http://ibm4.carb.nist.gov:4400/carb.html">CARB</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Recipon/bs_seq.html"><strong>BLAST</strong></a>&nbsp;- Basic Local Alignment Research Tool at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/">NCBI</a>,&nbsp;<a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/SIT/BLAST.html"><strong>BLAST</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!Recent!</strong>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan,&nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/blast/blast-query.html"><strong>BLAST</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!Recent!</strong>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France and&nbsp;<a href="http://www.crihan.fr/www/blast.html"><strong>BLAST</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!New!</strong>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.crihan.fr/">CRIHAN</a>, France (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/searches/blitz_input.html"><strong>BLITZ</strong></a>&nbsp;(see&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/searches/blitz_doc.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/"><font color="#810081">EMBL-Heidelberg</font></a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/searches/blitz_input.html"><strong>BLITZ</strong></a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">EBI</a>, UK (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.blocks.fhcrc.org/"><strong>BLOCKS</strong></a>&nbsp;- Database of Highly Conserved Regions in Proteins (W3) and&nbsp;<a href="gopher://klaatu.fhcrc.org/77/.indexes/.blocksindex/blocksindex"><strong>BLOCKS-WAIS</strong></a>&nbsp;(Gopher) at&nbsp;<a href="gopher://klaatu.fhcrc.org/">Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center</a>,&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||BLOCKS"><strong>BLOCKS</strong></a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/"><font color="#810081">EMBL-Heidelberg</font></a>&nbsp;and<a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/blocks_query.html"><strong>BLOCKS-Search</strong></a>&nbsp;w/ search from&nbsp;<a href="http://www.cc.iastate.edu/welcome.html">Iowa State</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/bsm/cath/CATHintro.html"><strong>CATH</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!New!</strong>&nbsp;- Protein Structure Classification at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/">UCL-London</a>, UK (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/cuse.html"><strong>Codon Usage</strong></a>&nbsp;- Analysis of Different ORFs in a Gene Sequence at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://ben.vub.ac.be/srs/srsc?-info+CPGISLE"><strong>CpGIsle</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!Recent!</strong>&nbsp;- CpG Islands Database at&nbsp;<a href="http://ben.vub.ac.be/">BEN</a>, Belgium (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_7.html"><strong>Darwin</strong></a>&nbsp;- Data Analysis and Retrieval With Indexed Nucleotide/Peptide Sequences at&nbsp;<a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/dbEST/index.html"><strong>dbEST</strong></a>&nbsp;- Database of Expressed Sequence Tags at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/">NCBI</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/dbget/dbget.html"><strong>DBGET</strong></a>&nbsp;- Integrated Database Retrieval System (w/&nbsp;<a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/dbget/dbget.links.html"><strong>diagram links</strong></a>) at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="gopher://gopher.nig.ac.jp/7waissrc%3a/DDBJ_Gopher_WAIS/DNA_seq_index_search.src"><strong>DDBJ</strong></a>&nbsp;- DNA Database of Japan at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.nig.ac.jp/">National Institute of Genetics</a>, Japan (Gopher)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/rawdot.html"><strong>Dot Plot</strong></a>&nbsp;- Compare a DNA Sequence with Itself at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.nih.gov/molecular_modeling/drugbank.html"><strong>DrugBank</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!New!</strong>&nbsp;- Three-dimensional Drug Structure Databank at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info+DSSP"><strong>DSSP</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!New!</strong>&nbsp;- Database of Secondary Structure of Proteins from PDB (see&nbsp;<a href="http://www.sander.embl-heidelberg.de/dssp/descrip.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/"><font color="#810081">EMBL-Heidelberg</font></a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/proteins/ec-enzyme.html"><strong>EC Enzyme</strong></a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">John Hopkins</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/show_ECtable"><strong>EC Number Table</strong></a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan and&nbsp;<a href="http://specter.dcrt.nih.gov:8004/Enzymes/enzymes.html"><strong>GenoBase Enzyme Index</strong></a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="gopher://biox.embnet.unibas.ch:13021/77/.index/embl/index"><strong>EMBL</strong></a>&nbsp;- Nucleotide Sequence Database and&nbsp;<a href="gopher://biox.embnet.unibas.ch:13021/77/.index/xembl/index"><strong>EMBL-New Entries</strong></a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/">EMBnet-Basel</a>&nbsp;(Gopher)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/srs/srsc?-info||EMNEW"><strong>EMNEW</strong></a>&nbsp;- Index of New EMBL Sequences at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">EBI</a>, UK (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://specter.dcrt.nih.gov:8004/Compound/compound_toc_by_name.html"><strong>EMP Compound</strong></a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="http://specter.dcrt.nih.gov:8004/Pathway/pathway_toc_by_name.html"><strong>EMP Pathways</strong></a>&nbsp;- Selkov Enzyme and Metabolic Pathway (EMP) Database at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/home/compbio/pathways/pathways.html"><strong>EMP Metabolic Pathways</strong></a>&nbsp;- Navigation in Metabolic Pathways from&nbsp;<a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/home/compbio/default.html">MCS-Computational Biology</a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.anl.gov/">Argonne National Laboratory</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Search/Entrez/index.html"><strong>ENTREZ</strong></a>&nbsp;- Protein and Nucleotide Database (see&nbsp;<a href="http://atlas.nlm.nih.gov:5700/WWW2/WWW2_paper2.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/">NCBI</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/sprot/enzyme.html"><strong>ENZYME</strong></a>&nbsp;- The Enzyme Data Bank at&nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||781260221_129.186.4.14||-info||EPD"><strong>EPD</strong></a>&nbsp;- Eucaryotic Promoter Database at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/"><font color="#810081">EMBL-Heidelberg</font></a>, Germany and&nbsp;<a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_epd"><strong>EPD</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!New!</strong>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://bioslave.uio.no:8001/srs/srsc?-info+EPO"><strong>EPO</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!New!</strong>&nbsp;- European Patent Office Nucleotide Database at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.no.embnet.org/">BiO/U. Oslo</a>, Norway (W3) and&nbsp;<a href="gopher://gopher.csc.fi/7waissrc%3a/tiede/BioBox/bionic/.epo.src"><strong>EPO</strong></a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.csc.fi/CSC_english.html">CSC</a>, Finland (Gopher)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/searches/fasta.html"><strong>FASTA</strong></a>&nbsp;- Compare a Nucleic Acid Sequence to Nucleotide Sequence Databases (w/ updates) at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">EBI</a>, UK,&nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/fasta-query.html"><strong>FASTA</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!Recent!</strong>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France and&nbsp;<a href="http://www.crihan.fr/www/fasta.html"><strong>FASTA</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!New!</strong>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.crihan.fr/">CRIHAN</a>, France (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://morgan.harvard.edu/"><strong>FlyBase</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!New!</strong>&nbsp;- Genetic and Molecular Database for&nbsp;<em>Drosophila</em>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.harvard.edu/">Harvard U.</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||FSSP"><strong>FSSP</strong></a>&nbsp;- Database of Families of Structurally Similar Proteins derived from PDB at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/"><font color="#810081">EMBL-Heidelberg</font></a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.abc.hu/blast.html"><strong>FTHOM</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!Recent!</strong>&nbsp;- Compare Protein Domain Homology at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.abc.hu/">ABC</a>, Hungary (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://gdbwww.gdb.org/"><strong>GDB</strong></a>&nbsp;- Human Genome Data Base at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">John Hopkins</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:2555/r_genbank2.html"><strong>GenBank Database</strong></a>&nbsp;(+Updates) at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/">NCBI</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/wu_fetch.html"><strong>GenBank-Fetch</strong></a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">Washington U.</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/gene-finder/gf.html"><strong>Gene Finder</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!New!</strong>&nbsp;- Predict Gene Structure, Internal Exons and Splicing Sites in DNA and Exon-Exon Junstion in cDNA at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20(W3)%3CDD%3E*%20%3Ca%20href="><strong>GenoBase</strong></a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/Genome-DBS.html"><strong>Genome Databases</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!Recent!</strong>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/Genome_Centre.html"><strong>Genome Centers</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!Recent!</strong>&nbsp;- World Wide Links at&nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ri.bbsrc.ac.uk/genome_workstation/workstation.html"><strong>Genome Workstation</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!New!</strong>&nbsp;- Genome Related Links at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ri.bbsrc.ac.uk/">Roslin Institute</a>, UK (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://biotech.chem.indiana.edu/WebChris/maps.html"><strong>Genomic Maps</strong></a>&nbsp;- Links to Genome Specific Resources at&nbsp;<a href="http://biotech.chem.indiana.edu/">Biotech-Indiana</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/gq/gq.form.html"><strong>GenQuest</strong></a>&nbsp;- Search Against Protein Databases with the Q server at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">John Hopkins</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://avalon.epm.ornl.gov/Grail-bin/EmptyGrailForm"><strong>Grail</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!New!</strong>&nbsp;- Analysis of the Protein Coding Potential of a DNA Sequence (see&nbsp;<a href="ftp://arthur.epm.ornl.gov/pub/xgrail/Manual.grail-genquest.July94"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at&nbsp;<a href="http://avalon.epm.ornl.gov/">ORNL</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ncgr.org/gsdb/"><strong>GSDB</strong></a>&nbsp;- Genome Sequence Database at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ncgr.org/ncgr/ncgr.html">NCGR</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/www/guess-prot.html"><strong>GuessProt</strong></a>&nbsp;- Selects SwissProt proteins given pI and Mw at&nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/hhs/"><strong>HHS</strong></a>&nbsp;- SwissProt and PDB Systematic Sequence Classification Database at&nbsp;<a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">Washington U.</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/srs/srsc?-info+HOVERGEN"><strong>HOVERGEN</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!Recent!</strong>&nbsp;- Database of Homologous Vertebrate Genes at&nbsp;<a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/">CAOS/CAMM</a>, The Netherlands (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||HSSP"><strong>HSSP</strong></a>&nbsp;- Database of Homology-Derived Structures of Proteins based on PDB and SwissProt at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/"><font color="#810081">EMBL-Heidelberg</font></a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="gopher://gopher.gdb.org/77/.INDEX/kabat"><strong>Kabat&nbsp;</strong></a>- Database of Proteins of Immunological Interest at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">John Hopkins</a>&nbsp;(Gopher)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.prosci.uci.edu/kinemages/KinemageIndex.html"><strong>Kinemage-Index</strong></a>&nbsp;- &quot;Kinetical Images&quot; by Protein Type at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.prosci.uci.edu/">Protein Science</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/klotho/"><strong>Klotho</strong></a>&nbsp;- Biochemical Compounds Declarative Database at&nbsp;<a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">Washington U.</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/lalign-query.html"><strong>LALIGN</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!Recent!</strong>&nbsp;- Calculates the N-Best Local Alignments Between Two Sequences at&nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/lfasta-query.html"><strong>LFASTA</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!Recent!</strong>&nbsp;- Local Similarity Searches Between Two Sequences Showing Local Alignments at&nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_ligand"><strong>LIGAND</strong></a>&nbsp;- Ligand Chemical Database for Enzyme Reactions at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="gopher://gopher.nih.gov/77/gopherlib/indices/limb/index"><strong>LiMB</strong></a>&nbsp;- Listing of Molecular Biology Databases at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp;(Gopher) and&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||777855676_129.186.4.14||-info||LIMB"><strong>LiMB</strong></a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/"><font color="#810081">EMBL-Heidelberg</font></a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/gcg/map-query.html"><strong>Map</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!Recent!</strong>&nbsp;- Restriction Analysis and Translation of a DNA Sequence at&nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_3.html"><strong>MassSearch</strong></a>&nbsp;- Search SwissProt or EMBL Databases by Protein Mass After Digestion at&nbsp;<a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://cgsc.biology.yale.edu/metab.html"><strong>Metabolic Database</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!Recent!</strong>&nbsp;- Metabolic Reactions and Pathways at&nbsp;<a href="http://cgsc.biology.yale.edu/">CGSC-Yale U.</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="http://moulon.inra.fr/cgi-bin/nph-acedb3.1/acedb/metabolisme?find+Reaction_or_pathway%3By+14+69"><strong>Metabolic Database</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!Recent!</strong>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://moulon.inra.fr/">INRA-Moulon</a>, France (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.informatics.jax.org/mgd.html"><strong>MGD</strong></a>&nbsp;- Mouse Genome Database at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.informatics.jax.org/">Jackson Laboratory</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="gopher://wehil.wehi.edu.au/11/MHCPEP.DB"><strong>MHCPEP</strong></a>&nbsp;- Database of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Binding Peptides at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.wehi.edu.au/">WEHI-Melbourne</a>, Australia (Gopher)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.nih.gov/htbin/pdb"><strong>Molecules R US</strong></a>&nbsp;- Interactive Text and Images of PDB Files at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||777855676_129.186.4.14||-info||MOLPROBE"><strong>MPBD</strong></a>&nbsp;- Molecular Probe Data Base at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/"><font color="#810081">EMBL-Heidelberg</font></a>&nbsp;(W3) and&nbsp;<a href="gopher://gopher.slu.se/7waissrc%3a/wais-dbs/Biology/Oligos"><strong>MPDB</strong></a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="gopher://gopher.slu.se/">U. Agricultural Sciences</a>, Sweeden (Gopher)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://cuhhca.hhmi.columbia.edu/moose/"><strong>MOOSE</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!New!</strong>&nbsp;- Macromolecular Object Oriented Search Engine to Extract PDB Contained Information at&nbsp;<a href="http://cuhhca.hhmi.columbia.edu/">Columbia U.</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/msa.html"><strong>MSA</strong></a>&nbsp;- Multiple Sequence Alignment at&nbsp;<a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">Washington U.</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/SIT/MOTIF.html"><strong>MOTIF</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!Recent!</strong>&nbsp;- Search Patterns in Protein Sequences at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan&nbsp;<a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/motif_query.html"><strong>Motif</strong></a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan w/ search from&nbsp;<a href="http://www.cc.iastate.edu/welcome.html">Iowa State</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://ndbserver.rutgers.edu/"><strong>NDB</strong></a>&nbsp;- Nucleic Acid Database at Rutgers U. (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/nnpredict_query.html"><strong>nnPredict</strong></a>&nbsp;- Predict Protein Secondary Structure at&nbsp;<a href="http://wormworld.ucsf.edu/">UCSF</a>&nbsp;w/ search from&nbsp;<a href="http://www.cc.iastate.edu/welcome.html">Iowa State</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/proteins/nrl3d.html"><strong>NRL_3D</strong></a>&nbsp;- Sequence/Structure Database derived from PDB at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">John Hopkins</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||NRL3D"><strong>NRL_3D</strong></a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/"><font color="#810081">EMBL-Heidelberg</font></a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://ddbjs4h.genes.nig.ac.jp/"><strong>NRSub</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!New!</strong>&nbsp;- A Non-Redundant DNA Sequence Database for&nbsp;<em>Bacillus subtilis</em>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.nig.ac.jp/">National Institute of Genetics</a>, Japan (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_4.html"><strong>NuclPepSearch</strong></a>&nbsp;- Search SwissProt for a Nucletide Sequence at&nbsp;<a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://gdbwww.gdb.org/omimdoc/omimtop.html"><strong>OMIM</strong></a>&nbsp;- Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">John Hopkins</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="gopher://megasun.bch.umontreal.ca/11/Organelles/Genomes"><strong>Organelle Genome</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!New!</strong>&nbsp;- A Sequence Database at&nbsp;<a href="gopher://megasun.bch.umontreal.ca/">U. Montreal</a>&nbsp;(Gopher)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://biotech.chem.indiana.edu/lib/orgstrain.html"><strong>Organisms and Strains</strong></a>&nbsp;- Links to Databases Specific to Organism and Cell Collections at&nbsp;<a href="http://biotech.chem.indiana.edu/">Biotech-Indiana</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/proteins/owl.html"><strong>OWL</strong></a>&nbsp;- Non-Redundant Protein Sequence Database (Updated Daily) at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">John Hopkins</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www-pdd.ncifcrf.gov/PDD/GEN-docs/indexGEN.html"><strong>PDD</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!New!</strong>&nbsp;- Protein Disease Database at&nbsp;<a href="http://www-pdd.ncifcrf.gov/">NIMH-NCI</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://bach.pdb.bnl.gov:4148/cgi-bin/browse"><strong>PDB-Browser</strong></a>,&nbsp;<a href="gopher://pdb.pdb.bnl.gov/77/xfullindex/full"><strong>PDB-Index</strong></a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="gopher://pdb.pdb.bnl.gov/77/xstatusindex/status"><strong>PDB-Pending</strong></a>&nbsp;-&nbsp;<a href="http://www.pdb.bnl.gov/">Protein Data Bank</a>&nbsp;Structures at&nbsp;<a href="http://suntid.bnl.gov:8080/bnl.html">Brookhaven National Laboratory</a>,&nbsp;<a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_pdb"><strong>PDB</strong></a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>&nbsp;Japan,&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ibf.unige.it/7/sci/.PDB/pdbsearch"><strong>PDB</strong></a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ibf.unige.it/">U. Genova</a>, Italy,&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ucmb.ulb.ac.be/pdb_seq_rel_jan94"><strong>PDB-List</strong></a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ucmb.ulb.ac.be/pdb_annot_jan94"><strong>PDB-Annotated</strong></a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ucmb.ulb.ac.be/index.html">Brussels Free U.</a>, Belgium and&nbsp;<a href="http://www.sander.embl-heidelberg.de/pdbsel/explanation.html"><strong>PDB-Select</strong></a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/"><font color="#810081">EMBL-Heidelberg</font></a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.nih.gov/molecular_modeling/pdb_at_a_glance.html"><strong>PDB At A Glance</strong></a>&nbsp;- Hierarchic Access to PDB Files at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||781260221_129.186.4.14||-info||PDBFINDER"><strong>PDBFINDER</strong></a>&nbsp;- A Database Containing PDB, DSSP and HSSP Information (see&nbsp;<a href="http://www.sander.embl-heidelberg.de/pdbfinder/overview.html"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/"><font color="#810081">EMBL-Heidelberg</font></a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_pdbstr"><strong>PDBSTR</strong></a>&nbsp;- Re-organized Protein Data Bank at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_5.html"><strong>PepPepSearch</strong></a>&nbsp;- Search SwissProt for a Peptide Sequence at&nbsp;<a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/pprotein_query.html"><strong>PHD</strong></a>&nbsp;- Predict Protein Secondary Structure at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/"><font color="#810081">EMBL-Heidelberg</font></a>&nbsp;w/ search from&nbsp;<a href="http://www.cc.iastate.edu/welcome.html">Iowa State</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.pasteur.fr/sas/phy/boot-sub.html"><strong>PHILIP-Bootstrapping Analysis</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!Recent!</strong>&nbsp;- Divergence Between Protein or Nucleotide Sequences at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.pasteur.fr/">Institut Pasteur</a>, France (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/gcg/phospepsort-query.html"><strong>Phospepsort</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!New!</strong>&nbsp;- Digest Phosphorylated Peptide Sequences at&nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/ch2d/pi_tool.html"><strong>pI/Mw</strong></a>&nbsp;- Compute the Theoretical pI and Molecular Weight of a Protein Sequence at&nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/gcg/pileup-query.html"><strong>Pileup</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!Recent!</strong>&nbsp;- Align Protein or Nucleotide Sequences at&nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/proteins/pir.html"><strong>PIR</strong></a>&nbsp;- Protein Identification Resource Database at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">John Hopkins</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||PIRALN"><strong>PIRALN</strong></a>&nbsp;- Database of Sequence Alignments based on PIR at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/"><font color="#810081">EMBL-Heidelberg</font></a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_pmd"><strong>PMD</strong></a>&nbsp;- Protein Mutant Database at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan and&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info||PMD"><strong>PMD</strong></a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/"><font color="#810081">EMBL-Heidelberg</font></a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/pmotif.html"><strong>PMOTIF</strong></a>&nbsp;- Search Protein Motifs in Gene Sequence at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/service/polandform.html"><strong>Poland</strong></a>&nbsp;- Calculate the Thermal Denaturation Profile of Double Stranded RNA or DNA at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.biophys.uni-duesseldorf.de/">Uni-D&uuml;sseldorf</a>, Germany (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/predictprotein/predictprotein.html"><strong>PredictProtein</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!Recent!</strong>&nbsp;- Predict Protein Secondary Structure at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/"><font color="#810081">EMBL-Heidelberg</font></a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_prf"><strong>PRF</strong></a>&nbsp;- Protein Research Foundation Sequence Database at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/rawprimer.html"><strong>Primer Selection</strong></a>&nbsp;- Select Primers in a Gene Sequence at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/srs/srsc?-info+PRINTS"><strong>PRINTS</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!Recent!</strong>&nbsp;- Protein Motif Fingerprints Database (see&nbsp;<a href="file://gopher.embl-heidelberg.de/pub/databases/prints/prints.doc"><strong>Documentation</strong></a>) at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/">EMBnet-Basel</a>, Switzerland (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/~esr/prodom.html"><strong>ProDom</strong></a>&nbsp;- A Protein Domain Database and&nbsp;<a href="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/~esr/prodom-blast.html"><strong>ProDom-Search</strong></a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/">Sanger Centre</a>, UK,&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||777855676_129.186.4.14||-info||PRODOM"><strong>ProDom</strong></a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/"><font color="#810081">EMBL-Heidelberg</font></a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/prodom_help.html"><strong>ProDom-Info</strong></a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.cc.iastate.edu/welcome.html">Iowa State</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="gopher://bmerc-gopher.bu.edu/11/Databases/prolink"><strong>ProLink</strong></a>&nbsp;- Integrated Database of Protein Structure, Sequence Homology, and Functional Pattern Information at&nbsp;<a href="http://bmerc-www.bu.edu/">BMERC</a>&nbsp;(Gopher)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/prs.page"><strong>PROPSEARCH</strong></a>&nbsp;- Protein Sequence Search for Structural Homology Based on Aminoacid Properties at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/"><font color="#810081">EMBL-Heidelberg</font></a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/sprot/prosite.html"><strong>PROSITE</strong></a>&nbsp;- Protein Sites and Patterns Database at&nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland and&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/searches/prosite_input.html"><strong>PROSITE-Search</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!Recent!</strong>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/"><font color="#810081">EMBL-Heidelberg</font></a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="file://ftp.embl-heidelberg.de/pub/databases/protein_extras"><strong>Protein-Extras</strong></a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/"><font color="#810081">EMBL-Heidelberg</font></a>&nbsp;(FTP)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/p_families.html"><strong>Protein Families</strong></a>&nbsp;- Links to Information on Different Protein Families at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.cc.iastate.edu/">Iowa State</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="file://cb-iris.stanford.edu/pub/ProteinMovements/ProtMotDB.main.html"><strong>Protein Motions</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!New!</strong>&nbsp;- DataBase of Protein Movements at&nbsp;<a href="http://hyper.stanford.edu/">Stanford U.</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://psort.nibb.ac.jp/"><strong>PSORT</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!Recent!</strong>&nbsp;- Predict Protein Sorting Signals Coded in Amino Acid Sequences at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/pssprediction/pssp.html"><strong>PSSP</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!New!</strong>&nbsp;- Protein Secondary Structure Prediction at&nbsp;<a puu="" protein_extras="" databases="" pub="" ftp.embl-heidelberg.de="" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20(W3)%3CDD%3E*%20%3Cahref="><strong>PUU</strong></a>&nbsp;- Protein Domains Database Based on PDB-Select at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/"><font color="#810081">EMBL-Heidelberg</font></a>&nbsp;(FTP)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://geta.life.uiuc.edu/index.html"><strong>RDP</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!New!</strong>&nbsp;- Ribosomal Database Project at U. Illinois (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://vent.neb.com/rebase/rebase.html"><strong>ReBase</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!New!</strong>&nbsp;- Restriction Enzyme Database at&nbsp;<a href="http://vent.neb.com/">New England Biolabs</a>,&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||777855676_129.186.4.14||-info||REBASE"><strong>ReBase</strong></a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/"><font color="#810081">EMBL-Heidelberg</font></a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/rebase/rebase.html"><strong>ReBase</strong></a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">John Hopkins</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://pundit.colorado.edu:8080/"><strong>RNA Secondary Structures</strong></a>&nbsp;- Information on Group I Introns and rRNA at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.colorado.edu/">U. Colorado-Boulder</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www-rrna.uia.ac.be/rrna/index.html"><strong>rRNA</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!New!</strong>&nbsp;- Databases of Ribosomal Subunit RNA Sequences at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.uia.ac.be/">U. Antwerp</a>, Belgium (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://base.icgeb.trieste.it/sbase/"><strong>SBASE</strong></a>&nbsp;- Library of Protein Domains and&nbsp;<a href="http://base.icgeb.trieste.it/sbase/blast.html"><strong>SBASE-Search</strong></a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://base.icgeb.trieste.it/">ICGEB-Trieste</a>, Italy (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://geoff.biop.ox.ac.uk/servers/scanps_server.html"><strong>SCANPS</strong></a>&nbsp;- Scan Protein Sequences at&nbsp;<a href="http://geoff.biop.ox.ac.uk/">U. Oxford</a>, UK (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.bio.cam.ac.uk/scop/"><strong>SCOP</strong></a>&nbsp;- Structural Classification of Proteins at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.bio.cam.ac.uk/">Cambridge</a>, UK and&nbsp;<a href="http://www.nick.med.usf.edu/scop/index.html"><strong>SCOP</strong></a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.nick.med.usf.edu/">U. South Florida</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-annot/home.html"><strong>Sequence Annotation</strong></a>&nbsp;- Annotations on NCBI Sequences at&nbsp;<a alces.med.umn.edu="" href="http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/%3EBaylor%20College%20of%20Medicine%3C/a%3E%20(W3)%3CDD%3E*%20%3Cahref="><strong>Sequence Translation</strong></a>&nbsp;- Translate Gene Sequences at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="ftp://dasher.wustl.edu/pub/sleuth/data"><strong>Sleuth</strong></a>&nbsp;- Amino Acid Conformation and Solvent Accessibility of PDB Files at&nbsp;<a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">Washington U.</a>&nbsp;(FTP)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ibcp.fr/predict.html"><strong>SOPM</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!New!</strong>&nbsp;- Self Optimized Prediction Method for Prediction of Protein Secondary Structure at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ibcp.fr/">IBCP-CNRS</a>, France (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc"><strong>SRSWWW</strong></a>&nbsp;- Network Browser for Databanks in Molecular Biology (w/&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/net.html"><strong>diagram links</strong></a>) at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/"><font color="#810081">EMBL-Heidelberg</font></a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/srs/index.html"><strong>SRSWWW-Directory</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!Recent!</strong>&nbsp;- Directory of SRSWWW Network Browsers for Biological Databanks and&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/srs/status.html"><strong>SRSWWW-Global Status</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!Recent!</strong>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/">EMBnet-Basel</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;[http://coot.embl.de/SSCP/ SSCP]:&nbsp;<font size="2">SSCP,&nbsp;<big>Secondary Structural Content Prediction</big></font><br /> *&nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/ssearch-query.html"><strong>SSEARCH</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!Recent!</strong>&nbsp;- Universal Sequence Comparison Using the Smith-Waterman Algorithm at&nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/sspred/sspred_info.html"><strong>SSPRED</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!New!</strong>&nbsp;- Predict the Secondary Structure of Proteins at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/"><font color="#810081">EMBL-Heidelberg</font></a>, Germany (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ucmb.ulb.ac.be/~joan/survol/form.html"><strong>SURVOL</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!New!</strong>&nbsp;- Analysis of Protein Atomic Volumes at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ucmb.ulb.ac.be/">UCMB</a>, Belgium (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/ch2d/ch2d-top.html"><strong>Swiss-2DPage</strong></a>&nbsp;- Two-dimensional Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis Database at&nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/srs/srsc?-info+SWISSDOM"><strong>SWISSDOM</strong></a>&nbsp;- SwissProt Entries in a ProDom Map at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">EBI</a>, UK (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/swissmod/SWISS-MODEL.html"><strong>Swiss-Model</strong></a>&nbsp;- Automated Protein Modelling at&nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/srs/srsc?-info||SWISSNEW"><strong>SWISSNEW</strong></a>&nbsp;- New SwissProt Sequences at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">EBI</a>, UK (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/sprot/sprot-top.html"><strong>SwissProt</strong></a>&nbsp;- Protein Sequence Database (+ Weekly Updates) at&nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/swisshop/SwissShopReq.html"><strong>Swiss-Shop</strong></a>&nbsp;- Automated SwissProt and Prosite Information Queries at&nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/tbase/tbase.html"><strong>TBASE</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!Recent!</strong>&nbsp;- Transgenic/Targeted Mutation Database at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">John Hopkins</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/fasta/tfasta-query.html"><strong>TFASTA</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!Recent!</strong>&nbsp;- Match a Protein Sequence Against All Six Frames of GenBank Sequences at&nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="gopher://gopher.nih.gov/77/gopherlib/indices/tfd/index"><strong>TFD</strong></a>&nbsp;- Transcription Factor Database at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp;(Gopher)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info+TFFACTOR"><strong>TFFACTOR</strong></a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-info+TFSITE"><strong>TFSITE</strong></a>&nbsp;- Transcription Factor Data at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/"><font color="#810081">EMBL-Heidelberg</font></a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://alces.med.umn.edu/rawtm.html"><strong>Tm</strong></a>&nbsp;- Oligonucleotide Melting Point Determination at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/tmap/tmap_sin.html"><strong>TMAP</strong></a>&nbsp;- Identification of Transmembrane Segments on a Protein Sequence at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/"><font color="#810081">EMBL-Heidelberg</font></a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="ftp://ulrec3.unil.ch/pub/tmbase"><strong>TMBASE</strong></a>&nbsp;- Transmembrane Protein Database at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.unil.ch/">U. Lausanne</a>, Switzerland (FTP)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/gcg/translate-query.html"><strong>Translate</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!Recent!</strong>&nbsp;- Translate a Nucleotide Sequence into Amino Acid Sequence at&nbsp;<a href="http://genome.eerie.fr/home.html">EERIE-Nimes</a>, France (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/subsection3_1_6.html"><strong>TreeGen</strong></a>&nbsp;- Tree Generation from Distance Data at&nbsp;<a href="http://cbrg.inf.ethz.ch/">ETH-Z&uuml;rich</a>, Switzerland (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||781260221_129.186.4.14||-info||TREMBL"><strong>TREMBL</strong></a>&nbsp;- Database of Translated Peptide Sequences of All CDS Features from EMBL Sequences at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/"><font color="#810081">EMBL-Heidelberg</font></a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/srs/srsc?-info+VECBASE"><strong>VecBase</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!Recent!</strong>&nbsp;- Cloning Vector Sequence Database.at&nbsp;<a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/">CAOS/CAMM</a>, The Netherlands (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://ben.vub.ac.be/srs/srsc?-info+VECTOR"><strong>VECTOR</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!Recent!</strong>&nbsp;- Cloning Vector Database at&nbsp;<a href="http://ben.vub.ac.be/">BEN</a>, Belgium (W3),&nbsp;<a href="gopher://gopher.gdb.org/77/.INDEX/vector"><strong>Vector</strong></a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">John Hopkins</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="gopher://virus1.virus.kyoto-u.ac.jp/77/.index/vector.ig/index"><strong>Vector-ig</strong></a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://virus1.virus.kyoto-u.ac.jp/">IVR</a>, Kyoto-U., Japan (Gopher)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.bio.cam.ac.uk/seqlogo/logo.cgi"><strong>WebLogo</strong></a>&nbsp;- Sequence Logo Generation at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.bio.cam.ac.uk/">Cambridge U.</a>, UK (W3)</dd></dl><hr /> <p><a name="part2"> <h2>Part 2: Bibliographic, Text and WWW Searches</h2> <dl><dd>*</dd><dd>*</dd></dl></a></p> <dl><dd><a href="gopher://probe.nalusda.gov/7waissrc%3A/.plant/.agricola/agidxB.src"><strong>AGRICOLA</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!New!</strong>&nbsp;- Bibliographic References (Plant Genome Subset) at&nbsp;<a href="gopher://probe.nalusda.gov/">USDA-NAL</a>&nbsp;(Gopher)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www-lmmb.ncifcrf.gov/annRev.html"><strong>Annual Reviews</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!New!</strong>&nbsp;- Bibliographic Searches at&nbsp;<a href="http://www-lmmb.ncifcrf.gov/">LMMB-National Cancer Institute</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.lerc.nasa.gov/Doc/archieplex.html"><strong>ArchiePlexForm</strong></a>&nbsp;- Search Files Available by Anonymous FTP at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.lerc.nasa.gov/">LeRC-NASA</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.beckman.com/biorsrch/biorsrch.htm"><strong>Beckman-Bioresearch</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!New!</strong>&nbsp;- Information on Protein and DNA Applications, Meetings and Product Information at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.beckman.com/">Beckman Instruments</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="gopher://exogene.genethon.fr/11/Biblio/Journaux"><strong>BIBLIO</strong></a>&nbsp;- Molbio Journal Searches at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.genethon.fr/genethon_en.html">Genethon</a>, France (Gopher) and&nbsp;<a href="http://nxoc01.cern.ch:8001/net.bio.net/biology-journal-contents?"><strong>Biology Journal Contents</strong></a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.cern.ch/">CERN</a>, Switzerland (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.bibsys.no/search/pube.html"><strong>BIBSYS</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!Recent!</strong>&nbsp;- Interuniversitary Bibliographic System in Norway (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="gopher://genes.icgeb.trieste.it/77/.indexes/BIOBIB"><strong>BIOBIB</strong></a>&nbsp;- Biocomputing Bibliography at&nbsp;<a href="http://base.icgeb.trieste.it/">ICGEB-Trieste</a>, Italy (Gopher) and&nbsp;<a href="http://nxoc01.cern.ch:8001/wais.funet.fi:210/embnet%2Fcompalgo?"><strong>CompAlgo</strong></a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.cern.ch/">CERN</a>, Switzerland (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/biocat/biocat.html"><strong>BioCatalog</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!Recent!</strong>&nbsp;- Catalog of Molecular Biology Programs at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">EBI</a>,&nbsp;<a href="http://www.genethon.fr/exterieur/bio_catal.html"><strong>Bio-catalogue</strong></a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.genethon.fr/genethon_en.html">Genethon</a>, France and&nbsp;<a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/srs/srsc?-info+BIOCAT"><strong>BIOCAT</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!Recent!</strong>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/">CAOS/CAMM</a>, The Netherlands (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/rt_journals.html"><strong><font color="#810081">Bio/Chemical Journals and Newsletters</font></strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!New!</strong>&nbsp;- Table of Contents and Abstracts of Different Titles at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.iastate.edu/">Iowa State</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu:70/1m/bio_remote/bio-email"><strong>Bio-Email</strong></a>&nbsp;- List of Biomedical E-Mail Servers and&nbsp;<a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu:70/7m/bio_remote/bio-emailhttp://ibc.wustl.edu:70/1m/bio_remote/bio-email"><strong>Bio-Email-Search</strong></a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://ibc.wustl.edu/">Washington U.</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ftpt.br/cgi-bin/bioline/bioline"><strong>Bioline</strong></a>&nbsp;- Bio-Publications at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ftpt.br/">Base de Dados Tropical</a>, Brazil (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://bioinformatics.weizmann.ac.il:70/1s/biomoo"><strong>BioMOO</strong></a>&nbsp;- The Biologists' Virtual Meeting Place at&nbsp;<a href="http://bioinformatics.weizmann.ac.il:70/">Weizmann Institute of Science</a>, Israel (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="gopher://net.bio.net/77/.wais-sources/biology-journal-contents"><strong>Bionet Journal</strong></a>&nbsp;Articles and&nbsp;<a href="gopher://net.bio.net/77/.wais-sources/biosci"><strong>Bionet News</strong></a>&nbsp;(Gopher)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="gopher://s-crim1.dl.ac.uk/7waissrc%3a/BIOSCI%20archives"><strong>BIOSCI</strong></a>&nbsp;Archives at&nbsp;<a href="gopher://s-crim1.dl.ac.uk/">EMBnet-UK</a>&nbsp;(Gopher) and&nbsp;<a href="http://nxoc01.cern.ch:8001/net.bio.net/biosci?"><strong>BIOSCI</strong></a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.cern.ch/">CERN</a>, Switzerland (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="gopher://stack.serpukhov.su/11/biotech/"><strong>Biotechnology Abstracts DataBase</strong></a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.stack.serpukhov.su/home.html">Stack-Serpukhov</a>, Russia (Gopher)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.inform.umd.edu/EdRes/Topic/AgrEnv/Biotech/Bibliographies"><strong>Biotechnology Bibliographies</strong></a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.inform.umd.edu/EdRes/Topic/AgrEnv/Biotech">BIC-U. Maryland/College Park</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="gopher://gopher.gdb.org:3005/7"><strong>BOING</strong></a>&nbsp;- Bio Oriented INternet Gophers at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">John Hopkins</a>&nbsp;(Gopher)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://mbisg2.sbc.man.ac.uk/brassp.html"><strong>BRASS</strong></a>&nbsp;- Bioinformatics Resource for Algorithms, Software and Sequences at&nbsp;<a href="http://mbisg2.sbc.man.ac.uk/">U. Manchester</a>, UK (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="telnet://database.carl.org/"><strong>CARL UnCover</strong></a>&nbsp;- Bibliographic Service from U. Texas (Telnet)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="gopher://lib-gopher.lib.indiana.edu:7050/11/cciim"><strong>CCIIM</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!New!</strong>&nbsp;- Clearinghouse for Chemical Information Instructional Materials at&nbsp;<a href="gopher://lib-gopher.lib.indiana.edu:7050/">Indiana U.</a>&nbsp;(Gopher)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="gopher://locus.nalusda.gov/7waissrc%3a/.other_bio_gophers/.cris/cris.src"><strong>CRIS</strong></a>&nbsp;- Current Research Information System on Research Grants at&nbsp;<a href="gopher://locus.nalusda.gov/">USDA</a>&nbsp;(Gopher)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="gopher://weeds.mgh.harvard.edu/1ftp%3aweeds.mgh.harvard.edu%40/pub/codon/"><strong>Codon Usage Tables</strong></a>&nbsp;at Massachusetts General Hospital-<a href="http://golgi.harvard.edu/">Harvard</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="gopher://gopher.nih.gov/00/molbio/gencode"><strong>Table of Standard Genetic Code</strong></a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp;(Gopher)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/rebase/comp.html"><strong>Companies Selling Restriction Enzymes</strong></a>&nbsp;- Select Companies and Enzymes at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/">John Hopkins</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://hackberry.chem.niu.edu:70/0/ConferenceListings/index.html"><strong>Conference Listings</strong></a>&nbsp;- Search Chemistry, Biology and Medicine Conference Catalogs at&nbsp;<a href="http://hackberry.chem.niu.edu:70/0/webpage.html">Northern Illinois</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.dra.com/drewdb"><strong>DataResearch-Demo</strong></a>,&nbsp;<a href="http://www.dra.com/lcauth"><strong>-Authority</strong></a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="http://www.dra.com/lcmarc"><strong>-LCMARC</strong></a>&nbsp;Databases at Data Research Associates (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="gopher://biox.embnet.unibas.ch:13020/77/.index/index"><strong>DIBUG</strong></a>&nbsp;- Discover Insight Biosym User Group Mailing List at&nbsp;<a href="gopher://biox.embnet.unibas.ch/">EMBnet-Basel</a>, Switzerland (Gopher)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="gopher://gopher.slu.se/7waissrc%3a/wais-dbs/Biology/bionic-embl-software"><strong>EMBL-Software</strong></a>&nbsp;- Listing of Software Available from EMBL at&nbsp;<a href="gopher://gopher.slu.se/">U. of Agricultural Sciences</a>, Sweden (Gopher) and&nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/bio/search/FILT/embl.all.html"><strong>EMBL.ALL-Search</strong></a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">John Hopkins</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://kufacts.cc.ukans.edu/cwis/units/fgsc/main.html"><strong>FGSC</strong></a>&nbsp;- Fungal Genetics Stock Center Online Catalogue at&nbsp;<a href="http://kufacts.cc.ukans.edu/cwis/kufacts_start.html">U. Kansas</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.fisher1.com/Fisher/biotech.html"><strong>FisherBiotech</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!New!</strong>&nbsp;- Reagents Catalog with Safety Information at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.fisher1.com/">Fisher Scientific</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="gopher://gopher.gdb.org/77/.INDEX/gentools"><strong>GenTools</strong></a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">John Hopkins</a>&nbsp;(Gopher)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://lib-www.ucr.edu/bioag/"><strong>INFOMINE</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!Recent!</strong>&nbsp;- Search Biological, Agricultural and Medical Resources at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ucr.edu/">U. California-Riverside</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.chemie.fu-berlin.de/chemistry/index/"><strong>Internet Chemistry Index</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!New!</strong>&nbsp;- Chemistry WWW Pages and Services at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.chemie.fu-berlin.de/">FU-Berlin</a>&nbsp;(W3) at</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="gopher://gopher.electriciti.com/11/invitrogen"><strong>Invitrogen</strong></a>&nbsp;- Vector Sequences, Protocols and Product Information (Gopher)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="gopher://liberty.uc.wlu.edu:3002/7"><strong>Jughead</strong></a>&nbsp;- Gopher Directory Search at&nbsp;<a href="gopher://liberty.uc.wlu.edu/">W&amp;L</a>&nbsp;(Gopher)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.cs.monash.edu.au/~lloyd/tildeBIB"><strong>L.Allison Biblio</strong></a>&nbsp;- Collected References in Algorithms, Computing for Molecular Biology, WWW Sites, etc. at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.cs.monash.edu.au/">Monash University</a>, Australia (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="gopher://gopher.ucsc.edu/7waissrc%3a/.WAIS/Life_Sciences_CD_sources.src"><strong>Life Sciences List of Journals</strong></a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="gopher://gopher.ucsc.edu/">UCSC</a>&nbsp;(Gopher)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/cgi-bin/experts"><strong>List of On-Line Experts</strong></a>&nbsp;- Contacts of Experts on Different Proteins/Enzymes at&nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/txt/nomlist.txt"><strong>List of Protein Nomenclature References</strong></a>&nbsp;- References on Protein Nomenclature and Terminology at&nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/cgi-bin/listdoc"><strong>Listdoc</strong></a>&nbsp;- Amos Bairoch's List Documents Describing Molecular Biology Oriented Services, Software, Email Servers, FTP Sites, etc. at&nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_litdb"><strong>LITDB</strong></a>&nbsp;- PRF Protein/Peptide Literature Database at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:2555/r_medline.html"><strong>MEDLINE&nbsp;</strong></a>- Bibliographic References (Subset in Molecular Genetics) of the National Library of Medicine and&nbsp;<a href="http://atlas.nlm.nih.gov:5700/Entrez/index.html"><strong>ENTREZ-MEDLINE Subset</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!New!</strong>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/">NCBI</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/srs/srsc?-id||777855676_129.186.4.14||-info||MEDLINE"><strong>MEDLINE</strong></a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/"><font color="#810081">EMBL-Heidelberg</font></a>(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/catal/milli-intro.html"><strong>Millipore On-line Catalog</strong></a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">John Hopkins</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="gopher://atlas.chem.utah.edu/11/MSDS"><strong>MSDS</strong></a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="gopher://biochemistry.bioc.cwru.edu/7sc%3a/database/utahmsds.mnu"><strong>MSDS-Search</strong></a>&nbsp;- Material Safety Data Sheets at Utah U.,&nbsp;<a href="gopher://isumvs.iastate.edu/1~db.CCINFO2.MSDS"><strong>Fisher Scientific MSDS's</strong></a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.cc.iastate.edu/welcome.html">Iowa State</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="gopher://genes.icgeb.trieste.it/11/biosafety/lab/mat"><strong>MSDS-Info</strong></a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://base.icgeb.trieste.it/">ICGEB-Trieste</a>, Italy (Gopher)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.inform.umd.edu/EdRes/Topic/AgrEnv/Biotech/Miscellaneous_Pubs/meeting.lst"><strong>Meetings/Symposia/Workshopsin Biotechnology&nbsp;</strong></a>at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.inform.umd.edu/EdRes/Topic/AgrEnv/Biotech">BIC-U. Maryland/College Park</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.inform.umd.edu/EdRes/Topic/AgrEnv/Biotech/Newsletters"><strong>Newsletters</strong></a>&nbsp;- Newsletters in Biotechnology Issues at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.inform.umd.edu/EdRes/Topic/AgrEnv/Biotech">BIC-U. Maryland/College Park</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="gopher://stis.nsf.gov/77/.index/wais-sources/nsf-awards"><strong>NSF-Awards</strong></a>&nbsp;- Information on Research Grants at&nbsp;<a href="gopher://stis.nsf.gov/">NSF</a>&nbsp;(Gopher)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://golgi.harvard.edu/journals.html"><strong>On-line Journals</strong></a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://golgi.harvard.edu/">Harvard</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/bio/search/FILT/owlref.html"><strong>OWLREF</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!New!</strong>&nbsp;- Search the References of OWL (Non-Redundant Protein Database) at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/">John Hopkins</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/patents/intropat.html"><strong>Patents</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!Recent!</strong>&nbsp;- STO's Internet Patent Search System at&nbsp;<a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/">SunSITE-USA/UNC-Chapel Hill</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://technical.powells.portland.or.us/search.html"><strong>Powell's Technical Books</strong></a>&nbsp;- Consult Titles and Prices at&nbsp;<a href="http://technical.powells.portland.or.us/">Powell's Technical Bookstore</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://ccinfo.ims.ac.jp/cgi-bin/qcpe"><strong>QCPE</strong></a>&nbsp;- Quantum Chemistry Program Exchange Program Library at&nbsp;<a href="http://ccinfo.ims.ac.jp/">Okazaki National Research Institute</a>, Japan (W3) and&nbsp;<a href="gopher://hackberry.chem.niu.edu/11/Quantum%20Chemistry%20Acronyms%20Database"><strong>Quantum Chemistry Acronyms Database</strong></a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="gopher://hackberry.chem.niu.edu/">Northern Illinois U.</a>(Gopher)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://biotech.chem.indiana.edu/lib/search.html"><strong>Resource-Search</strong></a>&nbsp;- Search Biotechnology Links at&nbsp;<a href="http://biotech.chem.indiana.edu/">Biotech-Indiana</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="gopher://ava.bcc.orst.edu/00/mgd/useful_tools/journams.txt"><strong>Scientific Journal Abbreviation</strong></a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="gopher://ava.bcc.orst.edu/">Oregon State</a>&nbsp;(Gopher)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/sprot/seqanalr.html"><strong>Seqanalref</strong></a>&nbsp;- Sequence Analysis Bibliographic Reference Data Bank at&nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASy</a>, Switzerland and&nbsp;<a href="http://golgi.harvard.edu/htbin/sar-search-cit"><strong>Seqanalref</strong></a>&nbsp;- at&nbsp;<a href="http://golgi.harvard.edu/">Harvard</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/softsearch/softsearch.html"><strong>Softsearch</strong></a>&nbsp;- Search and Retrieve Software and Data starting at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">John Hopkins</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="gopher://morris.lib.udel.edu/11/indexes/toc/springer"><strong>Springer Verlag Journals</strong></a>&nbsp;- Tables of Contents of Different Titles (Gopher)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://ucmp1.berkeley.edu/taxaform.html"><strong>Taxaform</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!New!</strong>&nbsp;- Ride the Web Lift to Taxonomy at&nbsp;<a tree="" phylogeny.arizona.edu="" href="http://ucmp1.berkeley.edu/%3EUC-M.%20of%20Paleontology%3C/a%3E%20(W3)%3CDD%3E*%20%3CAHREF="><strong>The Tree of Life</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!Recent!</strong>&nbsp;- A Phylogenetic Navigation System for the Internet at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.arizona.edu/">U. Arizona</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://town.hall.org/cgi-bin/srch-patent"><strong>U.S. Patent Database</strong></a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://town.hall.org/">Town Hall</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://patents.cnidr.org/pto/classes.html"><strong>U.S. Patent Classifications</strong></a>&nbsp;- Information on Classification Scheme and Class Definitions including&nbsp;<a href="http://patents.cnidr.org/pto/classes/us/424/424.html"><strong>Class 424 - Drug, Bio-Affecting and Body Treating Compositions</strong></a>,&nbsp;<a href="http://patents.cnidr.org/pto/classes/us/435/435.html"><strong>Class 435 - Chemistry: Molecular Biology and Microbiology</strong></a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="http://patents.cnidr.org/pto/classes/us/930/930.html"><strong>Class 930 - Peptide or Protein Sequence</strong></a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="http://patents.cnidr.org/pto/access.html"><strong>AIDS Patents Databases</strong></a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://cnidr.org/welcome.html">CNIDR</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="gopher://veronica.scs.unr.edu/11/veronica"><strong>Veronica&nbsp;</strong></a>- Search Gopher Files and Directories at&nbsp;<a href="gopher://veronica.scs.unr.edu/">U. Nevada</a>&nbsp;(Gopher)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.cc.gatech.edu/gvu/search_engines.html"><strong>W3 Search Engines</strong></a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.gatech.edu/">Georgia Tech</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://webcrawler.cs.washington.edu/WebCrawler/WebQuery.html"><strong>WebCrawler</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!New!</strong>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.uwtc.washington.edu/UWHome.html">U. Washington</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://webcrawler.cs.washington.edu/WebCrawler/WebIndexes.html"><strong>WebIndexes</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!New!</strong>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.uwtc.washington.edu/UWHome.html">U. Washington</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://golgi.harvard.edu/htbin/biopages"><strong>WWW VL Biosciences Index</strong></a>&nbsp;- Search Keith Robison's Catalogs at&nbsp;<a href="http://golgi.harvard.edu/">Harvard</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.cs.colorado.edu/home/mcbryan/WWWW.html"><strong>WWW Worm</strong></a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.cs.colorado.edu/home/capp/index.html">U. Colorado-Boulder</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd></dl><hr /> <p><a name="part3"> <h2>Part 3: Guides, Tutorials and Help Tools</h2> <dl><dd>*</dd><dd>*</dd></dl></a></p> <dl><dd><a href="http://www.chemie.fu-berlin.de/cgi-bin/abbscomp"><strong>Abbreviation of Chemical Compounds</strong></a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.chemie.fu-berlin.de/">FU-Berlin</a>, Germany (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="gopher://info.umd.edu:901/00/inforM/Educational_Resources/AcademicResourcesByTopic/AgricultureEnvironmentResources/Biotechnology_Information_Center/Miscellaneous_Pubs/AG-BIOTECH"><strong>Ag/Biotech Electronic Information Resources</strong></a>&nbsp;at U. Maryland (Gopher)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.chemie.fu-berlin.de/chemistry/bio/amino-acids.html"><strong>Amino Acids</strong></a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.chemie.fu-berlin.de/">FU-Berlin</a>, Germany (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/~mcdonald/atlas/"><strong>Atlas of Side-Chain and Main-Chain Hydrogen Bonding</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!New!</strong>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/">UCL-London</a>, UK (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://medix.mmi.uct.ac.za/bbhelp/con2.html"><strong>BBHelp</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!New!</strong>&nbsp;- Molecular Biology Help at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.uct.ac.za/">U. Cape Town</a>, South Africa (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.td.anl.gov/InternetGuide.html"><strong>Big Dummy's Guide to the Internet</strong></a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/jam/int_unix/JAMINX.HTML"><strong>Biocomputing Survival Guide</strong></a>&nbsp;- A Cookbook for the User of Computers in Molecular Biology at&nbsp;<a href="gopher://biox.embnet.unibas.ch/">EMBnet-Basel</a>, Switzerland (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://bioinformatics.weizmann.ac.il:70/1s/bioguide"><strong>BioGuide</strong></a>&nbsp;- PCR Guide at&nbsp;<a href="http://bioinformatics.weizmann.ac.il:70/">Weizmann Institute of Science</a>, Israel (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="gopher://lenti.med.umn.edu/11/Biologically%20Related%20Information/Biologist%27s%20Guide%20to%20the%20Internet"><strong>Biologist's Guide to Internet Resources</strong></a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a>&nbsp;(Gopher)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="gopher://life.anu.edu.au/00/molecular_biology/biosci.FAQ"><strong>BIOSCI/Bionet FAQ</strong></a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="gopher://life.anu.edu.au/">ANU</a>, Australia (Gopher)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://earth1.epa.gov/biotech_rule/biotech_support/"><strong>Biotech-Support</strong></a>&nbsp;- Decision Documents and Risk Assessments on Different Microorganisms Used by Man at&nbsp;<a href="http://earth1.epa.gov/">EPA</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="gopher://megasun.bch.umontreal.ca/00/CMB/Help/birch.txt"><strong>BIRCH</strong></a>&nbsp;- Biological Research Computer Hierarchy User's Guide at U. Montreal, Canada (Gopher)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="gopher://gopher.gdb.org/11/bioftp/book-reviews"><strong>Book Reviews in Biology</strong></a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">John Hopkins</a>&nbsp;(Gopher)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="gopher://gopher.csc.fi/00/tiede/kemia/ChemistsGuide"><strong>Chemist's Guide to Network Resources</strong></a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.csc.fi/CSC_english.html">CSC</a>, Finland (Gopher)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.chemie.fu-berlin.de/chemistry/general/units.html"><strong>Conversion of Units</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!New!</strong>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.chemie.fu-berlin.de/">FU-Berlin</a>, Germany (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://lenti.med.umn.edu/~mwd/cell_www/cell.html"><strong>Course/Tutorial in Cell Biology</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!New!</strong>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a>,&nbsp;<a href="http://www.cc.emory.edu/EMORY_CLASS/CELL_BIOLOGY/Cell_Biology/Cell_Biology.html"><strong>Course in Cell Biology</strong></a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.cc.emory.edu/">Emory U.</a>&nbsp;(W3) and&nbsp;<a href="gopher://brise.ere.umontreal.ca/11/bb/textes/notes"><strong>Course in Cell Biology</strong></a>&nbsp;(in French) at U. Montreal, Canada (Gopher)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/genomics/GDB_OMIM_TOC.html"><strong>Course on GDB and OMIM Access</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!New!</strong>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/index.html">CAOS/CAMM</a>, The Netherlands (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://turner.lamf.uwindsor.ca/exhibits/courses/59-261/welcome.html"><strong>Course on Organic Chemistry of Biomolecules</strong></a>&nbsp;at U. Windsor, Canada (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.cryst.bbk.ac.uk/PPS/index.html"><strong>Course on Principles of Protein Structure</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!Recent!</strong>&nbsp;- A Collaborative Virtual Course Organized by the&nbsp;<a href="http://www.dl.ac.uk/CBMT/HOME.html"><strong>Collaborative BioMolecular Tools</strong></a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.cryst.bbk.ac.uk/">Birkbeck College-Londen</a>, UK (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://lenti.med.umn.edu/recombinant_dna/recombinant_flowchart.html"><strong>Course on Recombinant DNA Technology</strong></a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="gopher://info.umd.edu:901/00/inforM/Educational_Resources/AcademicResourcesByTopic/AgricultureEnvironmentResources/Biotechnology_Information_Center/Miscellaneous_Pubs/dbs-bbs.lst"><strong>Databases Related to Agricultural Biotechnology</strong></a>&nbsp;at U. Maryland (Gopher)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/dictionaries.html"><strong>Dictionaries</strong></a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.cc.iastate.edu/welcome.html">Iowa State</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://130.209.9.190/"><strong>Dictionary of Cell Biology</strong></a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://130.209.9.190/IBLS/IBLS-home.html">IBLS-Glasgow U.</a>, UK (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="gopher://info.umd.edu:901/00/inforM/Educational_Resources/AcademicResourcesByTopic/AgricultureEnvironmentResources/Biotechnology_Information_Center/Miscellaneous_Pubs/direct.lst"><strong>Directories Related to Agricultural Biotechnology</strong></a>&nbsp;at U. Maryland (Gopher)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www2.pasteur.fr/~tekaia/GCGdoc/Doc.html"><strong>GCGdoc</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!Recent!</strong>&nbsp;- GCG Documentation (V.8) at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.pasteur.fr/">Institut Pasteur</a>, France and&nbsp;<a href="http://titus.u-strasbg.fr/Computer/GCGdoc/DocF.html"><strong>GCGdoc-Fran&ccedil;ais</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!Recent!</strong>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://titus.u-strasbg.fr/HomePage.html">IGBMC-U. Strasbourg</a>, France (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://sci.wfeb.edu/HELP/@GCGHELP:GENMANUAL"><strong>GCG-GenManual</strong></a>&nbsp;(Analysis Type) and&nbsp;<a href="http://sci.wfeb.edu/HELP/@GCGHELP:GENHELP"><strong>GCG-GenHelp</strong></a>&nbsp;(Program Name) at&nbsp;<a href="http://golgi.harvard.edu/">Harvard</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://geoff.biop.ox.ac.uk/manuals/alscript/alscript.html"><strong>Guide to Alscript</strong></a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://geoff.biop.ox.ac.uk/">U. Oxford</a>, UK (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www-bio.unizh.ch/sw/swbiosym.html"><strong>Guide to Biosym Software</strong></a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://www-bio.unizh.ch/">U. Zurich</a>, Switzerland (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="gopher://infomeister.osc.edu:73/00/documents/drug.design.guide"><strong>Guide to Computer-Assisted Drug Design</strong></a>&nbsp;at Computational Chemistry Archives-Ohio (Gopher)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://fconvx.ncifcrf.gov:2001/~toms/delila.html"><strong>Guide to Delila</strong></a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://fconvx.ncifcrf.gov:2001/">NCI-FCRF</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="gopher://dna.cedb.uwf.edu/11/Miscellaneous/Lab%20Protocols/DNA%20Cloning%20in%20E.coli"><strong>Guide to DNA Cloning in E. coli</strong></a>&nbsp;at UWF (Gopher)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://lenti.med.umn.edu/MolBio_man/MolBio_man.html"><strong>Guide to GCG</strong></a>&nbsp;and AGRENET at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.chem.duke.edu/research/prisant/protein/protein.html"><strong>Guide to Geometric Aspects of Protein Structure and Function</strong></a>&nbsp;at Duke (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="gopher://una.hh.lib.umich.edu/00/inetdirsstacks/molbio%3ahayden"><strong>Guide to Molecular Biology Databases</strong></a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="gopher://una.hh.lib.umich.edu/">U. Michigan</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.nih.gov/molecular_modeling/gateway.html"><strong>Guide to Molecular Modeling</strong></a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="gopher://info.umd.edu:901/00/inforM/Educational_Resources/AcademicResourcesByTopic/AgricultureEnvironmentResources/Biotechnology_Information_Center/Miscellaneous_Pubs/pathfinder.biotech"><strong>Guide to Printed Information Sources in Biotechnology</strong></a>&nbsp;at U. Maryland (Gopher)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://condor.embl-heidelberg.de:2604/check/checks/ProCheck/documentation/"><strong>Guide to ProCheck</strong></a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/"><font color="#810081">EMBL-Heidelberg</font></a>, Germany (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.cryst.bbk.ac.uk/PPS/vsns-pps/technology/main.html"><strong>Guide to RasMol</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!Recent!</strong>&nbsp;(see&nbsp;<a href="ftp://ftp.dcs.ed.ac.uk/pub/rasmol">Source</a>) at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.cryst.bbk.ac.uk/">Birkbeck College-London</a>, UK (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://twod.med.harvard.edu/seqanal/index.html"><strong>Guide to Sequence Search&nbsp;</strong></a>at&nbsp;<a href="http://golgi.harvard.edu/">Harvard</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.arc.umn.edu/GVL/Software/xmol/XMol.html"><strong>Guide to XMol</strong></a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ch.ic.ac.uk/chemical_mime.html"><strong>Hyperactive Molecules Using Chemical MIME</strong></a>&nbsp;- WWW Display of 3D Chemical Information at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ch.ic.ac.uk/">Imperial College</a>, UK (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.chemie.fu-berlin.de/chemistry/general/constants.html"><strong>Fundamental Physical Constants</strong></a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.chemie.fu-berlin.de/">FU-Berlin</a>, Germany (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="gopher://weeds.mgh.harvard.edu/11/dept_molbiol/molbiol/brent/interaction_trap"><strong>Interaction Trap</strong></a>&nbsp;- Method to clone cDNAs of proteins that interact w/ known protein at&nbsp;<a href="http://golgi.harvard.edu/">Harvard</a>&nbsp;(Gopher)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://biotech.chem.indiana.edu/intro2.html"><strong>Introduction to Searching Internet Biotechnology Resources</strong></a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://biotech.chem.indiana.edu/">Biotech-Indiana</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="gopher://asparagin.cenargen.embrapa.br:71/11/manual"><strong>Manual of Biosafety (UNIDO)</strong></a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="gopher://asparagin.cenargen.embrapa.br:71/">EMBRAPA</a>, Brazil (Gopher)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.uct.ac.za/microbiology/manualin.html"><strong>Manual of Molecular Biology Techniques</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!New!</strong>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.uct.ac.za/">U. Cape Town</a>, South Africa (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="gopher://ftp.bio.indiana.edu/1m/Molecular-Biology/Materials%2bMethods"><strong>Materials &amp; Methods</strong></a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="gopher://ftp.bio.indiana.edu/77/.indices/methods"><strong>M&amp;M-Search</strong></a>&nbsp;- Laboratory Protocols at Bio-Indiana (Gopher)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="gopher://fsuj50.rz.uni-jena.de/11/misc/mathebio"><strong>Mathematics &amp; Biology</strong></a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.imb-jena.de/">IMB-Jena</a>, Germany and&nbsp;<a href="gopher://merlot.gdb.org/11/Math-In-Biology/math"><strong>Mathematics &amp; Biology</strong></a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="gopher://merlot.gdb.org/">John Hopkins</a>&nbsp;(Gopher)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.sander.embl-heidelberg.de/modules/"><strong>MODULES in Extracellular Proteins</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!New!</strong>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/"><font color="#810081">EMBL-Heidelberg</font></a>, Germany (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://research.nwfsc.noaa.gov/protocols.html"><strong>Molecular Biology Protocols</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!New!</strong>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://research.nwfsc.noaa.gov/">NWFSC-NOAA</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.leeds.ac.uk/bionet/student/carbohyd/index.htm"><strong>Monosaccharide Browser</strong></a>&nbsp;- Investigate Monosaccharide Structure at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.leeds.ac.uk/">U. Leeds</a>, UK (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://ubu.hahnemann.edu/Heme-Iron/NetWelco.htm"><strong>NetBiochem</strong></a>&nbsp;- Medical Biochemistry Course at U. Utah (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/Dan/DOE/intro.html"><strong>Primer on Molecular Genetics</strong></a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.gdb.org/hopkins.html">John Hopkins</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="gopher://gopher.citi2.fr/11/biolo/dico/dicof"><strong>Molbio French Dictionary</strong></a>&nbsp;and its&nbsp;<a href="gopher://gopher.citi2.fr/11/biolo/dico/dicoa"><strong>English-French</strong></a>&nbsp;Version at CITI2, France (Gopher)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://lenti.med.umn.edu/insitu_pcr/chap-shoot2.fm.html"><strong>PCR&nbsp;<em>in situ</em>&nbsp;(1)</strong></a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="http://lenti.med.umn.edu/insitu_pcr/chapter3.7/chapter3.7.fm.html"><strong>PCR&nbsp;<em>in situ</em>&nbsp;(2)</strong></a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.umn.edu/">U. Minnesota</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.cchem.berkeley.edu/Table/index.html"><strong>Periodic Table</strong></a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.cchem.berkeley.edu/">Berkeley</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="http://www2.shef.ac.uk/chemistry/web-elements/periodic-table.html"><strong>WebElements</strong></a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://www2.shef.ac.uk/">U. Shefield</a>, UK (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/rasmol.html"><strong>RasmolHELP</strong></a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.cc.iastate.edu/welcome.html">Iowa State</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://scsg9.unige.ch/eng/toc.html"><strong>Representation of Molecular Models and Rendering Techniques</strong></a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.unige.ch/">Geneva U.</a>, Switzerland (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.chemie.fu-berlin.de/chemistry/general/si.html"><strong>SI Units</strong></a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.chemie.fu-berlin.de/">FU-Berlin</a>, Germany (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/ch2d/technical-info.html"><strong>Technical information on 2-D PAGE</strong></a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://expasy.hcuge.ch/">ExPASY</a>, Switzerland (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.chem.vt.edu/chem-ed/ac-home.html"><strong>Tutorials in Analytical Chemistry</strong></a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.chem.vt.edu/">Virginia Tech</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://biomed.nus.sg/HIS/txt/menu/tacmenu.html"><strong>Tutorial in Cytology</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!Recent!</strong>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://biomed.nus.sg/HIS/HIS.html">NUS-HISTONET</a>, Singapure (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.bocklabs.wisc.edu/Tutorial.html"><strong>Tutorials in General Virology</strong></a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.bocklabs.wisc.edu/">IMV-U. Wisconsin-Madison</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.uct.ac.za/microbiology/virtut1.html"><strong>Tutorial in Molecular Virology</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!New!</strong>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="http://medix.mmi.uct.ac.za/~jmoodie/welcome1.html"><strong>Tutorial in Clinical Virology</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!New!</strong>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.uct.ac.za/">U. Cape Town</a>, South Africa (W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.chem.vt.edu/chem-ed/org-home.html"><strong>Tutorials in Organic Chemistry</strong></a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.chem.vt.edu/">Virginia Tech</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www-wilson.ucsd.edu/education/samplegateway.html"><strong>Tutorials in Physical Chemistry</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!New!</strong>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ucsd.edu/">UC-San Diego</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="http://www.chem.vt.edu/chem-ed/pchem-home.html"><strong>Tutorials in Physical Chemistry</strong></a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.chem.vt.edu/">Virginia Tech</a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://smaug.ucr.edu/Unixhelp/TOP_.html"><strong>UNIXhelp</strong></a>&nbsp;for Users and&nbsp;<a href="http://pelican.cl.cam.ac.uk/htbin/man"><strong>UNIX Manual Pages</strong></a>&nbsp;(W3)</dd><dd>*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/bio-www/archive/florianW3_1.html"><strong>WWW Introduction</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!Recent!</strong>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ch.embnet.org/">EMBNet-Basel</a>, Switzerland (W3)</dd></dl> <p><a href="gopher://gopher.imb-jena.de/00/ftp/images/PROTEINS/amino_acids/amino_acid.txt"><strong>AA-Notations and Properties</strong></a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="gopher://gopher.imb-jena.de/11/ftp/images/PROTEINS/amino_acids"><strong>AA-Images with Atomic Numbering</strong></a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.imb-jena.de/">IMB-Jena</a>, Germany (Gopher)&nbsp;<a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/htbin/bfind_aaindex"><strong>AA-Index</strong></a>&nbsp;- Amino Acid Index Database at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/">GenomeNet</a>, Japan and&nbsp;<a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/srs/srsc?-info+NAKAI"><strong>NAKAI</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>!Recent!</strong>&nbsp;at<a href="http://cammsg3.caos.kun.nl:8000/">CAOS/CAMM</a>, The Netherlands (W3)</p> ac0019dcc26fbd412cab86a6679c9d47e7117a29 0 2651 4562 2013-08-03T17:51:43Z S 300001 Created page with "<p>&nbsp;boy</p> <p>girl</p> <p>clothes</p> <p>card</p> <p>bank</p> <p>money</p> <p>cash</p> <p>boot</p> <p>horse</p> <p>cat</p> <p>pet</p> <p>&nbsp;</p>" wikitext text/x-wiki <p>&nbsp;boy</p> <p>girl</p> <p>clothes</p> <p>card</p> <p>bank</p> <p>money</p> <p>cash</p> <p>boot</p> <p>horse</p> <p>cat</p> <p>pet</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> a4ca429372092545663b79b9010474be3f9ca42e 4563 4562 2013-08-03T17:54:10Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>&nbsp;boy</p> <p>girl</p> <p>clothes</p> <p>card</p> <p>bank</p> <p>iphone</p> <p>money</p> <p>cash</p> <p>boot</p> <p>horse</p> <p>cat</p> <p>pet</p> <p>ass</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 7bbaaa56d1b52cdba267d77105b3c6b8c31466d9 4564 4563 2013-08-03T17:57:13Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>&nbsp;boy</p> <p>girl</p> <p>clothes</p> <p>card</p> <p>bank</p> <p>iphone</p> <p>money</p> <p>cash</p> <p>boot</p> <p>horse</p> <p>cat</p> <p>pet</p> <p>ass</p> <p>homemade</p> <p>funny</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 04731776a2035433bf89925e46e54c7a7218f9bc 4565 4564 2013-08-03T18:03:24Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>&nbsp;boy</p> <p>girl</p> <p>clothes</p> <p>card</p> <p>bank</p> <p>iphone</p> <p>money</p> <p>cash</p> <p>boot</p> <p>horse</p> <p>cat</p> <p>pet</p> <p>ass</p> <p>homemade</p> <p>funny</p> <p>women</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 2af87f6ae944c5b2decdbd30505643b4dc316488 0 2652 4568 2013-08-04T03:11:29Z S 300001 Created page with "<p><a href="http://www.cdc.gov/genomics/">http://www.cdc.gov/genomics/</a></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <div id="topic-title" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; width: au..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p><a href="http://www.cdc.gov/genomics/">http://www.cdc.gov/genomics/</a></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <div id="topic-title" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; width: auto; overflow: hidden; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <h2 style="margin: 10px; padding: 0px; font-size: 1.8em; color: rgb(12, 82, 5); font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; position: relative;"><a href="http://www.cdc.gov/genomics/default.htm" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(8, 66, 57); border-bottom-style: none;">Public Health Genomics</a></h2> </div> <div id="content-inner" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; float: left; width: 990px; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <div id="content-main" style="margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; border: none;"> <div class="main-inner" style="margin: 0px 175px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 10px;"> <div id="top-container" style="margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;"> <div id="topic-intro" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; clear: right; overflow: hidden;"> <p style="margin: 1em 0px 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.33em; clear: left; width: auto;">The Office of Public Health Genomics (OPHG) translates the science of genomics into actions that prevent disease and improve the health of all people.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> 31e36d260309d4b467c1487e16252063337fa234 4569 4568 2013-08-04T03:14:23Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><a href="http://www.cdc.gov/genomics/">http://www.cdc.gov/genomics/</a></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <div id="topic-title" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; width: auto; overflow: hidden; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <h2 style="margin: 10px; padding: 0px; font-size: 1.8em; color: rgb(12, 82, 5); font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; position: relative;"><a href="http://www.cdc.gov/genomics/default.htm" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(8, 66, 57); border-bottom-style: none;">Public Health Genomics</a></h2> </div> <div id="content-inner" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; float: left; width: 990px; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <div id="content-main" style="margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; border: none;"> <div class="main-inner" style="margin: 0px 175px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 10px;"> <div id="top-container" style="margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;"> <div id="topic-intro" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; clear: right; overflow: hidden;"> <p style="margin: 1em 0px 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.33em; clear: left; width: auto;">The Office of Public Health Genomics (OPHG) translates the science of genomics into actions that prevent disease and improve the health of all people.</p> <p style="margin: 1em 0px 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.33em; clear: left; width: auto;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin: 1em 0px 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.33em; clear: left; width: auto;">[[Personal Genome Test]]</p> <p style="margin: 1em 0px 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.33em; clear: left; width: auto;">&nbsp;</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> 0dc0de7a7be127dfaa8b8ad5af8d124468c85716 0 2653 4570 2013-08-04T03:14:32Z S 300001 Created page with "<p>&nbsp;<span class="cdc-decorated" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 1.33em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://www.futurity.org/..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p>&nbsp;<span class="cdc-decorated" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 1.33em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://www.futurity.org/health-medicine/results-may-vary-with-at-home-gene-tests/" target="_blank" class="external" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(74, 0, 110); display: inline;">'Results may vary&rsquo; with at-home gene tests,</a><a class="external" href="http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html" target="_blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(74, 0, 110); display: inline;"><img class="externalImg" alt="External Web Site Icon" title="External Web Site Icon" src="http://www.cdc.gov/TemplatePackage/images/icon_out.png" style="margin: 0px 0.25em 0px 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; border: none; display: inline; position: relative; left: 3px; vertical-align: baseline; height: auto; width: auto;" /></a></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 1.33em;">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 1.33em;">Futurity, July 18</span></p> <p style="margin: 1em 10px 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.33em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="cdc-decorated" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/gim/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/gim201380a.html" target="_blank" class="external" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(74, 0, 110); display: inline;">Variations in predicted risks in personal genome testing for common complex diseases,</a><a class="external" href="http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html" target="_blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(74, 0, 110); display: inline;"><img class="externalImg" alt="External Web Site Icon" title="External Web Site Icon" src="http://www.cdc.gov/TemplatePackage/images/icon_out.png" style="margin: 0px 0.25em 0px 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; border: none; display: inline; position: relative; left: 3px; vertical-align: baseline; height: auto; width: auto;" /></a></span>&nbsp;Genetics in Medicine, June 2013</p> <p style="margin: 1em 10px 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.33em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">CDC paper:&nbsp;<a href="http://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/7557/" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(74, 0, 110);">Scientific foundation for using personal genomic tests to improve health and prevent disease,</a>&nbsp;Genetics in Medicine</p> <p style="margin: 1em 10px 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.33em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">CDC blog post:&nbsp;<a href="http://blogs.cdc.gov/genomics/2012/07/26/think-after-you-spit/" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(74, 0, 110);">Think after you spit: personal genomic tests and the teachable moment</a>&nbsp;(2012)</p> <p style="margin: 1em 10px 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.33em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="cdc-decorated" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://www.consumergeneticsconference.com/CGC_About.html" target="_blank" class="external" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(74, 0, 110); display: inline;">Consumer genetics conference,</a><a class="external" href="http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html" target="_blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(74, 0, 110); display: inline;"><img class="externalImg" alt="External Web Site Icon" title="External Web Site Icon" src="http://www.cdc.gov/TemplatePackage/images/icon_out.png" style="margin: 0px 0.25em 0px 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; border: none; display: inline; position: relative; left: 3px; vertical-align: baseline; height: auto; width: auto;" /></a></span>&nbsp;Boston, September 23-25, 2013</p> <p style="margin: 1em 10px 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.33em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="cdc-decorated" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23885726?dopt=Abstract" target="_blank" class="external" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(74, 0, 110); display: inline;">Direct-to-consumer genetic testing: To test or not to test, that is the question</a><a class="external" href="http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html" target="_blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(74, 0, 110); display: inline;"><img class="externalImg" alt="External Web Site Icon" title="External Web Site Icon" src="http://www.cdc.gov/TemplatePackage/images/icon_out.png" style="margin: 0px 0.25em 0px 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; border: none; display: inline; position: relative; left: 3px; vertical-align: baseline; height: auto; width: auto;" /></a></span>&nbsp;<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> Dandara C, et al.&nbsp;<em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">S Afr Med J</em>&nbsp;2013 Aug;103(8):510-2</p> c4f86286f12832da0266d51350315f76086b986c 0 1498 4571 4271 2013-08-04T03:16:11Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font size="3"><strong><font size="5">What is genomics?</font><br /> <br /> Genomics</strong> is the [[omics]] study of [[gene]]s of individual organisms,&nbsp;populations, and species. <br /> </font></p> <p><font size="3">It is also a paradigm of performing biological science that deviates from&nbsp;investigating single genes, their functions, and roles. <br /> </font></p> <p><font size="3">The main reason of an independent biological discipline is that it deals with very large sets of genetic information to automatically analyze information using interaction and network concepts. </font></p> <p><font size="3">Genomics inevitably employs high performance computing and bioinformatics technologies.</font></p> <p><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">&nbsp; </font></span></p> <div v:shape="_x0000_s1026"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 32pt"><font color="#339966" size="5">&quot;[[Genome sequencing is not Genomics]]&quot;</font></span></div> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">History of the field</font></span></strong></p> <p><font size="3">Genomics was practically founded by Fred Sanger group in 1970s when they developed&nbsp;a gene sequencing technique and completed the first genomes; namely bacteriophage &Phi;-X174; (5,368 bp),&nbsp;the human mitochondrial genome, and lamda virus.</font></p> <p><font size="3">In 1972, Walter Fiers and his team at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology of the University of Ghent (Ghent, Belgium) were the first to determine the sequence of a gene: the gene for Bacteriophage MS2 coat protein.<sup id="_ref-0" class="reference">[1]</sup> In 1976, the team determined the complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA.<sup id="_ref-1" class="reference">[2]</sup> The first DNA-based genome to be sequenced in its entirety was that of bacteriophage &Phi;-X174; (5,368 bp), sequenced by Frederick Sanger in 1977<sup id="_ref-2" class="reference">[3]</sup>. The first free-living organism to be sequenced was that of <em>Haemophilus influenzae</em> (1.8 Mb) in 1995, and since then genomes are being sequenced at a rapid pace. A rough draft of the human genome was completed by Sanger centre and the Human Genome Project in early 2001.</font></p> <p><font size="3">As of September 2007, the complete sequence was known of about 1879 viruses <sup id="_ref-3" class="reference">[4]</sup>, 577 bacterial species and roughly 23 eukaryote organisms, of which about half are fungi. <sup id="_ref-4" class="reference">[5]</sup> Most of the bacteria whose genomes have been completely sequenced are problematic disease-causing agents, such as <em>Haemophilus influenzae</em>. Of the other sequenced species, most were chosen because they were well-studied model organisms or promised to become good models. Yeast (<em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em>) has long been an important model organism for the eukaryotic cell, while the fruit fly <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> has been a very important tool (notably in early pre-molecular genetics). The worm <em>Caenorhabditis elegans</em> is an often used simple model for multicellular organisms. The zebrafish <em>Brachydanio rerio</em> is used for many developmental studies on the molecular level and the flower <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em> is a model organism for flowering plants. The Japanese pufferfish (<em>Takifugu rubripes</em>) and the spotted green pufferfish (<em>Tetraodon nigroviridis</em>) are interesting because of their small and compact genomes, containing very little non-coding DNA compared to most species. <sup id="_ref-5" class="reference">[6]</sup> <sup id="_ref-6" class="reference">[7]</sup> The mammals dog (<em>Canis familiaris</em>), <sup id="_ref-7" class="reference">[8]</sup> brown rat (<em>Rattus norvegicus</em>), mouse (<em>Mus musculus</em>), and chimpanzee (<em>Pan troglodytes</em>) are all important model animals in medical research.</font></p> <p><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></p> <p><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">Bacteriophage Genomics</font></span></strong></p> <p><font size="3">Bacteriophages have played and continue to play a key role in bacterial genetics and molecular biology. Historically, they were used to define gene structure and gene regulation. Also the first genome to be sequenced was a bacteriophage. However, bacteriophage research did not lead the genomics revolution, which is clearly dominated by bacterial genomics. Only very recently has the study of bacteriophage genomes become prominent, thereby enabling researchers to understand the mechanisms underlying phage evolution. Bacteriophage genome sequences can be obtained through direct sequencing of isolated bacteriophages, but can also be derived as part of microbial genomes. Analysis of bacterial genomes has shown that a substantial amount of microbial DNA consists of prophage sequences and prophage-like elements. A detailed database mining of these sequences offers insights into the role of prophages in shaping the bacterial genome.<sup id="_ref-McGrath_0" class="reference">[9]</sup></font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">Cyanobacteria Genomics</font></span></strong></p> <p><font size="3">At present there are 24 cyanobacteria for which a total genome sequence is available. 15 of these cyanobacteria come from the marine environment. These are six <em>Prochlorococcus</em><em>Synechococcus</em> strains, <em>Trichodesmium erythraeum</em> IMS101 and <em>Crocosphaera watsonii</em> [[WH8501. Several studies have demonstrated how these sequences could be used very successfully to infer important ecological and physiological characteristics of marine cyanobacteria. However, there are many more genome projects currently in progress, amongst those there are further <em>Prochlorococcus</em> and marine <em>Synechococcus</em> isolates, <em>Acaryochloris</em> and <em>Prochloron</em>, the N₂-fixing filamentous cyanobacteria <em>Nodularia spumigena</em>, <em>Lyngbya aestuarii</em> and <em>Lyngbya majuscula</em>, as well as bacteriophages infecting marine cyanobaceria. Thus, the growing body of genome information can also be tapped in a more general way to address global problems by applying a comparative approach. Some new and exciting examples of progress in this field are the identification of genes for regulatory RNAs, insights into the evolutionary origin of photosynthesis, or estimation of the contribution of horizontal gene transfer to the genomes that have been analyzed.<sup id="_ref-Herrero_0" class="reference">[10]</sup></font></p> <p><font size="4">[[Genome sequencing and genomics]]</font></p> <p><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">See also</font></span></strong></p> <ul> <li><font size="3">[[Pangenomics]] and [[Pangenome]]</font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Personal Genome Project]]</font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Omics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Proteomics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Interactomics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Functional genomics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Computational genomics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Nitrogenomics]]</font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Pathogenomics]]</font></li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">References</font></span></strong></p> <ol class="references"> <li id="_note-0"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-0">^</a></strong> Min Jou W, Haegeman G, Ysebaert M, Fiers W., Nucleotide sequence of the gene coding for the bacteriophage MS2 coat protein, Nature. 1972 May 12;237(5350):82-8 </font></li> <li id="_note-1"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-1">^</a></strong> Fiers W et al., Complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA - primary and secondary structure of replicase gene, Nature, 260, 500-507, 1976 </font></li> <li id="_note-2"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-2">^</a></strong> Sanger F, Air GM, Barrell BG, Brown NL, Coulson AR, Fiddes CA, Hutchison CA, Slocombe PM, Smith M., Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA, Nature. 1977 Feb 24;265(5596):687-95 </font></li> <li id="_note-3"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-3">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/VIRUSES/virostat.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/VIRUSES/virostat.html"><em>The Viral Genomes Resource</em>, NCBI Friday, 14 September, 2007</a></font></li> <li id="_note-4"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-4">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/static/gpstat.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/static/gpstat.html"><em>Genome Project Statistic</em>, NCBI Friday, 14 September, 2007</a></font></li> <li id="_note-5"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-5">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3760766.stm" rel="nofollow" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3760766.stm">BBC article <em>Human gene number slashed</em> from Wednesday, 20 October, 2004</a></font></li> <li id="_note-6"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-6">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2003/10/16/pufferfish_fruitfly/index.shtml" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2003/10/16/pufferfish_fruitfly/index.shtml">CBSE News, Thursday October 16, 2003</a></font></li> <li id="_note-7"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-7">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.genome.gov/12511476" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.gov/12511476">NHGRI, pressrelease of the publishing of the dog genome</a></font></li> <li id="_note-McGrath"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-McGrath_0">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="book">Mc Grath S and van Sinderen D (editors). (2007). <em><a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage">Bacteriophage: Genetics and Molecular Biology</a></em>, 1st ed., Caister Academic Press. <a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage">ISBN 978-1-904455-14-1</a> .</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Bacteriophage%3A+Genetics+and+Molecular+Biology&amp;rft.au=Mc+Grath+S+and+van+Sinderen+D+%28editors%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fphage">&nbsp;</span></font></li> <li id="_note-Herrero"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-Herrero_0">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="book">Herrero A and Flores E (editor). (2008). <em><a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan">The Cyanobacteria: Molecular Biology, Genomics and Evolution</a></em>, 1st ed., Caister Academic Press. <a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan">ISBN 978-1-904455-15-8</a> .</cite></font><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cyanobacteria%3A+Molecular+Biology%2C+Genomics+and+Evolution&amp;rft.au=Herrero+A+and+Flores+E+%28editor%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fcyan"><font size="3"> </font><br /> </span></li> </ol> <p><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cyanobacteria%3A+Molecular+Biology%2C+Genomics+and+Evolution&amp;rft.au=Herrero+A+and+Flores+E+%28editor%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fcyan"><font size="5"><br /> Web links</font><br /> [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics Wikipedia Genomics link]<br /> [http://omics.org Omics.org]<br /> [http://totalomics.com Totalomics.com]<br /> </span></p> <p>[<a href="http://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-Genomics.aspx">http://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-Genomics.aspx</a>&nbsp;What is Genomics? from News-Medical.net]</p> 160b3b922858601e1dfffae55a97cc7d036e21e3 0 1498 4572 4571 2013-08-04T03:16:39Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font size="3"><strong><font size="5">What is genomics?</font><br /> <br /> Genomics</strong> is the [[omics]] study of [[gene]]s of individual organisms,&nbsp;populations, and species. <br /> </font></p> <p><font size="3">It is also a paradigm of performing biological science that deviates from&nbsp;investigating single genes, their functions, and roles. <br /> </font></p> <p><font size="3">The main reason of an independent biological discipline is that it deals with very large sets of genetic information to automatically analyze information using interaction and network concepts. </font></p> <p><font size="3">Genomics inevitably employs high performance computing and bioinformatics technologies.</font></p> <p><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">&nbsp; </font></span></p> <div v:shape="_x0000_s1026"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 32pt"><font color="#339966" size="5">&quot;[[Genome sequencing is not Genomics]]&quot;</font></span></div> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">History of the field</font></span></strong></p> <p><font size="3">Genomics was practically founded by Fred Sanger group in 1970s when they developed&nbsp;a gene sequencing technique and completed the first genomes; namely bacteriophage &Phi;-X174; (5,368 bp),&nbsp;the human mitochondrial genome, and lamda virus.</font></p> <p><font size="3">In 1972, Walter Fiers and his team at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology of the University of Ghent (Ghent, Belgium) were the first to determine the sequence of a gene: the gene for Bacteriophage MS2 coat protein.<sup id="_ref-0" class="reference">[1]</sup> In 1976, the team determined the complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA.<sup id="_ref-1" class="reference">[2]</sup> The first DNA-based genome to be sequenced in its entirety was that of bacteriophage &Phi;-X174; (5,368 bp), sequenced by Frederick Sanger in 1977<sup id="_ref-2" class="reference">[3]</sup>. The first free-living organism to be sequenced was that of <em>Haemophilus influenzae</em> (1.8 Mb) in 1995, and since then genomes are being sequenced at a rapid pace. A rough draft of the human genome was completed by Sanger centre and the Human Genome Project in early 2001.</font></p> <p><font size="3">As of September 2007, the complete sequence was known of about 1879 viruses <sup id="_ref-3" class="reference">[4]</sup>, 577 bacterial species and roughly 23 eukaryote organisms, of which about half are fungi. <sup id="_ref-4" class="reference">[5]</sup> Most of the bacteria whose genomes have been completely sequenced are problematic disease-causing agents, such as <em>Haemophilus influenzae</em>. Of the other sequenced species, most were chosen because they were well-studied model organisms or promised to become good models. Yeast (<em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em>) has long been an important model organism for the eukaryotic cell, while the fruit fly <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> has been a very important tool (notably in early pre-molecular genetics). The worm <em>Caenorhabditis elegans</em> is an often used simple model for multicellular organisms. The zebrafish <em>Brachydanio rerio</em> is used for many developmental studies on the molecular level and the flower <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em> is a model organism for flowering plants. The Japanese pufferfish (<em>Takifugu rubripes</em>) and the spotted green pufferfish (<em>Tetraodon nigroviridis</em>) are interesting because of their small and compact genomes, containing very little non-coding DNA compared to most species. <sup id="_ref-5" class="reference">[6]</sup> <sup id="_ref-6" class="reference">[7]</sup> The mammals dog (<em>Canis familiaris</em>), <sup id="_ref-7" class="reference">[8]</sup> brown rat (<em>Rattus norvegicus</em>), mouse (<em>Mus musculus</em>), and chimpanzee (<em>Pan troglodytes</em>) are all important model animals in medical research.</font></p> <p><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></p> <p><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">Bacteriophage Genomics</font></span></strong></p> <p><font size="3">Bacteriophages have played and continue to play a key role in bacterial genetics and molecular biology. Historically, they were used to define gene structure and gene regulation. Also the first genome to be sequenced was a bacteriophage. However, bacteriophage research did not lead the genomics revolution, which is clearly dominated by bacterial genomics. Only very recently has the study of bacteriophage genomes become prominent, thereby enabling researchers to understand the mechanisms underlying phage evolution. Bacteriophage genome sequences can be obtained through direct sequencing of isolated bacteriophages, but can also be derived as part of microbial genomes. Analysis of bacterial genomes has shown that a substantial amount of microbial DNA consists of prophage sequences and prophage-like elements. A detailed database mining of these sequences offers insights into the role of prophages in shaping the bacterial genome.<sup id="_ref-McGrath_0" class="reference">[9]</sup></font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">Cyanobacteria Genomics</font></span></strong></p> <p><font size="3">At present there are 24 cyanobacteria for which a total genome sequence is available. 15 of these cyanobacteria come from the marine environment. These are six <em>Prochlorococcus</em><em>Synechococcus</em> strains, <em>Trichodesmium erythraeum</em> IMS101 and <em>Crocosphaera watsonii</em> [[WH8501. Several studies have demonstrated how these sequences could be used very successfully to infer important ecological and physiological characteristics of marine cyanobacteria. However, there are many more genome projects currently in progress, amongst those there are further <em>Prochlorococcus</em> and marine <em>Synechococcus</em> isolates, <em>Acaryochloris</em> and <em>Prochloron</em>, the N₂-fixing filamentous cyanobacteria <em>Nodularia spumigena</em>, <em>Lyngbya aestuarii</em> and <em>Lyngbya majuscula</em>, as well as bacteriophages infecting marine cyanobaceria. Thus, the growing body of genome information can also be tapped in a more general way to address global problems by applying a comparative approach. Some new and exciting examples of progress in this field are the identification of genes for regulatory RNAs, insights into the evolutionary origin of photosynthesis, or estimation of the contribution of horizontal gene transfer to the genomes that have been analyzed.<sup id="_ref-Herrero_0" class="reference">[10]</sup></font></p> <p><font size="4">[[Genome sequencing and genomics]]</font></p> <p><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">See also</font></span></strong></p> <ul> <li><font size="3">[[Pangenomics]] and [[Pangenome]]</font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Personal Genome Project]]</font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Omics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Proteomics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Interactomics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Functional genomics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Computational genomics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Nitrogenomics]]</font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Pathogenomics]]</font></li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">References</font></span></strong></p> <ol class="references"> <li id="_note-0"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-0">^</a></strong> Min Jou W, Haegeman G, Ysebaert M, Fiers W., Nucleotide sequence of the gene coding for the bacteriophage MS2 coat protein, Nature. 1972 May 12;237(5350):82-8 </font></li> <li id="_note-1"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-1">^</a></strong> Fiers W et al., Complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA - primary and secondary structure of replicase gene, Nature, 260, 500-507, 1976 </font></li> <li id="_note-2"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-2">^</a></strong> Sanger F, Air GM, Barrell BG, Brown NL, Coulson AR, Fiddes CA, Hutchison CA, Slocombe PM, Smith M., Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA, Nature. 1977 Feb 24;265(5596):687-95 </font></li> <li id="_note-3"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-3">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/VIRUSES/virostat.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/VIRUSES/virostat.html"><em>The Viral Genomes Resource</em>, NCBI Friday, 14 September, 2007</a></font></li> <li id="_note-4"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-4">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/static/gpstat.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/static/gpstat.html"><em>Genome Project Statistic</em>, NCBI Friday, 14 September, 2007</a></font></li> <li id="_note-5"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-5">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3760766.stm" rel="nofollow" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3760766.stm">BBC article <em>Human gene number slashed</em> from Wednesday, 20 October, 2004</a></font></li> <li id="_note-6"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-6">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2003/10/16/pufferfish_fruitfly/index.shtml" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2003/10/16/pufferfish_fruitfly/index.shtml">CBSE News, Thursday October 16, 2003</a></font></li> <li id="_note-7"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-7">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.genome.gov/12511476" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.gov/12511476">NHGRI, pressrelease of the publishing of the dog genome</a></font></li> <li id="_note-McGrath"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-McGrath_0">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="book">Mc Grath S and van Sinderen D (editors). (2007). <em><a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage">Bacteriophage: Genetics and Molecular Biology</a></em>, 1st ed., Caister Academic Press. <a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage">ISBN 978-1-904455-14-1</a> .</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Bacteriophage%3A+Genetics+and+Molecular+Biology&amp;rft.au=Mc+Grath+S+and+van+Sinderen+D+%28editors%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fphage">&nbsp;</span></font></li> <li id="_note-Herrero"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-Herrero_0">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="book">Herrero A and Flores E (editor). (2008). <em><a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan">The Cyanobacteria: Molecular Biology, Genomics and Evolution</a></em>, 1st ed., Caister Academic Press. <a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan">ISBN 978-1-904455-15-8</a> .</cite></font><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cyanobacteria%3A+Molecular+Biology%2C+Genomics+and+Evolution&amp;rft.au=Herrero+A+and+Flores+E+%28editor%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fcyan"><font size="3"> </font><br /> </span></li> </ol> <p><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cyanobacteria%3A+Molecular+Biology%2C+Genomics+and+Evolution&amp;rft.au=Herrero+A+and+Flores+E+%28editor%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fcyan"><font size="5"><br /> Web links</font><br /> [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics Wikipedia Genomics link]<br /> [http://omics.org Omics.org]<br /> [http://totalomics.com Totalomics.com]<br /> </span></p> <p>[http://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-Genomics.aspx What is Genomics? from News-Medical.net]</p> 4c7bbd9b06461299589b9c5336c482120220a267 0 2649 4573 4567 2013-08-04T03:21:45Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>&nbsp;<img alt="" width="1050" height="211" src="/userfiles/main.jpg" style="text-align: center; height: 148px; width: 850px;" /></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><i><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Openfree"><b>Openfree</b></a></i><b><i>&nbsp;</i></b></span><b><span style="font-size: xx-large;"><font face="Courier New"><font color="#3366ff">G</font><font color="#ff0000">e</font></font><font color="#3366ff"><font face="Courier New">nomic</font><font face="Verdana">$</font>.<font face="Courier New">org&nbsp;</font></font></span></b></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><b><font color="#3366ff"><span style="font-size: small;"><a title="Genomics Organization" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics_Organization">Genomics Organization</a></span></font></b><span style="font-size: small;"><b><font color="#008080"><font color="#666699">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/What%20is%20genomics?">What is genomics?</a></font></font></b></span></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><font color="#008080"><font color="#666699">[[Genomics.org]] is a research and development organization located in La Jolla, CA.</font></font></b></span></p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/1/11/Globe_5.gif" /></strong></span></span></td> <td style="background-color: rgb(51, 0, 204);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>&nbsp;</strong><a href="Genomics News and Ads Archive"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics News and Ads Archive</strong></span></a><strong>&nbsp;<font size="4">◇&nbsp;</font></strong><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="The first genomes"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>The first genomes</strong></span></a></span></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <ul> <li>[[Billion Genome Project]]: PGI of Jong Bhak, director of Genome Research Foundation &nbsp;launches Billlion Genome Project (2012 Sep. 4th). &nbsp;</li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">[[Open Access Pharmacogenomics Project]]: OpenPGX launched by Indian scientists.</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">[[Faroe island nation genome project]]</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">[[Origins of the E. coli Strain Causing an Outbreak of Hemolytic&ndash;Uremic Syndrome in Germany]]. NEJM. 2011 July 27th.&nbsp;<br /> </span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Tasmanian devil genome sequenced"><span style="font-size: small;">Tasmanian devil genome sequenced</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: PNAS June 27th 2011</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Multiple myeloma genomes sequenced"><span style="font-size: small;">Multiple myeloma genomes sequenced</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: 20110324 Nature.</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Prostate cancer genomes sequenced by Broad and Dana Faber"><span style="font-size: small;">Prostate cancer genomes sequenced by Broad and Dana Faber</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: 20110214</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Desmond Tutu talks about his genome"><span style="font-size: small;">Desmond Tutu talks about his genome</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: 20110222</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) genome sequenced 20110131"><span style="font-size: small;">Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) genome sequenced 20110131</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;PNAS</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img alt="" src="/images/8/81/Paris_japonica_logo_openfree.gif" />&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica"><span style="font-size: small;">The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">: 20101009 &rArr;&nbsp;</span><a href="Genome size"><span style="font-size: small;">Genome size</span></a></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><img alt="" src="/images/d/d8/Turkey_logo_2.gif" />&nbsp;</span><a href="Turkey genome sequenced 20100907"><span style="font-size: small;">Turkey genome sequenced 20100907</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;&rArr;&nbsp;</span><a href="Bird genome"><span style="font-size: small;">Bird genome</span></a></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><img alt="" src="/images/a/a1/Scripps_logo_openfree_1.gif" />&nbsp;<img alt="" src="/images/f/fe/Sanofi_aventis_logo1.gif" />&nbsp;</span><a href="Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging"><span style="font-size: small;">Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;20100818</span></li> <li><a href="Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection"><span style="font-size: small;">Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">: 20100810</span></li> <li><a href="The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill"><span style="font-size: small;">The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">: PGP9. 20100330.</span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/b/b8/Dna_sm_tran_openfree.gif" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#ff0099" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(255, 0, 153);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>&nbsp;What is&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics</span></a>?</strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <li><a href="Getting your own Genome">Getting your own Genome</a></li> <li><a href="Personal Genome Project">Personal Genome Project</a></li> <li><a href="Possible genomic diseases of you">Possible genomic diseases of you</a></li> <li><a href="Storing your genome in you PC">Storing your genome in you PC</a></li> <li><a href="Fully sequenced genomes">Fully sequenced genomes</a></li> <li><a href="Full Genome Sequencing">Full Genome Sequencing</a></li> <li><a href="Genomic Equality">Genomic Equality</a></li> </td> <td> <li><a href="Free Genomics Project">Free Genomics Project</a></li> <li><a href="Free genomes">Free genomes</a></li> <li><a href="Viewing your genetics family">Viewing your genetics family</a></li> <li><a href="Specific Omics">Specific Omics</a></li> <li><a href="A brief guide to genomics from NHGRI">A brief guide to genomics from NHGRI</a></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Interesting things in your Genome">Interesting things in your Genome</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Public Genomics Project">Public Genomics Project</a></span></li> </td> <td> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Compare your genome with other people's">Compare your genome with other people's</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Visualizing your genome">Visualizing your genome</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genome Projects">Genome Projects</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genome History">Genome History</a></span></li> <li>[[The principle of universal genome]]<br /> &nbsp;</li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/4/49/Running_man_1.gif" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#330099" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 0, 204);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><font color="#000000"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genomics"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Human Genomics</span></a></font></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Fully%20sequenced%20human%20genomes">Fully sequenced human genomes</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Fully%20sequenced%20female%20human%20genome">Fully sequenced female human genome</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mitochondrial%20Genomics">Mitochondrial Genomics</a>: Human mitochondrial genomics.</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Y%20Genomics">Y Genomics</a>: Human Y chromosome genomics.</li> <li>[[HelloGene]]</li> </td> <td> <p>&nbsp;　<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇ</span></p> </td> <td> <p><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;ㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇ</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics News Links"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics News Links</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Genomics Major Paper Publication"><span style="font-size: small;">Genomics Major Paper Publication</span></a></li> <li><a href="Your writing contribution to Genomics"><span style="font-size: small;">Your writing contribution to Genomics</span></a></li> <li><a href="Personal Genomics Issues"><span style="font-size: small;">Personal Genomics Issues</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;<b>(</b></span><b><a href="Genomic ethics"><span style="font-size: small;">Genomic ethics</span></a></b><span style="font-size: small;"><b>)</b></span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Species%20Specific%20Genomics"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Species Specific Genomics</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><span style="font-size: medium;"><font color="#0000ff"><font color="#000000"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Animal%20genomics">Animal genomics</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Plant%20genomics">Plant genomics</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Microbial%20genomics">Microbial genomics</a></b></font></font></span></p> <ul> <li>[[Primate Genomics]]</li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/C.%20elegans%20Genomics">C. elegans Genomics</a><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Cow%20genome">Cow genome</a><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Daphnia%20Genomics%20Consortium%20(DGC)">Daphnia Genomics Consortium (DGC)</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">(</font><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Insect%20genome">Insect genome</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">)</font><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Rice%20Genome%20at%20BGI%20China">Rice Genome at BGI China</a><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Sol%20Genomics">Sol Genomics</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">: Tomato</font><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Tiger%20Genome">Tiger Genome</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">:&nbsp;</font><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/TigerGenome%20Project%20by%20PGI%20Korea">TigerGenome Project by PGI Korea</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">.</font><br /> </b></li> <li><b><font color="#0000ff"><font color="#000000"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Yeast%20Genome">Yeast Genome</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">: SGD</font></font></font></b></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Projects"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Projects</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li>PGP&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal%20Genome%20Project">Personal Genome Project</a></li> <li>&quot;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/$0%20Genomics%20Project">$0 Genomics Project</a>&quot; Launched on-line. Please sign<i>!</i></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome%2010k%20Project">Genome 10k Project</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20List"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics List</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Agrogenomics"><font size="2">Agrogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Anthropogenomics"><font size="2">Anthropogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Autogenomics"><font size="2">Autogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chemicogenomics"><font size="2">Chemicogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chemogenomics"><font size="2">Chemogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chemgenomics"><font size="2">Chemgenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Demogenomics"><font size="2">Demogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Ecogenomics"><font size="2">Ecogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Econogenomics"><font size="2">Econogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Equigenomics"><font size="2">Equigenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Ethnogenomics"><font size="2">Ethnogenomics</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Eugenomics"><font size="2">Eugenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Gastrogenomics"><font size="2">Gastrogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Getontogenomics"><font size="2">Getontogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Gerogenomics"><font size="2">Gerogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Hepatogenomics"><font size="2">Hepatogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Immunogenomics"><font size="2">Immunogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Immunomics"><font size="2">Immunomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mammogenomics"><font size="2">Mammogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Metagenomics"><font size="2">Metagenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Microgenomics"><font size="2">Microgenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mitogenomics"><font size="2">Mitogenomics</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mycogenomics"><font size="2">Mycogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nanogenomics"><font size="2">Nanogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Neurogenomics"><font size="2">Neurogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/NitroGenomics"><font size="2">NitroGenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nutrigenomics"><font size="2">Nutrigenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nutragenomics"><font size="2">Nutragenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Omnigenomics"><font size="2">Omnigenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Oncogenomics"><font size="2">Oncogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Osteogenomics"><font size="2">Osteogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Pangenomics"><font size="2">Pangenomics</font></a></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Phylogenomics"><font size="2">Phylogenomics</font></a></font></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul><font size="2"> <li><font size="2">&nbsp;</font><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Phytogenomics"><font size="2">Phytogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Pulmogenomics"><font size="2">Pulmogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Psychogenomics"><font size="2">Psychogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Supergenomics"><font size="2">Supergenomics</font></a></li> <li>[[syntheticgenomics]]</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Toxicogenomics"><font size="2">Toxicogenomics</font></a></li> </font></ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Branches</strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Comparative%20Genomics"><font size="2">Comparative Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Free%20Genomics"><font size="2">Free Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Health%20Genomics"><font size="2">Health Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genomics"><font size="2">Human Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Open%20Genomics"><font size="2">Open Genomics</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal%20Genomics"><font size="2">Personal Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Public%20Genomics"><font size="2">Public Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Public%20Health%20Genomics"><font size="2">Public Health Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Synthetic%20Genomics"><font size="2">Synthetic Genomics</font></a></li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Essays%20and%20Opinions"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Essays and Opinions</span></b></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The%20Ultimate%20information%20of%20human%20beings">The Ultimate information of human beings</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Who%20have%20to%20insist%20on%20the%20first%20in%20genomics">Who have to insist on the first in genomics</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomic%20Philosophy">Genomic Philosophy</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="height: 172px; width: 1020.7999877929688px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ff0000" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Projects"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">G<span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">e</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 0);">n</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153);">o</span>mics&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(0, 255, 255);">P</span><span style="color: rgb(204, 255, 255);">u</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">b</span>lication</span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">&nbsp;and&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(0, 255, 255);">P</span>apers</span></span></span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">[[Genomics]] Journal from ScienceDirect (</span><a href="http://www.journals.elsevier.com/genomics/">http://www.journals.elsevier.com/genomics/</a>)</li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Genome Research</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Genome Biology</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Nature</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Science</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Cell</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">[[Major Genome Sequencing and Analysis&nbsp;Paper authors]]</span></b></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/7/79/Bioinstrument_company_logo_1.png" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4"><a href="Genomics Analysis Tools and Technology"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Analysis Tools and Technology</strong></span></a></font></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Bioinformatics"><font size="2">Bioinformatics</font></a></li> <li><a href="BioPipelines"><font size="2">BioPipelines</font></a></li> <li><a href="Biomatics"><font size="2">Biomatics</font></a></li> <li><a href="Genome compression">Genome compression</a></li> <li><a href="Amalga">Amalga</a>&nbsp;from Microsoft</li> </ul> </td> <td> <li><a href="Sequencing"><font size="2">Sequencing</font></a></li> <li><a href="GRID technology"><font size="2">GRID technology</font></a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></li> <li><a href="SNP chip"><font size="2">SNP chip</font></a></li> <li><a href="Genome sequence mapping">Genome sequence mapping</a></li> </td> <td> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Omics"><font size="2">Omics</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="BioEngine"><font size="2">BioEngine</font></a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎ</span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="BioComputing"><font size="2">BioComputing</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="JMP Genomics"><font size="2">JMP Genomics</font></a><font color="#000000" size="2">&nbsp;by SAS</font></span></li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/1/1a/Nasdaq_logo_4.png" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Companies"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Companies</strong></span></a></font></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/23andme.com"><font size="2">23andme.com</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/DNAgenotek.com"><font size="2">DNAgenotek.com</font></a><font size="2">:Saliva DNA</font></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Knome.com"><font size="2">Knome.com</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Navigenics.com"><font size="2">Navigenics.com</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nimblegen"><font size="2">Nimblegen</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Integrated%20Genomics"><font size="2">Integrated Genomics</font></a><font size="2">: Chicago based</font></li> </ul> </td> <td> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Affymetrix"><font size="2">Affymetrix</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Celera"><font size="2">Celera</font></a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genome%20Sciences,%20Inc.">Human Genome Sciences, Inc.</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹ</span></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Microsoft"><font size="2">Microsoft</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal%20Genome%20Companies"><font size="2">Personal Genome Companies</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Synthetic%20Genomics">Synthetic Genomics</a>: by Venter</li> </td> <td> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Agowa"><font size="2">Agowa</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Decodeme.com"><font size="2">Decodeme.com</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Decode"><font size="2">Decode</font></a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎ</span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Illumina"><font size="2">Illumina</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/NanoGen"><font size="2">NanoGen</font></a></span></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/U.S.%20Genomics"><font size="2">U.S. Genomics</font></a></li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="4" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Meetings"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Meetings</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2010%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2010 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2007%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2007 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2004%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2004 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2009%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2009 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2006%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2006 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2003%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2003 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2008%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2008 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2005%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2005 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2002%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2002 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Centers"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Centers</strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Sanger%20Institute"><font size="2">Sanger Institute</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/BGI"><font size="2">BGI</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/PGI"><font size="2">PGI</font></a></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/JGI">JGI</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/IGS%20at%20Maryland">IGS</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/IGB%20at%20UCI">IGB at UCI</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/JCVI">JCVI</a></font></li> <li>[[Genomics in CDC (USA)]]</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Organizations%20and%20Alliances"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Organizations and Alliances</strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><a href="http://bioitalliance.org/">Microsoft BioIT Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/GenomeFoundation.org">GenomeFoundation.org</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Stanford%20Genomics%20Resources">Stanford Genomics Resources</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20People"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics People</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/You!"><strong>You!</strong></a></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Craig%20Venter">Craig Venter</a></b></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Fred%20Sanger">Fred Sanger</a></b></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Seong-Jin%20Kim">Seong-Jin Kim</a></b></span></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><font size="2"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/George%20Church">George Church</a></b></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Yang%20Huanming">Yang Huanming</a></b></span></li> </ul> </td> <td><font size="2"> <ul> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/James%20Watson">James Watson</a></b></li> </ul> </font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20by%20Country"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics by Country</strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/British%20Genomics"><span style="font-size: medium;">British Genomics</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">: Genomics in the UK</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Canadian%20Genomics">Canadian Genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chinese%20Genomics">Chinese Genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Korean%20Genomics">Korean Genomics</a></span><font size="2"><span style="font-size: medium;">:&nbsp;</span><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/PGI"><span style="font-size: medium;">PGI</span></a><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/TBI"><span style="font-size: medium;">TBI</span></a></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Netherlands%20Genomics">Netherlands Genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/US%20Genomics">US Genomics</a></span><span style="font-size: medium;">: Genomics in the USA</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Japanese%20Genomics">Japanese Genomics</a></span><font size="2"><span style="font-size: medium;">:&nbsp;</span><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/GenomeNet"><span style="font-size: medium;">GenomeNet</span></a></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">[[Autralian Genomics]]</span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Methods"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Methods</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li>Karyotyping</li> <li>Mass spectrometry</li> <li>Western blot</li> <li>Chromosomal watlking</li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li>PCR</li> <li>Yeast Two Hybrid</li> <li>Northern blot</li> <li>RFLP</li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li>Immunoprecipitation</li> <li>Southern blot</li> <li>Elisa</li> <li> <p><span style="font-size: small;">[[Method of Sample (gDNA) Preparation for Sending out]]</span></p> </li> </ul> </td> <td><font size="2"> <ul> <li>SDS-page</li> <li>Immunofluorescence</li> <li>Real-time PCR</li> </ul> </font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Theory"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Genomics L</span></a><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">abs</span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;[[Dr. Ban Doohee lab in Yeonsei University Korea]]</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20History"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics History</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Glossary"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Glossary</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Programs"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Software Programs</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome%20alignement%20programs"><strong><font size="2">Genome alignement programs</font></strong></a></li> <li><strong><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome%20visualization%20programs">Genome visualization programs</a></font></strong></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="ADN static.png" width="29" height="29" src="/images/thumb/c/c2/ADN_static.png/50px-ADN_static.png" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Image"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Image</strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics Portals"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Portals</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Opinion on Genomics"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Opinions on Genomics</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><a href="About Human Genome Project"><span style="font-size: small;">About Human Genome Project</span></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics Issues and Problems"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Issues and Problems</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><a href="Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008"><span style="font-size: small;">Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008</span></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong><a href="Read Journals and Publications"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Journals</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="BMC Genomics"><font size="2">BMC Genomics</font></a></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genome Biology">Genome Biology</a>&nbsp;by BMC Ltd with Springer Science</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Elsevier Genomics">Elsevier Genomics</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="BMC Medical Genomics">BMC Medical Genomics</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Open Genomics Journal">Open Genomics Journal</a></font></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Physiological Genomics"><font size="2">Physiological Genomics</font></a><font size="2">&nbsp;by The American Physiological Society</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genome Research">Genome Research</a>&nbsp;by CSHL</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genome from NRC press">Genome from NRC press</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genomics from Elsevier">Genomics from Elsevier</a></font></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Books and Guide</span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;[[Brief guide to Genomics]] by&nbsp;<span style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">&quot;National Human Genome Research Institute.&quot;</span></span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1098px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics in TV and Media</strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;<b>BBC analysis on Human Genome after 10 years in YouTube</b>: &nbsp;<a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Mu9Qv-lSrU&amp;feature=autoplay&amp;list=PLC67E043CBD218D2D&amp;playnext=2">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Mu9Qv-lSrU&amp;feature=autoplay&amp;list=PLC67E043CBD218D2D&amp;playnext=2</a></li> <li><b>Boys cured with Gene Therapy 2004 article</b>:&nbsp;<a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4101411.stm">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4101411.stm</a></li> <li>[[Theragen BiO Institute]]</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genome Wish"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genome Wish</span></a>:<b>what I can do with my genome.</b></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genomics version 2.0"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics version 2.0</span></strong></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Full Genomics"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Full Genomics</span></strong></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><font color="#808080" size="6">♬</font></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genomic Art"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomic Art</strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><strong style="font-size: large; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: center; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font color="#000000" size="6">&nbsp;۩</font></strong><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics Prizes">Genomics Prizes</a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genome references"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genome references</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Post genomics era"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Post genomics era</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>Genomics era has arrived in 2008. Post-genomics era will come in 2050. - Jong Bhak</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="External links"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">External links</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://www.cdc.gov/genomics">CDC genomics</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://bioinfoblog.it/">Bioinfoblog.it</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://proteome.net">Proteome.net</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://microbiome.org">Microbiome.org</a><a href="http://www.biodata.com">Laboratory Management</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://microbiomics.org/">Microbiomics.org</a></font></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>Advertisement</strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="Totalomics full sequencing and bioinformatics analysis service">Totalomics full sequencing and bioinformatics analysis service</a></span></li> <li><a href="About Genomics.org"><span style="font-size: small;">About Genomics.org</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;</span></li> <li><a href="Unleashing your genome"><span style="font-size: small;">Unleashing your genome</span></a></li> <li><a href="Who maintains Genomics.org?"><span style="font-size: small;">Who maintains Genomics.org?</span></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 8125f8885d52ad3d9c099b1247babb9a2e143063 4576 4573 2013-08-04T03:26:43Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>&nbsp;<img alt="" width="1050" height="211" src="/userfiles/main.jpg" style="text-align: center; height: 148px; width: 850px;" /></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><i><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Openfree"><b>Openfree</b></a></i><b><i>&nbsp;</i></b></span><b><span style="font-size: xx-large;"><font face="Courier New"><font color="#3366ff">G</font><font color="#ff0000">e</font></font><font color="#3366ff"><font face="Courier New">nomic</font><font face="Verdana">$</font>.<font face="Courier New">org&nbsp;</font></font></span></b></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><b><font color="#3366ff"><span style="font-size: small;"><a title="Genomics Organization" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics_Organization">Genomics Organization</a></span></font></b><span style="font-size: small;"><b><font color="#008080"><font color="#666699">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/What%20is%20genomics?">What is genomics?</a></font></font></b></span></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><font color="#008080"><font color="#666699">[[Genomics.org]] is a research and development organization located in La Jolla, CA.</font></font></b></span></p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/1/11/Globe_5.gif" /></strong></span></span></td> <td style="background-color: rgb(51, 0, 204);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>&nbsp;</strong><a href="Genomics News and Ads Archive"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics News and Ads Archive</strong></span></a><strong>&nbsp;<font size="4">◇&nbsp;</font></strong><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="The first genomes"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>The first genomes</strong></span></a></span></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <ul> <li>[[Billion Genome Project]]: PGI of Jong Bhak, director of Genome Research Foundation &nbsp;launches Billlion Genome Project (2012 Sep. 4th). &nbsp;</li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">[[Open Access Pharmacogenomics Project]]: OpenPGX launched by Indian scientists.</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">[[Faroe island nation genome project]]</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">[[Origins of the E. coli Strain Causing an Outbreak of Hemolytic&ndash;Uremic Syndrome in Germany]]. NEJM. 2011 July 27th.&nbsp;<br /> </span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Tasmanian devil genome sequenced"><span style="font-size: small;">Tasmanian devil genome sequenced</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: PNAS June 27th 2011</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Multiple myeloma genomes sequenced"><span style="font-size: small;">Multiple myeloma genomes sequenced</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: 20110324 Nature.</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Prostate cancer genomes sequenced by Broad and Dana Faber"><span style="font-size: small;">Prostate cancer genomes sequenced by Broad and Dana Faber</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: 20110214</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Desmond Tutu talks about his genome"><span style="font-size: small;">Desmond Tutu talks about his genome</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: 20110222</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) genome sequenced 20110131"><span style="font-size: small;">Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) genome sequenced 20110131</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;PNAS</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img alt="" src="/images/8/81/Paris_japonica_logo_openfree.gif" />&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica"><span style="font-size: small;">The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">: 20101009 &rArr;&nbsp;</span><a href="Genome size"><span style="font-size: small;">Genome size</span></a></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><img alt="" src="/images/d/d8/Turkey_logo_2.gif" />&nbsp;</span><a href="Turkey genome sequenced 20100907"><span style="font-size: small;">Turkey genome sequenced 20100907</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;&rArr;&nbsp;</span><a href="Bird genome"><span style="font-size: small;">Bird genome</span></a></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><img alt="" src="/images/a/a1/Scripps_logo_openfree_1.gif" />&nbsp;<img alt="" src="/images/f/fe/Sanofi_aventis_logo1.gif" />&nbsp;</span><a href="Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging"><span style="font-size: small;">Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;20100818</span></li> <li><a href="Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection"><span style="font-size: small;">Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">: 20100810</span></li> <li><a href="The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill"><span style="font-size: small;">The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">: PGP9. 20100330.</span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/b/b8/Dna_sm_tran_openfree.gif" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#ff0099" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(255, 0, 153);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>&nbsp;What is&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics</span></a>?</strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <li><a href="Getting your own Genome">Getting your own Genome</a></li> <li><a href="Personal Genome Project">Personal Genome Project</a></li> <li><a href="Possible genomic diseases of you">Possible genomic diseases of you</a></li> <li><a href="Storing your genome in you PC">Storing your genome in you PC</a></li> <li><a href="Fully sequenced genomes">Fully sequenced genomes</a></li> <li><a href="Full Genome Sequencing">Full Genome Sequencing</a></li> <li><a href="Genomic Equality">Genomic Equality</a></li> </td> <td> <li><a href="Free Genomics Project">Free Genomics Project</a></li> <li><a href="Free genomes">Free genomes</a></li> <li><a href="Viewing your genetics family">Viewing your genetics family</a></li> <li><a href="Specific Omics">Specific Omics</a></li> <li><a href="A brief guide to genomics from NHGRI">A brief guide to genomics from NHGRI</a></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Interesting things in your Genome">Interesting things in your Genome</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Public Genomics Project">Public Genomics Project</a></span></li> </td> <td> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Compare your genome with other people's">Compare your genome with other people's</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Visualizing your genome">Visualizing your genome</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genome Projects">Genome Projects</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genome History">Genome History</a></span></li> <li>[[The principle of universal genome]]<br /> &nbsp;</li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/4/49/Running_man_1.gif" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#330099" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 0, 204);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><font color="#000000"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genomics"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Human Genomics</span></a></font></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Fully%20sequenced%20human%20genomes">Fully sequenced human genomes</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Fully%20sequenced%20female%20human%20genome">Fully sequenced female human genome</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mitochondrial%20Genomics">Mitochondrial Genomics</a>: Human mitochondrial genomics.</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Y%20Genomics">Y Genomics</a>: Human Y chromosome genomics.</li> <li>[[HelloGene]]</li> </td> <td> <p>&nbsp;　<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇ</span></p> </td> <td> <p><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;ㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇ</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics News Links"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics News Links</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Genomics Major Paper Publication"><span style="font-size: small;">Genomics Major Paper Publication</span></a></li> <li><a href="Your writing contribution to Genomics"><span style="font-size: small;">Your writing contribution to Genomics</span></a></li> <li><a href="Personal Genomics Issues"><span style="font-size: small;">Personal Genomics Issues</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;<b>(</b></span><b><a href="Genomic ethics"><span style="font-size: small;">Genomic ethics</span></a></b><span style="font-size: small;"><b>)</b></span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Species%20Specific%20Genomics"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Species Specific Genomics</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><span style="font-size: medium;"><font color="#0000ff"><font color="#000000"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Animal%20genomics">Animal genomics</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Plant%20genomics">Plant genomics</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Microbial%20genomics">Microbial genomics</a></b></font></font></span></p> <ul> <li>[[Primate Genomics]]</li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/C.%20elegans%20Genomics">C. elegans Genomics</a><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Cow%20genome">Cow genome</a><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Daphnia%20Genomics%20Consortium%20(DGC)">Daphnia Genomics Consortium (DGC)</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">(</font><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Insect%20genome">Insect genome</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">)</font><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Rice%20Genome%20at%20BGI%20China">Rice Genome at BGI China</a><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Sol%20Genomics">Sol Genomics</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">: Tomato</font><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Tiger%20Genome">Tiger Genome</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">:&nbsp;</font><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/TigerGenome%20Project%20by%20PGI%20Korea">TigerGenome Project by PGI Korea</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">.</font><br /> </b></li> <li><b><font color="#0000ff"><font color="#000000"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Yeast%20Genome">Yeast Genome</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">: SGD</font></font></font></b></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Projects"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Projects</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li>PGP&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal%20Genome%20Project">Personal Genome Project</a></li> <li>&quot;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/$0%20Genomics%20Project">$0 Genomics Project</a>&quot; Launched on-line. Please sign<i>!</i></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome%2010k%20Project">Genome 10k Project</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20List"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics List</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Agrogenomics"><font size="2">Agrogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Anthropogenomics"><font size="2">Anthropogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Autogenomics"><font size="2">Autogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chemicogenomics"><font size="2">Chemicogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chemogenomics"><font size="2">Chemogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chemgenomics"><font size="2">Chemgenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Demogenomics"><font size="2">Demogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Ecogenomics"><font size="2">Ecogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Econogenomics"><font size="2">Econogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Equigenomics"><font size="2">Equigenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Ethnogenomics"><font size="2">Ethnogenomics</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Eugenomics"><font size="2">Eugenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Gastrogenomics"><font size="2">Gastrogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Getontogenomics"><font size="2">Getontogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Gerogenomics"><font size="2">Gerogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Hepatogenomics"><font size="2">Hepatogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Immunogenomics"><font size="2">Immunogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Immunomics"><font size="2">Immunomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mammogenomics"><font size="2">Mammogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Metagenomics"><font size="2">Metagenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Microgenomics"><font size="2">Microgenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mitogenomics"><font size="2">Mitogenomics</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mycogenomics"><font size="2">Mycogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nanogenomics"><font size="2">Nanogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Neurogenomics"><font size="2">Neurogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/NitroGenomics"><font size="2">NitroGenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nutrigenomics"><font size="2">Nutrigenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nutragenomics"><font size="2">Nutragenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Omnigenomics"><font size="2">Omnigenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Oncogenomics"><font size="2">Oncogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Osteogenomics"><font size="2">Osteogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Pangenomics"><font size="2">Pangenomics</font></a></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Phylogenomics"><font size="2">Phylogenomics</font></a></font></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul><font size="2"> <li><font size="2">&nbsp;</font><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Phytogenomics"><font size="2">Phytogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Pulmogenomics"><font size="2">Pulmogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Psychogenomics"><font size="2">Psychogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Supergenomics"><font size="2">Supergenomics</font></a></li> <li>[[syntheticgenomics]]</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Toxicogenomics"><font size="2">Toxicogenomics</font></a></li> </font></ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Branches</strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Comparative%20Genomics"><font size="2">Comparative Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Free%20Genomics"><font size="2">Free Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Health%20Genomics"><font size="2">Health Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genomics"><font size="2">Human Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Open%20Genomics"><font size="2">Open Genomics</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal%20Genomics"><font size="2">Personal Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Public%20Genomics"><font size="2">Public Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Public%20Health%20Genomics"><font size="2">Public Health Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Synthetic%20Genomics"><font size="2">Synthetic Genomics</font></a></li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Essays%20and%20Opinions"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Essays and Opinions</span></b></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The%20Ultimate%20information%20of%20human%20beings">The Ultimate information of human beings</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Who%20have%20to%20insist%20on%20the%20first%20in%20genomics">Who have to insist on the first in genomics</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomic%20Philosophy">Genomic Philosophy</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="height: 172px; width: 1020.7999877929688px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ff0000" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Projects"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">G<span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">e</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 0);">n</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153);">o</span>mics&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(0, 255, 255);">P</span><span style="color: rgb(204, 255, 255);">u</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">b</span>lication</span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">&nbsp;and&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(0, 255, 255);">P</span>apers</span></span></span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">[[Genomics]] Journal from ScienceDirect (</span><a href="http://www.journals.elsevier.com/genomics/">http://www.journals.elsevier.com/genomics/</a>)</li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Genome Research</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Genome Biology</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Nature</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Science</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Cell</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">[[Major Genome Sequencing and Analysis&nbsp;Paper authors]]</span></b></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/7/79/Bioinstrument_company_logo_1.png" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4"><a href="Genomics Analysis Tools and Technology"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Analysis Tools and Technology</strong></span></a></font></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Bioinformatics"><font size="2">Bioinformatics</font></a></li> <li><a href="BioPipelines"><font size="2">BioPipelines</font></a></li> <li><a href="Biomatics"><font size="2">Biomatics</font></a></li> <li><a href="Genome compression">Genome compression</a></li> <li><a href="Amalga">Amalga</a>&nbsp;from Microsoft</li> </ul> </td> <td> <li><a href="Sequencing"><font size="2">Sequencing</font></a></li> <li><a href="GRID technology"><font size="2">GRID technology</font></a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></li> <li><a href="SNP chip"><font size="2">SNP chip</font></a></li> <li><a href="Genome sequence mapping">Genome sequence mapping</a></li> </td> <td> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Omics"><font size="2">Omics</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="BioEngine"><font size="2">BioEngine</font></a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎ</span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="BioComputing"><font size="2">BioComputing</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="JMP Genomics"><font size="2">JMP Genomics</font></a><font color="#000000" size="2">&nbsp;by SAS</font></span></li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/1/1a/Nasdaq_logo_4.png" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Companies"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Companies</strong></span></a></font></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/23andme.com"><font size="2">23andme.com</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/DNAgenotek.com"><font size="2">DNAgenotek.com</font></a><font size="2">:Saliva DNA</font></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Knome.com"><font size="2">Knome.com</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Navigenics.com"><font size="2">Navigenics.com</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nimblegen"><font size="2">Nimblegen</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Integrated%20Genomics"><font size="2">Integrated Genomics</font></a><font size="2">: Chicago based</font></li> </ul> </td> <td> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Affymetrix"><font size="2">Affymetrix</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Celera"><font size="2">Celera</font></a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genome%20Sciences,%20Inc.">Human Genome Sciences, Inc.</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹ</span></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Microsoft"><font size="2">Microsoft</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal%20Genome%20Companies"><font size="2">Personal Genome Companies</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Synthetic%20Genomics">Synthetic Genomics</a>: by Venter</li> </td> <td> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Agowa"><font size="2">Agowa</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Decodeme.com"><font size="2">Decodeme.com</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Decode"><font size="2">Decode</font></a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎ</span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Illumina"><font size="2">Illumina</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/NanoGen"><font size="2">NanoGen</font></a></span></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/U.S.%20Genomics"><font size="2">U.S. Genomics</font></a></li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="4" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Meetings"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Meetings</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2010%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2010 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2007%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2007 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2004%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2004 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2009%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2009 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2006%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2006 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2003%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2003 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2008%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2008 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2005%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2005 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2002%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2002 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Centers"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Centers</strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Sanger%20Institute">Sanger Institute</a>&nbsp;UK</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/BGI">BGI</a>&nbsp;China</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/PGI">PGI</a>&nbsp;Korea</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/JGI">JGI</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/IGS%20at%20Maryland">IGS</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/IGB%20at%20UCI">IGB at UCI</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/JCVI">JCVI</a>&nbsp;USA</font></li> <li>[[Genomics in CDC (USA)]]</li> <li>[[DOE Genomics]]</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Organizations%20and%20Alliances"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Organizations and Alliances</strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><a href="http://bioitalliance.org/">Microsoft BioIT Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/GenomeFoundation.org">GenomeFoundation.org</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Stanford%20Genomics%20Resources">Stanford Genomics Resources</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20People"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics People</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/You!"><strong>You!</strong></a></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Craig%20Venter">Craig Venter</a></b></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Fred%20Sanger">Fred Sanger</a></b></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Seong-Jin%20Kim">Seong-Jin Kim</a></b></span></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><font size="2"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/George%20Church">George Church</a></b></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Yang%20Huanming">Yang Huanming</a></b></span></li> </ul> </td> <td><font size="2"> <ul> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/James%20Watson">James Watson</a></b></li> </ul> </font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20by%20Country"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics by Country</strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/British%20Genomics"><span style="font-size: medium;">British Genomics</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">: Genomics in the UK</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Canadian%20Genomics">Canadian Genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chinese%20Genomics">Chinese Genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Korean%20Genomics">Korean Genomics</a></span><font size="2"><span style="font-size: medium;">:&nbsp;</span><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/PGI"><span style="font-size: medium;">PGI</span></a><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/TBI"><span style="font-size: medium;">TBI</span></a></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Netherlands%20Genomics">Netherlands Genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/US%20Genomics">US Genomics</a></span><span style="font-size: medium;">: Genomics in the USA</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Japanese%20Genomics">Japanese Genomics</a></span><font size="2"><span style="font-size: medium;">:&nbsp;</span><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/GenomeNet"><span style="font-size: medium;">GenomeNet</span></a></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">[[Autralian Genomics]]</span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Methods"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Methods</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li>Karyotyping</li> <li>Mass spectrometry</li> <li>Western blot</li> <li>Chromosomal watlking</li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li>PCR</li> <li>Yeast Two Hybrid</li> <li>Northern blot</li> <li>RFLP</li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li>Immunoprecipitation</li> <li>Southern blot</li> <li>Elisa</li> <li> <p><span style="font-size: small;">[[Method of Sample (gDNA) Preparation for Sending out]]</span></p> </li> </ul> </td> <td><font size="2"> <ul> <li>SDS-page</li> <li>Immunofluorescence</li> <li>Real-time PCR</li> </ul> </font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Theory"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Genomics L</span></a><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">abs</span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;[[Dr. Ban Doohee lab in Yeonsei University Korea]]</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20History"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics History</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Glossary"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Glossary</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Programs"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Software Programs</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome%20alignement%20programs"><strong><font size="2">Genome alignement programs</font></strong></a></li> <li><strong><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome%20visualization%20programs">Genome visualization programs</a></font></strong></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="ADN static.png" width="29" height="29" src="/images/thumb/c/c2/ADN_static.png/50px-ADN_static.png" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Image"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Image</strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics Portals"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Portals</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Opinion on Genomics"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Opinions on Genomics</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><a href="About Human Genome Project"><span style="font-size: small;">About Human Genome Project</span></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics Issues and Problems"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Issues and Problems</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><a href="Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008"><span style="font-size: small;">Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008</span></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong><a href="Read Journals and Publications"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Journals</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="BMC Genomics"><font size="2">BMC Genomics</font></a></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genome Biology">Genome Biology</a>&nbsp;by BMC Ltd with Springer Science</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Elsevier Genomics">Elsevier Genomics</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="BMC Medical Genomics">BMC Medical Genomics</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Open Genomics Journal">Open Genomics Journal</a></font></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Physiological Genomics"><font size="2">Physiological Genomics</font></a><font size="2">&nbsp;by The American Physiological Society</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genome Research">Genome Research</a>&nbsp;by CSHL</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genome from NRC press">Genome from NRC press</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genomics from Elsevier">Genomics from Elsevier</a></font></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Books and Guide</span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;[[Brief guide to Genomics]] by&nbsp;<span style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">&quot;National Human Genome Research Institute.&quot;</span></span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1098px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics in TV and Media</strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;<b>BBC analysis on Human Genome after 10 years in YouTube</b>: &nbsp;<a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Mu9Qv-lSrU&amp;feature=autoplay&amp;list=PLC67E043CBD218D2D&amp;playnext=2">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Mu9Qv-lSrU&amp;feature=autoplay&amp;list=PLC67E043CBD218D2D&amp;playnext=2</a></li> <li><b>Boys cured with Gene Therapy 2004 article</b>:&nbsp;<a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4101411.stm">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4101411.stm</a></li> <li>[[Theragen BiO Institute]]</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genome Wish"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genome Wish</span></a>:<b>what I can do with my genome.</b></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genomics version 2.0"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics version 2.0</span></strong></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Full Genomics"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Full Genomics</span></strong></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><font color="#808080" size="6">♬</font></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genomic Art"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomic Art</strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><strong style="font-size: large; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: center; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font color="#000000" size="6">&nbsp;۩</font></strong><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics Prizes">Genomics Prizes</a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genome references"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genome references</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Post genomics era"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Post genomics era</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>Genomics era has arrived in 2008. Post-genomics era will come in 2050. - Jong Bhak</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="External links"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">External links</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://www.cdc.gov/genomics">CDC genomics</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://bioinfoblog.it/">Bioinfoblog.it</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://proteome.net">Proteome.net</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://microbiome.org">Microbiome.org</a><a href="http://www.biodata.com">Laboratory Management</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://microbiomics.org/">Microbiomics.org</a></font></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>Advertisement</strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="Totalomics full sequencing and bioinformatics analysis service">Totalomics full sequencing and bioinformatics analysis service</a></span></li> <li><a href="About Genomics.org"><span style="font-size: small;">About Genomics.org</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;</span></li> <li><a href="Unleashing your genome"><span style="font-size: small;">Unleashing your genome</span></a></li> <li><a href="Who maintains Genomics.org?"><span style="font-size: small;">Who maintains Genomics.org?</span></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 2617f889e3acf5759682268d3db57dcfa08f9c8e 4579 4576 2013-08-04T03:34:15Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>&nbsp;<img alt="" width="1050" height="211" src="/userfiles/main.jpg" style="text-align: center; height: 148px; width: 850px;" /></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><i><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Openfree"><b>Openfree</b></a></i><b><i>&nbsp;</i></b></span><b><span style="font-size: xx-large;"><font face="Courier New"><font color="#3366ff">G</font><font color="#ff0000">e</font></font><font color="#3366ff"><font face="Courier New">nomic</font><font face="Verdana">$</font>.<font face="Courier New">org&nbsp;</font></font></span></b></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><b><font color="#3366ff"><span style="font-size: small;"><a title="Genomics Organization" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics_Organization">Genomics Organization</a></span></font></b><span style="font-size: small;"><b><font color="#008080"><font color="#666699">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/What%20is%20genomics?">What is genomics?</a></font></font></b></span></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><font color="#008080"><font color="#666699">[[Genomics.org]] is a research and development organization located in La Jolla, CA.</font></font></b></span></p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/1/11/Globe_5.gif" /></strong></span></span></td> <td style="background-color: rgb(51, 0, 204);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>&nbsp;</strong><a href="Genomics News and Ads Archive"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics News and Ads Archive</strong></span></a><strong>&nbsp;<font size="4">◇&nbsp;</font></strong><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="The first genomes"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>The first genomes</strong></span></a></span></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <ul> <li>[[Verinata gets prenatal test approval 2013 Aug]]</li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">[[Billion Genome Project]]: PGI, Genome Research Foundation &nbsp;launches Billlion Genome Project (2012 Sep. 4th). &nbsp;</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">[[Open Access Pharmacogenomics Project]]: OpenPGX launched by Indian scientists.</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">[[Faroe island nation genome project]]</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">[[Origins of the E. coli Strain Causing an Outbreak of Hemolytic&ndash;Uremic Syndrome in Germany]]. NEJM. 2011 July 27th.&nbsp;<br /> </span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Tasmanian devil genome sequenced"><span style="font-size: small;">Tasmanian devil genome sequenced</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: PNAS June 27th 2011</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Multiple myeloma genomes sequenced"><span style="font-size: small;">Multiple myeloma genomes sequenced</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: 20110324 Nature.</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Prostate cancer genomes sequenced by Broad and Dana Faber"><span style="font-size: small;">Prostate cancer genomes sequenced by Broad and Dana Faber</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: 20110214</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Desmond Tutu talks about his genome"><span style="font-size: small;">Desmond Tutu talks about his genome</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: 20110222</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) genome sequenced 20110131"><span style="font-size: small;">Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) genome sequenced 20110131</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;PNAS</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img alt="" src="/images/8/81/Paris_japonica_logo_openfree.gif" />&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica"><span style="font-size: small;">The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">: 20101009 &rArr;&nbsp;</span><a href="Genome size"><span style="font-size: small;">Genome size</span></a></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><img alt="" src="/images/d/d8/Turkey_logo_2.gif" />&nbsp;</span><a href="Turkey genome sequenced 20100907"><span style="font-size: small;">Turkey genome sequenced 20100907</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;&rArr;&nbsp;</span><a href="Bird genome"><span style="font-size: small;">Bird genome</span></a></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><img alt="" src="/images/a/a1/Scripps_logo_openfree_1.gif" />&nbsp;<img alt="" src="/images/f/fe/Sanofi_aventis_logo1.gif" />&nbsp;</span><a href="Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging"><span style="font-size: small;">Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;20100818</span></li> <li><a href="Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection"><span style="font-size: small;">Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">: 20100810</span></li> <li><a href="The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill"><span style="font-size: small;">The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">: PGP9. 20100330.</span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/b/b8/Dna_sm_tran_openfree.gif" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#ff0099" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(255, 0, 153);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>&nbsp;What is&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics</span></a>?</strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <li><a href="Getting your own Genome">Getting your own Genome</a></li> <li><a href="Personal Genome Project">Personal Genome Project</a></li> <li><a href="Possible genomic diseases of you">Possible genomic diseases of you</a></li> <li><a href="Storing your genome in you PC">Storing your genome in you PC</a></li> <li><a href="Fully sequenced genomes">Fully sequenced genomes</a></li> <li><a href="Full Genome Sequencing">Full Genome Sequencing</a></li> <li><a href="Genomic Equality">Genomic Equality</a></li> </td> <td> <li><a href="Free Genomics Project">Free Genomics Project</a></li> <li><a href="Free genomes">Free genomes</a></li> <li><a href="Viewing your genetics family">Viewing your genetics family</a></li> <li><a href="Specific Omics">Specific Omics</a></li> <li><a href="A brief guide to genomics from NHGRI">A brief guide to genomics from NHGRI</a></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Interesting things in your Genome">Interesting things in your Genome</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Public Genomics Project">Public Genomics Project</a></span></li> </td> <td> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Compare your genome with other people's">Compare your genome with other people's</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Visualizing your genome">Visualizing your genome</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genome Projects">Genome Projects</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genome History">Genome History</a></span></li> <li>[[The principle of universal genome]]<br /> &nbsp;</li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/4/49/Running_man_1.gif" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#330099" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 0, 204);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><font color="#000000"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genomics"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Human Genomics</span></a></font></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Fully%20sequenced%20human%20genomes">Fully sequenced human genomes</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Fully%20sequenced%20female%20human%20genome">Fully sequenced female human genome</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mitochondrial%20Genomics">Mitochondrial Genomics</a>: Human mitochondrial genomics.</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Y%20Genomics">Y Genomics</a>: Human Y chromosome genomics.</li> <li>[[HelloGene]]</li> </td> <td> <p>&nbsp;　<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇ</span></p> </td> <td> <p><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;ㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇ</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics News Links"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics News Links</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Genomics Major Paper Publication"><span style="font-size: small;">Genomics Major Paper Publication</span></a></li> <li><a href="Your writing contribution to Genomics"><span style="font-size: small;">Your writing contribution to Genomics</span></a></li> <li><a href="Personal Genomics Issues"><span style="font-size: small;">Personal Genomics Issues</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;<b>(</b></span><b><a href="Genomic ethics"><span style="font-size: small;">Genomic ethics</span></a></b><span style="font-size: small;"><b>)</b></span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Species%20Specific%20Genomics"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Species Specific Genomics</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><span style="font-size: medium;"><font color="#0000ff"><font color="#000000"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Animal%20genomics">Animal genomics</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Plant%20genomics">Plant genomics</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Microbial%20genomics">Microbial genomics</a></b></font></font></span></p> <ul> <li>[[Primate Genomics]]</li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/C.%20elegans%20Genomics">C. elegans Genomics</a><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Cow%20genome">Cow genome</a><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Daphnia%20Genomics%20Consortium%20(DGC)">Daphnia Genomics Consortium (DGC)</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">(</font><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Insect%20genome">Insect genome</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">)</font><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Rice%20Genome%20at%20BGI%20China">Rice Genome at BGI China</a><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Sol%20Genomics">Sol Genomics</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">: Tomato</font><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Tiger%20Genome">Tiger Genome</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">:&nbsp;</font><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/TigerGenome%20Project%20by%20PGI%20Korea">TigerGenome Project by PGI Korea</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">.</font><br /> </b></li> <li><b><font color="#0000ff"><font color="#000000"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Yeast%20Genome">Yeast Genome</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">: SGD</font></font></font></b></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Projects"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Projects</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li>PGP&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal%20Genome%20Project">Personal Genome Project</a></li> <li>&quot;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/$0%20Genomics%20Project">$0 Genomics Project</a>&quot; Launched on-line. Please sign<i>!</i></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome%2010k%20Project">Genome 10k Project</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20List"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics List</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Agrogenomics"><font size="2">Agrogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Anthropogenomics"><font size="2">Anthropogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Autogenomics"><font size="2">Autogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chemicogenomics"><font size="2">Chemicogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chemogenomics"><font size="2">Chemogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chemgenomics"><font size="2">Chemgenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Demogenomics"><font size="2">Demogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Ecogenomics"><font size="2">Ecogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Econogenomics"><font size="2">Econogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Equigenomics"><font size="2">Equigenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Ethnogenomics"><font size="2">Ethnogenomics</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Eugenomics"><font size="2">Eugenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Gastrogenomics"><font size="2">Gastrogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Getontogenomics"><font size="2">Getontogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Gerogenomics"><font size="2">Gerogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Hepatogenomics"><font size="2">Hepatogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Immunogenomics"><font size="2">Immunogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Immunomics"><font size="2">Immunomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mammogenomics"><font size="2">Mammogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Metagenomics"><font size="2">Metagenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Microgenomics"><font size="2">Microgenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mitogenomics"><font size="2">Mitogenomics</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mycogenomics"><font size="2">Mycogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nanogenomics"><font size="2">Nanogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Neurogenomics"><font size="2">Neurogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/NitroGenomics"><font size="2">NitroGenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nutrigenomics"><font size="2">Nutrigenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nutragenomics"><font size="2">Nutragenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Omnigenomics"><font size="2">Omnigenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Oncogenomics"><font size="2">Oncogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Osteogenomics"><font size="2">Osteogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Pangenomics"><font size="2">Pangenomics</font></a></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Phylogenomics"><font size="2">Phylogenomics</font></a></font></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul><font size="2"> <li><font size="2">&nbsp;</font><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Phytogenomics"><font size="2">Phytogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Pulmogenomics"><font size="2">Pulmogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Psychogenomics"><font size="2">Psychogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Supergenomics"><font size="2">Supergenomics</font></a></li> <li>[[syntheticgenomics]]</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Toxicogenomics"><font size="2">Toxicogenomics</font></a></li> </font></ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Branches</strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Comparative%20Genomics"><font size="2">Comparative Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Free%20Genomics"><font size="2">Free Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Health%20Genomics"><font size="2">Health Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genomics"><font size="2">Human Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Open%20Genomics"><font size="2">Open Genomics</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal%20Genomics"><font size="2">Personal Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Public%20Genomics"><font size="2">Public Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Public%20Health%20Genomics"><font size="2">Public Health Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Synthetic%20Genomics"><font size="2">Synthetic Genomics</font></a></li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Essays%20and%20Opinions"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Essays and Opinions</span></b></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The%20Ultimate%20information%20of%20human%20beings">The Ultimate information of human beings</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Who%20have%20to%20insist%20on%20the%20first%20in%20genomics">Who have to insist on the first in genomics</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomic%20Philosophy">Genomic Philosophy</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="height: 172px; width: 1020.7999877929688px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ff0000" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Projects"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">G<span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">e</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 0);">n</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153);">o</span>mics&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(0, 255, 255);">P</span><span style="color: rgb(204, 255, 255);">u</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">b</span>lication</span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">&nbsp;and&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(0, 255, 255);">P</span>apers</span></span></span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">[[Genomics]] Journal from ScienceDirect (</span><a href="http://www.journals.elsevier.com/genomics/">http://www.journals.elsevier.com/genomics/</a>)</li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Genome Research</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Genome Biology</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Nature</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Science</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Cell</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">[[Major Genome Sequencing and Analysis&nbsp;Paper authors]]</span></b></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/7/79/Bioinstrument_company_logo_1.png" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4"><a href="Genomics Analysis Tools and Technology"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Analysis Tools and Technology</strong></span></a></font></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Bioinformatics"><font size="2">Bioinformatics</font></a></li> <li><a href="BioPipelines"><font size="2">BioPipelines</font></a></li> <li><a href="Biomatics"><font size="2">Biomatics</font></a></li> <li><a href="Genome compression">Genome compression</a></li> <li><a href="Amalga">Amalga</a>&nbsp;from Microsoft</li> </ul> </td> <td> <li><a href="Sequencing"><font size="2">Sequencing</font></a></li> <li><a href="GRID technology"><font size="2">GRID technology</font></a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></li> <li><a href="SNP chip"><font size="2">SNP chip</font></a></li> <li><a href="Genome sequence mapping">Genome sequence mapping</a></li> </td> <td> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Omics"><font size="2">Omics</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="BioEngine"><font size="2">BioEngine</font></a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎ</span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="BioComputing"><font size="2">BioComputing</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="JMP Genomics"><font size="2">JMP Genomics</font></a><font color="#000000" size="2">&nbsp;by SAS</font></span></li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/1/1a/Nasdaq_logo_4.png" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Companies"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Companies</strong></span></a></font></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/23andme.com"><font size="2">23andme.com</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/DNAgenotek.com"><font size="2">DNAgenotek.com</font></a><font size="2">:Saliva DNA</font></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Knome.com"><font size="2">Knome.com</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Navigenics.com"><font size="2">Navigenics.com</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nimblegen"><font size="2">Nimblegen</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Integrated%20Genomics"><font size="2">Integrated Genomics</font></a><font size="2">: Chicago based</font></li> </ul> </td> <td> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Affymetrix"><font size="2">Affymetrix</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Celera"><font size="2">Celera</font></a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genome%20Sciences,%20Inc.">Human Genome Sciences, Inc.</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹ</span></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Microsoft"><font size="2">Microsoft</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal%20Genome%20Companies"><font size="2">Personal Genome Companies</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Synthetic%20Genomics">Synthetic Genomics</a>: by Venter</li> </td> <td> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Agowa"><font size="2">Agowa</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Decodeme.com"><font size="2">Decodeme.com</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Decode"><font size="2">Decode</font></a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎ</span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Illumina"><font size="2">Illumina</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/NanoGen"><font size="2">NanoGen</font></a></span></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/U.S.%20Genomics"><font size="2">U.S. Genomics</font></a></li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="4" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Meetings"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Meetings</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2010%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2010 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2007%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2007 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2004%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2004 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2009%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2009 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2006%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2006 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2003%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2003 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2008%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2008 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2005%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2005 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2002%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2002 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Centers"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Centers</strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Sanger%20Institute">Sanger Institute</a>&nbsp;UK</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/BGI">BGI</a>&nbsp;China</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/PGI">PGI</a>&nbsp;Korea</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/JGI">JGI</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/IGS%20at%20Maryland">IGS</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/IGB%20at%20UCI">IGB at UCI</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/JCVI">JCVI</a>&nbsp;USA</font></li> <li>[[Genomics in CDC (USA)]]</li> <li>[[DOE Genomics]]</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Organizations%20and%20Alliances"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Organizations and Alliances</strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><a href="http://bioitalliance.org/">Microsoft BioIT Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/GenomeFoundation.org">GenomeFoundation.org</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Stanford%20Genomics%20Resources">Stanford Genomics Resources</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20People"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics People</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/You!"><strong>You!</strong></a></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Craig%20Venter">Craig Venter</a></b></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Fred%20Sanger">Fred Sanger</a></b></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Seong-Jin%20Kim">Seong-Jin Kim</a></b></span></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><font size="2"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/George%20Church">George Church</a></b></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Yang%20Huanming">Yang Huanming</a></b></span></li> </ul> </td> <td><font size="2"> <ul> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/James%20Watson">James Watson</a></b></li> </ul> </font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20by%20Country"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics by Country</strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/British%20Genomics"><span style="font-size: medium;">British Genomics</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">: Genomics in the UK</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Canadian%20Genomics">Canadian Genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chinese%20Genomics">Chinese Genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Korean%20Genomics">Korean Genomics</a></span><font size="2"><span style="font-size: medium;">:&nbsp;</span><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/PGI"><span style="font-size: medium;">PGI</span></a><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/TBI"><span style="font-size: medium;">TBI</span></a></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Netherlands%20Genomics">Netherlands Genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/US%20Genomics">US Genomics</a></span><span style="font-size: medium;">: Genomics in the USA</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Japanese%20Genomics">Japanese Genomics</a></span><font size="2"><span style="font-size: medium;">:&nbsp;</span><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/GenomeNet"><span style="font-size: medium;">GenomeNet</span></a></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">[[Autralian Genomics]]</span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Methods"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Methods</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li>Karyotyping</li> <li>Mass spectrometry</li> <li>Western blot</li> <li>Chromosomal watlking</li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li>PCR</li> <li>Yeast Two Hybrid</li> <li>Northern blot</li> <li>RFLP</li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li>Immunoprecipitation</li> <li>Southern blot</li> <li>Elisa</li> <li> <p><span style="font-size: small;">[[Method of Sample (gDNA) Preparation for Sending out]]</span></p> </li> </ul> </td> <td><font size="2"> <ul> <li>SDS-page</li> <li>Immunofluorescence</li> <li>Real-time PCR</li> </ul> </font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Theory"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Genomics L</span></a><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">abs</span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;[[Dr. Ban Doohee lab in Yeonsei University Korea]]</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20History"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics History</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Glossary"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Glossary</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Programs"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Software Programs</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome%20alignement%20programs"><strong><font size="2">Genome alignement programs</font></strong></a></li> <li><strong><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome%20visualization%20programs">Genome visualization programs</a></font></strong></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="ADN static.png" width="29" height="29" src="/images/thumb/c/c2/ADN_static.png/50px-ADN_static.png" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Image"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Image</strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics Portals"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Portals</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Opinion on Genomics"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Opinions on Genomics</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><a href="About Human Genome Project"><span style="font-size: small;">About Human Genome Project</span></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics Issues and Problems"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Issues and Problems</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><a href="Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008"><span style="font-size: small;">Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008</span></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong><a href="Read Journals and Publications"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Journals</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="BMC Genomics"><font size="2">BMC Genomics</font></a></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genome Biology">Genome Biology</a>&nbsp;by BMC Ltd with Springer Science</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Elsevier Genomics">Elsevier Genomics</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="BMC Medical Genomics">BMC Medical Genomics</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Open Genomics Journal">Open Genomics Journal</a></font></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Physiological Genomics"><font size="2">Physiological Genomics</font></a><font size="2">&nbsp;by The American Physiological Society</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genome Research">Genome Research</a>&nbsp;by CSHL</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genome from NRC press">Genome from NRC press</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genomics from Elsevier">Genomics from Elsevier</a></font></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Books and Guide</span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;[[Brief guide to Genomics]] by&nbsp;<span style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">&quot;National Human Genome Research Institute.&quot;</span></span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1098px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics in TV and Media</strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;<b>BBC analysis on Human Genome after 10 years in YouTube</b>: &nbsp;<a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Mu9Qv-lSrU&amp;feature=autoplay&amp;list=PLC67E043CBD218D2D&amp;playnext=2">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Mu9Qv-lSrU&amp;feature=autoplay&amp;list=PLC67E043CBD218D2D&amp;playnext=2</a></li> <li><b>Boys cured with Gene Therapy 2004 article</b>:&nbsp;<a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4101411.stm">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4101411.stm</a></li> <li>[[Theragen BiO Institute]]</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genome Wish"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genome Wish</span></a>:<b>what I can do with my genome.</b></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genomics version 2.0"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics version 2.0</span></strong></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Full Genomics"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Full Genomics</span></strong></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><font color="#808080" size="6">♬</font></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genomic Art"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomic Art</strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><strong style="font-size: large; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: center; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font color="#000000" size="6">&nbsp;۩</font></strong><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics Prizes">Genomics Prizes</a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genome references"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genome references</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Post genomics era"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Post genomics era</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>Genomics era has arrived in 2008. Post-genomics era will come in 2050. - Jong Bhak</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="External links"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">External links</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://www.cdc.gov/genomics">CDC genomics</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://bioinfoblog.it/">Bioinfoblog.it</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://proteome.net">Proteome.net</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://microbiome.org">Microbiome.org</a><a href="http://www.biodata.com">Laboratory Management</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://microbiomics.org/">Microbiomics.org</a></font></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>Advertisement</strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="Totalomics full sequencing and bioinformatics analysis service">Totalomics full sequencing and bioinformatics analysis service</a></span></li> <li><a href="About Genomics.org"><span style="font-size: small;">About Genomics.org</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;</span></li> <li><a href="Unleashing your genome"><span style="font-size: small;">Unleashing your genome</span></a></li> <li><a href="Who maintains Genomics.org?"><span style="font-size: small;">Who maintains Genomics.org?</span></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 1d4a19145aba915ff6ce4c571c0c3439c8b91ea4 4581 4579 2013-08-04T03:37:38Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>&nbsp;<img alt="" width="1050" height="211" src="/userfiles/main.jpg" style="text-align: center; height: 148px; width: 850px;" /></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><i><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Openfree"><b>Openfree</b></a></i><b><i>&nbsp;</i></b></span><b><span style="font-size: xx-large;"><font face="Courier New"><font color="#3366ff">G</font><font color="#ff0000">e</font></font><font color="#3366ff"><font face="Courier New">nomic</font><font face="Verdana">$</font>.<font face="Courier New">org&nbsp;</font></font></span></b></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><b><font color="#3366ff"><span style="font-size: small;"><a title="Genomics Organization" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics_Organization">Genomics Organization</a></span></font></b><span style="font-size: small;"><b><font color="#008080"><font color="#666699">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/What%20is%20genomics?">What is genomics?</a></font></font></b></span></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><font color="#008080"><font color="#666699">[[Genomics.org]] is a research and development organization located in La Jolla, CA.</font></font></b></span></p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/1/11/Globe_5.gif" /></strong></span></span></td> <td style="background-color: rgb(51, 0, 204);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>&nbsp;</strong><a href="Genomics News and Ads Archive"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics News and Ads Archive</strong></span></a><strong>&nbsp;<font size="4">◇&nbsp;</font></strong><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="The first genomes"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>The first genomes</strong></span></a></span></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <ul> <li>[[Verinata gets prenatal test approval 2013 Aug]]</li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">[[Billion Genome Project]]: PGI, Genome Research Foundation &nbsp;launches Billlion Genome Project (2012 Sep. 4th). &nbsp;</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">[[Open Access Pharmacogenomics Project]]: OpenPGX launched by Indian scientists.</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">[[Faroe island nation genome project]]</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">[[Origins of the E. coli Strain Causing an Outbreak of Hemolytic&ndash;Uremic Syndrome in Germany]]. NEJM. 2011 July 27th.&nbsp;<br /> </span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Tasmanian devil genome sequenced"><span style="font-size: small;">Tasmanian devil genome sequenced</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: PNAS June 27th 2011</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Multiple myeloma genomes sequenced"><span style="font-size: small;">Multiple myeloma genomes sequenced</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: 20110324 Nature.</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Prostate cancer genomes sequenced by Broad and Dana Faber"><span style="font-size: small;">Prostate cancer genomes sequenced by Broad and Dana Faber</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: 20110214</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Desmond Tutu talks about his genome"><span style="font-size: small;">Desmond Tutu talks about his genome</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: 20110222</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) genome sequenced 20110131"><span style="font-size: small;">Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) genome sequenced 20110131</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;PNAS</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img alt="" src="/images/8/81/Paris_japonica_logo_openfree.gif" />&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica"><span style="font-size: small;">The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">: 20101009 &rArr;&nbsp;</span><a href="Genome size"><span style="font-size: small;">Genome size</span></a></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><img alt="" src="/images/d/d8/Turkey_logo_2.gif" />&nbsp;</span><a href="Turkey genome sequenced 20100907"><span style="font-size: small;">Turkey genome sequenced 20100907</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;&rArr;&nbsp;</span><a href="Bird genome"><span style="font-size: small;">Bird genome</span></a></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><img alt="" src="/images/a/a1/Scripps_logo_openfree_1.gif" />&nbsp;<img alt="" src="/images/f/fe/Sanofi_aventis_logo1.gif" />&nbsp;</span><a href="Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging"><span style="font-size: small;">Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;20100818</span></li> <li><a href="Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection"><span style="font-size: small;">Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">: 20100810</span></li> <li><a href="The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill"><span style="font-size: small;">The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">: PGP9. 20100330.</span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/b/b8/Dna_sm_tran_openfree.gif" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#ff0099" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(255, 0, 153);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>&nbsp;What is&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics</span></a>?</strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <li><a href="Getting your own Genome">Getting your own Genome</a></li> <li><a href="Personal Genome Project">Personal Genome Project</a></li> <li><a href="Possible genomic diseases of you">Possible genomic diseases of you</a></li> <li><a href="Storing your genome in you PC">Storing your genome in you PC</a></li> <li><a href="Fully sequenced genomes">Fully sequenced genomes</a></li> <li><a href="Full Genome Sequencing">Full Genome Sequencing</a></li> <li><a href="Genomic Equality">Genomic Equality</a></li> </td> <td> <li><a href="Free Genomics Project">Free Genomics Project</a></li> <li><a href="Free genomes">Free genomes</a></li> <li><a href="Viewing your genetics family">Viewing your genetics family</a></li> <li><a href="Specific Omics">Specific Omics</a></li> <li><a href="A brief guide to genomics from NHGRI">A brief guide to genomics from NHGRI</a></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Interesting things in your Genome">Interesting things in your Genome</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Public Genomics Project">Public Genomics Project</a></span></li> </td> <td> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Compare your genome with other people's">Compare your genome with other people's</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Visualizing your genome">Visualizing your genome</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genome Projects">Genome Projects</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genome History">Genome History</a></span></li> <li>[[The principle of universal genome]]<br /> &nbsp;</li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/4/49/Running_man_1.gif" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#330099" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 0, 204);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><font color="#000000"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genomics"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Human Genomics</span></a></font></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Fully%20sequenced%20human%20genomes">Fully sequenced human genomes</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Fully%20sequenced%20female%20human%20genome">Fully sequenced female human genome</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mitochondrial%20Genomics">Mitochondrial Genomics</a>: Human mitochondrial genomics.</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Y%20Genomics">Y Genomics</a>: Human Y chromosome genomics.</li> <li>[[HelloGene]]</li> </td> <td> <p>&nbsp;　<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇ</span></p> </td> <td> <p><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;ㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇ</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics News Links"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics News Links</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Genomics Major Paper Publication"><span style="font-size: small;">Genomics Major Paper Publication</span></a></li> <li><a href="Your writing contribution to Genomics"><span style="font-size: small;">Your writing contribution to Genomics</span></a></li> <li><a href="Personal Genomics Issues"><span style="font-size: small;">Personal Genomics Issues</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;<b>(</b></span><b><a href="Genomic ethics"><span style="font-size: small;">Genomic ethics</span></a></b><span style="font-size: small;"><b>)</b></span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Species%20Specific%20Genomics"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Species Specific Genomics</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><span style="font-size: medium;"><font color="#0000ff"><font color="#000000"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Animal%20genomics">Animal genomics</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Plant%20genomics">Plant genomics</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Microbial%20genomics">Microbial genomics</a></b></font></font></span></p> <ul> <li>[[Primate Genomics]]</li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/C.%20elegans%20Genomics">C. elegans Genomics</a><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Cow%20genome">Cow genome</a><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Daphnia%20Genomics%20Consortium%20(DGC)">Daphnia Genomics Consortium (DGC)</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">(</font><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Insect%20genome">Insect genome</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">)</font><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Rice%20Genome%20at%20BGI%20China">Rice Genome at BGI China</a><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Sol%20Genomics">Sol Genomics</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">: Tomato</font><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Tiger%20Genome">Tiger Genome</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">:&nbsp;</font><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/TigerGenome%20Project%20by%20PGI%20Korea">TigerGenome Project by PGI Korea</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">.</font><br /> </b></li> <li><b><font color="#0000ff"><font color="#000000"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Yeast%20Genome">Yeast Genome</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">: SGD</font></font></font></b></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Projects"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Projects</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li>PGP&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal%20Genome%20Project">Personal Genome Project</a></li> <li>&quot;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/$0%20Genomics%20Project">$0 Genomics Project</a>&quot; Launched on-line. Please sign<i>!</i></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome%2010k%20Project">Genome 10k Project</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20List"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics List</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Agrogenomics"><font size="2">Agrogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Anthropogenomics"><font size="2">Anthropogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Autogenomics"><font size="2">Autogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chemicogenomics"><font size="2">Chemicogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chemogenomics"><font size="2">Chemogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chemgenomics"><font size="2">Chemgenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Demogenomics"><font size="2">Demogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Ecogenomics"><font size="2">Ecogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Econogenomics"><font size="2">Econogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Equigenomics"><font size="2">Equigenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Ethnogenomics"><font size="2">Ethnogenomics</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Eugenomics"><font size="2">Eugenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Gastrogenomics"><font size="2">Gastrogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Getontogenomics"><font size="2">Getontogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Gerogenomics"><font size="2">Gerogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Hepatogenomics"><font size="2">Hepatogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Immunogenomics"><font size="2">Immunogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Immunomics"><font size="2">Immunomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mammogenomics"><font size="2">Mammogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Metagenomics"><font size="2">Metagenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Microgenomics"><font size="2">Microgenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mitogenomics"><font size="2">Mitogenomics</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mycogenomics"><font size="2">Mycogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nanogenomics"><font size="2">Nanogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Neurogenomics"><font size="2">Neurogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/NitroGenomics"><font size="2">NitroGenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nutrigenomics"><font size="2">Nutrigenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nutragenomics"><font size="2">Nutragenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Omnigenomics"><font size="2">Omnigenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Oncogenomics"><font size="2">Oncogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Osteogenomics"><font size="2">Osteogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Pangenomics"><font size="2">Pangenomics</font></a></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Phylogenomics"><font size="2">Phylogenomics</font></a></font></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul><font size="2"> <li><font size="2">&nbsp;</font><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Phytogenomics"><font size="2">Phytogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Pulmogenomics"><font size="2">Pulmogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Psychogenomics"><font size="2">Psychogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Supergenomics"><font size="2">Supergenomics</font></a></li> <li>[[syntheticgenomics]]</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Toxicogenomics"><font size="2">Toxicogenomics</font></a></li> </font></ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Branches</strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Comparative%20Genomics"><font size="2">Comparative Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Free%20Genomics"><font size="2">Free Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Health%20Genomics"><font size="2">Health Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genomics"><font size="2">Human Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Open%20Genomics"><font size="2">Open Genomics</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal%20Genomics"><font size="2">Personal Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Public%20Genomics"><font size="2">Public Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Public%20Health%20Genomics"><font size="2">Public Health Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Synthetic%20Genomics"><font size="2">Synthetic Genomics</font></a></li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Essays%20and%20Opinions"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Essays and Opinions</span></b></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The%20Ultimate%20information%20of%20human%20beings">The Ultimate information of human beings</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Who%20have%20to%20insist%20on%20the%20first%20in%20genomics">Who have to insist on the first in genomics</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomic%20Philosophy">Genomic Philosophy</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="height: 172px; width: 1020.7999877929688px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ff0000" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Projects"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">G<span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">e</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 0);">n</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153);">o</span>mics&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(0, 255, 255);">P</span><span style="color: rgb(204, 255, 255);">u</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">b</span>lication</span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">&nbsp;and&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(0, 255, 255);">P</span>apers</span></span></span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">[[Genomics]] Journal from ScienceDirect (</span><a href="http://www.journals.elsevier.com/genomics/">http://www.journals.elsevier.com/genomics/</a>)</li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Genome Research</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Genome Biology</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Nature</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Science</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Cell</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">[[Major Genome Sequencing and Analysis&nbsp;Paper authors]]</span></b></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/7/79/Bioinstrument_company_logo_1.png" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4"><a href="Genomics Analysis Tools and Technology"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Analysis Tools and Technology</strong></span></a></font></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Bioinformatics"><font size="2">Bioinformatics</font></a></li> <li><a href="BioPipelines"><font size="2">BioPipelines</font></a></li> <li><a href="Biomatics"><font size="2">Biomatics</font></a></li> <li><a href="Genome compression">Genome compression</a></li> <li><a href="Amalga">Amalga</a>&nbsp;from Microsoft</li> </ul> </td> <td> <li><a href="Sequencing"><font size="2">Sequencing</font></a></li> <li><a href="GRID technology"><font size="2">GRID technology</font></a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></li> <li><a href="SNP chip"><font size="2">SNP chip</font></a></li> <li><a href="Genome sequence mapping">Genome sequence mapping</a></li> </td> <td> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Omics"><font size="2">Omics</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="BioEngine"><font size="2">BioEngine</font></a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎ</span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="BioComputing"><font size="2">BioComputing</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="JMP Genomics"><font size="2">JMP Genomics</font></a><font color="#000000" size="2">&nbsp;by SAS</font></span></li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/1/1a/Nasdaq_logo_4.png" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Companies"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Companies</strong></span></a></font></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/23andme.com"><font size="2">23andme.com</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/DNAgenotek.com"><font size="2">DNAgenotek.com</font></a><font size="2">:Saliva DNA</font></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Knome.com"><font size="2">Knome.com</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Navigenics.com"><font size="2">Navigenics.com</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nimblegen"><font size="2">Nimblegen</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Integrated%20Genomics"><font size="2">Integrated Genomics</font></a><font size="2">: Chicago based</font></li> </ul> </td> <td> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Affymetrix"><font size="2">Affymetrix</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Celera"><font size="2">Celera</font></a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genome%20Sciences,%20Inc.">Human Genome Sciences, Inc.</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹ</span></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Microsoft"><font size="2">Microsoft</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal%20Genome%20Companies"><font size="2">Personal Genome Companies</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Synthetic%20Genomics">Synthetic Genomics</a>: by Venter</li> </td> <td> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Agowa"><font size="2">Agowa</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Decodeme.com"><font size="2">Decodeme.com</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Decode"><font size="2">Decode</font></a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎ</span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Illumina"><font size="2">Illumina</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/NanoGen"><font size="2">NanoGen</font></a></span></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/U.S.%20Genomics"><font size="2">U.S. Genomics</font></a></li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="4" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Meetings"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Meetings</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2010%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2010 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2007%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2007 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2004%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2004 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2009%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2009 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2006%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2006 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2003%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2003 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2008%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2008 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2005%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2005 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2002%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2002 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Centers"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Centers</strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Sanger%20Institute">Sanger Institute</a>&nbsp;UK</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/BGI">BGI</a>&nbsp;China</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/PGI">PGI</a>&nbsp;Korea</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/JGI">JGI</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/IGS%20at%20Maryland">IGS</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/IGB%20at%20UCI">IGB at UCI</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/JCVI">JCVI</a>&nbsp;USA</font></li> <li>[[Genomics in CDC (USA)]]</li> <li>[[DOE Genomics]]</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Organizations%20and%20Alliances"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Organizations and Alliances</strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><a href="http://bioitalliance.org/">Microsoft BioIT Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/GenomeFoundation.org">GenomeFoundation.org</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Stanford%20Genomics%20Resources">Stanford Genomics Resources</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20People"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics People</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/You!"><strong>You!</strong></a></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Craig%20Venter">Craig Venter</a></b></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Fred%20Sanger">Fred Sanger</a></b></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Seong-Jin%20Kim">Seong-Jin Kim</a></b></span></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><font size="2"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/George%20Church">George Church</a></b></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Yang%20Huanming">Yang Huanming</a></b></span></li> </ul> </td> <td><font size="2"> <ul> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/James%20Watson">James Watson</a></b></li> </ul> </font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20by%20Country"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics by Country</strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/British%20Genomics"><span style="font-size: medium;">British Genomics</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">: Genomics in the UK</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Canadian%20Genomics">Canadian Genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chinese%20Genomics">Chinese Genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Korean%20Genomics">Korean Genomics</a></span><font size="2"><span style="font-size: medium;">:&nbsp;</span><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/PGI"><span style="font-size: medium;">PGI</span></a><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/TBI"><span style="font-size: medium;">TBI</span></a></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Netherlands%20Genomics">Netherlands Genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/US%20Genomics">US Genomics</a></span><span style="font-size: medium;">: Genomics in the USA</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Japanese%20Genomics">Japanese Genomics</a></span><font size="2"><span style="font-size: medium;">:&nbsp;</span><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/GenomeNet"><span style="font-size: medium;">GenomeNet</span></a></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">[[Autralian Genomics]]</span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Methods"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Methods</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li>Karyotyping</li> <li>Mass spectrometry</li> <li>Western blot</li> <li>Chromosomal watlking</li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li>PCR</li> <li>Yeast Two Hybrid</li> <li>Northern blot</li> <li>RFLP</li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li>Immunoprecipitation</li> <li>Southern blot</li> <li>Elisa</li> <li> <p><span style="font-size: small;">[[Method of Sample (gDNA) Preparation for Sending out]]</span></p> </li> </ul> </td> <td><font size="2"> <ul> <li>SDS-page</li> <li>Immunofluorescence</li> <li>Real-time PCR</li> </ul> </font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Theory"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Genomics L</span></a><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">abs</span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;[[Dr. Ban Doohee lab in Yeonsei University Korea]]</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20History"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics History</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Glossary"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Glossary</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Programs"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Software Programs</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome%20alignement%20programs"><strong><font size="2">Genome alignement programs</font></strong></a></li> <li><strong><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome%20visualization%20programs">Genome visualization programs</a></font></strong></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="ADN static.png" width="29" height="29" src="/images/thumb/c/c2/ADN_static.png/50px-ADN_static.png" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Image"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Image</strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics Portals"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Portals</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Opinion on Genomics"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Opinions on Genomics</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><a href="About Human Genome Project"><span style="font-size: small;">About Human Genome Project</span></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics Issues and Problems"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Issues and Problems</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><a href="Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008"><span style="font-size: small;">Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008</span></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong><a href="Read Journals and Publications"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Journals</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="BMC Genomics"><font size="2">BMC Genomics</font></a></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genome Biology">Genome Biology</a>&nbsp;by BMC Ltd with Springer Science</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Elsevier Genomics">Elsevier Genomics</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="BMC Medical Genomics">BMC Medical Genomics</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Open Genomics Journal">Open Genomics Journal</a></font></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Physiological Genomics"><font size="2">Physiological Genomics</font></a><font size="2">&nbsp;by The American Physiological Society</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genome Research">Genome Research</a>&nbsp;by CSHL</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genome from NRC press">Genome from NRC press</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genomics from Elsevier">Genomics from Elsevier</a></font></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Books and Guide</span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;[[Brief guide to Genomics]] by&nbsp;<span style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">&quot;National Human Genome Research Institute.&quot;</span></span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1098px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics in TV and Media</strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;<b>BBC analysis on Human Genome after 10 years in YouTube</b>: &nbsp;<a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Mu9Qv-lSrU&amp;feature=autoplay&amp;list=PLC67E043CBD218D2D&amp;playnext=2">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Mu9Qv-lSrU&amp;feature=autoplay&amp;list=PLC67E043CBD218D2D&amp;playnext=2</a></li> <li><b>Boys cured with Gene Therapy 2004 article</b>:&nbsp;<a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4101411.stm">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4101411.stm</a></li> <li>[[Theragen BiO Institute]]</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genome Wish"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genome Wish</span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-large;">:<b>what I can do with my genome.</b></span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genomics version 2.0"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics version 2.0</span></strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Full Genomics"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Full Genomics</span></strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><font color="#808080" size="6">♬</font></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genomic Art"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomic Art</strong></span></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong style="font-size: large; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: center; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;۩&nbsp;</font></strong></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics Prizes"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Genomics Prizes</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genome references"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genome references</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Post genomics era"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Post genomics era</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">Genomics era has arrived in 2008. Post-genomics era will come in 2050. - Jong Bhak</span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="External links"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">External links</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://www.cdc.gov/genomics">CDC genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://bioinfoblog.it/">Bioinfoblog.it</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://proteome.net">Proteome.net</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://microbiome.org">Microbiome.org</a></span><font size="2"><a href="http://www.biodata.com"><span style="font-size: medium;">Laboratory Management</span></a></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://microbiomics.org/">Microbiomics.org</a></span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Advertisement</strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Totalomics full sequencing and bioinformatics analysis service">Totalomics full sequencing and bioinformatics analysis service</a></span></li> <li><a href="About Genomics.org"><span style="font-size: medium;">About Genomics.org</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;</span></li> <li><a href="Unleashing your genome"><span style="font-size: medium;">Unleashing your genome</span></a></li> <li><a href="Who maintains Genomics.org?"><span style="font-size: medium;">Who maintains Genomics.org?</span></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 883fa89a6f6fef28103ec07706baeefa63d5e828 4582 4581 2013-08-04T20:05:14Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>&nbsp;<img alt="" width="1050" height="211" src="/userfiles/main.jpg" style="text-align: center; height: 148px; width: 850px;" /></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><i><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Openfree"><b>Openfree</b></a></i><b><i>&nbsp;</i></b></span><b><span style="font-size: xx-large;"><font face="Courier New"><font color="#3366ff">G</font><font color="#ff0000">e</font></font><font color="#3366ff"><font face="Courier New">nomic</font><font face="Verdana">$</font>.<font face="Courier New">org&nbsp;</font></font></span></b></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><b><font color="#3366ff"><span style="font-size: small;"><a title="Genomics Organization" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics_Organization">Genomics Organization</a></span></font></b><span style="font-size: small;"><b><font color="#008080"><font color="#666699">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/What%20is%20genomics?">What is genomics?</a></font></font></b></span></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><font color="#008080"><font color="#666699">[[Genomics.org]] is a research and development organization located in La Jolla, CA.</font></font></b></span></p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/1/11/Globe_5.gif" /></strong></span></span></td> <td style="background-color: rgb(51, 0, 204);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>&nbsp;</strong><a href="Genomics News and Ads Archive"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics News and Ads Archive</strong></span></a><strong>&nbsp;<font size="4">◇&nbsp;</font></strong><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="The first genomes"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>The first genomes</strong></span></a></span></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <ul> <li>[[Verinata gets prenatal test approval 2013 Aug]]</li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">[[Billion Genome Project]]: PGI, Genome Research Foundation &nbsp;launches Billlion Genome Project (2012 Sep. 4th). &nbsp;</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">[[Open Access Pharmacogenomics Project]]: OpenPGX launched by Indian scientists.</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">[[Faroe island nation genome project]]</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">[[Origins of the E. coli Strain Causing an Outbreak of Hemolytic&ndash;Uremic Syndrome in Germany]]. NEJM. 2011 July 27th.&nbsp;<br /> </span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Tasmanian devil genome sequenced"><span style="font-size: small;">Tasmanian devil genome sequenced</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: PNAS June 27th 2011</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Multiple myeloma genomes sequenced"><span style="font-size: small;">Multiple myeloma genomes sequenced</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: 20110324 Nature.</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Prostate cancer genomes sequenced by Broad and Dana Faber"><span style="font-size: small;">Prostate cancer genomes sequenced by Broad and Dana Faber</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: 20110214</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Desmond Tutu talks about his genome"><span style="font-size: small;">Desmond Tutu talks about his genome</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: 20110222</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) genome sequenced 20110131"><span style="font-size: small;">Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) genome sequenced 20110131</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;PNAS</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img alt="" src="/images/8/81/Paris_japonica_logo_openfree.gif" />&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica"><span style="font-size: small;">The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">: 20101009 &rArr;&nbsp;</span><a href="Genome size"><span style="font-size: small;">Genome size</span></a></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><img alt="" src="/images/d/d8/Turkey_logo_2.gif" />&nbsp;</span><a href="Turkey genome sequenced 20100907"><span style="font-size: small;">Turkey genome sequenced 20100907</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;&rArr;&nbsp;</span><a href="Bird genome"><span style="font-size: small;">Bird genome</span></a></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><img alt="" src="/images/a/a1/Scripps_logo_openfree_1.gif" />&nbsp;<img alt="" src="/images/f/fe/Sanofi_aventis_logo1.gif" />&nbsp;</span><a href="Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging"><span style="font-size: small;">Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;20100818</span></li> <li><a href="Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection"><span style="font-size: small;">Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">: 20100810</span></li> <li><a href="The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill"><span style="font-size: small;">The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">: PGP9. 20100330.</span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/b/b8/Dna_sm_tran_openfree.gif" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#ff0099" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(255, 0, 153);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>&nbsp;What is&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics</span></a>?</strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <li><a href="Getting your own Genome">Getting your own Genome</a></li> <li><a href="Personal Genome Project">Personal Genome Project</a></li> <li><a href="Possible genomic diseases of you">Possible genomic diseases of you</a></li> <li><a href="Storing your genome in you PC">Storing your genome in you PC</a></li> <li><a href="Fully sequenced genomes">Fully sequenced genomes</a></li> <li><a href="Full Genome Sequencing">Full Genome Sequencing</a></li> <li><a href="Genomic Equality">Genomic Equality</a></li> </td> <td> <li><a href="Free Genomics Project">Free Genomics Project</a></li> <li><a href="Free genomes">Free genomes</a></li> <li><a href="Viewing your genetics family">Viewing your genetics family</a></li> <li><a href="Specific Omics">Specific Omics</a></li> <li><a href="A brief guide to genomics from NHGRI">A brief guide to genomics from NHGRI</a></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Interesting things in your Genome">Interesting things in your Genome</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Public Genomics Project">Public Genomics Project</a></span></li> </td> <td> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Compare your genome with other people's">Compare your genome with other people's</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Visualizing your genome">Visualizing your genome</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genome Projects">Genome Projects</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genome History">Genome History</a></span></li> <li>[[The principle of universal genome]]<br /> &nbsp;</li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/4/49/Running_man_1.gif" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#330099" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 0, 204);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><font color="#000000"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genomics"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Human Genomics</span></a></font></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Fully%20sequenced%20human%20genomes">Fully sequenced human genomes</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Fully%20sequenced%20female%20human%20genome">Fully sequenced female human genome</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mitochondrial%20Genomics">Mitochondrial Genomics</a>: Human mitochondrial genomics.</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Y%20Genomics">Y Genomics</a>: Human Y chromosome genomics.</li> <li>[[HelloGene]]</li> </td> <td> <p>&nbsp;　<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇ</span></p> </td> <td> <p><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;ㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇ</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics News Links"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics News Links</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Genomics Major Paper Publication"><span style="font-size: small;">Genomics Major Paper Publication</span></a></li> <li><a href="Your writing contribution to Genomics"><span style="font-size: small;">Your writing contribution to Genomics</span></a></li> <li><a href="Personal Genomics Issues"><span style="font-size: small;">Personal Genomics Issues</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;<b>(</b></span><b><a href="Genomic ethics"><span style="font-size: small;">Genomic ethics</span></a></b><span style="font-size: small;"><b>)</b></span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Species%20Specific%20Genomics"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Species Specific Genomics</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><span style="font-size: medium;"><font color="#0000ff"><font color="#000000"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Animal%20genomics">Animal genomics</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Plant%20genomics">Plant genomics</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Microbial%20genomics">Microbial genomics</a></b></font></font></span></p> <ul> <li>[[Primate Genomics]]</li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/C.%20elegans%20Genomics">C. elegans Genomics</a><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Cow%20genome">Cow genome</a><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Daphnia%20Genomics%20Consortium%20(DGC)">Daphnia Genomics Consortium (DGC)</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">(</font><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Insect%20genome">Insect genome</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">)</font><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Rice%20Genome%20at%20BGI%20China">Rice Genome at BGI China</a><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Sol%20Genomics">Sol Genomics</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">: Tomato</font><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Tiger%20Genome">Tiger Genome</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">:&nbsp;</font><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/TigerGenome%20Project%20by%20PGI%20Korea">TigerGenome Project by PGI Korea</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">.</font><br /> </b></li> <li><b><font color="#0000ff"><font color="#000000"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Yeast%20Genome">Yeast Genome</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">: SGD</font></font></font></b></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Projects"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Projects</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li>PGP&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal%20Genome%20Project">Personal Genome Project</a></li> <li>&quot;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/$0%20Genomics%20Project">$0 Genomics Project</a>&quot; Launched on-line. Please sign<i>!</i></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome%2010k%20Project">Genome 10k Project</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20List"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics List</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Agrogenomics"><font size="2">Agrogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Anthropogenomics"><font size="2">Anthropogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Autogenomics"><font size="2">Autogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chemicogenomics"><font size="2">Chemicogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chemogenomics"><font size="2">Chemogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chemgenomics"><font size="2">Chemgenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Demogenomics"><font size="2">Demogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Ecogenomics"><font size="2">Ecogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Econogenomics"><font size="2">Econogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Equigenomics"><font size="2">Equigenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Ethnogenomics"><font size="2">Ethnogenomics</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Eugenomics"><font size="2">Eugenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Gastrogenomics"><font size="2">Gastrogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Getontogenomics"><font size="2">Getontogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Gerogenomics"><font size="2">Gerogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Hepatogenomics"><font size="2">Hepatogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Immunogenomics"><font size="2">Immunogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Immunomics"><font size="2">Immunomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mammogenomics"><font size="2">Mammogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Metagenomics"><font size="2">Metagenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Microgenomics"><font size="2">Microgenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mitogenomics"><font size="2">Mitogenomics</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mycogenomics"><font size="2">Mycogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nanogenomics"><font size="2">Nanogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Neurogenomics"><font size="2">Neurogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/NitroGenomics"><font size="2">NitroGenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nutrigenomics"><font size="2">Nutrigenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nutragenomics"><font size="2">Nutragenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Omnigenomics"><font size="2">Omnigenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Oncogenomics"><font size="2">Oncogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Osteogenomics"><font size="2">Osteogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Pangenomics"><font size="2">Pangenomics</font></a></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Phylogenomics"><font size="2">Phylogenomics</font></a></font></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul><font size="2"> <li><font size="2">&nbsp;</font><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Phytogenomics"><font size="2">Phytogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Pulmogenomics"><font size="2">Pulmogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Psychogenomics"><font size="2">Psychogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Supergenomics"><font size="2">Supergenomics</font></a></li> <li>[[syntheticgenomics]]</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Toxicogenomics"><font size="2">Toxicogenomics</font></a></li> </font></ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Branches</strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Comparative%20Genomics"><font size="2">Comparative Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Free%20Genomics"><font size="2">Free Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Health%20Genomics"><font size="2">Health Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genomics"><font size="2">Human Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Open%20Genomics"><font size="2">Open Genomics</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal%20Genomics"><font size="2">Personal Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Public%20Genomics"><font size="2">Public Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Public%20Health%20Genomics"><font size="2">Public Health Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Synthetic%20Genomics"><font size="2">Synthetic Genomics</font></a></li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Essays%20and%20Opinions"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Essays and Opinions</span></b></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The%20Ultimate%20information%20of%20human%20beings">The Ultimate information of human beings</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Who%20have%20to%20insist%20on%20the%20first%20in%20genomics">Who have to insist on the first in genomics</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomic%20Philosophy">Genomic Philosophy</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="height: 172px; width: 1020.7999877929688px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ff0000" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Projects"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">G<span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">e</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 0);">n</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153);">o</span>mics&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(0, 255, 255);">P</span><span style="color: rgb(204, 255, 255);">u</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">b</span>lication</span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">&nbsp;and&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(0, 255, 255);">P</span>apers</span></span></span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">[[Genomics]] Journal from ScienceDirect (</span><a href="http://www.journals.elsevier.com/genomics/">http://www.journals.elsevier.com/genomics/</a>)</li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Genome Research</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Genome Biology</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Nature</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Science</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Cell</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">[[Major Genome Sequencing and Analysis&nbsp;Paper authors]]</span></b></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/7/79/Bioinstrument_company_logo_1.png" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4"><a href="Genomics Analysis Tools and Technology"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Analysis Tools and Technology</strong></span></a></font></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Bioinformatics"><font size="2">Bioinformatics</font></a></li> <li><a href="BioPipelines"><font size="2">BioPipelines</font></a></li> <li><a href="Biomatics"><font size="2">Biomatics</font></a></li> <li><a href="Genome compression">Genome compression</a></li> <li><a href="Amalga">Amalga</a>&nbsp;from Microsoft</li> </ul> </td> <td> <li><a href="Sequencing"><font size="2">Sequencing</font></a></li> <li><a href="GRID technology"><font size="2">GRID technology</font></a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></li> <li><a href="SNP chip"><font size="2">SNP chip</font></a></li> <li><a href="Genome sequence mapping">Genome sequence mapping</a></li> </td> <td> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Omics"><font size="2">Omics</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="BioEngine"><font size="2">BioEngine</font></a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎ</span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="BioComputing"><font size="2">BioComputing</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="JMP Genomics"><font size="2">JMP Genomics</font></a><font color="#000000" size="2">&nbsp;by SAS</font></span></li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/1/1a/Nasdaq_logo_4.png" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Companies"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Companies</strong></span></a></font></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/23andme.com"><font size="2">23andme.com</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/DNAgenotek.com"><font size="2">DNAgenotek.com</font></a><font size="2">:Saliva DNA</font></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Knome.com"><font size="2">Knome.com</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Navigenics.com"><font size="2">Navigenics.com</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nimblegen"><font size="2">Nimblegen</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Integrated%20Genomics"><font size="2">Integrated Genomics</font></a><font size="2">: Chicago based</font></li> </ul> </td> <td> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Affymetrix"><font size="2">Affymetrix</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Celera"><font size="2">Celera</font></a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genome%20Sciences,%20Inc.">Human Genome Sciences, Inc.</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹ</span></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Microsoft"><font size="2">Microsoft</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal%20Genome%20Companies"><font size="2">Personal Genome Companies</font></a></li> <li>[[Selah Genomics]]</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Synthetic%20Genomics">Synthetic Genomics</a>: by Venter</li> </td> <td> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Agowa"><font size="2">Agowa</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Decodeme.com"><font size="2">Decodeme.com</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Decode"><font size="2">Decode</font></a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎ</span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Illumina"><font size="2">Illumina</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/NanoGen"><font size="2">NanoGen</font></a></span></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/U.S.%20Genomics"><font size="2">U.S. Genomics</font></a></li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="4" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Meetings"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Meetings</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2010%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2010 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2007%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2007 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2004%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2004 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2009%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2009 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2006%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2006 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2003%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2003 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2008%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2008 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2005%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2005 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2002%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2002 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Centers"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Centers</strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Sanger%20Institute">Sanger Institute</a>&nbsp;UK</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/BGI">BGI</a>&nbsp;China</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/PGI">PGI</a>&nbsp;Korea</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/JGI">JGI</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/IGS%20at%20Maryland">IGS</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/IGB%20at%20UCI">IGB at UCI</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/JCVI">JCVI</a>&nbsp;USA</font></li> <li>[[Genomics in CDC (USA)]]</li> <li>[[DOE Genomics]]</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Organizations%20and%20Alliances"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Organizations and Alliances</strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><a href="http://bioitalliance.org/">Microsoft BioIT Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/GenomeFoundation.org">GenomeFoundation.org</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Stanford%20Genomics%20Resources">Stanford Genomics Resources</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20People"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics People</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/You!"><strong>You!</strong></a></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Craig%20Venter">Craig Venter</a></b></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Fred%20Sanger">Fred Sanger</a></b></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Seong-Jin%20Kim">Seong-Jin Kim</a></b></span></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><font size="2"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/George%20Church">George Church</a></b></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Yang%20Huanming">Yang Huanming</a></b></span></li> </ul> </td> <td><font size="2"> <ul> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/James%20Watson">James Watson</a></b></li> </ul> </font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20by%20Country"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics by Country</strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/British%20Genomics"><span style="font-size: medium;">British Genomics</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">: Genomics in the UK</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Canadian%20Genomics">Canadian Genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chinese%20Genomics">Chinese Genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Korean%20Genomics">Korean Genomics</a></span><font size="2"><span style="font-size: medium;">:&nbsp;</span><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/PGI"><span style="font-size: medium;">PGI</span></a><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/TBI"><span style="font-size: medium;">TBI</span></a></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Netherlands%20Genomics">Netherlands Genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/US%20Genomics">US Genomics</a></span><span style="font-size: medium;">: Genomics in the USA</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Japanese%20Genomics">Japanese Genomics</a></span><font size="2"><span style="font-size: medium;">:&nbsp;</span><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/GenomeNet"><span style="font-size: medium;">GenomeNet</span></a></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">[[Autralian Genomics]]</span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Methods"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Methods</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li>Karyotyping</li> <li>Mass spectrometry</li> <li>Western blot</li> <li>Chromosomal watlking</li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li>PCR</li> <li>Yeast Two Hybrid</li> <li>Northern blot</li> <li>RFLP</li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li>Immunoprecipitation</li> <li>Southern blot</li> <li>Elisa</li> <li> <p><span style="font-size: small;">[[Method of Sample (gDNA) Preparation for Sending out]]</span></p> </li> </ul> </td> <td><font size="2"> <ul> <li>SDS-page</li> <li>Immunofluorescence</li> <li>Real-time PCR</li> </ul> </font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Theory"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Genomics L</span></a><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">abs</span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;[[Dr. Ban Doohee lab in Yeonsei University Korea]]</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20History"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics History</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Glossary"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Glossary</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Programs"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Software Programs</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome%20alignement%20programs"><strong><font size="2">Genome alignement programs</font></strong></a></li> <li><strong><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome%20visualization%20programs">Genome visualization programs</a></font></strong></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="ADN static.png" width="29" height="29" src="/images/thumb/c/c2/ADN_static.png/50px-ADN_static.png" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Image"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Image</strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics Portals"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Portals</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Opinion on Genomics"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Opinions on Genomics</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><a href="About Human Genome Project"><span style="font-size: small;">About Human Genome Project</span></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics Issues and Problems"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Issues and Problems</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><a href="Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008"><span style="font-size: small;">Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008</span></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong><a href="Read Journals and Publications"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Journals</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="BMC Genomics"><font size="2">BMC Genomics</font></a></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genome Biology">Genome Biology</a>&nbsp;by BMC Ltd with Springer Science</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Elsevier Genomics">Elsevier Genomics</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="BMC Medical Genomics">BMC Medical Genomics</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Open Genomics Journal">Open Genomics Journal</a></font></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Physiological Genomics"><font size="2">Physiological Genomics</font></a><font size="2">&nbsp;by The American Physiological Society</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genome Research">Genome Research</a>&nbsp;by CSHL</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genome from NRC press">Genome from NRC press</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genomics from Elsevier">Genomics from Elsevier</a></font></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Books and Guide</span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;[[Brief guide to Genomics]] by&nbsp;<span style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">&quot;National Human Genome Research Institute.&quot;</span></span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1098px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics in TV and Media</strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;<b>BBC analysis on Human Genome after 10 years in YouTube</b>: &nbsp;<a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Mu9Qv-lSrU&amp;feature=autoplay&amp;list=PLC67E043CBD218D2D&amp;playnext=2">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Mu9Qv-lSrU&amp;feature=autoplay&amp;list=PLC67E043CBD218D2D&amp;playnext=2</a></li> <li><b>Boys cured with Gene Therapy 2004 article</b>:&nbsp;<a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4101411.stm">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4101411.stm</a></li> <li>[[Theragen BiO Institute]]</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genome Wish"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genome Wish</span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-large;">:<b>what I can do with my genome.</b></span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genomics version 2.0"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics version 2.0</span></strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Full Genomics"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Full Genomics</span></strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><font color="#808080" size="6">♬</font></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genomic Art"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomic Art</strong></span></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong style="font-size: large; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: center; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;۩&nbsp;</font></strong></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics Prizes"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Genomics Prizes</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genome references"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genome references</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Post genomics era"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Post genomics era</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">Genomics era has arrived in 2008. Post-genomics era will come in 2050. - Jong Bhak</span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="External links"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">External links</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://www.cdc.gov/genomics">CDC genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://bioinfoblog.it/">Bioinfoblog.it</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://proteome.net">Proteome.net</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://microbiome.org">Microbiome.org</a></span><font size="2"><a href="http://www.biodata.com"><span style="font-size: medium;">Laboratory Management</span></a></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://microbiomics.org/">Microbiomics.org</a></span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Advertisement</strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Totalomics full sequencing and bioinformatics analysis service">Totalomics full sequencing and bioinformatics analysis service</a></span></li> <li><a href="About Genomics.org"><span style="font-size: medium;">About Genomics.org</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;</span></li> <li><a href="Unleashing your genome"><span style="font-size: medium;">Unleashing your genome</span></a></li> <li><a href="Who maintains Genomics.org?"><span style="font-size: medium;">Who maintains Genomics.org?</span></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 486bcd0579ef04497d39271a5b02fc8f56b34634 4593 4582 2013-08-05T07:22:25Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>&nbsp;<img alt="" width="1050" height="211" src="/userfiles/main.jpg" style="text-align: center; height: 148px; width: 850px;" /></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><i><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Openfree"><b>Openfree</b></a></i><b><i>&nbsp;</i></b></span><b><span style="font-size: xx-large;"><font face="Courier New"><font color="#3366ff">G</font><font color="#ff0000">e</font></font><font color="#3366ff"><font face="Courier New">nomic</font><font face="Verdana">$</font>.<font face="Courier New">org&nbsp;</font></font></span></b></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><b><font color="#3366ff"><span style="font-size: small;"><a title="Genomics Organization" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics_Organization">Genomics Organization</a></span></font></b><span style="font-size: small;"><b><font color="#008080"><font color="#666699">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/What%20is%20genomics?">What is genomics?</a></font></font></b></span></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><font color="#008080"><font color="#666699">[[Genomics.org]] is a research and development organization located in La Jolla, CA.</font></font></b></span></p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/1/11/Globe_5.gif" /></strong></span></span></td> <td style="background-color: rgb(51, 0, 204);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>&nbsp;</strong><a href="Genomics News and Ads Archive"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics News and Ads Archive</strong></span></a><strong>&nbsp;<font size="4">◇&nbsp;</font></strong><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="The first genomes"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>The first genomes</strong></span></a></span></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <ul> <li>[[Korean Reference Genome Project]]</li> <li>[[Verinata gets prenatal test approval 2013 Aug]]</li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">[[Billion Genome Project]]: PGI, Genome Research Foundation &nbsp;launches Billlion Genome Project (2012 Sep. 4th). &nbsp;</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">[[Open Access Pharmacogenomics Project]]: OpenPGX launched by Indian scientists.</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">[[Faroe island nation genome project]]</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">[[Origins of the E. coli Strain Causing an Outbreak of Hemolytic&ndash;Uremic Syndrome in Germany]]. NEJM. 2011 July 27th.&nbsp;<br /> </span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Tasmanian devil genome sequenced"><span style="font-size: small;">Tasmanian devil genome sequenced</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: PNAS June 27th 2011</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Multiple myeloma genomes sequenced"><span style="font-size: small;">Multiple myeloma genomes sequenced</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: 20110324 Nature.</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Prostate cancer genomes sequenced by Broad and Dana Faber"><span style="font-size: small;">Prostate cancer genomes sequenced by Broad and Dana Faber</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: 20110214</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Desmond Tutu talks about his genome"><span style="font-size: small;">Desmond Tutu talks about his genome</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: 20110222</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) genome sequenced 20110131"><span style="font-size: small;">Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) genome sequenced 20110131</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;PNAS</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img alt="" src="/images/8/81/Paris_japonica_logo_openfree.gif" />&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica"><span style="font-size: small;">The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">: 20101009 &rArr;&nbsp;</span><a href="Genome size"><span style="font-size: small;">Genome size</span></a></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><img alt="" src="/images/d/d8/Turkey_logo_2.gif" />&nbsp;</span><a href="Turkey genome sequenced 20100907"><span style="font-size: small;">Turkey genome sequenced 20100907</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;&rArr;&nbsp;</span><a href="Bird genome"><span style="font-size: small;">Bird genome</span></a></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><img alt="" src="/images/a/a1/Scripps_logo_openfree_1.gif" />&nbsp;<img alt="" src="/images/f/fe/Sanofi_aventis_logo1.gif" />&nbsp;</span><a href="Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging"><span style="font-size: small;">Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;20100818</span></li> <li><a href="Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection"><span style="font-size: small;">Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">: 20100810</span></li> <li><a href="The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill"><span style="font-size: small;">The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">: PGP9. 20100330.</span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/b/b8/Dna_sm_tran_openfree.gif" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#ff0099" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(255, 0, 153);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>&nbsp;What is&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics</span></a>?</strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <li><a href="Getting your own Genome">Getting your own Genome</a></li> <li><a href="Personal Genome Project">Personal Genome Project</a></li> <li><a href="Possible genomic diseases of you">Possible genomic diseases of you</a></li> <li><a href="Storing your genome in you PC">Storing your genome in you PC</a></li> <li><a href="Fully sequenced genomes">Fully sequenced genomes</a></li> <li><a href="Full Genome Sequencing">Full Genome Sequencing</a></li> <li><a href="Genomic Equality">Genomic Equality</a></li> </td> <td> <li><a href="Free Genomics Project">Free Genomics Project</a></li> <li><a href="Free genomes">Free genomes</a></li> <li><a href="Viewing your genetics family">Viewing your genetics family</a></li> <li><a href="Specific Omics">Specific Omics</a></li> <li><a href="A brief guide to genomics from NHGRI">A brief guide to genomics from NHGRI</a></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Interesting things in your Genome">Interesting things in your Genome</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Public Genomics Project">Public Genomics Project</a></span></li> </td> <td> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Compare your genome with other people's">Compare your genome with other people's</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Visualizing your genome">Visualizing your genome</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genome Projects">Genome Projects</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genome History">Genome History</a></span></li> <li>[[The principle of universal genome]]<br /> &nbsp;</li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/4/49/Running_man_1.gif" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#330099" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 0, 204);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><font color="#000000"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genomics"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Human Genomics</span></a></font></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Fully%20sequenced%20human%20genomes">Fully sequenced human genomes</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Fully%20sequenced%20female%20human%20genome">Fully sequenced female human genome</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mitochondrial%20Genomics">Mitochondrial Genomics</a>: Human mitochondrial genomics.</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Y%20Genomics">Y Genomics</a>: Human Y chromosome genomics.</li> <li>[[HelloGene]]</li> </td> <td> <p>&nbsp;　<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇ</span></p> </td> <td> <p><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;ㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇ</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics News Links"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics News Links</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Genomics Major Paper Publication"><span style="font-size: small;">Genomics Major Paper Publication</span></a></li> <li><a href="Your writing contribution to Genomics"><span style="font-size: small;">Your writing contribution to Genomics</span></a></li> <li><a href="Personal Genomics Issues"><span style="font-size: small;">Personal Genomics Issues</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;<b>(</b></span><b><a href="Genomic ethics"><span style="font-size: small;">Genomic ethics</span></a></b><span style="font-size: small;"><b>)</b></span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Species%20Specific%20Genomics"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Species Specific Genomics</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><span style="font-size: medium;"><font color="#0000ff"><font color="#000000"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Animal%20genomics">Animal genomics</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Plant%20genomics">Plant genomics</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Microbial%20genomics">Microbial genomics</a></b></font></font></span></p> <ul> <li>[[Primate Genomics]]</li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/C.%20elegans%20Genomics">C. elegans Genomics</a><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Cow%20genome">Cow genome</a><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Daphnia%20Genomics%20Consortium%20(DGC)">Daphnia Genomics Consortium (DGC)</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">(</font><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Insect%20genome">Insect genome</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">)</font><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Rice%20Genome%20at%20BGI%20China">Rice Genome at BGI China</a><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Sol%20Genomics">Sol Genomics</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">: Tomato</font><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Tiger%20Genome">Tiger Genome</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">:&nbsp;</font><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/TigerGenome%20Project%20by%20PGI%20Korea">TigerGenome Project by PGI Korea</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">.</font><br /> </b></li> <li><b><font color="#0000ff"><font color="#000000"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Yeast%20Genome">Yeast Genome</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">: SGD</font></font></font></b></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Projects"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Projects</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li>PGP&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal%20Genome%20Project">Personal Genome Project</a></li> <li>&quot;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/$0%20Genomics%20Project">$0 Genomics Project</a>&quot; Launched on-line. Please sign<i>!</i></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome%2010k%20Project">Genome 10k Project</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20List"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics List</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Agrogenomics"><font size="2">Agrogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Anthropogenomics"><font size="2">Anthropogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Autogenomics"><font size="2">Autogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chemicogenomics"><font size="2">Chemicogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chemogenomics"><font size="2">Chemogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chemgenomics"><font size="2">Chemgenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Demogenomics"><font size="2">Demogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Ecogenomics"><font size="2">Ecogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Econogenomics"><font size="2">Econogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Equigenomics"><font size="2">Equigenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Ethnogenomics"><font size="2">Ethnogenomics</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Eugenomics"><font size="2">Eugenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Gastrogenomics"><font size="2">Gastrogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Getontogenomics"><font size="2">Getontogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Gerogenomics"><font size="2">Gerogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Hepatogenomics"><font size="2">Hepatogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Immunogenomics"><font size="2">Immunogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Immunomics"><font size="2">Immunomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mammogenomics"><font size="2">Mammogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Metagenomics"><font size="2">Metagenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Microgenomics"><font size="2">Microgenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mitogenomics"><font size="2">Mitogenomics</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mycogenomics"><font size="2">Mycogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nanogenomics"><font size="2">Nanogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Neurogenomics"><font size="2">Neurogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/NitroGenomics"><font size="2">NitroGenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nutrigenomics"><font size="2">Nutrigenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nutragenomics"><font size="2">Nutragenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Omnigenomics"><font size="2">Omnigenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Oncogenomics"><font size="2">Oncogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Osteogenomics"><font size="2">Osteogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Pangenomics"><font size="2">Pangenomics</font></a></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Phylogenomics"><font size="2">Phylogenomics</font></a></font></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul><font size="2"> <li><font size="2">&nbsp;</font><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Phytogenomics"><font size="2">Phytogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Pulmogenomics"><font size="2">Pulmogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Psychogenomics"><font size="2">Psychogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Supergenomics"><font size="2">Supergenomics</font></a></li> <li>[[syntheticgenomics]]</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Toxicogenomics"><font size="2">Toxicogenomics</font></a></li> </font></ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Branches</strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Comparative%20Genomics"><font size="2">Comparative Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Free%20Genomics"><font size="2">Free Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Health%20Genomics"><font size="2">Health Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genomics"><font size="2">Human Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Open%20Genomics"><font size="2">Open Genomics</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal%20Genomics"><font size="2">Personal Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Public%20Genomics"><font size="2">Public Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Public%20Health%20Genomics"><font size="2">Public Health Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Synthetic%20Genomics"><font size="2">Synthetic Genomics</font></a></li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Essays%20and%20Opinions"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Essays and Opinions</span></b></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The%20Ultimate%20information%20of%20human%20beings">The Ultimate information of human beings</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Who%20have%20to%20insist%20on%20the%20first%20in%20genomics">Who have to insist on the first in genomics</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomic%20Philosophy">Genomic Philosophy</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="height: 172px; width: 1020.7999877929688px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ff0000" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Projects"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">G<span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">e</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 0);">n</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153);">o</span>mics&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(0, 255, 255);">P</span><span style="color: rgb(204, 255, 255);">u</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">b</span>lication</span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">&nbsp;and&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(0, 255, 255);">P</span>apers</span></span></span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">[[Genomics]] Journal from ScienceDirect (</span><a href="http://www.journals.elsevier.com/genomics/">http://www.journals.elsevier.com/genomics/</a>)</li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Genome Research</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Genome Biology</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Nature</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Science</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Cell</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">[[Major Genome Sequencing and Analysis&nbsp;Paper authors]]</span></b></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/7/79/Bioinstrument_company_logo_1.png" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4"><a href="Genomics Analysis Tools and Technology"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Analysis Tools and Technology</strong></span></a></font></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Bioinformatics"><font size="2">Bioinformatics</font></a></li> <li><a href="BioPipelines"><font size="2">BioPipelines</font></a></li> <li><a href="Biomatics"><font size="2">Biomatics</font></a></li> <li><a href="Genome compression">Genome compression</a></li> <li><a href="Amalga">Amalga</a>&nbsp;from Microsoft</li> </ul> </td> <td> <li><a href="Sequencing"><font size="2">Sequencing</font></a></li> <li><a href="GRID technology"><font size="2">GRID technology</font></a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></li> <li><a href="SNP chip"><font size="2">SNP chip</font></a></li> <li><a href="Genome sequence mapping">Genome sequence mapping</a></li> </td> <td> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Omics"><font size="2">Omics</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="BioEngine"><font size="2">BioEngine</font></a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎ</span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="BioComputing"><font size="2">BioComputing</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="JMP Genomics"><font size="2">JMP Genomics</font></a><font color="#000000" size="2">&nbsp;by SAS</font></span></li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/1/1a/Nasdaq_logo_4.png" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Companies"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Companies</strong></span></a></font></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/23andme.com"><font size="2">23andme.com</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/DNAgenotek.com"><font size="2">DNAgenotek.com</font></a><font size="2">:Saliva DNA</font></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Knome.com"><font size="2">Knome.com</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Navigenics.com"><font size="2">Navigenics.com</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nimblegen"><font size="2">Nimblegen</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Integrated%20Genomics"><font size="2">Integrated Genomics</font></a><font size="2">: Chicago based</font></li> </ul> </td> <td> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Affymetrix"><font size="2">Affymetrix</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Celera"><font size="2">Celera</font></a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genome%20Sciences,%20Inc.">Human Genome Sciences, Inc.</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹ</span></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Microsoft"><font size="2">Microsoft</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal%20Genome%20Companies"><font size="2">Personal Genome Companies</font></a></li> <li>[[Selah Genomics]]</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Synthetic%20Genomics">Synthetic Genomics</a>: by Venter</li> </td> <td> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Agowa"><font size="2">Agowa</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Decodeme.com"><font size="2">Decodeme.com</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Decode"><font size="2">Decode</font></a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎ</span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Illumina"><font size="2">Illumina</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/NanoGen"><font size="2">NanoGen</font></a></span></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/U.S.%20Genomics"><font size="2">U.S. Genomics</font></a></li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="4" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Meetings"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Meetings</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2010%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2010 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2007%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2007 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2004%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2004 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2009%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2009 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2006%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2006 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2003%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2003 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2008%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2008 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2005%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2005 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2002%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2002 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Centers"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Centers</strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Sanger%20Institute">Sanger Institute</a>&nbsp;UK</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/BGI">BGI</a>&nbsp;China</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/PGI">PGI</a>&nbsp;Korea</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/JGI">JGI</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/IGS%20at%20Maryland">IGS</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/IGB%20at%20UCI">IGB at UCI</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/JCVI">JCVI</a>&nbsp;USA</font></li> <li>[[Genomics in CDC (USA)]]</li> <li>[[DOE Genomics]]</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Organizations%20and%20Alliances"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Organizations and Alliances</strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><a href="http://bioitalliance.org/">Microsoft BioIT Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/GenomeFoundation.org">GenomeFoundation.org</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Stanford%20Genomics%20Resources">Stanford Genomics Resources</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20People"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics People</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/You!"><strong>You!</strong></a></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Craig%20Venter">Craig Venter</a></b></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Fred%20Sanger">Fred Sanger</a></b></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Seong-Jin%20Kim">Seong-Jin Kim</a></b></span></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><font size="2"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/George%20Church">George Church</a></b></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Yang%20Huanming">Yang Huanming</a></b></span></li> </ul> </td> <td><font size="2"> <ul> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/James%20Watson">James Watson</a></b></li> </ul> </font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20by%20Country"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics by Country</strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/British%20Genomics"><span style="font-size: medium;">British Genomics</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">: Genomics in the UK</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Canadian%20Genomics">Canadian Genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chinese%20Genomics">Chinese Genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Korean%20Genomics">Korean Genomics</a></span><font size="2"><span style="font-size: medium;">:&nbsp;</span><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/PGI"><span style="font-size: medium;">PGI</span></a><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/TBI"><span style="font-size: medium;">TBI</span></a></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Netherlands%20Genomics">Netherlands Genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/US%20Genomics">US Genomics</a></span><span style="font-size: medium;">: Genomics in the USA</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Japanese%20Genomics">Japanese Genomics</a></span><font size="2"><span style="font-size: medium;">:&nbsp;</span><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/GenomeNet"><span style="font-size: medium;">GenomeNet</span></a></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">[[Autralian Genomics]]</span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Methods"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Methods</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li>Karyotyping</li> <li>Mass spectrometry</li> <li>Western blot</li> <li>Chromosomal watlking</li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li>PCR</li> <li>Yeast Two Hybrid</li> <li>Northern blot</li> <li>RFLP</li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li>Immunoprecipitation</li> <li>Southern blot</li> <li>Elisa</li> <li> <p><span style="font-size: small;">[[Method of Sample (gDNA) Preparation for Sending out]]</span></p> </li> </ul> </td> <td><font size="2"> <ul> <li>SDS-page</li> <li>Immunofluorescence</li> <li>Real-time PCR</li> </ul> </font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Theory"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Genomics L</span></a><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">abs</span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;[[Dr. Ban Doohee lab in Yeonsei University Korea]]</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20History"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics History</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Glossary"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Glossary</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Programs"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Software Programs</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome%20alignement%20programs"><strong><font size="2">Genome alignement programs</font></strong></a></li> <li><strong><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome%20visualization%20programs">Genome visualization programs</a></font></strong></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="ADN static.png" width="29" height="29" src="/images/thumb/c/c2/ADN_static.png/50px-ADN_static.png" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Image"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Image</strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics Portals"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Portals</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Opinion on Genomics"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Opinions on Genomics</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><a href="About Human Genome Project"><span style="font-size: small;">About Human Genome Project</span></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics Issues and Problems"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Issues and Problems</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><a href="Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008"><span style="font-size: small;">Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008</span></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong><a href="Read Journals and Publications"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Journals</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="BMC Genomics"><font size="2">BMC Genomics</font></a></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genome Biology">Genome Biology</a>&nbsp;by BMC Ltd with Springer Science</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Elsevier Genomics">Elsevier Genomics</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="BMC Medical Genomics">BMC Medical Genomics</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Open Genomics Journal">Open Genomics Journal</a></font></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Physiological Genomics"><font size="2">Physiological Genomics</font></a><font size="2">&nbsp;by The American Physiological Society</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genome Research">Genome Research</a>&nbsp;by CSHL</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genome from NRC press">Genome from NRC press</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genomics from Elsevier">Genomics from Elsevier</a></font></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Books and Guide</span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;[[Brief guide to Genomics]] by&nbsp;<span style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">&quot;National Human Genome Research Institute.&quot;</span></span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1098px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics in TV and Media</strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;<b>BBC analysis on Human Genome after 10 years in YouTube</b>: &nbsp;<a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Mu9Qv-lSrU&amp;feature=autoplay&amp;list=PLC67E043CBD218D2D&amp;playnext=2">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Mu9Qv-lSrU&amp;feature=autoplay&amp;list=PLC67E043CBD218D2D&amp;playnext=2</a></li> <li><b>Boys cured with Gene Therapy 2004 article</b>:&nbsp;<a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4101411.stm">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4101411.stm</a></li> <li>[[Theragen BiO Institute]]</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genome Wish"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genome Wish</span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-large;">:<b>what I can do with my genome.</b></span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genomics version 2.0"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics version 2.0</span></strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Full Genomics"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Full Genomics</span></strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><font color="#808080" size="6">♬</font></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genomic Art"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomic Art</strong></span></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong style="font-size: large; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: center; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;۩&nbsp;</font></strong></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics Prizes"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Genomics Prizes</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genome references"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genome references</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Post genomics era"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Post genomics era</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">Genomics era has arrived in 2008. Post-genomics era will come in 2050. - Jong Bhak</span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="External links"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">External links</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://www.cdc.gov/genomics">CDC genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://bioinfoblog.it/">Bioinfoblog.it</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://proteome.net">Proteome.net</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://microbiome.org">Microbiome.org</a></span><font size="2"><a href="http://www.biodata.com"><span style="font-size: medium;">Laboratory Management</span></a></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://microbiomics.org/">Microbiomics.org</a></span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Advertisement</strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Totalomics full sequencing and bioinformatics analysis service">Totalomics full sequencing and bioinformatics analysis service</a></span></li> <li><a href="About Genomics.org"><span style="font-size: medium;">About Genomics.org</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;</span></li> <li><a href="Unleashing your genome"><span style="font-size: medium;">Unleashing your genome</span></a></li> <li><a href="Who maintains Genomics.org?"><span style="font-size: medium;">Who maintains Genomics.org?</span></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 10d325955da0a4d446a0f400fe2c93488c0a91da 4608 4593 2013-08-09T21:52:04Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>&nbsp;<img alt="" width="1050" height="211" src="/userfiles/main.jpg" style="text-align: center; height: 148px; width: 850px;" /></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><i><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Openfree"><b>Openfree</b></a></i><b><i>&nbsp;</i></b></span><b><span style="font-size: xx-large;"><font face="Courier New"><font color="#3366ff">G</font><font color="#ff0000">e</font></font><font color="#3366ff"><font face="Courier New">nomic</font><font face="Verdana">$</font>.<font face="Courier New">org&nbsp;</font></font></span></b></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><b><font color="#3366ff"><span style="font-size: small;"><a title="Genomics Organization" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics_Organization">Genomics Organization</a></span></font></b><span style="font-size: small;"><b><font color="#008080"><font color="#666699">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/What%20is%20genomics?">What is genomics?</a></font></font></b></span></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><font color="#008080"><font color="#666699">[[Genomics.org]] is a research and development organization located in La Jolla, CA.</font></font></b></span></p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/1/11/Globe_5.gif" /></strong></span></span></td> <td style="background-color: rgb(51, 0, 204);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>&nbsp;</strong><a href="Genomics News and Ads Archive"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics News and Ads Archive</strong></span></a><strong>&nbsp;<font size="4">◇&nbsp;</font></strong><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="The first genomes"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>The first genomes</strong></span></a></span></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <ul> <li>[[Korean Reference Genome Project]]</li> <li>[[Verinata gets prenatal test approval 2013 Aug]]</li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">[[Billion Genome Project]]: PGI, Genome Research Foundation &nbsp;launches Billlion Genome Project (2012 Sep. 4th). &nbsp;</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">[[Open Access Pharmacogenomics Project]]: OpenPGX launched by Indian scientists.</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">[[Faroe island nation genome project]]</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">[[Origins of the E. coli Strain Causing an Outbreak of Hemolytic&ndash;Uremic Syndrome in Germany]]. NEJM. 2011 July 27th.&nbsp;<br /> </span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Tasmanian devil genome sequenced"><span style="font-size: small;">Tasmanian devil genome sequenced</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: PNAS June 27th 2011</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Multiple myeloma genomes sequenced"><span style="font-size: small;">Multiple myeloma genomes sequenced</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: 20110324 Nature.</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Prostate cancer genomes sequenced by Broad and Dana Faber"><span style="font-size: small;">Prostate cancer genomes sequenced by Broad and Dana Faber</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: 20110214</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Desmond Tutu talks about his genome"><span style="font-size: small;">Desmond Tutu talks about his genome</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: 20110222</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) genome sequenced 20110131"><span style="font-size: small;">Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) genome sequenced 20110131</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;PNAS</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img alt="" src="/images/8/81/Paris_japonica_logo_openfree.gif" />&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica"><span style="font-size: small;">The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">: 20101009 &rArr;&nbsp;</span><a href="Genome size"><span style="font-size: small;">Genome size</span></a></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><img alt="" src="/images/d/d8/Turkey_logo_2.gif" />&nbsp;</span><a href="Turkey genome sequenced 20100907"><span style="font-size: small;">Turkey genome sequenced 20100907</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;&rArr;&nbsp;</span><a href="Bird genome"><span style="font-size: small;">Bird genome</span></a></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><img alt="" src="/images/a/a1/Scripps_logo_openfree_1.gif" />&nbsp;<img alt="" src="/images/f/fe/Sanofi_aventis_logo1.gif" />&nbsp;</span><a href="Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging"><span style="font-size: small;">Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;20100818</span></li> <li><a href="Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection"><span style="font-size: small;">Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">: 20100810</span></li> <li><a href="The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill"><span style="font-size: small;">The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">: PGP9. 20100330.</span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/b/b8/Dna_sm_tran_openfree.gif" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#ff0099" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(255, 0, 153);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>&nbsp;What is&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics</span></a>?</strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <li><a href="Getting your own Genome">Getting your own Genome</a></li> <li><a href="Personal Genome Project">Personal Genome Project</a></li> <li><a href="Possible genomic diseases of you">Possible genomic diseases of you</a></li> <li><a href="Storing your genome in you PC">Storing your genome in you PC</a></li> <li><a href="Fully sequenced genomes">Fully sequenced genomes</a></li> <li><a href="Full Genome Sequencing">Full Genome Sequencing</a></li> <li><a href="Genomic Equality">Genomic Equality</a></li> </td> <td> <li><a href="Free Genomics Project">Free Genomics Project</a></li> <li><a href="Free genomes">Free genomes</a></li> <li><a href="Viewing your genetics family">Viewing your genetics family</a></li> <li><a href="Specific Omics">Specific Omics</a></li> <li><a href="A brief guide to genomics from NHGRI">A brief guide to genomics from NHGRI</a></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Interesting things in your Genome">Interesting things in your Genome</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Public Genomics Project">Public Genomics Project</a></span></li> </td> <td> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Compare your genome with other people's">Compare your genome with other people's</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Visualizing your genome">Visualizing your genome</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genome Projects">Genome Projects</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genome History">Genome History</a></span></li> <li>[[The principle of universal genome]]<br /> &nbsp;</li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/4/49/Running_man_1.gif" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#330099" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 0, 204);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><font color="#000000"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genomics"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Human Genomics</span></a></font></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Fully%20sequenced%20human%20genomes">Fully sequenced human genomes</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Fully%20sequenced%20female%20human%20genome">Fully sequenced female human genome</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mitochondrial%20Genomics">Mitochondrial Genomics</a>: Human mitochondrial genomics.</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Y%20Genomics">Y Genomics</a>: Human Y chromosome genomics.</li> <li>[[HelloGene]]</li> </td> <td> <p>&nbsp;　<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇ</span></p> </td> <td> <p><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;ㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇ</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics News Links"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics News Links</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Genomics Major Paper Publication"><span style="font-size: small;">Genomics Major Paper Publication</span></a></li> <li><a href="Your writing contribution to Genomics"><span style="font-size: small;">Your writing contribution to Genomics</span></a></li> <li><a href="Personal Genomics Issues"><span style="font-size: small;">Personal Genomics Issues</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;<b>(</b></span><b><a href="Genomic ethics"><span style="font-size: small;">Genomic ethics</span></a></b><span style="font-size: small;"><b>)</b></span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Species%20Specific%20Genomics"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Species Specific Genomics</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><span style="font-size: medium;"><font color="#0000ff"><font color="#000000"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Animal%20genomics">Animal genomics</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Plant%20genomics">Plant genomics</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Microbial%20genomics">Microbial genomics</a></b></font></font></span></p> <ul> <li>[[Primate Genomics]]</li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/C.%20elegans%20Genomics">C. elegans Genomics</a><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Cow%20genome">Cow genome</a><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Daphnia%20Genomics%20Consortium%20(DGC)">Daphnia Genomics Consortium (DGC)</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">(</font><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Insect%20genome">Insect genome</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">)</font><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Rice%20Genome%20at%20BGI%20China">Rice Genome at BGI China</a><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Sol%20Genomics">Sol Genomics</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">: Tomato</font><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Tiger%20Genome">Tiger Genome</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">:&nbsp;</font><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/TigerGenome%20Project%20by%20PGI%20Korea">TigerGenome Project by PGI Korea</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">.</font><br /> </b></li> <li><b><font color="#0000ff"><font color="#000000"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Yeast%20Genome">Yeast Genome</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">: SGD</font></font></font></b></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Projects"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Projects</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li>PGP&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal%20Genome%20Project">Personal Genome Project</a></li> <li>&quot;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/$0%20Genomics%20Project">$0 Genomics Project</a>&quot; Launched on-line. Please sign<i>!</i></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome%2010k%20Project">Genome 10k Project</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20List"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics List</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Agrogenomics"><font size="2">Agrogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Anthropogenomics"><font size="2">Anthropogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Autogenomics"><font size="2">Autogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chemicogenomics"><font size="2">Chemicogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chemogenomics"><font size="2">Chemogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chemgenomics"><font size="2">Chemgenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Demogenomics"><font size="2">Demogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Ecogenomics"><font size="2">Ecogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Econogenomics"><font size="2">Econogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Equigenomics"><font size="2">Equigenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Ethnogenomics"><font size="2">Ethnogenomics</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Eugenomics"><font size="2">Eugenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Gastrogenomics"><font size="2">Gastrogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Getontogenomics"><font size="2">Getontogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Gerogenomics"><font size="2">Gerogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Hepatogenomics"><font size="2">Hepatogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Immunogenomics"><font size="2">Immunogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Immunomics"><font size="2">Immunomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mammogenomics"><font size="2">Mammogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Metagenomics"><font size="2">Metagenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Microgenomics"><font size="2">Microgenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mitogenomics"><font size="2">Mitogenomics</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mycogenomics"><font size="2">Mycogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nanogenomics"><font size="2">Nanogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Neurogenomics"><font size="2">Neurogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/NitroGenomics"><font size="2">NitroGenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nutrigenomics"><font size="2">Nutrigenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nutragenomics"><font size="2">Nutragenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Omnigenomics"><font size="2">Omnigenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Oncogenomics"><font size="2">Oncogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Osteogenomics"><font size="2">Osteogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Pangenomics"><font size="2">Pangenomics</font></a></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Phylogenomics"><font size="2">Phylogenomics</font></a></font></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul><font size="2"> <li><font size="2">&nbsp;</font><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Phytogenomics"><font size="2">Phytogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Pulmogenomics"><font size="2">Pulmogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Psychogenomics"><font size="2">Psychogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Supergenomics"><font size="2">Supergenomics</font></a></li> <li>[[syntheticgenomics]]</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Toxicogenomics"><font size="2">Toxicogenomics</font></a></li> </font></ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Branches</strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Comparative%20Genomics"><font size="2">Comparative Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Free%20Genomics"><font size="2">Free Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Health%20Genomics"><font size="2">Health Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genomics"><font size="2">Human Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Open%20Genomics"><font size="2">Open Genomics</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal%20Genomics"><font size="2">Personal Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Public%20Genomics"><font size="2">Public Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Public%20Health%20Genomics"><font size="2">Public Health Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Synthetic%20Genomics"><font size="2">Synthetic Genomics</font></a></li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Essays%20and%20Opinions"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Essays and Opinions</span></b></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The%20Ultimate%20information%20of%20human%20beings">The Ultimate information of human beings</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Who%20have%20to%20insist%20on%20the%20first%20in%20genomics">Who have to insist on the first in genomics</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomic%20Philosophy">Genomic Philosophy</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="height: 172px; width: 1020.7999877929688px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ff0000" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Projects"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">G<span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">e</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 0);">n</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153);">o</span>mics&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(0, 255, 255);">P</span><span style="color: rgb(204, 255, 255);">u</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">b</span>lication</span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">&nbsp;and&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(0, 255, 255);">P</span>apers</span></span></span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">[[Genomics]] Journal from ScienceDirect (</span><a href="http://www.journals.elsevier.com/genomics/">http://www.journals.elsevier.com/genomics/</a>)</li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Genome Research</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Genome Biology</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Nature</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Science</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Cell</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">[[Major Genome Sequencing and Analysis&nbsp;Paper authors]]</span></b></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/7/79/Bioinstrument_company_logo_1.png" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4"><a href="Genomics Analysis Tools and Technology"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Analysis Tools and Technology</strong></span></a></font></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Bioinformatics"><font size="2">Bioinformatics</font></a></li> <li><a href="BioPipelines"><font size="2">BioPipelines</font></a></li> <li><a href="Biomatics"><font size="2">Biomatics</font></a></li> <li><a href="Genome compression">Genome compression</a></li> <li><a href="Amalga">Amalga</a>&nbsp;from Microsoft</li> </ul> </td> <td> <li><a href="Sequencing"><font size="2">Sequencing</font></a></li> <li><a href="GRID technology"><font size="2">GRID technology</font></a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></li> <li><a href="SNP chip"><font size="2">SNP chip</font></a></li> <li><a href="Genome sequence mapping">Genome sequence mapping</a></li> </td> <td> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Omics"><font size="2">Omics</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="BioEngine"><font size="2">BioEngine</font></a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎ</span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="BioComputing"><font size="2">BioComputing</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="JMP Genomics"><font size="2">JMP Genomics</font></a><font color="#000000" size="2">&nbsp;by SAS</font></span></li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/1/1a/Nasdaq_logo_4.png" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Companies"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Companies</strong></span></a></font></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/23andme.com"><font size="2">23andme.com</font></a></li> <li>Bhak BiO Consulting (http://bhakbio.com)</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/DNAgenotek.com"><font size="2">DNAgenotek.com</font></a><font size="2">:Saliva DNA</font></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Knome.com"><font size="2">Knome.com</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Navigenics.com"><font size="2">Navigenics.com</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nimblegen"><font size="2">Nimblegen</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Integrated%20Genomics"><font size="2">Integrated Genomics</font></a><font size="2">: Chicago based</font></li> </ul> </td> <td> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Affymetrix"><font size="2">Affymetrix</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Celera"><font size="2">Celera</font></a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genome%20Sciences,%20Inc.">Human Genome Sciences, Inc.</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹ</span></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Microsoft"><font size="2">Microsoft</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal%20Genome%20Companies"><font size="2">Personal Genome Companies</font></a></li> <li>[[Selah Genomics]]</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Synthetic%20Genomics">Synthetic Genomics</a>: by Venter</li> </td> <td> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Agowa"><font size="2">Agowa</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Decodeme.com"><font size="2">Decodeme.com</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Decode"><font size="2">Decode</font></a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎ</span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Illumina"><font size="2">Illumina</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/NanoGen"><font size="2">NanoGen</font></a></span></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/U.S.%20Genomics"><font size="2">U.S. Genomics</font></a></li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="4" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Meetings"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Meetings</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2010%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2010 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2007%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2007 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2004%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2004 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2009%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2009 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2006%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2006 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2003%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2003 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2008%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2008 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2005%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2005 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2002%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2002 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Centers"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Centers</strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Sanger%20Institute">Sanger Institute</a>&nbsp;UK</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/BGI">BGI</a>&nbsp;China</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/PGI">PGI</a>&nbsp;Korea</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/JGI">JGI</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/IGS%20at%20Maryland">IGS</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/IGB%20at%20UCI">IGB at UCI</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/JCVI">JCVI</a>&nbsp;USA</font></li> <li>[[Genomics in CDC (USA)]]</li> <li>[[DOE Genomics]]</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Organizations%20and%20Alliances"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Organizations and Alliances</strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><a href="http://bioitalliance.org/">Microsoft BioIT Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/GenomeFoundation.org">GenomeFoundation.org</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Stanford%20Genomics%20Resources">Stanford Genomics Resources</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20People"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics People</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/You!"><strong>You!</strong></a></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Craig%20Venter">Craig Venter</a></b></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Fred%20Sanger">Fred Sanger</a></b></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Seong-Jin%20Kim">Seong-Jin Kim</a></b></span></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><font size="2"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/George%20Church">George Church</a></b></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Yang%20Huanming">Yang Huanming</a></b></span></li> </ul> </td> <td><font size="2"> <ul> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/James%20Watson">James Watson</a></b></li> </ul> </font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20by%20Country"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics by Country</strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/British%20Genomics"><span style="font-size: medium;">British Genomics</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">: Genomics in the UK</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Canadian%20Genomics">Canadian Genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chinese%20Genomics">Chinese Genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Korean%20Genomics">Korean Genomics</a></span><font size="2"><span style="font-size: medium;">:&nbsp;</span><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/PGI"><span style="font-size: medium;">PGI</span></a><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/TBI"><span style="font-size: medium;">TBI</span></a></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Netherlands%20Genomics">Netherlands Genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/US%20Genomics">US Genomics</a></span><span style="font-size: medium;">: Genomics in the USA</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Japanese%20Genomics">Japanese Genomics</a></span><font size="2"><span style="font-size: medium;">:&nbsp;</span><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/GenomeNet"><span style="font-size: medium;">GenomeNet</span></a></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">[[Autralian Genomics]]</span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Methods"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Methods</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li>Karyotyping</li> <li>Mass spectrometry</li> <li>Western blot</li> <li>Chromosomal watlking</li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li>PCR</li> <li>Yeast Two Hybrid</li> <li>Northern blot</li> <li>RFLP</li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li>Immunoprecipitation</li> <li>Southern blot</li> <li>Elisa</li> <li> <p><span style="font-size: small;">[[Method of Sample (gDNA) Preparation for Sending out]]</span></p> </li> </ul> </td> <td><font size="2"> <ul> <li>SDS-page</li> <li>Immunofluorescence</li> <li>Real-time PCR</li> </ul> </font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Theory"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Genomics L</span></a><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">abs</span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;[[Dr. Ban Doohee lab in Yeonsei University Korea]]</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20History"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics History</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Glossary"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Glossary</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Programs"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Software Programs</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome%20alignement%20programs"><strong><font size="2">Genome alignement programs</font></strong></a></li> <li><strong><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome%20visualization%20programs">Genome visualization programs</a></font></strong></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="ADN static.png" width="29" height="29" src="/images/thumb/c/c2/ADN_static.png/50px-ADN_static.png" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Image"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Image</strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics Portals"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Portals</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Opinion on Genomics"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Opinions on Genomics</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><a href="About Human Genome Project"><span style="font-size: small;">About Human Genome Project</span></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics Issues and Problems"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Issues and Problems</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><a href="Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008"><span style="font-size: small;">Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008</span></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong><a href="Read Journals and Publications"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Journals</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="BMC Genomics"><font size="2">BMC Genomics</font></a></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genome Biology">Genome Biology</a>&nbsp;by BMC Ltd with Springer Science</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Elsevier Genomics">Elsevier Genomics</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="BMC Medical Genomics">BMC Medical Genomics</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Open Genomics Journal">Open Genomics Journal</a></font></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Physiological Genomics"><font size="2">Physiological Genomics</font></a><font size="2">&nbsp;by The American Physiological Society</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genome Research">Genome Research</a>&nbsp;by CSHL</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genome from NRC press">Genome from NRC press</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genomics from Elsevier">Genomics from Elsevier</a></font></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Books and Guide</span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;[[Brief guide to Genomics]] by&nbsp;<span style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">&quot;National Human Genome Research Institute.&quot;</span></span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1098px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics in TV and Media</strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;<b>BBC analysis on Human Genome after 10 years in YouTube</b>: &nbsp;<a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Mu9Qv-lSrU&amp;feature=autoplay&amp;list=PLC67E043CBD218D2D&amp;playnext=2">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Mu9Qv-lSrU&amp;feature=autoplay&amp;list=PLC67E043CBD218D2D&amp;playnext=2</a></li> <li><b>Boys cured with Gene Therapy 2004 article</b>:&nbsp;<a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4101411.stm">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4101411.stm</a></li> <li>[[Theragen BiO Institute]]</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genome Wish"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genome Wish</span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-large;">:<b>what I can do with my genome.</b></span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genomics version 2.0"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics version 2.0</span></strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Full Genomics"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Full Genomics</span></strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><font color="#808080" size="6">♬</font></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genomic Art"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomic Art</strong></span></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong style="font-size: large; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: center; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;۩&nbsp;</font></strong></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics Prizes"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Genomics Prizes</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genome references"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genome references</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Post genomics era"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Post genomics era</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">Genomics era has arrived in 2008. Post-genomics era will come in 2050. - Jong Bhak</span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="External links"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">External links</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://www.cdc.gov/genomics">CDC genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://bioinfoblog.it/">Bioinfoblog.it</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://proteome.net">Proteome.net</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://microbiome.org">Microbiome.org</a></span><font size="2"><a href="http://www.biodata.com"><span style="font-size: medium;">Laboratory Management</span></a></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://microbiomics.org/">Microbiomics.org</a></span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Advertisement</strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Totalomics full sequencing and bioinformatics analysis service">Totalomics full sequencing and bioinformatics analysis service</a></span></li> <li><a href="About Genomics.org"><span style="font-size: medium;">About Genomics.org</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;</span></li> <li><a href="Unleashing your genome"><span style="font-size: medium;">Unleashing your genome</span></a></li> <li><a href="Who maintains Genomics.org?"><span style="font-size: medium;">Who maintains Genomics.org?</span></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> fd1a55e22355783ac56a2630be35d379dc5e2508 4617 4608 2013-08-14T12:07:44Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>&nbsp;<img alt="" width="1050" height="211" src="/userfiles/main.jpg" style="text-align: center; height: 148px; width: 850px;" /></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><i><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Openfree"><b>Openfree</b></a></i><b><i>&nbsp;</i></b></span><b><span style="font-size: xx-large;"><font face="Courier New"><font color="#3366ff">G</font><font color="#ff0000">e</font></font><font color="#3366ff"><font face="Courier New">nomic</font><font face="Verdana">$</font>.<font face="Courier New">org&nbsp;</font></font></span></b></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><b><font color="#3366ff"><span style="font-size: small;"><a title="Genomics Organization" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics_Organization">Genomics Organization</a></span></font></b><span style="font-size: small;"><b><font color="#008080"><font color="#666699">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/What%20is%20genomics?">What is genomics?</a></font></font></b></span></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><font color="#008080"><font color="#666699">[[Genomics.org]] is a research and development organization located in La Jolla, CA.</font></font></b></span></p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/1/11/Globe_5.gif" /></strong></span></span></td> <td style="background-color: rgb(51, 0, 204);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>&nbsp;</strong></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="Genomics News and Ads Archive"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics News and Ads Archive</strong></span></a><strong>&nbsp;</strong></span></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <ul> <li>[[Korean Reference Genome Project]]</li> <li>[[Verinata gets prenatal test approval 2013 Aug]]</li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">[[Billion Genome Project]]: PGI, Genome Research Foundation &nbsp;launches Billlion Genome Project (2012 Sep. 4th). &nbsp;</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">[[Open Access Pharmacogenomics Project]]: OpenPGX launched by Indian scientists.</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">[[Faroe island nation genome project]]</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">[[Origins of the E. coli Strain Causing an Outbreak of Hemolytic&ndash;Uremic Syndrome in Germany]]. NEJM. 2011 July 27th.&nbsp;<br /> </span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Tasmanian devil genome sequenced"><span style="font-size: small;">Tasmanian devil genome sequenced</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: PNAS June 27th 2011</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Multiple myeloma genomes sequenced"><span style="font-size: small;">Multiple myeloma genomes sequenced</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: 20110324 Nature.</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Prostate cancer genomes sequenced by Broad and Dana Faber"><span style="font-size: small;">Prostate cancer genomes sequenced by Broad and Dana Faber</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: 20110214</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Desmond Tutu talks about his genome"><span style="font-size: small;">Desmond Tutu talks about his genome</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: 20110222</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) genome sequenced 20110131"><span style="font-size: small;">Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) genome sequenced 20110131</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;PNAS</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img alt="" src="/images/8/81/Paris_japonica_logo_openfree.gif" />&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica"><span style="font-size: small;">The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">: 20101009 &rArr;&nbsp;</span><a href="Genome size"><span style="font-size: small;">Genome size</span></a></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><img alt="" src="/images/d/d8/Turkey_logo_2.gif" />&nbsp;</span><a href="Turkey genome sequenced 20100907"><span style="font-size: small;">Turkey genome sequenced 20100907</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;&rArr;&nbsp;</span><a href="Bird genome"><span style="font-size: small;">Bird genome</span></a></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><img alt="" src="/images/a/a1/Scripps_logo_openfree_1.gif" />&nbsp;<img alt="" src="/images/f/fe/Sanofi_aventis_logo1.gif" />&nbsp;</span><a href="Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging"><span style="font-size: small;">Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;20100818</span></li> <li><a href="Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection"><span style="font-size: small;">Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">: 20100810</span></li> <li><a href="The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill"><span style="font-size: small;">The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">: PGP9. 20100330.</span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/b/b8/Dna_sm_tran_openfree.gif" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#ff0099" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(255, 0, 153);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>&nbsp;What is&nbsp;</strong></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics</span></span></a></strong><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong>?</strong></span></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <li><a href="Getting your own Genome">Getting your own Genome</a></li> <li><a href="Personal Genome Project">Personal Genome Project</a></li> <li><a href="Possible genomic diseases of you">Possible genomic diseases of you</a></li> <li><a href="Storing your genome in you PC">Storing your genome in you PC</a></li> <li><a href="Fully sequenced genomes">Fully sequenced genomes</a></li> <li><a href="Full Genome Sequencing">Full Genome Sequencing</a></li> <li><a href="Genomic Equality">Genomic Equality</a></li> </td> <td> <li><a href="Free Genomics Project">Free Genomics Project</a></li> <li><a href="Free genomes">Free genomes</a></li> <li><a href="Viewing your genetics family">Viewing your genetics family</a></li> <li><a href="Specific Omics">Specific Omics</a></li> <li><a href="A brief guide to genomics from NHGRI">A brief guide to genomics from NHGRI</a></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Interesting things in your Genome">Interesting things in your Genome</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Public Genomics Project">Public Genomics Project</a></span></li> </td> <td> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Compare your genome with other people's">Compare your genome with other people's</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Visualizing your genome">Visualizing your genome</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genome Projects">Genome Projects</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genome History">Genome History</a></span></li> <li>[[The principle of universal genome]]<br /> &nbsp;</li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/4/49/Running_man_1.gif" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#330099" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 0, 204);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><font color="#000000"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genomics"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Human Genomics</span></span></a></font></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Fully%20sequenced%20human%20genomes">Fully sequenced human genomes</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Fully%20sequenced%20female%20human%20genome">Fully sequenced female human genome</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mitochondrial%20Genomics">Mitochondrial Genomics</a>: Human mitochondrial genomics.</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Y%20Genomics">Y Genomics</a>: Human Y chromosome genomics.</li> <li>[[HelloGene]]</li> </td> <td> <p>&nbsp;　<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇ</span></p> </td> <td> <p><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;ㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇ</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics News Links"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics News Links</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Genomics Major Paper Publication"><span style="font-size: small;">Genomics Major Paper Publication</span></a></li> <li><a href="Your writing contribution to Genomics"><span style="font-size: small;">Your writing contribution to Genomics</span></a></li> <li><a href="Personal Genomics Issues"><span style="font-size: small;">Personal Genomics Issues</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;<b>(</b></span><b><a href="Genomic ethics"><span style="font-size: small;">Genomic ethics</span></a></b><span style="font-size: small;"><b>)</b></span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Species%20Specific%20Genomics"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Species Specific Genomics</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><span style="font-size: medium;"><font color="#0000ff"><font color="#000000"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Animal%20genomics">Animal genomics</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Plant%20genomics">Plant genomics</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Microbial%20genomics">Microbial genomics</a></b></font></font></span></p> <ul> <li>[[Primate Genomics]]</li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/C.%20elegans%20Genomics">C. elegans Genomics</a><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Cow%20genome">Cow genome</a><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Daphnia%20Genomics%20Consortium%20(DGC)">Daphnia Genomics Consortium (DGC)</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">(</font><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Insect%20genome">Insect genome</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">)</font><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Rice%20Genome%20at%20BGI%20China">Rice Genome at BGI China</a><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Sol%20Genomics">Sol Genomics</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">: Tomato</font><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Tiger%20Genome">Tiger Genome</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">:&nbsp;</font><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/TigerGenome%20Project%20by%20PGI%20Korea">TigerGenome Project by PGI Korea</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">.</font><br /> </b></li> <li><b><font color="#0000ff"><font color="#000000"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Yeast%20Genome">Yeast Genome</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">: SGD</font></font></font></b></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">&nbsp;<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong>◇&nbsp;</strong></span></span></span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-color: rgb(51, 0, 204); font-size: medium;"><a href="The first genomes"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong>The first genomes</strong></span></span></span></a></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Projects"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Projects</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li>PGP&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal%20Genome%20Project">Personal Genome Project</a></li> <li>&quot;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/$0%20Genomics%20Project">$0 Genomics Project</a>&quot; Launched on-line. Please sign<i>!</i></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome%2010k%20Project">Genome 10k Project</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20List"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics List</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Agrogenomics"><font size="2">Agrogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Anthropogenomics"><font size="2">Anthropogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Autogenomics"><font size="2">Autogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chemicogenomics"><font size="2">Chemicogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chemogenomics"><font size="2">Chemogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chemgenomics"><font size="2">Chemgenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Demogenomics"><font size="2">Demogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Ecogenomics"><font size="2">Ecogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Econogenomics"><font size="2">Econogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Equigenomics"><font size="2">Equigenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Ethnogenomics"><font size="2">Ethnogenomics</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Eugenomics"><font size="2">Eugenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Gastrogenomics"><font size="2">Gastrogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Getontogenomics"><font size="2">Getontogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Gerogenomics"><font size="2">Gerogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Hepatogenomics"><font size="2">Hepatogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Immunogenomics"><font size="2">Immunogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Immunomics"><font size="2">Immunomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mammogenomics"><font size="2">Mammogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Metagenomics"><font size="2">Metagenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Microgenomics"><font size="2">Microgenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mitogenomics"><font size="2">Mitogenomics</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mycogenomics"><font size="2">Mycogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nanogenomics"><font size="2">Nanogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Neurogenomics"><font size="2">Neurogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/NitroGenomics"><font size="2">NitroGenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nutrigenomics"><font size="2">Nutrigenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nutragenomics"><font size="2">Nutragenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Omnigenomics"><font size="2">Omnigenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Oncogenomics"><font size="2">Oncogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Osteogenomics"><font size="2">Osteogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Pangenomics"><font size="2">Pangenomics</font></a></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Phylogenomics"><font size="2">Phylogenomics</font></a></font></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul><font size="2"> <li><font size="2">&nbsp;</font><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Phytogenomics"><font size="2">Phytogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Pulmogenomics"><font size="2">Pulmogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Psychogenomics"><font size="2">Psychogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Supergenomics"><font size="2">Supergenomics</font></a></li> <li>[[syntheticgenomics]]</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Toxicogenomics"><font size="2">Toxicogenomics</font></a></li> </font></ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Branches</strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Comparative%20Genomics"><font size="2">Comparative Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Free%20Genomics"><font size="2">Free Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Health%20Genomics"><font size="2">Health Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genomics"><font size="2">Human Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Open%20Genomics"><font size="2">Open Genomics</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal%20Genomics"><font size="2">Personal Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Public%20Genomics"><font size="2">Public Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Public%20Health%20Genomics"><font size="2">Public Health Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Synthetic%20Genomics"><font size="2">Synthetic Genomics</font></a></li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Essays%20and%20Opinions"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Essays and Opinions</span></b></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The%20Ultimate%20information%20of%20human%20beings">The Ultimate information of human beings</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Who%20have%20to%20insist%20on%20the%20first%20in%20genomics">Who have to insist on the first in genomics</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomic%20Philosophy">Genomic Philosophy</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="height: 172px; width: 1020.7999877929688px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ff0000" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Projects"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">G<span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">e</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 0);">n</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153);">o</span>mics&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(0, 255, 255);">P</span><span style="color: rgb(204, 255, 255);">u</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">b</span>lication</span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">&nbsp;and&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(0, 255, 255);">P</span>apers</span></span></span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">[[Genomics]] Journal from ScienceDirect (</span><a href="http://www.journals.elsevier.com/genomics/">http://www.journals.elsevier.com/genomics/</a>)</li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Genome Research</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Genome Biology</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Nature</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Science</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Cell</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">[[Major Genome Sequencing and Analysis&nbsp;Paper authors]]</span></b></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/7/79/Bioinstrument_company_logo_1.png" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4"><a href="Genomics Analysis Tools and Technology"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Analysis Tools and Technology</strong></span></a></font></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Bioinformatics"><font size="2">Bioinformatics</font></a></li> <li><a href="BioPipelines"><font size="2">BioPipelines</font></a></li> <li><a href="Biomatics"><font size="2">Biomatics</font></a></li> <li><a href="Genome compression">Genome compression</a></li> <li><a href="Amalga">Amalga</a>&nbsp;from Microsoft</li> </ul> </td> <td> <li><a href="Sequencing"><font size="2">Sequencing</font></a></li> <li><a href="GRID technology"><font size="2">GRID technology</font></a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></li> <li><a href="SNP chip"><font size="2">SNP chip</font></a></li> <li><a href="Genome sequence mapping">Genome sequence mapping</a></li> </td> <td> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Omics"><font size="2">Omics</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="BioEngine"><font size="2">BioEngine</font></a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎ</span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="BioComputing"><font size="2">BioComputing</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="JMP Genomics"><font size="2">JMP Genomics</font></a><font color="#000000" size="2">&nbsp;by SAS</font></span></li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/1/1a/Nasdaq_logo_4.png" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Companies"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Companies</strong></span></a></font></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/23andme.com"><font size="2">23andme.com</font></a></li> <li>Bhak BiO Consulting (http://bhakbio.com)</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/DNAgenotek.com"><font size="2">DNAgenotek.com</font></a><font size="2">:Saliva DNA</font></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Knome.com"><font size="2">Knome.com</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Navigenics.com"><font size="2">Navigenics.com</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nimblegen"><font size="2">Nimblegen</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Integrated%20Genomics"><font size="2">Integrated Genomics</font></a><font size="2">: Chicago based</font></li> </ul> </td> <td> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Affymetrix"><font size="2">Affymetrix</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Celera"><font size="2">Celera</font></a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genome%20Sciences,%20Inc.">Human Genome Sciences, Inc.</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹ</span></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Microsoft"><font size="2">Microsoft</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal%20Genome%20Companies"><font size="2">Personal Genome Companies</font></a></li> <li>[[Selah Genomics]]</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Synthetic%20Genomics">Synthetic Genomics</a>: by Venter</li> </td> <td> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Agowa"><font size="2">Agowa</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Decodeme.com"><font size="2">Decodeme.com</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Decode"><font size="2">Decode</font></a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎ</span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Illumina"><font size="2">Illumina</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/NanoGen"><font size="2">NanoGen</font></a></span></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/U.S.%20Genomics"><font size="2">U.S. Genomics</font></a></li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="4" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Meetings"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Meetings</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2010%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2010 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2007%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2007 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2004%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2004 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2009%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2009 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2006%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2006 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2003%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2003 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2008%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2008 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2005%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2005 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2002%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2002 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Centers"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Centers</strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Sanger%20Institute">Sanger Institute</a>&nbsp;UK</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/BGI">BGI</a>&nbsp;China</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/PGI">PGI</a>&nbsp;Korea</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/JGI">JGI</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/IGS%20at%20Maryland">IGS</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/IGB%20at%20UCI">IGB at UCI</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/JCVI">JCVI</a>&nbsp;USA</font></li> <li>[[Genomics in CDC (USA)]]</li> <li>[[DOE Genomics]]</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Organizations%20and%20Alliances"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Organizations and Alliances</strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><a href="http://bioitalliance.org/">Microsoft BioIT Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/GenomeFoundation.org">GenomeFoundation.org</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Stanford%20Genomics%20Resources">Stanford Genomics Resources</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20People"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics People</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/You!"><strong>You!</strong></a></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Craig%20Venter">Craig Venter</a></b></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Fred%20Sanger">Fred Sanger</a></b></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Seong-Jin%20Kim">Seong-Jin Kim</a></b></span></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><font size="2"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/George%20Church">George Church</a></b></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Yang%20Huanming">Yang Huanming</a></b></span></li> </ul> </td> <td><font size="2"> <ul> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/James%20Watson">James Watson</a></b></li> </ul> </font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20by%20Country"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics by Country</strong></span></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/British%20Genomics"><span style="font-size: medium;">British Genomics</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">: Genomics in the UK</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Canadian%20Genomics">Canadian Genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chinese%20Genomics">Chinese Genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Korean%20Genomics">Korean Genomics</a></span><font size="2"><span style="font-size: medium;">:&nbsp;</span><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/PGI"><span style="font-size: medium;">PGI</span></a><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/TBI"><span style="font-size: medium;">TBI</span></a></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Netherlands%20Genomics">Netherlands Genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/US%20Genomics">US Genomics</a></span><span style="font-size: medium;">: Genomics in the USA</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Japanese%20Genomics">Japanese Genomics</a></span><font size="2"><span style="font-size: medium;">:&nbsp;</span><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/GenomeNet"><span style="font-size: medium;">GenomeNet</span></a></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">[[Autralian Genomics]]</span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Methods"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Methods</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li>Karyotyping</li> <li>Mass spectrometry</li> <li>Western blot</li> <li>Chromosomal watlking</li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li>PCR</li> <li>Yeast Two Hybrid</li> <li>Northern blot</li> <li>RFLP</li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li>Immunoprecipitation</li> <li>Southern blot</li> <li>Elisa</li> <li> <p><span style="font-size: small;">[[Method of Sample (gDNA) Preparation for Sending out]]</span></p> </li> </ul> </td> <td><font size="2"> <ul> <li>SDS-page</li> <li>Immunofluorescence</li> <li>Real-time PCR</li> </ul> </font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Theory"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Genomics L</span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">abs</span></span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;[[Dr. Ban Doohee lab in Yeonsei University Korea]]</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20History"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics History</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Glossary"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Glossary</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Programs"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Software Programs</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome%20alignement%20programs"><strong><font size="2">Genome alignement programs</font></strong></a></li> <li><strong><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome%20visualization%20programs">Genome visualization programs</a></font></strong></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="ADN static.png" width="29" height="29" src="/images/thumb/c/c2/ADN_static.png/50px-ADN_static.png" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Image"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Image</strong></span></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics Portals"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Portals</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Opinion on Genomics"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Opinions on Genomics</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><a href="About Human Genome Project"><span style="font-size: small;">About Human Genome Project</span></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics Issues and Problems"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Issues and Problems</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><a href="Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008"><span style="font-size: small;">Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008</span></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong><a href="Read Journals and Publications"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Journals</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="BMC Genomics"><font size="2">BMC Genomics</font></a></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genome Biology">Genome Biology</a>&nbsp;by BMC Ltd with Springer Science</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Elsevier Genomics">Elsevier Genomics</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="BMC Medical Genomics">BMC Medical Genomics</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Open Genomics Journal">Open Genomics Journal</a></font></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Physiological Genomics"><font size="2">Physiological Genomics</font></a><font size="2">&nbsp;by The American Physiological Society</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genome Research">Genome Research</a>&nbsp;by CSHL</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genome from NRC press">Genome from NRC press</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genomics from Elsevier">Genomics from Elsevier</a></font></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Books and Guide</span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;[[Brief guide to Genomics]] by&nbsp;<span style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">&quot;National Human Genome Research Institute.&quot;</span></span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1098px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics in TV and Media</strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;<b>BBC analysis on Human Genome after 10 years in YouTube</b>: &nbsp;<a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Mu9Qv-lSrU&amp;feature=autoplay&amp;list=PLC67E043CBD218D2D&amp;playnext=2">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Mu9Qv-lSrU&amp;feature=autoplay&amp;list=PLC67E043CBD218D2D&amp;playnext=2</a></li> <li><b>Boys cured with Gene Therapy 2004 article</b>:&nbsp;<a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4101411.stm">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4101411.stm</a></li> <li>[[Theragen BiO Institute]]</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genome Wish"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genome Wish</span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-large;">:<b>what I can do with my genome.</b></span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genomics version 2.0"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics version 2.0</span></strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Full Genomics"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Full Genomics</span></strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><font color="#808080" size="6">♬</font></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genomic Art"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomic Art</strong></span></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong style="font-size: large; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: center; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;۩&nbsp;</font></strong></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics Prizes"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Genomics Prizes</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genome references"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genome references</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Post genomics era"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Post genomics era</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">Genomics era has arrived in 2008. Post-genomics era will come in 2050. - Jong Bhak</span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(204, 255, 204);"><span style="font-size: xx-large;">&sect;</span></span><span style="font-size: xx-large;">&nbsp;</span><a href="External links"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">External links</span></span></strong></span></span></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://www.cdc.gov/genomics">CDC genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://bioinfoblog.it/">Bioinfoblog.it</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://proteome.net">Proteome.net</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://microbiome.org">Microbiome.org</a></span><font size="2"><a href="http://www.biodata.com"><span style="font-size: medium;">Laboratory Management</span></a></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://microbiomics.org/">Microbiomics.org</a></span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>&nbsp;</strong></span></span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"><span style="font-size: xx-large;">►</span></span><strong style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: x-large;">Advertisement</strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Totalomics full sequencing and bioinformatics analysis service">Totalomics full sequencing and bioinformatics analysis service</a></span></li> <li><a href="About Genomics.org"><span style="font-size: medium;">About Genomics.org</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;</span></li> <li><a href="Unleashing your genome"><span style="font-size: medium;">Unleashing your genome</span></a></li> <li><a href="Who maintains Genomics.org?"><span style="font-size: medium;">Who maintains Genomics.org?</span></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 2a3579dc31212a22ae78e9c93310f866243c6370 4618 4617 2013-08-14T12:31:15Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>&nbsp;<img alt="" width="1050" height="211" src="/userfiles/main.jpg" style="text-align: center; height: 148px; width: 850px;" /></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><i><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Openfree"><b>Openfree</b></a></i><b><i>&nbsp;</i></b></span><b><span style="font-size: xx-large;"><font face="Courier New"><font color="#3366ff">G</font><font color="#ff0000">e</font></font><font color="#3366ff"><font face="Courier New">nomic</font><font face="Verdana">$</font>.<font face="Courier New">org&nbsp;</font></font></span></b></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><b><font color="#3366ff"><span style="font-size: small;"><a title="Genomics Organization" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics_Organization">Genomics Organization</a></span></font></b><span style="font-size: small;"><b><font color="#008080"><font color="#666699">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/What%20is%20genomics?">What is genomics?</a></font></font></b></span></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><font color="#008080"><font color="#666699">[[Genomics.org]] is a research and development organization located in La Jolla, CA.</font></font></b></span></p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/1/11/Globe_5.gif" /></strong></span></span></td> <td style="background-color: rgb(51, 0, 204);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>&nbsp;</strong></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="Genomics News and Ads Archive"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics News and Ads Archive</strong></span></a><strong>&nbsp;</strong></span></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <ul> <li>[[Korean Reference Genome Project]]</li> <li>[[Verinata gets prenatal test approval 2013 Aug]]</li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">[[Billion Genome Project]]: PGI, Genome Research Foundation &nbsp;launches Billlion Genome Project (2012 Sep. 4th). &nbsp;</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">[[Open Access Pharmacogenomics Project]]: OpenPGX launched by Indian scientists.</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">[[Faroe island nation genome project]]</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">[[Origins of the E. coli Strain Causing an Outbreak of Hemolytic&ndash;Uremic Syndrome in Germany]]. NEJM. 2011 July 27th.&nbsp;<br /> </span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Tasmanian devil genome sequenced"><span style="font-size: small;">Tasmanian devil genome sequenced</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: PNAS June 27th 2011</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Multiple myeloma genomes sequenced"><span style="font-size: small;">Multiple myeloma genomes sequenced</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: 20110324 Nature.</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Prostate cancer genomes sequenced by Broad and Dana Faber"><span style="font-size: small;">Prostate cancer genomes sequenced by Broad and Dana Faber</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: 20110214</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Desmond Tutu talks about his genome"><span style="font-size: small;">Desmond Tutu talks about his genome</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: 20110222</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) genome sequenced 20110131"><span style="font-size: small;">Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) genome sequenced 20110131</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;PNAS</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img alt="" src="/images/8/81/Paris_japonica_logo_openfree.gif" />&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica"><span style="font-size: small;">The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">: 20101009 &rArr;&nbsp;</span><a href="Genome size"><span style="font-size: small;">Genome size</span></a></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><img alt="" src="/images/d/d8/Turkey_logo_2.gif" />&nbsp;</span><a href="Turkey genome sequenced 20100907"><span style="font-size: small;">Turkey genome sequenced 20100907</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;&rArr;&nbsp;</span><a href="Bird genome"><span style="font-size: small;">Bird genome</span></a></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><img alt="" src="/images/a/a1/Scripps_logo_openfree_1.gif" />&nbsp;<img alt="" src="/images/f/fe/Sanofi_aventis_logo1.gif" />&nbsp;</span><a href="Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging"><span style="font-size: small;">Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;20100818</span></li> <li><a href="Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection"><span style="font-size: small;">Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">: 20100810</span></li> <li><a href="The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill"><span style="font-size: small;">The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">: PGP9. 20100330.</span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/b/b8/Dna_sm_tran_openfree.gif" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#ff0099" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(255, 0, 153);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>&nbsp;What is&nbsp;</strong></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics</span></span></a></strong><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong>?</strong></span></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <li><a href="Getting your own Genome">Getting your own Genome</a></li> <li><a href="Personal Genome Project">Personal Genome Project</a></li> <li><a href="Possible genomic diseases of you">Possible genomic diseases of you</a></li> <li><a href="Storing your genome in you PC">Storing your genome in you PC</a></li> <li><a href="Fully sequenced genomes">Fully sequenced genomes</a></li> <li><a href="Full Genome Sequencing">Full Genome Sequencing</a></li> <li><a href="Genomic Equality">Genomic Equality</a></li> </td> <td> <li><a href="Free Genomics Project">Free Genomics Project</a></li> <li><a href="Free genomes">Free genomes</a></li> <li><a href="Viewing your genetics family">Viewing your genetics family</a></li> <li><a href="Specific Omics">Specific Omics</a></li> <li><a href="A brief guide to genomics from NHGRI">A brief guide to genomics from NHGRI</a></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Interesting things in your Genome">Interesting things in your Genome</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Public Genomics Project">Public Genomics Project</a></span></li> </td> <td> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Compare your genome with other people's">Compare your genome with other people's</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Visualizing your genome">Visualizing your genome</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genome Projects">Genome Projects</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genome History">Genome History</a></span></li> <li>[[The principle of universal genome]]<br /> &nbsp;</li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/4/49/Running_man_1.gif" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#330099" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 0, 204);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><font color="#000000"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genomics"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Human Genomics</span></span></a></font></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Fully%20sequenced%20human%20genomes">Fully sequenced human genomes</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Fully%20sequenced%20female%20human%20genome">Fully sequenced female human genome</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mitochondrial%20Genomics">Mitochondrial Genomics</a>: Human mitochondrial genomics.</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Y%20Genomics">Y Genomics</a>: Human Y chromosome genomics.</li> <li>[[HelloGene]]</li> </td> <td> <p>&nbsp;　<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇ</span></p> </td> <td> <p><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;ㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇ</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics News Links"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics News Links</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Genomics Major Paper Publication"><span style="font-size: small;">Genomics Major Paper Publication</span></a></li> <li><a href="Your writing contribution to Genomics"><span style="font-size: small;">Your writing contribution to Genomics</span></a></li> <li><a href="Personal Genomics Issues"><span style="font-size: small;">Personal Genomics Issues</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;<b>(</b></span><b><a href="Genomic ethics"><span style="font-size: small;">Genomic ethics</span></a></b><span style="font-size: small;"><b>)</b></span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Species%20Specific%20Genomics"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Species Specific Genomics</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><span style="font-size: medium;"><font color="#0000ff"><font color="#000000"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Animal%20genomics">Animal genomics</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Plant%20genomics">Plant genomics</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Microbial%20genomics">Microbial genomics</a></b></font></font></span></p> <ul> <li>[[Primate Genomics]]</li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/C.%20elegans%20Genomics">C. elegans Genomics</a><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Cow%20genome">Cow genome</a><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Daphnia%20Genomics%20Consortium%20(DGC)">Daphnia Genomics Consortium (DGC)</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">(</font><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Insect%20genome">Insect genome</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">)</font><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Rice%20Genome%20at%20BGI%20China">Rice Genome at BGI China</a><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Sol%20Genomics">Sol Genomics</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">: Tomato</font><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Tiger%20Genome">Tiger Genome</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">:&nbsp;</font><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/TigerGenome%20Project%20by%20PGI%20Korea">TigerGenome Project by PGI Korea</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">.</font><br /> </b></li> <li><b><font color="#0000ff"><font color="#000000"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Yeast%20Genome">Yeast Genome</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">: SGD</font></font></font></b></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">&nbsp;<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong>◇&nbsp;</strong></span></span></span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-color: rgb(51, 0, 204); font-size: medium;"><a href="The first genomes"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong>The first genomes</strong></span></span></span></a></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Projects"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Projects</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li>PGP&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal%20Genome%20Project">Personal Genome Project</a></li> <li>&quot;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/$0%20Genomics%20Project">$0 Genomics Project</a>&quot; Launched on-line. Please sign<i>!</i></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome%2010k%20Project">Genome 10k Project</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20List"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics List</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Agrogenomics"><font size="2">Agrogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Anthropogenomics"><font size="2">Anthropogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Autogenomics"><font size="2">Autogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chemicogenomics"><font size="2">Chemicogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chemogenomics"><font size="2">Chemogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chemgenomics"><font size="2">Chemgenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Demogenomics"><font size="2">Demogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Ecogenomics"><font size="2">Ecogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Econogenomics"><font size="2">Econogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Equigenomics"><font size="2">Equigenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Ethnogenomics"><font size="2">Ethnogenomics</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Eugenomics"><font size="2">Eugenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Gastrogenomics"><font size="2">Gastrogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Getontogenomics"><font size="2">Getontogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Gerogenomics"><font size="2">Gerogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Hepatogenomics"><font size="2">Hepatogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Immunogenomics"><font size="2">Immunogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Immunomics"><font size="2">Immunomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mammogenomics"><font size="2">Mammogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Metagenomics"><font size="2">Metagenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Microgenomics"><font size="2">Microgenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mitogenomics"><font size="2">Mitogenomics</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mycogenomics"><font size="2">Mycogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nanogenomics"><font size="2">Nanogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Neurogenomics"><font size="2">Neurogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/NitroGenomics"><font size="2">NitroGenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nutrigenomics"><font size="2">Nutrigenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nutragenomics"><font size="2">Nutragenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Omnigenomics"><font size="2">Omnigenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Oncogenomics"><font size="2">Oncogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Osteogenomics"><font size="2">Osteogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Pangenomics"><font size="2">Pangenomics</font></a></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Phylogenomics"><font size="2">Phylogenomics</font></a></font></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul><font size="2"> <li><font size="2">&nbsp;</font><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Phytogenomics"><font size="2">Phytogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Pulmogenomics"><font size="2">Pulmogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Psychogenomics"><font size="2">Psychogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Supergenomics"><font size="2">Supergenomics</font></a></li> <li>[[syntheticgenomics]]</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Toxicogenomics"><font size="2">Toxicogenomics</font></a></li> </font></ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Branches</strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Comparative%20Genomics"><font size="2">Comparative Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Free%20Genomics"><font size="2">Free Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Health%20Genomics"><font size="2">Health Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genomics"><font size="2">Human Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Open%20Genomics"><font size="2">Open Genomics</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal%20Genomics"><font size="2">Personal Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Public%20Genomics"><font size="2">Public Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Public%20Health%20Genomics"><font size="2">Public Health Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Synthetic%20Genomics"><font size="2">Synthetic Genomics</font></a></li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Essays%20and%20Opinions"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Essays and Opinions</span></b></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The%20Ultimate%20information%20of%20human%20beings">The Ultimate information of human beings</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Who%20have%20to%20insist%20on%20the%20first%20in%20genomics">Who have to insist on the first in genomics</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomic%20Philosophy">Genomic Philosophy</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="height: 172px; width: 1020.7999877929688px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ff0000" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Projects"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">G<span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">e</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 0);">n</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153);">o</span>mics&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(0, 255, 255);">P</span><span style="color: rgb(204, 255, 255);">u</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">b</span>lication</span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">&nbsp;and&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(0, 255, 255);">P</span>apers</span></span></span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">[[Genomics]] Journal from ScienceDirect (</span><a href="http://www.journals.elsevier.com/genomics/">http://www.journals.elsevier.com/genomics/</a>)</li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Genome Research</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Genome Biology</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Nature</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Science</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Cell</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">[[Major Genome Sequencing and Analysis&nbsp;Paper authors]]</span></b></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/7/79/Bioinstrument_company_logo_1.png" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4"><a href="Genomics Analysis Tools and Technology"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Analysis Tools and Technology</strong></span></a></font></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Bioinformatics"><font size="2">Bioinformatics</font></a></li> <li><a href="BioPipelines"><font size="2">BioPipelines</font></a></li> <li><a href="Biomatics"><font size="2">Biomatics</font></a></li> <li><a href="Genome compression">Genome compression</a></li> <li><a href="Amalga">Amalga</a>&nbsp;from Microsoft</li> </ul> </td> <td> <li><a href="Sequencing"><font size="2">Sequencing</font></a></li> <li><a href="GRID technology"><font size="2">GRID technology</font></a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></li> <li><a href="SNP chip"><font size="2">SNP chip</font></a></li> <li><a href="Genome sequence mapping">Genome sequence mapping</a></li> </td> <td> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Omics"><font size="2">Omics</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="BioEngine"><font size="2">BioEngine</font></a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎ</span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="BioComputing"><font size="2">BioComputing</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="JMP Genomics"><font size="2">JMP Genomics</font></a><font color="#000000" size="2">&nbsp;by SAS</font></span></li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/1/1a/Nasdaq_logo_4.png" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Companies"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Companies</strong></span></a></font></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/23andme.com"><font size="2">23andme.com</font></a></li> <li>Bhak BiO Consulting (http://bhakbio.com)</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/DNAgenotek.com"><font size="2">DNAgenotek.com</font></a><font size="2">:Saliva DNA</font></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Knome.com"><font size="2">Knome.com</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Navigenics.com"><font size="2">Navigenics.com</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nimblegen"><font size="2">Nimblegen</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Integrated%20Genomics"><font size="2">Integrated Genomics</font></a><font size="2">: Chicago based</font></li> </ul> </td> <td> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Affymetrix"><font size="2">Affymetrix</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Celera"><font size="2">Celera</font></a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genome%20Sciences,%20Inc.">Human Genome Sciences, Inc.</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹ</span></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Microsoft"><font size="2">Microsoft</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal%20Genome%20Companies"><font size="2">Personal Genome Companies</font></a></li> <li>[[Selah Genomics]]</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Synthetic%20Genomics">Synthetic Genomics</a>: by Venter</li> </td> <td> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Agowa"><font size="2">Agowa</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Decodeme.com"><font size="2">Decodeme.com</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Decode"><font size="2">Decode</font></a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎ</span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Illumina"><font size="2">Illumina</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/NanoGen"><font size="2">NanoGen</font></a></span></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/U.S.%20Genomics"><font size="2">U.S. Genomics</font></a></li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="4" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Meetings"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Meetings</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2010%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2010 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2007%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2007 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2004%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2004 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2009%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2009 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2006%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2006 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2003%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2003 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2008%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2008 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2005%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2005 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2002%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2002 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Centers"></a><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Centers">Genomics Centers</a></strong></span></span></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Sanger%20Institute">Sanger Institute</a>&nbsp;UK</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/BGI">BGI</a>&nbsp;China</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/PGI">PGI</a>&nbsp;Korea</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/JGI">JGI</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/IGS%20at%20Maryland">IGS</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/IGB%20at%20UCI">IGB at UCI</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/JCVI">JCVI</a>&nbsp;USA</font></li> <li>[[Genomics in CDC (USA)]]</li> <li>[[DOE Genomics]]</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Organizations%20and%20Alliances"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Organizations and Alliances</strong></span></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><a href="http://bioitalliance.org/">Microsoft BioIT Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/GenomeFoundation.org">GenomeFoundation.org</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Stanford%20Genomics%20Resources">Stanford Genomics Resources</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20People"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics People</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/You!"><strong>You!</strong></a></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Craig%20Venter">Craig Venter</a></b></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Fred%20Sanger">Fred Sanger</a></b></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Seong-Jin%20Kim">Seong-Jin Kim</a></b></span></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><font size="2"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/George%20Church">George Church</a></b></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Yang%20Huanming">Yang Huanming</a></b></span></li> </ul> </td> <td><font size="2"> <ul> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/James%20Watson">James Watson</a></b></li> </ul> </font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20by%20Country"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics by Country</strong></span></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/British%20Genomics"><span style="font-size: medium;">British Genomics</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">: Genomics in the UK</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Canadian%20Genomics">Canadian Genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chinese%20Genomics">Chinese Genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Korean%20Genomics">Korean Genomics</a></span><font size="2"><span style="font-size: medium;">:&nbsp;</span><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/PGI"><span style="font-size: medium;">PGI</span></a><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/TBI"><span style="font-size: medium;">TBI</span></a></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Netherlands%20Genomics">Netherlands Genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/US%20Genomics">US Genomics</a></span><span style="font-size: medium;">: Genomics in the USA</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Japanese%20Genomics">Japanese Genomics</a></span><font size="2"><span style="font-size: medium;">:&nbsp;</span><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/GenomeNet"><span style="font-size: medium;">GenomeNet</span></a></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">[[Autralian Genomics]]</span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Methods"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Methods</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li>Karyotyping</li> <li>Mass spectrometry</li> <li>Western blot</li> <li>Chromosomal watlking</li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li>PCR</li> <li>Yeast Two Hybrid</li> <li>Northern blot</li> <li>RFLP</li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li>Immunoprecipitation</li> <li>Southern blot</li> <li>Elisa</li> <li> <p><span style="font-size: small;">[[Method of Sample (gDNA) Preparation for Sending out]]</span></p> </li> </ul> </td> <td><font size="2"> <ul> <li>SDS-page</li> <li>Immunofluorescence</li> <li>Real-time PCR</li> </ul> </font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Theory"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Genomics L</span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">abs</span></span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;[[Dr. Ban Doohee lab in Yeonsei University Korea]]</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20History"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics History</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Glossary"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Glossary</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Programs"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Software Programs</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome%20alignement%20programs"><strong><font size="2">Genome alignement programs</font></strong></a></li> <li><strong><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome%20visualization%20programs">Genome visualization programs</a></font></strong></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="ADN static.png" width="29" height="29" src="/images/thumb/c/c2/ADN_static.png/50px-ADN_static.png" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Image"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Image</strong></span></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics Portals"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Portals</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Opinion on Genomics"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Opinions on Genomics</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><a href="About Human Genome Project"><span style="font-size: small;">About Human Genome Project</span></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics Issues and Problems"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Issues and Problems</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><a href="Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008"><span style="font-size: small;">Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008</span></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong><a href="Read Journals and Publications"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Journals</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="BMC Genomics"><font size="2">BMC Genomics</font></a></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genome Biology">Genome Biology</a>&nbsp;by BMC Ltd with Springer Science</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Elsevier Genomics">Elsevier Genomics</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="BMC Medical Genomics">BMC Medical Genomics</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Open Genomics Journal">Open Genomics Journal</a></font></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Physiological Genomics"><font size="2">Physiological Genomics</font></a><font size="2">&nbsp;by The American Physiological Society</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genome Research">Genome Research</a>&nbsp;by CSHL</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genome from NRC press">Genome from NRC press</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genomics from Elsevier">Genomics from Elsevier</a></font></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Books and Guide</span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;[[Brief guide to Genomics]] by&nbsp;<span style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">&quot;National Human Genome Research Institute.&quot;</span></span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1098px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics in TV and Media</strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;<b>BBC analysis on Human Genome after 10 years in YouTube</b>: &nbsp;<a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Mu9Qv-lSrU&amp;feature=autoplay&amp;list=PLC67E043CBD218D2D&amp;playnext=2">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Mu9Qv-lSrU&amp;feature=autoplay&amp;list=PLC67E043CBD218D2D&amp;playnext=2</a></li> <li><b>Boys cured with Gene Therapy 2004 article</b>:&nbsp;<a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4101411.stm">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4101411.stm</a></li> <li>[[Theragen BiO Institute]]</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genome Wish"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genome Wish</span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-large;">:<b>what I can do with my genome.</b></span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genomics version 2.0"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics version 2.0</span></strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Full Genomics"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Full Genomics</span></strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><font color="#808080" size="6">♬</font></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genomic Art"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomic Art</strong></span></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong style="font-size: large; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: center; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;۩&nbsp;</font></strong></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics Prizes"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Genomics Prizes</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genome references"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genome references</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Post genomics era"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Post genomics era</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">Genomics era has arrived in 2008. Post-genomics era will come in 2050. - Jong Bhak</span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(204, 255, 204);"><span style="font-size: xx-large;">&sect;</span></span><span style="font-size: xx-large;">&nbsp;</span><a href="External links"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">External links</span></span></strong></span></span></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://www.cdc.gov/genomics">CDC genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://bioinfoblog.it/">Bioinfoblog.it</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://proteome.net">Proteome.net</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://microbiome.org">Microbiome.org</a></span><font size="2"><a href="http://www.biodata.com"><span style="font-size: medium;">Laboratory Management</span></a></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://microbiomics.org/">Microbiomics.org</a></span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>&nbsp;</strong></span></span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"><span style="font-size: xx-large;">►</span></span><strong style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: x-large;">Advertisement</strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Totalomics full sequencing and bioinformatics analysis service">Totalomics full sequencing and bioinformatics analysis service</a></span></li> <li><a href="About Genomics.org"><span style="font-size: medium;">About Genomics.org</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;</span></li> <li><a href="Unleashing your genome"><span style="font-size: medium;">Unleashing your genome</span></a></li> <li><a href="Who maintains Genomics.org?"><span style="font-size: medium;">Who maintains Genomics.org?</span></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> b688c8323819b61f45948926a41031d3ffb917b1 4619 4618 2013-08-14T12:32:00Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>&nbsp;<img alt="" width="1050" height="211" src="/userfiles/main.jpg" style="text-align: center; height: 148px; width: 850px;" /></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><i><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Openfree"><b>Openfree</b></a></i><b><i>&nbsp;</i></b></span><b><span style="font-size: xx-large;"><font face="Courier New"><font color="#3366ff">G</font><font color="#ff0000">e</font></font><font color="#3366ff"><font face="Courier New">nomic</font><font face="Verdana">$</font>.<font face="Courier New">org&nbsp;</font></font></span></b></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><b><font color="#3366ff"><span style="font-size: small;"><a title="Genomics Organization" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics_Organization">Genomics Organization</a></span></font></b><span style="font-size: small;"><b><font color="#008080"><font color="#666699">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/What%20is%20genomics?">What is genomics?</a></font></font></b></span></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><font color="#008080"><font color="#666699">[[Genomics.org]] is a research and development organization located in La Jolla, CA.</font></font></b></span></p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/1/11/Globe_5.gif" /></strong></span></span></td> <td style="background-color: rgb(51, 0, 204);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>&nbsp;</strong></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="Genomics News and Ads Archive"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics News and Ads Archive</strong></span></a><strong>&nbsp;</strong></span></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <ul> <li>[[Korean Reference Genome Project]]</li> <li>[[Verinata gets prenatal test approval 2013 Aug]]</li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">[[Billion Genome Project]]: PGI, Genome Research Foundation &nbsp;launches Billlion Genome Project (2012 Sep. 4th). &nbsp;</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">[[Open Access Pharmacogenomics Project]]: OpenPGX launched by Indian scientists.</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">[[Faroe island nation genome project]]</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">[[Origins of the E. coli Strain Causing an Outbreak of Hemolytic&ndash;Uremic Syndrome in Germany]]. NEJM. 2011 July 27th.&nbsp;<br /> </span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Tasmanian devil genome sequenced"><span style="font-size: small;">Tasmanian devil genome sequenced</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: PNAS June 27th 2011</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Multiple myeloma genomes sequenced"><span style="font-size: small;">Multiple myeloma genomes sequenced</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: 20110324 Nature.</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Prostate cancer genomes sequenced by Broad and Dana Faber"><span style="font-size: small;">Prostate cancer genomes sequenced by Broad and Dana Faber</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: 20110214</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Desmond Tutu talks about his genome"><span style="font-size: small;">Desmond Tutu talks about his genome</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: 20110222</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) genome sequenced 20110131"><span style="font-size: small;">Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) genome sequenced 20110131</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;PNAS</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img alt="" src="/images/8/81/Paris_japonica_logo_openfree.gif" />&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica"><span style="font-size: small;">The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">: 20101009 &rArr;&nbsp;</span><a href="Genome size"><span style="font-size: small;">Genome size</span></a></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><img alt="" src="/images/d/d8/Turkey_logo_2.gif" />&nbsp;</span><a href="Turkey genome sequenced 20100907"><span style="font-size: small;">Turkey genome sequenced 20100907</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;&rArr;&nbsp;</span><a href="Bird genome"><span style="font-size: small;">Bird genome</span></a></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><img alt="" src="/images/a/a1/Scripps_logo_openfree_1.gif" />&nbsp;<img alt="" src="/images/f/fe/Sanofi_aventis_logo1.gif" />&nbsp;</span><a href="Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging"><span style="font-size: small;">Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;20100818</span></li> <li><a href="Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection"><span style="font-size: small;">Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">: 20100810</span></li> <li><a href="The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill"><span style="font-size: small;">The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">: PGP9. 20100330.</span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/b/b8/Dna_sm_tran_openfree.gif" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#ff0099" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(255, 0, 153);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>&nbsp;What is&nbsp;</strong></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics</span></span></a></strong><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong>?</strong></span></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <li><a href="Getting your own Genome">Getting your own Genome</a></li> <li><a href="Personal Genome Project">Personal Genome Project</a></li> <li><a href="Possible genomic diseases of you">Possible genomic diseases of you</a></li> <li><a href="Storing your genome in you PC">Storing your genome in you PC</a></li> <li><a href="Fully sequenced genomes">Fully sequenced genomes</a></li> <li><a href="Full Genome Sequencing">Full Genome Sequencing</a></li> <li><a href="Genomic Equality">Genomic Equality</a></li> </td> <td> <li><a href="Free Genomics Project">Free Genomics Project</a></li> <li><a href="Free genomes">Free genomes</a></li> <li><a href="Viewing your genetics family">Viewing your genetics family</a></li> <li><a href="Specific Omics">Specific Omics</a></li> <li><a href="A brief guide to genomics from NHGRI">A brief guide to genomics from NHGRI</a></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Interesting things in your Genome">Interesting things in your Genome</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Public Genomics Project">Public Genomics Project</a></span></li> </td> <td> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Compare your genome with other people's">Compare your genome with other people's</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Visualizing your genome">Visualizing your genome</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genome Projects">Genome Projects</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genome History">Genome History</a></span></li> <li>[[The principle of universal genome]]<br /> &nbsp;</li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/4/49/Running_man_1.gif" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#330099" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 0, 204);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><font color="#000000"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genomics"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Human Genomics</span></span></a></font></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Fully%20sequenced%20human%20genomes">Fully sequenced human genomes</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Fully%20sequenced%20female%20human%20genome">Fully sequenced female human genome</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mitochondrial%20Genomics">Mitochondrial Genomics</a>: Human mitochondrial genomics.</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Y%20Genomics">Y Genomics</a>: Human Y chromosome genomics.</li> <li>[[HelloGene]]</li> </td> <td> <p>&nbsp;　<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇ</span></p> </td> <td> <p><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;ㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇ</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics News Links"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics News Links</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Genomics Major Paper Publication"><span style="font-size: small;">Genomics Major Paper Publication</span></a></li> <li><a href="Your writing contribution to Genomics"><span style="font-size: small;">Your writing contribution to Genomics</span></a></li> <li><a href="Personal Genomics Issues"><span style="font-size: small;">Personal Genomics Issues</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;<b>(</b></span><b><a href="Genomic ethics"><span style="font-size: small;">Genomic ethics</span></a></b><span style="font-size: small;"><b>)</b></span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Species%20Specific%20Genomics"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Species Specific Genomics</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><span style="font-size: medium;"><font color="#0000ff"><font color="#000000"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Animal%20genomics">Animal genomics</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Plant%20genomics">Plant genomics</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Microbial%20genomics">Microbial genomics</a></b></font></font></span></p> <ul> <li>[[Primate Genomics]]</li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/C.%20elegans%20Genomics">C. elegans Genomics</a><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Cow%20genome">Cow genome</a><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Daphnia%20Genomics%20Consortium%20(DGC)">Daphnia Genomics Consortium (DGC)</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">(</font><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Insect%20genome">Insect genome</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">)</font><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Rice%20Genome%20at%20BGI%20China">Rice Genome at BGI China</a><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Sol%20Genomics">Sol Genomics</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">: Tomato</font><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Tiger%20Genome">Tiger Genome</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">:&nbsp;</font><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/TigerGenome%20Project%20by%20PGI%20Korea">TigerGenome Project by PGI Korea</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">.</font><br /> </b></li> <li><b><font color="#0000ff"><font color="#000000"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Yeast%20Genome">Yeast Genome</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">: SGD</font></font></font></b></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">&nbsp;<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong>◇&nbsp;</strong></span></span></span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-color: rgb(51, 0, 204); font-size: medium;"><a href="The first genomes"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong>The first genomes</strong></span></span></span></a></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Projects"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Projects</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li>PGP&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal%20Genome%20Project">Personal Genome Project</a></li> <li>&quot;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/$0%20Genomics%20Project">$0 Genomics Project</a>&quot; Launched on-line. Please sign<i>!</i></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome%2010k%20Project">Genome 10k Project</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20List"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics List</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Agrogenomics"><font size="2">Agrogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Anthropogenomics"><font size="2">Anthropogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Autogenomics"><font size="2">Autogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chemicogenomics"><font size="2">Chemicogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chemogenomics"><font size="2">Chemogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chemgenomics"><font size="2">Chemgenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Demogenomics"><font size="2">Demogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Ecogenomics"><font size="2">Ecogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Econogenomics"><font size="2">Econogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Equigenomics"><font size="2">Equigenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Ethnogenomics"><font size="2">Ethnogenomics</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Eugenomics"><font size="2">Eugenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Gastrogenomics"><font size="2">Gastrogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Getontogenomics"><font size="2">Getontogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Gerogenomics"><font size="2">Gerogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Hepatogenomics"><font size="2">Hepatogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Immunogenomics"><font size="2">Immunogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Immunomics"><font size="2">Immunomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mammogenomics"><font size="2">Mammogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Metagenomics"><font size="2">Metagenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Microgenomics"><font size="2">Microgenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mitogenomics"><font size="2">Mitogenomics</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mycogenomics"><font size="2">Mycogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nanogenomics"><font size="2">Nanogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Neurogenomics"><font size="2">Neurogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/NitroGenomics"><font size="2">NitroGenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nutrigenomics"><font size="2">Nutrigenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nutragenomics"><font size="2">Nutragenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Omnigenomics"><font size="2">Omnigenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Oncogenomics"><font size="2">Oncogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Osteogenomics"><font size="2">Osteogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Pangenomics"><font size="2">Pangenomics</font></a></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Phylogenomics"><font size="2">Phylogenomics</font></a></font></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul><font size="2"> <li><font size="2">&nbsp;</font><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Phytogenomics"><font size="2">Phytogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Pulmogenomics"><font size="2">Pulmogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Psychogenomics"><font size="2">Psychogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Supergenomics"><font size="2">Supergenomics</font></a></li> <li>[[syntheticgenomics]]</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Toxicogenomics"><font size="2">Toxicogenomics</font></a></li> </font></ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Branches</strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Comparative%20Genomics"><font size="2">Comparative Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Free%20Genomics"><font size="2">Free Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Health%20Genomics"><font size="2">Health Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genomics"><font size="2">Human Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Open%20Genomics"><font size="2">Open Genomics</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal%20Genomics"><font size="2">Personal Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Public%20Genomics"><font size="2">Public Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Public%20Health%20Genomics"><font size="2">Public Health Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Synthetic%20Genomics"><font size="2">Synthetic Genomics</font></a></li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Essays%20and%20Opinions"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Essays and Opinions</span></b></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The%20Ultimate%20information%20of%20human%20beings">The Ultimate information of human beings</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Who%20have%20to%20insist%20on%20the%20first%20in%20genomics">Who have to insist on the first in genomics</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomic%20Philosophy">Genomic Philosophy</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="height: 172px; width: 1020.7999877929688px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ff0000" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Projects"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">G<span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">e</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 0);">n</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153);">o</span>mics&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(0, 255, 255);">P</span><span style="color: rgb(204, 255, 255);">u</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">b</span>lication</span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">&nbsp;and&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(0, 255, 255);">P</span>apers</span></span></span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">[[Genomics]] Journal from ScienceDirect (</span><a href="http://www.journals.elsevier.com/genomics/">http://www.journals.elsevier.com/genomics/</a>)</li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Genome Research</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Genome Biology</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Nature</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Science</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Cell</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">[[Major Genome Sequencing and Analysis&nbsp;Paper authors]]</span></b></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/7/79/Bioinstrument_company_logo_1.png" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4"><a href="Genomics Analysis Tools and Technology"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Analysis Tools and Technology</strong></span></a></font></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Bioinformatics"><font size="2">Bioinformatics</font></a></li> <li><a href="BioPipelines"><font size="2">BioPipelines</font></a></li> <li><a href="Biomatics"><font size="2">Biomatics</font></a></li> <li><a href="Genome compression">Genome compression</a></li> <li><a href="Amalga">Amalga</a>&nbsp;from Microsoft</li> </ul> </td> <td> <li><a href="Sequencing"><font size="2">Sequencing</font></a></li> <li><a href="GRID technology"><font size="2">GRID technology</font></a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></li> <li><a href="SNP chip"><font size="2">SNP chip</font></a></li> <li><a href="Genome sequence mapping">Genome sequence mapping</a></li> </td> <td> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Omics"><font size="2">Omics</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="BioEngine"><font size="2">BioEngine</font></a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎ</span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="BioComputing"><font size="2">BioComputing</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="JMP Genomics"><font size="2">JMP Genomics</font></a><font color="#000000" size="2">&nbsp;by SAS</font></span></li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/1/1a/Nasdaq_logo_4.png" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Companies"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Companies</strong></span></a></font></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/23andme.com"><font size="2">23andme.com</font></a></li> <li>Bhak BiO Consulting (http://bhakbio.com)</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/DNAgenotek.com"><font size="2">DNAgenotek.com</font></a><font size="2">:Saliva DNA</font></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Knome.com"><font size="2">Knome.com</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Navigenics.com"><font size="2">Navigenics.com</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nimblegen"><font size="2">Nimblegen</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Integrated%20Genomics"><font size="2">Integrated Genomics</font></a><font size="2">: Chicago based</font></li> </ul> </td> <td> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Affymetrix"><font size="2">Affymetrix</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Celera"><font size="2">Celera</font></a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genome%20Sciences,%20Inc.">Human Genome Sciences, Inc.</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹ</span></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Microsoft"><font size="2">Microsoft</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal%20Genome%20Companies"><font size="2">Personal Genome Companies</font></a></li> <li>[[Selah Genomics]]</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Synthetic%20Genomics">Synthetic Genomics</a>: by Venter</li> </td> <td> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Agowa"><font size="2">Agowa</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Decodeme.com"><font size="2">Decodeme.com</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Decode"><font size="2">Decode</font></a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎ</span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Illumina"><font size="2">Illumina</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/NanoGen"><font size="2">NanoGen</font></a></span></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/U.S.%20Genomics"><font size="2">U.S. Genomics</font></a></li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="4" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Meetings"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Meetings</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2010%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2010 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2007%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2007 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2004%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2004 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2009%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2009 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2006%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2006 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2003%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2003 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2008%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2008 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2005%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2005 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2002%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2002 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Centers"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Institutes and Centers</span></a></strong></span></span></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Sanger%20Institute">Sanger Institute</a>&nbsp;UK</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/BGI">BGI</a>&nbsp;China</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/PGI">PGI</a>&nbsp;Korea</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/JGI">JGI</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/IGS%20at%20Maryland">IGS</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/IGB%20at%20UCI">IGB at UCI</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/JCVI">JCVI</a>&nbsp;USA</font></li> <li>[[Genomics in CDC (USA)]]</li> <li>[[DOE Genomics]]</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Organizations%20and%20Alliances"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Organizations and Alliances</strong></span></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><a href="http://bioitalliance.org/">Microsoft BioIT Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/GenomeFoundation.org">GenomeFoundation.org</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Stanford%20Genomics%20Resources">Stanford Genomics Resources</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20People"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics People</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/You!"><strong>You!</strong></a></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Craig%20Venter">Craig Venter</a></b></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Fred%20Sanger">Fred Sanger</a></b></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Seong-Jin%20Kim">Seong-Jin Kim</a></b></span></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><font size="2"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/George%20Church">George Church</a></b></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Yang%20Huanming">Yang Huanming</a></b></span></li> </ul> </td> <td><font size="2"> <ul> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/James%20Watson">James Watson</a></b></li> </ul> </font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20by%20Country"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics by Country</strong></span></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/British%20Genomics"><span style="font-size: medium;">British Genomics</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">: Genomics in the UK</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Canadian%20Genomics">Canadian Genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chinese%20Genomics">Chinese Genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Korean%20Genomics">Korean Genomics</a></span><font size="2"><span style="font-size: medium;">:&nbsp;</span><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/PGI"><span style="font-size: medium;">PGI</span></a><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/TBI"><span style="font-size: medium;">TBI</span></a></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Netherlands%20Genomics">Netherlands Genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/US%20Genomics">US Genomics</a></span><span style="font-size: medium;">: Genomics in the USA</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Japanese%20Genomics">Japanese Genomics</a></span><font size="2"><span style="font-size: medium;">:&nbsp;</span><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/GenomeNet"><span style="font-size: medium;">GenomeNet</span></a></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">[[Autralian Genomics]]</span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Methods"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Methods</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li>Karyotyping</li> <li>Mass spectrometry</li> <li>Western blot</li> <li>Chromosomal watlking</li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li>PCR</li> <li>Yeast Two Hybrid</li> <li>Northern blot</li> <li>RFLP</li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li>Immunoprecipitation</li> <li>Southern blot</li> <li>Elisa</li> <li> <p><span style="font-size: small;">[[Method of Sample (gDNA) Preparation for Sending out]]</span></p> </li> </ul> </td> <td><font size="2"> <ul> <li>SDS-page</li> <li>Immunofluorescence</li> <li>Real-time PCR</li> </ul> </font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Theory"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Genomics L</span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">abs</span></span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;[[Dr. Ban Doohee lab in Yeonsei University Korea]]</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20History"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics History</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Glossary"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Glossary</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Programs"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Software Programs</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome%20alignement%20programs"><strong><font size="2">Genome alignement programs</font></strong></a></li> <li><strong><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome%20visualization%20programs">Genome visualization programs</a></font></strong></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="ADN static.png" width="29" height="29" src="/images/thumb/c/c2/ADN_static.png/50px-ADN_static.png" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Image"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Image</strong></span></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics Portals"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Portals</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Opinion on Genomics"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Opinions on Genomics</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><a href="About Human Genome Project"><span style="font-size: small;">About Human Genome Project</span></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics Issues and Problems"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Issues and Problems</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><a href="Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008"><span style="font-size: small;">Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008</span></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong><a href="Read Journals and Publications"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Journals</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="BMC Genomics"><font size="2">BMC Genomics</font></a></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genome Biology">Genome Biology</a>&nbsp;by BMC Ltd with Springer Science</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Elsevier Genomics">Elsevier Genomics</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="BMC Medical Genomics">BMC Medical Genomics</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Open Genomics Journal">Open Genomics Journal</a></font></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Physiological Genomics"><font size="2">Physiological Genomics</font></a><font size="2">&nbsp;by The American Physiological Society</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genome Research">Genome Research</a>&nbsp;by CSHL</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genome from NRC press">Genome from NRC press</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genomics from Elsevier">Genomics from Elsevier</a></font></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Books and Guide</span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;[[Brief guide to Genomics]] by&nbsp;<span style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">&quot;National Human Genome Research Institute.&quot;</span></span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1098px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics in TV and Media</strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;<b>BBC analysis on Human Genome after 10 years in YouTube</b>: &nbsp;<a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Mu9Qv-lSrU&amp;feature=autoplay&amp;list=PLC67E043CBD218D2D&amp;playnext=2">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Mu9Qv-lSrU&amp;feature=autoplay&amp;list=PLC67E043CBD218D2D&amp;playnext=2</a></li> <li><b>Boys cured with Gene Therapy 2004 article</b>:&nbsp;<a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4101411.stm">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4101411.stm</a></li> <li>[[Theragen BiO Institute]]</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genome Wish"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genome Wish</span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-large;">:<b>what I can do with my genome.</b></span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genomics version 2.0"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics version 2.0</span></strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Full Genomics"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Full Genomics</span></strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><font color="#808080" size="6">♬</font></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genomic Art"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomic Art</strong></span></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong style="font-size: large; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: center; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;۩&nbsp;</font></strong></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics Prizes"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Genomics Prizes</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genome references"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genome references</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Post genomics era"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Post genomics era</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">Genomics era has arrived in 2008. Post-genomics era will come in 2050. - Jong Bhak</span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(204, 255, 204);"><span style="font-size: xx-large;">&sect;</span></span><span style="font-size: xx-large;">&nbsp;</span><a href="External links"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">External links</span></span></strong></span></span></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://www.cdc.gov/genomics">CDC genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://bioinfoblog.it/">Bioinfoblog.it</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://proteome.net">Proteome.net</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://microbiome.org">Microbiome.org</a></span><font size="2"><a href="http://www.biodata.com"><span style="font-size: medium;">Laboratory Management</span></a></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://microbiomics.org/">Microbiomics.org</a></span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>&nbsp;</strong></span></span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"><span style="font-size: xx-large;">►</span></span><strong style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: x-large;">Advertisement</strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Totalomics full sequencing and bioinformatics analysis service">Totalomics full sequencing and bioinformatics analysis service</a></span></li> <li><a href="About Genomics.org"><span style="font-size: medium;">About Genomics.org</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;</span></li> <li><a href="Unleashing your genome"><span style="font-size: medium;">Unleashing your genome</span></a></li> <li><a href="Who maintains Genomics.org?"><span style="font-size: medium;">Who maintains Genomics.org?</span></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 8417ff54a7de8a4c71e08c5bf547705e2cee3b01 0 2654 4574 2013-08-04T03:22:44Z S 300001 Created page with "<p>&nbsp;</p> <h3 style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; font-size: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 5px 0px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;">A B..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3 style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; font-size: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 5px 0px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;">A Brief Guide to Genomics (<span style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px; font-size: 12px;">&quot;Courtesy: National Human Genome Research Institute.&quot;)</span></h3> <p style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><img src="http://www.genome.gov/Images/feature_images/DNA_helix_1.jpg" alt="D N A Double Helix" border="0" align="left" /></p> <h4 style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; font-size: 18.399999618530273px; color: rgb(153, 102, 0); margin: 9.600000381469727px 0px; line-height: 21.600000381469727px;">DNA, Genes and Genomes</h4> <p style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><strong>Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the chemical compound</strong>&nbsp;that contains the instructions needed to develop and direct the activities of nearly all living organisms. DNA molecules are made of two twisting, paired strands, often referred to as a double helix.</p> <p style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">Each DNA strand is made of four chemical units, called nucleotide bases, which comprise the genetic &quot;alphabet.&quot; The bases are adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C). Bases on opposite strands pair specifically: an A always pairs with a T; a C always pairs with a G. The order of the As, Ts, Cs, and Gs determines the meaning of the information encoded in that part of the DNA molecule just as the order of letters determines the meaning of a word.</p> <p style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">An organism's complete set of DNA is called its genome. Virtually every single cell in the body contains a complete copy of the approximately 3 billion DNA base pairs, or letters, that make up the human genome.</p> <p style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">With its four-letter language, DNA contains the information needed to build the entire human body. A gene traditionally refers to the unit of DNA that carries the instructions for making a specific protein or set of proteins. Each of the estimated 20,000 to 25,000 genes in the human genome codes for an average of three proteins.</p> <p style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">Located on 23 pairs of chromosomes packed into the nucleus of a human cell, genes direct the production of proteins with the assistance of enzymes and messenger molecules. Specifically, an enzyme copies the information in a gene's DNA into a molecule called messenger ribonucleic acid RNA (mRNA). The mRNA travels out of the nucleus and into the cell's cytoplasm, where the mRNA is read by a tiny molecular machine called a ribosome, and the information is used to link together small molecules called amino acids in the right order to form a specific protein.</p> <p style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">Proteins make up body structures like organs and tissue, as well as control chemical reactions and carry signals between cells. If a cell's DNA is mutated, an abnormal protein may be produced, which can disrupt the body's usual processes and lead to a disease, such as cancer.</p> <h4 style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; font-size: 18.399999618530273px; color: rgb(153, 102, 0); margin: 9.600000381469727px 0px; line-height: 21.600000381469727px;">DNA Sequencing</h4> <p style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">Sequencing simply means determining the exact order of the bases in a strand of DNA. Because bases exist as pairs, and the identity of one of the bases in the pair determines the other member of the pair, researchers do not have to report both bases of the pair.</p> <p style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">In the most common type of sequencing used today, called the chain termination method, a DNA strand is treated with a variety of nucleotides, a set of enzymes, and a specific primer to generate a collection of smaller DNA fragments. Four fluorescent tags, each specific for a given base, is part of the mixture. Each of the fragments differs in length by one base and is marked with a fluorescent tag that identifies the last base of the fragment. The fragments are then separated according to size and passed by a detector that reads the fluorescent tag. Then, a computer reconstructs the entire sequence of the long DNA strand by identifying the base at each position from the size of each fragment and the particular fluorescent signal at its end.</p> <p style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">At present, this technology only can determine the order of up to 800 base pairs of DNA at a time. So, to assemble the sequence of all the bases in a large piece of DNA, such as a gene, researchers need to read the sequence of overlapping segments. This allows the longer sequence to be assembled from shorter pieces, somewhat like putting together a linear jigsaw puzzle. In this process, each base has to be read not just once, but at least several times in the overlapping segments to ensure accuracy.</p> <p style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">Researchers can use DNA sequencing to search for genetic variations and/or mutations that may play a role in the development or progression of a disease. The disease-causing change may be as small as the substitution, deletion, or addition of a single base pair or as large as a deletion of thousands of bases.</p> <h4 style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; font-size: 18.399999618530273px; color: rgb(153, 102, 0); margin: 9.600000381469727px 0px; line-height: 21.600000381469727px;">The Human Genome Project</h4> <p style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">The Human Genome Project, which was led at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) by the National Human Genome Research Institute, produced a very high-quality version of the human genome sequence that is freely available in public databases. That international project was successfully completed in April 2003, under budget and more than two years ahead of schedule.</p> <p style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">The sequence is not that of one person, but is a composite derived from several individuals. Therefore, it is a &quot;representative&quot; or generic sequence. To ensure anonymity of the DNA donors, more blood samples (nearly 100) were collected from volunteers than were used, and no names were attached to the samples that were analyzed. Thus, not even the donors knew whether their samples were actually used.</p> <p style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">The Human Genome Project was designed to generate a resource that could be used for a broad range of biomedical studies. One such use is to look for the genetic variations that increase risk of specific diseases, such as cancer, or to look for the type of genetic mutations frequently seen in cancerous cells. More research can then be done to fully understand how the genome functions and to discover the genetic basis for health and disease.</p> <p style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">The International HapMap Project, in which NIH also played a leading role, represents a major step in that direction. In October 2005, the project published a comprehensive map of human genetic variation that is already speeding the search for genes involved in common, complex diseases, such as heart disease, diabetes, blindness, and cancer.</p> <p style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">Another initiative that builds upon the tools and technologies created by the Human Genome Project is The Cancer Genome Atlas pilot project. This three-year pilot, which was launched in December 2005, will develop and test strategies for a comprehensive exploration of the universe of genetic factors involved in cancer.</p> <h4 style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; font-size: 18.399999618530273px; color: rgb(153, 102, 0); margin: 9.600000381469727px 0px; line-height: 21.600000381469727px;">Implications of Genomics for Medical Science</h4> <p style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">Virtually every human ailment, except perhaps trauma, has some basis in our genes. Until recently, doctors were able to take the study of genes, or genetics, into consideration only in cases of birth defects and a limited set of other diseases. These were conditions, such as sickle cell anemia, which have very simple, predictable inheritance patterns because each is caused by a change in a single gene.</p> <p style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">With the vast trove of data about human DNA generated by the Human Genome Project and the HapMap Project, scientists and clinicians have much more powerful tools to study the role that genetic factors play in much more complex diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease that constitute the majority of health problems in the United States. Genome-based research is already enabling medical researchers to develop more effective diagnostic tools, to better understand the health needs of people based on their individual genetic make-ups, and to design new treatments for disease. Thus, the role of genetics in health care is starting to change profoundly and the first examples of the era of personalized medicine are on the horizon.</p> <p style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">It is important to realize, however, that it often takes considerable time, effort, and funding to move discoveries from the scientific laboratory into the medical clinic. Most new drugs based on genome-based research are estimated to be at least 10 to 15 years away. According to biotechnology experts, it usually takes more than a decade for a company to conduct the kinds of clinical studies needed to receive approval from the Food and Drug Administration.</p> <p style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">Screening and diagnostic tests, however, are expected to arrive more quickly. Rapid progress is also anticipated in the emerging field of pharmacogenomics, which involves using information about a patient's genetic make-up to better tailor drug therapy to their individual needs.</p> <p style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">Clearly, genetics remains just one of several factors that contribute to people's risk of developing most common diseases. Diet, lifestyle, and environmental exposures also come into play for many conditions, including many types of cancer. Still, a deeper understanding of genetics will shed light on more than just hereditary risks by revealing the basic components of cells and, ultimately, explaining how all the various elements work together to affect the human body in both health and disease.</p> <p style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">&nbsp;</p> ff23783b9e17e4f601f3b0a55ff4d2578b94f065 4575 4574 2013-08-04T03:23:24Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><b><span style="font-size: large;">A Brief Guide to Genomics</span></b> (<span style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px; font-size: 12px;">&quot;Courtesy: National Human Genome Research Institute.&quot;)</span></p> <p style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><img src="http://www.genome.gov/Images/feature_images/DNA_helix_1.jpg" alt="D N A Double Helix" border="0" align="left" /></p> <h4 style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; font-size: 18.399999618530273px; color: rgb(153, 102, 0); margin: 9.600000381469727px 0px; line-height: 21.600000381469727px;">DNA, Genes and Genomes</h4> <p style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><strong>Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the chemical compound</strong>&nbsp;that contains the instructions needed to develop and direct the activities of nearly all living organisms. DNA molecules are made of two twisting, paired strands, often referred to as a double helix.</p> <p style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">Each DNA strand is made of four chemical units, called nucleotide bases, which comprise the genetic &quot;alphabet.&quot; The bases are adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C). Bases on opposite strands pair specifically: an A always pairs with a T; a C always pairs with a G. The order of the As, Ts, Cs, and Gs determines the meaning of the information encoded in that part of the DNA molecule just as the order of letters determines the meaning of a word.</p> <p style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">An organism's complete set of DNA is called its genome. Virtually every single cell in the body contains a complete copy of the approximately 3 billion DNA base pairs, or letters, that make up the human genome.</p> <p style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">With its four-letter language, DNA contains the information needed to build the entire human body. A gene traditionally refers to the unit of DNA that carries the instructions for making a specific protein or set of proteins. Each of the estimated 20,000 to 25,000 genes in the human genome codes for an average of three proteins.</p> <p style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">Located on 23 pairs of chromosomes packed into the nucleus of a human cell, genes direct the production of proteins with the assistance of enzymes and messenger molecules. Specifically, an enzyme copies the information in a gene's DNA into a molecule called messenger ribonucleic acid RNA (mRNA). The mRNA travels out of the nucleus and into the cell's cytoplasm, where the mRNA is read by a tiny molecular machine called a ribosome, and the information is used to link together small molecules called amino acids in the right order to form a specific protein.</p> <p style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">Proteins make up body structures like organs and tissue, as well as control chemical reactions and carry signals between cells. If a cell's DNA is mutated, an abnormal protein may be produced, which can disrupt the body's usual processes and lead to a disease, such as cancer.</p> <h4 style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; font-size: 18.399999618530273px; color: rgb(153, 102, 0); margin: 9.600000381469727px 0px; line-height: 21.600000381469727px;">[[DNA Sequencing]]</h4> <p style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">Sequencing simply means determining the exact order of the bases in a strand of DNA. Because bases exist as pairs, and the identity of one of the bases in the pair determines the other member of the pair, researchers do not have to report both bases of the pair.</p> <p style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">In the most common type of sequencing used today, called the chain termination method, a DNA strand is treated with a variety of nucleotides, a set of enzymes, and a specific primer to generate a collection of smaller DNA fragments. Four fluorescent tags, each specific for a given base, is part of the mixture. Each of the fragments differs in length by one base and is marked with a fluorescent tag that identifies the last base of the fragment. The fragments are then separated according to size and passed by a detector that reads the fluorescent tag. Then, a computer reconstructs the entire sequence of the long DNA strand by identifying the base at each position from the size of each fragment and the particular fluorescent signal at its end.</p> <p style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">At present, this technology only can determine the order of up to 800 base pairs of DNA at a time. So, to assemble the sequence of all the bases in a large piece of DNA, such as a gene, researchers need to read the sequence of overlapping segments. This allows the longer sequence to be assembled from shorter pieces, somewhat like putting together a linear jigsaw puzzle. In this process, each base has to be read not just once, but at least several times in the overlapping segments to ensure accuracy.</p> <p style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">Researchers can use DNA sequencing to search for genetic variations and/or mutations that may play a role in the development or progression of a disease. The disease-causing change may be as small as the substitution, deletion, or addition of a single base pair or as large as a deletion of thousands of bases.</p> <h4 style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; font-size: 18.399999618530273px; color: rgb(153, 102, 0); margin: 9.600000381469727px 0px; line-height: 21.600000381469727px;">[[The Human Genome Project]]</h4> <p style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">The Human Genome Project, which was led at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) by the National Human Genome Research Institute, produced a very high-quality version of the human genome sequence that is freely available in public databases. That international project was successfully completed in April 2003, under budget and more than two years ahead of schedule.</p> <p style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">The sequence is not that of one person, but is a composite derived from several individuals. Therefore, it is a &quot;representative&quot; or generic sequence. To ensure anonymity of the DNA donors, more blood samples (nearly 100) were collected from volunteers than were used, and no names were attached to the samples that were analyzed. Thus, not even the donors knew whether their samples were actually used.</p> <p style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">The Human Genome Project was designed to generate a resource that could be used for a broad range of biomedical studies. One such use is to look for the genetic variations that increase risk of specific diseases, such as cancer, or to look for the type of genetic mutations frequently seen in cancerous cells. More research can then be done to fully understand how the genome functions and to discover the genetic basis for health and disease.</p> <p style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">The International HapMap Project, in which NIH also played a leading role, represents a major step in that direction. In October 2005, the project published a comprehensive map of human genetic variation that is already speeding the search for genes involved in common, complex diseases, such as heart disease, diabetes, blindness, and cancer.</p> <p style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">Another initiative that builds upon the tools and technologies created by the Human Genome Project is The Cancer Genome Atlas pilot project. This three-year pilot, which was launched in December 2005, will develop and test strategies for a comprehensive exploration of the universe of genetic factors involved in cancer.</p> <h4 style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; font-size: 18.399999618530273px; color: rgb(153, 102, 0); margin: 9.600000381469727px 0px; line-height: 21.600000381469727px;">Implications of Genomics for Medical Science</h4> <p style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">Virtually every human ailment, except perhaps trauma, has some basis in our genes. Until recently, doctors were able to take the study of genes, or genetics, into consideration only in cases of birth defects and a limited set of other diseases. These were conditions, such as sickle cell anemia, which have very simple, predictable inheritance patterns because each is caused by a change in a single gene.</p> <p style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">With the vast trove of data about human DNA generated by the Human Genome Project and the HapMap Project, scientists and clinicians have much more powerful tools to study the role that genetic factors play in much more complex diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease that constitute the majority of health problems in the United States. Genome-based research is already enabling medical researchers to develop more effective diagnostic tools, to better understand the health needs of people based on their individual genetic make-ups, and to design new treatments for disease. Thus, the role of genetics in health care is starting to change profoundly and the first examples of the era of personalized medicine are on the horizon.</p> <p style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">It is important to realize, however, that it often takes considerable time, effort, and funding to move discoveries from the scientific laboratory into the medical clinic. Most new drugs based on genome-based research are estimated to be at least 10 to 15 years away. According to biotechnology experts, it usually takes more than a decade for a company to conduct the kinds of clinical studies needed to receive approval from the Food and Drug Administration.</p> <p style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">Screening and diagnostic tests, however, are expected to arrive more quickly. Rapid progress is also anticipated in the emerging field of pharmacogenomics, which involves using information about a patient's genetic make-up to better tailor drug therapy to their individual needs.</p> <p style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">Clearly, genetics remains just one of several factors that contribute to people's risk of developing most common diseases. Diet, lifestyle, and environmental exposures also come into play for many conditions, including many types of cancer. Still, a deeper understanding of genetics will shed light on more than just hereditary risks by revealing the basic components of cells and, ultimately, explaining how all the various elements work together to affect the human body in both health and disease.</p> <p style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">&nbsp;</p> f6e27bf4902444785975ea0116dd8e60274fa08c 0 2655 4577 2013-08-04T03:28:40Z S 300001 Created page with "<p>&nbsp;<a href="http://genomicscience.energy.gov/index.shtml">http://genomicscience.energy.gov/index.shtml</a></p> <p>&nbsp;</p>" wikitext text/x-wiki <p>&nbsp;<a href="http://genomicscience.energy.gov/index.shtml">http://genomicscience.energy.gov/index.shtml</a></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 964aa5f292c1b48d4397d8cbc78dcd089132edbf 6 2656 4578 2013-08-04T03:32:20Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 0 2638 4580 4537 2013-08-04T03:34:59Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: x-large;">The Billion Genome Project</span></p> <p>by Jong Bhak</p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[[Genome Research Foundation]]</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Announced: 4th September. 2012.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Billion Genome Project (BGP) is the genome project to sequence and analyze 7 billion people on Earth (i.e., every human being on Earth).</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">1. Technological advancement: sequencing technology that can do 7 billion people</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">2. Computing power to analyze 7 billion genomes in one session.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">3. Storage space to store 7 billion genomes and their secondary analysis outputs.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">4. Bioinformatics algorithms and systems to analyze them.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">5. User interface to search and use 7 billion genome sequences and bioinformatic results.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Sub projects of 7 BGP:</b></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[[Asian Genome Project]] (on going)</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[[Korean Genome Project]] (on going)</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 80522a33f91ff12be0c729fa6da345d6124099ed 0 2657 4583 2013-08-04T20:06:11Z S 300001 Created page with "<p>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.selahgenomics.com/">http://www.selahgenomics.com/</a></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="color: rgb(29, 41, 89); font-family: open_sans_lightregular; ..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.selahgenomics.com/">http://www.selahgenomics.com/</a></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="color: rgb(29, 41, 89); font-family: open_sans_lightregular; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 22px;">Selah Genomics is a clinical diagnostic specialist supporting healthcare providers and the pharmaceutical industry with advanced molecular and genomic diagnostic services.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <ul style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-family: helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium; line-height: 12.800000190734863px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none;"> <li class="first" style="margin: 0px; padding: 20px 0px 80px 40px; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; width: 200px;"><img src="http://www.selahgenomics.com/resources/global/css/images/whitelogo.png" alt="" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;" /> <p class="heading" style="margin: 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-family: open_sansbold; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(181, 181, 181); letter-spacing: 0.05em; text-transform: uppercase;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);">CONTACT DETAILS</span></p> <p style="margin: 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-family: open_sansregular; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(181, 181, 181); letter-spacing: 0.05em;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);">411 University Ridge, Suite A<br /> Greenville, SC 29601<br /> <br /> Phone: (864) 751-5060<br /> <br /> info@selahgenomics.com</span></p> </li> </ul> e3738d8ae1829351189f603db0d6f71f8824f3ee 4584 4583 2013-08-04T20:06:45Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.selahgenomics.com/">http://www.selahgenomics.com/</a></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="color: rgb(29, 41, 89); font-family: open_sans_lightregular; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 22px;">Selah Genomics is a clinical diagnostic specialist supporting healthcare providers and the pharmaceutical industry with advanced molecular and genomic diagnostic services.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <ul style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-family: helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium; line-height: 12.800000190734863px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none;"> <li class="first" style="margin: 0px; padding: 20px 0px 80px 40px; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; width: 200px;"><img src="http://www.selahgenomics.com/resources/global/css/images/whitelogo.png" alt="" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;" /> <p class="heading" style="margin: 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-family: open_sansbold; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(181, 181, 181); letter-spacing: 0.05em; text-transform: uppercase;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);">CONTACT DETAILS</span></p> <p style="margin: 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-family: open_sansregular; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(181, 181, 181); letter-spacing: 0.05em;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);">411 University Ridge, Suite A<br /> Greenville, SC 29601<br /> <br /> Phone: (864) 751-5060<br /> <br /> info@selahgenomics.com</span></p> <p style="margin: 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-family: open_sansregular; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(181, 181, 181); letter-spacing: 0.05em;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin: 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-family: open_sansregular; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(181, 181, 181); letter-spacing: 0.05em;">&nbsp;</p> </li> </ul> a2b48d2dfa1d82d70a5a60aa92f2dc745492fdb9 4585 4584 2013-08-04T20:07:14Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.selahgenomics.com/">http://www.selahgenomics.com/</a></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="color: rgb(29, 41, 89); font-family: open_sans_lightregular; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 22px;">Selah Genomics is a clinical diagnostic specialist supporting healthcare providers and the pharmaceutical industry with advanced molecular and genomic diagnostic services.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><img src="http://www.selahgenomics.com/resources/global/css/images/whitelogo.png" alt="" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;" /> <p class="heading" style="margin: 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-family: open_sansbold; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(181, 181, 181); letter-spacing: 0.05em; text-transform: uppercase;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);">CONTACT DETAILS</span></p> <p style="margin: 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-family: open_sansregular; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(181, 181, 181); letter-spacing: 0.05em;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);">411 University Ridge, Suite A<br /> Greenville, SC 29601<br /> <br /> Phone: (864) 751-5060<br /> <br /> info@selahgenomics.com</span></p> <p style="margin: 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-family: open_sansregular; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(181, 181, 181); letter-spacing: 0.05em;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin: 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-family: open_sansregular; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(181, 181, 181); letter-spacing: 0.05em;"><span style="font-size: large;">&nbsp;[[Genomics Companies]]</span></p> <p style="margin: 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-family: open_sansregular; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(181, 181, 181); letter-spacing: 0.05em;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin: 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-family: open_sansregular; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(181, 181, 181); letter-spacing: 0.05em;">&nbsp;</p> </p> 67cff13e6533bf5831529e37e0d9520effd60f2d 0 1677 4586 2355 2013-08-04T20:07:59Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <div class="csc-header csc-header-n11"> <h1 style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><font size="4">The Genomics Company List by Genomics.org<br /> <br /> <table border="1" cellspacing="1" summary="" cellpadding="1" width="100%"> <tbody> <tr> <td>&nbsp;<font size="3">[[Celera]]</font></td> <td><font size="3">[[23andme.com]]</font></td> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;[[U.S. Genomics]]</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;[[Affymetrix]],</font></td> <td><font size="3">[[decodeme.com]]</font></td> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;[[Illumina]]</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;[[NanoGen]]</font></td> <td><font size="3">[[navigenics.com]]</font></td> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;[[Agowa]]</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">[[Personal Genome Companies]]</font></td> <td><font size="3">[[Knome.com]]&nbsp;</font></td> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;[[Decode]]</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;[[Nimblegen]]</font></td> <td><font size="3">[[DNAgenotek.com]]:Saliva DNA</font></td> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;[[Microsoft]]</font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <br /> [[AriadneGenomics]]<br /> [[Rosetta Genomics]]</font></h1> <h1 style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><font size="4">[[Selah Genomics]]</font></h1> <hr /> <h1 style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><font size="4">Links</font></h1> <h1 style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><font size="4">[[Genomics Institutes]]</font></h1> <h1 style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><font size="4"><br /> <br /> </font></h1> </div> <!-- Header: [end] --><!-- Text: [begin] --> <p class="bodytext">&nbsp;</p> 72b6f392ef39f8188e320aab7e965e78917d0e2e 4591 4586 2013-08-04T20:13:49Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <div class="csc-header csc-header-n11"> <h1 style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="font-size: x-large;">The Genomics Company List by Genomics.org</span><font size="4"><br /> </font> <p style="font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size: medium;">* You are welcome to put your institute's advertisement.&nbsp;The only limit is everything you put here will be under [[BioLicense]] (i.e., public domain)</span></span></p> <div><span style="color: rgb(51, 153, 102);"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /> </span></span></div> <font size="4"> <table border="1" cellspacing="1" summary="" cellpadding="1" width="100%"> <tbody> <tr> <td>&nbsp;<font size="3">[[Celera]]</font></td> <td><font size="3">[[23andme.com]]</font></td> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;[[U.S. Genomics]]</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;[[Affymetrix]],</font></td> <td><font size="3">[[decodeme.com]]</font></td> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;[[Illumina]]</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;[[NanoGen]]</font></td> <td><font size="3">[[navigenics.com]]</font></td> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;[[Agowa]]</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">[[Personal Genome Companies]]</font></td> <td><font size="3">[[Knome.com]]&nbsp;</font></td> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;[[Decode]]</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;[[Nimblegen]]</font></td> <td><font size="3">[[DNAgenotek.com]]:Saliva DNA</font></td> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;[[Microsoft]]</font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <br /> [[AriadneGenomics]]<br /> [[Rosetta Genomics]]</font></h1> <h1 style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><font size="4">[[Selah Genomics]]</font></h1> <hr /> <h1 style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><font size="4">Links</font></h1> <h1 style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><font size="4">[[Genomics Institutes]]</font></h1> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h1 style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><font size="4"><br /> <br /> </font></h1> </div> <!-- Header: [end] --><!-- Text: [begin] --> <p class="bodytext">&nbsp;</p> 95ba7a1beb2bb4a1f558842af128540324c9786a 4602 4591 2013-08-07T10:26:45Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <div class="csc-header csc-header-n11"> <h1 style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="font-size: x-large;">The Genomics Company List by Genomics.org</span><font size="4"><br /> </font> <p style="font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size: medium;">* You are welcome to put your institute's advertisement.&nbsp;The only limit is everything you put here will be under [[BioLicense]] (i.e., public domain)</span></span></p> <div><span style="color: rgb(51, 153, 102);"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /> </span></span></div> <font size="4"> <table border="1" cellspacing="1" summary="" cellpadding="1" width="100%"> <tbody> <tr> <td>&nbsp;<font size="3">[[Celera]]</font></td> <td><font size="3">[[23andme.com]]</font></td> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;[[U.S. Genomics]]</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;[[Affymetrix]],</font></td> <td><font size="3">[[decodeme.com]]</font></td> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;[[Illumina]]</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;[[NanoGen]]</font></td> <td><font size="3">[[navigenics.com]]</font></td> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;[[Agowa]]</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">[[Personal Genome Companies]]</font></td> <td><font size="3">[[Knome.com]]&nbsp;</font></td> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;[[Decode]]</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;[[Nimblegen]]</font></td> <td><font size="3">[[DNAgenotek.com]]:Saliva DNA</font></td> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;[[Microsoft]]</font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <br /> [[AriadneGenomics]]</font></h1> <h1 style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><font size="4">[[GenomicHealth]]<br /> [[Rosetta Genomics]]</font></h1> <h1 style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><font size="4">[[Selah Genomics]]</font></h1> <hr /> <h1 style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><font size="4">Links</font></h1> <h1 style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><font size="4">[[Genomics Institutes]]</font></h1> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h1 style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><font size="4"><br /> <br /> </font></h1> </div> <!-- Header: [end] --><!-- Text: [begin] --> <p class="bodytext">&nbsp;</p> dbfe6a1b2953201e13ef3d51fa0e978f4b6cf37f 4604 4602 2013-08-09T15:45:49Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <div class="csc-header csc-header-n11"> <h1 style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: x-large">The Genomics Company List by Genomics.org</span><font size="4"><br /> </font> <p style="font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal"><span style="color: rgb(255,0,0)"><span style="font-size: medium">* You are welcome to put your institute's advertisement.&nbsp;The only limit is everything you put here will be under [[BioLicense]] (i.e., public domain)</span></span></p> <div><span style="color: rgb(51,153,102)"><span style="font-size: medium"><br /> </span></span></div> <font size="4"> <table cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="100%" summary="" border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td>&nbsp;<font size="3">[[Celera]]</font></td> <td><font size="3">[[23andme.com]]</font></td> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;[[U.S. Genomics]]</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;[[Affymetrix]],</font></td> <td><font size="3">[[decodeme.com]]</font></td> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;[[Illumina]]</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;[[NanoGen]]</font></td> <td><font size="3">[[navigenics.com]]</font></td> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;[[Agowa]]</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">[[Personal Genome Companies]]</font></td> <td><font size="3">[[Knome.com]]&nbsp;</font></td> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;[[Decode]]</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;[[Nimblegen]]</font></td> <td><font size="3">[[DNAgenotek.com]]:Saliva DNA</font></td> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;[[Microsoft]]</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[InformGenomics.com]]</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <br /> [[AriadneGenomics]]</font></h1> <h1 style="text-align: left"><font size="4">[[GenomicHealth]]</font></h1> <h1 style="text-align: left"><font size="4">[[InformGenomics.com]]<br /> [[Rosetta Genomics]]</font></h1> <h1 style="text-align: left"><font size="4">[[Selah Genomics]]</font></h1> <hr /> <h1 style="text-align: left"><font size="4">Links</font></h1> <h1 style="text-align: left"><font size="4">[[Genomics Institutes]]</font></h1> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h1 style="text-align: left"><font size="4"><br /> <br /> </font></h1> </div> <!-- Header: [end] --><!-- Text: [begin] --> <p class="bodytext">&nbsp;</p> 5933e52e200e4011f82cd71526b25b0b577f76cf 4610 4604 2013-08-09T22:00:50Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <div class="csc-header csc-header-n11"> <h1 style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: x-large">The Genomics Company List by Genomics.org</span><font size="4"><br /> </font> <p style="font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal"><span style="color: rgb(255,0,0)"><span style="font-size: medium">* You are welcome to put your institute's advertisement.&nbsp;The only limit is everything you put here will be under [[BioLicense]] (i.e., public domain)</span></span></p> <div><span style="color: rgb(51,153,102)"><span style="font-size: medium"><br /> </span></span></div> <font size="4"> <table cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="100%" summary="" border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td>&nbsp;<font size="3">[[Celera]]</font></td> <td><font size="3">[[23andme.com]]</font></td> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;[[U.S. Genomics]]</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;[[Affymetrix]],</font></td> <td><font size="3">[[decodeme.com]]</font></td> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;[[Illumina]]</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;[[NanoGen]]</font></td> <td><font size="3">[[navigenics.com]]</font></td> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;[[Agowa]]</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">[[Personal Genome Companies]]</font></td> <td><font size="3">[[Knome.com]]&nbsp;</font></td> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;[[Decode]]</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;[[Nimblegen]]</font></td> <td><font size="3">[[DNAgenotek.com]]:Saliva DNA</font></td> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;[[Microsoft]]</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[InformGenomics.com]]</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <br /> [[AriadneGenomics]]</font></h1> <h1 style="text-align: left"><font size="4">[[GenomicHealth]]</font></h1> <p><b><span style="font-size: large;">[[Gene By Gene]]</span></b></p> <h1 style="text-align: left"><font size="4">[[InformGenomics.com]]<br /> [[Rosetta Genomics]]</font></h1> <h1 style="text-align: left"><font size="4">[[Selah Genomics]]</font></h1> <hr /> <h1 style="text-align: left"><font size="4">Links</font></h1> <h1 style="text-align: left"><font size="4">[[Genomics Institutes]]</font></h1> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h1 style="text-align: left"><font size="4"><br /> <br /> </font></h1> </div> <!-- Header: [end] --><!-- Text: [begin] --> <p class="bodytext">&nbsp;</p> e6ef536d26d64429c3dff0276cfe44dcf5dcfb42 4621 4610 2013-08-14T22:02:12Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <div class="csc-header csc-header-n11"> <h1 style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: x-large">The Genomics Company List by Genomics.org</span><font size="4"><br /> </font> <p style="font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal"><span style="color: rgb(255,0,0)"><span style="font-size: medium">* You are welcome to put your institute's advertisement.&nbsp;The only limit is everything you put here will be under [[BioLicense]] (i.e., public domain)</span></span></p> <div><span style="color: rgb(51,153,102)"><span style="font-size: medium"><br /> </span></span></div> <font size="4"> <table cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="100%" summary="" border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td>&nbsp;<font size="3">[[Celera]]</font></td> <td><font size="3">[[23andme.com]]</font></td> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;[[U.S. Genomics]]</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;[[Affymetrix]],</font></td> <td><font size="3">[[decodeme.com]]</font></td> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;[[Illumina]]</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;[[NanoGen]]</font></td> <td><font size="3">[[navigenics.com]]</font></td> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;[[Agowa]]</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">[[Personal Genome Companies]]</font></td> <td><font size="3">[[Knome.com]]&nbsp;</font></td> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;[[Decode]]</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;[[Nimblegen]]</font></td> <td><font size="3">[[DNAgenotek.com]]:Saliva DNA</font></td> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;[[Microsoft]]</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[InformGenomics.com]]</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <br /> [[AriadneGenomics]]</font></h1> <h1 style="text-align: left"><font size="4">[[GenomicHealth]]</font></h1> <p><b><span style="font-size: large;">[[Gene By Gene]]</span></b></p> <h1 style="text-align: left"><font size="4">[[InformGenomics.com]]<br /> [[Rosetta Genomics]]</font></h1> <h1 style="text-align: left"><font size="4">[[Selah Genomics]]</font></h1> <hr /> <h1 style="text-align: left"><font size="4">Links</font></h1> <h1 style="text-align: left"><font size="4">[[Genomics Institutes]]</font></h1> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <hr /> <h1 style="text-align: left"><font size="4">[[Genomcis impact on economy]]</font></h1> <h1 style="text-align: left"><font size="4"><br /> <br /> </font></h1> </div> <!-- Header: [end] --><!-- Text: [begin] --> <p class="bodytext">&nbsp;</p> aa3540bc3685866ccbce906bdb35e12a3c2f5f81 0 2658 4587 2013-08-04T20:08:10Z S 300001 Created page with "<p><a href="http://www.nesg.org/">http://www.nesg.org/</a></p>" wikitext text/x-wiki <p><a href="http://www.nesg.org/">http://www.nesg.org/</a></p> 701f90a3cd3751458a4c8282def8cc12c1a9428d 4588 4587 2013-08-04T20:10:32Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">The Genomics Instiute List by Genomics.org (Jong Bhak)</span></b></p> <h1><font size="4">[[Northeas Structural Genomics consortium]]<br /> <br /> <table border="1" cellspacing="1" summary="" cellpadding="1" width="100%"> <tbody> <tr> <td>&nbsp;<font size="3">[[Celera]]</font></td> <td><font size="3">[[23andme.com]]</font></td> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;[[U.S. Genomics]]</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;[[Affymetrix]],</font></td> <td><font size="3">[[decodeme.com]]</font></td> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;[[Illumina]]</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;[[NanoGen]]</font></td> <td><font size="3">[[navigenics.com]]</font></td> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;[[Agowa]]</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">[[Personal Genome Companies]]</font></td> <td><font size="3">[[Knome.com]]&nbsp;</font></td> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;[[Decode]]</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;[[Nimblegen]]</font></td> <td><font size="3">[[DNAgenotek.com]]:Saliva DNA</font></td> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;[[Microsoft]]</font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <br /> [[AriadneGenomics]]<br /> [[Rosetta Genomics]]</font></h1> <h1><font size="4">[[Selah Genomics]]</font></h1> 9b87f0ce9e7a6de64d75291f98b2d4d564cf9fe9 0 2659 4589 2013-08-04T20:11:34Z S 300001 Created page with "<p><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;">Northeast Structural Genomics (NESG) consortium</span></p> <p><a href="http://www.nesg.org/">http://www.nesg.org/</a></p> <p..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;">Northeast Structural Genomics (NESG) consortium</span></p> <p><a href="http://www.nesg.org/">http://www.nesg.org/</a></p> <p><font style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;">The Northeast Structural Genomics (NESG) consortium is one of the four large scale NIH funded structural genomics centers of the&nbsp;<a href="http://www.nigms.nih.gov/Initiatives/PSI/" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><u>Protein Structure Initiative (PSI-2)</u></a><br /> <br /> The NESG employs both X-Ray Crystallography and NMR Spectroscopy to determine the three-dimensional structures of novel proteins.&nbsp;<a href="http://nmr.cabm.rutgers.edu:9090/gallery/jsp/Gallery.jsp" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><u>NESG protein structures</u></a>&nbsp;provide novel structural information useful in modeling thousands protein domains.<br /> <br /> Targeted proteins are typically representatives from large protein domain families, biomedical themes, and targets&nbsp;<a href="http://www.nesg.org/target_nomination.html" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><u>nominated by the biomedical community</u></a>. The NESG focuses on eukaryotic proteins, particularly Human proteins involved in&nbsp;<a href="http://nesg.org:9090/HCPIN/index.jsp" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><u>cancer biology</u></a>,&nbsp;<a href="http://www-nmr.cabm.rutgers.edu/bioinformatics/Fes_gallery/FeS_Eukaryotic/FeS_euk_content.html" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><u>protein-protein interaction networks</u></a>,<a href="http://www-nmr.cabm.rutgers.edu/bioinformatics/Fes_gallery/FeS_content.html" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><u>specific biochemical pathways</u></a>, and proteins implicated in other Human diseases.<br /> <br /> Structures determined by the NESG and other structural genomic groups are an essential component of biological research, often providing tests of specific biological hypotheses. Structural genomics is not driven by specific hypotheses but rather often provides critical clues to biochemical function and evolutionary processes and thus is often a &quot;hypothesis generating&quot; activity.<br /> <br /> The&nbsp;<a href="http://www.nesg.org/technologies.html" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><u>technologies</u></a>,&nbsp;<a href="http://nmr.cabm.rutgers.edu:9090/gallery/jsp/Gallery.jsp" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><u>structures</u></a>, and&nbsp;<a href="http://psimr.asu.edu/" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><u>reagents</u></a>&nbsp;developed by the NESG and the PSI provide the basis for new hypothesis-driven research project.&nbsp;</font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 96c4ab6219e884d9de3246c08d588c9400297cc2 4590 4589 2013-08-04T20:13:14Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;">Northeast Structural Genomics (NESG) consortium</span></p> <p><a href="http://www.nesg.org/"><span style="font-size: medium;">http://www.nesg.org/</span></a></p> <p><font style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;">The Northeast Structural Genomics (NESG) consortium is one of the four large scale NIH funded structural genomics centers of the&nbsp;<a href="http://www.nigms.nih.gov/Initiatives/PSI/" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><u>Protein Structure Initiative (PSI-2)</u></a><br /> <br /> The NESG employs both X-Ray Crystallography and NMR Spectroscopy to determine the three-dimensional structures of novel proteins.&nbsp;<a href="http://nmr.cabm.rutgers.edu:9090/gallery/jsp/Gallery.jsp" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><u>NESG protein structures</u></a>&nbsp;provide novel structural information useful in modeling thousands protein domains.<br /> <br /> Targeted proteins are typically representatives from large protein domain families, biomedical themes, and targets&nbsp;<a href="http://www.nesg.org/target_nomination.html" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><u>nominated by the biomedical community</u></a>. The NESG focuses on eukaryotic proteins, particularly Human proteins involved in&nbsp;<a href="http://nesg.org:9090/HCPIN/index.jsp" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><u>cancer biology</u></a>,&nbsp;<a href="http://www-nmr.cabm.rutgers.edu/bioinformatics/Fes_gallery/FeS_Eukaryotic/FeS_euk_content.html" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><u>protein-protein interaction networks</u></a>,<a href="http://www-nmr.cabm.rutgers.edu/bioinformatics/Fes_gallery/FeS_content.html" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><u>specific biochemical pathways</u></a>, and proteins implicated in other Human diseases.<br /> <br /> Structures determined by the NESG and other structural genomic groups are an essential component of biological research, often providing tests of specific biological hypotheses. Structural genomics is not driven by specific hypotheses but rather often provides critical clues to biochemical function and evolutionary processes and thus is often a &quot;hypothesis generating&quot; activity.<br /> <br /> The&nbsp;<a href="http://www.nesg.org/technologies.html" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><u>technologies</u></a>,&nbsp;<a href="http://nmr.cabm.rutgers.edu:9090/gallery/jsp/Gallery.jsp" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><u>structures</u></a>, and&nbsp;<a href="http://psimr.asu.edu/" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><u>reagents</u></a>&nbsp;developed by the NESG and the PSI provide the basis for new hypothesis-driven research project.&nbsp;</font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><b><span style="font-size: large;">See also</span></b></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[[Genomics Companies]]</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[[Genomics Institutes]]</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="color: rgb(51, 153, 102);"><span style="font-size: medium;">* You are welcome to put your institute's advertisement.&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;The only limit is everything you put here will be under BioLicense (i.e., public domain)</span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> abc5ff755548d291cd274a81581fb818240d5d18 0 2660 4592 2013-08-04T20:18:20Z S 300001 Created page with "<p><strong style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 19.049999237060547px;"><a href="http://biolicense.org/index.php/BioLicense_is_the_freest_license_in_the_..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p><strong style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 19.049999237060547px;"><a href="http://biolicense.org/index.php/BioLicense_is_the_freest_license_in_the_universe" title="BioLicense is the freest license in the universe" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(90, 54, 150); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">BioLicense is the freest license in the universe</a>.</strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size: large;"><b><font style="font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.049999237060547px;">The Definition of Biolicense<br /> </font></b></span><font size="3" style="font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.049999237060547px;"><font size="4"><strong><br /> </strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;by [[Sophia Smithe]]<br /> </font><br /> <strong>Biolicense</strong>&nbsp;is a license scheme to enable human beings and&nbsp;<a href="http://biolicense.org/index.php?title=Information_processing_machines&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Information processing machines (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">machines</a>&nbsp;to openfreely share data, information, and knowledge for limitless number of purposes at present and in the future time.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> It is a license that tries to protect data, information, and knowledge from being <b>exclusively labelled&nbsp;and owned</b> by a limited number of classes, races, and economic groups and beings in the world. &nbsp;It also aims to maximize human&nbsp;<a href="http://biolicense.org/index.php/Synthetivity" title="Synthetivity" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(90, 54, 150); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">synthetivity</a>&nbsp;and entrepreneurship.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> Biolicense does&nbsp;<strong>not</strong>&nbsp;accept the&nbsp;concept of&nbsp;&quot;originators&quot; and &quot;founders&quot; for data, knowledge, and information.&nbsp;Biolicense instead has 'processors' who generate data, synthesize information, and bring insights to the information.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> Biolicense regards all the knowledge is produced as the result of complex network of switch, data, information, knowledge, and philosophy.<br /> <br /> </font><font size="3" style="font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.049999237060547px;"><strong>The purpose of BioLicense<br /> </strong>BioLicense is to make&nbsp;<a href="http://biolicense.org/index.php/All_the_knowledge_forms" title="All the knowledge forms" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(90, 54, 150); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">all the knowledge forms</a>&nbsp;available on Earth completely free and free of charge to everything in the universe.<br /> <br /> <strong>BioLicense is a kind of public domain license.</strong><br /> Public domain means there is no&nbsp;property owner on the materials. That is why no one can claim the right over materials.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <strong>The difference between Biolicense and Public Domain license<br /> </strong>Biolicense does&nbsp;<strong>not</strong>&nbsp;support the concept of 'creator', 'initiator', 'founder', or 'originator' in its core. However, it tries to recognize as many participants as possible in acknowledging the synthesis of data, information, idea, and knowledge. The largest group of participants is the whole set of biological information processing objects(<a href="http://biolicense.org/index.php/Bioinfob" title="Bioinfob" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(90, 54, 150); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Bioinfob</a>).&nbsp;BioLicense defys time aspect in that regard.<br /> <br /> <strong>Credit for generating information</strong><br /> Under Biolicense people can get credits for 'processing' and 'synthesizing' information entities such as writings, books, softwares, knowledge, protocols, and insights.<br /> <br /> <strong>Example</strong><br /> For example, under biolicense, the contents of a wiki page composed by tens of people over 5 years time does not have any owner, creator, founder, or originator. Someone started the page. However, the constantly changing content can not be claimed to be originated by him or her under BioLicense. BioLicense defys time aspect in that regard.<br /> <br /> <br /> <strong><a href="http://biolicense.org/index.php/BioLicense_Manifesto" title="BioLicense Manifesto" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(90, 54, 150); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">BioLicense Manifesto</a></strong><br /> </font></p> <p><a href="http://biolicense.org/"><span style="font-size: medium;">http://biolicense.org</span></a></p> e94184536a50d8c84e6488c0e7525b6daa8ca38f 0 2661 4594 2013-08-05T07:23:03Z S 300001 Created page with "<p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="border: 0px; margin: 20px 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; font-family: Merriweather, Georgia, serif; line-height: 25.200000762939453px..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="border: 0px; margin: 20px 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; font-family: Merriweather, Georgia, serif; line-height: 25.200000762939453px;"><strong style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: large;">KRSG 연구 목적<br /> </span></strong></p> <p style="border: 0px; margin: 20px 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; font-family: Merriweather, Georgia, serif; line-height: 25.200000762939453px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: small;">본 연구는 차세대 시퀀싱 방식(Next Generation Sequencing) 데이타를 활용한 생명정보 기술을 이용하여 한국인의 게놈표준지도(Korean Reference Genome, KOREF)를 작성하고, 한국인 게놈 고유의 영역을 복원 및 정확한 변이를 측정하여 질병 연구, 보건증진, 및 신약 개발등에 기여하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 한국표준과학연구원과 교육과학기술부부터 허가를 받아 설립된 비영리 연구재단인 게놈연구재단에서 수행하며, 범국민 건강 프로젝트 및 산업적 활용에 필요한 기초 데이터 생산 및 보급 연구의 일환이다.</span></p> <p style="border: 0px; margin: 20px 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; font-family: Merriweather, Georgia, serif; line-height: 25.200000762939453px;"><strong style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: large;">KRSG 연구 절차 및 방법<br /> </span></strong></p> <ol style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; font-family: Merriweather, Georgia, serif; line-height: 25.200000762939453px;"> <li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 30px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: small;">온/오프라인을 통한 참여자 모집 (참가 동의서 작성 및 참여 심사, 임상설문지 작성)<br /> </span></li> <li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 30px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: small;">참여자 및 참여자 부모의 혈액 및 인체유래물 샘플과 임상정보 수집<br /> </span></li> <li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 30px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: small;">DNA 추출<br /> </span></li> <li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 30px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: small;">DNA chip을 이용한 지노타이핑<br /> </span></li> <li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 30px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: small;">생명정보 분석을 이용한 유전적 거리 측정</span></li> <li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 30px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: small;">한국인 게놈표준지도(Korean Reference Genome, KOREF) 작성을 위한 1인 이상의 샘플 선정<br /> </span></li> <li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 30px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: small;">단서열(short read) 및 긴짝서열(long mate pair) 라이브러리 구축 및 NGS 서열 해독<br /> </span></li> <li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 30px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: small;">선도게놈(de novo) 조립 방식을 이용한 한국인 게놈표준지도 초안(KOREF, Korean Reference Genome) 작성</span></li> </ol> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;<a href="http://koreanreference.org/">http://koreanreference.org/</a></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> f5af4a6f261568b07f4478a5d818f1db7a4cfd19 2 2662 4595 2013-08-07T08:00:36Z S 300001 Created page with "<p>Jong Bhak</p> <p>&nbsp;</p>" wikitext text/x-wiki <p>Jong Bhak</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> d7d45f8e503c708ba89b9b444683f392e1991f6c 0 2663 4596 2013-08-07T08:04:03Z S 300001 Created page with "<p>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.verinata.com/">http://www.verinata.com/</a></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="color: rgb(141, 68, 110); font-family: MuseoSans-300, sans-serif; font-size: ..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.verinata.com/">http://www.verinata.com/</a></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="color: rgb(141, 68, 110); font-family: MuseoSans-300, sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 20px; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(253, 252, 252);"><strong>Corporate Headquarters</strong></p> <p style="color: rgb(141, 68, 110); font-family: MuseoSans-300, sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 20px; background-color: rgb(253, 252, 252);">Verinata, an Illumina company<br /> 800 Saginaw Drive<br /> Redwood City, CA 94063</p> <p style="color: rgb(141, 68, 110); font-family: MuseoSans-300, sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 20px; background-color: rgb(253, 252, 252);"><strong>T:</strong>&nbsp;(650) 503-5200<br /> <strong>F:</strong>&nbsp;(650) 503-5201<br /> <strong>E:</strong>&nbsp;<a title="Email Us" href="mailto:info@verinata.com" style="outline: none; color: rgb(138, 46, 97);">info@verinata.com</a></p> <p style="color: rgb(141, 68, 110); font-family: MuseoSans-300, sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 20px; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(253, 252, 252);"><strong>Client Services</strong></p> <p style="color: rgb(141, 68, 110); font-family: MuseoSans-300, sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 20px; background-color: rgb(253, 252, 252);"><strong>T:</strong>&nbsp;1-855-266-6563 (BMOMKND)<br /> <strong>D:</strong>&nbsp;1-650-503-5300<br /> <strong>E:</strong>&nbsp;<a href="mailto:clientservices@verinata.com" style="outline: none; color: rgb(138, 46, 97);">clientservices@verinata.com</a><br /> Hours: M-F 5:30 am &ndash; 5:00 pm PST</p> f01932a3322c0f5b2e26e7fe94ac5eeca84c767d 0 2645 4597 4550 2013-08-07T08:08:32Z S 300001 Blanked the page wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 0 2664 4598 2013-08-07T08:10:52Z S 300001 Created page with "<p><b style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS'; font-size: 22.399999618530273px; line-height: 16.799999237060547px;">이동성 유전인자(Mobi..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p><b style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS'; font-size: 22.399999618530273px; line-height: 16.799999237060547px;">이동성 유전인자(Mobile genetic elements) 분과 심포지엄 후의 소감</b></p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS';">　</p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS';">　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　㈜[[테라젠이텍스 바이오연구소]] [[안궁]]</p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS';">　</p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS';">&nbsp; 2012년에 한국분자세포생물학회의 준분과로 시작한 이동성 유전인자 학술분과가 정분과로서 활동한 뒤 개최하는 첫 심포지엄이라 매우 뜻 깊은 자리였다. 이 날 유전체 내에서 다양한 기능을 담당하는 이동성 유전자인자에 대한 연구를 국내에서 매우 활발하게 하는 과학자들이 한 곳에 자리했다. 먼저 국립보건연구원의 유전체 센터장인 한복희 센터 장이 좌장을 맡아 진행되었다.</p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS';">　</p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS';">&nbsp; 수산과학원의 안상중박사의 Tc1-like transposon의 새로운 subfamily를 발견한 발표로 시작되었다. 원자력 의학원의 이주미박사가ENCODE 프로젝트의 핫 이슈인 후성유전체 분야에 이동성유전인자가 게놈전반에서 밀접하게 관련한다는 내용으로 발표 하였으며, 다음 연자로 김대수 박사는 암에서 특이적으로 발현되는 이동성 유전인자의 생물정보학적 분석을 다양한 각도에서 분석을 한 결과를 발표하였다. 또한 허재원 박사는 게 잡이원숭이의 전장 전사체 분석한 결과로부터 이동성 유전인자의 특징을 타종과의 비교를 통한 결과를 발표하였다.</p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS';">　</p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS';">&nbsp; 1부 마지막 세션으로 국립보건원의 홍경원 박사가 2형 당뇨와 이동성유전인자에 대한 GWAS에 대한 가설을 발표하며, 매우 흥미로운 분과 심포지엄의 1부를 마쳤다. 이어진 2부 세션에서는 아주 신선하면서도 뜨거운 열정을 가진 젊은 대학원생들의 열정적인 발표를 들을 수 있었다.</p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS';">　</p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS';">&nbsp; 두번째 세션은 Gene and genomics cheap editor이며, 본 분과의 위원장인 김남수교수가 좌장으로 자리하여 시작되었다. 먼저 NGS 분야의 일선에서 연구와 트랜드를 경험하고 있는 NICEM의 최익영 박사의 발표는 빅데이터를 다루는 시대적 변화를 느낄 수 있는 기회의 장이었다. 또한 단국대학교 진현준 박사로부터 SNP array를 이용한 한국인 집단의 분기시점에 대한 인상 깊은 발표를 들을 수 있었다. 이어진 나의 발표는 테라젠이텍스 바이오 연구소에서 NGS를 이용한 한국인 특이적인 위암 마커를 발굴하는 내용을 마지막으로 세션이 마무리되었다.</p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS';">　</p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS';">&nbsp; 이동성 유전인자 분과 심포지엄은 종전과는 달리, 유전체를 새로운 시각으로 바라보고 있는 전문가들로 구성되어 신선하면서도 뜨거운 장을 만들었다. 또 유전체의 기능을 깊이 있고, 정확하게 이해하는 데 선두에 있는 분과로써의 발걸음을 떼었다. 마지막으로 본 글을 마치며, 앞으로의 ENCODE 프로젝트를 비롯한 다양한 연구분야에서 이동성유전인자는 꼭 연구를 해야만 하는 뜨거운 DNA가 아닐까 생각해본다.</p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS';">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS';">&nbsp;</p> 37937be173493ce9364a2da26ed0c138c067c51b 0 2665 4599 2013-08-07T08:11:14Z S 300001 Created page with "<p>&nbsp;<b style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS'; font-size: 22.399999618530273px; line-height: 16.799999237060547px;">이동성 유전인..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p>&nbsp;<b style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS'; font-size: 22.399999618530273px; line-height: 16.799999237060547px;">이동성 유전인자(Mobile genetic elements) 분과 심포지엄 후의 소감</b></p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS';">　</p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS';">　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　㈜테라젠이텍스 바이오연구소 안궁</p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS';">　</p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS';">&nbsp; 2012년에 한국분자세포생물학회의 준분과로 시작한 이동성 유전인자 학술분과가 정분과로서 활동한 뒤 개최하는 첫 심포지엄이라 매우 뜻 깊은 자리였다. 이 날 유전체 내에서 다양한 기능을 담당하는 이동성 유전자인자에 대한 연구를 국내에서 매우 활발하게 하는 과학자들이 한 곳에 자리했다. 먼저 국립보건연구원의 유전체 센터장인 한복희 센터 장이 좌장을 맡아 진행되었다.</p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS';">　</p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS';">&nbsp; 수산과학원의 안상중박사의 Tc1-like transposon의 새로운 subfamily를 발견한 발표로 시작되었다. 원자력 의학원의 이주미박사가ENCODE 프로젝트의 핫 이슈인 후성유전체 분야에 이동성유전인자가 게놈전반에서 밀접하게 관련한다는 내용으로 발표 하였으며, 다음 연자로 김대수 박사는 암에서 특이적으로 발현되는 이동성 유전인자의 생물정보학적 분석을 다양한 각도에서 분석을 한 결과를 발표하였다. 또한 허재원 박사는 게 잡이원숭이의 전장 전사체 분석한 결과로부터 이동성 유전인자의 특징을 타종과의 비교를 통한 결과를 발표하였다.</p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS';">　</p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS';">&nbsp; 1부 마지막 세션으로 국립보건원의 홍경원 박사가 2형 당뇨와 이동성유전인자에 대한 GWAS에 대한 가설을 발표하며, 매우 흥미로운 분과 심포지엄의 1부를 마쳤다. 이어진 2부 세션에서는 아주 신선하면서도 뜨거운 열정을 가진 젊은 대학원생들의 열정적인 발표를 들을 수 있었다.</p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS';">　</p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS';">&nbsp; 두번째 세션은 Gene and genomics cheap editor이며, 본 분과의 위원장인 김남수교수가 좌장으로 자리하여 시작되었다. 먼저 NGS 분야의 일선에서 연구와 트랜드를 경험하고 있는 NICEM의 최익영 박사의 발표는 빅데이터를 다루는 시대적 변화를 느낄 수 있는 기회의 장이었다. 또한 단국대학교 진현준 박사로부터 SNP array를 이용한 한국인 집단의 분기시점에 대한 인상 깊은 발표를 들을 수 있었다. 이어진 나의 발표는 테라젠이텍스 바이오 연구소에서 NGS를 이용한 한국인 특이적인 위암 마커를 발굴하는 내용을 마지막으로 세션이 마무리되었다.</p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS';">　</p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS';">&nbsp; 이동성 유전인자 분과 심포지엄은 종전과는 달리, 유전체를 새로운 시각으로 바라보고 있는 전문가들로 구성되어 신선하면서도 뜨거운 장을 만들었다. 또 유전체의 기능을 깊이 있고, 정확하게 이해하는 데 선두에 있는 분과로써의 발걸음을 떼었다. 마지막으로 본 글을 마치며, 앞으로의 ENCODE 프로젝트를 비롯한 다양한 연구분야에서 이동성유전인자는 꼭 연구를 해야만 하는 뜨거운 DNA가 아닐까 생각해본다.</p> 4a267e282638503fb510221f4cfe95b1b113ef51 0 2666 4600 2013-08-07T08:12:01Z S 300001 Created page with "<p>&nbsp;<a href="https://pgi.re.kr/index.php/Notice02_OPINION_2013%EB%85%84_%EA%B2%AC%EC%9A%B0%EC%A7%81%EB%85%80%EB%8B%AC02">https://pgi.re.kr/index.php/Notice02_OPINION_2013%EB..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p>&nbsp;<a href="https://pgi.re.kr/index.php/Notice02_OPINION_2013%EB%85%84_%EA%B2%AC%EC%9A%B0%EC%A7%81%EB%85%80%EB%8B%AC02">https://pgi.re.kr/index.php/Notice02_OPINION_2013%EB%85%84_%EA%B2%AC%EC%9A%B0%EC%A7%81%EB%85%80%EB%8B%AC02</a></p> <h1 style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background-image: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1.32em 0px 0.6em; padding: 0.35em 0.1em 0.3em 0px; border-bottom-width: 3px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); font-size: 22.399999618530273px; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS'; line-height: 16.799999237060547px;"><span class="mw-headline" id=".ED.95.9C.EA.B5.AD.EC.9C.A0.EC.A0.84.EC.B2.B4.ED.95.99.ED.9A.8C_.ED.9A.8C.EC.9E.A5.2C_.EA.B3.A0.EB.A0.A4.EB.8C.80.EC.95.88.EC.95.94.EB.B3.91.EC.9B.90_.EC.A2.85.EC.96.91.ED.98.88.EC.95.A1.EB.82.B4.EA.B3.BC_.EA.B9.80.EC.97.B4.ED.99.8D_.EA.B5.90.EC.88.98.EB.8B.98.EA.B3.BC.EC.9D.98_.EC.9D.B8.ED.84.B0.EB.B7.B0">한국유전체학회 회장, 고려대안암병원 종양혈액내과 김열홍 교수님과의 인터뷰</span></h1> <p><b style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS'; line-height: 16.799999237060547px;"> <div class="floatleft" style="float: left; clear: left; position: relative; margin: 0px 0.5em 0.5em 0px; border: 0px;"><a href="https://pgi.re.kr/index.php/File:1374113058141.jpg" class="image" title="1374113058141.jpg" style="color: rgb(90, 54, 150); background-image: none;"><img alt="1374113058141.jpg" src="https://pgi.re.kr/images/thumb/b/bd/1374113058141.jpg/350px-1374113058141.jpg" width="350" height="622" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></div> </b></p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS';"><b>　</b></p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS';">　<br /> <b>1. 현재 교수님께서는 연구하시는 분야에 대해 소개부탁드리겠습니다.</b></p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS';">　</p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS';">&nbsp; 진료는 소화기암과 위암 환자들을 대상으로 하고 있으며 연구는 폐암을 대상으로 하고 있습니다. 암 유전체는 암 종류는 다르지만 암을 일으키거나 억제시키는 유전자들 중에는 공통적인 것이 많습니다. 또한, 접근 방법이나 진단에 활용하는 방법, 표적치료제 등 치료방법도 상당히 공통점이 많습니다. 예를 들어 HER2 유전자는 유방암이나 위암의 치료에 관련이 높았으나 최근 폐암에서도 치료의 표적이 된다고 밝혀졌습니다.&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS';">　</p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS';"><span style="line-height: 1.5em;">&nbsp; 처음 유전체 연구를 시작한 것이 이제 13년이 되어갑니다. 처음 저희 연구실에서 주도적으로 하여 나온 논문은 비교적 작은 규모의 논문으로 임팩트도 낮았습니다. 국제적인 컨소시엄에 참여하게 되면서 Nature genetics 등 몇몇 좋은 저널에 논문이 발표 되었지만, 많은 연구자들 중 한 사람일 뿐입니다. 그리고 차세대 유전체 연구사업단에서 수행 중인 연구는 아직 출원할 정도의 결과는 나오지 않았기 때문에 조금 더 진행이 되어야 할 것 같습니다</span></p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS';"><span style="line-height: 1.5em;">　</span>　</p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS';"><b>2. 최근 대한암학회에서 수상하신 것으로 알고 있습니다. 어떤 내용이신지 관련 설명 부탁 드리겠습니다.</b></p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS';">　</p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS';">&nbsp; 유전체에 집중된 연구는 아니고, 기능 연구입니다. C-Met이라는 유전자에 변화가 있는 암을 타깃으로 할 때, 어떤 다른 유전자 변화가 필요한지를, c-met 차단제의 반응성을 결정하는 인자에 대한 것입니다. 이 연구는 5년 이상 지난 것이고, 최근에야 게재되게 되었습니다.</p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS';">　</p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS';"><span style="line-height: 1.5em;">&nbsp; 유전체 관련해서는 계속해서 논문을 발표하고 있습니다. 아무래도 유전체라는 것이 거대 과학이다 보니, 여러 연구자들이 크게 컨소시엄을 구성하는 것이 큰 결과를 발표할 수 있고, 한 교실이나 연구실에서는 제한된 케이스와 연구로는 큰 논문을 내기가 힘이 듭니다.</span></p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS';"><span style="line-height: 1.5em;">　</span></p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS';"><b>3. 전형적인 암 치료는 항암제를 이용하고 있는 것으로 알고 있습니다. 유전체 연구를 접목하신 것은 언제부터 인가요?</b></p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS';">　</p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS';">&nbsp; 사실 암 분야에서는 유전체 연구가 접목된 것이 이미 7~8년 전입니다. 현재는 환자의 임상 진료에 광범위하게 사용되고 있습니다. 암 환자 분류도 폐암, 대장암, 위암 이런 식이 아니라 유전자 변화에 따라 EGFR mutant 폐암, EGFR 양성인 KRAS mutant 대장암, HER2 양성 위암 등으로 분류되고 있습니다. 유방암의 경우 이미 4 종류 분류에 따라서 치료방향이 다르게 하고 있습니다. 이러한 것들은 이미 전세계적으로 가이드라인이 나와있습니다. 학회에서 분류표를 만들어서 진행 중이며, 가령 폐암 환자의 경우 처음 진단이 되면, 세포 타입을 편평상피세포와 비편평상피세포로 병리학적으로 구분하여 비편평상피세포암으로 나오면 EGFR 유전자 검사를 하도록 하며, 이후 치료제는 첫번째 무슨 약, 두번째 어떤 약 등으로 이미 가이드가 정해져 있습니다.</p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS';">　</p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS';"><span style="line-height: 1.5em;">&nbsp; 맞춤항암치료에 있어서 6가지 암종은 이미 표적치료 항암제가 나와있고, 앞으로도 계속적으로 나오고 있습니다. 올해도 FDA에서 추가적으로 승인한 표적치료 약물이 있으며, 병행 진단검사도 관련되어 허가되고 있습니다. 암 치료에서의 약물선택에 주요한 바이오마커에 대한 허가가 보편화되고 있는 것입니다. 제 연구도 이 분야에 같이 맞물려 진행되고 있기도 합니다.</span></p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS';"><span style="line-height: 1.5em;">　</span></p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS';"><span style="line-height: 1.5em;">&nbsp; 현실적으로 이러한 연구가 진행되면서 파생되는 문제점들이 있습니다. 사실 한달 전에도 다섯 분의 국회의원들을 모시고 유전체학회와 포럼을 하였습니다. 이미 여러 유전체 연구의 결과들은 임상에 접목이 되었는데, 병목현상들이 해결이 되지 않고 있습니다. 대표적인 것들이 국가 건강의료보험에서 유전자 검사들을 어디까지 보험급여를 해줄지에 대해 문제가 있습니다. 식약처에서 허가한 내용에는 미리 유전자검사로 진단을 하고 사용하라고 표기가 되어있습니다. 그런데 그런 검사들이 보험급여가 되고 있지 않기 때문에 검사 결과도 표준화가 되어있지 않고, 따라서 퀄리티 컨트롤이 안되고 있습니다. 선진국의 대표적인 예인 프랑스에서는 국가에서 무료로 유전자검사를 시행하여 약효가 기대되는 환자들에게만 약물이 사용되도록 하고 있으며, 미국에서는 사설 보험회사가 이들 유전자 검사에 대한 보험급여를 해주고 있습니다. 국가에서는 노령자와 극빈자에게 medicare, medicaid를 통하여 보험급여해주고 있습니다. 어떤 약을 사용하려면 어떤 검사를 해야 한다 등의 검사비도 청구가 가능하게 되는 것이지요. 또한 그런 검사에 대해서는 FDA 허가만 받으면 규제가 전혀 없는 상황입니다.</span></p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS';"><span style="line-height: 1.5em;">　</span></p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS';"><b>4. 2011년에 들어서 겨우 PCR 기기에 한하여 진단기기로서 허가를 받은 것으로 알고 있습니다. 사실 유전체 분야는 PCR로는 한계가 있는데, 이에 대해 어찌 생각하시나요?</b></p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS';"><span style="line-height: 1.5em;">　</span></p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS';"><span style="line-height: 1.5em;">&nbsp; 당연합니다. NGS 기반 새로운 시술이 빨리 임상 현장에 도입이 되어야 하는데, 이에 대한 연구가 동반이 되어야 하는 상황입니다. 이전의 검사법에 비해 동등 또는 그 이상의 유용성이 있는지 등 여러 가지가 입증이 되어야 합니다. 그 예로 과거와 달리 검사법이 예민해져서 그전에는 찾지 못하던 돌연변이를 다 찾아낸다고 합니다. 예민한 검사법으로 10% 미만의 유전자변화도 찾아내게 되었는데, 과연 환자의 암 세포 중 10%가 변이를 가지고 있다고 하면, 약물을 사용했을 때 효과가 있는지에 대한 연구는 아직 입증되지 않았습니다. 왜냐하면 지금까지는 고전적인 방법(생어시퀀싱)으로 변이가 확인된 환자, 변이된 세포가 많은 환자에서는 약의 효능이 입증되었지만, 미세변이 환자에 대해 효능은 임상적으로 입증되지 않았기 때문입니다.</span></p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS';"><span style="line-height: 1.5em;">　</span></p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS';"><span style="line-height: 1.5em;">&nbsp; 또한, 한명의 환자에서 한가지 변이만 나타나는 것이 아니기 때문에, 다양한 유전체 변화가 복합적으로 있을 때 과연 약물에 효과가 있는지, 유전체 변이가 있을 때 한가지 신호전달만 차단하지 않고 두 개, 세 개 차단하는 효과는 어떨 지 등의 연구가 필요합니다.</span></p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS';"><span style="line-height: 1.5em;">　</span></p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS';"><span style="line-height: 1.5em;">&nbsp; 그 다음 빅데이터의 접근이 가능해지면, 표적치료제의 한계를 극복할 수 있습니다. 예를 들어, HER2 유전변이가 있는 환자에서 HER2 발현을 차단시키면 치료효과가 있지만, 모두가 효과가 있는 것은 아니기 때문에 내성의 원인이 다른 변화가 동반된 때문인지 등을 밝혀야 합니다. 빅데이터를 사용하게 되면, 환자가 어떤 변이를 가지고 있어서 이러한 약물을 사용하면 효과가 있겠지만, 몇 달 후 내성이 생길 것이고, 그 다음에 어떤 약을 사용하면 효과가 있을 것이다 까지 순차적인 예측이 가능하게 될 것입니다.</span></p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS';"><span style="line-height: 1.5em;">　</span></p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS';"><span style="line-height: 1.5em;">&nbsp; 미래는 유전자 분석은 유전체 연구의 극히 일부분이 될 것이며, 빅데이터를 이용한 예측 프로그램, 심지어는 임상진료에서 환자의 시료를 넣으면, 예측 프로세스가 끝나서 시뮬레이션이 나오게 될 것입니다. IT 기술의 발전속도를 보면 이것은 짧은 시간 내에 가능하게 될 것입니다. 생각해보면, 가장 기초적인 개인 컴퓨터가 보급된 것이 86~87년도부터 입니다. 그 당시 사용했던 컴퓨터 언어가 도스 명령어인데, 현재 유전체 분석하는 것이 딱 그 수준입니다. 일반인들은 접근이 어렵고, 전문가들에 의해서만 분석이 가능하며, 시간이 오래 걸리는 수준인 것이지요. 하지만 생명정보학 전문가들이 앞으로 일반인들이 사용할 수 있게 프로그램을 만들어 낼 것이고, 그렇게 되기까지의 시간이 20년 정도로 생각됩니다. 윈도우 프로그램이 나온 것이 개인 컴퓨터 개발 후 10년 정도였고 현재처럼 보편화 프로그램들이 도입되기까지 20년이 더 걸렸으니까요. 앞으로 의학뿐만 아니라 여러 분야의 수요에 맞추어 프로그램들이 만들어 지게 될 것입니다. 환자에게 맞는 음식은 어떤 것인지, 생활패턴에서 운동은 어떤 것이 나을지 등 여러 가지가 나오게 될 것이고, 윈도우 활용프로그램처럼 개발이 될 것이죠. 이러한 것들이 스마트폰의 어플리케이션처럼 되기 까지, 그러한 시간과 과정을 거치면 그대로 접목되어 들어오게 될 것입니다. 그렇게 되면 의사들의 역할이 많이 감소될 수도 있게 되겠지요(웃음).</span></p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS';"><span style="line-height: 1.5em;">　</span></p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS';"><b>예측프로그램이 현실이 되었을 때 문제가 되지는 않을까요?</b></p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS';"><span style="line-height: 1.5em;">　</span></p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS';"><span style="line-height: 1.5em;">&nbsp; 네. 그래서 수반되어야 할 것들이 굉장히 많습니다. 윤리적인 문제, 그리고 어떻게 정보를 차단하고 제한된 접근을 허용할 지, 보험 이슈, 법적, 행정적 이슈 등이 바뀌어 갈 것입니다. 유전체 학회에서는 전문가들의 의견을 모아 법적 인프라들을 구축해야 하고, 연구자들도 유전체 관련 연구를 논문으로 발표하는 것으로 끝나지 않고 실제 현장에 접목시키는 기술을 개발해야 합니다. 이런 분야의 개발 전문가와 전문 상담사가 필요하고, 관련 산업의 발달이 앞으로 어떻게 발전할 지 모르기 때문에 많은 준비가 필요합니다. 어떻게 앞서 준비하느냐에 따라서 그 쪽 분야의 선진국이 되느냐, 후발국이 될 지가 결정될 것입니다.</span></p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS';"><span style="line-height: 1.5em;">　</span></p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS';"><b>5. 유전체 관련 전문가를 양성하는 것도 중요한 것 같습니다. 이런 것에 대해서는 어떻게 생각하시나요?</b>&nbsp;　</p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS';"><span style="line-height: 1.5em;">　</span></p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS';"><span style="line-height: 1.5em;">&nbsp; 인력양성이라는 것은 어떤 분야가 있다고 해서 절대로 저절로 되지 않습니다. 국가에서 그 분야에 인력양성 지원을 해 주더라도 그 분야에 관심을 갖는 개인들이 지원해 와야 합니다. 그러기 위해서는 일자리가 생길 것이라는 미래가 어느 정도 가시적으로나마 보여야 할 것입니다. 이쪽 분야가 앞으로 유망하고 일자리를 얻을 수 있겠다는 생각이 들면, 사람들이 해당 교육을 받아야겠다는 생각을 하게 되는데, 이처럼 현실적 상황이 손에 쥐어지지 않으면 아무리 노력해도 일자리 창출이 되지 않기 때문입니다. 지금까지의 유전체 연구분야는 전문 인력이 부족하다고 할 수밖에 없는 것이 관련 분야의 지원이 없기 때문입니다. 보험급여도 이루어지지 않고 관련 산업의 발전이 없기 때문에 일자리 창출 프로그램이 있어도 지원하는 개인들의 관심이 없는 것이 현실입니다.</span></p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS';"><span style="line-height: 1.5em;">　</span></p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS';"><span style="line-height: 1.5em;">&nbsp; 서로 하나의 순환처럼 맞물려 시작되어야 합니다. 관련 산업에 대한 간접적인 지원과 시장형성을 하면서 관련 회사들이 일거리가 만들어져야 합니다. 이미 일거리는 많지만, 활성화 되지 않고 돈이 투입되지 않는 것이 문제입니다. 국가연구비와 개인 돈으로만 유전체 분석 및 바이오마커 진단 분야가 운영되는 형태가 안타깝습니다. 실제 현장 진료 또는 진단 시장에서 돈이 들어오게끔 시장을 형성하고 일자리 창출과 수요를 발생시켜야 합니다. 좀더 프로세스를 빨리 하고 정확하게 한다면, 시장에서 기업 검증이 이루어지고 우열이 가려져 기업의 규모가 커지고, 선순환으로 R&amp;D 여력이 생기게 되는 것입니다. 민간의 R&amp;D가 시작되어야 제대로 일자리가 창출되고, 하지 말라고 해도 대학에서도 관련 인력을 창출시킬 것입니다. 이런 것들은 지난 국회토론회에서도 언급되었던 사실들입니다. 국가연구비로만 하다 보니 연구비 받으면 잠시 활성화되었다가 연구비가 끊기면 모두 쫓겨나고 경력 단절이 이루어지기 때문에 장기적인 인력양성이 안되고 새로운 지원자가 없는 것입니다.</span></p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS';"><span style="line-height: 1.5em;">　</span></p> <div class="center" style="width: 800px; text-align: center; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS'; line-height: 16.799999237060547px;"> <div class="floatnone" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><a href="https://pgi.re.kr/index.php/File:1374113347217.jpg" class="image" title="1374113347217.jpg" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(90, 54, 150); background-image: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><img alt="1374113347217.jpg" src="https://pgi.re.kr/images/thumb/7/73/1374113347217.jpg/600px-1374113347217.jpg" width="600" height="338" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></div> </div> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS';"><b>6. 유전체 연구를 기반으로 한 환자 맞춤치료에 대한 의견이 있으시다면? 혹시 현재 연구 중이신지요.</b></p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS';"><span style="line-height: 1.5em;">　</span></p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS';"><span style="line-height: 1.5em;">&nbsp; 유전체 분야는 양면성이 있습니다. 앞선 기술을 바탕으로 하고, 모르던 것들이 밝혀지고, 밝혀지지 않은 분야에 발을 들여놓기 때문에 일반인들에게 매력적으로 보기도 하지만, 자칫 칼의 양날처럼 개인적으로 트라우마만 주고, 실제로 이득은 없이 해악을 끼칠 수도 있기 때문에 과학적으로 입증도 되고 조심스럽게 접근을 해야 합니다. 하지만 새로운 것에 대해 너무 두려워하지 말고, 도전도 해야 하므로 균형을 상당히 요합니다. 제일 중요한 것은 일반인이면서도 환자인 입장에서 판단을 해야 합니다. 자칫 기술적인 면이나 또는 정책적 보호 차원 측면에서만 집중하다 보면, 잘못된 판단을 내릴 수 있는 것입니다.</span></p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS';"><span style="line-height: 1.5em;">　</span></p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS';"><span style="line-height: 1.5em;">&nbsp; 안젤리나 졸리의 경우, 어떤 사람은 빨리 유전 변화를 파악해서 대책을 세워야 한다는 입장이 있는 반면, 어떤 사람은 유방암이 생긴 다음에 수술해도 되는데 미리 알아서 과잉 반응하는 것이 아니냐는 입장이 있습니다. 그러나 안젤리나 졸리의 입장에서 보면, 어렸을 적부터 자신의 어머니가 유방암 투병하는 과정을 옆에서 봐왔으며, 개인적으로 얼마나 고통을 받았는지를 압니다. 유방암은 다른 암과는 달라서 평생질환입니다. 완치가 되었다 싶어도, 5년이나 10년 뒤에 다시 재발을 하고, 뼈에 전이가 잘되며 계속적인 불안감과 재발되었을 때의 좌절감 등 오랜 시간 지속되는 개인적으로 고통스러운 암입니다. 자신의 어머니가 그런 상황이 되었을 때 자식들이 받는 고통은 본인만이 알 수 있는 것이고, 제 3자적인 입장에서 판단하는 것은 잘못된 것입니다. 개인이 판단하고 결정하는 자유가 주어져야 할 것이지만, 일반화가 되어 모든 사람에게 권장을 하는 것은 또 아닙니다. 철저히 잠재적 환자의 입장에서 판단되어야 하고, 그 과정에서 임상의들이 깊이 관여되어야 합니다. 단순히 과학적인 차원에서 진행될 것은 아닙니다. 비용, 사회적 부담 측면에서도 고려가 되어야 합니다. 검사 방법, 기술적 문제, false-positive 비율, 정보 유출 가능성을 고려한 시스템이 마련되어야 합니다.</span></p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS';"><span style="line-height: 1.5em;">　</span></p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS';"><span style="line-height: 1.5em;">&nbsp; 실제 유럽에서는 이미 NGS 기반의 진단방법이 임상에 도입이 되고 있습니다. 연구차원에서 나온 데이터이긴 하지만, 환자 본인도 데이터를 알 수 있습니다. 실제 애플 창업자인 스티븐 잡스도 본인의 유전체를 해독했고, 우리나라에서도 환자 본인이 whole genome sequencing을 통해 본인의 유전자 데이터를 아는 사람도 있고요. 지금은 학계에서 &ldquo;게놈 쓰나미&rdquo;라는 표현을 사용합니다. 임상가도 준비가 되어있지 않고, 과학자들도 시퀀싱 데이터에서 수천 가지 게놈 변이들은 쏟아져 나왔을 때 이에 대한 해석이나 중요성 분석 등의 준비가 안되어 있는데, 데이터는 쓰나미처럼 밀려들어오고 있다는 것입니다. 그에 따른 지침을 유럽의 유전체학회에서는 발표를 하였는데, 우리나라도 빠른 시일 내에 대비를 해야 할 것 같습니다.</span></p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS';"><span style="line-height: 1.5em;">　</span></p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS';"><b>7. 전 세계적으로 개인별 맞춤의학이 화두가 되고 있습니다. 개인의 게놈(유전체) 해독으로 인해 '발병 후 치료'가 아닌 '발병 전 관리'로 의학의 패러다임이 바뀔 것 이다는 의견이 많습니다. 이에 대한 교수님의 의견은 어떠하신지요?</b></p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS';"><span style="line-height: 1.5em;">　</span></p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS';"><span style="line-height: 1.5em;">&nbsp; 당연히 가야 할 방향입니다. 그러나 문제는 발병 전이라는 것이 상당히 어렵습니다. 아무리 유전체 분석이 잘 되고 있으며, 빅데이터 확보로 예측이 가능하더라도 얼마나 정확성을 가질 지가 중요합니다. 발병 전에 조치를 한다는 것은 치료이거나 예방적인 관리일 수도 있습니다. 그것이 환자에게 불행을 초래할 수 있다는 것입니다. 간단한 예방에 비타민이 좋다 하더라도 장기간 복용을 한다는 것은 환자의 수고, 노력, 비용이 든다는 것입니다. 요구나 권장을 할 때에는 효능이 100%에 가까운 근거에서 출발을 해야 합니다. 따라서 그러한 결과들이 나와야 합니다. 한 유전자 타입을 가진 환자는 100% 이 질병에 걸린다. 따라서 이 약이 효능이 있을 것이다 라던가, 관리법이라면 예방에 대한 확증이 있어야 합니다. 두 가지를 다 확증하려면 장고한 시간이 필요하고, 대규모의 임상실험이 필요합니다. 쉽지 않은 작업이지요.</span></p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS';"><span style="line-height: 1.5em;">　</span></p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS';"><b>8. 한국유전체학회 회장으로서 유전체 분야의 전망과 임기 중 목표는?</b></p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS';"><span style="line-height: 1.5em;">　</span></p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS';"><span style="line-height: 1.5em;">&nbsp; 사실 임기 중 목표를 말하기에는 끝나갑니다. 올 1월부터 시작되었지만, 유전체학회는 특이하게도 차기 회장을 먼저 뽑고, 하반기부터는 차기 회장님이 중복되어 준비를 하십니다. 제가 임기 중에 맡은 두 번의 큰 학회는 거의 마쳐갑니다. 정기학술대회가 9월초이며, 준비가 되고 있습니다. 목표는 거의 앞서 말씀 드린 것과 같으며, 정책적인 분야나 과학적인 분야에서 우리가 준비할 것들은 준비하고, 공감대를 국회나 또는 행정부에 형성시키고, 유전체 연구라는 것이 거대하고 빠르게 진화해 가고 있기 때문에, 진화하는 방향에 맥을 짚어가며 준비해야 합니다.</span></p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS';">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS';">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS';">&nbsp;</p> 20a570096d96de12edfe6b1fff1b39196cad19cb 0 2667 4601 2013-08-07T10:26:09Z S 300001 Created page with "<p>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.genomichealth.com/">http://www.genomichealth.com/</a></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, ..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.genomichealth.com/">http://www.genomichealth.com/</a></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5px; color: rgb(106, 115, 123); line-height: 15px;"><strong>Guest Entrance &amp; Main Lobby</strong><br /> Genomic Health, Inc.<br /> 101 Galveston Drive<br /> Redwood City, CA 94063-4700<br /> Tel:&nbsp; +1 (650) 556-9300<br /> Fax: +1 (650) 556-1132</p> <p style="margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5px; color: rgb(106, 115, 123); line-height: 15px;"><strong>General Mailing &amp; Overnight Delivery Address</strong>&nbsp;<br /> Genomic Health, Inc.<br /> 301 Penobscot Drive<br /> Redwood City, CA 94063-4700<br /> Tel: +1 (866) ONCOTYPE (866-662-6897)</p> <p style="margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5px; color: rgb(106, 115, 123); line-height: 15px;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5px; color: rgb(106, 115, 123); line-height: 15px;">&nbsp;</p> b5c262fda3bb79c4ba4e046f764d82745bfa64fd 0 2668 4603 2013-08-07T10:27:05Z S 300001 Created page with "<p>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.genomichealth.com/">http://www.genomichealth.com/</a></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, ..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.genomichealth.com/">http://www.genomichealth.com/</a></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5px; color: rgb(106, 115, 123); line-height: 15px;"><strong>Guest Entrance &amp; Main Lobby</strong><br /> Genomic Health, Inc.<br /> 101 Galveston Drive<br /> Redwood City, CA 94063-4700<br /> Tel:&nbsp; +1 (650) 556-9300<br /> Fax: +1 (650) 556-1132</p> <p style="margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5px; color: rgb(106, 115, 123); line-height: 15px;"><strong>General Mailing &amp; Overnight Delivery Address</strong>&nbsp;<br /> Genomic Health, Inc.<br /> 301 Penobscot Drive<br /> Redwood City, CA 94063-4700<br /> Tel: +1 (866) ONCOTYPE (866-662-6897)</p> <p style="margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5px; color: rgb(106, 115, 123); line-height: 15px;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5px; color: rgb(106, 115, 123); line-height: 15px;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5px; color: rgb(106, 115, 123); line-height: 15px;">&nbsp;</p> 1557101e0525e90f969e94eca57b43581d45ed9e 0 2669 4605 2013-08-09T15:48:15Z S 300001 Created page with "<p style="margin-bottom: 1em; white-space: normal; text-transform: none; word-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(77,77,77); font: 14px/25px Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Arial, sans-serif; mar..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p style="margin-bottom: 1em; white-space: normal; text-transform: none; word-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(77,77,77); font: 14px/25px Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Arial, sans-serif; margin-top: 0em; letter-spacing: normal; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); text-indent: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><b><span style="font-size: 22px">Inform Genomics, Inc.</span></b></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 1em; white-space: normal; text-transform: none; word-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(77,77,77); font: 14px/25px Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Arial, sans-serif; margin-top: 0em; letter-spacing: normal; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); text-indent: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><span style="color: rgb(60,60,60)">Inform Genomics, Inc. is a private company focused on developing novel platforms of genomic-based personalized medicine products for cancer supportive care.&nbsp;</span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 1em; white-space: normal; text-transform: none; word-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(77,77,77); font: 14px/25px Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Arial, sans-serif; margin-top: 0em; letter-spacing: normal; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); text-indent: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><span style="color: rgb(60,60,60)">The company&rsquo;s business model leverages existing technology in conjunction with proprietary analytic methods to identify interactions of genes and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that predict individual patient&rsquo;s risk for developing common side effects from chemotherapy regimens.</span><span style="color: rgb(60,60,60)">&nbsp;</span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 1em; white-space: normal; text-transform: none; word-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(77,77,77); font: 14px/25px Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Arial, sans-serif; margin-top: 0em; letter-spacing: normal; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); text-indent: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px">When commercially available, our products are expected to provide actionable information for providers, patients, and payers that will customize cancer care and improve outcomes.</p> <p style="margin-bottom: 1em; white-space: normal; text-transform: none; word-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(77,77,77); font: 14px/25px Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Arial, sans-serif; margin-top: 0em; letter-spacing: normal; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); text-indent: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><span style="color: rgb(60,60,60)">Inform Genomics is headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts.</span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 1em; white-space: normal; text-transform: none; word-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(77,77,77); font: 14px/25px Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Arial, sans-serif; margin-top: 0em; letter-spacing: normal; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); text-indent: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom: 1em; white-space: normal; text-transform: none; word-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(77,77,77); font: 14px/25px Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Arial, sans-serif; margin-top: 0em; letter-spacing: normal; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); text-indent: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><span style="color: rgb(60,60,60)"><a href="http://informgenomics.squarespace.com/">http://informgenomics.squarespace.com/</a></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 1em; white-space: normal; text-transform: none; word-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(77,77,77); font: 14px/25px Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Arial, sans-serif; margin-top: 0em; letter-spacing: normal; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); text-indent: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom: 1em; white-space: normal; text-transform: none; word-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(77,77,77); font: 14px/25px Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Arial, sans-serif; margin-top: 0em; letter-spacing: normal; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); text-indent: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px">&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="color: rgb(60,60,60)"> <h3 id="formField1Title" class="formCaption" style="white-space: normal; text-transform: uppercase; word-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(51,51,51); padding-bottom: 3px; text-align: left; padding-top: 0px; font: bold 1.5em/17px Raleway, serif; padding-left: 0px; margin: 0px; letter-spacing: 1px; padding-right: 0px; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); text-indent: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px">&nbsp;</h3> <div class="fieldObjects" style="white-space: normal; text-transform: none; word-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(77,77,77); text-align: left; font: 14px/25px Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: normal; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); text-indent: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px">&nbsp;</div> <div id="formField1Subtitle" class="formTitle" style="white-space: normal; text-transform: none; word-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(77,77,77); padding-bottom: 1em; text-align: left; font: 12px/25px Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: normal; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); text-indent: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><b><span style="font-size: medium">InformGenomics Contact:</span></b><br /> Inform Genomics is located at:<br /> 101 Federal Street, Suite 1900<br /> Boston, MA 02110</div> </span></p> cb134602cc6fb60bd0024b96a295b059d2ffee66 0 2670 4606 2013-08-09T20:22:53Z S 300001 Created page with "<p style="white-space: normal; text-transform: none; word-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(0,0,0); font: 12px/19px sans-serif; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; letter-spacing: normal; text-inden..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p style="white-space: normal; text-transform: none; word-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(0,0,0); font: 12px/19px sans-serif; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; letter-spacing: normal; text-indent: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><b>Trialome</b>&nbsp;is a body of&nbsp;<a title="Knowledge" style="background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); text-decoration: none" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge">knowledge</a>&nbsp;(or&nbsp;<a title="Data" style="background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); text-decoration: none" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data">data</a>) generated by human&nbsp;<a title="Clinical trial" style="background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); text-decoration: none" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_trial">clinical trials</a>&nbsp;in&nbsp;<a title="Medicine" style="background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); text-decoration: none" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine">medicine</a>&nbsp;that goes beyond and extends existing clinical trial registration data from&nbsp;<a title="Clinical trial registry" class="mw-redirect" style="background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); text-decoration: none" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_trial_registry">clinical trial registries</a>with trial results data (published articles, raw data, summary data).<sup id="cite_ref-npv_1-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em"><a style="background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; color: rgb(11,0,128); text-decoration: none" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trialome#cite_note-npv-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-adherence_2-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em"><a style="background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; color: rgb(11,0,128); text-decoration: none" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trialome#cite_note-adherence-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-trialome_3-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em"><a style="background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; color: rgb(11,0,128); text-decoration: none" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trialome#cite_note-trialome-3">[3]</a></sup>&nbsp;Studies show that only 46% of trials publish their results within 30 months from trial completion.<sup id="cite_ref-ross1_4-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em"><a style="background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; color: rgb(11,0,128); text-decoration: none" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trialome#cite_note-ross1-4">[4]</a></sup>&nbsp;Clinical trial registries, such as&nbsp;<a title="ClinicalTrials.gov" style="background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); text-decoration: none" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ClinicalTrials.gov">ClinicalTrials.gov</a>&nbsp;enable trial record managers to register a study in a register, link publications reporting trial results and to upload basic summary results. In&nbsp;<a title="USA" class="mw-redirect" style="background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); text-decoration: none" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA">USA</a>&nbsp;and<a title="EU" class="mw-redirect" style="background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); text-decoration: none" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU">EU</a>&nbsp;laws and regulations exist, such as&nbsp;<a title="Food and Drug Administration Amendments Act of 2007" style="background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); text-decoration: none" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration_Amendments_Act_of_2007">Food and Drug Administration Amendments Act of 2007</a>, that mandate trial registration and basic summary results submission for certain clinical trials. Public knowledge about all trials is important to prevent clinical trial sponsors from repeating again a failed trial.<sup id="cite_ref-name123_5-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em"><a style="background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; color: rgb(11,0,128); text-decoration: none" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trialome#cite_note-name123-5">[5]</a></sup>&nbsp;Updating and creating the knowledge contained in trialome is facilitated by mandatory clinical trial registration policies and journal editor policies (e.g., manuscript requirements created by&nbsp;<a title="ICMJE" class="mw-redirect" style="background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); text-decoration: none" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICMJE">International Committee of Medical Journal Editors</a>)</p> <p style="white-space: normal; text-transform: none; word-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(0,0,0); font: 12px/19px sans-serif; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; letter-spacing: normal; text-indent: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><span style="font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial, Verdana, sans-serif">&nbsp;</span></p> <h2 style="overflow: hidden; background-image: none; white-space: normal; border-bottom: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; text-transform: none; word-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(0,0,0); padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; font: 19px/19px sans-serif; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; letter-spacing: normal; text-indent: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><span id="Clinical_Trial_Registries" class="mw-headline">Clinical Trial Registries</span></h2> <p style="white-space: normal; text-transform: none; word-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(0,0,0); font: 12px/19px sans-serif; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; letter-spacing: normal; text-indent: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><a title="Clinical trials registry" style="background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); text-decoration: none" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_trials_registry">Clinical trials registries</a>&nbsp;play a key role in providing evidence that a trial exist. In some countries (e.g., USA), there are legislative mandates that certain clinical trials must be registered. The largest 5 registries are&nbsp;<sup id="cite_ref-adherence_2-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em"><a style="background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; color: rgb(11,0,128); text-decoration: none" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trialome#cite_note-adherence-2">[2]</a></sup>&nbsp;(as of August 2012):&nbsp;<a title="ClinicalTrials.gov" style="background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); text-decoration: none" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ClinicalTrials.gov">ClinicalTrials.gov</a>&nbsp;(130756 trials), EU register (18660 trials), ISRCTN (10853 trials), Japan registries network (JPRN, 10511 trials), Australia and New Zealand (ANZCTR, 6916 trials). The largest registry (ClinicalTrials.gov) contained more than 6 times more studies than the second largest registry.</p> <h2 style="overflow: hidden; background-image: none; white-space: normal; border-bottom: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; text-transform: none; word-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(0,0,0); padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; font: 19px/19px sans-serif; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; letter-spacing: normal; text-indent: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><span id="Scientific_publications_with_trial_results" class="mw-headline">Scientific publications with trial results</span></h2> <p style="white-space: normal; text-transform: none; word-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(0,0,0); font: 12px/19px sans-serif; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; letter-spacing: normal; text-indent: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px">Significant trial result information is provided by trial investigators when they publish in a scientific journal about the conducted trial. However, a 2013 study of trials registered in ClinicalTrials.gov registry showed that only 27.8% trials had a linked result article.<sup id="cite_ref-trialome_3-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em"><a style="background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; color: rgb(11,0,128); text-decoration: none" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trialome#cite_note-trialome-3">[3]</a></sup></p> <p style="white-space: normal; text-transform: none; word-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(0,0,0); font: 12px/19px sans-serif; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; letter-spacing: normal; text-indent: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px">Due to a large number of registered and conducted trials and large number of publised trial result articles, it is not easy to link correct article to a correct trial. There are two types of trial-article links.<sup id="cite_ref-trialome_3-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em"><a style="background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; color: rgb(11,0,128); text-decoration: none" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trialome#cite_note-trialome-3">[3]</a></sup></p> <h3 style="overflow: hidden; font-size: 16px; font-family: sans-serif; font-variant: normal; background-image: none; white-space: normal; border-bottom-style: none; text-transform: none; word-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(0,0,0); padding-bottom: 0.17em; font-style: normal; padding-top: 0.5em; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; text-indent: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><span id="Abstract_link" class="mw-headline">Abstract link</span></h3> <p style="white-space: normal; text-transform: none; word-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(0,0,0); font: 12px/19px sans-serif; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; letter-spacing: normal; text-indent: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px">One is created by the article authors when they write the article abstract and is often called abstract link. The&nbsp;<a title="International Committee of Medical Journal Editors" class="mw-redirect" style="background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); text-decoration: none" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Committee_of_Medical_Journal_Editors">International Committee of Medical Journal Editors</a>&nbsp;requires an article to mention in article abstract the trial ID within the registry. About 23% of registered trials have linked result articles using the abstract link.<sup id="cite_ref-trialome_3-3" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em"><a style="background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; color: rgb(11,0,128); text-decoration: none" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trialome#cite_note-trialome-3">[3]</a></sup></p> <h3 style="overflow: hidden; font-size: 16px; font-family: sans-serif; font-variant: normal; background-image: none; white-space: normal; border-bottom-style: none; text-transform: none; word-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(0,0,0); padding-bottom: 0.17em; font-style: normal; padding-top: 0.5em; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; text-indent: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><span id="Registry_link" class="mw-headline">Registry link</span></h3> <p style="white-space: normal; text-transform: none; word-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(0,0,0); font: 12px/19px sans-serif; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; letter-spacing: normal; text-indent: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px">The second link is created at any time after article publication. A trial registry record manager updates the trial registry record with the article PubMed ID (PMID) that reports trial results. This type of link is used less often. About 7.3% of registered trials had linked result articles using the registry link.<sup id="cite_ref-trialome_3-4" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em"><a style="background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; color: rgb(11,0,128); text-decoration: none" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trialome#cite_note-trialome-3">[3]</a></sup>&nbsp;Not all clinical trial registries enable trial registry record managers to provide a result article reference (e.g., ClinicalTrials.gov and ISRCTN and Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR) do support this functionality).</p> <h2 style="overflow: hidden; background-image: none; white-space: normal; border-bottom: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; text-transform: none; word-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(0,0,0); padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; font: 19px/19px sans-serif; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; letter-spacing: normal; text-indent: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><span id="Posting_trial_results_to_public_repositories" class="mw-headline">Posting trial results to public repositories</span></h2> <p style="white-space: normal; text-transform: none; word-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(0,0,0); font: 12px/19px sans-serif; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; letter-spacing: normal; text-indent: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px">In&nbsp;<a title="USA" class="mw-redirect" style="background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); text-decoration: none" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA">USA</a>, certain human clinical trials, due to legal mandate, have to post their results within 1 year after trial completion into ClinicalTrials.gov registry. Results of a clinical trial can be posted as basic summary results or detailed, individual patient data.</p> <h3 style="overflow: hidden; font-size: 16px; font-family: sans-serif; font-variant: normal; background-image: none; white-space: normal; border-bottom-style: none; text-transform: none; word-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(0,0,0); padding-bottom: 0.17em; font-style: normal; padding-top: 0.5em; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; text-indent: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><span id="Summary_trial_results" class="mw-headline">Summary trial results</span></h3> <div class="thumb tright" style="white-space: normal; text-transform: none; word-spacing: 0px; float: right; color: rgb(0,0,0); font: 12px/19px sans-serif; clear: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; letter-spacing: normal; width: auto; text-indent: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"> <div class="thumbinner" style="overflow: hidden; font-size: 12px; border-top: rgb(204,204,204) 1px solid; border-right: rgb(204,204,204) 1px solid; min-width: 100px; border-bottom: rgb(204,204,204) 1px solid; padding-bottom: 3px !important; text-align: center; padding-top: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; border-left: rgb(204,204,204) 1px solid; padding-right: 3px !important; width: 302px; background-color: rgb(249,249,249)"><a class="image" style="background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); text-decoration: none" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Example_of_basic_summary_results_available_at_ClinicalTrials.gov.png"><img class="thumbimage" style="border-top: rgb(204,204,204) 1px solid; border-right: rgb(204,204,204) 1px solid; vertical-align: middle; border-bottom: rgb(204,204,204) 1px solid; border-left: rgb(204,204,204) 1px solid; background-color: rgb(255,255,255)" alt="" width="300" height="121" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b8/Example_of_basic_summary_results_available_at_ClinicalTrials.gov.png/450px-Example_of_basic_summary_results_available_at_ClinicalTrials.gov.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b8/Example_of_basic_summary_results_available_at_ClinicalTrials.gov.png/600px-Example_of_basic_summary_results_available_at_ClinicalTrials.gov.png 2x" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b8/Example_of_basic_summary_results_available_at_ClinicalTrials.gov.png/300px-Example_of_basic_summary_results_available_at_ClinicalTrials.gov.png" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption" style="font-size: 11px; border-top: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-bottom: medium none; padding-bottom: 3px !important; text-align: left; padding-top: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; border-left: medium none; line-height: 1.4em; padding-right: 3px !important"> <div class="magnify" style="border-top: medium none; border-right: medium none; background-image: none; border-bottom: medium none; float: right; margin-left: 3px; border-left: medium none"><a title="Enlarge" class="internal" style="border-top: medium none; border-right: medium none; background-image: none; border-bottom: medium none; color: rgb(11,0,128); text-decoration: none; border-left: medium none; display: block" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Example_of_basic_summary_results_available_at_ClinicalTrials.gov.png"><img style="border-top: medium none; border-right: medium none; vertical-align: middle; background-image: none; border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; display: block" alt="" width="15" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf11/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></a></div> Example basic summary results</div> </div> </div> <p style="white-space: normal; text-transform: none; word-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(0,0,0); font: 12px/19px sans-serif; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; letter-spacing: normal; text-indent: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px">Only some clinical trial registries enable uploading of trial results. For example,&nbsp;<a title="ClinicalTrials.gov" style="background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); text-decoration: none" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ClinicalTrials.gov">ClinicalTrials.gov</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a title="ISRCTN (page does not exist)" class="new" style="background-image: none; color: rgb(165,88,88); text-decoration: none" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ISRCTN&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">ISRCTN</a>&nbsp;registry. A study using ClinicalTrials.gov showed that only 26.6% trials in the sample of 8907 trials provided basic summary results.<sup id="cite_ref-trialome_3-5" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em"><a style="background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; color: rgb(11,0,128); text-decoration: none" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trialome#cite_note-trialome-3">[3]</a></sup>&nbsp;While summary results provide some insights into the trial, 59.1% of basic summary trial results submission consist of only the mandatory fields that do not include many important parameter for assessing the overall outcome of the trial.<sup id="cite_ref-trialome_3-6" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em"><a style="background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; color: rgb(11,0,128); text-decoration: none" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trialome#cite_note-trialome-3">[3]</a></sup>&nbsp;Minimum legally required summary results consist of items such as number of participants starting and completing each trial arm, gender and age baseline characteristics, at least one outcome measure and a table of adverse events. ClinicalTrials.gov supports submission of more summary results items. Such submission can be considered extended results and those in addition to providing the legally required basic summary result items, also provide optional result items that are guided by standards for Good Clinical Practice and CONSORT statement and referred to as &ldquo;Good reporting practice&rdquo;. Optional items in participant flow report additional counts of patients &ldquo;Lost to follow-up&rdquo; or &ldquo;Severe Non-Compliance to Protocol&rdquo;. Other optional items in the outcomes measures module provide p-values of statistical significance of each individual primary or secondary outcome measure and information about the statistical tests used.</p> <h2 style="overflow: hidden; background-image: none; white-space: normal; border-bottom: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; text-transform: none; word-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(0,0,0); padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; font: 19px/19px sans-serif; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; letter-spacing: normal; text-indent: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><span id="Individual_patient_results" class="mw-headline">Individual patient results</span></h2> <p style="white-space: normal; text-transform: none; word-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(0,0,0); font: 12px/19px sans-serif; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; letter-spacing: normal; text-indent: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px">In meta analyses, it is important to sometimes analyze individual patient data. Some trial sponsors (e.g., Roche and GSK) made a promise to make individual patient trial results available to qualified researchers.&nbsp;<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em"><a style="background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; color: rgb(11,0,128); text-decoration: none" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trialome#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup></p> <h2 style="overflow: hidden; background-image: none; white-space: normal; border-bottom: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; text-transform: none; word-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(0,0,0); padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; font: 19px/19px sans-serif; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; letter-spacing: normal; text-indent: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><span id="See_also" class="mw-headline">See also</span></h2> <ul style="white-space: normal; text-transform: none; word-spacing: 0px; list-style-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANAQMAAABb8jbLAAAABlBMVEX///8AUow5QSOjAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAABNJREFUCB1jYEABBQw/wLCAgQEAGpIDyT0IVcsAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); color: rgb(0,0,0); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px; font: 12px/19px sans-serif; padding-left: 0px; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; letter-spacing: normal; padding-right: 0px; text-indent: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em"><a title="Clinical trials registry" style="background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); text-decoration: none" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_trials_registry">Clinical trials registry</a></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em"><a title="ClinicalTrials.gov" style="background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); text-decoration: none" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ClinicalTrials.gov">ClinicalTrials.gov</a></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em"><a title="Publication Bias" class="mw-redirect" style="background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); text-decoration: none" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publication_Bias">Publication Bias</a></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em"><a title="Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals" style="background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); text-decoration: none" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Requirements_for_Manuscripts_Submitted_to_Biomedical_Journals">Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals</a></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em"><a title="List of omics topics in biology" style="background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); text-decoration: none" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_omics_topics_in_biology">List of omics topics in biology</a></li> </ul> <h2 style="overflow: hidden; background-image: none; white-space: normal; border-bottom: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; text-transform: none; word-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(0,0,0); padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; font: 19px/19px sans-serif; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; letter-spacing: normal; text-indent: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><span id="References" class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <div class="reflist references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0.5em; white-space: normal; text-transform: none; word-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(0,0,0); font: 11px/19px sans-serif; letter-spacing: normal; text-indent: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-column-count: 2"> <ol class="references" style="list-style-image: none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; line-height: 1.5em; padding-right: 0px"> <li id="cite_note-npv-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a style="background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); text-decoration: none" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trialome#cite_ref-npv_1-0">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word">Huser, V.; Cimino, J. J. (2012). &quot;Precision and Negative Predictive Value of Links between ClinicalTrials.gov and PubMed&quot;.&nbsp;<i>AMIA ... Annual Symposium proceedings / AMIA Symposium. AMIA Symposium</i>&nbsp;<b>2012</b>: 400&ndash;408.&nbsp;<a title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); text-decoration: none" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" style="background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(102,51,102); text-decoration: none; padding-right: 13px" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23304310">23304310</a>.</span><span class="plainlinks noprint" style="font-size: smaller">&nbsp;<a class="external text" style="background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); background-position: 0% 0%; color: rgb(102,51,102); padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; text-decoration: none; padding-right: 13px" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_pmid/23304310&amp;action=edit&amp;editintro=Template:Cite_pmid/editintro2">edit</a></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-adherence-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^&nbsp;<a style="background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); text-decoration: none" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trialome#cite_ref-adherence_2-0"><sup style="line-height: 1em"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a style="background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); text-decoration: none" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trialome#cite_ref-adherence_2-1"><sup style="line-height: 1em"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word">Huser, V.; Cimino, J. J. (2013). &quot;Evaluating adherence to the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors' policy of mandatory, timely clinical trial registration&quot;.&nbsp;<i>Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association</i>.&nbsp;<a title="Digital object identifier" style="background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); text-decoration: none" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" style="background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(102,51,102); text-decoration: none; padding-right: 13px" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1136%2Famiajnl-2012-001501">10.1136/amiajnl-2012-001501</a>.</span>&nbsp;<span class="plainlinks noprint" style="font-size: smaller"><a class="external text" style="background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); background-position: 0% 0%; color: rgb(102,51,102); padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; text-decoration: none; padding-right: 13px" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_doi/10.1136.2Famiajnl-2012-001501&amp;action=edit&amp;editintro=Template:Cite_doi/editintro2">edit</a></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-trialome-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^&nbsp;<a style="background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); text-decoration: none" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trialome#cite_ref-trialome_3-0"><sup style="line-height: 1em"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a style="background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); text-decoration: none" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trialome#cite_ref-trialome_3-1"><sup style="line-height: 1em"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a style="background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); text-decoration: none" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trialome#cite_ref-trialome_3-2"><sup style="line-height: 1em"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a style="background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); text-decoration: none" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trialome#cite_ref-trialome_3-3"><sup style="line-height: 1em"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a style="background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); text-decoration: none" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trialome#cite_ref-trialome_3-4"><sup style="line-height: 1em"><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a style="background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); text-decoration: none" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trialome#cite_ref-trialome_3-5"><sup style="line-height: 1em"><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a style="background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); text-decoration: none" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trialome#cite_ref-trialome_3-6"><sup style="line-height: 1em"><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word">Huser, V.; Cimino, J. J. (2013). &quot;Linking ClinicalTrials.gov and PubMed to Track Results of Interventional Human Clinical Trials&quot;. In Sampson, Margaret.&nbsp;<i>PLoS ONE</i>&nbsp;<b>8</b>&nbsp;(7): e68409.&nbsp;<a title="Digital object identifier" style="background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); text-decoration: none" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" style="background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(102,51,102); text-decoration: none; padding-right: 13px" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0068409">10.1371/journal.pone.0068409</a>.</span>&nbsp;<span class="plainlinks noprint" style="font-size: smaller"><a class="external text" style="background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); background-position: 0% 0%; color: rgb(102,51,102); padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; text-decoration: none; padding-right: 13px" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_doi/10.1371.2Fjournal.pone.0068409&amp;action=edit&amp;editintro=Template:Cite_doi/editintro2">edit</a></span></span></li> </ol> </div> <p style="white-space: normal; text-transform: none; word-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(0,0,0); font: 12px Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; letter-spacing: normal; text-indent: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px">&nbsp;</p> 218488e6b5fe96874f02cbdf6470c9edc461e907 0 2371 4607 4555 2013-08-09T21:41:33Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: x-large">Genomics.org</span></p> <p>Genomics.org is an openfree genomics research organization.</p> <p>Located in San Diego, CA. USA</p> <p>Genomics.org is led by [[Jong Bhak]].</p> <p>It is a non-profit organization.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 74f88a17f0cc119fef29b22587e226fb6127bc32 0 2671 4609 2013-08-09T21:52:23Z S 300001 Created page with "<p>Autogenomics</p> <p>- Jong Bhak</p> <p>&nbsp;</p>" wikitext text/x-wiki <p>Autogenomics</p> <p>- Jong Bhak</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 3fff8a2f0b28243918116c959e4639840e6ae063 0 2672 4611 2013-08-09T22:01:42Z S 300001 Created page with "<p>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.genebygene.com/">http://www.genebygene.com/</a></p> <p><span class="gbgname" style="font-family: 'Roboto Light', sans-serif; font-size: 30px; color: ..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.genebygene.com/">http://www.genebygene.com/</a></p> <p><span class="gbgname" style="font-family: 'Roboto Light', sans-serif; font-size: 30px; color: rgb(195, 36, 32); line-height: 30.600000381469727px; text-align: right;">Gene By Gene, LTD.</span><br style="color: rgb(48, 68, 97); font-family: 'Roboto Light', sans-serif; font-size: 16.799999237060547px; line-height: 30.600000381469727px; text-align: right;" /> <span style="color: rgb(48, 68, 97); font-family: 'Roboto Light', sans-serif; font-size: 16.799999237060547px; line-height: 30.600000381469727px; text-align: right;">1445 North Loop West, 820</span><br style="color: rgb(48, 68, 97); font-family: 'Roboto Light', sans-serif; font-size: 16.799999237060547px; line-height: 30.600000381469727px; text-align: right;" /> <span style="color: rgb(48, 68, 97); font-family: 'Roboto Light', sans-serif; font-size: 16.799999237060547px; line-height: 30.600000381469727px; text-align: right;">Houston,TX,77008</span><br style="color: rgb(48, 68, 97); font-family: 'Roboto Light', sans-serif; font-size: 16.799999237060547px; line-height: 30.600000381469727px; text-align: right;" /> <span style="color: rgb(48, 68, 97); font-family: 'Roboto Light', sans-serif; font-size: 16.799999237060547px; line-height: 30.600000381469727px; text-align: right;">832.381.5410</span><br style="color: rgb(48, 68, 97); font-family: 'Roboto Light', sans-serif; font-size: 16.799999237060547px; line-height: 30.600000381469727px; text-align: right;" /> <span style="color: rgb(48, 68, 97); font-family: 'Roboto Light', sans-serif; font-size: 16.799999237060547px; line-height: 30.600000381469727px; text-align: right;">832.201.7147</span></p> 50aa2207d16b879d66a69e7caa5924b6a55ba4c8 0 2673 4612 2013-08-11T00:07:45Z S 300001 Created page with "<ul data-parsoid="{&quot;dsr&quot;:[67,7087,0,0]}" class="ve-ce-branchNode" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(data:image..." wikitext text/x-wiki <ul data-parsoid="{&quot;dsr&quot;:[67,7087,0,0]}" class="ve-ce-branchNode" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANAQMAAABb8jbLAAAABlBMVEX///8AUow5QSOjAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAABNJREFUCB1jYEABBQw/wLCAgQEAGpIDyT0IVcsAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;"> <li data-parsoid="{&quot;dsr&quot;:[67,81,1,0]}" class="ve-ce-branchNode" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"> <p class="ve-ce-generated-wrapper ve-ce-branchNode" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelrys" data-parsoid="{&quot;stx&quot;:&quot;simple&quot;,&quot;a&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Accelrys&quot;},&quot;sa&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;Accelrys&quot;},&quot;dsr&quot;:[69,81,2,2]}" class="ve-ce-LinkAnnotation ve-ce-mwInternalLinkAnnotation" title="Accelrys" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Accelrys</a></p> </li> <li data-parsoid="{&quot;dsr&quot;:[82,362,1,0]}" class="ve-ce-branchNode" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"> <p class="ve-ce-generated-wrapper ve-ce-branchNode" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a rel="mw:ExtLink" href="http://www.almacgroup.com/biomarker-discovery-development/bioinformatics-consultancy/" data-parsoid="{&quot;targetOff&quot;:171,&quot;dsr&quot;:[84,177,87,1]}" class="ve-ce-LinkAnnotation ve-ce-mwExternalLinkAnnotation" title="http://www.almacgroup.com/biomarker-discovery-development/bioinformatics-consultancy/" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Almac</a>&nbsp;offering an expert bioinformatics and biostatistics consultancy service to support the discovery and development of biomarkers as well as enabling an in-depth understanding of biology.</p> </li> <li data-parsoid="{&quot;dsr&quot;:[363,530,1,0]}" class="ve-ce-branchNode" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"> <p class="ve-ce-generated-wrapper ve-ce-branchNode" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a rel="mw:ExtLink" href="http://www.appliedexomics.com/" data-parsoid="{&quot;targetOff&quot;:395,&quot;dsr&quot;:[364,411,31,1]}" class="ve-ce-LinkAnnotation ve-ce-mwExternalLinkAnnotation" title="http://www.appliedexomics.com" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Applied Exomics</a>&nbsp;provide bioinformatics support for small to medium bioscience companies in their drug and diagnostic target discovery.</p> </li> <li data-parsoid="{&quot;dsr&quot;:[531,784,1,0]}" class="ve-ce-branchNode" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"> <p class="ve-ce-generated-wrapper ve-ce-branchNode" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_Maths" data-parsoid="{&quot;stx&quot;:&quot;simple&quot;,&quot;a&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Applied_Maths&quot;},&quot;sa&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;Applied Maths&quot;},&quot;dsr&quot;:[533,550,2,2]}" class="ve-ce-LinkAnnotation ve-ce-mwInternalLinkAnnotation" title="Applied Maths" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Applied Maths</a>&nbsp;provides the softwaresuite&nbsp;<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BioNumerics" data-parsoid="{&quot;stx&quot;:&quot;simple&quot;,&quot;a&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./BioNumerics&quot;},&quot;sa&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;BioNumerics&quot;},&quot;dsr&quot;:[578,593,2,2]}" class="ve-ce-LinkAnnotation ve-ce-mwInternalLinkAnnotation" title="BioNumerics" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">BioNumerics</a>&nbsp;for powerful databasing, integrated networking and a wide range of analysis and decision-making tools, including data mining, querying, clustering, identification, statistics, and much more.</p> </li> <li data-parsoid="{&quot;dsr&quot;:[785,923,1,0]}" class="ve-ce-branchNode" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"> <p class="ve-ce-generated-wrapper ve-ce-branchNode" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrid_Research" data-parsoid="{&quot;stx&quot;:&quot;simple&quot;,&quot;a&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Astrid_Research&quot;},&quot;sa&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;Astrid Research&quot;},&quot;dsr&quot;:[787,806,2,2]}" class="ve-ce-LinkAnnotation ve-ce-mwInternalLinkAnnotation" title="Astrid Research" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Astrid Research</a>&nbsp;Astrid Research Inc. is a bioinformatics company that provides software products and services for genomics research.</p> </li> <li data-parsoid="{&quot;dsr&quot;:[924,1072,1,0]}" class="ve-ce-branchNode" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"> <p class="ve-ce-generated-wrapper ve-ce-branchNode" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsevier_BIOBASE" data-parsoid="{&quot;stx&quot;:&quot;piped&quot;,&quot;a&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Elsevier_BIOBASE&quot;},&quot;sa&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;Elsevier BIOBASE&quot;},&quot;dsr&quot;:[926,954,19,2]}" class="ve-ce-LinkAnnotation ve-ce-mwInternalLinkAnnotation" title="Elsevier BIOBASE" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">BIOBASE</a>&nbsp;provides&nbsp;<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_database" data-parsoid="{&quot;stx&quot;:&quot;simple&quot;,&quot;a&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Biological_database&quot;},&quot;sa&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;biological database&quot;},&quot;dsr&quot;:[964,988,2,3],&quot;tail&quot;:&quot;s&quot;}" class="ve-ce-LinkAnnotation ve-ce-mwInternalLinkAnnotation" title="Biological database" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">biological databases</a>, bioinformatics for expression data, promoter and pathway analysis and KPO services</p> </li> <li data-parsoid="{&quot;dsr&quot;:[1073,1264,1,0]}" class="ve-ce-branchNode" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"> <p class="ve-ce-generated-wrapper ve-ce-branchNode" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BioDiscovery" data-parsoid="{&quot;stx&quot;:&quot;piped&quot;,&quot;a&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./BioDiscovery&quot;},&quot;sa&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;BioDiscovery&quot;},&quot;dsr&quot;:[1075,1111,15,2]}" class="ve-ce-LinkAnnotation ve-ce-mwInternalLinkAnnotation" title="BioDiscovery" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">&nbsp;BioDiscovery, Inc.</a>&nbsp;provides software for DNA copy number, methylation, expression from microarray and NGS platforms, with solutions for cancer and constitutional genomics.</p> </li> <li data-parsoid="{&quot;dsr&quot;:[1265,1380,1,0]}" class="ve-ce-branchNode" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"> <p class="ve-ce-generated-wrapper ve-ce-branchNode" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomatters" data-parsoid="{&quot;stx&quot;:&quot;piped&quot;,&quot;a&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Biomatters&quot;},&quot;sa&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;Biomatters&quot;},&quot;dsr&quot;:[1267,1297,13,2]}" class="ve-ce-LinkAnnotation ve-ce-mwInternalLinkAnnotation" title="Biomatters" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Biomatters Ltd.</a>&nbsp;is the&nbsp;<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand" data-parsoid="{&quot;stx&quot;:&quot;simple&quot;,&quot;a&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./New_Zealand&quot;},&quot;sa&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;New Zealand&quot;},&quot;dsr&quot;:[1305,1320,2,2]}" class="ve-ce-LinkAnnotation ve-ce-mwInternalLinkAnnotation" title="New Zealand" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">New Zealand</a>-based company that creates the&nbsp;<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneious" data-parsoid="{&quot;stx&quot;:&quot;simple&quot;,&quot;a&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Geneious&quot;},&quot;sa&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;Geneious&quot;},&quot;dsr&quot;:[1352,1364,2,2]}" class="ve-ce-LinkAnnotation ve-ce-mwInternalLinkAnnotation" title="Geneious" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Geneious</a>&nbsp;software suite.</p> </li> <li data-parsoid="{&quot;dsr&quot;:[1381,1432,1,0]}" class="ve-ce-branchNode" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"> <p class="ve-ce-generated-wrapper ve-ce-branchNode" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomax_Informatics_AG" data-parsoid="{&quot;stx&quot;:&quot;simple&quot;,&quot;a&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Biomax_Informatics_AG&quot;},&quot;sa&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;Biomax Informatics AG&quot;},&quot;dsr&quot;:[1383,1408,2,2]}" class="ve-ce-LinkAnnotation ve-ce-mwInternalLinkAnnotation" title="Biomax Informatics AG" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Biomax Informatics AG</a>&nbsp;bioinformatics services</p> </li> <li data-parsoid="{&quot;dsr&quot;:[1433,1474,1,0]}" class="ve-ce-branchNode" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"> <p class="ve-ce-generated-wrapper ve-ce-branchNode" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLC_Bio" data-parsoid="{&quot;stx&quot;:&quot;simple&quot;,&quot;a&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./CLC_Bio&quot;},&quot;sa&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;CLC Bio&quot;},&quot;dsr&quot;:[1435,1446,2,2]}" class="ve-ce-LinkAnnotation ve-ce-mwInternalLinkAnnotation" title="CLC Bio" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">CLC Bio</a>&nbsp;Bioinformatics workbenches.</p> </li> <li data-parsoid="{&quot;dsr&quot;:[1475,1618,1,0]}" class="ve-ce-branchNode" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"> <p class="ve-ce-generated-wrapper ve-ce-branchNode" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNASTAR" data-parsoid="{&quot;stx&quot;:&quot;simple&quot;,&quot;a&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./DNASTAR&quot;},&quot;sa&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;DNASTAR&quot;},&quot;dsr&quot;:[1477,1488,2,2]}" class="ve-ce-LinkAnnotation ve-ce-mwInternalLinkAnnotation" title="DNASTAR" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">DNASTAR</a>&nbsp;provides DNA sequence assembly and analysis, including Sanger and next generation sequence assembly and gene expression analysis.</p> </li> <li data-parsoid="{&quot;dsr&quot;:[1619,1667,1,0]}" class="ve-ce-branchNode" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"> <p class="ve-ce-generated-wrapper ve-ce-branchNode" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a rel="mw:ExtLink" href="http://www.eaglegenomics.com/" data-parsoid="{&quot;targetOff&quot;:1652,&quot;dsr&quot;:[1621,1667,31,1]}" class="ve-ce-LinkAnnotation ve-ce-mwExternalLinkAnnotation" title="http://www.eaglegenomics.com/" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Eagle Genomics</a></p> </li> <li data-parsoid="{&quot;dsr&quot;:[1668,1696,1,0]}" class="ve-ce-branchNode" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"> <p class="ve-ce-generated-wrapper ve-ce-branchNode" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Codes_Corporation" data-parsoid="{&quot;stx&quot;:&quot;simple&quot;,&quot;a&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Gene_Codes_Corporation&quot;},&quot;sa&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;Gene Codes Corporation&quot;},&quot;dsr&quot;:[1670,1696,2,2]}" class="ve-ce-LinkAnnotation ve-ce-mwInternalLinkAnnotation" title="Gene Codes Corporation" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Gene Codes Corporation</a></p> </li> <li data-parsoid="{&quot;dsr&quot;:[1697,1921,1,0]}" class="ve-ce-branchNode" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"> <p class="ve-ce-generated-wrapper ve-ce-branchNode" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genedata" data-parsoid="{&quot;stx&quot;:&quot;simple&quot;,&quot;a&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Genedata&quot;},&quot;sa&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;Genedata&quot;},&quot;dsr&quot;:[1699,1711,2,2]}" class="ve-ce-LinkAnnotation ve-ce-mwInternalLinkAnnotation" title="Genedata" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Genedata</a>&nbsp;provides software products and services for data analysis and storage in&nbsp;<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expression_profiling" data-parsoid="{&quot;stx&quot;:&quot;piped&quot;,&quot;a&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Expression_profiling&quot;},&quot;sa&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;Expression profiling&quot;},&quot;dsr&quot;:[1785,1825,23,2]}" class="ve-ce-LinkAnnotation ve-ce-mwInternalLinkAnnotation" title="Expression profiling" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Transcriptomics</a>,&nbsp;<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicogenomics" data-parsoid="{&quot;stx&quot;:&quot;simple&quot;,&quot;a&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Toxicogenomics&quot;},&quot;sa&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;Toxicogenomics&quot;},&quot;dsr&quot;:[1827,1845,2,2]}" class="ve-ce-LinkAnnotation ve-ce-mwInternalLinkAnnotation" title="Toxicogenomics" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Toxicogenomics</a>,&nbsp;<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-throughput_screening" data-parsoid="{&quot;stx&quot;:&quot;simple&quot;,&quot;a&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./High-throughput_screening&quot;},&quot;sa&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;High-throughput screening&quot;},&quot;dsr&quot;:[1847,1876,2,2]}" class="ve-ce-LinkAnnotation ve-ce-mwInternalLinkAnnotation" title="High-throughput screening" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">High-throughput screening</a>&nbsp;(HTS),&nbsp;<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics" data-parsoid="{&quot;stx&quot;:&quot;simple&quot;,&quot;a&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Genomics&quot;},&quot;sa&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;Genomics&quot;},&quot;dsr&quot;:[1884,1896,2,2]}" class="ve-ce-LinkAnnotation ve-ce-mwInternalLinkAnnotation" title="Genomics" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Genomics</a>&nbsp;and related disciplines.</p> </li> <li data-parsoid="{&quot;dsr&quot;:[1922,1991,1,0]}" class="ve-ce-branchNode" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"> <p class="ve-ce-generated-wrapper ve-ce-branchNode" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneious" data-parsoid="{&quot;stx&quot;:&quot;simple&quot;,&quot;a&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Geneious&quot;},&quot;sa&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;Geneious&quot;},&quot;dsr&quot;:[1924,1936,2,2]}" class="ve-ce-LinkAnnotation ve-ce-mwInternalLinkAnnotation" title="Geneious" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Geneious</a>&nbsp;combines many DNA and protein sequence analysis tools.</p> </li> <li data-parsoid="{&quot;dsr&quot;:[1992,2340,1,0]}" class="ve-ce-branchNode" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"> <p class="ve-ce-generated-wrapper ve-ce-branchNode" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a rel="mw:ExtLink" href="http://www.genbioitserve.org/" data-parsoid="{&quot;targetOff&quot;:2025,&quot;dsr&quot;:[1994,2066,31,1]}" class="ve-ce-LinkAnnotation ve-ce-mwExternalLinkAnnotation" title="http://www.genbioitserve.org/" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Gen Bio-IT Serve Technologies Pvt. Ltd.,</a>&nbsp;is innovator scientific bioinformatics company, supports industries and organizations that rely on scientific innovation to differentiate themselves. It provide supports for NGS Data Analysis &nbsp;<span class="ve-ce-leafNode ve-ce-protectedNode ve-ce-generatedContentNode ve-ce-alienNode ve-ce-alienInlineNode" style="-webkit-user-select: none; position: relative !important; top: 0px !important; left: 0px !important; bottom: 0px !important; right: 0px !important; display: inline;"><span typeof="mw:Placeholder" data-parsoid="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot; &quot;,&quot;isDisplayHack&quot;:true,&quot;dsr&quot;:[2260,2261,null,0]}" style="-webkit-user-select: none; position: relative !important; top: 0px !important; left: 0px !important; bottom: 0px !important; right: 0px !important;">&nbsp;</span><img class="ve-ce-protectedNode-shield" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle; margin: 0px; -webkit-user-select: auto; position: absolute !important; top: 0px; left: 0px; bottom: 0px !important; right: 0px !important; height: 12.800000190734863px; width: 4px; background-color: transparent !important;" alt="" /></span>:DNase_Seq, RNA_Seq, FAIRE-Seq, Small RNA, Metagenomics (www.genbioitserve.org)</p> </li> <li data-parsoid="{&quot;dsr&quot;:[2341,2698,1,0]}" class="ve-ce-branchNode" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"> <p class="ve-ce-generated-wrapper ve-ce-branchNode" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GeneTalk" data-parsoid="{&quot;stx&quot;:&quot;simple&quot;,&quot;a&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./GeneTalk&quot;},&quot;sa&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;GeneTalk&quot;},&quot;dsr&quot;:[2343,2355,2,2]}" class="ve-ce-LinkAnnotation ve-ce-mwInternalLinkAnnotation" title="GeneTalk" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">GeneTalk</a>&nbsp;provides a web-based platform for human sequence variant analysis and interpretation for diagnosis of inherited disorders. Variant files (<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variant_Call_Format" data-parsoid="{&quot;stx&quot;:&quot;piped&quot;,&quot;a&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Variant_Call_Format&quot;},&quot;sa&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;Variant_Call_Format&quot;},&quot;dsr&quot;:[2494,2521,22,2]}" class="ve-ce-LinkAnnotation ve-ce-mwInternalLinkAnnotation" title="Variant Call Format" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">VCF</a>&nbsp;format) can be filtered and reduced for convinient interpretation of the data. The community of scientists, clinicians, and human geneticists can help in interpreting the data.</p> </li> <li data-parsoid="{&quot;dsr&quot;:[2699,2972,1,0]}" class="ve-ce-branchNode" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"> <p class="ve-ce-generated-wrapper ve-ce-branchNode" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomatix" data-parsoid="{&quot;stx&quot;:&quot;simple&quot;,&quot;a&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Genomatix&quot;},&quot;sa&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;Genomatix&quot;},&quot;dsr&quot;:[2701,2714,2,2]}" class="ve-ce-LinkAnnotation ve-ce-mwInternalLinkAnnotation" title="Genomatix" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Genomatix</a>&nbsp;offering biology driven analysis pipelines for microarray analysis, ChIP on Chip and Solexa/454 data. Multiple tools and databases for analysis of gene regulation. Comparative genomics and most complete and quality checked genomic annotation for 17 species.</p> </li> <li data-parsoid="{&quot;dsr&quot;:[2973,3293,1,0]}" class="ve-ce-branchNode" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"> <p class="ve-ce-generated-wrapper ve-ce-branchNode" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a rel="mw:ExtLink" href="http://genomodel.com/" data-parsoid="{&quot;targetOff&quot;:2998,&quot;dsr&quot;:[2975,3008,23,1]}" class="ve-ce-LinkAnnotation ve-ce-mwExternalLinkAnnotation" title="http://genomodel.com/" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Genomodel</a>&nbsp;provides proteomic (Mass Spectrometry, SILAC), genomic (NGS - ChIP Seq, RNA-Seq etc) data analysis, molecular modeling, computational chemistry (drug discovery) services and solutions to pharmaceutical, chemical and biotechnology industries, academic research groups and individuals.</p> </li> <li data-parsoid="{&quot;dsr&quot;:[3294,3566,1,0]}" class="ve-ce-branchNode" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"> <p class="ve-ce-generated-wrapper ve-ce-branchNode" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genostar" data-parsoid="{&quot;stx&quot;:&quot;simple&quot;,&quot;a&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Genostar&quot;},&quot;sa&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;Genostar&quot;},&quot;dsr&quot;:[3296,3308,2,2]}" class="ve-ce-LinkAnnotation ve-ce-mwInternalLinkAnnotation" title="Genostar" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Genostar</a>&nbsp;provides streamlined bioinformatics:&nbsp;<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequence_assembly" data-parsoid="{&quot;stx&quot;:&quot;simple&quot;,&quot;a&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Sequence_assembly&quot;},&quot;sa&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;sequence assembly&quot;},&quot;dsr&quot;:[3346,3367,2,2]}" class="ve-ce-LinkAnnotation ve-ce-mwInternalLinkAnnotation" title="Sequence assembly" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">sequence assembly</a>, mapping, annotation transfer and identification of&nbsp;<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_domains" data-parsoid="{&quot;stx&quot;:&quot;simple&quot;,&quot;a&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Protein_domains&quot;},&quot;sa&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;protein domains&quot;},&quot;dsr&quot;:[3420,3439,2,2]}" class="ve-ce-LinkAnnotation ve-ce-mwInternalLinkAnnotation" title="Protein domains" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">protein domains</a>,&nbsp;<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_genomics" data-parsoid="{&quot;stx&quot;:&quot;simple&quot;,&quot;a&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Comparative_genomics&quot;},&quot;sa&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;comparative genomics&quot;},&quot;dsr&quot;:[3441,3465,2,2]}" class="ve-ce-LinkAnnotation ve-ce-mwInternalLinkAnnotation" title="Comparative genomics" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">comparative genomics</a>, structural searches,&nbsp;<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic_pathway" data-parsoid="{&quot;stx&quot;:&quot;simple&quot;,&quot;a&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Metabolic_pathway&quot;},&quot;sa&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;metabolic pathway&quot;},&quot;dsr&quot;:[3488,3509,2,2]}" class="ve-ce-LinkAnnotation ve-ce-mwInternalLinkAnnotation" title="Metabolic pathway" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">metabolic pathway</a>&nbsp;analysis, modeling and simulation of biological networks</p> </li> <li data-parsoid="{&quot;dsr&quot;:[3567,3753,1,0]}" class="ve-ce-branchNode" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"> <p class="ve-ce-generated-wrapper ve-ce-branchNode" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingenuity_Systems" data-parsoid="{&quot;stx&quot;:&quot;simple&quot;,&quot;a&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Ingenuity_Systems&quot;},&quot;sa&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;Ingenuity Systems&quot;},&quot;dsr&quot;:[3569,3590,2,2]}" class="ve-ce-LinkAnnotation ve-ce-mwInternalLinkAnnotation" title="Ingenuity Systems" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Ingenuity Systems</a>&nbsp;is a provider of information and custom services for life science researchers, computational biologists and bioinformaticists, and life science industry suppliers</p> </li> <li data-parsoid="{&quot;dsr&quot;:[3754,3771,1,0]}" class="ve-ce-branchNode" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"> <p class="ve-ce-generated-wrapper ve-ce-branchNode" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inte:Ligand" data-parsoid="{&quot;stx&quot;:&quot;simple&quot;,&quot;a&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Inte:Ligand&quot;},&quot;sa&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;Inte:Ligand&quot;},&quot;dsr&quot;:[3756,3771,2,2]}" class="ve-ce-LinkAnnotation ve-ce-mwInternalLinkAnnotation" title="Inte:Ligand" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Inte:Ligand</a></p> </li> <li data-parsoid="{&quot;dsr&quot;:[3772,3929,1,0]}" class="ve-ce-branchNode" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"> <p class="ve-ce-generated-wrapper ve-ce-branchNode" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integromics" data-parsoid="{&quot;stx&quot;:&quot;simple&quot;,&quot;a&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Integromics&quot;},&quot;sa&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;Integromics&quot;},&quot;dsr&quot;:[3774,3789,2,2]}" class="ve-ce-LinkAnnotation ve-ce-mwInternalLinkAnnotation" title="Integromics" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Integromics</a>&nbsp;is a global bioinformatics company that provides bioinformatics software for data management and data analysis in genomics and proteomics.</p> </li> <li data-parsoid="{&quot;dsr&quot;:[3930,4119,1,0]}" class="ve-ce-branchNode" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"> <p class="ve-ce-generated-wrapper ve-ce-branchNode" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invitrogen" data-parsoid="{&quot;stx&quot;:&quot;simple&quot;,&quot;a&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Invitrogen&quot;},&quot;sa&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;Invitrogen&quot;},&quot;dsr&quot;:[3932,3946,2,2]}" class="ve-ce-LinkAnnotation ve-ce-mwInternalLinkAnnotation" title="Invitrogen" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Invitrogen</a>&nbsp;provides&nbsp;<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_NTI" data-parsoid="{&quot;stx&quot;:&quot;simple&quot;,&quot;a&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Vector_NTI&quot;},&quot;sa&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;Vector NTI&quot;},&quot;dsr&quot;:[3956,3970,2,2]}" class="ve-ce-LinkAnnotation ve-ce-mwInternalLinkAnnotation" title="Vector NTI" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Vector NTI</a>, a desktop bioinformatics suite supporting data record handling and curation, data discovery, reagent design, and experimental validation tool sets.</p> </li> <li data-parsoid="{&quot;dsr&quot;:[4120,4415,1,0]}" class="ve-ce-branchNode" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"> <p class="ve-ce-generated-wrapper ve-ce-branchNode" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a rel="mw:ExtLink" href="http://www.ixiolabs.com/" data-parsoid="{&quot;targetOff&quot;:4147,&quot;dsr&quot;:[4122,4156,25,1]}" class="ve-ce-LinkAnnotation ve-ce-mwExternalLinkAnnotation" title="http://www.ixiolabs.com" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">IxioLabs</a>&nbsp;provides expert computational solutions as databases and analytical tools to scientific companies and laboratories in a wide range of areas including&nbsp;<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-content_screening" data-parsoid="{&quot;stx&quot;:&quot;piped&quot;,&quot;a&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./High-content_screening&quot;},&quot;sa&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;High-content screening&quot;},&quot;dsr&quot;:[4307,4346,25,2]}" class="ve-ce-LinkAnnotation ve-ce-mwInternalLinkAnnotation" title="High-content screening" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">high-content</a>&nbsp;<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics" data-parsoid="{&quot;stx&quot;:&quot;simple&quot;,&quot;a&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Genomics&quot;},&quot;sa&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;genomics&quot;},&quot;dsr&quot;:[4347,4359,2,2]}" class="ve-ce-LinkAnnotation ve-ce-mwInternalLinkAnnotation" title="Genomics" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">genomics</a>,&nbsp;<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenomics" data-parsoid="{&quot;stx&quot;:&quot;simple&quot;,&quot;a&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Epigenomics&quot;},&quot;sa&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;epigenomics&quot;},&quot;dsr&quot;:[4361,4376,2,2]}" class="ve-ce-LinkAnnotation ve-ce-mwInternalLinkAnnotation" title="Epigenomics" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">epigenomics</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioimaging" data-parsoid="{&quot;stx&quot;:&quot;piped&quot;,&quot;a&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Bioimaging&quot;},&quot;sa&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;Bioimaging&quot;},&quot;dsr&quot;:[4381,4403,13,2]}" class="ve-ce-LinkAnnotation ve-ce-mwInternalLinkAnnotation" title="Bioimaging" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">imaging</a>&nbsp;screenings.</p> </li> <li data-parsoid="{&quot;dsr&quot;:[4416,4459,1,0]}" class="ve-ce-branchNode" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"> <p class="ve-ce-generated-wrapper ve-ce-branchNode" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Computer_Centre_Sinhung_Company" data-parsoid="{&quot;stx&quot;:&quot;simple&quot;,&quot;a&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Korea_Computer_Centre_Sinhung_Company&quot;},&quot;sa&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;Korea Computer Centre Sinhung Company&quot;},&quot;dsr&quot;:[4418,4459,2,2]}" class="ve-ce-LinkAnnotation ve-ce-mwInternalLinkAnnotation" title="Korea Computer Centre Sinhung Company" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Korea Computer Centre Sinhung Company</a></p> </li> <li data-parsoid="{&quot;dsr&quot;:[4460,4517,1,0]}" class="ve-ce-branchNode" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"> <p class="ve-ce-generated-wrapper ve-ce-branchNode" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a rel="mw:ExtLink" href="http://www.nucleicinformatics.com/" data-parsoid="{&quot;targetOff&quot;:4497,&quot;dsr&quot;:[4462,4517,35,1]}" class="ve-ce-LinkAnnotation ve-ce-mwExternalLinkAnnotation" title="http://www.nucleicinformatics.com" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Nucleic Informatics</a></p> </li> <li data-parsoid="{&quot;dsr&quot;:[4518,4844,1,0]}" class="ve-ce-branchNode" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"> <p class="ve-ce-generated-wrapper ve-ce-branchNode" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacVector" data-parsoid="{&quot;stx&quot;:&quot;simple&quot;,&quot;a&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./MacVector&quot;},&quot;sa&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;MacVector&quot;},&quot;dsr&quot;:[4520,4533,2,2]}" class="ve-ce-LinkAnnotation ve-ce-mwInternalLinkAnnotation" title="MacVector" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">MacVector</a>, providing MacVector and Assembler. MacVector is a Macintosh application that provides sequence editing, primer design, internet database searching, protein analysis, sequence confirmation, multiple sequence alignment, phylogenetic reconstruction, coding region analysis, and a wide variety of other functions.</p> </li> <li data-parsoid="{&quot;dsr&quot;:[4845,5002,1,0]}" class="ve-ce-branchNode" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"> <p class="ve-ce-generated-wrapper ve-ce-branchNode" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a rel="mw:ExtLink" href="http://www.medhaid.com/" data-parsoid="{&quot;targetOff&quot;:4871,&quot;dsr&quot;:[4847,4904,24,1]}" class="ve-ce-LinkAnnotation ve-ce-mwExternalLinkAnnotation" title="http://www.medhaid.com" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Medha Innovation and Development</a>, is an bioinformatics company provide rAlinger and Big data analysis services in bioinformatics .</p> </li> <li data-parsoid="{&quot;dsr&quot;:[5003,5278,1,0]}" class="ve-ce-branchNode" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"> <p class="ve-ce-generated-wrapper ve-ce-branchNode" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocimum_Bio_Solutions" data-parsoid="{&quot;stx&quot;:&quot;simple&quot;,&quot;a&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Ocimum_Bio_Solutions&quot;},&quot;sa&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot; Ocimum Bio Solutions&quot;},&quot;dsr&quot;:[5004,5029,2,2]}" class="ve-ce-LinkAnnotation ve-ce-mwInternalLinkAnnotation" title="Ocimum Bio Solutions" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">&nbsp;Ocimum Bio Solutions</a>&nbsp;is a bioinformatics company with a variety of software products and also consulting practise ( bioitconsulting.com ). Commercial software available from Ocimum include Genchek, Genowiz, OptGene, iRNAchek, Ascenta, BioExpress, Genesis and Oligostar.</p> </li> <li data-parsoid="{&quot;dsr&quot;:[5279,5409,1,0]}" class="ve-ce-branchNode" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"> <p class="ve-ce-generated-wrapper ve-ce-branchNode" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a rel="mw:ExtLink" href="http://www.omixon.com/" data-parsoid="{&quot;targetOff&quot;:5305,&quot;dsr&quot;:[5281,5335,24,1]}" class="ve-ce-LinkAnnotation ve-ce-mwExternalLinkAnnotation" title="http://www.omixon.com/" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Omixon BioComputing Solutions</a>&nbsp;specializes in the analysis of targeted Next Generation Sequencing data.</p> </li> <li data-parsoid="{&quot;dsr&quot;:[5410,5839,1,0]}" class="ve-ce-branchNode" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"> <p class="ve-ce-generated-wrapper ve-ce-branchNode" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_Biosoft" data-parsoid="{&quot;stx&quot;:&quot;piped&quot;,&quot;a&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Premier_Biosoft&quot;},&quot;sa&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;Premier Biosoft&quot;},&quot;dsr&quot;:[5412,5461,18,2]}" class="ve-ce-LinkAnnotation ve-ce-mwInternalLinkAnnotation" title="Premier Biosoft" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">PREMIER Biosoft International</a>&nbsp;is a bioinformatics company with an expertise in software development, marketing and bioinformatics consultancy for in-silico experiment design. PREMIER Biosoft has authored software for&nbsp;<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCR_primer#PCR_primer_design" data-parsoid="{&quot;stx&quot;:&quot;piped&quot;,&quot;a&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./PCR_primer#PCR_primer_design&quot;},&quot;sa&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;PCR_primer#PCR_primer_design&quot;},&quot;dsr&quot;:[5649,5707,31,2]}" class="ve-ce-LinkAnnotation ve-ce-mwInternalLinkAnnotation" title="PCR primer#PCR primer design" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">pcr primer &amp; probe design</a>,&nbsp;<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_microarray" data-parsoid="{&quot;stx&quot;:&quot;piped&quot;,&quot;a&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./DNA_microarray&quot;},&quot;sa&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;DNA microarray&quot;},&quot;dsr&quot;:[5709,5738,17,2]}" class="ve-ce-LinkAnnotation ve-ce-mwInternalLinkAnnotation" title="DNA microarray" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">microarray</a>&nbsp;design, glycan structure identificatin, plasmid map drawing and&nbsp;<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue_microarray" data-parsoid="{&quot;stx&quot;:&quot;simple&quot;,&quot;a&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Tissue_microarray&quot;},&quot;sa&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;tissue microarray&quot;},&quot;dsr&quot;:[5803,5824,2,2]}" class="ve-ce-LinkAnnotation ve-ce-mwInternalLinkAnnotation" title="Tissue microarray" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">tissue microarray</a>&nbsp;data analysis.</p> </li> <li data-parsoid="{&quot;dsr&quot;:[5840,6076,1,0]}" class="ve-ce-branchNode" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"> <p class="ve-ce-generated-wrapper ve-ce-branchNode" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a rel="mw:ExtLink" href="http://www.qfab.org/" data-parsoid="{&quot;targetOff&quot;:5864,&quot;dsr&quot;:[5842,5884,22,1]}" class="ve-ce-LinkAnnotation ve-ce-mwExternalLinkAnnotation" title="http://www.qfab.org/" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">QFAB Bioinformatics</a>&nbsp;is a bioinformatics facility that provides bioinformatics and biostatistics services for life science researchers to analyse and manage large-scale genomics, proteomics and clinical datasets.</p> </li> <li data-parsoid="{&quot;dsr&quot;:[6077,6151,1,0]}" class="ve-ce-branchNode" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"> <p class="ve-ce-generated-wrapper ve-ce-branchNode" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qlucore" data-parsoid="{&quot;stx&quot;:&quot;simple&quot;,&quot;a&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Qlucore&quot;},&quot;sa&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;Qlucore&quot;},&quot;dsr&quot;:[6079,6090,2,2]}" class="ve-ce-LinkAnnotation ve-ce-mwInternalLinkAnnotation" title="Qlucore" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Qlucore</a>&nbsp;Qlucore Omics Explorer is a bioinformatics software program.</p> </li> <li data-parsoid="{&quot;dsr&quot;:[6152,6177,1,0]}" class="ve-ce-branchNode" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"> <p class="ve-ce-generated-wrapper ve-ce-branchNode" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosetta_Biosoftware" data-parsoid="{&quot;stx&quot;:&quot;simple&quot;,&quot;a&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Rosetta_Biosoftware&quot;},&quot;sa&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;Rosetta Biosoftware&quot;},&quot;dsr&quot;:[6154,6177,2,2]}" class="ve-ce-LinkAnnotation ve-ce-mwInternalLinkAnnotation" title="Rosetta Biosoftware" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Rosetta Biosoftware</a></p> </li> <li data-parsoid="{&quot;dsr&quot;:[6178,6192,1,0]}" class="ve-ce-branchNode" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"> <p class="ve-ce-generated-wrapper ve-ce-branchNode" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selventa" data-parsoid="{&quot;stx&quot;:&quot;simple&quot;,&quot;a&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Selventa&quot;},&quot;sa&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;Selventa&quot;},&quot;dsr&quot;:[6180,6192,2,2]}" class="ve-ce-LinkAnnotation ve-ce-mwInternalLinkAnnotation" title="Selventa" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Selventa</a></p> </li> <li data-parsoid="{&quot;dsr&quot;:[6193,6239,1,0]}" class="ve-ce-branchNode" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"> <p class="ve-ce-generated-wrapper ve-ce-branchNode" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a rel="mw:ExtLink" href="http://www.significo.fi/" data-parsoid="{&quot;targetOff&quot;:6220,&quot;dsr&quot;:[6195,6239,25,1]}" class="ve-ce-LinkAnnotation ve-ce-mwExternalLinkAnnotation" title="http://www.significo.fi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Significo Research</a></p> </li> <li data-parsoid="{&quot;dsr&quot;:[6240,6434,1,0]}" class="ve-ce-branchNode" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"> <p class="ve-ce-generated-wrapper ve-ce-branchNode" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SimBioSys" data-parsoid="{&quot;stx&quot;:&quot;simple&quot;,&quot;a&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./SimBioSys&quot;},&quot;sa&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;SimBioSys&quot;},&quot;dsr&quot;:[6242,6255,2,2]}" class="ve-ce-LinkAnnotation ve-ce-mwInternalLinkAnnotation" title="SimBioSys" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">SimBioSys</a>&nbsp;develops the eHITS software for molecular docking (flexible ligand docking &amp; fast pre-docking), pharmacophore modelling, de novo design and retrosynthetic analysis software tools</p> </li> <li data-parsoid="{&quot;dsr&quot;:[6435,6617,1,0]}" class="ve-ce-branchNode" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"> <p class="ve-ce-generated-wrapper ve-ce-branchNode" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SRA_International" data-parsoid="{&quot;stx&quot;:&quot;simple&quot;,&quot;a&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./SRA_International&quot;},&quot;sa&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;SRA International&quot;},&quot;dsr&quot;:[6437,6458,2,2]}" class="ve-ce-LinkAnnotation ve-ce-mwInternalLinkAnnotation" title="SRA International" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">SRA International</a>, a systems integrator and consulting company, has a large bioinformatics practice for professional services, primarily aimed at the Federal Government market.</p> </li> <li data-parsoid="{&quot;dsr&quot;:[6618,6752,1,0]}" class="ve-ce-branchNode" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"> <p class="ve-ce-generated-wrapper ve-ce-branchNode" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strand_Life_Sciences" data-parsoid="{&quot;stx&quot;:&quot;simple&quot;,&quot;a&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Strand_Life_Sciences&quot;},&quot;sa&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;Strand Life Sciences&quot;},&quot;dsr&quot;:[6620,6644,2,2]}" class="ve-ce-LinkAnnotation ve-ce-mwInternalLinkAnnotation" title="Strand Life Sciences" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Strand Life Sciences</a>&nbsp;offers for micro array gene expression analysis, computational chemistry, data analysis and visualizations.</p> </li> <li data-parsoid="{&quot;dsr&quot;:[6753,6875,1,0]}" class="ve-ce-branchNode" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"> <p class="ve-ce-generated-wrapper ve-ce-branchNode" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TimeLogic" data-parsoid="{&quot;stx&quot;:&quot;simple&quot;,&quot;a&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./TimeLogic&quot;},&quot;sa&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;TimeLogic&quot;},&quot;dsr&quot;:[6755,6768,2,2]}" class="ve-ce-LinkAnnotation ve-ce-mwInternalLinkAnnotation" title="TimeLogic" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">TimeLogic</a>&nbsp;offers DeCypher FPGA-accelerated&nbsp;<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BLAST" data-parsoid="{&quot;stx&quot;:&quot;simple&quot;,&quot;a&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./BLAST&quot;},&quot;sa&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;BLAST&quot;},&quot;dsr&quot;:[6802,6811,2,2]}" class="ve-ce-LinkAnnotation ve-ce-mwInternalLinkAnnotation" title="BLAST" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">BLAST</a>,&nbsp;<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith-Waterman" data-parsoid="{&quot;stx&quot;:&quot;simple&quot;,&quot;a&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Smith-Waterman&quot;},&quot;sa&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;Smith-Waterman&quot;},&quot;dsr&quot;:[6813,6831,2,2]}" class="ve-ce-LinkAnnotation ve-ce-mwInternalLinkAnnotation" title="Smith-Waterman" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Smith-Waterman</a>,&nbsp;<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMMER" data-parsoid="{&quot;stx&quot;:&quot;simple&quot;,&quot;a&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./HMMER&quot;},&quot;sa&quot;:{&quot;href&quot;:&quot;HMMER&quot;},&quot;dsr&quot;:[6833,6842,2,2]}" class="ve-ce-LinkAnnotation ve-ce-mwInternalLinkAnnotation" title="HMMER" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">HMMER</a>&nbsp;and other sequence search tools.</p> </li> <li data-parsoid="{&quot;dsr&quot;:[6876,7087,1,0]}" class="ve-ce-branchNode" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"> <p class="ve-ce-generated-wrapper ve-ce-branchNode" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a rel="mw:ExtLink" href="http://www.vistainformatics.com/" data-parsoid="{&quot;targetOff&quot;:6912,&quot;dsr&quot;:[6878,6930,34,1]}" class="ve-ce-LinkAnnotation ve-ce-mwExternalLinkAnnotation" title="http://www.vistainformatics.com/" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Vista Informatics</a>&nbsp;provides custom bioinformatics/biostatistics services, including application development, statistical modeling and Next Generation Sequencing data analysis.</p> </li> </ul> 4abdb731ab9dae8fa8e901bc37d68c2c811ce79a 0 2674 4613 2013-08-11T19:23:13Z S 300001 Created page with "<p>Portable genomics</p> <p>Portable genomics is the genomics for portable devices.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">External links</span></p> <p>[http://www..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p>Portable genomics</p> <p>Portable genomics is the genomics for portable devices.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">External links</span></p> <p>[http://www.portablegenomics.com Portable genomcis]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 673b62ce1d55b965a1596c757a35ebdfbf1e8578 0 2675 4614 2013-08-11T21:01:55Z S 300001 Created page with "<p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.049999237060547px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">Equinomics</p> <p style="margin: 0...." wikitext text/x-wiki <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.049999237060547px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">Equinomics</p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.049999237060547px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">is the study of equine genomes and their applications.</p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.049999237060547px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.049999237060547px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">[[Equinome]]</p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.049999237060547px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">&nbsp;</p> 58a577564ef3bc73616715285e1e08a9317fd0ac 4615 4614 2013-08-11T21:02:17Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.049999237060547px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">Equinomics</p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.049999237060547px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">is the study of equine genomes and their applications.</p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.049999237060547px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.049999237060547px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">[[Equinome]]</p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.049999237060547px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.049999237060547px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.049999237060547px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">External links</p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.049999237060547px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.049999237060547px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">[http://omics.org Omics.org]</p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.049999237060547px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">&nbsp;</p> 006b7cfb36494c7528e07761e898b9877a5005a4 0 2676 4616 2013-08-11T21:02:48Z S 300001 Created page with "<p>&nbsp;Equinome is the totality of horse speices and their genetic information.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>[[Equinomics]]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">See al..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p>&nbsp;Equinome is the totality of horse speices and their genetic information.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>[[Equinomics]]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">See also</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[[Insectome]]</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[[Felidome]]</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[[Caniome]]</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[[Mammalome]]</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[[Whalome]]</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[[Fishome]]</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[[Humanome]]</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[[Primatome]]</span></p> 9a8eac2c1bc28d858192925f0fbb5985e4f4bcba 0 1703 4620 2440 2013-08-14T12:32:35Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>[[Sanger Institute]] UK</p> <p>[[Genome Research Foundation]] Korea.<br /> [[Center for integrative genomics at Berkeley]]<br /> [[JGI]] USA<br /> [[IGB at UCI]]</p> 9222f0355fe3be508ae6a7fa6bd262be3e53f5b2 0 2677 4622 2013-08-14T22:03:51Z S 300001 Created page with "[http://web.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/publicat/2013BattelleReportImpact-of-Genomics-on-the-US-Economy.pdf 2013 Battelle Report on Impact of Genomics on the US Econo..." wikitext text/x-wiki [http://web.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/publicat/2013BattelleReportImpact-of-Genomics-on-the-US-Economy.pdf 2013 Battelle Report on Impact of Genomics on the US Economy] <br> US business in genomics boomed and has directly and indirectly boosted the U.S. economy by $965 billion since 1988, according to Battelle Report 92937c089c0bccc1af25eec44c91179d7db3f749 4623 4622 2013-08-14T22:06:21Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: medium;"><img src="/ckfinder/userfiles/images/dna_openfree.png" width="33" height="33" alt="" />[http://web.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/publicat/2013BattelleReportImpact-of-Genomics-on-the-US-Economy.pdf 2013 Battelle Report on Impact of Genomics on the US Economy] :&nbsp;US business in genomics boomed and has directly and indirectly boosted the U.S. economy by $965 billion since 1988, according to Battelle Report</span></p> ed01589516dd327ed5bac1dfd23ab871b7b027b3 4624 4623 2013-08-14T22:06:37Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: medium;"><img src="/ckfinder/userfiles/images/dna_openfree.png" width="26" height="26" alt="" />[http://web.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/publicat/2013BattelleReportImpact-of-Genomics-on-the-US-Economy.pdf 2013 Battelle Report on Impact of Genomics on the US Economy] :&nbsp;US business in genomics boomed and has directly and indirectly boosted the U.S. economy by $965 billion since 1988, according to Battelle Report</span></p> 1eacc31defc1d5c9e62b5436b131cc8e3f7c170b 0 2482 4625 4268 2013-08-14T22:39:24Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Genomics</b> is a discipline in [[omics]] concerning the study of the genomes and associated omes of organisms.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">The field includes efforts to determine the entire </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="DNA sequence" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequence"><span style="font-size: medium;">DNA sequence</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> of organisms and fine-scale </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic mapping" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_mapping"><span style="font-size: medium;">genetic mapping</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> efforts. </span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">The field also includes studies of intragenomic phenomena such as heterosis, epistasis, </span><a title="Pleiotropy" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleiotropy"><span style="font-size: medium;">pleiotropy</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> and other interactions between loci and alleles within the genome. In contrast, the investigation of the roles and functions of single genes is a primary focus of </span><a title="Molecular biology" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_biology"><span style="font-size: medium;">molecular biology</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> or </span><a title="Genetics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics"><span style="font-size: medium;">genetics</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> and is a common topic of modern medical and biological research. </span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;"> Research of single genes does not fall into the definition of genomics unless the aim of this genetic, pathway, and functional information analysis is to elucidate its effect on, place in, and response to the entire genome's networks.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">For the </span><a title="United States Environmental Protection Agency" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency"><span style="font-size: medium;">United States Environmental Protection Agency</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">, &quot;the term &quot;genomics&quot; encompasses a broader scope of scientific inquiry associated technologies than when genomics was initially considered. A genome is the sum total of all an individual organism's genes. Thus, genomics is the study of all the genes of a cell, or tissue, at the DNA (genotype), mRNA (transcriptome), or protein (proteome) levels.&quot;</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-0"><span style="font-size: medium;">[1]</span></a></sup></p> <p><font class="Apple-style-span" size="3"><br /> </font></p> <h2><span id="History" class="mw-headline">History</span></h2> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">The first genomes to be sequenced were those of a </span><a title="Virus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus"><span style="font-size: medium;">virus</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> and a </span><a title="Mitochondrion" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrion"><span style="font-size: medium;">mitochondrion</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">, and were done by </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="Fred Sanger" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Sanger"><span style="font-size: medium;">Fred Sanger</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">. His group established techniques of sequencing, genome mapping, data storage, and bioinformatic analyses in the 1970-1980s. A major branch of genomics is still concerned with </span><a title="Sequencing" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequencing"><span style="font-size: medium;">sequencing</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> the genomes of various organisms, but the knowledge of full genomes has created the possibility for the field of </span><a title="Functional genomics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_genomics"><span style="font-size: medium;">functional genomics</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">, mainly concerned with patterns of </span><a title="Gene expression" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_expression"><span style="font-size: medium;">gene expression</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> during various conditions. The most important tools here are </span><a title="Microarray" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microarray"><span style="font-size: medium;">microarrays</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> and </span><a title="Bioinformatics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformatics"><span style="font-size: medium;">bioinformatics</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">. Study of the full set of proteins in a cell type or tissue, and the changes during various conditions, is called </span><a title="Proteomics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteomics"><span style="font-size: medium;">proteomics</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">. A related concept is </span><a title="Materiomics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materiomics"><span style="font-size: medium;">materiomics</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">, which is defined as the study of the material properties of biological materials (e.g. hierarchical protein structures and materials, mineralized biological tissues, etc.) and their effect on the macroscopic function and failure in their biological context, linking processes, structure and properties at multiple scales through a materials science approach. The actual term 'genomics' is thought to have been coined by Dr. Tom Roderick, a geneticist at the Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, ME) over beer at a meeting held in Maryland on the mapping of the human genome in 1986.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">In 1972, </span><a title="Walter Fiers" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Fiers"><span style="font-size: medium;">Walter Fiers</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> and his team at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology of the </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="University of Ghent" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Ghent"><span style="font-size: medium;">University of Ghent</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> (</span><a title="Ghent" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghent"><span style="font-size: medium;">Ghent</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">, </span><a title="Belgium" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"><span style="font-size: medium;">Belgium</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">) were the first to determine the sequence of a gene: the gene for </span><a title="Bacteriophage MS2" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriophage_MS2"><span style="font-size: medium;">Bacteriophage MS2</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> coat protein.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-1"><span style="font-size: medium;">[2]</span></a></sup><span style="font-size: medium;"> In 1976, the team determined the complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-2"><span style="font-size: medium;">[3]</span></a></sup><span style="font-size: medium;"> The first DNA-based genome to be sequenced in its entirety was that of </span><a title="Bacteriophage" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriophage"><span style="font-size: medium;">bacteriophage</span></a><a class="mw-redirect" title="Phi-X174 phage" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi-X174_phage"><span style="font-size: medium;">&Phi;-X174;</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> (5,368 </span><a title="Base pair" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_pair"><span style="font-size: medium;">bp</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">), sequenced by </span><a title="Frederick Sanger" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Sanger"><span style="font-size: medium;">Frederick Sanger</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> in 1977.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-3"><span style="font-size: medium;">[4]</span></a></sup></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">The first free-living organism to be sequenced was that of </span><i><a title="Haemophilus influenzae" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="font-size: medium;">Haemophilus influenzae</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;"> (1.8 </span><a title="Base pair" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_pair"><span style="font-size: medium;">Mb</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">) in 1995</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-4"><span style="font-size: medium;">[5]</span></a></sup><span style="font-size: medium;">, and since then genomes are being sequenced at a rapid pace.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">As of September 2007, the complete sequence was known of about 1879 </span><a title="Virus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus"><span style="font-size: medium;">viruses</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">,</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-5"><span style="font-size: medium;">[6]</span></a></sup><span style="font-size: medium;"> 577 </span><a title="Bacteria" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria"><span style="font-size: medium;">bacterial</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> species and roughly 23 </span><a title="Eukaryote" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote"><span style="font-size: medium;">eukaryote</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> organisms, of which about half are </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi"><span style="font-size: medium;">fungi</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">. </span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-6"><span style="font-size: medium;">[7]</span></a></sup><span style="font-size: medium;"> Most of the bacteria whose genomes have been completely sequenced are problematic disease-causing agents, such as </span><i><a title="Haemophilus influenzae" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="font-size: medium;">Haemophilus influenzae</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;">. Of the other sequenced species, most were chosen because they were well-studied model organisms or promised to become good models. Yeast (</span><i><a title="Saccharomyces cerevisiae" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharomyces_cerevisiae"><span style="font-size: medium;">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;">) has long been an important </span><a title="Model organism" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_organism"><span style="font-size: medium;">model organism</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> for the </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryotic cell" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotic_cell"><span style="font-size: medium;">eukaryotic cell</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">, while the fruit fly </span><i><a title="Drosophila melanogaster" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drosophila_melanogaster"><span style="font-size: medium;">Drosophila melanogaster</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;"> has been a very important tool (notably in early pre-molecular </span><a title="Genetics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics"><span style="font-size: medium;">genetics</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">). The worm </span><i><a title="Caenorhabditis elegans" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans"><span style="font-size: medium;">Caenorhabditis elegans</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;"> is an often used simple model for </span><a title="Multicellular organism" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicellular_organism"><span style="font-size: medium;">multicellular organisms</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">. The zebrafish </span><i><a class="mw-redirect" title="Brachydanio rerio" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachydanio_rerio"><span style="font-size: medium;">Brachydanio rerio</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;"> is used for many developmental studies on the molecular level and the flower </span><i><a title="Arabidopsis thaliana" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabidopsis_thaliana"><span style="font-size: medium;">Arabidopsis thaliana</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;"> is a model organism for flowering plants. The </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese pufferfish" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_pufferfish"><span style="font-size: medium;">Japanese pufferfish</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> (</span><i><a title="Takifugu rubripes" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takifugu_rubripes"><span style="font-size: medium;">Takifugu rubripes</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;">) and the </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="Spotted green pufferfish" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotted_green_pufferfish"><span style="font-size: medium;">spotted green pufferfish</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> (</span><i><a title="Tetraodon nigroviridis" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetraodon_nigroviridis"><span style="font-size: medium;">Tetraodon nigroviridis</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;">) are interesting because of their small and compact genomes, containing very little non-coding DNA compared to most species. </span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-7"><span style="font-size: medium;">[8]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-8"><span style="font-size: medium;">[9]</span></a></sup><span style="font-size: medium;"> The mammals dog (</span><i><a class="mw-redirect" title="Canis familiaris" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canis_familiaris"><span style="font-size: medium;">Canis familiaris</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;">), </span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-9"><span style="font-size: medium;">[10]</span></a></sup><span style="font-size: medium;"> brown rat (</span><i><a class="mw-redirect" title="Rattus norvegicus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rattus_norvegicus"><span style="font-size: medium;">Rattus norvegicus</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;">), mouse (</span><i><a class="mw-redirect" title="Mus musculus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus_musculus"><span style="font-size: medium;">Mus musculus</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;">), and chimpanzee (</span><i><a class="mw-redirect" title="Pan troglodytes" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_troglodytes"><span style="font-size: medium;">Pan troglodytes</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;">) are all important model animals in medical research.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span id="Human_genomics" class="mw-headline">Human genomics</span></h2> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">A rough draft of the human genome was completed by the </span><a title="Human Genome Project" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Genome_Project"><span style="font-size: medium;">Human Genome Project</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> in early 2001, creating much fanfare. By 2007 the human sequence was declared &quot;finished&quot; (less than one error in 20,000 bases and all chromosomes assembled). Display of the results of the project required significant </span><a title="Bioinformatics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformatics"><span style="font-size: medium;">bioinformatics</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> resources. The sequence of the human </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="Reference assembly" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_assembly"><span style="font-size: medium;">reference assembly</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> can be explored using the </span><a title="UCSC Genome Browser" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCSC_Genome_Browser"><span style="font-size: medium;">UCSC Genome Browser</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> or </span><a title="Ensembl" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensembl"><span style="font-size: medium;">Ensembl</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span id="Bacteriophage_genomics" class="mw-headline">Bacteriophage genomics</span></h2> <p><a title="Bacteriophage" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriophage">Bacteriophages</a> have played and continue to play a key role in bacterial <a title="Genetics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics">genetics</a> and <a title="Molecular biology" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_biology">molecular biology</a>. Historically, they were used to define <a title="Gene" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene">gene</a> structure and gene regulation. Also the first <a title="Genome" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome">genome</a> to be sequenced was a <a title="Bacteriophage" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriophage">bacteriophage</a>. However, bacteriophage research did not lead the genomics revolution, which is clearly dominated by bacterial genomics. Only very recently has the study of bacteriophage genomes become prominent, thereby enabling researchers to understand the mechanisms underlying <a class="mw-redirect" title="Phage" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phage">phage</a> evolution. Bacteriophage genome sequences can be obtained through direct sequencing of isolated bacteriophages, but can also be derived as part of microbial genomes. Analysis of bacterial genomes has shown that a substantial amount of microbial DNA consists of <a title="Prophage" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophage">prophage</a> sequences and prophage-like elements. A detailed database mining of these sequences offers insights into the role of prophages in shaping the bacterial genome.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-McGrath_10-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-McGrath-10"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span id="Cyanobacteria_genomics" class="mw-headline">Cyanobacteria genomics</span></h2> <p>At present there are 24 <a title="Cyanobacteria" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanobacteria">cyanobacteria</a> for which a total genome sequence is available. 15 of these cyanobacteria come from the marine environment. These are six <i><a title="Prochlorococcus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prochlorococcus">Prochlorococcus</a></i> strains, seven marine <i><a title="Synechococcus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synechococcus">Synechococcus</a></i> strains, <i><a title="Trichodesmium erythraeum (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trichodesmium_erythraeum&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Trichodesmium erythraeum</a></i> IMS101 and <i><a title="Crocosphaera watsonii (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crocosphaera_watsonii&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Crocosphaera watsonii</a></i> <a title="WH8501 (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WH8501&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">WH8501</a>. Several studies have demonstrated how these sequences could be used very successfully to infer important ecological and physiological characteristics of marine cyanobacteria. However, there are many more genome projects currently in progress, amongst those there are further <i><a title="Prochlorococcus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prochlorococcus">Prochlorococcus</a></i> and marine <i><a title="Synechococcus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synechococcus">Synechococcus</a></i> isolates, <i><a title="Acaryochloris (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acaryochloris&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Acaryochloris</a></i> and <i><a title="Prochloron" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prochloron">Prochloron</a></i>, the N₂-fixing filamentous cyanobacteria <i><a title="Nodularia spumigena (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nodularia_spumigena&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Nodularia spumigena</a></i>, <i><a title="Lyngbya aestuarii (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyngbya_aestuarii&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Lyngbya aestuarii</a></i> and <i><a title="Lyngbya majuscula" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyngbya_majuscula">Lyngbya majuscula</a></i>, as well as <a title="Bacteriophage" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriophage">bacteriophages</a> infecting marine cyanobaceria. Thus, the growing body of genome information can also be tapped in a more general way to address global problems by applying a comparative approach. Some new and exciting examples of progress in this field are the identification of genes for regulatory RNAs, insights into the evolutionary origin of <a title="Photosynthesis" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a>, or estimation of the contribution of horizontal gene transfer to the genomes that have been analyzed.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Herrero_11-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-Herrero-11"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span id="See_also" class="mw-headline">See also</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="mw-redirect" title="Full Genome Sequencing" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_Genome_Sequencing">Full Genome Sequencing</a></li> <li><a title="Computational genomics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_genomics">Computational genomics</a></li> <li><a title="Nitrogenomics (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nitrogenomics&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Nitrogenomics</a></li> <li><a title="Metagenomics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metagenomics">Metagenomics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-redirect" title="Predictive Medicine" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictive_Medicine">Predictive Medicine</a></li> <li><a title="Personal genomics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_genomics">Personal genomics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-redirect" title="Psychogenomics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychogenomics">Psychogenomics</a></li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span id="References" class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <div style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;" class="reflist references-column-count references-column-count-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-0"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-0">^</a></b> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://epa.gov/osa/spc/pdfs/genomics.pdf">EPA Interim Genomics Policy</a></li> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Min Jou W, Haegeman G, Ysebaert M, Fiers W (1972). &quot;Nucleotide sequence of the gene coding for the bacteriophage MS2 coat protein&quot;. <i>Nature</i> <b>237</b> (5350): 82&ndash;88. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F237082a0">10.1038/237082a0</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4555447">4555447</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Fiers W, Contreras R, Duerinck F, Haegeman G, Iserentant D, Merregaert J, Min Jou W, Molemans F, Raeymaekers A, Van den Berghe A, Volckaert G, Ysebaert M (1976). &quot;Complete nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage MS2 RNA: primary and secondary structure of the replicase gene&quot;. <i>Nature</i> <b>260</b> (5551): 500&ndash;507. <a title="Bibcode" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1976Natur.260..500F">1976Natur.260..500F</a>. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F260500a0">10.1038/260500a0</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1264203">1264203</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Sanger F, Air GM, Barrell BG, Brown NL, Coulson AR, Fiddes CA, Hutchison CA, Slocombe PM, Smith M (1977). &quot;Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA&quot;. <i>Nature</i> <b>265</b> (5596): 687&ndash;695. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F265687a0">10.1038/265687a0</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/870828">870828</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Fleischmann RD, Adams MD, White O, Clayton RA, Kirkness EF, Kerlavage AR, Bult CJ, Tomb JF, Dougherty BA, Merrick JM, et al. (1995). &quot;Whole-genome random sequencing and assembly of Haemophilus influenzae Rd&quot;. <i>Science</i> <b>269</b> (5223): 496&ndash;512. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.7542800">10.1126/science.7542800</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7542800">7542800</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/VIRUSES/virostat.html"><i>The Viral Genomes Resource</i>, NCBI Friday, 14 September 2007</a></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/static/gpstat.html"><i>Genome Project Statistic</i>, NCBI Friday, 14 September 2007</a></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3760766.stm">BBC article <i>Human gene number slashed</i> from Wednesday, 20 October 2004</a></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2003/10/16/pufferfish_fruitfly/index.shtml">CBSE News, Thursday, 16 October 2003</a></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-9">^</a></b> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.gov/12511476">NHGRI, pressrelease of the publishing of the dog genome</a></li> <li id="cite_note-McGrath-10"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-McGrath_10-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation book">McGrath S and van Sinderen D, ed (2007). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage"><i>Bacteriophage: Genetics and Molecular Biology</i></a> (1st ed.). Caister Academic Press. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-14-1" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-14-1">978-1-904455-14-1</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Herrero-11"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-Herrero_11-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation book">Herrero A and Flores E, ed (2008). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan"><i>The Cyanobacteria: Molecular Biology, Genomics and Evolution</i></a> (1st ed.). Caister Academic Press. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-15-8" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-15-8">978-1-904455-15-8</a>.</span></li> </ol> </div> <h2>&nbsp;</h2> <h2><span id="External_links" class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomicsdirectory.com/">Genomics Directory</a>: A one-stop biotechnology resource center for bioentrepreneurs, scientists, and students</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/loi/genom/">Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics</a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcgenomics/">BMC Genomics</a>: A BMC journal on Genomics</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.caglab.org/">Center for Applied Genomics</a>: Genomics Research - a specialized Center of Emphasis at the Children&rsquo;s Hospital of Philadelphia</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomics.co.uk/companylist.php">Genomics</a>: UK companies and laboratories* <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/622838/description#description">Genomics journal</a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.knoblauchpublishing.com/">Genomics and Quantitative Genetics</a>: An international electronic, open access journal publishing, inter alia, genomics research.</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="../../../">Genomics.org</a>: An openfree wiki based Genomics portal</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.gov/">NHGRI</a>: US government's genome institute</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.springer.com/humana+press/pharmacology+and+toxicology/book/978-1-58829-887-4">Pharmacogenomics in Drug Discovery and Development</a>, a book on pharmacogenomics, diseases, personalized medicine, and therapeutics</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.zpu-journal.ru/en/articles/detail.php?ID=342">Tishchenko P. D. Genomics: New Science in the New Cultural Situation</a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.lcg.unam.mx/">Undergraduate program on Genomic Sciences (spanish)</a>: One of the first undergraduate programs in the world</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://cmr.jcvi.org/">JCVI Comprehensive Microbial Resource</a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://pathema.jcvi.org/">Pathema: A Clade Specific Bioinformatics Resource Center</a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://koreagenome.org/">KoreaGenome.org</a>: The first Korean Genome published and the sequence is available freely.</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://genomicsnetwork.ac.uk/">GenomicsNetwork</a>: Looks at the development and use of the science and technologies of genomics.</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.igs.umaryland.edu/research_topics.php">Institute for Genome Sciences</a>: Genomics research.</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/health-sciences-and-technology/hst-512-genomic-medicine-spring-2004/">MIT OpenCourseWare HST.512 Genomic Medicine</a> A free, self-study course in genomic medicine. Resources include audio lectures and selected lecture notes.</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.extension.org/plant_breeding_genomics">The Plant Breeding and Genomics Community of Practice on eXtension</a> - provides education and training materials for plant breeders and allied professionals</li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 1918cbeb36a60a145e96789aeae5461293729bde 4626 4625 2013-08-14T22:43:58Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Genomics</b> is a discipline in [[omics]] concerning the study of the genomes and associated omes of organisms.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">The field includes efforts to determine the entire </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="DNA sequence" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequence"><span style="font-size: medium;">DNA sequence</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> of organisms and fine-scale </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic mapping" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_mapping"><span style="font-size: medium;">genetic mapping</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> efforts. </span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">The field also includes studies of intragenomic phenomena such as heterosis, epistasis, </span><a title="Pleiotropy" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleiotropy"><span style="font-size: medium;">pleiotropy</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> and other interactions between loci and alleles within the genome. In contrast, the investigation of the roles and functions of single genes is a primary focus of </span><a title="Molecular biology" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_biology"><span style="font-size: medium;">molecular biology</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> or </span><a title="Genetics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics"><span style="font-size: medium;">genetics</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> and is a common topic of modern medical and biological research. </span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;"> Research of single genes does not fall into the definition of genomics unless the aim of this genetic, pathway, and functional information analysis is to elucidate its effect on, place in, and response to the entire genome's networks.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">For the </span><a title="United States Environmental Protection Agency" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency"><span style="font-size: medium;">United States Environmental Protection Agency</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">, &quot;the term &quot;genomics&quot; encompasses a broader scope of scientific inquiry associated technologies than when genomics was initially considered. A genome is the sum total of all an individual organism's genes. Thus, genomics is the study of all the genes of a cell, or tissue, at the DNA (genotype), mRNA (transcriptome), or protein (proteome) levels.&quot;</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-0"><span style="font-size: medium;">[1]</span></a></sup></p> <p><font class="Apple-style-span" size="3"><br /> </font></p> <h2><span id="History" class="mw-headline">History</span></h2> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">The first genomes to be sequenced were those of a </span><a title="Virus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus"><span style="font-size: medium;">virus</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> and a </span><a title="Mitochondrion" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrion"><span style="font-size: medium;">mitochondrion</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">, and were done by </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="Fred Sanger" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Sanger"><span style="font-size: medium;">Fred Sanger</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">. His group established techniques of sequencing, genome mapping, data storage, and bioinformatic analyses in the 1970-1980s. A major branch of genomics is still concerned with </span><a title="Sequencing" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequencing"><span style="font-size: medium;">sequencing</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> the genomes of various organisms, but the knowledge of full genomes has created the possibility for the field of </span><a title="Functional genomics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_genomics"><span style="font-size: medium;">functional genomics</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">, mainly concerned with patterns of </span><a title="Gene expression" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_expression"><span style="font-size: medium;">gene expression</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> during various conditions. The most important tools here are </span><a title="Microarray" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microarray"><span style="font-size: medium;">microarrays</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> and </span><a title="Bioinformatics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformatics"><span style="font-size: medium;">bioinformatics</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">. Study of the full set of proteins in a cell type or tissue, and the changes during various conditions, is called </span><a title="Proteomics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteomics"><span style="font-size: medium;">proteomics</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">. A related concept is </span><a title="Materiomics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materiomics"><span style="font-size: medium;">materiomics</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">, which is defined as the study of the material properties of biological materials (e.g. hierarchical protein structures and materials, mineralized biological tissues, etc.) and their effect on the macroscopic function and failure in their biological context, linking processes, structure and properties at multiple scales through a materials science approach. The actual term 'genomics' is thought to have been coined by Dr. Tom Roderick, a geneticist at the Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, ME) over beer at a meeting held in Maryland on the mapping of the human genome in 1986.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">In 1972, </span><a title="Walter Fiers" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Fiers"><span style="font-size: medium;">Walter Fiers</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> and his team at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology of the </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="University of Ghent" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Ghent"><span style="font-size: medium;">University of Ghent</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> (</span><a title="Ghent" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghent"><span style="font-size: medium;">Ghent</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">, </span><a title="Belgium" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"><span style="font-size: medium;">Belgium</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">) were the first to determine the sequence of a gene: the gene for </span><a title="Bacteriophage MS2" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriophage_MS2"><span style="font-size: medium;">Bacteriophage MS2</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> coat protein.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-1"><span style="font-size: medium;">[2]</span></a></sup><span style="font-size: medium;"> In 1976, the team determined the complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-2"><span style="font-size: medium;">[3]</span></a></sup><span style="font-size: medium;"> The first DNA-based genome to be sequenced in its entirety was that of </span><a title="Bacteriophage" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriophage"><span style="font-size: medium;">bacteriophage</span></a><a class="mw-redirect" title="Phi-X174 phage" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi-X174_phage"><span style="font-size: medium;">&Phi;-X174;</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> (5,368 </span><a title="Base pair" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_pair"><span style="font-size: medium;">bp</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">), sequenced by </span><a title="Frederick Sanger" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Sanger"><span style="font-size: medium;">Frederick Sanger</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> in 1977.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-3"><span style="font-size: medium;">[4]</span></a></sup></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">The first free-living organism to be sequenced was that of </span><i><a title="Haemophilus influenzae" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="font-size: medium;">Haemophilus influenzae</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;"> (1.8 </span><a title="Base pair" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_pair"><span style="font-size: medium;">Mb</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">) in 1995</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-4"><span style="font-size: medium;">[5]</span></a></sup><span style="font-size: medium;">, and since then genomes are being sequenced at a rapid pace.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">As of September 2007, the complete sequence was known of about 1879 </span><a title="Virus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus"><span style="font-size: medium;">viruses</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">,</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-5"><span style="font-size: medium;">[6]</span></a></sup><span style="font-size: medium;"> 577 </span><a title="Bacteria" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria"><span style="font-size: medium;">bacterial</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> species and roughly 23 </span><a title="Eukaryote" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote"><span style="font-size: medium;">eukaryote</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> organisms, of which about half are </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi"><span style="font-size: medium;">fungi</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">. </span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-6"><span style="font-size: medium;">[7]</span></a></sup><span style="font-size: medium;"> Most of the bacteria whose genomes have been completely sequenced are problematic disease-causing agents, such as </span><i><a title="Haemophilus influenzae" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="font-size: medium;">Haemophilus influenzae</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;">. Of the other sequenced species, most were chosen because they were well-studied model organisms or promised to become good models. Yeast (</span><i><a title="Saccharomyces cerevisiae" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharomyces_cerevisiae"><span style="font-size: medium;">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;">) has long been an important </span><a title="Model organism" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_organism"><span style="font-size: medium;">model organism</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> for the </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryotic cell" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotic_cell"><span style="font-size: medium;">eukaryotic cell</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">, while the fruit fly </span><i><a title="Drosophila melanogaster" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drosophila_melanogaster"><span style="font-size: medium;">Drosophila melanogaster</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;"> has been a very important tool (notably in early pre-molecular </span><a title="Genetics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics"><span style="font-size: medium;">genetics</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">). The worm </span><i><a title="Caenorhabditis elegans" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans"><span style="font-size: medium;">Caenorhabditis elegans</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;"> is an often used simple model for </span><a title="Multicellular organism" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicellular_organism"><span style="font-size: medium;">multicellular organisms</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">. The zebrafish </span><i><a class="mw-redirect" title="Brachydanio rerio" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachydanio_rerio"><span style="font-size: medium;">Brachydanio rerio</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;"> is used for many developmental studies on the molecular level and the flower </span><i><a title="Arabidopsis thaliana" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabidopsis_thaliana"><span style="font-size: medium;">Arabidopsis thaliana</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;"> is a model organism for flowering plants. The </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese pufferfish" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_pufferfish"><span style="font-size: medium;">Japanese pufferfish</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> (</span><i><a title="Takifugu rubripes" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takifugu_rubripes"><span style="font-size: medium;">Takifugu rubripes</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;">) and the </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="Spotted green pufferfish" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotted_green_pufferfish"><span style="font-size: medium;">spotted green pufferfish</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> (</span><i><a title="Tetraodon nigroviridis" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetraodon_nigroviridis"><span style="font-size: medium;">Tetraodon nigroviridis</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;">) are interesting because of their small and compact genomes, containing very little non-coding DNA compared to most species. </span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-7"><span style="font-size: medium;">[8]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-8"><span style="font-size: medium;">[9]</span></a></sup><span style="font-size: medium;"> The mammals dog (</span><i><a class="mw-redirect" title="Canis familiaris" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canis_familiaris"><span style="font-size: medium;">Canis familiaris</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;">), </span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-9"><span style="font-size: medium;">[10]</span></a></sup><span style="font-size: medium;"> brown rat (</span><i><a class="mw-redirect" title="Rattus norvegicus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rattus_norvegicus"><span style="font-size: medium;">Rattus norvegicus</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;">), mouse (</span><i><a class="mw-redirect" title="Mus musculus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus_musculus"><span style="font-size: medium;">Mus musculus</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;">), and chimpanzee (</span><i><a class="mw-redirect" title="Pan troglodytes" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_troglodytes"><span style="font-size: medium;">Pan troglodytes</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;">) are all important model animals in medical research.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span id="Human_genomics" class="mw-headline">Human genomics</span></h2> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">A rough draft of the human genome was completed by the </span><a title="Human Genome Project" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Genome_Project"><span style="font-size: medium;">Human Genome Project</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> in early 2001, creating much fanfare. By 2007 the human sequence was declared &quot;finished&quot; (less than one error in 20,000 bases and all chromosomes assembled). Display of the results of the project required significant </span><a title="Bioinformatics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformatics"><span style="font-size: medium;">bioinformatics</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> resources. The sequence of the human </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="Reference assembly" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_assembly"><span style="font-size: medium;">reference assembly</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> can be explored using the </span><a title="UCSC Genome Browser" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCSC_Genome_Browser"><span style="font-size: medium;">UCSC Genome Browser</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> or </span><a title="Ensembl" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensembl"><span style="font-size: medium;">Ensembl</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span id="Bacteriophage_genomics" class="mw-headline">Bacteriophage genomics</span></h2> <p><a title="Bacteriophage" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriophage"><span style="font-size: medium;">Bacteriophages</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> have played and continue to play a key role in bacterial </span><a title="Genetics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics"><span style="font-size: medium;">genetics</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> and </span><a title="Molecular biology" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_biology"><span style="font-size: medium;">molecular biology</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">. Historically, they were used to define </span><a title="Gene" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"><span style="font-size: medium;">gene</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> structure and gene regulation. Also the first </span><a title="Genome" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome"><span style="font-size: medium;">genome</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> to be sequenced was a </span><a title="Bacteriophage" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriophage"><span style="font-size: medium;">bacteriophage</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">. However, bacteriophage research did not lead the genomics revolution, which is clearly dominated by bacterial genomics. Only very recently has the study of bacteriophage genomes become prominent, thereby enabling researchers to understand the mechanisms underlying </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="Phage" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phage"><span style="font-size: medium;">phage</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> evolution. Bacteriophage genome sequences can be obtained through direct sequencing of isolated bacteriophages, but can also be derived as part of microbial genomes. Analysis of bacterial genomes has shown that a substantial amount of microbial DNA consists of </span><a title="Prophage" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophage"><span style="font-size: medium;">prophage</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> sequences and prophage-like elements. A detailed database mining of these sequences offers insights into the role of prophages in shaping the bacterial genome.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-McGrath_10-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-McGrath-10"><span style="font-size: medium;">[11]</span></a></sup></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span style="font-size: large;"><span id="Cyanobacteria_genomics" class="mw-headline">Cyanobacteria genomics</span></span></h2> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">At present there are 24 </span><a title="Cyanobacteria" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanobacteria"><span style="font-size: medium;">cyanobacteria</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> for which a total genome sequence is available. 15 of these cyanobacteria come from the marine environment. These are six </span><i><a title="Prochlorococcus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prochlorococcus"><span style="font-size: medium;">Prochlorococcus</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;"> strains, seven marine </span><i><a title="Synechococcus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synechococcus"><span style="font-size: medium;">Synechococcus</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;"> strains, </span><i><a title="Trichodesmium erythraeum (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trichodesmium_erythraeum&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1"><span style="font-size: medium;">Trichodesmium erythraeum</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;"> IMS101 and </span><i><a title="Crocosphaera watsonii (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crocosphaera_watsonii&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1"><span style="font-size: medium;">Crocosphaera watsonii</span></a></i><a title="WH8501 (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WH8501&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1"><span style="font-size: medium;">WH8501</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">. Several studies have demonstrated how these sequences could be used very successfully to infer important ecological and physiological characteristics of marine cyanobacteria. However, there are many more genome projects currently in progress, amongst those there are further </span><i><a title="Prochlorococcus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prochlorococcus"><span style="font-size: medium;">Prochlorococcus</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;"> and marine </span><i><a title="Synechococcus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synechococcus"><span style="font-size: medium;">Synechococcus</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;"> isolates, </span><i><a title="Acaryochloris (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acaryochloris&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1"><span style="font-size: medium;">Acaryochloris</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;"> and </span><i><a title="Prochloron" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prochloron"><span style="font-size: medium;">Prochloron</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;">, the N₂-fixing filamentous cyanobacteria </span><i><a title="Nodularia spumigena (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nodularia_spumigena&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1"><span style="font-size: medium;">Nodularia spumigena</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;">, </span><i><a title="Lyngbya aestuarii (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyngbya_aestuarii&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1"><span style="font-size: medium;">Lyngbya aestuarii</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;"> and </span><i><a title="Lyngbya majuscula" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyngbya_majuscula"><span style="font-size: medium;">Lyngbya majuscula</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;">, as well as </span><a title="Bacteriophage" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriophage"><span style="font-size: medium;">bacteriophages</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> infecting marine cyanobaceria. Thus, the growing body of genome information can also be tapped in a more general way to address global problems by applying a comparative approach. Some new and exciting examples of progress in this field are the identification of genes for regulatory RNAs, insights into the evolutionary origin of </span><a title="Photosynthesis" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis"><span style="font-size: medium;">photosynthesis</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">, or estimation of the contribution of horizontal gene transfer to the genomes that have been analyzed.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Herrero_11-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-Herrero-11"><span style="font-size: medium;">[12]</span></a></sup></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;</span></p> <h2><span style="font-size: large;"><span id="See_also" class="mw-headline">See also</span></span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="mw-redirect" title="Full Genome Sequencing" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_Genome_Sequencing"><span style="font-size: medium;">Full Genome Sequencing</span></a></li> <li><a title="Computational genomics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_genomics"><span style="font-size: medium;">Computational genomics</span></a></li> <li><a title="Nitrogenomics (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nitrogenomics&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1"><span style="font-size: medium;">Nitrogenomics</span></a></li> <li><a title="Metagenomics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metagenomics"><span style="font-size: medium;">Metagenomics</span></a></li> <li><a class="mw-redirect" title="Predictive Medicine" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictive_Medicine"><span style="font-size: medium;">Predictive Medicine</span></a></li> <li><a title="Personal genomics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_genomics"><span style="font-size: medium;">Personal genomics</span></a></li> <li><a class="mw-redirect" title="Psychogenomics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychogenomics"><span style="font-size: medium;">Psychogenomics</span></a></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;</span></p> <h2><span style="font-size: large;"><span id="References" class="mw-headline">References</span></span></h2> <div style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;" class="reflist references-column-count references-column-count-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-0"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-0">^</a></b></span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://epa.gov/osa/spc/pdfs/genomics.pdf"><span style="font-size: small;">EPA Interim Genomics Policy</span></a></li> <li id="cite_note-1"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span><span style="font-size: small;"> <span class="citation Journal">Min Jou W, Haegeman G, Ysebaert M, Fiers W (1972). &quot;Nucleotide sequence of the gene coding for the bacteriophage MS2 coat protein&quot;. <i>Nature</i> <b>237</b> (5350): 82&ndash;88. </span></span><span class="citation Journal"><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small;">doi</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F237082a0"><span style="font-size: small;">10.1038/237082a0</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small;">PMID</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4555447"><span style="font-size: small;">4555447</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="citation Journal">.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span><span style="font-size: small;"> <span class="citation Journal">Fiers W, Contreras R, Duerinck F, Haegeman G, Iserentant D, Merregaert J, Min Jou W, Molemans F, Raeymaekers A, Van den Berghe A, Volckaert G, Ysebaert M (1976). &quot;Complete nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage MS2 RNA: primary and secondary structure of the replicase gene&quot;. <i>Nature</i> <b>260</b> (5551): 500&ndash;507. </span></span><span class="citation Journal"><a title="Bibcode" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode"><span style="font-size: small;">Bibcode</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1976Natur.260..500F"><span style="font-size: small;">1976Natur.260..500F</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small;">doi</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F260500a0"><span style="font-size: small;">10.1038/260500a0</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small;">PMID</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1264203"><span style="font-size: small;">1264203</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="citation Journal">.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span><span style="font-size: small;"> <span class="citation Journal">Sanger F, Air GM, Barrell BG, Brown NL, Coulson AR, Fiddes CA, Hutchison CA, Slocombe PM, Smith M (1977). &quot;Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA&quot;. <i>Nature</i> <b>265</b> (5596): 687&ndash;695. </span></span><span class="citation Journal"><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small;">doi</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F265687a0"><span style="font-size: small;">10.1038/265687a0</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small;">PMID</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/870828"><span style="font-size: small;">870828</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="citation Journal">.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span><span style="font-size: small;"> <span class="citation Journal">Fleischmann RD, Adams MD, White O, Clayton RA, Kirkness EF, Kerlavage AR, Bult CJ, Tomb JF, Dougherty BA, Merrick JM, et al. (1995). &quot;Whole-genome random sequencing and assembly of Haemophilus influenzae Rd&quot;. <i>Science</i> <b>269</b> (5223): 496&ndash;512. </span></span><span class="citation Journal"><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small;">doi</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.7542800"><span style="font-size: small;">10.1126/science.7542800</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small;">PMID</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7542800"><span style="font-size: small;">7542800</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="citation Journal">.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/VIRUSES/virostat.html"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>The Viral Genomes Resource</i>, NCBI Friday, 14 September 2007</span></a></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/static/gpstat.html"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Genome Project Statistic</i>, NCBI Friday, 14 September 2007</span></a></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3760766.stm"><span style="font-size: small;">BBC article <i>Human gene number slashed</i> from Wednesday, 20 October 2004</span></a></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2003/10/16/pufferfish_fruitfly/index.shtml"><span style="font-size: small;">CBSE News, Thursday, 16 October 2003</span></a></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.gov/12511476"><span style="font-size: small;">NHGRI, pressrelease of the publishing of the dog genome</span></a></li> <li id="cite_note-McGrath-10"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-McGrath_10-0">^</a></b></span><span style="font-size: small;"> <span class="citation book">McGrath S and van Sinderen D, ed (2007). </span></span><span class="citation book"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Bacteriophage: Genetics and Molecular Biology</i></span></a><span style="font-size: small;"> (1st ed.). Caister Academic Press. </span><a title="International Standard Book Number" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><span style="font-size: small;">ISBN</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;</span><a title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-14-1" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-14-1"><span style="font-size: small;">978-1-904455-14-1</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="citation book">.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Herrero-11"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-Herrero_11-0">^</a></b></span><span style="font-size: small;"> <span class="citation book">Herrero A and Flores E, ed (2008). </span></span><span class="citation book"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>The Cyanobacteria: Molecular Biology, Genomics and Evolution</i></span></a><span style="font-size: small;"> (1st ed.). Caister Academic Press. </span><a title="International Standard Book Number" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><span style="font-size: small;">ISBN</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;</span><a title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-15-8" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-15-8"><span style="font-size: small;">978-1-904455-15-8</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="citation book">.</span></span></li> </ol> </div> <h2>&nbsp;</h2> <h2><span id="External_links" class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomicsdirectory.com/"><span style="font-size: medium;">Genomics Directory</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">: A one-stop biotechnology resource center for bioentrepreneurs, scientists, and students</span></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/loi/genom/"><span style="font-size: medium;">Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcgenomics/"><span style="font-size: medium;">BMC Genomics</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">: A BMC journal on Genomics</span></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.caglab.org/"><span style="font-size: medium;">Center for Applied Genomics</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">: Genomics Research - a specialized Center of Emphasis at the Children&rsquo;s Hospital of Philadelphia</span></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomics.co.uk/companylist.php"><span style="font-size: medium;">Genomics</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">: UK companies and laboratories* </span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/622838/description#description"><span style="font-size: medium;">Genomics journal</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.knoblauchpublishing.com/"><span style="font-size: medium;">Genomics and Quantitative Genetics</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">: An international electronic, open access journal publishing, inter alia, genomics research.</span></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="../../../"><span style="font-size: medium;">Genomics.org</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">: An openfree wiki based Genomics portal</span></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.gov/"><span style="font-size: medium;">NHGRI</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">: US government's genome institute</span></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.springer.com/humana+press/pharmacology+and+toxicology/book/978-1-58829-887-4"><span style="font-size: medium;">Pharmacogenomics in Drug Discovery and Development</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">, a book on pharmacogenomics, diseases, personalized medicine, and therapeutics</span></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.zpu-journal.ru/en/articles/detail.php?ID=342"><span style="font-size: medium;">Tishchenko P. D. Genomics: New Science in the New Cultural Situation</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.lcg.unam.mx/"><span style="font-size: medium;">Undergraduate program on Genomic Sciences (spanish)</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">: One of the first undergraduate programs in the world</span></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://cmr.jcvi.org/"><span style="font-size: medium;">JCVI Comprehensive Microbial Resource</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://pathema.jcvi.org/"><span style="font-size: medium;">Pathema: A Clade Specific Bioinformatics Resource Center</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://koreagenome.org/"><span style="font-size: medium;">KoreaGenome.org</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">: The first Korean Genome published and the sequence is available freely.</span></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://genomicsnetwork.ac.uk/"><span style="font-size: medium;">GenomicsNetwork</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">: Looks at the development and use of the science and technologies of genomics.</span></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.igs.umaryland.edu/research_topics.php"><span style="font-size: medium;">Institute for Genome Sciences</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">: Genomics research.</span></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/health-sciences-and-technology/hst-512-genomic-medicine-spring-2004/"><span style="font-size: medium;">MIT OpenCourseWare HST.512 Genomic Medicine</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> A free, self-study course in genomic medicine. Resources include audio lectures and selected lecture notes.</span></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.extension.org/plant_breeding_genomics"><span style="font-size: medium;">The Plant Breeding and Genomics Community of Practice on eXtension</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> - provides education and training materials for plant breeders and allied professionals</span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 29d2408509fd210978774298743f86bd63e79179 4627 4626 2013-08-14T22:44:35Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Genomics</b> is a discipline in [[omics]] concerning the study of the genomes and associated omes of organisms.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">The field includes efforts to determine the entire </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="DNA sequence" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequence"><span style="font-size: medium;">DNA sequence</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> of organisms and fine-scale </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic mapping" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_mapping"><span style="font-size: medium;">genetic mapping</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> efforts. </span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">The field also includes studies of intragenomic phenomena such as heterosis, epistasis, </span><a title="Pleiotropy" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleiotropy"><span style="font-size: medium;">pleiotropy</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> and other interactions between loci and alleles within the genome. In contrast, the investigation of the roles and functions of single genes is a primary focus of </span><a title="Molecular biology" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_biology"><span style="font-size: medium;">molecular biology</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> or </span><a title="Genetics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics"><span style="font-size: medium;">genetics</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> and is a common topic of modern medical and biological research. </span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;"> Research of single genes does not fall into the definition of genomics unless the aim of this genetic, pathway, and functional information analysis is to elucidate its effect on, place in, and response to the entire genome's networks.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">For the </span><a title="United States Environmental Protection Agency" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency"><span style="font-size: medium;">United States Environmental Protection Agency</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">, &quot;the term &quot;genomics&quot; encompasses a broader scope of scientific inquiry associated technologies than when genomics was initially considered. A genome is the sum total of all an individual organism's genes. Thus, genomics is the study of all the genes of a cell, or tissue, at the DNA (genotype), mRNA (transcriptome), or protein (proteome) levels.&quot;</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-0"><span style="font-size: medium;">[1]</span></a></sup></p> <p><font class="Apple-style-span" size="3"><br /> </font></p> <h2><span id="History" class="mw-headline">History</span></h2> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">The first genomes to be sequenced were those of a </span><a title="Virus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus"><span style="font-size: medium;">virus</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> and a </span><a title="Mitochondrion" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrion"><span style="font-size: medium;">mitochondrion</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">, and were done by </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="Fred Sanger" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Sanger"><span style="font-size: medium;">Fred Sanger</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">. His group established techniques of sequencing, genome mapping, data storage, and bioinformatic analyses in the 1970-1980s. A major branch of genomics is still concerned with </span><a title="Sequencing" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequencing"><span style="font-size: medium;">sequencing</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> the genomes of various organisms, but the knowledge of full genomes has created the possibility for the field of </span><a title="Functional genomics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_genomics"><span style="font-size: medium;">functional genomics</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">, mainly concerned with patterns of </span><a title="Gene expression" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_expression"><span style="font-size: medium;">gene expression</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> during various conditions. The most important tools here are </span><a title="Microarray" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microarray"><span style="font-size: medium;">microarrays</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> and </span><a title="Bioinformatics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformatics"><span style="font-size: medium;">bioinformatics</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">. Study of the full set of proteins in a cell type or tissue, and the changes during various conditions, is called </span><a title="Proteomics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteomics"><span style="font-size: medium;">proteomics</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">. A related concept is </span><a title="Materiomics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materiomics"><span style="font-size: medium;">materiomics</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">, which is defined as the study of the material properties of biological materials (e.g. hierarchical protein structures and materials, mineralized biological tissues, etc.) and their effect on the macroscopic function and failure in their biological context, linking processes, structure and properties at multiple scales through a materials science approach. The actual term 'genomics' is thought to have been coined by Dr. Tom Roderick, a geneticist at the Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, ME) over beer at a meeting held in Maryland on the mapping of the human genome in 1986.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">In 1972, </span><a title="Walter Fiers" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Fiers"><span style="font-size: medium;">Walter Fiers</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> and his team at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology of the </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="University of Ghent" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Ghent"><span style="font-size: medium;">University of Ghent</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> (</span><a title="Ghent" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghent"><span style="font-size: medium;">Ghent</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">, </span><a title="Belgium" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"><span style="font-size: medium;">Belgium</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">) were the first to determine the sequence of a gene: the gene for </span><a title="Bacteriophage MS2" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriophage_MS2"><span style="font-size: medium;">Bacteriophage MS2</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> coat protein.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-1"><span style="font-size: medium;">[2]</span></a></sup><span style="font-size: medium;"> In 1976, the team determined the complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-2"><span style="font-size: medium;">[3]</span></a></sup><span style="font-size: medium;"> The first DNA-based genome to be sequenced in its entirety was that of </span><a title="Bacteriophage" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriophage"><span style="font-size: medium;">bacteriophage</span></a><a class="mw-redirect" title="Phi-X174 phage" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi-X174_phage"><span style="font-size: medium;">&Phi;-X174;</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> (5,368 </span><a title="Base pair" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_pair"><span style="font-size: medium;">bp</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">), sequenced by </span><a title="Frederick Sanger" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Sanger"><span style="font-size: medium;">Frederick Sanger</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> in 1977.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-3"><span style="font-size: medium;">[4]</span></a></sup></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">The first free-living organism to be sequenced was that of </span><i><a title="Haemophilus influenzae" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="font-size: medium;">Haemophilus influenzae</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;"> (1.8 </span><a title="Base pair" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_pair"><span style="font-size: medium;">Mb</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">) in 1995</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-4"><span style="font-size: medium;">[5]</span></a></sup><span style="font-size: medium;">, and since then genomes are being sequenced at a rapid pace.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">As of September 2007, the complete sequence was known of about 1879 </span><a title="Virus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus"><span style="font-size: medium;">viruses</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">,</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-5"><span style="font-size: medium;">[6]</span></a></sup><span style="font-size: medium;"> 577 </span><a title="Bacteria" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria"><span style="font-size: medium;">bacterial</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> species and roughly 23 </span><a title="Eukaryote" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote"><span style="font-size: medium;">eukaryote</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> organisms, of which about half are </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi"><span style="font-size: medium;">fungi</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">. </span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-6"><span style="font-size: medium;">[7]</span></a></sup><span style="font-size: medium;"> Most of the bacteria whose genomes have been completely sequenced are problematic disease-causing agents, such as </span><i><a title="Haemophilus influenzae" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="font-size: medium;">Haemophilus influenzae</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;">. Of the other sequenced species, most were chosen because they were well-studied model organisms or promised to become good models. Yeast (</span><i><a title="Saccharomyces cerevisiae" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharomyces_cerevisiae"><span style="font-size: medium;">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;">) has long been an important </span><a title="Model organism" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_organism"><span style="font-size: medium;">model organism</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> for the </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryotic cell" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotic_cell"><span style="font-size: medium;">eukaryotic cell</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">, while the fruit fly </span><i><a title="Drosophila melanogaster" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drosophila_melanogaster"><span style="font-size: medium;">Drosophila melanogaster</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;"> has been a very important tool (notably in early pre-molecular </span><a title="Genetics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics"><span style="font-size: medium;">genetics</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">). The worm </span><i><a title="Caenorhabditis elegans" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans"><span style="font-size: medium;">Caenorhabditis elegans</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;"> is an often used simple model for </span><a title="Multicellular organism" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicellular_organism"><span style="font-size: medium;">multicellular organisms</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">. The zebrafish </span><i><a class="mw-redirect" title="Brachydanio rerio" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachydanio_rerio"><span style="font-size: medium;">Brachydanio rerio</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;"> is used for many developmental studies on the molecular level and the flower </span><i><a title="Arabidopsis thaliana" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabidopsis_thaliana"><span style="font-size: medium;">Arabidopsis thaliana</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;"> is a model organism for flowering plants. The </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese pufferfish" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_pufferfish"><span style="font-size: medium;">Japanese pufferfish</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> (</span><i><a title="Takifugu rubripes" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takifugu_rubripes"><span style="font-size: medium;">Takifugu rubripes</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;">) and the </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="Spotted green pufferfish" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotted_green_pufferfish"><span style="font-size: medium;">spotted green pufferfish</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> (</span><i><a title="Tetraodon nigroviridis" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetraodon_nigroviridis"><span style="font-size: medium;">Tetraodon nigroviridis</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;">) are interesting because of their small and compact genomes, containing very little non-coding DNA compared to most species. </span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-7"><span style="font-size: medium;">[8]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-8"><span style="font-size: medium;">[9]</span></a></sup><span style="font-size: medium;"> The mammals dog (</span><i><a class="mw-redirect" title="Canis familiaris" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canis_familiaris"><span style="font-size: medium;">Canis familiaris</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;">), </span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-9"><span style="font-size: medium;">[10]</span></a></sup><span style="font-size: medium;"> brown rat (</span><i><a class="mw-redirect" title="Rattus norvegicus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rattus_norvegicus"><span style="font-size: medium;">Rattus norvegicus</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;">), mouse (</span><i><a class="mw-redirect" title="Mus musculus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus_musculus"><span style="font-size: medium;">Mus musculus</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;">), and chimpanzee (</span><i><a class="mw-redirect" title="Pan troglodytes" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_troglodytes"><span style="font-size: medium;">Pan troglodytes</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;">) are all important model animals in medical research.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span id="Human_genomics" class="mw-headline">Human genomics</span></h2> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">A rough draft of the human genome was completed by the </span><a title="Human Genome Project" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Genome_Project"><span style="font-size: medium;">Human Genome Project</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> in early 2001, creating much fanfare. By 2007 the human sequence was declared &quot;finished&quot; (less than one error in 20,000 bases and all chromosomes assembled). Display of the results of the project required significant </span><a title="Bioinformatics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformatics"><span style="font-size: medium;">bioinformatics</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> resources. The sequence of the human </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="Reference assembly" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_assembly"><span style="font-size: medium;">reference assembly</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> can be explored using the </span><a title="UCSC Genome Browser" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCSC_Genome_Browser"><span style="font-size: medium;">UCSC Genome Browser</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> or </span><a title="Ensembl" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensembl"><span style="font-size: medium;">Ensembl</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span id="Bacteriophage_genomics" class="mw-headline">Bacteriophage genomics</span></h2> <p><a title="Bacteriophage" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriophage"><span style="font-size: medium;">Bacteriophages</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> have played and continue to play a key role in bacterial </span><a title="Genetics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics"><span style="font-size: medium;">genetics</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> and </span><a title="Molecular biology" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_biology"><span style="font-size: medium;">molecular biology</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">. Historically, they were used to define </span><a title="Gene" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"><span style="font-size: medium;">gene</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> structure and gene regulation. Also the first </span><a title="Genome" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome"><span style="font-size: medium;">genome</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> to be sequenced was a </span><a title="Bacteriophage" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriophage"><span style="font-size: medium;">bacteriophage</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">. However, bacteriophage research did not lead the genomics revolution, which is clearly dominated by bacterial genomics. Only very recently has the study of bacteriophage genomes become prominent, thereby enabling researchers to understand the mechanisms underlying </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="Phage" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phage"><span style="font-size: medium;">phage</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> evolution. Bacteriophage genome sequences can be obtained through direct sequencing of isolated bacteriophages, but can also be derived as part of microbial genomes. Analysis of bacterial genomes has shown that a substantial amount of microbial DNA consists of </span><a title="Prophage" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophage"><span style="font-size: medium;">prophage</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> sequences and prophage-like elements. A detailed database mining of these sequences offers insights into the role of prophages in shaping the bacterial genome.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-McGrath_10-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-McGrath-10"><span style="font-size: medium;">[11]</span></a></sup></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span style="font-size: large;"><span id="Cyanobacteria_genomics" class="mw-headline">Cyanobacteria genomics</span></span></h2> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">At present there are 24 </span><a title="Cyanobacteria" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanobacteria"><span style="font-size: medium;">cyanobacteria</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> for which a total genome sequence is available. 15 of these cyanobacteria come from the marine environment. These are six </span><i><a title="Prochlorococcus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prochlorococcus"><span style="font-size: medium;">Prochlorococcus</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;"> strains, seven marine </span><i><a title="Synechococcus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synechococcus"><span style="font-size: medium;">Synechococcus</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;"> strains, </span><i><a title="Trichodesmium erythraeum (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trichodesmium_erythraeum&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1"><span style="font-size: medium;">Trichodesmium erythraeum</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;"> IMS101 and </span><i><a title="Crocosphaera watsonii (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crocosphaera_watsonii&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1"><span style="font-size: medium;">Crocosphaera watsonii</span></a></i><a title="WH8501 (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WH8501&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1"><span style="font-size: medium;">WH8501</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">. Several studies have demonstrated how these sequences could be used very successfully to infer important ecological and physiological characteristics of marine cyanobacteria. However, there are many more genome projects currently in progress, amongst those there are further </span><i><a title="Prochlorococcus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prochlorococcus"><span style="font-size: medium;">Prochlorococcus</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;"> and marine </span><i><a title="Synechococcus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synechococcus"><span style="font-size: medium;">Synechococcus</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;"> isolates, </span><i><a title="Acaryochloris (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acaryochloris&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1"><span style="font-size: medium;">Acaryochloris</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;"> and </span><i><a title="Prochloron" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prochloron"><span style="font-size: medium;">Prochloron</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;">, the N₂-fixing filamentous cyanobacteria </span><i><a title="Nodularia spumigena (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nodularia_spumigena&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1"><span style="font-size: medium;">Nodularia spumigena</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;">, </span><i><a title="Lyngbya aestuarii (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyngbya_aestuarii&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1"><span style="font-size: medium;">Lyngbya aestuarii</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;"> and </span><i><a title="Lyngbya majuscula" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyngbya_majuscula"><span style="font-size: medium;">Lyngbya majuscula</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;">, as well as </span><a title="Bacteriophage" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriophage"><span style="font-size: medium;">bacteriophages</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> infecting marine cyanobaceria. Thus, the growing body of genome information can also be tapped in a more general way to address global problems by applying a comparative approach. Some new and exciting examples of progress in this field are the identification of genes for regulatory RNAs, insights into the evolutionary origin of </span><a title="Photosynthesis" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis"><span style="font-size: medium;">photosynthesis</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">, or estimation of the contribution of horizontal gene transfer to the genomes that have been analyzed.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Herrero_11-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-Herrero-11"><span style="font-size: medium;">[12]</span></a></sup></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;</span></p> <h2><span style="font-size: large;"><span id="See_also" class="mw-headline">See also</span></span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="mw-redirect" title="Full Genome Sequencing" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_Genome_Sequencing"><span style="font-size: medium;">Full Genome Sequencing</span></a></li> <li><a title="Computational genomics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_genomics"><span style="font-size: medium;">Computational genomics</span></a></li> <li><a title="Nitrogenomics (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nitrogenomics&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1"><span style="font-size: medium;">Nitrogenomics</span></a></li> <li><a title="Metagenomics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metagenomics"><span style="font-size: medium;">Metagenomics</span></a></li> <li><a class="mw-redirect" title="Predictive Medicine" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictive_Medicine"><span style="font-size: medium;">Predictive Medicine</span></a></li> <li><a title="Personal genomics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_genomics"><span style="font-size: medium;">Personal genomics</span></a></li> <li><a class="mw-redirect" title="Psychogenomics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychogenomics"><span style="font-size: medium;">Psychogenomics</span></a></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;</span></p> <h2><span style="font-size: large;"><span id="References" class="mw-headline">References</span></span></h2> <div style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;" class="reflist references-column-count references-column-count-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-0"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-0">^</a></b></span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://epa.gov/osa/spc/pdfs/genomics.pdf"><span style="font-size: small;">EPA Interim Genomics Policy</span></a></li> <li id="cite_note-1"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span><span style="font-size: small;"> <span class="citation Journal">Min Jou W, Haegeman G, Ysebaert M, Fiers W (1972). &quot;Nucleotide sequence of the gene coding for the bacteriophage MS2 coat protein&quot;. <i>Nature</i> <b>237</b> (5350): 82&ndash;88. </span></span><span class="citation Journal"><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small;">doi</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F237082a0"><span style="font-size: small;">10.1038/237082a0</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small;">PMID</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4555447"><span style="font-size: small;">4555447</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="citation Journal">.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span><span style="font-size: small;"> <span class="citation Journal">Fiers W, Contreras R, Duerinck F, Haegeman G, Iserentant D, Merregaert J, Min Jou W, Molemans F, Raeymaekers A, Van den Berghe A, Volckaert G, Ysebaert M (1976). &quot;Complete nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage MS2 RNA: primary and secondary structure of the replicase gene&quot;. <i>Nature</i> <b>260</b> (5551): 500&ndash;507. </span></span><span class="citation Journal"><a title="Bibcode" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode"><span style="font-size: small;">Bibcode</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1976Natur.260..500F"><span style="font-size: small;">1976Natur.260..500F</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small;">doi</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F260500a0"><span style="font-size: small;">10.1038/260500a0</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small;">PMID</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1264203"><span style="font-size: small;">1264203</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="citation Journal">.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span><span style="font-size: small;"> <span class="citation Journal">Sanger F, Air GM, Barrell BG, Brown NL, Coulson AR, Fiddes CA, Hutchison CA, Slocombe PM, Smith M (1977). &quot;Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA&quot;. <i>Nature</i> <b>265</b> (5596): 687&ndash;695. </span></span><span class="citation Journal"><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small;">doi</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F265687a0"><span style="font-size: small;">10.1038/265687a0</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small;">PMID</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/870828"><span style="font-size: small;">870828</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="citation Journal">.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span><span style="font-size: small;"> <span class="citation Journal">Fleischmann RD, Adams MD, White O, Clayton RA, Kirkness EF, Kerlavage AR, Bult CJ, Tomb JF, Dougherty BA, Merrick JM, et al. (1995). &quot;Whole-genome random sequencing and assembly of Haemophilus influenzae Rd&quot;. <i>Science</i> <b>269</b> (5223): 496&ndash;512. </span></span><span class="citation Journal"><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small;">doi</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.7542800"><span style="font-size: small;">10.1126/science.7542800</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small;">PMID</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7542800"><span style="font-size: small;">7542800</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="citation Journal">.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/VIRUSES/virostat.html"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>The Viral Genomes Resource</i>, NCBI Friday, 14 September 2007</span></a></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/static/gpstat.html"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Genome Project Statistic</i>, NCBI Friday, 14 September 2007</span></a></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3760766.stm"><span style="font-size: small;">BBC article <i>Human gene number slashed</i> from Wednesday, 20 October 2004</span></a></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2003/10/16/pufferfish_fruitfly/index.shtml"><span style="font-size: small;">CBSE News, Thursday, 16 October 2003</span></a></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.gov/12511476"><span style="font-size: small;">NHGRI, pressrelease of the publishing of the dog genome</span></a></li> <li id="cite_note-McGrath-10"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-McGrath_10-0">^</a></b></span><span style="font-size: small;"> <span class="citation book">McGrath S and van Sinderen D, ed (2007). </span></span><span class="citation book"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Bacteriophage: Genetics and Molecular Biology</i></span></a><span style="font-size: small;"> (1st ed.). Caister Academic Press. </span><a title="International Standard Book Number" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><span style="font-size: small;">ISBN</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;</span><a title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-14-1" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-14-1"><span style="font-size: small;">978-1-904455-14-1</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="citation book">.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Herrero-11"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-Herrero_11-0">^</a></b></span><span style="font-size: small;"> <span class="citation book">Herrero A and Flores E, ed (2008). </span></span><span class="citation book"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>The Cyanobacteria: Molecular Biology, Genomics and Evolution</i></span></a><span style="font-size: small;"> (1st ed.). Caister Academic Press. </span><a title="International Standard Book Number" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><span style="font-size: small;">ISBN</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;</span><a title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-15-8" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-15-8"><span style="font-size: small;">978-1-904455-15-8</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="citation book">.</span></span></li> </ol> </div> <h2>&nbsp;</h2> <h2><span id="External_links" class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomicsdirectory.com/"><span style="font-size: medium;">Genomics Directory</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">: A one-stop biotechnology resource center for bioentrepreneurs, scientists, and students</span></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/loi/genom/"><span style="font-size: medium;">Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcgenomics/"><span style="font-size: medium;">BMC Genomics</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">: A BMC journal on Genomics</span></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.caglab.org/"><span style="font-size: medium;">Center for Applied Genomics</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">: Genomics Research - a specialized Center of Emphasis at the Children&rsquo;s Hospital of Philadelphia</span></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomics.co.uk/companylist.php"><span style="font-size: medium;">Genomics</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">: UK companies and laboratories* </span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/622838/description#description"><span style="font-size: medium;">Genomics journal</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.knoblauchpublishing.com/"><span style="font-size: medium;">Genomics and Quantitative Genetics</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">: An international electronic, open access journal publishing, inter alia, genomics research.</span></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="../../../"><span style="font-size: medium;">Genomics.org</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">: An openfree wiki based Genomics portal</span></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.gov/"><span style="font-size: medium;">NHGRI</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">: US government's genome institute</span></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.springer.com/humana+press/pharmacology+and+toxicology/book/978-1-58829-887-4"><span style="font-size: medium;">Pharmacogenomics in Drug Discovery and Development</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">, a book on pharmacogenomics, diseases, personalized medicine, and therapeutics</span></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.zpu-journal.ru/en/articles/detail.php?ID=342"><span style="font-size: medium;">Tishchenko P. D. Genomics: New Science in the New Cultural Situation</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.lcg.unam.mx/"><span style="font-size: medium;">Undergraduate program on Genomic Sciences (spanish)</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">: One of the first undergraduate programs in the world</span></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://cmr.jcvi.org/"><span style="font-size: medium;">JCVI Comprehensive Microbial Resource</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://pathema.jcvi.org/"><span style="font-size: medium;">Pathema: A Clade Specific Bioinformatics Resource Center</span></a></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://koreagenome.org/">KoreaGenome.org</a>&nbsp;and [http://KoreanGenome.org]</span><span style="font-size: medium;">: The first Korean Genome published and the sequence is available freely.</span></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://genomicsnetwork.ac.uk/"><span style="font-size: medium;">GenomicsNetwork</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">: Looks at the development and use of the science and technologies of genomics.</span></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.igs.umaryland.edu/research_topics.php"><span style="font-size: medium;">Institute for Genome Sciences</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">: Genomics research.</span></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/health-sciences-and-technology/hst-512-genomic-medicine-spring-2004/"><span style="font-size: medium;">MIT OpenCourseWare HST.512 Genomic Medicine</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> A free, self-study course in genomic medicine. Resources include audio lectures and selected lecture notes.</span></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.extension.org/plant_breeding_genomics"><span style="font-size: medium;">The Plant Breeding and Genomics Community of Practice on eXtension</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> - provides education and training materials for plant breeders and allied professionals</span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> b0ef2aeb9e888dce1ec685204c9baaa88df00e73 4628 4627 2013-08-14T22:44:53Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Genomics</b> is a discipline in [[omics]] concerning the study of the genomes and associated omes of organisms.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">The field includes efforts to determine the entire </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="DNA sequence" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequence"><span style="font-size: medium;">DNA sequence</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> of organisms and fine-scale </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic mapping" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_mapping"><span style="font-size: medium;">genetic mapping</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> efforts. </span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">The field also includes studies of intragenomic phenomena such as heterosis, epistasis, </span><a title="Pleiotropy" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleiotropy"><span style="font-size: medium;">pleiotropy</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> and other interactions between loci and alleles within the genome. In contrast, the investigation of the roles and functions of single genes is a primary focus of </span><a title="Molecular biology" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_biology"><span style="font-size: medium;">molecular biology</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> or </span><a title="Genetics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics"><span style="font-size: medium;">genetics</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> and is a common topic of modern medical and biological research. </span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;"> Research of single genes does not fall into the definition of genomics unless the aim of this genetic, pathway, and functional information analysis is to elucidate its effect on, place in, and response to the entire genome's networks.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">For the </span><a title="United States Environmental Protection Agency" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency"><span style="font-size: medium;">United States Environmental Protection Agency</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">, &quot;the term &quot;genomics&quot; encompasses a broader scope of scientific inquiry associated technologies than when genomics was initially considered. A genome is the sum total of all an individual organism's genes. Thus, genomics is the study of all the genes of a cell, or tissue, at the DNA (genotype), mRNA (transcriptome), or protein (proteome) levels.&quot;</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-0"><span style="font-size: medium;">[1]</span></a></sup></p> <p><font class="Apple-style-span" size="3"><br /> </font></p> <h2><span id="History" class="mw-headline">History</span></h2> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">The first genomes to be sequenced were those of a </span><a title="Virus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus"><span style="font-size: medium;">virus</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> and a </span><a title="Mitochondrion" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrion"><span style="font-size: medium;">mitochondrion</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">, and were done by </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="Fred Sanger" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Sanger"><span style="font-size: medium;">Fred Sanger</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">. His group established techniques of sequencing, genome mapping, data storage, and bioinformatic analyses in the 1970-1980s. A major branch of genomics is still concerned with </span><a title="Sequencing" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequencing"><span style="font-size: medium;">sequencing</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> the genomes of various organisms, but the knowledge of full genomes has created the possibility for the field of </span><a title="Functional genomics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_genomics"><span style="font-size: medium;">functional genomics</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">, mainly concerned with patterns of </span><a title="Gene expression" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_expression"><span style="font-size: medium;">gene expression</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> during various conditions. The most important tools here are </span><a title="Microarray" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microarray"><span style="font-size: medium;">microarrays</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> and </span><a title="Bioinformatics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformatics"><span style="font-size: medium;">bioinformatics</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">. Study of the full set of proteins in a cell type or tissue, and the changes during various conditions, is called </span><a title="Proteomics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteomics"><span style="font-size: medium;">proteomics</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">. A related concept is </span><a title="Materiomics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materiomics"><span style="font-size: medium;">materiomics</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">, which is defined as the study of the material properties of biological materials (e.g. hierarchical protein structures and materials, mineralized biological tissues, etc.) and their effect on the macroscopic function and failure in their biological context, linking processes, structure and properties at multiple scales through a materials science approach. The actual term 'genomics' is thought to have been coined by Dr. Tom Roderick, a geneticist at the Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, ME) over beer at a meeting held in Maryland on the mapping of the human genome in 1986.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">In 1972, </span><a title="Walter Fiers" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Fiers"><span style="font-size: medium;">Walter Fiers</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> and his team at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology of the </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="University of Ghent" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Ghent"><span style="font-size: medium;">University of Ghent</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> (</span><a title="Ghent" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghent"><span style="font-size: medium;">Ghent</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">, </span><a title="Belgium" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"><span style="font-size: medium;">Belgium</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">) were the first to determine the sequence of a gene: the gene for </span><a title="Bacteriophage MS2" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriophage_MS2"><span style="font-size: medium;">Bacteriophage MS2</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> coat protein.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-1"><span style="font-size: medium;">[2]</span></a></sup><span style="font-size: medium;"> In 1976, the team determined the complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-2"><span style="font-size: medium;">[3]</span></a></sup><span style="font-size: medium;"> The first DNA-based genome to be sequenced in its entirety was that of </span><a title="Bacteriophage" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriophage"><span style="font-size: medium;">bacteriophage</span></a><a class="mw-redirect" title="Phi-X174 phage" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi-X174_phage"><span style="font-size: medium;">&Phi;-X174;</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> (5,368 </span><a title="Base pair" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_pair"><span style="font-size: medium;">bp</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">), sequenced by </span><a title="Frederick Sanger" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Sanger"><span style="font-size: medium;">Frederick Sanger</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> in 1977.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-3"><span style="font-size: medium;">[4]</span></a></sup></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">The first free-living organism to be sequenced was that of </span><i><a title="Haemophilus influenzae" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="font-size: medium;">Haemophilus influenzae</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;"> (1.8 </span><a title="Base pair" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_pair"><span style="font-size: medium;">Mb</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">) in 1995</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-4"><span style="font-size: medium;">[5]</span></a></sup><span style="font-size: medium;">, and since then genomes are being sequenced at a rapid pace.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">As of September 2007, the complete sequence was known of about 1879 </span><a title="Virus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus"><span style="font-size: medium;">viruses</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">,</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-5"><span style="font-size: medium;">[6]</span></a></sup><span style="font-size: medium;"> 577 </span><a title="Bacteria" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria"><span style="font-size: medium;">bacterial</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> species and roughly 23 </span><a title="Eukaryote" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote"><span style="font-size: medium;">eukaryote</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> organisms, of which about half are </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi"><span style="font-size: medium;">fungi</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">. </span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-6"><span style="font-size: medium;">[7]</span></a></sup><span style="font-size: medium;"> Most of the bacteria whose genomes have been completely sequenced are problematic disease-causing agents, such as </span><i><a title="Haemophilus influenzae" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="font-size: medium;">Haemophilus influenzae</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;">. Of the other sequenced species, most were chosen because they were well-studied model organisms or promised to become good models. Yeast (</span><i><a title="Saccharomyces cerevisiae" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharomyces_cerevisiae"><span style="font-size: medium;">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;">) has long been an important </span><a title="Model organism" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_organism"><span style="font-size: medium;">model organism</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> for the </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryotic cell" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotic_cell"><span style="font-size: medium;">eukaryotic cell</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">, while the fruit fly </span><i><a title="Drosophila melanogaster" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drosophila_melanogaster"><span style="font-size: medium;">Drosophila melanogaster</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;"> has been a very important tool (notably in early pre-molecular </span><a title="Genetics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics"><span style="font-size: medium;">genetics</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">). The worm </span><i><a title="Caenorhabditis elegans" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans"><span style="font-size: medium;">Caenorhabditis elegans</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;"> is an often used simple model for </span><a title="Multicellular organism" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicellular_organism"><span style="font-size: medium;">multicellular organisms</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">. The zebrafish </span><i><a class="mw-redirect" title="Brachydanio rerio" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachydanio_rerio"><span style="font-size: medium;">Brachydanio rerio</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;"> is used for many developmental studies on the molecular level and the flower </span><i><a title="Arabidopsis thaliana" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabidopsis_thaliana"><span style="font-size: medium;">Arabidopsis thaliana</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;"> is a model organism for flowering plants. The </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese pufferfish" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_pufferfish"><span style="font-size: medium;">Japanese pufferfish</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> (</span><i><a title="Takifugu rubripes" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takifugu_rubripes"><span style="font-size: medium;">Takifugu rubripes</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;">) and the </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="Spotted green pufferfish" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotted_green_pufferfish"><span style="font-size: medium;">spotted green pufferfish</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> (</span><i><a title="Tetraodon nigroviridis" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetraodon_nigroviridis"><span style="font-size: medium;">Tetraodon nigroviridis</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;">) are interesting because of their small and compact genomes, containing very little non-coding DNA compared to most species. </span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-7"><span style="font-size: medium;">[8]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-8"><span style="font-size: medium;">[9]</span></a></sup><span style="font-size: medium;"> The mammals dog (</span><i><a class="mw-redirect" title="Canis familiaris" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canis_familiaris"><span style="font-size: medium;">Canis familiaris</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;">), </span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-9"><span style="font-size: medium;">[10]</span></a></sup><span style="font-size: medium;"> brown rat (</span><i><a class="mw-redirect" title="Rattus norvegicus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rattus_norvegicus"><span style="font-size: medium;">Rattus norvegicus</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;">), mouse (</span><i><a class="mw-redirect" title="Mus musculus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus_musculus"><span style="font-size: medium;">Mus musculus</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;">), and chimpanzee (</span><i><a class="mw-redirect" title="Pan troglodytes" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_troglodytes"><span style="font-size: medium;">Pan troglodytes</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;">) are all important model animals in medical research.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span id="Human_genomics" class="mw-headline">Human genomics</span></h2> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">A rough draft of the human genome was completed by the </span><a title="Human Genome Project" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Genome_Project"><span style="font-size: medium;">Human Genome Project</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> in early 2001, creating much fanfare. By 2007 the human sequence was declared &quot;finished&quot; (less than one error in 20,000 bases and all chromosomes assembled). Display of the results of the project required significant </span><a title="Bioinformatics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformatics"><span style="font-size: medium;">bioinformatics</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> resources. The sequence of the human </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="Reference assembly" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_assembly"><span style="font-size: medium;">reference assembly</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> can be explored using the </span><a title="UCSC Genome Browser" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCSC_Genome_Browser"><span style="font-size: medium;">UCSC Genome Browser</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> or </span><a title="Ensembl" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensembl"><span style="font-size: medium;">Ensembl</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span id="Bacteriophage_genomics" class="mw-headline">Bacteriophage genomics</span></h2> <p><a title="Bacteriophage" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriophage"><span style="font-size: medium;">Bacteriophages</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> have played and continue to play a key role in bacterial </span><a title="Genetics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics"><span style="font-size: medium;">genetics</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> and </span><a title="Molecular biology" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_biology"><span style="font-size: medium;">molecular biology</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">. Historically, they were used to define </span><a title="Gene" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"><span style="font-size: medium;">gene</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> structure and gene regulation. Also the first </span><a title="Genome" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome"><span style="font-size: medium;">genome</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> to be sequenced was a </span><a title="Bacteriophage" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriophage"><span style="font-size: medium;">bacteriophage</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">. However, bacteriophage research did not lead the genomics revolution, which is clearly dominated by bacterial genomics. Only very recently has the study of bacteriophage genomes become prominent, thereby enabling researchers to understand the mechanisms underlying </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="Phage" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phage"><span style="font-size: medium;">phage</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> evolution. Bacteriophage genome sequences can be obtained through direct sequencing of isolated bacteriophages, but can also be derived as part of microbial genomes. Analysis of bacterial genomes has shown that a substantial amount of microbial DNA consists of </span><a title="Prophage" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophage"><span style="font-size: medium;">prophage</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> sequences and prophage-like elements. A detailed database mining of these sequences offers insights into the role of prophages in shaping the bacterial genome.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-McGrath_10-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-McGrath-10"><span style="font-size: medium;">[11]</span></a></sup></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span style="font-size: large;"><span id="Cyanobacteria_genomics" class="mw-headline">Cyanobacteria genomics</span></span></h2> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">At present there are 24 </span><a title="Cyanobacteria" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanobacteria"><span style="font-size: medium;">cyanobacteria</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> for which a total genome sequence is available. 15 of these cyanobacteria come from the marine environment. These are six </span><i><a title="Prochlorococcus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prochlorococcus"><span style="font-size: medium;">Prochlorococcus</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;"> strains, seven marine </span><i><a title="Synechococcus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synechococcus"><span style="font-size: medium;">Synechococcus</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;"> strains, </span><i><a title="Trichodesmium erythraeum (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trichodesmium_erythraeum&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1"><span style="font-size: medium;">Trichodesmium erythraeum</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;"> IMS101 and </span><i><a title="Crocosphaera watsonii (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crocosphaera_watsonii&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1"><span style="font-size: medium;">Crocosphaera watsonii</span></a></i><a title="WH8501 (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WH8501&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1"><span style="font-size: medium;">WH8501</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">. Several studies have demonstrated how these sequences could be used very successfully to infer important ecological and physiological characteristics of marine cyanobacteria. However, there are many more genome projects currently in progress, amongst those there are further </span><i><a title="Prochlorococcus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prochlorococcus"><span style="font-size: medium;">Prochlorococcus</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;"> and marine </span><i><a title="Synechococcus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synechococcus"><span style="font-size: medium;">Synechococcus</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;"> isolates, </span><i><a title="Acaryochloris (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acaryochloris&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1"><span style="font-size: medium;">Acaryochloris</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;"> and </span><i><a title="Prochloron" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prochloron"><span style="font-size: medium;">Prochloron</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;">, the N₂-fixing filamentous cyanobacteria </span><i><a title="Nodularia spumigena (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nodularia_spumigena&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1"><span style="font-size: medium;">Nodularia spumigena</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;">, </span><i><a title="Lyngbya aestuarii (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyngbya_aestuarii&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1"><span style="font-size: medium;">Lyngbya aestuarii</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;"> and </span><i><a title="Lyngbya majuscula" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyngbya_majuscula"><span style="font-size: medium;">Lyngbya majuscula</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;">, as well as </span><a title="Bacteriophage" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriophage"><span style="font-size: medium;">bacteriophages</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> infecting marine cyanobaceria. Thus, the growing body of genome information can also be tapped in a more general way to address global problems by applying a comparative approach. Some new and exciting examples of progress in this field are the identification of genes for regulatory RNAs, insights into the evolutionary origin of </span><a title="Photosynthesis" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis"><span style="font-size: medium;">photosynthesis</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">, or estimation of the contribution of horizontal gene transfer to the genomes that have been analyzed.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Herrero_11-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-Herrero-11"><span style="font-size: medium;">[12]</span></a></sup></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;</span></p> <h2><span style="font-size: large;"><span id="See_also" class="mw-headline">See also</span></span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="mw-redirect" title="Full Genome Sequencing" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_Genome_Sequencing"><span style="font-size: medium;">Full Genome Sequencing</span></a></li> <li><a title="Computational genomics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_genomics"><span style="font-size: medium;">Computational genomics</span></a></li> <li><a title="Nitrogenomics (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nitrogenomics&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1"><span style="font-size: medium;">Nitrogenomics</span></a></li> <li><a title="Metagenomics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metagenomics"><span style="font-size: medium;">Metagenomics</span></a></li> <li><a class="mw-redirect" title="Predictive Medicine" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictive_Medicine"><span style="font-size: medium;">Predictive Medicine</span></a></li> <li><a title="Personal genomics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_genomics"><span style="font-size: medium;">Personal genomics</span></a></li> <li><a class="mw-redirect" title="Psychogenomics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychogenomics"><span style="font-size: medium;">Psychogenomics</span></a></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;</span></p> <h2><span style="font-size: large;"><span id="References" class="mw-headline">References</span></span></h2> <div style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;" class="reflist references-column-count references-column-count-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-0"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-0">^</a></b></span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://epa.gov/osa/spc/pdfs/genomics.pdf"><span style="font-size: small;">EPA Interim Genomics Policy</span></a></li> <li id="cite_note-1"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span><span style="font-size: small;"> <span class="citation Journal">Min Jou W, Haegeman G, Ysebaert M, Fiers W (1972). &quot;Nucleotide sequence of the gene coding for the bacteriophage MS2 coat protein&quot;. <i>Nature</i> <b>237</b> (5350): 82&ndash;88. </span></span><span class="citation Journal"><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small;">doi</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F237082a0"><span style="font-size: small;">10.1038/237082a0</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small;">PMID</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4555447"><span style="font-size: small;">4555447</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="citation Journal">.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span><span style="font-size: small;"> <span class="citation Journal">Fiers W, Contreras R, Duerinck F, Haegeman G, Iserentant D, Merregaert J, Min Jou W, Molemans F, Raeymaekers A, Van den Berghe A, Volckaert G, Ysebaert M (1976). &quot;Complete nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage MS2 RNA: primary and secondary structure of the replicase gene&quot;. <i>Nature</i> <b>260</b> (5551): 500&ndash;507. </span></span><span class="citation Journal"><a title="Bibcode" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode"><span style="font-size: small;">Bibcode</span></a><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1976Natur.260..500F"><span style="font-size: small;">1976Natur.260..500F</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">. </span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small;">doi</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F260500a0"><span style="font-size: small;">10.1038/260500a0</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small;">PMID</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1264203"><span style="font-size: small;">1264203</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="citation Journal">.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span><span style="font-size: small;"> <span class="citation Journal">Sanger F, Air GM, Barrell BG, Brown NL, Coulson AR, Fiddes CA, Hutchison CA, Slocombe PM, Smith M (1977). &quot;Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA&quot;. <i>Nature</i> <b>265</b> (5596): 687&ndash;695. </span></span><span class="citation Journal"><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small;">doi</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F265687a0"><span style="font-size: small;">10.1038/265687a0</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small;">PMID</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/870828"><span style="font-size: small;">870828</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="citation Journal">.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span><span style="font-size: small;"> <span class="citation Journal">Fleischmann RD, Adams MD, White O, Clayton RA, Kirkness EF, Kerlavage AR, Bult CJ, Tomb JF, Dougherty BA, Merrick JM, et al. (1995). &quot;Whole-genome random sequencing and assembly of Haemophilus influenzae Rd&quot;. <i>Science</i> <b>269</b> (5223): 496&ndash;512. </span></span><span class="citation Journal"><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span style="font-size: small;">doi</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.7542800"><span style="font-size: small;">10.1126/science.7542800</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small;">PMID</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7542800"><span style="font-size: small;">7542800</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="citation Journal">.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/VIRUSES/virostat.html"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>The Viral Genomes Resource</i>, NCBI Friday, 14 September 2007</span></a></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/static/gpstat.html"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Genome Project Statistic</i>, NCBI Friday, 14 September 2007</span></a></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3760766.stm"><span style="font-size: small;">BBC article <i>Human gene number slashed</i> from Wednesday, 20 October 2004</span></a></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2003/10/16/pufferfish_fruitfly/index.shtml"><span style="font-size: small;">CBSE News, Thursday, 16 October 2003</span></a></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.gov/12511476"><span style="font-size: small;">NHGRI, pressrelease of the publishing of the dog genome</span></a></li> <li id="cite_note-McGrath-10"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-McGrath_10-0">^</a></b></span><span style="font-size: small;"> <span class="citation book">McGrath S and van Sinderen D, ed (2007). </span></span><span class="citation book"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Bacteriophage: Genetics and Molecular Biology</i></span></a><span style="font-size: small;"> (1st ed.). Caister Academic Press. </span><a title="International Standard Book Number" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><span style="font-size: small;">ISBN</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;</span><a title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-14-1" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-14-1"><span style="font-size: small;">978-1-904455-14-1</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="citation book">.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Herrero-11"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-Herrero_11-0">^</a></b></span><span style="font-size: small;"> <span class="citation book">Herrero A and Flores E, ed (2008). </span></span><span class="citation book"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>The Cyanobacteria: Molecular Biology, Genomics and Evolution</i></span></a><span style="font-size: small;"> (1st ed.). Caister Academic Press. </span><a title="International Standard Book Number" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><span style="font-size: small;">ISBN</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;</span><a title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-15-8" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-15-8"><span style="font-size: small;">978-1-904455-15-8</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="citation book">.</span></span></li> </ol> </div> <h2>&nbsp;</h2> <h2><span id="External_links" class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomicsdirectory.com/"><span style="font-size: medium;">Genomics Directory</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">: A one-stop biotechnology resource center for bioentrepreneurs, scientists, and students</span></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/loi/genom/"><span style="font-size: medium;">Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcgenomics/"><span style="font-size: medium;">BMC Genomics</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">: A BMC journal on Genomics</span></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.caglab.org/"><span style="font-size: medium;">Center for Applied Genomics</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">: Genomics Research - a specialized Center of Emphasis at the Children&rsquo;s Hospital of Philadelphia</span></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomics.co.uk/companylist.php"><span style="font-size: medium;">Genomics</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">: UK companies and laboratories* </span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/622838/description#description"><span style="font-size: medium;">Genomics journal</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.knoblauchpublishing.com/"><span style="font-size: medium;">Genomics and Quantitative Genetics</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">: An international electronic, open access journal publishing, inter alia, genomics research.</span></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="../../../"><span style="font-size: medium;">Genomics.org</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">: An openfree wiki based Genomics portal</span></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.gov/"><span style="font-size: medium;">NHGRI</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">: US government's genome institute</span></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.springer.com/humana+press/pharmacology+and+toxicology/book/978-1-58829-887-4"><span style="font-size: medium;">Pharmacogenomics in Drug Discovery and Development</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">, a book on pharmacogenomics, diseases, personalized medicine, and therapeutics</span></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.zpu-journal.ru/en/articles/detail.php?ID=342"><span style="font-size: medium;">Tishchenko P. D. Genomics: New Science in the New Cultural Situation</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.lcg.unam.mx/"><span style="font-size: medium;">Undergraduate program on Genomic Sciences (spanish)</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">: One of the first undergraduate programs in the world</span></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://cmr.jcvi.org/"><span style="font-size: medium;">JCVI Comprehensive Microbial Resource</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://pathema.jcvi.org/"><span style="font-size: medium;">Pathema: A Clade Specific Bioinformatics Resource Center</span></a></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://koreagenome.org/">KoreaGenome.org</a>&nbsp;and [http://KoreanGenome.org KoreanGenome.org]</span><span style="font-size: medium;">: The first Korean Genome published and the sequence is available freely.</span></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://genomicsnetwork.ac.uk/"><span style="font-size: medium;">GenomicsNetwork</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">: Looks at the development and use of the science and technologies of genomics.</span></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.igs.umaryland.edu/research_topics.php"><span style="font-size: medium;">Institute for Genome Sciences</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">: Genomics research.</span></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/health-sciences-and-technology/hst-512-genomic-medicine-spring-2004/"><span style="font-size: medium;">MIT OpenCourseWare HST.512 Genomic Medicine</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> A free, self-study course in genomic medicine. Resources include audio lectures and selected lecture notes.</span></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.extension.org/plant_breeding_genomics"><span style="font-size: medium;">The Plant Breeding and Genomics Community of Practice on eXtension</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> - provides education and training materials for plant breeders and allied professionals</span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> cb545ea39f1c54daff218d3d753e3192270bd935 0 2649 4629 4619 2013-08-15T07:00:30Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>&nbsp;<img alt="" width="1050" height="211" src="/userfiles/main.jpg" style="text-align: center; height: 148px; width: 850px;" /></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><i><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Openfree"><b>Openfree</b></a></i><b><i>&nbsp;</i></b></span><b><span style="font-size: xx-large;"><font face="Courier New"><font color="#3366ff">G</font><font color="#ff0000">e</font></font><font color="#3366ff"><font face="Courier New">nomic</font><font face="Verdana">$</font>.<font face="Courier New">org&nbsp;</font></font></span></b></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><b><font color="#3366ff"><span style="font-size: small;"><a title="Genomics Organization" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics_Organization">Genomics Organization</a></span></font></b><span style="font-size: small;"><b><font color="#008080"><font color="#666699">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/What%20is%20genomics?">What is genomics?</a></font></font></b></span></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><font color="#008080"><font color="#666699">[[Genomics.org]] is a research and development organization located in La Jolla, CA.</font></font></b></span></p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/1/11/Globe_5.gif" /></strong></span></span></td> <td style="background-color: rgb(51, 0, 204);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>&nbsp;</strong></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="Genomics News and Ads Archive"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics News and Ads Archive</strong></span></a><strong>&nbsp;</strong></span></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <ul> <li>[[Korean Reference Genome Project]]</li> <li>[[Verinata gets prenatal test approval 2013 Aug]]</li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">[[Billion Genome Project]]: PGI, Genome Research Foundation &nbsp;launches Billlion Genome Project (2012 Sep. 4th). &nbsp;</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">[[Open Access Pharmacogenomics Project]]: OpenPGX launched by Indian scientists.</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">[[Faroe island nation genome project]]</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">[[Origins of the E. coli Strain Causing an Outbreak of Hemolytic&ndash;Uremic Syndrome in Germany]]. NEJM. 2011 July 27th.&nbsp;<br /> </span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Tasmanian devil genome sequenced"><span style="font-size: small;">Tasmanian devil genome sequenced</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: PNAS June 27th 2011</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Multiple myeloma genomes sequenced"><span style="font-size: small;">Multiple myeloma genomes sequenced</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: 20110324 Nature.</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Prostate cancer genomes sequenced by Broad and Dana Faber"><span style="font-size: small;">Prostate cancer genomes sequenced by Broad and Dana Faber</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: 20110214</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Desmond Tutu talks about his genome"><span style="font-size: small;">Desmond Tutu talks about his genome</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: 20110222</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) genome sequenced 20110131"><span style="font-size: small;">Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) genome sequenced 20110131</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;PNAS</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img alt="" src="/images/8/81/Paris_japonica_logo_openfree.gif" />&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica"><span style="font-size: small;">The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">: 20101009 &rArr;&nbsp;</span><a href="Genome size"><span style="font-size: small;">Genome size</span></a></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><img alt="" src="/images/d/d8/Turkey_logo_2.gif" />&nbsp;</span><a href="Turkey genome sequenced 20100907"><span style="font-size: small;">Turkey genome sequenced 20100907</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;&rArr;&nbsp;</span><a href="Bird genome"><span style="font-size: small;">Bird genome</span></a></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><img alt="" src="/images/a/a1/Scripps_logo_openfree_1.gif" />&nbsp;<img alt="" src="/images/f/fe/Sanofi_aventis_logo1.gif" />&nbsp;</span><a href="Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging"><span style="font-size: small;">Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;20100818</span></li> <li><a href="Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection"><span style="font-size: small;">Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">: 20100810</span></li> <li><a href="The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill"><span style="font-size: small;">The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">: PGP9. 20100330.</span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/b/b8/Dna_sm_tran_openfree.gif" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#ff0099" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(255, 0, 153);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>&nbsp;What is&nbsp;</strong></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics</span></span></a></strong><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong>?</strong></span></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <li><a href="Getting your own Genome">Getting your own Genome</a></li> <li><a href="Personal Genome Project">Personal Genome Project</a></li> <li><a href="Possible genomic diseases of you">Possible genomic diseases of you</a></li> <li><a href="Storing your genome in you PC">Storing your genome in you PC</a></li> <li><a href="Fully sequenced genomes">Fully sequenced genomes</a></li> <li><a href="Full Genome Sequencing">Full Genome Sequencing</a></li> <li><a href="Genomic Equality">Genomic Equality</a></li> </td> <td> <li><a href="Free Genomics Project">Free Genomics Project</a></li> <li><a href="Free genomes">Free genomes</a></li> <li><a href="Viewing your genetics family">Viewing your genetics family</a></li> <li><a href="Specific Omics">Specific Omics</a></li> <li><a href="A brief guide to genomics from NHGRI">A brief guide to genomics from NHGRI</a></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Interesting things in your Genome">Interesting things in your Genome</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Public Genomics Project">Public Genomics Project</a></span></li> </td> <td> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Compare your genome with other people's">Compare your genome with other people's</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Visualizing your genome">Visualizing your genome</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genome Projects">Genome Projects</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genome History">Genome History</a></span></li> <li>[[The principle of universal genome]]<br /> &nbsp;</li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/4/49/Running_man_1.gif" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#330099" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 0, 204);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><font color="#000000"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genomics"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Human Genomics</span></span></a></font></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Fully%20sequenced%20human%20genomes">Fully sequenced human genomes</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Fully%20sequenced%20female%20human%20genome">Fully sequenced female human genome</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mitochondrial%20Genomics">Mitochondrial Genomics</a>: Human mitochondrial genomics.</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Y%20Genomics">Y Genomics</a>: Human Y chromosome genomics.</li> <li>[[HelloGene]]</li> </td> <td> <p>&nbsp;　<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇ</span></p> </td> <td> <p><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;ㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇ</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics News Links"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics News Links</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Genomics Major Paper Publication"><span style="font-size: small;">Genomics Major Paper Publication</span></a></li> <li><a href="Your writing contribution to Genomics"><span style="font-size: small;">Your writing contribution to Genomics</span></a></li> <li><a href="Personal Genomics Issues"><span style="font-size: small;">Personal Genomics Issues</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;<b>(</b></span><b><a href="Genomic ethics"><span style="font-size: small;">Genomic ethics</span></a></b><span style="font-size: small;"><b>)</b></span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Species%20Specific%20Genomics"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Species Specific Genomics</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><span style="font-size: medium;"><font color="#0000ff"><font color="#000000"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Animal%20genomics">Animal genomics</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Plant%20genomics">Plant genomics</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Microbial%20genomics">Microbial genomics</a></b></font></font></span></p> <ul> <li>[[Primate Genomics]]</li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/C.%20elegans%20Genomics">C. elegans Genomics</a><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Cow%20genome">Cow genome</a><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Daphnia%20Genomics%20Consortium%20(DGC)">Daphnia Genomics Consortium (DGC)</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">(</font><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Insect%20genome">Insect genome</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">)</font><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Rice%20Genome%20at%20BGI%20China">Rice Genome at BGI China</a><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Sol%20Genomics">Sol Genomics</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">: Tomato</font><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Tiger%20Genome">Tiger Genome</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">:&nbsp;</font><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/TigerGenome%20Project%20by%20PGI%20Korea">TigerGenome Project by PGI Korea</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">.</font><br /> </b></li> <li><b><font color="#0000ff"><font color="#000000"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Yeast%20Genome">Yeast Genome</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">: SGD</font></font></font></b></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">&nbsp;<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong>◇&nbsp;</strong></span></span></span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-color: rgb(51, 0, 204); font-size: medium;"><a href="The first genomes"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong>The first genomes</strong></span></span></span></a></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Projects"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Projects</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li>PGP&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal%20Genome%20Project">Personal Genome Project</a></li> <li>&quot;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/$0%20Genomics%20Project">$0 Genomics Project</a>&quot; Launched on-line. Please sign<i>!</i></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome%2010k%20Project">Genome 10k Project</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20List"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics List</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Agrogenomics"><font size="2">Agrogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Anthropogenomics"><font size="2">Anthropogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Autogenomics"><font size="2">Autogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chemicogenomics"><font size="2">Chemicogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chemogenomics"><font size="2">Chemogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chemgenomics"><font size="2">Chemgenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Demogenomics"><font size="2">Demogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Ecogenomics"><font size="2">Ecogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Econogenomics"><font size="2">Econogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Equigenomics"><font size="2">Equigenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Ethnogenomics"><font size="2">Ethnogenomics</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Eugenomics"><font size="2">Eugenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Gastrogenomics"><font size="2">Gastrogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Getontogenomics"><font size="2">Getontogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Gerogenomics"><font size="2">Gerogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Hepatogenomics"><font size="2">Hepatogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Immunogenomics"><font size="2">Immunogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Immunomics"><font size="2">Immunomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mammogenomics"><font size="2">Mammogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Metagenomics"><font size="2">Metagenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Microgenomics"><font size="2">Microgenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mitogenomics"><font size="2">Mitogenomics</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mycogenomics"><font size="2">Mycogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nanogenomics"><font size="2">Nanogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Neurogenomics"><font size="2">Neurogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/NitroGenomics"><font size="2">NitroGenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nutrigenomics"><font size="2">Nutrigenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nutragenomics"><font size="2">Nutragenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Omnigenomics"><font size="2">Omnigenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Oncogenomics"><font size="2">Oncogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Osteogenomics"><font size="2">Osteogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Pangenomics"><font size="2">Pangenomics</font></a></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Phylogenomics"><font size="2">Phylogenomics</font></a></font></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul><font size="2"> <li><font size="2">&nbsp;</font><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Phytogenomics"><font size="2">Phytogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Pulmogenomics"><font size="2">Pulmogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Psychogenomics"><font size="2">Psychogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Supergenomics"><font size="2">Supergenomics</font></a></li> <li>[[syntheticgenomics]]</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Toxicogenomics"><font size="2">Toxicogenomics</font></a></li> </font></ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Branches</strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Comparative%20Genomics"><font size="2">Comparative Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Free%20Genomics"><font size="2">Free Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Health%20Genomics"><font size="2">Health Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genomics"><font size="2">Human Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Open%20Genomics"><font size="2">Open Genomics</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal%20Genomics"><font size="2">Personal Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Public%20Genomics"><font size="2">Public Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Public%20Health%20Genomics"><font size="2">Public Health Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Synthetic%20Genomics"><font size="2">Synthetic Genomics</font></a></li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Essays%20and%20Opinions"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Essays and Opinions</span></b></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The%20Ultimate%20information%20of%20human%20beings">The Ultimate information of human beings</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Who%20have%20to%20insist%20on%20the%20first%20in%20genomics">Who have to insist on the first in genomics</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomic%20Philosophy">Genomic Philosophy</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="height: 172px; width: 1020.7999877929688px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ff0000" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Projects"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">G<span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">e</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 0);">n</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153);">o</span>mics&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(0, 255, 255);">P</span><span style="color: rgb(204, 255, 255);">u</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">b</span>lication</span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">&nbsp;and&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(0, 255, 255);">P</span>apers</span></span></span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">[[Genomics]] Journal from ScienceDirect (</span><a href="http://www.journals.elsevier.com/genomics/">http://www.journals.elsevier.com/genomics/</a>)</li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Genome Research</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Genome Biology</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Nature</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Science</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Cell</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">[[Major Genome Sequencing and Analysis&nbsp;Paper authors]]</span></b></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/7/79/Bioinstrument_company_logo_1.png" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4"><a href="Genomics Analysis Tools and Technology"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Analysis Tools and Technology</strong></span></a></font></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Bioinformatics"><font size="2">Bioinformatics</font></a></li> <li><a href="BioPipelines"><font size="2">BioPipelines</font></a></li> <li><a href="Biomatics"><font size="2">Biomatics</font></a></li> <li><a href="Genome compression">Genome compression</a></li> <li><a href="Amalga">Amalga</a>&nbsp;from Microsoft</li> </ul> </td> <td> <li><a href="Sequencing"><font size="2">Sequencing</font></a></li> <li><a href="GRID technology"><font size="2">GRID technology</font></a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></li> <li><a href="SNP chip"><font size="2">SNP chip</font></a></li> <li><a href="Genome sequence mapping">Genome sequence mapping</a></li> </td> <td> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Omics"><font size="2">Omics</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="BioEngine"><font size="2">BioEngine</font></a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎ</span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="BioComputing"><font size="2">BioComputing</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="JMP Genomics"><font size="2">JMP Genomics</font></a><font color="#000000" size="2">&nbsp;by SAS</font></span></li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/1/1a/Nasdaq_logo_4.png" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Companies"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Companies</strong></span></a></font></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/23andme.com"><font size="2">23andme.com</font></a></li> <li>Bhak BiO Consulting (http://bhakbio.com)</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/DNAgenotek.com"><font size="2">DNAgenotek.com</font></a><font size="2">:Saliva DNA</font></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Knome.com"><font size="2">Knome.com</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Navigenics.com"><font size="2">Navigenics.com</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nimblegen"><font size="2">Nimblegen</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Integrated%20Genomics"><font size="2">Integrated Genomics</font></a><font size="2">: Chicago based</font></li> </ul> </td> <td> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Affymetrix"><font size="2">Affymetrix</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Celera"><font size="2">Celera</font></a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genome%20Sciences,%20Inc.">Human Genome Sciences, Inc.</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹ</span></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Microsoft"><font size="2">Microsoft</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal%20Genome%20Companies"><font size="2">Personal Genome Companies</font></a></li> <li>[[Selah Genomics]]</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Synthetic%20Genomics">Synthetic Genomics</a>: by Venter</li> </td> <td> <li>[[Agilent Genomics]]</li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Agowa"><font size="2">Agowa</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Decodeme.com"><font size="2">Decodeme.com</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Decode"><font size="2">Decode</font></a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎ</span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Illumina"><font size="2">Illumina</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/NanoGen"><font size="2">NanoGen</font></a></span></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/U.S.%20Genomics"><font size="2">U.S. Genomics</font></a></li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="4" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Meetings"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Meetings</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2010%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2010 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2007%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2007 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2004%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2004 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2009%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2009 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2006%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2006 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2003%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2003 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2008%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2008 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2005%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2005 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2002%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2002 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Centers"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Institutes and Centers</span></a></strong></span></span></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Sanger%20Institute">Sanger Institute</a>&nbsp;UK</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/BGI">BGI</a>&nbsp;China</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/PGI">PGI</a>&nbsp;Korea</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/JGI">JGI</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/IGS%20at%20Maryland">IGS</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/IGB%20at%20UCI">IGB at UCI</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/JCVI">JCVI</a>&nbsp;USA</font></li> <li>[[Genomics in CDC (USA)]]</li> <li>[[DOE Genomics]]</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Organizations%20and%20Alliances"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Organizations and Alliances</strong></span></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><a href="http://bioitalliance.org/">Microsoft BioIT Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/GenomeFoundation.org">GenomeFoundation.org</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Stanford%20Genomics%20Resources">Stanford Genomics Resources</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20People"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics People</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/You!"><strong>You!</strong></a></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Craig%20Venter">Craig Venter</a></b></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Fred%20Sanger">Fred Sanger</a></b></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Seong-Jin%20Kim">Seong-Jin Kim</a></b></span></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><font size="2"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/George%20Church">George Church</a></b></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Yang%20Huanming">Yang Huanming</a></b></span></li> </ul> </td> <td><font size="2"> <ul> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/James%20Watson">James Watson</a></b></li> </ul> </font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20by%20Country"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics by Country</strong></span></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/British%20Genomics"><span style="font-size: medium;">British Genomics</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">: Genomics in the UK</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Canadian%20Genomics">Canadian Genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chinese%20Genomics">Chinese Genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Korean%20Genomics">Korean Genomics</a></span><font size="2"><span style="font-size: medium;">:&nbsp;</span><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/PGI"><span style="font-size: medium;">PGI</span></a><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/TBI"><span style="font-size: medium;">TBI</span></a></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Netherlands%20Genomics">Netherlands Genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/US%20Genomics">US Genomics</a></span><span style="font-size: medium;">: Genomics in the USA</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Japanese%20Genomics">Japanese Genomics</a></span><font size="2"><span style="font-size: medium;">:&nbsp;</span><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/GenomeNet"><span style="font-size: medium;">GenomeNet</span></a></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">[[Autralian Genomics]]</span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Methods"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Methods</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li>Karyotyping</li> <li>Mass spectrometry</li> <li>Western blot</li> <li>Chromosomal watlking</li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li>PCR</li> <li>Yeast Two Hybrid</li> <li>Northern blot</li> <li>RFLP</li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li>Immunoprecipitation</li> <li>Southern blot</li> <li>Elisa</li> <li> <p><span style="font-size: small;">[[Method of Sample (gDNA) Preparation for Sending out]]</span></p> </li> </ul> </td> <td><font size="2"> <ul> <li>SDS-page</li> <li>Immunofluorescence</li> <li>Real-time PCR</li> </ul> </font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Theory"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Genomics L</span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">abs</span></span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;[[Dr. Ban Doohee lab in Yeonsei University Korea]]</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20History"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics History</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Glossary"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Glossary</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Programs"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Software Programs</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome%20alignement%20programs"><strong><font size="2">Genome alignement programs</font></strong></a></li> <li><strong><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome%20visualization%20programs">Genome visualization programs</a></font></strong></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="ADN static.png" width="29" height="29" src="/images/thumb/c/c2/ADN_static.png/50px-ADN_static.png" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Image"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Image</strong></span></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics Portals"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Portals</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Opinion on Genomics"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Opinions on Genomics</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><a href="About Human Genome Project"><span style="font-size: small;">About Human Genome Project</span></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics Issues and Problems"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Issues and Problems</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><a href="Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008"><span style="font-size: small;">Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008</span></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong><a href="Read Journals and Publications"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Journals</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="BMC Genomics"><font size="2">BMC Genomics</font></a></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genome Biology">Genome Biology</a>&nbsp;by BMC Ltd with Springer Science</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Elsevier Genomics">Elsevier Genomics</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="BMC Medical Genomics">BMC Medical Genomics</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Open Genomics Journal">Open Genomics Journal</a></font></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Physiological Genomics"><font size="2">Physiological Genomics</font></a><font size="2">&nbsp;by The American Physiological Society</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genome Research">Genome Research</a>&nbsp;by CSHL</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genome from NRC press">Genome from NRC press</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genomics from Elsevier">Genomics from Elsevier</a></font></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Books and Guide</span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;[[Brief guide to Genomics]] by&nbsp;<span style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">&quot;National Human Genome Research Institute.&quot;</span></span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1098px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics in TV and Media</strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;<b>BBC analysis on Human Genome after 10 years in YouTube</b>: &nbsp;<a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Mu9Qv-lSrU&amp;feature=autoplay&amp;list=PLC67E043CBD218D2D&amp;playnext=2">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Mu9Qv-lSrU&amp;feature=autoplay&amp;list=PLC67E043CBD218D2D&amp;playnext=2</a></li> <li><b>Boys cured with Gene Therapy 2004 article</b>:&nbsp;<a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4101411.stm">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4101411.stm</a></li> <li>[[Theragen BiO Institute]]</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genome Wish"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genome Wish</span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-large;">:<b>what I can do with my genome.</b></span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genomics version 2.0"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics version 2.0</span></strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Full Genomics"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Full Genomics</span></strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><font color="#808080" size="6">♬</font></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genomic Art"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomic Art</strong></span></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong style="font-size: large; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: center; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;۩&nbsp;</font></strong></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics Prizes"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Genomics Prizes</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genome references"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genome references</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Post genomics era"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Post genomics era</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">Genomics era has arrived in 2008. Post-genomics era will come in 2050. - Jong Bhak</span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(204, 255, 204);"><span style="font-size: xx-large;">&sect;</span></span><span style="font-size: xx-large;">&nbsp;</span><a href="External links"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">External links</span></span></strong></span></span></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://www.cdc.gov/genomics">CDC genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://bioinfoblog.it/">Bioinfoblog.it</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://proteome.net">Proteome.net</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://microbiome.org">Microbiome.org</a></span><font size="2"><a href="http://www.biodata.com"><span style="font-size: medium;">Laboratory Management</span></a></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://microbiomics.org/">Microbiomics.org</a></span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>&nbsp;</strong></span></span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"><span style="font-size: xx-large;">►</span></span><strong style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: x-large;">Advertisement</strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Totalomics full sequencing and bioinformatics analysis service">Totalomics full sequencing and bioinformatics analysis service</a></span></li> <li><a href="About Genomics.org"><span style="font-size: medium;">About Genomics.org</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;</span></li> <li><a href="Unleashing your genome"><span style="font-size: medium;">Unleashing your genome</span></a></li> <li><a href="Who maintains Genomics.org?"><span style="font-size: medium;">Who maintains Genomics.org?</span></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 8ed7ac401ce4d82db6eb117a7ad8a8e2dd0a377a 4649 4629 2013-08-15T12:37:40Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>&nbsp;<img alt="" width="1050" height="211" src="/userfiles/main.jpg" style="text-align: center; height: 148px; width: 850px;" /></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><i><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Openfree"><b>Openfree</b></a></i><b><i>&nbsp;</i></b></span><b><span style="font-size: xx-large;"><font face="Courier New"><font color="#3366ff">G</font><font color="#ff0000">e</font></font><font color="#3366ff"><font face="Courier New">nomic</font><font face="Verdana">$</font>.<font face="Courier New">org&nbsp;</font></font></span></b></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><b><font color="#3366ff"><span style="font-size: small;"><a title="Genomics Organization" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics_Organization">Genomics Organization</a></span></font></b><span style="font-size: small;"><b><font color="#008080"><font color="#666699">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/What%20is%20genomics?">What is genomics?</a></font></font></b></span></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><font color="#008080"><font color="#666699">[[Genomics.org]] is a research and development organization located in La Jolla, CA.</font></font></b></span></p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/1/11/Globe_5.gif" /></strong></span></span></td> <td style="background-color: rgb(51, 0, 204);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>&nbsp;</strong></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="Genomics News and Ads Archive"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics News and Ads Archive</strong></span></a><strong>&nbsp;</strong></span></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <ul> <li>[[Korean Reference Genome Project]]</li> <li>[[Verinata gets prenatal test approval 2013 Aug]]</li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">[[Billion Genome Project]]: PGI, Genome Research Foundation &nbsp;launches Billlion Genome Project (2012 Sep. 4th). &nbsp;</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">[[Open Access Pharmacogenomics Project]]: OpenPGX launched by Indian scientists.</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">[[Faroe island nation genome project]]</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">[[Origins of the E. coli Strain Causing an Outbreak of Hemolytic&ndash;Uremic Syndrome in Germany]]. NEJM. 2011 July 27th.&nbsp;<br /> </span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Tasmanian devil genome sequenced"><span style="font-size: small;">Tasmanian devil genome sequenced</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: PNAS June 27th 2011</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Multiple myeloma genomes sequenced"><span style="font-size: small;">Multiple myeloma genomes sequenced</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: 20110324 Nature.</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Prostate cancer genomes sequenced by Broad and Dana Faber"><span style="font-size: small;">Prostate cancer genomes sequenced by Broad and Dana Faber</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: 20110214</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Desmond Tutu talks about his genome"><span style="font-size: small;">Desmond Tutu talks about his genome</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: 20110222</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) genome sequenced 20110131"><span style="font-size: small;">Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) genome sequenced 20110131</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;PNAS</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img alt="" src="/images/8/81/Paris_japonica_logo_openfree.gif" />&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica"><span style="font-size: small;">The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">: 20101009 &rArr;&nbsp;</span><a href="Genome size"><span style="font-size: small;">Genome size</span></a></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><img alt="" src="/images/d/d8/Turkey_logo_2.gif" />&nbsp;</span><a href="Turkey genome sequenced 20100907"><span style="font-size: small;">Turkey genome sequenced 20100907</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;&rArr;&nbsp;</span><a href="Bird genome"><span style="font-size: small;">Bird genome</span></a></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><img alt="" src="/images/a/a1/Scripps_logo_openfree_1.gif" />&nbsp;<img alt="" src="/images/f/fe/Sanofi_aventis_logo1.gif" />&nbsp;</span><a href="Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging"><span style="font-size: small;">Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;20100818</span></li> <li><a href="Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection"><span style="font-size: small;">Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">: 20100810</span></li> <li><a href="The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill"><span style="font-size: small;">The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">: PGP9. 20100330.</span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/b/b8/Dna_sm_tran_openfree.gif" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#ff0099" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(255, 0, 153);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>&nbsp;What is&nbsp;</strong></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics</span></span></a></strong><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong>?</strong></span></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <li><a href="Getting your own Genome">Getting your own Genome</a></li> <li><a href="Personal Genome Project">Personal Genome Project</a></li> <li><a href="Possible genomic diseases of you">Possible genomic diseases of you</a></li> <li><a href="Storing your genome in you PC">Storing your genome in you PC</a></li> <li><a href="Fully sequenced genomes">Fully sequenced genomes</a></li> <li><a href="Full Genome Sequencing">Full Genome Sequencing</a></li> <li><a href="Genomic Equality">Genomic Equality</a></li> </td> <td> <li><a href="Free Genomics Project">Free Genomics Project</a></li> <li><a href="Free genomes">Free genomes</a></li> <li><a href="Viewing your genetics family">Viewing your genetics family</a></li> <li><a href="Specific Omics">Specific Omics</a></li> <li><a href="A brief guide to genomics from NHGRI">A brief guide to genomics from NHGRI</a></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Interesting things in your Genome">Interesting things in your Genome</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Public Genomics Project">Public Genomics Project</a></span></li> </td> <td> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Compare your genome with other people's">Compare your genome with other people's</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Visualizing your genome">Visualizing your genome</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genome Projects">Genome Projects</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genome History">Genome History</a></span></li> <li>[[The principle of universal genome]]<br /> &nbsp;</li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/4/49/Running_man_1.gif" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#330099" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 0, 204);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><font color="#000000"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genomics"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Human Genomics</span></span></a></font></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Fully%20sequenced%20human%20genomes">Fully sequenced human genomes</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Fully%20sequenced%20female%20human%20genome">Fully sequenced female human genome</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mitochondrial%20Genomics">Mitochondrial Genomics</a>: Human mitochondrial genomics.</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Y%20Genomics">Y Genomics</a>: Human Y chromosome genomics.</li> <li>[[HelloGene]]</li> </td> <td> <p>&nbsp;　<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇ</span></p> </td> <td> <p><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;ㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇ</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics News Links"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics News Links</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Genomics Major Paper Publication"><span style="font-size: small;">Genomics Major Paper Publication</span></a></li> <li><a href="Your writing contribution to Genomics"><span style="font-size: small;">Your writing contribution to Genomics</span></a></li> <li><a href="Personal Genomics Issues"><span style="font-size: small;">Personal Genomics Issues</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;<b>(</b></span><b><a href="Genomic ethics"><span style="font-size: small;">Genomic ethics</span></a></b><span style="font-size: small;"><b>)</b></span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Species%20Specific%20Genomics"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Species Specific Genomics</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><span style="font-size: medium;"><font color="#0000ff"><font color="#000000"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Animal%20genomics">Animal genomics</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Plant%20genomics">Plant genomics</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Microbial%20genomics">Microbial genomics</a></b></font></font></span></p> <ul> <li>[[Primate Genomics]]</li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/C.%20elegans%20Genomics">C. elegans Genomics</a><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Cow%20genome">Cow genome</a><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Daphnia%20Genomics%20Consortium%20(DGC)">Daphnia Genomics Consortium (DGC)</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">(</font><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Insect%20genome">Insect genome</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">)</font><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Rice%20Genome%20at%20BGI%20China">Rice Genome at BGI China</a><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Sol%20Genomics">Sol Genomics</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">: Tomato</font><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Tiger%20Genome">Tiger Genome</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">:&nbsp;</font><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/TigerGenome%20Project%20by%20PGI%20Korea">TigerGenome Project by PGI Korea</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">.</font><br /> </b></li> <li><b><font color="#0000ff"><font color="#000000"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Yeast%20Genome">Yeast Genome</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">: SGD</font></font></font></b></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">&nbsp;<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong>◇&nbsp;</strong></span></span></span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-color: rgb(51, 0, 204); font-size: medium;"><a href="The first genomes"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong>The first genomes</strong></span></span></span></a></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Projects"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Projects</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li>PGP&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal%20Genome%20Project">Personal Genome Project</a></li> <li>&quot;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/$0%20Genomics%20Project">$0 Genomics Project</a>&quot; Launched on-line. Please sign<i>!</i></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome%2010k%20Project">Genome 10k Project</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20List"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics List</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Agrogenomics"><font size="2">Agrogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Anthropogenomics"><font size="2">Anthropogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Autogenomics"><font size="2">Autogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chemicogenomics"><font size="2">Chemicogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chemogenomics"><font size="2">Chemogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chemgenomics"><font size="2">Chemgenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Demogenomics"><font size="2">Demogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Ecogenomics"><font size="2">Ecogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Econogenomics"><font size="2">Econogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Equigenomics"><font size="2">Equigenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Ethnogenomics"><font size="2">Ethnogenomics</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Eugenomics"><font size="2">Eugenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Gastrogenomics"><font size="2">Gastrogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Getontogenomics"><font size="2">Getontogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Gerogenomics"><font size="2">Gerogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Hepatogenomics"><font size="2">Hepatogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Immunogenomics"><font size="2">Immunogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Immunomics"><font size="2">Immunomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mammogenomics"><font size="2">Mammogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Metagenomics"><font size="2">Metagenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Microgenomics"><font size="2">Microgenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mitogenomics"><font size="2">Mitogenomics</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mycogenomics"><font size="2">Mycogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nanogenomics"><font size="2">Nanogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Neurogenomics"><font size="2">Neurogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/NitroGenomics"><font size="2">NitroGenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nutrigenomics"><font size="2">Nutrigenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nutragenomics"><font size="2">Nutragenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Omnigenomics"><font size="2">Omnigenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Oncogenomics"><font size="2">Oncogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Osteogenomics"><font size="2">Osteogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Pangenomics"><font size="2">Pangenomics</font></a></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Phylogenomics"><font size="2">Phylogenomics</font></a></font></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul><font size="2"> <li><font size="2">&nbsp;</font><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Phytogenomics"><font size="2">Phytogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Pulmogenomics"><font size="2">Pulmogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Psychogenomics"><font size="2">Psychogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Supergenomics"><font size="2">Supergenomics</font></a></li> <li>[[syntheticgenomics]]</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Toxicogenomics"><font size="2">Toxicogenomics</font></a></li> </font></ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Branches</strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Comparative%20Genomics"><font size="2">Comparative Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Free%20Genomics"><font size="2">Free Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Health%20Genomics"><font size="2">Health Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genomics"><font size="2">Human Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Open%20Genomics"><font size="2">Open Genomics</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal%20Genomics"><font size="2">Personal Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Public%20Genomics"><font size="2">Public Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Public%20Health%20Genomics"><font size="2">Public Health Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Synthetic%20Genomics"><font size="2">Synthetic Genomics</font></a></li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Essays%20and%20Opinions"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Essays and Opinions</span></b></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The%20Ultimate%20information%20of%20human%20beings">The Ultimate information of human beings</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Who%20have%20to%20insist%20on%20the%20first%20in%20genomics">Who have to insist on the first in genomics</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomic%20Philosophy">Genomic Philosophy</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="height: 172px; width: 1020.7999877929688px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ff0000" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Projects"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">G<span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">e</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 0);">n</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153);">o</span>mics&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(0, 255, 255);">P</span><span style="color: rgb(204, 255, 255);">u</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">b</span>lication</span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">&nbsp;and&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(0, 255, 255);">P</span>apers</span></span></span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">[[Genomics]] Journal from ScienceDirect (</span><a href="http://www.journals.elsevier.com/genomics/">http://www.journals.elsevier.com/genomics/</a>)</li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Genome Research</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Genome Biology</span></b></li> <li><font size="2"><b>[[BMC Genomics]]</b></font></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">[[Major Genome Sequencing and Analysis&nbsp;Paper authors]]</span></b></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/7/79/Bioinstrument_company_logo_1.png" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4"><a href="Genomics Analysis Tools and Technology"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Analysis Tools and Technology</strong></span></a></font></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Bioinformatics"><font size="2">Bioinformatics</font></a></li> <li><a href="BioPipelines"><font size="2">BioPipelines</font></a></li> <li><a href="Biomatics"><font size="2">Biomatics</font></a></li> <li><a href="Genome compression">Genome compression</a></li> <li><a href="Amalga">Amalga</a>&nbsp;from Microsoft</li> </ul> </td> <td> <li><a href="Sequencing"><font size="2">Sequencing</font></a></li> <li><a href="GRID technology"><font size="2">GRID technology</font></a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></li> <li><a href="SNP chip"><font size="2">SNP chip</font></a></li> <li><a href="Genome sequence mapping">Genome sequence mapping</a></li> </td> <td> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Omics"><font size="2">Omics</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="BioEngine"><font size="2">BioEngine</font></a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎ</span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="BioComputing"><font size="2">BioComputing</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="JMP Genomics"><font size="2">JMP Genomics</font></a><font color="#000000" size="2">&nbsp;by SAS</font></span></li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/1/1a/Nasdaq_logo_4.png" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Companies"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Companies</strong></span></a></font></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/23andme.com"><font size="2">23andme.com</font></a></li> <li>Bhak BiO Consulting (http://bhakbio.com)</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/DNAgenotek.com"><font size="2">DNAgenotek.com</font></a><font size="2">:Saliva DNA</font></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Knome.com"><font size="2">Knome.com</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Navigenics.com"><font size="2">Navigenics.com</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nimblegen"><font size="2">Nimblegen</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Integrated%20Genomics"><font size="2">Integrated Genomics</font></a><font size="2">: Chicago based</font></li> </ul> </td> <td> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Affymetrix"><font size="2">Affymetrix</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Celera"><font size="2">Celera</font></a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genome%20Sciences,%20Inc.">Human Genome Sciences, Inc.</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹ</span></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Microsoft"><font size="2">Microsoft</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal%20Genome%20Companies"><font size="2">Personal Genome Companies</font></a></li> <li>[[Selah Genomics]]</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Synthetic%20Genomics">Synthetic Genomics</a>: by Venter</li> </td> <td> <li>[[Agilent Genomics]]</li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Agowa"><font size="2">Agowa</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Decodeme.com"><font size="2">Decodeme.com</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Decode"><font size="2">Decode</font></a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎ</span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Illumina"><font size="2">Illumina</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/NanoGen"><font size="2">NanoGen</font></a></span></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/U.S.%20Genomics"><font size="2">U.S. Genomics</font></a></li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="4" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Meetings"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Meetings</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2010%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2010 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2007%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2007 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2004%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2004 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2009%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2009 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2006%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2006 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2003%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2003 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2008%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2008 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2005%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2005 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2002%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2002 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Centers"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Institutes and Centers</span></a></strong></span></span></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Sanger%20Institute">Sanger Institute</a>&nbsp;UK</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/BGI">BGI</a>&nbsp;China</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/PGI">PGI</a>&nbsp;Korea</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/JGI">JGI</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/IGS%20at%20Maryland">IGS</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/IGB%20at%20UCI">IGB at UCI</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/JCVI">JCVI</a>&nbsp;USA</font></li> <li>[[Genomics in CDC (USA)]]</li> <li>[[DOE Genomics]]</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Organizations%20and%20Alliances"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Organizations and Alliances</strong></span></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><a href="http://bioitalliance.org/">Microsoft BioIT Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/GenomeFoundation.org">GenomeFoundation.org</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Stanford%20Genomics%20Resources">Stanford Genomics Resources</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20People"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics People</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/You!"><strong>You!</strong></a></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Craig%20Venter">Craig Venter</a></b></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Fred%20Sanger">Fred Sanger</a></b></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Seong-Jin%20Kim">Seong-Jin Kim</a></b></span></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><font size="2"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/George%20Church">George Church</a></b></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Yang%20Huanming">Yang Huanming</a></b></span></li> </ul> </td> <td><font size="2"> <ul> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/James%20Watson">James Watson</a></b></li> </ul> </font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20by%20Country"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics by Country</strong></span></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/British%20Genomics"><span style="font-size: medium;">British Genomics</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">: Genomics in the UK</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Canadian%20Genomics">Canadian Genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chinese%20Genomics">Chinese Genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Korean%20Genomics">Korean Genomics</a></span><font size="2"><span style="font-size: medium;">:&nbsp;</span><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/PGI"><span style="font-size: medium;">PGI</span></a><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/TBI"><span style="font-size: medium;">TBI</span></a></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Netherlands%20Genomics">Netherlands Genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/US%20Genomics">US Genomics</a></span><span style="font-size: medium;">: Genomics in the USA</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Japanese%20Genomics">Japanese Genomics</a></span><font size="2"><span style="font-size: medium;">:&nbsp;</span><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/GenomeNet"><span style="font-size: medium;">GenomeNet</span></a></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">[[Autralian Genomics]]</span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Methods"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Methods</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li>Karyotyping</li> <li>Mass spectrometry</li> <li>Western blot</li> <li>Chromosomal watlking</li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li>PCR</li> <li>Yeast Two Hybrid</li> <li>Northern blot</li> <li>RFLP</li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li>Immunoprecipitation</li> <li>Southern blot</li> <li>Elisa</li> <li> <p><span style="font-size: small;">[[Method of Sample (gDNA) Preparation for Sending out]]</span></p> </li> </ul> </td> <td><font size="2"> <ul> <li>SDS-page</li> <li>Immunofluorescence</li> <li>Real-time PCR</li> </ul> </font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Theory"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Genomics L</span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">abs</span></span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;[[Dr. Ban Doohee lab in Yeonsei University Korea]]</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20History"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics History</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Glossary"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Glossary</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Programs"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Software Programs</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome%20alignement%20programs"><strong><font size="2">Genome alignement programs</font></strong></a></li> <li><strong><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome%20visualization%20programs">Genome visualization programs</a></font></strong></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="ADN static.png" width="29" height="29" src="/images/thumb/c/c2/ADN_static.png/50px-ADN_static.png" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Image"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Image</strong></span></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics Portals"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Portals</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Opinion on Genomics"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Opinions on Genomics</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><a href="About Human Genome Project"><span style="font-size: small;">About Human Genome Project</span></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics Issues and Problems"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Issues and Problems</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><a href="Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008"><span style="font-size: small;">Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008</span></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong><a href="Read Journals and Publications"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Journals</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="BMC Genomics"><font size="2">BMC Genomics</font></a></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genome Biology">Genome Biology</a>&nbsp;by BMC Ltd with Springer Science</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Elsevier Genomics">Elsevier Genomics</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="BMC Medical Genomics">BMC Medical Genomics</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Open Genomics Journal">Open Genomics Journal</a></font></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Physiological Genomics"><font size="2">Physiological Genomics</font></a><font size="2">&nbsp;by The American Physiological Society</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genome Research">Genome Research</a>&nbsp;by CSHL</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genome from NRC press">Genome from NRC press</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genomics from Elsevier">Genomics from Elsevier</a></font></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Books and Guide</span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;[[Brief guide to Genomics]] by&nbsp;<span style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">&quot;National Human Genome Research Institute.&quot;</span></span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1098px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics in TV and Media</strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;<b>BBC analysis on Human Genome after 10 years in YouTube</b>: &nbsp;<a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Mu9Qv-lSrU&amp;feature=autoplay&amp;list=PLC67E043CBD218D2D&amp;playnext=2">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Mu9Qv-lSrU&amp;feature=autoplay&amp;list=PLC67E043CBD218D2D&amp;playnext=2</a></li> <li><b>Boys cured with Gene Therapy 2004 article</b>:&nbsp;<a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4101411.stm">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4101411.stm</a></li> <li>[[Theragen BiO Institute]]</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genome Wish"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genome Wish</span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-large;">:<b>what I can do with my genome.</b></span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genomics version 2.0"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics version 2.0</span></strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Full Genomics"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Full Genomics</span></strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><font color="#808080" size="6">♬</font></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genomic Art"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomic Art</strong></span></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong style="font-size: large; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: center; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;۩&nbsp;</font></strong></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics Prizes"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Genomics Prizes</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genome references"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genome references</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Post genomics era"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Post genomics era</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">Genomics era has arrived in 2008. Post-genomics era will come in 2050. - Jong Bhak</span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(204, 255, 204);"><span style="font-size: xx-large;">&sect;</span></span><span style="font-size: xx-large;">&nbsp;</span><a href="External links"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">External links</span></span></strong></span></span></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://www.cdc.gov/genomics">CDC genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://bioinfoblog.it/">Bioinfoblog.it</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://proteome.net">Proteome.net</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://microbiome.org">Microbiome.org</a></span><font size="2"><a href="http://www.biodata.com"><span style="font-size: medium;">Laboratory Management</span></a></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://microbiomics.org/">Microbiomics.org</a></span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>&nbsp;</strong></span></span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"><span style="font-size: xx-large;">►</span></span><strong style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: x-large;">Advertisement</strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Totalomics full sequencing and bioinformatics analysis service">Totalomics full sequencing and bioinformatics analysis service</a></span></li> <li><a href="About Genomics.org"><span style="font-size: medium;">About Genomics.org</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;</span></li> <li><a href="Unleashing your genome"><span style="font-size: medium;">Unleashing your genome</span></a></li> <li><a href="Who maintains Genomics.org?"><span style="font-size: medium;">Who maintains Genomics.org?</span></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> c345cce16d795feebf905b72b00cb39d9c12385f 4655 4649 2013-08-17T23:32:27Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p style="text-align: center;">&nbsp;<img width="700" height="140" src="/userfiles/main.jpg" style="text-align: center;" align="top" alt="" /></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><i><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Openfree"><b>Openfree</b></a></i><b><i>&nbsp;</i></b></span><b><span style="font-size: xx-large;"><font face="Courier New"><font color="#3366ff">G</font><font color="#ff0000">e</font></font><font color="#3366ff"><font face="Courier New">nomic</font><font face="Verdana">$</font>.<font face="Courier New">org&nbsp;</font></font></span></b></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><b><font color="#3366ff"><span style="font-size: small;"><a title="Genomics Organization" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics_Organization">Genomics Organization</a></span></font></b><span style="font-size: small;"><b><font color="#008080"><font color="#666699">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/What%20is%20genomics?">What is genomics?</a></font></font></b></span></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><font color="#008080"><font color="#666699">[[Genomics.org]] is a research and development organization located in La Jolla, CA.</font></font></b></span></p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/1/11/Globe_5.gif" /></strong></span></span></td> <td style="background-color: rgb(51, 0, 204);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>&nbsp;</strong></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="Genomics News and Ads Archive"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics News and Ads Archive</strong></span></a><strong>&nbsp;</strong></span></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <ul> <li>[[Korean Reference Genome Project]]</li> <li>[[Verinata gets prenatal test approval 2013 Aug]]</li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">[[Billion Genome Project]]: PGI, Genome Research Foundation &nbsp;launches Billlion Genome Project (2012 Sep. 4th). &nbsp;</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">[[Open Access Pharmacogenomics Project]]: OpenPGX launched by Indian scientists.</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">[[Faroe island nation genome project]]</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">[[Origins of the E. coli Strain Causing an Outbreak of Hemolytic&ndash;Uremic Syndrome in Germany]]. NEJM. 2011 July 27th.&nbsp;<br /> </span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Tasmanian devil genome sequenced"><span style="font-size: small;">Tasmanian devil genome sequenced</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: PNAS June 27th 2011</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Multiple myeloma genomes sequenced"><span style="font-size: small;">Multiple myeloma genomes sequenced</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: 20110324 Nature.</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Prostate cancer genomes sequenced by Broad and Dana Faber"><span style="font-size: small;">Prostate cancer genomes sequenced by Broad and Dana Faber</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: 20110214</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Desmond Tutu talks about his genome"><span style="font-size: small;">Desmond Tutu talks about his genome</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: 20110222</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) genome sequenced 20110131"><span style="font-size: small;">Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) genome sequenced 20110131</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;PNAS</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img alt="" src="/images/8/81/Paris_japonica_logo_openfree.gif" />&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica"><span style="font-size: small;">The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">: 20101009 &rArr;&nbsp;</span><a href="Genome size"><span style="font-size: small;">Genome size</span></a></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><img alt="" src="/images/d/d8/Turkey_logo_2.gif" />&nbsp;</span><a href="Turkey genome sequenced 20100907"><span style="font-size: small;">Turkey genome sequenced 20100907</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;&rArr;&nbsp;</span><a href="Bird genome"><span style="font-size: small;">Bird genome</span></a></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><img alt="" src="/images/a/a1/Scripps_logo_openfree_1.gif" />&nbsp;<img alt="" src="/images/f/fe/Sanofi_aventis_logo1.gif" />&nbsp;</span><a href="Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging"><span style="font-size: small;">Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;20100818</span></li> <li><a href="Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection"><span style="font-size: small;">Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">: 20100810</span></li> <li><a href="The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill"><span style="font-size: small;">The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">: PGP9. 20100330.</span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/b/b8/Dna_sm_tran_openfree.gif" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#ff0099" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(255, 0, 153);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>&nbsp;What is&nbsp;</strong></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics</span></span></a></strong><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong>?</strong></span></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <li><a href="Getting your own Genome">Getting your own Genome</a></li> <li><a href="Personal Genome Project">Personal Genome Project</a></li> <li><a href="Possible genomic diseases of you">Possible genomic diseases of you</a></li> <li><a href="Storing your genome in you PC">Storing your genome in you PC</a></li> <li><a href="Fully sequenced genomes">Fully sequenced genomes</a></li> <li><a href="Full Genome Sequencing">Full Genome Sequencing</a></li> <li><a href="Genomic Equality">Genomic Equality</a></li> </td> <td> <li><a href="Free Genomics Project">Free Genomics Project</a></li> <li><a href="Free genomes">Free genomes</a></li> <li><a href="Viewing your genetics family">Viewing your genetics family</a></li> <li><a href="Specific Omics">Specific Omics</a></li> <li><a href="A brief guide to genomics from NHGRI">A brief guide to genomics from NHGRI</a></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Interesting things in your Genome">Interesting things in your Genome</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Public Genomics Project">Public Genomics Project</a></span></li> </td> <td> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Compare your genome with other people's">Compare your genome with other people's</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Visualizing your genome">Visualizing your genome</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genome Projects">Genome Projects</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genome History">Genome History</a></span></li> <li>[[The principle of universal genome]]<br /> &nbsp;</li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/4/49/Running_man_1.gif" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#330099" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 0, 204);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><font color="#000000"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genomics"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Human Genomics</span></span></a></font></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Fully%20sequenced%20human%20genomes">Fully sequenced human genomes</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Fully%20sequenced%20female%20human%20genome">Fully sequenced female human genome</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mitochondrial%20Genomics">Mitochondrial Genomics</a>: Human mitochondrial genomics.</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Y%20Genomics">Y Genomics</a>: Human Y chromosome genomics.</li> <li>[[HelloGene]]</li> </td> <td> <p>&nbsp;　<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇ</span></p> </td> <td> <p><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;ㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇ</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics News Links"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics News Links</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Genomics Major Paper Publication"><span style="font-size: small;">Genomics Major Paper Publication</span></a></li> <li><a href="Your writing contribution to Genomics"><span style="font-size: small;">Your writing contribution to Genomics</span></a></li> <li><a href="Personal Genomics Issues"><span style="font-size: small;">Personal Genomics Issues</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;<b>(</b></span><b><a href="Genomic ethics"><span style="font-size: small;">Genomic ethics</span></a></b><span style="font-size: small;"><b>)</b></span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Species%20Specific%20Genomics"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Species Specific Genomics</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><span style="font-size: medium;"><font color="#0000ff"><font color="#000000"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Animal%20genomics">Animal genomics</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Plant%20genomics">Plant genomics</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Microbial%20genomics">Microbial genomics</a></b></font></font></span></p> <ul> <li>[[Primate Genomics]]</li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/C.%20elegans%20Genomics">C. elegans Genomics</a><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Cow%20genome">Cow genome</a><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Daphnia%20Genomics%20Consortium%20(DGC)">Daphnia Genomics Consortium (DGC)</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">(</font><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Insect%20genome">Insect genome</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">)</font><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Rice%20Genome%20at%20BGI%20China">Rice Genome at BGI China</a><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Sol%20Genomics">Sol Genomics</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">: Tomato</font><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Tiger%20Genome">Tiger Genome</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">:&nbsp;</font><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/TigerGenome%20Project%20by%20PGI%20Korea">TigerGenome Project by PGI Korea</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">.</font><br /> </b></li> <li><b><font color="#0000ff"><font color="#000000"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Yeast%20Genome">Yeast Genome</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">: SGD</font></font></font></b></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">&nbsp;<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong>◇&nbsp;</strong></span></span></span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-color: rgb(51, 0, 204); font-size: medium;"><a href="The first genomes"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong>The first genomes</strong></span></span></span></a></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Projects"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Projects</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li>PGP&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal%20Genome%20Project">Personal Genome Project</a></li> <li>&quot;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/$0%20Genomics%20Project">$0 Genomics Project</a>&quot; Launched on-line. Please sign<i>!</i></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome%2010k%20Project">Genome 10k Project</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20List"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics List</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Agrogenomics"><font size="2">Agrogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Anthropogenomics"><font size="2">Anthropogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Autogenomics"><font size="2">Autogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chemicogenomics"><font size="2">Chemicogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chemogenomics"><font size="2">Chemogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chemgenomics"><font size="2">Chemgenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Demogenomics"><font size="2">Demogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Ecogenomics"><font size="2">Ecogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Econogenomics"><font size="2">Econogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Equigenomics"><font size="2">Equigenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Ethnogenomics"><font size="2">Ethnogenomics</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Eugenomics"><font size="2">Eugenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Gastrogenomics"><font size="2">Gastrogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Getontogenomics"><font size="2">Getontogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Gerogenomics"><font size="2">Gerogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Hepatogenomics"><font size="2">Hepatogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Immunogenomics"><font size="2">Immunogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Immunomics"><font size="2">Immunomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mammogenomics"><font size="2">Mammogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Metagenomics"><font size="2">Metagenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Microgenomics"><font size="2">Microgenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mitogenomics"><font size="2">Mitogenomics</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mycogenomics"><font size="2">Mycogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nanogenomics"><font size="2">Nanogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Neurogenomics"><font size="2">Neurogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/NitroGenomics"><font size="2">NitroGenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nutrigenomics"><font size="2">Nutrigenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nutragenomics"><font size="2">Nutragenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Omnigenomics"><font size="2">Omnigenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Oncogenomics"><font size="2">Oncogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Osteogenomics"><font size="2">Osteogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Pangenomics"><font size="2">Pangenomics</font></a></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Phylogenomics"><font size="2">Phylogenomics</font></a></font></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul><font size="2"> <li><font size="2">&nbsp;</font><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Phytogenomics"><font size="2">Phytogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Pulmogenomics"><font size="2">Pulmogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Psychogenomics"><font size="2">Psychogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Supergenomics"><font size="2">Supergenomics</font></a></li> <li>[[syntheticgenomics]]</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Toxicogenomics"><font size="2">Toxicogenomics</font></a></li> </font></ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Branches</strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Comparative%20Genomics"><font size="2">Comparative Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Free%20Genomics"><font size="2">Free Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Health%20Genomics"><font size="2">Health Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genomics"><font size="2">Human Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Open%20Genomics"><font size="2">Open Genomics</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal%20Genomics"><font size="2">Personal Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Public%20Genomics"><font size="2">Public Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Public%20Health%20Genomics"><font size="2">Public Health Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Synthetic%20Genomics"><font size="2">Synthetic Genomics</font></a></li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Essays%20and%20Opinions"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Essays and Opinions</span></b></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The%20Ultimate%20information%20of%20human%20beings">The Ultimate information of human beings</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Who%20have%20to%20insist%20on%20the%20first%20in%20genomics">Who have to insist on the first in genomics</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomic%20Philosophy">Genomic Philosophy</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="height: 172px; width: 1020.7999877929688px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ff0000" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Projects"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">G<span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">e</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 0);">n</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153);">o</span>mics&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(0, 255, 255);">P</span><span style="color: rgb(204, 255, 255);">u</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">b</span>lication</span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">&nbsp;and&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(0, 255, 255);">P</span>apers</span></span></span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">[[Genomics]] Journal from ScienceDirect (</span><a href="http://www.journals.elsevier.com/genomics/">http://www.journals.elsevier.com/genomics/</a>)</li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Genome Research</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Genome Biology</span></b></li> <li><font size="2"><b>[[BMC Genomics]]</b></font></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">[[Major Genome Sequencing and Analysis&nbsp;Paper authors]]</span></b></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/7/79/Bioinstrument_company_logo_1.png" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4"><a href="Genomics Analysis Tools and Technology"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Analysis Tools and Technology</strong></span></a></font></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Bioinformatics"><font size="2">Bioinformatics</font></a></li> <li><a href="BioPipelines"><font size="2">BioPipelines</font></a></li> <li><a href="Biomatics"><font size="2">Biomatics</font></a></li> <li><a href="Genome compression">Genome compression</a></li> <li><a href="Amalga">Amalga</a>&nbsp;from Microsoft</li> </ul> </td> <td> <li><a href="Sequencing"><font size="2">Sequencing</font></a></li> <li><a href="GRID technology"><font size="2">GRID technology</font></a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></li> <li><a href="SNP chip"><font size="2">SNP chip</font></a></li> <li><a href="Genome sequence mapping">Genome sequence mapping</a></li> </td> <td> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Omics"><font size="2">Omics</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="BioEngine"><font size="2">BioEngine</font></a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎ</span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="BioComputing"><font size="2">BioComputing</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="JMP Genomics"><font size="2">JMP Genomics</font></a><font color="#000000" size="2">&nbsp;by SAS</font></span></li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/1/1a/Nasdaq_logo_4.png" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Companies"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Companies</strong></span></a></font></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/23andme.com"><font size="2">23andme.com</font></a></li> <li>Bhak BiO Consulting (http://bhakbio.com)</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/DNAgenotek.com"><font size="2">DNAgenotek.com</font></a><font size="2">:Saliva DNA</font></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Knome.com"><font size="2">Knome.com</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Navigenics.com"><font size="2">Navigenics.com</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nimblegen"><font size="2">Nimblegen</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Integrated%20Genomics"><font size="2">Integrated Genomics</font></a><font size="2">: Chicago based</font></li> </ul> </td> <td> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Affymetrix"><font size="2">Affymetrix</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Celera"><font size="2">Celera</font></a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genome%20Sciences,%20Inc.">Human Genome Sciences, Inc.</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹ</span></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Microsoft"><font size="2">Microsoft</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal%20Genome%20Companies"><font size="2">Personal Genome Companies</font></a></li> <li>[[Selah Genomics]]</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Synthetic%20Genomics">Synthetic Genomics</a>: by Venter</li> </td> <td> <li>[[Agilent Genomics]]</li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Agowa"><font size="2">Agowa</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Decodeme.com"><font size="2">Decodeme.com</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Decode"><font size="2">Decode</font></a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎ</span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Illumina"><font size="2">Illumina</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/NanoGen"><font size="2">NanoGen</font></a></span></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/U.S.%20Genomics"><font size="2">U.S. Genomics</font></a></li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="4" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Meetings"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Meetings</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2010%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2010 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2007%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2007 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2004%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2004 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2009%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2009 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2006%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2006 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2003%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2003 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2008%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2008 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2005%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2005 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2002%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2002 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Centers"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Institutes and Centers</span></a></strong></span></span></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Sanger%20Institute">Sanger Institute</a>&nbsp;UK</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/BGI">BGI</a>&nbsp;China</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/PGI">PGI</a>&nbsp;Korea</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/JGI">JGI</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/IGS%20at%20Maryland">IGS</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/IGB%20at%20UCI">IGB at UCI</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/JCVI">JCVI</a>&nbsp;USA</font></li> <li>[[Genomics in CDC (USA)]]</li> <li>[[DOE Genomics]]</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Organizations%20and%20Alliances"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Organizations and Alliances</strong></span></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><a href="http://bioitalliance.org/">Microsoft BioIT Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/GenomeFoundation.org">GenomeFoundation.org</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Stanford%20Genomics%20Resources">Stanford Genomics Resources</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20People"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics People</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/You!"><strong>You!</strong></a></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Craig%20Venter">Craig Venter</a></b></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Fred%20Sanger">Fred Sanger</a></b></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Seong-Jin%20Kim">Seong-Jin Kim</a></b></span></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><font size="2"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/George%20Church">George Church</a></b></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Yang%20Huanming">Yang Huanming</a></b></span></li> </ul> </td> <td><font size="2"> <ul> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/James%20Watson">James Watson</a></b></li> </ul> </font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20by%20Country"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics by Country</strong></span></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/British%20Genomics"><span style="font-size: medium;">British Genomics</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">: Genomics in the UK</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Canadian%20Genomics">Canadian Genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chinese%20Genomics">Chinese Genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Korean%20Genomics">Korean Genomics</a></span><font size="2"><span style="font-size: medium;">:&nbsp;</span><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/PGI"><span style="font-size: medium;">PGI</span></a><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/TBI"><span style="font-size: medium;">TBI</span></a></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Netherlands%20Genomics">Netherlands Genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/US%20Genomics">US Genomics</a></span><span style="font-size: medium;">: Genomics in the USA</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Japanese%20Genomics">Japanese Genomics</a></span><font size="2"><span style="font-size: medium;">:&nbsp;</span><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/GenomeNet"><span style="font-size: medium;">GenomeNet</span></a></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">[[Autralian Genomics]]</span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Methods"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Methods</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li>Karyotyping</li> <li>Mass spectrometry</li> <li>Western blot</li> <li>Chromosomal watlking</li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li>PCR</li> <li>Yeast Two Hybrid</li> <li>Northern blot</li> <li>RFLP</li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li>Immunoprecipitation</li> <li>Southern blot</li> <li>Elisa</li> <li> <p><span style="font-size: small;">[[Method of Sample (gDNA) Preparation for Sending out]]</span></p> </li> </ul> </td> <td><font size="2"> <ul> <li>SDS-page</li> <li>Immunofluorescence</li> <li>Real-time PCR</li> </ul> </font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Theory"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Genomics L</span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">abs</span></span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;[[Dr. Ban Doohee lab in Yeonsei University Korea]]</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20History"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics History</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Glossary"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Glossary</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Programs"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Software Programs</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome%20alignement%20programs"><strong><font size="2">Genome alignement programs</font></strong></a></li> <li><strong><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome%20visualization%20programs">Genome visualization programs</a></font></strong></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="ADN static.png" width="29" height="29" src="/images/thumb/c/c2/ADN_static.png/50px-ADN_static.png" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Image"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Image</strong></span></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics Portals"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Portals</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Opinion on Genomics"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Opinions on Genomics</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><a href="About Human Genome Project"><span style="font-size: small;">About Human Genome Project</span></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics Issues and Problems"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Issues and Problems</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><a href="Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008"><span style="font-size: small;">Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008</span></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong><a href="Read Journals and Publications"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Journals</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="BMC Genomics"><font size="2">BMC Genomics</font></a></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genome Biology">Genome Biology</a>&nbsp;by BMC Ltd with Springer Science</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Elsevier Genomics">Elsevier Genomics</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="BMC Medical Genomics">BMC Medical Genomics</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Open Genomics Journal">Open Genomics Journal</a></font></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Physiological Genomics"><font size="2">Physiological Genomics</font></a><font size="2">&nbsp;by The American Physiological Society</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genome Research">Genome Research</a>&nbsp;by CSHL</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genome from NRC press">Genome from NRC press</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genomics from Elsevier">Genomics from Elsevier</a></font></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Books and Guide</span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;[[Brief guide to Genomics]] by&nbsp;<span style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">&quot;National Human Genome Research Institute.&quot;</span></span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1098px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics in TV and Media</strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;<b>BBC analysis on Human Genome after 10 years in YouTube</b>: &nbsp;<a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Mu9Qv-lSrU&amp;feature=autoplay&amp;list=PLC67E043CBD218D2D&amp;playnext=2">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Mu9Qv-lSrU&amp;feature=autoplay&amp;list=PLC67E043CBD218D2D&amp;playnext=2</a></li> <li><b>Boys cured with Gene Therapy 2004 article</b>:&nbsp;<a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4101411.stm">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4101411.stm</a></li> <li>[[Theragen BiO Institute]]</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genome Wish"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genome Wish</span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-large;">:<b>what I can do with my genome.</b></span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genomics version 2.0"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics version 2.0</span></strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Full Genomics"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Full Genomics</span></strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><font color="#808080" size="6">♬</font></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genomic Art"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomic Art</strong></span></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong style="font-size: large; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: center; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;۩&nbsp;</font></strong></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics Prizes"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Genomics Prizes</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genome references"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genome references</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Post genomics era"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Post genomics era</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">Genomics era has arrived in 2008. Post-genomics era will come in 2050. - Jong Bhak</span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(204, 255, 204);"><span style="font-size: xx-large;">&sect;</span></span><span style="font-size: xx-large;">&nbsp;</span><a href="External links"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">External links</span></span></strong></span></span></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://www.cdc.gov/genomics">CDC genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://bioinfoblog.it/">Bioinfoblog.it</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://proteome.net">Proteome.net</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://microbiome.org">Microbiome.org</a></span><font size="2"><a href="http://www.biodata.com"><span style="font-size: medium;">Laboratory Management</span></a></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://microbiomics.org/">Microbiomics.org</a></span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>&nbsp;</strong></span></span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"><span style="font-size: xx-large;">►</span></span><strong style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: x-large;">Advertisement</strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Totalomics full sequencing and bioinformatics analysis service">Totalomics full sequencing and bioinformatics analysis service</a></span></li> <li><a href="About Genomics.org"><span style="font-size: medium;">About Genomics.org</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;</span></li> <li><a href="Unleashing your genome"><span style="font-size: medium;">Unleashing your genome</span></a></li> <li><a href="Who maintains Genomics.org?"><span style="font-size: medium;">Who maintains Genomics.org?</span></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 523e7f2f9a232dd7c07d8df2dfa57d980e713647 4659 4655 2013-08-23T13:23:48Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p style="text-align: center;">&nbsp;<img width="700" height="140" src="/userfiles/main.jpg" style="text-align: center;" align="top" alt="" /></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><i><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Openfree"><b>Openfree</b></a></i><b><i>&nbsp;</i></b></span><b><span style="font-size: xx-large;"><font face="Courier New"><font color="#3366ff">G</font><font color="#ff0000">e</font></font><font color="#3366ff"><font face="Courier New">nomic</font><font face="Verdana">$</font>.<font face="Courier New">org&nbsp;</font></font></span></b></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><b><font color="#3366ff"><span style="font-size: small;"><a title="Genomics Organization" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics_Organization">Genomics Organization</a></span></font></b><span style="font-size: small;"><b><font color="#008080"><font color="#666699">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/What%20is%20genomics?">What is genomics?</a></font></font></b></span></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><font color="#008080"><font color="#666699">[[Genomics.org]] is a research and development organization located in La Jolla, CA.</font></font></b></span></p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/1/11/Globe_5.gif" /></strong></span></span></td> <td style="background-color: rgb(51, 0, 204);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>&nbsp;</strong></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="Genomics News and Ads Archive"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics News and Ads Archive</strong></span></a><strong>&nbsp;</strong></span></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <ul> <li>[[Korean Reference Genome Project]]</li> <li>[[Verinata gets prenatal test approval 2013 Aug]]</li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">[[Billion Genome Project]]: PGI, Genome Research Foundation &nbsp;launches Billlion Genome Project (2012 Sep. 4th). &nbsp;</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">[[Open Access Pharmacogenomics Project]]: OpenPGX launched by Indian scientists.</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">[[Faroe island nation genome project]]</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">[[Origins of the E. coli Strain Causing an Outbreak of Hemolytic&ndash;Uremic Syndrome in Germany]]. NEJM. 2011 July 27th.&nbsp;<br /> </span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Tasmanian devil genome sequenced"><span style="font-size: small;">Tasmanian devil genome sequenced</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: PNAS June 27th 2011</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Multiple myeloma genomes sequenced"><span style="font-size: small;">Multiple myeloma genomes sequenced</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: 20110324 Nature.</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Prostate cancer genomes sequenced by Broad and Dana Faber"><span style="font-size: small;">Prostate cancer genomes sequenced by Broad and Dana Faber</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: 20110214</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Desmond Tutu talks about his genome"><span style="font-size: small;">Desmond Tutu talks about his genome</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: 20110222</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) genome sequenced 20110131"><span style="font-size: small;">Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) genome sequenced 20110131</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;PNAS</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img alt="" src="/images/8/81/Paris_japonica_logo_openfree.gif" />&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica"><span style="font-size: small;">The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">: 20101009 &rArr;&nbsp;</span><a href="Genome size"><span style="font-size: small;">Genome size</span></a></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><img alt="" src="/images/d/d8/Turkey_logo_2.gif" />&nbsp;</span><a href="Turkey genome sequenced 20100907"><span style="font-size: small;">Turkey genome sequenced 20100907</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;&rArr;&nbsp;</span><a href="Bird genome"><span style="font-size: small;">Bird genome</span></a></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><img alt="" src="/images/a/a1/Scripps_logo_openfree_1.gif" />&nbsp;<img alt="" src="/images/f/fe/Sanofi_aventis_logo1.gif" />&nbsp;</span><a href="Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging"><span style="font-size: small;">Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;20100818</span></li> <li><a href="Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection"><span style="font-size: small;">Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">: 20100810</span></li> <li><a href="The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill"><span style="font-size: small;">The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">: PGP9. 20100330.</span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/b/b8/Dna_sm_tran_openfree.gif" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#ff0099" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(255, 0, 153);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>&nbsp;What is&nbsp;</strong></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics</span></span></a></strong><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong>?</strong></span></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <li><a href="Getting your own Genome">Getting your own Genome</a></li> <li><a href="Personal Genome Project">Personal Genome Project</a></li> <li><a href="Possible genomic diseases of you">Possible genomic diseases of you</a></li> <li><a href="Storing your genome in you PC">Storing your genome in you PC</a></li> <li><a href="Fully sequenced genomes">Fully sequenced genomes</a></li> <li><a href="Full Genome Sequencing">Full Genome Sequencing</a></li> <li><a href="Genomic Equality">Genomic Equality</a></li> </td> <td> <li><a href="Free Genomics Project">Free Genomics Project</a></li> <li><a href="Free genomes">Free genomes</a></li> <li><a href="Viewing your genetics family">Viewing your genetics family</a></li> <li><a href="Specific Omics">Specific Omics</a></li> <li><a href="A brief guide to genomics from NHGRI">A brief guide to genomics from NHGRI</a></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Interesting things in your Genome">Interesting things in your Genome</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Public Genomics Project">Public Genomics Project</a></span></li> </td> <td> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Compare your genome with other people's">Compare your genome with other people's</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Visualizing your genome">Visualizing your genome</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genome Projects">Genome Projects</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genome History">Genome History</a></span></li> <li>[[The principle of universal genome]]<br /> &nbsp;</li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/4/49/Running_man_1.gif" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#330099" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 0, 204);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><font color="#000000"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genomics"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Human Genomics</span></span></a></font></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Fully%20sequenced%20human%20genomes">Fully sequenced human genomes</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Fully%20sequenced%20female%20human%20genome">Fully sequenced female human genome</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mitochondrial%20Genomics">Mitochondrial Genomics</a>: Human mitochondrial genomics.</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Y%20Genomics">Y Genomics</a>: Human Y chromosome genomics.</li> <li>[[HelloGene]]</li> </td> <td> <p>&nbsp;　<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇ</span></p> </td> <td> <p><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;ㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇ</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics News Links"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics News Links</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Genomics Major Paper Publication"><span style="font-size: small;">Genomics Major Paper Publication</span></a></li> <li><a href="Your writing contribution to Genomics"><span style="font-size: small;">Your writing contribution to Genomics</span></a></li> <li><a href="Personal Genomics Issues"><span style="font-size: small;">Personal Genomics Issues</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;<b>(</b></span><b><a href="Genomic ethics"><span style="font-size: small;">Genomic ethics</span></a></b><span style="font-size: small;"><b>)</b></span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Species%20Specific%20Genomics"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Species Specific Genomics</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><span style="font-size: medium;"><font color="#0000ff"><font color="#000000"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Animal%20genomics">Animal genomics</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Plant%20genomics">Plant genomics</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Microbial%20genomics">Microbial genomics</a></b></font></font></span></p> <ul> <li>[[Primate Genomics]]</li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/C.%20elegans%20Genomics">C. elegans Genomics</a><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Cow%20genome">Cow genome</a><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Daphnia%20Genomics%20Consortium%20(DGC)">Daphnia Genomics Consortium (DGC)</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">(</font><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Insect%20genome">Insect genome</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">)</font><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Rice%20Genome%20at%20BGI%20China">Rice Genome at BGI China</a><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Sol%20Genomics">Sol Genomics</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">: Tomato</font><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Tiger%20Genome">Tiger Genome</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">:&nbsp;</font><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/TigerGenome%20Project%20by%20PGI%20Korea">TigerGenome Project by PGI Korea</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">.</font><br /> </b></li> <li><b><font color="#0000ff"><font color="#000000"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Yeast%20Genome">Yeast Genome</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">: SGD</font></font></font></b></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">&nbsp;<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong>◇&nbsp;</strong></span></span></span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-color: rgb(51, 0, 204); font-size: medium;"><a href="The first genomes"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong>The first genomes</strong></span></span></span></a></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Projects"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Projects</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li>PGP&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal%20Genome%20Project">Personal Genome Project</a></li> <li>&quot;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/$0%20Genomics%20Project">$0 Genomics Project</a>&quot; Launched on-line. Please sign<i>!</i></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome%2010k%20Project">Genome 10k Project</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20List"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics List</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Agrogenomics"><font size="2">Agrogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Anthropogenomics"><font size="2">Anthropogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Autogenomics"><font size="2">Autogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chemicogenomics"><font size="2">Chemicogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chemogenomics"><font size="2">Chemogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chemgenomics"><font size="2">Chemgenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Demogenomics"><font size="2">Demogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Ecogenomics"><font size="2">Ecogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Econogenomics"><font size="2">Econogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Equigenomics"><font size="2">Equigenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Ethnogenomics"><font size="2">Ethnogenomics</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Eugenomics"><font size="2">Eugenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Gastrogenomics"><font size="2">Gastrogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Getontogenomics"><font size="2">Getontogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Gerogenomics"><font size="2">Gerogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Hepatogenomics"><font size="2">Hepatogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Immunogenomics"><font size="2">Immunogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Immunomics"><font size="2">Immunomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mammogenomics"><font size="2">Mammogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Metagenomics"><font size="2">Metagenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Microgenomics"><font size="2">Microgenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mitogenomics"><font size="2">Mitogenomics</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mycogenomics"><font size="2">Mycogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nanogenomics"><font size="2">Nanogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Neurogenomics"><font size="2">Neurogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/NitroGenomics"><font size="2">NitroGenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nutrigenomics"><font size="2">Nutrigenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nutragenomics"><font size="2">Nutragenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Omnigenomics"><font size="2">Omnigenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Oncogenomics"><font size="2">Oncogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Osteogenomics"><font size="2">Osteogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Pangenomics"><font size="2">Pangenomics</font></a></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Phylogenomics"><font size="2">Phylogenomics</font></a></font></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul><font size="2"> <li><font size="2">&nbsp;</font><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Phytogenomics"><font size="2">Phytogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Pulmogenomics"><font size="2">Pulmogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Psychogenomics"><font size="2">Psychogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Supergenomics"><font size="2">Supergenomics</font></a></li> <li>[[syntheticgenomics]]</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Toxicogenomics"><font size="2">Toxicogenomics</font></a></li> </font></ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Branches</strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Comparative%20Genomics"><font size="2">Comparative Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Free%20Genomics"><font size="2">Free Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Health%20Genomics"><font size="2">Health Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genomics"><font size="2">Human Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Open%20Genomics"><font size="2">Open Genomics</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal%20Genomics"><font size="2">Personal Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Public%20Genomics"><font size="2">Public Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Public%20Health%20Genomics"><font size="2">Public Health Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Synthetic%20Genomics"><font size="2">Synthetic Genomics</font></a></li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Essays%20and%20Opinions"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Essays and Opinions</span></b></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The%20Ultimate%20information%20of%20human%20beings">The Ultimate information of human beings</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Who%20have%20to%20insist%20on%20the%20first%20in%20genomics">Who have to insist on the first in genomics</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomic%20Philosophy">Genomic Philosophy</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="height: 172px; width: 1020.7999877929688px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ff0000" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Projects"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">G<span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">e</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 0);">n</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153);">o</span>mics&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(0, 255, 255);">P</span><span style="color: rgb(204, 255, 255);">u</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">b</span>lication</span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">&nbsp;and&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(0, 255, 255);">P</span>apers</span></span></span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">[[Genomics]] Journal from ScienceDirect (</span><a href="http://www.journals.elsevier.com/genomics/">http://www.journals.elsevier.com/genomics/</a>)</li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Genome Research</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Genome Biology</span></b></li> <li><font size="2"><b>[[BMC Genomics]]</b></font></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">[[Major Genome Sequencing and Analysis&nbsp;Paper authors]]</span></b></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/7/79/Bioinstrument_company_logo_1.png" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4"><a href="Genomics Analysis Tools and Technology"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Analysis Tools and Technology</strong></span></a></font></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Bioinformatics"><font size="2">Bioinformatics</font></a></li> <li><a href="BioPipelines"><font size="2">BioPipelines</font></a></li> <li><a href="Biomatics"><font size="2">Biomatics</font></a></li> <li><a href="Genome compression">Genome compression</a></li> <li><a href="Amalga">Amalga</a>&nbsp;from Microsoft</li> </ul> </td> <td> <li><a href="Sequencing"><font size="2">Sequencing</font></a></li> <li><a href="GRID technology"><font size="2">GRID technology</font></a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></li> <li><a href="SNP chip"><font size="2">SNP chip</font></a></li> <li><a href="Genome sequence mapping">Genome sequence mapping</a></li> </td> <td> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Omics"><font size="2">Omics</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="BioEngine"><font size="2">BioEngine</font></a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎ</span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="BioComputing"><font size="2">BioComputing</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="JMP Genomics"><font size="2">JMP Genomics</font></a><font color="#000000" size="2">&nbsp;by SAS</font></span></li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/1/1a/Nasdaq_logo_4.png" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Companies"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Companies</strong></span></a></font></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/23andme.com"><font size="2">23andme.com</font></a></li> <li>Bhak BiO Consulting (http://bhakbio.com)</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/DNAgenotek.com"><font size="2">DNAgenotek.com</font></a><font size="2">:Saliva DNA</font></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Knome.com"><font size="2">Knome.com</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Navigenics.com"><font size="2">Navigenics.com</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nimblegen"><font size="2">Nimblegen</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Integrated%20Genomics"><font size="2">Integrated Genomics</font></a><font size="2">: Chicago based</font></li> </ul> </td> <td> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Affymetrix"><font size="2">Affymetrix</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Celera"><font size="2">Celera</font></a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genome%20Sciences,%20Inc.">Human Genome Sciences, Inc.</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹ</span></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Microsoft"><font size="2">Microsoft</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal%20Genome%20Companies"><font size="2">Personal Genome Companies</font></a></li> <li>[[Selah Genomics]]</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Synthetic%20Genomics">Synthetic Genomics</a>: by Venter</li> </td> <td> <li>[[Agilent Genomics]]</li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Agowa"><font size="2">Agowa</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Decodeme.com"><font size="2">Decodeme.com</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Decode"><font size="2">Decode</font></a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎ</span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Illumina"><font size="2">Illumina</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/NanoGen"><font size="2">NanoGen</font></a></span></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/U.S.%20Genomics"><font size="2">U.S. Genomics</font></a></li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="4" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Meetings"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Meetings</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2010%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2010 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2007%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2007 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2004%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2004 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2009%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2009 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2006%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2006 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2003%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2003 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2008%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2008 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2005%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2005 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2002%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2002 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Centers"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Institutes and Centers</span></a></strong></span></span></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Sanger%20Institute">Sanger Institute</a>&nbsp;UK</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/BGI">BGI</a>&nbsp;China</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/PGI">PGI</a>&nbsp;Korea</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/JGI">JGI</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/IGS%20at%20Maryland">IGS</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/IGB%20at%20UCI">IGB at UCI</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/JCVI">JCVI</a>&nbsp;USA</font></li> <li>[[Genomics in CDC (USA)]]</li> <li>[[DOE Genomics]]</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Organizations%20and%20Alliances"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Organizations and Alliances</strong></span></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><a href="http://bioitalliance.org/">Microsoft BioIT Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/GenomeFoundation.org">GenomeFoundation.org</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Stanford%20Genomics%20Resources">Stanford Genomics Resources</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20People">Genomics People</a>&nbsp; (put your name in this section)</span></span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/You!"><strong>You!</strong></a></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Craig%20Venter">Craig Venter</a></b></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Fred%20Sanger">Fred Sanger</a></b></li> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><font size="2"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/George%20Church">George Church</a></b></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Yang%20Huanming">Yang Huanming</a></b></span></li> </ul> </td> <td><font size="2"> <ul> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/James%20Watson">James Watson</a></b></li> </ul> </font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20by%20Country"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics by Country</strong></span></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/British%20Genomics"><span style="font-size: medium;">British Genomics</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">: Genomics in the UK</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Canadian%20Genomics">Canadian Genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chinese%20Genomics">Chinese Genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Korean%20Genomics">Korean Genomics</a></span><font size="2"><span style="font-size: medium;">:&nbsp;</span><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/PGI"><span style="font-size: medium;">PGI</span></a><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/TBI"><span style="font-size: medium;">TBI</span></a></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Netherlands%20Genomics">Netherlands Genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/US%20Genomics">US Genomics</a></span><span style="font-size: medium;">: Genomics in the USA</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Japanese%20Genomics">Japanese Genomics</a></span><font size="2"><span style="font-size: medium;">:&nbsp;</span><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/GenomeNet"><span style="font-size: medium;">GenomeNet</span></a></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">[[Autralian Genomics]]</span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Methods"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Methods</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li>Karyotyping</li> <li>Mass spectrometry</li> <li>Western blot</li> <li>Chromosomal watlking</li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li>PCR</li> <li>Yeast Two Hybrid</li> <li>Northern blot</li> <li>RFLP</li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li>Immunoprecipitation</li> <li>Southern blot</li> <li>Elisa</li> <li> <p><span style="font-size: small;">[[Method of Sample (gDNA) Preparation for Sending out]]</span></p> </li> </ul> </td> <td><font size="2"> <ul> <li>SDS-page</li> <li>Immunofluorescence</li> <li>Real-time PCR</li> </ul> </font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Theory"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Genomics L</span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">abs</span></span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;[[Dr. Ban Doohee lab in Yeonsei University Korea]]</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20History"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics History</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Glossary"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Glossary</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Programs"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Software Programs</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome%20alignement%20programs"><strong><font size="2">Genome alignement programs</font></strong></a></li> <li><strong><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome%20visualization%20programs">Genome visualization programs</a></font></strong></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="ADN static.png" width="29" height="29" src="/images/thumb/c/c2/ADN_static.png/50px-ADN_static.png" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Image"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Image</strong></span></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics Portals"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Portals</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Opinion on Genomics"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Opinions on Genomics</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><a href="About Human Genome Project"><span style="font-size: small;">About Human Genome Project</span></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics Issues and Problems"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Issues and Problems</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><a href="Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008"><span style="font-size: small;">Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008</span></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong><a href="Read Journals and Publications"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Journals</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="BMC Genomics"><font size="2">BMC Genomics</font></a></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genome Biology">Genome Biology</a>&nbsp;by BMC Ltd with Springer Science</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Elsevier Genomics">Elsevier Genomics</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="BMC Medical Genomics">BMC Medical Genomics</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Open Genomics Journal">Open Genomics Journal</a></font></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Physiological Genomics"><font size="2">Physiological Genomics</font></a><font size="2">&nbsp;by The American Physiological Society</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genome Research">Genome Research</a>&nbsp;by CSHL</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genome from NRC press">Genome from NRC press</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genomics from Elsevier">Genomics from Elsevier</a></font></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Books and Guide</span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;[[Brief guide to Genomics]] by&nbsp;<span style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">&quot;National Human Genome Research Institute.&quot;</span></span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>[[Genomics PPT and PDF presentation files]]</strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;[[Genome rights and genome industry enhancing bill]] by&nbsp;<span style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">Jong Bhak (in Korean)</span></span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1098px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics in TV and Media</strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;<b>BBC analysis on Human Genome after 10 years in YouTube</b>: &nbsp;<a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Mu9Qv-lSrU&amp;feature=autoplay&amp;list=PLC67E043CBD218D2D&amp;playnext=2">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Mu9Qv-lSrU&amp;feature=autoplay&amp;list=PLC67E043CBD218D2D&amp;playnext=2</a></li> <li><b>Boys cured with Gene Therapy 2004 article</b>:&nbsp;<a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4101411.stm">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4101411.stm</a></li> <li>[[Theragen BiO Institute]]</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genome Wish"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genome Wish</span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-large;">:<b>what I can do with my genome.</b></span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genomics version 2.0"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics version 2.0</span></strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Full Genomics"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Full Genomics</span></strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><font color="#808080" size="6">♬</font></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genomic Art"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomic Art</strong></span></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong style="font-size: large; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: center; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;۩&nbsp;</font></strong></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics Prizes"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Genomics Prizes</span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genome references"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genome references</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Post genomics era"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Post genomics era</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">Genomics era has arrived in 2008. Post-genomics era will come in 2050. - Jong Bhak</span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(204, 255, 204);"><span style="font-size: xx-large;">&sect;</span></span><span style="font-size: xx-large;">&nbsp;</span><a href="External links"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">External links</span></span></strong></span></span></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://www.cdc.gov/genomics">CDC genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://bioinfoblog.it/">Bioinfoblog.it</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://proteome.net">Proteome.net</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://microbiome.org">Microbiome.org</a></span><font size="2"><a href="http://www.biodata.com"><span style="font-size: medium;">Laboratory Management</span></a></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://microbiomics.org/">Microbiomics.org</a></span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>&nbsp;</strong></span></span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"><span style="font-size: xx-large;">►</span></span><strong style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: x-large;">Advertisement</strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Totalomics full sequencing and bioinformatics analysis service">Totalomics full sequencing and bioinformatics analysis service</a></span></li> <li><a href="About Genomics.org"><span style="font-size: medium;">About Genomics.org</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;</span></li> <li><a href="Unleashing your genome"><span style="font-size: medium;">Unleashing your genome</span></a></li> <li><a href="Who maintains Genomics.org?"><span style="font-size: medium;">Who maintains Genomics.org?</span></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> c0fdfd2e486332ace7136c5d1224cad027dcc742 4663 4659 2013-08-23T13:43:35Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p style="text-align: center;">&nbsp;<img width="700" height="140" src="/userfiles/main.jpg" style="text-align: center;" align="top" alt="" /></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><i><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Openfree"><b>Openfree</b></a></i><b><i>&nbsp;</i></b></span><b><span style="font-size: xx-large;"><font face="Courier New"><font color="#3366ff">G</font><font color="#ff0000">e</font></font><font color="#3366ff"><font face="Courier New">nomic</font><font face="Verdana">$</font>.<font face="Courier New">org&nbsp;</font></font></span></b></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><b><font color="#3366ff"><span style="font-size: small;"><a title="Genomics Organization" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics_Organization">Genomics Organization</a></span></font></b><span style="font-size: small;"><b><font color="#008080"><font color="#666699">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/What%20is%20genomics?">What is genomics?</a></font></font></b></span></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><font color="#008080"><font color="#666699">[[Genomics.org]] is a research and development organization located in La Jolla, CA.</font></font></b></span></p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/1/11/Globe_5.gif" /></strong></span></span></td> <td style="background-color: rgb(51, 0, 204);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>&nbsp;</strong></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="Genomics News and Ads Archive"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics News and Ads Archive</strong></span></a><strong>&nbsp;</strong></span></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <ul> <li>[[Korean Reference Genome Project]]</li> <li>[[Verinata gets prenatal test approval 2013 Aug]]</li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">[[Billion Genome Project]]: PGI, Genome Research Foundation &nbsp;launches Billlion Genome Project (2012 Sep. 4th). &nbsp;</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">[[Open Access Pharmacogenomics Project]]: OpenPGX launched by Indian scientists.</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">[[Faroe island nation genome project]]</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">[[Origins of the E. coli Strain Causing an Outbreak of Hemolytic&ndash;Uremic Syndrome in Germany]]. NEJM. 2011 July 27th.&nbsp;<br /> </span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Tasmanian devil genome sequenced"><span style="font-size: small;">Tasmanian devil genome sequenced</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: PNAS June 27th 2011</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Multiple myeloma genomes sequenced"><span style="font-size: small;">Multiple myeloma genomes sequenced</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: 20110324 Nature.</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Prostate cancer genomes sequenced by Broad and Dana Faber"><span style="font-size: small;">Prostate cancer genomes sequenced by Broad and Dana Faber</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: 20110214</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Desmond Tutu talks about his genome"><span style="font-size: small;">Desmond Tutu talks about his genome</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: 20110222</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) genome sequenced 20110131"><span style="font-size: small;">Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) genome sequenced 20110131</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;PNAS</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img alt="" src="/images/8/81/Paris_japonica_logo_openfree.gif" />&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica"><span style="font-size: small;">The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">: 20101009 &rArr;&nbsp;</span><a href="Genome size"><span style="font-size: small;">Genome size</span></a></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><img alt="" src="/images/d/d8/Turkey_logo_2.gif" />&nbsp;</span><a href="Turkey genome sequenced 20100907"><span style="font-size: small;">Turkey genome sequenced 20100907</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;&rArr;&nbsp;</span><a href="Bird genome"><span style="font-size: small;">Bird genome</span></a></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><img alt="" src="/images/a/a1/Scripps_logo_openfree_1.gif" />&nbsp;<img alt="" src="/images/f/fe/Sanofi_aventis_logo1.gif" />&nbsp;</span><a href="Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging"><span style="font-size: small;">Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;20100818</span></li> <li><a href="Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection"><span style="font-size: small;">Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">: 20100810</span></li> <li><a href="The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill"><span style="font-size: small;">The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">: PGP9. 20100330.</span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/b/b8/Dna_sm_tran_openfree.gif" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#ff0099" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(255, 0, 153);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>&nbsp;What is&nbsp;</strong></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics</span></span></a></strong><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong>?</strong></span></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <li><a href="Getting your own Genome">Getting your own Genome</a></li> <li><a href="Personal Genome Project">Personal Genome Project</a></li> <li><a href="Possible genomic diseases of you">Possible genomic diseases of you</a></li> <li><a href="Storing your genome in you PC">Storing your genome in you PC</a></li> <li><a href="Fully sequenced genomes">Fully sequenced genomes</a></li> <li><a href="Full Genome Sequencing">Full Genome Sequencing</a></li> <li><a href="Genomic Equality">Genomic Equality</a></li> </td> <td> <li><a href="Free Genomics Project">Free Genomics Project</a></li> <li><a href="Free genomes">Free genomes</a></li> <li><a href="Viewing your genetics family">Viewing your genetics family</a></li> <li><a href="Specific Omics">Specific Omics</a></li> <li><a href="A brief guide to genomics from NHGRI">A brief guide to genomics from NHGRI</a></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Interesting things in your Genome">Interesting things in your Genome</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Public Genomics Project">Public Genomics Project</a></span></li> </td> <td> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Compare your genome with other people's">Compare your genome with other people's</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Visualizing your genome">Visualizing your genome</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genome Projects">Genome Projects</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genome History">Genome History</a></span></li> <li>[[The principle of universal genome]]<br /> &nbsp;</li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/4/49/Running_man_1.gif" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#330099" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 0, 204);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><font color="#000000"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genomics"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Human Genomics</span></span></a></font></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Fully%20sequenced%20human%20genomes">Fully sequenced human genomes</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Fully%20sequenced%20female%20human%20genome">Fully sequenced female human genome</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mitochondrial%20Genomics">Mitochondrial Genomics</a>: Human mitochondrial genomics.</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Y%20Genomics">Y Genomics</a>: Human Y chromosome genomics.</li> <li>[[HelloGene]]</li> </td> <td> <p>&nbsp;　<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇ</span></p> </td> <td> <p><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;ㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇ</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics News Links"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics News Links</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Genomics Major Paper Publication"><span style="font-size: small;">Genomics Major Paper Publication</span></a></li> <li><a href="Your writing contribution to Genomics"><span style="font-size: small;">Your writing contribution to Genomics</span></a></li> <li><a href="Personal Genomics Issues"><span style="font-size: small;">Personal Genomics Issues</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;<b>(</b></span><b><a href="Genomic ethics"><span style="font-size: small;">Genomic ethics</span></a></b><span style="font-size: small;"><b>)</b></span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Species%20Specific%20Genomics"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Species Specific Genomics</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><span style="font-size: medium;"><font color="#0000ff"><font color="#000000"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Animal%20genomics">Animal genomics</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Plant%20genomics">Plant genomics</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Microbial%20genomics">Microbial genomics</a></b></font></font></span></p> <ul> <li>[[Primate Genomics]]</li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/C.%20elegans%20Genomics">C. elegans Genomics</a><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Cow%20genome">Cow genome</a><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Daphnia%20Genomics%20Consortium%20(DGC)">Daphnia Genomics Consortium (DGC)</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">(</font><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Insect%20genome">Insect genome</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">)</font><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Rice%20Genome%20at%20BGI%20China">Rice Genome at BGI China</a><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Sol%20Genomics">Sol Genomics</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">: Tomato</font><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Tiger%20Genome">Tiger Genome</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">:&nbsp;</font><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/TigerGenome%20Project%20by%20PGI%20Korea">TigerGenome Project by PGI Korea</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">.</font><br /> </b></li> <li><b><font color="#0000ff"><font color="#000000"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Yeast%20Genome">Yeast Genome</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">: SGD</font></font></font></b></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">&nbsp;<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong>◇&nbsp;</strong></span></span></span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-color: rgb(51, 0, 204); font-size: medium;"><a href="The first genomes"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong>The first genomes</strong></span></span></span></a></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Projects"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Projects</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li>PGP&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal%20Genome%20Project">Personal Genome Project</a></li> <li>&quot;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/$0%20Genomics%20Project">$0 Genomics Project</a>&quot; Launched on-line. Please sign<i>!</i></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome%2010k%20Project">Genome 10k Project</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20List"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics List</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Agrogenomics"><font size="2">Agrogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Anthropogenomics"><font size="2">Anthropogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Autogenomics"><font size="2">Autogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chemicogenomics"><font size="2">Chemicogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chemogenomics"><font size="2">Chemogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chemgenomics"><font size="2">Chemgenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Demogenomics"><font size="2">Demogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Ecogenomics"><font size="2">Ecogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Econogenomics"><font size="2">Econogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Equigenomics"><font size="2">Equigenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Ethnogenomics"><font size="2">Ethnogenomics</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Eugenomics"><font size="2">Eugenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Gastrogenomics"><font size="2">Gastrogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Getontogenomics"><font size="2">Getontogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Gerogenomics"><font size="2">Gerogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Hepatogenomics"><font size="2">Hepatogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Immunogenomics"><font size="2">Immunogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Immunomics"><font size="2">Immunomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mammogenomics"><font size="2">Mammogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Metagenomics"><font size="2">Metagenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Microgenomics"><font size="2">Microgenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mitogenomics"><font size="2">Mitogenomics</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mycogenomics"><font size="2">Mycogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nanogenomics"><font size="2">Nanogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Neurogenomics"><font size="2">Neurogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/NitroGenomics"><font size="2">NitroGenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nutrigenomics"><font size="2">Nutrigenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nutragenomics"><font size="2">Nutragenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Omnigenomics"><font size="2">Omnigenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Oncogenomics"><font size="2">Oncogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Osteogenomics"><font size="2">Osteogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Pangenomics"><font size="2">Pangenomics</font></a></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Phylogenomics"><font size="2">Phylogenomics</font></a></font></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul><font size="2"> <li><font size="2">&nbsp;</font><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Phytogenomics"><font size="2">Phytogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Pulmogenomics"><font size="2">Pulmogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Psychogenomics"><font size="2">Psychogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Supergenomics"><font size="2">Supergenomics</font></a></li> <li>[[syntheticgenomics]]</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Toxicogenomics"><font size="2">Toxicogenomics</font></a></li> </font></ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Branches</strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Comparative%20Genomics"><font size="2">Comparative Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Free%20Genomics"><font size="2">Free Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Health%20Genomics"><font size="2">Health Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genomics"><font size="2">Human Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Open%20Genomics"><font size="2">Open Genomics</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal%20Genomics"><font size="2">Personal Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Public%20Genomics"><font size="2">Public Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Public%20Health%20Genomics"><font size="2">Public Health Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Synthetic%20Genomics"><font size="2">Synthetic Genomics</font></a></li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Essays%20and%20Opinions"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Essays and Opinions</span></b></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The%20Ultimate%20information%20of%20human%20beings">The Ultimate information of human beings</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Who%20have%20to%20insist%20on%20the%20first%20in%20genomics">Who have to insist on the first in genomics</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomic%20Philosophy">Genomic Philosophy</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="height: 172px; width: 1020.7999877929688px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ff0000" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Projects"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">G<span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">e</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 0);">n</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153);">o</span>mics&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(0, 255, 255);">P</span><span style="color: rgb(204, 255, 255);">u</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">b</span>lication</span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">&nbsp;and&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(0, 255, 255);">P</span>apers</span></span></span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">[[Genomics]] Journal from ScienceDirect (</span><a href="http://www.journals.elsevier.com/genomics/">http://www.journals.elsevier.com/genomics/</a>)</li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Genome Research</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Genome Biology</span></b></li> <li><font size="2"><b>[[BMC Genomics]]</b></font></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">[[Major Genome Sequencing and Analysis&nbsp;Paper authors]]</span></b></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/7/79/Bioinstrument_company_logo_1.png" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4"><a href="Genomics Analysis Tools and Technology"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Analysis Tools and Technology</strong></span></a></font></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Bioinformatics"><font size="2">Bioinformatics</font></a></li> <li><a href="BioPipelines"><font size="2">BioPipelines</font></a></li> <li><a href="Biomatics"><font size="2">Biomatics</font></a></li> <li><a href="Genome compression">Genome compression</a></li> <li><a href="Amalga">Amalga</a>&nbsp;from Microsoft</li> </ul> </td> <td> <li><a href="Sequencing"><font size="2">Sequencing</font></a></li> <li><a href="GRID technology"><font size="2">GRID technology</font></a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></li> <li><a href="SNP chip"><font size="2">SNP chip</font></a></li> <li><a href="Genome sequence mapping">Genome sequence mapping</a></li> </td> <td> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Omics"><font size="2">Omics</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="BioEngine"><font size="2">BioEngine</font></a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎ</span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="BioComputing"><font size="2">BioComputing</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="JMP Genomics"><font size="2">JMP Genomics</font></a><font color="#000000" size="2">&nbsp;by SAS</font></span></li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/1/1a/Nasdaq_logo_4.png" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Companies"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Companies</strong></span></a></font></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/23andme.com"><font size="2">23andme.com</font></a></li> <li>Bhak BiO Consulting (http://bhakbio.com)</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/DNAgenotek.com"><font size="2">DNAgenotek.com</font></a><font size="2">:Saliva DNA</font></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Knome.com"><font size="2">Knome.com</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Navigenics.com"><font size="2">Navigenics.com</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nimblegen"><font size="2">Nimblegen</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Integrated%20Genomics"><font size="2">Integrated Genomics</font></a><font size="2">: Chicago based</font></li> </ul> </td> <td> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Affymetrix"><font size="2">Affymetrix</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Celera"><font size="2">Celera</font></a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genome%20Sciences,%20Inc.">Human Genome Sciences, Inc.</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹ</span></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Microsoft"><font size="2">Microsoft</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal%20Genome%20Companies"><font size="2">Personal Genome Companies</font></a></li> <li>[[Selah Genomics]]</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Synthetic%20Genomics">Synthetic Genomics</a>: by Venter</li> </td> <td> <li>[[Agilent Genomics]]</li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Agowa"><font size="2">Agowa</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Decodeme.com"><font size="2">Decodeme.com</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Decode"><font size="2">Decode</font></a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎ</span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Illumina"><font size="2">Illumina</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/NanoGen"><font size="2">NanoGen</font></a></span></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/U.S.%20Genomics"><font size="2">U.S. Genomics</font></a></li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="4" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Meetings"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Meetings</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2010%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2010 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2007%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2007 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2004%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2004 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2009%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2009 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2006%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2006 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2003%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2003 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2008%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2008 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2005%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2005 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2002%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2002 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Centers"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Institutes and Centers</span></a></strong></span></span></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Sanger%20Institute">Sanger Institute</a>&nbsp;UK</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/BGI">BGI</a>&nbsp;China</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/PGI">PGI</a>&nbsp;Korea</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/JGI">JGI</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/IGS%20at%20Maryland">IGS</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/IGB%20at%20UCI">IGB at UCI</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/JCVI">JCVI</a>&nbsp;USA</font></li> <li>[[Genomics in CDC (USA)]]</li> <li>[[DOE Genomics]]</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Organizations%20and%20Alliances"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Organizations and Alliances</strong></span></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><a href="http://bioitalliance.org/">Microsoft BioIT Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/GenomeFoundation.org">GenomeFoundation.org</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Stanford%20Genomics%20Resources">Stanford Genomics Resources</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20People">Genomics People</a>&nbsp; (put your name in this section)</span></span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/You!"><strong>You!</strong></a></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Craig%20Venter">Craig Venter</a></b></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Fred%20Sanger">Fred Sanger</a></b></li> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><font size="2"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/George%20Church">George Church</a></b></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Yang%20Huanming">Yang Huanming</a></b></span></li> </ul> </td> <td><font size="2"> <ul> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/James%20Watson">James Watson</a></b></li> </ul> </font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20by%20Country"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics by Country</strong></span></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/British%20Genomics"><span style="font-size: medium;">British Genomics</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">: Genomics in the UK</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Canadian%20Genomics">Canadian Genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chinese%20Genomics">Chinese Genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Korean%20Genomics">Korean Genomics</a></span><font size="2"><span style="font-size: medium;">:&nbsp;</span><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/PGI"><span style="font-size: medium;">PGI</span></a><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/TBI"><span style="font-size: medium;">TBI</span></a></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Netherlands%20Genomics">Netherlands Genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/US%20Genomics">US Genomics</a></span><span style="font-size: medium;">: Genomics in the USA</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Japanese%20Genomics">Japanese Genomics</a></span><font size="2"><span style="font-size: medium;">:&nbsp;</span><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/GenomeNet"><span style="font-size: medium;">GenomeNet</span></a></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">[[Autralian Genomics]]</span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Methods"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Methods</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li>Karyotyping</li> <li>Mass spectrometry</li> <li>Western blot</li> <li>Chromosomal watlking</li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li>PCR</li> <li>Yeast Two Hybrid</li> <li>Northern blot</li> <li>RFLP</li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li>Immunoprecipitation</li> <li>Southern blot</li> <li>Elisa</li> <li> <p><span style="font-size: small;">[[Method of Sample (gDNA) Preparation for Sending out]]</span></p> </li> </ul> </td> <td><font size="2"> <ul> <li>SDS-page</li> <li>Immunofluorescence</li> <li>Real-time PCR</li> </ul> </font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Theory"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Genomics L</span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">abs</span></span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;[[Dr. Ban Doohee lab in Yeonsei University Korea]]</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20History"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics History</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Glossary"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Glossary</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Programs"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Software Programs</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome%20alignement%20programs"><strong><font size="2">Genome alignement programs</font></strong></a></li> <li><strong><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome%20visualization%20programs">Genome visualization programs</a></font></strong></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="ADN static.png" width="29" height="29" src="/images/thumb/c/c2/ADN_static.png/50px-ADN_static.png" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Image"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Image</strong></span></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics Portals"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Portals</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Opinion on Genomics"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Opinions on Genomics</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><a href="About Human Genome Project"><span style="font-size: small;">About Human Genome Project</span></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics Issues and Problems"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Issues and Problems</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><a href="Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008"><span style="font-size: small;">Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008</span></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong><a href="Read Journals and Publications"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Journals</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="BMC Genomics"><font size="2">BMC Genomics</font></a></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genome Biology">Genome Biology</a>&nbsp;by BMC Ltd with Springer Science</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Elsevier Genomics">Elsevier Genomics</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="BMC Medical Genomics">BMC Medical Genomics</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Open Genomics Journal">Open Genomics Journal</a></font></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Physiological Genomics"><font size="2">Physiological Genomics</font></a><font size="2">&nbsp;by The American Physiological Society</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genome Research">Genome Research</a>&nbsp;by CSHL</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genome from NRC press">Genome from NRC press</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genomics from Elsevier">Genomics from Elsevier</a></font></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Books and Guide</span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;[[Brief guide to Genomics]] by&nbsp;<span style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">&quot;National Human Genome Research Institute.&quot;</span></span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(0, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong>[[Genomics PPT and PDF presentation files]]</strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;[[Genome rights and genome industry enhancing bill]] by&nbsp;<span style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">Jong Bhak (in Korean)</span></span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1098px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics in TV and Media</strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;<b>BBC analysis on Human Genome after 10 years in YouTube</b>: &nbsp;<a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Mu9Qv-lSrU&amp;feature=autoplay&amp;list=PLC67E043CBD218D2D&amp;playnext=2">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Mu9Qv-lSrU&amp;feature=autoplay&amp;list=PLC67E043CBD218D2D&amp;playnext=2</a></li> <li><b>Boys cured with Gene Therapy 2004 article</b>:&nbsp;<a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4101411.stm">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4101411.stm</a></li> <li>[[Theragen BiO Institute]]</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genome Wish"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genome Wish</span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-large;">:<b>what I can do with my genome.</b></span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genomics version 2.0"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics version 2.0</span></strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Full Genomics"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Full Genomics</span></strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><font color="#808080" size="6">♬</font></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genomic Art"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomic Art</strong></span></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong style="font-size: large; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: center; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;۩&nbsp;</font></strong></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics Prizes"><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Genomics Prizes</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genome references"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genome references</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Post genomics era"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Post genomics era</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">Genomics era has arrived in 2008. Post-genomics era will come in 2050. - Jong Bhak</span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(204, 255, 204);"><span style="font-size: xx-large;">&sect;</span></span><span style="font-size: xx-large;">&nbsp;</span><a href="External links"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">External links</span></span></strong></span></span></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://www.cdc.gov/genomics">CDC genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://bioinfoblog.it/">Bioinfoblog.it</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://proteome.net">Proteome.net</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://microbiome.org">Microbiome.org</a></span><font size="2"><a href="http://www.biodata.com"><span style="font-size: medium;">Laboratory Management</span></a></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://microbiomics.org/">Microbiomics.org</a></span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>&nbsp;</strong></span></span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"><span style="font-size: xx-large;">►</span></span><strong style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: x-large;">Advertisement</strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Totalomics full sequencing and bioinformatics analysis service">Totalomics full sequencing and bioinformatics analysis service</a></span></li> <li><a href="About Genomics.org"><span style="font-size: medium;">About Genomics.org</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;</span></li> <li><a href="Unleashing your genome"><span style="font-size: medium;">Unleashing your genome</span></a></li> <li><a href="Who maintains Genomics.org?"><span style="font-size: medium;">Who maintains Genomics.org?</span></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 135f1045c88560a12033da9164dfa4d334020450 4664 4663 2013-08-23T13:45:37Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p style="text-align: center;">&nbsp;<img width="700" height="140" src="/userfiles/main.jpg" style="text-align: center;" align="top" alt="" /></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><i><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Openfree"><b>Openfree</b></a></i><b><i>&nbsp;</i></b></span><b><span style="font-size: xx-large;"><font face="Courier New"><font color="#3366ff">G</font><font color="#ff0000">e</font></font><font color="#3366ff"><font face="Courier New">nomic</font><font face="Verdana">$</font>.<font face="Courier New">org&nbsp;</font></font></span></b></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><b><font color="#3366ff"><span style="font-size: small;"><a title="Genomics Organization" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics_Organization">Genomics Organization</a></span></font></b><span style="font-size: small;"><b><font color="#008080"><font color="#666699">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/What%20is%20genomics?">What is genomics?</a></font></font></b></span></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><font color="#008080"><font color="#666699">[[Genomics.org]] is a research and development organization located in La Jolla, CA.</font></font></b></span></p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/1/11/Globe_5.gif" /></strong></span></span></td> <td style="background-color: rgb(51, 0, 204);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>&nbsp;</strong></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="Genomics News and Ads Archive"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics News and Ads Archive</strong></span></a><strong>&nbsp;</strong></span></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <ul> <li>[[Korean Reference Genome Project]]</li> <li>[[Verinata gets prenatal test approval 2013 Aug]]</li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">[[Billion Genome Project]]: PGI, Genome Research Foundation &nbsp;launches Billlion Genome Project (2012 Sep. 4th). &nbsp;</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">[[Open Access Pharmacogenomics Project]]: OpenPGX launched by Indian scientists.</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">[[Faroe island nation genome project]]</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">[[Origins of the E. coli Strain Causing an Outbreak of Hemolytic&ndash;Uremic Syndrome in Germany]]. NEJM. 2011 July 27th.&nbsp;<br /> </span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Tasmanian devil genome sequenced"><span style="font-size: small;">Tasmanian devil genome sequenced</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: PNAS June 27th 2011</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Multiple myeloma genomes sequenced"><span style="font-size: small;">Multiple myeloma genomes sequenced</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: 20110324 Nature.</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Prostate cancer genomes sequenced by Broad and Dana Faber"><span style="font-size: small;">Prostate cancer genomes sequenced by Broad and Dana Faber</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: 20110214</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Desmond Tutu talks about his genome"><span style="font-size: small;">Desmond Tutu talks about his genome</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: 20110222</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) genome sequenced 20110131"><span style="font-size: small;">Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) genome sequenced 20110131</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;PNAS</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img alt="" src="/images/8/81/Paris_japonica_logo_openfree.gif" />&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica"><span style="font-size: small;">The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">: 20101009 &rArr;&nbsp;</span><a href="Genome size"><span style="font-size: small;">Genome size</span></a></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><img alt="" src="/images/d/d8/Turkey_logo_2.gif" />&nbsp;</span><a href="Turkey genome sequenced 20100907"><span style="font-size: small;">Turkey genome sequenced 20100907</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;&rArr;&nbsp;</span><a href="Bird genome"><span style="font-size: small;">Bird genome</span></a></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><img alt="" src="/images/a/a1/Scripps_logo_openfree_1.gif" />&nbsp;<img alt="" src="/images/f/fe/Sanofi_aventis_logo1.gif" />&nbsp;</span><a href="Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging"><span style="font-size: small;">Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;20100818</span></li> <li><a href="Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection"><span style="font-size: small;">Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">: 20100810</span></li> <li><a href="The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill"><span style="font-size: small;">The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">: PGP9. 20100330.</span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/b/b8/Dna_sm_tran_openfree.gif" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#ff0099" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(255, 0, 153);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>&nbsp;What is&nbsp;</strong></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics</span></span></a></strong><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong>?</strong></span></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <li><a href="Getting your own Genome">Getting your own Genome</a></li> <li><a href="Personal Genome Project">Personal Genome Project</a></li> <li><a href="Possible genomic diseases of you">Possible genomic diseases of you</a></li> <li><a href="Storing your genome in you PC">Storing your genome in you PC</a></li> <li><a href="Fully sequenced genomes">Fully sequenced genomes</a></li> <li><a href="Full Genome Sequencing">Full Genome Sequencing</a></li> <li><a href="Genomic Equality">Genomic Equality</a></li> </td> <td> <li><a href="Free Genomics Project">Free Genomics Project</a></li> <li><a href="Free genomes">Free genomes</a></li> <li><a href="Viewing your genetics family">Viewing your genetics family</a></li> <li><a href="Specific Omics">Specific Omics</a></li> <li><a href="A brief guide to genomics from NHGRI">A brief guide to genomics from NHGRI</a></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Interesting things in your Genome">Interesting things in your Genome</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Public Genomics Project">Public Genomics Project</a></span></li> </td> <td> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Compare your genome with other people's">Compare your genome with other people's</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Visualizing your genome">Visualizing your genome</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genome Projects">Genome Projects</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genome History">Genome History</a></span></li> <li>[[The principle of universal genome]]<br /> &nbsp;</li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/4/49/Running_man_1.gif" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#330099" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 0, 204);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><font color="#000000"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genomics"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Human Genomics</span></span></a></font></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Fully%20sequenced%20human%20genomes">Fully sequenced human genomes</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Fully%20sequenced%20female%20human%20genome">Fully sequenced female human genome</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mitochondrial%20Genomics">Mitochondrial Genomics</a>: Human mitochondrial genomics.</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Y%20Genomics">Y Genomics</a>: Human Y chromosome genomics.</li> <li>[[HelloGene]]</li> </td> <td> <p>&nbsp;　<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇ</span></p> </td> <td> <p><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;ㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇ</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics News Links"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics News Links</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Genomics Major Paper Publication"><span style="font-size: small;">Genomics Major Paper Publication</span></a></li> <li><a href="Your writing contribution to Genomics"><span style="font-size: small;">Your writing contribution to Genomics</span></a></li> <li><a href="Personal Genomics Issues"><span style="font-size: small;">Personal Genomics Issues</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;<b>(</b></span><b><a href="Genomic ethics"><span style="font-size: small;">Genomic ethics</span></a></b><span style="font-size: small;"><b>)</b></span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Species%20Specific%20Genomics"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Species Specific Genomics</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><span style="font-size: medium;"><font color="#0000ff"><font color="#000000"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Animal%20genomics">Animal genomics</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Plant%20genomics">Plant genomics</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Microbial%20genomics">Microbial genomics</a></b></font></font></span></p> <ul> <li>[[Primate Genomics]]</li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/C.%20elegans%20Genomics">C. elegans Genomics</a><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Cow%20genome">Cow genome</a><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Daphnia%20Genomics%20Consortium%20(DGC)">Daphnia Genomics Consortium (DGC)</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">(</font><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Insect%20genome">Insect genome</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">)</font><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Rice%20Genome%20at%20BGI%20China">Rice Genome at BGI China</a><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Sol%20Genomics">Sol Genomics</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">: Tomato</font><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Tiger%20Genome">Tiger Genome</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">:&nbsp;</font><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/TigerGenome%20Project%20by%20PGI%20Korea">TigerGenome Project by PGI Korea</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">.</font><br /> </b></li> <li><b><font color="#0000ff"><font color="#000000"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Yeast%20Genome">Yeast Genome</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">: SGD</font></font></font></b></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">&nbsp;<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong>◇&nbsp;</strong></span></span></span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-color: rgb(51, 0, 204); font-size: medium;"><a href="The first genomes"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong>The first genomes</strong></span></span></span></a></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Projects"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Projects</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li>PGP&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal%20Genome%20Project">Personal Genome Project</a></li> <li>&quot;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/$0%20Genomics%20Project">$0 Genomics Project</a>&quot; Launched on-line. Please sign<i>!</i></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome%2010k%20Project">Genome 10k Project</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20List"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics List</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Agrogenomics"><font size="2">Agrogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Anthropogenomics"><font size="2">Anthropogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Autogenomics"><font size="2">Autogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chemicogenomics"><font size="2">Chemicogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chemogenomics"><font size="2">Chemogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chemgenomics"><font size="2">Chemgenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Demogenomics"><font size="2">Demogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Ecogenomics"><font size="2">Ecogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Econogenomics"><font size="2">Econogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Equigenomics"><font size="2">Equigenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Ethnogenomics"><font size="2">Ethnogenomics</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Eugenomics"><font size="2">Eugenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Gastrogenomics"><font size="2">Gastrogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Getontogenomics"><font size="2">Getontogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Gerogenomics"><font size="2">Gerogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Hepatogenomics"><font size="2">Hepatogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Immunogenomics"><font size="2">Immunogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Immunomics"><font size="2">Immunomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mammogenomics"><font size="2">Mammogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Metagenomics"><font size="2">Metagenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Microgenomics"><font size="2">Microgenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mitogenomics"><font size="2">Mitogenomics</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mycogenomics"><font size="2">Mycogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nanogenomics"><font size="2">Nanogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Neurogenomics"><font size="2">Neurogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/NitroGenomics"><font size="2">NitroGenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nutrigenomics"><font size="2">Nutrigenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nutragenomics"><font size="2">Nutragenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Omnigenomics"><font size="2">Omnigenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Oncogenomics"><font size="2">Oncogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Osteogenomics"><font size="2">Osteogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Pangenomics"><font size="2">Pangenomics</font></a></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Phylogenomics"><font size="2">Phylogenomics</font></a></font></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul><font size="2"> <li><font size="2">&nbsp;</font><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Phytogenomics"><font size="2">Phytogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Pulmogenomics"><font size="2">Pulmogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Psychogenomics"><font size="2">Psychogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Supergenomics"><font size="2">Supergenomics</font></a></li> <li>[[syntheticgenomics]]</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Toxicogenomics"><font size="2">Toxicogenomics</font></a></li> </font></ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Branches</strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Comparative%20Genomics"><font size="2">Comparative Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Free%20Genomics"><font size="2">Free Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Health%20Genomics"><font size="2">Health Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genomics"><font size="2">Human Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Open%20Genomics"><font size="2">Open Genomics</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal%20Genomics"><font size="2">Personal Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Public%20Genomics"><font size="2">Public Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Public%20Health%20Genomics"><font size="2">Public Health Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Synthetic%20Genomics"><font size="2">Synthetic Genomics</font></a></li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Essays%20and%20Opinions"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Essays and Opinions</span></b></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The%20Ultimate%20information%20of%20human%20beings">The Ultimate information of human beings</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Who%20have%20to%20insist%20on%20the%20first%20in%20genomics">Who have to insist on the first in genomics</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomic%20Philosophy">Genomic Philosophy</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="height: 172px; width: 1020.7999877929688px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ff0000" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Projects"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">G<span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">e</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 0);">n</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153);">o</span>mics&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(0, 255, 255);">P</span><span style="color: rgb(204, 255, 255);">u</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">b</span>lication</span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">&nbsp;and&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(0, 255, 255);">P</span>apers</span></span></span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">[[Genomics]] Journal from ScienceDirect (</span><a href="http://www.journals.elsevier.com/genomics/">http://www.journals.elsevier.com/genomics/</a>)</li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Genome Research</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Genome Biology</span></b></li> <li><font size="2"><b>[[BMC Genomics]]</b></font></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">[[Major Genome Sequencing and Analysis&nbsp;Paper authors]]</span></b></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/7/79/Bioinstrument_company_logo_1.png" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4"><a href="Genomics Analysis Tools and Technology"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Analysis Tools and Technology</strong></span></a></font></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Bioinformatics"><font size="2">Bioinformatics</font></a></li> <li><a href="BioPipelines"><font size="2">BioPipelines</font></a></li> <li><a href="Biomatics"><font size="2">Biomatics</font></a></li> <li><a href="Genome compression">Genome compression</a></li> <li><a href="Amalga">Amalga</a>&nbsp;from Microsoft</li> </ul> </td> <td> <li><a href="Sequencing"><font size="2">Sequencing</font></a></li> <li><a href="GRID technology"><font size="2">GRID technology</font></a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></li> <li><a href="SNP chip"><font size="2">SNP chip</font></a></li> <li><a href="Genome sequence mapping">Genome sequence mapping</a></li> </td> <td> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Omics"><font size="2">Omics</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="BioEngine"><font size="2">BioEngine</font></a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎ</span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="BioComputing"><font size="2">BioComputing</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="JMP Genomics"><font size="2">JMP Genomics</font></a><font color="#000000" size="2">&nbsp;by SAS</font></span></li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/1/1a/Nasdaq_logo_4.png" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Companies"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Companies</strong></span></a></font></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/23andme.com"><font size="2">23andme.com</font></a></li> <li>Bhak BiO Consulting (http://bhakbio.com)</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/DNAgenotek.com"><font size="2">DNAgenotek.com</font></a><font size="2">:Saliva DNA</font></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Knome.com"><font size="2">Knome.com</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Navigenics.com"><font size="2">Navigenics.com</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nimblegen"><font size="2">Nimblegen</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Integrated%20Genomics"><font size="2">Integrated Genomics</font></a><font size="2">: Chicago based</font></li> </ul> </td> <td> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Affymetrix"><font size="2">Affymetrix</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Celera"><font size="2">Celera</font></a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genome%20Sciences,%20Inc.">Human Genome Sciences, Inc.</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹ</span></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Microsoft"><font size="2">Microsoft</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal%20Genome%20Companies"><font size="2">Personal Genome Companies</font></a></li> <li>[[Selah Genomics]]</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Synthetic%20Genomics">Synthetic Genomics</a>: by Venter</li> </td> <td> <li>[[Agilent Genomics]]</li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Agowa"><font size="2">Agowa</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Decodeme.com"><font size="2">Decodeme.com</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Decode"><font size="2">Decode</font></a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎ</span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Illumina"><font size="2">Illumina</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/NanoGen"><font size="2">NanoGen</font></a></span></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/U.S.%20Genomics"><font size="2">U.S. Genomics</font></a></li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="4" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Meetings"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Meetings</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2010%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2010 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2007%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2007 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2004%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2004 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2009%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2009 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2006%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2006 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2003%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2003 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2008%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2008 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2005%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2005 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2002%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2002 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Centers"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Institutes and Centers</span></a></strong></span></span></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Sanger%20Institute">Sanger Institute</a>&nbsp;UK</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/BGI">BGI</a>&nbsp;China</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/PGI">PGI</a>&nbsp;Korea</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/JGI">JGI</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/IGS%20at%20Maryland">IGS</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/IGB%20at%20UCI">IGB at UCI</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/JCVI">JCVI</a>&nbsp;USA</font></li> <li>[[Genomics in CDC (USA)]]</li> <li>[[DOE Genomics]]</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Organizations%20and%20Alliances"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Organizations and Alliances</strong></span></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><a href="http://bioitalliance.org/">Microsoft BioIT Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/GenomeFoundation.org">GenomeFoundation.org</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Stanford%20Genomics%20Resources">Stanford Genomics Resources</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20People">Genomics People</a>&nbsp; (put your name in this section)</span></span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/You!"><strong>You!</strong></a></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Craig%20Venter">Craig Venter</a></b></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Fred%20Sanger">Fred Sanger</a></b></li> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><font size="2"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/George%20Church">George Church</a></b></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Yang%20Huanming">Yang Huanming</a></b></span></li> </ul> </td> <td><font size="2"> <ul> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/James%20Watson">James Watson</a></b></li> </ul> </font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20by%20Country"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics by Country</strong></span></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/British%20Genomics"><span style="font-size: medium;">British Genomics</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">: Genomics in the UK</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Canadian%20Genomics">Canadian Genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chinese%20Genomics">Chinese Genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Korean%20Genomics">Korean Genomics</a></span><font size="2"><span style="font-size: medium;">:&nbsp;</span><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/PGI"><span style="font-size: medium;">PGI</span></a><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/TBI"><span style="font-size: medium;">TBI</span></a></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Netherlands%20Genomics">Netherlands Genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/US%20Genomics">US Genomics</a></span><span style="font-size: medium;">: Genomics in the USA</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Japanese%20Genomics">Japanese Genomics</a></span><font size="2"><span style="font-size: medium;">:&nbsp;</span><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/GenomeNet"><span style="font-size: medium;">GenomeNet</span></a></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">[[Autralian Genomics]]</span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Methods"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Methods</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li>Karyotyping</li> <li>Mass spectrometry</li> <li>Western blot</li> <li>Chromosomal watlking</li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li>PCR</li> <li>Yeast Two Hybrid</li> <li>Northern blot</li> <li>RFLP</li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li>Immunoprecipitation</li> <li>Southern blot</li> <li>Elisa</li> <li> <p><span style="font-size: small;">[[Method of Sample (gDNA) Preparation for Sending out]]</span></p> </li> </ul> </td> <td><font size="2"> <ul> <li>SDS-page</li> <li>Immunofluorescence</li> <li>Real-time PCR</li> </ul> </font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Theory"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Genomics L</span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">abs</span></span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;[[Dr. Ban Doohee lab in Yeonsei University Korea]]</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20History"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics History</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Glossary"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Glossary</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Programs"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Software Programs</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome%20alignement%20programs"><strong><font size="2">Genome alignement programs</font></strong></a></li> <li><strong><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome%20visualization%20programs">Genome visualization programs</a></font></strong></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="ADN static.png" width="29" height="29" src="/images/thumb/c/c2/ADN_static.png/50px-ADN_static.png" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Image"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Image</strong></span></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics Portals"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Portals</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Opinion on Genomics"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Opinions on Genomics</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><a href="About Human Genome Project"><span style="font-size: small;">About Human Genome Project</span></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics Issues and Problems"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Issues and Problems</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><a href="Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008"><span style="font-size: small;">Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008</span></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong><a href="Read Journals and Publications"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Journals</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="BMC Genomics"><font size="2">BMC Genomics</font></a></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genome Biology">Genome Biology</a>&nbsp;by BMC Ltd with Springer Science</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Elsevier Genomics">Elsevier Genomics</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="BMC Medical Genomics">BMC Medical Genomics</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Open Genomics Journal">Open Genomics Journal</a></font></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Physiological Genomics"><font size="2">Physiological Genomics</font></a><font size="2">&nbsp;by The American Physiological Society</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genome Research">Genome Research</a>&nbsp;by CSHL</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genome from NRC press">Genome from NRC press</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genomics from Elsevier">Genomics from Elsevier</a></font></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Books and Guide</span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;[[Brief guide to Genomics]] by&nbsp;<span style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">&quot;National Human Genome Research Institute.&quot;</span></span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"> <p><span style="color: rgb(204, 255, 204);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong>[[Genomics PPT and PDF presentation files]]</strong></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;[[Genome rights and genome industry enhancing bill]] by&nbsp;<span style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">Jong Bhak (in Korean)</span></span></p> </li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1098px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics in TV and Media</strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;<b>BBC analysis on Human Genome after 10 years in YouTube</b>: &nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Mu9Qv-lSrU&amp;feature=autoplay&amp;list=PLC67E043CBD218D2D&amp;playnext=2"><span style="font-size: medium;">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Mu9Qv-lSrU&amp;feature=autoplay&amp;list=PLC67E043CBD218D2D&amp;playnext=2</span></a></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Boys cured with Gene Therapy 2004 article</b>:&nbsp;</span><a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4101411.stm"><span style="font-size: medium;">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4101411.stm</span></a></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">[[Theragen BiO Institute]]</span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genome Wish"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genome Wish</span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-large;">:<b>what I can do with my genome.</b></span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genomics version 2.0"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics version 2.0</span></strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Full Genomics"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Full Genomics</span></strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><font color="#808080" size="6">♬</font></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genomic Art"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomic Art</strong></span></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong style="font-size: large; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: center; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;۩&nbsp;</font></strong></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics Prizes"><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Genomics Prizes</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genome references"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genome references</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Post genomics era"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Post genomics era</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">Genomics era has arrived in 2008. Post-genomics era will come in 2050. - Jong Bhak</span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(204, 255, 204);"><span style="font-size: xx-large;">&sect;</span></span><span style="font-size: xx-large;">&nbsp;</span><a href="External links"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">External links</span></span></strong></span></span></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://www.cdc.gov/genomics">CDC genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://bioinfoblog.it/">Bioinfoblog.it</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://proteome.net">Proteome.net</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://microbiome.org">Microbiome.org</a></span><font size="2"><a href="http://www.biodata.com"><span style="font-size: medium;">Laboratory Management</span></a></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://microbiomics.org/">Microbiomics.org</a></span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>&nbsp;</strong></span></span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"><span style="font-size: xx-large;">►</span></span><strong style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: x-large;">Advertisement</strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Totalomics full sequencing and bioinformatics analysis service">Totalomics full sequencing and bioinformatics analysis service</a></span></li> <li><a href="About Genomics.org"><span style="font-size: medium;">About Genomics.org</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;</span></li> <li><a href="Unleashing your genome"><span style="font-size: medium;">Unleashing your genome</span></a></li> <li><a href="Who maintains Genomics.org?"><span style="font-size: medium;">Who maintains Genomics.org?</span></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 4a2bdf5ab51067213d8550cddd15c883d326ea66 4665 4664 2013-08-23T13:46:21Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p style="text-align: center;">&nbsp;<img width="700" height="140" src="/userfiles/main.jpg" style="text-align: center;" align="top" alt="" /></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><i><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Openfree"><b>Openfree</b></a></i><b><i>&nbsp;</i></b></span><b><span style="font-size: xx-large;"><font face="Courier New"><font color="#3366ff">G</font><font color="#ff0000">e</font></font><font color="#3366ff"><font face="Courier New">nomic</font><font face="Verdana">$</font>.<font face="Courier New">org&nbsp;</font></font></span></b></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><b><font color="#3366ff"><span style="font-size: small;"><a title="Genomics Organization" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics_Organization">Genomics Organization</a></span></font></b><span style="font-size: small;"><b><font color="#008080"><font color="#666699">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/What%20is%20genomics?">What is genomics?</a></font></font></b></span></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><font color="#008080"><font color="#666699">[[Genomics.org]] is a research and development organization located in La Jolla, CA.</font></font></b></span></p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/1/11/Globe_5.gif" /></strong></span></span></td> <td style="background-color: rgb(51, 0, 204);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>&nbsp;</strong></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="Genomics News and Ads Archive"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics News and Ads Archive</strong></span></a><strong>&nbsp;</strong></span></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <ul> <li>[[Korean Reference Genome Project]]</li> <li>[[Verinata gets prenatal test approval 2013 Aug]]</li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">[[Billion Genome Project]]: PGI, Genome Research Foundation &nbsp;launches Billlion Genome Project (2012 Sep. 4th). &nbsp;</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">[[Open Access Pharmacogenomics Project]]: OpenPGX launched by Indian scientists.</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">[[Faroe island nation genome project]]</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">[[Origins of the E. coli Strain Causing an Outbreak of Hemolytic&ndash;Uremic Syndrome in Germany]]. NEJM. 2011 July 27th.&nbsp;<br /> </span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Tasmanian devil genome sequenced"><span style="font-size: small;">Tasmanian devil genome sequenced</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: PNAS June 27th 2011</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Multiple myeloma genomes sequenced"><span style="font-size: small;">Multiple myeloma genomes sequenced</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: 20110324 Nature.</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Prostate cancer genomes sequenced by Broad and Dana Faber"><span style="font-size: small;">Prostate cancer genomes sequenced by Broad and Dana Faber</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: 20110214</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Desmond Tutu talks about his genome"><span style="font-size: small;">Desmond Tutu talks about his genome</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: 20110222</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) genome sequenced 20110131"><span style="font-size: small;">Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) genome sequenced 20110131</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;PNAS</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img alt="" src="/images/8/81/Paris_japonica_logo_openfree.gif" />&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica"><span style="font-size: small;">The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">: 20101009 &rArr;&nbsp;</span><a href="Genome size"><span style="font-size: small;">Genome size</span></a></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><img alt="" src="/images/d/d8/Turkey_logo_2.gif" />&nbsp;</span><a href="Turkey genome sequenced 20100907"><span style="font-size: small;">Turkey genome sequenced 20100907</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;&rArr;&nbsp;</span><a href="Bird genome"><span style="font-size: small;">Bird genome</span></a></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><img alt="" src="/images/a/a1/Scripps_logo_openfree_1.gif" />&nbsp;<img alt="" src="/images/f/fe/Sanofi_aventis_logo1.gif" />&nbsp;</span><a href="Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging"><span style="font-size: small;">Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;20100818</span></li> <li><a href="Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection"><span style="font-size: small;">Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">: 20100810</span></li> <li><a href="The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill"><span style="font-size: small;">The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">: PGP9. 20100330.</span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/b/b8/Dna_sm_tran_openfree.gif" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#ff0099" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(255, 0, 153);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>&nbsp;What is&nbsp;</strong></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics</span></span></a></strong><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong>?</strong></span></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <li><a href="Getting your own Genome">Getting your own Genome</a></li> <li><a href="Personal Genome Project">Personal Genome Project</a></li> <li><a href="Possible genomic diseases of you">Possible genomic diseases of you</a></li> <li><a href="Storing your genome in you PC">Storing your genome in you PC</a></li> <li><a href="Fully sequenced genomes">Fully sequenced genomes</a></li> <li><a href="Full Genome Sequencing">Full Genome Sequencing</a></li> <li><a href="Genomic Equality">Genomic Equality</a></li> </td> <td> <li><a href="Free Genomics Project">Free Genomics Project</a></li> <li><a href="Free genomes">Free genomes</a></li> <li><a href="Viewing your genetics family">Viewing your genetics family</a></li> <li><a href="Specific Omics">Specific Omics</a></li> <li><a href="A brief guide to genomics from NHGRI">A brief guide to genomics from NHGRI</a></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Interesting things in your Genome">Interesting things in your Genome</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Public Genomics Project">Public Genomics Project</a></span></li> </td> <td> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Compare your genome with other people's">Compare your genome with other people's</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Visualizing your genome">Visualizing your genome</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genome Projects">Genome Projects</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genome History">Genome History</a></span></li> <li>[[The principle of universal genome]]<br /> &nbsp;</li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/4/49/Running_man_1.gif" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#330099" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 0, 204);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><font color="#000000"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genomics"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Human Genomics</span></span></a></font></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Fully%20sequenced%20human%20genomes">Fully sequenced human genomes</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Fully%20sequenced%20female%20human%20genome">Fully sequenced female human genome</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mitochondrial%20Genomics">Mitochondrial Genomics</a>: Human mitochondrial genomics.</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Y%20Genomics">Y Genomics</a>: Human Y chromosome genomics.</li> <li>[[HelloGene]]</li> </td> <td> <p>&nbsp;　<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇ</span></p> </td> <td> <p><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;ㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇ</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics News Links"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics News Links</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Genomics Major Paper Publication"><span style="font-size: small;">Genomics Major Paper Publication</span></a></li> <li><a href="Your writing contribution to Genomics"><span style="font-size: small;">Your writing contribution to Genomics</span></a></li> <li><a href="Personal Genomics Issues"><span style="font-size: small;">Personal Genomics Issues</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;<b>(</b></span><b><a href="Genomic ethics"><span style="font-size: small;">Genomic ethics</span></a></b><span style="font-size: small;"><b>)</b></span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Species%20Specific%20Genomics"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Species Specific Genomics</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><span style="font-size: medium;"><font color="#0000ff"><font color="#000000"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Animal%20genomics">Animal genomics</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Plant%20genomics">Plant genomics</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Microbial%20genomics">Microbial genomics</a></b></font></font></span></p> <ul> <li>[[Primate Genomics]]</li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/C.%20elegans%20Genomics">C. elegans Genomics</a><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Cow%20genome">Cow genome</a><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Daphnia%20Genomics%20Consortium%20(DGC)">Daphnia Genomics Consortium (DGC)</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">(</font><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Insect%20genome">Insect genome</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">)</font><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Rice%20Genome%20at%20BGI%20China">Rice Genome at BGI China</a><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Sol%20Genomics">Sol Genomics</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">: Tomato</font><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Tiger%20Genome">Tiger Genome</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">:&nbsp;</font><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/TigerGenome%20Project%20by%20PGI%20Korea">TigerGenome Project by PGI Korea</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">.</font><br /> </b></li> <li><b><font color="#0000ff"><font color="#000000"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Yeast%20Genome">Yeast Genome</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">: SGD</font></font></font></b></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">&nbsp;<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong>◇&nbsp;</strong></span></span></span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-color: rgb(51, 0, 204); font-size: medium;"><a href="The first genomes"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong>The first genomes</strong></span></span></span></a></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Projects"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Projects</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li>PGP&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal%20Genome%20Project">Personal Genome Project</a></li> <li>&quot;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/$0%20Genomics%20Project">$0 Genomics Project</a>&quot; Launched on-line. Please sign<i>!</i></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome%2010k%20Project">Genome 10k Project</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20List"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics List</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Agrogenomics"><font size="2">Agrogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Anthropogenomics"><font size="2">Anthropogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Autogenomics"><font size="2">Autogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chemicogenomics"><font size="2">Chemicogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chemogenomics"><font size="2">Chemogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chemgenomics"><font size="2">Chemgenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Demogenomics"><font size="2">Demogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Ecogenomics"><font size="2">Ecogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Econogenomics"><font size="2">Econogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Equigenomics"><font size="2">Equigenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Ethnogenomics"><font size="2">Ethnogenomics</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Eugenomics"><font size="2">Eugenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Gastrogenomics"><font size="2">Gastrogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Getontogenomics"><font size="2">Getontogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Gerogenomics"><font size="2">Gerogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Hepatogenomics"><font size="2">Hepatogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Immunogenomics"><font size="2">Immunogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Immunomics"><font size="2">Immunomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mammogenomics"><font size="2">Mammogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Metagenomics"><font size="2">Metagenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Microgenomics"><font size="2">Microgenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mitogenomics"><font size="2">Mitogenomics</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mycogenomics"><font size="2">Mycogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nanogenomics"><font size="2">Nanogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Neurogenomics"><font size="2">Neurogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/NitroGenomics"><font size="2">NitroGenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nutrigenomics"><font size="2">Nutrigenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nutragenomics"><font size="2">Nutragenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Omnigenomics"><font size="2">Omnigenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Oncogenomics"><font size="2">Oncogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Osteogenomics"><font size="2">Osteogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Pangenomics"><font size="2">Pangenomics</font></a></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Phylogenomics"><font size="2">Phylogenomics</font></a></font></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul><font size="2"> <li><font size="2">&nbsp;</font><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Phytogenomics"><font size="2">Phytogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Pulmogenomics"><font size="2">Pulmogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Psychogenomics"><font size="2">Psychogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Supergenomics"><font size="2">Supergenomics</font></a></li> <li>[[syntheticgenomics]]</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Toxicogenomics"><font size="2">Toxicogenomics</font></a></li> </font></ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Branches</strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Comparative%20Genomics"><font size="2">Comparative Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Free%20Genomics"><font size="2">Free Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Health%20Genomics"><font size="2">Health Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genomics"><font size="2">Human Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Open%20Genomics"><font size="2">Open Genomics</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal%20Genomics"><font size="2">Personal Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Public%20Genomics"><font size="2">Public Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Public%20Health%20Genomics"><font size="2">Public Health Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Synthetic%20Genomics"><font size="2">Synthetic Genomics</font></a></li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Essays%20and%20Opinions"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Essays and Opinions</span></b></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The%20Ultimate%20information%20of%20human%20beings">The Ultimate information of human beings</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Who%20have%20to%20insist%20on%20the%20first%20in%20genomics">Who have to insist on the first in genomics</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomic%20Philosophy">Genomic Philosophy</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="height: 172px; width: 1020.7999877929688px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ff0000" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Projects"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">G<span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">e</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 0);">n</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153);">o</span>mics&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(0, 255, 255);">P</span><span style="color: rgb(204, 255, 255);">u</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">b</span>lication</span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">&nbsp;and&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(0, 255, 255);">P</span>apers</span></span></span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">[[Genomics]] Journal from ScienceDirect (</span><a href="http://www.journals.elsevier.com/genomics/">http://www.journals.elsevier.com/genomics/</a>)</li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Genome Research</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Genome Biology</span></b></li> <li><font size="2"><b>[[BMC Genomics]]</b></font></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">[[Major Genome Sequencing and Analysis&nbsp;Paper authors]]</span></b></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/7/79/Bioinstrument_company_logo_1.png" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4"><a href="Genomics Analysis Tools and Technology"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Analysis Tools and Technology</strong></span></a></font></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Bioinformatics"><font size="2">Bioinformatics</font></a></li> <li><a href="BioPipelines"><font size="2">BioPipelines</font></a></li> <li><a href="Biomatics"><font size="2">Biomatics</font></a></li> <li><a href="Genome compression">Genome compression</a></li> <li><a href="Amalga">Amalga</a>&nbsp;from Microsoft</li> </ul> </td> <td> <li><a href="Sequencing"><font size="2">Sequencing</font></a></li> <li><a href="GRID technology"><font size="2">GRID technology</font></a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></li> <li><a href="SNP chip"><font size="2">SNP chip</font></a></li> <li><a href="Genome sequence mapping">Genome sequence mapping</a></li> </td> <td> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Omics"><font size="2">Omics</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="BioEngine"><font size="2">BioEngine</font></a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎ</span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="BioComputing"><font size="2">BioComputing</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="JMP Genomics"><font size="2">JMP Genomics</font></a><font color="#000000" size="2">&nbsp;by SAS</font></span></li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/1/1a/Nasdaq_logo_4.png" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Companies"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Companies</strong></span></a></font></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/23andme.com"><font size="2">23andme.com</font></a></li> <li>Bhak BiO Consulting (http://bhakbio.com)</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/DNAgenotek.com"><font size="2">DNAgenotek.com</font></a><font size="2">:Saliva DNA</font></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Knome.com"><font size="2">Knome.com</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Navigenics.com"><font size="2">Navigenics.com</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nimblegen"><font size="2">Nimblegen</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Integrated%20Genomics"><font size="2">Integrated Genomics</font></a><font size="2">: Chicago based</font></li> </ul> </td> <td> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Affymetrix"><font size="2">Affymetrix</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Celera"><font size="2">Celera</font></a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genome%20Sciences,%20Inc.">Human Genome Sciences, Inc.</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹ</span></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Microsoft"><font size="2">Microsoft</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal%20Genome%20Companies"><font size="2">Personal Genome Companies</font></a></li> <li>[[Selah Genomics]]</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Synthetic%20Genomics">Synthetic Genomics</a>: by Venter</li> </td> <td> <li>[[Agilent Genomics]]</li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Agowa"><font size="2">Agowa</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Decodeme.com"><font size="2">Decodeme.com</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Decode"><font size="2">Decode</font></a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎ</span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Illumina"><font size="2">Illumina</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/NanoGen"><font size="2">NanoGen</font></a></span></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/U.S.%20Genomics"><font size="2">U.S. Genomics</font></a></li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="4" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Meetings"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Meetings</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2010%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2010 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2007%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2007 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2004%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2004 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2009%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2009 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2006%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2006 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2003%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2003 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2008%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2008 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2005%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2005 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2002%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2002 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Centers"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Institutes and Centers</span></a></strong></span></span></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Sanger%20Institute">Sanger Institute</a>&nbsp;UK</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/BGI">BGI</a>&nbsp;China</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/PGI">PGI</a>&nbsp;Korea</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/JGI">JGI</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/IGS%20at%20Maryland">IGS</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/IGB%20at%20UCI">IGB at UCI</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/JCVI">JCVI</a>&nbsp;USA</font></li> <li>[[Genomics in CDC (USA)]]</li> <li>[[DOE Genomics]]</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Organizations%20and%20Alliances"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Organizations and Alliances</strong></span></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><a href="http://bioitalliance.org/">Microsoft BioIT Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/GenomeFoundation.org">GenomeFoundation.org</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Stanford%20Genomics%20Resources">Stanford Genomics Resources</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20People">Genomics People</a>&nbsp; (put your name in this section)</span></span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/You!"><strong>You!</strong></a></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Craig%20Venter">Craig Venter</a></b></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Fred%20Sanger">Fred Sanger</a></b></li> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><font size="2"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/George%20Church">George Church</a></b></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Yang%20Huanming">Yang Huanming</a></b></span></li> </ul> </td> <td><font size="2"> <ul> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/James%20Watson">James Watson</a></b></li> </ul> </font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20by%20Country"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics by Country</strong></span></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/British%20Genomics"><span style="font-size: medium;">British Genomics</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">: Genomics in the UK</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Canadian%20Genomics">Canadian Genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chinese%20Genomics">Chinese Genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Korean%20Genomics">Korean Genomics</a></span><font size="2"><span style="font-size: medium;">:&nbsp;</span><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/PGI"><span style="font-size: medium;">PGI</span></a><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/TBI"><span style="font-size: medium;">TBI</span></a></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Netherlands%20Genomics">Netherlands Genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/US%20Genomics">US Genomics</a></span><span style="font-size: medium;">: Genomics in the USA</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Japanese%20Genomics">Japanese Genomics</a></span><font size="2"><span style="font-size: medium;">:&nbsp;</span><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/GenomeNet"><span style="font-size: medium;">GenomeNet</span></a></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">[[Autralian Genomics]]</span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Methods"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Methods</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li>Karyotyping</li> <li>Mass spectrometry</li> <li>Western blot</li> <li>Chromosomal watlking</li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li>PCR</li> <li>Yeast Two Hybrid</li> <li>Northern blot</li> <li>RFLP</li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li>Immunoprecipitation</li> <li>Southern blot</li> <li>Elisa</li> <li> <p><span style="font-size: small;">[[Method of Sample (gDNA) Preparation for Sending out]]</span></p> </li> </ul> </td> <td><font size="2"> <ul> <li>SDS-page</li> <li>Immunofluorescence</li> <li>Real-time PCR</li> </ul> </font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Theory"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Genomics L</span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">abs</span></span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;[[Dr. Ban Doohee lab in Yeonsei University Korea]]</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20History"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics History</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Glossary"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Glossary</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Programs"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Software Programs</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome%20alignement%20programs"><strong><font size="2">Genome alignement programs</font></strong></a></li> <li><strong><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome%20visualization%20programs">Genome visualization programs</a></font></strong></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="ADN static.png" width="29" height="29" src="/images/thumb/c/c2/ADN_static.png/50px-ADN_static.png" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Image"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Image</strong></span></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics Portals"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Portals</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Opinion on Genomics"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Opinions on Genomics</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><a href="About Human Genome Project"><span style="font-size: small;">About Human Genome Project</span></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics Issues and Problems"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Issues and Problems</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><a href="Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008"><span style="font-size: small;">Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008</span></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong><a href="Read Journals and Publications"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Journals</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="BMC Genomics"><font size="2">BMC Genomics</font></a></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genome Biology">Genome Biology</a>&nbsp;by BMC Ltd with Springer Science</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Elsevier Genomics">Elsevier Genomics</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="BMC Medical Genomics">BMC Medical Genomics</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Open Genomics Journal">Open Genomics Journal</a></font></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Physiological Genomics"><font size="2">Physiological Genomics</font></a><font size="2">&nbsp;by The American Physiological Society</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genome Research">Genome Research</a>&nbsp;by CSHL</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genome from NRC press">Genome from NRC press</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genomics from Elsevier">Genomics from Elsevier</a></font></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Books and Guide</span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;[[Brief guide to Genomics]] by&nbsp;<span style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">&quot;National Human Genome Research Institute.&quot;</span></span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"> <p>&nbsp;</p> <span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"> <p>&nbsp;</p> </span><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 255);"> <p>&nbsp;</p> </span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 153);"> <p><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong>[[Genomics PPT and PDF presentation files]]</strong></span></p> </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;[[Genome rights and genome industry enhancing bill]] by&nbsp;<span style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">Jong Bhak (in Korean)</span></span></p> </li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1098px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics in TV and Media</strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;<b>BBC analysis on Human Genome after 10 years in YouTube</b>: &nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Mu9Qv-lSrU&amp;feature=autoplay&amp;list=PLC67E043CBD218D2D&amp;playnext=2"><span style="font-size: medium;">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Mu9Qv-lSrU&amp;feature=autoplay&amp;list=PLC67E043CBD218D2D&amp;playnext=2</span></a></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Boys cured with Gene Therapy 2004 article</b>:&nbsp;</span><a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4101411.stm"><span style="font-size: medium;">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4101411.stm</span></a></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">[[Theragen BiO Institute]]</span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genome Wish"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genome Wish</span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-large;">:<b>what I can do with my genome.</b></span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genomics version 2.0"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics version 2.0</span></strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Full Genomics"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Full Genomics</span></strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><font color="#808080" size="6">♬</font></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genomic Art"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomic Art</strong></span></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong style="font-size: large; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: center; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;۩&nbsp;</font></strong></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics Prizes"><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Genomics Prizes</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genome references"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genome references</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Post genomics era"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Post genomics era</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">Genomics era has arrived in 2008. Post-genomics era will come in 2050. - Jong Bhak</span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(204, 255, 204);"><span style="font-size: xx-large;">&sect;</span></span><span style="font-size: xx-large;">&nbsp;</span><a href="External links"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">External links</span></span></strong></span></span></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://www.cdc.gov/genomics">CDC genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://bioinfoblog.it/">Bioinfoblog.it</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://proteome.net">Proteome.net</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://microbiome.org">Microbiome.org</a></span><font size="2"><a href="http://www.biodata.com"><span style="font-size: medium;">Laboratory Management</span></a></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://microbiomics.org/">Microbiomics.org</a></span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>&nbsp;</strong></span></span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"><span style="font-size: xx-large;">►</span></span><strong style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: x-large;">Advertisement</strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Totalomics full sequencing and bioinformatics analysis service">Totalomics full sequencing and bioinformatics analysis service</a></span></li> <li><a href="About Genomics.org"><span style="font-size: medium;">About Genomics.org</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;</span></li> <li><a href="Unleashing your genome"><span style="font-size: medium;">Unleashing your genome</span></a></li> <li><a href="Who maintains Genomics.org?"><span style="font-size: medium;">Who maintains Genomics.org?</span></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 6a78153ee6e384c09949d89dc6a665d1ff6c356a 4666 4665 2013-08-23T13:46:56Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p style="text-align: center;">&nbsp;<img width="700" height="140" src="/userfiles/main.jpg" style="text-align: center;" align="top" alt="" /></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><i><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Openfree"><b>Openfree</b></a></i><b><i>&nbsp;</i></b></span><b><span style="font-size: xx-large;"><font face="Courier New"><font color="#3366ff">G</font><font color="#ff0000">e</font></font><font color="#3366ff"><font face="Courier New">nomic</font><font face="Verdana">$</font>.<font face="Courier New">org&nbsp;</font></font></span></b></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><b><font color="#3366ff"><span style="font-size: small;"><a title="Genomics Organization" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics_Organization">Genomics Organization</a></span></font></b><span style="font-size: small;"><b><font color="#008080"><font color="#666699">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/What%20is%20genomics?">What is genomics?</a></font></font></b></span></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><font color="#008080"><font color="#666699">[[Genomics.org]] is a research and development organization located in La Jolla, CA.</font></font></b></span></p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/1/11/Globe_5.gif" /></strong></span></span></td> <td style="background-color: rgb(51, 0, 204);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>&nbsp;</strong></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="Genomics News and Ads Archive"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics News and Ads Archive</strong></span></a><strong>&nbsp;</strong></span></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <ul> <li>[[Korean Reference Genome Project]]</li> <li>[[Verinata gets prenatal test approval 2013 Aug]]</li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">[[Billion Genome Project]]: PGI, Genome Research Foundation &nbsp;launches Billlion Genome Project (2012 Sep. 4th). &nbsp;</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">[[Open Access Pharmacogenomics Project]]: OpenPGX launched by Indian scientists.</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">[[Faroe island nation genome project]]</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">[[Origins of the E. coli Strain Causing an Outbreak of Hemolytic&ndash;Uremic Syndrome in Germany]]. NEJM. 2011 July 27th.&nbsp;<br /> </span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Tasmanian devil genome sequenced"><span style="font-size: small;">Tasmanian devil genome sequenced</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: PNAS June 27th 2011</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Multiple myeloma genomes sequenced"><span style="font-size: small;">Multiple myeloma genomes sequenced</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: 20110324 Nature.</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Prostate cancer genomes sequenced by Broad and Dana Faber"><span style="font-size: small;">Prostate cancer genomes sequenced by Broad and Dana Faber</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: 20110214</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Desmond Tutu talks about his genome"><span style="font-size: small;">Desmond Tutu talks about his genome</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: 20110222</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) genome sequenced 20110131"><span style="font-size: small;">Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) genome sequenced 20110131</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;PNAS</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img alt="" src="/images/8/81/Paris_japonica_logo_openfree.gif" />&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica"><span style="font-size: small;">The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">: 20101009 &rArr;&nbsp;</span><a href="Genome size"><span style="font-size: small;">Genome size</span></a></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><img alt="" src="/images/d/d8/Turkey_logo_2.gif" />&nbsp;</span><a href="Turkey genome sequenced 20100907"><span style="font-size: small;">Turkey genome sequenced 20100907</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;&rArr;&nbsp;</span><a href="Bird genome"><span style="font-size: small;">Bird genome</span></a></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><img alt="" src="/images/a/a1/Scripps_logo_openfree_1.gif" />&nbsp;<img alt="" src="/images/f/fe/Sanofi_aventis_logo1.gif" />&nbsp;</span><a href="Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging"><span style="font-size: small;">Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;20100818</span></li> <li><a href="Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection"><span style="font-size: small;">Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">: 20100810</span></li> <li><a href="The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill"><span style="font-size: small;">The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">: PGP9. 20100330.</span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/b/b8/Dna_sm_tran_openfree.gif" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#ff0099" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(255, 0, 153);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>&nbsp;What is&nbsp;</strong></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics</span></span></a></strong><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong>?</strong></span></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <li><a href="Getting your own Genome">Getting your own Genome</a></li> <li><a href="Personal Genome Project">Personal Genome Project</a></li> <li><a href="Possible genomic diseases of you">Possible genomic diseases of you</a></li> <li><a href="Storing your genome in you PC">Storing your genome in you PC</a></li> <li><a href="Fully sequenced genomes">Fully sequenced genomes</a></li> <li><a href="Full Genome Sequencing">Full Genome Sequencing</a></li> <li><a href="Genomic Equality">Genomic Equality</a></li> </td> <td> <li><a href="Free Genomics Project">Free Genomics Project</a></li> <li><a href="Free genomes">Free genomes</a></li> <li><a href="Viewing your genetics family">Viewing your genetics family</a></li> <li><a href="Specific Omics">Specific Omics</a></li> <li><a href="A brief guide to genomics from NHGRI">A brief guide to genomics from NHGRI</a></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Interesting things in your Genome">Interesting things in your Genome</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Public Genomics Project">Public Genomics Project</a></span></li> </td> <td> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Compare your genome with other people's">Compare your genome with other people's</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Visualizing your genome">Visualizing your genome</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genome Projects">Genome Projects</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genome History">Genome History</a></span></li> <li>[[The principle of universal genome]]<br /> &nbsp;</li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/4/49/Running_man_1.gif" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#330099" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 0, 204);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><font color="#000000"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genomics"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Human Genomics</span></span></a></font></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Fully%20sequenced%20human%20genomes">Fully sequenced human genomes</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Fully%20sequenced%20female%20human%20genome">Fully sequenced female human genome</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mitochondrial%20Genomics">Mitochondrial Genomics</a>: Human mitochondrial genomics.</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Y%20Genomics">Y Genomics</a>: Human Y chromosome genomics.</li> <li>[[HelloGene]]</li> </td> <td> <p>&nbsp;　<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇ</span></p> </td> <td> <p><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;ㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇ</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics News Links"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics News Links</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Genomics Major Paper Publication"><span style="font-size: small;">Genomics Major Paper Publication</span></a></li> <li><a href="Your writing contribution to Genomics"><span style="font-size: small;">Your writing contribution to Genomics</span></a></li> <li><a href="Personal Genomics Issues"><span style="font-size: small;">Personal Genomics Issues</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;<b>(</b></span><b><a href="Genomic ethics"><span style="font-size: small;">Genomic ethics</span></a></b><span style="font-size: small;"><b>)</b></span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Species%20Specific%20Genomics"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Species Specific Genomics</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><span style="font-size: medium;"><font color="#0000ff"><font color="#000000"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Animal%20genomics">Animal genomics</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Plant%20genomics">Plant genomics</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Microbial%20genomics">Microbial genomics</a></b></font></font></span></p> <ul> <li>[[Primate Genomics]]</li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/C.%20elegans%20Genomics">C. elegans Genomics</a><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Cow%20genome">Cow genome</a><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Daphnia%20Genomics%20Consortium%20(DGC)">Daphnia Genomics Consortium (DGC)</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">(</font><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Insect%20genome">Insect genome</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">)</font><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Rice%20Genome%20at%20BGI%20China">Rice Genome at BGI China</a><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Sol%20Genomics">Sol Genomics</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">: Tomato</font><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Tiger%20Genome">Tiger Genome</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">:&nbsp;</font><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/TigerGenome%20Project%20by%20PGI%20Korea">TigerGenome Project by PGI Korea</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">.</font><br /> </b></li> <li><b><font color="#0000ff"><font color="#000000"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Yeast%20Genome">Yeast Genome</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">: SGD</font></font></font></b></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">&nbsp;<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong>◇&nbsp;</strong></span></span></span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-color: rgb(51, 0, 204); font-size: medium;"><a href="The first genomes"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong>The first genomes</strong></span></span></span></a></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Projects"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Projects</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li>PGP&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal%20Genome%20Project">Personal Genome Project</a></li> <li>&quot;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/$0%20Genomics%20Project">$0 Genomics Project</a>&quot; Launched on-line. Please sign<i>!</i></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome%2010k%20Project">Genome 10k Project</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20List"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics List</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Agrogenomics"><font size="2">Agrogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Anthropogenomics"><font size="2">Anthropogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Autogenomics"><font size="2">Autogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chemicogenomics"><font size="2">Chemicogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chemogenomics"><font size="2">Chemogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chemgenomics"><font size="2">Chemgenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Demogenomics"><font size="2">Demogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Ecogenomics"><font size="2">Ecogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Econogenomics"><font size="2">Econogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Equigenomics"><font size="2">Equigenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Ethnogenomics"><font size="2">Ethnogenomics</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Eugenomics"><font size="2">Eugenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Gastrogenomics"><font size="2">Gastrogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Getontogenomics"><font size="2">Getontogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Gerogenomics"><font size="2">Gerogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Hepatogenomics"><font size="2">Hepatogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Immunogenomics"><font size="2">Immunogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Immunomics"><font size="2">Immunomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mammogenomics"><font size="2">Mammogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Metagenomics"><font size="2">Metagenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Microgenomics"><font size="2">Microgenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mitogenomics"><font size="2">Mitogenomics</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mycogenomics"><font size="2">Mycogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nanogenomics"><font size="2">Nanogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Neurogenomics"><font size="2">Neurogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/NitroGenomics"><font size="2">NitroGenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nutrigenomics"><font size="2">Nutrigenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nutragenomics"><font size="2">Nutragenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Omnigenomics"><font size="2">Omnigenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Oncogenomics"><font size="2">Oncogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Osteogenomics"><font size="2">Osteogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Pangenomics"><font size="2">Pangenomics</font></a></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Phylogenomics"><font size="2">Phylogenomics</font></a></font></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul><font size="2"> <li><font size="2">&nbsp;</font><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Phytogenomics"><font size="2">Phytogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Pulmogenomics"><font size="2">Pulmogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Psychogenomics"><font size="2">Psychogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Supergenomics"><font size="2">Supergenomics</font></a></li> <li>[[syntheticgenomics]]</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Toxicogenomics"><font size="2">Toxicogenomics</font></a></li> </font></ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Branches</strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Comparative%20Genomics"><font size="2">Comparative Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Free%20Genomics"><font size="2">Free Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Health%20Genomics"><font size="2">Health Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genomics"><font size="2">Human Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Open%20Genomics"><font size="2">Open Genomics</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal%20Genomics"><font size="2">Personal Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Public%20Genomics"><font size="2">Public Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Public%20Health%20Genomics"><font size="2">Public Health Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Synthetic%20Genomics"><font size="2">Synthetic Genomics</font></a></li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Essays%20and%20Opinions"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Essays and Opinions</span></b></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The%20Ultimate%20information%20of%20human%20beings">The Ultimate information of human beings</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Who%20have%20to%20insist%20on%20the%20first%20in%20genomics">Who have to insist on the first in genomics</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomic%20Philosophy">Genomic Philosophy</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="height: 172px; width: 1020.7999877929688px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ff0000" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Projects"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">G<span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">e</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 0);">n</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153);">o</span>mics&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(0, 255, 255);">P</span><span style="color: rgb(204, 255, 255);">u</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">b</span>lication</span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">&nbsp;and&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(0, 255, 255);">P</span>apers</span></span></span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">[[Genomics]] Journal from ScienceDirect (</span><a href="http://www.journals.elsevier.com/genomics/">http://www.journals.elsevier.com/genomics/</a>)</li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Genome Research</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Genome Biology</span></b></li> <li><font size="2"><b>[[BMC Genomics]]</b></font></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">[[Major Genome Sequencing and Analysis&nbsp;Paper authors]]</span></b></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/7/79/Bioinstrument_company_logo_1.png" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4"><a href="Genomics Analysis Tools and Technology"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Analysis Tools and Technology</strong></span></a></font></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Bioinformatics"><font size="2">Bioinformatics</font></a></li> <li><a href="BioPipelines"><font size="2">BioPipelines</font></a></li> <li><a href="Biomatics"><font size="2">Biomatics</font></a></li> <li><a href="Genome compression">Genome compression</a></li> <li><a href="Amalga">Amalga</a>&nbsp;from Microsoft</li> </ul> </td> <td> <li><a href="Sequencing"><font size="2">Sequencing</font></a></li> <li><a href="GRID technology"><font size="2">GRID technology</font></a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></li> <li><a href="SNP chip"><font size="2">SNP chip</font></a></li> <li><a href="Genome sequence mapping">Genome sequence mapping</a></li> </td> <td> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Omics"><font size="2">Omics</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="BioEngine"><font size="2">BioEngine</font></a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎ</span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="BioComputing"><font size="2">BioComputing</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="JMP Genomics"><font size="2">JMP Genomics</font></a><font color="#000000" size="2">&nbsp;by SAS</font></span></li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/1/1a/Nasdaq_logo_4.png" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Companies"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Companies</strong></span></a></font></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/23andme.com"><font size="2">23andme.com</font></a></li> <li>Bhak BiO Consulting (http://bhakbio.com)</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/DNAgenotek.com"><font size="2">DNAgenotek.com</font></a><font size="2">:Saliva DNA</font></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Knome.com"><font size="2">Knome.com</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Navigenics.com"><font size="2">Navigenics.com</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nimblegen"><font size="2">Nimblegen</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Integrated%20Genomics"><font size="2">Integrated Genomics</font></a><font size="2">: Chicago based</font></li> </ul> </td> <td> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Affymetrix"><font size="2">Affymetrix</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Celera"><font size="2">Celera</font></a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genome%20Sciences,%20Inc.">Human Genome Sciences, Inc.</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹ</span></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Microsoft"><font size="2">Microsoft</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal%20Genome%20Companies"><font size="2">Personal Genome Companies</font></a></li> <li>[[Selah Genomics]]</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Synthetic%20Genomics">Synthetic Genomics</a>: by Venter</li> </td> <td> <li>[[Agilent Genomics]]</li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Agowa"><font size="2">Agowa</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Decodeme.com"><font size="2">Decodeme.com</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Decode"><font size="2">Decode</font></a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎ</span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Illumina"><font size="2">Illumina</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/NanoGen"><font size="2">NanoGen</font></a></span></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/U.S.%20Genomics"><font size="2">U.S. Genomics</font></a></li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="4" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Meetings"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Meetings</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2010%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2010 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2007%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2007 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2004%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2004 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2009%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2009 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2006%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2006 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2003%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2003 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2008%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2008 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2005%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2005 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2002%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2002 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Centers"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Institutes and Centers</span></a></strong></span></span></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Sanger%20Institute">Sanger Institute</a>&nbsp;UK</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/BGI">BGI</a>&nbsp;China</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/PGI">PGI</a>&nbsp;Korea</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/JGI">JGI</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/IGS%20at%20Maryland">IGS</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/IGB%20at%20UCI">IGB at UCI</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/JCVI">JCVI</a>&nbsp;USA</font></li> <li>[[Genomics in CDC (USA)]]</li> <li>[[DOE Genomics]]</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Organizations%20and%20Alliances"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Organizations and Alliances</strong></span></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><a href="http://bioitalliance.org/">Microsoft BioIT Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/GenomeFoundation.org">GenomeFoundation.org</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Stanford%20Genomics%20Resources">Stanford Genomics Resources</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20People">Genomics People</a>&nbsp; (put your name in this section)</span></span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/You!"><strong>You!</strong></a></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Craig%20Venter">Craig Venter</a></b></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Fred%20Sanger">Fred Sanger</a></b></li> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><font size="2"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/George%20Church">George Church</a></b></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Yang%20Huanming">Yang Huanming</a></b></span></li> </ul> </td> <td><font size="2"> <ul> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/James%20Watson">James Watson</a></b></li> </ul> </font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20by%20Country"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics by Country</strong></span></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/British%20Genomics"><span style="font-size: medium;">British Genomics</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">: Genomics in the UK</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Canadian%20Genomics">Canadian Genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chinese%20Genomics">Chinese Genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Korean%20Genomics">Korean Genomics</a></span><font size="2"><span style="font-size: medium;">:&nbsp;</span><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/PGI"><span style="font-size: medium;">PGI</span></a><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/TBI"><span style="font-size: medium;">TBI</span></a></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Netherlands%20Genomics">Netherlands Genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/US%20Genomics">US Genomics</a></span><span style="font-size: medium;">: Genomics in the USA</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Japanese%20Genomics">Japanese Genomics</a></span><font size="2"><span style="font-size: medium;">:&nbsp;</span><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/GenomeNet"><span style="font-size: medium;">GenomeNet</span></a></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">[[Autralian Genomics]]</span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Methods"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Methods</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li>Karyotyping</li> <li>Mass spectrometry</li> <li>Western blot</li> <li>Chromosomal watlking</li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li>PCR</li> <li>Yeast Two Hybrid</li> <li>Northern blot</li> <li>RFLP</li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li>Immunoprecipitation</li> <li>Southern blot</li> <li>Elisa</li> <li> <p><span style="font-size: small;">[[Method of Sample (gDNA) Preparation for Sending out]]</span></p> </li> </ul> </td> <td><font size="2"> <ul> <li>SDS-page</li> <li>Immunofluorescence</li> <li>Real-time PCR</li> </ul> </font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Theory"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Genomics L</span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">abs</span></span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;[[Dr. Ban Doohee lab in Yeonsei University Korea]]</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20History"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics History</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Glossary"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Glossary</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Programs"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Software Programs</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome%20alignement%20programs"><strong><font size="2">Genome alignement programs</font></strong></a></li> <li><strong><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome%20visualization%20programs">Genome visualization programs</a></font></strong></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="ADN static.png" width="29" height="29" src="/images/thumb/c/c2/ADN_static.png/50px-ADN_static.png" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Image"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Image</strong></span></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics Portals"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Portals</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Opinion on Genomics"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Opinions on Genomics</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><a href="About Human Genome Project"><span style="font-size: small;">About Human Genome Project</span></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics Issues and Problems"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Issues and Problems</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><a href="Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008"><span style="font-size: small;">Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008</span></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong><a href="Read Journals and Publications"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Journals</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="BMC Genomics"><font size="2">BMC Genomics</font></a></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genome Biology">Genome Biology</a>&nbsp;by BMC Ltd with Springer Science</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Elsevier Genomics">Elsevier Genomics</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="BMC Medical Genomics">BMC Medical Genomics</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Open Genomics Journal">Open Genomics Journal</a></font></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Physiological Genomics"><font size="2">Physiological Genomics</font></a><font size="2">&nbsp;by The American Physiological Society</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genome Research">Genome Research</a>&nbsp;by CSHL</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genome from NRC press">Genome from NRC press</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genomics from Elsevier">Genomics from Elsevier</a></font></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Books and Guide</span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;[[Brief guide to Genomics]] by&nbsp;<span style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">&quot;National Human Genome Research Institute.&quot;</span></span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"> <p><span style="color: rgb(153, 204, 255);"><strong style="font-size: x-large;">[[Genomics PPT and PDF presentation files]]</strong></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;[[Genome rights and genome industry enhancing bill]] by&nbsp;<span style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">Jong Bhak (in Korean)</span></span></p> </li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1098px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics in TV and Media</strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;<b>BBC analysis on Human Genome after 10 years in YouTube</b>: &nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Mu9Qv-lSrU&amp;feature=autoplay&amp;list=PLC67E043CBD218D2D&amp;playnext=2"><span style="font-size: medium;">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Mu9Qv-lSrU&amp;feature=autoplay&amp;list=PLC67E043CBD218D2D&amp;playnext=2</span></a></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Boys cured with Gene Therapy 2004 article</b>:&nbsp;</span><a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4101411.stm"><span style="font-size: medium;">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4101411.stm</span></a></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">[[Theragen BiO Institute]]</span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genome Wish"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genome Wish</span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-large;">:<b>what I can do with my genome.</b></span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genomics version 2.0"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics version 2.0</span></strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Full Genomics"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Full Genomics</span></strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><font color="#808080" size="6">♬</font></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genomic Art"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomic Art</strong></span></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong style="font-size: large; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: center; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;۩&nbsp;</font></strong></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics Prizes"><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Genomics Prizes</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genome references"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genome references</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Post genomics era"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Post genomics era</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">Genomics era has arrived in 2008. Post-genomics era will come in 2050. - Jong Bhak</span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(204, 255, 204);"><span style="font-size: xx-large;">&sect;</span></span><span style="font-size: xx-large;">&nbsp;</span><a href="External links"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">External links</span></span></strong></span></span></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://www.cdc.gov/genomics">CDC genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://bioinfoblog.it/">Bioinfoblog.it</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://proteome.net">Proteome.net</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://microbiome.org">Microbiome.org</a></span><font size="2"><a href="http://www.biodata.com"><span style="font-size: medium;">Laboratory Management</span></a></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://microbiomics.org/">Microbiomics.org</a></span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>&nbsp;</strong></span></span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"><span style="font-size: xx-large;">►</span></span><strong style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: x-large;">Advertisement</strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Totalomics full sequencing and bioinformatics analysis service">Totalomics full sequencing and bioinformatics analysis service</a></span></li> <li><a href="About Genomics.org"><span style="font-size: medium;">About Genomics.org</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;</span></li> <li><a href="Unleashing your genome"><span style="font-size: medium;">Unleashing your genome</span></a></li> <li><a href="Who maintains Genomics.org?"><span style="font-size: medium;">Who maintains Genomics.org?</span></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 208bbfd315f2466fc60fe17211f5ec3a57d8ee25 0 2678 4630 2013-08-15T07:00:40Z S 300001 Created page with "<p>&nbsp;</p> <p><a href="http://www.genomics.agilent.com/en/home.jsp?&amp;_requestid=86615">http://www.genomics.agilent.com/en/home.jsp?&amp;_requestid=86615</a></p>" wikitext text/x-wiki <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><a href="http://www.genomics.agilent.com/en/home.jsp?&amp;_requestid=86615">http://www.genomics.agilent.com/en/home.jsp?&amp;_requestid=86615</a></p> f7f25d36aebb85ff5bef8c350e0fd0c55c7d6264 0 1878 4631 3811 2013-08-15T12:22:45Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>20130813: [[The genome sequencing of an albino Western lowland gorilla reveals inbreeding in the wild]] <p><span style="font-size: medium"> 20110324:&nbsp;[[Multiple myeloma genomes sequenced]]: 20110324 Nature.</span> <span style="font-size: medium">20110201: [[Three new ant genomes sequenced and reported in PNAS: Draft genome of the globally widespread and invasive Argentine ant (Linepithema humile)]] </span> <span style="font-size: medium">20110127: [[University of Colorado gets funds for genome sequencing from the government]]</span> <span style="font-size: medium">&nbsp;</span> <span style="font-size: medium">20101009: [[Image:Paris japonica logo openfree.gif]] [[The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica]]: &rArr; [[Genome size]] 20100907: [[Image:Turkey logo 2.gif]] [[Turkey genome sequenced 20100907]] &rArr; [[Bird genome]]&nbsp; 20100818: [[Image:Scripps logo openfree 1.gif]] [[Image:Sanofi aventis logo1.gif]] [[Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging]] 20100810:[[Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection]] 20100711:Theragen [[Totalomics Solutions Launched]] &rArr;[[Genome sequencing product]]&nbsp;</span> <span style="font-size: medium">20100623: [[African Genomics project launched]] 20100427: [[GET conference Boston by PGP]] Boston, 27th April.&nbsp; 20100419: [[Personal Genomics Institute established]] &rArr;[[Genome Institutes]]&nbsp; 20100401: [[IonTorrent ion-sequencing machine announced publically]]&nbsp; 20100330:[[The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill]]: PGP9. 20100330.&nbsp; 20100325: [[The dynamic genome of Hydra]] Nature. 2010 Mar 25 &rArr; [[Animal Genome]]&nbsp; 20100315:[[The Human Genome Rights]] Declaration. 20100315 &rArr;[[GenomeEthics]]&nbsp; 20100310: [[Whole-Genome Sequencing in a Patient with Charcot&ndash;Marie&ndash;Tooth Neuropathy]]&nbsp; 20100126: GATC Biotech Purchases [[HiSeq 2000]] Instrument. . &rArr;[[GenomeSequencer]]&nbsp; 20100303: [[Theragen Inc. launched a personal genome typing service similar to 23andme's. However, the product was&nbsp; withheld due to legal issues.]]&nbsp;</span> <span style="font-size: medium">20100121: [[Image:Panda logo tr openfree 2.jpg]] [[The sequence of Giant Panda genome assembled de novo by NGS by BGI.]]&nbsp; 20091230: [[Theragen Inc. in Korea launches commercial full genome and SNP chip personal genome service. The first in Asia]] 20090928: [[Potato genome draft announced]] 20090810: [[A Caucasian human genome was sequenced by Helicos single molecule sequencer]]. 20090805: [[Recurring Mutations Found by Full length Sequencing of an Acute Myeloid Leukemia Genome (AML)]]. [[N&nbsp; Engl J Med]] 20090802: [[The complete genome sequence of Triticum mosaic virus is published in Arch Vriol.]] 20090730: [[Crocodile genome map published in BMC Genomics]]. 20090727: [[A new multiplex sequencing method published by MPI group for highly degraded DNA fragments. Cave&nbsp; bear mitochondria]] 20090724: DNA Sequencing and&nbsp;Array Drive 8% Growth for Roche in First Half of 2009. [[454 GS FLX]] and [[Nimblegen]]. [http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/dna-sequencing-systems-arrays-drive-8-percent-growth-roche-applied-science-first] 20090724: BGI (Beijing Genomics Institute) in China participates in orchid genome (''[[Phalaenopsis equestris]]) ''sequencing. [http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/bgi-china-partners-sequence-orchids] 20090716: Navigenics Lowers Health Compass Price to $999 USD. [http://www.genomeweb.com/dxpgx/navigenics- lowers-health-compass-price-1k] 20090716: Celera Uses&nbsp;Automated Workflows for Genomics [http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/17/celera-pushes-boundaries.html] 20090716: [[A draft genomic sequence for a worm, Schistosoma japonicum, was published]]. 20090716: Genomes Of Parasitic Flatworms Decoded: ''Schistosoma mansoni'' and ''Schistosoma japonicum'' [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090715131439.htm] 20090716: </span> 20110214: [[Prostate cancer genomes sequenced by Broad and Dana Faber]]: 20110214</p> aa926e40983fd129663531279c0a87ce4428c876 4632 4631 2013-08-15T12:24:57Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">20110324:&nbsp;<a title="Multiple myeloma genomes sequenced" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Multiple_myeloma_genomes_sequenced">Multiple myeloma genomes sequenced</a>: 20110324 Nature.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><br /> <span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">20110201: <a title="Three new ant genomes sequenced and reported in PNAS: Draft genome of the globally widespread and invasive Argentine ant (Linepithema humile)" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Three_new_ant_genomes_sequenced_and_reported_in_PNAS:_Draft_genome_of_the_globally_widespread_and_invasive_Argentine_ant_(Linepithema_humile)">Three new ant genomes sequenced and reported in PNAS: Draft genome of the globally widespread and invasive Argentine ant (Linepithema humile)</a> </span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">20110127: <a title="University of Colorado gets funds for genome sequencing from the government" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/University_of_Colorado_gets_funds_for_genome_sequencing_from_the_government">University of Colorado gets funds for genome sequencing from the government</a></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">&nbsp;</span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">20101009: <a class="image" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/File:Paris_japonica_logo_openfree.gif"><img alt="Paris japonica logo openfree.gif" src="http://genomics.org/images/8/81/Paris_japonica_logo_openfree.gif" width="40" height="33" /></a> <a title="The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The_largest_genome_size_known_today:_Paris_japonica">The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica</a>: &rArr; <a title="Genome size" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome_size">Genome size</a> 20100907: <a class="image" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/File:Turkey_logo_2.gif"><img alt="Turkey logo 2.gif" src="http://genomics.org/images/d/d8/Turkey_logo_2.gif" width="39" height="33" /></a> <a title="Turkey genome sequenced 20100907" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Turkey_genome_sequenced_20100907">Turkey genome sequenced 20100907</a> &rArr; <a title="Bird genome" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Bird_genome">Bird genome</a>&nbsp; 20100818: <a class="image" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/File:Scripps_logo_openfree_1.gif"><img alt="Scripps logo openfree 1.gif" src="http://genomics.org/images/a/a1/Scripps_logo_openfree_1.gif" width="46" height="34" /></a> <a class="image" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/File:Sanofi_aventis_logo1.gif"><img alt="Sanofi aventis logo1.gif" src="http://genomics.org/images/f/fe/Sanofi_aventis_logo1.gif" width="44" height="36" /></a> <a title="Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Scripps,_Sanofi_Personalized_Medicine_Pact_to_Focus_Initial_PGx_Research_on_Diabetes,_Aging">Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging</a> 20100810:<a title="Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Accumulation_of_mutations_over_the_entire_mitochondrial_genome_of_breast_cancer_cells_obtained_by_tissue_microdissection">Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection</a> </span></p> <p>20100711:Theragen <a title="Totalomics Solutions Launched" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Totalomics_Solutions_Launched">Totalomics Solutions Launched</a> &rArr;<a title="Genome sequencing product (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://genomics.org/index.php?title=Genome_sequencing_product&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Genome sequencing product</a>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">20100623: <a title="African Genomics project launched" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/African_Genomics_project_launched">African Genomics project launched</a> </span></p> <p>20100427: <a title="GET conference Boston by PGP" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/GET_conference_Boston_by_PGP">GET conference Boston by PGP</a> Boston, 27th April.&nbsp;</p> <p>20100419: <a title="Personal Genomics Institute established" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal_Genomics_Institute_established">Personal Genomics Institute established</a> &rArr;<a title="Genome Institutes (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://genomics.org/index.php?title=Genome_Institutes&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Genome Institutes</a>&nbsp;</p> <p>20100401: <a title="IonTorrent ion-sequencing machine announced publically" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/IonTorrent_ion-sequencing_machine_announced_publically">IonTorrent ion-sequencing machine announced publically</a>&nbsp;</p> <p>20100330:<a title="The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The_first_fully_public_female_human_genome:_Rosalynn_Gill">The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill</a>: PGP9. 20100330.&nbsp;</p> <p>20100325: <a title="The dynamic genome of Hydra" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The_dynamic_genome_of_Hydra">The dynamic genome of Hydra</a> Nature. 2010 Mar 25 &rArr; <a title="Animal Genome (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://genomics.org/index.php?title=Animal_Genome&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Animal Genome</a>&nbsp;</p> <p>20100315:<a title="The Human Genome Rights" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The_Human_Genome_Rights">The Human Genome Rights</a> Declaration. 20100315 &rArr;<a title="GenomeEthics" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/GenomeEthics">GenomeEthics</a>&nbsp;</p> <p>20100310: <a title="Whole-Genome Sequencing in a Patient with Charcot&ndash;Marie&ndash;Tooth Neuropathy" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Whole-Genome_Sequencing_in_a_Patient_with_Charcot%E2%80%93Marie%E2%80%93Tooth_Neuropathy">Whole-Genome Sequencing in a Patient with Charcot&ndash;Marie&ndash;Tooth Neuropathy</a>&nbsp;</p> <p>20100126: GATC Biotech Purchases <a title="HiSeq 2000" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/HiSeq_2000">HiSeq 2000</a> Instrument. . &rArr;<a title="GenomeSequencer" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/GenomeSequencer">GenomeSequencer</a>&nbsp;</p> <p>20100303: [[Theragen Inc. launched a personal genome typing service similar to 23andme's. However, the product was&nbsp; withheld due to legal issues.]]&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">20100121: <a class="image" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/File:Panda_logo_tr_openfree_2.jpg"><img alt="Panda logo tr openfree 2.jpg" src="http://genomics.org/images/3/3f/Panda_logo_tr_openfree_2.jpg" width="61" height="40" /></a> <a title="The sequence of Giant Panda genome assembled de novo by NGS by BGI." href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The_sequence_of_Giant_Panda_genome_assembled_de_novo_by_NGS_by_BGI.">The sequence of Giant Panda genome assembled de novo by NGS by BGI.</a>&nbsp; </span></p> <p>20091230: <a title="Theragen Inc. in Korea launches commercial full genome and SNP chip personal genome service. The first in Asia" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Theragen_Inc._in_Korea_launches_commercial_full_genome_and_SNP_chip_personal_genome_service._The_first_in_Asia">Theragen Inc. in Korea launches commercial full genome and SNP chip personal genome service. The first in Asia</a></p> <p>20090928: <a title="Potato genome draft announced" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Potato_genome_draft_announced">Potato genome draft announced</a></p> <p>20090810: <a title="A Caucasian human genome was sequenced by Helicos single molecule sequencer" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/A_Caucasian_human_genome_was_sequenced_by_Helicos_single_molecule_sequencer">A Caucasian human genome was sequenced by Helicos single molecule sequencer</a>.</p> <p>20090805: <a title="Recurring Mutations Found by Full length Sequencing of an Acute Myeloid Leukemia Genome (AML)" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Recurring_Mutations_Found_by_Full_length_Sequencing_of_an_Acute_Myeloid_Leukemia_Genome_(AML)">Recurring Mutations Found by Full length Sequencing of an Acute Myeloid Leukemia Genome (AML)</a>. [[N&nbsp; Engl J Med]]</p> <p>20090802: <a title="The complete genome sequence of Triticum mosaic virus is published in Arch Vriol." href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The_complete_genome_sequence_of_Triticum_mosaic_virus_is_published_in_Arch_Vriol.">The complete genome sequence of Triticum mosaic virus is published in Arch Vriol.</a></p> <p>20090730: <a title="Crocodile genome map published in BMC Genomics" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Crocodile_genome_map_published_in_BMC_Genomics">Crocodile genome map published in BMC Genomics</a>.</p> <p>20090727: [[A new multiplex sequencing method published by MPI group for highly degraded DNA fragments. Cave&nbsp; bear mitochondria]]</p> <p>20090724: DNA Sequencing and&nbsp;Array Drive 8% Growth for Roche in First Half of 2009. <a title="454 GS FLX" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/454_GS_FLX">454 GS FLX</a> and <a title="Nimblegen" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nimblegen">Nimblegen</a>. <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/dna-sequencing-systems-arrays-drive-8-percent-growth-roche-applied-science-first" rel="nofollow">[1]</a></p> <p>20090724: BGI (Beijing Genomics Institute) in China participates in orchid genome (<i><a title="Phalaenopsis equestris" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Phalaenopsis_equestris">Phalaenopsis equestris</a>) </i>sequencing. <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/bgi-china-partners-sequence-orchids" rel="nofollow">[2]</a></p> <p>20090716: Navigenics Lowers Health Compass Price to $999 USD. [<a class="external free" href="http://www.genomeweb.com/dxpgx/navigenics-" rel="nofollow">http://www.genomeweb.com/dxpgx/navigenics-</a> lowers-health-compass-price-1k]</p> <p>20090716: Celera Uses&nbsp;Automated Workflows for Genomics <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/17/celera-pushes-boundaries.html" rel="nofollow">[3]</a></p> <p>20090716: <a title="A draft genomic sequence for a worm, Schistosoma japonicum, was published" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/A_draft_genomic_sequence_for_a_worm,_Schistosoma_japonicum,_was_published">A draft genomic sequence for a worm, Schistosoma japonicum, was published</a>.</p> <p>20090716: Genomes Of Parasitic Flatworms Decoded: <i>Schistosoma mansoni</i> and <i>Schistosoma japonicum</i> <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090715131439.htm" rel="nofollow">[4]</a></p> <p>20090716:</p> <p><br /> 20110214: <a title="Prostate cancer genomes sequenced by Broad and Dana Faber" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Prostate_cancer_genomes_sequenced_by_Broad_and_Dana_Faber">Prostate cancer genomes sequenced by Broad and Dana Faber</a>: 20110214&nbsp;</p> a3686949c20037a900798d5560379d3cf160a6d2 4633 4632 2013-08-15T12:25:39Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">20110324:&nbsp;<a title="Multiple myeloma genomes sequenced" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Multiple_myeloma_genomes_sequenced">Multiple myeloma genomes sequenced</a>: Nature</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">20110201: </span><a title="Three new ant genomes sequenced and reported in PNAS: Draft genome of the globally widespread and invasive Argentine ant (Linepithema humile)" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Three_new_ant_genomes_sequenced_and_reported_in_PNAS:_Draft_genome_of_the_globally_widespread_and_invasive_Argentine_ant_(Linepithema_humile)" style="font-size: medium;">Three new ant genomes sequenced and reported in PNAS: Draft genome of the globally widespread and invasive Argentine ant (Linepithema humile)</a></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">20110127: <a title="University of Colorado gets funds for genome sequencing from the government" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/University_of_Colorado_gets_funds_for_genome_sequencing_from_the_government">University of Colorado gets funds for genome sequencing from the government</a></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">20101009: <a class="image" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/File:Paris_japonica_logo_openfree.gif"><img alt="Paris japonica logo openfree.gif" src="http://genomics.org/images/8/81/Paris_japonica_logo_openfree.gif" width="40" height="33" /></a> <a title="The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The_largest_genome_size_known_today:_Paris_japonica">The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica</a>: &rArr; <a title="Genome size" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome_size">Genome size</a> 20100907: </span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><a class="image" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/File:Turkey_logo_2.gif"><img alt="Turkey logo 2.gif" src="http://genomics.org/images/d/d8/Turkey_logo_2.gif" width="39" height="33" /></a> <a title="Turkey genome sequenced 20100907" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Turkey_genome_sequenced_20100907">Turkey genome sequenced 20100907</a> &rArr; <a title="Bird genome" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Bird_genome">Bird genome</a>&nbsp; </span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">20100818: <a class="image" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/File:Scripps_logo_openfree_1.gif"><img alt="Scripps logo openfree 1.gif" src="http://genomics.org/images/a/a1/Scripps_logo_openfree_1.gif" width="46" height="34" /></a> <a class="image" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/File:Sanofi_aventis_logo1.gif"><img alt="Sanofi aventis logo1.gif" src="http://genomics.org/images/f/fe/Sanofi_aventis_logo1.gif" width="44" height="36" /></a> <a title="Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Scripps,_Sanofi_Personalized_Medicine_Pact_to_Focus_Initial_PGx_Research_on_Diabetes,_Aging">Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging</a> 20100810:<a title="Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Accumulation_of_mutations_over_the_entire_mitochondrial_genome_of_breast_cancer_cells_obtained_by_tissue_microdissection">Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection</a> </span></p> <p>20100711:Theragen <a title="Totalomics Solutions Launched" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Totalomics_Solutions_Launched">Totalomics Solutions Launched</a> &rArr;<a title="Genome sequencing product (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://genomics.org/index.php?title=Genome_sequencing_product&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Genome sequencing product</a>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">20100623: <a title="African Genomics project launched" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/African_Genomics_project_launched">African Genomics project launched</a> </span></p> <p>20100427: <a title="GET conference Boston by PGP" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/GET_conference_Boston_by_PGP">GET conference Boston by PGP</a> Boston, 27th April.&nbsp;</p> <p>20100419: <a title="Personal Genomics Institute established" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal_Genomics_Institute_established">Personal Genomics Institute established</a> &rArr;<a title="Genome Institutes (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://genomics.org/index.php?title=Genome_Institutes&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Genome Institutes</a>&nbsp;</p> <p>20100401: <a title="IonTorrent ion-sequencing machine announced publically" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/IonTorrent_ion-sequencing_machine_announced_publically">IonTorrent ion-sequencing machine announced publically</a>&nbsp;</p> <p>20100330:<a title="The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The_first_fully_public_female_human_genome:_Rosalynn_Gill">The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill</a>: PGP9. 20100330.&nbsp;</p> <p>20100325: <a title="The dynamic genome of Hydra" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The_dynamic_genome_of_Hydra">The dynamic genome of Hydra</a> Nature. 2010 Mar 25 &rArr; <a title="Animal Genome (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://genomics.org/index.php?title=Animal_Genome&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Animal Genome</a>&nbsp;</p> <p>20100315:<a title="The Human Genome Rights" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The_Human_Genome_Rights">The Human Genome Rights</a> Declaration. 20100315 &rArr;<a title="GenomeEthics" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/GenomeEthics">GenomeEthics</a>&nbsp;</p> <p>20100310: <a title="Whole-Genome Sequencing in a Patient with Charcot&ndash;Marie&ndash;Tooth Neuropathy" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Whole-Genome_Sequencing_in_a_Patient_with_Charcot%E2%80%93Marie%E2%80%93Tooth_Neuropathy">Whole-Genome Sequencing in a Patient with Charcot&ndash;Marie&ndash;Tooth Neuropathy</a>&nbsp;</p> <p>20100126: GATC Biotech Purchases <a title="HiSeq 2000" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/HiSeq_2000">HiSeq 2000</a> Instrument. . &rArr;<a title="GenomeSequencer" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/GenomeSequencer">GenomeSequencer</a>&nbsp;</p> <p>20100303: [[Theragen Inc. launched a personal genome typing service similar to 23andme's. However, the product was&nbsp; withheld due to legal issues.]]&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">20100121: <a class="image" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/File:Panda_logo_tr_openfree_2.jpg"><img alt="Panda logo tr openfree 2.jpg" src="http://genomics.org/images/3/3f/Panda_logo_tr_openfree_2.jpg" width="61" height="40" /></a> <a title="The sequence of Giant Panda genome assembled de novo by NGS by BGI." href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The_sequence_of_Giant_Panda_genome_assembled_de_novo_by_NGS_by_BGI.">The sequence of Giant Panda genome assembled de novo by NGS by BGI.</a>&nbsp; </span></p> <p>20091230: <a title="Theragen Inc. in Korea launches commercial full genome and SNP chip personal genome service. The first in Asia" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Theragen_Inc._in_Korea_launches_commercial_full_genome_and_SNP_chip_personal_genome_service._The_first_in_Asia">Theragen Inc. in Korea launches commercial full genome and SNP chip personal genome service. The first in Asia</a></p> <p>20090928: <a title="Potato genome draft announced" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Potato_genome_draft_announced">Potato genome draft announced</a></p> <p>20090810: <a title="A Caucasian human genome was sequenced by Helicos single molecule sequencer" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/A_Caucasian_human_genome_was_sequenced_by_Helicos_single_molecule_sequencer">A Caucasian human genome was sequenced by Helicos single molecule sequencer</a>.</p> <p>20090805: <a title="Recurring Mutations Found by Full length Sequencing of an Acute Myeloid Leukemia Genome (AML)" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Recurring_Mutations_Found_by_Full_length_Sequencing_of_an_Acute_Myeloid_Leukemia_Genome_(AML)">Recurring Mutations Found by Full length Sequencing of an Acute Myeloid Leukemia Genome (AML)</a>. [[N&nbsp; Engl J Med]]</p> <p>20090802: <a title="The complete genome sequence of Triticum mosaic virus is published in Arch Vriol." href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The_complete_genome_sequence_of_Triticum_mosaic_virus_is_published_in_Arch_Vriol.">The complete genome sequence of Triticum mosaic virus is published in Arch Vriol.</a></p> <p>20090730: <a title="Crocodile genome map published in BMC Genomics" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Crocodile_genome_map_published_in_BMC_Genomics">Crocodile genome map published in BMC Genomics</a>.</p> <p>20090727: [[A new multiplex sequencing method published by MPI group for highly degraded DNA fragments. Cave&nbsp; bear mitochondria]]</p> <p>20090724: DNA Sequencing and&nbsp;Array Drive 8% Growth for Roche in First Half of 2009. <a title="454 GS FLX" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/454_GS_FLX">454 GS FLX</a> and <a title="Nimblegen" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nimblegen">Nimblegen</a>. <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/dna-sequencing-systems-arrays-drive-8-percent-growth-roche-applied-science-first" rel="nofollow">[1]</a></p> <p>20090724: BGI (Beijing Genomics Institute) in China participates in orchid genome (<i><a title="Phalaenopsis equestris" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Phalaenopsis_equestris">Phalaenopsis equestris</a>) </i>sequencing. <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/bgi-china-partners-sequence-orchids" rel="nofollow">[2]</a></p> <p>20090716: Navigenics Lowers Health Compass Price to $999 USD. [<a class="external free" href="http://www.genomeweb.com/dxpgx/navigenics-" rel="nofollow">http://www.genomeweb.com/dxpgx/navigenics-</a> lowers-health-compass-price-1k]</p> <p>20090716: Celera Uses&nbsp;Automated Workflows for Genomics <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/17/celera-pushes-boundaries.html" rel="nofollow">[3]</a></p> <p>20090716: <a title="A draft genomic sequence for a worm, Schistosoma japonicum, was published" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/A_draft_genomic_sequence_for_a_worm,_Schistosoma_japonicum,_was_published">A draft genomic sequence for a worm, Schistosoma japonicum, was published</a>.</p> <p>20090716: Genomes Of Parasitic Flatworms Decoded: <i>Schistosoma mansoni</i> and <i>Schistosoma japonicum</i> <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090715131439.htm" rel="nofollow">[4]</a></p> <p>20090716:</p> <p><br /> 20110214: <a title="Prostate cancer genomes sequenced by Broad and Dana Faber" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Prostate_cancer_genomes_sequenced_by_Broad_and_Dana_Faber">Prostate cancer genomes sequenced by Broad and Dana Faber</a>: 20110214&nbsp;</p> cd6638f322f6c25f892cd3be1625285d793c8937 4634 4633 2013-08-15T12:26:16Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>20130813: The genome sequencing of an albino Western lowland gorilla reveals inbreeding in the wild. <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">20110324:&nbsp;<a title="Multiple myeloma genomes sequenced" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Multiple_myeloma_genomes_sequenced">Multiple myeloma genomes sequenced</a>: Nature</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">20110201: </span><a title="Three new ant genomes sequenced and reported in PNAS: Draft genome of the globally widespread and invasive Argentine ant (Linepithema humile)" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Three_new_ant_genomes_sequenced_and_reported_in_PNAS:_Draft_genome_of_the_globally_widespread_and_invasive_Argentine_ant_(Linepithema_humile)" style="font-size: medium;">Three new ant genomes sequenced and reported in PNAS: Draft genome of the globally widespread and invasive Argentine ant (Linepithema humile)</a></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">20110127: <a title="University of Colorado gets funds for genome sequencing from the government" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/University_of_Colorado_gets_funds_for_genome_sequencing_from_the_government">University of Colorado gets funds for genome sequencing from the government</a></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">20101009: <a class="image" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/File:Paris_japonica_logo_openfree.gif"><img alt="Paris japonica logo openfree.gif" src="http://genomics.org/images/8/81/Paris_japonica_logo_openfree.gif" width="40" height="33" /></a> <a title="The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The_largest_genome_size_known_today:_Paris_japonica">The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica</a>: &rArr; <a title="Genome size" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome_size">Genome size</a> 20100907: </span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><a class="image" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/File:Turkey_logo_2.gif"><img alt="Turkey logo 2.gif" src="http://genomics.org/images/d/d8/Turkey_logo_2.gif" width="39" height="33" /></a> <a title="Turkey genome sequenced 20100907" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Turkey_genome_sequenced_20100907">Turkey genome sequenced 20100907</a> &rArr; <a title="Bird genome" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Bird_genome">Bird genome</a>&nbsp; </span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">20100818: <a class="image" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/File:Scripps_logo_openfree_1.gif"><img alt="Scripps logo openfree 1.gif" src="http://genomics.org/images/a/a1/Scripps_logo_openfree_1.gif" width="46" height="34" /></a> <a class="image" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/File:Sanofi_aventis_logo1.gif"><img alt="Sanofi aventis logo1.gif" src="http://genomics.org/images/f/fe/Sanofi_aventis_logo1.gif" width="44" height="36" /></a> <a title="Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Scripps,_Sanofi_Personalized_Medicine_Pact_to_Focus_Initial_PGx_Research_on_Diabetes,_Aging">Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging</a> 20100810:<a title="Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Accumulation_of_mutations_over_the_entire_mitochondrial_genome_of_breast_cancer_cells_obtained_by_tissue_microdissection">Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection</a> </span></p> <p>20100711:Theragen <a title="Totalomics Solutions Launched" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Totalomics_Solutions_Launched">Totalomics Solutions Launched</a> &rArr;<a title="Genome sequencing product (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://genomics.org/index.php?title=Genome_sequencing_product&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Genome sequencing product</a>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">20100623: <a title="African Genomics project launched" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/African_Genomics_project_launched">African Genomics project launched</a> </span></p> <p>20100427: <a title="GET conference Boston by PGP" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/GET_conference_Boston_by_PGP">GET conference Boston by PGP</a> Boston, 27th April.&nbsp;</p> <p>20100419: <a title="Personal Genomics Institute established" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal_Genomics_Institute_established">Personal Genomics Institute established</a> &rArr;<a title="Genome Institutes (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://genomics.org/index.php?title=Genome_Institutes&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Genome Institutes</a>&nbsp;</p> <p>20100401: <a title="IonTorrent ion-sequencing machine announced publically" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/IonTorrent_ion-sequencing_machine_announced_publically">IonTorrent ion-sequencing machine announced publically</a>&nbsp;</p> <p>20100330:<a title="The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The_first_fully_public_female_human_genome:_Rosalynn_Gill">The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill</a>: PGP9. 20100330.&nbsp;</p> <p>20100325: <a title="The dynamic genome of Hydra" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The_dynamic_genome_of_Hydra">The dynamic genome of Hydra</a> Nature. 2010 Mar 25 &rArr; <a title="Animal Genome (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://genomics.org/index.php?title=Animal_Genome&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Animal Genome</a>&nbsp;</p> <p>20100315:<a title="The Human Genome Rights" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The_Human_Genome_Rights">The Human Genome Rights</a> Declaration. 20100315 &rArr;<a title="GenomeEthics" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/GenomeEthics">GenomeEthics</a>&nbsp;</p> <p>20100310: <a title="Whole-Genome Sequencing in a Patient with Charcot&ndash;Marie&ndash;Tooth Neuropathy" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Whole-Genome_Sequencing_in_a_Patient_with_Charcot%E2%80%93Marie%E2%80%93Tooth_Neuropathy">Whole-Genome Sequencing in a Patient with Charcot&ndash;Marie&ndash;Tooth Neuropathy</a>&nbsp;</p> <p>20100126: GATC Biotech Purchases <a title="HiSeq 2000" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/HiSeq_2000">HiSeq 2000</a> Instrument. . &rArr;<a title="GenomeSequencer" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/GenomeSequencer">GenomeSequencer</a>&nbsp;</p> <p>20100303: [[Theragen Inc. launched a personal genome typing service similar to 23andme's. However, the product was&nbsp; withheld due to legal issues.]]&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">20100121: <a class="image" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/File:Panda_logo_tr_openfree_2.jpg"><img alt="Panda logo tr openfree 2.jpg" src="http://genomics.org/images/3/3f/Panda_logo_tr_openfree_2.jpg" width="61" height="40" /></a> <a title="The sequence of Giant Panda genome assembled de novo by NGS by BGI." href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The_sequence_of_Giant_Panda_genome_assembled_de_novo_by_NGS_by_BGI.">The sequence of Giant Panda genome assembled de novo by NGS by BGI.</a>&nbsp; </span></p> <p>20091230: <a title="Theragen Inc. in Korea launches commercial full genome and SNP chip personal genome service. The first in Asia" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Theragen_Inc._in_Korea_launches_commercial_full_genome_and_SNP_chip_personal_genome_service._The_first_in_Asia">Theragen Inc. in Korea launches commercial full genome and SNP chip personal genome service. The first in Asia</a></p> <p>20090928: <a title="Potato genome draft announced" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Potato_genome_draft_announced">Potato genome draft announced</a></p> <p>20090810: <a title="A Caucasian human genome was sequenced by Helicos single molecule sequencer" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/A_Caucasian_human_genome_was_sequenced_by_Helicos_single_molecule_sequencer">A Caucasian human genome was sequenced by Helicos single molecule sequencer</a>.</p> <p>20090805: <a title="Recurring Mutations Found by Full length Sequencing of an Acute Myeloid Leukemia Genome (AML)" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Recurring_Mutations_Found_by_Full_length_Sequencing_of_an_Acute_Myeloid_Leukemia_Genome_(AML)">Recurring Mutations Found by Full length Sequencing of an Acute Myeloid Leukemia Genome (AML)</a>. [[N&nbsp; Engl J Med]]</p> <p>20090802: <a title="The complete genome sequence of Triticum mosaic virus is published in Arch Vriol." href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The_complete_genome_sequence_of_Triticum_mosaic_virus_is_published_in_Arch_Vriol.">The complete genome sequence of Triticum mosaic virus is published in Arch Vriol.</a></p> <p>20090730: <a title="Crocodile genome map published in BMC Genomics" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Crocodile_genome_map_published_in_BMC_Genomics">Crocodile genome map published in BMC Genomics</a>.</p> <p>20090727: [[A new multiplex sequencing method published by MPI group for highly degraded DNA fragments. Cave&nbsp; bear mitochondria]]</p> <p>20090724: DNA Sequencing and&nbsp;Array Drive 8% Growth for Roche in First Half of 2009. <a title="454 GS FLX" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/454_GS_FLX">454 GS FLX</a> and <a title="Nimblegen" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nimblegen">Nimblegen</a>. <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/dna-sequencing-systems-arrays-drive-8-percent-growth-roche-applied-science-first" rel="nofollow">[1]</a></p> <p>20090724: BGI (Beijing Genomics Institute) in China participates in orchid genome (<i><a title="Phalaenopsis equestris" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Phalaenopsis_equestris">Phalaenopsis equestris</a>) </i>sequencing. <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/bgi-china-partners-sequence-orchids" rel="nofollow">[2]</a></p> <p>20090716: Navigenics Lowers Health Compass Price to $999 USD. [<a class="external free" href="http://www.genomeweb.com/dxpgx/navigenics-" rel="nofollow">http://www.genomeweb.com/dxpgx/navigenics-</a> lowers-health-compass-price-1k]</p> <p>20090716: Celera Uses&nbsp;Automated Workflows for Genomics <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/17/celera-pushes-boundaries.html" rel="nofollow">[3]</a></p> <p>20090716: <a title="A draft genomic sequence for a worm, Schistosoma japonicum, was published" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/A_draft_genomic_sequence_for_a_worm,_Schistosoma_japonicum,_was_published">A draft genomic sequence for a worm, Schistosoma japonicum, was published</a>.</p> <p>20090716: Genomes Of Parasitic Flatworms Decoded: <i>Schistosoma mansoni</i> and <i>Schistosoma japonicum</i> <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090715131439.htm" rel="nofollow">[4]</a></p> <p>20090716:</p> <p><br /> 20110214: <a title="Prostate cancer genomes sequenced by Broad and Dana Faber" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Prostate_cancer_genomes_sequenced_by_Broad_and_Dana_Faber">Prostate cancer genomes sequenced by Broad and Dana Faber</a>: 20110214&nbsp;</p> 0b7af8fa9922a398d357e22e78cf98f723493b97 4635 4634 2013-08-15T12:26:39Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: medium;">20130813: [[The genome sequencing of an albino Western lowland gorilla reveals inbreeding in the wild]]. BMC Genomics.</span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">20110324:&nbsp;<a title="Multiple myeloma genomes sequenced" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Multiple_myeloma_genomes_sequenced">Multiple myeloma genomes sequenced</a>: Nature</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">20110201: </span><a title="Three new ant genomes sequenced and reported in PNAS: Draft genome of the globally widespread and invasive Argentine ant (Linepithema humile)" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Three_new_ant_genomes_sequenced_and_reported_in_PNAS:_Draft_genome_of_the_globally_widespread_and_invasive_Argentine_ant_(Linepithema_humile)" style="font-size: medium;">Three new ant genomes sequenced and reported in PNAS: Draft genome of the globally widespread and invasive Argentine ant (Linepithema humile)</a></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">20110127: <a title="University of Colorado gets funds for genome sequencing from the government" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/University_of_Colorado_gets_funds_for_genome_sequencing_from_the_government">University of Colorado gets funds for genome sequencing from the government</a></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">20101009: <a class="image" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/File:Paris_japonica_logo_openfree.gif"><img alt="Paris japonica logo openfree.gif" src="http://genomics.org/images/8/81/Paris_japonica_logo_openfree.gif" width="40" height="33" /></a> <a title="The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The_largest_genome_size_known_today:_Paris_japonica">The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica</a>: &rArr; <a title="Genome size" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome_size">Genome size</a> 20100907: </span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><a class="image" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/File:Turkey_logo_2.gif"><img alt="Turkey logo 2.gif" src="http://genomics.org/images/d/d8/Turkey_logo_2.gif" width="39" height="33" /></a> <a title="Turkey genome sequenced 20100907" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Turkey_genome_sequenced_20100907">Turkey genome sequenced 20100907</a> &rArr; <a title="Bird genome" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Bird_genome">Bird genome</a>&nbsp; </span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">20100818: <a class="image" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/File:Scripps_logo_openfree_1.gif"><img alt="Scripps logo openfree 1.gif" src="http://genomics.org/images/a/a1/Scripps_logo_openfree_1.gif" width="46" height="34" /></a> <a class="image" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/File:Sanofi_aventis_logo1.gif"><img alt="Sanofi aventis logo1.gif" src="http://genomics.org/images/f/fe/Sanofi_aventis_logo1.gif" width="44" height="36" /></a> <a title="Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Scripps,_Sanofi_Personalized_Medicine_Pact_to_Focus_Initial_PGx_Research_on_Diabetes,_Aging">Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging</a> 20100810:<a title="Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Accumulation_of_mutations_over_the_entire_mitochondrial_genome_of_breast_cancer_cells_obtained_by_tissue_microdissection">Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection</a> </span></p> <p>20100711:Theragen <a title="Totalomics Solutions Launched" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Totalomics_Solutions_Launched">Totalomics Solutions Launched</a> &rArr;<a title="Genome sequencing product (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://genomics.org/index.php?title=Genome_sequencing_product&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Genome sequencing product</a>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">20100623: <a title="African Genomics project launched" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/African_Genomics_project_launched">African Genomics project launched</a> </span></p> <p>20100427: <a title="GET conference Boston by PGP" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/GET_conference_Boston_by_PGP">GET conference Boston by PGP</a> Boston, 27th April.&nbsp;</p> <p>20100419: <a title="Personal Genomics Institute established" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal_Genomics_Institute_established">Personal Genomics Institute established</a> &rArr;<a title="Genome Institutes (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://genomics.org/index.php?title=Genome_Institutes&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Genome Institutes</a>&nbsp;</p> <p>20100401: <a title="IonTorrent ion-sequencing machine announced publically" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/IonTorrent_ion-sequencing_machine_announced_publically">IonTorrent ion-sequencing machine announced publically</a>&nbsp;</p> <p>20100330:<a title="The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The_first_fully_public_female_human_genome:_Rosalynn_Gill">The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill</a>: PGP9. 20100330.&nbsp;</p> <p>20100325: <a title="The dynamic genome of Hydra" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The_dynamic_genome_of_Hydra">The dynamic genome of Hydra</a> Nature. 2010 Mar 25 &rArr; <a title="Animal Genome (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://genomics.org/index.php?title=Animal_Genome&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Animal Genome</a>&nbsp;</p> <p>20100315:<a title="The Human Genome Rights" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The_Human_Genome_Rights">The Human Genome Rights</a> Declaration. 20100315 &rArr;<a title="GenomeEthics" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/GenomeEthics">GenomeEthics</a>&nbsp;</p> <p>20100310: <a title="Whole-Genome Sequencing in a Patient with Charcot&ndash;Marie&ndash;Tooth Neuropathy" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Whole-Genome_Sequencing_in_a_Patient_with_Charcot%E2%80%93Marie%E2%80%93Tooth_Neuropathy">Whole-Genome Sequencing in a Patient with Charcot&ndash;Marie&ndash;Tooth Neuropathy</a>&nbsp;</p> <p>20100126: GATC Biotech Purchases <a title="HiSeq 2000" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/HiSeq_2000">HiSeq 2000</a> Instrument. . &rArr;<a title="GenomeSequencer" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/GenomeSequencer">GenomeSequencer</a>&nbsp;</p> <p>20100303: [[Theragen Inc. launched a personal genome typing service similar to 23andme's. However, the product was&nbsp; withheld due to legal issues.]]&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">20100121: <a class="image" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/File:Panda_logo_tr_openfree_2.jpg"><img alt="Panda logo tr openfree 2.jpg" src="http://genomics.org/images/3/3f/Panda_logo_tr_openfree_2.jpg" width="61" height="40" /></a> <a title="The sequence of Giant Panda genome assembled de novo by NGS by BGI." href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The_sequence_of_Giant_Panda_genome_assembled_de_novo_by_NGS_by_BGI.">The sequence of Giant Panda genome assembled de novo by NGS by BGI.</a>&nbsp; </span></p> <p>20091230: <a title="Theragen Inc. in Korea launches commercial full genome and SNP chip personal genome service. The first in Asia" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Theragen_Inc._in_Korea_launches_commercial_full_genome_and_SNP_chip_personal_genome_service._The_first_in_Asia">Theragen Inc. in Korea launches commercial full genome and SNP chip personal genome service. The first in Asia</a></p> <p>20090928: <a title="Potato genome draft announced" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Potato_genome_draft_announced">Potato genome draft announced</a></p> <p>20090810: <a title="A Caucasian human genome was sequenced by Helicos single molecule sequencer" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/A_Caucasian_human_genome_was_sequenced_by_Helicos_single_molecule_sequencer">A Caucasian human genome was sequenced by Helicos single molecule sequencer</a>.</p> <p>20090805: <a title="Recurring Mutations Found by Full length Sequencing of an Acute Myeloid Leukemia Genome (AML)" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Recurring_Mutations_Found_by_Full_length_Sequencing_of_an_Acute_Myeloid_Leukemia_Genome_(AML)">Recurring Mutations Found by Full length Sequencing of an Acute Myeloid Leukemia Genome (AML)</a>. [[N&nbsp; Engl J Med]]</p> <p>20090802: <a title="The complete genome sequence of Triticum mosaic virus is published in Arch Vriol." href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The_complete_genome_sequence_of_Triticum_mosaic_virus_is_published_in_Arch_Vriol.">The complete genome sequence of Triticum mosaic virus is published in Arch Vriol.</a></p> <p>20090730: <a title="Crocodile genome map published in BMC Genomics" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Crocodile_genome_map_published_in_BMC_Genomics">Crocodile genome map published in BMC Genomics</a>.</p> <p>20090727: [[A new multiplex sequencing method published by MPI group for highly degraded DNA fragments. Cave&nbsp; bear mitochondria]]</p> <p>20090724: DNA Sequencing and&nbsp;Array Drive 8% Growth for Roche in First Half of 2009. <a title="454 GS FLX" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/454_GS_FLX">454 GS FLX</a> and <a title="Nimblegen" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nimblegen">Nimblegen</a>. <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/dna-sequencing-systems-arrays-drive-8-percent-growth-roche-applied-science-first" rel="nofollow">[1]</a></p> <p>20090724: BGI (Beijing Genomics Institute) in China participates in orchid genome (<i><a title="Phalaenopsis equestris" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Phalaenopsis_equestris">Phalaenopsis equestris</a>) </i>sequencing. <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/bgi-china-partners-sequence-orchids" rel="nofollow">[2]</a></p> <p>20090716: Navigenics Lowers Health Compass Price to $999 USD. [<a class="external free" href="http://www.genomeweb.com/dxpgx/navigenics-" rel="nofollow">http://www.genomeweb.com/dxpgx/navigenics-</a> lowers-health-compass-price-1k]</p> <p>20090716: Celera Uses&nbsp;Automated Workflows for Genomics <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/17/celera-pushes-boundaries.html" rel="nofollow">[3]</a></p> <p>20090716: <a title="A draft genomic sequence for a worm, Schistosoma japonicum, was published" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/A_draft_genomic_sequence_for_a_worm,_Schistosoma_japonicum,_was_published">A draft genomic sequence for a worm, Schistosoma japonicum, was published</a>.</p> <p>20090716: Genomes Of Parasitic Flatworms Decoded: <i>Schistosoma mansoni</i> and <i>Schistosoma japonicum</i> <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090715131439.htm" rel="nofollow">[4]</a></p> <p>20090716:</p> <p><br /> 20110214: <a title="Prostate cancer genomes sequenced by Broad and Dana Faber" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Prostate_cancer_genomes_sequenced_by_Broad_and_Dana_Faber">Prostate cancer genomes sequenced by Broad and Dana Faber</a>: 20110214&nbsp;</p> d6b69d94e5b2b58cf623f291cda3123fdd2769d2 4643 4635 2013-08-15T12:32:48Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: medium;">20130813:</span><span style="font-size: small;"> [[File:Snowflake small.gif]]&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: medium;">[[The genome sequencing of an albino Western lowland gorilla reveals inbreeding in the wild]]. BMC Genomics.</span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">20110324:&nbsp;<a title="Multiple myeloma genomes sequenced" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Multiple_myeloma_genomes_sequenced">Multiple myeloma genomes sequenced</a>: Nature</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">20110201: </span><a title="Three new ant genomes sequenced and reported in PNAS: Draft genome of the globally widespread and invasive Argentine ant (Linepithema humile)" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Three_new_ant_genomes_sequenced_and_reported_in_PNAS:_Draft_genome_of_the_globally_widespread_and_invasive_Argentine_ant_(Linepithema_humile)" style="font-size: medium;">Three new ant genomes sequenced and reported in PNAS: Draft genome of the globally widespread and invasive Argentine ant (Linepithema humile)</a></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">20110127: <a title="University of Colorado gets funds for genome sequencing from the government" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/University_of_Colorado_gets_funds_for_genome_sequencing_from_the_government">University of Colorado gets funds for genome sequencing from the government</a></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">20101009: <a class="image" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/File:Paris_japonica_logo_openfree.gif"><img alt="Paris japonica logo openfree.gif" src="http://genomics.org/images/8/81/Paris_japonica_logo_openfree.gif" width="40" height="33" /></a> <a title="The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The_largest_genome_size_known_today:_Paris_japonica">The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica</a>: &rArr; <a title="Genome size" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome_size">Genome size</a> </span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">20100907: </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><a class="image" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/File:Turkey_logo_2.gif"><img alt="Turkey logo 2.gif" src="http://genomics.org/images/d/d8/Turkey_logo_2.gif" width="39" height="33" /></a> <a title="Turkey genome sequenced 20100907" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Turkey_genome_sequenced_20100907">Turkey genome sequenced 20100907</a> &rArr; <a title="Bird genome" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Bird_genome">Bird genome</a>&nbsp; </span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">20100818: <a class="image" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/File:Scripps_logo_openfree_1.gif"><img alt="Scripps logo openfree 1.gif" src="http://genomics.org/images/a/a1/Scripps_logo_openfree_1.gif" width="46" height="34" /></a> <a class="image" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/File:Sanofi_aventis_logo1.gif"><img alt="Sanofi aventis logo1.gif" src="http://genomics.org/images/f/fe/Sanofi_aventis_logo1.gif" width="44" height="36" /></a> <a title="Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Scripps,_Sanofi_Personalized_Medicine_Pact_to_Focus_Initial_PGx_Research_on_Diabetes,_Aging">Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging</a> 20100810:<a title="Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Accumulation_of_mutations_over_the_entire_mitochondrial_genome_of_breast_cancer_cells_obtained_by_tissue_microdissection">Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection</a> </span></p> <p>20100711:Theragen <a title="Totalomics Solutions Launched" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Totalomics_Solutions_Launched">Totalomics Solutions Launched</a> &rArr;<a title="Genome sequencing product (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://genomics.org/index.php?title=Genome_sequencing_product&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Genome sequencing product</a>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">20100623: <a title="African Genomics project launched" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/African_Genomics_project_launched">African Genomics project launched</a> </span></p> <p>20100427: <a title="GET conference Boston by PGP" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/GET_conference_Boston_by_PGP">GET conference Boston by PGP</a> Boston, 27th April.&nbsp;</p> <p>20100419: <a title="Personal Genomics Institute established" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal_Genomics_Institute_established">Personal Genomics Institute established</a> &rArr;<a title="Genome Institutes (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://genomics.org/index.php?title=Genome_Institutes&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Genome Institutes</a>&nbsp;</p> <p>20100401: <a title="IonTorrent ion-sequencing machine announced publically" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/IonTorrent_ion-sequencing_machine_announced_publically">IonTorrent ion-sequencing machine announced publically</a>&nbsp;</p> <p>20100330:<a title="The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The_first_fully_public_female_human_genome:_Rosalynn_Gill">The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill</a>: PGP9. 20100330.&nbsp;</p> <p>20100325: <a title="The dynamic genome of Hydra" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The_dynamic_genome_of_Hydra">The dynamic genome of Hydra</a> Nature. 2010 Mar 25 &rArr; <a title="Animal Genome (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://genomics.org/index.php?title=Animal_Genome&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Animal Genome</a>&nbsp;</p> <p>20100315:<a title="The Human Genome Rights" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The_Human_Genome_Rights">The Human Genome Rights</a> Declaration. 20100315 &rArr;<a title="GenomeEthics" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/GenomeEthics">GenomeEthics</a>&nbsp;</p> <p>20100310: <a title="Whole-Genome Sequencing in a Patient with Charcot&ndash;Marie&ndash;Tooth Neuropathy" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Whole-Genome_Sequencing_in_a_Patient_with_Charcot%E2%80%93Marie%E2%80%93Tooth_Neuropathy">Whole-Genome Sequencing in a Patient with Charcot&ndash;Marie&ndash;Tooth Neuropathy</a>&nbsp;</p> <p>20100126: GATC Biotech Purchases <a title="HiSeq 2000" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/HiSeq_2000">HiSeq 2000</a> Instrument. . &rArr;<a title="GenomeSequencer" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/GenomeSequencer">GenomeSequencer</a>&nbsp;</p> <p>20100303: [[Theragen Inc. launched a personal genome typing service similar to 23andme's. However, the product was&nbsp; withheld due to legal issues.]]&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">20100121: <a class="image" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/File:Panda_logo_tr_openfree_2.jpg"><img alt="Panda logo tr openfree 2.jpg" src="http://genomics.org/images/3/3f/Panda_logo_tr_openfree_2.jpg" width="61" height="40" /></a> <a title="The sequence of Giant Panda genome assembled de novo by NGS by BGI." href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The_sequence_of_Giant_Panda_genome_assembled_de_novo_by_NGS_by_BGI.">The sequence of Giant Panda genome assembled de novo by NGS by BGI.</a>&nbsp; </span></p> <p>20091230: <a title="Theragen Inc. in Korea launches commercial full genome and SNP chip personal genome service. The first in Asia" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Theragen_Inc._in_Korea_launches_commercial_full_genome_and_SNP_chip_personal_genome_service._The_first_in_Asia">Theragen Inc. in Korea launches commercial full genome and SNP chip personal genome service. The first in Asia</a></p> <p>20090928: <a title="Potato genome draft announced" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Potato_genome_draft_announced">Potato genome draft announced</a></p> <p>20090810: <a title="A Caucasian human genome was sequenced by Helicos single molecule sequencer" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/A_Caucasian_human_genome_was_sequenced_by_Helicos_single_molecule_sequencer">A Caucasian human genome was sequenced by Helicos single molecule sequencer</a>.</p> <p>20090805: <a title="Recurring Mutations Found by Full length Sequencing of an Acute Myeloid Leukemia Genome (AML)" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Recurring_Mutations_Found_by_Full_length_Sequencing_of_an_Acute_Myeloid_Leukemia_Genome_(AML)">Recurring Mutations Found by Full length Sequencing of an Acute Myeloid Leukemia Genome (AML)</a>. [[N&nbsp; Engl J Med]]</p> <p>20090802: <a title="The complete genome sequence of Triticum mosaic virus is published in Arch Vriol." href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The_complete_genome_sequence_of_Triticum_mosaic_virus_is_published_in_Arch_Vriol.">The complete genome sequence of Triticum mosaic virus is published in Arch Vriol.</a></p> <p>20090730: <a title="Crocodile genome map published in BMC Genomics" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Crocodile_genome_map_published_in_BMC_Genomics">Crocodile genome map published in BMC Genomics</a>.</p> <p>20090727: [[A new multiplex sequencing method published by MPI group for highly degraded DNA fragments. Cave&nbsp; bear mitochondria]]</p> <p>20090724: DNA Sequencing and&nbsp;Array Drive 8% Growth for Roche in First Half of 2009. <a title="454 GS FLX" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/454_GS_FLX">454 GS FLX</a> and <a title="Nimblegen" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nimblegen">Nimblegen</a>. <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/dna-sequencing-systems-arrays-drive-8-percent-growth-roche-applied-science-first" rel="nofollow">[1]</a></p> <p>20090724: BGI (Beijing Genomics Institute) in China participates in orchid genome (<i><a title="Phalaenopsis equestris" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Phalaenopsis_equestris">Phalaenopsis equestris</a>) </i>sequencing. <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/bgi-china-partners-sequence-orchids" rel="nofollow">[2]</a></p> <p>20090716: Navigenics Lowers Health Compass Price to $999 USD. [<a class="external free" href="http://www.genomeweb.com/dxpgx/navigenics-" rel="nofollow">http://www.genomeweb.com/dxpgx/navigenics-</a> lowers-health-compass-price-1k]</p> <p>20090716: Celera Uses&nbsp;Automated Workflows for Genomics <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/17/celera-pushes-boundaries.html" rel="nofollow">[3]</a></p> <p>20090716: <a title="A draft genomic sequence for a worm, Schistosoma japonicum, was published" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/A_draft_genomic_sequence_for_a_worm,_Schistosoma_japonicum,_was_published">A draft genomic sequence for a worm, Schistosoma japonicum, was published</a>.</p> <p>20090716: Genomes Of Parasitic Flatworms Decoded: <i>Schistosoma mansoni</i> and <i>Schistosoma japonicum</i> <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090715131439.htm" rel="nofollow">[4]</a></p> <p>20090716:</p> <p><br /> 20110214: <a title="Prostate cancer genomes sequenced by Broad and Dana Faber" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Prostate_cancer_genomes_sequenced_by_Broad_and_Dana_Faber">Prostate cancer genomes sequenced by Broad and Dana Faber</a>: 20110214&nbsp;</p> 2c13cd4bea57d3e8b1b46d329f3d577e71a04ed9 4644 4643 2013-08-15T12:33:01Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: medium;">20130813:</span><span style="font-size: small;"> [[File:Snowflake small.gif|60px]]&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: medium;">[[The genome sequencing of an albino Western lowland gorilla reveals inbreeding in the wild]]. BMC Genomics.</span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">20110324:&nbsp;<a title="Multiple myeloma genomes sequenced" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Multiple_myeloma_genomes_sequenced">Multiple myeloma genomes sequenced</a>: Nature</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">20110201: </span><a title="Three new ant genomes sequenced and reported in PNAS: Draft genome of the globally widespread and invasive Argentine ant (Linepithema humile)" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Three_new_ant_genomes_sequenced_and_reported_in_PNAS:_Draft_genome_of_the_globally_widespread_and_invasive_Argentine_ant_(Linepithema_humile)" style="font-size: medium;">Three new ant genomes sequenced and reported in PNAS: Draft genome of the globally widespread and invasive Argentine ant (Linepithema humile)</a></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">20110127: <a title="University of Colorado gets funds for genome sequencing from the government" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/University_of_Colorado_gets_funds_for_genome_sequencing_from_the_government">University of Colorado gets funds for genome sequencing from the government</a></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">20101009: <a class="image" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/File:Paris_japonica_logo_openfree.gif"><img alt="Paris japonica logo openfree.gif" src="http://genomics.org/images/8/81/Paris_japonica_logo_openfree.gif" width="40" height="33" /></a> <a title="The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The_largest_genome_size_known_today:_Paris_japonica">The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica</a>: &rArr; <a title="Genome size" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome_size">Genome size</a> </span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">20100907: </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><a class="image" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/File:Turkey_logo_2.gif"><img alt="Turkey logo 2.gif" src="http://genomics.org/images/d/d8/Turkey_logo_2.gif" width="39" height="33" /></a> <a title="Turkey genome sequenced 20100907" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Turkey_genome_sequenced_20100907">Turkey genome sequenced 20100907</a> &rArr; <a title="Bird genome" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Bird_genome">Bird genome</a>&nbsp; </span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">20100818: <a class="image" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/File:Scripps_logo_openfree_1.gif"><img alt="Scripps logo openfree 1.gif" src="http://genomics.org/images/a/a1/Scripps_logo_openfree_1.gif" width="46" height="34" /></a> <a class="image" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/File:Sanofi_aventis_logo1.gif"><img alt="Sanofi aventis logo1.gif" src="http://genomics.org/images/f/fe/Sanofi_aventis_logo1.gif" width="44" height="36" /></a> <a title="Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Scripps,_Sanofi_Personalized_Medicine_Pact_to_Focus_Initial_PGx_Research_on_Diabetes,_Aging">Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging</a> 20100810:<a title="Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Accumulation_of_mutations_over_the_entire_mitochondrial_genome_of_breast_cancer_cells_obtained_by_tissue_microdissection">Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection</a> </span></p> <p>20100711:Theragen <a title="Totalomics Solutions Launched" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Totalomics_Solutions_Launched">Totalomics Solutions Launched</a> &rArr;<a title="Genome sequencing product (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://genomics.org/index.php?title=Genome_sequencing_product&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Genome sequencing product</a>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">20100623: <a title="African Genomics project launched" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/African_Genomics_project_launched">African Genomics project launched</a> </span></p> <p>20100427: <a title="GET conference Boston by PGP" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/GET_conference_Boston_by_PGP">GET conference Boston by PGP</a> Boston, 27th April.&nbsp;</p> <p>20100419: <a title="Personal Genomics Institute established" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal_Genomics_Institute_established">Personal Genomics Institute established</a> &rArr;<a title="Genome Institutes (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://genomics.org/index.php?title=Genome_Institutes&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Genome Institutes</a>&nbsp;</p> <p>20100401: <a title="IonTorrent ion-sequencing machine announced publically" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/IonTorrent_ion-sequencing_machine_announced_publically">IonTorrent ion-sequencing machine announced publically</a>&nbsp;</p> <p>20100330:<a title="The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The_first_fully_public_female_human_genome:_Rosalynn_Gill">The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill</a>: PGP9. 20100330.&nbsp;</p> <p>20100325: <a title="The dynamic genome of Hydra" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The_dynamic_genome_of_Hydra">The dynamic genome of Hydra</a> Nature. 2010 Mar 25 &rArr; <a title="Animal Genome (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://genomics.org/index.php?title=Animal_Genome&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Animal Genome</a>&nbsp;</p> <p>20100315:<a title="The Human Genome Rights" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The_Human_Genome_Rights">The Human Genome Rights</a> Declaration. 20100315 &rArr;<a title="GenomeEthics" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/GenomeEthics">GenomeEthics</a>&nbsp;</p> <p>20100310: <a title="Whole-Genome Sequencing in a Patient with Charcot&ndash;Marie&ndash;Tooth Neuropathy" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Whole-Genome_Sequencing_in_a_Patient_with_Charcot%E2%80%93Marie%E2%80%93Tooth_Neuropathy">Whole-Genome Sequencing in a Patient with Charcot&ndash;Marie&ndash;Tooth Neuropathy</a>&nbsp;</p> <p>20100126: GATC Biotech Purchases <a title="HiSeq 2000" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/HiSeq_2000">HiSeq 2000</a> Instrument. . &rArr;<a title="GenomeSequencer" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/GenomeSequencer">GenomeSequencer</a>&nbsp;</p> <p>20100303: [[Theragen Inc. launched a personal genome typing service similar to 23andme's. However, the product was&nbsp; withheld due to legal issues.]]&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">20100121: <a class="image" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/File:Panda_logo_tr_openfree_2.jpg"><img alt="Panda logo tr openfree 2.jpg" src="http://genomics.org/images/3/3f/Panda_logo_tr_openfree_2.jpg" width="61" height="40" /></a> <a title="The sequence of Giant Panda genome assembled de novo by NGS by BGI." href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The_sequence_of_Giant_Panda_genome_assembled_de_novo_by_NGS_by_BGI.">The sequence of Giant Panda genome assembled de novo by NGS by BGI.</a>&nbsp; </span></p> <p>20091230: <a title="Theragen Inc. in Korea launches commercial full genome and SNP chip personal genome service. The first in Asia" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Theragen_Inc._in_Korea_launches_commercial_full_genome_and_SNP_chip_personal_genome_service._The_first_in_Asia">Theragen Inc. in Korea launches commercial full genome and SNP chip personal genome service. The first in Asia</a></p> <p>20090928: <a title="Potato genome draft announced" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Potato_genome_draft_announced">Potato genome draft announced</a></p> <p>20090810: <a title="A Caucasian human genome was sequenced by Helicos single molecule sequencer" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/A_Caucasian_human_genome_was_sequenced_by_Helicos_single_molecule_sequencer">A Caucasian human genome was sequenced by Helicos single molecule sequencer</a>.</p> <p>20090805: <a title="Recurring Mutations Found by Full length Sequencing of an Acute Myeloid Leukemia Genome (AML)" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Recurring_Mutations_Found_by_Full_length_Sequencing_of_an_Acute_Myeloid_Leukemia_Genome_(AML)">Recurring Mutations Found by Full length Sequencing of an Acute Myeloid Leukemia Genome (AML)</a>. [[N&nbsp; Engl J Med]]</p> <p>20090802: <a title="The complete genome sequence of Triticum mosaic virus is published in Arch Vriol." href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The_complete_genome_sequence_of_Triticum_mosaic_virus_is_published_in_Arch_Vriol.">The complete genome sequence of Triticum mosaic virus is published in Arch Vriol.</a></p> <p>20090730: <a title="Crocodile genome map published in BMC Genomics" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Crocodile_genome_map_published_in_BMC_Genomics">Crocodile genome map published in BMC Genomics</a>.</p> <p>20090727: [[A new multiplex sequencing method published by MPI group for highly degraded DNA fragments. Cave&nbsp; bear mitochondria]]</p> <p>20090724: DNA Sequencing and&nbsp;Array Drive 8% Growth for Roche in First Half of 2009. <a title="454 GS FLX" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/454_GS_FLX">454 GS FLX</a> and <a title="Nimblegen" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nimblegen">Nimblegen</a>. <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/dna-sequencing-systems-arrays-drive-8-percent-growth-roche-applied-science-first" rel="nofollow">[1]</a></p> <p>20090724: BGI (Beijing Genomics Institute) in China participates in orchid genome (<i><a title="Phalaenopsis equestris" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Phalaenopsis_equestris">Phalaenopsis equestris</a>) </i>sequencing. <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/bgi-china-partners-sequence-orchids" rel="nofollow">[2]</a></p> <p>20090716: Navigenics Lowers Health Compass Price to $999 USD. [<a class="external free" href="http://www.genomeweb.com/dxpgx/navigenics-" rel="nofollow">http://www.genomeweb.com/dxpgx/navigenics-</a> lowers-health-compass-price-1k]</p> <p>20090716: Celera Uses&nbsp;Automated Workflows for Genomics <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/17/celera-pushes-boundaries.html" rel="nofollow">[3]</a></p> <p>20090716: <a title="A draft genomic sequence for a worm, Schistosoma japonicum, was published" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/A_draft_genomic_sequence_for_a_worm,_Schistosoma_japonicum,_was_published">A draft genomic sequence for a worm, Schistosoma japonicum, was published</a>.</p> <p>20090716: Genomes Of Parasitic Flatworms Decoded: <i>Schistosoma mansoni</i> and <i>Schistosoma japonicum</i> <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090715131439.htm" rel="nofollow">[4]</a></p> <p>20090716:</p> <p><br /> 20110214: <a title="Prostate cancer genomes sequenced by Broad and Dana Faber" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Prostate_cancer_genomes_sequenced_by_Broad_and_Dana_Faber">Prostate cancer genomes sequenced by Broad and Dana Faber</a>: 20110214&nbsp;</p> 0c42922e5cbd7342f41b4f9918d70a49fc80005e 4645 4644 2013-08-15T12:33:09Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: medium;">20130813:</span><span style="font-size: small;"> [[File:Snowflake small.gif|40px]]&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: medium;">[[The genome sequencing of an albino Western lowland gorilla reveals inbreeding in the wild]]. BMC Genomics.</span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">20110324:&nbsp;<a title="Multiple myeloma genomes sequenced" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Multiple_myeloma_genomes_sequenced">Multiple myeloma genomes sequenced</a>: Nature</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">20110201: </span><a title="Three new ant genomes sequenced and reported in PNAS: Draft genome of the globally widespread and invasive Argentine ant (Linepithema humile)" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Three_new_ant_genomes_sequenced_and_reported_in_PNAS:_Draft_genome_of_the_globally_widespread_and_invasive_Argentine_ant_(Linepithema_humile)" style="font-size: medium;">Three new ant genomes sequenced and reported in PNAS: Draft genome of the globally widespread and invasive Argentine ant (Linepithema humile)</a></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">20110127: <a title="University of Colorado gets funds for genome sequencing from the government" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/University_of_Colorado_gets_funds_for_genome_sequencing_from_the_government">University of Colorado gets funds for genome sequencing from the government</a></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">20101009: <a class="image" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/File:Paris_japonica_logo_openfree.gif"><img alt="Paris japonica logo openfree.gif" src="http://genomics.org/images/8/81/Paris_japonica_logo_openfree.gif" width="40" height="33" /></a> <a title="The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The_largest_genome_size_known_today:_Paris_japonica">The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica</a>: &rArr; <a title="Genome size" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome_size">Genome size</a> </span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">20100907: </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><a class="image" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/File:Turkey_logo_2.gif"><img alt="Turkey logo 2.gif" src="http://genomics.org/images/d/d8/Turkey_logo_2.gif" width="39" height="33" /></a> <a title="Turkey genome sequenced 20100907" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Turkey_genome_sequenced_20100907">Turkey genome sequenced 20100907</a> &rArr; <a title="Bird genome" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Bird_genome">Bird genome</a>&nbsp; </span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">20100818: <a class="image" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/File:Scripps_logo_openfree_1.gif"><img alt="Scripps logo openfree 1.gif" src="http://genomics.org/images/a/a1/Scripps_logo_openfree_1.gif" width="46" height="34" /></a> <a class="image" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/File:Sanofi_aventis_logo1.gif"><img alt="Sanofi aventis logo1.gif" src="http://genomics.org/images/f/fe/Sanofi_aventis_logo1.gif" width="44" height="36" /></a> <a title="Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Scripps,_Sanofi_Personalized_Medicine_Pact_to_Focus_Initial_PGx_Research_on_Diabetes,_Aging">Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging</a> 20100810:<a title="Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Accumulation_of_mutations_over_the_entire_mitochondrial_genome_of_breast_cancer_cells_obtained_by_tissue_microdissection">Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection</a> </span></p> <p>20100711:Theragen <a title="Totalomics Solutions Launched" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Totalomics_Solutions_Launched">Totalomics Solutions Launched</a> &rArr;<a title="Genome sequencing product (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://genomics.org/index.php?title=Genome_sequencing_product&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Genome sequencing product</a>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">20100623: <a title="African Genomics project launched" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/African_Genomics_project_launched">African Genomics project launched</a> </span></p> <p>20100427: <a title="GET conference Boston by PGP" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/GET_conference_Boston_by_PGP">GET conference Boston by PGP</a> Boston, 27th April.&nbsp;</p> <p>20100419: <a title="Personal Genomics Institute established" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal_Genomics_Institute_established">Personal Genomics Institute established</a> &rArr;<a title="Genome Institutes (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://genomics.org/index.php?title=Genome_Institutes&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Genome Institutes</a>&nbsp;</p> <p>20100401: <a title="IonTorrent ion-sequencing machine announced publically" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/IonTorrent_ion-sequencing_machine_announced_publically">IonTorrent ion-sequencing machine announced publically</a>&nbsp;</p> <p>20100330:<a title="The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The_first_fully_public_female_human_genome:_Rosalynn_Gill">The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill</a>: PGP9. 20100330.&nbsp;</p> <p>20100325: <a title="The dynamic genome of Hydra" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The_dynamic_genome_of_Hydra">The dynamic genome of Hydra</a> Nature. 2010 Mar 25 &rArr; <a title="Animal Genome (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://genomics.org/index.php?title=Animal_Genome&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Animal Genome</a>&nbsp;</p> <p>20100315:<a title="The Human Genome Rights" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The_Human_Genome_Rights">The Human Genome Rights</a> Declaration. 20100315 &rArr;<a title="GenomeEthics" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/GenomeEthics">GenomeEthics</a>&nbsp;</p> <p>20100310: <a title="Whole-Genome Sequencing in a Patient with Charcot&ndash;Marie&ndash;Tooth Neuropathy" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Whole-Genome_Sequencing_in_a_Patient_with_Charcot%E2%80%93Marie%E2%80%93Tooth_Neuropathy">Whole-Genome Sequencing in a Patient with Charcot&ndash;Marie&ndash;Tooth Neuropathy</a>&nbsp;</p> <p>20100126: GATC Biotech Purchases <a title="HiSeq 2000" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/HiSeq_2000">HiSeq 2000</a> Instrument. . &rArr;<a title="GenomeSequencer" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/GenomeSequencer">GenomeSequencer</a>&nbsp;</p> <p>20100303: [[Theragen Inc. launched a personal genome typing service similar to 23andme's. However, the product was&nbsp; withheld due to legal issues.]]&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">20100121: <a class="image" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/File:Panda_logo_tr_openfree_2.jpg"><img alt="Panda logo tr openfree 2.jpg" src="http://genomics.org/images/3/3f/Panda_logo_tr_openfree_2.jpg" width="61" height="40" /></a> <a title="The sequence of Giant Panda genome assembled de novo by NGS by BGI." href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The_sequence_of_Giant_Panda_genome_assembled_de_novo_by_NGS_by_BGI.">The sequence of Giant Panda genome assembled de novo by NGS by BGI.</a>&nbsp; </span></p> <p>20091230: <a title="Theragen Inc. in Korea launches commercial full genome and SNP chip personal genome service. The first in Asia" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Theragen_Inc._in_Korea_launches_commercial_full_genome_and_SNP_chip_personal_genome_service._The_first_in_Asia">Theragen Inc. in Korea launches commercial full genome and SNP chip personal genome service. The first in Asia</a></p> <p>20090928: <a title="Potato genome draft announced" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Potato_genome_draft_announced">Potato genome draft announced</a></p> <p>20090810: <a title="A Caucasian human genome was sequenced by Helicos single molecule sequencer" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/A_Caucasian_human_genome_was_sequenced_by_Helicos_single_molecule_sequencer">A Caucasian human genome was sequenced by Helicos single molecule sequencer</a>.</p> <p>20090805: <a title="Recurring Mutations Found by Full length Sequencing of an Acute Myeloid Leukemia Genome (AML)" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Recurring_Mutations_Found_by_Full_length_Sequencing_of_an_Acute_Myeloid_Leukemia_Genome_(AML)">Recurring Mutations Found by Full length Sequencing of an Acute Myeloid Leukemia Genome (AML)</a>. [[N&nbsp; Engl J Med]]</p> <p>20090802: <a title="The complete genome sequence of Triticum mosaic virus is published in Arch Vriol." href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The_complete_genome_sequence_of_Triticum_mosaic_virus_is_published_in_Arch_Vriol.">The complete genome sequence of Triticum mosaic virus is published in Arch Vriol.</a></p> <p>20090730: <a title="Crocodile genome map published in BMC Genomics" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Crocodile_genome_map_published_in_BMC_Genomics">Crocodile genome map published in BMC Genomics</a>.</p> <p>20090727: [[A new multiplex sequencing method published by MPI group for highly degraded DNA fragments. Cave&nbsp; bear mitochondria]]</p> <p>20090724: DNA Sequencing and&nbsp;Array Drive 8% Growth for Roche in First Half of 2009. <a title="454 GS FLX" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/454_GS_FLX">454 GS FLX</a> and <a title="Nimblegen" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nimblegen">Nimblegen</a>. <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/dna-sequencing-systems-arrays-drive-8-percent-growth-roche-applied-science-first" rel="nofollow">[1]</a></p> <p>20090724: BGI (Beijing Genomics Institute) in China participates in orchid genome (<i><a title="Phalaenopsis equestris" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Phalaenopsis_equestris">Phalaenopsis equestris</a>) </i>sequencing. <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/bgi-china-partners-sequence-orchids" rel="nofollow">[2]</a></p> <p>20090716: Navigenics Lowers Health Compass Price to $999 USD. [<a class="external free" href="http://www.genomeweb.com/dxpgx/navigenics-" rel="nofollow">http://www.genomeweb.com/dxpgx/navigenics-</a> lowers-health-compass-price-1k]</p> <p>20090716: Celera Uses&nbsp;Automated Workflows for Genomics <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/17/celera-pushes-boundaries.html" rel="nofollow">[3]</a></p> <p>20090716: <a title="A draft genomic sequence for a worm, Schistosoma japonicum, was published" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/A_draft_genomic_sequence_for_a_worm,_Schistosoma_japonicum,_was_published">A draft genomic sequence for a worm, Schistosoma japonicum, was published</a>.</p> <p>20090716: Genomes Of Parasitic Flatworms Decoded: <i>Schistosoma mansoni</i> and <i>Schistosoma japonicum</i> <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090715131439.htm" rel="nofollow">[4]</a></p> <p>20090716:</p> <p><br /> 20110214: <a title="Prostate cancer genomes sequenced by Broad and Dana Faber" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Prostate_cancer_genomes_sequenced_by_Broad_and_Dana_Faber">Prostate cancer genomes sequenced by Broad and Dana Faber</a>: 20110214&nbsp;</p> 01c39264c492e829f3832b46d293c5f00582f506 4667 4645 2013-08-25T01:05:33Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: medium;">20130813:</span><span style="font-size: small;"> [[File:Snowflake small.gif|40px]]&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: medium;">[[The genome sequencing of an albino Western lowland gorilla reveals inbreeding in the wild]]. BMC Genomics.</span></p> <p>20130701: [[Jonathan Rothberg leaves Life Technologies]]</p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">20110324:&nbsp;<a title="Multiple myeloma genomes sequenced" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Multiple_myeloma_genomes_sequenced">Multiple myeloma genomes sequenced</a>: Nature</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">20110201: </span><a title="Three new ant genomes sequenced and reported in PNAS: Draft genome of the globally widespread and invasive Argentine ant (Linepithema humile)" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Three_new_ant_genomes_sequenced_and_reported_in_PNAS:_Draft_genome_of_the_globally_widespread_and_invasive_Argentine_ant_(Linepithema_humile)" style="font-size: medium;">Three new ant genomes sequenced and reported in PNAS: Draft genome of the globally widespread and invasive Argentine ant (Linepithema humile)</a></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">20110127: <a title="University of Colorado gets funds for genome sequencing from the government" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/University_of_Colorado_gets_funds_for_genome_sequencing_from_the_government">University of Colorado gets funds for genome sequencing from the government</a></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">20101009: <a class="image" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/File:Paris_japonica_logo_openfree.gif"><img alt="Paris japonica logo openfree.gif" src="http://genomics.org/images/8/81/Paris_japonica_logo_openfree.gif" width="40" height="33" /></a> <a title="The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The_largest_genome_size_known_today:_Paris_japonica">The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica</a>: &rArr; <a title="Genome size" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome_size">Genome size</a> </span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">20100907: </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><a class="image" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/File:Turkey_logo_2.gif"><img alt="Turkey logo 2.gif" src="http://genomics.org/images/d/d8/Turkey_logo_2.gif" width="39" height="33" /></a> <a title="Turkey genome sequenced 20100907" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Turkey_genome_sequenced_20100907">Turkey genome sequenced 20100907</a> &rArr; <a title="Bird genome" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Bird_genome">Bird genome</a>&nbsp; </span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">20100818: <a class="image" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/File:Scripps_logo_openfree_1.gif"><img alt="Scripps logo openfree 1.gif" src="http://genomics.org/images/a/a1/Scripps_logo_openfree_1.gif" width="46" height="34" /></a> <a class="image" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/File:Sanofi_aventis_logo1.gif"><img alt="Sanofi aventis logo1.gif" src="http://genomics.org/images/f/fe/Sanofi_aventis_logo1.gif" width="44" height="36" /></a> <a title="Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Scripps,_Sanofi_Personalized_Medicine_Pact_to_Focus_Initial_PGx_Research_on_Diabetes,_Aging">Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging</a> 20100810:<a title="Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Accumulation_of_mutations_over_the_entire_mitochondrial_genome_of_breast_cancer_cells_obtained_by_tissue_microdissection">Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection</a> </span></p> <p>20100711:Theragen <a title="Totalomics Solutions Launched" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Totalomics_Solutions_Launched">Totalomics Solutions Launched</a> &rArr;<a title="Genome sequencing product (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://genomics.org/index.php?title=Genome_sequencing_product&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Genome sequencing product</a>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">20100623: <a title="African Genomics project launched" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/African_Genomics_project_launched">African Genomics project launched</a> </span></p> <p>20100427: <a title="GET conference Boston by PGP" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/GET_conference_Boston_by_PGP">GET conference Boston by PGP</a> Boston, 27th April.&nbsp;</p> <p>20100419: <a title="Personal Genomics Institute established" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal_Genomics_Institute_established">Personal Genomics Institute established</a> &rArr;<a title="Genome Institutes (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://genomics.org/index.php?title=Genome_Institutes&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Genome Institutes</a>&nbsp;</p> <p>20100401: <a title="IonTorrent ion-sequencing machine announced publically" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/IonTorrent_ion-sequencing_machine_announced_publically">IonTorrent ion-sequencing machine announced publically</a>&nbsp;</p> <p>20100330:<a title="The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The_first_fully_public_female_human_genome:_Rosalynn_Gill">The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill</a>: PGP9. 20100330.&nbsp;</p> <p>20100325: <a title="The dynamic genome of Hydra" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The_dynamic_genome_of_Hydra">The dynamic genome of Hydra</a> Nature. 2010 Mar 25 &rArr; <a title="Animal Genome (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://genomics.org/index.php?title=Animal_Genome&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Animal Genome</a>&nbsp;</p> <p>20100315:<a title="The Human Genome Rights" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The_Human_Genome_Rights">The Human Genome Rights</a> Declaration. 20100315 &rArr;<a title="GenomeEthics" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/GenomeEthics">GenomeEthics</a>&nbsp;</p> <p>20100310: <a title="Whole-Genome Sequencing in a Patient with Charcot&ndash;Marie&ndash;Tooth Neuropathy" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Whole-Genome_Sequencing_in_a_Patient_with_Charcot%E2%80%93Marie%E2%80%93Tooth_Neuropathy">Whole-Genome Sequencing in a Patient with Charcot&ndash;Marie&ndash;Tooth Neuropathy</a>&nbsp;</p> <p>20100126: GATC Biotech Purchases <a title="HiSeq 2000" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/HiSeq_2000">HiSeq 2000</a> Instrument. . &rArr;<a title="GenomeSequencer" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/GenomeSequencer">GenomeSequencer</a>&nbsp;</p> <p>20100303: [[Theragen Inc. launched a personal genome typing service similar to 23andme's. However, the product was&nbsp; withheld due to legal issues.]]&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">20100121: <a class="image" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/File:Panda_logo_tr_openfree_2.jpg"><img alt="Panda logo tr openfree 2.jpg" src="http://genomics.org/images/3/3f/Panda_logo_tr_openfree_2.jpg" width="61" height="40" /></a> <a title="The sequence of Giant Panda genome assembled de novo by NGS by BGI." href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The_sequence_of_Giant_Panda_genome_assembled_de_novo_by_NGS_by_BGI.">The sequence of Giant Panda genome assembled de novo by NGS by BGI.</a>&nbsp; </span></p> <p>20091230: <a title="Theragen Inc. in Korea launches commercial full genome and SNP chip personal genome service. The first in Asia" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Theragen_Inc._in_Korea_launches_commercial_full_genome_and_SNP_chip_personal_genome_service._The_first_in_Asia">Theragen Inc. in Korea launches commercial full genome and SNP chip personal genome service. The first in Asia</a></p> <p>20090928: <a title="Potato genome draft announced" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Potato_genome_draft_announced">Potato genome draft announced</a></p> <p>20090810: <a title="A Caucasian human genome was sequenced by Helicos single molecule sequencer" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/A_Caucasian_human_genome_was_sequenced_by_Helicos_single_molecule_sequencer">A Caucasian human genome was sequenced by Helicos single molecule sequencer</a>.</p> <p>20090805: <a title="Recurring Mutations Found by Full length Sequencing of an Acute Myeloid Leukemia Genome (AML)" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Recurring_Mutations_Found_by_Full_length_Sequencing_of_an_Acute_Myeloid_Leukemia_Genome_(AML)">Recurring Mutations Found by Full length Sequencing of an Acute Myeloid Leukemia Genome (AML)</a>. [[N&nbsp; Engl J Med]]</p> <p>20090802: <a title="The complete genome sequence of Triticum mosaic virus is published in Arch Vriol." href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The_complete_genome_sequence_of_Triticum_mosaic_virus_is_published_in_Arch_Vriol.">The complete genome sequence of Triticum mosaic virus is published in Arch Vriol.</a></p> <p>20090730: <a title="Crocodile genome map published in BMC Genomics" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Crocodile_genome_map_published_in_BMC_Genomics">Crocodile genome map published in BMC Genomics</a>.</p> <p>20090727: [[A new multiplex sequencing method published by MPI group for highly degraded DNA fragments. Cave&nbsp; bear mitochondria]]</p> <p>20090724: DNA Sequencing and&nbsp;Array Drive 8% Growth for Roche in First Half of 2009. <a title="454 GS FLX" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/454_GS_FLX">454 GS FLX</a> and <a title="Nimblegen" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nimblegen">Nimblegen</a>. <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/dna-sequencing-systems-arrays-drive-8-percent-growth-roche-applied-science-first" rel="nofollow">[1]</a></p> <p>20090724: BGI (Beijing Genomics Institute) in China participates in orchid genome (<i><a title="Phalaenopsis equestris" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Phalaenopsis_equestris">Phalaenopsis equestris</a>) </i>sequencing. <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/bgi-china-partners-sequence-orchids" rel="nofollow">[2]</a></p> <p>20090716: Navigenics Lowers Health Compass Price to $999 USD. [<a class="external free" href="http://www.genomeweb.com/dxpgx/navigenics-" rel="nofollow">http://www.genomeweb.com/dxpgx/navigenics-</a> lowers-health-compass-price-1k]</p> <p>20090716: Celera Uses&nbsp;Automated Workflows for Genomics <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/17/celera-pushes-boundaries.html" rel="nofollow">[3]</a></p> <p>20090716: <a title="A draft genomic sequence for a worm, Schistosoma japonicum, was published" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/A_draft_genomic_sequence_for_a_worm,_Schistosoma_japonicum,_was_published">A draft genomic sequence for a worm, Schistosoma japonicum, was published</a>.</p> <p>20090716: Genomes Of Parasitic Flatworms Decoded: <i>Schistosoma mansoni</i> and <i>Schistosoma japonicum</i> <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090715131439.htm" rel="nofollow">[4]</a></p> <p>20090716:</p> <p><br /> 20110214: <a title="Prostate cancer genomes sequenced by Broad and Dana Faber" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Prostate_cancer_genomes_sequenced_by_Broad_and_Dana_Faber">Prostate cancer genomes sequenced by Broad and Dana Faber</a>: 20110214&nbsp;</p> e1e9ee5ce9115aa4b22f044f54138f6aba887ace 0 2679 4636 2013-08-15T12:27:32Z S 300001 Created page with "<p>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363">http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363</a></p> <h1 style="padding: 2px 0px 0px; margin: 0px; border: none;..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363">http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363</a></p> <h1 style="padding: 2px 0px 0px; margin: 0px; border: none; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.5em; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186); line-height: 1.4em; clear: both;">The genome sequencing of an albino Western lowland gorilla reveals inbreeding in the wild</h1> <p><section style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.199999809265137px; line-height: 12.800000190734863px;"> <h3 style="padding: 0px 0px 7px; margin: 1.5em 0px 0.5em; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(211, 209, 209); outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 1.4em; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186); line-height: 1.2em; clear: both;"> <div class="multipleins" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: normal; font-size: 11.199999809265137px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 12.800000190734863px;"> <p class="authors" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0.2em 0px 0.7em; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; overflow: visible; clear: both; line-height: 1.6em;"><strong style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Javier Prado-Martinez</strong><sup style="padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup>,&nbsp;<strong style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Irene Hernando-Herraez</strong><sup style="padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup>,&nbsp;<strong style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Belen Lorente-Galdos</strong><sup style="padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup>,&nbsp;<strong style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Marc Dabad</strong><sup style="padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup>,<strong style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Oscar Ramirez</strong><sup style="padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup>,&nbsp;<strong style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Carlos Baeza-Delgado</strong><sup style="padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins2" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">2</a></sup>,&nbsp;<strong style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Carlos Morcillo-Suarez</strong><sup style="padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><sup style="padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins3" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">3</a></sup>,&nbsp;<strong style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Can Alkan</strong><sup style="padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins4" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">4</a></sup><sup style="padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins5" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">5</a></sup>,<strong style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Fereydoun Hormozdiari</strong><sup style="padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins4" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">4</a></sup>,&nbsp;<strong style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Emanuele Raineri</strong><sup style="padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins6" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">6</a></sup>,&nbsp;<strong style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Jordi Estell&eacute;</strong><sup style="padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins6" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">6</a></sup><sup style="padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins7" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">7</a></sup>,&nbsp;<strong style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Marcos Fernandez-Callejo</strong><sup style="padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup>,<strong style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">M&ograve;nica Valles</strong><sup style="padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup>,&nbsp;<strong style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Lars Ritscher</strong><sup style="padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins8" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">8</a></sup>,&nbsp;<strong style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Torsten Sch&ouml;neberg</strong><sup style="padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins8" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">8</a></sup>,&nbsp;<strong style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Elisa de la Calle-Mustienes</strong><sup style="padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins9" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">9</a></sup>,&nbsp;<strong style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">S&ograve;nia Casillas</strong><sup style="padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins10" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">10</a></sup>,&nbsp;<strong style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Raquel Rubio-Acero</strong><sup style="padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins10" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">10</a></sup>,&nbsp;<strong style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Marta Mel&eacute;</strong><sup style="padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><sup style="padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins11" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">11</a></sup>,&nbsp;<strong style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Johannes Engelken</strong><sup style="padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><sup style="padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins12" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">12</a></sup>,&nbsp;<strong style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Mario Caceres</strong><sup style="padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins10" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">10</a></sup><sup style="padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins13" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">13</a></sup>,&nbsp;<strong style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Jose Luis Gomez-Skarmeta</strong><sup style="padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins9" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">9</a></sup>,&nbsp;<strong style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Marta Gut</strong><sup style="padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins6" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">6</a></sup>,&nbsp;<strong style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Jaume Bertranpetit</strong><sup style="padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup>,&nbsp;<strong style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Ivo G Gut</strong><sup style="padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins6" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">6</a></sup>,<strong style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Teresa Abello</strong><sup style="padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins14" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">14</a></sup>,&nbsp;<strong style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Evan E Eichler</strong><sup style="padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins15" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">15</a></sup><sup style="padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins4" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">4</a></sup>,&nbsp;<strong style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Ismael Mingarro</strong><sup style="padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins2" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">2</a></sup>,&nbsp;<strong style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Carles Lalueza-Fox</strong><sup style="padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup>,&nbsp;<strong style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Arcadi Navarro</strong><sup style="padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><sup style="padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins13" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">13</a></sup><sup style="padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins16" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">16</a></sup><sup style="padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins3" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">3</a></sup>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<strong style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Tomas Marques-Bonet</strong><sup style="padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><sup style="padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins13" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">13</a></sup><sup style="padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;">*</sup></p> </div> </h3> <h3 style="padding: 0px 0px 7px; margin: 1.5em 0px 0.5em; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(211, 209, 209); outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 1.4em; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186); line-height: 1.2em; clear: both;">Abstract</h3> <div class="collapsible-content" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> <h4 style="padding: 4px 0px; margin: 0px; border: none; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 1.3em; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(78, 78, 78); clear: both; line-height: 1.2em;">Background</h4> <p style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1em; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; overflow: visible; clear: both; line-height: 17.600000381469727px;">The only known albino gorilla, named&nbsp;<em style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Snowflake</em>, was a male wild born individual from Equatorial Guinea who lived at the Barcelona Zoo for almost 40 years. He was diagnosed with non-syndromic oculocutaneous albinism, i.e. white hair, light eyes, pink skin, photophobia and reduced visual acuity. Despite previous efforts to explain the genetic cause, this is still unknown. Here, we study the genetic cause of his albinism and making use of whole genome sequencing data we find a higher inbreeding coefficient compared to other gorillas.</p> <h4 style="padding: 4px 0px; margin: 0px; border: none; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 1.3em; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(78, 78, 78); clear: both; line-height: 1.2em;">Results</h4> <p style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1em; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; overflow: visible; clear: both; line-height: 17.600000381469727px;">We successfully identified the causal genetic variant for&nbsp;<em style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Snowflake&rsquo;s</em>&nbsp;albinism, a non-synonymous single nucleotide variant located in a transmembrane region of&nbsp;<em style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">SLC45A2</em>. This transporter is known to be involved in oculocutaneous albinism type 4 (OCA4) in humans. We provide experimental evidence that shows that this amino acid replacement alters the membrane spanning capability of this transmembrane region. Finally, we provide a comprehensive study of genome-wide patterns of autozygogosity revealing that&nbsp;<em style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Snowflake</em>&rsquo;s parents were related, being this the first report of inbreeding in a wild born Western lowland gorilla.</p> <h4 style="padding: 4px 0px; margin: 0px; border: none; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 1.3em; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(78, 78, 78); clear: both; line-height: 1.2em;">Conclusions</h4> <p style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1em; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; overflow: visible; clear: both; line-height: 17.600000381469727px;">In this study we demonstrate how the use of whole genome sequencing can be extended to link genotype and phenotype in non-model organisms and it can be a powerful tool in conservation genetics (e.g., inbreeding and genetic diversity) with the expected decrease in sequencing cost.</p> </div> </section></p> <p><span id="keywords" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 11.199999809265137px; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 12.800000190734863px;"> <h5 class="inline" style="padding: 4px 0px 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; border: none; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 1.1em; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(78, 78, 78); line-height: 1.4em; display: inline !important;">Keywords:&nbsp;</h5> Gorilla; Albinism; Inbreeding; Genome; Conservation</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 1a2035897f7b662f3781df020f665eb5ca8f5961 4637 4636 2013-08-15T12:28:27Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363">http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363</a></p> <p><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 128);"><span style="font-size: x-large;">The genome sequencing of an albino Western lowland gorilla reveals inbreeding in the wild</span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><section style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.199999809265137px; line-height: 12.800000190734863px;"> <h3 style="padding: 0px 0px 7px; margin: 1.5em 0px 0.5em; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(211, 209, 209); outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 1.4em; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186); line-height: 1.2em; clear: both;"> <div class="multipleins" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: normal; font-size: 11.199999809265137px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 12.800000190734863px;"> <p class="authors" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0.2em 0px 0.7em; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; overflow: visible; clear: both; line-height: 1.6em;"><strong style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Javier Prado-Martinez</strong><sup style="padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup>,&nbsp;<strong style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Irene Hernando-Herraez</strong><sup style="padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup>,&nbsp;<strong style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Belen Lorente-Galdos</strong><sup style="padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup>,&nbsp;<strong style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Marc Dabad</strong><sup style="padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup>,<strong style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Oscar Ramirez</strong><sup style="padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup>,&nbsp;<strong style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Carlos Baeza-Delgado</strong><sup style="padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins2" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">2</a></sup>,&nbsp;<strong style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Carlos Morcillo-Suarez</strong><sup style="padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><sup style="padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins3" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">3</a></sup>,&nbsp;<strong style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Can Alkan</strong><sup style="padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins4" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">4</a></sup><sup style="padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins5" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">5</a></sup>,<strong style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Fereydoun Hormozdiari</strong><sup style="padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins4" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">4</a></sup>,&nbsp;<strong style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Emanuele Raineri</strong><sup style="padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins6" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">6</a></sup>,&nbsp;<strong style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Jordi Estell&eacute;</strong><sup style="padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins6" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">6</a></sup><sup style="padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins7" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">7</a></sup>,&nbsp;<strong style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Marcos Fernandez-Callejo</strong><sup style="padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup>,<strong style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">M&ograve;nica Valles</strong><sup style="padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup>,&nbsp;<strong style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Lars Ritscher</strong><sup style="padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins8" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">8</a></sup>,&nbsp;<strong style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Torsten Sch&ouml;neberg</strong><sup style="padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins8" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">8</a></sup>,&nbsp;<strong style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Elisa de la Calle-Mustienes</strong><sup style="padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins9" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">9</a></sup>,&nbsp;<strong style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">S&ograve;nia Casillas</strong><sup style="padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins10" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">10</a></sup>,&nbsp;<strong style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Raquel Rubio-Acero</strong><sup style="padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins10" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">10</a></sup>,&nbsp;<strong style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Marta Mel&eacute;</strong><sup style="padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><sup style="padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins11" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">11</a></sup>,&nbsp;<strong style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Johannes Engelken</strong><sup style="padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><sup style="padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins12" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">12</a></sup>,&nbsp;<strong style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Mario Caceres</strong><sup style="padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins10" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">10</a></sup><sup style="padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins13" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">13</a></sup>,&nbsp;<strong style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Jose Luis Gomez-Skarmeta</strong><sup style="padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins9" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">9</a></sup>,&nbsp;<strong style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Marta Gut</strong><sup style="padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins6" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">6</a></sup>,&nbsp;<strong style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Jaume Bertranpetit</strong><sup style="padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup>,&nbsp;<strong style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Ivo G Gut</strong><sup style="padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins6" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">6</a></sup>,<strong style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Teresa Abello</strong><sup style="padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins14" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">14</a></sup>,&nbsp;<strong style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Evan E Eichler</strong><sup style="padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins15" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">15</a></sup><sup style="padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins4" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">4</a></sup>,&nbsp;<strong style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Ismael Mingarro</strong><sup style="padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins2" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">2</a></sup>,&nbsp;<strong style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Carles Lalueza-Fox</strong><sup style="padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup>,&nbsp;<strong style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Arcadi Navarro</strong><sup style="padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><sup style="padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins13" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">13</a></sup><sup style="padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins16" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">16</a></sup><sup style="padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins3" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">3</a></sup>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<strong style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Tomas Marques-Bonet</strong><sup style="padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><sup style="padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins13" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">13</a></sup><sup style="padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;">*</sup></p> </div> </h3> <p><span style="font-size: large;">Abstract</span></p> <div class="collapsible-content" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> <p>Background</p> <p style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1em; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; overflow: visible; clear: both; line-height: 17.600000381469727px;">The only known albino gorilla, named&nbsp;<em style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Snowflake</em>, was a male wild born individual from Equatorial Guinea who lived at the Barcelona Zoo for almost 40 years. He was diagnosed with non-syndromic oculocutaneous albinism, i.e. white hair, light eyes, pink skin, photophobia and reduced visual acuity. Despite previous efforts to explain the genetic cause, this is still unknown. Here, we study the genetic cause of his albinism and making use of whole genome sequencing data we find a higher inbreeding coefficient compared to other gorillas.</p> <p><span style="font-size: large;">Results</span></p> <p style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1em; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; overflow: visible; clear: both; line-height: 17.600000381469727px;">We successfully identified the causal genetic variant for&nbsp;<em style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Snowflake&rsquo;s</em>&nbsp;albinism, a non-synonymous single nucleotide variant located in a transmembrane region of&nbsp;<em style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">SLC45A2</em>. This transporter is known to be involved in oculocutaneous albinism type 4 (OCA4) in humans. We provide experimental evidence that shows that this amino acid replacement alters the membrane spanning capability of this transmembrane region. Finally, we provide a comprehensive study of genome-wide patterns of autozygogosity revealing that&nbsp;<em style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Snowflake</em>&rsquo;s parents were related, being this the first report of inbreeding in a wild born Western lowland gorilla.</p> <p><span style="font-size: large;">Conclusions</span></p> <p style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1em; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; overflow: visible; clear: both; line-height: 17.600000381469727px;">In this study we demonstrate how the use of whole genome sequencing can be extended to link genotype and phenotype in non-model organisms and it can be a powerful tool in conservation genetics (e.g., inbreeding and genetic diversity) with the expected decrease in sequencing cost.</p> </div> </section></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span id="keywords" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 11.199999809265137px; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 12.800000190734863px;"> </span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Keywords</span>:&nbsp;</p> <p>Gorilla; Albinism; Inbreeding; Genome; Conservation</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> e7bb08d9eae02cf5df774f2bac8573ec9f4fcc95 4638 4637 2013-08-15T12:28:37Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363">http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363</a></p> <p><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 128);"><span style="font-size: x-large;">The genome sequencing of an albino Western lowland gorilla reveals inbreeding in the wild</span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Javier Prado-Martinez</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Irene Hernando-Herraez</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Belen Lorente-Galdos</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Marc Dabad</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Oscar Ramirez</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Carlos Baeza-Delgado</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins2" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">2</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Carlos Morcillo-Suarez</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins3" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">3</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Can Alkan</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins4" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">4</a></sup><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins5" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">5</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Fereydoun Hormozdiari</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins4" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">4</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Emanuele Raineri</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins6" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">6</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Jordi Estell&eacute;</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins6" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">6</a></sup><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins7" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">7</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Marcos Fernandez-Callejo</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">M&ograve;nica Valles</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Lars Ritscher</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins8" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">8</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Torsten Sch&ouml;neberg</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins8" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">8</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Elisa de la Calle-Mustienes</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins9" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">9</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">S&ograve;nia Casillas</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins10" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">10</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Raquel Rubio-Acero</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins10" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">10</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Marta Mel&eacute;</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins11" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">11</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Johannes Engelken</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins12" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">12</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Mario Caceres</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins10" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">10</a></sup><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins13" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">13</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Jose Luis Gomez-Skarmeta</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins9" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">9</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Marta Gut</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins6" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">6</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Jaume Bertranpetit</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Ivo G Gut</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins6" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">6</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Teresa Abello</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins14" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">14</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Evan E Eichler</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins15" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">15</a></sup><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins4" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">4</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Ismael Mingarro</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins2" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">2</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Carles Lalueza-Fox</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Arcadi Navarro</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins13" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">13</a></sup><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins16" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">16</a></sup><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins3" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">3</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">&nbsp;and&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Tomas Marques-Bonet</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins13" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">13</a></sup><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;">*</sup></p> <p><section style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.199999809265137px; line-height: 12.800000190734863px;"> <p><span style="font-size: large;">Abstract</span></p> <div class="collapsible-content" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> <p>Background</p> <p style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1em; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; overflow: visible; clear: both; line-height: 17.600000381469727px;">The only known albino gorilla, named&nbsp;<em style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Snowflake</em>, was a male wild born individual from Equatorial Guinea who lived at the Barcelona Zoo for almost 40 years. He was diagnosed with non-syndromic oculocutaneous albinism, i.e. white hair, light eyes, pink skin, photophobia and reduced visual acuity. Despite previous efforts to explain the genetic cause, this is still unknown. Here, we study the genetic cause of his albinism and making use of whole genome sequencing data we find a higher inbreeding coefficient compared to other gorillas.</p> <p><span style="font-size: large;">Results</span></p> <p style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1em; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; overflow: visible; clear: both; line-height: 17.600000381469727px;">We successfully identified the causal genetic variant for&nbsp;<em style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Snowflake&rsquo;s</em>&nbsp;albinism, a non-synonymous single nucleotide variant located in a transmembrane region of&nbsp;<em style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">SLC45A2</em>. This transporter is known to be involved in oculocutaneous albinism type 4 (OCA4) in humans. We provide experimental evidence that shows that this amino acid replacement alters the membrane spanning capability of this transmembrane region. Finally, we provide a comprehensive study of genome-wide patterns of autozygogosity revealing that&nbsp;<em style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Snowflake</em>&rsquo;s parents were related, being this the first report of inbreeding in a wild born Western lowland gorilla.</p> <p><span style="font-size: large;">Conclusions</span></p> <p style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1em; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; overflow: visible; clear: both; line-height: 17.600000381469727px;">In this study we demonstrate how the use of whole genome sequencing can be extended to link genotype and phenotype in non-model organisms and it can be a powerful tool in conservation genetics (e.g., inbreeding and genetic diversity) with the expected decrease in sequencing cost.</p> </div> </section></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span id="keywords" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 11.199999809265137px; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 12.800000190734863px;"> </span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Keywords</span>:&nbsp;</p> <p>Gorilla; Albinism; Inbreeding; Genome; Conservation</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> b3e34bb788b0ac847bf45261761b90fe68e8ea15 4639 4638 2013-08-15T12:29:01Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363">http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363</a></p> <p><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 128);"><span style="font-size: x-large;">The genome sequencing of an albino Western lowland gorilla reveals inbreeding in the wild</span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Javier Prado-Martinez</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Irene Hernando-Herraez</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Belen Lorente-Galdos</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Marc Dabad</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Oscar Ramirez</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Carlos Baeza-Delgado</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins2" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">2</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Carlos Morcillo-Suarez</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins3" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">3</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Can Alkan</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins4" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">4</a></sup><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins5" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">5</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Fereydoun Hormozdiari</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins4" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">4</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Emanuele Raineri</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins6" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">6</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Jordi Estell&eacute;</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins6" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">6</a></sup><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins7" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">7</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Marcos Fernandez-Callejo</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">M&ograve;nica Valles</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Lars Ritscher</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins8" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">8</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Torsten Sch&ouml;neberg</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins8" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">8</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Elisa de la Calle-Mustienes</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins9" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">9</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">S&ograve;nia Casillas</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins10" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">10</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Raquel Rubio-Acero</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins10" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">10</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Marta Mel&eacute;</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins11" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">11</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Johannes Engelken</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins12" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">12</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Mario Caceres</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins10" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">10</a></sup><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins13" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">13</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Jose Luis Gomez-Skarmeta</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins9" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">9</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Marta Gut</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins6" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">6</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Jaume Bertranpetit</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Ivo G Gut</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins6" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">6</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Teresa Abello</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins14" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">14</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Evan E Eichler</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins15" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">15</a></sup><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins4" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">4</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Ismael Mingarro</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins2" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">2</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Carles Lalueza-Fox</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Arcadi Navarro</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins13" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">13</a></sup><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins16" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">16</a></sup><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins3" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">3</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">&nbsp;and&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Tomas Marques-Bonet</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins13" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">13</a></sup><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;">*</sup></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><b><span style="font-size: large;">Abstract</span></b></p> <p><section style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.199999809265137px; line-height: 12.800000190734863px;"> <div class="collapsible-content" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> <p><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Background</span></b></p> <p style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1em; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; overflow: visible; clear: both; line-height: 17.600000381469727px;">The only known albino gorilla, named&nbsp;<em style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Snowflake</em>, was a male wild born individual from Equatorial Guinea who lived at the Barcelona Zoo for almost 40 years. He was diagnosed with non-syndromic oculocutaneous albinism, i.e. white hair, light eyes, pink skin, photophobia and reduced visual acuity. Despite previous efforts to explain the genetic cause, this is still unknown. Here, we study the genetic cause of his albinism and making use of whole genome sequencing data we find a higher inbreeding coefficient compared to other gorillas.</p> <p><span style="font-size: large;">Results</span></p> <p style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1em; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; overflow: visible; clear: both; line-height: 17.600000381469727px;">We successfully identified the causal genetic variant for&nbsp;<em style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Snowflake&rsquo;s</em>&nbsp;albinism, a non-synonymous single nucleotide variant located in a transmembrane region of&nbsp;<em style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">SLC45A2</em>. This transporter is known to be involved in oculocutaneous albinism type 4 (OCA4) in humans. We provide experimental evidence that shows that this amino acid replacement alters the membrane spanning capability of this transmembrane region. Finally, we provide a comprehensive study of genome-wide patterns of autozygogosity revealing that&nbsp;<em style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Snowflake</em>&rsquo;s parents were related, being this the first report of inbreeding in a wild born Western lowland gorilla.</p> <p><span style="font-size: large;">Conclusions</span></p> <p style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1em; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; overflow: visible; clear: both; line-height: 17.600000381469727px;">In this study we demonstrate how the use of whole genome sequencing can be extended to link genotype and phenotype in non-model organisms and it can be a powerful tool in conservation genetics (e.g., inbreeding and genetic diversity) with the expected decrease in sequencing cost.</p> </div> </section></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span id="keywords" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 11.199999809265137px; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 12.800000190734863px;"> </span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Keywords</span>:&nbsp;</p> <p>Gorilla; Albinism; Inbreeding; Genome; Conservation</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 6bcde53cb18360b8acfe8eefd42555acdbb7b04e 4640 4639 2013-08-15T12:29:12Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363">http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363</a></p> <p><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 128);"><span style="font-size: x-large;">The genome sequencing of an albino Western lowland gorilla reveals inbreeding in the wild</span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Javier Prado-Martinez</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Irene Hernando-Herraez</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Belen Lorente-Galdos</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Marc Dabad</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Oscar Ramirez</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Carlos Baeza-Delgado</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins2" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">2</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Carlos Morcillo-Suarez</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins3" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">3</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Can Alkan</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins4" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">4</a></sup><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins5" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">5</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Fereydoun Hormozdiari</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins4" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">4</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Emanuele Raineri</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins6" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">6</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Jordi Estell&eacute;</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins6" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">6</a></sup><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins7" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">7</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Marcos Fernandez-Callejo</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">M&ograve;nica Valles</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Lars Ritscher</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins8" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">8</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Torsten Sch&ouml;neberg</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins8" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">8</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Elisa de la Calle-Mustienes</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins9" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">9</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">S&ograve;nia Casillas</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins10" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">10</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Raquel Rubio-Acero</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins10" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">10</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Marta Mel&eacute;</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins11" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">11</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Johannes Engelken</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins12" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">12</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Mario Caceres</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins10" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">10</a></sup><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins13" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">13</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Jose Luis Gomez-Skarmeta</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins9" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">9</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Marta Gut</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins6" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">6</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Jaume Bertranpetit</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Ivo G Gut</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins6" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">6</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Teresa Abello</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins14" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">14</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Evan E Eichler</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins15" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">15</a></sup><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins4" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">4</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Ismael Mingarro</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins2" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">2</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Carles Lalueza-Fox</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Arcadi Navarro</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins13" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">13</a></sup><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins16" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">16</a></sup><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins3" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">3</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">&nbsp;and&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Tomas Marques-Bonet</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins13" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">13</a></sup><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;">*</sup></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><b><span style="font-size: large;">Abstract</span></b></p> <p><b style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 11.199999809265137px; line-height: 12.800000190734863px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Background</span></b></p> <p><section style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.199999809265137px; line-height: 12.800000190734863px;"> <div class="collapsible-content" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> <p style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1em; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; overflow: visible; clear: both; line-height: 17.600000381469727px;">The only known albino gorilla, named&nbsp;<em style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Snowflake</em>, was a male wild born individual from Equatorial Guinea who lived at the Barcelona Zoo for almost 40 years. He was diagnosed with non-syndromic oculocutaneous albinism, i.e. white hair, light eyes, pink skin, photophobia and reduced visual acuity. Despite previous efforts to explain the genetic cause, this is still unknown. Here, we study the genetic cause of his albinism and making use of whole genome sequencing data we find a higher inbreeding coefficient compared to other gorillas.</p> <p><span style="font-size: large;">Results</span></p> <p style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1em; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; overflow: visible; clear: both; line-height: 17.600000381469727px;">We successfully identified the causal genetic variant for&nbsp;<em style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Snowflake&rsquo;s</em>&nbsp;albinism, a non-synonymous single nucleotide variant located in a transmembrane region of&nbsp;<em style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">SLC45A2</em>. This transporter is known to be involved in oculocutaneous albinism type 4 (OCA4) in humans. We provide experimental evidence that shows that this amino acid replacement alters the membrane spanning capability of this transmembrane region. Finally, we provide a comprehensive study of genome-wide patterns of autozygogosity revealing that&nbsp;<em style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Snowflake</em>&rsquo;s parents were related, being this the first report of inbreeding in a wild born Western lowland gorilla.</p> <p><span style="font-size: large;">Conclusions</span></p> <p style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1em; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; overflow: visible; clear: both; line-height: 17.600000381469727px;">In this study we demonstrate how the use of whole genome sequencing can be extended to link genotype and phenotype in non-model organisms and it can be a powerful tool in conservation genetics (e.g., inbreeding and genetic diversity) with the expected decrease in sequencing cost.</p> </div> </section></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span id="keywords" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 11.199999809265137px; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 12.800000190734863px;"> </span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Keywords</span>:&nbsp;</p> <p>Gorilla; Albinism; Inbreeding; Genome; Conservation</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> a36d3aa69c7baf316dfb47a75f53a46ff94c0122 4641 4640 2013-08-15T12:29:33Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363">http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363</a></p> <p><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 128);"><span style="font-size: x-large;">The genome sequencing of an albino Western lowland gorilla reveals inbreeding in the wild</span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Javier Prado-Martinez</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Irene Hernando-Herraez</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Belen Lorente-Galdos</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Marc Dabad</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Oscar Ramirez</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Carlos Baeza-Delgado</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins2" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">2</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Carlos Morcillo-Suarez</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins3" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">3</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Can Alkan</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins4" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">4</a></sup><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins5" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">5</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Fereydoun Hormozdiari</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins4" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">4</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Emanuele Raineri</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins6" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">6</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Jordi Estell&eacute;</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins6" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">6</a></sup><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins7" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">7</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Marcos Fernandez-Callejo</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">M&ograve;nica Valles</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Lars Ritscher</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins8" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">8</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Torsten Sch&ouml;neberg</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins8" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">8</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Elisa de la Calle-Mustienes</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins9" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">9</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">S&ograve;nia Casillas</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins10" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">10</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Raquel Rubio-Acero</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins10" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">10</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Marta Mel&eacute;</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins11" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">11</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Johannes Engelken</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins12" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">12</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Mario Caceres</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins10" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">10</a></sup><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins13" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">13</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Jose Luis Gomez-Skarmeta</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins9" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">9</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Marta Gut</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins6" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">6</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Jaume Bertranpetit</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Ivo G Gut</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins6" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">6</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Teresa Abello</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins14" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">14</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Evan E Eichler</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins15" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">15</a></sup><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins4" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">4</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Ismael Mingarro</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins2" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">2</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Carles Lalueza-Fox</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Arcadi Navarro</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins13" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">13</a></sup><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins16" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">16</a></sup><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins3" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">3</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">&nbsp;and&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Tomas Marques-Bonet</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins13" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">13</a></sup><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;">*</sup></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><b><span style="font-size: large;">Abstract</span></b></p> <p><b style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 11.199999809265137px; line-height: 12.800000190734863px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Background</span></b></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <div class="collapsible-content" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> <p style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1em; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; overflow: visible; clear: both; line-height: 17.600000381469727px;">The only known albino gorilla, named&nbsp;<em style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Snowflake</em>, was a male wild born individual from Equatorial Guinea who lived at the Barcelona Zoo for almost 40 years. He was diagnosed with non-syndromic oculocutaneous albinism, i.e. white hair, light eyes, pink skin, photophobia and reduced visual acuity. Despite previous efforts to explain the genetic cause, this is still unknown. Here, we study the genetic cause of his albinism and making use of whole genome sequencing data we find a higher inbreeding coefficient compared to other gorillas.</p> <p><span style="font-size: large;">Results</span></p> <p style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1em; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; overflow: visible; clear: both; line-height: 17.600000381469727px;">We successfully identified the causal genetic variant for&nbsp;<em style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Snowflake&rsquo;s</em>&nbsp;albinism, a non-synonymous single nucleotide variant located in a transmembrane region of&nbsp;<em style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">SLC45A2</em>. This transporter is known to be involved in oculocutaneous albinism type 4 (OCA4) in humans. We provide experimental evidence that shows that this amino acid replacement alters the membrane spanning capability of this transmembrane region. Finally, we provide a comprehensive study of genome-wide patterns of autozygogosity revealing that&nbsp;<em style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Snowflake</em>&rsquo;s parents were related, being this the first report of inbreeding in a wild born Western lowland gorilla.</p> <p><span style="font-size: large;">Conclusions</span></p> <p style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1em; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; overflow: visible; clear: both; line-height: 17.600000381469727px;">In this study we demonstrate how the use of whole genome sequencing can be extended to link genotype and phenotype in non-model organisms and it can be a powerful tool in conservation genetics (e.g., inbreeding and genetic diversity) with the expected decrease in sequencing cost.</p> </div> </section></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span id="keywords" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 11.199999809265137px; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 12.800000190734863px;"> </span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Keywords</span>:&nbsp;</p> <p>Gorilla; Albinism; Inbreeding; Genome; Conservation</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 3e9318c1486c11f81288be63127cf9d917621bcf 4646 4641 2013-08-15T12:34:38Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: large;">&nbsp;Original BMC Genomics site:&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363"><span style="font-size: large;">http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363</span></a></p> <p><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 128);"><span style="font-size: x-large;">The genome sequencing of an albino Western lowland gorilla reveals inbreeding in the wild</span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Javier Prado-Martinez</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Irene Hernando-Herraez</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Belen Lorente-Galdos</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Marc Dabad</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Oscar Ramirez</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Carlos Baeza-Delgado</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins2" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">2</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Carlos Morcillo-Suarez</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins3" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">3</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Can Alkan</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins4" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">4</a></sup><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins5" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">5</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Fereydoun Hormozdiari</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins4" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">4</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Emanuele Raineri</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins6" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">6</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Jordi Estell&eacute;</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins6" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">6</a></sup><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins7" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">7</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Marcos Fernandez-Callejo</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">M&ograve;nica Valles</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Lars Ritscher</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins8" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">8</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Torsten Sch&ouml;neberg</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins8" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">8</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Elisa de la Calle-Mustienes</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins9" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">9</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">S&ograve;nia Casillas</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins10" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">10</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Raquel Rubio-Acero</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins10" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">10</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Marta Mel&eacute;</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins11" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">11</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Johannes Engelken</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins12" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">12</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Mario Caceres</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins10" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">10</a></sup><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins13" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">13</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Jose Luis Gomez-Skarmeta</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins9" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">9</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Marta Gut</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins6" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">6</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Jaume Bertranpetit</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Ivo G Gut</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins6" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">6</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Teresa Abello</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins14" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">14</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Evan E Eichler</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins15" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">15</a></sup><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins4" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">4</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Ismael Mingarro</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins2" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">2</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Carles Lalueza-Fox</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Arcadi Navarro</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins13" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">13</a></sup><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins16" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">16</a></sup><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins3" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">3</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">&nbsp;and&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Tomas Marques-Bonet</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins13" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">13</a></sup><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;">*</sup></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><b><span style="font-size: large;">Abstract</span></b></p> <p><b style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 11.199999809265137px; line-height: 12.800000190734863px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Background</span></b></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <div class="collapsible-content" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> <p style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1em; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; overflow: visible; clear: both; line-height: 17.600000381469727px;">The only known albino gorilla, named&nbsp;<em style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Snowflake</em>, was a male wild born individual from Equatorial Guinea who lived at the Barcelona Zoo for almost 40 years. He was diagnosed with non-syndromic oculocutaneous albinism, i.e. white hair, light eyes, pink skin, photophobia and reduced visual acuity. Despite previous efforts to explain the genetic cause, this is still unknown. Here, we study the genetic cause of his albinism and making use of whole genome sequencing data we find a higher inbreeding coefficient compared to other gorillas.</p> <p><span style="font-size: large;">Results</span></p> <p style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1em; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; overflow: visible; clear: both; line-height: 17.600000381469727px;">We successfully identified the causal genetic variant for&nbsp;<em style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Snowflake&rsquo;s</em>&nbsp;albinism, a non-synonymous single nucleotide variant located in a transmembrane region of&nbsp;<em style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">SLC45A2</em>. This transporter is known to be involved in oculocutaneous albinism type 4 (OCA4) in humans. We provide experimental evidence that shows that this amino acid replacement alters the membrane spanning capability of this transmembrane region. Finally, we provide a comprehensive study of genome-wide patterns of autozygogosity revealing that&nbsp;<em style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Snowflake</em>&rsquo;s parents were related, being this the first report of inbreeding in a wild born Western lowland gorilla.</p> <p><span style="font-size: large;">Conclusions</span></p> <p style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1em; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; overflow: visible; clear: both; line-height: 17.600000381469727px;">In this study we demonstrate how the use of whole genome sequencing can be extended to link genotype and phenotype in non-model organisms and it can be a powerful tool in conservation genetics (e.g., inbreeding and genetic diversity) with the expected decrease in sequencing cost.</p> </div> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span id="keywords" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 11.199999809265137px; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 12.800000190734863px;"> </span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Keywords</span>:&nbsp;</p> <p>Gorilla; Albinism; Inbreeding; Genome; Conservation</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> ee22f7a3dc77ab1d5b5f4bdffc4aa8465724cc2d 4647 4646 2013-08-15T12:35:10Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: large;">&nbsp;Original BMC Genomics site:&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363"><span style="font-size: large;">http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363</span></a></p> <p><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 128);"><span style="font-size: x-large;">The genome sequencing of an albino Western lowland gorilla reveals inbreeding in the wild</span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Javier Prado-Martinez</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Irene Hernando-Herraez</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Belen Lorente-Galdos</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Marc Dabad</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Oscar Ramirez</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Carlos Baeza-Delgado</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins2" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">2</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Carlos Morcillo-Suarez</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins3" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">3</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Can Alkan</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins4" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">4</a></sup><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins5" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">5</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Fereydoun Hormozdiari</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins4" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">4</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Emanuele Raineri</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins6" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">6</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Jordi Estell&eacute;</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins6" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">6</a></sup><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins7" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">7</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Marcos Fernandez-Callejo</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">M&ograve;nica Valles</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Lars Ritscher</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins8" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">8</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Torsten Sch&ouml;neberg</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins8" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">8</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Elisa de la Calle-Mustienes</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins9" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">9</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">S&ograve;nia Casillas</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins10" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">10</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Raquel Rubio-Acero</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins10" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">10</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Marta Mel&eacute;</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins11" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">11</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Johannes Engelken</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins12" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">12</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Mario Caceres</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins10" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">10</a></sup><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins13" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">13</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Jose Luis Gomez-Skarmeta</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins9" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">9</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Marta Gut</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins6" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">6</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Jaume Bertranpetit</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Ivo G Gut</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins6" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">6</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Teresa Abello</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins14" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">14</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Evan E Eichler</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins15" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">15</a></sup><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins4" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">4</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Ismael Mingarro</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins2" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">2</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Carles Lalueza-Fox</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Arcadi Navarro</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins13" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">13</a></sup><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins16" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">16</a></sup><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins3" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">3</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">&nbsp;and&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Tomas Marques-Bonet</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins13" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">13</a></sup><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;">*</sup></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><b><span style="font-size: large;">Abstract</span></b></p> <p><b style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 11.199999809265137px; line-height: 12.800000190734863px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Background</span></b></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <div class="collapsible-content" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> <p style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1em; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; overflow: visible; clear: both; line-height: 17.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The only known albino gorilla, named&nbsp;<em style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Snowflake</em>, was a male wild born individual from Equatorial Guinea who lived at the Barcelona Zoo for almost 40 years. He was diagnosed with non-syndromic oculocutaneous albinism, i.e. white hair, light eyes, pink skin, photophobia and reduced visual acuity. Despite previous efforts to explain the genetic cause, this is still unknown. Here, we study the genetic cause of his albinism and making use of whole genome sequencing data we find a higher inbreeding coefficient compared to other gorillas.</span></p> <p style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1em; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; overflow: visible; clear: both; line-height: 17.600000381469727px;">&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size: large;">Results</span></p> <p style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1em; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; overflow: visible; clear: both; line-height: 17.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">We successfully identified the causal genetic variant for&nbsp;<em style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Snowflake&rsquo;s</em>&nbsp;albinism, a non-synonymous single nucleotide variant located in a transmembrane region of&nbsp;<em style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">SLC45A2</em>. This transporter is known to be involved in oculocutaneous albinism type 4 (OCA4) in humans. We provide experimental evidence that shows that this amino acid replacement alters the membrane spanning capability of this transmembrane region. Finally, we provide a comprehensive study of genome-wide patterns of autozygogosity revealing that&nbsp;<em style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Snowflake</em>&rsquo;s parents were related, being this the first report of inbreeding in a wild born Western lowland gorilla.</span></p> <p style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1em; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; overflow: visible; clear: both; line-height: 17.600000381469727px;">&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size: large;">Conclusions</span></p> <p style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1em; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; overflow: visible; clear: both; line-height: 17.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">In this study we demonstrate how the use of whole genome sequencing can be extended to link genotype and phenotype in non-model organisms and it can be a powerful tool in conservation genetics (e.g., inbreeding and genetic diversity) with the expected decrease in sequencing cost.</span></p> </div> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <p><span id="keywords" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 11.199999809265137px; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 12.800000190734863px;"> </span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Keywords</span>:&nbsp;</p> <p>Gorilla; Albinism; Inbreeding; Genome; Conservation</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> c367b6cc5186ee162312b261fe4a207485cdc3f6 4648 4647 2013-08-15T12:36:18Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: large;">&nbsp;Original BMC Genomics site:&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363"><span style="font-size: large;">http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363</span></a></p> <p><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 128);"><span style="font-size: x-large;">The genome sequencing of an albino Western lowland gorilla reveals inbreeding in the wild</span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Javier Prado-Martinez</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Irene Hernando-Herraez</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Belen Lorente-Galdos</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Marc Dabad</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Oscar Ramirez</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Carlos Baeza-Delgado</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins2" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">2</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Carlos Morcillo-Suarez</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins3" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">3</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Can Alkan</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins4" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">4</a></sup><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins5" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">5</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Fereydoun Hormozdiari</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins4" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">4</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Emanuele Raineri</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins6" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">6</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Jordi Estell&eacute;</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins6" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">6</a></sup><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins7" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">7</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Marcos Fernandez-Callejo</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">M&ograve;nica Valles</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Lars Ritscher</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins8" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">8</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Torsten Sch&ouml;neberg</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins8" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">8</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Elisa de la Calle-Mustienes</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins9" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">9</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">S&ograve;nia Casillas</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins10" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">10</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Raquel Rubio-Acero</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins10" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">10</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Marta Mel&eacute;</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins11" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">11</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Johannes Engelken</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins12" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">12</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Mario Caceres</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins10" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">10</a></sup><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins13" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">13</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Jose Luis Gomez-Skarmeta</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins9" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">9</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Marta Gut</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins6" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">6</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Jaume Bertranpetit</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Ivo G Gut</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins6" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">6</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Teresa Abello</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins14" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">14</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Evan E Eichler</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins15" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">15</a></sup><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins4" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">4</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Ismael Mingarro</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins2" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">2</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Carles Lalueza-Fox</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">,&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Arcadi Navarro</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins13" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">13</a></sup><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins16" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">16</a></sup><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins3" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">3</a></sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em;">&nbsp;and&nbsp;</span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Tomas Marques-Bonet</strong><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">1</a></sup><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/363/#ins13" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-size: 8.800000190734863px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(38, 115, 186);">13</a></sup><sup style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.2em 0px 0px; margin: 0px;">*</sup></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><b><span style="font-size: large;">Abstract</span></b></p> <p><b style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 11.199999809265137px; line-height: 12.800000190734863px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Background</span></b></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <div class="collapsible-content" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> <p style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1em; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; overflow: visible; clear: both; line-height: 17.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The only known albino gorilla, named&nbsp;<em style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Snowflake</em>, was a male wild born individual from Equatorial Guinea who lived at the Barcelona Zoo for almost 40 years. </span></p> <p style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1em; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; overflow: visible; clear: both; line-height: 17.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">He was diagnosed with non-syndromic oculocutaneous albinism, i.e. white hair, light eyes, pink skin, photophobia and reduced visual acuity. Despite previous efforts to explain the genetic cause, this is still unknown. </span></p> <p style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1em; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; overflow: visible; clear: both; line-height: 17.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Here, we study the genetic cause of his albinism and making use of whole genome sequencing data we find a higher inbreeding coefficient compared to other gorillas.</span></p> <p style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1em; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; overflow: visible; clear: both; line-height: 17.600000381469727px;">&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size: large;">Results</span></p> <p style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1em; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; overflow: visible; clear: both; line-height: 17.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">We successfully identified the causal genetic variant for&nbsp;<em style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Snowflake&rsquo;s</em>&nbsp;albinism, a non-synonymous single nucleotide variant located in a transmembrane region of&nbsp;<em style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">SLC45A2</em>. </span></p> <p style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1em; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; overflow: visible; clear: both; line-height: 17.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">This transporter is known to be involved in oculocutaneous albinism type 4 ([[OCA4]]) in humans. We provide experimental evidence that shows that this amino acid replacement alters the membrane spanning capability of this transmembrane region. Finally, we provide a comprehensive study of genome-wide patterns of autozygogosity revealing that&nbsp;<em style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Snowflake</em>&rsquo;s parents were related, being this the first report of inbreeding in a wild born Western lowland gorilla.</span></p> <p style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1em; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; overflow: visible; clear: both; line-height: 17.600000381469727px;">&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size: large;">Conclusions</span></p> <p style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1em; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; overflow: visible; clear: both; line-height: 17.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">In this study we demonstrate how the use of whole genome sequencing can be extended to link genotype and phenotype in non-model organisms and it can be a powerful tool in conservation genetics (e.g., inbreeding and genetic diversity) with the expected decrease in sequencing cost.</span></p> </div> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <p><span id="keywords" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 11.199999809265137px; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 12.800000190734863px;"> </span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Keywords</span>:&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Gorilla; [[Albinism]]; Inbreeding; Genome; Conservation</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 71369683242aefd87c003ce9b27715e76cceecc9 6 2680 4642 2013-08-15T12:32:03Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 0 1682 4650 2365 2013-08-15T12:38:00Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: large;">[[Image:BMC genomics logo.gif]]<br /> <br /> [http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcgenomics/ BMC Genomics URL]<br /> <br /> <em>BMC Genomics </em>is an open access journal publishing original peer-reviewed research articles in all aspects of genome-scale analysis, functional genomics, and proteomics. <em>BMC Genomics</em> (ISSN 1471-2164) is indexed/tracked/covered by PubMed, MEDLINE, BIOSIS, CAS, Scopus, EMBASE, Zoological Record, Thomson Reuters (ISI) and Google Scholar.<br /> </span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> e6b4835b67ab20802ab30676189abf816afc1205 0 1677 4651 4621 2013-08-15T12:53:08Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <div class="csc-header csc-header-n11"> <h1 style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: x-large">The Genomics Company List by Genomics.org</span><font size="4"><br /> </font> <p style="font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal"><span style="color: rgb(255,0,0)"><span style="font-size: medium">* You are welcome to put your institute's advertisement.&nbsp;The only limit is everything you put here will be under [[BioLicense]] (i.e., public domain)</span></span></p> <div><span style="color: rgb(51,153,102)"><span style="font-size: medium"><br /> </span></span></div> <font size="4"> <table cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="100%" summary="" border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td>&nbsp;<font size="3">[[Celera]]</font></td> <td><font size="3">[[23andme.com]]</font></td> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;[[U.S. Genomics]]</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;[[Affymetrix]],</font></td> <td><font size="3">[[decodeme.com]]</font></td> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;[[Illumina]]</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;[[NanoGen]]</font></td> <td><font size="3">[[navigenics.com]]</font></td> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;[[Agowa]]</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">[[Personal Genome Companies]]</font></td> <td><font size="3">[[Knome.com]]&nbsp;</font></td> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;[[Decode]]</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;[[Nimblegen]]</font></td> <td><font size="3">[[DNAgenotek.com]]:Saliva DNA</font></td> <td><font size="3">&nbsp;[[Microsoft]]</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[InformGenomics.com]]</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <br /> [[AriadneGenomics]]</font></h1> <p><b><span style="font-size: large;">[[CambrianGenomics.com]]</span></b></p> <h1 style="text-align: left"><font size="4">[[GenomicHealth]]</font></h1> <p><b><span style="font-size: large;">[[Gene By Gene]]</span></b></p> <h1 style="text-align: left"><font size="4">[[InformGenomics.com]]<br /> [[Rosetta Genomics]]</font></h1> <h1 style="text-align: left"><font size="4">[[Selah Genomics]]</font></h1> <hr /> <h1 style="text-align: left"><font size="4">Links</font></h1> <h1 style="text-align: left"><font size="4">[[Genomics Institutes]]</font></h1> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <hr /> <h1 style="text-align: left"><font size="4">[[Genomcis impact on economy]]</font></h1> <h1 style="text-align: left"><font size="4"><br /> <br /> </font></h1> </div> <!-- Header: [end] --><!-- Text: [begin] --> <p class="bodytext">&nbsp;</p> 0d4b6a7181e12e6f6f73a4408f3e673bb2026b62 0 1583 4652 1901 2013-08-15T13:11:05Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><a href="http://www.biopax.org/">http://www.biopax.org/</a><br /> <br /> <br /> <span style="font-size: medium"><strong>BioPAX is a collaborative effort to create a data exchange format for biological pathway data.</strong>&nbsp;<br /> <br /> The goal of the BioPAX group is to develop a common exchange format for biological pathways data. </span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">The BioPAX project began at the Fourth BioPathways Consortium Meeting, a satellite of the ISMB'02 Conference held in Edmonton, Canada in August 2002. It was decided that a pathway exchange format would facilitate sharing of pathway information between databases and users and would be a good first step to building an open source pathway information resource. The project got underway in early October 2002 when Chris Hogue (BIND, UToronto), Peter Karp (BioCyc, SRI), and Chris Sander (MSKCC) organized the BioPAX work group. </span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">It was decided to keep the group small at first, and to expand it gradually. The initial focus of the group was the exchange of chemical compound information; and initial group members were selected with this in mind. </span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium">The first BioPAX meeting was held on November 6, 2002 in New York City. During this meeting the group worked to identify the steps needed to arrive at a viable data exchange format. They also reviewed the work of other relevant groups, developed a timeline for inclusion of additional members to the BioPAX group, and began working on the problem of exchanging chemical compound information, followed by metabolic pathway representation.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Genomics software]]</span></p> 414e0e6259d51cb3360bdb83a1bc98e3f53f38d5 0 2647 4653 4556 2013-08-17T22:00:56Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: x-large">Genomics.org</span></p> <p>Genomics.org is an openfree genomics research organization.</p> <p>Located in San Diego, CA. USA</p> <p>Genomics.org is led by Jong Bhak.</p> <p>It is a non-profit organization.</p> <p>Anyone is welcome to contribute to this web and project.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 96a19f31ddbced826d8319bce1b9b9847465666c 0 1685 4654 2375 2013-08-17T22:02:00Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><br /> The Open Genomics Journal is an Open Access online journal, which publishes research articles, reviews and letters in all areas of genetics and functional genomics. <br /> <br /> The Open Genomics Journal, a peer-reviewed journal, aims to provide the most complete and reliable source of information on current developments in the field. The emphasis will be on publishing quality papers rapidly and freely available to researchers worldwide.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <br /> URL: <a href="http://www.bentham.org/open/togenj/">http://www.bentham.org/open/togenj/</a><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <strong>Indexed in <br /> </strong>Chemical Abstracts, Google, Google Scholar, Open J-Gate, Genamics JournalSeek&nbsp;<br /> <br /> ISSN: 1875-693X</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>External links</p> <p>[http://omics.org Omics.org]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> ee84e9f19610736275daea071f90f592dcb73940 4 1730 4656 2532 2013-08-17T23:33:05Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: medium;">All the contents of Genomics.org is public.<br /> <br /> Everything is open and free.<br /> </span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;- Jong Bhak</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;"><br type="_moz" /> </span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 64b6c567d0afdf39a8b5ca02d58e83e11e609cb7 0 2427 4657 4199 2013-08-21T01:36:27Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>[[test]]</p> 9d53a3391455e9f677b064099260271cc498659c 4658 4657 2013-08-21T01:37:10Z S 300001 Blanked the page wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 0 2681 4660 2013-08-23T13:24:58Z S 300001 Created page with "<p><span style="font-size: large;">Genomics Presentation files (PPT and PDF)</span></p> <p>* You are welcome to put your own PPT and PDF files here.</p> <p>[[20130822 SKT, Korea]..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: large;">Genomics Presentation files (PPT and PDF)</span></p> <p>* You are welcome to put your own PPT and PDF files here.</p> <p>[[20130822 SKT, Korea]]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 84db935259a6a6dbdbe7046c8d8742bf5d0c7d94 6 2682 4661 2013-08-23T13:25:28Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 0 2683 4662 2013-08-23T13:25:49Z S 300001 Created page with "<p>&nbsp;</p> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" style="background-image: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; borde..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p>&nbsp;</p> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" style="background-image: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2em;">[[File:Presentation skt JongBhak no quiz 20130823.pdf]]</h1> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id="bodyContent"> <div id="contentSub" style="font-size: 10.399999618530273px; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 1.4em 1em; color: rgb(125, 125, 125); width: auto; font-family: sans-serif;">&nbsp;</div> </div> 348ba99dee660c54455955b61dc388215ef89af9 0 2684 4668 2013-08-25T01:05:40Z S 300001 Created page with "<p><a href="http://www.nasdaq.com/article/life-technologies-loses-genetic-sequencing-pioneer-rothberg-20130626-00601">http://www.nasdaq.com/article/life-technologies-loses-geneti..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p><a href="http://www.nasdaq.com/article/life-technologies-loses-genetic-sequencing-pioneer-rothberg-20130626-00601">http://www.nasdaq.com/article/life-technologies-loses-genetic-sequencing-pioneer-rothberg-20130626-00601</a></p> e48daf03c3ce2856a7d514b4639e2108c1a07f03 0 2685 4669 2013-08-25T01:07:35Z S 300001 Created page with "<p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;"><b>Jonathan M. Rothberg</b>&nbsp;(born 1963) is a..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;"><b>Jonathan M. Rothberg</b>&nbsp;(born 1963) is an American scientist and entrepreneur.</p> <div id="toc" class="toc tochidden" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); padding: 7px; display: inline-block; zoom: 1; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"> <div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;"> <h2 style="background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border: none; font-size: 12px; display: inline;">Contents</h2> &nbsp;<span class="toctoggle" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: 11.199999809265137px;">&nbsp;[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_M._Rothberg#" class="internal" id="togglelink" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">show</a>]&nbsp;</span></div> </div> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2 style="background-image: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_life">Early life</span><span class="mw-editsection mw-editsection-expanded" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; direction: ltr;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: -0.25em; margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_M._Rothberg&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1&amp;editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Early life" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider" style="color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">&nbsp;|&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_M._Rothberg&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1&amp;editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Early life" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">edit<span class="ve-tabmessage-appendix" style="font-size: 0.7em; vertical-align: top; line-height: 1.43em; padding-left: 0.5em; background-image: none !important; display: inline !important;">beta</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: -0.25em; margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">]</span></span></h2> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">Jonathan was born in&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">New Haven, Connecticut</a>&nbsp;the son of Lillian and Dr. Henry Rothberg a&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_engineer" title="Chemical engineer" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">chemical engineer</a>. Prior to Jonathan's birth, Lillian and Dr. Henry Rothberg founded&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laticrete_International,_Inc." title="Laticrete International, Inc." style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Laticrete International, Inc.</a>&nbsp;a family-owned, global manufacturer of products for the installation of tile and stone. Jonathan's family established the foundation for his scientific career; early on, he was heavily influenced by his father's engineering background and problem solving abilities, as well as his mother's belief that he would &quot;do good science.&quot;<sup id="cite_ref-CT_Medal_of_Technology_1-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_M._Rothberg#cite_note-CT_Medal_of_Technology-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[1]</a></sup></p> <h2 style="background-image: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Education_and_scientific_career">Education and scientific career</span><span class="mw-editsection mw-editsection-expanded" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; direction: ltr;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: -0.25em; margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_M._Rothberg&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2&amp;editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Education and scientific career" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider" style="color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">&nbsp;|&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_M._Rothberg&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2&amp;editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Education and scientific career" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">edit<span class="ve-tabmessage-appendix" style="font-size: 0.7em; vertical-align: top; line-height: 1.43em; padding-left: 0.5em; background-image: none !important; display: inline !important;">beta</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: -0.25em; margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">]</span></span></h2> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size: 12.800000190734863px; margin: 1em 0px; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-collapse: collapse; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"> <tbody> <tr> <th style="border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; background-color: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;">INSTITUTION AND LOCATION</th> <th style="border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; background-color: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;">DEGREE</th> <th style="border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; background-color: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;">YEAR</th> <th style="border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; background-color: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;">FIELD OF STUDY</th> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">Yale University, New Haven, CT</td> <td style="border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">Ph.D.</td> <td style="border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">1991</td> <td style="border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">Biology</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">Yale University, New Haven, CT</td> <td style="border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">M.Phil.</td> <td style="border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">1988</td> <td style="border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">Biology</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">Yale University, New Haven, CT</td> <td style="border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">M.S.</td> <td style="border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">1987</td> <td style="border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">Biology</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA</td> <td style="border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">B.S.</td> <td style="border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">1985</td> <td style="border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">Chemical Engineering &ndash; option in Biomedical Engineering</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">Rothberg earned a&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">B.S.</a>&nbsp;in&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_Engineering" title="Chemical Engineering" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Chemical Engineering</a>&nbsp;with an option in&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomedical_Engineering" title="Biomedical Engineering" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Biomedical Engineering</a>&nbsp;from&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University" title="Carnegie Mellon University" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Carnegie Mellon University</a>,&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Pittsburgh</a>, PA in 1985. After completing college at Carnegie Mellon, Jonathan went on to attend&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Yale University</a>&nbsp;and earn a&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Science" title="Master of Science" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">M.S.</a>,&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Philosophy" title="Master of Philosophy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">M.Phil.</a>, and&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Ph.D.</a>&nbsp;in biology. His thesis at Yale focused on decoding a&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene" title="Gene" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">gene</a>&nbsp;called&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slit_(gene)" title="Slit (gene)" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><i>slit</i></a>&nbsp;responsible for wiring the nervous system. Jonathan's thesis work resulted in publication of a cover article in the journal&nbsp;<i>Cell</i>&nbsp;in 1988. While a graduate student at Yale Jonathan founded CuraGen, one of the first genomics companies (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.celldextherapeutics.com/" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">CellDex Therapeutics</a>&nbsp;acquired CuraGen in fall of 2009).<sup id="cite_ref-CellDex_acquires_CuraGen_2-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_M._Rothberg#cite_note-CellDex_acquires_CuraGen-2" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[2]</a></sup>&nbsp;At CuraGen, Jonathan and his team focused on how the proteins encoded in a genome function together, and published the first global proteomic maps of a eukaryotic cell and a metazoan organism (featured on the covers of Nature and Science) and developed drugs for the treatment of&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_cancer" title="Skin cancer" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">metastatic skin</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">breast cancer</a>.</p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">Rothberg brought to market the first next-generation sequencer and has been a pioneering entrepreneur in the field of&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_molecule_fluorescent_sequencing" title="Single molecule fluorescent sequencing" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">massively parallel DNA sequencing</a><sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. He founded&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/454_Life_Sciences" title="454 Life Sciences" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">454 Life Sciences</a>&nbsp;Corporation, later acquired by&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roche_Diagnostics" title="Roche Diagnostics" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Roche Diagnostics</a>, and&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Torrent" title="Ion Torrent" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Ion Torrent</a>, companies that have commercialized technologies for DNA sequencing that have significantly reduced the cost of<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequencing" title="Sequencing" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">sequencing</a>&nbsp;a&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome" title="Genome" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">genome</a>. His team at 454 Life Sciences and the&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baylor_College_of_Medicine" title="Baylor College of Medicine" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Baylor College of Medicine</a>&nbsp;Genome Center was the first to complete and make public the sequence of an individual&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_genome" title="Human genome" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">human genome</a>&nbsp;(<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_D._Watson" title="James D. Watson" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">James D. Watson</a><sup id="cite_ref-Bio-itworld_3-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_M._Rothberg#cite_note-Bio-itworld-3" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT310507_4-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_M._Rothberg#cite_note-NYT310507-4" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[4]</a></sup>). Published in&nbsp;<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature" title="Nature" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Nature</a></i>&nbsp;magazine, that genome was made publicly on&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GenBank" title="GenBank" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">GenBank</a>&nbsp;and browsable via the efforts of&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Stein" title="Lincoln Stein" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Lincoln Stein</a>'s group&nbsp;<sup id="cite_ref-JWatsonSequ_5-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_M._Rothberg#cite_note-JWatsonSequ-5" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[5]</a></sup>&nbsp;contributing significantly to the new field of&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_genomics" title="Personal genomics" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">personal genomics</a>. Rothberg also initiated the&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neanderthal_Genome_Project" title="Neanderthal Genome Project" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Neanderthal Genome Project</a>&nbsp;in collaboration with&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svante_P%C3%A4%C3%A4bo" title="Svante P&auml;&auml;bo" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Svante P&auml;&auml;bo</a>'s group.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_M._Rothberg#cite_note-6" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[6]</a></sup></p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">Under his tenure, 454 Life Sciences worked with collaborators to crack the mystery behind the disappearance of the honey bee, uncover a new virus killing transplant patients, and elucidate the extent of individual human variation&mdash;work recognized by Science magazine as the breakthrough of the year for 2007. The collective work of Dr. Rothberg's team, their collaborators and ultimately their customers, included projects as diverse as uncovering the complexity of life in the World's oceans and sequencing the extinct wooly mammoth.</p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">The New England Journal described Dr. Rothberg&rsquo;s sequencing innovation as &quot;The New Age of Molecular Diagnostics for Microbial Agents.&quot; Science magazine called it one of the top 10 breakthroughs for 2008. Dr. Rothberg has appeared on CNBC, CNN, and Bloomberg TV for his pioneering work in the field of genomic medicine, has been featured on the cover of Fortune magazine, and his scientific work has been featured on the covers of leading scientific journals including Cell, Science, and Nature. His contribution to sequencing, include both the first non-bacterial cloning systems (cloning by limited dilution), as well as the first massively parallel DNA sequencing method (sequencing by synthesis on a single substrate in parallel), concepts that have formed the basis for all subsequence next generation sequencing technologies.</p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">Rothberg is a member of the&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Engineering" title="National Academy of Engineering" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">National Academy of Engineering</a>, the Connecticut&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Medical_Sciences" title="Academy of Medical Sciences" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Academy of Medical Science and Engineering</a>, and is a life of trustees of&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University" title="Carnegie Mellon University" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Carnegie Mellon University</a>.</p> <h2 style="background-image: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Positions_and_honors">Positions and honors</span><span class="mw-editsection mw-editsection-expanded" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; direction: ltr;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: -0.25em; margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_M._Rothberg&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3&amp;editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Positions and honors" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider" style="color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">&nbsp;|&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_M._Rothberg&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3&amp;editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Positions and honors" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">edit<span class="ve-tabmessage-appendix" style="font-size: 0.7em; vertical-align: top; line-height: 1.43em; padding-left: 0.5em; background-image: none !important; display: inline !important;">beta</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: -0.25em; margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">]</span></span></h2> <h3 style="background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 16.799999237060547px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Positions">Positions</span><span class="mw-editsection mw-editsection-expanded" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; direction: ltr;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: -0.25em; margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_M._Rothberg&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4&amp;editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Positions" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider" style="color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">&nbsp;|&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_M._Rothberg&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4&amp;editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Positions" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">edit<span class="ve-tabmessage-appendix" style="font-size: 0.7em; vertical-align: top; line-height: 1.43em; padding-left: 0.5em; background-image: none !important; display: inline !important;">beta</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: -0.25em; margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">]</span></span></h3> <ul style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANAQMAAABb8jbLAAAABlBMVEX///8AUow5QSOjAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAABNJREFUCB1jYEABBQw/wLCAgQEAGpIDyT0IVcsAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;"> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">2007&ndash;2013 Founder, CEO and Chairman of the Board, Ion Torrent, Inc., Guilford, CT</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">2005&ndash;Present Board of Trustees, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">2004&ndash;Present Co-Founder, Founding CEO, Chairman, RainDance Technologies, Inc., Guilford, CT</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">2001&ndash;Present Founder, Chairman of the Board, Rothberg Institute for Childhood Diseases, Guilford, CT</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">2000-2007 Founder, Founding CEO, Chairman of the Board, 454 Life Sciences, Branford, CT</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">1999-2007 Co-Founder, Chairman of the Board, Clarifi, Boca Raton</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">1998&ndash;Present Board Member, Connecticut United for Research Excellence (CURE), New Haven, CT</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">1993-2005 Founder, CEO, President, and Chairman of the Board, CuraGen Corporation, Branford, CT</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">1991-1993 Post-Doctoral Fellow, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, New Haven, CT</li> </ul> <h3 style="background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 16.799999237060547px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Honors_and_awards">Honors and awards</span><span class="mw-editsection mw-editsection-expanded" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; direction: ltr;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: -0.25em; margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_M._Rothberg&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5&amp;editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Honors and awards" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider" style="color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">&nbsp;|&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_M._Rothberg&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5&amp;editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Honors and awards" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">edit<span class="ve-tabmessage-appendix" style="font-size: 0.7em; vertical-align: top; line-height: 1.43em; padding-left: 0.5em; background-image: none !important; display: inline !important;">beta</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: -0.25em; margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">]</span></span></h3> <ul style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANAQMAAABb8jbLAAAABlBMVEX///8AUow5QSOjAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAABNJREFUCB1jYEABBQw/wLCAgQEAGpIDyT0IVcsAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;"> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">2011 CBA Brilliant Achievement Award</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">2011 DGKL Biochemical Analysis Prize for development of massively parallel DNA sequencing</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">2011 Doctor of Science Honoris Causa Mount Sinai School of Medicine</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">2010 The World Economic Forum&rsquo;s Technology Pioneer (First person to be awarded three times)</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">2010 Connecticut Medal of Technology<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_M._Rothberg#cite_note-7" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[7]</a></sup></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">2008 The World Economic Forum&rsquo;s Technology Pioneer</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">2007 The World Economic Forum&rsquo;s Technology Pioneer</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">2006 R &amp; D 100 Awards for 454 Life Sciences</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">2005 Wall Street Journal 2005 Technology Innovation Awards, Gold Medal Winner</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">2005 Connecticut Academy of Science and Engineering</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">2004 National Academy of Engineering</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">2000 The Irvington Institute&rsquo;s Corporate Leadership Award in Science</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">1998 Ernst and Young Entrepreneur of the Year</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">1991 John Spangler Nicholas Prize for the outstanding Doctoral candidate in Experimental Zoology</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">1985-1989 National Research Service Award, National Institutes of Health</li> </ul> <h3 style="background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 16.799999237060547px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Professional_memberships">Professional memberships</span><span class="mw-editsection mw-editsection-expanded" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; direction: ltr;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: -0.25em; margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_M._Rothberg&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6&amp;editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Professional memberships" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider" style="color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">&nbsp;|&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_M._Rothberg&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6&amp;editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Professional memberships" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">edit<span class="ve-tabmessage-appendix" style="font-size: 0.7em; vertical-align: top; line-height: 1.43em; padding-left: 0.5em; background-image: none !important; display: inline !important;">beta</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: -0.25em; margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">]</span></span></h3> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">2004-2008 Member, Young Presidents&rsquo; Organization&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Engineering" title="National Academy of Engineering" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">National Academy of Engineering</a>&nbsp;Connecticut Academy of Medical Science and Engineering&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University" title="Carnegie Mellon University" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Carnegie Mellon University</a>&nbsp;Board of Trustees</p> <h2 style="background-image: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Companies">Companies</span><span class="mw-editsection mw-editsection-expanded" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; direction: ltr;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: -0.25em; margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_M._Rothberg&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7&amp;editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Companies" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider" style="color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">&nbsp;|&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_M._Rothberg&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7&amp;editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Companies" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">edit<span class="ve-tabmessage-appendix" style="font-size: 0.7em; vertical-align: top; line-height: 1.43em; padding-left: 0.5em; background-image: none !important; display: inline !important;">beta</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: -0.25em; margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">]</span></span></h2> <h3 style="background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 16.799999237060547px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="CuraGen">CuraGen</span><span class="mw-editsection mw-editsection-expanded" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; direction: ltr;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: -0.25em; margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_M._Rothberg&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8&amp;editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: CuraGen" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider" style="color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">&nbsp;|&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_M._Rothberg&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8&amp;editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: CuraGen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">edit<span class="ve-tabmessage-appendix" style="font-size: 0.7em; vertical-align: top; line-height: 1.43em; padding-left: 0.5em; background-image: none !important; display: inline !important;">beta</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: -0.25em; margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">]</span></span></h3> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">In 1991, Rothberg founded New Haven-based CuraGen, one of the first companies to develop drugs based on genomics. While at CuraGen, he developed a series of new medicines, in over 14 human clinical trials, for the treatment of a wide range of&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">cancers</a>. CuraGen however never released any drug to market.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_M._Rothberg#cite_note-8" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[8]</a></sup></p> <h3 style="background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 16.799999237060547px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="454_Life_Sciences">454 Life Sciences</span><span class="mw-editsection mw-editsection-expanded" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; direction: ltr;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: -0.25em; margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_M._Rothberg&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9&amp;editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: 454 Life Sciences" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider" style="color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">&nbsp;|&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_M._Rothberg&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9&amp;editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: 454 Life Sciences" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">edit<span class="ve-tabmessage-appendix" style="font-size: 0.7em; vertical-align: top; line-height: 1.43em; padding-left: 0.5em; background-image: none !important; display: inline !important;">beta</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: -0.25em; margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">]</span></span></h3> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">In 1999, Rothberg founded&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/454_Life_Sciences" title="454 Life Sciences" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">454 Life Sciences</a>, based in&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branford" title="Branford" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Branford</a>&nbsp;(CT), which pioneered an entirely new way to sequence genomes.</p> <h3 style="background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 16.799999237060547px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Ion_Torrent">Ion Torrent</span><span class="mw-editsection mw-editsection-expanded" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; direction: ltr;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: -0.25em; margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_M._Rothberg&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10&amp;editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Ion Torrent" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider" style="color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">&nbsp;|&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_M._Rothberg&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10&amp;editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Ion Torrent" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">edit<span class="ve-tabmessage-appendix" style="font-size: 0.7em; vertical-align: top; line-height: 1.43em; padding-left: 0.5em; background-image: none !important; display: inline !important;">beta</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: -0.25em; margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">]</span></span></h3> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">Rothberg founded Ion Torrent in 2007, who developed&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_semiconductor_sequencing" title="Ion semiconductor sequencing" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">ion semiconductor sequencing</a>&nbsp;which is utilized by their PGM DNA sequencer.<sup id="cite_ref-ion_torrent_9-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_M._Rothberg#cite_note-ion_torrent-9" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[9]</a></sup></p> <h3 style="background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 16.799999237060547px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Rothberg_Center_for_Childhood_diseases">Rothberg Center for Childhood diseases</span><span class="mw-editsection mw-editsection-expanded" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; direction: ltr;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: -0.25em; margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_M._Rothberg&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11&amp;editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Rothberg Center for Childhood diseases" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider" style="color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">&nbsp;|&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_M._Rothberg&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11&amp;editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Rothberg Center for Childhood diseases" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">edit<span class="ve-tabmessage-appendix" style="font-size: 0.7em; vertical-align: top; line-height: 1.43em; padding-left: 0.5em; background-image: none !important; display: inline !important;">beta</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: -0.25em; margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">]</span></span></h3> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">Rothberg is a founder of the Rothberg Center for Childhood diseases.</p> <h3 style="background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 16.799999237060547px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="RainDance_Technologies">RainDance Technologies</span><span class="mw-editsection mw-editsection-expanded" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; direction: ltr;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: -0.25em; margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_M._Rothberg&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12&amp;editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: RainDance Technologies" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider" style="color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">&nbsp;|&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_M._Rothberg&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12&amp;editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: RainDance Technologies" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">edit<span class="ve-tabmessage-appendix" style="font-size: 0.7em; vertical-align: top; line-height: 1.43em; padding-left: 0.5em; background-image: none !important; display: inline !important;">beta</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: -0.25em; margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">]</span></span></h3> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">Founded first company to use droplet based microfluidics</p> <h2 style="background-image: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Selected_Publications">Selected Publications</span><span class="mw-editsection mw-editsection-expanded" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; direction: ltr;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: -0.25em; margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_M._Rothberg&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13&amp;editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Selected Publications" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider" style="color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">&nbsp;|&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_M._Rothberg&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13&amp;editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Selected Publications" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">edit<span class="ve-tabmessage-appendix" style="font-size: 0.7em; vertical-align: top; line-height: 1.43em; padding-left: 0.5em; background-image: none !important; display: inline !important;">beta</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: -0.25em; margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">]</span></span></h2> <ol style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;"> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Rothberg, J.M. et al., An integrated semiconductor device enabling non-optical genome sequencing. Nature 475, July 2011. 348-352.</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Alexander Mellmann., Dag Harmsen., Craig A. Cummings., Emily B. Zentz, Shana R. Leopold, Alain Rico, Karola Prior, Rafael Szczepanowski, Yongmei Ji, Wenlan Zhang, Stephen F. McLaughlin, John K. Henkhaus, Benjamin Leopold, Martina Bielaszewska, Rita Prager, Pius M. Brzoska, Richard L. Moore, Simone Guenther, Jonathan M. Rothberg, Helge Karch. Prospective genomic characterization of the German enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O104:H4 outbreak by rapid next generation sequencing technology. PLOS one, Volume 6, Issue 7, July 2011.</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">E. Brouzes, M. Medkova, N Savenelli, D. Marran, M. Twardowski, J. B. Hutchinon, J. J. M. Rothberg, D.R. Link,&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N._Perrimon" title="N. Perrimon" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">N. Perrimon</a>, M. L. Samuels. Droplet microfluidic technology for single-cell high thoughput screening. PNAS, July 2009, Vol. 106, no. 106</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Birgitte B. Simen, Jan Fredrik Simons, Katherine Huppler Hullsiek,,Richard M. Novak, Rodger D. MacArthur, John D. Baxter, Chunli Huang,,Christine Lubeski, Gregory S. Turenchalk, Michael S. Braverman, Brian Desany, Jonathan M. Rothberg, Michael Egholm, Michael J. Kozal. Low-Abundance Drug-Resistant Viral Variants in Chronically HIV-Infected, Antiretroviral Treatment-Na&iuml;ve Patients Significantly Impact Treatment Outcomes. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2009; 199:693-701.</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Richard E Green, Anna-Sapfo Malaspinas, Johannes Krause, Adrian W Briggs, Philip L F Johnson, Caroline Uhler, Matthias Meyer, Jeffrey M Good, Tomislav Maricic, Udo Stenzel, Kay Pr&uuml;fer, Michael Siebauer, Hern&aacute;n A Burbano, Michael Ronan, Jonathan M Rothberg, Michael Egholm, Pavao Rudan, Dejana Brajković, Zeljko Kućan, Ivan Gusić, M&aring;rten Wikstr&ouml;m, Liisa Laakkonen, Janet Kelso, Montgomery Slatkin, Svante P&auml;&auml;bo. A complete neandertal mitochondrial genome sequence determined by high-throughput sequencing. [Cover Paper] Cell. 2008 Aug 8;134 (3):416-26</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">David A Wheeler, Maithreyan Srinivasan, Michael Egholm, Yufeng Shen, Lei Chen, Amy McGuire, Wen He, Yi-Ju Chen, Vinod Makhijani, G Thomas Roth, Xavier Gomes, Karrie Tartaro, Faheem Niazi, Cynthia L Turcotte, Gerard P Irzyk, James R Lupski, Craig Chinault, Xing-Zhi Song, Yue Liu, Ye Yuan, Lynne Nazareth, Xiang Qin, Donna M Muzny, Marcel Margulies, George M Weinstock, Richard A Gibbs, Jonathan M Rothberg. The complete genome of an individual by massively parallel DNA sequencing. Nature 2008 Apr 17;452 (7189):872-6</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">John H. Leamon, Michael S. Braverman and Jonathan M. Rothberg. High-Throughput, Massively Parallel DNA Sequencing Technology for the Era of Personalized Medicine? Gene Therapy and Regulation, 2007, vol. 2, no. 1, 15-31.</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">John H. Leamon and Jonathan M. Rothberg. Cramming More Sequencing Reactions onto Microreactor Chips. Chemical Reviews, 2007 Aug; 107(8):3367-76.</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Green, R.E., Krause, J., Ptak, S.E., Briggs, A.W., Ronan, M., Simons, J.F., Egholm, M., Rothberg, J., Paunovic, M., and P&auml;&auml;bo, S.: Analysis of one million base pairs of Neandertal DNA. [Cover Paper] Nature 444, 330-336.16 November 2006</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Robert Pinard, Alex de Winter, Gary J Sarkis, Mark B Gerstein, Karrie R Tartaro, Ramona N Plant, Michael Egholm, Jonathan M Rothberg, and John H Leamon. Assessment of whole genome amplification-induced bias through high-throughput, massively parallel whole genome sequencing. BMC Genomics. 2006; 7: 216. Published online 2006 August 23.</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Stiller, M., Green, R.E., Ronan, M., Simons, J.F., Du, L., He, W., Egholm, M., Rothberg, J., Keates, S.G., Ovodov, N.D., Antipina, E.E., Baryshnikov, G.F., Kuzmin, Y.V., Vasilevski, A.A., Wuenschell, G.E., Termini, J., Hofreiter, M., Jaenicke-Despr&eacute;s, V., and P&auml;&auml;bo, S.: Patterns of nucleotide misincorporations during enzymatic amplification and direct large-scale sequencing of ancient DNA. PNAS, September 12, 2006, vol. 103, no. 37, 13578-13584.</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Thomas RK, Nickerson E, Simons JF, Janne PA, Tengs T, Yuza Y, Garraway LA, Laframboise T, Lee JC, Shah K, O'neill K, Sasaki H, Lindeman N, Wong KK, Borras AM, Gutmann EJ, Dragnev KH, Debiasi R, Chen TH, Glatt KA, Greulich H, Desany B, Lubeski CK, Brockman W, Alvarez P, Hutchison SK, Leamon JH, Ronan MT, Turenchalk GS, Egholm M, Sellers WR, Rothberg JM, Meyerson M. Sensitive mutation detection in heterogeneous cancer specimens by massively parallel picoliter reactor sequencing. Nat Med. 2006 Jul;12(7):852-855.</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Leamon JH, Link DR, Egholm M, Rothberg JM. Overview: methods and applications for droplet compartmentalization of biology. Nat Methods. 2006 Jul;3(7):541-3.</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Thomas RK, Greulich H, Yuza Y, Lee JC, Tengs T, Feng W, Chen TH, Nickerson E, Simons J, Egholm M, Rothberg JM, Sellers WR, and Meyerson ML. Detection of oncogenic mutations in the EGFR gene in lung adenocarcinoma with differential sensitivity to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 2005; 70: 73-81.</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Margulies M, Egholm M, Altman WE, Attiya S, Bader JS, Bemben LA., Berka J, Braverman MS, Chen YJ, Chen Z, Dewell SB, de Winter A, Drake J, Du L, Fierro JM, Forte R, Gomes XV, Godwin BC, He W, Helgesen S, Ho CH, Hutchison SK, Irzyk GP, Jando SC, Alenquer MLI, Jarvie TP, Jirage KB, Kim JB, Knight JR, Lanza JR, Leamon JH, Lee WL, Lefkowitz SM, Lei M, Li J, Lohman KL, Lu H, Makhijani VB, McDade KE, McKenna MP, Myers EW, Nickerson E, Nobile JR, Plant R, Puc BP, Reifler M Ronan MT, Roth GT, Sarkis GJ, Simons JF, Simpson JW, Srinivasan M, Tartaro KR, Tomasz A, Vogt KA, Volkmer GA, Wang SH, Wang Y, Weiner MP, Willoughby DA, Yu P, Begley RF, Rothberg JM. Genome sequencing in microfabricated high-density picolitre reactors. Nature 2005; 441.7089.</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Gunther EC, Stone DJ, Rothberg JM, and Gerwien RW. A quantitative genomic expression analysis platform for multiplexed&nbsp;<i>in vitro</i>&nbsp;prediction of drug action. The Pharmacogenomics Journal 5, 2005, 126-134.</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Gould Rothberg BE, Pena CEA, Rothberg JM. A systems biology approach to target identification and validation for human chronic disease drug discovery. Division of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale University School of Public Health. Modern Biopharmaceuticals 2005; 1 99-125.</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Bader JS, Chaudhuri A. Rothberg JM, and Chant J. Gaining confidence in high-throughput protein interaction networks. Nature Biotechnology 2003; 10.1038.</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Leamon JH, Lee WL, Tartaro KR Lanza JR, Sarkis GJ, deWinter AD, Berka J, Weiner M, Rothberg JM, Lohman KL. A massively parallel PicoTitlerPlate based platform for discrete picoliter-scale polymerase chain reactions. Electrophoresis 24(21). November 2003:3769-77, Erratum in Eletrophoresis.25 1176 April 204: 7-8.</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Giot L, Bader JS, Brouwer C, Chaudhuri A, Kuang B, Li Y, Hoa YL, Oi CE, Godwin G, Vitols E, Vijayadamodar G, Pochart P, Machineni H, Welsh, M, Kong Y, Zerhusen B, Malcolm R, Varrone Z, Collis A, Minto M, Burgess S, McDaniel L, Stimpson E, Springs F, Williams J, Neurath K, Ioime N, Agee M, Voss E, Furkat K, Renzulli R, Aanensen N, Carrolla S, Bickelhaupt E, Lazovatsky Y, DaSilva A, Zhong J, Stanyon CA, Finley Jr RL, White KP, Braverman M, Jarvie T, Gold S, Leach M, Knight J, Shimkets RA, McKenna MP, Chant J, and Rothberg JM. Protein Interaction Map of Drosophila melanogaster. [Cover paper] Science November 2, 2003; 10.1126.</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Bader JS, Deem MW, Hammond RW, Henck SA, Simpson JW, Rothberg JM. A Brownian-ratchet DNA pump with applications to single-nucleotide polymorphism genotyping. Applied Physics A: Materials Science &amp; Processing. 2000; Vol. 75, 275-278.</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Tchernev VT, Mansfield TA, Giot L, Kumar AM, Nandabalan K; Li Y, Mishra VS, Detter JC, Rothberg JM, Wallace MR, Southwick FS, Kingsmore SF. The Chediak-Higashi protein interacts with SNARE complex and signal transduction proteins. Molecular Medicine 2002; Vol. 8, 56-64.</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">LaRochelle WJ, Jeffers M, McDonald WF, Chillakuru RA, N Lokker NA, Sullivan C, Boldog FL, Yang, M, Vernet C, Burgess CE, Fernandes E, Deegler LL, Rittman B, Shimkets J, Shimkets RA, Rothberg JM, and Lichenstein HS. PDGF-D, a new protease-activated growth factor. Nature Cell Biology May 1, 2001; Vol. 3. 517-521.</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Herrmann J, Rastelli L, Brugess CE, Fernandes EE, Rothberg BEG, Rothberg JM, and Shimkets RA. Implications of Oncogenomics for Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology. The Cancer Journal. January/February 2001; Volume 7 Number 1.</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Rothberg BEG, Sundseth SS, DiPippo VA, Brown PJ, Winegar DA, Gottshalk WK, Shenoy SG, and Rothberg JM. The characterization of PPAR&alpha; ligand drug action in an&nbsp;<i>in vivo</i>&nbsp;model by comprehensive differential gene expression profiling. [Cover paper] Functional and Integrative Genomics. October 2000.</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Uetz P, Giot L, Cagney G, Mansfield TA, Judson RS, Knight JR, Lockshon D, Narayan V, Sriivasan M, Pochart P, Qureshi-Emili A, Li Y, Godwin B, Conver D, Kalbfleisch T, Vijayadamodar G, Yang M, Johnston M, Fields S, and Rothberg JM. A comprehensive analysis of protein-protein interactions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. [Cover paper] Nature Feb 10, 2000; Vol. 403, 623-627.</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Simpson JW, Ruiz-Martinez MC, Mulhern GT, Berka J, Latimer DR, Ball JA, Rothberg JM, Went GT. A transmission imaging spectrograph and microfabricated channel system for DNA analysis. Electrophoresis 2000; Vol. 21, 135-149.</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Hammond RW, Bader JS, Henck SA, Deem MW, McDermott GA, Bustillo JM, Rothberg, JM. Differential transport of DNA by a rectified Brownian motion device. Electrophoresis 2000; Vol. 21, 74-80.</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Bader J, Hammond R W, Henck SA, Deem MW, McDermott GA, Bustillo JM, Simpson JW, Mulhern GT, and Rothberg JM. DNA transport by a micromachined Brownian ratchet device. PNAS USA November 9, 1999; Vol. 96 No. 23. 13165-9.</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Shimkets R A, Lowe DG, Tsu-Ning Tai J, Sehl P, Jin H, Yang R, Predki P, Rothberg BEG, Murtha MT, Roth ME, Shenoy SG, McKenna MP, Hillan K, Went GT, and Rothberg JM. Gene expression analysis by transcript profiling coupled to a gene database query [GeneCalling]. Nature Biotechnology August 1999; Vol. 17, 798-803.</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Rothberg JM, and Artavanis-Tsakonas S. Modularity of the Slit Protein. J. Mol. Biol. 1992; 227, 367-370.</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Rothberg JM. Gene Patents. Nature 1992; 356, 738.</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Rothberg JM Ph.D. slit: an Extracellular Protein Necessary for the Development of Midline Glia and Axon Pathways of the Central Nervous System contains both EGF and Flank-LRR-Flank Domains. Thesis, Yale University, 1991.</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Rothberg JM, Jacobs J R, Goodman CS and Artavanis-Tsakonas S. slit: An Extracellular Protein Necessary for Development of Midline Glia and Commissural Axon Pathways Contains both EGF and LRR Domains. Genes &amp; Development 1990; 4, 2169-2187.</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Rothberg JM, Hartley DA, Walther Z, and Artavanis-Tsakonas S. slit: An EGF-Homologous Locus of D. melanogaster Involved in the Development of the Embryonic Central Nervous System. [Cover paper] Cell 1988; 55, 1047-1059.</li> </ol> <h2 style="background-image: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Issued_U.S._Patents">Issued U.S. Patents</span><span class="mw-editsection mw-editsection-expanded" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; direction: ltr;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: -0.25em; margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_M._Rothberg&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14&amp;editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Issued U.S. Patents" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider" style="color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">&nbsp;|&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_M._Rothberg&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=14&amp;editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Issued U.S. Patents" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">edit<span class="ve-tabmessage-appendix" style="font-size: 0.7em; vertical-align: top; line-height: 1.43em; padding-left: 0.5em; background-image: none !important; display: inline !important;">beta</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: -0.25em; margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">]</span></span></h2> <ol style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;"> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Rothberg J, Wolfgang H, Johnson K, Bustillo J, Methods and apparatus for measuring analytes using large scale FET arrays. USP# 7,948.015</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Berka J, Chen YJ, Leamon JH, Lefkowitz S, Lohman KL, Makhijani VB, Rothberg JM, Sarkis GJ, Srinivasan M, Weiner MP. Bead Emulsion Nucleic Acid Amplification. USP# 7,842,457</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Rothberg, JM, Bader JS, Dewell SB, McDade K, Simpson JW, Berka, Colangelo CM, Weiner, MP. Apparatus and Method for Sequencing a Nucleic Acid. USP# 7,335,762</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Leamon; JH., Lohman; KL., Rothberg; JM. &amp; Weiner MP. Methods of amplifying and sequencing nucleic acids; United States Patent 7,323,305 &amp; European Patent EP1590477</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Chen Y, Leamon JH, Lohman KL, Ronan MT, Rothberg JM, Srinivasan M, Weiner MP. Double Ended Sequencing. USP# 7,244,567</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Rothberg JM, Bader JS, Dewell SB, McDade K, Simpson JW, Berka J, Colangelo CM. Method of sequencing a nucleic acid. USP# 7,244,559</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Rothberg JM, Bader JS, Dewell SB, McDade K, Simpson JW, Berka J, Colangelo CM. Method of sequencing a nucleic acid. USP# 7,211,390.</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Rothberg JM, Deem MW, Simpson JW. Detection and confirmation of nucleic acid sequences by use of poisoning oligonucleotides. USP# 6,673,577.</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Simpson JW, Rothberg JM, Went, GT, Ruiz-Martinez MC, Mulhern GT. Apparatus and method for the generation, separation, detection, and recognition of biopolymer fragments. USP# 6,485,625.</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Rothberg JM, Deem MW, Simpson JW. Method and Apparatus for Identifying, Classifying, or Quantifying DNA Sequences in a Sample without Sequencing. USP # 6,453,245</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Rothberg JM, Deem MW, Simpson JW. Method and Apparatus for Identifying, Classifying, or Quantifying DNA Sequences in a Sample without Sequencing. USP # 6,432,361</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Rothberg JM, Deem MW, Simpson JW. Method and Apparatus for Identifying, Classifying, or Quantifying DNA Sequences in a Sample without Sequencing. USP # 6,418,382</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Nandabalan K, Rothberg JM, Yang M, Knight JR, Kalbfleisch TS. Identification and comparison of protein&mdash;protein interactions that occur in populations and identification of inhibitors of these interactors. USP# 6,410,239.</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Nandabalan K, Rothberg JM. Identification and comparison of protein-protein interactions that occur in populations and identification of inhibitors of these interactors. USP# 6,395,478.</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Rothberg JM, Nallur GN, Hu X. Methods and devices for measuring differential gene expression. USP# 6,355,423.</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Deem MW, Rothberg JM, Went GT. Consensus configurational bias Monte Carlo method and system for pharmacophore structure determination. USP# 6,341,256.</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Rothberg JM, Bader JS. Method of sequencing a nucleic acid. USP # 6,274,320.</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Simpson JW, Rothberg JM, Went GT. Apparatus and method for the generation, separation, detection, and recognition of biopolymer fragments. USP # 6,236,945.</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Rothberg JM, Deem MW, Simpson JW. Method and apparatus for identifying, classifying, or quantSimpson JW, Rothberg JM, Went GT. Apparatus and method for the generation, separation, detection, and recognition of biopolymer fragments. USP # 6,218,121.</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Bader JS, Rothberg JM, Deem MW, Mulhern GT, Went GT, Simpson JW, Henck S. Separation of charged particles by a spatially and temporally varying electric field. USP # 6,193,866.</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Rothberg JM, Deem MW, Simpson JW. Method for identifying a nucleic acid sequence. USP # 6,190,868.</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Rothberg JM, Deem MW, Simpson JW. Method and Apparatus for Identifying, Classifying, or Quantifying DNA Sequences in a Sample without Sequencing. USP # 6,141,657.</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Nandabalan K, Rothberg JM. Identification and comparison of protein-protein interactions that occur in populations. USP # 6,083,693.</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Nandabalan K, Rothberg JM, Yang M, Knight JR, Kalbfleisch TS. Identification and comparison of protein-protein interactions that occur in populations and identification of inhibitors of these interactors. USP # 6,057,101.</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Simpson JW, Rothberg JM, Went GT. Apparatus and method for the generation, separation, detection, and recognition of biopolymer fragments. USP # 6,017,434.</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Simpson JW, Went GT and Rothberg JM. Apparatus and Method for the Generation, Separation, Detection and Recognition of Biopolymer Fragments. USP # 5,993,634.</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Simpson JW, Went GT, and Rothberg JM. Apparatus and Method for the Generation, Separation, Detection and Recognition of Biopolymer Fragments. USP #5,972,693.</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Bader J, Rothberg JM, Deem MW, Mulhern GT and Went GT. Nano Niagara Separation of Charged Particles by a Spatially and Temporally varying Electric Field. USP #5,938,904.</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Rothberg JM, Went GT, and Simpson JW. Method and Apparatus for Identifying, Classifying, or Quantifying DNA Sequences in a Sample without Sequencing. USP #5,871,697.</li> </ol> <h2 style="background-image: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection mw-editsection-expanded" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; direction: ltr;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: -0.25em; margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_M._Rothberg&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15&amp;editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: References" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider" style="color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">&nbsp;|&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_M._Rothberg&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=15&amp;editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">edit<span class="ve-tabmessage-appendix" style="font-size: 0.7em; vertical-align: top; line-height: 1.43em; padding-left: 0.5em; background-image: none !important; display: inline !important;">beta</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: -0.25em; margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">]</span></span></h2> <div class="reflist references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="font-size: 11.199999809265137px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; -webkit-column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit;"> <li id="cite_note-CT_Medal_of_Technology-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_M._Rothberg#cite_ref-CT_Medal_of_Technology_1-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctcase.org/medal_bios/rothberg.pdf" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); padding-right: 18px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">2010 Connecticut Medal of Technology bio</a>&nbsp;at Connecticut Academy of Science and Engineering, ctcase.org</span></li> <li id="cite_note-CellDex_acquires_CuraGen-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_M._Rothberg#cite_ref-CellDex_acquires_CuraGen_2-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctcase.org/medal_bios/rothberg.pdf" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); padding-right: 18px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">CellDex Therapeutics Press Release</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Bio-itworld-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_M._Rothberg#cite_ref-Bio-itworld_3-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bio-itworld.com/newsitems/2007/may/05-31-07-watson-genome" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">Project Jim: Watson&rsquo;s Personal Genome Goes Public</a>&nbsp;at Bio-IT World.com</span></li> <li id="cite_note-NYT310507-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_M._Rothberg#cite_ref-NYT310507_4-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/31/science/31cnd-gene.html?ex=1182139200&amp;en=8c707c4f99236dd0&amp;ei=5070" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">Genome of DNA Pioneer Is Deciphered</a>&nbsp;at NYT.com, derived on May 31, 2007.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-JWatsonSequ-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_M._Rothberg#cite_ref-JWatsonSequ_5-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jimwatsonsequence.cshl.edu/cgi-perl/gbrowse/jwsequence/" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">James Watson's Personal Genome Sequence</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_M._Rothberg#cite_ref-6" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v444/n7117/abs/nature05336.html" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">Analysis of one million base pairs of Neanderthal DNA</a>&nbsp;at Nature.com</span></li> <li id="cite_note-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_M._Rothberg#cite_ref-7" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/genetics-entrepreneur-jonathan-rothberg-wins-ct-medal-of-technology-94071489.html" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">Genetics Entrepreneur Jonathan Rothberg Wins CT Medal of Technology, May 18, PRNewswire</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_M._Rothberg#cite_ref-8" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.courant.com/2009-10-10/business/hc-curagen.artoct10_1_dr-timothy-shannon-celldex-therapeutics-tiny-unit" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">&quot;A Smaller CuraGen Corp. To Stay Open In Branford&quot;</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-ion_torrent-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_M._Rothberg#cite_ref-ion_torrent_9-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iontorrent.com/" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">Ion Torrent Official Webpage.</a></span></li> </ol> </div> 0f2b5edc045f5152900d468cb66a951fb37dfb99 4670 4669 2013-08-25T01:08:25Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <div>Jonathan M. Rothberg (born 1963) is an American scientist and entrepreneur.</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>Early life</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>Jonathan was born in New Haven, Connecticut the son of Lillian and Dr. Henry Rothberg a chemical engineer. &nbsp;Prior to Jonathan's birth, Lillian and Dr. Henry Rothberg founded Laticrete International, Inc. a family-owned, global manufacturer of products for the installation of tile and stone. &nbsp;Jonathan's family established the foundation for his scientific career; early on, he was heavily influenced by his father's engineering background and problem solving abilities, as well as his mother's belief that he would &quot;do good science.&quot;[1]</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>Education and scientific career</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>INSTITUTION AND LOCATION</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>DEGREE</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>YEAR</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>FIELD OF STUDY</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>Yale University, New Haven, CT</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>Ph.D.</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>1991</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>Biology</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>Yale University, New Haven, CT</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>M.Phil.</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>1988</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>Biology</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>Yale University, New Haven, CT</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>M.S.</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>1987</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>Biology</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>B.S.</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>1985</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>Chemical Engineering &ndash; &nbsp;option in Biomedical Engineering</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>Rothberg earned a B.S. in Chemical Engineering with an option in Biomedical Engineering from Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA in 1985. &nbsp;After completing college at Carnegie Mellon, Jonathan went on to attend Yale University and earn a M.S., M.Phil., and Ph.D. in biology. &nbsp;His thesis at Yale focused on decoding a gene called slit responsible for wiring the nervous system. &nbsp;Jonathan's thesis work resulted in publication of a cover article in the journal Cell in 1988. &crarr;While a graduate student at Yale Jonathan founded CuraGen, one of the first genomics companies (CellDex Therapeutics acquired CuraGen in fall of 2009).[2] &nbsp;At CuraGen, Jonathan and his team focused on how the proteins encoded in a genome function together, and published the first global proteomic maps of a eukaryotic cell and a metazoan organism (featured on the covers of Nature and Science) and developed drugs for the treatment of metastatic skin and breast cancer.</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>Rothberg brought to market the first next-generation sequencer and has been a pioneering entrepreneur in the field of massively parallel DNA sequencing[citation needed]. He founded 454 Life Sciences Corporation, later acquired by Roche Diagnostics, and Ion Torrent, companies that have commercialized technologies for DNA sequencing that have significantly reduced the cost of sequencing a genome. His team at 454 Life Sciences and the Baylor College of Medicine Genome Center was the first to complete and make public the sequence of an individual human genome (James D. Watson[3][4]). Published in Nature magazine, that genome was made publicly on GenBank and browsable via the efforts of Lincoln Stein's group [5] contributing significantly to the new field of personal genomics. &nbsp;Rothberg also initiated the Neanderthal Genome Project in collaboration with Svante P&auml;&auml;bo's group.[6]</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>Under his tenure, 454 Life Sciences worked with collaborators to crack the mystery behind the disappearance of the honey bee, uncover a new virus killing transplant patients, and elucidate the extent of individual human variation&mdash;work recognized by Science magazine as the breakthrough of the year for 2007. The collective work of Dr. Rothberg's team, their collaborators and ultimately their customers, included projects as diverse as uncovering the complexity of life in the World's oceans and sequencing the extinct wooly mammoth.</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>The New England Journal described Dr. Rothberg&rsquo;s sequencing innovation as &quot;The New Age of Molecular Diagnostics for Microbial Agents.&quot; Science magazine called it one of the top 10 breakthroughs for 2008. Dr. Rothberg has appeared on CNBC, CNN, and Bloomberg TV for his pioneering work in the field of genomic medicine, has been featured on the cover of Fortune magazine, and his scientific work has been featured on the covers of leading scientific journals including Cell, Science, and Nature. His contribution to sequencing, include both the first non-bacterial cloning systems (cloning by limited dilution), as well as the first massively parallel DNA sequencing method (sequencing by synthesis on a single substrate in parallel), concepts that have formed the basis for all subsequence next generation sequencing technologies.</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>Rothberg is a member of the National Academy of Engineering, the Connecticut Academy of Medical Science and Engineering, and is a life of trustees of Carnegie Mellon University.</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>Positions and honors</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>Positions</div> <div>2007&ndash;2013 Founder, CEO and Chairman of the Board, Ion Torrent, Inc., Guilford, CT</div> <div>2005&ndash;Present &nbsp;Board of Trustees, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA</div> <div>2004&ndash;Present &nbsp;Co-Founder, Founding CEO, Chairman, RainDance Technologies, Inc., Guilford, CT</div> <div>2001&ndash;Present &nbsp;Founder, Chairman of the Board, Rothberg Institute for Childhood Diseases, Guilford, CT</div> <div>2000-2007 &nbsp;Founder, Founding CEO, Chairman of the Board, 454 Life Sciences, Branford, CT</div> <div>1999-2007 &nbsp;Co-Founder, Chairman of the Board, Clarifi, Boca Raton</div> <div>1998&ndash;Present &nbsp;Board Member, Connecticut United for Research Excellence (CURE), New Haven, CT</div> <div>1993-2005 &nbsp;Founder, CEO, President, and Chairman of the Board, CuraGen Corporation, Branford, CT</div> <div>1991-1993 &nbsp;Post-Doctoral Fellow, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, New Haven, CT</div> <div>Honors and awards</div> <div>2011 CBA Brilliant Achievement Award</div> <div>2011 DGKL Biochemical Analysis Prize for development of massively parallel DNA &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; sequencing</div> <div>2011 Doctor of Science Honoris Causa Mount Sinai School of Medicine</div> <div>2010 The World Economic Forum&rsquo;s Technology Pioneer (First person to be awarded three times)</div> <div>2010 &nbsp;Connecticut Medal of Technology[7]</div> <div>2008 The World Economic Forum&rsquo;s Technology Pioneer</div> <div>2007 The World Economic Forum&rsquo;s Technology Pioneer</div> <div>2006 R &amp; D 100 Awards for 454 Life Sciences</div> <div>2005 Wall Street Journal 2005 Technology Innovation Awards, Gold Medal Winner</div> <div>2005 &nbsp;Connecticut Academy of Science and Engineering</div> <div>2004 &nbsp;National Academy of Engineering</div> <div>2000 &nbsp;The Irvington Institute&rsquo;s Corporate Leadership Award in Science</div> <div>1998 &nbsp;Ernst and Young Entrepreneur of the Year</div> <div>1991 &nbsp;John Spangler Nicholas Prize for the outstanding Doctoral candidate in Experimental Zoology</div> <div>1985-1989 &nbsp;National Research Service Award, National Institutes of Health</div> <div>Professional memberships</div> <div>2004-2008 &nbsp;Member, Young Presidents&rsquo; Organization&crarr;National Academy of Engineering&crarr;Connecticut Academy of Medical Science and Engineering&crarr;Carnegie Mellon University Board of Trustees</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>Companies</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>CuraGen</div> <div>In 1991, Rothberg founded New Haven-based CuraGen, one of the first companies to develop drugs based on genomics. While at CuraGen, he developed a series of new medicines, in over 14 human clinical trials, for the treatment of a wide range of cancers. CuraGen however never released any drug to market.[8]</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>454 Life Sciences</div> <div>In 1999, Rothberg founded 454 Life Sciences, based in Branford (CT), which pioneered an entirely new way to sequence genomes.</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>Ion Torrent</div> <div>Rothberg founded Ion Torrent in 2007, who developed ion semiconductor sequencing which is utilized by their PGM DNA sequencer.[9]</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>Rothberg Center for Childhood diseases</div> <div>Rothberg is a founder of the Rothberg Center for Childhood diseases.</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>RainDance Technologies</div> <div>Founded first company to use droplet based microfluidics</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>Selected Publications</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>Rothberg, J.M. et al., An integrated semiconductor device enabling non-optical genome sequencing. Nature 475, July 2011. 348-352.</div> <div>Alexander Mellmann., Dag Harmsen., Craig A. Cummings., Emily B. Zentz, Shana R. Leopold, Alain Rico, Karola Prior, Rafael Szczepanowski, Yongmei Ji, Wenlan Zhang, Stephen F. McLaughlin, John K. Henkhaus, Benjamin Leopold, Martina Bielaszewska, Rita Prager, Pius M. Brzoska, Richard L. Moore, Simone Guenther, Jonathan M. Rothberg, Helge Karch. Prospective genomic characterization of the German enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O104:H4 outbreak by rapid next generation sequencing technology. PLOS one, Volume 6, Issue 7, July 2011.</div> <div>E. Brouzes, M. Medkova, N Savenelli, D. Marran, M. Twardowski, J. B. Hutchinon, J. J. M. Rothberg, D.R. Link, N. Perrimon, M. L. Samuels. &nbsp;Droplet microfluidic technology for single-cell high thoughput screening. PNAS, July &nbsp;2009, Vol. 106, no. 106</div> <div>Birgitte B. Simen, Jan Fredrik Simons, Katherine Huppler Hullsiek,,Richard M. Novak, Rodger D. MacArthur, John D. Baxter, Chunli Huang,,Christine Lubeski, Gregory S. Turenchalk, Michael S. Braverman, Brian Desany, Jonathan M. Rothberg, Michael Egholm, Michael J. Kozal. Low-Abundance Drug-Resistant Viral Variants in Chronically HIV-Infected, Antiretroviral Treatment-Na&iuml;ve Patients Significantly Impact Treatment Outcomes. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2009; 199:693-701.</div> <div>Richard E Green, Anna-Sapfo Malaspinas, Johannes Krause, Adrian W Briggs, Philip L F Johnson, Caroline Uhler, Matthias Meyer, Jeffrey M Good, Tomislav Maricic, Udo Stenzel, Kay Pr&uuml;fer, Michael Siebauer, Hern&aacute;n A Burbano, Michael Ronan, Jonathan M Rothberg, Michael Egholm, Pavao Rudan, Dejana Brajković, Zeljko Kućan, Ivan Gusić, M&aring;rten Wikstr&ouml;m, Liisa Laakkonen, Janet Kelso, Montgomery Slatkin, Svante P&auml;&auml;bo. A complete neandertal mitochondrial genome sequence determined by high-throughput sequencing. &nbsp;[Cover Paper] Cell. 2008 Aug 8;134 (3):416-26</div> <div>David A Wheeler, Maithreyan Srinivasan, Michael Egholm, Yufeng Shen, Lei Chen, Amy McGuire, Wen He, Yi-Ju Chen, Vinod Makhijani, G Thomas Roth, Xavier Gomes, Karrie Tartaro, Faheem Niazi, Cynthia L Turcotte, Gerard P Irzyk, James R Lupski, Craig Chinault, Xing-Zhi Song, Yue Liu, Ye Yuan, Lynne Nazareth, Xiang Qin, Donna M Muzny, Marcel Margulies, George M Weinstock, Richard A Gibbs, Jonathan M Rothberg. &nbsp;The complete genome of an individual by massively parallel DNA sequencing. Nature 2008 Apr 17;452 (7189):872-6</div> <div>John H. Leamon, Michael S. Braverman and Jonathan M. Rothberg. High-Throughput, Massively Parallel DNA Sequencing Technology for the Era of Personalized Medicine? Gene Therapy and Regulation, 2007, vol. 2, no. 1, 15-31.</div> <div>John H. Leamon and Jonathan M. Rothberg. Cramming More Sequencing Reactions onto Microreactor Chips. Chemical Reviews, 2007 Aug; 107(8):3367-76.</div> <div>Green, R.E., Krause, J., Ptak, S.E., Briggs, A.W., Ronan, M., Simons, J.F., Egholm, M., Rothberg, J., Paunovic, M., and P&auml;&auml;bo, S.: Analysis of one million base pairs of Neandertal DNA. [Cover Paper] Nature 444, 330-336.16 November 2006</div> <div>Robert Pinard, Alex de Winter, Gary J Sarkis, Mark B Gerstein, Karrie R Tartaro, Ramona N Plant, Michael Egholm, Jonathan M Rothberg, and John H Leamon. Assessment of whole genome amplification-induced bias through high-throughput, massively parallel whole genome sequencing. BMC Genomics. 2006; 7: 216. Published online 2006 August 23.</div> <div>Stiller, M., Green, R.E., Ronan, M., Simons, J.F., Du, L., He, W., Egholm, M., Rothberg, J., Keates, S.G., Ovodov, N.D., Antipina, E.E., Baryshnikov, G.F., Kuzmin, Y.V., Vasilevski, A.A., Wuenschell, G.E., Termini, J., Hofreiter, M., Jaenicke-Despr&eacute;s, V., and P&auml;&auml;bo, S.: Patterns of nucleotide misincorporations during enzymatic amplification and direct large-scale sequencing of ancient DNA. PNAS, September 12, 2006, vol. 103, no. 37, 13578-13584.</div> <div>Thomas RK, Nickerson E, Simons JF, Janne PA, Tengs T, Yuza Y, Garraway LA, Laframboise T, Lee JC, Shah K, O'neill K, Sasaki H, Lindeman N, Wong KK, Borras AM, Gutmann EJ, Dragnev KH, Debiasi R, Chen TH, Glatt KA, Greulich H, Desany B, Lubeski CK, Brockman W, Alvarez P, Hutchison SK, Leamon JH, Ronan MT, Turenchalk GS, Egholm M, Sellers WR, Rothberg JM, Meyerson M. &nbsp;Sensitive mutation detection in heterogeneous cancer specimens by massively parallel picoliter reactor sequencing. Nat Med. 2006 Jul;12(7):852-855.</div> <div>Leamon JH, Link DR, Egholm M, Rothberg JM. Overview: methods and applications for droplet compartmentalization of biology. Nat Methods. 2006 Jul;3(7):541-3.</div> <div>Thomas RK, Greulich H, Yuza Y, Lee JC, Tengs T, Feng W, Chen TH, Nickerson E, Simons J, Egholm M, Rothberg JM, Sellers WR, and Meyerson ML. Detection of oncogenic mutations in the EGFR gene in lung adenocarcinoma with differential sensitivity to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 2005; 70: 73-81.</div> <div>Margulies M, Egholm M, Altman WE, Attiya S, Bader JS, Bemben LA., Berka J, Braverman MS, Chen YJ, Chen Z, Dewell SB, de Winter A, Drake J, Du L, Fierro JM, Forte R, Gomes XV, Godwin BC, He W, Helgesen S, Ho CH, Hutchison SK, Irzyk GP, Jando SC, Alenquer MLI, Jarvie TP, Jirage KB, Kim JB, Knight JR, Lanza JR, Leamon JH, Lee WL, Lefkowitz SM, Lei M, Li J, Lohman KL, Lu H, Makhijani VB, McDade KE, McKenna MP, Myers EW, Nickerson E, Nobile JR, Plant R, Puc BP, Reifler M Ronan MT, Roth GT, Sarkis GJ, Simons JF, Simpson JW, Srinivasan M, Tartaro KR, Tomasz A, Vogt KA, Volkmer GA, Wang SH, Wang Y, Weiner MP, Willoughby DA, Yu P, Begley RF, Rothberg JM. &nbsp;Genome sequencing in microfabricated high-density picolitre reactors. &nbsp; &nbsp;Nature 2005; 441.7089.</div> <div>Gunther EC, Stone DJ, Rothberg JM, and Gerwien RW. A quantitative genomic expression analysis platform for multiplexed in vitro prediction of drug action. The Pharmacogenomics Journal 5, 2005, 126-134.</div> <div>Gould Rothberg BE, Pena CEA, Rothberg JM. &nbsp; &nbsp;A systems biology approach to target identification and validation for human chronic disease drug discovery. Division of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale University School of Public Health. Modern Biopharmaceuticals 2005; 1 99-125.</div> <div>Bader JS, Chaudhuri A. Rothberg JM, and Chant J. Gaining confidence in high-throughput protein interaction networks. Nature Biotechnology 2003; 10.1038.</div> <div>Leamon JH, Lee WL, Tartaro KR Lanza JR, Sarkis GJ, deWinter AD, Berka J, Weiner M, Rothberg JM, Lohman KL. A massively parallel PicoTitlerPlate based platform for discrete picoliter-scale polymerase chain reactions. Electrophoresis 24(21). November 2003:3769-77, Erratum in Eletrophoresis.25 1176 April 204: 7-8.</div> <div>Giot L, Bader JS, Brouwer C, Chaudhuri A, Kuang B, Li Y, Hoa YL, Oi CE, Godwin G, Vitols E, Vijayadamodar G, Pochart P, Machineni H, Welsh, M, Kong Y, Zerhusen B, Malcolm R, Varrone Z, Collis A, Minto M, Burgess S, McDaniel L, Stimpson E, Springs F, Williams J, Neurath K, Ioime N, Agee M, Voss E, Furkat K, Renzulli R, Aanensen N, Carrolla S, Bickelhaupt E, Lazovatsky Y, DaSilva A, Zhong J, Stanyon CA, Finley Jr RL, White KP, Braverman M, Jarvie T, Gold S, Leach M, Knight J, Shimkets RA, McKenna MP, Chant J, and Rothberg JM. Protein Interaction Map of Drosophila melanogaster. [Cover paper] Science November 2, 2003; 10.1126.</div> <div>Bader JS, Deem MW, Hammond RW, Henck SA, Simpson JW, Rothberg JM. A Brownian-ratchet DNA pump with applications to single-nucleotide polymorphism genotyping. Applied Physics A: Materials Science &amp; Processing. 2000; Vol. 75, 275-278.</div> <div>Tchernev VT, Mansfield TA, Giot L, Kumar AM, Nandabalan K; Li Y, Mishra VS, Detter JC, Rothberg JM, Wallace MR, Southwick FS, Kingsmore SF. &nbsp; &nbsp;The Chediak-Higashi protein interacts with SNARE complex and signal transduction proteins. &nbsp;Molecular Medicine 2002; Vol. 8, 56-64.</div> <div>LaRochelle WJ, Jeffers M, McDonald WF, Chillakuru RA, N Lokker NA, Sullivan C, Boldog FL, Yang, M, Vernet C, Burgess CE, Fernandes E, Deegler LL, Rittman B, Shimkets &nbsp;J, Shimkets RA, Rothberg JM, and Lichenstein HS. PDGF-D, a new protease-activated growth factor. Nature Cell Biology May 1, 2001; Vol. 3. 517-521.</div> <div>Herrmann J, Rastelli L, Brugess CE, Fernandes EE, Rothberg BEG, Rothberg JM, and Shimkets RA. Implications of Oncogenomics for Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology. The Cancer Journal. January/February 2001; Volume 7 Number 1.</div> <div>Rothberg BEG, Sundseth SS, DiPippo VA, Brown PJ, Winegar DA, Gottshalk WK, Shenoy SG, and Rothberg JM. The characterization of PPAR&alpha; ligand drug action in an in vivo model by comprehensive differential gene expression profiling. [Cover paper] Functional and Integrative Genomics. October 2000.</div> <div>Uetz P, Giot L, Cagney G, Mansfield TA, Judson RS, Knight JR, Lockshon D, Narayan V, Sriivasan M, Pochart P, Qureshi-Emili A, Li Y, Godwin B, Conver D, Kalbfleisch T, Vijayadamodar G, Yang M, Johnston M, Fields S, and Rothberg JM. &nbsp;A comprehensive analysis of protein-protein interactions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. &nbsp;[Cover paper] Nature Feb 10, 2000; &nbsp;Vol. 403, 623-627.</div> <div>Simpson JW, Ruiz-Martinez MC, Mulhern GT, Berka J, Latimer DR, Ball JA, Rothberg JM, Went GT. &nbsp; &nbsp;A transmission imaging spectrograph and microfabricated channel system for DNA analysis. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Electrophoresis 2000; Vol. 21, 135-149.</div> <div>Hammond RW, Bader JS, Henck SA, Deem MW, McDermott GA, Bustillo JM, Rothberg, JM. &nbsp; &nbsp;Differential transport of DNA by a rectified Brownian motion device. &nbsp;Electrophoresis 2000; Vol. 21, 74-80.</div> <div>Bader J, Hammond R W, Henck SA, Deem MW, McDermott GA, Bustillo JM, Simpson JW, Mulhern GT, and Rothberg JM. &nbsp;DNA transport by a micromachined Brownian ratchet device. PNAS USA November 9, 1999; Vol. 96 No. 23. 13165-9.</div> <div>Shimkets R A, Lowe DG, Tsu-Ning Tai J, Sehl P, Jin H, Yang R, Predki P, Rothberg BEG, Murtha MT, Roth ME, Shenoy SG, McKenna MP, Hillan K, Went GT, and Rothberg JM. Gene expression analysis by transcript profiling coupled to a gene database query [GeneCalling]. Nature Biotechnology August 1999; Vol. 17, 798-803.</div> <div>Rothberg JM, and Artavanis-Tsakonas S. Modularity of the Slit Protein. J. Mol. Biol. &nbsp;1992; 227, 367-370.</div> <div>Rothberg JM. Gene Patents. Nature 1992; 356, 738.</div> <div>Rothberg JM Ph.D. slit: an Extracellular Protein Necessary for the Development of Midline Glia and Axon Pathways of the Central Nervous System contains both EGF and Flank-LRR-Flank Domains. Thesis, Yale University, 1991.</div> <div>Rothberg JM, Jacobs J R, Goodman CS and Artavanis-Tsakonas S. slit: An Extracellular Protein Necessary for Development of Midline Glia and Commissural Axon Pathways Contains both EGF and LRR Domains. Genes &amp; Development 1990; 4, 2169-2187.</div> <div>Rothberg JM, Hartley DA, Walther Z, and Artavanis-Tsakonas S. slit: An EGF-Homologous Locus of D. melanogaster Involved in the Development of the ➞Embryonic Central Nervous System. &nbsp;[Cover paper] Cell 1988; 55, 1047-1059.</div> <div>Issued U.S. Patents</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>Rothberg J, Wolfgang H, Johnson K, Bustillo J, Methods and apparatus for measuring analytes using large scale FET arrays. &nbsp;USP# 7,948.015</div> <div>Berka J, Chen YJ, Leamon JH, Lefkowitz S, Lohman KL, Makhijani VB, Rothberg JM, Sarkis GJ, Srinivasan M, Weiner MP. Bead Emulsion Nucleic Acid Amplification. &nbsp;USP# 7,842,457</div> <div>Rothberg, JM, Bader JS, Dewell SB, McDade K, Simpson JW, Berka, Colangelo CM, Weiner, MP. Apparatus and Method for Sequencing a Nucleic Acid. USP# 7,335,762</div> <div>Leamon; JH., Lohman; KL., Rothberg; JM. &amp; Weiner MP. Methods of amplifying and sequencing nucleic acids; United States Patent 7,323,305 &amp; European Patent EP1590477</div> <div>Chen Y, Leamon JH, Lohman KL, Ronan MT, Rothberg JM, Srinivasan M, Weiner MP. Double Ended Sequencing. USP# 7,244,567</div> <div>Rothberg JM, Bader JS, Dewell SB, McDade K, Simpson JW, Berka J, Colangelo CM. Method of sequencing a nucleic acid. USP# 7,244,559</div> <div>Rothberg JM, Bader JS, Dewell SB, McDade K, Simpson JW, Berka J, Colangelo CM. Method of sequencing a nucleic acid. USP# 7,211,390.</div> <div>Rothberg JM, Deem MW, Simpson JW. Detection and confirmation of nucleic acid sequences by use of poisoning oligonucleotides. USP# 6,673,577.</div> <div>Simpson JW, Rothberg JM, Went, GT, Ruiz-Martinez MC, Mulhern GT. &nbsp;Apparatus and method for the generation, separation, detection, and recognition of biopolymer fragments. USP# 6,485,625.</div> <div>Rothberg JM, Deem MW, Simpson JW. Method and Apparatus for Identifying, Classifying, or Quantifying DNA Sequences in a Sample without Sequencing. USP # 6,453,245</div> <div>Rothberg JM, Deem MW, Simpson JW. Method and Apparatus for Identifying, Classifying, or Quantifying DNA Sequences in a Sample without Sequencing. USP # 6,432,361</div> <div>Rothberg JM, Deem MW, Simpson JW. Method and Apparatus for Identifying, Classifying, or Quantifying DNA Sequences in a Sample without Sequencing. USP # 6,418,382</div> <div>Nandabalan K, Rothberg JM, Yang M, Knight JR, Kalbfleisch TS. Identification and comparison of protein&mdash;protein interactions that occur in populations and identification of inhibitors of these interactors. USP# 6,410,239.</div> <div>Nandabalan K, Rothberg JM. Identification and comparison of protein-protein interactions that occur in populations and identification of inhibitors of these interactors. USP# 6,395,478.</div> <div>Rothberg JM, Nallur GN, Hu X. Methods and devices for measuring differential gene expression. &nbsp;USP# 6,355,423.</div> <div>Deem MW, Rothberg JM, Went GT. Consensus configurational bias Monte Carlo method and system for pharmacophore structure determination. USP# 6,341,256.</div> <div>Rothberg JM, Bader JS. Method of sequencing a nucleic acid. USP # 6,274,320.</div> <div>Simpson JW, Rothberg JM, Went GT. Apparatus and method for the generation, separation, detection, and recognition of biopolymer fragments. USP # 6,236,945.</div> <div>Rothberg JM, Deem MW, Simpson JW. Method and apparatus for identifying, classifying, or quantSimpson JW, Rothberg JM, Went GT. Apparatus and method for the generation, separation, detection, and recognition of biopolymer fragments. USP # 6,218,121.</div> <div>Bader JS, Rothberg JM, Deem MW, Mulhern GT, Went GT, Simpson JW, Henck S. Separation of charged particles by a spatially and temporally varying electric field. USP # 6,193,866.</div> <div>Rothberg JM, Deem MW, Simpson JW. Method for identifying a nucleic acid sequence. USP # 6,190,868.</div> <div>Rothberg JM, Deem MW, Simpson JW. Method and Apparatus for Identifying, Classifying, or Quantifying DNA Sequences in a Sample without Sequencing. USP # 6,141,657.</div> <div>Nandabalan K, Rothberg JM. Identification and comparison of protein-protein interactions that occur in populations. USP # 6,083,693.</div> <div>Nandabalan K, Rothberg JM, Yang M, Knight JR, Kalbfleisch TS. Identification and comparison of protein-protein interactions that occur in populations and identification of inhibitors of these interactors. USP # 6,057,101.</div> <div>Simpson JW, Rothberg JM, Went GT. Apparatus and method for the generation, separation, detection, and recognition of biopolymer fragments. USP # 6,017,434.</div> <div>Simpson JW, Went GT and Rothberg JM. Apparatus and Method for the Generation, Separation, Detection and Recognition of Biopolymer Fragments. USP # 5,993,634.</div> <div>Simpson JW, Went GT, and Rothberg JM. Apparatus and Method for the Generation, Separation, Detection and Recognition of Biopolymer Fragments. USP #5,972,693.</div> <div>Bader J, Rothberg JM, Deem MW, Mulhern GT and Went GT. Nano Niagara Separation of Charged Particles by a Spatially and Temporally varying Electric Field. USP #5,938,904.</div> <div>Rothberg JM, Went GT, and Simpson JW. Method and Apparatus for Identifying, Classifying, or Quantifying DNA Sequences in a Sample without Sequencing. USP #5,871,697.</div> <div>References</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>&uarr; 2010 Connecticut Medal of Technology bio at Connecticut Academy of Science and Engineering, ctcase.org</div> <div>&uarr; CellDex Therapeutics Press Release</div> <div>&uarr; Project Jim: Watson&rsquo;s Personal Genome Goes Public at Bio-IT World.com</div> <div>&uarr; Genome of DNA Pioneer Is Deciphered at NYT.com, derived on May 31, 2007.</div> <div>&uarr; James Watson's Personal Genome Sequence</div> <div>&uarr; Analysis of one million base pairs of Neanderthal DNA at Nature.com</div> <div>&uarr; Genetics Entrepreneur Jonathan Rothberg Wins CT Medal of Technology, May 18, PRNewswire</div> <div>&uarr; &quot;A Smaller CuraGen Corp. To Stay Open In Branford&quot;.</div> <div>&uarr; Ion Torrent Official Webpage.</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> 5bb466a2154f58372835b46d0d9879c16ac3d38a 4671 4670 2013-08-25T01:09:08Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <div><span style="font-size: medium;">Jonathan M. Rothberg (born 1963) is an American scientist and entrepreneur.</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>Jonathan was born in New Haven, Connecticut the son of Lillian and Dr. Henry Rothberg a chemical engineer. &nbsp;Prior to Jonathan's birth, Lillian and Dr. Henry Rothberg founded Laticrete International, Inc. a family-owned, global manufacturer of products for the installation of tile and stone. &nbsp;Jonathan's family established the foundation for his scientific career; early on, he was heavily influenced by his father's engineering background and problem solving abilities, as well as his mother's belief that he would &quot;do good science.&quot;[1]</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div><span style="font-size: large;">Education and scientific career</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>INSTITUTION AND LOCATION</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>DEGREE</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>YEAR</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>FIELD OF STUDY</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>Yale University, New Haven, CT</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>Ph.D.</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>1991</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>Biology</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>Yale University, New Haven, CT</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>M.Phil.</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>1988</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>Biology</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>Yale University, New Haven, CT</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>M.S.</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>1987</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>Biology</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>B.S.</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>1985</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div><span style="font-size: large;">Chemical Engineering &ndash; &nbsp;option in Biomedical Engineering</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>Rothberg earned a B.S. in Chemical Engineering with an option in Biomedical Engineering from Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA in 1985. &nbsp;After completing college at Carnegie Mellon, Jonathan went on to attend Yale University and earn a M.S., M.Phil., and Ph.D. in biology. &nbsp;His thesis at Yale focused on decoding a gene called slit responsible for wiring the nervous system. &nbsp;Jonathan's thesis work resulted in publication of a cover article in the journal Cell in 1988. &crarr;While a graduate student at Yale Jonathan founded CuraGen, one of the first genomics companies (CellDex Therapeutics acquired CuraGen in fall of 2009).[2] &nbsp;At CuraGen, Jonathan and his team focused on how the proteins encoded in a genome function together, and published the first global proteomic maps of a eukaryotic cell and a metazoan organism (featured on the covers of Nature and Science) and developed drugs for the treatment of metastatic skin and breast cancer.</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>Rothberg brought to market the first next-generation sequencer and has been a pioneering entrepreneur in the field of massively parallel DNA sequencing[citation needed]. He founded 454 Life Sciences Corporation, later acquired by Roche Diagnostics, and Ion Torrent, companies that have commercialized technologies for DNA sequencing that have significantly reduced the cost of sequencing a genome. His team at 454 Life Sciences and the Baylor College of Medicine Genome Center was the first to complete and make public the sequence of an individual human genome (James D. Watson[3][4]). Published in Nature magazine, that genome was made publicly on GenBank and browsable via the efforts of Lincoln Stein's group [5] contributing significantly to the new field of personal genomics. &nbsp;Rothberg also initiated the Neanderthal Genome Project in collaboration with Svante P&auml;&auml;bo's group.[6]</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>Under his tenure, 454 Life Sciences worked with collaborators to crack the mystery behind the disappearance of the honey bee, uncover a new virus killing transplant patients, and elucidate the extent of individual human variation&mdash;work recognized by Science magazine as the breakthrough of the year for 2007. The collective work of Dr. Rothberg's team, their collaborators and ultimately their customers, included projects as diverse as uncovering the complexity of life in the World's oceans and sequencing the extinct wooly mammoth.</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>The New England Journal described Dr. Rothberg&rsquo;s sequencing innovation as &quot;The New Age of Molecular Diagnostics for Microbial Agents.&quot; Science magazine called it one of the top 10 breakthroughs for 2008. Dr. Rothberg has appeared on CNBC, CNN, and Bloomberg TV for his pioneering work in the field of genomic medicine, has been featured on the cover of Fortune magazine, and his scientific work has been featured on the covers of leading scientific journals including Cell, Science, and Nature. His contribution to sequencing, include both the first non-bacterial cloning systems (cloning by limited dilution), as well as the first massively parallel DNA sequencing method (sequencing by synthesis on a single substrate in parallel), concepts that have formed the basis for all subsequence next generation sequencing technologies.</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>Rothberg is a member of the National Academy of Engineering, the Connecticut Academy of Medical Science and Engineering, and is a life of trustees of Carnegie Mellon University.</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div><span style="font-size: large;">Positions and honors</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div><span style="font-size: large;">Positions</span></div> <div>2007&ndash;2013 Founder, CEO and Chairman of the Board, Ion Torrent, Inc., Guilford, CT</div> <div>2005&ndash;Present &nbsp;Board of Trustees, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA</div> <div>2004&ndash;Present &nbsp;Co-Founder, Founding CEO, Chairman, RainDance Technologies, Inc., Guilford, CT</div> <div>2001&ndash;Present &nbsp;Founder, Chairman of the Board, Rothberg Institute for Childhood Diseases, Guilford, CT</div> <div>2000-2007 &nbsp;Founder, Founding CEO, Chairman of the Board, 454 Life Sciences, Branford, CT</div> <div>1999-2007 &nbsp;Co-Founder, Chairman of the Board, Clarifi, Boca Raton</div> <div>1998&ndash;Present &nbsp;Board Member, Connecticut United for Research Excellence (CURE), New Haven, CT</div> <div>1993-2005 &nbsp;Founder, CEO, President, and Chairman of the Board, CuraGen Corporation, Branford, CT</div> <div>1991-1993 &nbsp;Post-Doctoral Fellow, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, New Haven, CT</div> <div>Honors and awards</div> <div>2011 CBA Brilliant Achievement Award</div> <div>2011 DGKL Biochemical Analysis Prize for development of massively parallel DNA &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; sequencing</div> <div>2011 Doctor of Science Honoris Causa Mount Sinai School of Medicine</div> <div>2010 The World Economic Forum&rsquo;s Technology Pioneer (First person to be awarded three times)</div> <div>2010 &nbsp;Connecticut Medal of Technology[7]</div> <div>2008 The World Economic Forum&rsquo;s Technology Pioneer</div> <div>2007 The World Economic Forum&rsquo;s Technology Pioneer</div> <div>2006 R &amp; D 100 Awards for 454 Life Sciences</div> <div>2005 Wall Street Journal 2005 Technology Innovation Awards, Gold Medal Winner</div> <div>2005 &nbsp;Connecticut Academy of Science and Engineering</div> <div>2004 &nbsp;National Academy of Engineering</div> <div>2000 &nbsp;The Irvington Institute&rsquo;s Corporate Leadership Award in Science</div> <div>1998 &nbsp;Ernst and Young Entrepreneur of the Year</div> <div>1991 &nbsp;John Spangler Nicholas Prize for the outstanding Doctoral candidate in Experimental Zoology</div> <div>1985-1989 &nbsp;National Research Service Award, National Institutes of Health</div> <div>Professional memberships</div> <div>2004-2008 &nbsp;Member, Young Presidents&rsquo; Organization&crarr;National Academy of Engineering&crarr;Connecticut Academy of Medical Science and Engineering&crarr;Carnegie Mellon University Board of Trustees</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>Companies</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>CuraGen</div> <div>In 1991, Rothberg founded New Haven-based CuraGen, one of the first companies to develop drugs based on genomics. While at CuraGen, he developed a series of new medicines, in over 14 human clinical trials, for the treatment of a wide range of cancers. CuraGen however never released any drug to market.[8]</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>454 Life Sciences</div> <div>In 1999, Rothberg founded 454 Life Sciences, based in Branford (CT), which pioneered an entirely new way to sequence genomes.</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>Ion Torrent</div> <div>Rothberg founded Ion Torrent in 2007, who developed ion semiconductor sequencing which is utilized by their PGM DNA sequencer.[9]</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>Rothberg Center for Childhood diseases</div> <div>Rothberg is a founder of the Rothberg Center for Childhood diseases.</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>RainDance Technologies</div> <div>Founded first company to use droplet based microfluidics</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>Selected Publications</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>Rothberg, J.M. et al., An integrated semiconductor device enabling non-optical genome sequencing. Nature 475, July 2011. 348-352.</div> <div>Alexander Mellmann., Dag Harmsen., Craig A. Cummings., Emily B. Zentz, Shana R. Leopold, Alain Rico, Karola Prior, Rafael Szczepanowski, Yongmei Ji, Wenlan Zhang, Stephen F. McLaughlin, John K. Henkhaus, Benjamin Leopold, Martina Bielaszewska, Rita Prager, Pius M. Brzoska, Richard L. Moore, Simone Guenther, Jonathan M. Rothberg, Helge Karch. Prospective genomic characterization of the German enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O104:H4 outbreak by rapid next generation sequencing technology. PLOS one, Volume 6, Issue 7, July 2011.</div> <div>E. Brouzes, M. Medkova, N Savenelli, D. Marran, M. Twardowski, J. B. Hutchinon, J. J. M. Rothberg, D.R. Link, N. Perrimon, M. L. Samuels. &nbsp;Droplet microfluidic technology for single-cell high thoughput screening. PNAS, July &nbsp;2009, Vol. 106, no. 106</div> <div>Birgitte B. Simen, Jan Fredrik Simons, Katherine Huppler Hullsiek,,Richard M. Novak, Rodger D. MacArthur, John D. Baxter, Chunli Huang,,Christine Lubeski, Gregory S. Turenchalk, Michael S. Braverman, Brian Desany, Jonathan M. Rothberg, Michael Egholm, Michael J. Kozal. Low-Abundance Drug-Resistant Viral Variants in Chronically HIV-Infected, Antiretroviral Treatment-Na&iuml;ve Patients Significantly Impact Treatment Outcomes. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2009; 199:693-701.</div> <div>Richard E Green, Anna-Sapfo Malaspinas, Johannes Krause, Adrian W Briggs, Philip L F Johnson, Caroline Uhler, Matthias Meyer, Jeffrey M Good, Tomislav Maricic, Udo Stenzel, Kay Pr&uuml;fer, Michael Siebauer, Hern&aacute;n A Burbano, Michael Ronan, Jonathan M Rothberg, Michael Egholm, Pavao Rudan, Dejana Brajković, Zeljko Kućan, Ivan Gusić, M&aring;rten Wikstr&ouml;m, Liisa Laakkonen, Janet Kelso, Montgomery Slatkin, Svante P&auml;&auml;bo. A complete neandertal mitochondrial genome sequence determined by high-throughput sequencing. &nbsp;[Cover Paper] Cell. 2008 Aug 8;134 (3):416-26</div> <div>David A Wheeler, Maithreyan Srinivasan, Michael Egholm, Yufeng Shen, Lei Chen, Amy McGuire, Wen He, Yi-Ju Chen, Vinod Makhijani, G Thomas Roth, Xavier Gomes, Karrie Tartaro, Faheem Niazi, Cynthia L Turcotte, Gerard P Irzyk, James R Lupski, Craig Chinault, Xing-Zhi Song, Yue Liu, Ye Yuan, Lynne Nazareth, Xiang Qin, Donna M Muzny, Marcel Margulies, George M Weinstock, Richard A Gibbs, Jonathan M Rothberg. &nbsp;The complete genome of an individual by massively parallel DNA sequencing. Nature 2008 Apr 17;452 (7189):872-6</div> <div>John H. Leamon, Michael S. Braverman and Jonathan M. Rothberg. High-Throughput, Massively Parallel DNA Sequencing Technology for the Era of Personalized Medicine? Gene Therapy and Regulation, 2007, vol. 2, no. 1, 15-31.</div> <div>John H. Leamon and Jonathan M. Rothberg. Cramming More Sequencing Reactions onto Microreactor Chips. Chemical Reviews, 2007 Aug; 107(8):3367-76.</div> <div>Green, R.E., Krause, J., Ptak, S.E., Briggs, A.W., Ronan, M., Simons, J.F., Egholm, M., Rothberg, J., Paunovic, M., and P&auml;&auml;bo, S.: Analysis of one million base pairs of Neandertal DNA. [Cover Paper] Nature 444, 330-336.16 November 2006</div> <div>Robert Pinard, Alex de Winter, Gary J Sarkis, Mark B Gerstein, Karrie R Tartaro, Ramona N Plant, Michael Egholm, Jonathan M Rothberg, and John H Leamon. Assessment of whole genome amplification-induced bias through high-throughput, massively parallel whole genome sequencing. BMC Genomics. 2006; 7: 216. Published online 2006 August 23.</div> <div>Stiller, M., Green, R.E., Ronan, M., Simons, J.F., Du, L., He, W., Egholm, M., Rothberg, J., Keates, S.G., Ovodov, N.D., Antipina, E.E., Baryshnikov, G.F., Kuzmin, Y.V., Vasilevski, A.A., Wuenschell, G.E., Termini, J., Hofreiter, M., Jaenicke-Despr&eacute;s, V., and P&auml;&auml;bo, S.: Patterns of nucleotide misincorporations during enzymatic amplification and direct large-scale sequencing of ancient DNA. PNAS, September 12, 2006, vol. 103, no. 37, 13578-13584.</div> <div>Thomas RK, Nickerson E, Simons JF, Janne PA, Tengs T, Yuza Y, Garraway LA, Laframboise T, Lee JC, Shah K, O'neill K, Sasaki H, Lindeman N, Wong KK, Borras AM, Gutmann EJ, Dragnev KH, Debiasi R, Chen TH, Glatt KA, Greulich H, Desany B, Lubeski CK, Brockman W, Alvarez P, Hutchison SK, Leamon JH, Ronan MT, Turenchalk GS, Egholm M, Sellers WR, Rothberg JM, Meyerson M. &nbsp;Sensitive mutation detection in heterogeneous cancer specimens by massively parallel picoliter reactor sequencing. Nat Med. 2006 Jul;12(7):852-855.</div> <div>Leamon JH, Link DR, Egholm M, Rothberg JM. Overview: methods and applications for droplet compartmentalization of biology. Nat Methods. 2006 Jul;3(7):541-3.</div> <div>Thomas RK, Greulich H, Yuza Y, Lee JC, Tengs T, Feng W, Chen TH, Nickerson E, Simons J, Egholm M, Rothberg JM, Sellers WR, and Meyerson ML. Detection of oncogenic mutations in the EGFR gene in lung adenocarcinoma with differential sensitivity to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 2005; 70: 73-81.</div> <div>Margulies M, Egholm M, Altman WE, Attiya S, Bader JS, Bemben LA., Berka J, Braverman MS, Chen YJ, Chen Z, Dewell SB, de Winter A, Drake J, Du L, Fierro JM, Forte R, Gomes XV, Godwin BC, He W, Helgesen S, Ho CH, Hutchison SK, Irzyk GP, Jando SC, Alenquer MLI, Jarvie TP, Jirage KB, Kim JB, Knight JR, Lanza JR, Leamon JH, Lee WL, Lefkowitz SM, Lei M, Li J, Lohman KL, Lu H, Makhijani VB, McDade KE, McKenna MP, Myers EW, Nickerson E, Nobile JR, Plant R, Puc BP, Reifler M Ronan MT, Roth GT, Sarkis GJ, Simons JF, Simpson JW, Srinivasan M, Tartaro KR, Tomasz A, Vogt KA, Volkmer GA, Wang SH, Wang Y, Weiner MP, Willoughby DA, Yu P, Begley RF, Rothberg JM. &nbsp;Genome sequencing in microfabricated high-density picolitre reactors. &nbsp; &nbsp;Nature 2005; 441.7089.</div> <div>Gunther EC, Stone DJ, Rothberg JM, and Gerwien RW. A quantitative genomic expression analysis platform for multiplexed in vitro prediction of drug action. The Pharmacogenomics Journal 5, 2005, 126-134.</div> <div>Gould Rothberg BE, Pena CEA, Rothberg JM. &nbsp; &nbsp;A systems biology approach to target identification and validation for human chronic disease drug discovery. Division of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale University School of Public Health. Modern Biopharmaceuticals 2005; 1 99-125.</div> <div>Bader JS, Chaudhuri A. Rothberg JM, and Chant J. Gaining confidence in high-throughput protein interaction networks. Nature Biotechnology 2003; 10.1038.</div> <div>Leamon JH, Lee WL, Tartaro KR Lanza JR, Sarkis GJ, deWinter AD, Berka J, Weiner M, Rothberg JM, Lohman KL. A massively parallel PicoTitlerPlate based platform for discrete picoliter-scale polymerase chain reactions. Electrophoresis 24(21). November 2003:3769-77, Erratum in Eletrophoresis.25 1176 April 204: 7-8.</div> <div>Giot L, Bader JS, Brouwer C, Chaudhuri A, Kuang B, Li Y, Hoa YL, Oi CE, Godwin G, Vitols E, Vijayadamodar G, Pochart P, Machineni H, Welsh, M, Kong Y, Zerhusen B, Malcolm R, Varrone Z, Collis A, Minto M, Burgess S, McDaniel L, Stimpson E, Springs F, Williams J, Neurath K, Ioime N, Agee M, Voss E, Furkat K, Renzulli R, Aanensen N, Carrolla S, Bickelhaupt E, Lazovatsky Y, DaSilva A, Zhong J, Stanyon CA, Finley Jr RL, White KP, Braverman M, Jarvie T, Gold S, Leach M, Knight J, Shimkets RA, McKenna MP, Chant J, and Rothberg JM. Protein Interaction Map of Drosophila melanogaster. [Cover paper] Science November 2, 2003; 10.1126.</div> <div>Bader JS, Deem MW, Hammond RW, Henck SA, Simpson JW, Rothberg JM. A Brownian-ratchet DNA pump with applications to single-nucleotide polymorphism genotyping. Applied Physics A: Materials Science &amp; Processing. 2000; Vol. 75, 275-278.</div> <div>Tchernev VT, Mansfield TA, Giot L, Kumar AM, Nandabalan K; Li Y, Mishra VS, Detter JC, Rothberg JM, Wallace MR, Southwick FS, Kingsmore SF. &nbsp; &nbsp;The Chediak-Higashi protein interacts with SNARE complex and signal transduction proteins. &nbsp;Molecular Medicine 2002; Vol. 8, 56-64.</div> <div>LaRochelle WJ, Jeffers M, McDonald WF, Chillakuru RA, N Lokker NA, Sullivan C, Boldog FL, Yang, M, Vernet C, Burgess CE, Fernandes E, Deegler LL, Rittman B, Shimkets &nbsp;J, Shimkets RA, Rothberg JM, and Lichenstein HS. PDGF-D, a new protease-activated growth factor. Nature Cell Biology May 1, 2001; Vol. 3. 517-521.</div> <div>Herrmann J, Rastelli L, Brugess CE, Fernandes EE, Rothberg BEG, Rothberg JM, and Shimkets RA. Implications of Oncogenomics for Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology. The Cancer Journal. January/February 2001; Volume 7 Number 1.</div> <div>Rothberg BEG, Sundseth SS, DiPippo VA, Brown PJ, Winegar DA, Gottshalk WK, Shenoy SG, and Rothberg JM. The characterization of PPAR&alpha; ligand drug action in an in vivo model by comprehensive differential gene expression profiling. [Cover paper] Functional and Integrative Genomics. October 2000.</div> <div>Uetz P, Giot L, Cagney G, Mansfield TA, Judson RS, Knight JR, Lockshon D, Narayan V, Sriivasan M, Pochart P, Qureshi-Emili A, Li Y, Godwin B, Conver D, Kalbfleisch T, Vijayadamodar G, Yang M, Johnston M, Fields S, and Rothberg JM. &nbsp;A comprehensive analysis of protein-protein interactions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. &nbsp;[Cover paper] Nature Feb 10, 2000; &nbsp;Vol. 403, 623-627.</div> <div>Simpson JW, Ruiz-Martinez MC, Mulhern GT, Berka J, Latimer DR, Ball JA, Rothberg JM, Went GT. &nbsp; &nbsp;A transmission imaging spectrograph and microfabricated channel system for DNA analysis. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Electrophoresis 2000; Vol. 21, 135-149.</div> <div>Hammond RW, Bader JS, Henck SA, Deem MW, McDermott GA, Bustillo JM, Rothberg, JM. &nbsp; &nbsp;Differential transport of DNA by a rectified Brownian motion device. &nbsp;Electrophoresis 2000; Vol. 21, 74-80.</div> <div>Bader J, Hammond R W, Henck SA, Deem MW, McDermott GA, Bustillo JM, Simpson JW, Mulhern GT, and Rothberg JM. &nbsp;DNA transport by a micromachined Brownian ratchet device. PNAS USA November 9, 1999; Vol. 96 No. 23. 13165-9.</div> <div>Shimkets R A, Lowe DG, Tsu-Ning Tai J, Sehl P, Jin H, Yang R, Predki P, Rothberg BEG, Murtha MT, Roth ME, Shenoy SG, McKenna MP, Hillan K, Went GT, and Rothberg JM. Gene expression analysis by transcript profiling coupled to a gene database query [GeneCalling]. Nature Biotechnology August 1999; Vol. 17, 798-803.</div> <div>Rothberg JM, and Artavanis-Tsakonas S. Modularity of the Slit Protein. J. Mol. Biol. &nbsp;1992; 227, 367-370.</div> <div>Rothberg JM. Gene Patents. Nature 1992; 356, 738.</div> <div>Rothberg JM Ph.D. slit: an Extracellular Protein Necessary for the Development of Midline Glia and Axon Pathways of the Central Nervous System contains both EGF and Flank-LRR-Flank Domains. Thesis, Yale University, 1991.</div> <div>Rothberg JM, Jacobs J R, Goodman CS and Artavanis-Tsakonas S. slit: An Extracellular Protein Necessary for Development of Midline Glia and Commissural Axon Pathways Contains both EGF and LRR Domains. Genes &amp; Development 1990; 4, 2169-2187.</div> <div>Rothberg JM, Hartley DA, Walther Z, and Artavanis-Tsakonas S. slit: An EGF-Homologous Locus of D. melanogaster Involved in the Development of the ➞Embryonic Central Nervous System. &nbsp;[Cover paper] Cell 1988; 55, 1047-1059.</div> <div>Issued U.S. Patents</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>Rothberg J, Wolfgang H, Johnson K, Bustillo J, Methods and apparatus for measuring analytes using large scale FET arrays. &nbsp;USP# 7,948.015</div> <div>Berka J, Chen YJ, Leamon JH, Lefkowitz S, Lohman KL, Makhijani VB, Rothberg JM, Sarkis GJ, Srinivasan M, Weiner MP. Bead Emulsion Nucleic Acid Amplification. &nbsp;USP# 7,842,457</div> <div>Rothberg, JM, Bader JS, Dewell SB, McDade K, Simpson JW, Berka, Colangelo CM, Weiner, MP. Apparatus and Method for Sequencing a Nucleic Acid. USP# 7,335,762</div> <div>Leamon; JH., Lohman; KL., Rothberg; JM. &amp; Weiner MP. Methods of amplifying and sequencing nucleic acids; United States Patent 7,323,305 &amp; European Patent EP1590477</div> <div>Chen Y, Leamon JH, Lohman KL, Ronan MT, Rothberg JM, Srinivasan M, Weiner MP. Double Ended Sequencing. USP# 7,244,567</div> <div>Rothberg JM, Bader JS, Dewell SB, McDade K, Simpson JW, Berka J, Colangelo CM. Method of sequencing a nucleic acid. USP# 7,244,559</div> <div>Rothberg JM, Bader JS, Dewell SB, McDade K, Simpson JW, Berka J, Colangelo CM. Method of sequencing a nucleic acid. USP# 7,211,390.</div> <div>Rothberg JM, Deem MW, Simpson JW. Detection and confirmation of nucleic acid sequences by use of poisoning oligonucleotides. USP# 6,673,577.</div> <div>Simpson JW, Rothberg JM, Went, GT, Ruiz-Martinez MC, Mulhern GT. &nbsp;Apparatus and method for the generation, separation, detection, and recognition of biopolymer fragments. USP# 6,485,625.</div> <div>Rothberg JM, Deem MW, Simpson JW. Method and Apparatus for Identifying, Classifying, or Quantifying DNA Sequences in a Sample without Sequencing. USP # 6,453,245</div> <div>Rothberg JM, Deem MW, Simpson JW. Method and Apparatus for Identifying, Classifying, or Quantifying DNA Sequences in a Sample without Sequencing. USP # 6,432,361</div> <div>Rothberg JM, Deem MW, Simpson JW. Method and Apparatus for Identifying, Classifying, or Quantifying DNA Sequences in a Sample without Sequencing. USP # 6,418,382</div> <div>Nandabalan K, Rothberg JM, Yang M, Knight JR, Kalbfleisch TS. Identification and comparison of protein&mdash;protein interactions that occur in populations and identification of inhibitors of these interactors. USP# 6,410,239.</div> <div>Nandabalan K, Rothberg JM. Identification and comparison of protein-protein interactions that occur in populations and identification of inhibitors of these interactors. USP# 6,395,478.</div> <div>Rothberg JM, Nallur GN, Hu X. Methods and devices for measuring differential gene expression. &nbsp;USP# 6,355,423.</div> <div>Deem MW, Rothberg JM, Went GT. Consensus configurational bias Monte Carlo method and system for pharmacophore structure determination. USP# 6,341,256.</div> <div>Rothberg JM, Bader JS. Method of sequencing a nucleic acid. USP # 6,274,320.</div> <div>Simpson JW, Rothberg JM, Went GT. Apparatus and method for the generation, separation, detection, and recognition of biopolymer fragments. USP # 6,236,945.</div> <div>Rothberg JM, Deem MW, Simpson JW. Method and apparatus for identifying, classifying, or quantSimpson JW, Rothberg JM, Went GT. Apparatus and method for the generation, separation, detection, and recognition of biopolymer fragments. USP # 6,218,121.</div> <div>Bader JS, Rothberg JM, Deem MW, Mulhern GT, Went GT, Simpson JW, Henck S. Separation of charged particles by a spatially and temporally varying electric field. USP # 6,193,866.</div> <div>Rothberg JM, Deem MW, Simpson JW. Method for identifying a nucleic acid sequence. USP # 6,190,868.</div> <div>Rothberg JM, Deem MW, Simpson JW. Method and Apparatus for Identifying, Classifying, or Quantifying DNA Sequences in a Sample without Sequencing. USP # 6,141,657.</div> <div>Nandabalan K, Rothberg JM. Identification and comparison of protein-protein interactions that occur in populations. USP # 6,083,693.</div> <div>Nandabalan K, Rothberg JM, Yang M, Knight JR, Kalbfleisch TS. Identification and comparison of protein-protein interactions that occur in populations and identification of inhibitors of these interactors. USP # 6,057,101.</div> <div>Simpson JW, Rothberg JM, Went GT. Apparatus and method for the generation, separation, detection, and recognition of biopolymer fragments. USP # 6,017,434.</div> <div>Simpson JW, Went GT and Rothberg JM. Apparatus and Method for the Generation, Separation, Detection and Recognition of Biopolymer Fragments. USP # 5,993,634.</div> <div>Simpson JW, Went GT, and Rothberg JM. Apparatus and Method for the Generation, Separation, Detection and Recognition of Biopolymer Fragments. USP #5,972,693.</div> <div>Bader J, Rothberg JM, Deem MW, Mulhern GT and Went GT. Nano Niagara Separation of Charged Particles by a Spatially and Temporally varying Electric Field. USP #5,938,904.</div> <div>Rothberg JM, Went GT, and Simpson JW. Method and Apparatus for Identifying, Classifying, or Quantifying DNA Sequences in a Sample without Sequencing. USP #5,871,697.</div> <div>References</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>&uarr; 2010 Connecticut Medal of Technology bio at Connecticut Academy of Science and Engineering, ctcase.org</div> <div>&uarr; CellDex Therapeutics Press Release</div> <div>&uarr; Project Jim: Watson&rsquo;s Personal Genome Goes Public at Bio-IT World.com</div> <div>&uarr; Genome of DNA Pioneer Is Deciphered at NYT.com, derived on May 31, 2007.</div> <div>&uarr; James Watson's Personal Genome Sequence</div> <div>&uarr; Analysis of one million base pairs of Neanderthal DNA at Nature.com</div> <div>&uarr; Genetics Entrepreneur Jonathan Rothberg Wins CT Medal of Technology, May 18, PRNewswire</div> <div>&uarr; &quot;A Smaller CuraGen Corp. To Stay Open In Branford&quot;.</div> <div>&uarr; Ion Torrent Official Webpage.</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> d41b1a9afd428431d63e55d070b1b1beba4b25e6 0 2686 4672 2013-08-25T01:53:18Z S 300001 Created page with "<p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;"><b>Deoxyribonucleic acid</b>&nbsp;(<b>DNA</b>) is..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;"><b>Deoxyribonucleic acid</b>&nbsp;(<b>DNA</b>) is a molecule that encodes the&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">genetic</a>&nbsp;instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organism" title="Organism" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">organisms</a>&nbsp;and many&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">viruses</a>. Along with&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA" title="RNA" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">RNA</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteins" title="Proteins" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">proteins</a>, DNA is one of the three major<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macromolecules" title="Macromolecules" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">macromolecules</a>&nbsp;essential for all known forms of&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life" title="Life" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">life</a>. Most DNA molecules are double-stranded helices, consisting of two long&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopolymer" title="Biopolymer" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">biopolymers</a>&nbsp;of simpler units called&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleotide" title="Nucleotide" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">nucleotides</a>&mdash;each nucleotide is composed of a&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleobase" title="Nucleobase" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">nucleobase</a>&nbsp;(<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanine" title="Guanine" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">guanine</a>,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenine" title="Adenine" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">adenine</a>,&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymine" title="Thymine" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">thymine</a>, and&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytosine" title="Cytosine" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">cytosine</a>), recorded using the letters G, A, T, and C, as well as a&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backbone_chain" title="Backbone chain" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">backbone</a>&nbsp;made of alternating<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monosaccharide" title="Monosaccharide" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">sugars</a>&nbsp;(<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoxyribose" title="Deoxyribose" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">deoxyribose</a>) and&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">phosphate</a>&nbsp;groups (related to&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphoric_acid" title="Phosphoric acid" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">phosphoric acid</a>), with the nucleobases (G, A, T, C) attached to the sugars. DNA is well-suited for biological information storage, since the DNA backbone is resistant to cleavage and the double-stranded structure provides the molecule with a built-in duplicate of the encoded information.</p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">The two strands of DNA run in opposite directions to each other and are therefore&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiparallel_(biochemistry)" title="Antiparallel (biochemistry)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">anti-parallel</a>, one backbone being 3&prime; (three prime) and the other 5&prime; (five prime). This refers to the direction the 3rd and 5th carbon on the sugar molecule is facing. Attached to each sugar is one of four types of molecules called nucleobases (informally,&nbsp;<i>bases</i>). It is the<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic_acid_sequence" title="Nucleic acid sequence" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">sequence</a>&nbsp;of these four nucleobases along the backbone that encodes genetic information. This information is read using the&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_code" title="Genetic code" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">genetic code</a>, which specifies the sequence of the&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">amino acids</a>&nbsp;within proteins. The code is read by copying stretches of DNA into the related&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic_acid" title="Nucleic acid" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">nucleic acid</a>&nbsp;RNA in a process called&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_(genetics)" title="Transcription (genetics)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">transcription</a>.</p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">Within cells, DNA is organized into long structures called&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">chromosomes</a>. During&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_division" title="Cell division" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">cell division</a>&nbsp;these chromosomes are duplicated in the process of&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_replication" title="DNA replication" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">DNA replication</a>, providing each cell its own complete set of chromosomes.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Eukaryotic organisms</a>&nbsp;(<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal" title="Animal" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">animals</a>,&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant" title="Plant" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">plants</a>,&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">fungi</a>, and&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protist" title="Protist" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">protists</a>) store most of their DNA inside the&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_nucleus" title="Cell nucleus" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">cell nucleus</a>&nbsp;and some of their DNA in<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organelle" title="Organelle" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">organelles</a>, such as&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondria" title="Mitochondria" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">mitochondria</a>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplasts" title="Chloroplasts" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">chloroplasts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[1]</a></sup>&nbsp;In contrast,&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokaryote" title="Prokaryote" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">prokaryotes</a>&nbsp;(<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">bacteria</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">archaea</a>) store their DNA only in the&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoplasm" title="Cytoplasm" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">cytoplasm</a>. Within the chromosomes,&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatin" title="Chromatin" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">chromatin</a>&nbsp;proteins such as&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone" title="Histone" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">histones</a>&nbsp;compact and organize DNA. These compact structures guide the interactions between DNA and other proteins, helping control which parts of the DNA are transcribed.</p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">The obsolete synonym &quot;<b>desoxyribonucleic acid</b>&quot; may occasionally be encountered, for example, in pre-1953 genetics.</p> <div id="toc" class="toc tochidden" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); padding: 7px; display: inline-block; zoom: 1; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"> <div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;"> <h2 style="background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border: none; font-size: 12px; display: inline;">Contents</h2> &nbsp;<span class="toctoggle" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: 11.199999809265137px;">&nbsp;[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#" class="internal" id="togglelink" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">show</a>]&nbsp;</span></div> </div> <h2 style="background-image: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Properties">Properties</span></h2> <div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"> <div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 12px; text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 302px; padding: 3px !important;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DNA_chemical_structure.svg" class="image" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/DNA_chemical_structure.svg/300px-DNA_chemical_structure.svg.png" width="300" height="350" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/DNA_chemical_structure.svg/450px-DNA_chemical_structure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/DNA_chemical_structure.svg/600px-DNA_chemical_structure.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; line-height: 1.4em; font-size: 11.199999809265137px; text-align: left; padding: 3px !important;"> <div class="magnify" style="margin-left: 3px; float: right; border: none !important; background-image: none !important;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DNA_chemical_structure.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); display: block; background-image: none !important; border: none !important;"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf12/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" style="vertical-align: middle; display: block; border: none !important; background-image: none !important;" /></a></div> Chemical structure of DNA.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_bond" title="Hydrogen bond" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Hydrogen bonds</a>&nbsp;shown as dotted lines.</div> </div> </div> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">DNA is a long&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">polymer</a>&nbsp;made from repeating units called&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleotide" title="Nucleotide" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">nucleotides</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-2" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Alberts_3-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-Alberts-3" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Butler_4-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-Butler-4" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[4]</a></sup>&nbsp;DNA was first identified and isolated by&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Miescher" title="Friedrich Miescher" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Friedrich Miescher</a>&nbsp;and the double helix structure of DNA was first discovered by&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Watson" title="James Watson" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">James Watson</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Francis Crick</a>. The structure of DNA of all species comprises two helical chains each coiled round the same axis, and each with a pitch of 34&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85ngstr%C3%B6m" title="&Aring;ngstr&ouml;m" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">&aring;ngstr&ouml;ms</a>&nbsp;(3.4&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometre" title="Nanometre" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">nanometres</a>) and a radius of 10&nbsp;&aring;ngstr&ouml;ms (1.0&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometre" title="Nanometre" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">nanometres</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FWPUB_5-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-FWPUB-5" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[5]</a></sup>&nbsp;According to another study, when measured in a particular solution, the DNA chain measured 22 to 26&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85ngstr%C3%B6m" title="&Aring;ngstr&ouml;m" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">&aring;ngstr&ouml;ms</a>&nbsp;wide (2.2 to 2.6&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometre" title="Nanometre" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">nanometres</a>), and one nucleotide unit measured 3.3&nbsp;&Aring; (0.33&nbsp;nm) long.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-6" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[6]</a></sup>&nbsp;Although each individual repeating unit is very small, DNA polymers can be very large molecules containing millions of nucleotides. For instance, the largest human&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">chromosome</a>, chromosome&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_1_(human)" title="Chromosome 1 (human)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">number 1</a>, consists of approximately 220 million&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">base pairs</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-7" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[7]</a></sup>&nbsp;and is 85&nbsp;mm long.</p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">In living organisms DNA does not usually exist as a single molecule, but instead as a pair of molecules that are held tightly together.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_8-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-autogenerated2-8" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-berg_9-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-berg-9" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[9]</a></sup>&nbsp;These two long strands entwine like vines, in the shape of a&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_helix" title="Double helix" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">double helix</a>. The nucleotide repeats contain both the segment of the backbone of the molecule, which holds the chain together, and a nucleobase, which interacts with the other DNA strand in the helix. A nucleobase linked to a sugar is called a&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleoside" title="Nucleoside" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">nucleoside</a>&nbsp;and a base linked to a sugar and one or more phosphate groups is called a&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleotide" title="Nucleotide" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">nucleotide</a>. A polymer comprising multiple linked nucleotides (as in DNA) is called a&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynucleotide" title="Polynucleotide" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">polynucleotide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IUPAC_10-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-IUPAC-10" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[10]</a></sup></p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">The backbone of the DNA strand is made from alternating&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">phosphate</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">sugar</a>&nbsp;residues.<sup id="cite_ref-Ghosh_11-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-Ghosh-11" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[11]</a></sup>&nbsp;The sugar in DNA is&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoxyribose" title="Deoxyribose" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">2-deoxyribose</a>, which is a<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentose" title="Pentose" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">pentose</a>&nbsp;(five-<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">carbon</a>) sugar. The sugars are joined together by phosphate groups that form&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphodiester_bond" title="Phosphodiester bond" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">phosphodiester bonds</a>&nbsp;between the third and fifth carbon&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">atoms</a>&nbsp;of adjacent sugar rings. These asymmetric&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covalent_bond" title="Covalent bond" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">bonds</a>&nbsp;mean a strand of DNA has a direction. In a double helix the direction of the nucleotides in one strand is opposite to their direction in the other strand: the strands are<i>antiparallel</i>. The asymmetric ends of DNA strands are called the&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directionality_(molecular_biology)" title="Directionality (molecular biology)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">5&prime;</a>&nbsp;(<i>five prime</i>) and&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directionality_(molecular_biology)" title="Directionality (molecular biology)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">3&prime;</a>&nbsp;(<i>three prime</i>) ends, with the 5&prime; end having a terminal phosphate group and the 3&prime; end a terminal hydroxyl group. One major difference between DNA and RNA is the sugar, with the 2-deoxyribose in DNA being replaced by the alternative pentose sugar&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribose" title="Ribose" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">ribose</a>&nbsp;in RNA.<sup id="cite_ref-berg_9-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-berg-9" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[9]</a></sup></p> <div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"> <div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 12px; text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 172px; padding: 3px !important;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DNA_orbit_animated_static_thumb.png" class="image" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/DNA_orbit_animated_static_thumb.png/170px-DNA_orbit_animated_static_thumb.png" width="170" height="316" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/DNA_orbit_animated_static_thumb.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/DNA_orbit_animated_static_thumb.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; line-height: 1.4em; font-size: 11.199999809265137px; text-align: left; padding: 3px !important;"> <div class="magnify" style="margin-left: 3px; float: right; border: none !important; background-image: none !important;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DNA_orbit_animated_static_thumb.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); display: block; background-image: none !important; border: none !important;"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf12/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" style="vertical-align: middle; display: block; border: none !important; background-image: none !important;" /></a></div> A section of DNA. The bases lie horizontally between the two spiraling strands.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-12" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[12]</a></sup>(<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DNA_orbit_animated.gif" title="File:DNA orbit animated.gif" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">animated version</a>).</div> </div> </div> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">The DNA double helix is stabilized primarily by two forces:&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_bond" title="Hydrogen bond" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">hydrogen bonds</a>&nbsp;between nucleotides and&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stacking_(chemistry)" title="Stacking (chemistry)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">base-stacking</a>&nbsp;interactions among&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatic" title="Aromatic" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">aromatic</a>&nbsp;nucleobases.<sup id="cite_ref-Yakovchuk2006_13-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-Yakovchuk2006-13" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[13]</a></sup>&nbsp;In the aqueous environment of the cell, the conjugated&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi_bond" title="Pi bond" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">&pi; bonds</a>&nbsp;of nucleotide bases align perpendicular to the axis of the DNA molecule, minimizing their interaction with the&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvation_shell" title="Solvation shell" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">solvation shell</a>&nbsp;and therefore, the&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbs_free_energy" title="Gibbs free energy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Gibbs free energy</a>. The four bases found in DNA are&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenine" title="Adenine" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">adenine</a>&nbsp;(abbreviated A),&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytosine" title="Cytosine" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">cytosine</a>&nbsp;(C),&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanine" title="Guanine" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">guanine</a>&nbsp;(G) and&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymine" title="Thymine" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">thymine</a>&nbsp;(T). These four bases are attached to the sugar/phosphate to form the complete nucleotide, as shown for&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_monophosphate" title="Adenosine monophosphate" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">adenosine monophosphate</a>.</p> <h3 style="background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 16.799999237060547px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Nucleobase_classification">Nucleobase classification</span></h3> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">The nucleobases are classified into two types: the&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purine" title="Purine" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">purines</a>, A and G, being fused five- and six-membered&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterocyclic_compound" title="Heterocyclic compound" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">heterocyclic compounds</a>, and the&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrimidine" title="Pyrimidine" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">pyrimidines</a>, the six-membered rings C and T.<sup id="cite_ref-berg_9-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-berg-9" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[9]</a></sup>&nbsp;A fifth pyrimidine nucleobase,&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uracil" title="Uracil" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">uracil</a>&nbsp;(U), usually takes the place of thymine in RNA and differs from thymine by lacking a&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyl_group" title="Methyl group" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">methyl group</a>&nbsp;on its ring. In addition to RNA and DNA a large number of artificial&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic_acid_analogues" title="Nucleic acid analogues" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">nucleic acid analogues</a>&nbsp;have also been created to study the properties of nucleic acids, or for use in biotechnology.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-14" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[14]</a></sup></p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">Uracil is not usually found in DNA, occurring only as a breakdown product of cytosine. However in a number of bacteriophages &ndash;&nbsp;<i>Bacillus subtilis</i>&nbsp;bacteriophages PBS1 and PBS2 and&nbsp;<i>Yersinia</i>&nbsp;bacteriophage piR1-37 &ndash; thymine has been replaced by uracil.<sup id="cite_ref-Kiljunen2005_15-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-Kiljunen2005-15" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[15]</a></sup></p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_J" title="Base J" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Base J</a>&nbsp;(beta-d-glucopyranosyloxymethyluracil), a modified form of uracil, is also found in a number of organisms: the flagellates&nbsp;<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diplonema_(protozoa)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Diplonema (protozoa) (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background-image: none;">Diplonema</a></i>&nbsp;and<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euglena" title="Euglena" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Euglena</a></i>, and all the&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetoplastid" title="Kinetoplastid" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">kinetoplastid</a>&nbsp;genera<sup id="cite_ref-Simpson1998_16-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-Simpson1998-16" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[16]</a></sup>&nbsp;Biosynthesis of J occurs in two steps: in the first step a specific thymidine in DNA is converted into hydroxymethyldeoxyuridine; in the second HOMedU is glycosylated to form J.<sup id="cite_ref-Borst2008_17-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-Borst2008-17" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[17]</a></sup>&nbsp;Proteins that bind specifically to this base have been identified.<sup id="cite_ref-Cross1999_18-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-Cross1999-18" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[18]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DiPaolo2005_19-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-DiPaolo2005-19" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[19]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vainio2009_20-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-Vainio2009-20" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[20]</a></sup>&nbsp;These proteins appear to be distant relatives of the Tet1 oncogene that is involved in the pathogenesis of&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_myeloid_leukemia" title="Acute myeloid leukemia" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">acute myeloid leukemia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Iyer2009_21-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-Iyer2009-21" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[21]</a></sup>&nbsp;J appears to act as a termination signal for&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_polymerase_II" title="RNA polymerase II" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">RNA polymerase II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-van_Luenen2012_22-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-van_Luenen2012-22" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[22]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hazelbaker2012_23-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-Hazelbaker2012-23" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[23]</a></sup></p> <div class="thumb tleft" style="float: left; clear: left; margin: 0.5em 1.4em 1.3em 0px; width: auto; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"> <div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 12px; text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 222px; padding: 3px !important;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DNA-ligand-by-Abalone.png" class="image" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/DNA-ligand-by-Abalone.png/220px-DNA-ligand-by-Abalone.png" width="220" height="148" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/DNA-ligand-by-Abalone.png/330px-DNA-ligand-by-Abalone.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/DNA-ligand-by-Abalone.png/440px-DNA-ligand-by-Abalone.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; line-height: 1.4em; font-size: 11.199999809265137px; text-align: left; padding: 3px !important;"> <div class="magnify" style="margin-left: 3px; float: right; border: none !important; background-image: none !important;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DNA-ligand-by-Abalone.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); display: block; background-image: none !important; border: none !important;"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf12/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" style="vertical-align: middle; display: block; border: none !important; background-image: none !important;" /></a></div> Major and minor grooves of DNA. Minor groove is a binding site for the dye&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoechst_stain" title="Hoechst stain" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Hoechst 33258</a>.</div> </div> </div> <h3 style="background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 16.799999237060547px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Grooves">Grooves</span></h3> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">Twin helical strands form the DNA backbone. Another double helix may be found tracing the spaces, or grooves, between the strands. These voids are adjacent to the base pairs and may provide a&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binding_site" title="Binding site" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">binding site</a>. As the strands are not symmetrically located with respect to each other, the grooves are unequally sized. One groove, the major groove, is 22&nbsp;&Aring; wide and the other, the minor groove, is 12&nbsp;&Aring; wide.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-24" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[24]</a></sup>&nbsp;The narrowness of the minor groove means that the edges of the bases are more accessible in the major groove. As a result, proteins like&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_factor" title="Transcription factor" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">transcription factors</a>&nbsp;that can bind to specific sequences in double-stranded DNA usually make contacts to the sides of the bases exposed in the major groove.<sup id="cite_ref-Pabo1984_25-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-Pabo1984-25" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[25]</a></sup>&nbsp;This situation varies in unusual conformations of DNA within the cell&nbsp;<i>(see below)</i>, but the major and minor grooves are always named to reflect the differences in size that would be seen if the DNA is twisted back into the ordinary B form.</p> <h3 style="background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 16.799999237060547px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Base_pairing">Base pairing</span></h3> <div class="rellink boilerplate further" style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">Further information:&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Base pair</a></div> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">In a DNA double helix, each type of nucleobase on one strand bonds with just one type of nucleobase on the other strand. This is called complementary&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">base pairing</a>. Here, purines form&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_bond" title="Hydrogen bond" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">hydrogen bonds</a>&nbsp;to pyrimidines, with adenine bonding only to thymine in two hydrogen bonds, and cytosine bonding only to guanine in three hydrogen bonds. This arrangement of two nucleotides binding together across the double helix is called a base pair. As hydrogen bonds are not&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covalent_bond" title="Covalent bond" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">covalent</a>, they can be broken and rejoined relatively easily. The two strands of DNA in a double helix can therefore be pulled apart like a zipper, either by a mechanical force or high&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">temperature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-26" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[26]</a></sup>&nbsp;As a result of this complementarity, all the information in the double-stranded sequence of a DNA helix is duplicated on each strand, which is vital in DNA replication. Indeed, this reversible and specific interaction between complementary base pairs is critical for all the functions of DNA in living organisms.<sup id="cite_ref-Alberts_3-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-Alberts-3" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup></p> <div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em; width: auto; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204);"> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 11.199999809265137px; width: 230px; margin: 0.3em;"> <tbody> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GC_DNA_base_pair.svg" class="image" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;"><img alt="GC DNA base pair.svg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/GC_DNA_base_pair.svg/282px-GC_DNA_base_pair.svg.png" width="282" height="177" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/GC_DNA_base_pair.svg/423px-GC_DNA_base_pair.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/GC_DNA_base_pair.svg/564px-GC_DNA_base_pair.svg.png 2x" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 11.199999809265137px; width: 230px; margin: 0.3em;"> <tbody> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AT_DNA_base_pair.svg" class="image" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;"><img alt="AT DNA base pair.svg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/AT_DNA_base_pair.svg/282px-AT_DNA_base_pair.svg.png" width="282" height="151" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/AT_DNA_base_pair.svg/423px-AT_DNA_base_pair.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/AT_DNA_base_pair.svg/564px-AT_DNA_base_pair.svg.png 2x" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div style="border: none; width: 282px;"> <div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; line-height: 1.4em; font-size: 12px; padding: 3px !important;">Top, a&nbsp;<b>GC</b>&nbsp;base pair with three&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_bond" title="Hydrogen bond" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">hydrogen bonds</a>. Bottom, an&nbsp;<b>AT</b>&nbsp;base pair with two hydrogen bonds. Non-covalent hydrogen bonds between the pairs are shown as dashed lines.</div> </div> </div> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">The two types of base pairs form different numbers of hydrogen bonds, AT forming two hydrogen bonds, and GC forming three hydrogen bonds (see figures, right). DNA with high&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GC-content" title="GC-content" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">GC-content</a>&nbsp;is more stable than DNA with low GC-content.</p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">As noted above, most DNA molecules are actually two polymer strands, bound together in a helical fashion by noncovalent bonds; this double stranded structure (<b>dsDNA</b>) is maintained largely by the intrastrand base stacking interactions, which are strongest for G,C stacks. The two strands can come apart&nbsp;&ndash; a process known as melting&nbsp;&ndash; to form two single-stranded DNA molecules (<b>ssDNA</b>) molecules. Melting occurs at high temperature, low salt and high pH (low pH also melts DNA, but since DNA is unstable due to acid depurination, low pH is rarely used).</p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">The stability of the dsDNA form depends not only on the GC-content (% G,C basepairs) but also on sequence (since stacking is sequence specific) and also length (longer molecules are more stable). The stability can be measured in various ways; a common way is the &quot;melting temperature&quot;, which is the temperature at which 50% of the ds molecules are converted to ss molecules; melting temperature is dependent on ionic strength and the concentration of DNA. As a result, it is both the percentage of GC base pairs and the overall length of a DNA double helix that determines the strength of the association between the two strands of DNA. Long DNA helices with a high GC-content have stronger-interacting strands, while short helices with high AT content have weaker-interacting strands.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-27" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[27]</a></sup>&nbsp;In biology, parts of the DNA double helix that need to separate easily, such as the TATAAT&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pribnow_box" title="Pribnow box" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Pribnow box</a>&nbsp;in some&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promoter_(biology)" title="Promoter (biology)" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">promoters</a>, tend to have a high AT content, making the strands easier to pull apart.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-28" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[28]</a></sup></p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">In the laboratory, the strength of this interaction can be measured by finding the temperature necessary to break the hydrogen bonds, their&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_melting" title="DNA melting" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">melting temperature</a>&nbsp;(also called&nbsp;<i>T<sub style="line-height: 1em;">m</sub></i>&nbsp;value). When all the base pairs in a DNA double helix melt, the strands separate and exist in solution as two entirely independent molecules. These&nbsp;single-stranded DNA molecules (<i>ssDNA</i>) have no single common shape, but some conformations are more stable than others.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-29" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[29]</a></sup></p> <h3 style="background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 16.799999237060547px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Sense_and_antisense">Sense and antisense</span></h3> <div class="rellink boilerplate further" style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">Further information:&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sense_(molecular_biology)" title="Sense (molecular biology)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Sense (molecular biology)</a></div> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">A DNA sequence is called &quot;sense&quot; if its sequence is the same as that of a&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messenger_RNA" title="Messenger RNA" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">messenger RNA</a>&nbsp;copy that is translated into protein.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-30" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[30]</a></sup>&nbsp;The sequence on the opposite strand is called the &quot;antisense&quot; sequence. Both sense and antisense sequences can exist on different parts of the same strand of DNA (i.e. both strands contain both sense and antisense sequences). In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, antisense RNA sequences are produced, but the functions of these RNAs are not entirely clear.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-31" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[31]</a></sup>&nbsp;One proposal is that antisense RNAs are involved in regulating&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">gene expression</a>&nbsp;through RNA-RNA base pairing.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-32" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[32]</a></sup></p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">A few DNA sequences in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and more in&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmid" title="Plasmid" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">plasmids</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">viruses</a>, blur the distinction between sense and antisense strands by having&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overlapping_gene" title="Overlapping gene" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">overlapping genes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-33" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[33]</a></sup>&nbsp;In these cases, some DNA sequences do double duty, encoding one protein when read along one strand, and a second protein when read in the opposite direction along the other strand. In&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">bacteria</a>, this overlap may be involved in the regulation of gene transcription,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-34" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[34]</a></sup>&nbsp;while in viruses, overlapping genes increase the amount of information that can be encoded within the small viral genome.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-35" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[35]</a></sup></p> <h3 style="background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 16.799999237060547px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Supercoiling">Supercoiling</span></h3> <div class="rellink boilerplate further" style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">Further information:&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_supercoil" title="DNA supercoil" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">DNA supercoil</a></div> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">DNA can be twisted like a rope in a process called&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_supercoil" title="DNA supercoil" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">DNA supercoiling</a>. With DNA in its &quot;relaxed&quot; state, a strand usually circles the axis of the double helix once every 10.4 base pairs, but if the DNA is twisted the strands become more tightly or more loosely wound.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-36" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[36]</a></sup>&nbsp;If the DNA is twisted in the direction of the helix, this is positive supercoiling, and the bases are held more tightly together. If they are twisted in the opposite direction, this is negative supercoiling, and the bases come apart more easily. In nature, most DNA has slight negative supercoiling that is introduced by&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">enzymes</a>&nbsp;called&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topoisomerase" title="Topoisomerase" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">topoisomerases</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Champoux_37-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-Champoux-37" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[37]</a></sup>&nbsp;These enzymes are also needed to relieve the twisting stresses introduced into DNA strands during processes such as&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_(genetics)" title="Transcription (genetics)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">transcription</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_replication" title="DNA replication" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">DNA replication</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wang_38-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-Wang-38" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[38]</a></sup></p> <div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"> <div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 12px; text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 222px; padding: 3px !important;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A-DNA,_B-DNA_and_Z-DNA.png" class="image" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/A-DNA%2C_B-DNA_and_Z-DNA.png/220px-A-DNA%2C_B-DNA_and_Z-DNA.png" width="220" height="143" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/A-DNA%2C_B-DNA_and_Z-DNA.png/330px-A-DNA%2C_B-DNA_and_Z-DNA.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/A-DNA%2C_B-DNA_and_Z-DNA.png/440px-A-DNA%2C_B-DNA_and_Z-DNA.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; line-height: 1.4em; font-size: 11.199999809265137px; text-align: left; padding: 3px !important;"> <div class="magnify" style="margin-left: 3px; float: right; border: none !important; background-image: none !important;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A-DNA,_B-DNA_and_Z-DNA.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); display: block; background-image: none !important; border: none !important;"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf12/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" style="vertical-align: middle; display: block; border: none !important; background-image: none !important;" /></a></div> From left to right, the structures of A, B and Z DNA</div> </div> </div> <h3 style="background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 16.799999237060547px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Alternate_DNA_structures">Alternate DNA structures</span></h3> <div class="rellink boilerplate further" style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">Further information:&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_Structure_of_Nucleic_Acids:_A_Structure_for_Deoxyribose_Nucleic_Acid" title="Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid</a>,&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_models_of_DNA" title="Molecular models of DNA" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Molecular models of DNA</a>, and<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_structure" title="DNA structure" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">DNA structure</a></div> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">DNA exists in many possible&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conformational_isomerism" title="Conformational isomerism" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">conformations</a>&nbsp;that include&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-DNA" title="A-DNA" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">A-DNA</a>, B-DNA, and&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z-DNA" title="Z-DNA" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Z-DNA</a>&nbsp;forms, although, only B-DNA and Z-DNA have been directly observed in functional organisms.<sup id="cite_ref-Ghosh_11-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-Ghosh-11" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[11]</a></sup>&nbsp;The conformation that DNA adopts depends on the hydration level, DNA sequence, the amount and direction of supercoiling, chemical modifications of the bases, the type and concentration of metal&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion" title="Ion" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">ions</a>, as well as the presence of<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyamine" title="Polyamine" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">polyamines</a>&nbsp;in solution.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-39" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[39]</a></sup></p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">The first published reports of A-DNA&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_scattering_techniques" title="X-ray scattering techniques" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">X-ray diffraction patterns</a>&nbsp;&mdash; and also B-DNA &mdash; used analyses based on&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patterson_function" title="Patterson function" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Patterson transforms</a>&nbsp;that provided only a limited amount of structural information for oriented fibers of DNA.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-40" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[40]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NatFranGos_41-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-NatFranGos-41" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[41]</a></sup>&nbsp;An alternate analysis was then proposed by Wilkins<i>et al.</i>, in 1953, for the&nbsp;<i>in vivo</i>&nbsp;B-DNA X-ray diffraction/scattering patterns of highly hydrated DNA fibers in terms of squares of&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessel_function" title="Bessel function" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Bessel functions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NatWilk_42-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-NatWilk-42" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[42]</a></sup>&nbsp;In the same journal,&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Watson" title="James Watson" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">James Watson</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Francis Crick</a>&nbsp;presented their&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_models_of_DNA" title="Molecular models of DNA" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">molecular modeling</a>&nbsp;analysis of the DNA X-ray diffraction patterns to suggest that the structure was a double-helix.<sup id="cite_ref-FWPUB_5-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-FWPUB-5" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[5]</a></sup></p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">Although the &quot;B-DNA form&quot; is most common under the conditions found in cells,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-43" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[43]</a></sup>&nbsp;it is not a well-defined conformation but a family of related DNA conformations<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-44" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[44]</a></sup>&nbsp;that occur at the high hydration levels present in living cells. Their corresponding X-ray diffraction and scattering patterns are characteristic of molecular&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracrystalline" title="Paracrystalline" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">paracrystals</a>&nbsp;with a significant degree of disorder.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-45" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[45]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-46" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[46]</a></sup></p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">Compared to B-DNA, the A-DNA form is a wider right-handed spiral, with a shallow, wide minor groove and a narrower, deeper major groove. The A form occurs under non-physiological conditions in partially dehydrated samples of DNA, while in the cell it may be produced in hybrid pairings of DNA and RNA strands, as well as in enzyme-DNA complexes.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-47" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[47]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-48" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[48]</a></sup>Segments of DNA where the bases have been chemically modified by&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylation" title="Methylation" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">methylation</a>&nbsp;may undergo a larger change in conformation and adopt the&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z-DNA" title="Z-DNA" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Z form</a>. Here, the strands turn about the helical axis in a&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-handed" title="Left-handed" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">left-handed</a>&nbsp;spiral, the opposite of the more common B form.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-49" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[49]</a></sup>&nbsp;These unusual structures can be recognized by specific Z-DNA binding proteins and may be involved in the regulation of transcription.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-50" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[50]</a></sup></p> <h3 style="background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 16.799999237060547px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Alternate_DNA_chemistry">Alternate DNA chemistry</span></h3> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">For a number of years exobiologists have proposed the existence of a&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_biosphere" title="Shadow biosphere" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">shadow biosphere</a>, a postulated microbial biosphere of Earth that uses radically different biochemical and molecular processes than currently known life. One of the proposals was the existence of lifeforms that use&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic_DNA" title="Arsenic DNA" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">arsenic instead of phosphorus in DNA</a>. A report in 2010 of the possibility in the&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterium" title="Bacterium" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">bacterium</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GFAJ-1" title="GFAJ-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">GFAJ-1</a>, was announced,<sup id="cite_ref-arsenic_extremophile_51-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-arsenic_extremophile-51" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[51]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-arsenic_extremophile_51-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-arsenic_extremophile-51" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[51]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Space_52-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-Space-52" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[52]</a></sup>&nbsp;though the research was disputed,<sup id="cite_ref-Space_52-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-Space-52" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[52]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-53" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[53]</a></sup>&nbsp;and evidence suggests the bacterium actively prevents the incorporation of arsenic into the DNA backbone and other biomolecules.<sup id="cite_ref-Nature_54-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-Nature-54" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[54]</a></sup></p> <h3 style="background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 16.799999237060547px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Quadruplex_structures">Quadruplex structures</span></h3> <div class="rellink boilerplate further" style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">Further information:&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-quadruplex" title="G-quadruplex" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">G-quadruplex</a></div> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">At the ends of the linear chromosomes are specialized regions of DNA called&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telomere" title="Telomere" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">telomeres</a>. The main function of these regions is to allow the cell to replicate chromosome ends using the enzyme&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telomerase" title="Telomerase" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">telomerase</a>, as the enzymes that normally replicate DNA cannot copy the extreme 3&prime; ends of chromosomes.<sup id="cite_ref-Greider_55-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-Greider-55" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[55]</a></sup>&nbsp;These specialized chromosome caps also help protect the DNA ends, and stop the&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_repair" title="DNA repair" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">DNA repair</a>&nbsp;systems in the cell from treating them as damage to be corrected.<sup id="cite_ref-Nugent_56-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-Nugent-56" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[56]</a></sup>&nbsp;In&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_distinct_cell_types_in_the_adult_human_body" title="List of distinct cell types in the adult human body" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">human cells</a>, telomeres are usually lengths of single-stranded DNA containing several thousand repeats of a simple TTAGGG sequence.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-57" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[57]</a></sup></p> <div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"> <div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 12px; text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 222px; padding: 3px !important;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parallel_telomere_quadruple.png" class="image" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Parallel_telomere_quadruple.png/220px-Parallel_telomere_quadruple.png" width="220" height="201" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Parallel_telomere_quadruple.png/330px-Parallel_telomere_quadruple.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Parallel_telomere_quadruple.png/440px-Parallel_telomere_quadruple.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; line-height: 1.4em; font-size: 11.199999809265137px; text-align: left; padding: 3px !important;"> <div class="magnify" style="margin-left: 3px; float: right; border: none !important; background-image: none !important;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parallel_telomere_quadruple.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); display: block; background-image: none !important; border: none !important;"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf12/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" style="vertical-align: middle; display: block; border: none !important; background-image: none !important;" /></a></div> DNA quadruplex formed by&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telomere" title="Telomere" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">telomere</a>repeats. The looped conformation of the DNA backbone is very different from the typical DNA helix.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-58" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[58]</a></sup></div> </div> </div> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">These guanine-rich sequences may stabilize chromosome ends by forming structures of stacked sets of four-base units, rather than the usual base pairs found in other DNA molecules. Here, four guanine bases form a flat plate and these flat four-base units then stack on top of each other, to form a stable&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-quadruplex" title="G-quadruplex" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">G-quadruplex</a>&nbsp;structure.<sup id="cite_ref-Burge_59-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-Burge-59" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[59]</a></sup>&nbsp;These structures are stabilized by hydrogen bonding between the edges of the bases and&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelation" title="Chelation" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">chelation</a>&nbsp;of a metal ion in the centre of each four-base unit.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-60" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[60]</a></sup>&nbsp;Other structures can also be formed, with the central set of four bases coming from either a single strand folded around the bases, or several different parallel strands, each contributing one base to the central structure.</p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">In addition to these stacked structures, telomeres also form large loop structures called telomere loops, or T-loops. Here, the single-stranded DNA curls around in a long circle stabilized by telomere-binding proteins.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-61" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[61]</a></sup>&nbsp;At the very end of the T-loop, the single-stranded telomere DNA is held onto a region of double-stranded DNA by the telomere strand disrupting the double-helical DNA and base pairing to one of the two strands. This&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple-stranded_DNA" title="Triple-stranded DNA" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">triple-stranded</a>&nbsp;structure is called a displacement loop or&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-loop" title="D-loop" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">D-loop</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Burge_59-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-Burge-59" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[59]</a></sup></p> <div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em; width: auto; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204);"> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 11.199999809265137px; width: 200px; margin: 0.3em;"> <tbody> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Branch-dna-single.svg" class="image" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;"><img alt="Branch-dna-single.svg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Branch-dna-single.svg/95px-Branch-dna-single.svg.png" width="95" height="71" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Branch-dna-single.svg/143px-Branch-dna-single.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Branch-dna-single.svg/190px-Branch-dna-single.svg.png 2x" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Branch-DNA-multiple.svg" class="image" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;"><img alt="Branch-DNA-multiple.svg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Branch-DNA-multiple.svg/95px-Branch-DNA-multiple.svg.png" width="95" height="71" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Branch-DNA-multiple.svg/143px-Branch-DNA-multiple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Branch-DNA-multiple.svg/190px-Branch-DNA-multiple.svg.png 2x" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Single branch</td> <td align="center">Multiple branches</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div style="border: none; width: 200px; font-size: 11.199999809265137px;"> <div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branched_DNA" title="Branched DNA" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Branched DNA</a>&nbsp;can form networks containing multiple branches.</div> </div> </div> <h3 style="background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 16.799999237060547px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Branched_DNA">Branched DNA</span></h3> <div class="rellink boilerplate further" style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">Further information:&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branched_DNA" title="Branched DNA" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Branched DNA</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_nanotechnology" title="DNA nanotechnology" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">DNA nanotechnology</a></div> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">In DNA&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_end#Frayed_ends" title="DNA end" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">fraying</a>&nbsp;occurs when non-complementary regions exist at the end of an otherwise complementary double-strand of DNA. However, branched DNA can occur if a third strand of DNA is introduced and contains adjoining regions able to hybridize with the frayed regions of the pre-existing double-strand. Although the simplest example of branched DNA involves only three strands of DNA, complexes involving additional strands and multiple branches are also possible.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-62" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[62]</a></sup>&nbsp;Branched DNA can be used in&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnology" title="Nanotechnology" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">nanotechnology</a>&nbsp;to construct geometric shapes, see the section on&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#Uses_in_technology" title="DNA" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">uses in technology</a>&nbsp;below.</p> <h3 style="background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 16.799999237060547px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Vibration">Vibration</span></h3> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">DNA may carry out&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-frequency_collective_motion_in_proteins_and_DNA" title="Low-frequency collective motion in proteins and DNA" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">low-frequency</a>&nbsp;collective motion as observed by the&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raman_spectroscopy" title="Raman spectroscopy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Raman spectroscopy</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid7115900_63-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-pmid7115900-63" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[63]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Urabe_1983_64-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-Urabe_1983-64" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[64]</a></sup>&nbsp;and analyzed with a quasi-continuum model.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid6466317_65-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-pmid6466317-65" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[65]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid2775828_66-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-pmid2775828-66" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[66]</a></sup></p> <h2 style="background-image: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Chemical_modifications_and_altered_DNA_packaging">Chemical modifications and altered DNA packaging</span></h2> <div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em; width: auto; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204);"> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 11.199999809265137px; width: 300px; margin: 0.3em;"> <tbody> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cytosin.svg" class="image" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;"><img alt="Cytosin.svg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Cytosin.svg/75px-Cytosin.svg.png" width="75" height="102" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Cytosin.svg/113px-Cytosin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Cytosin.svg/150px-Cytosin.svg.png 2x" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:5-Methylcytosine.svg" class="image" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;"><img alt="5-Methylcytosine.svg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/5-Methylcytosine.svg/95px-5-Methylcytosine.svg.png" width="95" height="83" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/5-Methylcytosine.svg/143px-5-Methylcytosine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/5-Methylcytosine.svg/190px-5-Methylcytosine.svg.png 2x" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thymin.svg" class="image" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;"><img alt="Thymin.svg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Thymin.svg/97px-Thymin.svg.png" width="97" height="83" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Thymin.svg/146px-Thymin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Thymin.svg/194px-Thymin.svg.png 2x" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytosine" title="Cytosine" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">cytosine</a></td> <td align="center"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Methylcytosine" title="5-Methylcytosine" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">5-methylcytosine</a></td> <td align="center"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymine" title="Thymine" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">thymine</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div style="border: none; width: 300px; font-size: 11.199999809265137px;"> <div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important;">Structure of cytosine with and without the 5-methyl group.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deamination" title="Deamination" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Deamination</a>&nbsp;converts 5-methylcytosine into thymine.</div> </div> </div> <h3 style="background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 16.799999237060547px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Base_modifications_and_DNA_packaging">Base modifications and DNA packaging</span></h3> <div class="rellink boilerplate further" style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">Further information:&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_methylation" title="DNA methylation" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">DNA methylation</a>,&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatin_remodeling" title="Chromatin remodeling" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Chromatin remodeling</a></div> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">The expression of genes is influenced by how the DNA is packaged in chromosomes, in a structure called&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatin" title="Chromatin" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">chromatin</a>. Base modifications can be involved in packaging, with regions that have low or no gene expression usually containing high levels of<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylation" title="Methylation" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">methylation</a>&nbsp;of&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytosine" title="Cytosine" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">cytosine</a>&nbsp;bases. DNA packaging and its influence on gene expression can also occur by covalent modifications of the&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone" title="Histone" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">histone</a>&nbsp;protein core around which DNA is wrapped in the chromatin structure or else by remodeling carried out by chromatin remodeling complexes (see&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatin_remodeling" title="Chromatin remodeling" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Chromatin remodeling</a>). There is, further,&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosstalk_(biology)" title="Crosstalk (biology)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">crosstalk</a>&nbsp;between DNA methylation and histone modification, so they can coordinately affect chromatin and gene expression.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-67" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[67]</a></sup></p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">For one example, cytosine methylation, produces&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Methylcytosine" title="5-Methylcytosine" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">5-methylcytosine</a>, which is important for&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-inactivation" title="X-inactivation" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">X-chromosome inactivation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-68" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[68]</a></sup>&nbsp;The average level of methylation varies between organisms&nbsp;&ndash; the worm&nbsp;<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans" title="Caenorhabditis elegans" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Caenorhabditis elegans</a></i>&nbsp;lacks cytosine methylation, while&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">vertebrates</a>&nbsp;have higher levels, with up to 1% of their DNA containing 5-methylcytosine.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-69" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[69]</a></sup>&nbsp;Despite the importance of 5-methylcytosine, it can&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deamination" title="Deamination" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">deaminate</a>&nbsp;to leave a thymine base, so methylated cytosines are particularly prone to<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">mutations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-70" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[70]</a></sup>&nbsp;Other base modifications include adenine methylation in bacteria, the presence of&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-hydroxymethylcytosine" title="5-hydroxymethylcytosine" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">5-hydroxymethylcytosine</a>&nbsp;in the&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain" title="Brain" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">brain</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-71" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[71]</a></sup>&nbsp;and the&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycosylation" title="Glycosylation" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">glycosylation</a>&nbsp;of uracil to produce the &quot;J-base&quot; in&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetoplastid" title="Kinetoplastid" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">kinetoplastids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-72" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[72]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-73" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[73]</a></sup></p> <h3 style="background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 16.799999237060547px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Damage">Damage</span></h3> <div class="rellink boilerplate further" style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">Further information:&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_damage_(naturally_occurring)" title="DNA damage (naturally occurring)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">DNA damage (naturally occurring)</a>,&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Mutation</a>,&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_damage_theory_of_aging" title="DNA damage theory of aging" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">DNA damage theory of aging</a></div> <div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"> <div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 12px; text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 222px; padding: 3px !important;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Benzopyrene_DNA_adduct_1JDG.png" class="image" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Benzopyrene_DNA_adduct_1JDG.png/220px-Benzopyrene_DNA_adduct_1JDG.png" width="220" height="305" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Benzopyrene_DNA_adduct_1JDG.png/330px-Benzopyrene_DNA_adduct_1JDG.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Benzopyrene_DNA_adduct_1JDG.png/440px-Benzopyrene_DNA_adduct_1JDG.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; line-height: 1.4em; font-size: 11.199999809265137px; text-align: left; padding: 3px !important;"> <div class="magnify" style="margin-left: 3px; float: right; border: none !important; background-image: none !important;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Benzopyrene_DNA_adduct_1JDG.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); display: block; background-image: none !important; border: none !important;"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf12/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" style="vertical-align: middle; display: block; border: none !important; background-image: none !important;" /></a></div> A&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covalent" title="Covalent" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">covalent</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adduct" title="Adduct" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">adduct</a>&nbsp;between a<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytochrome_P450,_family_1,_member_A1" title="Cytochrome P450, family 1, member A1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">metabolically activated</a>&nbsp;form of<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzo(a)pyrene" title="Benzo(a)pyrene" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">benzo[<i>a</i>]pyrene</a>, the major&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutagen" title="Mutagen" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">mutagen</a>&nbsp;in<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_smoking" title="Tobacco smoking" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">tobacco smoke</a>, and DNA<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-74" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[74]</a></sup></div> </div> </div> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">DNA can be damaged by many sorts of&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutagen" title="Mutagen" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">mutagens</a>, which change the DNA sequence. Mutagens include&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidizing_agent" title="Oxidizing agent" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">oxidizing agents</a>,&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkylation" title="Alkylation" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">alkylating agents</a>and also high-energy&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">electromagnetic radiation</a>&nbsp;such as&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">ultraviolet</a>&nbsp;light and&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">X-rays</a>. The type of DNA damage produced depends on the type of mutagen. For example, UV light can damage DNA by producing&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymine_dimer" title="Thymine dimer" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">thymine dimers</a>, which are cross-links between pyrimidine bases.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-75" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[75]</a></sup>&nbsp;On the other hand, oxidants such as&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_(chemistry)" title="Radical (chemistry)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">free radicals</a>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">hydrogen peroxide</a>&nbsp;produce multiple forms of damage, including base modifications, particularly of guanosine, and double-strand breaks.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-76" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[76]</a></sup>&nbsp;A typical human cell contains about 150,000 bases that have suffered oxidative damage.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-77" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[77]</a></sup>&nbsp;Of these oxidative lesions, the most dangerous are double-strand breaks, as these are difficult to repair and can produce&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_mutation" title="Point mutation" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">point mutations</a>,&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_insertion" title="Genetic insertion" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">insertions</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deletion_(genetics)" title="Deletion (genetics)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">deletions</a>&nbsp;from the DNA sequence, as well as&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosomal_translocation" title="Chromosomal translocation" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">chromosomal translocations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-78" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[78]</a></sup>&nbsp;These mutations can cause<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">cancer</a>. Because of inherent limitations in the DNA repair mechanisms, if humans lived long enough, they would all eventually develop cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-Weinberg_79-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-Weinberg-79" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[79]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-80" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[80]</a></sup>&nbsp;DNA damages that are&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_damage_(naturally_occurring)" title="DNA damage (naturally occurring)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">naturally occurring</a>, due to normal cellular processes that produce reactive oxygen species, the hydrolytic activities of cellular water, etc., also occur frequently. Although most of these damages are repaired, in any cell some DNA damage may remain despite the action of repair processes. These remaining DNA damages accumulate with age in mammalian postmitotic tissues. This accumulation appears to be an important underlying cause of aging.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-81" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[81]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-82" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[82]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-83" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[83]</a></sup></p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">Many mutagens fit into the space between two adjacent base pairs, this is called&nbsp;<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercalation_(chemistry)" title="Intercalation (chemistry)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">intercalation</a></i>. Most intercalators are&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromaticity" title="Aromaticity" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">aromatic</a>&nbsp;and planar molecules; examples include&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethidium_bromide" title="Ethidium bromide" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">ethidium bromide</a>,&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acridine" title="Acridine" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">acridines</a>,&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daunorubicin" title="Daunorubicin" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">daunomycin</a>, and&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxorubicin" title="Doxorubicin" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doxorubicin</a>. For an intercalator to fit between base pairs, the bases must separate, distorting the DNA strands by unwinding of the double helix. This inhibits both transcription and DNA replication, causing toxicity and mutations.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-84" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[84]</a></sup>&nbsp;As a result, DNA intercalators may be&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">carcinogens</a>, and in the case of thalidomide, a&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teratogen" title="Teratogen" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">teratogen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-85" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[85]</a></sup>Others such as&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzo(a)pyrene" title="Benzo(a)pyrene" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">benzo[<i>a</i>]pyrene diol epoxide</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aflatoxin" title="Aflatoxin" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">aflatoxin</a>&nbsp;form DNA adducts that induce errors in replication.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-86" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[86]</a></sup>&nbsp;Nevertheless, due to their ability to inhibit DNA transcription and replication, other similar toxins are also used in&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">chemotherapy</a>&nbsp;to inhibit rapidly growing&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">cancer</a>&nbsp;cells.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-87" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[87]</a></sup></p> <h2 style="background-image: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Biological_functions">Biological functions</span></h2> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">DNA usually occurs as linear&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">chromosomes</a>&nbsp;in&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">eukaryotes</a>, and circular chromosomes in&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokaryote" title="Prokaryote" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">prokaryotes</a>. The set of chromosomes in a cell makes up its&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome" title="Genome" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">genome</a>; the&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_genome" title="Human genome" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">human genome</a>&nbsp;has approximately 3 billion base pairs of DNA arranged into 46 chromosomes.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-88" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[88]</a></sup>&nbsp;The information carried by DNA is held in the&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequence" title="DNA sequence" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">sequence</a>&nbsp;of pieces of DNA called&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene" title="Gene" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">genes</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(genetics)" title="Transmission (genetics)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Transmission</a>&nbsp;of genetic information in genes is achieved via complementary base pairing. For example, in transcription, when a cell uses the information in a gene, the DNA sequence is copied into a complementary RNA sequence through the attraction between the DNA and the correct RNA nucleotides. Usually, this RNA copy is then used to make a matching&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptide_sequence" title="Peptide sequence" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">protein sequence</a>&nbsp;in a process called&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_(biology)" title="Translation (biology)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">translation</a>, which depends on the same interaction between RNA nucleotides. In alternative fashion, a cell may simply copy its genetic information in a process called DNA replication. The details of these functions are covered in other articles; here we focus on the interactions between DNA and other molecules that mediate the function of the genome.</p> <h3 style="background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 16.799999237060547px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Genes_and_genomes">Genes and genomes</span></h3> <div class="rellink boilerplate further" style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">Further information:&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_nucleus" title="Cell nucleus" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Cell nucleus</a>,&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatin" title="Chromatin" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Chromatin</a>,&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Chromosome</a>,&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene" title="Gene" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Gene</a>,&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noncoding_DNA" title="Noncoding DNA" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Noncoding DNA</a></div> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">Genomic DNA is tightly and orderly packed in the process called&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_condensation" title="DNA condensation" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">DNA condensation</a>&nbsp;to fit the small available volumes of the cell. In eukaryotes, DNA is located in the&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_nucleus" title="Cell nucleus" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">cell nucleus</a>, as well as small amounts in&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrion" title="Mitochondrion" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">mitochondria</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplast" title="Chloroplast" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">chloroplasts</a>. In prokaryotes, the DNA is held within an irregularly shaped body in the cytoplasm called the&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleoid" title="Nucleoid" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">nucleoid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-89" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[89]</a></sup>&nbsp;The genetic information in a genome is held within genes, and the complete set of this information in an organism is called its&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotype" title="Genotype" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">genotype</a>. A gene is a unit of&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heredity" title="Heredity" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">heredity</a>&nbsp;and is a region of DNA that influences a particular characteristic in an organism. Genes contain an&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_reading_frame" title="Open reading frame" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">open reading frame</a>&nbsp;that can be transcribed, as well as&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulatory_sequence" title="Regulatory sequence" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">regulatory sequences</a>&nbsp;such as&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promoter_(biology)" title="Promoter (biology)" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">promoters</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhancer_(genetics)" title="Enhancer (genetics)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">enhancers</a>, which control the transcription of the open reading frame.</p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">In many&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species" title="Species" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">species</a>, only a small fraction of the total sequence of the&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome" title="Genome" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">genome</a>&nbsp;encodes protein. For example, only about 1.5% of the human genome consists of protein-coding&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exon" title="Exon" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">exons</a>, with over 50% of human DNA consisting of non-coding&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repeated_sequence_(DNA)" title="Repeated sequence (DNA)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">repetitive sequences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-90" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[90]</a></sup>&nbsp;The reasons for the presence of so much&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noncoding_DNA" title="Noncoding DNA" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">noncoding DNA</a>&nbsp;in eukaryotic genomes and the extraordinary differences in&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome_size" title="Genome size" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">genome size</a>, or&nbsp;<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-value" title="C-value" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">C-value</a></i>, among species represent a long-standing puzzle known as the &quot;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-value_enigma" title="C-value enigma" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">C-value enigma</a>&quot;.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-91" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[91]</a></sup>&nbsp;However, some DNA sequences that do not code protein may still encode functional&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-coding_RNA" title="Non-coding RNA" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">non-coding RNA</a>&nbsp;molecules, which are involved in the&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation_of_gene_expression" title="Regulation of gene expression" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">regulation of gene expression</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-92" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[92]</a></sup></p> <div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"> <div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 12px; text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 222px; padding: 3px !important;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:T7_RNA_polymerase.jpg" class="image" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/T7_RNA_polymerase.jpg/220px-T7_RNA_polymerase.jpg" width="220" height="170" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/T7_RNA_polymerase.jpg/330px-T7_RNA_polymerase.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/T7_RNA_polymerase.jpg/440px-T7_RNA_polymerase.jpg 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; line-height: 1.4em; font-size: 11.199999809265137px; text-align: left; padding: 3px !important;"> <div class="magnify" style="margin-left: 3px; float: right; border: none !important; background-image: none !important;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:T7_RNA_polymerase.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); display: block; background-image: none !important; border: none !important;"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf12/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" style="vertical-align: middle; display: block; border: none !important; background-image: none !important;" /></a></div> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T7_RNA_polymerase" title="T7 RNA polymerase" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">T7 RNA polymerase</a>&nbsp;(blue) producing a mRNA (green) from a DNA template (orange).<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-93" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[93]</a></sup></div> </div> </div> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">Some noncoding DNA sequences play structural roles in chromosomes.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telomere" title="Telomere" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Telomeres</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centromere" title="Centromere" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">centromeres</a>&nbsp;typically contain few genes, but are important for the function and stability of chromosomes.<sup id="cite_ref-Nugent_56-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-Nugent-56" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[56]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-94" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[94]</a></sup>&nbsp;An abundant form of noncoding DNA in humans are&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudogene" title="Pseudogene" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">pseudogenes</a>, which are copies of genes that have been disabled by mutation.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-95" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[95]</a></sup>&nbsp;These sequences are usually just molecular&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">fossils</a>, although they can occasionally serve as raw genetic material for the creation of new genes through the process of&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_duplication" title="Gene duplication" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">gene duplication</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divergent_evolution" title="Divergent evolution" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">divergence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-96" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[96]</a></sup></p> <h3 style="background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 16.799999237060547px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Transcription_and_translation">Transcription and translation</span></h3> <div class="rellink boilerplate further" style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">Further information:&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_code" title="Genetic code" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Genetic code</a>,&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_(genetics)" title="Transcription (genetics)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Transcription (genetics)</a>,&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_biosynthesis" title="Protein biosynthesis" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Protein biosynthesis</a></div> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">A gene is a sequence of DNA that contains genetic information and can influence the&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotype" title="Phenotype" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">phenotype</a>&nbsp;of an organism. Within a gene, the sequence of bases along a DNA strand defines a&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messenger_RNA" title="Messenger RNA" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">messenger RNA</a>&nbsp;sequence, which then defines one or more protein sequences. The relationship between the nucleotide sequences of genes and the&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">amino-acid</a>&nbsp;sequences of proteins is determined by the rules of&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_(biology)" title="Translation (biology)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">translation</a>, known collectively as the&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_code" title="Genetic code" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">genetic code</a>. The genetic code consists of three-letter 'words' called&nbsp;<i>codons</i>&nbsp;formed from a sequence of three nucleotides (e.g. ACT, CAG, TTT).</p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">In transcription, the codons of a gene are copied into messenger RNA by&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_polymerase" title="RNA polymerase" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">RNA polymerase</a>. This RNA copy is then decoded by a&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosome" title="Ribosome" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">ribosome</a>that reads the RNA sequence by base-pairing the messenger RNA to&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_RNA" title="Transfer RNA" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">transfer RNA</a>, which carries amino acids. Since there are 4 bases in 3-letter combinations, there are 64 possible codons (<img class="tex" alt="4^3" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/2/9/b/29b8a6aa9d0f15d19fae3aa4c6d6c883.png" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle; margin: 0px;" />&nbsp;combinations). These encode the twenty&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_standard_amino_acids" title="List of standard amino acids" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">standard amino acids</a>, giving most amino acids more than one possible codon. There are also three 'stop' or 'nonsense' codons signifying the end of the coding region; these are the TAA, TGA and TAG codons.</p> <div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"> <div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 12px; text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 452px; padding: 3px !important;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DNA_replication_en.svg" class="image" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/DNA_replication_en.svg/450px-DNA_replication_en.svg.png" width="450" height="219" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/DNA_replication_en.svg/675px-DNA_replication_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/DNA_replication_en.svg/900px-DNA_replication_en.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; line-height: 1.4em; font-size: 11.199999809265137px; text-align: left; padding: 3px !important;"> <div class="magnify" style="margin-left: 3px; float: right; border: none !important; background-image: none !important;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DNA_replication_en.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); display: block; background-image: none !important; border: none !important;"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf12/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" style="vertical-align: middle; display: block; border: none !important; background-image: none !important;" /></a></div> DNA replication. The double helix is unwound by a&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicase" title="Helicase" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">helicase</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topoisomerase" title="Topoisomerase" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">topoisomerase</a>. Next, one&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_polymerase" title="DNA polymerase" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">DNA polymerase</a>&nbsp;produces the&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replication_fork" title="Replication fork" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">leading strand</a>&nbsp;copy. Another DNA polymerase binds to the&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replication_fork" title="Replication fork" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">lagging strand</a>. This enzyme makes discontinuous segments (called&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okazaki_fragment" title="Okazaki fragment" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Okazaki fragments</a>) before&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_ligase" title="DNA ligase" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">DNA ligase</a>&nbsp;joins them together.</div> </div> </div> <h3 style="background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 16.799999237060547px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Replication">Replication</span></h3> <div class="rellink boilerplate further" style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">Further information:&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_replication" title="DNA replication" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">DNA replication</a></div> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_division" title="Cell division" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Cell division</a>&nbsp;is essential for an organism to grow, but, when a cell divides, it must replicate the DNA in its genome so that the two daughter cells have the same genetic information as their parent. The double-stranded structure of DNA provides a simple mechanism for&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_replication" title="DNA replication" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">DNA replication</a>. Here, the two strands are separated and then each strand's&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complementary_DNA" title="Complementary DNA" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">complementary DNA</a>&nbsp;sequence is recreated by an<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">enzyme</a>&nbsp;called&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_polymerase" title="DNA polymerase" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">DNA polymerase</a>. This enzyme makes the complementary strand by finding the correct base through complementary base pairing, and bonding it onto the original strand. As DNA polymerases can only extend a DNA strand in a 5&prime; to 3&prime; direction, different mechanisms are used to copy the antiparallel strands of the double helix.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-97" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[97]</a></sup>&nbsp;In this way, the base on the old strand dictates which base appears on the new strand, and the cell ends up with a perfect copy of its DNA.</p> <h2 style="background-image: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Interactions_with_proteins">Interactions with proteins</span></h2> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">All the functions of DNA depend on interactions with proteins. These&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_interactions" title="Protein interactions" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">protein interactions</a>&nbsp;can be non-specific, or the protein can bind specifically to a single DNA sequence. Enzymes can also bind to DNA and of these, the polymerases that copy the DNA base sequence in transcription and DNA replication are particularly important.</p> <h3 style="background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 16.799999237060547px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="DNA-binding_proteins">DNA-binding proteins</span></h3> <div class="rellink boilerplate further" style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">Further information:&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA-binding_protein" title="DNA-binding protein" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">DNA-binding protein</a></div> <div class="thumb tleft" style="float: left; clear: left; margin: 0.5em; width: auto; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204);"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 11.199999809265137px; width: 260px; margin: 0.3em;"> <tbody> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nucleosome1.png" class="image" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;"><img alt="Nucleosome1.png" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Nucleosome1.png/260px-Nucleosome1.png" width="260" height="171" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Nucleosome1.png/390px-Nucleosome1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Nucleosome1.png/520px-Nucleosome1.png 2x" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div style="border: none; width: 260px;"> <div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; line-height: 1.4em; font-size: 12px; padding: 3px !important;">Interaction of DNA (shown in orange) with<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone" title="Histone" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">histones</a>&nbsp;(shown in blue). These proteins' basic amino acids bind to the acidic phosphate groups on DNA.</div> </div> </div> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">Structural proteins that bind DNA are well-understood examples of non-specific DNA-protein interactions. Within chromosomes, DNA is held in complexes with structural proteins. These proteins organize the DNA into a compact structure called&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatin" title="Chromatin" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">chromatin</a>. In eukaryotes this structure involves DNA binding to a complex of small basic proteins called&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone" title="Histone" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">histones</a>, while in prokaryotes multiple types of proteins are involved.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-98" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[98]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-99" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[99]</a></sup>&nbsp;The histones form a disk-shaped complex called a&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleosome" title="Nucleosome" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">nucleosome</a>, which contains two complete turns of double-stranded DNA wrapped around its surface. These non-specific interactions are formed through basic residues in the histones making<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionic_bond" title="Ionic bond" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">ionic bonds</a>&nbsp;to the acidic sugar-phosphate backbone of the DNA, and are therefore largely independent of the base sequence.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-100" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[100]</a></sup>Chemical modifications of these basic amino acid residues include&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylation" title="Methylation" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">methylation</a>,&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorylation" title="Phosphorylation" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">phosphorylation</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylation" title="Acetylation" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">acetylation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-101" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[101]</a></sup>&nbsp;These chemical changes alter the strength of the interaction between the DNA and the histones, making the DNA more or less accessible to<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_factor" title="Transcription factor" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">transcription factors</a>&nbsp;and changing the rate of transcription.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-102" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[102]</a></sup>&nbsp;Other non-specific DNA-binding proteins in chromatin include the high-mobility group proteins, which bind to bent or distorted DNA.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-103" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[103]</a></sup>&nbsp;These proteins are important in bending arrays of nucleosomes and arranging them into the larger structures that make up chromosomes.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-104" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[104]</a></sup></p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">A distinct group of DNA-binding proteins are the DNA-binding proteins that specifically bind single-stranded DNA. In humans, replication<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_A" title="Protein A" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">protein A</a>&nbsp;is the best-understood member of this family and is used in processes where the double helix is separated, including DNA replication, recombination and DNA repair.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-105" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[105]</a></sup>&nbsp;These binding proteins seem to stabilize single-stranded DNA and protect it from forming&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem-loop" title="Stem-loop" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">stem-loops</a>&nbsp;or being degraded by&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclease" title="Nuclease" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">nucleases</a>.</p> <div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"> <div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 12px; text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 172px; padding: 3px !important;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lambda_repressor_1LMB.png" class="image" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Lambda_repressor_1LMB.png/170px-Lambda_repressor_1LMB.png" width="170" height="250" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Lambda_repressor_1LMB.png/255px-Lambda_repressor_1LMB.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Lambda_repressor_1LMB.png/340px-Lambda_repressor_1LMB.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; line-height: 1.4em; font-size: 11.199999809265137px; text-align: left; padding: 3px !important;"> <div class="magnify" style="margin-left: 3px; float: right; border: none !important; background-image: none !important;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lambda_repressor_1LMB.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); display: block; background-image: none !important; border: none !important;"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf12/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" style="vertical-align: middle; display: block; border: none !important; background-image: none !important;" /></a></div> The lambda repressor&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helix-turn-helix" title="Helix-turn-helix" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">helix-turn-helix</a>&nbsp;transcription factor bound to its DNA target<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-106" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[106]</a></sup></div> </div> </div> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">In contrast, other proteins have evolved to bind to particular DNA sequences. The most intensively studied of these are the various&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_factor" title="Transcription factor" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">transcription factors</a>, which are proteins that regulate transcription. Each transcription factor binds to one particular set of DNA sequences and activates or inhibits the transcription of genes that have these sequences close to their promoters. The transcription factors do this in two ways. Firstly, they can bind the RNA polymerase responsible for transcription, either directly or through other mediator proteins; this locates the polymerase at the promoter and allows it to begin transcription.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-107" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[107]</a></sup>&nbsp;Alternatively, transcription factors can bind&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">enzymes</a>&nbsp;that modify the histones at the promoter. This changes the accessibility of the DNA template to the polymerase.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-108" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[108]</a></sup></p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">As these DNA targets can occur throughout an organism's genome, changes in the activity of one type of transcription factor can affect thousands of genes.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-109" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[109]</a></sup>&nbsp;Consequently, these proteins are often the targets of the&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_transduction" title="Signal transduction" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">signal transduction</a>&nbsp;processes that control responses to environmental changes or&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_differentiation" title="Cellular differentiation" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">cellular differentiation</a>&nbsp;and development. The specificity of these transcription factors' interactions with DNA come from the proteins making multiple contacts to the edges of the DNA bases, allowing them to &quot;read&quot; the DNA sequence. Most of these base-interactions are made in the major groove, where the bases are most accessible.<sup id="cite_ref-Pabo1984_25-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-Pabo1984-25" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[25]</a></sup></p> <div class="thumb tleft" style="float: left; clear: left; margin: 0.5em 1.4em 1.3em 0px; width: auto; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"> <div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 12px; text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 222px; padding: 3px !important;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EcoRV_1RVA.png" class="image" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/EcoRV_1RVA.png/220px-EcoRV_1RVA.png" width="220" height="154" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/EcoRV_1RVA.png/330px-EcoRV_1RVA.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/EcoRV_1RVA.png/440px-EcoRV_1RVA.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; line-height: 1.4em; font-size: 11.199999809265137px; text-align: left; padding: 3px !important;"> <div class="magnify" style="margin-left: 3px; float: right; border: none !important; background-image: none !important;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EcoRV_1RVA.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); display: block; background-image: none !important; border: none !important;"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf12/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" style="vertical-align: middle; display: block; border: none !important; background-image: none !important;" /></a></div> The&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restriction_enzyme" title="Restriction enzyme" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">restriction enzyme</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EcoRV" title="EcoRV" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">EcoRV</a>(green) in a complex with its substrate DNA<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-110" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[110]</a></sup></div> </div> </div> <h3 style="background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 16.799999237060547px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="DNA-modifying_enzymes">DNA-modifying enzymes</span></h3> <h4 style="background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 15.199999809265137px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Nucleases_and_ligases">Nucleases and ligases</span></h4> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclease" title="Nuclease" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Nucleases</a>&nbsp;are&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">enzymes</a>&nbsp;that cut DNA strands by catalyzing the&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrolysis" title="Hydrolysis" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">hydrolysis</a>&nbsp;of the&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphodiester_bond" title="Phosphodiester bond" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">phosphodiester bonds</a>. Nucleases that hydrolyse nucleotides from the ends of DNA strands are called&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exonuclease" title="Exonuclease" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">exonucleases</a>, while<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endonuclease" title="Endonuclease" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">endonucleases</a>&nbsp;cut within strands. The most frequently used nucleases in&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">molecular biology</a>&nbsp;are the<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restriction_enzyme" title="Restriction enzyme" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">restriction endonucleases</a>, which cut DNA at specific sequences. For instance, the EcoRV enzyme shown to the left recognizes the 6-base sequence 5&prime;-GATATC-3&prime; and makes a cut at the vertical line. In nature, these enzymes protect&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">bacteria</a>&nbsp;against&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriophage" title="Bacteriophage" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">phage</a>&nbsp;infection by digesting the phage DNA when it enters the bacterial cell, acting as part of the&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restriction_modification_system" title="Restriction modification system" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">restriction modification system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-111" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[111]</a></sup>&nbsp;In technology, these sequence-specific nucleases are used in&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_cloning" title="Molecular cloning" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">molecular cloning</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_fingerprinting" title="Genetic fingerprinting" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">DNA fingerprinting</a>.</p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">Enzymes called&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_ligase" title="DNA ligase" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">DNA ligases</a>&nbsp;can rejoin cut or broken DNA strands.<sup id="cite_ref-Doherty_112-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-Doherty-112" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[112]</a></sup>&nbsp;Ligases are particularly important in&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replication_fork" title="Replication fork" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">lagging strand</a>&nbsp;DNA replication, as they join together the short segments of DNA produced at the&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replication_fork" title="Replication fork" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">replication fork</a>&nbsp;into a complete copy of the DNA template. They are also used in&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_repair" title="DNA repair" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">DNA repair</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_recombination" title="Genetic recombination" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">genetic recombination</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Doherty_112-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-Doherty-112" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[112]</a></sup></p> <h4 style="background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 15.199999809265137px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Topoisomerases_and_helicases">Topoisomerases and helicases</span></h4> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topoisomerase" title="Topoisomerase" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Topoisomerases</a>&nbsp;are enzymes with both nuclease and ligase activity. These proteins change the amount of&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_supercoil" title="DNA supercoil" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">supercoiling</a>&nbsp;in DNA. Some of these enzymes work by cutting the DNA helix and allowing one section to rotate, thereby reducing its level of supercoiling; the enzyme then seals the DNA break.<sup id="cite_ref-Champoux_37-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-Champoux-37" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[37]</a></sup>&nbsp;Other types of these enzymes are capable of cutting one DNA helix and then passing a second strand of DNA through this break, before rejoining the helix.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-113" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[113]</a></sup>&nbsp;Topoisomerases are required for many processes involving DNA, such as DNA replication and transcription.<sup id="cite_ref-Wang_38-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-Wang-38" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[38]</a></sup></p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicase" title="Helicase" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Helicases</a>&nbsp;are proteins that are a type of&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_motor" title="Molecular motor" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">molecular motor</a>. They use the chemical energy in&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleoside_triphosphate" title="Nucleoside triphosphate" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">nucleoside triphosphates</a>, predominantly&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">ATP</a>, to break hydrogen bonds between bases and unwind the DNA double helix into single strands.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-114" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[114]</a></sup>&nbsp;These enzymes are essential for most processes where enzymes need to access the DNA bases.</p> <h4 style="background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 15.199999809265137px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Polymerases">Polymerases</span></h4> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymerase" title="Polymerase" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Polymerases</a>&nbsp;are&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">enzymes</a>&nbsp;that synthesize polynucleotide chains from&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleoside_triphosphate" title="Nucleoside triphosphate" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">nucleoside triphosphates</a>. The sequence of their products are copies of existing polynucleotide chains&mdash;which are called&nbsp;<i>templates</i>. These enzymes function by adding nucleotides onto the 3&prime;&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxyl" title="Hydroxyl" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">hydroxyl group</a>&nbsp;of the previous nucleotide in a DNA strand. As a consequence, all polymerases work in a 5&prime; to 3&prime; direction.<sup id="cite_ref-Joyce_115-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-Joyce-115" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[115]</a></sup>&nbsp;In the&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_site" title="Active site" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">active site</a>&nbsp;of these enzymes, the incoming nucleoside triphosphate base-pairs to the template: this allows polymerases to accurately synthesize the complementary strand of their template. Polymerases are classified according to the type of template that they use.</p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">In DNA replication, a DNA-dependent&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_polymerase" title="DNA polymerase" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">DNA polymerase</a>&nbsp;makes a copy of a DNA sequence. Accuracy is vital in this process, so many of these polymerases have a&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proofreading_(Biology)" title="Proofreading (Biology)" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">proofreading</a>&nbsp;activity. Here, the polymerase recognizes the occasional mistakes in the synthesis reaction by the lack of base pairing between the mismatched nucleotides. If a mismatch is detected, a 3&prime; to 5&prime;&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exonuclease" title="Exonuclease" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">exonuclease</a>&nbsp;activity is activated and the incorrect base removed.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-116" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[116]</a></sup>&nbsp;In most organisms, DNA polymerases function in a large complex called the&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replisome" title="Replisome" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">replisome</a>&nbsp;that contains multiple accessory subunits, such as the&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_clamp" title="DNA clamp" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">DNA clamp</a>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicase" title="Helicase" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">helicases</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-117" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[117]</a></sup></p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">RNA-dependent DNA polymerases are a specialized class of polymerases that copy the sequence of an RNA strand into DNA. They include&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_transcriptase" title="Reverse transcriptase" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">reverse transcriptase</a>, which is a&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">viral</a>enzyme involved in the infection of cells by&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrovirus" title="Retrovirus" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">retroviruses</a>, and&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telomerase" title="Telomerase" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">telomerase</a>, which is required for the replication of telomeres.<sup id="cite_ref-Greider_55-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-Greider-55" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[55]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-118" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[118]</a></sup>&nbsp;Telomerase is an unusual polymerase because it contains its own RNA template as part of its structure.<sup id="cite_ref-Nugent_56-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-Nugent-56" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[56]</a></sup></p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">Transcription is carried out by a DNA-dependent&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_polymerase" title="RNA polymerase" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">RNA polymerase</a>&nbsp;that copies the sequence of a DNA strand into RNA. To begin transcribing a gene, the RNA polymerase binds to a sequence of DNA called a promoter and separates the DNA strands. It then copies the gene sequence into a&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messenger_RNA" title="Messenger RNA" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">messenger RNA</a>&nbsp;transcript until it reaches a region of DNA called the<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminator_(genetics)" title="Terminator (genetics)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">terminator</a>, where it halts and detaches from the DNA. As with human DNA-dependent DNA polymerases,&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_polymerase_II" title="RNA polymerase II" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">RNA polymerase II</a>, the enzyme that transcribes most of the genes in the human genome, operates as part of a large&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_complex" title="Protein complex" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">protein complex</a>&nbsp;with multiple regulatory and accessory subunits.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-119" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[119]</a></sup></p> <h2 style="background-image: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Genetic_recombination">Genetic recombination</span></h2> <div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em; width: auto; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204);"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 11.199999809265137px; width: 250px; margin: 0.3em;"> <tbody> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Holliday_Junction.svg" class="image" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;"><img alt="Holliday Junction.svg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Holliday_Junction.svg/250px-Holliday_Junction.svg.png" width="250" height="248" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Holliday_Junction.svg/375px-Holliday_Junction.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Holliday_Junction.svg/500px-Holliday_Junction.svg.png 2x" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Holliday_junction_coloured.png" class="image" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;"><img alt="Holliday junction coloured.png" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Holliday_junction_coloured.png/250px-Holliday_junction_coloured.png" width="250" height="250" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Holliday_junction_coloured.png/375px-Holliday_junction_coloured.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Holliday_junction_coloured.png/500px-Holliday_junction_coloured.png 2x" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div style="border: none; width: 250px;"> <div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; line-height: 1.4em; font-size: 12px; padding: 3px !important;">Structure of the&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holliday_junction" title="Holliday junction" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Holliday junction</a>&nbsp;intermediate in&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_recombination" title="Genetic recombination" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">genetic recombination</a>. The four separate DNA strands are coloured red, blue, green and yellow.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-120" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[120]</a></sup></div> </div> </div> <div class="rellink boilerplate further" style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">Further information:&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_recombination" title="Genetic recombination" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Genetic recombination</a></div> <div class="thumb tleft" style="float: left; clear: left; margin: 0.5em 1.4em 1.3em 0px; width: auto; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"> <div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 12px; text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 252px; padding: 3px !important;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chromosomal_Recombination.svg" class="image" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Chromosomal_Recombination.svg/250px-Chromosomal_Recombination.svg.png" width="250" height="162" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Chromosomal_Recombination.svg/375px-Chromosomal_Recombination.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Chromosomal_Recombination.svg/500px-Chromosomal_Recombination.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; line-height: 1.4em; font-size: 11.199999809265137px; text-align: left; padding: 3px !important;"> <div class="magnify" style="margin-left: 3px; float: right; border: none !important; background-image: none !important;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chromosomal_Recombination.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); display: block; background-image: none !important; border: none !important;"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf12/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" style="vertical-align: middle; display: block; border: none !important; background-image: none !important;" /></a></div> Recombination involves the breakage and rejoining of two chromosomes (M and F) to produce two re-arranged chromosomes (C1 and C2).</div> </div> </div> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">A DNA helix usually does not interact with other segments of DNA, and in human cells the different chromosomes even occupy separate areas in the nucleus called &quot;chromosome territories&quot;.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-121" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[121]</a></sup>&nbsp;This physical separation of different chromosomes is important for the ability of DNA to function as a stable repository for information, as one of the few times chromosomes interact is during&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosomal_crossover" title="Chromosomal crossover" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">chromosomal crossover</a>&nbsp;when they&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_recombination" title="Genetic recombination" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">recombine</a>. Chromosomal crossover is when two DNA helices break, swap a section and then rejoin.</p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">Recombination allows chromosomes to exchange genetic information and produces new combinations of genes, which increases the efficiency of&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">natural selection</a>&nbsp;and can be important in the rapid evolution of new proteins.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-122" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[122]</a></sup>&nbsp;Genetic recombination can also be involved in DNA repair, particularly in the cell's response to double-strand breaks.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-123" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[123]</a></sup></p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">The most common form of chromosomal crossover is&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homologous_recombination" title="Homologous recombination" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">homologous recombination</a>, where the two chromosomes involved share very similar sequences. Non-homologous recombination can be damaging to cells, as it can produce&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosomal_translocation" title="Chromosomal translocation" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">chromosomal translocations</a>and genetic abnormalities. The recombination reaction is catalyzed by enzymes known as&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recombinase" title="Recombinase" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">recombinases</a>, such as&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAD51" title="RAD51" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">RAD51</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-124" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[124]</a></sup>&nbsp;The first step in recombination is a double-stranded break caused by either an&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endonuclease" title="Endonuclease" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">endonuclease</a>&nbsp;or damage to the DNA.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-125" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[125]</a></sup>&nbsp;A series of steps catalyzed in part by the recombinase then leads to joining of the two helices by at least one&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holliday_junction" title="Holliday junction" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Holliday junction</a>, in which a segment of a single strand in each helix is annealed to the complementary strand in the other helix. The Holliday junction is a tetrahedral junction structure that can be moved along the pair of chromosomes, swapping one strand for another. The recombination reaction is then halted by cleavage of the junction and re-ligation of the released DNA.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-126" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[126]</a></sup></p> <h2 style="background-image: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Evolution">Evolution</span></h2> <div class="rellink boilerplate further" style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">Further information:&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_world_hypothesis" title="RNA world hypothesis" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">RNA world hypothesis</a></div> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">DNA contains the genetic information that allows all modern living things to function, grow and reproduce. However, it is unclear how long in the 4-billion-year&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_evolution" title="Timeline of evolution" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">history of life</a>&nbsp;DNA has performed this function, as it has been proposed that the earliest forms of life may have used RNA as their genetic material.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_127-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-autogenerated1-127" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[127]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-128" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[128]</a></sup>&nbsp;RNA may have acted as the central part of early&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_metabolism" title="Cell metabolism" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">cell metabolism</a>&nbsp;as it can both transmit genetic information and carry out&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalysis" title="Catalysis" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">catalysis</a>&nbsp;as part of&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribozyme" title="Ribozyme" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">ribozymes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-129" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[129]</a></sup>&nbsp;This ancient&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_world_hypothesis" title="RNA world hypothesis" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">RNA world</a>&nbsp;where nucleic acid would have been used for both catalysis and genetics may have influenced the&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">evolution</a>&nbsp;of the current genetic code based on four nucleotide bases. This would occur, since the number of different bases in such an organism is a trade-off between a small number of bases increasing replication accuracy and a large number of bases increasing the catalytic efficiency of ribozymes.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-130" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[130]</a></sup></p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">However, there is no direct evidence of ancient genetic systems, as recovery of DNA from most fossils is impossible. This is because DNA survives in the environment for less than one million years, and slowly degrades into short fragments in solution.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-131" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[131]</a></sup>&nbsp;Claims for older DNA have been made, most notably a report of the isolation of a viable bacterium from a salt crystal 250 million years old,<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-132" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[132]</a></sup>&nbsp;but these claims are controversial.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-133" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[133]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-134" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[134]</a></sup></p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">On 8 August 2011, a report, based on&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">NASA</a>&nbsp;studies with&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorites" title="Meteorites" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">meteorites</a>&nbsp;found on&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth" title="Earth" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Earth</a>, was published suggesting building blocks of DNA (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenine" title="Adenine" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">adenine</a>,&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanine" title="Guanine" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">guanine</a>&nbsp;and related&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_molecules" title="Organic molecules" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">organic molecules</a>) may have been formed extraterrestrially in&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">outer space</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Callahan_135-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-Callahan-135" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[135]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Steigerwald_136-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-Steigerwald-136" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[136]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DNA_137-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-DNA-137" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[137]</a></sup></p> <h2 style="background-image: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Uses_in_technology">Uses in technology</span></h2> <h3 style="background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 16.799999237060547px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Genetic_engineering">Genetic engineering</span></h3> <div class="rellink boilerplate further" style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">Further information:&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Molecular biology</a>,&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic_acid_methods" title="Nucleic acid methods" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">nucleic acid methods</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">genetic engineering</a></div> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">Methods have been developed to purify DNA from organisms, such as&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenol-chloroform_extraction" title="Phenol-chloroform extraction" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">phenol-chloroform extraction</a>, and to manipulate it in the laboratory, such as&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restriction_digest" title="Restriction digest" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">restriction digests</a>&nbsp;and the<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymerase_chain_reaction" title="Polymerase chain reaction" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">polymerase chain reaction</a>. Modern&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology" title="Biology" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">biology</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">biochemistry</a>&nbsp;make intensive use of these techniques in recombinant DNA technology.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recombinant_DNA" title="Recombinant DNA" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Recombinant DNA</a>&nbsp;is a man-made DNA sequence that has been assembled from other DNA sequences. They can be&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformation_(genetics)" title="Transformation (genetics)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">transformed</a>&nbsp;into organisms in the form of&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmid" title="Plasmid" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">plasmids</a>&nbsp;or in the appropriate format, by using a&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_vector" title="Viral vector" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">viral vector</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-138" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[138]</a></sup>&nbsp;The&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">genetically modified</a>&nbsp;organisms produced can be used to produce products such as recombinant&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">proteins</a>, used in&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_research" title="Medical research" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">medical research</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-139" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[139]</a></sup>&nbsp;or be grown in<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">agriculture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-140" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[140]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-141" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[141]</a></sup></p> <h3 style="background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 16.799999237060547px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Forensics">Forensics</span></h3> <div class="rellink boilerplate further" style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">Further information:&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_profiling" title="DNA profiling" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">DNA profiling</a></div> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_science" title="Forensic science" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Forensic scientists</a>&nbsp;can use DNA in&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood" title="Blood" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">blood</a>,&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semen" title="Semen" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">semen</a>,&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin" title="Skin" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">skin</a>,&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saliva" title="Saliva" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">saliva</a>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair" title="Hair" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">hair</a>&nbsp;found at a&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_scene" title="Crime scene" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">crime scene</a>&nbsp;to identify a matching DNA of an individual, such as a perpetrator. This process is formally termed&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_profiling" title="DNA profiling" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">DNA profiling</a>, but may also be called &quot;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_fingerprinting" title="Genetic fingerprinting" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">genetic fingerprinting</a>&quot;. In DNA profiling, the lengths of variable sections of repetitive DNA, such as&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_tandem_repeat" title="Short tandem repeat" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">short tandem repeats</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minisatellite" title="Minisatellite" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">minisatellites</a>, are compared between people. This method is usually an extremely reliable technique for identifying a matching DNA.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-142" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[142]</a></sup>&nbsp;However, identification can be complicated if the scene is contaminated with DNA from several people.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-143" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[143]</a></sup>&nbsp;DNA profiling was developed in 1984 by British geneticist Sir&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alec_Jeffreys" title="Alec Jeffreys" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Alec Jeffreys</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-144" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[144]</a></sup>&nbsp;and first used in forensic science to convict Colin Pitchfork in the 1988&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Pitchfork" title="Colin Pitchfork" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Enderby murders</a>&nbsp;case.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-145" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[145]</a></sup></p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">The development of forensic science, and the ability to now obtain genetic matching on minute samples of blood, skin, saliva or hair has led to a re-examination of a number of cases. Evidence can now be uncovered that was not scientifically possible at the time of the original examination. Combined with the removal of the&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_jeopardy" title="Double jeopardy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">double jeopardy</a>&nbsp;law in some places, this can allow cases to be reopened where previous trials have failed to produce sufficient evidence to convince a jury. People charged with serious crimes may be required to provide a sample of DNA for matching purposes. The most obvious defence to DNA matches obtained forensically is to claim that cross-contamination of evidence has taken place. This has resulted in meticulous strict handling procedures with new cases of serious crime. DNA profiling is also used to identify victims of mass casualty incidents.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-146" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[146]</a></sup>&nbsp;As well as positively identifying bodies or body parts in serious accidents, DNA profiling is being successfully used to identify individual victims in mass war graves&nbsp;&ndash; matching to family members.</p> <h3 style="background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 16.799999237060547px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</span></h3> <div class="rellink boilerplate further" style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">Further information:&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformatics" title="Bioinformatics" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Bioinformatics</a></div> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformatics" title="Bioinformatics" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Bioinformatics</a>&nbsp;involves the manipulation, searching, and&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_mining" title="Data mining" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">data mining</a>&nbsp;of biological data, and this includes DNA sequence data. The development of techniques to store and search DNA sequences have led to widely applied advances in&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">computer science</a>, especially&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_searching_algorithm" title="String searching algorithm" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">string searching algorithms</a>,&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">machine learning</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_theory" title="Database theory" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">database theory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-147" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[147]</a></sup>&nbsp;String searching or matching algorithms, which find an occurrence of a sequence of letters inside a larger sequence of letters, were developed to search for specific sequences of nucleotides.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-148" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[148]</a></sup>&nbsp;The DNA sequence may be&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequence_alignment" title="Sequence alignment" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">aligned</a>&nbsp;with other DNA sequences to identify&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homology_(biology)" title="Homology (biology)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">homologous</a>&nbsp;sequences and locate the specific&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">mutations</a>&nbsp;that make them distinct. These techniques, especially<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_sequence_alignment" title="Multiple sequence alignment" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">multiple sequence alignment</a>, are used in studying&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">phylogenetic</a>&nbsp;relationships and protein function.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-149" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[149]</a></sup>&nbsp;Data sets representing entire genomes' worth of DNA sequences, such as those produced by the&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Genome_Project" title="Human Genome Project" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Human Genome Project</a>, are difficult to use without the annotations that identify the locations of genes and regulatory elements on each chromosome. Regions of DNA sequence that have the characteristic patterns associated with protein- or RNA-coding genes can be identified by&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_prediction" title="Gene prediction" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">gene finding</a>&nbsp;algorithms, which allow researchers to predict the presence of particular&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_product" title="Gene product" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">gene products</a>&nbsp;and their possible functions in an organism even before they have been isolated experimentally.<sup id="cite_ref-Mount_150-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-Mount-150" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[150]</a></sup>&nbsp;Entire genomes may also be compared, which can shed light on the evolutionary history of particular organism and permit the examination of complex evolutionary events.</p> <h3 style="background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 16.799999237060547px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="DNA_nanotechnology">DNA nanotechnology</span></h3> <div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"> <div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 12px; text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 402px; padding: 3px !important;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DNA_nanostructures.png" class="image" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/DNA_nanostructures.png/400px-DNA_nanostructures.png" width="400" height="220" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/DNA_nanostructures.png/600px-DNA_nanostructures.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/DNA_nanostructures.png/800px-DNA_nanostructures.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; line-height: 1.4em; font-size: 11.199999809265137px; text-align: left; padding: 3px !important;"> <div class="magnify" style="margin-left: 3px; float: right; border: none !important; background-image: none !important;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DNA_nanostructures.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); display: block; background-image: none !important; border: none !important;"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf12/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" style="vertical-align: middle; display: block; border: none !important; background-image: none !important;" /></a></div> The DNA structure at left (schematic shown) will self-assemble into the structure visualized by&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_force_microscope" title="Atomic force microscope" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">atomic force microscopy</a>&nbsp;at right.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_nanotechnology" title="DNA nanotechnology" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">DNA nanotechnology</a>&nbsp;is the field that seeks to design nanoscale structures using the&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_recognition" title="Molecular recognition" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">molecular recognition</a>&nbsp;properties of DNA molecules. Image from<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0020073" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">Strong, 2004</a>.</div> </div> </div> <div class="rellink boilerplate further" style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">Further information:&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_nanotechnology" title="DNA nanotechnology" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">DNA nanotechnology</a></div> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">DNA nanotechnology uses the unique&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_recognition" title="Molecular recognition" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">molecular recognition</a>&nbsp;properties of DNA and other nucleic acids to create self-assembling branched DNA complexes with useful properties.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-151" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[151]</a></sup>&nbsp;DNA is thus used as a structural material rather than as a carrier of biological information. This has led to the creation of two-dimensional periodic lattices (both tile-based as well as using the &quot;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_origami" title="DNA origami" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">DNA origami</a>&quot; method) as well as three-dimensional structures in the shapes of&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyhedron" title="Polyhedron" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">polyhedra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-152" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[152]</a></sup>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_machine" title="DNA machine" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Nanomechanical devices</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_computing" title="DNA computing" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">algorithmic self-assembly</a>&nbsp;have also been demonstrated,<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-153" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[153]</a></sup>&nbsp;and these DNA structures have been used to template the arrangement of other molecules such as&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colloidal_gold" title="Colloidal gold" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">gold nanoparticles</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptavidin" title="Streptavidin" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">streptavidin</a>&nbsp;proteins.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-154" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[154]</a></sup></p> <h3 style="background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 16.799999237060547px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="History_and_anthropology">History and anthropology</span></h3> <div class="rellink boilerplate further" style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">Further information:&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Phylogenetics</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_genealogy" title="Genetic genealogy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Genetic genealogy</a></div> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">Because DNA collects mutations over time, which are then inherited, it contains historical information, and, by comparing DNA sequences, geneticists can infer the evolutionary history of organisms, their&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">phylogeny</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-155" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[155]</a></sup>This field of phylogenetics is a powerful tool in&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">evolutionary biology</a>. If DNA sequences within a species are compared,&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_genetics" title="Population genetics" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">population geneticists</a>&nbsp;can learn the history of particular populations. This can be used in studies ranging from&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_genetics" title="Ecological genetics" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">ecological genetics</a>&nbsp;to&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">anthropology</a>; For example, DNA evidence is being used to try to identify the&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_Lost_Tribes" title="Ten Lost Tribes" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Ten Lost Tribes of Israel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-156" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[156]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-157" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[157]</a></sup></p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">DNA has also been used to look at modern family relationships, such as establishing family relationships between the descendants of&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sally_Hemings" title="Sally Hemings" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Sally Hemings</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Thomas Jefferson</a>. This usage is closely related to the use of DNA in criminal investigations detailed above. Indeed, some criminal investigations have been solved when DNA from crime scenes has matched relatives of the guilty individual.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-158" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[158]</a></sup></p> <h3 style="background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 16.799999237060547px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Information_storage">Information storage</span></h3> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">Main article:&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_digital_data_storage" title="DNA digital data storage" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">DNA digital data storage</a></div> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">In a paper published in Nature in January, 2013, scientists from the&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Bioinformatics_Institute" title="European Bioinformatics Institute" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">European Bioinformatics Institute</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agilent_Technologies" title="Agilent Technologies" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Agilent Technologies</a>&nbsp;proposed a mechanism to use DNA's ability to code information as a means of digital data storage. The group was able to encode 739 kilobytes of data into DNA code, synthesize the actual DNA, then sequence the DNA and decode the information back to its original form, with a reported 100% accuracy. The encoded information consisted of text files and audio files. A prior experiment was published in August 2012. It was conducted by researchers at&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Harvard University</a>, where the text of a 54,000-word book was encoded in DNA.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-159" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[159]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-160" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[160]</a></sup></p> <h2 style="background-image: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="History_of_DNA_research">History of DNA research</span></h2> <div class="rellink boilerplate further" style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">Further information:&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_molecular_biology" title="History of molecular biology" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">History of molecular biology</a></div> <div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"> <div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 12px; text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 222px; padding: 3px !important;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maclyn_McCarty_with_Francis_Crick_and_James_D_Watson_-_10.1371_journal.pbio.0030341.g001-O.jpg" class="image" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Maclyn_McCarty_with_Francis_Crick_and_James_D_Watson_-_10.1371_journal.pbio.0030341.g001-O.jpg/220px-Maclyn_McCarty_with_Francis_Crick_and_James_D_Watson_-_10.1371_journal.pbio.0030341.g001-O.jpg" width="220" height="173" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Maclyn_McCarty_with_Francis_Crick_and_James_D_Watson_-_10.1371_journal.pbio.0030341.g001-O.jpg/330px-Maclyn_McCarty_with_Francis_Crick_and_James_D_Watson_-_10.1371_journal.pbio.0030341.g001-O.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Maclyn_McCarty_with_Francis_Crick_and_James_D_Watson_-_10.1371_journal.pbio.0030341.g001-O.jpg/440px-Maclyn_McCarty_with_Francis_Crick_and_James_D_Watson_-_10.1371_journal.pbio.0030341.g001-O.jpg 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; line-height: 1.4em; font-size: 11.199999809265137px; text-align: left; padding: 3px !important;"> <div class="magnify" style="margin-left: 3px; float: right; border: none !important; background-image: none !important;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maclyn_McCarty_with_Francis_Crick_and_James_D_Watson_-_10.1371_journal.pbio.0030341.g001-O.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); display: block; background-image: none !important; border: none !important;"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf12/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" style="vertical-align: middle; display: block; border: none !important; background-image: none !important;" /></a></div> James Watson and Francis Crick (right), co-originators of the double-helix model, with Maclyn McCarty (left).</div> </div> </div> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">DNA was first isolated by the Swiss physician&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Miescher" title="Friedrich Miescher" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Friedrich Miescher</a>&nbsp;who, in 1869, discovered a microscopic substance in the pus of discarded surgical bandages. As it resided in the nuclei of cells, he called it &quot;nuclein&quot;.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-161" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[161]</a></sup>&nbsp;In 1878, Albrecht Kossel isolated the non-protein component of &quot;nuclein&quot;, nucleic acid, and later isolated its five primary&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleobases" title="Nucleobases" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">nucleobases</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Yale_Jones_1953_162-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-Yale_Jones_1953-162" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[162]</a></sup>&nbsp;In 1919, Phoebus Levene identified the base, sugar and phosphate nucleotide unit.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-163" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[163]</a></sup>&nbsp;Levene suggested that DNA consisted of a string of nucleotide units linked together through the phosphate groups. However, Levene thought the chain was short and the bases repeated in a fixed order. In 1937&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Astbury" title="William Astbury" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">William Astbury</a>&nbsp;produced the first X-ray diffraction patterns that showed that DNA had a regular structure.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-164" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[164]</a></sup></p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">In 1927,&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Koltsov" title="Nikolai Koltsov" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Nikolai Koltsov</a>&nbsp;proposed that inherited traits would be inherited via a &quot;giant hereditary molecule&quot; made up of &quot;two mirror strands that would replicate in a semi-conservative fashion using each strand as a template&quot;.<sup id="cite_ref-Soyfer_165-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-Soyfer-165" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[165]</a></sup>&nbsp;In 1928,&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Griffith" title="Frederick Griffith" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Frederick Griffith</a>&nbsp;discovered that&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trait_(biology)" title="Trait (biology)" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">traits</a>&nbsp;of the &quot;smooth&quot; form of&nbsp;<i>Pneumococcus</i>&nbsp;could be transferred to the &quot;rough&quot; form of the same bacteria by mixing killed &quot;smooth&quot; bacteria with the live &quot;rough&quot; form.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-166" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[166]</a></sup>&nbsp;This system provided the first clear suggestion that DNA carries genetic information&mdash;the&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avery%E2%80%93MacLeod%E2%80%93McCarty_experiment" title="Avery&ndash;MacLeod&ndash;McCarty experiment" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Avery&ndash;MacLeod&ndash;McCarty experiment</a>&mdash;when&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Avery" title="Oswald Avery" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Oswald Avery</a>, along with coworkers&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Munro_MacLeod" title="Colin Munro MacLeod" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Colin MacLeod</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maclyn_McCarty" title="Maclyn McCarty" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Maclyn McCarty</a>, identified DNA as the&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griffith%27s_experiment" title="Griffith's experiment" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">transforming principle</a>&nbsp;in 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-167" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[167]</a></sup>&nbsp;DNA's role in&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heredity" title="Heredity" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">heredity</a>&nbsp;was confirmed in 1952, when&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hershey" title="Alfred Hershey" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Alfred Hershey</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Chase" title="Martha Chase" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Martha Chase</a>&nbsp;in the&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hershey%E2%80%93Chase_experiment" title="Hershey&ndash;Chase experiment" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Hershey&ndash;Chase experiment</a>&nbsp;showed that DNA is the&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_material" title="Genetic material" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">genetic material</a>&nbsp;of the&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterobacteria_phage_T2" title="Enterobacteria phage T2" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">T2 phage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-168" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[168]</a></sup></p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">In 1953,&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Watson" title="James Watson" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">James Watson</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Francis Crick</a>&nbsp;suggested what is now accepted as the first correct double-helix model of&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_structure_of_Nucleic_Acids" title="Molecular structure of Nucleic Acids" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">DNA structure</a>&nbsp;in the journal&nbsp;<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Nature</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FWPUB_5-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-FWPUB-5" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[5]</a></sup>&nbsp;Their double-helix, molecular model of DNA was then based on a single&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_diffraction" title="X-ray diffraction" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">X-ray diffraction</a>&nbsp;image (labeled as &quot;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photo_51" title="Photo 51" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Photo 51</a>&quot;)<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-169" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[169]</a></sup>&nbsp;taken by&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin" title="Rosalind Franklin" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Rosalind Franklin</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Gosling" title="Raymond Gosling" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Raymond Gosling</a>&nbsp;in May 1952, as well as the information that the DNA bases are paired&nbsp;&mdash; also obtained through private communications from Erwin Chargaff in the previous years.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chargaff%27s_rules" title="Chargaff's rules" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Chargaff's rules</a>&nbsp;played a very important role in establishing double-helix configurations for B-DNA as well as A-DNA.</p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">Experimental evidence supporting the Watson and Crick model was published in a series of five articles in the same issue of&nbsp;<i>Nature</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-NatureDNA50_170-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-NatureDNA50-170" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[170]</a></sup>&nbsp;Of these, Franklin and Gosling's paper was the first publication of their own X-ray diffraction data and original analysis method that partially supported the Watson and Crick model;<sup id="cite_ref-NatFranGos_41-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-NatFranGos-41" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[41]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-171" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[171]</a></sup>&nbsp;this issue also contained an article on DNA structure by&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" title="Maurice Wilkins" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Maurice Wilkins</a>&nbsp;and two of his colleagues, whose analysis and&nbsp;<i>in vivo</i>&nbsp;B-DNA X-ray patterns also supported the presence&nbsp;<i>in vivo</i>&nbsp;of the double-helical DNA configurations as proposed by Crick and Watson for their double-helix molecular model of DNA in the previous two pages of&nbsp;<i>Nature</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-NatWilk_42-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-NatWilk-42" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[42]</a></sup>&nbsp;In 1962, after Franklin's death, Watson, Crick, and Wilkins jointly received the Nobel Prize in&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Physiology or Medicine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-172" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[172]</a></sup>&nbsp;Nobel Prizes were awarded only to living recipients at the time. A debate continues about who should receive credit for the discovery.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-173" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[173]</a></sup></p> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">In an influential presentation in 1957, Crick laid out the&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_dogma_of_molecular_biology" title="Central dogma of molecular biology" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">central dogma of molecular biology</a>, which foretold the relationship between DNA, RNA, and proteins, and articulated the &quot;adaptor hypothesis&quot;.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-174" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[174]</a></sup>&nbsp;Final confirmation of the replication mechanism that was implied by the double-helical structure followed in 1958 through the Meselson&ndash;Stahl experiment.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-175" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[175]</a></sup>&nbsp;Further work by Crick and coworkers showed that the genetic code was based on non-overlapping triplets of bases, called codons, allowing&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Har_Gobind_Khorana" title="Har Gobind Khorana" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Har Gobind Khorana</a>,&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_W._Holley" title="Robert W. Holley" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Robert W. Holley</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Warren_Nirenberg" title="Marshall Warren Nirenberg" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Marshall Warren Nirenberg</a>&nbsp;to decipher the genetic code.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-176" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[176]</a></sup>&nbsp;These findings represent the birth of molecular biology.</p> <div style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; clear: both;">&nbsp;</div> <h2 style="background-image: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2> <div class="noprint tright portal" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170);"> <table style="font-size: 11.199999809265137px; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); line-height: 12px; max-width: 175px;"> <tbody> <tr valign="middle"> <td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TPI1_structure.png" class="image" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;"><img alt="Portal icon" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/TPI1_structure.png/32px-TPI1_structure.png" width="32" height="20" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/TPI1_structure.png/48px-TPI1_structure.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/TPI1_structure.png/64px-TPI1_structure.png 2x" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></td> <td style="padding: 0px 0.2em; vertical-align: middle; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Molecular_and_Cellular_Biology" title="Portal:Molecular and Cellular Biology" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Molecular and Cellular Biology portal</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="column-width" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; -webkit-column-width: 20em;"> <ul style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANAQMAAABb8jbLAAAABlBMVEX///8AUow5QSOjAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAABNJREFUCB1jYEABBQw/wLCAgQEAGpIDyT0IVcsAAAAASUVORK5CYII=);"> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autosome" title="Autosome" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Autosome</a></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystallography" title="Crystallography" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Crystallography</a></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA-encoded_chemical_library" title="DNA-encoded chemical library" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">DNA-encoded chemical library</a></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_microarray" title="DNA microarray" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">DNA microarray</a></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing" title="DNA sequencing" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">DNA sequencing</a></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_disorder" title="Genetic disorder" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Genetic disorder</a></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplotype" title="Haplotype" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Haplotype</a></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nucleic_acid_simulation_software" title="List of nucleic acid simulation software" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">List of nucleic acid simulation software</a>- Nucleic acid modeling</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Meiosis</a></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic_acid_double_helix" title="Nucleic acid double helix" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Nucleic acid double helix</a></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic_acid_notation" title="Nucleic acid notation" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Nucleic acid notation</a></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphoramidite" title="Phosphoramidite" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Phosphoramidite</a></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_blot" title="Southern blot" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Southern blot</a></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_scattering_techniques" title="X-ray scattering techniques" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">X-ray scattering techniques</a></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteopedia" title="Proteopedia" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Proteopedia</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.proteopedia.org/wiki/index.php/DNA" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">DNA</a></i></li> </ul> </div> <h2 style="background-image: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2> <div class="reflist references-column-width" style="font-size: 11.199999809265137px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; -webkit-column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit;"> <li id="cite_note-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Russell, Peter (2001).&nbsp;<i>iGenetics</i>. New York: Benjamin Cummings.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8053-4553-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8053-4553-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">0-8053-4553-1</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-2" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Saenger, Wolfram (1984).&nbsp;<i>Principles of Nucleic Acid Structure</i>. New York: Springer-Verlag.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-90762-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-387-90762-9" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">0-387-90762-9</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Alberts-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-Alberts_3-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-Alberts_3-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Alberts, Bruce; Alexander Johnson, Julian Lewis, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts and Peter Walters (2002).<i>Molecular Biology of the Cell; Fourth Edition</i>. New York and London: Garland Science.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8153-3218-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8153-3218-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">0-8153-3218-1</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">OCLC</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/145080076+48122761+57023651+69932405" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">145080076 48122761 57023651 69932405</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Butler-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-Butler_4-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Butler, John M. (2001).&nbsp;<i>Forensic DNA Typing</i>. Elsevier.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-147951-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-147951-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">978-0-12-147951-0</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">OCLC</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/223032110+45406517" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">223032110 45406517</a>.</span>pp. 14&ndash;15.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-FWPUB-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-FWPUB_5-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-FWPUB_5-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-FWPUB_5-2" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Watson J.D. and Crick F.H.C. (1953).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/dna50/watsoncrick.pdf" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); padding-right: 18px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">&quot;A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid&quot;</a>&nbsp;(PDF).&nbsp;<i>Nature</i>&nbsp;<b>171</b>(4356): 737&ndash;738.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1953Natur.171..737W" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">1953Natur.171..737W</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F171737a0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1038/171737a0</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13054692" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">13054692</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-6" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Mandelkern M, Elias J, Eden D, Crothers D (1981). &quot;The dimensions of DNA in solution&quot;.&nbsp;<i>J Mol Biol</i>&nbsp;<b>152</b>&nbsp;(1): 153&ndash;61.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0022-2836%2881%2990099-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1016/0022-2836(81)90099-1</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7338906" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">7338906</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-7" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Gregory S; Barlow, KF; McLay, KE; Kaul, R; Swarbreck, D; Dunham, A; Scott, CE; Howe, KL; Woodfine, K (2006). &quot;The DNA sequence and biological annotation of human chromosome 1&quot;.&nbsp;<i>Nature</i>&nbsp;<b>441</b>&nbsp;(7091): 315&ndash;21.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Natur.441..315G" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">2006Natur.441..315G</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature04727" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1038/nature04727</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16710414" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">16710414</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-autogenerated2_8-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Watson J.D. and Crick F.H.C. (1953).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/dna50/watsoncrick.pdf" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); padding-right: 18px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">&quot;A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid&quot;</a>&nbsp;(PDF).&nbsp;<i>Nature</i>&nbsp;<b>171</b>&nbsp;(4356): 737&ndash;738.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1953Natur.171..737W" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">1953Natur.171..737W</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F171737a0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1038/171737a0</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13054692" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">13054692</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 4 May 2009</span>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-berg-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-berg_9-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-berg_9-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-berg_9-2" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text">Berg J., Tymoczko J. and Stryer L. (2002)<i>Biochemistry.</i>&nbsp;W. H. Freeman and Company&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0716749556" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">ISBN 0-7167-4955-6</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-IUPAC-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-IUPAC_10-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/misc/naabb.html" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">Abbreviations and Symbols for Nucleic Acids, Polynucleotides and their Constituents</a>&nbsp;IUPAC-IUB Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature (CBN). Retrieved 3 January 2006.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Ghosh-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-Ghosh_11-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-Ghosh_11-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Ghosh A, Bansal M (2003). &quot;A glossary of DNA structures from A to Z&quot;.&nbsp;<i>Acta Crystallogr D</i>&nbsp;<b>59</b>&nbsp;(4): 620&ndash;6.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1107%2FS0907444903003251" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1107/S0907444903003251</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12657780" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">12657780</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-12" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text">Created from&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/cgi/explore.cgi?pdbId=1D65" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">PDB 1D65</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Yakovchuk2006-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-Yakovchuk2006_13-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Yakovchuk P, Protozanova E, Frank-Kamenetskii MD (2006).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1360284" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">&quot;Base-stacking and base-pairing contributions into thermal stability of the DNA double helix&quot;</a>.&nbsp;<i>Nucleic Acids Res.</i>&nbsp;<b>34</b>&nbsp;(2): 564&ndash;74.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkj454" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1093/nar/gkj454</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMC</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1360284" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">1360284</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16449200" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">16449200</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-14" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Verma S, Eckstein F (1998). &quot;Modified oligonucleotides: synthesis and strategy for users&quot;.&nbsp;<i>Annu. Rev. Biochem.</i><b>67</b>: 99&ndash;134.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.biochem.67.1.99" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1146/annurev.biochem.67.1.99</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9759484" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">9759484</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Kiljunen2005-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-Kiljunen2005_15-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Kiljunen S, Hakala K, Pinta E, Huttunen S, Pluta P, Gador A, L&ouml;nnberg H, Skurnik M (2005). &quot;Yersiniophage phiR1-37 is a tailed bacteriophage having a 270 kb DNA genome with thymidine replaced by deoxyuridine&quot;.<i>Microbiology</i>&nbsp;<b>151</b>&nbsp;(12): 4093&ndash;4102.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1099%2Fmic.0.28265-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1099/mic.0.28265-0</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16339954" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">16339954</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Simpson1998-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-Simpson1998_16-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Simpson L (1998).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC33841" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">&quot;A base called J&quot;</a>.&nbsp;<i>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</i>&nbsp;<b>95</b>&nbsp;(5): 2037&ndash;2038.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.95.5.2037" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1073/pnas.95.5.2037</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMC</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC33841" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">33841</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9482833" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">9482833</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Borst2008-17" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-Borst2008_17-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Borst P, Sabatini R (2008). &quot;Base J: discovery, biosynthesis, and possible functions&quot;.&nbsp;<i>Annual review of microbiology</i>&nbsp;<b>62</b>: 235&ndash;51.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.micro.62.081307.162750" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1146/annurev.micro.62.081307.162750</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18729733" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">18729733</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Cross1999-18" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-Cross1999_18-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Cross M, Kieft R, Sabatini R, Wilm M, de Kort M, der Marel GA, van Boom JH, van Leeuwen F, Borst P&nbsp;<i>et al.</i>(1999).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1171720" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">&quot;The modified base J is the target for a novel DNA-binding protein in kinetoplastid protozoans&quot;</a>.&nbsp;<i>EMBO J</i>&nbsp;<b>18</b>(22): 6573&ndash;6581.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Femboj%2F18.22.6573" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1093/emboj/18.22.6573</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMC</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1171720" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">1171720</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10562569" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10562569</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-DiPaolo2005-19" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-DiPaolo2005_19-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">DiPaolo C, Kieft R, Cross M, Sabatini R (2005). &quot;Regulation of trypanosome DNA glycosylation by a SWI2/SNF2-like protein&quot;.&nbsp;<i>Mol Cell</i>&nbsp;<b>17</b>&nbsp;(3): 441&ndash;451.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.molcel.2004.12.022" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1016/j.molcel.2004.12.022</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15694344" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">15694344</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Vainio2009-20" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-Vainio2009_20-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Vainio S, Genest PA, ter Riet B, van Luenen H, Borst P (2009). &quot;Evidence that J-binding protein 2 is a thymidine hydroxylase catalyzing the first step in the biosynthesis of DNA base J&quot;.&nbsp;<i>Molecular and biochemical parasitology</i>&nbsp;<b>164</b>(2): 157&ndash;61.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.molbiopara.2008.12.001" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1016/j.molbiopara.2008.12.001</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19114062" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">19114062</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Iyer2009-21" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-Iyer2009_21-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Iyer LM, Tahiliani M, Rao A, Aravind L (2009).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2995806" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">&quot;Prediction of novel families of enzymes involved in oxidative and other complex modifications of bases in nucleic acids&quot;</a>.<i>Cell Cycle</i>&nbsp;<b>8</b>&nbsp;(11): 1698&ndash;1710.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.4161%2Fcc.8.11.8580" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.4161/cc.8.11.8580</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMC</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2995806" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">2995806</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19411852" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">19411852</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-van_Luenen2012-22" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-van_Luenen2012_22-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Van Luenen HG, Farris C, Jan S, Genest PA, Tripathi P, Velds A, Kerkhoven RM, Nieuwland M, Haydock A&nbsp;<i>et al.</i>(2012).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3684241" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">&quot;Leishmania&quot;</a>.&nbsp;<i>Cell</i>&nbsp;<b>150</b>&nbsp;(5): 909&ndash;921.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2012.07.030" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1016/j.cell.2012.07.030</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMC</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3684241" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">3684241</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22939620" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">22939620</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Hazelbaker2012-23" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-Hazelbaker2012_23-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Hazelbaker DZ, Buratowski S (2012).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3648658" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">&quot;Transcription: base J blocks the way&quot;</a>.&nbsp;<i>Curr Biol</i>&nbsp;<b>22</b>&nbsp;(22): R960&ndash;2.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2012.10.010" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1016/j.cub.2012.10.010</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMC</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3648658" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">3648658</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23174300" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">23174300</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-24" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-24" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Wing R, Drew H, Takano T, Broka C, Tanaka S, Itakura K, Dickerson R (1980). &quot;Crystal structure analysis of a complete turn of B-DNA&quot;.&nbsp;<i>Nature</i>&nbsp;<b>287</b>&nbsp;(5784): 755&ndash;8.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1980Natur.287..755W" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">1980Natur.287..755W</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F287755a0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1038/287755a0</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7432492" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">7432492</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Pabo1984-25" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-Pabo1984_25-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-Pabo1984_25-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Pabo C, Sauer R (1984). &quot;Protein-DNA recognition&quot;.<i>Annu Rev Biochem</i>&nbsp;<b>53</b>: 293&ndash;321.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.bi.53.070184.001453" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1146/annurev.bi.53.070184.001453</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6236744" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">6236744</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-26" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-26" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Clausen-Schaumann H, Rief M, Tolksdorf C, Gaub H (2000).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1300792" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">&quot;Mechanical stability of single DNA molecules&quot;</a>.<i>Biophys J</i>&nbsp;<b>78</b>&nbsp;(4): 1997&ndash;2007.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000BpJ....78.1997C" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">2000BpJ....78.1997C</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0006-3495%2800%2976747-6" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1016/S0006-3495(00)76747-6</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMC</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1300792" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">1300792</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10733978" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10733978</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-27" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-27" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Chalikian T, V&ouml;lker J, Plum G, Breslauer K (1999).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC22151" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">&quot;A more unified picture for the thermodynamics of nucleic acid duplex melting: A characterization by calorimetric and volumetric techniques&quot;</a>.&nbsp;<i>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</i>&nbsp;<b>96</b>&nbsp;(14): 7853&ndash;8.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999PNAS...96.7853C" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">1999PNAS...96.7853C</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.96.14.7853" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1073/pnas.96.14.7853</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMC</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC22151" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">22151</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10393911" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10393911</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-28" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-28" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">deHaseth P, Helmann J (1995). &quot;Open complex formation by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase: the mechanism of polymerase-induced strand separation of double helical DNA&quot;.&nbsp;<i>Mol Microbiol</i>&nbsp;<b>16</b>&nbsp;(5): 817&ndash;24.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2958.1995.tb02309.x" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1111/j.1365-2958.1995.tb02309.x</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7476180" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">7476180</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-29" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-29" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Isaksson J, Acharya S, Barman J, Cheruku P, Chattopadhyaya J (2004). &quot;Single-stranded adenine-rich DNA and RNA retain structural characteristics of their respective double-stranded conformations and show directional differences in stacking pattern&quot;.&nbsp;<i>Biochemistry</i>&nbsp;<b>43</b>(51): 15996&ndash;6010.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fbi048221v" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1021/bi048221v</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15609994" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">15609994</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-30" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-30" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iubmb/newsletter/misc/DNA.html" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">Designation of the two strands of DNA</a>&nbsp;JCBN/NC-IUB Newsletter 1989. Retrieved 7 May 2008</span></li> <li id="cite_note-31" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-31" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">H&uuml;ttenhofer A, Schattner P, Polacek N (2005). &quot;Non-coding RNAs: hope or hype?&quot;.&nbsp;<i>Trends Genet</i>&nbsp;<b>21</b>&nbsp;(5): 289&ndash;97.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tig.2005.03.007" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1016/j.tig.2005.03.007</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15851066" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">15851066</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-32" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-32" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Munroe S (2004). &quot;Diversity of antisense regulation in eukaryotes: multiple mechanisms, emerging patterns&quot;.&nbsp;<i>J Cell Biochem</i>&nbsp;<b>93</b>&nbsp;(4): 664&ndash;71.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fjcb.20252" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1002/jcb.20252</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15389973" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">15389973</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-33" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-33" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Makalowska I, Lin C, Makalowski W (2005). &quot;Overlapping genes in vertebrate genomes&quot;.&nbsp;<i>Comput Biol Chem</i>&nbsp;<b>29</b>&nbsp;(1): 1&ndash;12.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.compbiolchem.2004.12.006" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2004.12.006</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15680581" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">15680581</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-34" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-34" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Johnson Z, Chisholm S (2004).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC525685" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">&quot;Properties of overlapping genes are conserved across microbial genomes&quot;</a>.&nbsp;<i>Genome Res</i>&nbsp;<b>14</b>&nbsp;(11): 2268&ndash;72.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.2433104" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1101/gr.2433104</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMC</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC525685" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">525685</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15520290" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">15520290</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-35" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-35" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Lamb R, Horvath C (1991). &quot;Diversity of coding strategies in influenza viruses&quot;.&nbsp;<i>Trends Genet</i>&nbsp;<b>7</b>&nbsp;(8): 261&ndash;6.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0168-9525%2891%2990326-L" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1016/0168-9525(91)90326-L</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1771674" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">1771674</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-36" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-36" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Benham C, Mielke S (2005). &quot;DNA mechanics&quot;.&nbsp;<i>Annu Rev Biomed Eng</i>&nbsp;<b>7</b>: 21&ndash;53.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.bioeng.6.062403.132016" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1146/annurev.bioeng.6.062403.132016</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16004565" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">16004565</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Champoux-37" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-Champoux_37-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-Champoux_37-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Champoux J (2001). &quot;DNA topoisomerases: structure, function, and mechanism&quot;.&nbsp;<i>Annu Rev Biochem</i><b>70</b>: 369&ndash;413.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.biochem.70.1.369" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1146/annurev.biochem.70.1.369</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11395412" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">11395412</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Wang-38" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-Wang_38-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-Wang_38-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Wang J (2002). &quot;Cellular roles of DNA topoisomerases: a molecular perspective&quot;.&nbsp;<i>Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol</i>&nbsp;<b>3</b>&nbsp;(6): 430&ndash;40.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrm831" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1038/nrm831</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12042765" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">12042765</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-39" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-39" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Basu H, Feuerstein B, Zarling D, Shafer R, Marton L (1988). &quot;Recognition of Z-RNA and Z-DNA determinants by polyamines in solution: experimental and theoretical studies&quot;.&nbsp;<i>J Biomol Struct Dyn</i>&nbsp;<b>6</b>&nbsp;(2): 299&ndash;309.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F07391102.1988.10507714" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1080/07391102.1988.10507714</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2482766" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">2482766</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-40" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-40" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Franklin RE, Gosling RG (6 March 1953).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20070612083334/http://hekto.med.unc.edu:8080/CARTER/carter_WWW/Bioch_134/PDF_files/Franklin_Gossling.pdf" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); padding-right: 18px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">&quot;The Structure of Sodium Thymonucleate Fibres I. The Influence of Water Content&quot;</a>.&nbsp;<i>Acta Crystallogr</i>&nbsp;<b>6</b>&nbsp;(8&ndash;9): 673&ndash;7.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1107%2FS0365110X53001939" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1107/S0365110X53001939</a>. Archived from&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hekto.med.unc.edu:8080/CARTER/carter_WWW/Bioch_134/PDF_files/Franklin_Gossling.pdf" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); padding-right: 18px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">the original</a>&nbsp;on 2007-06-12.</span><br /> <span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Franklin RE, Gosling RG (1953). &quot;The structure of sodium thymonucleate fibres. II. The cylindrically symmetrical Patterson function&quot;.&nbsp;<i>Acta Crystallogr</i>&nbsp;<b>6</b>&nbsp;(8&ndash;9): 678&ndash;85.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1107%2FS0365110X53001940" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1107/S0365110X53001940</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-NatFranGos-41" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-NatFranGos_41-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-NatFranGos_41-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Franklin, Rosalind and Gosling, Raymond (1953).<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/dna50/franklingosling.pdf" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); padding-right: 18px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">&quot;Molecular Configuration in Sodium Thymonucleate. Franklin R. and Gosling R.G&quot;</a>&nbsp;(PDF).&nbsp;<i>Nature</i>&nbsp;<b>171</b>(4356): 740&ndash;1.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1953Natur.171..740F" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">1953Natur.171..740F</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F171740a0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1038/171740a0</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13054694" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">13054694</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-NatWilk-42" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-NatWilk_42-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-NatWilk_42-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Wilkins M.H.F., A.R. Stokes A.R. &amp; Wilson, H.R. (1953).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/dna50/wilkins.pdf" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); padding-right: 18px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">&quot;Molecular Structure of Deoxypentose Nucleic Acids&quot;</a>&nbsp;(PDF).&nbsp;<i>Nature</i>&nbsp;<b>171</b>&nbsp;(4356): 738&ndash;740.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1953Natur.171..738W" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">1953Natur.171..738W</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F171738a0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1038/171738a0</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13054693" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">13054693</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-43" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-43" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Leslie AG, Arnott S, Chandrasekaran R, Ratliff RL (1980). &quot;Polymorphism of DNA double helices&quot;.&nbsp;<i>J. Mol. Biol.</i>&nbsp;<b>143</b>&nbsp;(1): 49&ndash;72.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0022-2836%2880%2990124-2" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1016/0022-2836(80)90124-2</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7441761" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">7441761</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-44" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-44" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Baianu, I.C. (1980). &quot;Structural Order and Partial Disorder in Biological systems&quot;.&nbsp;<i>Bull. Math. Biol.</i>&nbsp;<b>42</b>&nbsp;(4): 137&ndash;141.</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://cogprints.org/3822/" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">http://cogprints.org/3822/</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-45" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-45" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text">Hosemann R., Bagchi R.N.,&nbsp;<i>Direct analysis of diffraction by matter</i>, North-Holland Publs., Amsterdam&nbsp;&ndash; New York, 1962.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-46" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-46" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Baianu, I.C. (1978). &quot;X-ray scattering by partially disordered membrane systems&quot;.&nbsp;<i>Acta Crystallogr A</i>&nbsp;<b>34</b>&nbsp;(5): 751&ndash;753.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978AcCrA..34..751B" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">1978AcCrA..34..751B</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1107%2FS0567739478001540" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1107/S0567739478001540</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-47" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-47" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Wahl M, Sundaralingam M (1997). &quot;Crystal structures of A-DNA duplexes&quot;.&nbsp;<i>Biopolymers</i>&nbsp;<b>44</b>&nbsp;(1): 45&ndash;63.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291097-0282%281997%2944%3A1%3C45%3A%3AAID-BIP4%3E3.0.CO%3B2-%23" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1002/(SICI)1097-0282(1997)44:1&lt;45::AID-BIP4&gt;3.0.CO;2-#</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9097733" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">9097733</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-48" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-48" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Lu XJ, Shakked Z, Olson WK (2000). &quot;A-form conformational motifs in ligand-bound DNA structures&quot;.&nbsp;<i>J. Mol. Biol.</i>&nbsp;<b>300</b>&nbsp;(4): 819&ndash;40.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1006%2Fjmbi.2000.3690" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1006/jmbi.2000.3690</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10891271" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10891271</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-49" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-49" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Rothenburg S, Koch-Nolte F, Haag F (2001). &quot;DNA methylation and Z-DNA formation as mediators of quantitative differences in the expression of&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allele" title="Allele" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">alleles</a>&quot;.<i>Immunol Rev</i>&nbsp;<b>184</b>: 286&ndash;98.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1034%2Fj.1600-065x.2001.1840125.x" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1034/j.1600-065x.2001.1840125.x</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12086319" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">12086319</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-50" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-50" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Oh D, Kim Y, Rich A (2002).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC139201" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">&quot;Z-DNA-binding proteins can act as potent effectors of gene expression in vivo&quot;</a>.<i>Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.</i>&nbsp;<b>99</b>&nbsp;(26): 16666&ndash;71.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002PNAS...9916666O" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">2002PNAS...9916666O</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.262672699" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1073/pnas.262672699</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMC</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC139201" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">139201</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12486233" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">12486233</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-arsenic_extremophile-51" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-arsenic_extremophile_51-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-arsenic_extremophile_51-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-11886943" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">&quot;Arsenic-loving bacteria may help in hunt for alien life&quot;</a>.&nbsp;<i>BBC News</i>. 2 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2 December 2010</span>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Space-52" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-Space_52-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-Space_52-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Bortman, Henry (2 December 2010).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/arsenic-bacteria-alien-life-101202.html" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">&quot;Arsenic-Eating Bacteria Opens New Possibilities for Alien Life&quot;</a>.<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.space.com/" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">Space.Com web site</a></i>&nbsp;(Space.com)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2 December 2010</span>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-53" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-53" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Katsnelson, Alla (2 December 2010).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/news/2010/101202/full/news.2010.645.html" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">&quot;Arsenic-eating microbe may redefine chemistry of life&quot;</a>.&nbsp;<i>Nature News</i>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnews.2010.645" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1038/news.2010.645</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Nature-54" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-Nature_54-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">&lt;Please add first missing authors to populate metadata.&gt;, Cressey (3 October 2012). &quot;'Arsenic-life' Bacterium Prefers Phosphorus after all&quot;.&nbsp;<i>Nature News</i>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnews.2012.11520" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1038/news.2012.11520</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Greider-55" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-Greider_55-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-Greider_55-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Greider C, Blackburn E (1985). &quot;Identification of a specific telomere terminal transferase activity in Tetrahymena extracts&quot;.&nbsp;<i>Cell</i>&nbsp;<b>43</b>&nbsp;(2 Pt 1): 405&ndash;13.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0092-8674%2885%2990170-9" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1016/0092-8674(85)90170-9</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3907856" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">3907856</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Nugent-56" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-Nugent_56-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-Nugent_56-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-Nugent_56-2" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Nugent C, Lundblad V (1998). &quot;The telomerase reverse transcriptase: components and regulation&quot;.&nbsp;<i>Genes Dev</i>&nbsp;<b>12</b>&nbsp;(8): 1073&ndash;85.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1101%2Fgad.12.8.1073" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1101/gad.12.8.1073</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9553037" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">9553037</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-57" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-57" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Wright W, Tesmer V, Huffman K, Levene S, Shay J (1997).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC316649" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">&quot;Normal human chromosomes have long G-rich telomeric overhangs at one end&quot;</a>.&nbsp;<i>Genes Dev</i>&nbsp;<b>11</b>&nbsp;(21): 2801&ndash;9.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1101%2Fgad.11.21.2801" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1101/gad.11.21.2801</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMC</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC316649" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">316649</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9353250" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">9353250</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-58" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-58" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text">Created from&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ndbserver.rutgers.edu/atlas/xray/structures/U/ud0017/ud0017.html" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">NDB UD0017</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Burge-59" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-Burge_59-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-Burge_59-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Burge S, Parkinson G, Hazel P, Todd A, Neidle S (2006).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1636468" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">&quot;Quadruplex DNA: sequence, topology and structure&quot;</a>.&nbsp;<i>Nucleic Acids Res</i>&nbsp;<b>34</b>&nbsp;(19): 5402&ndash;15.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkl655" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1093/nar/gkl655</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMC</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1636468" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">1636468</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17012276" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">17012276</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-60" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-60" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Parkinson G, Lee M, Neidle S (2002). &quot;Crystal structure of parallel quadruplexes from human telomeric DNA&quot;.&nbsp;<i>Nature</i><b>417</b>&nbsp;(6891): 876&ndash;80.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature755" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1038/nature755</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12050675" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">12050675</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-61" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-61" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Griffith J, Comeau L, Rosenfield S, Stansel R, Bianchi A, Moss H, de Lange T (1999). &quot;Mammalian telomeres end in a large duplex loop&quot;.&nbsp;<i>Cell</i>&nbsp;<b>97</b>&nbsp;(4): 503&ndash;14.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0092-8674%2800%2980760-6" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80760-6</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10338214" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10338214</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-62" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-62" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Seeman NC (2005).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3478329" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">&quot;DNA enables nanoscale control of the structure of matter&quot;</a>.&nbsp;<i>Q. Rev. Biophys.</i>&nbsp;<b>38</b>&nbsp;(4): 363&ndash;71.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS0033583505004087" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1017/S0033583505004087</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMC</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3478329" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">3478329</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16515737" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">16515737</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid7115900-63" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-pmid7115900_63-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Painter PC, Mosher LE, Rhoads C (1982). &quot;Low-frequency modes in the Raman spectra of proteins&quot;.<i>Biopolymers</i>&nbsp;<b>21</b>&nbsp;(7): 1469&ndash;72.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fbip.360210715" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1002/bip.360210715</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7115900" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">7115900</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Urabe_1983-64" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-Urabe_1983_64-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Urabe H, Tominaga Y, Kubota K (1983). &quot;Experimental evidence of collective vibrations in DNA double helix (Raman spectroscopy)&quot;.&nbsp;<i>Journal of Chemical Physics</i>&nbsp;<b>78</b>(10): 5937&ndash;5939.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983JChPh..78.5937U" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">1983JChPh..78.5937U</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1063%2F1.444600" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1063/1.444600</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid6466317-65" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-pmid6466317_65-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Chou KC (1984).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1143999" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">&quot;Low-frequency vibrations of DNA molecules&quot;</a>.&nbsp;<i>Biochem. J.</i>&nbsp;<b>221</b>&nbsp;(1): 27&ndash;31.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMC</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1143999" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">1143999</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6466317" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">6466317</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid2775828-66" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-pmid2775828_66-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Chou KC, Maggiora GM, Mao B (1989).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1280479" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">&quot;Quasi-continuum models of twist-like and accordion-like low-frequency motions in DNA&quot;</a>.&nbsp;<i>Biophys. J.</i>&nbsp;<b>56</b>&nbsp;(2): 295&ndash;305.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989BpJ....56..295C" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">1989BpJ....56..295C</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0006-3495%2889%2982676-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1016/S0006-3495(89)82676-1</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMC</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1280479" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">1280479</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2775828" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">2775828</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-67" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-67" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text">Hu Q, Rosenfeld MG. (2012) Epigenetic regulation of human embryonic stem cells. Front Genet. 3:238. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2012.00238.&nbsp;<a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23133442?dopt=Abstract" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">PMID 23133442</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-68" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-68" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Klose R, Bird A (2006). &quot;Genomic DNA methylation: the mark and its mediators&quot;.&nbsp;<i>Trends Biochem Sci</i>&nbsp;<b>31</b>&nbsp;(2): 89&ndash;97.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tibs.2005.12.008" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1016/j.tibs.2005.12.008</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16403636" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">16403636</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-69" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-69" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Bird A (2002). &quot;DNA methylation patterns and epigenetic memory&quot;.&nbsp;<i>Genes Dev</i>&nbsp;<b>16</b>&nbsp;(1): 6&ndash;21.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1101%2Fgad.947102" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1101/gad.947102</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11782440" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">11782440</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-70" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-70" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Walsh C, Xu G (2006). &quot;Cytosine methylation and DNA repair&quot;.&nbsp;<i>Curr Top Microbiol Immunol</i>. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology&nbsp;<b>301</b>: 283&ndash;315.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2F3-540-31390-7_11" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1007/3-540-31390-7_11</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-540-29114-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-540-29114-8" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">3-540-29114-8</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16570853" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">16570853</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-71" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-71" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Kriaucionis S, Heintz N (2009).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3263819" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">&quot;The nuclear DNA base 5-hydroxymethylcytosine is present in Purkinje neurons and the brain&quot;</a>.&nbsp;<i>Science</i>&nbsp;<b>324</b>&nbsp;(5929): 929&ndash;30.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Sci...324..929K" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">2009Sci...324..929K</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1169786" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1126/science.1169786</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMC</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3263819" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">3263819</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19372393" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">19372393</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-72" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-72" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Ratel D, Ravanat J, Berger F, Wion D (2006).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2754416" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">&quot;N6-methyladenine: the other methylated base of DNA&quot;</a>.<i>BioEssays</i>&nbsp;<b>28</b>&nbsp;(3): 309&ndash;15.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fbies.20342" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1002/bies.20342</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMC</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2754416" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">2754416</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16479578" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">16479578</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-73" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-73" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Gommers-Ampt J, Van Leeuwen F, de Beer A, Vliegenthart J, Dizdaroglu M, Kowalak J, Crain P, Borst P (1993). &quot;beta-D-glucosyl-hydroxymethyluracil: a novel modified base present in the DNA of the parasitic protozoan T. brucei&quot;.&nbsp;<i>Cell</i>&nbsp;<b>75</b>&nbsp;(6): 1129&ndash;36.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0092-8674%2893%2990322-H" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1016/0092-8674(93)90322-H</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8261512" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">8261512</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-74" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-74" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text">Created from&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/cgi/explore.cgi?pdbId=1JDG" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">PDB 1JDG</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-75" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-75" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Douki T, Reynaud-Angelin A, Cadet J, Sage E (2003). &quot;Bipyrimidine photoproducts rather than oxidative lesions are the main type of DNA damage involved in the genotoxic effect of solar UVA radiation&quot;.&nbsp;<i>Biochemistry</i>&nbsp;<b>42</b>(30): 9221&ndash;6.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fbi034593c" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1021/bi034593c</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12885257" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">12885257</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-76" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-76" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Cadet J, Delatour T, Douki T, Gasparutto D, Pouget J, Ravanat J, Sauvaigo S (1999). &quot;Hydroxyl radicals and DNA base damage&quot;.&nbsp;<i>Mutat Res</i>&nbsp;<b>424</b>&nbsp;(1&ndash;2): 9&ndash;21.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0027-5107%2899%2900004-4" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1016/S0027-5107(99)00004-4</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10064846" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10064846</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-77" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-77" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Beckman KB, Ames BN (1997). &quot;Oxidative decay of DNA&quot;.&nbsp;<i>J. Biol. Chem.</i>&nbsp;<b>272</b>&nbsp;(32): 19633&ndash;6.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.272.32.19633" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1074/jbc.272.32.19633</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9289489" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">9289489</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-78" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-78" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Valerie K, Povirk L (2003). &quot;Regulation and mechanisms of mammalian double-strand break repair&quot;.&nbsp;<i>Oncogene</i>&nbsp;<b>22</b>(37): 5792&ndash;812.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.onc.1206679" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1038/sj.onc.1206679</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12947387" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">12947387</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Weinberg-79" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-Weinberg_79-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Johnson, George (28 December 2010).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/28/health/28cancer.html" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">&quot;Unearthing Prehistoric Tumors, and Debate&quot;</a>.&nbsp;<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">The New York Times</a></i>. &quot;If we lived long enough, sooner or later we all would get cancer.&quot;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-80" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-80" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Alberts, B, Johnson A, Lewis J, et al. (2002).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26897/" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">&quot;The Preventable Causes of Cancer&quot;</a>.&nbsp;<i>Molecular biology of the cell</i>&nbsp;(4th ed.). New York: Garland Science.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8153-4072-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8153-4072-9" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">0-8153-4072-9</a>. &quot;A certain irreducible background incidence of cancer is to be expected regardless of circumstances: mutations can never be absolutely avoided, because they are an inescapable consequence of fundamental limitations on the accuracy of DNA replication, as discussed in Chapter 5. If a human could live long enough, it is inevitable that at least one of his or her cells would eventually accumulate a set of mutations sufficient for cancer to develop.&quot;</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-81" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-81" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text">Bernstein H, Payne CM, Bernstein C, Garewal H, Dvorak K (2008). Cancer and aging as consequences of un-repaired DNA damage. In: New Research on DNA Damages (Editors: Honoka Kimura and Aoi Suzuki) Nova Science Publishers, Inc., New York, Chapter 1, pp. 1-47. open access, but read only<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.novapublishers.com/catalog/product_info.php?products_id=43247" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAdUlEQVQYV2P4//8/Awxv3LThf0dXKxyD+DA5DEUg+tWrV2AaWTFcIboJyJrhCtGtRMcgebhpL2/4/v//Lvn//x+7IRjIfn8v+P/t055gxZgKPzaC8Y/nMYQVLpnM8f/zo3AqKfzyOOL/h/sh/59c9sBUSIyvAeRdJWjk4E//AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">https://www.novapublishers.com/catalog/product_info.php?products_id=43247</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1604565810" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">ISBN 1604565810</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781604565812" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">ISBN 978-1604565812</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-82" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-82" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Hoeijmakers JH (October 2009). &quot;DNA damage, aging, and cancer&quot;.&nbsp;<i>N. Engl. J. Med.</i>&nbsp;<b>361</b>&nbsp;(15): 1475&ndash;85.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMra0804615" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1056/NEJMra0804615</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19812404" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">19812404</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-83" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-83" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Freitas AA, de Magalh&atilde;es JP (2011). &quot;A review and appraisal of the DNA damage theory of ageing&quot;.&nbsp;<i>Mutat. Res.</i><b>728</b>&nbsp;(1&ndash;2): 12&ndash;22.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mrrev.2011.05.001" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1016/j.mrrev.2011.05.001</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21600302" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">21600302</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-84" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-84" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Ferguson L, Denny W (1991). &quot;The genetic toxicology of acridines&quot;.&nbsp;<i>Mutat Res</i>&nbsp;<b>258</b>&nbsp;(2): 123&ndash;60.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0165-1110%2891%2990006-H" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1016/0165-1110(91)90006-H</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1881402" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">1881402</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-85" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-85" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Stephens T, Bunde C, Fillmore B (2000). &quot;Mechanism of action in thalidomide teratogenesis&quot;.&nbsp;<i>Biochem Pharmacol</i><b>59</b>&nbsp;(12): 1489&ndash;99.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0006-2952%2899%2900388-3" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1016/S0006-2952(99)00388-3</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10799645" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10799645</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-86" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-86" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Jeffrey A (1985). &quot;DNA modification by chemical carcinogens&quot;.&nbsp;<i>Pharmacol Ther</i>&nbsp;<b>28</b>&nbsp;(2): 237&ndash;72.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0163-7258%2885%2990013-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1016/0163-7258(85)90013-0</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3936066" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">3936066</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-87" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-87" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Bra&ntilde;a M, Cacho M, Gradillas A, de Pascual-Teresa B, Ramos A (2001). &quot;Intercalators as anticancer drugs&quot;.&nbsp;<i>Curr Pharm Des</i>&nbsp;<b>7</b>&nbsp;(17): 1745&ndash;80.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2174%2F1381612013397113" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.2174/1381612013397113</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11562309" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">11562309</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-88" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-88" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Venter J; Adams, MD; Myers, EW; Li, PW; Mural, RJ; Sutton, GG; Smith, HO; Yandell, M; Evans, CA (2001). &quot;The sequence of the human genome&quot;.&nbsp;<i>Science</i>&nbsp;<b>291</b>(5507): 1304&ndash;51.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Sci...291.1304V" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">2001Sci...291.1304V</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1058040" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1126/science.1058040</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11181995" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">11181995</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-89" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-89" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Thanbichler M, Wang S, Shapiro L (2005). &quot;The bacterial nucleoid: a highly organized and dynamic structure&quot;.&nbsp;<i>J Cell Biochem</i>&nbsp;<b>96</b>&nbsp;(3): 506&ndash;21.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fjcb.20519" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1002/jcb.20519</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15988757" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">15988757</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-90" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-90" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Wolfsberg T, McEntyre J, Schuler G (2001). &quot;Guide to the draft human genome&quot;.&nbsp;<i>Nature</i>&nbsp;<b>409</b>&nbsp;(6822): 824&ndash;6.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F35057000" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1038/35057000</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11236998" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">11236998</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-91" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-91" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Gregory T (2005). &quot;The C-value enigma in plants and animals: a review of parallels and an appeal for partnership&quot;.&nbsp;<i>Ann Bot (Lond)</i>&nbsp;<b>95</b>&nbsp;(1): 133&ndash;46.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Faob%2Fmci009" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1093/aob/mci009</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15596463" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">15596463</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-92" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-92" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">The ENCODE Project Consortium (2007).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2212820" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">&quot;Identification and analysis of functional elements in 1% of the human genome by the ENCODE pilot project&quot;</a>.&nbsp;<i>Nature</i>&nbsp;<b>447</b>(7146): 799&ndash;816.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Natur.447..799B" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">2007Natur.447..799B</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature05874" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1038/nature05874</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMC</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2212820" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">2212820</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17571346" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">17571346</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-93" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-93" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text">Created from&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore/explore.do?structureId=1MSW" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">PDB 1MSW</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-94" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-94" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Pidoux A, Allshire R (2005).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1569473" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">&quot;The role of heterochromatin in centromere function&quot;</a>.&nbsp;<i>Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci</i>&nbsp;<b>360</b>&nbsp;(1455): 569&ndash;79.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2004.1611" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1098/rstb.2004.1611</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMC</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1569473" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">1569473</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15905142" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">15905142</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-95" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-95" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Harrison P, Hegyi H, Balasubramanian S, Luscombe N, Bertone P, Echols N, Johnson T, Gerstein M (2002).<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC155275" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">&quot;Molecular Fossils in the Human Genome: Identification and Analysis of the Pseudogenes in Chromosomes 21 and 22&quot;</a>.&nbsp;<i>Genome Res</i>&nbsp;<b>12</b>&nbsp;(2): 272&ndash;80.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.207102" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1101/gr.207102</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMC</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC155275" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">155275</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11827946" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">11827946</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-96" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-96" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Harrison P, Gerstein M (2002). &quot;Studying genomes through the aeons: protein families, pseudogenes and proteome evolution&quot;.&nbsp;<i>J Mol Biol</i>&nbsp;<b>318</b>&nbsp;(5): 1155&ndash;74.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0022-2836%2802%2900109-2" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1016/S0022-2836(02)00109-2</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12083509" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">12083509</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-97" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-97" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Alb&agrave; M (2001).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC150442" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">&quot;Replicative DNA polymerases&quot;</a>.<i>Genome Biol</i>&nbsp;<b>2</b>&nbsp;(1): reviews3002.1&ndash;reviews3002.4.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2Fgb-2001-2-1-reviews3002" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1186/gb-2001-2-1-reviews3002</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMC</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC150442" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">150442</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11178285" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">11178285</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-98" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-98" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Sandman K, Pereira S, Reeve J (1998). &quot;Diversity of prokaryotic chromosomal proteins and the origin of the nucleosome&quot;.&nbsp;<i>Cell Mol Life Sci</i>&nbsp;<b>54</b>&nbsp;(12): 1350&ndash;64.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs000180050259" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1007/s000180050259</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9893710" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">9893710</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-99" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-99" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Dame RT (2005). &quot;The role of nucleoid-associated proteins in the organization and compaction of bacterial chromatin&quot;.&nbsp;<i>Mol. Microbiol.</i>&nbsp;<b>56</b>&nbsp;(4): 858&ndash;70.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2958.2005.04598.x" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1111/j.1365-2958.2005.04598.x</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15853876" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">15853876</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-100" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-100" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Luger K, M&auml;der A, Richmond R, Sargent D, Richmond T (1997). &quot;Crystal structure of the nucleosome core particle at 2.8 A resolution&quot;.&nbsp;<i>Nature</i>&nbsp;<b>389</b>&nbsp;(6648): 251&ndash;60.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997Natur.389..251L" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">1997Natur.389..251L</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F38444" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1038/38444</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9305837" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">9305837</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-101" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-101" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Jenuwein T, Allis C (2001). &quot;Translating the histone code&quot;.&nbsp;<i>Science</i>&nbsp;<b>293</b>&nbsp;(5532): 1074&ndash;80.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1063127" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1126/science.1063127</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11498575" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">11498575</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-102" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-102" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Ito T (2003). &quot;Nucleosome assembly and remodelling&quot;.<i>Curr Top Microbiol Immunol</i>. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology&nbsp;<b>274</b>: 1&ndash;22.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-55747-7_1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1007/978-3-642-55747-7_1</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-44208-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-44208-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">978-3-540-44208-0</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12596902" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">12596902</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-103" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-103" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Thomas J (2001). &quot;HMG1 and 2: architectural DNA-binding proteins&quot;.&nbsp;<i>Biochem Soc Trans</i>&nbsp;<b>29</b>&nbsp;(Pt 4): 395&ndash;401.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1042%2FBST0290395" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1042/BST0290395</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11497996" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">11497996</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-104" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-104" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Grosschedl R, Giese K, Pagel J (1994). &quot;HMG domain proteins: architectural elements in the assembly of nucleoprotein structures&quot;.&nbsp;<i>Trends Genet</i>&nbsp;<b>10</b>&nbsp;(3): 94&ndash;100.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0168-9525%2894%2990232-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1016/0168-9525(94)90232-1</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8178371" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">8178371</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-105" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-105" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Iftode C, Daniely Y, Borowiec J (1999). &quot;Replication protein A (RPA): the eukaryotic SSB&quot;.&nbsp;<i>Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol</i>&nbsp;<b>34</b>&nbsp;(3): 141&ndash;80.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F10409239991209255" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1080/10409239991209255</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10473346" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10473346</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-106" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-106" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text">Created from&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore/explore.do?structureId=1LMB" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">PDB 1LMB</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-107" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-107" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Myers L, Kornberg R (2000). &quot;Mediator of transcriptional regulation&quot;.&nbsp;<i>Annu Rev Biochem</i>&nbsp;<b>69</b>: 729&ndash;49.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.biochem.69.1.729" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1146/annurev.biochem.69.1.729</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10966474" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10966474</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-108" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-108" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Spiegelman B, Heinrich R (2004). &quot;Biological control through regulated transcriptional coactivators&quot;.&nbsp;<i>Cell</i>&nbsp;<b>119</b>(2): 157&ndash;67.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2004.09.037" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1016/j.cell.2004.09.037</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15479634" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">15479634</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-109" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-109" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Li Z, Van Calcar S, Qu C, Cavenee W, Zhang M, Ren B (2003).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC166200" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">&quot;A global transcriptional regulatory role for c-Myc in Burkitt's lymphoma cells&quot;</a>.&nbsp;<i>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</i><b>100</b>&nbsp;(14): 8164&ndash;9.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003PNAS..100.8164L" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">2003PNAS..100.8164L</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1332764100" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1073/pnas.1332764100</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMC</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC166200" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">166200</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12808131" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">12808131</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-110" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-110" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text">Created from&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore/explore.do?structureId=1RVA" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">PDB 1RVA</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-111" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-111" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Bickle T, Kr&uuml;ger D (1993).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC372918" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">&quot;Biology of DNA restriction&quot;</a>.<i>Microbiol Rev</i>&nbsp;<b>57</b>&nbsp;(2): 434&ndash;50.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMC</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC372918" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">372918</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8336674" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">8336674</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Doherty-112" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-Doherty_112-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-Doherty_112-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Doherty A, Suh S (2000).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC113121" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">&quot;Structural and mechanistic conservation in DNA ligases&quot;</a>.&nbsp;<i>Nucleic Acids Res</i>&nbsp;<b>28</b>(21): 4051&ndash;8.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2F28.21.4051" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1093/nar/28.21.4051</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMC</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC113121" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">113121</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11058099" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">11058099</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-113" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-113" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Schoeffler A, Berger J (2005). &quot;Recent advances in understanding structure-function relationships in the type II topoisomerase mechanism&quot;.&nbsp;<i>Biochem Soc Trans</i>&nbsp;<b>33</b>&nbsp;(Pt 6): 1465&ndash;70.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1042%2FBST20051465" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1042/BST20051465</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16246147" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">16246147</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-114" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-114" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Tuteja N, Tuteja R (2004). &quot;Unraveling DNA helicases. Motif, structure, mechanism and function&quot;.&nbsp;<i>Eur J Biochem</i><b>271</b>&nbsp;(10): 1849&ndash;63.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1432-1033.2004.04094.x" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1111/j.1432-1033.2004.04094.x</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15128295" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">15128295</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Joyce-115" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-Joyce_115-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Joyce C, Steitz T (1995).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC177480" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">&quot;Polymerase structures and function: variations on a theme?&quot;</a>.&nbsp;<i>J Bacteriol</i>&nbsp;<b>177</b>&nbsp;(22): 6321&ndash;9.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMC</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC177480" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">177480</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7592405" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">7592405</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-116" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-116" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Hubscher U, Maga G, Spadari S (2002). &quot;Eukaryotic DNA polymerases&quot;.&nbsp;<i>Annu Rev Biochem</i>&nbsp;<b>71</b>: 133&ndash;63.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.biochem.71.090501.150041" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1146/annurev.biochem.71.090501.150041</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12045093" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">12045093</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-117" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-117" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Johnson A, O'Donnell M (2005). &quot;Cellular DNA replicases: components and dynamics at the replication fork&quot;.&nbsp;<i>Annu Rev Biochem</i>&nbsp;<b>74</b>: 283&ndash;315.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.biochem.73.011303.073859" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1146/annurev.biochem.73.011303.073859</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15952889" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">15952889</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-118" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-118" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Tarrago-Litvak L, Andr&eacute;ola M, Nevinsky G, Sarih-Cottin L, Litvak S (1 May 1994). &quot;The reverse transcriptase of HIV-1: from enzymology to therapeutic intervention&quot;.<i>FASEB J</i>&nbsp;<b>8</b>&nbsp;(8): 497&ndash;503.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7514143" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">7514143</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-119" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-119" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Martinez E (2002). &quot;Multi-protein complexes in eukaryotic gene transcription&quot;.&nbsp;<i>Plant Mol Biol</i>&nbsp;<b>50</b>&nbsp;(6): 925&ndash;47.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1021258713850" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1023/A:1021258713850</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12516863" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">12516863</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-120" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-120" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text">Created from&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore/explore.do?structureId=1M6G" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">PDB 1M6G</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-121" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-121" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Cremer T, Cremer C (2001). &quot;Chromosome territories, nuclear architecture and gene regulation in mammalian cells&quot;.&nbsp;<i>Nat Rev Genet</i>&nbsp;<b>2</b>&nbsp;(4): 292&ndash;301.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F35066075" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1038/35066075</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11283701" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">11283701</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-122" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-122" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">P&aacute;l C, Papp B, Lercher M (2006). &quot;An integrated view of protein evolution&quot;.&nbsp;<i>Nat Rev Genet</i>&nbsp;<b>7</b>&nbsp;(5): 337&ndash;48.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrg1838" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1038/nrg1838</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16619049" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">16619049</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-123" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-123" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">O'Driscoll M, Jeggo P (2006). &quot;The role of double-strand break repair&nbsp;&ndash; insights from human genetics&quot;.&nbsp;<i>Nat Rev Genet</i>&nbsp;<b>7</b>&nbsp;(1): 45&ndash;54.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrg1746" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1038/nrg1746</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16369571" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">16369571</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-124" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-124" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Visp&eacute; S, Defais M (1997). &quot;Mammalian Rad51 protein: a RecA homologue with pleiotropic functions&quot;.&nbsp;<i>Biochimie</i>&nbsp;<b>79</b>(9&ndash;10): 587&ndash;92.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0300-9084%2897%2982007-X" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1016/S0300-9084(97)82007-X</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9466696" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">9466696</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-125" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-125" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Neale MJ, Keeney S (2006). &quot;Clarifying the mechanics of DNA strand exchange in meiotic recombination&quot;.&nbsp;<i>Nature</i><b>442</b>&nbsp;(7099): 153&ndash;8.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Natur.442..153N" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">2006Natur.442..153N</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature04885" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1038/nature04885</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16838012" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">16838012</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-126" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-126" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Dickman M, Ingleston S, Sedelnikova S, Rafferty J, Lloyd R, Grasby J, Hornby D (2002). &quot;The RuvABC resolvasome&quot;.&nbsp;<i>Eur J Biochem</i>&nbsp;<b>269</b>&nbsp;(22): 5492&ndash;501.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1432-1033.2002.03250.x" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1046/j.1432-1033.2002.03250.x</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12423347" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">12423347</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-127" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-autogenerated1_127-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Joyce G (2002). &quot;The antiquity of RNA-based evolution&quot;.<i>Nature</i>&nbsp;<b>418</b>&nbsp;(6894): 214&ndash;21.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F418214a" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1038/418214a</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12110897" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">12110897</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-128" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-128" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Orgel L (2004). &quot;Prebiotic chemistry and the origin of the RNA world&quot;.&nbsp;<i>Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol</i>&nbsp;<b>39</b>&nbsp;(2): 99&ndash;123.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F10409230490460765" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1080/10409230490460765</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15217990" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">15217990</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-129" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-129" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Davenport R (2001). &quot;Ribozymes. Making copies in the RNA world&quot;.&nbsp;<i>Science</i>&nbsp;<b>292</b>&nbsp;(5520): 1278.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.292.5520.1278a" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1126/science.292.5520.1278a</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11360970" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">11360970</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-130" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-130" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Szathm&aacute;ry E (1992).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC48712" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">&quot;What is the optimum size for the genetic alphabet?&quot;</a>.&nbsp;<i>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</i>&nbsp;<b>89</b>&nbsp;(7): 2614&ndash;8.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992PNAS...89.2614S" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">1992PNAS...89.2614S</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.89.7.2614" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1073/pnas.89.7.2614</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMC</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC48712" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">48712</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1372984" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">1372984</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-131" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-131" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Lindahl T (1993). &quot;Instability and decay of the primary structure of DNA&quot;.&nbsp;<i>Nature</i>&nbsp;<b>362</b>&nbsp;(6422): 709&ndash;15.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993Natur.362..709L" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">1993Natur.362..709L</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F362709a0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1038/362709a0</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8469282" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">8469282</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-132" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-132" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Vreeland R, Rosenzweig W, Powers D (2000). &quot;Isolation of a 250 million-year-old halotolerant bacterium from a primary salt crystal&quot;.&nbsp;<i>Nature</i>&nbsp;<b>407</b>&nbsp;(6806): 897&ndash;900.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F35038060" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1038/35038060</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11057666" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">11057666</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-133" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-133" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Hebsgaard M, Phillips M, Willerslev E (2005). &quot;Geologically ancient DNA: fact or artefact?&quot;.&nbsp;<i>Trends Microbiol</i>&nbsp;<b>13</b>&nbsp;(5): 212&ndash;20.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tim.2005.03.010" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1016/j.tim.2005.03.010</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15866038" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">15866038</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-134" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-134" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Nickle D, Learn G, Rain M, Mullins J, Mittler J (2002). &quot;Curiously modern DNA for a &quot;250 million-year-old&quot; bacterium&quot;.&nbsp;<i>J Mol Evol</i>&nbsp;<b>54</b>&nbsp;(1): 134&ndash;7.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00239-001-0025-x" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1007/s00239-001-0025-x</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11734907" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">11734907</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Callahan-135" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-Callahan_135-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Callahan, M.P.; Smith, K.E.; Cleaves, H.J.; Ruzica, J.; Stern, J.C.; Glavin, D.P.; House, C.H.; Dworkin, J.P. (11 August 2011).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/08/10/1106493108" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">&quot;Carbonaceous meteorites contain a wide range of extraterrestrial nucleobases&quot;</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNAS" title="PNAS" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PNAS</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1106493108" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1073/pnas.1106493108</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 15 August 2011</span>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Steigerwald-136" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-Steigerwald_136-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Steigerwald, John (8 August 2011).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasa.gov/topics/solarsystem/features/dna-meteorites.html" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">&quot;NASA Researchers: DNA Building Blocks Can Be Made in Space&quot;</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">NASA</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 10 August 2011</span>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-DNA-137" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-DNA_137-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;">ScienceDaily Staff (9 August 2011).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/08/110808220659.htm" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">&quot;DNA Building Blocks Can Be Made in Space, NASA Evidence Suggests&quot;</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ScienceDaily" title="ScienceDaily" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">ScienceDaily</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 9 August 2011</span>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-138" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-138" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Goff SP, Berg P (1976). &quot;Construction of hybrid viruses containing SV40 and lambda phage DNA segments and their propagation in cultured monkey cells&quot;.&nbsp;<i>Cell</i>&nbsp;<b>9</b>&nbsp;(4 PT 2): 695&ndash;705.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0092-8674%2876%2990133-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1016/0092-8674(76)90133-1</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/189942" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">189942</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-139" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-139" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Houdebine L (2007). &quot;Transgenic animal models in biomedical research&quot;.&nbsp;<i>Methods Mol Biol</i>&nbsp;<b>360</b>: 163&ndash;202.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1385%2F1-59745-165-7%3A163" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1385/1-59745-165-7:163</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59745-165-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-59745-165-7" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">1-59745-165-7</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17172731" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">17172731</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-140" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-140" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Daniell H, Dhingra A (2002).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3481857" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">&quot;Multigene engineering: dawn of an exciting new era in biotechnology&quot;</a>.&nbsp;<i>Curr Opin Biotechnol</i>&nbsp;<b>13</b>&nbsp;(2): 136&ndash;41.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0958-1669%2802%2900297-5" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1016/S0958-1669(02)00297-5</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMC</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3481857" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">3481857</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11950565" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">11950565</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-141" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-141" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Job D (2002). &quot;Plant biotechnology in agriculture&quot;.<i>Biochimie</i>&nbsp;<b>84</b>&nbsp;(11): 1105&ndash;10.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0300-9084%2802%2900013-5" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1016/S0300-9084(02)00013-5</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12595138" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">12595138</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-142" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-142" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Collins A, Morton N (1994).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC44126" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">&quot;Likelihood ratios for DNA identification&quot;</a>.&nbsp;<i>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</i>&nbsp;<b>91</b>&nbsp;(13): 6007&ndash;11.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994PNAS...91.6007C" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">1994PNAS...91.6007C</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.91.13.6007" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1073/pnas.91.13.6007</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMC</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC44126" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">44126</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8016106" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">8016106</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-143" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-143" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Weir B, Triggs C, Starling L, Stowell L, Walsh K, Buckleton J (1997). &quot;Interpreting DNA mixtures&quot;.&nbsp;<i>J Forensic Sci</i>&nbsp;<b>42</b>&nbsp;(2): 213&ndash;22.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9068179" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">9068179</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-144" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-144" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Jeffreys A, Wilson V, Thein S (1985). &quot;Individual-specific 'fingerprints' of human DNA&quot;.&nbsp;<i>Nature</i>&nbsp;<b>316</b>&nbsp;(6023): 76&ndash;9.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985Natur.316...76J" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">1985Natur.316...76J</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F316076a0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1038/316076a0</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2989708" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">2989708</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-145" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-145" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20061214004903/http://www.forensic.gov.uk/forensic_t/inside/news/list_casefiles.php?case=1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">Colin Pitchfork&nbsp;&mdash; first murder conviction on DNA evidence also clears the prime suspect</a>&nbsp;Forensic Science Service Accessed 23 December 2006</span></li> <li id="cite_note-146" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-146" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://massfatality.dna.gov/Introduction/" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">&quot;DNA Identification in Mass Fatality Incidents&quot;</a>. National Institute of Justice. September 2006.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-147" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-147" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Baldi" title="Pierre Baldi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Baldi, Pierre</a>; Brunak, Soren (2001).&nbsp;<i>Bioinformatics: The Machine Learning Approach</i>. MIT Press.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-02506-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-02506-5" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">978-0-262-02506-5</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">OCLC</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/45951728" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">45951728</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-148" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-148" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text">Gusfield, Dan.&nbsp;<i>Algorithms on Strings, Trees, and Sequences: Computer Science and Computational Biology</i>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Cambridge University Press</a>, 15 January 1997.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521585194" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">ISBN 978-0-521-58519-4</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-149" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-149" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Sj&ouml;lander K (2004). &quot;Phylogenomic inference of protein molecular function: advances and challenges&quot;.<i>Bioinformatics</i>&nbsp;<b>20</b>&nbsp;(2): 170&ndash;9.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fbioinformatics%2Fbth021" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1093/bioinformatics/bth021</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14734307" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">14734307</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Mount-150" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-Mount_150-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Mount DM (2004).&nbsp;<i>Bioinformatics: Sequence and Genome Analysis</i>&nbsp;(2 ed.). Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87969-712-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-87969-712-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">0-87969-712-1</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">OCLC</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/55106399" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">55106399</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-151" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-151" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Rothemund PW (2006). &quot;Folding DNA to create nanoscale shapes and patterns&quot;.&nbsp;<i>Nature</i>&nbsp;<b>440</b>&nbsp;(7082): 297&ndash;302.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Natur.440..297R" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">2006Natur.440..297R</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature04586" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1038/nature04586</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16541064" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">16541064</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-152" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-152" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Andersen ES, Dong M, Nielsen MM (2009). &quot;Self-assembly of a nanoscale DNA box with a controllable lid&quot;.<i>Nature</i>&nbsp;<b>459</b>&nbsp;(7243): 73&ndash;6.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Natur.459...73A" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">2009Natur.459...73A</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature07971" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1038/nature07971</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19424153" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">19424153</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-153" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-153" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Ishitsuka Y, Ha T (2009). &quot;DNA nanotechnology: a nanomachine goes live&quot;.&nbsp;<i>Nat Nanotechnol</i>&nbsp;<b>4</b>&nbsp;(5): 281&ndash;2.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009NatNa...4..281I" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">2009NatNa...4..281I</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnnano.2009.101" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1038/nnano.2009.101</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19421208" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">19421208</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-154" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-154" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Aldaye FA, Palmer AL, Sleiman HF (2008). &quot;Assembling materials with DNA as the guide&quot;.&nbsp;<i>Science</i>&nbsp;<b>321</b>&nbsp;(5897): 1795&ndash;9.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Sci...321.1795A" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">2008Sci...321.1795A</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1154533" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1126/science.1154533</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18818351" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">18818351</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-155" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-155" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Wray G; Martindale, Mark Q. (2002).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC150454" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">&quot;Dating branches on the Tree of Life using DNA&quot;</a>.&nbsp;<i>Genome Biol</i>&nbsp;<b>3</b>&nbsp;(1): reviews0001.1&ndash;reviews0001.7.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1525-142X.1999.99010.x" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1046/j.1525-142X.1999.99010.x</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMC</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC150454" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">150454</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11806830" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">11806830</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-156" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-156" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><i>Lost Tribes of Israel</i>,&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_(TV_series)" title="Nova (TV series)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">NOVA</a>, PBS airdate: 22 February 2000. Transcript available from&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/transcripts/2706israel.html" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">PBS.org</a>. Retrieved 4 March 2006.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-157" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-157" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text">Kleiman, Yaakov.&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aish.com/societywork/sciencenature/the_cohanim_-_dna_connection.asp" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">&quot;The Cohanim/DNA Connection: The fascinating story of how DNA studies confirm an ancient biblical tradition&quot;.</a>&nbsp;<i>aish.com</i>&nbsp;(13 January 2000). Retrieved 4 March 2006.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-158" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-158" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text">Bhattacharya, Shaoni.&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn4908" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">&quot;Killer convicted thanks to relative's DNA&quot;.</a>&nbsp;<i>newscientist.com</i>&nbsp;(20 April 2004). Retrieved 22 December 06.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-159" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-159" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Goldman, Nick; Bertone, Paul; Chen, Siyuan; Dessimoz, Christophe; LeProust, Emily M.; Sipos, Botond; Birney, Ewan (23 January 2013).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3672958" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">&quot;Towards practical, high-capacity, low-maintenance information storage in synthesized DNA&quot;</a>.&nbsp;<i>Nature</i>&nbsp;<b>494</b>&nbsp;(7435): 77&ndash;80.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature11875" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1038/nature11875</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMC</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3672958" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">3672958</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23354052" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">23354052</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-160" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-160" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Naik, Gautam (24 January 2013).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887324539304578259883507543150.html" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">&quot;Storing Digital Data in DNA&quot;</a>.&nbsp;<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal" title="Wall Street Journal" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Wall Street Journal</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 24 January 2013</span>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-161" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-161" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Dahm R (2008). &quot;Discovering DNA: Friedrich Miescher and the early years of nucleic acid research&quot;.&nbsp;<i>Hum. Genet.</i><b>122</b>&nbsp;(6): 565&ndash;81.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00439-007-0433-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1007/s00439-007-0433-0</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17901982" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">17901982</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Yale_Jones_1953-162" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-Yale_Jones_1953_162-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Jones, Mary Ellen (September 1953).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2599350" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">&quot;Albrecht Kossel, A Biographical Sketch&quot;</a>.&nbsp;<i>Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine</i>&nbsp;(<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">National Center for Biotechnology Information</a>)<b>26</b>&nbsp;(1): 80&ndash;97.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMC</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2599350" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">2599350</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13103145" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">13103145</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-163" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-163" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Levene P, (1 December 1919). &quot;The structure of yeast nucleic acid&quot;.&nbsp;<i>J Biol Chem</i>&nbsp;<b>40</b>&nbsp;(2): 415&ndash;24.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-164" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-164" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Astbury W, (1947). &quot;Nucleic acid&quot;.&nbsp;<i>Symp. SOC. Exp. Biol.</i>&nbsp;<b>1</b>&nbsp;(66).</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Soyfer-165" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-Soyfer_165-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Valery N. Soyfer (2001). &quot;The consequences of political dictatorship for Russian science&quot;.&nbsp;<i>Nature Reviews Genetics</i><b>2</b>&nbsp;(9): 723&ndash;729.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F35088598" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1038/35088598</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11533721" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">11533721</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-166" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-166" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Lorenz MG, Wackernagel W (1994).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC372978" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">&quot;Bacterial gene transfer by natural genetic transformation in the environment&quot;</a>.&nbsp;<i>Microbiol. Rev.</i>&nbsp;<b>58</b>&nbsp;(3): 563&ndash;602.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMC</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC372978" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">372978</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7968924" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">7968924</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-167" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-167" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Avery O, MacLeod C, McCarty M (1944).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2135445" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">&quot;Studies on the Chemical Nature of the Substance Inducing Transformation of Pneumococcal Types: Induction of Transformation by a Desoxyribonucleic Acid Fraction Isolated from Pneumococcus Type Iii&quot;</a>.&nbsp;<i>J Exp Med</i>&nbsp;<b>79</b>(2): 137&ndash;158.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1084%2Fjem.79.2.137" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1084/jem.79.2.137</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMC</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2135445" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">2135445</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19871359" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">19871359</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-168" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-168" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Hershey A, Chase M (1952).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2147348" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">&quot;Independent Functions of Viral Protein and Nucleic Acid in Growth of Bacteriophage&quot;</a>.&nbsp;<i>J Gen Physiol</i>&nbsp;<b>36</b>&nbsp;(1): 39&ndash;56.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1085%2Fjgp.36.1.39" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1085/jgp.36.1.39</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMC</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2147348" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">2147348</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12981234" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">12981234</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-169" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-169" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text">The B-DNA X-ray pattern&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://osulibrary.oregonstate.edu/specialcollections/coll/pauling/dna/pictures/sci9.001.5.html" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">on the right of this linked image</a>&nbsp;was obtained by&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin" title="Rosalind Franklin" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Rosalind Franklin</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Gosling" title="Raymond Gosling" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Raymond Gosling</a>&nbsp;in May 1952 at high hydration levels of DNA and it has been labeled as &quot;Photo 51&quot;</span></li> <li id="cite_note-NatureDNA50-170" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-NatureDNA50_170-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text">Nature Archives&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/dna50/archive.html" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">Double Helix of DNA: 50 Years</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-171" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-171" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://osulibrary.oregonstate.edu/specialcollections/coll/pauling/dna/pictures/franklin-typeBphoto.html" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">&quot;Original X-ray diffraction image&quot;</a>. Osulibrary.oregonstate.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 6 February 2011</span>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-172" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-172" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1962/" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1962</a>Nobelprize .org Accessed 22 December 06</span></li> <li id="cite_note-173" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-173" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Brenda Maddox (23 January 2003).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biomath.nyu.edu/index/course/hw_articles/nature4.pdf" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); padding-right: 18px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">&quot;The double helix and the 'wronged heroine'&quot;</a>&nbsp;(PDF).&nbsp;<i>Nature</i>&nbsp;<b>421</b>&nbsp;(6921): 407&ndash;408.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature01399" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1038/nature01399</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12540909" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">12540909</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-174" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-174" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text">Crick, F.H.C.&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://genome.wellcome.ac.uk/assets/wtx030893.pdf" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); padding-right: 18px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">On degenerate templates and the adaptor hypothesis (PDF).</a>&nbsp;genome.wellcome.ac.uk (Lecture, 1955). Retrieved 22 December 2006.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-175" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-175" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Meselson M, Stahl F (1958).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC528642" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">&quot;The replication of DNA in Escherichia coli&quot;</a>.&nbsp;<i>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</i>&nbsp;<b>44</b>&nbsp;(7): 671&ndash;82.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1958PNAS...44..671M" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">1958PNAS...44..671M</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.44.7.671" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1073/pnas.44.7.671</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMC</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC528642" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">528642</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16590258" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">16590258</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-176" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-176" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1968/" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1968</a>Nobelprize.org Accessed 22 December 06</span></li> </ol> </div> <h2 style="background-image: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span></h2> <div class="refbegin references-column-width" style="font-size: 11.199999809265137px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; -webkit-column-width: 30em;"> <ul style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANAQMAAABb8jbLAAAABlBMVEX///8AUow5QSOjAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAABNJREFUCB1jYEABBQw/wLCAgQEAGpIDyT0IVcsAAAAASUVORK5CYII=);"> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Berry, Andrew;&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Watson" title="James Watson" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Watson, James</a>. (2003).&nbsp;<i>DNA: the secret of life</i>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-41546-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-375-41546-7" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">0-375-41546-7</a>.</span></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Calladine, Chris R.; Drew, Horace R.; Luisi, Ben F. and Travers, Andrew A. (2003).&nbsp;<i>Understanding DNA: the molecule &amp; how it works</i>. Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-155089-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-12-155089-3" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">0-12-155089-3</a>.</span></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Dennis, Carina; Julie Clayton (2003).&nbsp;<i>50 years of DNA</i>. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4039-1479-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-4039-1479-6" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">1-4039-1479-6</a>.</span></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Freeland_Judson" title="Horace Freeland Judson" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Judson, Horace F</a>. 1979.&nbsp;<i>The Eighth Day of Creation: Makers of the Revolution in Biology</i>. Touchstone Books,&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0671225405" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">ISBN 0-671-22540-5</a>. 2nd edition: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1996 paperback:&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0879694785" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">ISBN 0-87969-478-5</a>.</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Olby" title="Robert Olby" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Olby, Robert C.</a>&nbsp;(1994).&nbsp;<i>The path to the double helix: the discovery of DNA</i>. New York: Dover Publications.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-68117-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-68117-3" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">0-486-68117-3</a>.</span>, first published in October 1974 by MacMillan, with foreword by Francis Crick;the definitive DNA textbook,revised in 1994 with a 9 page postscript</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Micklas, David. 2003.&nbsp;<i>DNA Science: A First Course</i>. Cold Spring Harbor Press:&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780879696368" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">ISBN 978-0-87969-636-8</a></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Ridley" title="Matt Ridley" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Ridley, Matt</a>&nbsp;(2006).&nbsp;<i>Francis Crick: discoverer of the genetic code</i>. Ashland, OH: Eminent Lives, Atlas Books.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-082333-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-082333-X" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">0-06-082333-X</a>.</span></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Olby, Robert C. (2009).&nbsp;<i>Francis Crick: A Biography</i>. Plainview, N.Y: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87969-798-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-87969-798-9" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">0-87969-798-9</a>.</span></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Rosenfeld, Israel. 2010.&nbsp;<i>DNA: A Graphic Guide to the Molecule that Shook the World</i>. Columbia University Press:&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231142717" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">ISBN 978-0-231-14271-7</a></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Schultz, Mark and Zander Cannon. 2009.&nbsp;<i>The Stuff of Life: A Graphic Guide to Genetics and DNA</i>. Hill and Wang:&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0809089475" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">ISBN 0-8090-8947-5</a></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunther_Stent" title="Gunther Stent" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Stent, Gunther Siegmund</a>; Watson, James. (1980).&nbsp;<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Double_Helix" title="The Double Helix" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">The double helix: a personal account of the discovery of the structure of DNA</a></i>. New York: Norton.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-95075-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-95075-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">0-393-95075-1</a>.</span></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Watson, James. 2004.&nbsp;<i>DNA: The Secret of Life</i>. Random House:&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780099451846" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">ISBN 978-0-09-945184-6</a></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" title="Maurice Wilkins" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Wilkins, Maurice</a>&nbsp;(2003).&nbsp;<i>The third man of the double helix the autobiography of Maurice Wilkins</i>. Cambridge, Eng: University Press.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-860665-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-860665-6" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">0-19-860665-6</a>.</span></li> </ul> </div> <h2 style="background-image: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2> <table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks infobox bordered" cellspacing="5" cellpadding="0" style="border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 11.199999809265137px; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px 0px 1em 1em; padding: 0.2em; float: right; clear: right; text-align: center; line-height: 1.4em; border-collapse: collapse; font-family: sans-serif; width: auto; border-spacing: 0.4em 0px;"> <tbody> <tr> <th style="border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); vertical-align: top; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; line-height: 1.2em; background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239); font-size: 1em;">Library resources</th> </tr> <tr> <th style="border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); vertical-align: top; padding: 0.1em;">About DNA</th> </tr> <tr> <td class="plainlist" style="border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); vertical-align: top; padding: 0px 0.1em 0.4em;"> <ul style="line-height: inherit; list-style: none none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><a class="external text" href="http://tools.wmflabs.org/ftl/cgi-bin/ftl?st=&amp;su=DNA&amp;library=OLBP" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">Online books</a></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><a class="external text" href="http://tools.wmflabs.org/ftl/cgi-bin/ftl?st=&amp;su=DNA" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">Resources in your library</a></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><a class="external text" href="http://tools.wmflabs.org/ftl/cgi-bin/ftl?st=&amp;su=DNA&amp;library=0CHOOSE0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks" style="border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 11.199999809265137px; clear: right; float: right; margin: 4px 0px 4px 1em; width: 238px; line-height: 1.25em; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249);"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-image" style="border: none; padding: 2px 0px 2px 0.9em; text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Wikiquote-logo-en.svg/40px-Wikiquote-logo-en.svg.png" width="40" height="40" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Wikiquote-logo-en.svg/60px-Wikiquote-logo-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Wikiquote-logo-en.svg/80px-Wikiquote-logo-en.svg.png 2x" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" /></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist" style="border: none; padding: 0.25em 0.9em; width: 161.3249969482422px;">Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to:&nbsp;<i><b><a href="http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/DNA" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/DNA" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: none !important; padding: 0px !important;">DNA</a></b></i></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks" style="border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 11.199999809265137px; clear: right; float: right; margin: 4px 0px 4px 1em; width: 238px; line-height: 1.25em; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249);"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-image" style="border: none; padding: 2px 0px 2px 0.9em; text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="30" height="40" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" /></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist" style="border: none; padding: 0.25em 0.9em; width: 170.9250030517578px;">Wikimedia Commons has media related to:&nbsp;<i><b><a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:DNA" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:DNA" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: none !important; padding: 0px !important;">DNA</a></b></i></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div id="section_SpokenWikipedia" class="infobox sisterproject plainlinks haudio" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; float: right; clear: right; font-size: 11.199999809265137px; line-height: 1.5em; width: 20em; font-family: sans-serif;"> <div style="text-align: center; white-space: nowrap;"><b>Listen to this article</b>&nbsp;(<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dna.ogg" title="File:Dna.ogg" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none !important; padding: 0px !important;">info/dl</a>) <div class="center" style="width: 230.39999389648438px;"> <div class="floatnone" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"> <div class="mediaContainer" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; position: relative; width: 200px;"> <div class="mwPlayerContainer k-player" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); width: 200px; height: 23px; position: relative;"> <div class="videoHolder" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px; right: 0px; bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden;"> <div class="mwEmbedPlayer" id="mwe_player_0" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 200px; height: 23px; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px;"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf12/skins/common/images/icons/fileicon-ogg.png" class="playerPoster" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 88.5px; right: 0px; bottom: 0px; height: 23px; width: 23px;" alt="" /></div> <div title="Play clip" class="play-btn-large" style="margin-left: -35px; margin-right: auto; width: 70px; height: 55px; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf13/extensions/TimedMediaHandler/MwEmbedModules/EmbedPlayer/resources/skins/kskin/images/ksprite.png?2013-08-15T15:16:40Z); position: absolute; cursor: pointer; z-index: 1; border: none; left: 50%; top: 50%; margin-top: -27.5px; background-position: 0px -433px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">&nbsp;</div> </div> <div class="ui-state-default ui-widget-header ui-helper-clearfix control-bar block" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border-width: 0px 0px 1px 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(200, 200, 200); line-height: normal; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf13/extensions/TimedMediaHandler/MwEmbedModules/EmbedPlayer/resources/skins/kskin/images/ksprite.png?2013-08-15T15:16:40Z); color: rgb(85, 85, 85); border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(200, 200, 200); height: 20px; padding: 2px 0px 0px 6px; margin-top: 0px; font-size: 11px; font-family: arial, sans-serif; position: absolute; bottom: 0px; left: 0px; right: 0px; z-index: 2; background-position: 0px -81px; background-repeat: repeat no-repeat;"> <div title="Player options" class="ui-state-default ui-corner-bl rButton k-options" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; cursor: pointer; float: right; list-style: none outside none; margin-top: -2px; padding: 0px; width: 50px; height: 21px; position: relative; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-transform: uppercase; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170) !important; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: scroll !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-position: 0px 0px !important; background-repeat: repeat repeat !important;"><span style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; position: relative; top: 4px;">MENU</span></div> <div class="ui-slider ui-slider-horizontal rButton volume-slider ui-widget ui-widget-content ui-corner-all" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 0.8em; border: medium none; position: relative; text-align: left; height: 16px; cursor: pointer; float: right; list-style: none outside none; margin-top: 2px; padding: 0px; width: 20px; direction: ltr; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: scroll !important; background-color: transparent !important; border-top-left-radius: 5px !important; border-top-right-radius: 5px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 5px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 5px !important; background-position: 0px 0px !important; background-repeat: repeat repeat !important;"> <div class="ui-slider-range ui-widget-header ui-slider-range-min" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: 0px; line-height: 1em; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-weight: bold; position: absolute; z-index: 1; font-size: 0.7em; top: 0px; height: 17px; left: 0px; width: 16px; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf13/extensions/TimedMediaHandler/MwEmbedModules/EmbedPlayer/resources/skins/kskin/images/ksprite.png?2013-08-15T15:16:40Z) !important; background-attachment: scroll !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-position: -66px -306px !important; background-repeat: repeat no-repeat !important;">&nbsp;</div> </div> <div title="Volume control" class="ui-state-default ui-corner-all ui-icon_link rButton volume_control" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 2px; border: 0px; color: rgb(39, 121, 170); padding: 0px; position: relative; cursor: pointer; float: right; list-style: none outside none; margin-top: 2px; width: 16px; height: 16px; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: scroll !important; background-color: transparent !important; border-top-left-radius: 5px !important; border-top-right-radius: 5px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 5px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 5px !important; background-position: 0px 0px !important; background-repeat: repeat repeat !important;">&nbsp;</div> <div class="ui-widget time-disp" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; font-size: 11px; border: medium none; display: inline; line-height: 20px; overflow: hidden; width: 39px; float: right;">0:00</div> <div title="Play clip" class="ui-state-default ui-corner-all ui-icon_link lButton play-btn" style="margin: 2px; border: 0px; color: rgb(39, 121, 170); padding: 0px; position: relative; cursor: pointer; float: left; list-style: none outside none; width: 19px; height: 16px; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: scroll !important; background-color: transparent !important; border-top-left-radius: 5px !important; border-top-right-radius: 5px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 5px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 5px !important; background-position: 0px 0px !important; background-repeat: repeat repeat !important;">&nbsp;</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div style="float: left; margin-left: 5px;"> <div class="floatnone"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/45px-Sound-icon.svg.png" width="45" height="34" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/68px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/90px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" /></div> </div> <div style="font-size: xx-small; line-height: 1.6em; margin-left: 60px;">This audio file was created from a revision of the &quot;<span class="fn">DNA</span>&quot; article dated 2007-02-12, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" title="Wikipedia:Media help" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none !important; padding: 0px !important;">Audio help</a>)</div> <div style="text-align: center; clear: both;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles" title="Wikipedia:Spoken articles" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none !important; padding: 0px !important;">More spoken articles</a></b></div> </div> <p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">&nbsp;</p> <ul style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANAQMAAABb8jbLAAAABlBMVEX///8AUow5QSOjAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAABNJREFUCB1jYEABBQw/wLCAgQEAGpIDyT0IVcsAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;"> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dmoz.org/Science/Biology/Biochemistry_and_Molecular_Biology/Biomolecules/Nucleic_Acids/DNA//" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">DNA</a>&nbsp;at the&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Directory_Project" title="Open Directory Project" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Open Directory Project</a></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pipe.scs.fsu.edu/displar.html" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">DNA binding site prediction on protein</a></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/educational_games/medicine/dna_double_helix/" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">DNA the Double Helix Game</a>&nbsp;From the official Nobel Prize web site</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fidelitysystems.com/Unlinked_DNA.html" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">DNA under electron microscope</a></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnalc.org/" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">Dolan DNA Learning Center</a></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/dna50/archive.html" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">Double Helix: 50 years of DNA</a>,&nbsp;<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Nature</a></i></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteopedia" title="Proteopedia" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Proteopedia</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.proteopedia.org/wiki/index.php/DNA" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">DNA</a></i></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteopedia" title="Proteopedia" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Proteopedia</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.proteopedia.org/wiki/index.php/Forms_of_DNA" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">Forms_of_DNA</a></i></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/encode/" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">ENCODE threads explorer</a>&nbsp;ENCODE Home page.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Nature (journal)</a></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbe.reading.ac.uk/DNA50/" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">Double Helix 1953&ndash;2003</a>&nbsp;National Centre for Biotechnology Education</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genome.gov/10506718" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">Genetic Education Modules for Teachers</a>&mdash;<i>DNA from the Beginning</i>&nbsp;Study Guide</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PDB Molecule of the Month</a>&nbsp;<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/static.do?p=education_discussion/molecule_of_the_month/pdb23_1.html" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">pdb23_1</a></i></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mason.gmu.edu/~emoody/rfranklin.html" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">Rosalind Franklin's contributions to the study of DNA</a></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genome.gov/10506367" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">U.S. National DNA Day</a>&mdash;watch videos and participate in real-time chat with top scientists</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/packages/pdf/science/dna-article.pdf" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); padding-right: 18px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">Clue to chemistry of heredity found</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">The New York Times</a>&nbsp;June 1953. First American newspaper coverage of the discovery of the DNA structure</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Olby" title="Robert Olby" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Olby R</a>&nbsp;(2003). &quot;Quiet debut for the double helix&quot;.&nbsp;<i>Nature</i>&nbsp;<b>421</b>&nbsp;(6921): 402&ndash;5.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature01397" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1038/nature01397</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12540907" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">12540907</a>.</span></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnaftb.org/" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">DNA from the Beginning</a>&nbsp;Another DNA Learning Center site on DNA, genes, and heredity from Mendel to the human genome project.</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orpheus.ucsd.edu/speccoll/testing/html/mss0660a.html#abstract" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">The Register of Francis Crick Personal Papers 1938&nbsp;&ndash; 2007</a>&nbsp;at Mandeville Special Collections Library,&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Diego" title="University of California, San Diego" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">University of California, San Diego</a></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/polopoly_fs/7.9746!/file/Crick%20letter%20to%20Michael.pdf" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); padding-right: 18px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">Seven-page, handwritten letter that Crick sent to his 12-year-old son Michael in 1953 describing the structure of DNA.</a>&nbsp;See&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/news/crick-s-medal-goes-under-the-hammer-1.12705" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">Crick&rsquo;s medal goes under the hammer</a>, Nature, 5 April 2013.</li> </ul> d034779ecb45f2888501114f870cc67e99484e48 0 2687 4673 2013-08-25T01:56:52Z S 300001 Created page with "<div>Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a ubiquitous family of large biological molecules that perform multiple vital roles in the coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes. T..." wikitext text/x-wiki <div>Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a ubiquitous family of large biological molecules that perform multiple vital roles in the coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes. Together with DNA, RNA comprises the nucleic acids, which, along with proteins, constitute the three major macromolecules essential for all known forms of life. Like DNA, RNA is assembled as a chain of nucleotides, but is usually single-stranded. Cellular organisms use messenger RNA (mRNA) to convey genetic information (often notated using the letters G, A, U, and C for the nucleotides guanine, adenine, uracil and cytosine) that directs synthesis of specific proteins, while many viruses encode their genetic information using an RNA genome.</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>Some RNA molecules play an active role within cells by catalyzing biological reactions, controlling gene expression, or sensing and communicating responses to cellular signals. One of these active processes is protein synthesis, a &nbsp;universal function whereby mRNA molecules direct the assembly of proteins on ribosomes. This process uses transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules to deliver amino acids to the ribosome, where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) links amino acids together to form proteins.</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div><span style="font-size: large;">Comparison with DNA</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>Three-dimensional representation of the 50S ribosomal subunit. RNA is in ochre, protein in blue. The active site is in the middle (red).</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>The chemical structure of RNA is very similar to that of DNA, but differs in three main ways:</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>Unlike double-stranded DNA, RNA is a single-stranded molecule in many of its biological roles and has a much shorter chain of nucleotides. However, RNA can, by complementary base pairing, form intrastrand double helixes, as in tRNA.</div> <div>While DNA contains deoxyribose, RNA contains ribose (in deoxyribose there is no hydroxyl group attached to the pentose ring in the 2' position). These hydroxyl groups make RNA less stable than DNA because it is more prone to hydrolysis.</div> <div>The complementary base to adenine is not thymine, as it is in DNA, but rather uracil, which is an unmethylated form of thymine.[1]</div> <div>Like DNA, most biologically active RNAs, including mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, snRNAs, and other non-coding RNAs, contain self-complementary sequences that allow parts of the RNA to fold[2] and pair with itself to form double helices. Analysis of these RNAs has revealed that they are highly structured. Unlike DNA, their structures do not consist of long double helices but rather collections of short helices packed together into structures akin to proteins.&crarr;In this fashion, RNAs can achieve chemical catalysis, like enzymes.[3] For instance, determination of the structure of the ribosome&mdash;an enzyme that catalyzes peptide bond formation&mdash;revealed that its active site is composed entirely of RNA.[4]</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>Structure</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>Watson-Crick base pairs in a siRNA (hydrogen atoms are not shown)</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>Each nucleotide in RNA contains a ribose sugar, with carbons numbered 1' through 5'. A base is attached to the 1' position, in general, adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), or uracil (U). Adenine and guanine are purines, cytosine, and uracil are pyrimidines. A phosphate group is attached to the 3' position of one ribose and the 5' position of the next. The phosphate groups have a negative charge each at physiological pH, making RNA a charged molecule (polyanion). The bases may form hydrogen bonds between cytosine and guanine, between adenine and uracil and between guanine and uracil.[5] However, other interactions are possible, such as a group of adenine bases binding to each other in a bulge,[6]&crarr;or the GNRA tetraloop that has a guanine&ndash;adenine base-pair.[5]</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>Chemical structure of RNA</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>An important structural feature of RNA that distinguishes it from DNA is the presence of a hydroxyl group at the 2' position of the ribose sugar. The presence of this functional group causes the helix to adopt the A-form geometry rather than the B-form most commonly observed in DNA.[7] This results in a very deep and narrow major groove and a shallow and wide minor groove.[8] A second consequence of the presence of the 2'-hydroxyl group is that in conformationally flexible regions of an RNA molecule (that is, not involved in formation of a double helix), it can chemically attack the adjacent phosphodiester bond to cleave the backbone.[9]</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>Secondary structure of a telomerase RNA.</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>RNA is transcribed with only four bases (adenine, cytosine, guanine and uracil),[10] but these bases and attached sugars can be modified in numerous ways as the RNAs mature. Pseudouridine (&Psi;), in which the linkage between uracil and ribose is changed from a C&ndash;N bond to a C&ndash;C bond, and ribothymidine (T) are found in various places (the most notable ones being in the T&Psi;C loop of tRNA).[11] Another notable modified base is hypoxanthine, a deaminated adenine base whose nucleoside is called inosine (I). Inosine plays a key role in the wobble hypothesis of the genetic code.[12]</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>There are more than 100 other naturally occurring modified nucleosides,[13] The greatest structural diversity of modifications can be found in tRNA,[14] while pseudouridine and nucleosides with 2'-O-methylribose often present in rRNA are the most common.[15] The specific roles of many of these modifications in RNA are not fully understood. However, it is notable that, in ribosomal RNA, many of the post-transcriptional modifications occur in highly functional regions, such as the peptidyl transferase center and the subunit interface, implying that they are important for normal function.[16]</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>The functional form of single-stranded RNA molecules, just like proteins, frequently requires a specific tertiary structure. The scaffold for this structure is provided by secondary structural elements that are hydrogen bonds within the molecule. This leads to several recognizable &quot;domains&quot; of secondary structure like hairpin loops, bulges, and internal loops.[17] Since RNA is charged, metal ions such as Mg2+ are needed to stabilise many secondary and tertiary structures.[18]</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>Synthesis</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>Synthesis of RNA is usually catalyzed by an enzyme&mdash;RNA polymerase&mdash;using DNA as a template, a process known as transcription. Initiation of transcription begins with the binding of the enzyme to a promoter sequence in the DNA (usually found &quot;upstream&quot; of a gene). The DNA double helix is unwound by the helicase activity of the enzyme. The enzyme then progresses along the template strand in the 3&rsquo; to 5&rsquo; direction, synthesizing a complementary RNA molecule with elongation occurring in the 5&rsquo; to 3&rsquo; direction. The DNA sequence also dictates where termination of RNA synthesis will occur.[19]</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>RNAs are often modified by enzymes after transcription. For example, a poly(A) tail and a 5' cap are added to eukaryotic pre-mRNA and introns are removed by the spliceosome.</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>There are also a number of RNA-dependent RNA polymerases that use RNA as their template for synthesis of a new strand of RNA. For instance, a number of RNA viruses (such as poliovirus) use this type of enzyme to replicate their genetic material.[20] Also, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase is part of the RNA interference pathway in many organisms.[21]</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>Types of RNA</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>See also: List of RNAs</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>Overview</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>Structure of a hammerhead ribozyme, a ribozyme that cuts RNA</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>Messenger RNA (mRNA) is the RNA that carries information from DNA to the ribosome, the sites of protein synthesis (translation) in the cell. The coding sequence of the mRNA determines the amino acid sequence in the protein that is produced.[22] Many RNAs do not code for protein however (about 97% of the transcriptional output is non-protein-coding in eukaryotes [23][24][25][26]).</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>These so-called non-coding RNAs (&quot;ncRNA&quot;) can be encoded by their own genes (RNA genes), but can also derive from mRNA introns.[27] The most prominent examples of non-coding RNAs are transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA), both of which are involved in the process of translation.[1] There are also non-coding RNAs involved in gene regulation, RNA processing and other roles. Certain RNAs are able to catalyse chemical reactions such as cutting and ligating other RNA molecules,[28] and the catalysis of peptide bond formation in the ribosome;[4] these are known as ribozymes.</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>In translation</div> <div>Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries information about a protein sequence to the ribosomes, the protein synthesis factories in the cell. It is coded so that every three nucleotides (a codon) correspond to one amino acid. In eukaryotic cells, once precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) has been transcribed from DNA, it is processed to mature mRNA. This removes its introns&mdash;non-coding sections of the pre-mRNA. The mRNA is then exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where it is bound to ribosomes and translated into its corresponding protein form with the help of tRNA. In prokaryotic cells, which do not have nucleus and cytoplasm compartments, mRNA can bind to ribosomes while it is being transcribed from DNA. After a certain amount of time the message degrades into its component nucleotides with the assistance of ribonucleases.[22]</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>Transfer RNA (tRNA) is a small RNA chain of about 80 nucleotides that transfers a specific amino acid to a growing polypeptide chain at the ribosomal site of protein synthesis during translation. It has sites for amino acid attachment and an anticodon region for codon recognition that binds to a specific sequence on the messenger RNA chain through hydrogen bonding.[27]</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is the catalytic component of the ribosomes. Eukaryotic ribosomes contain four different rRNA molecules: 18S, 5.8S, 28S and 5S rRNA. Three of the rRNA molecules are synthesized in the nucleolus, and one is synthesized elsewhere. In the cytoplasm, ribosomal RNA and protein combine to form a nucleoprotein called a ribosome. The ribosome binds mRNA and carries out protein synthesis. Several ribosomes may be attached to a single mRNA at any time.[22] Nearly all the RNA found in a typical eukaryotic cell is rRNA.</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>Transfer-messenger RNA (tmRNA) is found in many bacteria and plastids. It tags proteins encoded by mRNAs that lack stop codons for degradation and prevents the ribosome from stalling.[29]</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>Regulatory RNAs</div> <div>Several types of RNA can downregulate gene expression by being complementary to a part of an mRNA or a gene's DNA. MicroRNAs (miRNA; 21-22 nt) are found in eukaryotes and act through RNA interference (RNAi), where an effector complex of miRNA and enzymes can cleave complementary mRNA, block the mRNA from being translated, or accelerate its degradation.[30][31]</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>While small interfering RNAs (siRNA; 20-25 nt) are often produced by breakdown of viral RNA, there are also endogenous sources of siRNAs.[32][33] siRNAs act through RNA interference in a fashion similar to miRNAs. Some miRNAs and siRNAs can cause genes they target to be methylated, thereby decreasing or increasing transcription of those genes.[34][35][36] Animals have Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNA; 29-30 nt) that are active in germline cells and are thought to be a defense against transposons and play a role in gametogenesis.[37][38]</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>Many prokaryotes have CRISPR RNAs, a regulatory system similar to RNA interference.[39] Antisense RNAs are widespread; most downregulate a gene, but a few are activators of transcription.[40] One way antisense RNA can act is by binding to an mRNA, forming double-stranded RNA that is enzymatically degraded.[41] There are many long noncoding RNAs that regulate genes in eukaryotes,[42] one such RNA is Xist, which coats one X chromosome in female mammals and inactivates it.[43]</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>An mRNA may contain regulatory elements itself, such as riboswitches, in the 5' untranslated region or 3' untranslated region; these cis-regulatory elements regulate the activity of that mRNA.[44] The untranslated regions can also contain elements that regulate other genes.[45]</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>In RNA processing</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>Uridine to pseudouridine is a common RNA modification.</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>Many RNAs are involved in modifying other RNAs.&crarr;Introns are spliced out of pre-mRNA by spliceosomes, which contain several small nuclear RNAs (snRNA),[1] or the introns can be ribozymes that are spliced by themselves.[46]&crarr;RNA can also be altered by having its nucleotides modified to other nucleotides than A, C, G and U.&crarr;In eukaryotes, modifications of RNA nucleotides are in general directed by small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNA; 60-300 nt),[27] found in the nucleolus and cajal bodies. snoRNAs associate with enzymes and guide them to a spot on an RNA by basepairing to that RNA. These enzymes then perform the nucleotide modification. rRNAs and tRNAs are extensively modified, but snRNAs and mRNAs can also be the target of base modification.[47][48] RNA can also be methylated.[49][50]</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>RNA genomes</div> <div>Like DNA, RNA can carry genetic information. RNA viruses have genomes composed of RNA that encodes a number of proteins. The viral genome is replicated by some of those proteins, while other proteins protect the genome as the virus particle moves to a new host cell. Viroids are another group of pathogens, but they consist only of RNA, do not encode any protein and are replicated by a host plant cell's polymerase.[51]</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>In reverse transcription</div> <div>Reverse transcribing viruses replicate their genomes by reverse transcribing DNA copies from their RNA; these DNA copies are then transcribed to new RNA. Retrotransposons also spread by copying DNA and RNA from one another,[52] and telomerase contains an RNA that is used as template for building the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes.[53]</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>Double-stranded RNA</div> <div>Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is RNA with two complementary strands, similar to the DNA found in all cells. dsRNA forms the genetic material of some viruses (double-stranded RNA viruses). Double-stranded RNA such as viral RNA or siRNA can trigger RNA interference in eukaryotes, as well as interferon response in vertebrates.[54][55][56][57]</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>Key discoveries in RNA biology</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>Further information: History of RNA biology</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>Robert W. Holley, left, poses with his research team.</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>Research on RNA has led to many important biological discoveries and numerous Nobel Prizes. Nucleic acids were discovered in 1868 by Friedrich Miescher, who called the material 'nuclein' since it was found in the nucleus.[58] It was later discovered that prokaryotic cells, which do not have a nucleus, also contain nucleic acids. The role of RNA in protein synthesis was suspected already in 1939.[59] Severo Ochoa won the 1959 Nobel Prize in Medicine (shared with Arthur Kornberg) after he discovered an enzyme that can synthesize RNA in the laboratory.[60] However, the enzyme discovered by Ochoa (polynucleotide phosphorylase) was later shown to be responsible for RNA degradation, not RNA synthesis.</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>The sequence of the 77 nucleotides of a yeast tRNA was found by Robert W. Holley in 1965,[61] winning Holley the 1968 Nobel Prize in Medicine (shared with Har Gobind Khorana and Marshall Nirenberg).&crarr;In 1967, Carl Woese hypothesized that RNA might be catalytic and suggested that the earliest forms of life (self-replicating molecules) could have relied on RNA both to carry genetic information and to catalyze biochemical reactions&mdash;an RNA world.[62][63]</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>During the early 1970s retroviruses and reverse transcriptase were discovered, showing for the first time that enzymes could copy RNA into DNA (the opposite of the usual route for transmission of genetic information). For this work, David Baltimore, Renato Dulbecco and Howard Temin were awarded a Nobel Prize in 1975.&crarr;In 1976, Walter Fiers and his team determined the first complete nucleotide sequence of an RNA virus genome, that of bacteriophage MS2.[64]</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>In 1977, introns and RNA splicing were discovered in both mammalian viruses and in cellular genes, resulting in a 1993 Nobel to Philip Sharp and Richard Roberts.&crarr;Catalytic RNA molecules (ribozymes) were discovered in the early 1980s, leading to a 1989 Nobel award to Thomas Cech and Sidney Altman. In 1990 it was found in Petunia that introduced genes can silence similar genes of the plant's own, now known to be a result of RNA interference.[65][66]</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>At about the same time, 22 nt long RNAs, now called microRNAs, were found to have a role in the development of C. elegans.[67]&crarr;Studies on RNA interference gleaned a Nobel Prize for Andrew Fire and Craig Mello in 2006, and another Nobel was awarded for studies on transcription of RNA to Roger Kornberg in the same year. The discovery of gene regulatory RNAs has led to attempts to develop drugs made of RNA, such as siRNA, to silence genes.[68]</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>References</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>&uarr; 1.0 1.1 1.2 Berg JM, Tymoczko JL, Stryer L (2002). Biochemistry (5th ed.). WH Freeman and Company. pp. 118&ndash;19, 781&ndash;808. ISBN 0-7167-4684-0. OCLC 179705944 48055706 59502128.</div> <div>&uarr; I. Tinoco and C. Bustamante (1999). &quot;How RNA folds&quot;. J. Mol. Biol. 293 (2): 271&ndash;281. doi:10.1006/jmbi.1999.3001. PMID 10550208Papercore summary http://papercore.org/Tinoco1999</div> <div>&uarr; Higgs PG (2000). &quot;RNA secondary structure: physical and computational aspects&quot;. Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics 33 (3): 199&ndash;253. doi:10.1017/S0033583500003620. PMID 11191843.</div> <div>&uarr; 4.0 4.1 Nissen P, Hansen J, Ban N, Moore PB, Steitz TA (2000). &quot;The structural basis of ribosome activity in peptide bond synthesis&quot;. Science 289 (5481): 920&ndash;30. Bibcode:2000Sci...289..920N. doi:10.1126/science.289.5481.920. PMID 10937990.</div> <div>&uarr; 5.0 5.1 Lee JC, Gutell RR (2004). &quot;Diversity of base-pair conformations and their occurrence in rRNA structure and RNA structural motifs&quot;. J. Mol. Biol. 344 (5): 1225&ndash;49. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2004.09.072. PMID 15561141.</div> <div>&uarr; Barciszewski J, Frederic B, Clark C (1999). RNA biochemistry and biotechnology. Springer. pp. 73&ndash;87. ISBN 0-7923-5862-7. OCLC 52403776.</div> <div>&uarr; Salazar M, Fedoroff OY, Miller JM, Ribeiro NS, Reid BR (1992). &quot;The DNA strand in DNAoRNA hybrid duplexes is neither B-form nor A-form in solution&quot;. Biochemistry 32 (16): 4207&ndash;15. doi:10.1021/bi00067a007. PMID 7682844.</div> <div>&uarr; Hermann T, Patel DJ (2000). &quot;RNA bulges as architectural and recognition motifs&quot;. Structure 8 (3): R47&ndash;R54. doi:10.1016/S0969-2126(00)00110-6. PMID 10745015.</div> <div>&uarr; Mikkola S, Nurmi K, Yousefi-Salakdeh E, Str&ouml;mberg R, L&ouml;nnberg H (1999). &quot;The mechanism of the metal ion promoted cleavage of RNA phosphodiester bonds involves a general acid catalysis by the metal aquo ion on the departure of the leaving group&quot;. Perkin transactions 2 (8): 1619&ndash;26. doi:10.1039/a903691a.</div> <div>&uarr; Jankowski JAZ, Polak JM (1996). Clinical gene analysis and manipulation: Tools, techniques and troubleshooting. Cambridge University Press. p. 14. ISBN 0-521-47896-0. OCLC 33838261.</div> <div>&uarr; Yu Q, Morrow CD (2001). &quot;Identification of critical elements in the tRNA acceptor stem and T&Psi;C loop necessary for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infectivity&quot;. J Virol. 75 (10): 4902&ndash;6. doi:10.1128/JVI.75.10.4902-4906.2001. PMC 114245. PMID 11312362.</div> <div>&uarr; Elliott MS, Trewyn RW (1983). &quot;Inosine biosynthesis in transfer RNA by an enzymatic insertion of hypoxanthine&quot;. J. Biol. Chem. 259 (4): 2407&ndash;10. PMID 6365911.</div> <div>&uarr; Cantara, WA; Crain, PF; Rozenski, J; McCloskey, JA; Harris, KA; Zhang, X; Vendeix, FA; Fabris, D; Agris, PF (2011 Jan). &quot;The RNA Modification Database, RNAMDB: 2011 update.&quot;. Nucleic acids research 39 (Database issue): D195&ndash;201. PMID 21071406.</div> <div>&uarr; S&ouml;ll D, RajBhandary U (1995). TRNA: Structure, biosynthesis, and function. ASM Press. p. 165. ISBN 1-55581-073-X. OCLC 183036381 30663724.</div> <div>&uarr; Kiss T (2001). &quot;Small nucleolar RNA-guided post-transcriptional modification of cellular RNAs&quot;. The EMBO Journal 20 (14): 3617&ndash;22. doi:10.1093/emboj/20.14.3617. PMC 125535. PMID 11447102.</div> <div>&uarr; King TH, Liu B, McCully RR, Fournier MJ (2002). &quot;Ribosome structure and activity are altered in cells lacking snoRNPs that form pseudouridines in the peptidyl transferase center&quot;. Molecular Cell 11 (2): 425&ndash;35. doi:10.1016/S1097-2765(03)00040-6. PMID 12620230.</div> <div>&uarr; Mathews DH, Disney MD, Childs JL, Schroeder SJ, Zuker M, Turner DH (2004). &quot;Incorporating chemical modification constraints into a dynamic programming algorithm for prediction of RNA secondary structure&quot;. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101 (19): 7287&ndash;92. Bibcode:2004PNAS..101.7287M. doi:10.1073/pnas.0401799101. PMC 409911. PMID 15123812.</div> <div>&uarr; Tan ZJ, Chen SJ (2008). &quot;Salt dependence of nucleic acid hairpin stability&quot;. Biophys. J. 95 (2): 738&ndash;52. Bibcode:2008BpJ....95..738T. doi:10.1529/biophysj.108.131524. PMC 2440479. PMID 18424500.</div> <div>&uarr; Nudler E, Gottesman ME (2002). &quot;Transcription termination and anti-termination in E. coli&quot;. Genes to Cells 7 (8): 755&ndash;68. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2443.2002.00563.x. PMID 12167155.</div> <div>&uarr; Jeffrey L Hansen, Alexander M Long, Steve C Schultz (1997). &quot;Structure of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of poliovirus&quot;. Structure 5 (8): 1109&ndash;22. doi:10.1016/S0969-2126(97)00261-X. PMID 9309225.</div> <div>&uarr; Ahlquist P (2002). &quot;RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerases, Viruses, and RNA Silencing&quot;. Science 296 (5571): 1270&ndash;73. Bibcode:2002Sci...296.1270A. doi:10.1126/science.1069132. PMID 12016304.</div> <div>&uarr; 22.0 22.1 22.2 Cooper GC, Hausman RE (2004). The Cell: A Molecular Approach (3rd ed.). Sinauer. pp. 261&ndash;76, 297, 339&ndash;44. ISBN 0-87893-214-3. OCLC 174924833 52121379 52359301 56050609.</div> <div>&uarr; Mattick JS, Gagen MJ (1 September 2001). &quot;The evolution of controlled multitasked gene networks: the role of introns and other noncoding RNAs in the development of complex organisms&quot;. Mol. Biol. Evol. 18 (9): 1611&ndash;30. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003951. PMID 11504843.</div> <div>&uarr; Mattick, JS (2001). &quot;Noncoding RNAs: the architects of eukaryotic complexity&quot;. EMBO Reports 2 (11): 986&ndash;91. doi:10.1093/embo-reports/kve230. PMC 1084129. PMID 11713189.</div> <div>&uarr; Mattick JS (October 2003). &quot;Challenging the dogma: the hidden layer of non-protein-coding RNAs in complex organisms&quot;. BioEssays : News and Reviews in Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology 25 (10): 930&ndash;9. doi:10.1002/bies.10332. PMID 14505360.</div> <div>&uarr; Mattick JS (October 2004). &quot;The hidden genetic program of complex organisms&quot;. Scientific American 291 (4): 60&ndash;7. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1004-60. PMID 15487671.[dead link]</div> <div>&uarr; 27.0 27.1 27.2 Wirta W (2006). Mining the transcriptome &ndash; methods and applications. Stockholm: School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology. ISBN 91-7178-436-5. OCLC 185406288.</div> <div>&uarr; Rossi JJ (2004). &quot;Ribozyme diagnostics comes of age&quot;. Chemistry &amp; Biology 11 (7): 894&ndash;95. doi:10.1016/j.chembiol.2004.07.002. PMID 15271347.</div> <div>&uarr; Gueneau de Novoa P, Williams KP (2004). &quot;The tmRNA website: reductive evolution of tmRNA in plastids and other endosymbionts&quot;. Nucleic Acids Res. 32 (Database issue): D104&ndash;8. doi:10.1093/nar/gkh102. PMC 308836. PMID 14681369.</div> <div>&uarr; Wu L, Belasco JG (January 2008). &quot;Let me count the ways: mechanisms of gene regulation by miRNAs and siRNAs&quot;. Mol. Cell 29 (1): 1&ndash;7. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2007.12.010. PMID 18206964.</div> <div>&uarr; Matzke MA, Matzke AJM (2004). &quot;Planting the seeds of a new paradigm&quot;. PLoS Biology 2 (5): e133. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020133. PMC 406394. PMID 15138502.</div> <div>&uarr; Vazquez F, Vaucheret H, Rajagopalan R, Lepers C, Gasciolli V, Mallory AC, Hilbert J, Bartel DP, Cr&eacute;t&eacute; P (2004). &quot;Endogenous trans-acting siRNAs regulate the accumulation of Arabidopsis mRNAs&quot;. Molecular Cell 16 (1): 69&ndash;79. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2004.09.028. PMID 15469823.</div> <div>&uarr; Watanabe T, Totoki Y, Toyoda A, et al. (May 2008). &quot;Endogenous siRNAs from naturally formed dsRNAs regulate transcripts in mouse oocytes&quot;. Nature 453 (7194): 539&ndash;43. Bibcode:2008Natur.453..539W. doi:10.1038/nature06908. PMID 18404146.</div> <div>&uarr; Sontheimer EJ, Carthew RW (July 2005). &quot;Silence from within: endogenous siRNAs and miRNAs&quot;. Cell 122 (1): 9&ndash;12. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2005.06.030. PMID 16009127.</div> <div>&uarr; Doran G (2007). &quot;RNAi &ndash; Is one suffix sufficient?&quot;. Journal of RNAi and Gene Silencing 3 (1): 217&ndash;19.</div> <div>&uarr; Pushparaj PN, Aarthi JJ, Kumar SD, Manikandan J (2008). &quot;RNAi and RNAa &mdash; The Yin and Yang of RNAome&quot;. Bioinformation 2 (6): 235&ndash;7. doi:10.6026/97320630002235. PMC 2258431. PMID 18317570.</div> <div>&uarr; Horwich MD, Li C Matranga C, Vagin V, Farley G, Wang P, Zamore PD (2007). &quot;The Drosophila RNA methyltransferase, DmHen1, modifies germline piRNAs and single-stranded siRNAs in RISC&quot;. Current Biology 17 (14): 1265&ndash;72. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.06.030. PMID 17604629.</div> <div>&uarr; Girard A, Sachidanandam R, Hannon GJ, Carmell MA (2006). &quot;A germline-specific class of small RNAs binds mammalian Piwi proteins&quot;. Nature 442 (7099): 199&ndash;202. Bibcode:2006Natur.442..199G. doi:10.1038/nature04917. PMID 16751776.</div> <div>&uarr; Horvath P, Barrangou R (2010). &quot;CRISPR/Cas, the Immune System of Bacteria and Archaea&quot;. Science 327 (5962): 167&ndash;70. Bibcode:2010Sci...327..167H. doi:10.1126/science.1179555. PMID 20056882.</div> <div>&uarr; Wagner EG, Altuvia S, Romby P (2002). &quot;Antisense RNAs in bacteria and their genetic elements&quot;. Adv Genet. Advances in Genetics 46: 361&ndash;98. doi:10.1016/S0065-2660(02)46013-0. ISBN 9780120176465. PMID 11931231.</div> <div>&uarr; Gilbert SF (2003). Developmental Biology (7th ed.). Sinauer. pp. 101&ndash;3. ISBN 0-87893-258-5. OCLC 154656422 154663147 174530692 177000492 177316159 51544170 54743254 59197768 61404850 66754122.</div> <div>&uarr; Amaral PP, Mattick JS (October 2008). &quot;Noncoding RNA in development&quot;. Mammalian genome : official journal of the International Mammalian Genome Society 19 (7&ndash;8): 454&ndash;92. doi:10.1007/s00335-008-9136-7. PMID 18839252.</div> <div>&uarr; Heard E, Mongelard F, Arnaud D, Chureau C, Vourc'h C, Avner P (1999). &quot;Human XIST yeast artificial chromosome transgenes show partial X inactivation center function in mouse embryonic stem cells&quot;. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96 (12): 6841&ndash;46. Bibcode:1999PNAS...96.6841H. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.12.6841. PMC 22003. PMID 10359800.</div> <div>&uarr; Batey RT (2006). &quot;Structures of regulatory elements in mRNAs&quot;. Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 16 (3): 299&ndash;306. doi:10.1016/j.sbi.2006.05.001. PMID 16707260.</div> <div>&uarr; Scotto L, Assoian RK (June 1993). &quot;A GC-rich domain with bifunctional effects on mRNA and protein levels: implications for control of transforming growth factor beta 1 expression&quot;. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13 (6): 3588&ndash;97. PMC 359828. PMID 8497272.</div> <div>&uarr; Steitz TA, Steitz JA (1993). &quot;A general two-metal-ion mechanism for catalytic RNA&quot;. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90 (14): 6498&ndash;502. Bibcode:1993PNAS...90.6498S. doi:10.1073/pnas.90.14.6498. PMC 46959. PMID 8341661.</div> <div>&uarr; Xie J, Zhang M, Zhou T, Hua X, Tang L, Wu W (2007). &quot;Sno/scaRNAbase: a curated database for small nucleolar RNAs and cajal body-specific RNAs&quot;. Nucleic Acids Res. 35 (Database issue): D183&ndash;7. doi:10.1093/nar/gkl873. PMC 1669756. PMID 17099227.</div> <div>&uarr; Omer AD, Ziesche S, Decatur WA, Fournier MJ, Dennis PP (2003). &quot;RNA-modifying machines in archaea&quot;. Molecular Microbiology 48 (3): 617&ndash;29. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03483.x. PMID 12694609.</div> <div>&uarr; Cavaill&eacute; J, Nicoloso M, Bachellerie JP (1996). &quot;Targeted ribose methylation of RNA in vivo directed by tailored antisense RNA guides&quot;. Nature 383 (6602): 732&ndash;5. Bibcode:1996Natur.383..732C. doi:10.1038/383732a0. PMID 8878486.</div> <div>&uarr; Kiss-L&aacute;szl&oacute; Z, Henry Y, Bachellerie JP, Caizergues-Ferrer M, Kiss T (1996). &quot;Site-specific ribose methylation of preribosomal RNA: a novel function for small nucleolar RNAs&quot;. Cell 85 (7): 1077&ndash;88. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81308-2. PMID 8674114.</div> <div>&uarr; Dar&ograve;s JA, Elena SF, Flores R (2006). &quot;Viroids: an Ariadne's thread into the RNA labyrinth&quot;. EMBO Rep. 7 (6): 593&ndash;8. doi:10.1038/sj.embor.7400706. PMC 1479586. PMID 16741503.</div> <div>&uarr; Kalendar R, Vicient CM, Peleg O, Anamthawat-Jonsson K, Bolshoy A, Schulman AH (2004). &quot;Large retrotransposon derivatives: abundant, conserved but nonautonomous retroelements of barley and related genomes&quot;. Genetics 166 (3): 1437&ndash;50. doi:10.1534/genetics.166.3.1437. PMC 1470764. PMID 15082561.</div> <div>&uarr; Podlevsky JD, Bley CJ, Omana RV, Qi X, Chen JJ (2008). &quot;The telomerase database&quot;. Nucleic Acids Res. 36 (Database issue): D339&ndash;43. doi:10.1093/nar/gkm700. PMC 2238860. PMID 18073191.</div> <div>&uarr; Blevins T et al.; Rajeswaran, R.; Shivaprasad, P. V.; Beknazariants, D.; Si-Ammour, A.; Park, H.-S.; Vazquez, F.; Robertson, D. et al. (2006). &quot;Four plant Dicers mediate viral small RNA biogenesis and DNA virus induced silencing&quot;. Nucleic Acids Res 34 (21): 6233&ndash;46. doi:10.1093/nar/gkl886. PMC 1669714. PMID 17090584.</div> <div>&uarr; Jana S, Chakraborty C, Nandi S, Deb JK (2004). &quot;RNA interference: potential therapeutic targets&quot;. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 65 (6): 649&ndash;57. doi:10.1007/s00253-004-1732-1. PMID 15372214.</div> <div>&uarr; Schultz U, Kaspers B, Staeheli P (2004). &quot;The interferon system of non-mammalian vertebrates&quot;. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 28 (5): 499&ndash;508. doi:10.1016/j.dci.2003.09.009. PMID 15062646.</div> <div>&uarr; Whitehead, K. A.; Dahlman, J. E.; Langer, R. S.; Anderson, D. G. (2011). &quot;Silencing or Stimulation? SiRNA Delivery and the Immune System&quot;. Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 2: 77&ndash;96. doi:10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-061010-114133. PMID 22432611.</div> <div>&uarr; Dahm R (2005). &quot;Friedrich Miescher and the discovery of DNA&quot;. Developmental Biology 278 (2): 274&ndash;88. doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2004.11.028. PMID 15680349.</div> <div>&uarr; Caspersson T, Schultz J (1939). &quot;Pentose nucleotides in the cytoplasm of growing tissues&quot;. Nature 143 (3623): 602&ndash;3. Bibcode:1939Natur.143..602C. doi:10.1038/143602c0.</div> <div>&uarr; Ochoa S (1959). &quot;Enzymatic synthesis of ribonucleic acid&quot;. Nobel Lecture.</div> <div>&uarr; Holley RW et al.; Apgar, J.; Everett, G. A.; Madison, J. T.; Marquisee, M.; Merrill, S. H.; Penswick, J. R.; Zamir, A. (1965). &quot;Structure of a ribonucleic acid&quot;. Science 147 (3664): 1462&ndash;65. Bibcode:1965Sci...147.1462H. doi:10.1126/science.147.3664.1462. PMID 14263761.</div> <div>&uarr; Siebert S (2006). &quot;Common sequence structure properties and stable regions in RNA secondary structures&quot;. Dissertation, Albert-Ludwigs-Universit&auml;t, Freiburg im Breisgau. p. 1.[dead link]</div> <div>&uarr; Szathm&aacute;ry E (1999). &quot;The origin of the genetic code: amino acids as cofactors in an RNA world&quot;. Trends Genet. 15 (6): 223&ndash;9. doi:10.1016/S0168-9525(99)01730-8. PMID 10354582.</div> <div>&uarr; Fiers W et al.; Ysebaert, R.; Duerinck, F.; Haegeman, G.; Iserentant, D.; Merregaert, J.; Min Jou, W.; Molemans, F. et al. (1976). &quot;Complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA: primary and secondary structure of replicase gene&quot;. Nature 260 (5551): 500&ndash;7. Bibcode:1976Natur.260..500F. doi:10.1038/260500a0. PMID 1264203.</div> <div>&uarr; Napoli C, Lemieux C, Jorgensen R (1990). &quot;Introduction of a chimeric chalcone synthase gene into petunia results in reversible co-suppression of homologous genes in trans&quot;. Plant Cell 2 (4): 279&ndash;89. doi:10.1105/tpc.2.4.279. PMC 159885. PMID 12354959.</div> <div>&uarr; Dafny-Yelin M, Chung SM, Frankman EL, Tzfira T (December 2007). &quot;pSAT RNA interference vectors: a modular series for multiple gene down-regulation in plants&quot;. Plant Physiol. 145 (4): 1272&ndash;81. doi:10.1104/pp.107.106062. PMC 2151715. PMID 17766396.</div> <div>&uarr; Ruvkun G (2001). &quot;Glimpses of a tiny RNA world&quot;. Science 294 (5543): 797&ndash;99. doi:10.1126/science.1066315. PMID 11679654.</div> <div>&uarr; Fichou Y, F&eacute;rec C (2006). &quot;The potential of oligonucleotides for therapeutic applications&quot;. Trends in Biotechnology 24 (12): 563&ndash;70. doi:10.1016/j.tibtech.2006.10.003. PMID 17045686.</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div><span style="font-size: large;">External links</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>RNA World website Link collection (structures, sequences, tools, journals)</div> <div>Nucleic Acid Database Images of DNA, RNA and complexes.</div> <div>EteRNA a game forming RNA by pairing bases.</div> <div>RNA Calculators</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> 460556d518af0b05dda3a27100c3532287ec8215 0 2688 4674 2013-08-26T12:57:03Z S 300001 Created page with "<p><span style="font-size: large;">Close but distinct species genomics (CSG)</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">CSG used used to analyse close big cat g..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: large;">Close but distinct species genomics (CSG)</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">CSG used used to analyse close big cat genomes using a reference genome and re-sequenced genomes.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Genome Research Foundation</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 4d4f58a9a9e0436831b2ce84cc0a767c79c6544f 0 1897 4675 3112 2013-08-26T13:22:33Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font size="5">openfree TigerGenome Project</font></p> <p>- Tiger genome was sequenced in early 2011.<br /> <br /> [http://tigergenome.org TigerGenome.org]</p> 8dfb3c608988afa63fead8ebb376f6aeba7209a9 4698 4675 2013-09-20T07:52:54Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font size="5">openfree TigerGenome Project</font></p> <p>- Tiger genome was sequenced in early 2011 and published in 2013 (September 17th).<br /> <br /> [http://tigergenome.org TigerGenome.org]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> a7b4c220f758051f340ed06666427503fc5e508d 4699 4698 2013-09-20T07:53:40Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font size="5">openfree TigerGenome Project</font></p> <p>- Tiger genome was sequenced in early 2011 and published in 2013 (September 17th).</p> <p>[[The tiger, lion, and leopard genomes publicized]]:<br /> <br /> [http://tigergenome.org TigerGenome.org]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 187162cce902099e8e6918afef8bd8f6c3fe0736 4700 4699 2013-09-20T07:53:49Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font size="5">openfree TigerGenome Project</font></p> <p>- Tiger genome was sequenced in early 2011 and published in 2013 (September 17th).</p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[[The tiger, lion, and leopard genomes publicized]]:</span><br /> <br /> [http://tigergenome.org TigerGenome.org]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> ea66cff799cee9e4f74e82a08293ca477981bec2 0 1810 4676 2806 2013-08-26T13:23:01Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><strong>[[Image:Galilei.jpg|thumb]]<br /> </strong></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;"> <p><strong>Galileo<font color="#000000"> Galilei</font></strong><font color="#000000"> (15 February 1564<sup id="cite_ref-birthdate_1-0" class="reference">[2]</sup>&nbsp;&ndash; 8 January 1642)<sup id="cite_ref-McTutor_0-4" class="reference">[1]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference">[3]</sup> was an Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who played a major role in the Scientific Revolution. His achievements include improvements to the telescope and consequent astronomical observations, and support for Copernicanism. Galileo has been called the &quot;father of modern observational astronomy,&quot;<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference">[4]</sup> the &quot;father of modern physics,&quot;<sup id="cite_ref-Einstein_4-0" class="reference">[5]</sup> the &quot;father of science,&quot;<sup id="cite_ref-Einstein_4-1" class="reference">[5]</sup> and &quot;the Father of Modern Science.&quot;<sup id="cite_ref-finocchiaro2007_5-0" class="reference">[6]</sup> Stephen Hawking says, &quot;Galileo, perhaps more than any other single person, was responsible for the birth of modern science.&quot;<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference">[7]</sup></font></p> </span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;"><font color="#000000">The motion of uniformly accelerated objects, taught in nearly all high school and introductory college physics courses, was studied by Galileo as the subject of kinematics. His contributions to observational astronomy include the telescopic confirmation of the phases of Venus, the discovery of the four largest satellites of Jupiter (named the Galilean moons in his honour), and the observation and analysis of sunspots. Galileo also worked in applied science and technology, improving compass design.</font></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;"><font color="#000000">Galileo's championing of Copernicanism was controversial within his lifetime, when a large majority of philosophers and astronomers still subscribed (at least outwardly) to the geocentric view that the Earth is at the centre of the universe. After 1610, when he began supporting heliocentrism publicly, he met with bitter opposition from some philosophers and clerics, and two of the latter eventually denounced him to the Roman Inquisition early in 1615. Although he was cleared of any offence at that time, the Catholic Church nevertheless condemned heliocentrism as &quot;false and contrary to Scripture&quot; in February 1616,<sup id="cite_ref-contrary_to_scripture_7-0" class="reference">[8]</sup> and Galileo was warned to abandon his support for it&mdash;which he promised to do. When he later defended his views in his most famous work, <em>Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems</em>, published in 1632, he was tried by the Inquisition, found &quot;vehemently suspect of heresy,&quot; forced to recant, and spent the rest of his life under house arrest.</font></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Life</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo was born in Pisa (then part of the Duchy of Florence), Italy, the first of six children of Vincenzo Galilei, a famous lutenist and music theorist, and Giulia Ammannati. Four of their six children survived infancy, and the youngest Michelangelo (or Michelagnolo) became a noted lutenist and composer.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo's full name was Galileo di Vincenzo Bonaiuti de' Galilei. At the age of 8, his family moved to Florence, but he was left with Jacopo Borghini for two years.<sup id="cite_ref-McTutor_0-5" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></font></sup> He then was educated in the Camaldolese Monastery at Vallombrosa, 35&nbsp;km southeast of Florence.<sup id="cite_ref-McTutor_0-6" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></font></sup> Although he seriously considered the priesthood as a young man, he enrolled for a medical degree at the University of Pisa at his father's urging. He did not complete this degree, but instead studied mathematics.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></font></sup> In 1589, he was appointed to the chair of mathematics in Pisa. In 1591 his father died and he was entrusted with the care of his younger brother Michelagnolo. In 1592, he moved to the University of Padua, teaching geometry, mechanics, and astronomy until 1610.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></font></sup> During this period Galileo made significant discoveries in both pure science (for example, kinematics of motion, and astronomy) and applied science (for example, strength of materials, improvement of the telescope). His multiple interests included the study of astrology, which in pre-modern disciplinary practice was seen as correlated to the studies of mathematics and astronomy.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Although a genuinely pious Roman Catholic<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></font></sup>, Galileo fathered three children out of wedlock with Marina Gamba. They had two daughters, Virginia in 1600 and Livia in 1601, and one son, Vincenzo, in 1606. Because of their illegitimate birth, their father considered the girls unmarriageable. Their only worthy alternative was the religious life. Both girls were sent to the convent of San Matteo in Arcetri and remained there for the rest of their lives.<sup id="cite_ref-daughters_unmarriageable_12-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></font></sup> Virginia took the name Maria Celeste upon entering the convent. She died on 2 April 1634, and is buried with Galileo at the Basilica di Santa Croce di Firenze. Livia took the name Sister Arcangela and was ill for most of her life. Vincenzo was later legitimized and married Sestilia Bocchineri.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">In 1610 Galileo published an account of his telescopic observations of the moons of Jupiter, using this observation to argue in favour of the sun-centered, Copernican theory of the universe against the dominant earth-centered Ptolemaic and Aristotelian theories. The next year Galileo visited Rome in order to demonstrate his telescope to the influential philosophers and mathematicians of the Jesuit Collegio Romano, and to let them see with their own eyes the reality of the four moons of Jupiter.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></font></sup> While in Rome he was also made a member of the Accademia dei Lincei.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">In 1612, opposition arose to the Sun-centered theory of the universe which Galileo supported. In 1614, from the pulpit of the Basilica of Santa Maria Novella, Father Tommaso Caccini (1574&ndash;1648) denounced Galileo's opinions on the motion of the Earth, judging them dangerous and close to heresy. Galileo went to Rome to defend himself against these accusations, but, in 1616, Cardinal Roberto Bellarmino personally handed Galileo an admonition enjoining him neither to advocate nor teach Copernican astronomy.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></font></sup> During 1621 and 1622 Galileo wrote his first book, <em>The Assayer</em> (<em>Il Saggiatore</em>), which was approved and published in 1623. In 1630, he returned to Rome to apply for a license to print the <em>Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems</em>, published in Florence in 1632. In October of that year, however, he was ordered to appear before the Holy Office in Rome.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Following a papal trial in which he was found vehemently suspect of heresy, Galileo was placed under house arrest and his movements restricted by the Pope. From 1634 onward he stayed at his country house at Arcetri, outside of Florence. He went completely blind in 1638 and was suffering from a painful hernia and insomnia, so he was permitted to travel to Florence for medical advice. He continued to receive visitors until 1642, when, after suffering fever and heart palpitations, he died.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Scientific methods</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo made original contributions to the science of motion through an innovative combination of experiment and mathematics.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></font></sup> More typical of science at the time were the qualitative studies of William Gilbert, on magnetism and electricity. Galileo's father, Vincenzo Galilei, a lutenist and music theorist, had performed experiments establishing perhaps the oldest known non-linear relation in physics: for a stretched string, the pitch varies as the square root of the tension.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></font></sup> These observations lay within the framework of the Pythagorean tradition of music, well-known to instrument makers, which included the fact that subdividing a string by a whole number produces a harmonious scale. Thus, a limited amount of mathematics had long related music and physical science, and young Galileo could see his own father's observations expand on that tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo is perhaps the first to clearly state that the laws of nature are mathematical. In <em>The Assayer</em> he wrote &quot;Philosophy is written in this grand book, the universe&nbsp;... It is written in the language of mathematics, and its characters are triangles, circles, and other geometric figures; ... .&quot;<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></font></sup> His mathematical analyses are a further development of a tradition employed by late scholastic natural philosophers, which Galileo learned when he studied philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></font></sup> Although he tried to remain loyal to the Catholic Church, his adherence to experimental results, and their most honest interpretation, led to a rejection of blind allegiance to authority, both philosophical and religious, in matters of science. In broader terms, this aided the separation of science from both philosophy and religion; a major development in human thought.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">By the standards of his time, Galileo was often willing to change his views in accordance with observation. Modern philosopher of science Paul Feyerabend also noted the supposedly improper aspects of Galileo's methodology, but he argued that Galileo's methods could be justified retroactively by their results. The bulk of Feyerabend's major work, <em>Against Method</em> (1975), was devoted to an analysis of Galileo, using his astronomical research as a case study to support Feyerabend's own anarchistic theory of scientific method. As he put it: 'Aristotelians&nbsp;... demanded strong empirical support while the Galileans were content with far-reaching, unsupported and partially refuted theories. I do not criticize them for that; on the contrary, I favour Niels Bohr's &quot;this is not crazy enough.&quot;'<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></font></sup> In order to perform his experiments, Galileo had to set up standards of length and time, so that measurements made on different days and in different laboratories could be compared in a reproducible fashion.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo showed a remarkably modern appreciation for the proper relationship between mathematics, theoretical physics, and experimental physics. He understood the parabola, both in terms of conic sections and in terms of the ordinate (y) varying as the square of the abscissa (x). Galilei further asserted that the parabola was the theoretically ideal trajectory of a uniformly accelerated projectile in the absence of friction and other disturbances. He conceded that there are limits to the validity of this theory, noting on theoretical grounds that a projectile trajectory of a size comparable to that of the Earth could not possibly be a parabola,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></font></sup> but he nevertheless maintained that for distances up to the range of the artillery of his day, the deviation of a projectile's trajectory from a parabola would only be very slight.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></font></sup> Thirdly, he recognized that his experimental data would never agree exactly with any theoretical or mathematical form, because of the imprecision of measurement, irreducible friction, and other factors.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">According to Stephen Hawking, Galileo probably bears more of the responsibility for the birth of modern science than anybody else,<sup id="cite_ref-Hawking_galileo_27-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></font></sup> and Albert Einstein called him the father of modern science.<sup id="cite_ref-father_of_science_Einstein_28-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Astronomy</font></span></h2> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Contributions</font></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="WIDTH: 182px" class="thumbinner"><font color="#000000"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="180" height="276" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Galileo.script.arp.600pix.jpg.jpg/180px-Galileo.script.arp.600pix.jpg.jpg" /> </font> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><font color="#000000"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></font></div> <font color="#000000">It was on this page that Galileo first noted an observation of the moons of Jupiter. This observation upset the notion that all celestial bodies must revolve around the Earth. Galileo published a full description in <em>Sidereus Nuncius</em> in March 1610</font></div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="WIDTH: 182px" class="thumbinner"><font color="#000000"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="180" height="135" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Phases-of-Venus.svg/180px-Phases-of-Venus.svg.png" /> </font> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><font color="#000000"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></font></div> <font color="#000000">The phases of Venus, observed by Galileo in 1610</font></div> </div> </div> <p><font color="#000000">Based only on uncertain descriptions of the first practical telescope, invented by Hans Lippershey in the Netherlands in 1608, Galileo, in the following year, made a telescope with about 3x magnification. He later made others with up to about 30x magnification.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></font></sup> With this improved device he could see magnified, upright images on the earth &ndash; it was what is now known as a terrestrial telescope, or spyglass. He could also use it to observe the sky; for a time he was one of those who could construct telescopes good enough for that purpose. On 25 August 1609, he demonstrated his first telescope to Venetian lawmakers. His telescopes were a profitable sideline. He could sell them to merchants who found them useful both at sea and as items of trade. He published his initial telescopic astronomical observations in March 1610 in a brief treatise entitled <em>Sidereus Nuncius</em> (<em>Starry Messenger</em>).</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">On 7 January 1610 Galileo observed with his telescope what he described at the time as &quot;three fixed stars, totally invisible<sup id="cite_ref-invisible_30-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></font></sup> by their smallness,&quot; all close to Jupiter, and lying on a straight line through it.<sup id="cite_ref-jupiter.27s_moons_31-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></font></sup> Observations on subsequent nights showed that the positions of these &quot;stars&quot; relative to Jupiter were changing in a way that would have been inexplicable if they had really been fixed stars. On 10 January Galileo noted that one of them had disappeared, an observation which he attributed to its being hidden behind Jupiter. Within a few days he concluded that they were orbiting Jupiter:<sup id="cite_ref-moonconclusion_32-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></font></sup> He had discovered three of Jupiter's four largest satellites (moons): Io, Europa, and Callisto. He discovered the fourth, Ganymede, on 13 January. Galileo named the four satellites he had discovered <em>Medicean stars</em>, in honour of his future patron, Cosimo II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, and Cosimo's three brothers.<sup id="cite_ref-medicean_stars_33-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></font></sup> Later astronomers, however, renamed them the <em>Galilean satellites</em> in honour of Galileo himself.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">A planet with smaller planets orbiting it did not conform to the principles of Aristotelian Cosmology, which held that all heavenly bodies should circle the Earth,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>35<span>]</span></font></sup> and many astronomers and philosophers initially refused to believe that Galileo could have discovered such a thing.<sup id="cite_ref-scepticism_35-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>36<span>]</span></font></sup> His observations were confirmed by the observatory of Christopher Clavius and he received a hero's welcome when he visited Rome in 1611<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>37<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo continued to observe the satellites over the next eighteen months, and by mid 1611 he had obtained remarkably accurate estimates for their periods&mdash;a feat which Kepler had believed impossible.<sup id="cite_ref-periods_37-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>38<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">From September 1610, Galileo observed that Venus exhibited a full set of phases similar to that of the Moon. The heliocentric model of the solar system developed by Nicolaus Copernicus predicted that all phases would be visible since the orbit of Venus around the Sun would cause its illuminated hemisphere to face the Earth when it was on the opposite side of the Sun and to face away from the Earth when it was on the Earth-side of the Sun. On the other hand, in Ptolemy's geocentric model it was impossible for any of the planets' orbits to intersect the spherical shell carrying the Sun. Traditionally the orbit of Venus was placed entirely on the near side of the Sun, where it could exhibit only crescent and new phases. It was, however, also possible to place it entirely on the far side of the Sun, where it could exhibit only gibbous and full phases. After Galileo's telescopic observations of the crescent, gibbous and full phases of Venus, therefore, this Ptolemaic model became untenable. Thus in the early 17th century as a result of his discovery the great majority of astronomers converted to one of the various geo-heliocentric planetary models<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>39<span>]</span></font></sup>, such as the Tychonic, Capellan and Extended Capellan models<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></font></sup>, each either with or without a daily rotating Earth. These all had the virtue of explaining the phases of Venus without the vice of the 'refutation' of full heliocentrism&rsquo;s prediction of stellar parallax. Galileo&rsquo;s discovery of the phases of Venus was thus arguably his most empirically practically influential contribution to the two-stage transition from full geocentrism to full heliocentrism via geo-heliocentrism.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo also observed the planet Saturn, and at first mistook its rings for planets, thinking it was a three-bodied system. When he observed the planet later, Saturn's rings were directly oriented at Earth, causing him to think that two of the bodies had disappeared. The rings reappeared when he observed the planet in 1616, further confusing him.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>41<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo was one of the first Europeans to observe sunspots, although Kepler had unwittingly observed one in 1607, but mistook it for a transit of Mercury. He also reinterpreted a sunspot observation from the time of Charlemagne, which formerly had been attributed (impossibly) to a transit of Mercury. The very existence of sunspots showed another difficulty with the unchanging perfection of the heavens posited by orthodox Aristotelian celestial physics, but their regular periodic transits also confirmed the dramatic novel prediction of Kepler's Aristotelian celestial dynamics in his 1609 <em>Astronomia Nova</em> that the sun rotates, which was the first successful novel prediction of post-spherist celestial physics.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>42<span>]</span></font></sup> And the annual variations in sunspots' motions, discovered by Francesco Sizzi and others in 1612&ndash;1613,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>43<span>]</span></font></sup> provided a powerful argument against both the Ptolemaic system and the geoheliocentric system of Tycho Brahe.<sup id="cite_ref-sunspot_argument_43-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>44<span>]</span></font></sup> For the seasonal variation refuted all non-geo-rotational geostatic planetary models such as the Ptolemaic pure geocentric model and the Tychonic geoheliocentric model in which the Sun orbits the Earth daily, whereby the variation should appear daily but does not. But it was explicable by all geo-rotational systems such as Longomontanus's semi-Tychonic geo-heliocentric model, Capellan and extended Capellan geo-heliocentric models with a daily rotating Earth, and the pure heliocentric model. A dispute over priority in the discovery of sunspots, and in their interpretation, led Galileo to a long and bitter feud with the Jesuit Christoph Scheiner; in fact, there is little doubt that both of them were beaten by David Fabricius and his son Johannes, looking for confirmation of Kepler's prediction of the sun's rotation. Scheiner quickly adopted Kepler's 1615 proposal of the modern telescope design, which gave larger magnification at the cost of inverted images; Galileo apparently never changed to Kepler's design.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo was the first to report lunar mountains and craters, whose existence he deduced from the patterns of light and shadow on the Moon's surface. He even estimated the mountains' heights from these observations. This led him to the conclusion that the Moon was &quot;rough and uneven, and just like the surface of the Earth itself,&quot; rather than a perfect sphere as Aristotle had claimed. Galileo observed the Milky Way, previously believed to be nebulous, and found it to be a multitude of stars packed so densely that they appeared to be clouds from Earth. He located many other stars too distant to be visible with the naked eye. Galileo also observed the planet Neptune in 1612, but did not realize that it was a planet and took no particular notice of it. It appears in his notebooks as one of many unremarkable dim stars.</font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Controversy over comets and <em>The Assayer</em></font></span></h3> <div class="rellink noprint relarticle mainarticle"><font color="#000000">Main article: The Assayer</font></div> <p><font color="#000000">In 1619, Galileo became embroiled in a controversy with Father Orazio Grassi, professor of mathematics at the Jesuit Collegio Romano. It began as a dispute over the nature of comets, but by the time Galileo had published <em>The Assayer</em> (<em>Il Saggiatore</em>) in 1623, his last salvo in the dispute, it had become a much wider argument over the very nature of Science itself. Because <em>The Assayer</em> contains such a wealth of Galileo's ideas on how Science should be practised, it has been referred to as his scientific manifesto.<sup id="cite_ref-scientific_manifesto_44-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>45<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Early in 1619, Father Grassi had anonymously published a pamphlet, <em>An Astronomical Disputation on the Three Comets of the Year 1618</em> ,<sup id="cite_ref-disputatio_45-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>46<span>]</span></font></sup> which discussed the nature of a comet that had appeared late in November of the previous year. Grassi concluded that the comet was a fiery body which had moved along a segment of a great circle at a constant distance from the earth,<sup id="cite_ref-grassi_great_circle_46-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>47<span>]</span></font></sup> and that it had been located well beyond the moon.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Grassi's arguments and conclusions were criticized in a subsequent article, <em>Discourse on the Comets</em> ,<sup id="cite_ref-discourse_on_comets_47-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>48<span>]</span></font></sup> published under the name of one of Galileo's disciples, a Florentine lawyer named Mario Guiducci, although it had been largely written by Galileo himself.<sup id="cite_ref-authorship_of_discourse_48-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>49<span>]</span></font></sup> Galileo and Guiducci offered no definitive theory of their own on the nature of comets,<sup id="cite_ref-criticism_of_previous_theories_49-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>50<span>]</span></font></sup> although they did present some tentative conjectures which we now know to be mistaken.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">In its opening passage, Galileo and Guiducci's <em>Discourse</em> gratuitously insulted the Jesuit Christopher Scheiner,<sup id="cite_ref-Scheiner_insult_50-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>51<span>]</span></font></sup> and various uncomplimentary remarks about the professors of the Collegio Romano were scattered throughout the work.<sup id="cite_ref-uncomplimentary_remark_51-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>52<span>]</span></font></sup> The Jesuits were offended,<sup id="cite_ref-jesuits_offended_52-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>53<span>]</span></font></sup> and Grassi soon replied with a polemical tract of his own, <em>The Astronomical and Philosophical Balance</em> ,<sup id="cite_ref-astronomical_balance_53-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>54<span>]</span></font></sup> under the pseudonym Lothario Sarsio Sigensano,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>55<span>]</span></font></sup> purporting to be one of his own pupils.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000"><em>The Assayer</em> was Galileo's devastating reply to the <em>Astronomical Balance</em>.<sup id="cite_ref-the_assayer_55-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>56<span>]</span></font></sup> It has been widely regarded as a masterpiece of polemical literature,<sup id="cite_ref-masterpiece_of_polemics_56-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>57<span>]</span></font></sup> in which &quot;Sarsi's&quot; arguments are subjected to withering scorn.<sup id="cite_ref-withering_scorn_57-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>58<span>]</span></font></sup> It was greeted with wide acclaim, and particularly pleased the new pope, Urban VIII, to whom it had been dedicated.<sup id="cite_ref-assayer_success_58-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>59<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo's dispute with Grassi permanently alienated many of the Jesuits who had previously been sympathetic to his ideas,<sup id="cite_ref-jesuit_alienation_59-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>60<span>]</span></font></sup> and Galileo and his friends were convinced that these Jesuits were responsible for bringing about his later condemnation.<sup id="cite_ref-jesuits_responsible_60-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>61<span>]</span></font></sup> The evidence for this is at best equivocal, however.<sup id="cite_ref-evidence_of_jesuits_61-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>62<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Galileo, Kepler and theories of tides</font></span></h3> <p><font color="#000000">Cardinal Bellarmine had written in 1615 that the Copernican system could not be defended without &quot;a true physical demonstration that the sun does not circle the earth but the earth circles the sun.&quot;<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>63<span>]</span></font></sup> Galileo considered his theory of the tides to provide the required physical proof of the motion of the earth. This theory was so important to Galileo that he originally intended to entitle his <em>Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems</em> the <em>Dialogue on the Ebb and Flow of the Sea</em>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>64<span>]</span></font></sup> For Galileo, the tides were caused by the sloshing back and forth of water in the seas as a point on the Earth's surface speeded up and slowed down because of the Earth's rotation on its axis and revolution around the Sun. Galileo circulated his first account of the tides in 1616, addressed to Cardinal Orsini.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>65<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">If this theory were correct, there would be only one high tide per day. Galileo and his contemporaries were aware of this inadequacy because there are two daily high tides at Venice instead of one, about twelve hours apart. Galileo dismissed this anomaly as the result of several secondary causes, including the shape of the sea, its depth, and other factors.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>66<span>]</span></font></sup> Against the assertion that Galileo was deceptive in making these arguments, Albert Einstein expressed the opinion that Galileo developed his &quot;fascinating arguments&quot; and accepted them uncritically out of a desire for physical proof of the motion of the Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>67<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo dismissed as a &quot;useless fiction&quot; the idea, held by his contemporary Johannes Kepler, that the moon caused the tides.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>68<span>]</span></font></sup> Galileo also refused to accept Kepler's elliptical orbits of the planets,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>69<span>]</span></font></sup> considering the circle the &quot;perfect&quot; shape for planetary orbits.</font></p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="WIDTH: 182px" class="thumbinner"><font color="#000000"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="180" height="260" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Galilee.jpg/180px-Galilee.jpg" /> </font> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><font color="#000000"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></font></div> <font color="#000000">Galileo Galilei. Portrait in crayon by Leoni.</font></div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="WIDTH: 182px" class="thumbinner"><font color="#000000"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="180" height="135" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Galileo_telescope_replica.jpg/180px-Galileo_telescope_replica.jpg" /> </font> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><font color="#000000"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></font></div> <font color="#000000">A replica of the earliest surviving telescope attributed to Galileo Galilei, on display at the Griffith Observatory.</font></div> </div> </div> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Technology</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo made a number of contributions to what is now known as technology, as distinct from pure physics, and suggested others. This is not the same distinction as made by Aristotle, who would have considered all Galileo's physics as <em>techne</em> or useful knowledge, as opposed to <em>episteme</em>, or philosophical investigation into the causes of things. Between 1595&ndash;1598, Galileo devised and improved a <em>Geometric and Military Compass</em> suitable for use by gunners and surveyors. This expanded on earlier instruments designed by Niccol&ograve; Tartaglia and Guidobaldo del Monte. For gunners, it offered, in addition to a new and safer way of elevating cannons accurately, a way of quickly computing the charge of gunpowder for cannonballs of different sizes and materials. As a geometric instrument, it enabled the construction of any regular polygon, computation of the area of any polygon or circular sector, and a variety of other calculations. About 1593, Galileo constructed a thermometer, using the expansion and contraction of air in a bulb to move water in an attached tube.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">In 1609, Galileo was, along with Englishman Thomas Harriot and others, among the first to use a refracting telescope as an instrument to observe stars, planets or moons. The name &quot;telescope&quot; was coined for Galileo's instrument by a Greek mathematician, Giovanni Demisiani,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>70<span>]</span></font></sup> at a banquet held in 1611 by Prince Federico Cesi to make Galileo a member of his Accademia dei Lincei.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>71<span>]</span></font></sup> The name was derived from the Greek <em>tele</em> = 'far' and <em>skopein</em> = 'to look or see'. In 1610, he used a telescope at close range to magnify the parts of insects.<sup id="cite_ref-telescope_microscope_71-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>72<span>]</span></font></sup> By 1624 he had perfected<sup id="cite_ref-microscope_perfection_72-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>73<span>]</span></font></sup> a compound microscope. He gave one of these instruments to Cardinal Zollern in May of that year for presentation to the Duke of Bavaria,<sup id="cite_ref-Zollern_microscope_73-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>74<span>]</span></font></sup> and in September he sent another to Prince Cesi.<sup id="cite_ref-Cesi_microscope_74-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>75<span>]</span></font></sup> The Linceans played a role again in naming the &quot;microscope&quot; a year later when fellow academy member Giovanni Faber coined the word for Galileo's invention from the Greek words <em>&mu;&iota;&kappa;&rho;ό&nu;</em> (<em>micron</em>) meaning &quot;small,&quot; and <em>&sigma;&kappa;&omicron;&pi;&epsilon;ῖ&nu;</em> (<em>skopein</em>) meaning &quot;to look at.&quot; The word was meant to be analogous with &quot;telescope.&quot;<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>76<span>]</span></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>77<span>]</span></font></sup> Illustrations of insects made using one of Galileo's microscopes, and published in 1625, appear to have been the first clear documentation of the use of a compound microscope.<sup id="cite_ref-microscope_use_77-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>78<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">In 1612, having determined the orbital periods of Jupiter's satellites, Galileo proposed that with sufficiently accurate knowledge of their orbits one could use their positions as a universal clock, and this would make possible the determination of longitude. He worked on this problem from time to time during the remainder of his life; but the practical problems were severe. The method was first successfully applied by Giovanni Domenico Cassini in 1681 and was later used extensively for large land surveys; this method, for example, was used by Lewis and Clark. For sea navigation, where delicate telescopic observations were more difficult, the longitude problem eventually required development of a practical portable marine chronometer, such as that of John Harrison.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">In his last year, when totally blind, he designed an escapement mechanism for a pendulum clock, a vectorial model of which may be seen here. The first fully operational pendulum clock was made by Christiaan Huygens in the 1650s. Galilei created sketches of various inventions, such as a candle and mirror combination to reflect light throughout a building, an automatic tomato picker, a pocket comb that doubled as an eating utensil, and what appears to be a ballpoint pen.</font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Physics</font></span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="WIDTH: 182px" class="thumbinner"><font color="#000000"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="180" height="145" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Tito_Lessi_-_Galileo_and_Viviani.jpg/180px-Tito_Lessi_-_Galileo_and_Viviani.jpg" /> </font> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><font color="#000000"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></font></div> <font color="#000000"><em>Galileo e Viviani</em>, 1892, Tito Lessi</font></div> </div> </div> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo's theoretical and experimental work on the motions of bodies, along with the largely independent work of Kepler and Ren&eacute; Descartes, was a precursor of the classical mechanics developed by Sir Isaac Newton.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">A biography by Galileo's pupil Vincenzo Viviani stated that Galileo had dropped balls of the same material, but different masses, from the Leaning Tower of Pisa to demonstrate that their time of descent was independent of their mass.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>79<span>]</span></font></sup> This was contrary to what Aristotle had taught: that heavy objects fall faster than lighter ones, in direct proportion to weight.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>80<span>]</span></font></sup> While this story has been retold in popular accounts, there is no account by Galileo himself of such an experiment, and it is generally accepted by historians that it was at most a thought experiment which did not actually take place.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>81<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">In his 1638 <em>Discorsi</em> Galileo's character Salviati, widely regarded as largely Galileo's spokesman, held that all unequal weights would fall with the same finite speed in a vacuum. But this had previously been proposed by Lucretius<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>82<span>]</span></font></sup> and Simon Stevin.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>83<span>]</span></font></sup> Salviati also held it could be experimentally demonstrated by the comparison of pendulum motions in air with bobs of lead and of cork which had different weight but which were otherwise similar.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo proposed that a falling body would fall with a uniform acceleration, as long as the resistance of the medium through which it was falling remained negligible, or in the limiting case of its falling through a vacuum.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>84<span>]</span></font></sup> He also derived the correct kinematical law for the distance travelled during a uniform acceleration starting from rest&mdash;namely, that it is proportional to the square of the elapsed time (&nbsp;<em>d</em>&nbsp;&prop;&nbsp;<em>t</em>^{<font size="2">&nbsp;2</font>}&nbsp;).<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>85<span>]</span></font></sup> However, in neither case were these discoveries entirely original. The time-squared law for uniformly accelerated change was already known to Nicole Oresme in the 14th century,<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>86<span>]</span></font></sup> and Domingo de Soto, in the 16th, had suggested that bodies falling through a homogeneous medium would be uniformly accelerated.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>87<span>]</span></font></sup> Galileo expressed the time-squared law using geometrical constructions and mathematically precise words, adhering to the standards of the day. (It remained for others to re-express the law in algebraic terms). He also concluded that objects <em>retain their velocity</em> unless a force&mdash;often friction&mdash;acts upon them, refuting the generally accepted Aristotelian hypothesis that objects &quot;naturally&quot; slow down and stop unless a force acts upon them (philosophical ideas relating to inertia had been proposed by Ibn al-Haytham centuries earlier, as had Jean Buridan, and according to Joseph Needham, Mo Tzu had proposed it centuries before either of them, but this was the first time that it had been mathematically expressed, verified experimentally, and introduced the idea of frictional force, the key breakthrough in validating inertia). Galileo's Principle of Inertia stated: &quot;A body moving on a level surface will continue in the same direction at constant speed unless disturbed.&quot; This principle was incorporated into Newton's laws of motion (first law).</font></p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="WIDTH: 182px" class="thumbinner"><font color="#000000"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="180" height="193" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Pisa.Duomo.dome.Riminaldi01.jpg/180px-Pisa.Duomo.dome.Riminaldi01.jpg" /> </font> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><font color="#000000"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></font></div> <font color="#000000">Dome of the cathedral of Pisa with the &quot;lamp of Galileo&quot;</font></div> </div> </div> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo also claimed (incorrectly) that a pendulum's swings always take the same amount of time, independently of the amplitude. That is, that a simple pendulum is isochronous. It is popularly believed that he came to this conclusion by watching the swings of the bronze chandelier in the cathedral of Pisa, using his pulse to time it. It appears however, that he conducted no experiments because the claim is true only of infinitesimally small swings as discovered by Christian Huygens. Galileo's son, Vincenzo, sketched a clock based on his father's theories in 1642. The clock was never built and, because of the large swings required by its verge escapement, would have been a poor timekeeper. (See Technology above.)</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">In 1638 Galileo described an experimental method to measure the speed of light by arranging that two observers, each having lanterns equipped with shutters, observe each other's lanterns at some distance. The first observer opens the shutter of his lamp, and, the second, upon seeing the light, immediately opens the shutter of his own lantern. The time between the first observer's opening his shutter and seeing the light from the second observer's lamp indicates the time it takes light to travel back and forth between the two observers. Galileo reported that when he tried this at a distance of less than a mile, he was unable to determine whether or not the light appeared instantaneously.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>88<span>]</span></font></sup> Sometime between Galileo's death and 1667, the members of the Florentine <em>Accademia del Cimento</em> repeated the experiment over a distance of about a mile and obtained a similarly inconclusive result.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>89<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo is lesser known for, yet still credited with, being one of the first to understand sound frequency. By scraping a chisel at different speeds, he linked the pitch of the sound produced to the spacing of the chisel's skips, a measure of frequency.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">In his 1632 Dialogue Galileo presented a physical theory to account for tides, based on the motion of the Earth. If correct, this would have been a strong argument for the reality of the Earth's motion. In fact, the original title for the book described it as a dialogue on the tides; the reference to tides was removed by order of the Inquisition. His theory gave the first insight into the importance of the shapes of ocean basins in the size and timing of tides; he correctly accounted, for instance, for the negligible tides halfway along the Adriatic Sea compared to those at the ends. As a general account of the cause of tides, however, his theory was a failure. Kepler and others correctly associated the Moon with an influence over the tides, based on empirical data; a proper physical theory of the tides, however, was not available until Newton.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo also put forward the basic principle of relativity, that the laws of physics are the same in any system that is moving at a constant speed in a straight line, regardless of its particular speed or direction. Hence, there is no absolute motion or absolute rest. This principle provided the basic framework for Newton's laws of motion and is central to Einstein's special theory of relativity.</font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Mathematics</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000">While Galileo's application of mathematics to experimental physics was innovative, his mathematical methods were the standard ones of the day. The analysis and proofs relied heavily on the Eudoxian theory of proportion, as set forth in the fifth book of Euclid's Elements. This theory had become available only a century before, thanks to accurate translations by Tartaglia and others; but by the end of Galileo's life it was being superseded by the algebraic methods of Descartes.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo produced one piece of original and even prophetic work in mathematics: Galileo's paradox, which shows that there are as many perfect squares as there are whole numbers, even though most numbers are not perfect squares. Such seeming contradictions were brought under control 250 years later in the work of Georg Cantor.</font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Church controversy</font></span></h2> <div class="rellink noprint relarticle mainarticle"><font color="#000000">Main article: Galileo affair</font></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="WIDTH: 182px" class="thumbinner"><font color="#000000"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="180" height="137" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Galileo_facing_the_Roman_Inquisition.jpg/180px-Galileo_facing_the_Roman_Inquisition.jpg" /> </font> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><font color="#000000"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></font></div> <font color="#000000">Cristiano Banti's 1857 painting <em>Galileo facing the Roman Inquisition</em></font></div> </div> </div> <p><font color="#000000">Western Christian biblical references Psalm 93:1, Psalm 96:10, and 1 Chronicles 16:30 include (depending on translation) text stating that &quot;the world is firmly established, it cannot be moved.&quot; In the same tradition, Psalm 104:5 says, &quot;the LORD set the earth on its foundations; it can never be moved.&quot; Further, Ecclesiastes 1:5 states that &quot;And the sun rises and sets and returns to its place&quot; etc.<sup id="cite_ref-Bellarmine_quote_89-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>90<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo defended heliocentrism, and claimed it was not contrary to those Scripture passages. He took Augustine's position on Scripture: not to take every passage literally, particularly when the scripture in question is a book of poetry and songs, not a book of instructions or history. The writers of the Scripture wrote from the perspective of the terrestrial world, and from that vantage point the sun does rise and set.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">By 1616 the attacks on the ideas of Copernicus had reached a head, and Galileo went to Rome to try to persuade the Church authorities not to ban his ideas. In the end, Cardinal Bellarmine, acting on directives from the Inquisition, delivered him an order not to &quot;hold or defend&quot; the idea that the Earth moves and the Sun stands still at the centre. The decree did not prevent Galileo from discussing heliocentrism hypothesis (thus maintaining a facade of separation between science and the church). For the next several years Galileo stayed well away from the controversy. He revived his project of writing a book on the subject, encouraged by the election of Cardinal Barberini as Pope Urban VIII in 1623. Barberini was a friend and admirer of Galileo, and had opposed the condemnation of Galileo in 1616. The book, <em>Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems</em>, was published in 1632, with formal authorization from the Inquisition and papal permission.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Pope Urban VIII personally asked Galileo to give arguments for and against heliocentrism in the book, and to be careful not to advocate heliocentrism. He made another request, that his own views on the matter be included in Galileo's book. Only the latter of those requests was fulfilled by Galileo. Whether unknowingly or deliberately, Simplicio, the defender of the Aristotelian Geocentric view in <em>Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems</em>, was often caught in his own errors and sometimes came across as a fool. This fact made <em>Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems</em> appear as an advocacy book; an attack on Aristotelian geocentrism and defense of the Copernican theory. To add insult to injury<sup style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap" class="noprint Inline-Template" title="This statement may not be entirely without bias from June 2009"><font size="2">[<em>neutrality disputed</em>]</font></sup>, Galileo put the words of Pope Urban VIII into the mouth of Simplicio. Most historians agree Galileo did not act out of malice and felt blindsided by the reaction to his book.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>91<span>]</span></font></sup> However, the Pope did not take the suspected public ridicule lightly, nor the blatant bias. Galileo had alienated one of his biggest and most powerful supporters, the Pope, and was called to Rome to defend his writings.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">With the loss of many of his defenders in Rome because of <em>Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems</em>, Galileo was ordered to stand trial on suspicion of heresy in 1633. The sentence of the Inquisition was in three essential parts:</font></p> <ul> <li><font color="#000000">Galileo was found &quot;vehemently suspect of heresy,&quot; namely of having held the opinions that the Sun lies motionless at the centre of the universe, that the Earth is not at its centre and moves, and that one may hold and defend an opinion as probable after it has been declared contrary to Holy Scripture. He was required to &quot;abjure, curse and detest&quot; those opinions.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>92<span>]</span></font></sup></font></li> <li><font color="#000000">He was ordered imprisoned; the sentence was later commuted to house arrest.</font></li> <li><font color="#000000">His offending <em>Dialogue</em> was banned; and in an action not announced at the trial, publication of any of his works was forbidden, including any he might write in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>93<span>]</span></font></sup></font></li> </ul> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="WIDTH: 182px" class="thumbinner"><font color="#000000"><font size="2"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="180" height="135" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bd/Tomb_of_Galileo_Galilei.JPG/180px-Tomb_of_Galileo_Galilei.JPG" /></font> </font> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><font color="#000000"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></font></div> <font color="#000000">Tomb of Galileo Galilei, Santa Croce</font></div> </div> </div> <p><font color="#000000">According to popular legend, after recanting his theory that the Earth moved around the Sun, Galileo allegedly muttered the rebellious phrase <em>And yet it moves</em>, but there is no evidence that he actually said this or anything similarly impertinent. The first account of the legend dates to a century after his death.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>94<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">After a period with the friendly Ascanio Piccolomini (the Archbishop of Siena), Galileo was allowed to return to his villa at Arcetri near Florence, where he spent the remainder of his life under house arrest, and where he later became blind. It was while Galileo was under house arrest that he dedicated his time to one of his finest works, <em>Two New Sciences</em>. Here he summarized work he had done some forty years earlier, on the two sciences now called kinematics and strength of materials. This book has received high praise from both Sir Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein.<sup style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap" class="noprint Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from July 2008"><font size="2">[<em>citation needed</em>]</font></sup> As a result of this work, Galileo is often called, the &quot;father of modern physics.&quot;</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo died on 8 January 1642 at 77 years of age. The Grand Duke of Tuscany, Ferdinando II, wished to bury him in the main body of the Basilica of Santa Croce, next to the tombs of his father and other ancestors, and to erect a marble mausoleum in his honour.<sup id="cite_ref-funeral_94-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>95<span>]</span></font></sup> These plans were scrapped, however, after Pope Urban VIII and his nephew, Cardinal Francesco Barberini, protested.<sup id="cite_ref-funeral_protests_95-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>96<span>]</span></font></sup> He was instead buried in a small room next to the novices' chapel at the end of a corridor from the southern transept of the basilica to the sacristy.<sup id="cite_ref-burial_spot_96-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>97<span>]</span></font></sup> He was reburied in the main body of the basilica in 1737 after a monument had been erected there in his honour.<sup id="cite_ref-reburial_spot_97-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>98<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">The Inquisition's ban on reprinting Galileo's works was lifted in 1718 when permission was granted to publish an edition of his works (excluding the condemned <em>Dialogue</em>) in Florence.<sup id="cite_ref-incomplete_works_98-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>99<span>]</span></font></sup> In 1741 Pope Benedict XIV authorized the publication of an edition of Galileo's complete scientific works<sup id="cite_ref-complete_works_1_99-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>100<span>]</span></font></sup> which included a mildly censored version of the <em>Dialogue</em>.<sup id="cite_ref-complete_works_2_100-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>101<span>]</span></font></sup> In 1758 the general prohibition against works advocating heliocentrism was removed from the Index of prohibited books, although the specific ban on uncensored versions of the <em>Dialogue</em> and Copernicus's <em>De Revolutionibus</em> remained.<sup id="cite_ref-ban_not_lifted_101-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>102<span>]</span></font></sup> All traces of official opposition to heliocentrism by the Church disappeared in 1835 when these works were finally dropped from the Index.<sup id="cite_ref-ban_lifted_102-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>103<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">In 1939 Pope Pius XII, in his first speech to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, within a few months of his election to the papacy, described Galileo as being among the <em>&quot;most audacious heroes of research&nbsp;... not afraid of the stumbling blocks and the risks on the way, nor fearful of the funereal monuments&quot;</em><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>104<span>]</span></font></sup> His close advisor of 40 years, Professor Robert Leiber wrote: &quot;Pius XII was very careful not to close any doors (to science) prematurely. He was energetic on this point and regretted that in the case of Galileo.&quot;<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>105<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">On 15 February 1990, in a speech delivered at the Sapienza University of Rome,<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>106<span>]</span></font></sup> Cardinal Ratzinger (later to become Pope Benedict XVI) cited some current views on the Galileo affair as forming what he called &quot;a symptomatic case that permits us to see how deep the self-doubt of the modern age, of science and technology goes today.&quot;<sup id="cite_ref-self-doubt_106-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>107<span>]</span></font></sup> Some of the views he cited were those of the philosopher Paul Feyerabend, whom he quoted as saying &ldquo;The Church at the time of Galileo kept much more closely to reason than did Galileo himself, and she took into consideration the ethical and social consequences of Galileo's teaching too. Her verdict against Galileo was rational and just and the revision of this verdict can be justified only on the grounds of what is politically opportune.&rdquo;<sup id="cite_ref-scupper_107-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>108<span>]</span></font></sup> The Cardinal did not clearly indicate whether he agreed or disagreed with Feyerabend's assertions. He did, however, say &quot;It would be foolish to construct an impulsive apologetic on the basis of such views.&quot;<sup id="cite_ref-self-doubt_106-1" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>107<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">On 31 October 1992, Pope John Paul II expressed regret for how the Galileo affair was handled, and officially conceded that the Earth was not stationary, as the result of a study conducted by the Pontifical Council for Culture.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>109<span>]</span></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>110<span>]</span></font></sup> In March 2008 the Vatican proposed to complete its rehabilitation of Galileo by erecting a statue of him inside the Vatican walls.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>111<span>]</span></font></sup> In December of the same year, during events to mark the 400th anniversary of Galileo's earliest telescopic observations, Pope Benedict XVI praised his contributions to astronomy.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>112<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">His writings</font></span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="WIDTH: 142px" class="thumbinner"><font color="#000000"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="140" height="252" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Galileo_Galilei01.jpg/140px-Galileo_Galilei01.jpg" /> </font> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><font color="#000000"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></font></div> <font color="#000000">Statue outside the Uffizi, Florence.</font></div> </div> </div> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo's early works describing scientific instruments include the 1586 tract entitled <em>The Little Balance</em> (<em>La Billancetta</em>) describing an accurate balance to weigh objects in air or water<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>113<span>]</span></font></sup> and the 1606 printed manual <em>Le Operazioni del Compasso Geometrico et Militare</em> on the operation of a geometrical and military compass.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>114<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">His early works in dynamics, the science of motion and mechanics were his 1590 Pisan <em>De Motu</em> (On Motion) and his <em>circa</em> 1600 Paduan <em>Le Meccaniche</em> (Mechanics). The former was based on Aristotelian-Archimedean fluid dynamics and held that the speed of gravitational fall in a fluid medium was proportional to the excess of a body's specific weight over that of the medium, whereby in a vacuum bodies would fall with speeds in proportion to their specific weights. It also subscribed to the Hipparchan-Philoponan impetus dynamics in which impetus is self-dissipating and free-fall in a vacuum would have an essential terminal speed according to specific weight after an initial period of acceleration.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo's 1610 <em>The Starry Messenger</em> (<em>Sidereus Nuncius</em>) was the first scientific treatise to be published based on observations made through a telescope. It reported his discoveries of:</font></p> <ul> <li><font color="#000000">the Galilean moons;</font></li> <li><font color="#000000">the roughness of the Moon's surface;</font></li> <li><font color="#000000">the existence of a large number of stars invisible to the naked eye, particularly those responsible for the appearance of the Milky Way; and</font></li> <li><font color="#000000">differences between the appearances of the planets and those of the fixed stars&mdash;the former appearing as small discs, while the latter appeared as unmagnified points of light.</font></li> </ul> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo published a description of sunspots in 1613 entitled <em>Letters on Sunspots</em><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>115<span>]</span></font></sup> suggesting the Sun and heavens are corruptible. The <em>Letters on Sunspots</em> also reported his 1610 telescopic observations of the full set of phases of Venus, and his discovery of the puzzling &quot;appendages&quot; of Saturn and their even more puzzling subsequent disappearance. In 1615 Galileo prepared a manuscript known as the <em>Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina</em> which was not published in printed form until 1636. This letter was a revised version of the <em>Letter to Castelli</em>, which was denounced by the Inquisition as an incursion upon theology by advocating Copernicanism both as physically true and as consistent with Scripture.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>116<span>]</span></font></sup> In 1616, after the order by the inquisition for Galileo not to hold or defend the Copernican position, Galileo wrote the <em>Discourse on the tides</em> (<em>Discorso sul flusso e il reflusso del mare</em>) based on the Copernican earth, in the form of a private letter to Cardinal Orsini.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>117<span>]</span></font></sup> In 1619, Mario Guiducci, a pupil of Galileo's, published a lecture written largely by Galileo under the title <em>Discourse on the Comets</em> (<em>Discorso Delle Comete</em>), arguing against the Jesuit interpretation of comets.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>118<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">In 1623, Galileo published <em>The Assayer&nbsp;&ndash; Il Saggiatore</em>, which attacked theories based on Aristotle's authority and promoted experimentation and the mathematical formulation of scientific ideas. The book was highly successful and even found support among the higher echelons of the Christian church.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>119<span>]</span></font></sup> Following the success of The Assayer, Galileo published the <em>Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems</em> (Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo) in 1632. Despite taking care to adhere to the Inquisition's 1616 instructions, the claims in the book favouring Copernican theory and a non Geocentric model of the solar system led to Galileo being tried and banned on publication. Despite the publication ban, Galileo published his <em>Discourses and Mathematical Demonstrations Relating to Two New Sciences</em> (<em>Discorsi e Dimostrazioni Matematiche, intorno a due nuove scienze</em>) in 1638 in Holland, outside the jurisdiction of the Inquisition.</font></p> <ul> <li><font color="#000000"><em>The Little Balance</em> (1586)</font></li> <li><font color="#000000"><em>On Motion</em> (1590) <sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>120<span>]</span></font></sup></font></li> <li><font color="#000000"><em>Mechanics</em> (c1600)</font></li> <li><font color="#000000"><em>The Starry Messenger</em> (1610; in Latin, Sidereus Nuncius)</font></li> <li><font color="#000000"><em>Letters on Sunspots</em> (1613)</font></li> <li><font color="#000000"><em>Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina</em> (1615; published in 1636)</font></li> <li><font color="#000000"><em>Discourse on the Tides</em> (1616; in Italian, Discorso del flusso e reflusso del mare)</font></li> <li><font color="#000000"><em>Discourse on the Comets</em> (1619; in Italian, Discorso Delle Comete)</font></li> <li><font color="#000000"><em>The Assayer</em> (1623; in Italian, Il Saggiatore)</font></li> <li><font color="#000000"><em>Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems</em> (1632; in Italian Dialogo dei due massimi sistemi del mondo)</font></li> <li><font color="#000000"><em>Discourses and Mathematical Demonstrations Relating to Two New Sciences</em> (1638; in Italian, Discorsi e Dimostrazioni Matematiche, intorno a due nuove scienze)</font></li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Legacy</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo's astronomical discoveries and investigations into the Copernican theory have led to a lasting legacy which includes the categorisation of the four large moons of Jupiter discovered by Galileo (Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto) as the Galilean moons. Other scientific endeavours and principles are named after Galileo including the Galileo spacecraft,<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>121<span>]</span></font></sup> the first spacecraft to enter orbit around Jupiter, the proposed Galileo global satellite navigation system, the transformation between inertial systems in classical mechanics denoted Galilean transformation and the Gal (unit), sometimes known as the <em>Galileo</em> which is a non-SI unit of acceleration.</font></p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="WIDTH: 162px" class="thumbinner"><font color="#000000"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="160" height="159" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fe/2009_Austria_25_Euro_Year_of_Astronomy_Front.jpg/160px-2009_Austria_25_Euro_Year_of_Astronomy_Front.jpg" /> </font> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><font color="#000000"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></font></div> <font color="#000000">International Year of Astronomy commemorative coin</font></div> </div> </div> <p><font color="#000000">Partly because 2009 is the fourth centenary of Galileo's first recorded astronomical observations with the telescope, the United Nations has scheduled it to be the International Year of Astronomy.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>122<span>]</span></font></sup> A global scheme laid out by the International Astronomical Union (IAU), it has also been endorsed by UNESCO &mdash; the UN body responsible for Educational, Scientific and Cultural matters. The International Year of Astronomy 2009 is intended to be a global celebration of astronomy and its contributions to society and culture, stimulating worldwide interest not only in astronomy but science in general, with a particular slant towards young people.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">The 20th century German playwright Bertolt Brecht dramatised Galileo's life in his <em>Life of Galileo</em> (1943). A film adaptation with the title <em>Galileo</em> was released in 1975.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo Galilei was recently selected as a main motif for a high value collectors' coin: the &euro;25 International Year of Astronomy commemorative coin, minted in 2009. This coin also commemorates the 400th anniversary of the invention of Galileo's telescope. The obverse shows a portion of his portrait and his telescope. The background shows one of his first drawings of the surface of the moon. In the silver ring other telescopes are depicted: the Isaac Newton Telescope, the observatory in Kremsm&uuml;nster Abbey, a modern telescope, a radio telescope and a space telescope.</font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Notes</font></span></h2> <div style="-moz-column-count: 2; column-count: 2" class="references-small references-column-count references-column-count-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-McTutor-0"><font color="#000000">^ ^{<em><strong><font size="2">a</font></strong></em>} ^{<em><strong><font size="2">b</font></strong></em>} ^{<em><strong><font size="2">c</font></strong></em>} ^{<em><strong><font size="2">d</font></strong></em>} ^{<em><strong><font size="2">e</font></strong></em>} ^{<em><strong><font size="2">f</font></strong></em>} ^{<em><strong><font size="2">g</font></strong></em>} <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFO.27ConnorRobertson.2C_E._F." class="web">O'Connor, J. J.; Robertson, E. F.. &quot;Galileo Galilei&quot;. <em><span>The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive</span></em>. University of St Andrews, Scotland<span class="printonly">. http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Galileo.html</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-07-24</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo+Galilei&amp;rft.atitle=The+MacTutor+History+of+Mathematics+archive&amp;rft.aulast=O%27Connor&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+J.&amp;rft.au=O%27Connor%2C+J.+J.&amp;rft.au=Robertson%2C+E.+F.&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BUniversity+of+St+Andrews%5D%5D%2C+%5B%5BScotland%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FGalileo.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li id="cite_note-birthdate-1"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1978, p.1). The date of Galileo's birth is given according to the Julian calendar, which was then in force throughout the whole of Christendom. In 1582 it was replaced in Italy and several other Catholic countries with the Gregorian calendar. Unless otherwise indicated, dates in this article are given according to the Gregorian calendar.</font></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <img alt="" width="15" height="16" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" /> &quot;Galileo Galilei&quot; in the 1913 <em>Catholic Encyclopedia</em>. by John Gerard. Retrieved 11 August 2007</font></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFSinger1941">Singer, Charles (1941), <em>A Short History of Science to the Nineteenth Century</em>, Clarendon Press<span class="printonly">, http://www.google.com.au/books?id=mPIgAAAAMAAJ&amp;pgis=1</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Science+to+the+Nineteenth+Century&amp;rft.aulast=Singer&amp;rft.aufirst=Charles&amp;rft.au=Singer%2C+Charles&amp;rft.date=1941&amp;rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com.au%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmPIgAAAAMAAJ%26pgis%3D1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> (page 217)</font></li> <li id="cite_note-Einstein-4"><font color="#000000">^ ^{<em><strong><font size="2">a</font></strong></em>} ^{<em><strong><font size="2">b</font></strong></em>} <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFWeidhorn2005" class="book">Weidhorn, Manfred (2005). <em><span>The Person of the Millennium: The Unique Impact of Galileo on World History</span></em>. iUniverse. pp.&nbsp;155. ISBN 0-595-36877-8.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Person+of+the+Millennium%3A+The+Unique+Impact+of+Galileo+on+World+History&amp;rft.aulast=Weidhorn&amp;rft.aufirst=Manfred&amp;rft.au=Weidhorn%2C+Manfred&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B155&amp;rft.pub=iUniverse&amp;rft.isbn=0-595-36877-8&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li id="cite_note-finocchiaro2007-5"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Finocchiaro (2007).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> &quot;Galileo and the Birth of Modern Science, by Stephen Hawking, American Heritage's Invention &amp; Technology, Spring 2009, Vol. 24, No. 1, p. 36</font></li> <li id="cite_note-contrary_to_scripture-7"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sharratt (1994, pp.127&ndash;131), McMullin (2005a).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Reston (2000, pp. 3&ndash;14).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sharratt (1994, pp. 45&ndash;66).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFRutkin" class="web">Rutkin, H. Darrel. &quot;Galileo, Astrology, and the Scientific Revolution: Another Look&quot;. Program in History &amp; Philosophy of Science &amp; Technology, Stanford University.<span class="printonly">. http://www.stanford.edu/dept/HPST/colloquia0405.html</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-04-15</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo%2C+Astrology%2C+and+the+Scientific+Revolution%3A+Another+Look&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Rutkin&amp;rft.aufirst=H.+Darrel&amp;rft.au=Rutkin%2C+H.+Darrel&amp;rft.pub=Program+in+History+%26+Philosophy+of+Science+%26+Technology%2C+Stanford+University.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stanford.edu%2Fdept%2FHPST%2Fcolloquia0405.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sharratt (1994, pp.17, 213)</font></li> <li id="cite_note-daughters_unmarriageable-12"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sobel (2000, p.5) Chapter 1. Retrieved on 26 August 2007. &quot;But because he never married Virginia's mother, he deemed the girl herself unmarriageable. Soon after her thirteenth birthday, he placed her at the Convent of San Matteo in Arcetri.&quot;</font></li> <li id="cite_note-13"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFPedersen" class="book">Pedersen, O. (24 May&ndash;27, 1984). &quot;Galileo's Religion&quot;. Proceedings of the Cracow Conference, The Galileo affair: A meeting of faith and science. Cracow: Dordrecht, D. Reidel Publishing Co.. pp.&nbsp;75-102.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo%27s+Religion&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Pedersen&amp;rft.aufirst=O.&amp;rft.au=Pedersen%2C+O.&amp;rft.date=24+May%E2%80%9327%2C+1984&amp;rft.series=Proceedings+of+the+Cracow+Conference%2C+The+Galileo+affair%3A+A+meeting+of+faith+and+science&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B75-102&amp;rft.place=Cracow&amp;rft.pub=Dordrecht%2C+D.+Reidel+Publishing+Co.&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Gebler (1879, pp. 22&ndash;35).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-15"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFAnonymous2007" class="web">Anonymous (2007). &quot;History&quot;. Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei<span class="printonly">. http://www.lincei.it/modules.php?name=Content&amp;pa=showpage&amp;pid=21</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-06-10</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=History&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Anonymous&amp;rft.au=Anonymous&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.pub=Accademia+Nazionale+dei+Lincei&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lincei.it%2Fmodules.php%3Fname%3DContent%26pa%3Dshowpage%26pid%3D21&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> There are contradictory documents describing the nature of this admonition and the circumstances of its delivery. Finocchiaro, <em>The Galileo Affair</em>, pp.147&ndash;149, 153</font></li> <li id="cite_note-17"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFCarney2000" class="book">Carney, Jo Eldridge (2000). <em><span>Renaissance and Reformation, 1500-1620: a</span></em>. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0-313-30574-9.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Renaissance+and+Reformation%2C+1500-1620%3A+a&amp;rft.aulast=Carney&amp;rft.aufirst=Jo+Eldridge&amp;rft.au=Carney%2C+Jo+Eldridge&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&amp;rft.isbn=0-313-30574-9&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li id="cite_note-18"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Allan-Olney (1870)</font></li> <li id="cite_note-19"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sharratt (1994, pp.204&ndash;05)</font></li> <li id="cite_note-20"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFCohen1984" class="book">Cohen, H. F. (1984). <em><span>Quantifying Music: The Science of Music at</span></em>. Springer. pp.&nbsp;78&ndash;84. ISBN 90-277-1637-4.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Quantifying+Music%3A+The+Science+of+Music+at&amp;rft.aulast=Cohen&amp;rft.aufirst=H.+F.&amp;rft.au=Cohen%2C+H.+F.&amp;rft.date=1984&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B78%E2%80%9384&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.isbn=90-277-1637-4&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li id="cite_note-21"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFField2005" class="book">Field, Judith Veronica (2005). <em><span>Piero Della Francesca: A Mathematician's Art</span></em>. Yale University Press. pp.&nbsp;317&ndash;320. ISBN 0-300-10342-5.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Piero+Della+Francesca%3A+A+Mathematician%27s+Art&amp;rft.aulast=Field&amp;rft.aufirst=Judith+Veronica&amp;rft.au=Field%2C+Judith+Veronica&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B317%E2%80%93320&amp;rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&amp;rft.isbn=0-300-10342-5&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li id="cite_note-22"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> In Drake (1957, pp.237&minus;238)</font></li> <li id="cite_note-23"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Wallace, (1984).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-24"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFFeyerabend1993" class="book">Feyerabend, Paul (1993). <em><span>Against Method</span></em> (3rd ed.). London: Verso. p.&nbsp;129. ISBN 0-86091-646-4.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Against+Method&amp;rft.aulast=Feyerabend&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul&amp;rft.au=Feyerabend%2C+Paul&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B129&amp;rft.edition=3rd&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Verso&amp;rft.isbn=0-86091-646-4&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li id="cite_note-25"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sharratt (1994, pp.202&ndash;04), Galilei (1954, pp.250&ndash;52), Favaro (1898, 8:274&ndash;75) <span style="COLOR: #555; FONT-SIZE: 0.95em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold" class="languageicon"><font size="3">(Italian)</font></span></font></li> <li id="cite_note-26"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sharratt (1994, pp.202&ndash;04), Galilei (1954, pp.252), Favaro (1898, 8:275) <span style="COLOR: #555; FONT-SIZE: 0.95em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold" class="languageicon"><font size="3">(Italian)</font></span></font></li> <li id="cite_note-Hawking_galileo-27"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Hawking (1988, p.179).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-father_of_science_Einstein-28"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Einstein (1954, p.271). &quot;Propositions arrived at by purely logical means are completely empty as regards reality. Because Galileo realised this, and particularly because he drummed it into the scientific world, he is the father of modern physics&mdash;indeed, of modern science altogether.&quot;</font></li> <li id="cite_note-29"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1990, pp.133&ndash;34).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-invisible-30"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <em>i.e.</em>, invisible to the naked eye.</font></li> <li id="cite_note-jupiter.27s_moons-31"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1978, p.146).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-moonconclusion-32"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> In <em>Sidereus Nuncius</em> (Favaro,1892, 3:81<span style="COLOR: #555; FONT-SIZE: 0.95em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold" class="languageicon"><font size="3">(Latin)</font></span>) Galileo stated that he had reached this conclusion on 11 January. Drake (1978, p.152), however, after studying unpublished manuscript records of Galileo's observations, concluded that he did not do so until 15 January.</font></li> <li id="cite_note-medicean_stars-33"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sharratt (1994, p.17).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-34"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Linton (2004, pp.98,205), Drake (1978, p.157).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-scepticism-35"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1978, p.158&ndash;68), Sharratt (1994, p.18&ndash;19).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-36"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <em>God's Philosophers</em> ju James Hannam Orion 2009 p313</font></li> <li id="cite_note-periods-37"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1978, p.168), Sharratt (1994, p.93).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-38"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Thoren (1989), p.8; Hoskin (1999) p.117.</font></li> <li id="cite_note-39"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> In the Capellan model only Mercury and Venus orbit the Sun, whilst in its extended version such as expounded by Riccioli, Mars also orbits the Sun, but the orbits of Jupiter and Saturn are centred on the Earth</font></li> <li id="cite_note-40"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Baalke, Ron. Historical Background of Saturn's Rings. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, NASA. Retrieved on <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2007-03-11">2007-03-11</span></font></li> <li id="cite_note-41"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> In Kepler's Thomist 'inertial' variant of Aristotelian dynamics as opposed to Galileo's impetus dynamics variant all bodies universally have an inherent resistance to all motion and tendency to rest, which he dubbed 'inertia'. This notion of inertia was originally introduced by Averroes in the 12th century just for the celestial spheres in order to explain why they do not rotate with infinite speed on Aristotelian dynamics, as they should if they had no resistance to their movers. And in his <em>Astronomia Nova</em> celestial mechanics the inertia of the planets is overcome in their solar orbital motion by their being pushed around by the sunspecks of the rotating sun acting like the spokes of a rotating cartwheel. And more generally it predicted all but only planets with orbiting satellites, such as Jupiter for example, also rotate to push them around, whereas the Moon, for example, does not rotate, thus always presenting the same face to the Earth, because it has no satellites to push around. These seem to have been the first successful novel predictions of Thomist 'inertial' Aristotelian dynamics as well as of post-spherist celestial physics. In his 1630 <em>Epitome</em> (See p514 on p896 of the Encyclop&aelig;dia Britannica 1952 <em>Great Books of the Western World</em> edition) Kepler keenly stressed he had proved the Sun's axial rotation from planetary motions in his <em>Commentaries on Mars</em> Ch 34 long before it was telescopically established by sunspot motion.</font></li> <li id="cite_note-42"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1978, p.209). Sizzi reported the observations he and his companions had made over the course of a year to Orazio Morandi in a letter dated 10 April 1613 (Favaro,1901, 11:491 <span style="COLOR: #555; FONT-SIZE: 0.95em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold" class="languageicon"><font size="3">(Italian)</font></span>). Morandi subsequently forwarded a copy to Galileo.</font></li> <li id="cite_note-sunspot_argument-43"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> In geostatic systems the apparent annual variation in the motion of sunspots could only be explained as the result of an implausibly complicated precession of the Sun's axis of rotation (Linton, 2004, p.212; Sharratt, 1994, p.166; Drake, 1970, pp.191&ndash;196) However, in Drake's judgment of this complex issue in Chapter 9 of his 1970 this is not so, for it does not refute non-geostatic geo-rotating geocentric models. For at most the variable annual inclinations of sunspots&rsquo; monthly paths to the ecliptic only proved there must be some terrestrial motion, but not necessarily its annual heliocentric orbital motion as opposed to a geocentric daily rotation, and so it did not prove heliocentrism by refuting geocentrism. Thus it could be explained in the semi-Tychonic geocentric model with a daily rotating Earth such as that of Tycho's follower Longomontanus. Especially see p190 and p196 of Drake's article. Thus on this analysis it only refuted the Ptolemaic geostatic geocentric model whose required daily geocentric orbit of the sun would have predicted the annual variation in this inclination should be observed daily, which it is not.</font></li> <li id="cite_note-scientific_manifesto-44"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1960, pp.vii,xxiii&ndash;xxiv), Sharratt (1994, pp.139&ndash;140).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-disputatio-45"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Grassi (1960a).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-grassi_great_circle-46"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1978, p.268), Grassi (1960a, p.16).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-discourse_on_comets-47"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Galilei &amp; Guiducci (1960).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-authorship_of_discourse-48"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1960, p.xvi).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-criticism_of_previous_theories-49"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1957, p.222), Drake (1960, p.xvii).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-Scheiner_insult-50"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sharratt (1994, p.135), Drake (1960, p.xii), Galilei &amp; Guiducci (1960, p.24).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-uncomplimentary_remark-51"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sharratt (1994, p.135).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-jesuits_offended-52"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sharratt (1994, p.135), Drake (1960, p.xvii).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-astronomical_balance-53"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Grassi (1960b).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-54"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1978, p.494), Favaro(1896, 6:111). The pseudonym was a slightly imperfect anagram of Oratio Grasio Savonensis, a latinized version of his name and home town.</font></li> <li id="cite_note-the_assayer-55"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Galilei (1960).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-masterpiece_of_polemics-56"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sharratt (1994, p.137), Drake (1957, p.227).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-withering_scorn-57"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sharratt (1994, p.138&ndash;142).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-assayer_success-58"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1960, p.xix).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-jesuit_alienation-59"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1960, p.vii).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-jesuits_responsible-60"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sharratt (1994, p.175).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-evidence_of_jesuits-61"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sharratt (1994, pp.175&ndash;78), Blackwell (2006, p.30).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-62"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Finocchiaro (1989), pp. 67&ndash;9.</font></li> <li id="cite_note-63"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Finocchiaro (1989), p. 354, n. 52</font></li> <li id="cite_note-64"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Finocchiaro (1989), pp.119&ndash;133</font></li> <li id="cite_note-65"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Finocchiaro (1989), pp.127&ndash;131 and Drake (1953), pp. 432&ndash;6</font></li> <li id="cite_note-66"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Einstein (1952) p. xvii</font></li> <li id="cite_note-67"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Finocchiaro (1989), p. 128</font></li> <li id="cite_note-68"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFKusukawa" class="web">Kusukawa, Sachiko. &quot;Starry Messenger. The Telescope, Department of History and Philosophy of Science of the University of Cambridge. Retrieved on <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2007-03-10">2007-03-10</span>]&quot;<span class="printonly">. http://www.hps.cam.ac.uk/starry/galtele.html</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Starry+Messenger.+The+Telescope%5D%2C+Department+of+History+and+Philosophy+of+Science+of+the+University+of+Cambridge.+Retrieved+on+%5B%5B2007-03-10%5D%5D&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Kusukawa&amp;rft.aufirst=Sachiko&amp;rft.au=Kusukawa%2C+Sachiko&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hps.cam.ac.uk%2Fstarry%2Fgaltele.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li id="cite_note-69"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sobel (2000, p.43), Drake (1978, p.196). In the <em>Starry Messenger</em>, written in Latin, Galileo had used the term &quot;perspicillum.&quot;</font></li> <li id="cite_note-70"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="web">&quot;omni-optical.com &quot;<em>A Very Short History of the Telescope</em>&quot;&quot;<span class="printonly">. http://www.omni-optical.com/telescope/ut104.htm</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=omni-optical.com+%22%27%27A+Very+Short+History+of+the+Telescope%27%27%22&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.omni-optical.com%2Ftelescope%2Fut104.htm&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li id="cite_note-telescope_microscope-71"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1978, p.163&ndash;164), Favaro(1892, 3:163&ndash;164)<span style="COLOR: #555; FONT-SIZE: 0.95em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold" class="languageicon"><font size="3">(Latin)</font></span></font></li> <li id="cite_note-microscope_perfection-72"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Probably in 1623, according to Drake (1978, p.286).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-Zollern_microscope-73"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1978, p.289), Favaro(1903, 13:177) <span style="COLOR: #555; FONT-SIZE: 0.95em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold" class="languageicon"><font size="3">(Italian)</font></span>.</font></li> <li id="cite_note-Cesi_microscope-74"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1978, p.286), Favaro(1903, 13:208)<span style="COLOR: #555; FONT-SIZE: 0.95em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold" class="languageicon"><font size="3">(Italian)</font></span>. The actual inventors of the telescope and microscope remain debatable. A general view on this can be found in the article Hans Lippershey (last updated <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2003-08-01">2003-08-01</span>), &copy; 1995&ndash;2007 by Davidson, Michael W. and the Florida State University. Retrieved <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2007-08-28">2007-08-28</span></font></li> <li id="cite_note-75"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="web">&quot;brunelleschi.imss.fi.it &quot;Il microscopio di Galileo&quot;&quot; (PDF)<span class="printonly">. http://brunelleschi.imss.fi.it/esplora/microscopio/dswmedia/risorse/testi_completi.pdf</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=brunelleschi.imss.fi.it+%22Il+microscopio+di+Galileo%22&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbrunelleschi.imss.fi.it%2Fesplora%2Fmicroscopio%2Fdswmedia%2Frisorse%2Ftesti_completi.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li id="cite_note-76"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Van Helden, Al. Galileo Timeline (last updated 1995), The Galileo Project. Retrieved <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2007-08-28">2007-08-28</span>. See also Timeline of microscope technology.</font></li> <li id="cite_note-microscope_use-77"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1978, p.286).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-78"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1978, pp.19,20). At the time when Viviani asserts that the experiment took place, Galileo had not yet formulated the final version of his law of free fall. He had, however, formulated an earlier version which predicted that bodies <em>of the same material</em> falling through the same medium would fall at the same speed (Drake, 1978, p.20).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-79"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1978, p.9); Sharratt (1994, p.31).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-80"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFGroleau" class="web">Groleau, Rick. &quot;Galileo's Battle for the Heavens. July 2002&quot;<span class="printonly">. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/galileo/experiments.html</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo%27s+Battle+for+the+Heavens.+July+2002&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Groleau&amp;rft.aufirst=Rick&amp;rft.au=Groleau%2C+Rick&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fnova%2Fgalileo%2Fexperiments.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFBall" class="web">Ball, Phil. &quot;Science history: setting the record straight. 30 June 2005&quot;<span class="printonly">. http://www.hindu.com/seta/2005/06/30/stories/2005063000351500.htm</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Science+history%3A+setting+the+record+straight.+30+June+2005&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Ball&amp;rft.aufirst=Phil&amp;rft.au=Ball%2C+Phil&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2Fseta%2F2005%2F06%2F30%2Fstories%2F2005063000351500.htm&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> An exception is Drake (1978, pp.19&ndash;21, 414&ndash;416), who argues that the experiment did take place, more or less as Viviani described it.</font></li> <li id="cite_note-81"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Lucretius, <em>De rerum natura</em> II, 225&ndash;229; Relevant passage appears in: Lane Cooper, <em>Aristotle, Galileo, and the Tower of Pisa</em> (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1935), page 49.</font></li> <li id="cite_note-82"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Simon Stevin, <em>De Beghinselen des Waterwichts, Anvang der Waterwichtdaet, en de Anhang komen na de Beghinselen der Weeghconst en de Weeghdaet</em> [The Elements of Hydrostatics, Preamble to the Practice of Hydrostatics, and Appendix to The Elements of the Statics and The Practice of Weighing] (Leiden, Netherlands: Christoffel Plantijn, 1586) reports an experiment by Stevin and Jan Cornets de Groot in which they dropped lead balls from a church tower in Delft; relevant passage is translated here: E. J. Dijksterhuis, ed., <em>The Principal Works of Simon Stevin</em> (Amsterdam, Netherlands: C. V. Swets &amp; Zeitlinger, 1955) vol. 1, pages 509 and 511. Available on-line at: http://www.library.tudelft.nl/cgi-bin/digitresor/display.cgi?bookname=Mechanics%20I&amp;page=509</font></li> <li id="cite_note-83"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sharratt (1994, p.203), Galilei (1954, pp.251&ndash;54).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-84"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sharratt (1994, p.198), Galilei (1954, p.174).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-85"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Clagett (1968, p.561).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-86"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sharratt (1994, p.198), Wallace (2004, pp.II 384, II 400, III 272) Soto, however, did not anticipate many of the qualifications and refinements contained in Galileo's theory of falling bodies. He did not, for instance, recognise, as Galileo did, that a body would only fall with a strictly uniform acceleration in a vacuum, and that it would otherwise eventually reach a uniform terminal velocity.</font></li> <li id="cite_note-87"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Galileo Galilei, <em>Two New Sciences,</em> (Madison: Univ. of Wisconsin Pr., 1974) p. 50.</font></li> <li id="cite_note-88"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> I. Bernard Cohen, &quot;Roemer and the First Determination of the Velocity of Light (1676),&quot; <em>Isis</em>, 31 (1940): 327&ndash;379, see pp. 332&ndash;333</font></li> <li id="cite_note-Bellarmine_quote-89"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Brodrick (1965, c1964, p.95) quoting Cardinal Bellarmine's letter to Foscarini, dated 12 April 1615. Translated from Favaro(1902, 12:171&ndash;172) <span style="COLOR: #555; FONT-SIZE: 0.95em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold" class="languageicon"><font size="3">(Italian)</font></span>.</font></li> <li id="cite_note-90"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> See Langford (1966, pp.133&ndash;134), and Seeger (1966, p.30), for example. Drake (1978, p.355) asserts that Simplicio's character is modelled on the Aristotelian philosophers, Lodovico delle Colombe and Cesare Cremonini, rather than Urban. He also considers that the demand for Galileo to include the Pope's argument in the <em>Dialogue</em> left him with no option but to put it in the mouth of Simplicio (Drake, 1953, p.491). Even Arthur Koestler, who is generally quite harsh on Galileo in <em>The Sleepwalkers</em> (1959), after noting that Urban suspected Galileo of having intended Simplicio to be a caricature of him, says &quot;this of course is untrue&quot; (1959, p.483)</font></li> <li id="cite_note-91"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Fantoli (2005, p.139), Finocchiaro (1989, p.288&ndash;293). Finocchiaro's translation of the Inquisition's judgement against Galileo is available on-line. &quot;Vehemently suspect of heresy&quot; was a technical term of canon law and did not necessarily imply that the Inquisition considered the opinions giving rise to the verdict to be heretical. The same verdict would have been possible even if the opinions had been subject only to the less serious censure of &quot;erroneous in faith&quot; (Fantoli, 2005, p.140; Heilbron, 2005, pp.282-284).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-92"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1978, p.367), Sharratt (1994, p.184), Favaro(1905, 16:209, 230)<span style="COLOR: #555; FONT-SIZE: 0.95em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold" class="languageicon"><font size="3">(Italian)</font></span>. See Galileo affair for further details.</font></li> <li id="cite_note-93"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1978, p.356). The phrase &quot;Eppur si muove&quot; does appear, however, in a painting of the 1640s by the Spanish painter Bartolom&eacute; Esteban Murillo or an artist of his school. The painting depicts an imprisoned Galileo apparently pointing to a copy of the phrase written on the wall of his dungeon (Drake, 1978, p.357).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-funeral-94"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Shea &amp; Artigas (2003, p.199); Sobel (2000, p.378).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-funeral_protests-95"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Shea &amp; Artigas (2003, p.199); Sobel (2000, p.378); Sharratt (1994, p.207); Favaro(1906,18:378&ndash;80) <span style="COLOR: #555; FONT-SIZE: 0.95em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold" class="languageicon"><font size="3">(Italian)</font></span>.</font></li> <li id="cite_note-burial_spot-96"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Shea &amp; Artigas (2003, p.199); Sobel (2000, p.380).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-reburial_spot-97"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Shea &amp; Artigas (2003, p.200); Sobel (2000, p.380&ndash;384).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-incomplete_works-98"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Heilbron (2005, p.299).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-complete_works_1-99"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Two of his non-scientific works, the letters to Castelli and the Grand Duchess Christina, were explicitly not allowed to be included (Coyne 2005, p.347).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-complete_works_2-100"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Heilbron (2005, p.303&ndash;04); Coyne (2005, p.347). The uncensored version of the <em>Dialogue</em> remained on the Index of prohibited books, however (Heilbron 2005, p.279).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-ban_not_lifted-101"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Heilbron (2005, p.307); Coyne (2005, p.347) The practical effect of the ban in its later years seems to have been that clergy could publish discussions of heliocentric physics with a formal disclaimer assuring its hypothetical character and their obedience to the church decrees against motion of the earth: see for example the commented edition (1742) of Newton's 'Principia' by Fathers Le Seur and Jacquier, which contains such a disclaimer ('Declaratio') before the third book (Propositions 25 onwards) dealing with the lunar theory.</font></li> <li id="cite_note-ban_lifted-102"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> McMullin (2005, p.6); Coyne (2005, p.346). In fact, the Church's opposition had effectively ended in 1820 when a Catholic canon, Giuseppe Settele, was given permission to publish a work which treated heliocentism as a physical fact rather than a mathematical fiction. The 1835 edition of the Index was the first to be issued after that year.</font></li> <li id="cite_note-103"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Discourse of His Holiness Pope Pius XII given on 3 December 1939 at the Solemn Audience granted to the Plenary Session of the Academy, Discourses of the Popes from Pius XI to John Paul II to the Pontifical Academy of the Sciences 1939-1986, Vatican City, p.34</font></li> <li id="cite_note-104"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Robert Leiber, Pius XII Stimmen der Zeit, November 1958 in Pius XII. Sagt, Frankfurt 1959, p.411</font></li> <li id="cite_note-105"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> An earlier version had been delivered on 16 December 1989, in Rieti, and a later version in Madrid on 24 February 1990 (Ratzinger, 1994, p.81). According to Feyerabend himself, Ratzinger had also mentioned him &quot;in support of&quot; his own views in a speech in Parma around the same time (Feyerabend, 1995, p.178).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-self-doubt-106"><font color="#000000">^ ^{<em><strong><font size="2">a</font></strong></em>} ^{<em><strong><font size="2">b</font></strong></em>} Ratzinger (1994, p.98).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-scupper-107"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Ratzinger (1994, p.98)</font></li> <li id="cite_note-108"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="news">&quot;Vatican admits Galileo was right&quot;. New Scientist. 1992-11-07<span class="printonly">. http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg13618460.600-vatican-admits-galileo-was-right-.html</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-08-09</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Vatican+admits+Galileo+was+right&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=1992-11-07&amp;rft.pub=New+Scientist&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fmg13618460.600-vatican-admits-galileo-was-right-.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span>.</font></li> <li id="cite_note-109"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="news">&quot;Papal visit scuppered by scholars&quot;. BBC News. 2008-01-15<span class="printonly">. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7188860.stm</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-01-16</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Papal+visit+scuppered+by+scholars&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=2008-01-15&amp;rft.pub=BBC+News&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F7188860.stm&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li id="cite_note-110"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="news">&quot;Vatican recants with a statue of Galileo&quot;. TimesOnline News. 2008-03-04<span class="printonly">. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/faith/article3478943.ece</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-03-02</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Vatican+recants+with+a+statue+of+Galileo&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=2008-03-04&amp;rft.pub=TimesOnline+News&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fcomment%2Ffaith%2Farticle3478943.ece&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li id="cite_note-111"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="news">&quot;Pope praises Galileo's astronomy&quot;. BBC News. 2008-12-21<span class="printonly">. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7794668.stm</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-12-22</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Pope+praises+Galileo%27s+astronomy&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=2008-12-21&amp;rft.pub=BBC+News&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F7794668.stm&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li id="cite_note-112"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal"><em>Hydrostatic balance</em>, The Galileo Project<span class="printonly">, http://galileo.rice.edu/sci/instruments/balance.html</span><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved 2008-07-17</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Hydrostatic+balance&amp;rft.pub=The+Galileo+Project&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgalileo.rice.edu%2Fsci%2Finstruments%2Fbalance.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li id="cite_note-113"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal"><em>The Works of Galileo</em>, The University of Oklahoma, College of Arts and Sciences<span class="printonly">, http://hsci.ou.edu/exhibits/exhibit.php?exbgrp=1&amp;exbid=10&amp;exbpg=1</span><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved 2008-07-17</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Works+of+Galileo&amp;rft.pub=The+University+of+Oklahoma%2C+College+of+Arts+and+Sciences&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhsci.ou.edu%2Fexhibits%2Fexhibit.php%3Fexbgrp%3D1%26exbid%3D10%26exbpg%3D1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li id="cite_note-114"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal"><em>Sunspots and Floating Bodies</em>, The University of Oklahoma, College of Arts and Sciences<span class="printonly">, http://hsci.ou.edu/exhibits/exhibit.php?exbgrp=1&amp;exbid=13&amp;exbpg=2</span><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved 2008-07-17</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Sunspots+and+Floating+Bodies&amp;rft.pub=The+University+of+Oklahoma%2C+College+of+Arts+and+Sciences&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhsci.ou.edu%2Fexhibits%2Fexhibit.php%3Fexbgrp%3D1%26exbid%3D13%26exbpg%3D2&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li id="cite_note-115"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal"><em>Galileo, Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina</em>, The University of Oklahoma, College of Arts and Sciences<span class="printonly">, http://hsci.ou.edu/exhibits/exhibit.php?exbgrp=1&amp;exbid=14&amp;exbpg=3</span><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved 2008-07-17</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo%2C+Letter+to+the+Grand+Duchess+Christina&amp;rft.pub=The+University+of+Oklahoma%2C+College+of+Arts+and+Sciences&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhsci.ou.edu%2Fexhibits%2Fexhibit.php%3Fexbgrp%3D1%26exbid%3D14%26exbpg%3D3&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li id="cite_note-116"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal"><em>Galileo's Theory of the Tides</em>, The Galileo Project<span class="printonly">, http://galileo.rice.edu/sci/observations/tides.html</span><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved 2008-07-17</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo%27s+Theory+of+the+Tides&amp;rft.pub=The+Galileo+Project&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgalileo.rice.edu%2Fsci%2Fobservations%2Ftides.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li id="cite_note-117"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal"><em>Galileo Timeline</em>, The Galileo Project<span class="printonly">, http://galileo.rice.edu/chron/galileo.html</span><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved 2008-07-17</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo+Timeline&amp;rft.pub=The+Galileo+Project&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgalileo.rice.edu%2Fchron%2Fgalileo.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li id="cite_note-118"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal"><em>Galileo Galilei</em>, Tel-Aviv University, Science and Technology Education Center<span class="printonly">, http://muse.tau.ac.il/museum/galileo/galileo.html</span><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved 2008-07-17</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo+Galilei&amp;rft.pub=Tel-Aviv+University%2C+Science+and+Technology+Education+Center&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuse.tau.ac.il%2Fmuseum%2Fgalileo%2Fgalileo.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li id="cite_note-119"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> [1]</font></li> <li id="cite_note-120"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFFischer2001" class="book">Fischer, Daniel (2001). <em><span>Mission Jupiter: The Spectacular Journey of the</span></em> <span>Galileo <em>Spacecraft</em></span>. Springer. pp.&nbsp;v. ISBN 0-387-98764-9.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Mission+Jupiter%3A+The+Spectacular+Journey+of+the+%27%27Galileo%27%27+Spacecraft&amp;rft.aulast=Fischer&amp;rft.aufirst=Daniel&amp;rft.au=Fischer%2C+Daniel&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3Bv&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.isbn=0-387-98764-9&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li id="cite_note-121"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFUnited_Nations_Educational.2C_Scientific_and_Cultural_Organization2005" class="web">United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (11 August 2005). &quot;Proclamation of 2009 as International year of Astronomy&quot; (PDF). UNESCO<span class="printonly">. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001403/140317e.pdf</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-06-10</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Proclamation+of+2009+as+International+year+of+Astronomy&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=United+Nations+Educational%2C+Scientific+and+Cultural+Organization&amp;rft.au=United+Nations+Educational%2C+Scientific+and+Cultural+Organization&amp;rft.date=11+August+2005&amp;rft.pub=UNESCO&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fimages%2F0014%2F001403%2F140317e.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> </ol> </div> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">See also</font></span></h2> <ul> <li><font color="#000000">Villa Il Gioiello (Galileo's main home in Florence)</font></li> </ul> <p><a id="References" name="References"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">References</font></span></h2> <div style="MARGIN-LEFT: 1.5em; FONT-SIZE: 90%; -moz-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2"> <ul> <li><font color="#000000"><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFAllan-Olney1870" class="book">Allan-Olney, Mary (1870). <em><a class="external text" title="http://books.google.com/books?id=zWcSAAAAIAAJ" rel="nofollow" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=zWcSAAAAIAAJ">The Private Life of Galileo: Compiled primarily from his correspondence and that of his eldest daughter, Sister Maria Celeste</a></em>. Boston: Nichols and Noyes<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://books.google.com/books?id=zWcSAAAAIAAJ" rel="nofollow" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=zWcSAAAAIAAJ">http://books.google.com/books?id=zWcSAAAAIAAJ</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-06-09</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Private+Life+of+Galileo%3A+Compiled+primarily+from+his+correspondence+and+that+of+his+eldest+daughter%2C+Sister+Maria+Celeste&amp;rft.aulast=Allan-Olney&amp;rft.aufirst=Mary&amp;rft.au=Allan-Olney%2C+Mary&amp;rft.date=1870&amp;rft.place=Boston&amp;rft.pub=Nichols+and+Noyes&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzWcSAAAAIAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li><font color="#000000"><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Biagioli-1993" class="book">Biagioli, Mario (1993). <em><span>Galileo, Courtier: The Practice of Science in the Culture of Absolutism</span></em>. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo%2C+Courtier%3A+The+Practice+of+Science+in+the+Culture+of+Absolutism&amp;rft.aulast=Biagioli&amp;rft.aufirst=Mario&amp;rft.au=Biagioli%2C+Mario&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft.place=Chicago%2C+IL&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Blackwell-2006" class="book"><font color="#000000">Blackwell, Richard J. (2006). <em><span>Behind the Scenes at Galileo's Trial</span></em>. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0268022011"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-268-02201-1</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Behind+the+Scenes+at+Galileo%27s+Trial&amp;rft.aulast=Blackwell%2C+Richard+J.&amp;rft.au=Blackwell%2C+Richard+J.&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.place=Notre+Dame%2C+IN&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Notre+Dame+Press&amp;rft.isbn=0-268-02201-1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><font color="#000000"><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Brodrick-1965" class="book">Brodrick, James, S. J. (1965) [c1964]. <em><span>Galileo: the man, his work, his misfortunes</span></em>. London: G. Chapman.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo%3A+the+man%2C+his+work%2C+his+misfortunes&amp;rft.aulast=Brodrick%2C+James%2C+S.+J.&amp;rft.au=Brodrick%2C+James%2C+S.+J.&amp;rft.date=1965&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=G.+Chapman&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Clagett-1968" class="book"><font color="#000000">Clagett, Marshall (editor &amp; translator) (1968). <em><span>Nicole Oresme and the Medieval Geometry of Qualities and Motions; a treatise on the uniformity and difformity of intensities known as Tractatus de configurationibus qualitatum et motuum</span></em>. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0299048802"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-299-04880-2</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Nicole+Oresme+and+the+Medieval+Geometry+of+Qualities+and+Motions%3B+a+treatise+on+the+uniformity+and+difformity+of+intensities+known+as+Tractatus+de+configurationibus+qualitatum+et+motuum&amp;rft.aulast=Clagett&amp;rft.aufirst=Marshall+%28editor+%26+translator%29&amp;rft.au=Clagett%2C+Marshall+%28editor+%26+translator%29&amp;rft.date=1968&amp;rft.place=Madison%2C+WI&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&amp;rft.isbn=0-299-04880-2&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><font color="#000000">Clavelin, Maurice <em>The Natural Philosophy of Galileo</em> MIT Press 1974</font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Coffa,J <em>Galileo's Concept of Inertia</em> Physis 1968</font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Consolmagno, Guy; Schaefer, Marta (1994) <em>Worlds Apart, A Textbook in Planetary Science</em>. Englewood, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0139641319"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-13-964131-9</font></a></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Cooper-1935" class="book"><font color="#000000">Cooper, Lane (1935). <em><span>Aristotle, Galileo, and the Tower of Pisa</span></em>. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1406752630"><font color="#000000">ISBN 1-4067-5263-0</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Aristotle%2C+Galileo%2C+and+the+Tower+of+Pisa&amp;rft.aulast=Cooper&amp;rft.aufirst=Lane&amp;rft.au=Cooper%2C+Lane&amp;rft.date=1935&amp;rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&amp;rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&amp;rft.isbn=1-4067-5263-0&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Coyne-2005" class="book"><font color="#000000">Coyne, George V., S.J. (2005). <em><span>The Church's Most Recent Attempt to Dispel the Galileo Myth</span></em>. In </font><a href="#Reference-McMullin-2005"><font color="#000000">McMullin (2005, pp.340&ndash;359)</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Church%27s+Most+Recent+Attempt+to+Dispel+the+Galileo+Myth&amp;rft.aulast=Coyne%2C+George+V.%2C+S.J.&amp;rft.au=Coyne%2C+George+V.%2C+S.J.&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><font color="#000000">Drabkin, Israel &amp; Drake, Stillman (Eds &amp; translators) <em>On Motion and On Mechanics</em> University of Wisconsin Press 1960 </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0299020304"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-299-02030-4</font></a></li> <li><font color="#000000"><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Drake-1953" class="book">Drake, Stillman (translator) (1953). <em><span>Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems</span></em>. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Dialogue+Concerning+the+Two+Chief+World+Systems&amp;rft.aulast=Drake%2C+Stillman+%28translator%29&amp;rft.au=Drake%2C+Stillman+%28translator%29&amp;rft.date=1953&amp;rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&amp;rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li><cite id="Reference-Drake-1957"><font color="#000000">Drake, Stillman (1957). <em>Discoveries and Opinions of Galileo</em>. New York: Doubleday &amp; Company. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0385092393"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-385-09239-3</font></a></cite></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Drake-1960" class="book"><font color="#000000">Drake, Stillman (1960). <em><span>Introduction to the Controversy on the Comets of 1618</span></em>. In </font><a href="#Reference-Drake.26O.27Malley-1960"><font color="#000000">Drake &amp; O'Malley (1960, pp.vii&ndash;xxv)</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Controversy+on+the+Comets+of+1618&amp;rft.aulast=Drake%2C+Stillman&amp;rft.au=Drake%2C+Stillman&amp;rft.date=1960&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Drake-1970" class="book"><font color="#000000">Drake, Stillman (1970). <em><span>Galileo Studies</span></em>. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0472082833"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-472-08283-3</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo+Studies&amp;rft.aulast=Drake%2C+Stillman&amp;rft.au=Drake%2C+Stillman&amp;rft.date=1970&amp;rft.place=Ann+Arbor&amp;rft.pub=The+University+of+Michigan+Press&amp;rft.isbn=0-472-08283-3&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><font color="#000000">Drake, Stillman (1973). &quot;Galileo's Discovery of the Law of Free Fall.&quot; <em>Scientific American</em> v. 228, #5, pp.&nbsp;84&ndash;92.</font></li> <li><cite id="Reference-Drake-1978"><font color="#000000">Drake, Stillman (1978). <em>Galileo At Work</em>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226162265"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-226-16226-5</font></a></cite></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Drake-1990" class="book"><font color="#000000">Drake, Stillman (1990). <em><span>Galileo: Pioneer Scientist</span></em>. Toronto: The University of Toronto Press. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0802027253"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-8020-2725-3</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo%3A+Pioneer+Scientist&amp;rft.aulast=Drake&amp;rft.aufirst=Stillman&amp;rft.au=Drake%2C+Stillman&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft.place=Toronto&amp;rft.pub=The+University+of+Toronto+Press&amp;rft.isbn=0-8020-2725-3&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><font color="#000000"><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Drake.26O.27Malley-1960" class="book">Drake, Stillman, and O'Malley, C.D. (translators) (1960). <em><span>The Controversy on the Comets of 1618</span></em>. Philadelphia, PA: University of Philadelphia Press.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Controversy+on+the+Comets+of+1618&amp;rft.aulast=Drake%2C+Stillman%2C+and+O%27Malley%2C+C.D.+%28translators%29&amp;rft.au=Drake%2C+Stillman%2C+and+O%27Malley%2C+C.D.+%28translators%29&amp;rft.date=1960&amp;rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Philadelphia+Press&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Dugas,Ren&eacute; <em>A History of Mechanics</em> 1955, Dover Publications 1988</font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Duhem, Pierre <em>Etudes sur Leonard de Vinci</em> 1906-13</font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Duhem, Pierre <em>Le Systeme du Monde</em> 1913 -</font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Duhem, Pierre <em>History of Physics</em> Catholic Encyclopedia</font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Einstein, Albert (1952). Foreword to (Drake, 1953)</font></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Einstein-1954" class="book"><a title="Albert Einstein" href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein"><font color="#000000">Einstein, Albert</font></a><font color="#000000"> (1954). <em><span>Ideas and Opinions</span></em>. translated by Sonja Bargmann. London: Crown Publishers. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0285647245"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-285-64724-5</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Ideas+and+Opinions&amp;rft.aulast=Einstein%2C+Albert&amp;rft.au=Einstein%2C+Albert&amp;rft.date=1954&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Crown+Publishers&amp;rft.isbn=0-285-64724-5&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><font color="#000000">Fantoli, Annibale (2003). <em>Galileo&nbsp;&mdash; For Copernicanism and the Church</em>, third English edition. Vatican Observatory Publications. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8820974274"><font color="#000000">ISBN 88-209-7427-4</font></a></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Fantoli-2005" class="book"><font color="#000000">Fantoli, Annibale (2005). <em><span>The Disputed Injunction and its Role in Galileo's Trial</span></em>. In </font><a href="#Reference-McMullin-2005"><font color="#000000">McMullin (2005, pp.117&ndash;149)</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Disputed+Injunction+and+its+Role+in+Galileo%27s+Trial&amp;rft.aulast=Fantoli&amp;rft.aufirst=Annibale&amp;rft.au=Fantoli%2C+Annibale&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><cite id="Reference-Favaro-1890"><font color="#000000">Favaro, Antonio (1890&ndash;1909), ed.</font><a class="external autonumber" title="http://www.domusgalilaeana.it/Exhibition/Protagonist/Favaro.htm" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.domusgalilaeana.it/Exhibition/Protagonist/Favaro.htm"><font color="#000000">[2]</font></a><font color="#000000">. <em><a class="external text" title="http://moro.imss.fi.it/lettura/LetturaWEB.DLL?AZIONE=CATALOGO" rel="nofollow" href="http://moro.imss.fi.it/lettura/LetturaWEB.DLL?AZIONE=CATALOGO">Le Opere di Galileo Galilei, Edizione Nazionale</a></em> <span style="COLOR: #555; FONT-SIZE: 0.95em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold" class="languageicon"><font size="3">(Italian)</font></span>. (<em>The Works of Galileo Galilei, National Edition</em>, 20 vols.), </font><a title="Florence" href="/wiki/Florence"><font color="#000000">Florence</font></a><font color="#000000">: Barbera, 1890&ndash;1909; reprinted 1929&ndash;1939 and 1964&ndash;1966. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8809208811"><font color="#000000">ISBN 88-09-20881-1</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><font color="#000000"> Searchable online copy from the </font><a class="external text" title="http://www.imss.fi.it/istituto/index.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.imss.fi.it/istituto/index.html"><font color="#000000">Institute and Museum of the History of Science</font></a><font color="#000000">, Florence. Brief overview of <em>Le Opere</em> @ Finns Fine Books, </font><a class="external autonumber" title="http://www.finns-books.com/fgalileo.htm" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.finns-books.com/fgalileo.htm"><font color="#000000">[3]</font></a><font color="#000000"> and here </font><a class="external autonumber" title="http://www.pacifier.com/~tpope/Additional_Info.htm#National_Edition" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pacifier.com/~tpope/Additional_Info.htm#National_Edition"><font color="#000000">[4]</font></a></li> <li><font color="#000000">Feyerabend, Paul <em>Againat Method</em> Verso 1975</font></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Feyerabend-1995" class="book"><a title="Paul Feyerabend" href="/wiki/Paul_Feyerabend"><font color="#000000">Feyerabend, Paul</font></a><font color="#000000"> (1995). <em><span>Killing Time: The Autobiography of Paul Feyerabend</span></em>. Chicago, MI: University of Chicago Press. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226245314"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-226-24531-4</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Killing+Time%3A+The+Autobiography+of+Paul+Feyerabend&amp;rft.aulast=Feyerabend%2C+Paul&amp;rft.au=Feyerabend%2C+Paul&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.place=Chicago%2C+MI&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&amp;rft.isbn=0-226-24531-4&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><font color="#000000">Fillmore, Charles (1931, 17th printing July 2004). <em>Metaphysical Bible Dictionary</em>. Unity Village, Missouri: Unity House. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0871590670"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-87159-067-0</font></a></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Finocchiaro-1989" class="book"><font color="#000000">Finocchiaro, Maurice A. (1989). <em><span>The Galileo Affair: A Documentary History</span></em>. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520066626"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-520-06662-6</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Galileo+Affair%3A+A+Documentary+History&amp;rft.aulast=Finocchiaro%2C+Maurice+A.&amp;rft.au=Finocchiaro%2C+Maurice+A.&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&amp;rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&amp;rft.isbn=0-520-06662-6&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFFinocchiaro"><font color="#000000">Finocchiaro, Maurice A. (Fall 2007), &quot;Book Review&mdash;The Person of the Millennium: The Unique Impact of Galileo on World History&quot;, <em>The Historian</em> <strong>69</strong> (3): 601&ndash;602, </font><a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#000000">doi</font></a><font color="#000000">:<span class="neverexpand"><a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-6563.2007.00189_68.x" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-6563.2007.00189_68.x">10.1111/j.1540-6563.2007.00189_68.x</a></span></font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Book+Review%E2%80%94The+Person+of+the+Millennium%3A+The+Unique+Impact+of+Galileo+on+World+History&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Historian&amp;rft.aulast=Finocchiaro&amp;rft.aufirst=Maurice+A.&amp;rft.au=Finocchiaro%2C+Maurice+A.&amp;rft.date=Fall+2007&amp;rft.volume=69&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=601%E2%80%93602&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1111%2Fj.1540-6563.2007.00189_68.x&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Galileo-1960" class="book"><font color="#000000">Galilei, Galileo (1960) [1623]. <em><span>The Assayer</span></em>. translated by </font><a title="Stillman Drake" href="/wiki/Stillman_Drake"><font color="#000000">Stillman Drake</font></a><font color="#000000">. In </font><a href="#Reference-Drake.26O.27Malley-1960"><font color="#000000">Drake &amp; O'Malley (1960, pp.151&ndash;336)</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Assayer&amp;rft.aulast=Galilei%2C+Galileo&amp;rft.au=Galilei%2C+Galileo&amp;rft.date=1960&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><cite id="Reference-Galileo-1954"><font color="#000000">Galilei, Galileo [1638, 1914] (1954), Henry Crew and Alfonso de Salvio, translators, <em><a class="external text" title="http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_staticxt&amp;staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=753&amp;Itemid=99999999" rel="nofollow" href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_staticxt&amp;staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=753&amp;Itemid=99999999">Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences</a></em>, Dover Publications Inc., New York, NY. ISBN 486-60099-8</font></cite></li> <li><font color="#000000">Galilei, Galileo <em>Galileo: Two New Sciences</em> (Translation by </font><a title="Stillman Drake" href="/wiki/Stillman_Drake"><font color="#000000">Stillman Drake</font></a><font color="#000000"> of Galileo's 1638 <em>Discourses and mathematical demonstrations concerning two new sciences</em>) University of Wisconsin Press 1974 </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/029906400X"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-299-06400-X</font></a></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Galileo.26Guiducci-1960" class="book"><font color="#000000">Galilei, Galileo, and Guiducci, Mario (1960) [1619]. <em><span>Discourse on the Comets</span></em>. translated by </font><a title="Stillman Drake" href="/wiki/Stillman_Drake"><font color="#000000">Stillman Drake</font></a><font color="#000000">. In </font><a href="#Reference-Drake.26O.27Malley-1960"><font color="#000000">Drake &amp; O'Malley (1960, pp.21&ndash;65)</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Discourse+on+the+Comets&amp;rft.aulast=Galilei%2C+Galileo%2C+and+Guiducci%2C+Mario&amp;rft.au=Galilei%2C+Galileo%2C+and+Guiducci%2C+Mario&amp;rft.date=1960&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><font color="#000000"><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Gebler-1879" class="book">Gebler, Karl von (1879). <em><a class="external text" title="http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC02415342&amp;id=FheRZAirWvQC" rel="nofollow" href="http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC02415342&amp;id=FheRZAirWvQC">Galileo Galilei and the Roman Curia</a></em>. London: C.K. Paul &amp; Co.<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC02415342&amp;id=FheRZAirWvQC" rel="nofollow" href="http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC02415342&amp;id=FheRZAirWvQC">http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC02415342&amp;id=FheRZAirWvQC</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo+Galilei+and+the+Roman+Curia&amp;rft.aulast=Gebler&amp;rft.aufirst=Karl+von&amp;rft.au=Gebler%2C+Karl+von&amp;rft.date=1879&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=C.K.+Paul+%26+Co.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fvid%3DOCLC02415342%26id%3DFheRZAirWvQC&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Geymonat, Ludovico (1965), <em>Galileo Galilei, A biography and inquiry into his philosophy and science</em>, translation of the 1957 Italian edition, with notes and appendix by </font><a title="Stillman Drake" href="/wiki/Stillman_Drake"><font color="#000000">Stillman Drake</font></a><font color="#000000">, McGraw-Hill</font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Grant, Edward <em>Aristotle, Philoponus, Avempace, and Galileo's Pisan Dynamics</em> Centaurus, 11, 1965-7</font></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Grassi-1960a" class="book"><font color="#000000">Grassi, Horatio (1960a) [1619]. <em><span>On the Three Comets of the Year MDCXIII</span></em>. translated by C.D. O'Malley. In </font><a href="#Reference-Drake.26O.27Malley-1960"><font color="#000000">Drake &amp; O'Malley (1960, pp.3&ndash;19)</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=On+the+Three+Comets+of+the+Year+MDCXIII&amp;rft.aulast=Grassi%2C+Horatio&amp;rft.au=Grassi%2C+Horatio&amp;rft.date=1960a&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Grassi-1960b" class="book"><font color="#000000">Grassi, Horatio (1960b) [1619]. <em><span>The Astronomical and Philosophical Balance</span></em>. translated by C.D. O'Malley. In </font><a href="#Reference-Drake.26O.27Malley-1960"><font color="#000000">Drake &amp; O'Malley (1960, pp.67&ndash;132)</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Astronomical+and+Philosophical+Balance&amp;rft.aulast=Grassi%2C+Horatio&amp;rft.au=Grassi%2C+Horatio&amp;rft.date=1960b&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><font color="#000000">Grisar, Hartmann, S.J., Professor of Church history at the University of Innsbruck (1882). </font><a class="external text" title="http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0790562294&amp;id=aqMBAAAAQAAJ&amp;printsec=titlepage&amp;dq=%22hartmann+grisar%22" rel="nofollow" href="http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0790562294&amp;id=aqMBAAAAQAAJ&amp;printsec=titlepage&amp;dq=%22hartmann+grisar%22"><em><font color="#000000">Historisch theologische Untersuchungen &uuml;ber die Urtheile R&ouml;mischen Congegationen im Galileiprocess (Historico-theological Discussions concerning the Decisions of the Roman Congregations in the case of Galileo)</font></em></a><font color="#000000">, Regensburg: Pustet.&nbsp;&ndash; </font><a class="mw-redirect" title="Google Books" href="/wiki/Google_Books"><font color="#000000">Google Books</font></a><font color="#000000"> </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0790562294"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-7905-6229-4</font></a><font color="#000000">. </font><a class="external text" title="http://isbndb.com/d/book/galileistudien.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://isbndb.com/d/book/galileistudien.html"><font color="#000000">(LCC# QB36&nbsp;&ndash; <em>microfiche</em>)</font></a><font color="#000000"> </font><a class="external text" title="http://books.google.com/books?id=aqMBAAAAQAAJ&amp;q=%22hartmann+grisar%22+%22Historisch+theologische%22&amp;dq=%22hartmann+grisar%22+%22Historisch+theologische%22&amp;ei=GOsIR_m6K4yKpwKygp3BDg&amp;pgis=1" rel="nofollow" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=aqMBAAAAQAAJ&amp;q=%22hartmann+grisar%22+%22Historisch+theologische%22&amp;dq=%22hartmann+grisar%22+%22Historisch+theologische%22&amp;ei=GOsIR_m6K4yKpwKygp3BDg&amp;pgis=1"><font color="#000000">Reviewed here (1883), pp.211&ndash;213</font></a></li> <li><font color="#000000">Hall, A. R. <em>From Galileo to Newton</em> 1963</font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Hall, A. R. <em>Galileo and the Science of Motion</em> in 'British Journal of History of Science', 2 1964-5</font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Hoskin, Michael (Ed) <em>The Cambridge concise history of astronomy</em> CUP 1999</font></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Hawking-1988" class="book"><a title="Stephen Hawking" href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking"><font color="#000000">Hawking, Stephen</font></a><font color="#000000"> (1988). <em><span>A Brief History of Time</span></em>. New York, NY: Bantam Books. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0553346148"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-553-34614-8</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Time&amp;rft.aulast=Hawking%2C+Stephen&amp;rft.au=Hawking%2C+Stephen&amp;rft.date=1988&amp;rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&amp;rft.pub=Bantam+Books&amp;rft.isbn=0-553-34614-8&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Heilbron-2005" class="book"><font color="#000000">Heilbron, John L. (2005). <em><span>Censorship of Astronomy in Italy after Galileo</span></em>. In </font><a href="#Reference-McMullin-2005"><font color="#000000">McMullin (2005, pp.279&ndash;322)</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Censorship+of+Astronomy+in+Italy+after+Galileo&amp;rft.aulast=Heilbron%2C+John+L.&amp;rft.au=Heilbron%2C+John+L.&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><font color="#000000">Hellman, Hal (1988). <em>Great Feuds in Science. Ten of the Liveliest Disputes Ever</em>. New York: Wiley</font></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-jarrel-1989" class="book"><font color="#000000">Jarrel, Richard A. (1989). <em><span>The contemporaries of Tycho Brahe</span></em>. In </font><a href="#Reference-Taton.26Wilson-1989"><font color="#000000">Taton and Wilson (1989, pp.22&ndash;32)</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+contemporaries+of+Tycho+Brahe&amp;rft.aulast=Jarrel&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&amp;rft.au=Jarrel%2C+Richard+A.&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Kelter-2005" class="book"><font color="#000000">Kelter, Irving A. (2005). <em><span>The Refusal to Accommodate. Jesuit Exegetes and the Copernican System</span></em>. In </font><a href="#Reference-McMullin-2005"><font color="#000000">McMullin (2005, pp.38&ndash;53)</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Refusal+to+Accommodate.+Jesuit+Exegetes+and+the+Copernican+System&amp;rft.aulast=Kelter%2C+Irving+A.&amp;rft.au=Kelter%2C+Irving+A.&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><font color="#000000">Humphreys, W. C. <em>Galileo, Falling Bodies and Inclined Planes. An Attempt at Reconstructing Galileo's Discovery of the Law of Squares</em> 'British Journal of History of Science' 1967</font></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Koestler-1990" class="book"><a title="Arthur Koestler" href="/wiki/Arthur_Koestler"><font color="#000000">Koestler, Arthur</font></a><font color="#000000"> (1990) [1959]. <em><span><a title="The Sleepwalkers" href="/wiki/The_Sleepwalkers">The Sleepwalkers</a>: A History of Man's Changing Vision of the Universe</span></em>. Penguin. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0140192468"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-14-019246-8</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><font color="#000000"><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=%5B%5BThe+Sleepwalkers%5D%5D%3A+A+History+of+Man%27s+Changing+Vision+of+the+Universe&amp;rft.aulast=%5B%5BArthur+Koestler%7CKoestler%2C+Arthur%5D%5D&amp;rft.au=%5B%5BArthur+Koestler%7CKoestler%2C+Arthur%5D%5D&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft.pub=Penguin&amp;rft.isbn=0-14-019246-8&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> Original edition published by Hutchinson (1959, London).</font></li> <li><a class="mw-redirect" title="Koyr&eacute;" href="/wiki/Koyr%C3%A9"><font color="#000000">Koyr&eacute;</font></a><font color="#000000">, Alexandre <em>A Documentary History of the Problem of Fall from Kepler to Newton</em> Transaction of the American Philosophical Society, 1955</font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Koyr&eacute;, Alexandre <em>Galilean Studies</em> Harvester Press 1978</font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Kuhn, T. <em>The Copernican Revolution</em> 1957</font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Kuhn, T. <em>The Structure of Scientific Revolutions</em> 1962</font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Lattis, James M. (1994). <em>Between Copernicus and Galileo: Christopher Clavius and the Collapse of Ptolemaic Cosmology</em>, Chicago: the University of Chicago Press</font></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Langford-1998" class="book"><font color="#000000">Langford, Jerome K., O.P. (1998) [1966]. <em><span>Galileo, Science and the Church</span></em> (third ed.). St. Augustine's Press. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1890318256"><font color="#000000">ISBN 1-890318-25-6</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><font color="#000000"><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo%2C+Science+and+the+Church&amp;rft.aulast=Langford%2C+Jerome+K.%2C+O.P.&amp;rft.au=Langford%2C+Jerome+K.%2C+O.P.&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.edition=third&amp;rft.pub=St.+Augustine%27s+Press&amp;rft.isbn=1-890318-25-6&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span>. Original edition by Desclee (New York, NY, 1966)</font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Lessl, Thomas, &quot;</font><a class="external text" title="http://www.catholiceducation.org/articles/apologetics/ap0138.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.catholiceducation.org/articles/apologetics/ap0138.html"><font color="#000000">The Galileo Legend</font></a><font color="#000000">.&quot; <em>New Oxford Review</em>, 27&ndash;33 (June 2000).</font></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Linton-2004" class="book"><font color="#000000">Linton, Christopher M. (2004). <em><span>From Eudoxus to Einstein&mdash;A History of Mathematical Astronomy</span></em>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521827508"><font color="#000000">ISBN 978-0-521-82750-8</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=From+Eudoxus+to+Einstein%E2%80%94A+History+of+Mathematical+Astronomy&amp;rft.aulast=Linton%2C+Christopher+M.&amp;rft.au=Linton%2C+Christopher+M.&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.place=Cambridge&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-521-82750-8&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><font color="#000000">Losee, J. <em>Drake, Galileo, and the Law of Inertia</em> American Journal of Physics, 34, p.&nbsp;430-2 1966</font></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-McMullin-2005" class="book"><font color="#000000">McMullin, Ernan, ed. (2005). <em><span>The Church and Galileo</span></em>. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0268034834"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-268-03483-4</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Church+and+Galileo&amp;rft.aulast=McMullin%2C+Ernan%2C+ed.&amp;rft.au=McMullin%2C+Ernan%2C+ed.&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.place=Notre+Dame%2C+IN&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Notre+Dame+Press&amp;rft.isbn=0-268-03483-4&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-McMullin-2005a" class="book"><font color="#000000">McMullin, Ernan, (2005a). <em><span>The Church's Ban on Copernicanism, 1616</span></em>. In </font><a href="#Reference-McMullin-2005"><font color="#000000">McMullin (2005, pp.150&ndash;190)</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Church%27s+Ban+on+Copernicanism%2C+1616&amp;rft.aulast=McMullin%2C+Ernan%2C&amp;rft.au=McMullin%2C+Ernan%2C&amp;rft.date=2005a&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><font color="#000000">Mach, Ernst. <em>The Science of Mechanics</em> 1893</font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Machamer, Peter (Ed) <em>The Cambridge Companion to Galileo</em> Cambridge University Press 1998</font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Naylor, Ronald H. (1990). &quot;Galileo's Method of Analysis and Synthesis,&quot; <em>Isis</em>, 81: 695&ndash;707</font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Newall, Paul (2004). </font><a class="external text" title="http://www.galilean-library.org/hps.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.galilean-library.org/hps.html"><font color="#000000">&quot;The Galileo Affair&quot;</font></a></li> <li><font color="#000000">Remmert, Volker R. (2005). <em>Galileo, God, and Mathematics</em>. In: Bergmans, Luc/Koetsier, Teun (eds.): <em>Mathematics and the Divine. A Historical Study</em>, Amsterdam et al., 347&ndash;360</font></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Ratzinger-1994" class="book"><a title="Pope Benedict XVI" href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI"><font color="#000000">Ratzinger, Joseph Cardinal</font></a><font color="#000000"> (1994). <em><span>Turning point for Europe? The Church in the Modern World&mdash;Assessment and Forecast</span></em>. translated from the 1991 German edition by Brian McNeil. San Francisco, CA: Ignatius Press. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0898704618"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-89870-461-8</font></a><font color="#000000">. </font><a title="Online Computer Library Center" href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center"><font color="#000000">OCLC</font></a><font color="#000000"> </font><a class="external text" title="http://worldcat.org/oclc/60292876" rel="nofollow" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/60292876"><font color="#000000">60292876</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Turning+point+for+Europe%3F+The+Church+in+the+Modern+World%E2%80%94Assessment+and+Forecast&amp;rft.aulast=Ratzinger%2C+Joseph+Cardinal&amp;rft.au=Ratzinger%2C+Joseph+Cardinal&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.place=San+Francisco%2C+CA&amp;rft.pub=Ignatius+Press&amp;rft_id=info:oclcnum/60292876&amp;rft.isbn=0-89870-461-8&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFReston2000" class="book"><font color="#000000">Reston, James (2000). <em><span>Galileo: A Life</span></em>. Beard Books. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/189312262X"><font color="#000000">ISBN 1-893122-62-X</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo%3A+A+Life&amp;rft.aulast=Reston&amp;rft.aufirst=James&amp;rft.au=Reston%2C+James&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.pub=Beard+Books&amp;rft.isbn=1-893122-62-X&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><font color="#000000"><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Seeger-1966" class="book">Seeger, Raymond J. (1966). <em><span>Galileo Galilei, his life and his works</span></em>. Oxford: Pergamon Press.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo+Galilei%2C+his+life+and+his+works&amp;rft.aulast=Seeger%2C+Raymond+J.&amp;rft.au=Seeger%2C+Raymond+J.&amp;rft.date=1966&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Pergamon+Press&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li><cite id="Reference-Settle-1961"><font color="#000000">Settle, Thomas B. (1961). &quot;An Experiment in the History of Science.&quot; <em>Science</em>, 133:19&ndash;23</font></cite></li> <li><cite id="Reference-Sharratt-1994"><font color="#000000">Sharratt, Michael (1994), <em>Galileo: Decisive Innovator.</em> Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521566711"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-521-56671-1</font></a></cite></li> <li><font color="#000000">Shapere, Dudley <em>Galileo, a Philosophical Study</em> University of Chicago Press 1974</font></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Shea.26Artigas-2003" class="book"><font color="#000000">Shea, William R. and Artigas, Mario (2003). <em><span>Galileo in Rome: The Rise and Fall of a Troublesome Genius</span></em>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195165985"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-19-516598-5</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo+in+Rome%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+a+Troublesome+Genius&amp;rft.aulast=Shea%2C+William+R.+and+Artigas%2C+Mario&amp;rft.au=Shea%2C+William+R.+and+Artigas%2C+Mario&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.isbn=0-19-516598-5&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Sobel-2000" class="book"><font color="#000000">Sobel, Dava (2000) [1999]. <em><span>Galileo's Daughter</span></em>. London: Fourth Estate. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1857027124"><font color="#000000">ISBN 1-85702-712-4</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo%27s+Daughter&amp;rft.aulast=Sobel%2C+Dava&amp;rft.au=Sobel%2C+Dava&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Fourth+Estate&amp;rft.isbn=1-85702-712-4&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Taton.26Wilson-1989" class="book"><font color="#000000">Taton, Ren&eacute;; Wilson, Curtis, eds (1989). <em><span>Planetary astronomy from the Renaissance to the rise of astrophysics Part A: Tycho Brahe to Newton</span></em>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521242541"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-521-24254-1</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Planetary+astronomy+from+the+Renaissance+to+the+rise+of+astrophysics+Part+A%3A+Tycho+Brahe+to+Newton&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rft.place=Cambridge&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.isbn=0-521-24254-1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Thoren-1989" class="book"><font color="#000000">Thoren, Victor E. (1989). <em><span>Tycho Brahe</span></em>. In </font><a href="#Reference-Taton.26Wilson-1989"><font color="#000000">Taton and Wilson (1989, pp.3-21)</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Tycho+Brahe&amp;rft.aulast=Thoren&amp;rft.aufirst=Victor+E.&amp;rft.au=Thoren%2C+Victor+E.&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Vanhelden-1989" class="book"><font color="#000000">Van Helden, Albert (1989). <em><span>Galileo, telescopic astronomy, and the Copernican system</span></em>. In </font><a href="#Reference-Taton.26Wilson-1989"><font color="#000000">Taton and Wilson (1989, pp.81-105)</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo%2C+telescopic+astronomy%2C+and+the+Copernican+system&amp;rft.aulast=Van+Helden&amp;rft.aufirst=Albert&amp;rft.au=Van+Helden%2C+Albert&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><font color="#000000">Wallace, William A. (1984) <em>Galileo and His Sources: The Heritage of the Collegio Romano in Galileo's Science,</em> (Princeton: Princeton Univ. Pr.), </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/069108355X"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-691-08355-X</font></a></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Wallace-2004" class="book"><font color="#000000">Wallace, William A. (2004). <em><span>Domingo de Soto and the Early Galileo</span></em>. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0860789640"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-86078-964-0</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Domingo+de+Soto+and+the+Early+Galileo&amp;rft.aulast=Wallace&amp;rft.aufirst=William+A.&amp;rft.au=Wallace%2C+William+A.&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.place=Aldershot&amp;rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&amp;rft.isbn=0-86078-964-0&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><font color="#000000">White, Andrew Dickson (1898). </font><a class="external text" title="http://cscs.umich.edu/~crshalizi/White/" rel="nofollow" href="http://cscs.umich.edu/~crshalizi/White/"><em><font color="#000000">A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom</font></em></a><font color="#000000">. New York 1898.</font></li> <li><font color="#000000">White, Michael. (2007). <em>Galileo: Antichrist: A Biography.</em> Weidenfeld &amp; Nicolson:London, </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780297848684"><font color="#000000">ISBN 978-0-297-84868-4</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Wisan, Winifred Lovell (1984). &quot;Galileo and the Process of Scientific Creation,&quot; <em>Isis</em>, 75: 269&ndash;286.</font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Zik Yaakov, &quot;Science and Instruments: The telescope as a scientific instrument at the beginning of the seventeenth century,&quot; <em>Perspectives on Science</em> 2001, Vol. 9, 3, 259&ndash;284.</font></li> </ul> </div> <p><a id="External_links" name="External_links"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.imss.fi.it/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.imss.fi.it/"><font color="#000080">History of Science Museum - Florence</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/PictDisplay/Galileo.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/PictDisplay/Galileo.html"><font color="#000080">Portraits of Galileo</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://asv.vatican.va/en/stud/download/CAV_21.htm" rel="nofollow" href="http://asv.vatican.va/en/stud/download/CAV_21.htm"><font color="#000080">Original documents on the trial of Galileo Galilei</font></a> in the <a title="Vatican Secret Archives" href="/wiki/Vatican_Secret_Archives"><font color="#000080">Vatican Secret Archives</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://web.archive.org/web/20071209222631/http://www.catholic.net/rcc/Periodicals/Issues/GalileoAffair.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20071209222631/http://www.catholic.net/rcc/Periodicals/Issues/GalileoAffair.html"><font color="#000080">Galileo Affair catholic.net</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://galileo.rice.edu/" rel="nofollow" href="http://galileo.rice.edu/"><font color="#000080">The Galileo Project</font></a> at <a title="Rice University" href="/wiki/Rice_University"><font color="#000080">Rice University</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/galileo/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/galileo/"><font color="#000080">PBS Nova Online: <em>Galileo's Battle for the Heavens</em></font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/galileo/" rel="nofollow" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/galileo/"><font color="#000080">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry on Galileo</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.galilean-library.org/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.galilean-library.org/"><font color="#000080">The Galilean Library</font></a>, educational site.</li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.catholicleague.org/research/galileo.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.catholicleague.org/research/galileo.html"><em><font color="#000080">Galileo and the Catholic Church</font></em></a> article at Catholic League</li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0956139/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0956139/"><em><font color="#000080">Animated Hero Classics: Galileo (1997)</font></em></a> at the <a title="Internet Movie Database" href="/wiki/Internet_Movie_Database"><font color="#000080">Internet Movie Database</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/Galileo_Prototype/MAIN.HTM" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/Galileo_Prototype/MAIN.HTM"><font color="#000080">Electronic representation of Galilei's notes on motion (MS. 72)</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n79-3254" rel="nofollow" href="http://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n79-3254"><font color="#000080">Works by or about Galileo Galilei</font></a> in libraries (<a title="WorldCat" href="/wiki/WorldCat"><font color="#000080">WorldCat</font></a> catalog)</li> <li>Galileo's 1590 <em>De Motu</em> translation <a class="external autonumber" title="http://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/content/scientific_revolution/galileo" rel="nofollow" href="http://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/content/scientific_revolution/galileo"><font color="#000080">[5]</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.intratext.com/Catalogo/Autori/AUT158.HTM" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.intratext.com/Catalogo/Autori/AUT158.HTM"><font color="#000080">Works by Galileo Galilei</font></a>: text with concordances and frequencies.</li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.pacifier.com/~tpope/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pacifier.com/~tpope/"><font color="#000080">CCD Images through a Galilean Telescope</font></a> Modern recreation of what Galileo might have seen</li> <li>Galilei, Galileo. <a class="external text" title="http://www.rarebookroom.org/Control/galgal/index.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.rarebookroom.org/Control/galgal/index.html"><em><font color="#000080">Le Operazioni del Compasso Geometrico et Militare</font></em></a> 1610 Rome. From <a title="Rare Book Room" href="/wiki/Rare_Book_Room"><font color="#000080">Rare Book Room</font></a>. Scanned first edition.</li> <li>Galilei, Galileo. <a class="external text" title="http://www.rarebookroom.org/Control/galsol/index.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.rarebookroom.org/Control/galsol/index.html"><em><font color="#000080">Istoria e Dimostrazioni Intorno Alle Macchie Solar</font></em></a> 1613 Rome. From <a title="Rare Book Room" href="/wiki/Rare_Book_Room"><font color="#000080">Rare Book Room</font></a>. Scanned first edition.</li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFO.27ConnorRobertson"><a class="mw-redirect" title="John J. O'Connor (mathematician)" href="/wiki/John_J._O%27Connor_(mathematician)"><font color="#000080">O'Connor, John J.</font></a>; <a title="Edmund F. Robertson" href="/wiki/Edmund_F._Robertson"><font color="#000080">Robertson, Edmund F.</font></a>, &quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Galileo.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Galileo.html"><font color="#000080">Galileo Galilei</font></a>&quot;, <em><span><a title="MacTutor History of Mathematics archive" href="/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_archive"><font color="#000080">MacTutor History of Mathematics archive</font></a></span></em></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo+Galilei&amp;rft.atitle=%5B%5BMacTutor+History+of+Mathematics+archive%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=O%27Connor&amp;rft.aufirst=John+J.&amp;rft.au=O%27Connor%2C+John+J.&amp;rft.au=Robertson%2C+Edmund+F.&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span>.</li> <li>Linda Hall Library features a <a class="external text" title="http://contentdm.lindahall.org/u?/classics,5292" rel="nofollow" href="http://contentdm.lindahall.org/u?/classics,5292"><font color="#000080">first edition of <em>Sidereus Nuncius Magna</em></font></a> as well as a <a class="external text" title="http://contentdm.lindahall.org/u?/classics,426" rel="nofollow" href="http://contentdm.lindahall.org/u?/classics,426"><font color="#000080">pirated edition from the same year</font></a>, both fully digitized.</li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5C5_dOEyAfk&amp;feature=related" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5C5_dOEyAfk&amp;feature=related"><font color="#000080">Feather &amp; Hammer Drop on Moon</font></a></li> </ul> 8684def9898ff7fd2cf19cdadb57672a724c2e3c 4677 4676 2013-08-26T13:23:18Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><strong>[[Image:Galilei.jpg|thumb]]<br /> </strong></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Galileo<font color="#000000"> Galilei</font></strong><font color="#000000"> (15 February 1564<sup id="cite_ref-birthdate_1-0" class="reference">[2]</sup>&nbsp;&ndash; 8 January 1642)<sup id="cite_ref-McTutor_0-4" class="reference">[1]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference">[3]</sup> was an Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who played a major role in the Scientific Revolution. His achievements include improvements to the telescope and consequent astronomical observations, and support for Copernicanism. Galileo has been called the &quot;father of modern observational astronomy,&quot;<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference">[4]</sup> the &quot;father of modern physics,&quot;<sup id="cite_ref-Einstein_4-0" class="reference">[5]</sup> the &quot;father of science,&quot;<sup id="cite_ref-Einstein_4-1" class="reference">[5]</sup> and &quot;the Father of Modern Science.&quot;<sup id="cite_ref-finocchiaro2007_5-0" class="reference">[6]</sup> Stephen Hawking says, &quot;Galileo, perhaps more than any other single person, was responsible for the birth of modern science.&quot;<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference">[7]</sup></font></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;"><font color="#000000">The motion of uniformly accelerated objects, taught in nearly all high school and introductory college physics courses, was studied by Galileo as the subject of kinematics. His contributions to observational astronomy include the telescopic confirmation of the phases of Venus, the discovery of the four largest satellites of Jupiter (named the Galilean moons in his honour), and the observation and analysis of sunspots. Galileo also worked in applied science and technology, improving compass design.</font></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;"><font color="#000000">Galileo's championing of Copernicanism was controversial within his lifetime, when a large majority of philosophers and astronomers still subscribed (at least outwardly) to the geocentric view that the Earth is at the centre of the universe. After 1610, when he began supporting heliocentrism publicly, he met with bitter opposition from some philosophers and clerics, and two of the latter eventually denounced him to the Roman Inquisition early in 1615. Although he was cleared of any offence at that time, the Catholic Church nevertheless condemned heliocentrism as &quot;false and contrary to Scripture&quot; in February 1616,<sup id="cite_ref-contrary_to_scripture_7-0" class="reference">[8]</sup> and Galileo was warned to abandon his support for it&mdash;which he promised to do. When he later defended his views in his most famous work, <em>Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems</em>, published in 1632, he was tried by the Inquisition, found &quot;vehemently suspect of heresy,&quot; forced to recant, and spent the rest of his life under house arrest.</font></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Life</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo was born in Pisa (then part of the Duchy of Florence), Italy, the first of six children of Vincenzo Galilei, a famous lutenist and music theorist, and Giulia Ammannati. Four of their six children survived infancy, and the youngest Michelangelo (or Michelagnolo) became a noted lutenist and composer.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo's full name was Galileo di Vincenzo Bonaiuti de' Galilei. At the age of 8, his family moved to Florence, but he was left with Jacopo Borghini for two years.<sup id="cite_ref-McTutor_0-5" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></font></sup> He then was educated in the Camaldolese Monastery at Vallombrosa, 35&nbsp;km southeast of Florence.<sup id="cite_ref-McTutor_0-6" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></font></sup> Although he seriously considered the priesthood as a young man, he enrolled for a medical degree at the University of Pisa at his father's urging. He did not complete this degree, but instead studied mathematics.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></font></sup> In 1589, he was appointed to the chair of mathematics in Pisa. In 1591 his father died and he was entrusted with the care of his younger brother Michelagnolo. In 1592, he moved to the University of Padua, teaching geometry, mechanics, and astronomy until 1610.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></font></sup> During this period Galileo made significant discoveries in both pure science (for example, kinematics of motion, and astronomy) and applied science (for example, strength of materials, improvement of the telescope). His multiple interests included the study of astrology, which in pre-modern disciplinary practice was seen as correlated to the studies of mathematics and astronomy.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Although a genuinely pious Roman Catholic<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></font></sup>, Galileo fathered three children out of wedlock with Marina Gamba. They had two daughters, Virginia in 1600 and Livia in 1601, and one son, Vincenzo, in 1606. Because of their illegitimate birth, their father considered the girls unmarriageable. Their only worthy alternative was the religious life. Both girls were sent to the convent of San Matteo in Arcetri and remained there for the rest of their lives.<sup id="cite_ref-daughters_unmarriageable_12-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></font></sup> Virginia took the name Maria Celeste upon entering the convent. She died on 2 April 1634, and is buried with Galileo at the Basilica di Santa Croce di Firenze. Livia took the name Sister Arcangela and was ill for most of her life. Vincenzo was later legitimized and married Sestilia Bocchineri.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">In 1610 Galileo published an account of his telescopic observations of the moons of Jupiter, using this observation to argue in favour of the sun-centered, Copernican theory of the universe against the dominant earth-centered Ptolemaic and Aristotelian theories. The next year Galileo visited Rome in order to demonstrate his telescope to the influential philosophers and mathematicians of the Jesuit Collegio Romano, and to let them see with their own eyes the reality of the four moons of Jupiter.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></font></sup> While in Rome he was also made a member of the Accademia dei Lincei.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">In 1612, opposition arose to the Sun-centered theory of the universe which Galileo supported. In 1614, from the pulpit of the Basilica of Santa Maria Novella, Father Tommaso Caccini (1574&ndash;1648) denounced Galileo's opinions on the motion of the Earth, judging them dangerous and close to heresy. Galileo went to Rome to defend himself against these accusations, but, in 1616, Cardinal Roberto Bellarmino personally handed Galileo an admonition enjoining him neither to advocate nor teach Copernican astronomy.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></font></sup> During 1621 and 1622 Galileo wrote his first book, <em>The Assayer</em> (<em>Il Saggiatore</em>), which was approved and published in 1623. In 1630, he returned to Rome to apply for a license to print the <em>Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems</em>, published in Florence in 1632. In October of that year, however, he was ordered to appear before the Holy Office in Rome.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Following a papal trial in which he was found vehemently suspect of heresy, Galileo was placed under house arrest and his movements restricted by the Pope. From 1634 onward he stayed at his country house at Arcetri, outside of Florence. He went completely blind in 1638 and was suffering from a painful hernia and insomnia, so he was permitted to travel to Florence for medical advice. He continued to receive visitors until 1642, when, after suffering fever and heart palpitations, he died.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Scientific methods</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo made original contributions to the science of motion through an innovative combination of experiment and mathematics.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></font></sup> More typical of science at the time were the qualitative studies of William Gilbert, on magnetism and electricity. Galileo's father, Vincenzo Galilei, a lutenist and music theorist, had performed experiments establishing perhaps the oldest known non-linear relation in physics: for a stretched string, the pitch varies as the square root of the tension.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></font></sup> These observations lay within the framework of the Pythagorean tradition of music, well-known to instrument makers, which included the fact that subdividing a string by a whole number produces a harmonious scale. Thus, a limited amount of mathematics had long related music and physical science, and young Galileo could see his own father's observations expand on that tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo is perhaps the first to clearly state that the laws of nature are mathematical. In <em>The Assayer</em> he wrote &quot;Philosophy is written in this grand book, the universe&nbsp;... It is written in the language of mathematics, and its characters are triangles, circles, and other geometric figures; ... .&quot;<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></font></sup> His mathematical analyses are a further development of a tradition employed by late scholastic natural philosophers, which Galileo learned when he studied philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></font></sup> Although he tried to remain loyal to the Catholic Church, his adherence to experimental results, and their most honest interpretation, led to a rejection of blind allegiance to authority, both philosophical and religious, in matters of science. In broader terms, this aided the separation of science from both philosophy and religion; a major development in human thought.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">By the standards of his time, Galileo was often willing to change his views in accordance with observation. Modern philosopher of science Paul Feyerabend also noted the supposedly improper aspects of Galileo's methodology, but he argued that Galileo's methods could be justified retroactively by their results. The bulk of Feyerabend's major work, <em>Against Method</em> (1975), was devoted to an analysis of Galileo, using his astronomical research as a case study to support Feyerabend's own anarchistic theory of scientific method. As he put it: 'Aristotelians&nbsp;... demanded strong empirical support while the Galileans were content with far-reaching, unsupported and partially refuted theories. I do not criticize them for that; on the contrary, I favour Niels Bohr's &quot;this is not crazy enough.&quot;'<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></font></sup> In order to perform his experiments, Galileo had to set up standards of length and time, so that measurements made on different days and in different laboratories could be compared in a reproducible fashion.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo showed a remarkably modern appreciation for the proper relationship between mathematics, theoretical physics, and experimental physics. He understood the parabola, both in terms of conic sections and in terms of the ordinate (y) varying as the square of the abscissa (x). Galilei further asserted that the parabola was the theoretically ideal trajectory of a uniformly accelerated projectile in the absence of friction and other disturbances. He conceded that there are limits to the validity of this theory, noting on theoretical grounds that a projectile trajectory of a size comparable to that of the Earth could not possibly be a parabola,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></font></sup> but he nevertheless maintained that for distances up to the range of the artillery of his day, the deviation of a projectile's trajectory from a parabola would only be very slight.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></font></sup> Thirdly, he recognized that his experimental data would never agree exactly with any theoretical or mathematical form, because of the imprecision of measurement, irreducible friction, and other factors.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">According to Stephen Hawking, Galileo probably bears more of the responsibility for the birth of modern science than anybody else,<sup id="cite_ref-Hawking_galileo_27-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></font></sup> and Albert Einstein called him the father of modern science.<sup id="cite_ref-father_of_science_Einstein_28-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Astronomy</font></span></h2> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Contributions</font></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="WIDTH: 182px" class="thumbinner"><font color="#000000"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="180" height="276" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Galileo.script.arp.600pix.jpg.jpg/180px-Galileo.script.arp.600pix.jpg.jpg" /> </font> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><font color="#000000"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></font></div> <font color="#000000">It was on this page that Galileo first noted an observation of the moons of Jupiter. This observation upset the notion that all celestial bodies must revolve around the Earth. Galileo published a full description in <em>Sidereus Nuncius</em> in March 1610</font></div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="WIDTH: 182px" class="thumbinner"><font color="#000000"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="180" height="135" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Phases-of-Venus.svg/180px-Phases-of-Venus.svg.png" /> </font> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><font color="#000000"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></font></div> <font color="#000000">The phases of Venus, observed by Galileo in 1610</font></div> </div> </div> <p><font color="#000000">Based only on uncertain descriptions of the first practical telescope, invented by Hans Lippershey in the Netherlands in 1608, Galileo, in the following year, made a telescope with about 3x magnification. He later made others with up to about 30x magnification.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></font></sup> With this improved device he could see magnified, upright images on the earth &ndash; it was what is now known as a terrestrial telescope, or spyglass. He could also use it to observe the sky; for a time he was one of those who could construct telescopes good enough for that purpose. On 25 August 1609, he demonstrated his first telescope to Venetian lawmakers. His telescopes were a profitable sideline. He could sell them to merchants who found them useful both at sea and as items of trade. He published his initial telescopic astronomical observations in March 1610 in a brief treatise entitled <em>Sidereus Nuncius</em> (<em>Starry Messenger</em>).</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">On 7 January 1610 Galileo observed with his telescope what he described at the time as &quot;three fixed stars, totally invisible<sup id="cite_ref-invisible_30-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></font></sup> by their smallness,&quot; all close to Jupiter, and lying on a straight line through it.<sup id="cite_ref-jupiter.27s_moons_31-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></font></sup> Observations on subsequent nights showed that the positions of these &quot;stars&quot; relative to Jupiter were changing in a way that would have been inexplicable if they had really been fixed stars. On 10 January Galileo noted that one of them had disappeared, an observation which he attributed to its being hidden behind Jupiter. Within a few days he concluded that they were orbiting Jupiter:<sup id="cite_ref-moonconclusion_32-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></font></sup> He had discovered three of Jupiter's four largest satellites (moons): Io, Europa, and Callisto. He discovered the fourth, Ganymede, on 13 January. Galileo named the four satellites he had discovered <em>Medicean stars</em>, in honour of his future patron, Cosimo II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, and Cosimo's three brothers.<sup id="cite_ref-medicean_stars_33-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></font></sup> Later astronomers, however, renamed them the <em>Galilean satellites</em> in honour of Galileo himself.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">A planet with smaller planets orbiting it did not conform to the principles of Aristotelian Cosmology, which held that all heavenly bodies should circle the Earth,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>35<span>]</span></font></sup> and many astronomers and philosophers initially refused to believe that Galileo could have discovered such a thing.<sup id="cite_ref-scepticism_35-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>36<span>]</span></font></sup> His observations were confirmed by the observatory of Christopher Clavius and he received a hero's welcome when he visited Rome in 1611<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>37<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo continued to observe the satellites over the next eighteen months, and by mid 1611 he had obtained remarkably accurate estimates for their periods&mdash;a feat which Kepler had believed impossible.<sup id="cite_ref-periods_37-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>38<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">From September 1610, Galileo observed that Venus exhibited a full set of phases similar to that of the Moon. The heliocentric model of the solar system developed by Nicolaus Copernicus predicted that all phases would be visible since the orbit of Venus around the Sun would cause its illuminated hemisphere to face the Earth when it was on the opposite side of the Sun and to face away from the Earth when it was on the Earth-side of the Sun. On the other hand, in Ptolemy's geocentric model it was impossible for any of the planets' orbits to intersect the spherical shell carrying the Sun. Traditionally the orbit of Venus was placed entirely on the near side of the Sun, where it could exhibit only crescent and new phases. It was, however, also possible to place it entirely on the far side of the Sun, where it could exhibit only gibbous and full phases. After Galileo's telescopic observations of the crescent, gibbous and full phases of Venus, therefore, this Ptolemaic model became untenable. Thus in the early 17th century as a result of his discovery the great majority of astronomers converted to one of the various geo-heliocentric planetary models<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>39<span>]</span></font></sup>, such as the Tychonic, Capellan and Extended Capellan models<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></font></sup>, each either with or without a daily rotating Earth. These all had the virtue of explaining the phases of Venus without the vice of the 'refutation' of full heliocentrism&rsquo;s prediction of stellar parallax. Galileo&rsquo;s discovery of the phases of Venus was thus arguably his most empirically practically influential contribution to the two-stage transition from full geocentrism to full heliocentrism via geo-heliocentrism.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo also observed the planet Saturn, and at first mistook its rings for planets, thinking it was a three-bodied system. When he observed the planet later, Saturn's rings were directly oriented at Earth, causing him to think that two of the bodies had disappeared. The rings reappeared when he observed the planet in 1616, further confusing him.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>41<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo was one of the first Europeans to observe sunspots, although Kepler had unwittingly observed one in 1607, but mistook it for a transit of Mercury. He also reinterpreted a sunspot observation from the time of Charlemagne, which formerly had been attributed (impossibly) to a transit of Mercury. The very existence of sunspots showed another difficulty with the unchanging perfection of the heavens posited by orthodox Aristotelian celestial physics, but their regular periodic transits also confirmed the dramatic novel prediction of Kepler's Aristotelian celestial dynamics in his 1609 <em>Astronomia Nova</em> that the sun rotates, which was the first successful novel prediction of post-spherist celestial physics.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>42<span>]</span></font></sup> And the annual variations in sunspots' motions, discovered by Francesco Sizzi and others in 1612&ndash;1613,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>43<span>]</span></font></sup> provided a powerful argument against both the Ptolemaic system and the geoheliocentric system of Tycho Brahe.<sup id="cite_ref-sunspot_argument_43-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>44<span>]</span></font></sup> For the seasonal variation refuted all non-geo-rotational geostatic planetary models such as the Ptolemaic pure geocentric model and the Tychonic geoheliocentric model in which the Sun orbits the Earth daily, whereby the variation should appear daily but does not. But it was explicable by all geo-rotational systems such as Longomontanus's semi-Tychonic geo-heliocentric model, Capellan and extended Capellan geo-heliocentric models with a daily rotating Earth, and the pure heliocentric model. A dispute over priority in the discovery of sunspots, and in their interpretation, led Galileo to a long and bitter feud with the Jesuit Christoph Scheiner; in fact, there is little doubt that both of them were beaten by David Fabricius and his son Johannes, looking for confirmation of Kepler's prediction of the sun's rotation. Scheiner quickly adopted Kepler's 1615 proposal of the modern telescope design, which gave larger magnification at the cost of inverted images; Galileo apparently never changed to Kepler's design.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo was the first to report lunar mountains and craters, whose existence he deduced from the patterns of light and shadow on the Moon's surface. He even estimated the mountains' heights from these observations. This led him to the conclusion that the Moon was &quot;rough and uneven, and just like the surface of the Earth itself,&quot; rather than a perfect sphere as Aristotle had claimed. Galileo observed the Milky Way, previously believed to be nebulous, and found it to be a multitude of stars packed so densely that they appeared to be clouds from Earth. He located many other stars too distant to be visible with the naked eye. Galileo also observed the planet Neptune in 1612, but did not realize that it was a planet and took no particular notice of it. It appears in his notebooks as one of many unremarkable dim stars.</font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Controversy over comets and <em>The Assayer</em></font></span></h3> <div class="rellink noprint relarticle mainarticle"><font color="#000000">Main article: The Assayer</font></div> <p><font color="#000000">In 1619, Galileo became embroiled in a controversy with Father Orazio Grassi, professor of mathematics at the Jesuit Collegio Romano. It began as a dispute over the nature of comets, but by the time Galileo had published <em>The Assayer</em> (<em>Il Saggiatore</em>) in 1623, his last salvo in the dispute, it had become a much wider argument over the very nature of Science itself. Because <em>The Assayer</em> contains such a wealth of Galileo's ideas on how Science should be practised, it has been referred to as his scientific manifesto.<sup id="cite_ref-scientific_manifesto_44-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>45<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Early in 1619, Father Grassi had anonymously published a pamphlet, <em>An Astronomical Disputation on the Three Comets of the Year 1618</em> ,<sup id="cite_ref-disputatio_45-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>46<span>]</span></font></sup> which discussed the nature of a comet that had appeared late in November of the previous year. Grassi concluded that the comet was a fiery body which had moved along a segment of a great circle at a constant distance from the earth,<sup id="cite_ref-grassi_great_circle_46-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>47<span>]</span></font></sup> and that it had been located well beyond the moon.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Grassi's arguments and conclusions were criticized in a subsequent article, <em>Discourse on the Comets</em> ,<sup id="cite_ref-discourse_on_comets_47-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>48<span>]</span></font></sup> published under the name of one of Galileo's disciples, a Florentine lawyer named Mario Guiducci, although it had been largely written by Galileo himself.<sup id="cite_ref-authorship_of_discourse_48-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>49<span>]</span></font></sup> Galileo and Guiducci offered no definitive theory of their own on the nature of comets,<sup id="cite_ref-criticism_of_previous_theories_49-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>50<span>]</span></font></sup> although they did present some tentative conjectures which we now know to be mistaken.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">In its opening passage, Galileo and Guiducci's <em>Discourse</em> gratuitously insulted the Jesuit Christopher Scheiner,<sup id="cite_ref-Scheiner_insult_50-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>51<span>]</span></font></sup> and various uncomplimentary remarks about the professors of the Collegio Romano were scattered throughout the work.<sup id="cite_ref-uncomplimentary_remark_51-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>52<span>]</span></font></sup> The Jesuits were offended,<sup id="cite_ref-jesuits_offended_52-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>53<span>]</span></font></sup> and Grassi soon replied with a polemical tract of his own, <em>The Astronomical and Philosophical Balance</em> ,<sup id="cite_ref-astronomical_balance_53-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>54<span>]</span></font></sup> under the pseudonym Lothario Sarsio Sigensano,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>55<span>]</span></font></sup> purporting to be one of his own pupils.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000"><em>The Assayer</em> was Galileo's devastating reply to the <em>Astronomical Balance</em>.<sup id="cite_ref-the_assayer_55-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>56<span>]</span></font></sup> It has been widely regarded as a masterpiece of polemical literature,<sup id="cite_ref-masterpiece_of_polemics_56-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>57<span>]</span></font></sup> in which &quot;Sarsi's&quot; arguments are subjected to withering scorn.<sup id="cite_ref-withering_scorn_57-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>58<span>]</span></font></sup> It was greeted with wide acclaim, and particularly pleased the new pope, Urban VIII, to whom it had been dedicated.<sup id="cite_ref-assayer_success_58-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>59<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo's dispute with Grassi permanently alienated many of the Jesuits who had previously been sympathetic to his ideas,<sup id="cite_ref-jesuit_alienation_59-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>60<span>]</span></font></sup> and Galileo and his friends were convinced that these Jesuits were responsible for bringing about his later condemnation.<sup id="cite_ref-jesuits_responsible_60-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>61<span>]</span></font></sup> The evidence for this is at best equivocal, however.<sup id="cite_ref-evidence_of_jesuits_61-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>62<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Galileo, Kepler and theories of tides</font></span></h3> <p><font color="#000000">Cardinal Bellarmine had written in 1615 that the Copernican system could not be defended without &quot;a true physical demonstration that the sun does not circle the earth but the earth circles the sun.&quot;<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>63<span>]</span></font></sup> Galileo considered his theory of the tides to provide the required physical proof of the motion of the earth. This theory was so important to Galileo that he originally intended to entitle his <em>Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems</em> the <em>Dialogue on the Ebb and Flow of the Sea</em>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>64<span>]</span></font></sup> For Galileo, the tides were caused by the sloshing back and forth of water in the seas as a point on the Earth's surface speeded up and slowed down because of the Earth's rotation on its axis and revolution around the Sun. Galileo circulated his first account of the tides in 1616, addressed to Cardinal Orsini.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>65<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">If this theory were correct, there would be only one high tide per day. Galileo and his contemporaries were aware of this inadequacy because there are two daily high tides at Venice instead of one, about twelve hours apart. Galileo dismissed this anomaly as the result of several secondary causes, including the shape of the sea, its depth, and other factors.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>66<span>]</span></font></sup> Against the assertion that Galileo was deceptive in making these arguments, Albert Einstein expressed the opinion that Galileo developed his &quot;fascinating arguments&quot; and accepted them uncritically out of a desire for physical proof of the motion of the Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>67<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo dismissed as a &quot;useless fiction&quot; the idea, held by his contemporary Johannes Kepler, that the moon caused the tides.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>68<span>]</span></font></sup> Galileo also refused to accept Kepler's elliptical orbits of the planets,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>69<span>]</span></font></sup> considering the circle the &quot;perfect&quot; shape for planetary orbits.</font></p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="WIDTH: 182px" class="thumbinner"><font color="#000000"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="180" height="260" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Galilee.jpg/180px-Galilee.jpg" /> </font> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><font color="#000000"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></font></div> <font color="#000000">Galileo Galilei. Portrait in crayon by Leoni.</font></div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="WIDTH: 182px" class="thumbinner"><font color="#000000"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="180" height="135" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Galileo_telescope_replica.jpg/180px-Galileo_telescope_replica.jpg" /> </font> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><font color="#000000"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></font></div> <font color="#000000">A replica of the earliest surviving telescope attributed to Galileo Galilei, on display at the Griffith Observatory.</font></div> </div> </div> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Technology</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo made a number of contributions to what is now known as technology, as distinct from pure physics, and suggested others. This is not the same distinction as made by Aristotle, who would have considered all Galileo's physics as <em>techne</em> or useful knowledge, as opposed to <em>episteme</em>, or philosophical investigation into the causes of things. Between 1595&ndash;1598, Galileo devised and improved a <em>Geometric and Military Compass</em> suitable for use by gunners and surveyors. This expanded on earlier instruments designed by Niccol&ograve; Tartaglia and Guidobaldo del Monte. For gunners, it offered, in addition to a new and safer way of elevating cannons accurately, a way of quickly computing the charge of gunpowder for cannonballs of different sizes and materials. As a geometric instrument, it enabled the construction of any regular polygon, computation of the area of any polygon or circular sector, and a variety of other calculations. About 1593, Galileo constructed a thermometer, using the expansion and contraction of air in a bulb to move water in an attached tube.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">In 1609, Galileo was, along with Englishman Thomas Harriot and others, among the first to use a refracting telescope as an instrument to observe stars, planets or moons. The name &quot;telescope&quot; was coined for Galileo's instrument by a Greek mathematician, Giovanni Demisiani,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>70<span>]</span></font></sup> at a banquet held in 1611 by Prince Federico Cesi to make Galileo a member of his Accademia dei Lincei.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>71<span>]</span></font></sup> The name was derived from the Greek <em>tele</em> = 'far' and <em>skopein</em> = 'to look or see'. In 1610, he used a telescope at close range to magnify the parts of insects.<sup id="cite_ref-telescope_microscope_71-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>72<span>]</span></font></sup> By 1624 he had perfected<sup id="cite_ref-microscope_perfection_72-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>73<span>]</span></font></sup> a compound microscope. He gave one of these instruments to Cardinal Zollern in May of that year for presentation to the Duke of Bavaria,<sup id="cite_ref-Zollern_microscope_73-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>74<span>]</span></font></sup> and in September he sent another to Prince Cesi.<sup id="cite_ref-Cesi_microscope_74-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>75<span>]</span></font></sup> The Linceans played a role again in naming the &quot;microscope&quot; a year later when fellow academy member Giovanni Faber coined the word for Galileo's invention from the Greek words <em>&mu;&iota;&kappa;&rho;ό&nu;</em> (<em>micron</em>) meaning &quot;small,&quot; and <em>&sigma;&kappa;&omicron;&pi;&epsilon;ῖ&nu;</em> (<em>skopein</em>) meaning &quot;to look at.&quot; The word was meant to be analogous with &quot;telescope.&quot;<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>76<span>]</span></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>77<span>]</span></font></sup> Illustrations of insects made using one of Galileo's microscopes, and published in 1625, appear to have been the first clear documentation of the use of a compound microscope.<sup id="cite_ref-microscope_use_77-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>78<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">In 1612, having determined the orbital periods of Jupiter's satellites, Galileo proposed that with sufficiently accurate knowledge of their orbits one could use their positions as a universal clock, and this would make possible the determination of longitude. He worked on this problem from time to time during the remainder of his life; but the practical problems were severe. The method was first successfully applied by Giovanni Domenico Cassini in 1681 and was later used extensively for large land surveys; this method, for example, was used by Lewis and Clark. For sea navigation, where delicate telescopic observations were more difficult, the longitude problem eventually required development of a practical portable marine chronometer, such as that of John Harrison.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">In his last year, when totally blind, he designed an escapement mechanism for a pendulum clock, a vectorial model of which may be seen here. The first fully operational pendulum clock was made by Christiaan Huygens in the 1650s. Galilei created sketches of various inventions, such as a candle and mirror combination to reflect light throughout a building, an automatic tomato picker, a pocket comb that doubled as an eating utensil, and what appears to be a ballpoint pen.</font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Physics</font></span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="WIDTH: 182px" class="thumbinner"><font color="#000000"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="180" height="145" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Tito_Lessi_-_Galileo_and_Viviani.jpg/180px-Tito_Lessi_-_Galileo_and_Viviani.jpg" /> </font> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><font color="#000000"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></font></div> <font color="#000000"><em>Galileo e Viviani</em>, 1892, Tito Lessi</font></div> </div> </div> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo's theoretical and experimental work on the motions of bodies, along with the largely independent work of Kepler and Ren&eacute; Descartes, was a precursor of the classical mechanics developed by Sir Isaac Newton.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">A biography by Galileo's pupil Vincenzo Viviani stated that Galileo had dropped balls of the same material, but different masses, from the Leaning Tower of Pisa to demonstrate that their time of descent was independent of their mass.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>79<span>]</span></font></sup> This was contrary to what Aristotle had taught: that heavy objects fall faster than lighter ones, in direct proportion to weight.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>80<span>]</span></font></sup> While this story has been retold in popular accounts, there is no account by Galileo himself of such an experiment, and it is generally accepted by historians that it was at most a thought experiment which did not actually take place.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>81<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">In his 1638 <em>Discorsi</em> Galileo's character Salviati, widely regarded as largely Galileo's spokesman, held that all unequal weights would fall with the same finite speed in a vacuum. But this had previously been proposed by Lucretius<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>82<span>]</span></font></sup> and Simon Stevin.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>83<span>]</span></font></sup> Salviati also held it could be experimentally demonstrated by the comparison of pendulum motions in air with bobs of lead and of cork which had different weight but which were otherwise similar.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo proposed that a falling body would fall with a uniform acceleration, as long as the resistance of the medium through which it was falling remained negligible, or in the limiting case of its falling through a vacuum.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>84<span>]</span></font></sup> He also derived the correct kinematical law for the distance travelled during a uniform acceleration starting from rest&mdash;namely, that it is proportional to the square of the elapsed time (&nbsp;<em>d</em>&nbsp;&prop;&nbsp;<em>t</em>^{<font size="2">&nbsp;2</font>}&nbsp;).<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>85<span>]</span></font></sup> However, in neither case were these discoveries entirely original. The time-squared law for uniformly accelerated change was already known to Nicole Oresme in the 14th century,<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>86<span>]</span></font></sup> and Domingo de Soto, in the 16th, had suggested that bodies falling through a homogeneous medium would be uniformly accelerated.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>87<span>]</span></font></sup> Galileo expressed the time-squared law using geometrical constructions and mathematically precise words, adhering to the standards of the day. (It remained for others to re-express the law in algebraic terms). He also concluded that objects <em>retain their velocity</em> unless a force&mdash;often friction&mdash;acts upon them, refuting the generally accepted Aristotelian hypothesis that objects &quot;naturally&quot; slow down and stop unless a force acts upon them (philosophical ideas relating to inertia had been proposed by Ibn al-Haytham centuries earlier, as had Jean Buridan, and according to Joseph Needham, Mo Tzu had proposed it centuries before either of them, but this was the first time that it had been mathematically expressed, verified experimentally, and introduced the idea of frictional force, the key breakthrough in validating inertia). Galileo's Principle of Inertia stated: &quot;A body moving on a level surface will continue in the same direction at constant speed unless disturbed.&quot; This principle was incorporated into Newton's laws of motion (first law).</font></p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="WIDTH: 182px" class="thumbinner"><font color="#000000"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="180" height="193" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Pisa.Duomo.dome.Riminaldi01.jpg/180px-Pisa.Duomo.dome.Riminaldi01.jpg" /> </font> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><font color="#000000"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></font></div> <font color="#000000">Dome of the cathedral of Pisa with the &quot;lamp of Galileo&quot;</font></div> </div> </div> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo also claimed (incorrectly) that a pendulum's swings always take the same amount of time, independently of the amplitude. That is, that a simple pendulum is isochronous. It is popularly believed that he came to this conclusion by watching the swings of the bronze chandelier in the cathedral of Pisa, using his pulse to time it. It appears however, that he conducted no experiments because the claim is true only of infinitesimally small swings as discovered by Christian Huygens. Galileo's son, Vincenzo, sketched a clock based on his father's theories in 1642. The clock was never built and, because of the large swings required by its verge escapement, would have been a poor timekeeper. (See Technology above.)</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">In 1638 Galileo described an experimental method to measure the speed of light by arranging that two observers, each having lanterns equipped with shutters, observe each other's lanterns at some distance. The first observer opens the shutter of his lamp, and, the second, upon seeing the light, immediately opens the shutter of his own lantern. The time between the first observer's opening his shutter and seeing the light from the second observer's lamp indicates the time it takes light to travel back and forth between the two observers. Galileo reported that when he tried this at a distance of less than a mile, he was unable to determine whether or not the light appeared instantaneously.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>88<span>]</span></font></sup> Sometime between Galileo's death and 1667, the members of the Florentine <em>Accademia del Cimento</em> repeated the experiment over a distance of about a mile and obtained a similarly inconclusive result.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>89<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo is lesser known for, yet still credited with, being one of the first to understand sound frequency. By scraping a chisel at different speeds, he linked the pitch of the sound produced to the spacing of the chisel's skips, a measure of frequency.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">In his 1632 Dialogue Galileo presented a physical theory to account for tides, based on the motion of the Earth. If correct, this would have been a strong argument for the reality of the Earth's motion. In fact, the original title for the book described it as a dialogue on the tides; the reference to tides was removed by order of the Inquisition. His theory gave the first insight into the importance of the shapes of ocean basins in the size and timing of tides; he correctly accounted, for instance, for the negligible tides halfway along the Adriatic Sea compared to those at the ends. As a general account of the cause of tides, however, his theory was a failure. Kepler and others correctly associated the Moon with an influence over the tides, based on empirical data; a proper physical theory of the tides, however, was not available until Newton.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo also put forward the basic principle of relativity, that the laws of physics are the same in any system that is moving at a constant speed in a straight line, regardless of its particular speed or direction. Hence, there is no absolute motion or absolute rest. This principle provided the basic framework for Newton's laws of motion and is central to Einstein's special theory of relativity.</font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Mathematics</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000">While Galileo's application of mathematics to experimental physics was innovative, his mathematical methods were the standard ones of the day. The analysis and proofs relied heavily on the Eudoxian theory of proportion, as set forth in the fifth book of Euclid's Elements. This theory had become available only a century before, thanks to accurate translations by Tartaglia and others; but by the end of Galileo's life it was being superseded by the algebraic methods of Descartes.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo produced one piece of original and even prophetic work in mathematics: Galileo's paradox, which shows that there are as many perfect squares as there are whole numbers, even though most numbers are not perfect squares. Such seeming contradictions were brought under control 250 years later in the work of Georg Cantor.</font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Church controversy</font></span></h2> <div class="rellink noprint relarticle mainarticle"><font color="#000000">Main article: Galileo affair</font></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="WIDTH: 182px" class="thumbinner"><font color="#000000"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="180" height="137" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Galileo_facing_the_Roman_Inquisition.jpg/180px-Galileo_facing_the_Roman_Inquisition.jpg" /> </font> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><font color="#000000"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></font></div> <font color="#000000">Cristiano Banti's 1857 painting <em>Galileo facing the Roman Inquisition</em></font></div> </div> </div> <p><font color="#000000">Western Christian biblical references Psalm 93:1, Psalm 96:10, and 1 Chronicles 16:30 include (depending on translation) text stating that &quot;the world is firmly established, it cannot be moved.&quot; In the same tradition, Psalm 104:5 says, &quot;the LORD set the earth on its foundations; it can never be moved.&quot; Further, Ecclesiastes 1:5 states that &quot;And the sun rises and sets and returns to its place&quot; etc.<sup id="cite_ref-Bellarmine_quote_89-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>90<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo defended heliocentrism, and claimed it was not contrary to those Scripture passages. He took Augustine's position on Scripture: not to take every passage literally, particularly when the scripture in question is a book of poetry and songs, not a book of instructions or history. The writers of the Scripture wrote from the perspective of the terrestrial world, and from that vantage point the sun does rise and set.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">By 1616 the attacks on the ideas of Copernicus had reached a head, and Galileo went to Rome to try to persuade the Church authorities not to ban his ideas. In the end, Cardinal Bellarmine, acting on directives from the Inquisition, delivered him an order not to &quot;hold or defend&quot; the idea that the Earth moves and the Sun stands still at the centre. The decree did not prevent Galileo from discussing heliocentrism hypothesis (thus maintaining a facade of separation between science and the church). For the next several years Galileo stayed well away from the controversy. He revived his project of writing a book on the subject, encouraged by the election of Cardinal Barberini as Pope Urban VIII in 1623. Barberini was a friend and admirer of Galileo, and had opposed the condemnation of Galileo in 1616. The book, <em>Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems</em>, was published in 1632, with formal authorization from the Inquisition and papal permission.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Pope Urban VIII personally asked Galileo to give arguments for and against heliocentrism in the book, and to be careful not to advocate heliocentrism. He made another request, that his own views on the matter be included in Galileo's book. Only the latter of those requests was fulfilled by Galileo. Whether unknowingly or deliberately, Simplicio, the defender of the Aristotelian Geocentric view in <em>Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems</em>, was often caught in his own errors and sometimes came across as a fool. This fact made <em>Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems</em> appear as an advocacy book; an attack on Aristotelian geocentrism and defense of the Copernican theory. To add insult to injury<sup style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap" class="noprint Inline-Template" title="This statement may not be entirely without bias from June 2009"><font size="2">[<em>neutrality disputed</em>]</font></sup>, Galileo put the words of Pope Urban VIII into the mouth of Simplicio. Most historians agree Galileo did not act out of malice and felt blindsided by the reaction to his book.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>91<span>]</span></font></sup> However, the Pope did not take the suspected public ridicule lightly, nor the blatant bias. Galileo had alienated one of his biggest and most powerful supporters, the Pope, and was called to Rome to defend his writings.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">With the loss of many of his defenders in Rome because of <em>Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems</em>, Galileo was ordered to stand trial on suspicion of heresy in 1633. The sentence of the Inquisition was in three essential parts:</font></p> <ul> <li><font color="#000000">Galileo was found &quot;vehemently suspect of heresy,&quot; namely of having held the opinions that the Sun lies motionless at the centre of the universe, that the Earth is not at its centre and moves, and that one may hold and defend an opinion as probable after it has been declared contrary to Holy Scripture. He was required to &quot;abjure, curse and detest&quot; those opinions.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>92<span>]</span></font></sup></font></li> <li><font color="#000000">He was ordered imprisoned; the sentence was later commuted to house arrest.</font></li> <li><font color="#000000">His offending <em>Dialogue</em> was banned; and in an action not announced at the trial, publication of any of his works was forbidden, including any he might write in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>93<span>]</span></font></sup></font></li> </ul> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="WIDTH: 182px" class="thumbinner"><font color="#000000"><font size="2"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="180" height="135" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bd/Tomb_of_Galileo_Galilei.JPG/180px-Tomb_of_Galileo_Galilei.JPG" /></font> </font> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><font color="#000000"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></font></div> <font color="#000000">Tomb of Galileo Galilei, Santa Croce</font></div> </div> </div> <p><font color="#000000">According to popular legend, after recanting his theory that the Earth moved around the Sun, Galileo allegedly muttered the rebellious phrase <em>And yet it moves</em>, but there is no evidence that he actually said this or anything similarly impertinent. The first account of the legend dates to a century after his death.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>94<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">After a period with the friendly Ascanio Piccolomini (the Archbishop of Siena), Galileo was allowed to return to his villa at Arcetri near Florence, where he spent the remainder of his life under house arrest, and where he later became blind. It was while Galileo was under house arrest that he dedicated his time to one of his finest works, <em>Two New Sciences</em>. Here he summarized work he had done some forty years earlier, on the two sciences now called kinematics and strength of materials. This book has received high praise from both Sir Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein.<sup style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap" class="noprint Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from July 2008"><font size="2">[<em>citation needed</em>]</font></sup> As a result of this work, Galileo is often called, the &quot;father of modern physics.&quot;</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo died on 8 January 1642 at 77 years of age. The Grand Duke of Tuscany, Ferdinando II, wished to bury him in the main body of the Basilica of Santa Croce, next to the tombs of his father and other ancestors, and to erect a marble mausoleum in his honour.<sup id="cite_ref-funeral_94-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>95<span>]</span></font></sup> These plans were scrapped, however, after Pope Urban VIII and his nephew, Cardinal Francesco Barberini, protested.<sup id="cite_ref-funeral_protests_95-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>96<span>]</span></font></sup> He was instead buried in a small room next to the novices' chapel at the end of a corridor from the southern transept of the basilica to the sacristy.<sup id="cite_ref-burial_spot_96-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>97<span>]</span></font></sup> He was reburied in the main body of the basilica in 1737 after a monument had been erected there in his honour.<sup id="cite_ref-reburial_spot_97-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>98<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">The Inquisition's ban on reprinting Galileo's works was lifted in 1718 when permission was granted to publish an edition of his works (excluding the condemned <em>Dialogue</em>) in Florence.<sup id="cite_ref-incomplete_works_98-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>99<span>]</span></font></sup> In 1741 Pope Benedict XIV authorized the publication of an edition of Galileo's complete scientific works<sup id="cite_ref-complete_works_1_99-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>100<span>]</span></font></sup> which included a mildly censored version of the <em>Dialogue</em>.<sup id="cite_ref-complete_works_2_100-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>101<span>]</span></font></sup> In 1758 the general prohibition against works advocating heliocentrism was removed from the Index of prohibited books, although the specific ban on uncensored versions of the <em>Dialogue</em> and Copernicus's <em>De Revolutionibus</em> remained.<sup id="cite_ref-ban_not_lifted_101-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>102<span>]</span></font></sup> All traces of official opposition to heliocentrism by the Church disappeared in 1835 when these works were finally dropped from the Index.<sup id="cite_ref-ban_lifted_102-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>103<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">In 1939 Pope Pius XII, in his first speech to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, within a few months of his election to the papacy, described Galileo as being among the <em>&quot;most audacious heroes of research&nbsp;... not afraid of the stumbling blocks and the risks on the way, nor fearful of the funereal monuments&quot;</em><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>104<span>]</span></font></sup> His close advisor of 40 years, Professor Robert Leiber wrote: &quot;Pius XII was very careful not to close any doors (to science) prematurely. He was energetic on this point and regretted that in the case of Galileo.&quot;<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>105<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">On 15 February 1990, in a speech delivered at the Sapienza University of Rome,<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>106<span>]</span></font></sup> Cardinal Ratzinger (later to become Pope Benedict XVI) cited some current views on the Galileo affair as forming what he called &quot;a symptomatic case that permits us to see how deep the self-doubt of the modern age, of science and technology goes today.&quot;<sup id="cite_ref-self-doubt_106-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>107<span>]</span></font></sup> Some of the views he cited were those of the philosopher Paul Feyerabend, whom he quoted as saying &ldquo;The Church at the time of Galileo kept much more closely to reason than did Galileo himself, and she took into consideration the ethical and social consequences of Galileo's teaching too. Her verdict against Galileo was rational and just and the revision of this verdict can be justified only on the grounds of what is politically opportune.&rdquo;<sup id="cite_ref-scupper_107-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>108<span>]</span></font></sup> The Cardinal did not clearly indicate whether he agreed or disagreed with Feyerabend's assertions. He did, however, say &quot;It would be foolish to construct an impulsive apologetic on the basis of such views.&quot;<sup id="cite_ref-self-doubt_106-1" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>107<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">On 31 October 1992, Pope John Paul II expressed regret for how the Galileo affair was handled, and officially conceded that the Earth was not stationary, as the result of a study conducted by the Pontifical Council for Culture.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>109<span>]</span></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>110<span>]</span></font></sup> In March 2008 the Vatican proposed to complete its rehabilitation of Galileo by erecting a statue of him inside the Vatican walls.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>111<span>]</span></font></sup> In December of the same year, during events to mark the 400th anniversary of Galileo's earliest telescopic observations, Pope Benedict XVI praised his contributions to astronomy.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>112<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">His writings</font></span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="WIDTH: 142px" class="thumbinner"><font color="#000000"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="140" height="252" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Galileo_Galilei01.jpg/140px-Galileo_Galilei01.jpg" /> </font> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><font color="#000000"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></font></div> <font color="#000000">Statue outside the Uffizi, Florence.</font></div> </div> </div> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo's early works describing scientific instruments include the 1586 tract entitled <em>The Little Balance</em> (<em>La Billancetta</em>) describing an accurate balance to weigh objects in air or water<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>113<span>]</span></font></sup> and the 1606 printed manual <em>Le Operazioni del Compasso Geometrico et Militare</em> on the operation of a geometrical and military compass.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>114<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">His early works in dynamics, the science of motion and mechanics were his 1590 Pisan <em>De Motu</em> (On Motion) and his <em>circa</em> 1600 Paduan <em>Le Meccaniche</em> (Mechanics). The former was based on Aristotelian-Archimedean fluid dynamics and held that the speed of gravitational fall in a fluid medium was proportional to the excess of a body's specific weight over that of the medium, whereby in a vacuum bodies would fall with speeds in proportion to their specific weights. It also subscribed to the Hipparchan-Philoponan impetus dynamics in which impetus is self-dissipating and free-fall in a vacuum would have an essential terminal speed according to specific weight after an initial period of acceleration.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo's 1610 <em>The Starry Messenger</em> (<em>Sidereus Nuncius</em>) was the first scientific treatise to be published based on observations made through a telescope. It reported his discoveries of:</font></p> <ul> <li><font color="#000000">the Galilean moons;</font></li> <li><font color="#000000">the roughness of the Moon's surface;</font></li> <li><font color="#000000">the existence of a large number of stars invisible to the naked eye, particularly those responsible for the appearance of the Milky Way; and</font></li> <li><font color="#000000">differences between the appearances of the planets and those of the fixed stars&mdash;the former appearing as small discs, while the latter appeared as unmagnified points of light.</font></li> </ul> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo published a description of sunspots in 1613 entitled <em>Letters on Sunspots</em><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>115<span>]</span></font></sup> suggesting the Sun and heavens are corruptible. The <em>Letters on Sunspots</em> also reported his 1610 telescopic observations of the full set of phases of Venus, and his discovery of the puzzling &quot;appendages&quot; of Saturn and their even more puzzling subsequent disappearance. In 1615 Galileo prepared a manuscript known as the <em>Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina</em> which was not published in printed form until 1636. This letter was a revised version of the <em>Letter to Castelli</em>, which was denounced by the Inquisition as an incursion upon theology by advocating Copernicanism both as physically true and as consistent with Scripture.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>116<span>]</span></font></sup> In 1616, after the order by the inquisition for Galileo not to hold or defend the Copernican position, Galileo wrote the <em>Discourse on the tides</em> (<em>Discorso sul flusso e il reflusso del mare</em>) based on the Copernican earth, in the form of a private letter to Cardinal Orsini.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>117<span>]</span></font></sup> In 1619, Mario Guiducci, a pupil of Galileo's, published a lecture written largely by Galileo under the title <em>Discourse on the Comets</em> (<em>Discorso Delle Comete</em>), arguing against the Jesuit interpretation of comets.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>118<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">In 1623, Galileo published <em>The Assayer&nbsp;&ndash; Il Saggiatore</em>, which attacked theories based on Aristotle's authority and promoted experimentation and the mathematical formulation of scientific ideas. The book was highly successful and even found support among the higher echelons of the Christian church.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>119<span>]</span></font></sup> Following the success of The Assayer, Galileo published the <em>Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems</em> (Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo) in 1632. Despite taking care to adhere to the Inquisition's 1616 instructions, the claims in the book favouring Copernican theory and a non Geocentric model of the solar system led to Galileo being tried and banned on publication. Despite the publication ban, Galileo published his <em>Discourses and Mathematical Demonstrations Relating to Two New Sciences</em> (<em>Discorsi e Dimostrazioni Matematiche, intorno a due nuove scienze</em>) in 1638 in Holland, outside the jurisdiction of the Inquisition.</font></p> <ul> <li><font color="#000000"><em>The Little Balance</em> (1586)</font></li> <li><font color="#000000"><em>On Motion</em> (1590) <sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>120<span>]</span></font></sup></font></li> <li><font color="#000000"><em>Mechanics</em> (c1600)</font></li> <li><font color="#000000"><em>The Starry Messenger</em> (1610; in Latin, Sidereus Nuncius)</font></li> <li><font color="#000000"><em>Letters on Sunspots</em> (1613)</font></li> <li><font color="#000000"><em>Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina</em> (1615; published in 1636)</font></li> <li><font color="#000000"><em>Discourse on the Tides</em> (1616; in Italian, Discorso del flusso e reflusso del mare)</font></li> <li><font color="#000000"><em>Discourse on the Comets</em> (1619; in Italian, Discorso Delle Comete)</font></li> <li><font color="#000000"><em>The Assayer</em> (1623; in Italian, Il Saggiatore)</font></li> <li><font color="#000000"><em>Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems</em> (1632; in Italian Dialogo dei due massimi sistemi del mondo)</font></li> <li><font color="#000000"><em>Discourses and Mathematical Demonstrations Relating to Two New Sciences</em> (1638; in Italian, Discorsi e Dimostrazioni Matematiche, intorno a due nuove scienze)</font></li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Legacy</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo's astronomical discoveries and investigations into the Copernican theory have led to a lasting legacy which includes the categorisation of the four large moons of Jupiter discovered by Galileo (Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto) as the Galilean moons. Other scientific endeavours and principles are named after Galileo including the Galileo spacecraft,<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>121<span>]</span></font></sup> the first spacecraft to enter orbit around Jupiter, the proposed Galileo global satellite navigation system, the transformation between inertial systems in classical mechanics denoted Galilean transformation and the Gal (unit), sometimes known as the <em>Galileo</em> which is a non-SI unit of acceleration.</font></p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="WIDTH: 162px" class="thumbinner"><font color="#000000"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="160" height="159" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fe/2009_Austria_25_Euro_Year_of_Astronomy_Front.jpg/160px-2009_Austria_25_Euro_Year_of_Astronomy_Front.jpg" /> </font> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><font color="#000000"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></font></div> <font color="#000000">International Year of Astronomy commemorative coin</font></div> </div> </div> <p><font color="#000000">Partly because 2009 is the fourth centenary of Galileo's first recorded astronomical observations with the telescope, the United Nations has scheduled it to be the International Year of Astronomy.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>122<span>]</span></font></sup> A global scheme laid out by the International Astronomical Union (IAU), it has also been endorsed by UNESCO &mdash; the UN body responsible for Educational, Scientific and Cultural matters. The International Year of Astronomy 2009 is intended to be a global celebration of astronomy and its contributions to society and culture, stimulating worldwide interest not only in astronomy but science in general, with a particular slant towards young people.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">The 20th century German playwright Bertolt Brecht dramatised Galileo's life in his <em>Life of Galileo</em> (1943). A film adaptation with the title <em>Galileo</em> was released in 1975.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Galileo Galilei was recently selected as a main motif for a high value collectors' coin: the &euro;25 International Year of Astronomy commemorative coin, minted in 2009. This coin also commemorates the 400th anniversary of the invention of Galileo's telescope. The obverse shows a portion of his portrait and his telescope. The background shows one of his first drawings of the surface of the moon. In the silver ring other telescopes are depicted: the Isaac Newton Telescope, the observatory in Kremsm&uuml;nster Abbey, a modern telescope, a radio telescope and a space telescope.</font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Notes</font></span></h2> <div style="-moz-column-count: 2; column-count: 2" class="references-small references-column-count references-column-count-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-McTutor-0"><font color="#000000">^ ^{<em><strong><font size="2">a</font></strong></em>} ^{<em><strong><font size="2">b</font></strong></em>} ^{<em><strong><font size="2">c</font></strong></em>} ^{<em><strong><font size="2">d</font></strong></em>} ^{<em><strong><font size="2">e</font></strong></em>} ^{<em><strong><font size="2">f</font></strong></em>} ^{<em><strong><font size="2">g</font></strong></em>} <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFO.27ConnorRobertson.2C_E._F." class="web">O'Connor, J. J.; Robertson, E. F.. &quot;Galileo Galilei&quot;. <em><span>The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive</span></em>. University of St Andrews, Scotland<span class="printonly">. http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Galileo.html</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-07-24</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo+Galilei&amp;rft.atitle=The+MacTutor+History+of+Mathematics+archive&amp;rft.aulast=O%27Connor&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+J.&amp;rft.au=O%27Connor%2C+J.+J.&amp;rft.au=Robertson%2C+E.+F.&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BUniversity+of+St+Andrews%5D%5D%2C+%5B%5BScotland%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FGalileo.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li id="cite_note-birthdate-1"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1978, p.1). The date of Galileo's birth is given according to the Julian calendar, which was then in force throughout the whole of Christendom. In 1582 it was replaced in Italy and several other Catholic countries with the Gregorian calendar. Unless otherwise indicated, dates in this article are given according to the Gregorian calendar.</font></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <img alt="" width="15" height="16" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" /> &quot;Galileo Galilei&quot; in the 1913 <em>Catholic Encyclopedia</em>. by John Gerard. Retrieved 11 August 2007</font></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFSinger1941">Singer, Charles (1941), <em>A Short History of Science to the Nineteenth Century</em>, Clarendon Press<span class="printonly">, http://www.google.com.au/books?id=mPIgAAAAMAAJ&amp;pgis=1</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Science+to+the+Nineteenth+Century&amp;rft.aulast=Singer&amp;rft.aufirst=Charles&amp;rft.au=Singer%2C+Charles&amp;rft.date=1941&amp;rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com.au%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmPIgAAAAMAAJ%26pgis%3D1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> (page 217)</font></li> <li id="cite_note-Einstein-4"><font color="#000000">^ ^{<em><strong><font size="2">a</font></strong></em>} ^{<em><strong><font size="2">b</font></strong></em>} <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFWeidhorn2005" class="book">Weidhorn, Manfred (2005). <em><span>The Person of the Millennium: The Unique Impact of Galileo on World History</span></em>. iUniverse. pp.&nbsp;155. ISBN 0-595-36877-8.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Person+of+the+Millennium%3A+The+Unique+Impact+of+Galileo+on+World+History&amp;rft.aulast=Weidhorn&amp;rft.aufirst=Manfred&amp;rft.au=Weidhorn%2C+Manfred&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B155&amp;rft.pub=iUniverse&amp;rft.isbn=0-595-36877-8&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li id="cite_note-finocchiaro2007-5"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Finocchiaro (2007).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> &quot;Galileo and the Birth of Modern Science, by Stephen Hawking, American Heritage's Invention &amp; Technology, Spring 2009, Vol. 24, No. 1, p. 36</font></li> <li id="cite_note-contrary_to_scripture-7"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sharratt (1994, pp.127&ndash;131), McMullin (2005a).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Reston (2000, pp. 3&ndash;14).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sharratt (1994, pp. 45&ndash;66).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFRutkin" class="web">Rutkin, H. Darrel. &quot;Galileo, Astrology, and the Scientific Revolution: Another Look&quot;. Program in History &amp; Philosophy of Science &amp; Technology, Stanford University.<span class="printonly">. http://www.stanford.edu/dept/HPST/colloquia0405.html</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-04-15</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo%2C+Astrology%2C+and+the+Scientific+Revolution%3A+Another+Look&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Rutkin&amp;rft.aufirst=H.+Darrel&amp;rft.au=Rutkin%2C+H.+Darrel&amp;rft.pub=Program+in+History+%26+Philosophy+of+Science+%26+Technology%2C+Stanford+University.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stanford.edu%2Fdept%2FHPST%2Fcolloquia0405.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sharratt (1994, pp.17, 213)</font></li> <li id="cite_note-daughters_unmarriageable-12"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sobel (2000, p.5) Chapter 1. Retrieved on 26 August 2007. &quot;But because he never married Virginia's mother, he deemed the girl herself unmarriageable. Soon after her thirteenth birthday, he placed her at the Convent of San Matteo in Arcetri.&quot;</font></li> <li id="cite_note-13"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFPedersen" class="book">Pedersen, O. (24 May&ndash;27, 1984). &quot;Galileo's Religion&quot;. Proceedings of the Cracow Conference, The Galileo affair: A meeting of faith and science. Cracow: Dordrecht, D. Reidel Publishing Co.. pp.&nbsp;75-102.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo%27s+Religion&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Pedersen&amp;rft.aufirst=O.&amp;rft.au=Pedersen%2C+O.&amp;rft.date=24+May%E2%80%9327%2C+1984&amp;rft.series=Proceedings+of+the+Cracow+Conference%2C+The+Galileo+affair%3A+A+meeting+of+faith+and+science&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B75-102&amp;rft.place=Cracow&amp;rft.pub=Dordrecht%2C+D.+Reidel+Publishing+Co.&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Gebler (1879, pp. 22&ndash;35).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-15"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFAnonymous2007" class="web">Anonymous (2007). &quot;History&quot;. Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei<span class="printonly">. http://www.lincei.it/modules.php?name=Content&amp;pa=showpage&amp;pid=21</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-06-10</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=History&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Anonymous&amp;rft.au=Anonymous&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.pub=Accademia+Nazionale+dei+Lincei&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lincei.it%2Fmodules.php%3Fname%3DContent%26pa%3Dshowpage%26pid%3D21&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> There are contradictory documents describing the nature of this admonition and the circumstances of its delivery. Finocchiaro, <em>The Galileo Affair</em>, pp.147&ndash;149, 153</font></li> <li id="cite_note-17"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFCarney2000" class="book">Carney, Jo Eldridge (2000). <em><span>Renaissance and Reformation, 1500-1620: a</span></em>. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0-313-30574-9.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Renaissance+and+Reformation%2C+1500-1620%3A+a&amp;rft.aulast=Carney&amp;rft.aufirst=Jo+Eldridge&amp;rft.au=Carney%2C+Jo+Eldridge&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&amp;rft.isbn=0-313-30574-9&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li id="cite_note-18"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Allan-Olney (1870)</font></li> <li id="cite_note-19"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sharratt (1994, pp.204&ndash;05)</font></li> <li id="cite_note-20"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFCohen1984" class="book">Cohen, H. F. (1984). <em><span>Quantifying Music: The Science of Music at</span></em>. Springer. pp.&nbsp;78&ndash;84. ISBN 90-277-1637-4.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Quantifying+Music%3A+The+Science+of+Music+at&amp;rft.aulast=Cohen&amp;rft.aufirst=H.+F.&amp;rft.au=Cohen%2C+H.+F.&amp;rft.date=1984&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B78%E2%80%9384&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.isbn=90-277-1637-4&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li id="cite_note-21"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFField2005" class="book">Field, Judith Veronica (2005). <em><span>Piero Della Francesca: A Mathematician's Art</span></em>. Yale University Press. pp.&nbsp;317&ndash;320. ISBN 0-300-10342-5.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Piero+Della+Francesca%3A+A+Mathematician%27s+Art&amp;rft.aulast=Field&amp;rft.aufirst=Judith+Veronica&amp;rft.au=Field%2C+Judith+Veronica&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B317%E2%80%93320&amp;rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&amp;rft.isbn=0-300-10342-5&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li id="cite_note-22"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> In Drake (1957, pp.237&minus;238)</font></li> <li id="cite_note-23"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Wallace, (1984).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-24"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFFeyerabend1993" class="book">Feyerabend, Paul (1993). <em><span>Against Method</span></em> (3rd ed.). London: Verso. p.&nbsp;129. ISBN 0-86091-646-4.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Against+Method&amp;rft.aulast=Feyerabend&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul&amp;rft.au=Feyerabend%2C+Paul&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B129&amp;rft.edition=3rd&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Verso&amp;rft.isbn=0-86091-646-4&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li id="cite_note-25"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sharratt (1994, pp.202&ndash;04), Galilei (1954, pp.250&ndash;52), Favaro (1898, 8:274&ndash;75) <span style="COLOR: #555; FONT-SIZE: 0.95em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold" class="languageicon"><font size="3">(Italian)</font></span></font></li> <li id="cite_note-26"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sharratt (1994, pp.202&ndash;04), Galilei (1954, pp.252), Favaro (1898, 8:275) <span style="COLOR: #555; FONT-SIZE: 0.95em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold" class="languageicon"><font size="3">(Italian)</font></span></font></li> <li id="cite_note-Hawking_galileo-27"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Hawking (1988, p.179).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-father_of_science_Einstein-28"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Einstein (1954, p.271). &quot;Propositions arrived at by purely logical means are completely empty as regards reality. Because Galileo realised this, and particularly because he drummed it into the scientific world, he is the father of modern physics&mdash;indeed, of modern science altogether.&quot;</font></li> <li id="cite_note-29"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1990, pp.133&ndash;34).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-invisible-30"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <em>i.e.</em>, invisible to the naked eye.</font></li> <li id="cite_note-jupiter.27s_moons-31"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1978, p.146).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-moonconclusion-32"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> In <em>Sidereus Nuncius</em> (Favaro,1892, 3:81<span style="COLOR: #555; FONT-SIZE: 0.95em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold" class="languageicon"><font size="3">(Latin)</font></span>) Galileo stated that he had reached this conclusion on 11 January. Drake (1978, p.152), however, after studying unpublished manuscript records of Galileo's observations, concluded that he did not do so until 15 January.</font></li> <li id="cite_note-medicean_stars-33"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sharratt (1994, p.17).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-34"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Linton (2004, pp.98,205), Drake (1978, p.157).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-scepticism-35"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1978, p.158&ndash;68), Sharratt (1994, p.18&ndash;19).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-36"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <em>God's Philosophers</em> ju James Hannam Orion 2009 p313</font></li> <li id="cite_note-periods-37"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1978, p.168), Sharratt (1994, p.93).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-38"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Thoren (1989), p.8; Hoskin (1999) p.117.</font></li> <li id="cite_note-39"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> In the Capellan model only Mercury and Venus orbit the Sun, whilst in its extended version such as expounded by Riccioli, Mars also orbits the Sun, but the orbits of Jupiter and Saturn are centred on the Earth</font></li> <li id="cite_note-40"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Baalke, Ron. Historical Background of Saturn's Rings. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, NASA. Retrieved on <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2007-03-11">2007-03-11</span></font></li> <li id="cite_note-41"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> In Kepler's Thomist 'inertial' variant of Aristotelian dynamics as opposed to Galileo's impetus dynamics variant all bodies universally have an inherent resistance to all motion and tendency to rest, which he dubbed 'inertia'. This notion of inertia was originally introduced by Averroes in the 12th century just for the celestial spheres in order to explain why they do not rotate with infinite speed on Aristotelian dynamics, as they should if they had no resistance to their movers. And in his <em>Astronomia Nova</em> celestial mechanics the inertia of the planets is overcome in their solar orbital motion by their being pushed around by the sunspecks of the rotating sun acting like the spokes of a rotating cartwheel. And more generally it predicted all but only planets with orbiting satellites, such as Jupiter for example, also rotate to push them around, whereas the Moon, for example, does not rotate, thus always presenting the same face to the Earth, because it has no satellites to push around. These seem to have been the first successful novel predictions of Thomist 'inertial' Aristotelian dynamics as well as of post-spherist celestial physics. In his 1630 <em>Epitome</em> (See p514 on p896 of the Encyclop&aelig;dia Britannica 1952 <em>Great Books of the Western World</em> edition) Kepler keenly stressed he had proved the Sun's axial rotation from planetary motions in his <em>Commentaries on Mars</em> Ch 34 long before it was telescopically established by sunspot motion.</font></li> <li id="cite_note-42"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1978, p.209). Sizzi reported the observations he and his companions had made over the course of a year to Orazio Morandi in a letter dated 10 April 1613 (Favaro,1901, 11:491 <span style="COLOR: #555; FONT-SIZE: 0.95em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold" class="languageicon"><font size="3">(Italian)</font></span>). Morandi subsequently forwarded a copy to Galileo.</font></li> <li id="cite_note-sunspot_argument-43"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> In geostatic systems the apparent annual variation in the motion of sunspots could only be explained as the result of an implausibly complicated precession of the Sun's axis of rotation (Linton, 2004, p.212; Sharratt, 1994, p.166; Drake, 1970, pp.191&ndash;196) However, in Drake's judgment of this complex issue in Chapter 9 of his 1970 this is not so, for it does not refute non-geostatic geo-rotating geocentric models. For at most the variable annual inclinations of sunspots&rsquo; monthly paths to the ecliptic only proved there must be some terrestrial motion, but not necessarily its annual heliocentric orbital motion as opposed to a geocentric daily rotation, and so it did not prove heliocentrism by refuting geocentrism. Thus it could be explained in the semi-Tychonic geocentric model with a daily rotating Earth such as that of Tycho's follower Longomontanus. Especially see p190 and p196 of Drake's article. Thus on this analysis it only refuted the Ptolemaic geostatic geocentric model whose required daily geocentric orbit of the sun would have predicted the annual variation in this inclination should be observed daily, which it is not.</font></li> <li id="cite_note-scientific_manifesto-44"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1960, pp.vii,xxiii&ndash;xxiv), Sharratt (1994, pp.139&ndash;140).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-disputatio-45"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Grassi (1960a).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-grassi_great_circle-46"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1978, p.268), Grassi (1960a, p.16).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-discourse_on_comets-47"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Galilei &amp; Guiducci (1960).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-authorship_of_discourse-48"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1960, p.xvi).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-criticism_of_previous_theories-49"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1957, p.222), Drake (1960, p.xvii).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-Scheiner_insult-50"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sharratt (1994, p.135), Drake (1960, p.xii), Galilei &amp; Guiducci (1960, p.24).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-uncomplimentary_remark-51"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sharratt (1994, p.135).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-jesuits_offended-52"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sharratt (1994, p.135), Drake (1960, p.xvii).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-astronomical_balance-53"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Grassi (1960b).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-54"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1978, p.494), Favaro(1896, 6:111). The pseudonym was a slightly imperfect anagram of Oratio Grasio Savonensis, a latinized version of his name and home town.</font></li> <li id="cite_note-the_assayer-55"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Galilei (1960).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-masterpiece_of_polemics-56"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sharratt (1994, p.137), Drake (1957, p.227).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-withering_scorn-57"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sharratt (1994, p.138&ndash;142).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-assayer_success-58"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1960, p.xix).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-jesuit_alienation-59"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1960, p.vii).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-jesuits_responsible-60"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sharratt (1994, p.175).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-evidence_of_jesuits-61"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sharratt (1994, pp.175&ndash;78), Blackwell (2006, p.30).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-62"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Finocchiaro (1989), pp. 67&ndash;9.</font></li> <li id="cite_note-63"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Finocchiaro (1989), p. 354, n. 52</font></li> <li id="cite_note-64"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Finocchiaro (1989), pp.119&ndash;133</font></li> <li id="cite_note-65"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Finocchiaro (1989), pp.127&ndash;131 and Drake (1953), pp. 432&ndash;6</font></li> <li id="cite_note-66"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Einstein (1952) p. xvii</font></li> <li id="cite_note-67"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Finocchiaro (1989), p. 128</font></li> <li id="cite_note-68"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFKusukawa" class="web">Kusukawa, Sachiko. &quot;Starry Messenger. The Telescope, Department of History and Philosophy of Science of the University of Cambridge. Retrieved on <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2007-03-10">2007-03-10</span>]&quot;<span class="printonly">. http://www.hps.cam.ac.uk/starry/galtele.html</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Starry+Messenger.+The+Telescope%5D%2C+Department+of+History+and+Philosophy+of+Science+of+the+University+of+Cambridge.+Retrieved+on+%5B%5B2007-03-10%5D%5D&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Kusukawa&amp;rft.aufirst=Sachiko&amp;rft.au=Kusukawa%2C+Sachiko&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hps.cam.ac.uk%2Fstarry%2Fgaltele.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li id="cite_note-69"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sobel (2000, p.43), Drake (1978, p.196). In the <em>Starry Messenger</em>, written in Latin, Galileo had used the term &quot;perspicillum.&quot;</font></li> <li id="cite_note-70"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="web">&quot;omni-optical.com &quot;<em>A Very Short History of the Telescope</em>&quot;&quot;<span class="printonly">. http://www.omni-optical.com/telescope/ut104.htm</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=omni-optical.com+%22%27%27A+Very+Short+History+of+the+Telescope%27%27%22&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.omni-optical.com%2Ftelescope%2Fut104.htm&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li id="cite_note-telescope_microscope-71"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1978, p.163&ndash;164), Favaro(1892, 3:163&ndash;164)<span style="COLOR: #555; FONT-SIZE: 0.95em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold" class="languageicon"><font size="3">(Latin)</font></span></font></li> <li id="cite_note-microscope_perfection-72"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Probably in 1623, according to Drake (1978, p.286).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-Zollern_microscope-73"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1978, p.289), Favaro(1903, 13:177) <span style="COLOR: #555; FONT-SIZE: 0.95em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold" class="languageicon"><font size="3">(Italian)</font></span>.</font></li> <li id="cite_note-Cesi_microscope-74"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1978, p.286), Favaro(1903, 13:208)<span style="COLOR: #555; FONT-SIZE: 0.95em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold" class="languageicon"><font size="3">(Italian)</font></span>. The actual inventors of the telescope and microscope remain debatable. A general view on this can be found in the article Hans Lippershey (last updated <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2003-08-01">2003-08-01</span>), &copy; 1995&ndash;2007 by Davidson, Michael W. and the Florida State University. Retrieved <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2007-08-28">2007-08-28</span></font></li> <li id="cite_note-75"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="web">&quot;brunelleschi.imss.fi.it &quot;Il microscopio di Galileo&quot;&quot; (PDF)<span class="printonly">. http://brunelleschi.imss.fi.it/esplora/microscopio/dswmedia/risorse/testi_completi.pdf</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=brunelleschi.imss.fi.it+%22Il+microscopio+di+Galileo%22&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbrunelleschi.imss.fi.it%2Fesplora%2Fmicroscopio%2Fdswmedia%2Frisorse%2Ftesti_completi.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li id="cite_note-76"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Van Helden, Al. Galileo Timeline (last updated 1995), The Galileo Project. Retrieved <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2007-08-28">2007-08-28</span>. See also Timeline of microscope technology.</font></li> <li id="cite_note-microscope_use-77"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1978, p.286).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-78"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1978, pp.19,20). At the time when Viviani asserts that the experiment took place, Galileo had not yet formulated the final version of his law of free fall. He had, however, formulated an earlier version which predicted that bodies <em>of the same material</em> falling through the same medium would fall at the same speed (Drake, 1978, p.20).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-79"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1978, p.9); Sharratt (1994, p.31).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-80"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFGroleau" class="web">Groleau, Rick. &quot;Galileo's Battle for the Heavens. July 2002&quot;<span class="printonly">. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/galileo/experiments.html</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo%27s+Battle+for+the+Heavens.+July+2002&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Groleau&amp;rft.aufirst=Rick&amp;rft.au=Groleau%2C+Rick&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fnova%2Fgalileo%2Fexperiments.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFBall" class="web">Ball, Phil. &quot;Science history: setting the record straight. 30 June 2005&quot;<span class="printonly">. http://www.hindu.com/seta/2005/06/30/stories/2005063000351500.htm</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Science+history%3A+setting+the+record+straight.+30+June+2005&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Ball&amp;rft.aufirst=Phil&amp;rft.au=Ball%2C+Phil&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2Fseta%2F2005%2F06%2F30%2Fstories%2F2005063000351500.htm&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> An exception is Drake (1978, pp.19&ndash;21, 414&ndash;416), who argues that the experiment did take place, more or less as Viviani described it.</font></li> <li id="cite_note-81"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Lucretius, <em>De rerum natura</em> II, 225&ndash;229; Relevant passage appears in: Lane Cooper, <em>Aristotle, Galileo, and the Tower of Pisa</em> (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1935), page 49.</font></li> <li id="cite_note-82"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Simon Stevin, <em>De Beghinselen des Waterwichts, Anvang der Waterwichtdaet, en de Anhang komen na de Beghinselen der Weeghconst en de Weeghdaet</em> [The Elements of Hydrostatics, Preamble to the Practice of Hydrostatics, and Appendix to The Elements of the Statics and The Practice of Weighing] (Leiden, Netherlands: Christoffel Plantijn, 1586) reports an experiment by Stevin and Jan Cornets de Groot in which they dropped lead balls from a church tower in Delft; relevant passage is translated here: E. J. Dijksterhuis, ed., <em>The Principal Works of Simon Stevin</em> (Amsterdam, Netherlands: C. V. Swets &amp; Zeitlinger, 1955) vol. 1, pages 509 and 511. Available on-line at: http://www.library.tudelft.nl/cgi-bin/digitresor/display.cgi?bookname=Mechanics%20I&amp;page=509</font></li> <li id="cite_note-83"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sharratt (1994, p.203), Galilei (1954, pp.251&ndash;54).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-84"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sharratt (1994, p.198), Galilei (1954, p.174).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-85"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Clagett (1968, p.561).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-86"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Sharratt (1994, p.198), Wallace (2004, pp.II 384, II 400, III 272) Soto, however, did not anticipate many of the qualifications and refinements contained in Galileo's theory of falling bodies. He did not, for instance, recognise, as Galileo did, that a body would only fall with a strictly uniform acceleration in a vacuum, and that it would otherwise eventually reach a uniform terminal velocity.</font></li> <li id="cite_note-87"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Galileo Galilei, <em>Two New Sciences,</em> (Madison: Univ. of Wisconsin Pr., 1974) p. 50.</font></li> <li id="cite_note-88"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> I. Bernard Cohen, &quot;Roemer and the First Determination of the Velocity of Light (1676),&quot; <em>Isis</em>, 31 (1940): 327&ndash;379, see pp. 332&ndash;333</font></li> <li id="cite_note-Bellarmine_quote-89"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Brodrick (1965, c1964, p.95) quoting Cardinal Bellarmine's letter to Foscarini, dated 12 April 1615. Translated from Favaro(1902, 12:171&ndash;172) <span style="COLOR: #555; FONT-SIZE: 0.95em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold" class="languageicon"><font size="3">(Italian)</font></span>.</font></li> <li id="cite_note-90"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> See Langford (1966, pp.133&ndash;134), and Seeger (1966, p.30), for example. Drake (1978, p.355) asserts that Simplicio's character is modelled on the Aristotelian philosophers, Lodovico delle Colombe and Cesare Cremonini, rather than Urban. He also considers that the demand for Galileo to include the Pope's argument in the <em>Dialogue</em> left him with no option but to put it in the mouth of Simplicio (Drake, 1953, p.491). Even Arthur Koestler, who is generally quite harsh on Galileo in <em>The Sleepwalkers</em> (1959), after noting that Urban suspected Galileo of having intended Simplicio to be a caricature of him, says &quot;this of course is untrue&quot; (1959, p.483)</font></li> <li id="cite_note-91"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Fantoli (2005, p.139), Finocchiaro (1989, p.288&ndash;293). Finocchiaro's translation of the Inquisition's judgement against Galileo is available on-line. &quot;Vehemently suspect of heresy&quot; was a technical term of canon law and did not necessarily imply that the Inquisition considered the opinions giving rise to the verdict to be heretical. The same verdict would have been possible even if the opinions had been subject only to the less serious censure of &quot;erroneous in faith&quot; (Fantoli, 2005, p.140; Heilbron, 2005, pp.282-284).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-92"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1978, p.367), Sharratt (1994, p.184), Favaro(1905, 16:209, 230)<span style="COLOR: #555; FONT-SIZE: 0.95em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold" class="languageicon"><font size="3">(Italian)</font></span>. See Galileo affair for further details.</font></li> <li id="cite_note-93"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Drake (1978, p.356). The phrase &quot;Eppur si muove&quot; does appear, however, in a painting of the 1640s by the Spanish painter Bartolom&eacute; Esteban Murillo or an artist of his school. The painting depicts an imprisoned Galileo apparently pointing to a copy of the phrase written on the wall of his dungeon (Drake, 1978, p.357).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-funeral-94"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Shea &amp; Artigas (2003, p.199); Sobel (2000, p.378).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-funeral_protests-95"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Shea &amp; Artigas (2003, p.199); Sobel (2000, p.378); Sharratt (1994, p.207); Favaro(1906,18:378&ndash;80) <span style="COLOR: #555; FONT-SIZE: 0.95em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold" class="languageicon"><font size="3">(Italian)</font></span>.</font></li> <li id="cite_note-burial_spot-96"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Shea &amp; Artigas (2003, p.199); Sobel (2000, p.380).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-reburial_spot-97"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Shea &amp; Artigas (2003, p.200); Sobel (2000, p.380&ndash;384).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-incomplete_works-98"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Heilbron (2005, p.299).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-complete_works_1-99"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Two of his non-scientific works, the letters to Castelli and the Grand Duchess Christina, were explicitly not allowed to be included (Coyne 2005, p.347).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-complete_works_2-100"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Heilbron (2005, p.303&ndash;04); Coyne (2005, p.347). The uncensored version of the <em>Dialogue</em> remained on the Index of prohibited books, however (Heilbron 2005, p.279).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-ban_not_lifted-101"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Heilbron (2005, p.307); Coyne (2005, p.347) The practical effect of the ban in its later years seems to have been that clergy could publish discussions of heliocentric physics with a formal disclaimer assuring its hypothetical character and their obedience to the church decrees against motion of the earth: see for example the commented edition (1742) of Newton's 'Principia' by Fathers Le Seur and Jacquier, which contains such a disclaimer ('Declaratio') before the third book (Propositions 25 onwards) dealing with the lunar theory.</font></li> <li id="cite_note-ban_lifted-102"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> McMullin (2005, p.6); Coyne (2005, p.346). In fact, the Church's opposition had effectively ended in 1820 when a Catholic canon, Giuseppe Settele, was given permission to publish a work which treated heliocentism as a physical fact rather than a mathematical fiction. The 1835 edition of the Index was the first to be issued after that year.</font></li> <li id="cite_note-103"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Discourse of His Holiness Pope Pius XII given on 3 December 1939 at the Solemn Audience granted to the Plenary Session of the Academy, Discourses of the Popes from Pius XI to John Paul II to the Pontifical Academy of the Sciences 1939-1986, Vatican City, p.34</font></li> <li id="cite_note-104"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Robert Leiber, Pius XII Stimmen der Zeit, November 1958 in Pius XII. Sagt, Frankfurt 1959, p.411</font></li> <li id="cite_note-105"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> An earlier version had been delivered on 16 December 1989, in Rieti, and a later version in Madrid on 24 February 1990 (Ratzinger, 1994, p.81). According to Feyerabend himself, Ratzinger had also mentioned him &quot;in support of&quot; his own views in a speech in Parma around the same time (Feyerabend, 1995, p.178).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-self-doubt-106"><font color="#000000">^ ^{<em><strong><font size="2">a</font></strong></em>} ^{<em><strong><font size="2">b</font></strong></em>} Ratzinger (1994, p.98).</font></li> <li id="cite_note-scupper-107"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Ratzinger (1994, p.98)</font></li> <li id="cite_note-108"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="news">&quot;Vatican admits Galileo was right&quot;. New Scientist. 1992-11-07<span class="printonly">. http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg13618460.600-vatican-admits-galileo-was-right-.html</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-08-09</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Vatican+admits+Galileo+was+right&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=1992-11-07&amp;rft.pub=New+Scientist&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fmg13618460.600-vatican-admits-galileo-was-right-.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span>.</font></li> <li id="cite_note-109"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="news">&quot;Papal visit scuppered by scholars&quot;. BBC News. 2008-01-15<span class="printonly">. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7188860.stm</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-01-16</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Papal+visit+scuppered+by+scholars&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=2008-01-15&amp;rft.pub=BBC+News&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F7188860.stm&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li id="cite_note-110"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="news">&quot;Vatican recants with a statue of Galileo&quot;. TimesOnline News. 2008-03-04<span class="printonly">. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/faith/article3478943.ece</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-03-02</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Vatican+recants+with+a+statue+of+Galileo&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=2008-03-04&amp;rft.pub=TimesOnline+News&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fcomment%2Ffaith%2Farticle3478943.ece&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li id="cite_note-111"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="news">&quot;Pope praises Galileo's astronomy&quot;. BBC News. 2008-12-21<span class="printonly">. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7794668.stm</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-12-22</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Pope+praises+Galileo%27s+astronomy&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=2008-12-21&amp;rft.pub=BBC+News&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F7794668.stm&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li id="cite_note-112"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal"><em>Hydrostatic balance</em>, The Galileo Project<span class="printonly">, http://galileo.rice.edu/sci/instruments/balance.html</span><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved 2008-07-17</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Hydrostatic+balance&amp;rft.pub=The+Galileo+Project&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgalileo.rice.edu%2Fsci%2Finstruments%2Fbalance.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li id="cite_note-113"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal"><em>The Works of Galileo</em>, The University of Oklahoma, College of Arts and Sciences<span class="printonly">, http://hsci.ou.edu/exhibits/exhibit.php?exbgrp=1&amp;exbid=10&amp;exbpg=1</span><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved 2008-07-17</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Works+of+Galileo&amp;rft.pub=The+University+of+Oklahoma%2C+College+of+Arts+and+Sciences&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhsci.ou.edu%2Fexhibits%2Fexhibit.php%3Fexbgrp%3D1%26exbid%3D10%26exbpg%3D1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li id="cite_note-114"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal"><em>Sunspots and Floating Bodies</em>, The University of Oklahoma, College of Arts and Sciences<span class="printonly">, http://hsci.ou.edu/exhibits/exhibit.php?exbgrp=1&amp;exbid=13&amp;exbpg=2</span><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved 2008-07-17</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Sunspots+and+Floating+Bodies&amp;rft.pub=The+University+of+Oklahoma%2C+College+of+Arts+and+Sciences&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhsci.ou.edu%2Fexhibits%2Fexhibit.php%3Fexbgrp%3D1%26exbid%3D13%26exbpg%3D2&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li id="cite_note-115"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal"><em>Galileo, Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina</em>, The University of Oklahoma, College of Arts and Sciences<span class="printonly">, http://hsci.ou.edu/exhibits/exhibit.php?exbgrp=1&amp;exbid=14&amp;exbpg=3</span><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved 2008-07-17</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo%2C+Letter+to+the+Grand+Duchess+Christina&amp;rft.pub=The+University+of+Oklahoma%2C+College+of+Arts+and+Sciences&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhsci.ou.edu%2Fexhibits%2Fexhibit.php%3Fexbgrp%3D1%26exbid%3D14%26exbpg%3D3&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li id="cite_note-116"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal"><em>Galileo's Theory of the Tides</em>, The Galileo Project<span class="printonly">, http://galileo.rice.edu/sci/observations/tides.html</span><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved 2008-07-17</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo%27s+Theory+of+the+Tides&amp;rft.pub=The+Galileo+Project&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgalileo.rice.edu%2Fsci%2Fobservations%2Ftides.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li id="cite_note-117"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal"><em>Galileo Timeline</em>, The Galileo Project<span class="printonly">, http://galileo.rice.edu/chron/galileo.html</span><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved 2008-07-17</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo+Timeline&amp;rft.pub=The+Galileo+Project&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgalileo.rice.edu%2Fchron%2Fgalileo.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li id="cite_note-118"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal"><em>Galileo Galilei</em>, Tel-Aviv University, Science and Technology Education Center<span class="printonly">, http://muse.tau.ac.il/museum/galileo/galileo.html</span><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved 2008-07-17</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo+Galilei&amp;rft.pub=Tel-Aviv+University%2C+Science+and+Technology+Education+Center&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuse.tau.ac.il%2Fmuseum%2Fgalileo%2Fgalileo.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li id="cite_note-119"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> [1]</font></li> <li id="cite_note-120"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFFischer2001" class="book">Fischer, Daniel (2001). <em><span>Mission Jupiter: The Spectacular Journey of the</span></em> <span>Galileo <em>Spacecraft</em></span>. Springer. pp.&nbsp;v. ISBN 0-387-98764-9.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Mission+Jupiter%3A+The+Spectacular+Journey+of+the+%27%27Galileo%27%27+Spacecraft&amp;rft.aulast=Fischer&amp;rft.aufirst=Daniel&amp;rft.au=Fischer%2C+Daniel&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3Bv&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.isbn=0-387-98764-9&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li id="cite_note-121"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFUnited_Nations_Educational.2C_Scientific_and_Cultural_Organization2005" class="web">United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (11 August 2005). &quot;Proclamation of 2009 as International year of Astronomy&quot; (PDF). UNESCO<span class="printonly">. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001403/140317e.pdf</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-06-10</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Proclamation+of+2009+as+International+year+of+Astronomy&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=United+Nations+Educational%2C+Scientific+and+Cultural+Organization&amp;rft.au=United+Nations+Educational%2C+Scientific+and+Cultural+Organization&amp;rft.date=11+August+2005&amp;rft.pub=UNESCO&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fimages%2F0014%2F001403%2F140317e.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> </ol> </div> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">See also</font></span></h2> <ul> <li><font color="#000000">Villa Il Gioiello (Galileo's main home in Florence)</font></li> </ul> <p><a id="References" name="References"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">References</font></span></h2> <div style="MARGIN-LEFT: 1.5em; FONT-SIZE: 90%; -moz-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2"> <ul> <li><font color="#000000"><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFAllan-Olney1870" class="book">Allan-Olney, Mary (1870). <em><a class="external text" title="http://books.google.com/books?id=zWcSAAAAIAAJ" rel="nofollow" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=zWcSAAAAIAAJ">The Private Life of Galileo: Compiled primarily from his correspondence and that of his eldest daughter, Sister Maria Celeste</a></em>. Boston: Nichols and Noyes<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://books.google.com/books?id=zWcSAAAAIAAJ" rel="nofollow" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=zWcSAAAAIAAJ">http://books.google.com/books?id=zWcSAAAAIAAJ</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-06-09</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Private+Life+of+Galileo%3A+Compiled+primarily+from+his+correspondence+and+that+of+his+eldest+daughter%2C+Sister+Maria+Celeste&amp;rft.aulast=Allan-Olney&amp;rft.aufirst=Mary&amp;rft.au=Allan-Olney%2C+Mary&amp;rft.date=1870&amp;rft.place=Boston&amp;rft.pub=Nichols+and+Noyes&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzWcSAAAAIAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li><font color="#000000"><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Biagioli-1993" class="book">Biagioli, Mario (1993). <em><span>Galileo, Courtier: The Practice of Science in the Culture of Absolutism</span></em>. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo%2C+Courtier%3A+The+Practice+of+Science+in+the+Culture+of+Absolutism&amp;rft.aulast=Biagioli&amp;rft.aufirst=Mario&amp;rft.au=Biagioli%2C+Mario&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft.place=Chicago%2C+IL&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Blackwell-2006" class="book"><font color="#000000">Blackwell, Richard J. (2006). <em><span>Behind the Scenes at Galileo's Trial</span></em>. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0268022011"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-268-02201-1</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Behind+the+Scenes+at+Galileo%27s+Trial&amp;rft.aulast=Blackwell%2C+Richard+J.&amp;rft.au=Blackwell%2C+Richard+J.&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.place=Notre+Dame%2C+IN&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Notre+Dame+Press&amp;rft.isbn=0-268-02201-1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><font color="#000000"><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Brodrick-1965" class="book">Brodrick, James, S. J. (1965) [c1964]. <em><span>Galileo: the man, his work, his misfortunes</span></em>. London: G. Chapman.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo%3A+the+man%2C+his+work%2C+his+misfortunes&amp;rft.aulast=Brodrick%2C+James%2C+S.+J.&amp;rft.au=Brodrick%2C+James%2C+S.+J.&amp;rft.date=1965&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=G.+Chapman&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Clagett-1968" class="book"><font color="#000000">Clagett, Marshall (editor &amp; translator) (1968). <em><span>Nicole Oresme and the Medieval Geometry of Qualities and Motions; a treatise on the uniformity and difformity of intensities known as Tractatus de configurationibus qualitatum et motuum</span></em>. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0299048802"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-299-04880-2</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Nicole+Oresme+and+the+Medieval+Geometry+of+Qualities+and+Motions%3B+a+treatise+on+the+uniformity+and+difformity+of+intensities+known+as+Tractatus+de+configurationibus+qualitatum+et+motuum&amp;rft.aulast=Clagett&amp;rft.aufirst=Marshall+%28editor+%26+translator%29&amp;rft.au=Clagett%2C+Marshall+%28editor+%26+translator%29&amp;rft.date=1968&amp;rft.place=Madison%2C+WI&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&amp;rft.isbn=0-299-04880-2&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><font color="#000000">Clavelin, Maurice <em>The Natural Philosophy of Galileo</em> MIT Press 1974</font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Coffa,J <em>Galileo's Concept of Inertia</em> Physis 1968</font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Consolmagno, Guy; Schaefer, Marta (1994) <em>Worlds Apart, A Textbook in Planetary Science</em>. Englewood, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0139641319"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-13-964131-9</font></a></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Cooper-1935" class="book"><font color="#000000">Cooper, Lane (1935). <em><span>Aristotle, Galileo, and the Tower of Pisa</span></em>. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1406752630"><font color="#000000">ISBN 1-4067-5263-0</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Aristotle%2C+Galileo%2C+and+the+Tower+of+Pisa&amp;rft.aulast=Cooper&amp;rft.aufirst=Lane&amp;rft.au=Cooper%2C+Lane&amp;rft.date=1935&amp;rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&amp;rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&amp;rft.isbn=1-4067-5263-0&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Coyne-2005" class="book"><font color="#000000">Coyne, George V., S.J. (2005). <em><span>The Church's Most Recent Attempt to Dispel the Galileo Myth</span></em>. In </font><a href="#Reference-McMullin-2005"><font color="#000000">McMullin (2005, pp.340&ndash;359)</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Church%27s+Most+Recent+Attempt+to+Dispel+the+Galileo+Myth&amp;rft.aulast=Coyne%2C+George+V.%2C+S.J.&amp;rft.au=Coyne%2C+George+V.%2C+S.J.&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><font color="#000000">Drabkin, Israel &amp; Drake, Stillman (Eds &amp; translators) <em>On Motion and On Mechanics</em> University of Wisconsin Press 1960 </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0299020304"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-299-02030-4</font></a></li> <li><font color="#000000"><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Drake-1953" class="book">Drake, Stillman (translator) (1953). <em><span>Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems</span></em>. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Dialogue+Concerning+the+Two+Chief+World+Systems&amp;rft.aulast=Drake%2C+Stillman+%28translator%29&amp;rft.au=Drake%2C+Stillman+%28translator%29&amp;rft.date=1953&amp;rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&amp;rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li><cite id="Reference-Drake-1957"><font color="#000000">Drake, Stillman (1957). <em>Discoveries and Opinions of Galileo</em>. New York: Doubleday &amp; Company. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0385092393"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-385-09239-3</font></a></cite></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Drake-1960" class="book"><font color="#000000">Drake, Stillman (1960). <em><span>Introduction to the Controversy on the Comets of 1618</span></em>. In </font><a href="#Reference-Drake.26O.27Malley-1960"><font color="#000000">Drake &amp; O'Malley (1960, pp.vii&ndash;xxv)</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Controversy+on+the+Comets+of+1618&amp;rft.aulast=Drake%2C+Stillman&amp;rft.au=Drake%2C+Stillman&amp;rft.date=1960&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Drake-1970" class="book"><font color="#000000">Drake, Stillman (1970). <em><span>Galileo Studies</span></em>. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0472082833"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-472-08283-3</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo+Studies&amp;rft.aulast=Drake%2C+Stillman&amp;rft.au=Drake%2C+Stillman&amp;rft.date=1970&amp;rft.place=Ann+Arbor&amp;rft.pub=The+University+of+Michigan+Press&amp;rft.isbn=0-472-08283-3&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><font color="#000000">Drake, Stillman (1973). &quot;Galileo's Discovery of the Law of Free Fall.&quot; <em>Scientific American</em> v. 228, #5, pp.&nbsp;84&ndash;92.</font></li> <li><cite id="Reference-Drake-1978"><font color="#000000">Drake, Stillman (1978). <em>Galileo At Work</em>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226162265"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-226-16226-5</font></a></cite></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Drake-1990" class="book"><font color="#000000">Drake, Stillman (1990). <em><span>Galileo: Pioneer Scientist</span></em>. Toronto: The University of Toronto Press. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0802027253"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-8020-2725-3</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo%3A+Pioneer+Scientist&amp;rft.aulast=Drake&amp;rft.aufirst=Stillman&amp;rft.au=Drake%2C+Stillman&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft.place=Toronto&amp;rft.pub=The+University+of+Toronto+Press&amp;rft.isbn=0-8020-2725-3&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><font color="#000000"><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Drake.26O.27Malley-1960" class="book">Drake, Stillman, and O'Malley, C.D. (translators) (1960). <em><span>The Controversy on the Comets of 1618</span></em>. Philadelphia, PA: University of Philadelphia Press.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Controversy+on+the+Comets+of+1618&amp;rft.aulast=Drake%2C+Stillman%2C+and+O%27Malley%2C+C.D.+%28translators%29&amp;rft.au=Drake%2C+Stillman%2C+and+O%27Malley%2C+C.D.+%28translators%29&amp;rft.date=1960&amp;rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Philadelphia+Press&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Dugas,Ren&eacute; <em>A History of Mechanics</em> 1955, Dover Publications 1988</font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Duhem, Pierre <em>Etudes sur Leonard de Vinci</em> 1906-13</font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Duhem, Pierre <em>Le Systeme du Monde</em> 1913 -</font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Duhem, Pierre <em>History of Physics</em> Catholic Encyclopedia</font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Einstein, Albert (1952). Foreword to (Drake, 1953)</font></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Einstein-1954" class="book"><a title="Albert Einstein" href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein"><font color="#000000">Einstein, Albert</font></a><font color="#000000"> (1954). <em><span>Ideas and Opinions</span></em>. translated by Sonja Bargmann. London: Crown Publishers. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0285647245"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-285-64724-5</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Ideas+and+Opinions&amp;rft.aulast=Einstein%2C+Albert&amp;rft.au=Einstein%2C+Albert&amp;rft.date=1954&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Crown+Publishers&amp;rft.isbn=0-285-64724-5&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><font color="#000000">Fantoli, Annibale (2003). <em>Galileo&nbsp;&mdash; For Copernicanism and the Church</em>, third English edition. Vatican Observatory Publications. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8820974274"><font color="#000000">ISBN 88-209-7427-4</font></a></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Fantoli-2005" class="book"><font color="#000000">Fantoli, Annibale (2005). <em><span>The Disputed Injunction and its Role in Galileo's Trial</span></em>. In </font><a href="#Reference-McMullin-2005"><font color="#000000">McMullin (2005, pp.117&ndash;149)</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Disputed+Injunction+and+its+Role+in+Galileo%27s+Trial&amp;rft.aulast=Fantoli&amp;rft.aufirst=Annibale&amp;rft.au=Fantoli%2C+Annibale&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><cite id="Reference-Favaro-1890"><font color="#000000">Favaro, Antonio (1890&ndash;1909), ed.</font><a class="external autonumber" title="http://www.domusgalilaeana.it/Exhibition/Protagonist/Favaro.htm" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.domusgalilaeana.it/Exhibition/Protagonist/Favaro.htm"><font color="#000000">[2]</font></a><font color="#000000">. <em><a class="external text" title="http://moro.imss.fi.it/lettura/LetturaWEB.DLL?AZIONE=CATALOGO" rel="nofollow" href="http://moro.imss.fi.it/lettura/LetturaWEB.DLL?AZIONE=CATALOGO">Le Opere di Galileo Galilei, Edizione Nazionale</a></em> <span style="COLOR: #555; FONT-SIZE: 0.95em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold" class="languageicon"><font size="3">(Italian)</font></span>. (<em>The Works of Galileo Galilei, National Edition</em>, 20 vols.), </font><a title="Florence" href="/wiki/Florence"><font color="#000000">Florence</font></a><font color="#000000">: Barbera, 1890&ndash;1909; reprinted 1929&ndash;1939 and 1964&ndash;1966. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8809208811"><font color="#000000">ISBN 88-09-20881-1</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><font color="#000000"> Searchable online copy from the </font><a class="external text" title="http://www.imss.fi.it/istituto/index.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.imss.fi.it/istituto/index.html"><font color="#000000">Institute and Museum of the History of Science</font></a><font color="#000000">, Florence. Brief overview of <em>Le Opere</em> @ Finns Fine Books, </font><a class="external autonumber" title="http://www.finns-books.com/fgalileo.htm" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.finns-books.com/fgalileo.htm"><font color="#000000">[3]</font></a><font color="#000000"> and here </font><a class="external autonumber" title="http://www.pacifier.com/~tpope/Additional_Info.htm#National_Edition" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pacifier.com/~tpope/Additional_Info.htm#National_Edition"><font color="#000000">[4]</font></a></li> <li><font color="#000000">Feyerabend, Paul <em>Againat Method</em> Verso 1975</font></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Feyerabend-1995" class="book"><a title="Paul Feyerabend" href="/wiki/Paul_Feyerabend"><font color="#000000">Feyerabend, Paul</font></a><font color="#000000"> (1995). <em><span>Killing Time: The Autobiography of Paul Feyerabend</span></em>. Chicago, MI: University of Chicago Press. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226245314"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-226-24531-4</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Killing+Time%3A+The+Autobiography+of+Paul+Feyerabend&amp;rft.aulast=Feyerabend%2C+Paul&amp;rft.au=Feyerabend%2C+Paul&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.place=Chicago%2C+MI&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&amp;rft.isbn=0-226-24531-4&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><font color="#000000">Fillmore, Charles (1931, 17th printing July 2004). <em>Metaphysical Bible Dictionary</em>. Unity Village, Missouri: Unity House. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0871590670"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-87159-067-0</font></a></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Finocchiaro-1989" class="book"><font color="#000000">Finocchiaro, Maurice A. (1989). <em><span>The Galileo Affair: A Documentary History</span></em>. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520066626"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-520-06662-6</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Galileo+Affair%3A+A+Documentary+History&amp;rft.aulast=Finocchiaro%2C+Maurice+A.&amp;rft.au=Finocchiaro%2C+Maurice+A.&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&amp;rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&amp;rft.isbn=0-520-06662-6&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFFinocchiaro"><font color="#000000">Finocchiaro, Maurice A. (Fall 2007), &quot;Book Review&mdash;The Person of the Millennium: The Unique Impact of Galileo on World History&quot;, <em>The Historian</em> <strong>69</strong> (3): 601&ndash;602, </font><a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#000000">doi</font></a><font color="#000000">:<span class="neverexpand"><a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-6563.2007.00189_68.x" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-6563.2007.00189_68.x">10.1111/j.1540-6563.2007.00189_68.x</a></span></font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Book+Review%E2%80%94The+Person+of+the+Millennium%3A+The+Unique+Impact+of+Galileo+on+World+History&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Historian&amp;rft.aulast=Finocchiaro&amp;rft.aufirst=Maurice+A.&amp;rft.au=Finocchiaro%2C+Maurice+A.&amp;rft.date=Fall+2007&amp;rft.volume=69&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=601%E2%80%93602&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1111%2Fj.1540-6563.2007.00189_68.x&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Galileo-1960" class="book"><font color="#000000">Galilei, Galileo (1960) [1623]. <em><span>The Assayer</span></em>. translated by </font><a title="Stillman Drake" href="/wiki/Stillman_Drake"><font color="#000000">Stillman Drake</font></a><font color="#000000">. In </font><a href="#Reference-Drake.26O.27Malley-1960"><font color="#000000">Drake &amp; O'Malley (1960, pp.151&ndash;336)</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Assayer&amp;rft.aulast=Galilei%2C+Galileo&amp;rft.au=Galilei%2C+Galileo&amp;rft.date=1960&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><cite id="Reference-Galileo-1954"><font color="#000000">Galilei, Galileo [1638, 1914] (1954), Henry Crew and Alfonso de Salvio, translators, <em><a class="external text" title="http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_staticxt&amp;staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=753&amp;Itemid=99999999" rel="nofollow" href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_staticxt&amp;staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=753&amp;Itemid=99999999">Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences</a></em>, Dover Publications Inc., New York, NY. ISBN 486-60099-8</font></cite></li> <li><font color="#000000">Galilei, Galileo <em>Galileo: Two New Sciences</em> (Translation by </font><a title="Stillman Drake" href="/wiki/Stillman_Drake"><font color="#000000">Stillman Drake</font></a><font color="#000000"> of Galileo's 1638 <em>Discourses and mathematical demonstrations concerning two new sciences</em>) University of Wisconsin Press 1974 </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/029906400X"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-299-06400-X</font></a></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Galileo.26Guiducci-1960" class="book"><font color="#000000">Galilei, Galileo, and Guiducci, Mario (1960) [1619]. <em><span>Discourse on the Comets</span></em>. translated by </font><a title="Stillman Drake" href="/wiki/Stillman_Drake"><font color="#000000">Stillman Drake</font></a><font color="#000000">. In </font><a href="#Reference-Drake.26O.27Malley-1960"><font color="#000000">Drake &amp; O'Malley (1960, pp.21&ndash;65)</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Discourse+on+the+Comets&amp;rft.aulast=Galilei%2C+Galileo%2C+and+Guiducci%2C+Mario&amp;rft.au=Galilei%2C+Galileo%2C+and+Guiducci%2C+Mario&amp;rft.date=1960&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><font color="#000000"><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Gebler-1879" class="book">Gebler, Karl von (1879). <em><a class="external text" title="http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC02415342&amp;id=FheRZAirWvQC" rel="nofollow" href="http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC02415342&amp;id=FheRZAirWvQC">Galileo Galilei and the Roman Curia</a></em>. London: C.K. Paul &amp; Co.<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC02415342&amp;id=FheRZAirWvQC" rel="nofollow" href="http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC02415342&amp;id=FheRZAirWvQC">http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC02415342&amp;id=FheRZAirWvQC</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo+Galilei+and+the+Roman+Curia&amp;rft.aulast=Gebler&amp;rft.aufirst=Karl+von&amp;rft.au=Gebler%2C+Karl+von&amp;rft.date=1879&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=C.K.+Paul+%26+Co.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fvid%3DOCLC02415342%26id%3DFheRZAirWvQC&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Geymonat, Ludovico (1965), <em>Galileo Galilei, A biography and inquiry into his philosophy and science</em>, translation of the 1957 Italian edition, with notes and appendix by </font><a title="Stillman Drake" href="/wiki/Stillman_Drake"><font color="#000000">Stillman Drake</font></a><font color="#000000">, McGraw-Hill</font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Grant, Edward <em>Aristotle, Philoponus, Avempace, and Galileo's Pisan Dynamics</em> Centaurus, 11, 1965-7</font></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Grassi-1960a" class="book"><font color="#000000">Grassi, Horatio (1960a) [1619]. <em><span>On the Three Comets of the Year MDCXIII</span></em>. translated by C.D. O'Malley. In </font><a href="#Reference-Drake.26O.27Malley-1960"><font color="#000000">Drake &amp; O'Malley (1960, pp.3&ndash;19)</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=On+the+Three+Comets+of+the+Year+MDCXIII&amp;rft.aulast=Grassi%2C+Horatio&amp;rft.au=Grassi%2C+Horatio&amp;rft.date=1960a&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Grassi-1960b" class="book"><font color="#000000">Grassi, Horatio (1960b) [1619]. <em><span>The Astronomical and Philosophical Balance</span></em>. translated by C.D. O'Malley. In </font><a href="#Reference-Drake.26O.27Malley-1960"><font color="#000000">Drake &amp; O'Malley (1960, pp.67&ndash;132)</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Astronomical+and+Philosophical+Balance&amp;rft.aulast=Grassi%2C+Horatio&amp;rft.au=Grassi%2C+Horatio&amp;rft.date=1960b&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><font color="#000000">Grisar, Hartmann, S.J., Professor of Church history at the University of Innsbruck (1882). </font><a class="external text" title="http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0790562294&amp;id=aqMBAAAAQAAJ&amp;printsec=titlepage&amp;dq=%22hartmann+grisar%22" rel="nofollow" href="http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0790562294&amp;id=aqMBAAAAQAAJ&amp;printsec=titlepage&amp;dq=%22hartmann+grisar%22"><em><font color="#000000">Historisch theologische Untersuchungen &uuml;ber die Urtheile R&ouml;mischen Congegationen im Galileiprocess (Historico-theological Discussions concerning the Decisions of the Roman Congregations in the case of Galileo)</font></em></a><font color="#000000">, Regensburg: Pustet.&nbsp;&ndash; </font><a class="mw-redirect" title="Google Books" href="/wiki/Google_Books"><font color="#000000">Google Books</font></a><font color="#000000"> </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0790562294"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-7905-6229-4</font></a><font color="#000000">. </font><a class="external text" title="http://isbndb.com/d/book/galileistudien.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://isbndb.com/d/book/galileistudien.html"><font color="#000000">(LCC# QB36&nbsp;&ndash; <em>microfiche</em>)</font></a><font color="#000000"> </font><a class="external text" title="http://books.google.com/books?id=aqMBAAAAQAAJ&amp;q=%22hartmann+grisar%22+%22Historisch+theologische%22&amp;dq=%22hartmann+grisar%22+%22Historisch+theologische%22&amp;ei=GOsIR_m6K4yKpwKygp3BDg&amp;pgis=1" rel="nofollow" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=aqMBAAAAQAAJ&amp;q=%22hartmann+grisar%22+%22Historisch+theologische%22&amp;dq=%22hartmann+grisar%22+%22Historisch+theologische%22&amp;ei=GOsIR_m6K4yKpwKygp3BDg&amp;pgis=1"><font color="#000000">Reviewed here (1883), pp.211&ndash;213</font></a></li> <li><font color="#000000">Hall, A. R. <em>From Galileo to Newton</em> 1963</font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Hall, A. R. <em>Galileo and the Science of Motion</em> in 'British Journal of History of Science', 2 1964-5</font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Hoskin, Michael (Ed) <em>The Cambridge concise history of astronomy</em> CUP 1999</font></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Hawking-1988" class="book"><a title="Stephen Hawking" href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking"><font color="#000000">Hawking, Stephen</font></a><font color="#000000"> (1988). <em><span>A Brief History of Time</span></em>. New York, NY: Bantam Books. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0553346148"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-553-34614-8</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Time&amp;rft.aulast=Hawking%2C+Stephen&amp;rft.au=Hawking%2C+Stephen&amp;rft.date=1988&amp;rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&amp;rft.pub=Bantam+Books&amp;rft.isbn=0-553-34614-8&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Heilbron-2005" class="book"><font color="#000000">Heilbron, John L. (2005). <em><span>Censorship of Astronomy in Italy after Galileo</span></em>. In </font><a href="#Reference-McMullin-2005"><font color="#000000">McMullin (2005, pp.279&ndash;322)</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Censorship+of+Astronomy+in+Italy+after+Galileo&amp;rft.aulast=Heilbron%2C+John+L.&amp;rft.au=Heilbron%2C+John+L.&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><font color="#000000">Hellman, Hal (1988). <em>Great Feuds in Science. Ten of the Liveliest Disputes Ever</em>. New York: Wiley</font></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-jarrel-1989" class="book"><font color="#000000">Jarrel, Richard A. (1989). <em><span>The contemporaries of Tycho Brahe</span></em>. In </font><a href="#Reference-Taton.26Wilson-1989"><font color="#000000">Taton and Wilson (1989, pp.22&ndash;32)</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+contemporaries+of+Tycho+Brahe&amp;rft.aulast=Jarrel&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&amp;rft.au=Jarrel%2C+Richard+A.&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Kelter-2005" class="book"><font color="#000000">Kelter, Irving A. (2005). <em><span>The Refusal to Accommodate. Jesuit Exegetes and the Copernican System</span></em>. In </font><a href="#Reference-McMullin-2005"><font color="#000000">McMullin (2005, pp.38&ndash;53)</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Refusal+to+Accommodate.+Jesuit+Exegetes+and+the+Copernican+System&amp;rft.aulast=Kelter%2C+Irving+A.&amp;rft.au=Kelter%2C+Irving+A.&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><font color="#000000">Humphreys, W. C. <em>Galileo, Falling Bodies and Inclined Planes. An Attempt at Reconstructing Galileo's Discovery of the Law of Squares</em> 'British Journal of History of Science' 1967</font></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Koestler-1990" class="book"><a title="Arthur Koestler" href="/wiki/Arthur_Koestler"><font color="#000000">Koestler, Arthur</font></a><font color="#000000"> (1990) [1959]. <em><span><a title="The Sleepwalkers" href="/wiki/The_Sleepwalkers">The Sleepwalkers</a>: A History of Man's Changing Vision of the Universe</span></em>. Penguin. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0140192468"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-14-019246-8</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><font color="#000000"><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=%5B%5BThe+Sleepwalkers%5D%5D%3A+A+History+of+Man%27s+Changing+Vision+of+the+Universe&amp;rft.aulast=%5B%5BArthur+Koestler%7CKoestler%2C+Arthur%5D%5D&amp;rft.au=%5B%5BArthur+Koestler%7CKoestler%2C+Arthur%5D%5D&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft.pub=Penguin&amp;rft.isbn=0-14-019246-8&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> Original edition published by Hutchinson (1959, London).</font></li> <li><a class="mw-redirect" title="Koyr&eacute;" href="/wiki/Koyr%C3%A9"><font color="#000000">Koyr&eacute;</font></a><font color="#000000">, Alexandre <em>A Documentary History of the Problem of Fall from Kepler to Newton</em> Transaction of the American Philosophical Society, 1955</font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Koyr&eacute;, Alexandre <em>Galilean Studies</em> Harvester Press 1978</font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Kuhn, T. <em>The Copernican Revolution</em> 1957</font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Kuhn, T. <em>The Structure of Scientific Revolutions</em> 1962</font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Lattis, James M. (1994). <em>Between Copernicus and Galileo: Christopher Clavius and the Collapse of Ptolemaic Cosmology</em>, Chicago: the University of Chicago Press</font></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Langford-1998" class="book"><font color="#000000">Langford, Jerome K., O.P. (1998) [1966]. <em><span>Galileo, Science and the Church</span></em> (third ed.). St. Augustine's Press. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1890318256"><font color="#000000">ISBN 1-890318-25-6</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><font color="#000000"><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo%2C+Science+and+the+Church&amp;rft.aulast=Langford%2C+Jerome+K.%2C+O.P.&amp;rft.au=Langford%2C+Jerome+K.%2C+O.P.&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.edition=third&amp;rft.pub=St.+Augustine%27s+Press&amp;rft.isbn=1-890318-25-6&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span>. Original edition by Desclee (New York, NY, 1966)</font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Lessl, Thomas, &quot;</font><a class="external text" title="http://www.catholiceducation.org/articles/apologetics/ap0138.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.catholiceducation.org/articles/apologetics/ap0138.html"><font color="#000000">The Galileo Legend</font></a><font color="#000000">.&quot; <em>New Oxford Review</em>, 27&ndash;33 (June 2000).</font></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Linton-2004" class="book"><font color="#000000">Linton, Christopher M. (2004). <em><span>From Eudoxus to Einstein&mdash;A History of Mathematical Astronomy</span></em>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521827508"><font color="#000000">ISBN 978-0-521-82750-8</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=From+Eudoxus+to+Einstein%E2%80%94A+History+of+Mathematical+Astronomy&amp;rft.aulast=Linton%2C+Christopher+M.&amp;rft.au=Linton%2C+Christopher+M.&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.place=Cambridge&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-521-82750-8&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><font color="#000000">Losee, J. <em>Drake, Galileo, and the Law of Inertia</em> American Journal of Physics, 34, p.&nbsp;430-2 1966</font></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-McMullin-2005" class="book"><font color="#000000">McMullin, Ernan, ed. (2005). <em><span>The Church and Galileo</span></em>. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0268034834"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-268-03483-4</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Church+and+Galileo&amp;rft.aulast=McMullin%2C+Ernan%2C+ed.&amp;rft.au=McMullin%2C+Ernan%2C+ed.&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.place=Notre+Dame%2C+IN&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Notre+Dame+Press&amp;rft.isbn=0-268-03483-4&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-McMullin-2005a" class="book"><font color="#000000">McMullin, Ernan, (2005a). <em><span>The Church's Ban on Copernicanism, 1616</span></em>. In </font><a href="#Reference-McMullin-2005"><font color="#000000">McMullin (2005, pp.150&ndash;190)</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Church%27s+Ban+on+Copernicanism%2C+1616&amp;rft.aulast=McMullin%2C+Ernan%2C&amp;rft.au=McMullin%2C+Ernan%2C&amp;rft.date=2005a&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><font color="#000000">Mach, Ernst. <em>The Science of Mechanics</em> 1893</font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Machamer, Peter (Ed) <em>The Cambridge Companion to Galileo</em> Cambridge University Press 1998</font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Naylor, Ronald H. (1990). &quot;Galileo's Method of Analysis and Synthesis,&quot; <em>Isis</em>, 81: 695&ndash;707</font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Newall, Paul (2004). </font><a class="external text" title="http://www.galilean-library.org/hps.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.galilean-library.org/hps.html"><font color="#000000">&quot;The Galileo Affair&quot;</font></a></li> <li><font color="#000000">Remmert, Volker R. (2005). <em>Galileo, God, and Mathematics</em>. In: Bergmans, Luc/Koetsier, Teun (eds.): <em>Mathematics and the Divine. A Historical Study</em>, Amsterdam et al., 347&ndash;360</font></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Ratzinger-1994" class="book"><a title="Pope Benedict XVI" href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI"><font color="#000000">Ratzinger, Joseph Cardinal</font></a><font color="#000000"> (1994). <em><span>Turning point for Europe? The Church in the Modern World&mdash;Assessment and Forecast</span></em>. translated from the 1991 German edition by Brian McNeil. San Francisco, CA: Ignatius Press. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0898704618"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-89870-461-8</font></a><font color="#000000">. </font><a title="Online Computer Library Center" href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center"><font color="#000000">OCLC</font></a><font color="#000000"> </font><a class="external text" title="http://worldcat.org/oclc/60292876" rel="nofollow" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/60292876"><font color="#000000">60292876</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Turning+point+for+Europe%3F+The+Church+in+the+Modern+World%E2%80%94Assessment+and+Forecast&amp;rft.aulast=Ratzinger%2C+Joseph+Cardinal&amp;rft.au=Ratzinger%2C+Joseph+Cardinal&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.place=San+Francisco%2C+CA&amp;rft.pub=Ignatius+Press&amp;rft_id=info:oclcnum/60292876&amp;rft.isbn=0-89870-461-8&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFReston2000" class="book"><font color="#000000">Reston, James (2000). <em><span>Galileo: A Life</span></em>. Beard Books. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/189312262X"><font color="#000000">ISBN 1-893122-62-X</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo%3A+A+Life&amp;rft.aulast=Reston&amp;rft.aufirst=James&amp;rft.au=Reston%2C+James&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.pub=Beard+Books&amp;rft.isbn=1-893122-62-X&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><font color="#000000"><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Seeger-1966" class="book">Seeger, Raymond J. (1966). <em><span>Galileo Galilei, his life and his works</span></em>. Oxford: Pergamon Press.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo+Galilei%2C+his+life+and+his+works&amp;rft.aulast=Seeger%2C+Raymond+J.&amp;rft.au=Seeger%2C+Raymond+J.&amp;rft.date=1966&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Pergamon+Press&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span></font></li> <li><cite id="Reference-Settle-1961"><font color="#000000">Settle, Thomas B. (1961). &quot;An Experiment in the History of Science.&quot; <em>Science</em>, 133:19&ndash;23</font></cite></li> <li><cite id="Reference-Sharratt-1994"><font color="#000000">Sharratt, Michael (1994), <em>Galileo: Decisive Innovator.</em> Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521566711"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-521-56671-1</font></a></cite></li> <li><font color="#000000">Shapere, Dudley <em>Galileo, a Philosophical Study</em> University of Chicago Press 1974</font></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Shea.26Artigas-2003" class="book"><font color="#000000">Shea, William R. and Artigas, Mario (2003). <em><span>Galileo in Rome: The Rise and Fall of a Troublesome Genius</span></em>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195165985"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-19-516598-5</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo+in+Rome%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+a+Troublesome+Genius&amp;rft.aulast=Shea%2C+William+R.+and+Artigas%2C+Mario&amp;rft.au=Shea%2C+William+R.+and+Artigas%2C+Mario&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.isbn=0-19-516598-5&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Sobel-2000" class="book"><font color="#000000">Sobel, Dava (2000) [1999]. <em><span>Galileo's Daughter</span></em>. London: Fourth Estate. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1857027124"><font color="#000000">ISBN 1-85702-712-4</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo%27s+Daughter&amp;rft.aulast=Sobel%2C+Dava&amp;rft.au=Sobel%2C+Dava&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Fourth+Estate&amp;rft.isbn=1-85702-712-4&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Taton.26Wilson-1989" class="book"><font color="#000000">Taton, Ren&eacute;; Wilson, Curtis, eds (1989). <em><span>Planetary astronomy from the Renaissance to the rise of astrophysics Part A: Tycho Brahe to Newton</span></em>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521242541"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-521-24254-1</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Planetary+astronomy+from+the+Renaissance+to+the+rise+of+astrophysics+Part+A%3A+Tycho+Brahe+to+Newton&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rft.place=Cambridge&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.isbn=0-521-24254-1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Thoren-1989" class="book"><font color="#000000">Thoren, Victor E. (1989). <em><span>Tycho Brahe</span></em>. In </font><a href="#Reference-Taton.26Wilson-1989"><font color="#000000">Taton and Wilson (1989, pp.3-21)</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Tycho+Brahe&amp;rft.aulast=Thoren&amp;rft.aufirst=Victor+E.&amp;rft.au=Thoren%2C+Victor+E.&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Vanhelden-1989" class="book"><font color="#000000">Van Helden, Albert (1989). <em><span>Galileo, telescopic astronomy, and the Copernican system</span></em>. In </font><a href="#Reference-Taton.26Wilson-1989"><font color="#000000">Taton and Wilson (1989, pp.81-105)</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo%2C+telescopic+astronomy%2C+and+the+Copernican+system&amp;rft.aulast=Van+Helden&amp;rft.aufirst=Albert&amp;rft.au=Van+Helden%2C+Albert&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><font color="#000000">Wallace, William A. (1984) <em>Galileo and His Sources: The Heritage of the Collegio Romano in Galileo's Science,</em> (Princeton: Princeton Univ. Pr.), </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/069108355X"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-691-08355-X</font></a></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="Reference-Wallace-2004" class="book"><font color="#000000">Wallace, William A. (2004). <em><span>Domingo de Soto and the Early Galileo</span></em>. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing. </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0860789640"><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-86078-964-0</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Domingo+de+Soto+and+the+Early+Galileo&amp;rft.aulast=Wallace&amp;rft.aufirst=William+A.&amp;rft.au=Wallace%2C+William+A.&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.place=Aldershot&amp;rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&amp;rft.isbn=0-86078-964-0&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></span></span></li> <li><font color="#000000">White, Andrew Dickson (1898). </font><a class="external text" title="http://cscs.umich.edu/~crshalizi/White/" rel="nofollow" href="http://cscs.umich.edu/~crshalizi/White/"><em><font color="#000000">A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom</font></em></a><font color="#000000">. New York 1898.</font></li> <li><font color="#000000">White, Michael. (2007). <em>Galileo: Antichrist: A Biography.</em> Weidenfeld &amp; Nicolson:London, </font><a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780297848684"><font color="#000000">ISBN 978-0-297-84868-4</font></a><font color="#000000">.</font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Wisan, Winifred Lovell (1984). &quot;Galileo and the Process of Scientific Creation,&quot; <em>Isis</em>, 75: 269&ndash;286.</font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Zik Yaakov, &quot;Science and Instruments: The telescope as a scientific instrument at the beginning of the seventeenth century,&quot; <em>Perspectives on Science</em> 2001, Vol. 9, 3, 259&ndash;284.</font></li> </ul> </div> <p><a id="External_links" name="External_links"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.imss.fi.it/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.imss.fi.it/"><font color="#000080">History of Science Museum - Florence</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/PictDisplay/Galileo.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/PictDisplay/Galileo.html"><font color="#000080">Portraits of Galileo</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://asv.vatican.va/en/stud/download/CAV_21.htm" rel="nofollow" href="http://asv.vatican.va/en/stud/download/CAV_21.htm"><font color="#000080">Original documents on the trial of Galileo Galilei</font></a> in the <a title="Vatican Secret Archives" href="/wiki/Vatican_Secret_Archives"><font color="#000080">Vatican Secret Archives</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://web.archive.org/web/20071209222631/http://www.catholic.net/rcc/Periodicals/Issues/GalileoAffair.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20071209222631/http://www.catholic.net/rcc/Periodicals/Issues/GalileoAffair.html"><font color="#000080">Galileo Affair catholic.net</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://galileo.rice.edu/" rel="nofollow" href="http://galileo.rice.edu/"><font color="#000080">The Galileo Project</font></a> at <a title="Rice University" href="/wiki/Rice_University"><font color="#000080">Rice University</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/galileo/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/galileo/"><font color="#000080">PBS Nova Online: <em>Galileo's Battle for the Heavens</em></font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/galileo/" rel="nofollow" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/galileo/"><font color="#000080">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry on Galileo</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.galilean-library.org/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.galilean-library.org/"><font color="#000080">The Galilean Library</font></a>, educational site.</li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.catholicleague.org/research/galileo.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.catholicleague.org/research/galileo.html"><em><font color="#000080">Galileo and the Catholic Church</font></em></a> article at Catholic League</li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0956139/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0956139/"><em><font color="#000080">Animated Hero Classics: Galileo (1997)</font></em></a> at the <a title="Internet Movie Database" href="/wiki/Internet_Movie_Database"><font color="#000080">Internet Movie Database</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/Galileo_Prototype/MAIN.HTM" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/Galileo_Prototype/MAIN.HTM"><font color="#000080">Electronic representation of Galilei's notes on motion (MS. 72)</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n79-3254" rel="nofollow" href="http://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n79-3254"><font color="#000080">Works by or about Galileo Galilei</font></a> in libraries (<a title="WorldCat" href="/wiki/WorldCat"><font color="#000080">WorldCat</font></a> catalog)</li> <li>Galileo's 1590 <em>De Motu</em> translation <a class="external autonumber" title="http://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/content/scientific_revolution/galileo" rel="nofollow" href="http://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/content/scientific_revolution/galileo"><font color="#000080">[5]</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.intratext.com/Catalogo/Autori/AUT158.HTM" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.intratext.com/Catalogo/Autori/AUT158.HTM"><font color="#000080">Works by Galileo Galilei</font></a>: text with concordances and frequencies.</li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.pacifier.com/~tpope/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pacifier.com/~tpope/"><font color="#000080">CCD Images through a Galilean Telescope</font></a> Modern recreation of what Galileo might have seen</li> <li>Galilei, Galileo. <a class="external text" title="http://www.rarebookroom.org/Control/galgal/index.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.rarebookroom.org/Control/galgal/index.html"><em><font color="#000080">Le Operazioni del Compasso Geometrico et Militare</font></em></a> 1610 Rome. From <a title="Rare Book Room" href="/wiki/Rare_Book_Room"><font color="#000080">Rare Book Room</font></a>. Scanned first edition.</li> <li>Galilei, Galileo. <a class="external text" title="http://www.rarebookroom.org/Control/galsol/index.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.rarebookroom.org/Control/galsol/index.html"><em><font color="#000080">Istoria e Dimostrazioni Intorno Alle Macchie Solar</font></em></a> 1613 Rome. From <a title="Rare Book Room" href="/wiki/Rare_Book_Room"><font color="#000080">Rare Book Room</font></a>. Scanned first edition.</li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFO.27ConnorRobertson"><a class="mw-redirect" title="John J. O'Connor (mathematician)" href="/wiki/John_J._O%27Connor_(mathematician)"><font color="#000080">O'Connor, John J.</font></a>; <a title="Edmund F. Robertson" href="/wiki/Edmund_F._Robertson"><font color="#000080">Robertson, Edmund F.</font></a>, &quot;<a class="external text" title="http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Galileo.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Galileo.html"><font color="#000080">Galileo Galilei</font></a>&quot;, <em><span><a title="MacTutor History of Mathematics archive" href="/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_archive"><font color="#000080">MacTutor History of Mathematics archive</font></a></span></em></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo+Galilei&amp;rft.atitle=%5B%5BMacTutor+History+of+Mathematics+archive%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=O%27Connor&amp;rft.aufirst=John+J.&amp;rft.au=O%27Connor%2C+John+J.&amp;rft.au=Robertson%2C+Edmund+F.&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span>.</li> <li>Linda Hall Library features a <a class="external text" title="http://contentdm.lindahall.org/u?/classics,5292" rel="nofollow" href="http://contentdm.lindahall.org/u?/classics,5292"><font color="#000080">first edition of <em>Sidereus Nuncius Magna</em></font></a> as well as a <a class="external text" title="http://contentdm.lindahall.org/u?/classics,426" rel="nofollow" href="http://contentdm.lindahall.org/u?/classics,426"><font color="#000080">pirated edition from the same year</font></a>, both fully digitized.</li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5C5_dOEyAfk&amp;feature=related" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5C5_dOEyAfk&amp;feature=related"><font color="#000080">Feather &amp; Hammer Drop on Moon</font></a></li> </ul> 3ec4578e6c4a91af287066046728ac7f7441a3cd 0 1878 4678 4667 2013-08-26T13:24:18Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: medium;">20130813:</span><span style="font-size: small;"> [[File:Snowflake small.gif|40px]]&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: medium;">[[The genome sequencing of an albino Western lowland gorilla reveals inbreeding in the wild]]. BMC Genomics.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">20130701: [[Jonathan Rothberg leaves Life Technologies]]</span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">20110324:&nbsp;<a title="Multiple myeloma genomes sequenced" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Multiple_myeloma_genomes_sequenced">Multiple myeloma genomes sequenced</a>: Nature</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">20110201: </span><a title="Three new ant genomes sequenced and reported in PNAS: Draft genome of the globally widespread and invasive Argentine ant (Linepithema humile)" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Three_new_ant_genomes_sequenced_and_reported_in_PNAS:_Draft_genome_of_the_globally_widespread_and_invasive_Argentine_ant_(Linepithema_humile)" style="font-size: medium;">Three new ant genomes sequenced and reported in PNAS: Draft genome of the globally widespread and invasive Argentine ant (Linepithema humile)</a></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">20110127: <a title="University of Colorado gets funds for genome sequencing from the government" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/University_of_Colorado_gets_funds_for_genome_sequencing_from_the_government">University of Colorado gets funds for genome sequencing from the government</a></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">20101009: <a class="image" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/File:Paris_japonica_logo_openfree.gif"><img alt="Paris japonica logo openfree.gif" src="http://genomics.org/images/8/81/Paris_japonica_logo_openfree.gif" width="40" height="33" /></a> <a title="The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The_largest_genome_size_known_today:_Paris_japonica">The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica</a>: &rArr; <a title="Genome size" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome_size">Genome size</a> </span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">20100907: </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><a class="image" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/File:Turkey_logo_2.gif"><img alt="Turkey logo 2.gif" src="http://genomics.org/images/d/d8/Turkey_logo_2.gif" width="39" height="33" /></a> <a title="Turkey genome sequenced 20100907" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Turkey_genome_sequenced_20100907">Turkey genome sequenced 20100907</a> &rArr; <a title="Bird genome" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Bird_genome">Bird genome</a>&nbsp; </span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">20100818: <a class="image" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/File:Scripps_logo_openfree_1.gif"><img alt="Scripps logo openfree 1.gif" src="http://genomics.org/images/a/a1/Scripps_logo_openfree_1.gif" width="46" height="34" /></a> <a class="image" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/File:Sanofi_aventis_logo1.gif"><img alt="Sanofi aventis logo1.gif" src="http://genomics.org/images/f/fe/Sanofi_aventis_logo1.gif" width="44" height="36" /></a> <a title="Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Scripps,_Sanofi_Personalized_Medicine_Pact_to_Focus_Initial_PGx_Research_on_Diabetes,_Aging">Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging</a> 20100810:<a title="Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Accumulation_of_mutations_over_the_entire_mitochondrial_genome_of_breast_cancer_cells_obtained_by_tissue_microdissection">Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection</a> </span></p> <p>20100711:Theragen <a title="Totalomics Solutions Launched" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Totalomics_Solutions_Launched">Totalomics Solutions Launched</a> &rArr;<a title="Genome sequencing product (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://genomics.org/index.php?title=Genome_sequencing_product&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Genome sequencing product</a>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">20100623: <a title="African Genomics project launched" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/African_Genomics_project_launched">African Genomics project launched</a> </span></p> <p>20100427: <a title="GET conference Boston by PGP" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/GET_conference_Boston_by_PGP">GET conference Boston by PGP</a> Boston, 27th April.&nbsp;</p> <p>20100419: <a title="Personal Genomics Institute established" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal_Genomics_Institute_established">Personal Genomics Institute established</a> &rArr;<a title="Genome Institutes (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://genomics.org/index.php?title=Genome_Institutes&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Genome Institutes</a>&nbsp;</p> <p>20100401: <a title="IonTorrent ion-sequencing machine announced publically" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/IonTorrent_ion-sequencing_machine_announced_publically">IonTorrent ion-sequencing machine announced publically</a>&nbsp;</p> <p>20100330:<a title="The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The_first_fully_public_female_human_genome:_Rosalynn_Gill">The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill</a>: PGP9. 20100330.&nbsp;</p> <p>20100325: <a title="The dynamic genome of Hydra" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The_dynamic_genome_of_Hydra">The dynamic genome of Hydra</a> Nature. 2010 Mar 25 &rArr; <a title="Animal Genome (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://genomics.org/index.php?title=Animal_Genome&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Animal Genome</a>&nbsp;</p> <p>20100315:<a title="The Human Genome Rights" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The_Human_Genome_Rights">The Human Genome Rights</a> Declaration. 20100315 &rArr;<a title="GenomeEthics" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/GenomeEthics">GenomeEthics</a>&nbsp;</p> <p>20100310: <a title="Whole-Genome Sequencing in a Patient with Charcot&ndash;Marie&ndash;Tooth Neuropathy" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Whole-Genome_Sequencing_in_a_Patient_with_Charcot%E2%80%93Marie%E2%80%93Tooth_Neuropathy">Whole-Genome Sequencing in a Patient with Charcot&ndash;Marie&ndash;Tooth Neuropathy</a>&nbsp;</p> <p>20100126: GATC Biotech Purchases <a title="HiSeq 2000" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/HiSeq_2000">HiSeq 2000</a> Instrument. . &rArr;<a title="GenomeSequencer" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/GenomeSequencer">GenomeSequencer</a>&nbsp;</p> <p>20100303: [[Theragen Inc. launched a personal genome typing service similar to 23andme's. However, the product was&nbsp; withheld due to legal issues.]]&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">20100121: <a class="image" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/File:Panda_logo_tr_openfree_2.jpg"><img alt="Panda logo tr openfree 2.jpg" src="http://genomics.org/images/3/3f/Panda_logo_tr_openfree_2.jpg" width="61" height="40" /></a> <a title="The sequence of Giant Panda genome assembled de novo by NGS by BGI." href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The_sequence_of_Giant_Panda_genome_assembled_de_novo_by_NGS_by_BGI.">The sequence of Giant Panda genome assembled de novo by NGS by BGI.</a>&nbsp; </span></p> <p>20091230: <a title="Theragen Inc. in Korea launches commercial full genome and SNP chip personal genome service. The first in Asia" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Theragen_Inc._in_Korea_launches_commercial_full_genome_and_SNP_chip_personal_genome_service._The_first_in_Asia">Theragen Inc. in Korea launches commercial full genome and SNP chip personal genome service. The first in Asia</a></p> <p>20090928: <a title="Potato genome draft announced" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Potato_genome_draft_announced">Potato genome draft announced</a></p> <p>20090810: <a title="A Caucasian human genome was sequenced by Helicos single molecule sequencer" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/A_Caucasian_human_genome_was_sequenced_by_Helicos_single_molecule_sequencer">A Caucasian human genome was sequenced by Helicos single molecule sequencer</a>.</p> <p>20090805: <a title="Recurring Mutations Found by Full length Sequencing of an Acute Myeloid Leukemia Genome (AML)" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Recurring_Mutations_Found_by_Full_length_Sequencing_of_an_Acute_Myeloid_Leukemia_Genome_(AML)">Recurring Mutations Found by Full length Sequencing of an Acute Myeloid Leukemia Genome (AML)</a>. [[N&nbsp; Engl J Med]]</p> <p>20090802: <a title="The complete genome sequence of Triticum mosaic virus is published in Arch Vriol." href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The_complete_genome_sequence_of_Triticum_mosaic_virus_is_published_in_Arch_Vriol.">The complete genome sequence of Triticum mosaic virus is published in Arch Vriol.</a></p> <p>20090730: <a title="Crocodile genome map published in BMC Genomics" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Crocodile_genome_map_published_in_BMC_Genomics">Crocodile genome map published in BMC Genomics</a>.</p> <p>20090727: [[A new multiplex sequencing method published by MPI group for highly degraded DNA fragments. Cave&nbsp; bear mitochondria]]</p> <p>20090724: DNA Sequencing and&nbsp;Array Drive 8% Growth for Roche in First Half of 2009. <a title="454 GS FLX" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/454_GS_FLX">454 GS FLX</a> and <a title="Nimblegen" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nimblegen">Nimblegen</a>. <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/dna-sequencing-systems-arrays-drive-8-percent-growth-roche-applied-science-first" rel="nofollow">[1]</a></p> <p>20090724: BGI (Beijing Genomics Institute) in China participates in orchid genome (<i><a title="Phalaenopsis equestris" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Phalaenopsis_equestris">Phalaenopsis equestris</a>) </i>sequencing. <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/bgi-china-partners-sequence-orchids" rel="nofollow">[2]</a></p> <p>20090716: Navigenics Lowers Health Compass Price to $999 USD. [<a class="external free" href="http://www.genomeweb.com/dxpgx/navigenics-" rel="nofollow">http://www.genomeweb.com/dxpgx/navigenics-</a> lowers-health-compass-price-1k]</p> <p>20090716: Celera Uses&nbsp;Automated Workflows for Genomics <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/17/celera-pushes-boundaries.html" rel="nofollow">[3]</a></p> <p>20090716: <a title="A draft genomic sequence for a worm, Schistosoma japonicum, was published" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/A_draft_genomic_sequence_for_a_worm,_Schistosoma_japonicum,_was_published">A draft genomic sequence for a worm, Schistosoma japonicum, was published</a>.</p> <p>20090716: Genomes Of Parasitic Flatworms Decoded: <i>Schistosoma mansoni</i> and <i>Schistosoma japonicum</i> <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090715131439.htm" rel="nofollow">[4]</a></p> <p>20090716:</p> <p><br /> 20110214: <a title="Prostate cancer genomes sequenced by Broad and Dana Faber" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Prostate_cancer_genomes_sequenced_by_Broad_and_Dana_Faber">Prostate cancer genomes sequenced by Broad and Dana Faber</a>: 20110214&nbsp;</p> 511ec5a8ba5c06357584d3f84b18f07f78247d44 4679 4678 2013-08-26T13:44:43Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>20130826: [[Points to consider before consenting on genome and exome sequencing]]</p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">20130813:</span><span style="font-size: small;"> [[File:Snowflake small.gif|40px]]&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: medium;">[[The genome sequencing of an albino Western lowland gorilla reveals inbreeding in the wild]]. BMC Genomics.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">20130701: [[Jonathan Rothberg leaves Life Technologies]]</span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">20110324:&nbsp;<a title="Multiple myeloma genomes sequenced" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Multiple_myeloma_genomes_sequenced">Multiple myeloma genomes sequenced</a>: Nature</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">20110201: </span><a title="Three new ant genomes sequenced and reported in PNAS: Draft genome of the globally widespread and invasive Argentine ant (Linepithema humile)" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Three_new_ant_genomes_sequenced_and_reported_in_PNAS:_Draft_genome_of_the_globally_widespread_and_invasive_Argentine_ant_(Linepithema_humile)" style="font-size: medium;">Three new ant genomes sequenced and reported in PNAS: Draft genome of the globally widespread and invasive Argentine ant (Linepithema humile)</a></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">20110127: <a title="University of Colorado gets funds for genome sequencing from the government" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/University_of_Colorado_gets_funds_for_genome_sequencing_from_the_government">University of Colorado gets funds for genome sequencing from the government</a></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">20101009: <a class="image" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/File:Paris_japonica_logo_openfree.gif"><img alt="Paris japonica logo openfree.gif" src="http://genomics.org/images/8/81/Paris_japonica_logo_openfree.gif" width="40" height="33" /></a> <a title="The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The_largest_genome_size_known_today:_Paris_japonica">The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica</a>: &rArr; <a title="Genome size" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome_size">Genome size</a> </span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">20100907: </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><a class="image" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/File:Turkey_logo_2.gif"><img alt="Turkey logo 2.gif" src="http://genomics.org/images/d/d8/Turkey_logo_2.gif" width="39" height="33" /></a> <a title="Turkey genome sequenced 20100907" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Turkey_genome_sequenced_20100907">Turkey genome sequenced 20100907</a> &rArr; <a title="Bird genome" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Bird_genome">Bird genome</a>&nbsp; </span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">20100818: <a class="image" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/File:Scripps_logo_openfree_1.gif"><img alt="Scripps logo openfree 1.gif" src="http://genomics.org/images/a/a1/Scripps_logo_openfree_1.gif" width="46" height="34" /></a> <a class="image" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/File:Sanofi_aventis_logo1.gif"><img alt="Sanofi aventis logo1.gif" src="http://genomics.org/images/f/fe/Sanofi_aventis_logo1.gif" width="44" height="36" /></a> <a title="Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Scripps,_Sanofi_Personalized_Medicine_Pact_to_Focus_Initial_PGx_Research_on_Diabetes,_Aging">Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging</a> 20100810:<a title="Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Accumulation_of_mutations_over_the_entire_mitochondrial_genome_of_breast_cancer_cells_obtained_by_tissue_microdissection">Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection</a> </span></p> <p>20100711:Theragen <a title="Totalomics Solutions Launched" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Totalomics_Solutions_Launched">Totalomics Solutions Launched</a> &rArr;<a title="Genome sequencing product (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://genomics.org/index.php?title=Genome_sequencing_product&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Genome sequencing product</a>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">20100623: <a title="African Genomics project launched" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/African_Genomics_project_launched">African Genomics project launched</a> </span></p> <p>20100427: <a title="GET conference Boston by PGP" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/GET_conference_Boston_by_PGP">GET conference Boston by PGP</a> Boston, 27th April.&nbsp;</p> <p>20100419: <a title="Personal Genomics Institute established" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal_Genomics_Institute_established">Personal Genomics Institute established</a> &rArr;<a title="Genome Institutes (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://genomics.org/index.php?title=Genome_Institutes&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Genome Institutes</a>&nbsp;</p> <p>20100401: <a title="IonTorrent ion-sequencing machine announced publically" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/IonTorrent_ion-sequencing_machine_announced_publically">IonTorrent ion-sequencing machine announced publically</a>&nbsp;</p> <p>20100330:<a title="The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The_first_fully_public_female_human_genome:_Rosalynn_Gill">The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill</a>: PGP9. 20100330.&nbsp;</p> <p>20100325: <a title="The dynamic genome of Hydra" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The_dynamic_genome_of_Hydra">The dynamic genome of Hydra</a> Nature. 2010 Mar 25 &rArr; <a title="Animal Genome (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://genomics.org/index.php?title=Animal_Genome&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Animal Genome</a>&nbsp;</p> <p>20100315:<a title="The Human Genome Rights" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The_Human_Genome_Rights">The Human Genome Rights</a> Declaration. 20100315 &rArr;<a title="GenomeEthics" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/GenomeEthics">GenomeEthics</a>&nbsp;</p> <p>20100310: <a title="Whole-Genome Sequencing in a Patient with Charcot&ndash;Marie&ndash;Tooth Neuropathy" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Whole-Genome_Sequencing_in_a_Patient_with_Charcot%E2%80%93Marie%E2%80%93Tooth_Neuropathy">Whole-Genome Sequencing in a Patient with Charcot&ndash;Marie&ndash;Tooth Neuropathy</a>&nbsp;</p> <p>20100126: GATC Biotech Purchases <a title="HiSeq 2000" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/HiSeq_2000">HiSeq 2000</a> Instrument. . &rArr;<a title="GenomeSequencer" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/GenomeSequencer">GenomeSequencer</a>&nbsp;</p> <p>20100303: [[Theragen Inc. launched a personal genome typing service similar to 23andme's. However, the product was&nbsp; withheld due to legal issues.]]&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">20100121: <a class="image" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/File:Panda_logo_tr_openfree_2.jpg"><img alt="Panda logo tr openfree 2.jpg" src="http://genomics.org/images/3/3f/Panda_logo_tr_openfree_2.jpg" width="61" height="40" /></a> <a title="The sequence of Giant Panda genome assembled de novo by NGS by BGI." href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The_sequence_of_Giant_Panda_genome_assembled_de_novo_by_NGS_by_BGI.">The sequence of Giant Panda genome assembled de novo by NGS by BGI.</a>&nbsp; </span></p> <p>20091230: <a title="Theragen Inc. in Korea launches commercial full genome and SNP chip personal genome service. The first in Asia" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Theragen_Inc._in_Korea_launches_commercial_full_genome_and_SNP_chip_personal_genome_service._The_first_in_Asia">Theragen Inc. in Korea launches commercial full genome and SNP chip personal genome service. The first in Asia</a></p> <p>20090928: <a title="Potato genome draft announced" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Potato_genome_draft_announced">Potato genome draft announced</a></p> <p>20090810: <a title="A Caucasian human genome was sequenced by Helicos single molecule sequencer" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/A_Caucasian_human_genome_was_sequenced_by_Helicos_single_molecule_sequencer">A Caucasian human genome was sequenced by Helicos single molecule sequencer</a>.</p> <p>20090805: <a title="Recurring Mutations Found by Full length Sequencing of an Acute Myeloid Leukemia Genome (AML)" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Recurring_Mutations_Found_by_Full_length_Sequencing_of_an_Acute_Myeloid_Leukemia_Genome_(AML)">Recurring Mutations Found by Full length Sequencing of an Acute Myeloid Leukemia Genome (AML)</a>. [[N&nbsp; Engl J Med]]</p> <p>20090802: <a title="The complete genome sequence of Triticum mosaic virus is published in Arch Vriol." href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The_complete_genome_sequence_of_Triticum_mosaic_virus_is_published_in_Arch_Vriol.">The complete genome sequence of Triticum mosaic virus is published in Arch Vriol.</a></p> <p>20090730: <a title="Crocodile genome map published in BMC Genomics" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Crocodile_genome_map_published_in_BMC_Genomics">Crocodile genome map published in BMC Genomics</a>.</p> <p>20090727: [[A new multiplex sequencing method published by MPI group for highly degraded DNA fragments. Cave&nbsp; bear mitochondria]]</p> <p>20090724: DNA Sequencing and&nbsp;Array Drive 8% Growth for Roche in First Half of 2009. <a title="454 GS FLX" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/454_GS_FLX">454 GS FLX</a> and <a title="Nimblegen" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nimblegen">Nimblegen</a>. <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/dna-sequencing-systems-arrays-drive-8-percent-growth-roche-applied-science-first" rel="nofollow">[1]</a></p> <p>20090724: BGI (Beijing Genomics Institute) in China participates in orchid genome (<i><a title="Phalaenopsis equestris" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Phalaenopsis_equestris">Phalaenopsis equestris</a>) </i>sequencing. <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/bgi-china-partners-sequence-orchids" rel="nofollow">[2]</a></p> <p>20090716: Navigenics Lowers Health Compass Price to $999 USD. [<a class="external free" href="http://www.genomeweb.com/dxpgx/navigenics-" rel="nofollow">http://www.genomeweb.com/dxpgx/navigenics-</a> lowers-health-compass-price-1k]</p> <p>20090716: Celera Uses&nbsp;Automated Workflows for Genomics <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/17/celera-pushes-boundaries.html" rel="nofollow">[3]</a></p> <p>20090716: <a title="A draft genomic sequence for a worm, Schistosoma japonicum, was published" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/A_draft_genomic_sequence_for_a_worm,_Schistosoma_japonicum,_was_published">A draft genomic sequence for a worm, Schistosoma japonicum, was published</a>.</p> <p>20090716: Genomes Of Parasitic Flatworms Decoded: <i>Schistosoma mansoni</i> and <i>Schistosoma japonicum</i> <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090715131439.htm" rel="nofollow">[4]</a></p> <p>20090716:</p> <p><br /> 20110214: <a title="Prostate cancer genomes sequenced by Broad and Dana Faber" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Prostate_cancer_genomes_sequenced_by_Broad_and_Dana_Faber">Prostate cancer genomes sequenced by Broad and Dana Faber</a>: 20110214&nbsp;</p> b227ec3440ef0074e796ab482f2f8218fc84c399 4681 4679 2013-08-26T13:51:45Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: medium;">20130826: [[Points to consider before consenting on genome and exome sequencing]]</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">20130813:</span><span style="font-size: small;"> <span style="font-size: medium;">[[File:Snowflake small.gif|40px]]</span>&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: medium;">[[The genome sequencing of an albino Western lowland gorilla reveals inbreeding in the wild]]. BMC Genomics.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">20130701: [[Jonathan Rothberg leaves Life Technologies]]</span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">20110324:&nbsp;<a title="Multiple myeloma genomes sequenced" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Multiple_myeloma_genomes_sequenced">Multiple myeloma genomes sequenced</a>: Nature</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">20110201: </span><a title="Three new ant genomes sequenced and reported in PNAS: Draft genome of the globally widespread and invasive Argentine ant (Linepithema humile)" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Three_new_ant_genomes_sequenced_and_reported_in_PNAS:_Draft_genome_of_the_globally_widespread_and_invasive_Argentine_ant_(Linepithema_humile)" style="font-size: medium;">Three new ant genomes sequenced and reported in PNAS: Draft genome of the globally widespread and invasive Argentine ant (Linepithema humile)</a></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">20110127: <a title="University of Colorado gets funds for genome sequencing from the government" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/University_of_Colorado_gets_funds_for_genome_sequencing_from_the_government">University of Colorado gets funds for genome sequencing from the government</a></span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">20101009: <a class="image" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/File:Paris_japonica_logo_openfree.gif"><img alt="Paris japonica logo openfree.gif" src="http://genomics.org/images/8/81/Paris_japonica_logo_openfree.gif" width="40" height="33" /></a> <a title="The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The_largest_genome_size_known_today:_Paris_japonica">The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica</a>: &rArr; <a title="Genome size" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome_size">Genome size</a> </span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">20100907: </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><a class="image" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/File:Turkey_logo_2.gif"><img alt="Turkey logo 2.gif" src="http://genomics.org/images/d/d8/Turkey_logo_2.gif" width="39" height="33" /></a> <a title="Turkey genome sequenced 20100907" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Turkey_genome_sequenced_20100907">Turkey genome sequenced 20100907</a> &rArr; <a title="Bird genome" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Bird_genome">Bird genome</a>&nbsp; </span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">20100818: <a class="image" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/File:Scripps_logo_openfree_1.gif"><img alt="Scripps logo openfree 1.gif" src="http://genomics.org/images/a/a1/Scripps_logo_openfree_1.gif" width="46" height="34" /></a> <a class="image" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/File:Sanofi_aventis_logo1.gif"><img alt="Sanofi aventis logo1.gif" src="http://genomics.org/images/f/fe/Sanofi_aventis_logo1.gif" width="44" height="36" /></a> <a title="Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Scripps,_Sanofi_Personalized_Medicine_Pact_to_Focus_Initial_PGx_Research_on_Diabetes,_Aging">Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging</a> 20100810:<a title="Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Accumulation_of_mutations_over_the_entire_mitochondrial_genome_of_breast_cancer_cells_obtained_by_tissue_microdissection">Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection</a> </span></p> <p>20100711:Theragen <a title="Totalomics Solutions Launched" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Totalomics_Solutions_Launched">Totalomics Solutions Launched</a> &rArr;<a title="Genome sequencing product (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://genomics.org/index.php?title=Genome_sequencing_product&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Genome sequencing product</a>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">20100623: <a title="African Genomics project launched" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/African_Genomics_project_launched">African Genomics project launched</a> </span></p> <p>20100427: <a title="GET conference Boston by PGP" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/GET_conference_Boston_by_PGP">GET conference Boston by PGP</a> Boston, 27th April.&nbsp;</p> <p>20100419: <a title="Personal Genomics Institute established" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal_Genomics_Institute_established">Personal Genomics Institute established</a> &rArr;<a title="Genome Institutes (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://genomics.org/index.php?title=Genome_Institutes&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Genome Institutes</a>&nbsp;</p> <p>20100401: <a title="IonTorrent ion-sequencing machine announced publically" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/IonTorrent_ion-sequencing_machine_announced_publically">IonTorrent ion-sequencing machine announced publically</a>&nbsp;</p> <p>20100330:<a title="The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The_first_fully_public_female_human_genome:_Rosalynn_Gill">The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill</a>: PGP9. 20100330.&nbsp;</p> <p>20100325: <a title="The dynamic genome of Hydra" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The_dynamic_genome_of_Hydra">The dynamic genome of Hydra</a> Nature. 2010 Mar 25 &rArr; <a title="Animal Genome (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://genomics.org/index.php?title=Animal_Genome&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Animal Genome</a>&nbsp;</p> <p>20100315:<a title="The Human Genome Rights" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The_Human_Genome_Rights">The Human Genome Rights</a> Declaration. 20100315 &rArr;<a title="GenomeEthics" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/GenomeEthics">GenomeEthics</a>&nbsp;</p> <p>20100310: <a title="Whole-Genome Sequencing in a Patient with Charcot&ndash;Marie&ndash;Tooth Neuropathy" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Whole-Genome_Sequencing_in_a_Patient_with_Charcot%E2%80%93Marie%E2%80%93Tooth_Neuropathy">Whole-Genome Sequencing in a Patient with Charcot&ndash;Marie&ndash;Tooth Neuropathy</a>&nbsp;</p> <p>20100126: GATC Biotech Purchases <a title="HiSeq 2000" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/HiSeq_2000">HiSeq 2000</a> Instrument. . &rArr;<a title="GenomeSequencer" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/GenomeSequencer">GenomeSequencer</a>&nbsp;</p> <p>20100303: [[Theragen Inc. launched a personal genome typing service similar to 23andme's. However, the product was&nbsp; withheld due to legal issues.]]&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">20100121: <a class="image" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/File:Panda_logo_tr_openfree_2.jpg"><img alt="Panda logo tr openfree 2.jpg" src="http://genomics.org/images/3/3f/Panda_logo_tr_openfree_2.jpg" width="61" height="40" /></a> <a title="The sequence of Giant Panda genome assembled de novo by NGS by BGI." href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The_sequence_of_Giant_Panda_genome_assembled_de_novo_by_NGS_by_BGI.">The sequence of Giant Panda genome assembled de novo by NGS by BGI.</a>&nbsp; </span></p> <p>20091230: <a title="Theragen Inc. in Korea launches commercial full genome and SNP chip personal genome service. The first in Asia" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Theragen_Inc._in_Korea_launches_commercial_full_genome_and_SNP_chip_personal_genome_service._The_first_in_Asia">Theragen Inc. in Korea launches commercial full genome and SNP chip personal genome service. The first in Asia</a></p> <p>20090928: <a title="Potato genome draft announced" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Potato_genome_draft_announced">Potato genome draft announced</a></p> <p>20090810: <a title="A Caucasian human genome was sequenced by Helicos single molecule sequencer" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/A_Caucasian_human_genome_was_sequenced_by_Helicos_single_molecule_sequencer">A Caucasian human genome was sequenced by Helicos single molecule sequencer</a>.</p> <p>20090805: <a title="Recurring Mutations Found by Full length Sequencing of an Acute Myeloid Leukemia Genome (AML)" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Recurring_Mutations_Found_by_Full_length_Sequencing_of_an_Acute_Myeloid_Leukemia_Genome_(AML)">Recurring Mutations Found by Full length Sequencing of an Acute Myeloid Leukemia Genome (AML)</a>. [[N&nbsp; Engl J Med]]</p> <p>20090802: <a title="The complete genome sequence of Triticum mosaic virus is published in Arch Vriol." href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The_complete_genome_sequence_of_Triticum_mosaic_virus_is_published_in_Arch_Vriol.">The complete genome sequence of Triticum mosaic virus is published in Arch Vriol.</a></p> <p>20090730: <a title="Crocodile genome map published in BMC Genomics" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Crocodile_genome_map_published_in_BMC_Genomics">Crocodile genome map published in BMC Genomics</a>.</p> <p>20090727: [[A new multiplex sequencing method published by MPI group for highly degraded DNA fragments. Cave&nbsp; bear mitochondria]]</p> <p>20090724: DNA Sequencing and&nbsp;Array Drive 8% Growth for Roche in First Half of 2009. <a title="454 GS FLX" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/454_GS_FLX">454 GS FLX</a> and <a title="Nimblegen" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nimblegen">Nimblegen</a>. <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/dna-sequencing-systems-arrays-drive-8-percent-growth-roche-applied-science-first" rel="nofollow">[1]</a></p> <p>20090724: BGI (Beijing Genomics Institute) in China participates in orchid genome (<i><a title="Phalaenopsis equestris" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Phalaenopsis_equestris">Phalaenopsis equestris</a>) </i>sequencing. <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/bgi-china-partners-sequence-orchids" rel="nofollow">[2]</a></p> <p>20090716: Navigenics Lowers Health Compass Price to $999 USD. [<a class="external free" href="http://www.genomeweb.com/dxpgx/navigenics-" rel="nofollow">http://www.genomeweb.com/dxpgx/navigenics-</a> lowers-health-compass-price-1k]</p> <p>20090716: Celera Uses&nbsp;Automated Workflows for Genomics <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/17/celera-pushes-boundaries.html" rel="nofollow">[3]</a></p> <p>20090716: <a title="A draft genomic sequence for a worm, Schistosoma japonicum, was published" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/A_draft_genomic_sequence_for_a_worm,_Schistosoma_japonicum,_was_published">A draft genomic sequence for a worm, Schistosoma japonicum, was published</a>.</p> <p>20090716: Genomes Of Parasitic Flatworms Decoded: <i>Schistosoma mansoni</i> and <i>Schistosoma japonicum</i> <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090715131439.htm" rel="nofollow">[4]</a></p> <p>20090716:</p> <p><br /> 20110214: <a title="Prostate cancer genomes sequenced by Broad and Dana Faber" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Prostate_cancer_genomes_sequenced_by_Broad_and_Dana_Faber">Prostate cancer genomes sequenced by Broad and Dana Faber</a>: 20110214&nbsp;</p> d31be88abf935068bb9ce5ad403ab8b648bca86b 0 2689 4680 2013-08-26T13:44:48Z S 300001 Created page with "<p>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.nature.com/gim/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/gim201394a.html">http://www.nature.com/gim/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/gim201394a.html</a></p>" wikitext text/x-wiki <p>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.nature.com/gim/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/gim201394a.html">http://www.nature.com/gim/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/gim201394a.html</a></p> 8006d437f14e2523a9b8170aff121a3a8c3b81b1 0 1652 4682 2790 2013-08-26T13:52:03Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span class="atl"><strong>2009: [[The first Korean genome sequence and analysis: Full genome sequencing for a socio-ethnic group]]: [[Genome Research]].</strong> May 26th. 2009<br /> <strong>2008: [[An African,&nbsp;Yoruban male genome by Illumina. 2008 Nature]]<br /> 2008: [[The complete genome of an individual by massively parallel DNA sequencing. 2008 Nature]]</strong></span>&nbsp;<br /> </span></p> <p class="aug"><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>2007: [[The Diploid Genome Sequence of an Individual Human. 2007 Plos Biology]]<br /> <br /> 2006: [[Polony DNA sequencing. 2006 Curr Protoc Mol Biol.]]<br /> <br /> 1977: [[Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA. 1977 Nature]]<br /> <br /> &nbsp;</strong></span></p> 252224c07615f3bcb1077f4efb3d4d27d47543ad 0 1862 4683 2972 2013-08-27T15:53:10Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font size="5">Personal Genomics Institute (PGI) established.</font><br /> <br /> April 19th, 2010, PGI was established by Theragen Inc. as a non-profit research organization. Theragen is the most advanced genomics company in Korea.<br /> <br /> Genome Research Foundation which established PGI is registered foundation for genome research under the ministry of Education, Science, and Technology of Korea.<br /> <br /> Its main projects are analyzing personal genomes and other omes such as transcriptomes.<br /> <br /> It is led by [[Jong Bhak]], Ph.D.<br /> <br /> http://personalgenomicsinstitute.org<br /> </p> e279836bc7df044d9146b31a9fe3402fe434b2ed 4684 4683 2013-08-27T15:53:35Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font size="5">Personal Genomics Institute (PGI) established.</font><br /> <br /> April 19th, 2010, PGI was established by Theragen Inc. as a non-profit research organization. Theragen is the most advanced genomics company in Korea.<br /> <br /> Genome Research Foundation which established PGI is registered foundation for genome research under the ministry of Education, Science, and Technology of Korea.<br /> <br /> Its main projects are analyzing personal genomes and other omes such as transcriptomes.<br /> <br /> It is led by [[Jong Bhak]], Ph.D.<br /> <br /> http://pgi.re.org</p> f9165fae05979d5cf9ea4c22e903ccf6f9bc93ef 4685 4684 2013-08-27T15:54:04Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><font size="5">Personal Genomics Institute (PGI) established.</font><br /> <br /> April 19th, 2010, PGI was established by Theragen Inc. as a non-profit research organization. Theragen is the most advanced genomics company in Korea.<br /> <br /> Genome Research Foundation which established PGI is registered foundation for genome research under the ministry of Education, Science, and Technology of Korea.<br /> <br /> Its main projects are analyzing personal genomes and other omes such as transcriptomes.<br /> <br /> It is led by [[Jong Bhak]], Ph.D.<br /> <br /> [http://pgi.re.kr pgi.re.kr]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> f9f98ced3a68f25b930114a6e1fddaebb6e67777 0 2649 4686 4666 2013-09-20T05:04:26Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p style="text-align: center;">&nbsp;<img width="700" height="140" src="/userfiles/main.jpg" style="text-align: center;" align="top" alt="" /></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><i><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Openfree"><b>Openfree</b></a></i><b><i>&nbsp;</i></b></span><b><span style="font-size: xx-large;"><font face="Courier New"><font color="#3366ff">G</font><font color="#ff0000">e</font></font><font color="#3366ff"><font face="Courier New">nomic</font><font face="Verdana">$</font>.<font face="Courier New">org&nbsp;</font></font></span></b></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><b><font color="#3366ff"><span style="font-size: small;"><a title="Genomics Organization" href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics_Organization">Genomics Organization</a></span></font></b><span style="font-size: small;"><b><font color="#008080"><font color="#666699">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/What%20is%20genomics?">What is genomics?</a></font></font></b></span></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><font color="#008080"><font color="#666699">[[Genomics.org]] is a research and development organization located in La Jolla, CA.</font></font></b></span></p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/1/11/Globe_5.gif" /></strong></span></span></td> <td style="background-color: rgb(51, 0, 204);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>&nbsp;</strong></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="Genomics News and Ads Archive"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics News and Ads Archive</strong></span></a><strong>&nbsp;</strong></span></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <ul> <li>[[The tiger, lion, and leopard genomes publicized]]: 20130917</li> <li>[[Korean Reference Genome Project]]</li> <li>[[Verinata gets prenatal test approval 2013 Aug]]</li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">[[Billion Genome Project]]: PGI, Genome Research Foundation &nbsp;launches Billlion Genome Project (2012 Sep. 4th). &nbsp;</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">[[Open Access Pharmacogenomics Project]]: OpenPGX launched by Indian scientists.</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">[[Faroe island nation genome project]]</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">[[Origins of the E. coli Strain Causing an Outbreak of Hemolytic&ndash;Uremic Syndrome in Germany]]. NEJM. 2011 July 27th.&nbsp;<br /> </span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Tasmanian devil genome sequenced"><span style="font-size: small;">Tasmanian devil genome sequenced</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: PNAS June 27th 2011</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Multiple myeloma genomes sequenced"><span style="font-size: small;">Multiple myeloma genomes sequenced</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: 20110324 Nature.</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Prostate cancer genomes sequenced by Broad and Dana Faber"><span style="font-size: small;">Prostate cancer genomes sequenced by Broad and Dana Faber</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: 20110214</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Desmond Tutu talks about his genome"><span style="font-size: small;">Desmond Tutu talks about his genome</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">: 20110222</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) genome sequenced 20110131"><span style="font-size: small;">Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) genome sequenced 20110131</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;PNAS</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img alt="" src="/images/8/81/Paris_japonica_logo_openfree.gif" />&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica"><span style="font-size: small;">The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">: 20101009 &rArr;&nbsp;</span><a href="Genome size"><span style="font-size: small;">Genome size</span></a></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><img alt="" src="/images/d/d8/Turkey_logo_2.gif" />&nbsp;</span><a href="Turkey genome sequenced 20100907"><span style="font-size: small;">Turkey genome sequenced 20100907</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;&rArr;&nbsp;</span><a href="Bird genome"><span style="font-size: small;">Bird genome</span></a></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><img alt="" src="/images/a/a1/Scripps_logo_openfree_1.gif" />&nbsp;<img alt="" src="/images/f/fe/Sanofi_aventis_logo1.gif" />&nbsp;</span><a href="Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging"><span style="font-size: small;">Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;20100818</span></li> <li><a href="Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection"><span style="font-size: small;">Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">: 20100810</span></li> <li><a href="The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill"><span style="font-size: small;">The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">: PGP9. 20100330.</span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/b/b8/Dna_sm_tran_openfree.gif" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#ff0099" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(255, 0, 153);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>&nbsp;What is&nbsp;</strong></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics</span></span></a></strong><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong>?</strong></span></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <li><a href="Getting your own Genome">Getting your own Genome</a></li> <li><a href="Personal Genome Project">Personal Genome Project</a></li> <li><a href="Possible genomic diseases of you">Possible genomic diseases of you</a></li> <li><a href="Storing your genome in you PC">Storing your genome in you PC</a></li> <li><a href="Fully sequenced genomes">Fully sequenced genomes</a></li> <li><a href="Full Genome Sequencing">Full Genome Sequencing</a></li> <li><a href="Genomic Equality">Genomic Equality</a></li> </td> <td> <li><a href="Free Genomics Project">Free Genomics Project</a></li> <li><a href="Free genomes">Free genomes</a></li> <li><a href="Viewing your genetics family">Viewing your genetics family</a></li> <li><a href="Specific Omics">Specific Omics</a></li> <li><a href="A brief guide to genomics from NHGRI">A brief guide to genomics from NHGRI</a></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Interesting things in your Genome">Interesting things in your Genome</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Public Genomics Project">Public Genomics Project</a></span></li> </td> <td> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Compare your genome with other people's">Compare your genome with other people's</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Visualizing your genome">Visualizing your genome</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genome Projects">Genome Projects</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genome History">Genome History</a></span></li> <li>[[The principle of universal genome]]<br /> &nbsp;</li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/4/49/Running_man_1.gif" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#330099" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 0, 204);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><font color="#000000"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genomics"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Human Genomics</span></span></a></font></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Fully%20sequenced%20human%20genomes">Fully sequenced human genomes</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Fully%20sequenced%20female%20human%20genome">Fully sequenced female human genome</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mitochondrial%20Genomics">Mitochondrial Genomics</a>: Human mitochondrial genomics.</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Y%20Genomics">Y Genomics</a>: Human Y chromosome genomics.</li> <li>[[HelloGene]]</li> </td> <td> <p>&nbsp;　<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇ</span></p> </td> <td> <p><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;ㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇ</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics News Links"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics News Links</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Genomics Major Paper Publication"><span style="font-size: small;">Genomics Major Paper Publication</span></a></li> <li><a href="Your writing contribution to Genomics"><span style="font-size: small;">Your writing contribution to Genomics</span></a></li> <li><a href="Personal Genomics Issues"><span style="font-size: small;">Personal Genomics Issues</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;<b>(</b></span><b><a href="Genomic ethics"><span style="font-size: small;">Genomic ethics</span></a></b><span style="font-size: small;"><b>)</b></span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Species%20Specific%20Genomics"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Species Specific Genomics</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><span style="font-size: medium;"><font color="#0000ff"><font color="#000000"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Animal%20genomics">Animal genomics</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Plant%20genomics">Plant genomics</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Microbial%20genomics">Microbial genomics</a></b></font></font></span></p> <ul> <li>[[Primate Genomics]]</li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/C.%20elegans%20Genomics">C. elegans Genomics</a><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Cow%20genome">Cow genome</a><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Daphnia%20Genomics%20Consortium%20(DGC)">Daphnia Genomics Consortium (DGC)</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">(</font><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Insect%20genome">Insect genome</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">)</font><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Rice%20Genome%20at%20BGI%20China">Rice Genome at BGI China</a><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Sol%20Genomics">Sol Genomics</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">: Tomato</font><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Tiger%20Genome">Tiger Genome</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">:&nbsp;</font><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/TigerGenome%20Project%20by%20PGI%20Korea">TigerGenome Project by PGI Korea</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">.</font><br /> </b></li> <li><b><font color="#0000ff"><font color="#000000"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Yeast%20Genome">Yeast Genome</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">: SGD</font></font></font></b></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">&nbsp;<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong>◇&nbsp;</strong></span></span></span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-color: rgb(51, 0, 204); font-size: medium;"><a href="The first genomes"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong>The first genomes</strong></span></span></span></a></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Projects"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Projects</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li>PGP&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal%20Genome%20Project">Personal Genome Project</a></li> <li>&quot;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/$0%20Genomics%20Project">$0 Genomics Project</a>&quot; Launched on-line. Please sign<i>!</i></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome%2010k%20Project">Genome 10k Project</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20List"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics List</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Agrogenomics"><font size="2">Agrogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Anthropogenomics"><font size="2">Anthropogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Autogenomics"><font size="2">Autogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chemicogenomics"><font size="2">Chemicogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chemogenomics"><font size="2">Chemogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chemgenomics"><font size="2">Chemgenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Demogenomics"><font size="2">Demogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Ecogenomics"><font size="2">Ecogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Econogenomics"><font size="2">Econogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Equigenomics"><font size="2">Equigenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Ethnogenomics"><font size="2">Ethnogenomics</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Eugenomics"><font size="2">Eugenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Gastrogenomics"><font size="2">Gastrogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Getontogenomics"><font size="2">Getontogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Gerogenomics"><font size="2">Gerogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Hepatogenomics"><font size="2">Hepatogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Immunogenomics"><font size="2">Immunogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Immunomics"><font size="2">Immunomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mammogenomics"><font size="2">Mammogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Metagenomics"><font size="2">Metagenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Microgenomics"><font size="2">Microgenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mitogenomics"><font size="2">Mitogenomics</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mycogenomics"><font size="2">Mycogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nanogenomics"><font size="2">Nanogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Neurogenomics"><font size="2">Neurogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/NitroGenomics"><font size="2">NitroGenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nutrigenomics"><font size="2">Nutrigenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nutragenomics"><font size="2">Nutragenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Omnigenomics"><font size="2">Omnigenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Oncogenomics"><font size="2">Oncogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Osteogenomics"><font size="2">Osteogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Pangenomics"><font size="2">Pangenomics</font></a></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Phylogenomics"><font size="2">Phylogenomics</font></a></font></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul><font size="2"> <li><font size="2">&nbsp;</font><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Phytogenomics"><font size="2">Phytogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Pulmogenomics"><font size="2">Pulmogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Psychogenomics"><font size="2">Psychogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Supergenomics"><font size="2">Supergenomics</font></a></li> <li>[[syntheticgenomics]]</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Toxicogenomics"><font size="2">Toxicogenomics</font></a></li> </font></ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Branches</strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Comparative%20Genomics"><font size="2">Comparative Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Free%20Genomics"><font size="2">Free Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Health%20Genomics"><font size="2">Health Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genomics"><font size="2">Human Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Open%20Genomics"><font size="2">Open Genomics</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal%20Genomics"><font size="2">Personal Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Public%20Genomics"><font size="2">Public Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Public%20Health%20Genomics"><font size="2">Public Health Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Synthetic%20Genomics"><font size="2">Synthetic Genomics</font></a></li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Essays%20and%20Opinions"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Essays and Opinions</span></b></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The%20Ultimate%20information%20of%20human%20beings">The Ultimate information of human beings</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Who%20have%20to%20insist%20on%20the%20first%20in%20genomics">Who have to insist on the first in genomics</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomic%20Philosophy">Genomic Philosophy</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="height: 172px; width: 1020.7999877929688px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ff0000" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Projects"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">G<span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">e</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 0);">n</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153);">o</span>mics&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(0, 255, 255);">P</span><span style="color: rgb(204, 255, 255);">u</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">b</span>lication</span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">&nbsp;and&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(0, 255, 255);">P</span>apers</span></span></span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">[[Genomics]] Journal from ScienceDirect (</span><a href="http://www.journals.elsevier.com/genomics/">http://www.journals.elsevier.com/genomics/</a>)</li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Genome Research</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">Genome Biology</span></b></li> <li><font size="2"><b>[[BMC Genomics]]</b></font></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small;">[[Major Genome Sequencing and Analysis&nbsp;Paper authors]]</span></b></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/7/79/Bioinstrument_company_logo_1.png" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4"><a href="Genomics Analysis Tools and Technology"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Analysis Tools and Technology</strong></span></a></font></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Bioinformatics"><font size="2">Bioinformatics</font></a></li> <li><a href="BioPipelines"><font size="2">BioPipelines</font></a></li> <li><a href="Biomatics"><font size="2">Biomatics</font></a></li> <li><a href="Genome compression">Genome compression</a></li> <li><a href="Amalga">Amalga</a>&nbsp;from Microsoft</li> </ul> </td> <td> <li><a href="Sequencing"><font size="2">Sequencing</font></a></li> <li><a href="GRID technology"><font size="2">GRID technology</font></a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></li> <li><a href="SNP chip"><font size="2">SNP chip</font></a></li> <li><a href="Genome sequence mapping">Genome sequence mapping</a></li> </td> <td> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Omics"><font size="2">Omics</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="BioEngine"><font size="2">BioEngine</font></a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎ</span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="BioComputing"><font size="2">BioComputing</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="JMP Genomics"><font size="2">JMP Genomics</font></a><font color="#000000" size="2">&nbsp;by SAS</font></span></li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="" width="29" height="29" src="/images/1/1a/Nasdaq_logo_4.png" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Companies"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Companies</strong></span></a></font></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/23andme.com"><font size="2">23andme.com</font></a></li> <li>Bhak BiO Consulting (http://bhakbio.com)</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/DNAgenotek.com"><font size="2">DNAgenotek.com</font></a><font size="2">:Saliva DNA</font></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Knome.com"><font size="2">Knome.com</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Navigenics.com"><font size="2">Navigenics.com</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nimblegen"><font size="2">Nimblegen</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Integrated%20Genomics"><font size="2">Integrated Genomics</font></a><font size="2">: Chicago based</font></li> </ul> </td> <td> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Affymetrix"><font size="2">Affymetrix</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Celera"><font size="2">Celera</font></a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genome%20Sciences,%20Inc.">Human Genome Sciences, Inc.</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹ</span></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Microsoft"><font size="2">Microsoft</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal%20Genome%20Companies"><font size="2">Personal Genome Companies</font></a></li> <li>[[Selah Genomics]]</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Synthetic%20Genomics">Synthetic Genomics</a>: by Venter</li> </td> <td> <li>[[Agilent Genomics]]</li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Agowa"><font size="2">Agowa</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Decodeme.com"><font size="2">Decodeme.com</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Decode"><font size="2">Decode</font></a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎ</span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Illumina"><font size="2">Illumina</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/NanoGen"><font size="2">NanoGen</font></a></span></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/U.S.%20Genomics"><font size="2">U.S. Genomics</font></a></li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="4" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Meetings"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Meetings</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2010%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2010 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2007%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2007 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2004%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2004 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2009%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2009 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2006%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2006 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2003%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2003 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2008%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2008 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2005%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2005 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2002%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2002 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Centers"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Institutes and Centers</span></a></strong></span></span></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Sanger%20Institute">Sanger Institute</a>&nbsp;UK</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/BGI">BGI</a>&nbsp;China</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/PGI">PGI</a>&nbsp;Korea</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/JGI">JGI</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/IGS%20at%20Maryland">IGS</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/IGB%20at%20UCI">IGB at UCI</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/JCVI">JCVI</a>&nbsp;USA</font></li> <li>[[Genomics in CDC (USA)]]</li> <li>[[DOE Genomics]]</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Organizations%20and%20Alliances"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Organizations and Alliances</strong></span></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><a href="http://bioitalliance.org/">Microsoft BioIT Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/GenomeFoundation.org">GenomeFoundation.org</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Stanford%20Genomics%20Resources">Stanford Genomics Resources</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20People">Genomics People</a>&nbsp; (put your name in this section)</span></span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/You!"><strong>You!</strong></a></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Craig%20Venter">Craig Venter</a></b></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Fred%20Sanger">Fred Sanger</a></b></li> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><font size="2"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/George%20Church">George Church</a></b></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Yang%20Huanming">Yang Huanming</a></b></span></li> </ul> </td> <td><font size="2"> <ul> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/James%20Watson">James Watson</a></b></li> </ul> </font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20by%20Country"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics by Country</strong></span></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/British%20Genomics"><span style="font-size: medium;">British Genomics</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">: Genomics in the UK</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Canadian%20Genomics">Canadian Genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chinese%20Genomics">Chinese Genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Korean%20Genomics">Korean Genomics</a></span><font size="2"><span style="font-size: medium;">:&nbsp;</span><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/PGI"><span style="font-size: medium;">PGI</span></a><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/TBI"><span style="font-size: medium;">TBI</span></a></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Netherlands%20Genomics">Netherlands Genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/US%20Genomics">US Genomics</a></span><span style="font-size: medium;">: Genomics in the USA</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Japanese%20Genomics">Japanese Genomics</a></span><font size="2"><span style="font-size: medium;">:&nbsp;</span><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/GenomeNet"><span style="font-size: medium;">GenomeNet</span></a></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">[[Autralian Genomics]]</span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Methods"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Methods</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li>Karyotyping</li> <li>Mass spectrometry</li> <li>Western blot</li> <li>Chromosomal watlking</li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li>PCR</li> <li>Yeast Two Hybrid</li> <li>Northern blot</li> <li>RFLP</li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li>Immunoprecipitation</li> <li>Southern blot</li> <li>Elisa</li> <li> <p><span style="font-size: small;">[[Method of Sample (gDNA) Preparation for Sending out]]</span></p> </li> </ul> </td> <td><font size="2"> <ul> <li>SDS-page</li> <li>Immunofluorescence</li> <li>Real-time PCR</li> </ul> </font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Theory"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Genomics L</span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">abs</span></span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;[[Dr. Ban Doohee lab in Yeonsei University Korea]]</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20History"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics History</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Glossary"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Glossary</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Programs"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Software Programs</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome%20alignement%20programs"><strong><font size="2">Genome alignement programs</font></strong></a></li> <li><strong><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome%20visualization%20programs">Genome visualization programs</a></font></strong></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><img alt="ADN static.png" width="29" height="29" src="/images/thumb/c/c2/ADN_static.png/50px-ADN_static.png" /></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Image"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics Image</strong></span></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics Portals"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Portals</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Opinion on Genomics"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Opinions on Genomics</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><a href="About Human Genome Project"><span style="font-size: small;">About Human Genome Project</span></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics Issues and Problems"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Issues and Problems</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><a href="Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008"><span style="font-size: small;">Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008</span></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong><a href="Read Journals and Publications"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Journals</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="BMC Genomics"><font size="2">BMC Genomics</font></a></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genome Biology">Genome Biology</a>&nbsp;by BMC Ltd with Springer Science</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Elsevier Genomics">Elsevier Genomics</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="BMC Medical Genomics">BMC Medical Genomics</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Open Genomics Journal">Open Genomics Journal</a></font></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Physiological Genomics"><font size="2">Physiological Genomics</font></a><font size="2">&nbsp;by The American Physiological Society</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genome Research">Genome Research</a>&nbsp;by CSHL</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genome from NRC press">Genome from NRC press</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genomics from Elsevier">Genomics from Elsevier</a></font></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics Books and Guide</span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;[[Brief guide to Genomics]] by&nbsp;<span style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">&quot;National Human Genome Research Institute.&quot;</span></span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"> <p><span style="color: rgb(153, 204, 255);"><strong style="font-size: x-large;">[[Genomics PPT and PDF presentation files]]</strong></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;[[Genome rights and genome industry enhancing bill]] by&nbsp;<span style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">Jong Bhak (in Korean)</span></span></p> </li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1098px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomics in TV and Media</strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;<b>BBC analysis on Human Genome after 10 years in YouTube</b>: &nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Mu9Qv-lSrU&amp;feature=autoplay&amp;list=PLC67E043CBD218D2D&amp;playnext=2"><span style="font-size: medium;">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Mu9Qv-lSrU&amp;feature=autoplay&amp;list=PLC67E043CBD218D2D&amp;playnext=2</span></a></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Boys cured with Gene Therapy 2004 article</b>:&nbsp;</span><a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4101411.stm"><span style="font-size: medium;">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4101411.stm</span></a></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">[[Theragen BiO Institute]]</span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genome Wish"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genome Wish</span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-large;">:<b>what I can do with my genome.</b></span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genomics version 2.0"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics version 2.0</span></strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Full Genomics"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Full Genomics</span></strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><font color="#808080" size="6">♬</font></strong></span></span></td> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="Genomic Art"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>Genomic Art</strong></span></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong style="font-size: large; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: center; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;۩&nbsp;</font></strong></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genomics Prizes"><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Genomics Prizes</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Genome references"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genome references</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><a href="Post genomics era"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Post genomics era</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;">Genomics era has arrived in 2008. Post-genomics era will come in 2050. - Jong Bhak</span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(204, 255, 204);"><span style="font-size: xx-large;">&sect;</span></span><span style="font-size: xx-large;">&nbsp;</span><a href="External links"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">External links</span></span></strong></span></span></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://www.cdc.gov/genomics">CDC genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://bioinfoblog.it/">Bioinfoblog.it</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://proteome.net">Proteome.net</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://microbiome.org">Microbiome.org</a></span><font size="2"><a href="http://www.biodata.com"><span style="font-size: medium;">Laboratory Management</span></a></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://microbiomics.org/">Microbiomics.org</a></span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table class=" cke_show_border" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 1026.4000244140625px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6" style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>&nbsp;</strong></span></span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"><span style="font-size: xx-large;">►</span></span><strong style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: x-large;">Advertisement</strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="Totalomics full sequencing and bioinformatics analysis service">Totalomics full sequencing and bioinformatics analysis service</a></span></li> <li><a href="About Genomics.org"><span style="font-size: medium;">About Genomics.org</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;</span></li> <li><a href="Unleashing your genome"><span style="font-size: medium;">Unleashing your genome</span></a></li> <li><a href="Who maintains Genomics.org?"><span style="font-size: medium;">Who maintains Genomics.org?</span></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 314c0b36ce832bdcf0aae56f3333854a0bc8f875 4701 4686 2013-09-22T16:03:28Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p style="text-align: center">&nbsp;<img style="text-align: center" alt="" align="top" width="700" height="140" src="/userfiles/main.jpg" /></p> <p style="text-align: center"><span style="font-size: x-large"><i><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Openfree"><b>Openfree</b></a></i><b><i>&nbsp;<span style="color: #ff0000">B</span><span style="color: #0000ff">I</span><span style="color: #339966">O</span> </i><span style="color: #99cc00"><i>Wiki</i></span></b></span><b><span style="font-size: xx-large"><font color="#3366ff"><font face="Courier New">&nbsp;</font></font></span></b></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table style="width: 1026px" class=" cke_show_border" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align: center" bgcolor="#ffffff">&nbsp;</td> <td style="background-color: rgb(255,0,153)" bgcolor="#ff0099" colspan="3"><span style="font-size: x-large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><strong>&nbsp;What is&nbsp;</strong></span></span><span style="font-size: large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics"><span style="font-size: x-large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)">Genomics</span></span></a></strong><span style="font-size: x-large"><strong>?</strong></span></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <li><a href="Getting your own Genome">Getting your own Genome</a></li> <li><a href="Personal Genome Project">Personal Genome Project</a></li> <li><a href="Possible genomic diseases of you">Possible genomic diseases of you</a></li> <li><a href="Storing your genome in you PC">Storing your genome in you PC</a></li> <li><a href="Fully sequenced genomes">Fully sequenced genomes</a></li> <li><a href="Full Genome Sequencing">Full Genome Sequencing</a></li> <li><a href="Genomic Equality">Genomic Equality</a></li> </td> <td> <li><a href="Free Genomics Project">Free Genomics Project</a></li> <li><a href="Free genomes">Free genomes</a></li> <li><a href="Viewing your genetics family">Viewing your genetics family</a></li> <li><a href="Specific Omics">Specific Omics</a></li> <li><a href="A brief guide to genomics from NHGRI">A brief guide to genomics from NHGRI</a></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="Interesting things in your Genome">Interesting things in your Genome</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="Public Genomics Project">Public Genomics Project</a></span></li> </td> <td> <li><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="Compare your genome with other people's">Compare your genome with other people's</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="Visualizing your genome">Visualizing your genome</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="Genome Projects">Genome Projects</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="Genome History">Genome History</a></span></li> <li>[[The principle of universal genome]]<br /> &nbsp;</li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table style="width: 1026px" class=" cke_show_border" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align: center" bgcolor="#ffffff">&nbsp;</td> <td style="background-color: rgb(51,0,204)" bgcolor="#330099" colspan="3"><span style="font-size: large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><strong><font color="#000000"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genomics"><span style="font-size: x-large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)">Human Genomics</span></span></a></font></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Fully%20sequenced%20human%20genomes">Fully sequenced human genomes</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Fully%20sequenced%20female%20human%20genome">Fully sequenced female human genome</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mitochondrial%20Genomics">Mitochondrial Genomics</a>: Human mitochondrial genomics.</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Y%20Genomics">Y Genomics</a>: Human Y chromosome genomics.</li> <li>[[HelloGene]]</li> </td> <td> <p>&nbsp;　<span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)">ㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇ</span></p> </td> <td> <p><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)">&nbsp;ㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇ</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table style="width: 1026px" class=" cke_show_border" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: rgb(51,102,0)" bgcolor="#336600"><span style="font-size: large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><strong><a href="Genomics News Links"><span style="font-size: x-large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)">Genomics News Links</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Genomics Major Paper Publication"><span style="font-size: small">Genomics Major Paper Publication</span></a></li> <li><a href="Your writing contribution to Genomics"><span style="font-size: small">Your writing contribution to Genomics</span></a></li> <li><a href="Personal Genomics Issues"><span style="font-size: small">Personal Genomics Issues</span></a><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;<b>(</b></span><b><a href="Genomic ethics"><span style="font-size: small">Genomic ethics</span></a></b><span style="font-size: small"><b>)</b></span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table style="width: 1026px" class=" cke_show_border" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: rgb(51,102,0)" bgcolor="#336600"><span style="font-size: large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Species%20Specific%20Genomics"><span style="font-size: x-large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)">Species Specific Genomics</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><span style="font-size: medium"><font color="#0000ff"><font color="#000000"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Animal%20genomics">Animal genomics</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Plant%20genomics">Plant genomics</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Microbial%20genomics">Microbial genomics</a></b></font></font></span></p> <ul> <li>[[Primate Genomics]]</li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/C.%20elegans%20Genomics">C. elegans Genomics</a><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Cow%20genome">Cow genome</a><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Daphnia%20Genomics%20Consortium%20(DGC)">Daphnia Genomics Consortium (DGC)</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">(</font><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Insect%20genome">Insect genome</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">)</font><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Rice%20Genome%20at%20BGI%20China">Rice Genome at BGI China</a><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Sol%20Genomics">Sol Genomics</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">: Tomato</font><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Tiger%20Genome">Tiger Genome</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">:&nbsp;</font><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/TigerGenome%20Project%20by%20PGI%20Korea">TigerGenome Project by PGI Korea</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">.</font><br /> </b></li> <li><b><font color="#0000ff"><font color="#000000"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Yeast%20Genome">Yeast Genome</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">: SGD</font></font></font></b></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><span style="color: rgb(0,0,0)">&nbsp;<span style="background-color: rgb(255,255,255)"><span style="font-size: x-large"><strong>◇&nbsp;</strong></span></span></span><span style="background-color: rgb(51,0,204); color: rgb(255,255,255); font-size: medium"><a href="The first genomes"><span style="color: rgb(0,0,0)"><span style="background-color: rgb(255,255,255)"><span style="font-size: x-large"><strong>The first genomes</strong></span></span></span></a></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table style="width: 1026px" class=" cke_show_border" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: rgb(51,102,0)" bgcolor="#336600"><span style="font-size: large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Projects"><span style="font-size: x-large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)">Genomics Projects</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li>PGP&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal%20Genome%20Project">Personal Genome Project</a></li> <li>&quot;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/$0%20Genomics%20Project">$0 Genomics Project</a>&quot; Launched on-line. Please sign<i>!</i></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome%2010k%20Project">Genome 10k Project</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table style="width: 1026px" class=" cke_show_border" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: rgb(51,102,0)" bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6"><span style="font-size: large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20List"><span style="font-size: x-large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)">Genomics List</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Agrogenomics"><font size="2">Agrogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Anthropogenomics"><font size="2">Anthropogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Autogenomics"><font size="2">Autogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chemicogenomics"><font size="2">Chemicogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chemogenomics"><font size="2">Chemogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chemgenomics"><font size="2">Chemgenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Demogenomics"><font size="2">Demogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Ecogenomics"><font size="2">Ecogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Econogenomics"><font size="2">Econogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Equigenomics"><font size="2">Equigenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Ethnogenomics"><font size="2">Ethnogenomics</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Eugenomics"><font size="2">Eugenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Gastrogenomics"><font size="2">Gastrogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Getontogenomics"><font size="2">Getontogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Gerogenomics"><font size="2">Gerogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Hepatogenomics"><font size="2">Hepatogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Immunogenomics"><font size="2">Immunogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Immunomics"><font size="2">Immunomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mammogenomics"><font size="2">Mammogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Metagenomics"><font size="2">Metagenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Microgenomics"><font size="2">Microgenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mitogenomics"><font size="2">Mitogenomics</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mycogenomics"><font size="2">Mycogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nanogenomics"><font size="2">Nanogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Neurogenomics"><font size="2">Neurogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/NitroGenomics"><font size="2">NitroGenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nutrigenomics"><font size="2">Nutrigenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nutragenomics"><font size="2">Nutragenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Omnigenomics"><font size="2">Omnigenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Oncogenomics"><font size="2">Oncogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Osteogenomics"><font size="2">Osteogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Pangenomics"><font size="2">Pangenomics</font></a></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Phylogenomics"><font size="2">Phylogenomics</font></a></font></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul><font size="2"> <li><font size="2">&nbsp;</font><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Phytogenomics"><font size="2">Phytogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Pulmogenomics"><font size="2">Pulmogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Psychogenomics"><font size="2">Psychogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Supergenomics"><font size="2">Supergenomics</font></a></li> <li>[[syntheticgenomics]]</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Toxicogenomics"><font size="2">Toxicogenomics</font></a></li> </font></ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table style="width: 1026px" class=" cke_show_border" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: rgb(51,102,0)" bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2"><span style="font-size: x-large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><strong>Genomics Branches</strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Comparative%20Genomics"><font size="2">Comparative Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Free%20Genomics"><font size="2">Free Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Health%20Genomics"><font size="2">Health Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genomics"><font size="2">Human Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Open%20Genomics"><font size="2">Open Genomics</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal%20Genomics"><font size="2">Personal Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Public%20Genomics"><font size="2">Public Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Public%20Health%20Genomics"><font size="2">Public Health Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Synthetic%20Genomics"><font size="2">Synthetic Genomics</font></a></li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table style="width: 1026px" class=" cke_show_border" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: rgb(51,102,0)" bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><span style="font-size: large"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Essays%20and%20Opinions"><span style="font-size: x-large"><b><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)">Genomics Essays and Opinions</span></b></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The%20Ultimate%20information%20of%20human%20beings">The Ultimate information of human beings</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Who%20have%20to%20insist%20on%20the%20first%20in%20genomics">Who have to insist on the first in genomics</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomic%20Philosophy">Genomic Philosophy</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table style="width: 1020px; height: 172px" class=" cke_show_border" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: rgb(51,102,0)" bgcolor="#ff0000"><span style="font-size: large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><strong><span style="font-size: large"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Projects"><span style="font-size: x-large"><span style="color: rgb(255,0,0)">G<span style="color: rgb(255,153,0)">e</span><span style="color: rgb(255,204,0)">n</span><span style="color: rgb(255,204,153)">o</span>mics&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(0,255,255)">P</span><span style="color: rgb(204,255,255)">u</span><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)">b</span>lication</span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-large"><span style="color: rgb(255,0,0)">&nbsp;and&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(0,255,255)">P</span>apers</span></span></span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium">[[Genomics]] Journal from ScienceDirect (</span><a href="http://www.journals.elsevier.com/genomics/">http://www.journals.elsevier.com/genomics/</a>)</li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Genome Research</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Genome Biology</span></b></li> <li><font size="2"><b>[[BMC Genomics]]</b></font></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">[[Major Genome Sequencing and Analysis&nbsp;Paper authors]]</span></b></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table style="width: 1026px" class=" cke_show_border" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align: center" bgcolor="#ffffff">&nbsp;</td> <td style="background-color: rgb(51,102,0)" bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3"><span style="font-size: large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><font size="4"><a href="Genomics Analysis Tools and Technology"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><strong>Genomics Analysis Tools and Technology</strong></span></a></font></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Bioinformatics"><font size="2">Bioinformatics</font></a></li> <li><a href="BioPipelines"><font size="2">BioPipelines</font></a></li> <li><a href="Biomatics"><font size="2">Biomatics</font></a></li> <li><a href="Genome compression">Genome compression</a></li> <li><a href="Amalga">Amalga</a>&nbsp;from Microsoft</li> </ul> </td> <td> <li><a href="Sequencing"><font size="2">Sequencing</font></a></li> <li><a href="GRID technology"><font size="2">GRID technology</font></a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></li> <li><a href="SNP chip"><font size="2">SNP chip</font></a></li> <li><a href="Genome sequence mapping">Genome sequence mapping</a></li> </td> <td> <li><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="Omics"><font size="2">Omics</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="BioEngine"><font size="2">BioEngine</font></a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)">ㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎ</span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="BioComputing"><font size="2">BioComputing</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="JMP Genomics"><font size="2">JMP Genomics</font></a><font color="#000000" size="2">&nbsp;by SAS</font></span></li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table style="width: 1026px" class=" cke_show_border" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align: center" bgcolor="#ffffff">&nbsp;</td> <td style="background-color: rgb(51,102,0)" bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3"><span style="font-size: large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><font size="4"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Companies"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><strong>Genomics Companies</strong></span></a></font></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/23andme.com"><font size="2">23andme.com</font></a></li> <li>Bhak BiO Consulting (http://bhakbio.com)</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/DNAgenotek.com"><font size="2">DNAgenotek.com</font></a><font size="2">:Saliva DNA</font></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Knome.com"><font size="2">Knome.com</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Navigenics.com"><font size="2">Navigenics.com</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nimblegen"><font size="2">Nimblegen</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Integrated%20Genomics"><font size="2">Integrated Genomics</font></a><font size="2">: Chicago based</font></li> </ul> </td> <td> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Affymetrix"><font size="2">Affymetrix</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Celera"><font size="2">Celera</font></a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genome%20Sciences,%20Inc.">Human Genome Sciences, Inc.</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)">ㄹㄹ</span></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Microsoft"><font size="2">Microsoft</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal%20Genome%20Companies"><font size="2">Personal Genome Companies</font></a></li> <li>[[Selah Genomics]]</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Synthetic%20Genomics">Synthetic Genomics</a>: by Venter</li> </td> <td> <li>[[Agilent Genomics]]</li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Agowa"><font size="2">Agowa</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Decodeme.com"><font size="2">Decodeme.com</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Decode"><font size="2">Decode</font></a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)">ㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎ</span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Illumina"><font size="2">Illumina</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/NanoGen"><font size="2">NanoGen</font></a></span></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/U.S.%20Genomics"><font size="2">U.S. Genomics</font></a></li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table style="width: 1026px" class=" cke_show_border" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: rgb(51,102,0)" bgcolor="#336600" colspan="4"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><span style="font-size: large"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Meetings"><span style="font-size: x-large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)">Genomics Meetings</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2010%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2010 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2007%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2007 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2004%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2004 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2009%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2009 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2006%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2006 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2003%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2003 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2008%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2008 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2005%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2005 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2002%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2002 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table style="width: 1026px" class=" cke_show_border" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: rgb(51,102,0)" bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><span style="font-size: large"><span style="font-size: x-large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Centers"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)">Genomics Institutes and Centers</span></a></strong></span></span></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Sanger%20Institute">Sanger Institute</a>&nbsp;UK</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/BGI">BGI</a>&nbsp;China</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/PGI">PGI</a>&nbsp;Korea</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/JGI">JGI</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/IGS%20at%20Maryland">IGS</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/IGB%20at%20UCI">IGB at UCI</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/JCVI">JCVI</a>&nbsp;USA</font></li> <li>[[Genomics in CDC (USA)]]</li> <li>[[DOE Genomics]]</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table style="width: 1026px" class=" cke_show_border" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: rgb(51,102,0)" bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><span style="font-size: large"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Organizations%20and%20Alliances"><span style="font-size: x-large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><strong>Genomics Organizations and Alliances</strong></span></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><a href="http://bioitalliance.org/">Microsoft BioIT Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/GenomeFoundation.org">GenomeFoundation.org</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Stanford%20Genomics%20Resources">Stanford Genomics Resources</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table style="width: 1026px" class=" cke_show_border" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: rgb(51,102,0)" bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6"><span style="font-size: large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><strong><span style="font-size: x-large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20People">Genomics People</a>&nbsp; (put your name in this section)</span></span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/You!"><strong>You!</strong></a></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Craig%20Venter">Craig Venter</a></b></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Fred%20Sanger">Fred Sanger</a></b></li> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><font size="2"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/George%20Church">George Church</a></b></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: small"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Yang%20Huanming">Yang Huanming</a></b></span></li> </ul> </td> <td><font size="2"> <ul> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/James%20Watson">James Watson</a></b></li> </ul> </font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table style="width: 1026px" class=" cke_show_border" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: rgb(51,102,0)" bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><span style="font-size: large"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20by%20Country"><span style="font-size: x-large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><strong>Genomics by Country</strong></span></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/British%20Genomics"><span style="font-size: medium">British Genomics</span></a><span style="font-size: medium">: Genomics in the UK</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Canadian%20Genomics">Canadian Genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chinese%20Genomics">Chinese Genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Korean%20Genomics">Korean Genomics</a></span><font size="2"><span style="font-size: medium">:&nbsp;</span><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/PGI"><span style="font-size: medium">PGI</span></a><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/TBI"><span style="font-size: medium">TBI</span></a></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Netherlands%20Genomics">Netherlands Genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/US%20Genomics">US Genomics</a></span><span style="font-size: medium">: Genomics in the USA</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Japanese%20Genomics">Japanese Genomics</a></span><font size="2"><span style="font-size: medium">:&nbsp;</span><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/GenomeNet"><span style="font-size: medium">GenomeNet</span></a></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium">[[Autralian Genomics]]</span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table style="width: 1026px" class=" cke_show_border" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: rgb(51,102,0)" bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6"><span style="font-size: large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Methods"><span style="font-size: x-large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)">Genomics Methods</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li>Karyotyping</li> <li>Mass spectrometry</li> <li>Western blot</li> <li>Chromosomal watlking</li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li>PCR</li> <li>Yeast Two Hybrid</li> <li>Northern blot</li> <li>RFLP</li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li>Immunoprecipitation</li> <li>Southern blot</li> <li>Elisa</li> <li> <p><span style="font-size: small">[[Method of Sample (gDNA) Preparation for Sending out]]</span></p> </li> </ul> </td> <td><font size="2"> <ul> <li>SDS-page</li> <li>Immunofluorescence</li> <li>Real-time PCR</li> </ul> </font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table style="width: 1026px" class=" cke_show_border" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: rgb(51,102,0)" bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6"><span style="font-size: large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Theory"><span style="font-size: x-large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,0)">Genomics L</span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,0)">abs</span></span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;[[Dr. Ban Doohee lab in Yeonsei University Korea]]</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <table style="width: 1026px" class=" cke_show_border" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: rgb(51,102,0)" bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6"><span style="font-size: large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20History"><span style="font-size: x-large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)">Genomics History</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table style="width: 1026px" class=" cke_show_border" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: rgb(51,102,0)" bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6"><span style="font-size: large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Glossary"><span style="font-size: x-large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)">Genomics Glossary</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table style="width: 1026px" class=" cke_show_border" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: rgb(51,102,0)" bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6"><span style="font-size: large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Programs"><span style="font-size: x-large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)">Genomics Software Programs</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome%20alignement%20programs"><strong><font size="2">Genome alignement programs</font></strong></a></li> <li><strong><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome%20visualization%20programs">Genome visualization programs</a></font></strong></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <table style="width: 1026px" class=" cke_show_border" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align: center" bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size: large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><strong><img alt="ADN static.png" width="29" height="29" src="/images/thumb/c/c2/ADN_static.png/50px-ADN_static.png" /></strong></span></span></td> <td style="background-color: rgb(51,102,0)" bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3"><span style="font-size: large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Image"><span style="font-size: x-large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><strong>Genomics Image</strong></span></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table style="width: 1026px" class=" cke_show_border" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: rgb(51,102,0)" bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6"><span style="font-size: large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><strong><a href="Genomics Portals"><span style="font-size: x-large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)">Genomics Portals</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table style="width: 1026px" class=" cke_show_border" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: rgb(51,102,0)" bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6"><span style="font-size: large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><strong><a href="Opinion on Genomics"><span style="font-size: x-large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)">Opinions on Genomics</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><a href="About Human Genome Project"><span style="font-size: small">About Human Genome Project</span></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table style="width: 1026px" class=" cke_show_border" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: rgb(51,102,0)" bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6"><span style="font-size: large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><strong><a href="Genomics Issues and Problems"><span style="font-size: x-large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)">Genomics Issues and Problems</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><a href="Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008"><span style="font-size: small">Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008</span></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table style="width: 1026px" class=" cke_show_border" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: rgb(51,102,0)" bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><span style="font-size: large"><strong><a href="Read Journals and Publications"><span style="font-size: x-large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)">Genomics Journals</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="BMC Genomics"><font size="2">BMC Genomics</font></a></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genome Biology">Genome Biology</a>&nbsp;by BMC Ltd with Springer Science</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Elsevier Genomics">Elsevier Genomics</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="BMC Medical Genomics">BMC Medical Genomics</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Open Genomics Journal">Open Genomics Journal</a></font></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Physiological Genomics"><font size="2">Physiological Genomics</font></a><font size="2">&nbsp;by The American Physiological Society</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genome Research">Genome Research</a>&nbsp;by CSHL</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genome from NRC press">Genome from NRC press</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genomics from Elsevier">Genomics from Elsevier</a></font></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table style="width: 1026px" class=" cke_show_border" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: rgb(51,102,0)" bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6"><span style="font-size: x-large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)">Genomics Books and Guide</span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium">&nbsp;[[Brief guide to Genomics]] by&nbsp;<span style="line-height: 18px; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif">&quot;National Human Genome Research Institute.&quot;</span></span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table style="width: 1026px" class=" cke_show_border" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: rgb(51,102,0)" bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6"> <p><span style="color: rgb(153,204,255)"><strong style="font-size: x-large">[[Genomics PPT and PDF presentation files]]</strong></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size: medium">&nbsp;[[Genome rights and genome industry enhancing bill]] by&nbsp;<span style="line-height: 18px; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif">Jong Bhak (in Korean)</span></span></p> </li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table style="width: 1098px" class=" cke_show_border" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: rgb(51,102,0)" bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6"><span style="font-size: x-large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><strong>Genomics in TV and Media</strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium">&nbsp;<b>BBC analysis on Human Genome after 10 years in YouTube</b>: &nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Mu9Qv-lSrU&amp;feature=autoplay&amp;list=PLC67E043CBD218D2D&amp;playnext=2"><span style="font-size: medium">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Mu9Qv-lSrU&amp;feature=autoplay&amp;list=PLC67E043CBD218D2D&amp;playnext=2</span></a></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium"><b>Boys cured with Gene Therapy 2004 article</b>:&nbsp;</span><a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4101411.stm"><span style="font-size: medium">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4101411.stm</span></a></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium">[[Theragen BiO Institute]]</span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table style="width: 1026px" class=" cke_show_border" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: rgb(51,102,0)" bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6"><span style="font-size: large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><strong><a href="Genome Wish"><span style="font-size: x-large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)">Genome Wish</span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-large">:<b>what I can do with my genome.</b></span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table style="width: 1026px" class=" cke_show_border" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: rgb(51,102,0)" bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6"><span style="font-size: large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="Genomics version 2.0"><span style="font-size: x-large"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)">Genomics version 2.0</span></strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table style="width: 1026px" class=" cke_show_border" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: rgb(51,102,0)" bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6"><span style="font-size: large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="Full Genomics"><span style="font-size: x-large"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)">Full Genomics</span></strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table style="width: 1026px" class=" cke_show_border" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align: center" bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size: large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><strong><font color="#808080" size="6">♬</font></strong></span></span></td> <td style="background-color: rgb(51,102,0)" bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3"><span style="font-size: large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="Genomic Art"><span style="font-size: x-large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><strong>Genomic Art</strong></span></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table style="width: 1026px" class=" cke_show_border" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: rgb(51,102,0)" bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6"><span style="font-size: x-large"><strong style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); color: rgb(255,255,255); font-size: large"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;۩&nbsp;</font></strong></span><span style="font-size: large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><strong><a href="Genomics Prizes"><span style="color: rgb(255,153,0)"><span style="font-size: x-large">Genomics Prizes</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table style="width: 1026px" class=" cke_show_border" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: rgb(51,102,0)" bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6"><span style="font-size: large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><strong><a href="Genome references"><span style="font-size: x-large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)">Genome references</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table style="width: 1026px" class=" cke_show_border" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: rgb(51,102,0)" bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6"><span style="font-size: large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><strong><a href="Post genomics era"><span style="font-size: x-large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)">Post genomics era</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium">Genomics era has arrived in 2008. Post-genomics era will come in 2050. - Jong Bhak</span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table style="width: 1026px" class=" cke_show_border" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: rgb(51,102,0)" bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6"><span style="color: rgb(204,255,204)"><span style="font-size: xx-large">&sect;</span></span><span style="font-size: xx-large">&nbsp;</span><a href="External links"><span style="font-size: large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><strong><span style="font-size: x-large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)">External links</span></span></strong></span></span></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium"><a href="http://www.cdc.gov/genomics">CDC genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium"><a href="http://bioinfoblog.it/">Bioinfoblog.it</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium"><a href="http://proteome.net">Proteome.net</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium"><a href="http://microbiome.org">Microbiome.org</a></span><font size="2"><a href="http://www.biodata.com"><span style="font-size: medium">Laboratory Management</span></a></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium"><a href="http://microbiomics.org/">Microbiomics.org</a></span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table style="width: 1026px" class=" cke_show_border" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: rgb(51,102,0)" bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6"><span style="font-size: x-large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><strong>&nbsp;</strong></span></span><span style="color: rgb(255,255,0)"><span style="font-size: xx-large">►</span></span><strong style="color: rgb(255,255,255); font-size: x-large">Advertisement</strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium"><a href="Totalomics full sequencing and bioinformatics analysis service">Totalomics full sequencing and bioinformatics analysis service</a></span></li> <li><a href="About Genomics.org"><span style="font-size: medium">About Genomics.org</span></a><span style="font-size: medium">&nbsp;</span></li> <li><a href="Unleashing your genome"><span style="font-size: medium">Unleashing your genome</span></a></li> <li><a href="Who maintains Genomics.org?"><span style="font-size: medium">Who maintains Genomics.org?</span></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 48afd4ecbfcedf1457c41f7464f8bb1c4e7cd271 4702 4701 2013-09-22T16:06:00Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p style="text-align: center">&nbsp;<img style="text-align: center" alt="" align="top" width="700" height="140" src="/userfiles/main.jpg" /></p> <p style="text-align: center"><span style="font-size: x-large"><i><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Openfree"><span style="font-size: xx-large"><b>Openfree</b></span></a></i><span style="font-size: xx-large"><b><i>&nbsp;<span style="color: #ff0000">B</span><span style="color: #0000ff">I</span><span style="color: #339966">O</span> </i><span style="color: #99cc00"><i>Wiki</i></span></b></span></span><b><span style="font-size: xx-large"><font color="#3366ff"><font face="Courier New">&nbsp;</font></font></span></b></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table style="width: 1026px" class=" cke_show_border" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align: center" bgcolor="#ffffff">&nbsp;</td> <td style="background-color: rgb(255,0,153)" bgcolor="#ff0099" colspan="3"><span style="font-size: x-large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><strong>&nbsp;What is&nbsp;</strong></span></span><span style="font-size: large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics"><span style="font-size: x-large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)">Genomics</span></span></a></strong><span style="font-size: x-large"><strong>?</strong></span></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <li><a href="Getting your own Genome">Getting your own Genome</a></li> <li><a href="Personal Genome Project">Personal Genome Project</a></li> <li><a href="Possible genomic diseases of you">Possible genomic diseases of you</a></li> <li><a href="Storing your genome in you PC">Storing your genome in you PC</a></li> <li><a href="Fully sequenced genomes">Fully sequenced genomes</a></li> <li><a href="Full Genome Sequencing">Full Genome Sequencing</a></li> <li><a href="Genomic Equality">Genomic Equality</a></li> </td> <td> <li><a href="Free Genomics Project">Free Genomics Project</a></li> <li><a href="Free genomes">Free genomes</a></li> <li><a href="Viewing your genetics family">Viewing your genetics family</a></li> <li><a href="Specific Omics">Specific Omics</a></li> <li><a href="A brief guide to genomics from NHGRI">A brief guide to genomics from NHGRI</a></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="Interesting things in your Genome">Interesting things in your Genome</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="Public Genomics Project">Public Genomics Project</a></span></li> </td> <td> <li><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="Compare your genome with other people's">Compare your genome with other people's</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="Visualizing your genome">Visualizing your genome</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="Genome Projects">Genome Projects</a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="Genome History">Genome History</a></span></li> <li>[[The principle of universal genome]]<br /> &nbsp;</li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table style="width: 1026px" class=" cke_show_border" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align: center" bgcolor="#ffffff">&nbsp;</td> <td style="background-color: rgb(51,0,204)" bgcolor="#330099" colspan="3"><span style="font-size: large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><strong><font color="#000000"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genomics"><span style="font-size: x-large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)">Human Genomics</span></span></a></font></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Fully%20sequenced%20human%20genomes">Fully sequenced human genomes</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Fully%20sequenced%20female%20human%20genome">Fully sequenced female human genome</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mitochondrial%20Genomics">Mitochondrial Genomics</a>: Human mitochondrial genomics.</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Y%20Genomics">Y Genomics</a>: Human Y chromosome genomics.</li> <li>[[HelloGene]]</li> </td> <td> <p>&nbsp;　<span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)">ㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇ</span></p> </td> <td> <p><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)">&nbsp;ㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇ</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table style="width: 1026px" class=" cke_show_border" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: rgb(51,102,0)" bgcolor="#336600"><span style="font-size: large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><strong><a href="Genomics News Links"><span style="font-size: x-large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)">Genomics News Links</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Genomics Major Paper Publication"><span style="font-size: small">Genomics Major Paper Publication</span></a></li> <li><a href="Your writing contribution to Genomics"><span style="font-size: small">Your writing contribution to Genomics</span></a></li> <li><a href="Personal Genomics Issues"><span style="font-size: small">Personal Genomics Issues</span></a><span style="font-size: small">&nbsp;<b>(</b></span><b><a href="Genomic ethics"><span style="font-size: small">Genomic ethics</span></a></b><span style="font-size: small"><b>)</b></span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table style="width: 1026px" class=" cke_show_border" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: rgb(51,102,0)" bgcolor="#336600"><span style="font-size: large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Species%20Specific%20Genomics"><span style="font-size: x-large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)">Species Specific Genomics</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><span style="font-size: medium"><font color="#0000ff"><font color="#000000"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Animal%20genomics">Animal genomics</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Plant%20genomics">Plant genomics</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Microbial%20genomics">Microbial genomics</a></b></font></font></span></p> <ul> <li>[[Primate Genomics]]</li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/C.%20elegans%20Genomics">C. elegans Genomics</a><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Cow%20genome">Cow genome</a><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Daphnia%20Genomics%20Consortium%20(DGC)">Daphnia Genomics Consortium (DGC)</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">(</font><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Insect%20genome">Insect genome</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">)</font><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Rice%20Genome%20at%20BGI%20China">Rice Genome at BGI China</a><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Sol%20Genomics">Sol Genomics</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">: Tomato</font><br /> </b></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Tiger%20Genome">Tiger Genome</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">:&nbsp;</font><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/TigerGenome%20Project%20by%20PGI%20Korea">TigerGenome Project by PGI Korea</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">.</font><br /> </b></li> <li><b><font color="#0000ff"><font color="#000000"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Yeast%20Genome">Yeast Genome</a><font class="Apple-style-span" size="2">: SGD</font></font></font></b></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><span style="color: rgb(0,0,0)">&nbsp;<span style="background-color: rgb(255,255,255)"><span style="font-size: x-large"><strong>◇&nbsp;</strong></span></span></span><span style="background-color: rgb(51,0,204); color: rgb(255,255,255); font-size: medium"><a href="The first genomes"><span style="color: rgb(0,0,0)"><span style="background-color: rgb(255,255,255)"><span style="font-size: x-large"><strong>The first genomes</strong></span></span></span></a></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table style="width: 1026px" class=" cke_show_border" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: rgb(51,102,0)" bgcolor="#336600"><span style="font-size: large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Projects"><span style="font-size: x-large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)">Genomics Projects</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li>PGP&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal%20Genome%20Project">Personal Genome Project</a></li> <li>&quot;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/$0%20Genomics%20Project">$0 Genomics Project</a>&quot; Launched on-line. Please sign<i>!</i></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome%2010k%20Project">Genome 10k Project</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table style="width: 1026px" class=" cke_show_border" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: rgb(51,102,0)" bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6"><span style="font-size: large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20List"><span style="font-size: x-large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)">Genomics List</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Agrogenomics"><font size="2">Agrogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Anthropogenomics"><font size="2">Anthropogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Autogenomics"><font size="2">Autogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chemicogenomics"><font size="2">Chemicogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chemogenomics"><font size="2">Chemogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chemgenomics"><font size="2">Chemgenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Demogenomics"><font size="2">Demogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Ecogenomics"><font size="2">Ecogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Econogenomics"><font size="2">Econogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Equigenomics"><font size="2">Equigenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Ethnogenomics"><font size="2">Ethnogenomics</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Eugenomics"><font size="2">Eugenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Gastrogenomics"><font size="2">Gastrogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Getontogenomics"><font size="2">Getontogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Gerogenomics"><font size="2">Gerogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Hepatogenomics"><font size="2">Hepatogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Immunogenomics"><font size="2">Immunogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Immunomics"><font size="2">Immunomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mammogenomics"><font size="2">Mammogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Metagenomics"><font size="2">Metagenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Microgenomics"><font size="2">Microgenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mitogenomics"><font size="2">Mitogenomics</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mycogenomics"><font size="2">Mycogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nanogenomics"><font size="2">Nanogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Neurogenomics"><font size="2">Neurogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/NitroGenomics"><font size="2">NitroGenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nutrigenomics"><font size="2">Nutrigenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nutragenomics"><font size="2">Nutragenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Omnigenomics"><font size="2">Omnigenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Oncogenomics"><font size="2">Oncogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Osteogenomics"><font size="2">Osteogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Pangenomics"><font size="2">Pangenomics</font></a></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Phylogenomics"><font size="2">Phylogenomics</font></a></font></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul><font size="2"> <li><font size="2">&nbsp;</font><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Phytogenomics"><font size="2">Phytogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Pulmogenomics"><font size="2">Pulmogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Psychogenomics"><font size="2">Psychogenomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Supergenomics"><font size="2">Supergenomics</font></a></li> <li>[[syntheticgenomics]]</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Toxicogenomics"><font size="2">Toxicogenomics</font></a></li> </font></ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table style="width: 1026px" class=" cke_show_border" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: rgb(51,102,0)" bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2"><span style="font-size: x-large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><strong>Genomics Branches</strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Comparative%20Genomics"><font size="2">Comparative Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Free%20Genomics"><font size="2">Free Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Health%20Genomics"><font size="2">Health Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genomics"><font size="2">Human Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Open%20Genomics"><font size="2">Open Genomics</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal%20Genomics"><font size="2">Personal Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Public%20Genomics"><font size="2">Public Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Public%20Health%20Genomics"><font size="2">Public Health Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Synthetic%20Genomics"><font size="2">Synthetic Genomics</font></a></li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table style="width: 1026px" class=" cke_show_border" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: rgb(51,102,0)" bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><span style="font-size: large"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Essays%20and%20Opinions"><span style="font-size: x-large"><b><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)">Genomics Essays and Opinions</span></b></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The%20Ultimate%20information%20of%20human%20beings">The Ultimate information of human beings</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Who%20have%20to%20insist%20on%20the%20first%20in%20genomics">Who have to insist on the first in genomics</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomic%20Philosophy">Genomic Philosophy</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table style="width: 1020px; height: 172px" class=" cke_show_border" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: rgb(51,102,0)" bgcolor="#ff0000"><span style="font-size: large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><strong><span style="font-size: large"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Projects"><span style="font-size: x-large"><span style="color: rgb(255,0,0)">G<span style="color: rgb(255,153,0)">e</span><span style="color: rgb(255,204,0)">n</span><span style="color: rgb(255,204,153)">o</span>mics&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(0,255,255)">P</span><span style="color: rgb(204,255,255)">u</span><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)">b</span>lication</span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-large"><span style="color: rgb(255,0,0)">&nbsp;and&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(0,255,255)">P</span>apers</span></span></span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium">[[Genomics]] Journal from ScienceDirect (</span><a href="http://www.journals.elsevier.com/genomics/">http://www.journals.elsevier.com/genomics/</a>)</li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Genome Research</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">Genome Biology</span></b></li> <li><font size="2"><b>[[BMC Genomics]]</b></font></li> <li><b><span style="font-size: small">[[Major Genome Sequencing and Analysis&nbsp;Paper authors]]</span></b></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table style="width: 1026px" class=" cke_show_border" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align: center" bgcolor="#ffffff">&nbsp;</td> <td style="background-color: rgb(51,102,0)" bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3"><span style="font-size: large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><font size="4"><a href="Genomics Analysis Tools and Technology"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><strong>Genomics Analysis Tools and Technology</strong></span></a></font></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Bioinformatics"><font size="2">Bioinformatics</font></a></li> <li><a href="BioPipelines"><font size="2">BioPipelines</font></a></li> <li><a href="Biomatics"><font size="2">Biomatics</font></a></li> <li><a href="Genome compression">Genome compression</a></li> <li><a href="Amalga">Amalga</a>&nbsp;from Microsoft</li> </ul> </td> <td> <li><a href="Sequencing"><font size="2">Sequencing</font></a></li> <li><a href="GRID technology"><font size="2">GRID technology</font></a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></li> <li><a href="SNP chip"><font size="2">SNP chip</font></a></li> <li><a href="Genome sequence mapping">Genome sequence mapping</a></li> </td> <td> <li><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="Omics"><font size="2">Omics</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="BioEngine"><font size="2">BioEngine</font></a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)">ㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎ</span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="BioComputing"><font size="2">BioComputing</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="JMP Genomics"><font size="2">JMP Genomics</font></a><font color="#000000" size="2">&nbsp;by SAS</font></span></li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table style="width: 1026px" class=" cke_show_border" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align: center" bgcolor="#ffffff">&nbsp;</td> <td style="background-color: rgb(51,102,0)" bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3"><span style="font-size: large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><font size="4"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Companies"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><strong>Genomics Companies</strong></span></a></font></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/23andme.com"><font size="2">23andme.com</font></a></li> <li>Bhak BiO Consulting (http://bhakbio.com)</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/DNAgenotek.com"><font size="2">DNAgenotek.com</font></a><font size="2">:Saliva DNA</font></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Knome.com"><font size="2">Knome.com</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Navigenics.com"><font size="2">Navigenics.com</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nimblegen"><font size="2">Nimblegen</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Integrated%20Genomics"><font size="2">Integrated Genomics</font></a><font size="2">: Chicago based</font></li> </ul> </td> <td> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Affymetrix"><font size="2">Affymetrix</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Celera"><font size="2">Celera</font></a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genome%20Sciences,%20Inc.">Human Genome Sciences, Inc.</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)">ㄹㄹ</span></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Microsoft"><font size="2">Microsoft</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal%20Genome%20Companies"><font size="2">Personal Genome Companies</font></a></li> <li>[[Selah Genomics]]</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Synthetic%20Genomics">Synthetic Genomics</a>: by Venter</li> </td> <td> <li>[[Agilent Genomics]]</li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Agowa"><font size="2">Agowa</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Decodeme.com"><font size="2">Decodeme.com</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Decode"><font size="2">Decode</font></a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)">ㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎ</span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Illumina"><font size="2">Illumina</font></a></span></li> <li><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/NanoGen"><font size="2">NanoGen</font></a></span></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/U.S.%20Genomics"><font size="2">U.S. Genomics</font></a></li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table style="width: 1026px" class=" cke_show_border" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: rgb(51,102,0)" bgcolor="#336600" colspan="4"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><span style="font-size: large"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Meetings"><span style="font-size: x-large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)">Genomics Meetings</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2010%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2010 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2007%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2007 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2004%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2004 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2009%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2009 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2006%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2006 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2003%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2003 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2008%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2008 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2005%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2005 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2002%20Genomics%20Meetings"><font size="2">2002 Genomics Meetings</font></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table style="width: 1026px" class=" cke_show_border" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: rgb(51,102,0)" bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><span style="font-size: large"><span style="font-size: x-large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Centers"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)">Genomics Institutes and Centers</span></a></strong></span></span></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Sanger%20Institute">Sanger Institute</a>&nbsp;UK</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/BGI">BGI</a>&nbsp;China</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/PGI">PGI</a>&nbsp;Korea</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/JGI">JGI</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/IGS%20at%20Maryland">IGS</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/IGB%20at%20UCI">IGB at UCI</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/JCVI">JCVI</a>&nbsp;USA</font></li> <li>[[Genomics in CDC (USA)]]</li> <li>[[DOE Genomics]]</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table style="width: 1026px" class=" cke_show_border" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: rgb(51,102,0)" bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><span style="font-size: large"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Organizations%20and%20Alliances"><span style="font-size: x-large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><strong>Genomics Organizations and Alliances</strong></span></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><a href="http://bioitalliance.org/">Microsoft BioIT Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/GenomeFoundation.org">GenomeFoundation.org</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Stanford%20Genomics%20Resources">Stanford Genomics Resources</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table style="width: 1026px" class=" cke_show_border" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: rgb(51,102,0)" bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6"><span style="font-size: large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><strong><span style="font-size: x-large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20People">Genomics People</a>&nbsp; (put your name in this section)</span></span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/You!"><strong>You!</strong></a></li> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Craig%20Venter">Craig Venter</a></b></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Fred%20Sanger">Fred Sanger</a></b></li> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><font size="2"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/George%20Church">George Church</a></b></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: small"><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Yang%20Huanming">Yang Huanming</a></b></span></li> </ul> </td> <td><font size="2"> <ul> <li><b><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/James%20Watson">James Watson</a></b></li> </ul> </font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table style="width: 1026px" class=" cke_show_border" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: rgb(51,102,0)" bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><span style="font-size: large"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20by%20Country"><span style="font-size: x-large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><strong>Genomics by Country</strong></span></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/British%20Genomics"><span style="font-size: medium">British Genomics</span></a><span style="font-size: medium">: Genomics in the UK</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Canadian%20Genomics">Canadian Genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chinese%20Genomics">Chinese Genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Korean%20Genomics">Korean Genomics</a></span><font size="2"><span style="font-size: medium">:&nbsp;</span><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/PGI"><span style="font-size: medium">PGI</span></a><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/TBI"><span style="font-size: medium">TBI</span></a></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Netherlands%20Genomics">Netherlands Genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/US%20Genomics">US Genomics</a></span><span style="font-size: medium">: Genomics in the USA</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Japanese%20Genomics">Japanese Genomics</a></span><font size="2"><span style="font-size: medium">:&nbsp;</span><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/GenomeNet"><span style="font-size: medium">GenomeNet</span></a></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium">[[Autralian Genomics]]</span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table style="width: 1026px" class=" cke_show_border" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: rgb(51,102,0)" bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6"><span style="font-size: large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Methods"><span style="font-size: x-large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)">Genomics Methods</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li>Karyotyping</li> <li>Mass spectrometry</li> <li>Western blot</li> <li>Chromosomal watlking</li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li>PCR</li> <li>Yeast Two Hybrid</li> <li>Northern blot</li> <li>RFLP</li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li>Immunoprecipitation</li> <li>Southern blot</li> <li>Elisa</li> <li> <p><span style="font-size: small">[[Method of Sample (gDNA) Preparation for Sending out]]</span></p> </li> </ul> </td> <td><font size="2"> <ul> <li>SDS-page</li> <li>Immunofluorescence</li> <li>Real-time PCR</li> </ul> </font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table style="width: 1026px" class=" cke_show_border" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: rgb(51,102,0)" bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6"><span style="font-size: large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Theory"><span style="font-size: x-large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,0)">Genomics L</span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,0)">abs</span></span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;[[Dr. Ban Doohee lab in Yeonsei University Korea]]</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <table style="width: 1026px" class=" cke_show_border" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: rgb(51,102,0)" bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6"><span style="font-size: large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20History"><span style="font-size: x-large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)">Genomics History</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table style="width: 1026px" class=" cke_show_border" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: rgb(51,102,0)" bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6"><span style="font-size: large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Glossary"><span style="font-size: x-large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)">Genomics Glossary</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table style="width: 1026px" class=" cke_show_border" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: rgb(51,102,0)" bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6"><span style="font-size: large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Programs"><span style="font-size: x-large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)">Genomics Software Programs</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome%20alignement%20programs"><strong><font size="2">Genome alignement programs</font></strong></a></li> <li><strong><font size="2"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome%20visualization%20programs">Genome visualization programs</a></font></strong></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <table style="width: 1026px" class=" cke_show_border" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align: center" bgcolor="#ffffff">&nbsp;</td> <td style="background-color: rgb(51,102,0)" bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3"><span style="font-size: large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Image"><span style="font-size: x-large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><strong>Genomics Image</strong></span></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table style="width: 1026px" class=" cke_show_border" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: rgb(51,102,0)" bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6"><span style="font-size: large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><strong><a href="Genomics Portals"><span style="font-size: x-large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)">Genomics Portals</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table style="width: 1026px" class=" cke_show_border" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: rgb(51,102,0)" bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6"><span style="font-size: large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><strong><a href="Opinion on Genomics"><span style="font-size: x-large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)">Opinions on Genomics</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><a href="About Human Genome Project"><span style="font-size: small">About Human Genome Project</span></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table style="width: 1026px" class=" cke_show_border" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: rgb(51,102,0)" bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6"><span style="font-size: large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><strong><a href="Genomics Issues and Problems"><span style="font-size: x-large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)">Genomics Issues and Problems</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><a href="Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008"><span style="font-size: small">Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008</span></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table style="width: 1026px" class=" cke_show_border" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: rgb(51,102,0)" bgcolor="#336600" colspan="2"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><span style="font-size: large"><strong><a href="Read Journals and Publications"><span style="font-size: x-large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)">Genomics Journals</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="BMC Genomics"><font size="2">BMC Genomics</font></a></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genome Biology">Genome Biology</a>&nbsp;by BMC Ltd with Springer Science</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Elsevier Genomics">Elsevier Genomics</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="BMC Medical Genomics">BMC Medical Genomics</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Open Genomics Journal">Open Genomics Journal</a></font></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Physiological Genomics"><font size="2">Physiological Genomics</font></a><font size="2">&nbsp;by The American Physiological Society</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genome Research">Genome Research</a>&nbsp;by CSHL</font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genome from NRC press">Genome from NRC press</a></font></li> <li><font size="2"><a href="Genomics from Elsevier">Genomics from Elsevier</a></font></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table style="width: 1026px" class=" cke_show_border" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: rgb(51,102,0)" bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6"><span style="font-size: x-large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)">Genomics Books and Guide</span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium">&nbsp;[[Brief guide to Genomics]] by&nbsp;<span style="line-height: 18px; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif">&quot;National Human Genome Research Institute.&quot;</span></span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table style="width: 1026px" class=" cke_show_border" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: rgb(51,102,0)" bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6"> <p><span style="color: rgb(153,204,255)"><strong style="font-size: x-large">[[Genomics PPT and PDF presentation files]]</strong></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size: medium">&nbsp;[[Genome rights and genome industry enhancing bill]] by&nbsp;<span style="line-height: 18px; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif">Jong Bhak (in Korean)</span></span></p> </li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table style="width: 1098px" class=" cke_show_border" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: rgb(51,102,0)" bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6"><span style="font-size: x-large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><strong>Genomics in TV and Media</strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium">&nbsp;<b>BBC analysis on Human Genome after 10 years in YouTube</b>: &nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Mu9Qv-lSrU&amp;feature=autoplay&amp;list=PLC67E043CBD218D2D&amp;playnext=2"><span style="font-size: medium">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Mu9Qv-lSrU&amp;feature=autoplay&amp;list=PLC67E043CBD218D2D&amp;playnext=2</span></a></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium"><b>Boys cured with Gene Therapy 2004 article</b>:&nbsp;</span><a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4101411.stm"><span style="font-size: medium">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4101411.stm</span></a></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium">[[Theragen BiO Institute]]</span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table style="width: 1026px" class=" cke_show_border" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: rgb(51,102,0)" bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6"><span style="font-size: large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><strong><a href="Genome Wish"><span style="font-size: x-large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)">Genome Wish</span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-large">:<b>what I can do with my genome.</b></span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table style="width: 1026px" class=" cke_show_border" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: rgb(51,102,0)" bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6"><span style="font-size: large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="Genomics version 2.0"><span style="font-size: x-large"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)">Genomics version 2.0</span></strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table style="width: 1026px" class=" cke_show_border" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: rgb(51,102,0)" bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6"><span style="font-size: large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="Full Genomics"><span style="font-size: x-large"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)">Full Genomics</span></strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table style="width: 1026px" class=" cke_show_border" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align: center" bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size: large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><strong><font color="#808080" size="6">♬</font></strong></span></span></td> <td style="background-color: rgb(51,102,0)" bgcolor="#336600" colspan="3"><span style="font-size: large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="Genomic Art"><span style="font-size: x-large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><strong>Genomic Art</strong></span></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table style="width: 1026px" class=" cke_show_border" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: rgb(51,102,0)" bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6"><span style="font-size: x-large"><strong style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); color: rgb(255,255,255); font-size: large"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;۩&nbsp;</font></strong></span><span style="font-size: large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><strong><a href="Genomics Prizes"><span style="color: rgb(255,153,0)"><span style="font-size: x-large">Genomics Prizes</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table style="width: 1026px" class=" cke_show_border" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: rgb(51,102,0)" bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6"><span style="font-size: large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><strong><a href="Genome references"><span style="font-size: x-large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)">Genome references</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table style="width: 1026px" class=" cke_show_border" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: rgb(51,102,0)" bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6"><span style="font-size: large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><strong><a href="Post genomics era"><span style="font-size: x-large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)">Post genomics era</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium">Genomics era has arrived in 2008. Post-genomics era will come in 2050. - Jong Bhak</span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table style="width: 1026px" class=" cke_show_border" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: rgb(51,102,0)" bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6"><span style="color: rgb(204,255,204)"><span style="font-size: xx-large">&sect;</span></span><span style="font-size: xx-large">&nbsp;</span><a href="External links"><span style="font-size: large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><strong><span style="font-size: x-large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)">External links</span></span></strong></span></span></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium"><a href="http://www.cdc.gov/genomics">CDC genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium"><a href="http://bioinfoblog.it/">Bioinfoblog.it</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium"><a href="http://proteome.net">Proteome.net</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium"><a href="http://microbiome.org">Microbiome.org</a></span><font size="2"><a href="http://www.biodata.com"><span style="font-size: medium">Laboratory Management</span></a></font></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium"><a href="http://microbiomics.org/">Microbiomics.org</a></span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table style="width: 1026px" class=" cke_show_border" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: rgb(51,102,0)" bgcolor="#336600" colspan="6"><span style="font-size: x-large"><span style="color: rgb(255,255,255)"><strong>&nbsp;</strong></span></span><span style="color: rgb(255,255,0)"><span style="font-size: xx-large">►</span></span><strong style="color: rgb(255,255,255); font-size: x-large">Advertisement</strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: medium"><a href="Totalomics full sequencing and bioinformatics analysis service">Totalomics full sequencing and bioinformatics analysis service</a></span></li> <li><a href="About Genomics.org"><span style="font-size: medium">About Genomics.org</span></a><span style="font-size: medium">&nbsp;</span></li> <li><a href="Unleashing your genome"><span style="font-size: medium">Unleashing your genome</span></a></li> <li><a href="Who maintains Genomics.org?"><span style="font-size: medium">Who maintains Genomics.org?</span></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 03ef66cef9f1ce64ff4eb3a5c3efcb6333d83ff1 4703 4702 2016-01-26T14:47:10Z Ww 400007 wikitext text/x-wiki <p style="text-align:center">&nbsp;<img alt="" src="/userfiles/main.jpg" style="height:140px; text-align:center; width:700px" /></p> <p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:x-large"><em><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Openfree"><span style="font-size:xx-large"><strong>Openfree</strong></span></a></em><span style="font-size:xx-large"><strong><em>&nbsp;<span style="color:#ff0000">B</span><span style="color:#0000ff">I</span><span style="color:#339966">O</span> </em><span style="color:#99cc00"><em>Wiki</em></span></strong></span></span><strong><span style="font-size:xx-large">&nbsp;</span></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width:1026px"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align:center">&nbsp;</td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,0,153)"><span style="font-size:x-large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><strong>&nbsp;What is&nbsp;</strong></span></span><span style="font-size:large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics"><span style="font-size:x-large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)">Genomics</span></span></a></strong><span style="font-size:x-large"><strong>?</strong></span></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Getting your own Genome">Getting your own Genome</a></li> <li><a href="Personal Genome Project">Personal Genome Project</a></li> <li><a href="Possible genomic diseases of you">Possible genomic diseases of you</a></li> <li><a href="Storing your genome in you PC">Storing your genome in you PC</a></li> <li><a href="Fully sequenced genomes">Fully sequenced genomes</a></li> <li><a href="Full Genome Sequencing">Full Genome Sequencing</a></li> <li><a href="Genomic Equality">Genomic Equality</a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Free Genomics Project">Free Genomics Project</a></li> <li><a href="Free genomes">Free genomes</a></li> <li><a href="Viewing your genetics family">Viewing your genetics family</a></li> <li><a href="Specific Omics">Specific Omics</a></li> <li><a href="A brief guide to genomics from NHGRI">A brief guide to genomics from NHGRI</a></li> <li><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="Interesting things in your Genome">Interesting things in your Genome</a></span></li> <li><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="Public Genomics Project">Public Genomics Project</a></span></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="Compare your genome with other people's">Compare your genome with other people&#39;s</a></span></li> <li><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="Visualizing your genome">Visualizing your genome</a></span></li> <li><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="Genome Projects">Genome Projects</a></span></li> <li><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="Genome History">Genome History</a></span></li> <li>[[The principle of universal genome]]<br /> &nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width:1026px"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align:center">&nbsp;</td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(51,0,204)"><span style="font-size:large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genomics"><span style="font-size:x-large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)">Human Genomics</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Fully%20sequenced%20human%20genomes">Fully sequenced human genomes</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Fully%20sequenced%20female%20human%20genome">Fully sequenced female human genome</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mitochondrial%20Genomics">Mitochondrial Genomics</a>: Human mitochondrial genomics.</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Y%20Genomics">Y Genomics</a>: Human Y chromosome genomics.</li> <li>[[HelloGene]]</li> </ul> </td> <td> <p>&nbsp;　<span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)">ㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇ</span></p> </td> <td> <p><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)">&nbsp;ㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇ</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width:1026px"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color:rgb(51,102,0)"><span style="font-size:large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><strong><a href="Genomics News Links"><span style="font-size:x-large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)">Genomics News Links</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Genomics Major Paper Publication"><span style="font-size:small">Genomics Major Paper Publication</span></a></li> <li><a href="Your writing contribution to Genomics"><span style="font-size:small">Your writing contribution to Genomics</span></a></li> <li><a href="Personal Genomics Issues"><span style="font-size:small">Personal Genomics Issues</span></a><span style="font-size:small">&nbsp;<strong>(</strong></span><strong><a href="Genomic ethics"><span style="font-size:small">Genomic ethics</span></a></strong><span style="font-size:small"><strong>)</strong></span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width:1026px"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color:rgb(51,102,0)"><span style="font-size:large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Species%20Specific%20Genomics"><span style="font-size:x-large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)">Species Specific Genomics</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><span style="font-size:medium"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Animal%20genomics">Animal genomics</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Plant%20genomics">Plant genomics</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Microbial%20genomics">Microbial genomics</a></strong></span></p> <ul> <li>[[Primate Genomics]]</li> <li><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/C.%20elegans%20Genomics">C. elegans Genomics</a></strong></li> <li><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Cow%20genome">Cow genome</a></strong></li> <li><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Daphnia%20Genomics%20Consortium%20(DGC)">Daphnia Genomics Consortium (DGC)</a>(<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Insect%20genome">Insect genome</a>)</strong></li> <li><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Rice%20Genome%20at%20BGI%20China">Rice Genome at BGI China</a></strong></li> <li><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Sol%20Genomics">Sol Genomics</a>: Tomato</strong></li> <li><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Tiger%20Genome">Tiger Genome</a>:&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/TigerGenome%20Project%20by%20PGI%20Korea">TigerGenome Project by PGI Korea</a>.</strong></li> <li><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Yeast%20Genome">Yeast Genome</a>: SGD</strong></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">&nbsp;<span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255)"><span style="font-size:x-large"><strong>◇&nbsp;</strong></span></span></span><span style="background-color:rgb(51,0,204); color:rgb(255,255,255); font-size:medium"><a href="The first genomes"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255)"><span style="font-size:x-large"><strong>The first genomes</strong></span></span></span></a></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width:1026px"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color:rgb(51,102,0)"><span style="font-size:large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Projects"><span style="font-size:x-large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)">Genomics Projects</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li>PGP&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal%20Genome%20Project">Personal Genome Project</a></li> <li>&quot;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/$0%20Genomics%20Project">$0 Genomics Project</a>&quot; Launched on-line. Please sign<em>!</em></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome%2010k%20Project">Genome 10k Project</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width:1026px"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:rgb(51,102,0)"><span style="font-size:large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20List"><span style="font-size:x-large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)">Genomics List</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Agrogenomics">Agrogenomics</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Anthropogenomics">Anthropogenomics</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Autogenomics">Autogenomics</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chemicogenomics">Chemicogenomics</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chemogenomics">Chemogenomics</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chemgenomics">Chemgenomics</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Demogenomics">Demogenomics</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Ecogenomics">Ecogenomics</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Econogenomics">Econogenomics</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Equigenomics">Equigenomics</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Ethnogenomics">Ethnogenomics</a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Eugenomics">Eugenomics</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Gastrogenomics">Gastrogenomics</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Getontogenomics">Getontogenomics</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Gerogenomics">Gerogenomics</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Hepatogenomics">Hepatogenomics</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Immunogenomics">Immunogenomics</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Immunomics">Immunomics</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mammogenomics">Mammogenomics</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Metagenomics">Metagenomics</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Microgenomics">Microgenomics</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mitogenomics">Mitogenomics</a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mycogenomics">Mycogenomics</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nanogenomics">Nanogenomics</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Neurogenomics">Neurogenomics</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/NitroGenomics">NitroGenomics</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nutrigenomics">Nutrigenomics</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nutragenomics">Nutragenomics</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Omnigenomics">Omnigenomics</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Oncogenomics">Oncogenomics</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Osteogenomics">Osteogenomics</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Pangenomics">Pangenomics</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Phylogenomics">Phylogenomics</a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li>&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Phytogenomics">Phytogenomics</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Pulmogenomics">Pulmogenomics</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Psychogenomics">Psychogenomics</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Supergenomics">Supergenomics</a></li> <li>[[syntheticgenomics]]</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Toxicogenomics">Toxicogenomics</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width:1026px"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:rgb(51,102,0)"><span style="font-size:x-large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><strong>Genomics Branches</strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Comparative%20Genomics">Comparative Genomics</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Free%20Genomics">Free Genomics</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Health%20Genomics">Health Genomics</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genomics">Human Genomics</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Open%20Genomics">Open Genomics</a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal%20Genomics">Personal Genomics</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Public%20Genomics">Public Genomics</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Public%20Health%20Genomics">Public Health Genomics</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Synthetic%20Genomics">Synthetic Genomics</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width:1026px"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:rgb(51,102,0)"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><span style="font-size:large"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Essays%20and%20Opinions"><span style="font-size:x-large"><strong><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)">Genomics Essays and Opinions</span></strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/The%20Ultimate%20information%20of%20human%20beings">The Ultimate information of human beings</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Who%20have%20to%20insist%20on%20the%20first%20in%20genomics">Who have to insist on the first in genomics</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomic%20Philosophy">Genomic Philosophy</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="height:172px; width:1020px"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color:rgb(51,102,0)"><span style="font-size:large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><strong><span style="font-size:large"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Projects"><span style="font-size:x-large"><span style="color:rgb(255,0,0)">G<span style="color:rgb(255,153,0)">e</span><span style="color:rgb(255,204,0)">n</span><span style="color:rgb(255,204,153)">o</span>mics&nbsp;<span style="color:rgb(0,255,255)">P</span><span style="color:rgb(204,255,255)">u</span><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)">b</span>lication</span></span></a><span style="font-size:x-large"><span style="color:rgb(255,0,0)">&nbsp;and&nbsp;<span style="color:rgb(0,255,255)">P</span>apers</span></span></span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:medium">[[Genomics]] Journal from ScienceDirect (</span><a href="http://www.journals.elsevier.com/genomics/">http://www.journals.elsevier.com/genomics/</a>)</li> <li><strong><span style="font-size:small">Genome Research</span></strong></li> <li><strong><span style="font-size:small">Genome Biology</span></strong></li> <li><strong>[[BMC Genomics]]</strong></li> <li><strong><span style="font-size:small">[[Major Genome Sequencing and Analysis&nbsp;Paper authors]]</span></strong></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width:1026px"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align:center">&nbsp;</td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(51,102,0)"><span style="font-size:large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="Genomics Analysis Tools and Technology"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><strong>Genomics Analysis Tools and Technology</strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="BioPipelines">BioPipelines</a></li> <li><a href="Biomatics">Biomatics</a></li> <li><a href="Genome compression">Genome compression</a></li> <li><a href="Amalga">Amalga</a>&nbsp;from Microsoft</li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Sequencing">Sequencing</a></li> <li><a href="GRID technology">GRID technology</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></li> <li><a href="SNP chip">SNP chip</a></li> <li><a href="Genome sequence mapping">Genome sequence mapping</a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="Omics">Omics</a></span></li> <li><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="BioEngine">BioEngine</a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)">ㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎ</span></li> <li><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="BioComputing">BioComputing</a></span></li> <li><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="JMP Genomics">JMP Genomics</a>&nbsp;by SAS</span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width:1026px"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align:center">&nbsp;</td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(51,102,0)"><span style="font-size:large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Companies"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><strong>Genomics Companies</strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/23andme.com">23andme.com</a></li> <li>Bhak BiO Consulting (http://bhakbio.com)</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/DNAgenotek.com">DNAgenotek.com</a>:Saliva DNA</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Knome.com">Knome.com</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Navigenics.com">Navigenics.com</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Nimblegen">Nimblegen</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Integrated%20Genomics">Integrated Genomics</a>: Chicago based</li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Affymetrix">Affymetrix</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Celera">Celera</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genome%20Sciences,%20Inc.">Human Genome Sciences, Inc.</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)">ㄹㄹ</span></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Microsoft">Microsoft</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal%20Genome%20Companies">Personal Genome Companies</a></li> <li>[[Selah Genomics]]</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Synthetic%20Genomics">Synthetic Genomics</a>: by Venter</li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li>[[Agilent Genomics]]</li> <li><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Agowa">Agowa</a></span></li> <li><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Decodeme.com">Decodeme.com</a></span></li> <li><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Decode">Decode</a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)">ㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎ</span></li> <li><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Illumina">Illumina</a></span></li> <li><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/NanoGen">NanoGen</a></span></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/U.S.%20Genomics">U.S. Genomics</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width:1026px"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background-color:rgb(51,102,0)"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><span style="font-size:large"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Meetings"><span style="font-size:x-large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)">Genomics Meetings</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2010%20Genomics%20Meetings">2010 Genomics Meetings</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2007%20Genomics%20Meetings">2007 Genomics Meetings</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2004%20Genomics%20Meetings">2004 Genomics Meetings</a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2009%20Genomics%20Meetings">2009 Genomics Meetings</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2006%20Genomics%20Meetings">2006 Genomics Meetings</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2003%20Genomics%20Meetings">2003 Genomics Meetings</a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2008%20Genomics%20Meetings">2008 Genomics Meetings</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2005%20Genomics%20Meetings">2005 Genomics Meetings</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/2002%20Genomics%20Meetings">2002 Genomics Meetings</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width:1026px"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:rgb(51,102,0)"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><span style="font-size:large"><span style="font-size:x-large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Centers"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)">Genomics Institutes and Centers</span></a></strong></span></span></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Sanger%20Institute">Sanger Institute</a>&nbsp;UK</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/BGI">BGI</a>&nbsp;China</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/PGI">PGI</a>&nbsp;Korea</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/JGI">JGI</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/IGS%20at%20Maryland">IGS</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/IGB%20at%20UCI">IGB at UCI</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/JCVI">JCVI</a>&nbsp;USA</li> <li>[[Genomics in CDC (USA)]]</li> <li>[[DOE Genomics]]</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width:1026px"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:rgb(51,102,0)"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><span style="font-size:large"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Organizations%20and%20Alliances"><span style="font-size:x-large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><strong>Genomics Organizations and Alliances</strong></span></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><a href="http://bioitalliance.org/">Microsoft BioIT Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/GenomeFoundation.org">GenomeFoundation.org</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Stanford%20Genomics%20Resources">Stanford Genomics Resources</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width:1026px"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:rgb(51,102,0)"><span style="font-size:large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><strong><span style="font-size:x-large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20People">Genomics People</a>&nbsp; (put your name in this section)</span></span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/You!"><strong>You!</strong></a></li> <li><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Craig%20Venter">Craig Venter</a></strong></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Fred%20Sanger">Fred Sanger</a></strong></li> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/George%20Church">George Church</a></strong></li> <li><span style="font-size:small"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Yang%20Huanming">Yang Huanming</a></strong></span></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/James%20Watson">James Watson</a></strong></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width:1026px"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:rgb(51,102,0)"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><span style="font-size:large"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20by%20Country"><span style="font-size:x-large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><strong>Genomics by Country</strong></span></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/British%20Genomics"><span style="font-size:medium">British Genomics</span></a><span style="font-size:medium">: Genomics in the UK</span></li> <li><span style="font-size:medium"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Canadian%20Genomics">Canadian Genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:medium"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Chinese%20Genomics">Chinese Genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:medium"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Korean%20Genomics">Korean Genomics</a></span><span style="font-size:medium">:&nbsp;</span><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/PGI"><span style="font-size:medium">PGI</span></a><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/TBI"><span style="font-size:medium">TBI</span></a></li> <li><span style="font-size:medium"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Netherlands%20Genomics">Netherlands Genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:medium"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/US%20Genomics">US Genomics</a></span><span style="font-size:medium">: Genomics in the USA</span></li> <li><span style="font-size:medium"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Japanese%20Genomics">Japanese Genomics</a></span><span style="font-size:medium">:&nbsp;</span><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/GenomeNet"><span style="font-size:medium">GenomeNet</span></a></li> <li><span style="font-size:medium">[[Autralian Genomics]]</span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width:1026px"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:rgb(51,102,0)"><span style="font-size:large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Methods"><span style="font-size:x-large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)">Genomics Methods</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li>Karyotyping</li> <li>Mass spectrometry</li> <li>Western blot</li> <li>Chromosomal watlking</li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li>PCR</li> <li>Yeast Two Hybrid</li> <li>Northern blot</li> <li>RFLP</li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li>Immunoprecipitation</li> <li>Southern blot</li> <li>Elisa</li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:small">[[Method of Sample (gDNA) Preparation for Sending out]]</span></p> </li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li>SDS-page</li> <li>Immunofluorescence</li> <li>Real-time PCR</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width:1026px"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:rgb(51,102,0)"><span style="font-size:large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Theory"><span style="font-size:x-large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,0)">Genomics L</span></span></a><span style="font-size:x-large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,0)">abs</span></span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;[[Dr. Ban Doohee lab in Yeonsei University Korea]]</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width:1026px"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:rgb(51,102,0)"><span style="font-size:large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20History"><span style="font-size:x-large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)">Genomics History</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width:1026px"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:rgb(51,102,0)"><span style="font-size:large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Glossary"><span style="font-size:x-large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)">Genomics Glossary</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width:1026px"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:rgb(51,102,0)"><span style="font-size:large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Programs"><span style="font-size:x-large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)">Genomics Software Programs</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome%20alignement%20programs"><strong>Genome alignement programs</strong></a></li> <li><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome%20visualization%20programs">Genome visualization programs</a></strong></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width:1026px"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align:center">&nbsp;</td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(51,102,0)"><span style="font-size:large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Image"><span style="font-size:x-large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><strong>Genomics Image</strong></span></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width:1026px"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:rgb(51,102,0)"><span style="font-size:large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><strong><a href="Genomics Portals"><span style="font-size:x-large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)">Genomics Portals</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width:1026px"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:rgb(51,102,0)"><span style="font-size:large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><strong><a href="Opinion on Genomics"><span style="font-size:x-large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)">Opinions on Genomics</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><a href="About Human Genome Project"><span style="font-size:small">About Human Genome Project</span></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width:1026px"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:rgb(51,102,0)"><span style="font-size:large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><strong><a href="Genomics Issues and Problems"><span style="font-size:x-large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)">Genomics Issues and Problems</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><a href="Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008"><span style="font-size:small">Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008</span></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width:1026px"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:rgb(51,102,0)"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><span style="font-size:large"><strong><a href="Read Journals and Publications"><span style="font-size:x-large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)">Genomics Journals</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="BMC Genomics">BMC Genomics</a></li> <li><a href="Genome Biology">Genome Biology</a>&nbsp;by BMC Ltd with Springer Science</li> <li><a href="Elsevier Genomics">Elsevier Genomics</a></li> <li><a href="BMC Medical Genomics">BMC Medical Genomics</a></li> <li><a href="Open Genomics Journal">Open Genomics Journal</a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Physiological Genomics">Physiological Genomics</a>&nbsp;by The American Physiological Society</li> <li><a href="Genome Research">Genome Research</a>&nbsp;by CSHL</li> <li><a href="Genome from NRC press">Genome from NRC press</a></li> <li><a href="Genomics from Elsevier">Genomics from Elsevier</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width:1026px"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:rgb(51,102,0)"><span style="font-size:x-large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><strong><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)">Genomics Books and Guide</span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:medium">&nbsp;[[Brief guide to Genomics]] by&nbsp;<span style="font-family:verdana,geneva,sans-serif">&quot;National Human Genome Research Institute.&quot;</span></span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width:1026px"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:rgb(51,102,0)"> <p><span style="color:rgb(153,204,255)"><strong>[[Genomics PPT and PDF presentation files]]</strong></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:medium">&nbsp;[[Genome rights and genome industry enhancing bill]] by&nbsp;<span style="font-family:verdana,geneva,sans-serif">Jong Bhak (in Korean)</span></span></p> </li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width:1098px"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:rgb(51,102,0)"><span style="font-size:x-large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><strong>Genomics in TV and Media</strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:medium">&nbsp;<strong>BBC analysis on Human Genome after 10 years in YouTube</strong>: &nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Mu9Qv-lSrU&amp;feature=autoplay&amp;list=PLC67E043CBD218D2D&amp;playnext=2"><span style="font-size:medium">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Mu9Qv-lSrU&amp;feature=autoplay&amp;list=PLC67E043CBD218D2D&amp;playnext=2</span></a></li> <li><span style="font-size:medium"><strong>Boys cured with Gene Therapy 2004 article</strong>:&nbsp;</span><a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4101411.stm"><span style="font-size:medium">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4101411.stm</span></a></li> <li><span style="font-size:medium">[[Theragen BiO Institute]]</span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width:1026px"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:rgb(51,102,0)"><span style="font-size:large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><strong><a href="Genome Wish"><span style="font-size:x-large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)">Genome Wish</span></span></a><span style="font-size:x-large">:<strong>what I can do with my genome.</strong></span></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width:1026px"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:rgb(51,102,0)"><span style="font-size:large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="Genomics version 2.0"><span style="font-size:x-large"><strong><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)">Genomics version 2.0</span></strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width:1026px"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:rgb(51,102,0)"><span style="font-size:large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="Full Genomics"><span style="font-size:x-large"><strong><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)">Full Genomics</span></strong></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width:1026px"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><strong>♬</strong></span></span></td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(51,102,0)"><span style="font-size:large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="Genomic Art"><span style="font-size:x-large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><strong>Genomic Art</strong></span></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td> <p><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)">ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width:1026px"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:rgb(51,102,0)"><span style="font-size:x-large"><strong>&nbsp;۩&nbsp;</strong></span><span style="font-size:large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><strong><a href="Genomics Prizes"><span style="color:rgb(255,153,0)"><span style="font-size:x-large">Genomics Prizes</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width:1026px"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:rgb(51,102,0)"><span style="font-size:large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><strong><a href="Genome references"><span style="font-size:x-large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)">Genome references</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li>&nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width:1026px"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:rgb(51,102,0)"><span style="font-size:large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><strong><a href="Post genomics era"><span style="font-size:x-large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)">Post genomics era</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:medium">Genomics era has arrived in 2008. Post-genomics era will come in 2050. - Jong Bhak</span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width:1026px"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:rgb(51,102,0)"><span style="color:rgb(204,255,204)"><span style="font-size:xx-large">&sect;</span></span><span style="font-size:xx-large">&nbsp;</span><a href="External links"><span style="font-size:large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><strong><span style="font-size:x-large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)">External links</span></span></strong></span></span></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:medium"><a href="http://www.cdc.gov/genomics">CDC genomics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:medium"><a href="http://bioinfoblog.it/">Bioinfoblog.it</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:medium"><a href="http://proteome.net">Proteome.net</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:medium"><a href="http://microbiome.org">Microbiome.org</a></span><a href="http://www.biodata.com"><span style="font-size:medium">Laboratory Management</span></a></li> <li><span style="font-size:medium"><a href="http://microbiomics.org/">Microbiomics.org</a></span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width:1026px"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:rgb(51,102,0)"><span style="font-size:x-large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><strong>&nbsp;</strong></span></span><span style="color:rgb(255,255,0)"><span style="font-size:xx-large">►</span></span><strong>Advertisement</strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:medium"><a href="Totalomics full sequencing and bioinformatics analysis service">Totalomics full sequencing and bioinformatics analysis service</a></span></li> <li><a href="About Genomics.org"><span style="font-size:medium">About Genomics.org</span></a><span style="font-size:medium">&nbsp;</span></li> <li><a href="Unleashing your genome"><span style="font-size:medium">Unleashing your genome</span></a></li> <li><a href="Who maintains Genomics.org?"><span style="font-size:medium">Who maintains Genomics.org?</span></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> dcf9bb3f17575524d82287f9e29fbad9e02b716b 4704 4703 2016-01-26T15:24:44Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p style="text-align:center">&nbsp;<img alt="" src="/userfiles/main.jpg" style="height:140px; text-align:center; width:700px" /></p> <p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:x-large"><em><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Openfree"><span style="font-size:xx-large"><strong>Openfree</strong></span></a></em><span style="font-size:xx-large"><strong><em>&nbsp;<span style="color:#ff0000">B</span><span style="color:#0000ff">I</span><span style="color:#339966">O</span> </em><span style="color:#99cc00"><em>Wiki</em></span></strong></span></span><strong><span style="font-size:xx-large">&nbsp;</span></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width:1026px"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align:center">&nbsp;</td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,0,153)"><span style="font-size:x-large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><strong>&nbsp;What is&nbsp;</strong></span></span><span style="font-size:large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics"><span style="font-size:x-large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)">Genomics</span></span></a></strong><span style="font-size:x-large"><strong>?</strong></span></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Getting your own Genome">Getting your own Genome</a></li> <li><a href="Personal Genome Project">Personal Genome Project</a></li> <li><a href="Possible genomic diseases of you">Possible genomic diseases of you</a></li> <li><a href="Storing your genome in you PC">Storing your genome in you PC</a></li> <li><a href="Fully sequenced genomes">Fully sequenced genomes</a></li> <li><a href="Full Genome Sequencing">Full Genome Sequencing</a></li> <li><a href="Genomic Equality">Genomic Equality</a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Free Genomics Project">Free Genomics Project</a></li> <li><a href="Free genomes">Free genomes</a></li> <li><a href="Viewing your genetics family">Viewing your genetics family</a></li> <li><a href="Specific Omics">Specific Omics</a></li> <li><a href="A brief guide to genomics from NHGRI">A brief guide to genomics from NHGRI</a></li> <li><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="Interesting things in your Genome">Interesting things in your Genome</a></span></li> <li><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="Public Genomics Project">Public Genomics Project</a></span></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="Compare your genome with other people's">Compare your genome with other people&#39;s</a></span></li> <li><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="Visualizing your genome">Visualizing your genome</a></span></li> <li><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="Genome Projects">Genome Projects</a></span></li> <li><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="Genome History">Genome History</a></span></li> <li>[[The principle of universal genome]]<br /> &nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width:1026px"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align:center">&nbsp;</td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(51,0,204)"><span style="font-size:large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genomics"><span style="font-size:x-large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)">Human Genomics</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Fully%20sequenced%20human%20genomes">Fully sequenced human genomes</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Fully%20sequenced%20female%20human%20genome">Fully sequenced female human genome</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mitochondrial%20Genomics">Mitochondrial Genomics</a>: Human mitochondrial genomics.</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Y%20Genomics">Y Genomics</a>: Human Y chromosome genomics.</li> <li>[[HelloGene]]</li> </ul> </td> <td> <p>&nbsp;　<span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)">ㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇ</span></p> </td> <td> <p><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)">&nbsp;ㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇ</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width:1026px"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color:rgb(51,102,0)"><span style="font-size:large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><strong><a href="Genomics News Links"><span style="font-size:x-large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)">Genomics News Links</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Genomics Major Paper Publication"><span style="font-size:small">Genomics Major Paper Publication</span></a></li> <li><a href="Your writing contribution to Genomics"><span style="font-size:small">Your writing contribution to Genomics</span></a></li> <li><a href="Personal Genomics Issues"><span style="font-size:small">Personal Genomics Issues</span></a><span style="font-size:small">&nbsp;<strong>(</strong></span><strong><a href="Genomic ethics"><span style="font-size:small">Genomic ethics</span></a></strong><span style="font-size:small"><strong>)</strong></span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width:1026px"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color:rgb(51,102,0)"><span style="font-size:large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Species%20Specific%20Genomics"><span style="font-size:x-large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)">Species Specific Genomics</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><span style="font-size:medium"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Animal%20genomics">Animal genomics</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Plant%20genomics">Plant genomics</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Microbial%20genomics">Microbial genomics</a></strong></span></p> <ul> <li>[[Primate Genomics]]</li> <li><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/C.%20elegans%20Genomics">C. elegans Genomics</a></strong></li> <li><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Cow%20genome">Cow genome</a></strong></li> <li><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Daphnia%20Genomics%20Consortium%20(DGC)">Daphnia Genomics Consortium (DGC)</a>(<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Insect%20genome">Insect genome</a>)</strong></li> <li><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Rice%20Genome%20at%20BGI%20China">Rice Genome at BGI China</a></strong></li> <li><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Sol%20Genomics">Sol Genomics</a>: Tomato</strong></li> <li><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Tiger%20Genome">Tiger Genome</a>:&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/TigerGenome%20Project%20by%20PGI%20Korea">TigerGenome Project by PGI Korea</a>.</strong></li> <li><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Yeast%20Genome">Yeast Genome</a>: SGD</strong></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">&nbsp;</span></p> fdfd41e3ba553b5994d510bb42ccb51af8a39d88 4708 4704 2016-01-27T12:36:12Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p style="text-align: center">&nbsp;<img alt="" src="/userfiles/main.jpg" style="height:140px; text-align:center; width:700px" /></p> <p style="text-align: center"><span style="font-size:x-large"><em><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Openfree"><span style="font-size:xx-large"><strong>Openfree</strong></span></a></em><span style="font-size:xx-large"><strong><em>&nbsp;<span style="color:#ff0000">B</span><span style="color:#0000ff">I</span><span style="color:#339966">O</span> </em><span style="color:#99cc00"><em>Wiki</em></span></strong></span></span><strong><span style="font-size:xx-large">&nbsp;</span></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width:100%"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align: center">&nbsp;</td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(255,0,153)"><span style="font-size:x-large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><strong>&nbsp;What is&nbsp;</strong></span></span><span style="font-size:large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics"><span style="font-size:x-large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)">Genomics</span></span></a></strong><span style="font-size:x-large"><strong>?</strong></span></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Getting your own Genome">Getting your own Genome</a></li> <li><a href="Personal Genome Project">Personal Genome Project</a></li> <li><a href="Possible genomic diseases of you">Possible genomic diseases of you</a></li> <li><a href="Storing your genome in you PC">Storing your genome in you PC</a></li> <li><a href="Fully sequenced genomes">Fully sequenced genomes</a></li> <li><a href="Full Genome Sequencing">Full Genome Sequencing</a></li> <li><a href="Genomic Equality">Genomic Equality</a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Free Genomics Project">Free Genomics Project</a></li> <li><a href="Free genomes">Free genomes</a></li> <li><a href="Viewing your genetics family">Viewing your genetics family</a></li> <li><a href="Specific Omics">Specific Omics</a></li> <li><a href="A brief guide to genomics from NHGRI">A brief guide to genomics from NHGRI</a></li> <li><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="Interesting things in your Genome">Interesting things in your Genome</a></span></li> <li><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="Public Genomics Project">Public Genomics Project</a></span></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="Compare your genome with other people's">Compare your genome with other people&#39;s</a></span></li> <li><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="Visualizing your genome">Visualizing your genome</a></span></li> <li><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="Genome Projects">Genome Projects</a></span></li> <li><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="Genome History">Genome History</a></span></li> <li>[[The principle of universal genome]]<br /> &nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width:100%"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align: center">&nbsp;</td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(51,0,204)"><span style="font-size:large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genomics"><span style="font-size:x-large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)">Human Genomics</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Fully%20sequenced%20human%20genomes">Fully sequenced human genomes</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Fully%20sequenced%20female%20human%20genome">Fully sequenced female human genome</a></li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Mitochondrial%20Genomics">Mitochondrial Genomics</a>: Human mitochondrial genomics.</li> <li><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Y%20Genomics">Y Genomics</a>: Human Y chromosome genomics.</li> <li>[[HelloGene]]</li> </ul> </td> <td> <p>&nbsp;　<span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)">ㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇ</span></p> </td> <td> <p><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)">&nbsp;ㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇ</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width:100%"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: rgb(51,102,0)"><span style="font-size:large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><strong><a href="Genomics News Links"><span style="font-size:x-large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)">Genomics News Links</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Genomics Major Paper Publication"><span style="font-size:small">Genomics Major Paper Publication</span></a></li> <li><a href="Your writing contribution to Genomics"><span style="font-size:small">Your writing contribution to Genomics</span></a></li> <li><a href="Personal Genomics Issues"><span style="font-size:small">Personal Genomics Issues</span></a><span style="font-size:small">&nbsp;<strong>(</strong></span><strong><a href="Genomic ethics"><span style="font-size:small">Genomic ethics</span></a></strong><span style="font-size:small"><strong>)</strong></span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width:100%"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: rgb(51,102,0)"><span style="font-size:large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Species%20Specific%20Genomics"><span style="font-size:x-large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)">Species Specific Genomics</span></span></a></strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><span style="font-size:medium"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Animal%20genomics">Animal genomics</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Plant%20genomics">Plant genomics</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Microbial%20genomics">Microbial genomics</a></strong></span></p> <ul> <li>[[Primate Genomics]]</li> <li><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/C.%20elegans%20Genomics">C. elegans Genomics</a></strong></li> <li><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Cow%20genome">Cow genome</a></strong></li> <li><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Daphnia%20Genomics%20Consortium%20(DGC)">Daphnia Genomics Consortium (DGC)</a>(<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Insect%20genome">Insect genome</a>)</strong></li> <li><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Rice%20Genome%20at%20BGI%20China">Rice Genome at BGI China</a></strong></li> <li><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Sol%20Genomics">Sol Genomics</a>: Tomato</strong></li> <li><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Tiger%20Genome">Tiger Genome</a>:&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/TigerGenome%20Project%20by%20PGI%20Korea">TigerGenome Project by PGI Korea</a>.</strong></li> <li><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Yeast%20Genome">Yeast Genome</a>: SGD</strong></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">&nbsp;</span></p> ef451d43d3b6fd29d98efcf44099d88df61ea7de 4709 4708 2016-01-27T12:37:38Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p style="text-align: center">&nbsp;<img alt="" src="/userfiles/main.jpg" style="height:140px; text-align:center; width:700px" /></p> <p style="text-align: center"><span style="font-size:x-large"><em><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Openfree"><span style="font-size:xx-large"><strong>Openfree</strong></span></a></em><span style="font-size:xx-large"><strong><em>&nbsp;<span style="color:#ff0000">B</span><span style="color:#0000ff">I</span><span style="color:#339966">O</span> </em><span style="color:#99cc00"><em>Wiki</em></span></strong></span></span><strong><span style="font-size:xx-large">&nbsp;</span></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width:100%"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="background-color: #000000"><span style="font-size:x-large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><strong>&nbsp;What is&nbsp;</strong></span></span><span style="font-size:large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics"><span style="font-size:x-large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)">Genomics</span></span></a></strong><span style="font-size:x-large"><strong>?</strong></span></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Getting your own Genome">Getting your own Genome</a></li> <li><a href="Personal Genome Project">Personal Genome Project</a></li> <li><a href="Possible genomic diseases of you">Possible genomic diseases of you</a></li> <li><a href="Storing your genome in you PC">Storing your genome in you PC</a></li> <li><a href="Fully sequenced genomes">Fully sequenced genomes</a></li> <li><a href="Full Genome Sequencing">Full Genome Sequencing</a></li> <li><a href="Genomic Equality">Genomic Equality</a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Free Genomics Project">Free Genomics Project</a></li> <li><a href="Free genomes">Free genomes</a></li> <li><a href="Viewing your genetics family">Viewing your genetics family</a></li> <li><a href="Specific Omics">Specific Omics</a></li> <li><a href="A brief guide to genomics from NHGRI">A brief guide to genomics from NHGRI</a></li> <li><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="Interesting things in your Genome">Interesting things in your Genome</a></span></li> <li><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="Public Genomics Project">Public Genomics Project</a></span></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="Compare your genome with other people's">Compare your genome with other people&#39;s</a></span></li> <li><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="Visualizing your genome">Visualizing your genome</a></span></li> <li><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="Genome Projects">Genome Projects</a></span></li> <li><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="Genome History">Genome History</a></span></li> <li>[[The principle of universal genome]]<br /> &nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width:100%"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: rgb(51,102,0)"><span style="font-size:large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><strong><a href="Genomics News Links"><span style="font-size:x-large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)">See</span></span></a> Also</strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Genomics Major Paper Publication"><span style="font-size:small">Genomics Major Paper Publication</span></a></li> <li><a href="Your writing contribution to Genomics"><span style="font-size:small">Your writing contribution to Genomics</span></a></li> <li><a href="Personal Genomics Issues"><span style="font-size:small">Personal Genomics Issues</span></a><span style="font-size:small">&nbsp;<strong>(</strong></span><strong><a href="Genomic ethics"><span style="font-size:small">Genomic ethics</span></a></strong><span style="font-size:small"><strong>)</strong></span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width:100%"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: rgb(51,102,0)"><span style="font-size:large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><strong>External Links</strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><span style="font-size:medium"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Animal%20genomics">Animal genomics</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Plant%20genomics">Plant genomics</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Microbial%20genomics">Microbial genomics</a></strong></span></p> <ul> <li>[[Primate Genomics]]</li> <li><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/C.%20elegans%20Genomics">C. elegans Genomics</a></strong></li> <li><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Cow%20genome">Cow genome</a></strong></li> <li><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Daphnia%20Genomics%20Consortium%20(DGC)">Daphnia Genomics Consortium (DGC)</a>(<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Insect%20genome">Insect genome</a>)</strong></li> <li><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Rice%20Genome%20at%20BGI%20China">Rice Genome at BGI China</a></strong></li> <li><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Sol%20Genomics">Sol Genomics</a>: Tomato</strong></li> <li><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Tiger%20Genome">Tiger Genome</a>:&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/TigerGenome%20Project%20by%20PGI%20Korea">TigerGenome Project by PGI Korea</a>.</strong></li> <li><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Yeast%20Genome">Yeast Genome</a>: SGD</strong></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">&nbsp;</span></p> c469fb719cc4fd12984b93b7e4628cbcd0bc41a1 4710 4709 2016-01-27T12:38:13Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p style="text-align: center">&nbsp;<img alt="" src="/userfiles/main.jpg" style="height:140px; text-align:center; width:700px" /></p> <p style="text-align: center"><span style="font-size:x-large"><span style="font-size:16px"><em><strong>Openfree</strong></em></span><span style="font-size:xx-large"><strong><em><span style="font-size:16px">&nbsp;</span></em><span style="color:#ff0000">B</span><span style="color:#0000ff">i</span><span style="color:#339966">O</span> <span style="color:#99cc00">Wiki</span></strong></span></span><strong><span style="font-size:xx-large">&nbsp;</span></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width:100%"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="background-color: #000000"><span style="font-size:x-large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><strong>&nbsp;What is&nbsp;</strong></span></span><span style="font-size:large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics"><span style="font-size:x-large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)">Genomics</span></span></a></strong><span style="font-size:x-large"><strong>?</strong></span></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Getting your own Genome">Getting your own Genome</a></li> <li><a href="Personal Genome Project">Personal Genome Project</a></li> <li><a href="Possible genomic diseases of you">Possible genomic diseases of you</a></li> <li><a href="Storing your genome in you PC">Storing your genome in you PC</a></li> <li><a href="Fully sequenced genomes">Fully sequenced genomes</a></li> <li><a href="Full Genome Sequencing">Full Genome Sequencing</a></li> <li><a href="Genomic Equality">Genomic Equality</a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Free Genomics Project">Free Genomics Project</a></li> <li><a href="Free genomes">Free genomes</a></li> <li><a href="Viewing your genetics family">Viewing your genetics family</a></li> <li><a href="Specific Omics">Specific Omics</a></li> <li><a href="A brief guide to genomics from NHGRI">A brief guide to genomics from NHGRI</a></li> <li><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="Interesting things in your Genome">Interesting things in your Genome</a></span></li> <li><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="Public Genomics Project">Public Genomics Project</a></span></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="Compare your genome with other people's">Compare your genome with other people&#39;s</a></span></li> <li><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="Visualizing your genome">Visualizing your genome</a></span></li> <li><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="Genome Projects">Genome Projects</a></span></li> <li><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="Genome History">Genome History</a></span></li> <li>[[The principle of universal genome]]<br /> &nbsp;</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width:100%"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: rgb(51,102,0)"><span style="font-size:large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><strong><a href="Genomics News Links"><span style="font-size:x-large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)">See</span></span></a> Also</strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="Genomics Major Paper Publication"><span style="font-size:small">Genomics Major Paper Publication</span></a></li> <li><a href="Your writing contribution to Genomics"><span style="font-size:small">Your writing contribution to Genomics</span></a></li> <li><a href="Personal Genomics Issues"><span style="font-size:small">Personal Genomics Issues</span></a><span style="font-size:small">&nbsp;<strong>(</strong></span><strong><a href="Genomic ethics"><span style="font-size:small">Genomic ethics</span></a></strong><span style="font-size:small"><strong>)</strong></span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width:100%"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: rgb(51,102,0)"><span style="font-size:large"><span style="color:rgb(255,255,255)"><strong>External Links</strong></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><span style="font-size:medium"><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Animal%20genomics">Animal genomics</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Plant%20genomics">Plant genomics</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Microbial%20genomics">Microbial genomics</a></strong></span></p> <ul> <li>[[Primate Genomics]]</li> <li><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/C.%20elegans%20Genomics">C. elegans Genomics</a></strong></li> <li><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Cow%20genome">Cow genome</a></strong></li> <li><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Daphnia%20Genomics%20Consortium%20(DGC)">Daphnia Genomics Consortium (DGC)</a>(<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Insect%20genome">Insect genome</a>)</strong></li> <li><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Rice%20Genome%20at%20BGI%20China">Rice Genome at BGI China</a></strong></li> <li><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Sol%20Genomics">Sol Genomics</a>: Tomato</strong></li> <li><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Tiger%20Genome">Tiger Genome</a>:&nbsp;<a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/TigerGenome%20Project%20by%20PGI%20Korea">TigerGenome Project by PGI Korea</a>.</strong></li> <li><strong><a href="http://genomics.org/index.php/Yeast%20Genome">Yeast Genome</a>: SGD</strong></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">&nbsp;</span></p> 30725745574512f86b5970daffecb965a763d833 4711 4710 2020-03-02T06:53:57Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p style="text-align: center;"><img width=795 height=198 src=http://Diagnome.org/upload/20200302155347main3.jpg></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">'''''Openfree'''''</span><span style="font-size: xx-large;">'''''<span style="font-size: 16px;">&nbsp;</span>''<span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">B</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);">i</span><span style="color: rgb(51, 153, 102);">O</span> <span style="color: rgb(153, 204, 0);">Wiki</span>'''</span></span>'''<span style="font-size: xx-large;">&nbsp;</span>'''</p> &nbsp; {| style="width: 100%;" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" |- | style="background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" colspan="3" | <span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">'''&nbsp;What is&nbsp;'''</span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">'''[http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics <span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics</span></span>]'''<span style="font-size: x-large;">'''?'''</span></span></span> |- | *[[Getting your own Genome]] *[[Personal Genome Project]] *[[Possible genomic diseases of you]] *[[Storing your genome in you PC]] *[[Fully sequenced genomes]] *[[Full Genome Sequencing]] *[[Genomic Equality]] | *[[Free Genomics Project]] *[[Free genomes]] *[[Viewing your genetics family]] *[[Specific Omics]] *[[A brief guide to genomics from NHGRI]] *<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">[[Interesting things in your Genome]]</span> *<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">[[Public Genomics Project]]</span> | *<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">[[Compare your genome with other people's]]</span> *<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">[[Visualizing your genome]]</span> *<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">[[Genome Projects]]</span> *<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">[[Genome History]]</span> *[[The_principle_of_universal_genome|The principle of universal genome]]<br/> &nbsp; |} &nbsp; {| style="width: 100%;" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" |- | style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);" | <span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">'''[[&#124;<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">See</span></span>]] Also'''</span></span> |- | *[[&#124;<span style="font-size: small;">Genomics Major Paper Publication</span>]] *[[&#124;<span style="font-size: small;">Your writing contribution to Genomics</span>]] *[[&#124;<span style="font-size: small;">Personal Genomics Issues</span>]]<span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;'''('''</span>'''[[&#124;<span style="font-size: small;">Genomic ethics</span>]]'''<span style="font-size: small;">''')'''</span> |} &nbsp; {| style="width: 100%;" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" |- | style="background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);" | <span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">'''External Links'''</span></span> |- | <span style="font-size: medium;">'''[http://genomics.org/index.php/Animal%20genomics Animal genomics]&nbsp;[http://genomics.org/index.php/Plant%20genomics Plant genomics]&nbsp;[http://genomics.org/index.php/Microbial%20genomics Microbial genomics]'''</span> *[[Primate_Genomics|Primate Genomics]] *'''[http://genomics.org/index.php/C.%20elegans%20Genomics C. elegans Genomics]''' *'''[http://genomics.org/index.php/Cow%20genome Cow genome]''' *'''[http://genomics.org/index.php/Daphnia%20Genomics%20Consortium%20(DGC) Daphnia Genomics Consortium (DGC)]([http://genomics.org/index.php/Insect%20genome Insect genome])''' *'''[http://genomics.org/index.php/Rice%20Genome%20at%20BGI%20China Rice Genome at BGI China]''' *'''[http://genomics.org/index.php/Sol%20Genomics Sol Genomics]: Tomato''' *'''[http://genomics.org/index.php/Tiger%20Genome Tiger Genome]:&nbsp;[http://genomics.org/index.php/TigerGenome%20Project%20by%20PGI%20Korea TigerGenome Project by PGI Korea].''' *'''[http://genomics.org/index.php/Yeast%20Genome Yeast Genome]: SGD''' |} <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">&nbsp;</span> 41c30830fc6a02688449c37f4f88e7285f05045e 4712 4711 2020-03-02T08:39:38Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <img width=718 height=179 src=http://Diagnome.org/upload/20200302173932main3.jpg> {| width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" |- | <span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: xx-large;">'''<span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">B</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);">i</span><span style="color: rgb(51, 153, 102);">O</span> <span style="color: rgb(153, 204, 0);">Wiki</span>'''</span></span>'''<span style="font-size: xx-large;">&nbsp;</span>'''<span style="font-size: 16px;">'''is an ''openfree'' bioinfomation encyclopedia. &nbsp;'''</span> *'''We aim to make all the contents be 100% free to use without any restriction.''' *'''Add words and modify them freely after creating a user account.''' *'''We are making a biology specific openfree encyclopedia for the world.&nbsp;''' *'''The contents here are all public domain.''' | width="3%" | &nbsp; | width="15%" | *'''<font color="#002bb8">[[Sitemap|Sitemap]]</font>''' *'''[http://biopedia.org/index.php/Wiki-Help <font color="#002bb8">Wiki-Help</font>]''' *'''[http://biopedia.org/index.php/Support_us <font color="#002bb8">Support us</font>]''' |} &nbsp; {| style="width: 100%;" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" |- | style="background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" colspan="3" | <span style="font-size: 22px;">'''<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">What is </span>[[Genomics|<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics</span>]]<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">?</span>'''</span> |- | *[[Getting_your_own_Genome|Getting your own Genome]] *[[Personal_Genome_Project|Personal Genome Project]] *[[Possible_genomic_diseases_of_you|Possible genomic diseases of you]] *[[Storing_your_genome_in_you_PC|Storing your genome in you PC]] *[[Fully_sequenced_genomes|Fully sequenced genomes]] *[[Full_Genome_Sequencing|Full Genome Sequencing]] *[[Genomic_Equality|Genomic Equality]] | *[[Free_Genomics_Project|Free Genomics Project]] *[[Free_genomes|Free genomes]] *[[Viewing_your_genetics_family|Viewing your genetics family]] *[[Specific_Omics|Specific Omics]] *[[A_brief_guide_to_genomics_from_NHGRI|A brief guide to genomics from NHGRI]] *<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">[[Interesting_things_in_your_Genome|Interesting things in your Genome]]</span> *<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">[[Public_Genomics_Project|Public Genomics Project]]</span> | *<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">[[Compare_your_genome_with_other_people's|Compare your genome with other people's]]</span> *<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">[[Visualizing_your_genome|Visualizing your genome]]</span> *<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">[[Genome_Projects|Genome Projects]]</span> *<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">[[Genome_History|Genome History]]</span> *[[The_principle_of_universal_genome|The principle of universal genome]]<br/> &nbsp; |} &nbsp; {| style="width: 100%;" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" |- | style="background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" colspan="3" | <span style="font-size: 22px;">'''[[Genomics|<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Genomics</span>]]<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;</span>[[Action_Oriented_Folder|<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Action Oriented Folder</span>]]'''</span> |- | *<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">[[Analyze|Analyze]]</span></span> *<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">[[Access|Access]]</span></span> *<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">[[Advertise|Advertise]]</span></span> *<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">[[Browse|Browse]]</span></span> *<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">[[Read|Read]]</span></span> | *<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">[[Publish|Publish]]</span></span> *<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">[[Learn|Learn]]</span></span> *<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">[[Research|Research]]</span></span> *<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">[[Classify|Classify]]</span></span> *<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">[[Write|Write]]</span></span> | *<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">[[Store|Store]]</span></span> *<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">[[Use|Use]]</span></span> *<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">[[Test|Test]]</span></span> *<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">[[Watch|Watch]]</span></span> |- | style="text-align: center;" | '''<span style="font-size: 20px;">[[Genome_Projects|<span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Genome Projects</span>]]</span>''' | style="text-align: center;" | '''<span style="font-size: 20px;">[[Genomics_Training|<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);">Genomics Training</span>]]</span>''' | style="text-align: center;" | '''<span style="font-size: 20px;">[[Genome_Analysis_Tools|<span style="color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Genome Analysis Tools</span>]]</span>''' |} ea3716207899e969dcca931a2ec5cb70fa930365 4714 4712 2020-03-09T00:37:01Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki {| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" width="100%" |- | <span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: xx-large;">'''<span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">B</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);">i</span><span style="color: rgb(51, 153, 102);">O</span> <span style="color: rgb(153, 204, 0);">Wiki</span>'''</span></span>'''<span style="font-size: xx-large;">&nbsp;</span>'''<span style="font-size: 16px;">'''is an ''openfree''&nbsp;hypertest bioencyclopedia.&nbsp;&nbsp;'''</span> |} {| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 100%;" |- | colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" | <span style="font-size: 22px;">'''<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">What&nbsp;</span>'''</span> |- | *[[Biowiki project]] |} {| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 100%;" |- | colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" | <font color="#ffffff"><span style="font-size: 22px;">'''Folders'''</span></font> |- | *<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">[[Analyze|Analyze]]</span></span> *<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">[[Access|Access]]</span></span> *<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">[[Advertise|Advertise]]</span></span> *<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">[[Browse|Browse]]</span></span> *<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">[[Read|Read]]</span></span> |} ae966d7099f16c5eec55f0097048af4ed8cb37ae 4716 4714 2020-03-09T01:31:02Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki {| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" width="100%" |- | <span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: xx-large;">'''<span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">B</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);">i</span><span style="color: rgb(51, 153, 102);">O</span> <span style="color: rgb(153, 204, 0);">Wiki</span>'''</span></span>'''<span style="font-size: xx-large;">&nbsp;</span>'''<span style="font-size: 16px;">'''is an ''openfree''&nbsp;hypertest bioencyclopedia.&nbsp;&nbsp;'''</span> |} {| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 100%;" |- | colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" | <span style="font-size: 22px;">'''<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">What&nbsp;</span>'''</span> |- | *[[Biowiki_project|Biowiki project]] |} {| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 100%;" |- | colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" | <font color="#ffffff"><span style="font-size: 22px;">'''Folders'''</span></font> |- | *<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">[[Analyze|Analyze]]</span></span> *<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">[[Access|Access]]</span></span> *<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">[[Advertise|Advertise]]</span></span> *<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">[[Browse|Browse]]</span></span> *<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">[[Read|Read]]</span></span> |} 6d97beb8fa1e4ca8887b2a13088a0f9ab2e470b5 0 2690 4687 2013-09-20T05:05:47Z S 300001 Created page with "<p>&nbsp;</p> <h1 class="article-heading" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 28.799999237060547px; font-weight: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); line-height: 1...." wikitext text/x-wiki <p>&nbsp;</p> <h1 class="article-heading" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 28.799999237060547px; font-weight: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); line-height: 1.173; font-family: arial, helvetica, 'ＭＳ Ｐゴシック', 'ＭＳ ゴシック', Osaka, 'MS PGothic', sans-serif;">The tiger genome and comparative analysis with lion and snow leopard genomes</h1> <ul class="authors citation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, 'ＭＳ Ｐゴシック', 'ＭＳ ゴシック', Osaka, 'MS PGothic', sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 23.912500381469727px;"> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-1" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Yun Sung Cho</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-2" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Li Hu</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-3" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Haolong Hou</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-4" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Hang Lee</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-5" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Jiaohui Xu</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-6" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Soowhan Kwon</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-7" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Sukhun Oh</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-8" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Hak-Min Kim</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-9" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Sungwoong Jho</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-10" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Sangsoo Kim</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-11" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Young-Ah Shin</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-12" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Byung Chul Kim</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-13" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Hyunmin Kim</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-14" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Chang-uk Kim</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-15" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Shu-Jin Luo</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-16" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Warren E. Johnson</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-17" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Klaus-Peter Koepfli</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-18" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Anne Schmidt-K&uuml;ntzel</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-19" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Jason A. Turner</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-20" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Laurie Marker</span></a><span class="comma" style="display: inline;">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-21" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Cindy Harper</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-22" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Susan M. Miller</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-23" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Wilhelm Jacobs</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-24" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Laura D. Bertola</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-25" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Tae Hyung Kim</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-26" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Sunghoon Lee</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-27" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Qian Zhou</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-28" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Hyun-Ju Jung</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-29" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Xiao Xu</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-30" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Priyvrat Gadhvi</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-31" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Pengwei Xu</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-32" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Yingqi Xiong</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-33" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Yadan Luo</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-34" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Shengkai Pan</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-35" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Caiyun Gou</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-36" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Xiuhui Chu</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-37" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Jilin Zhang</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-38" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Sanyang Liu</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-39" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Jing He</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-40" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Ying Chen</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-41" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Linfeng Yang</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-42" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Yulan Yang</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-43" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Jiaju He</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-44" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Sha Liu</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-45" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Junyi Wang</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-46" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Chul Hong Kim</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-47" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Hwanjong Kwak</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-48" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Jong-Soo Kim</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-49" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Seungwoo Hwang</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-50" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Junsu Ko</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-51" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Chang-Bae Kim</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-52" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Sangtae Kim</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-53" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Damdin Bayarlkhagva</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-54" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Woon Kee Paek</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-55" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Seong-Jin Kim</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard c1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-56" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Stephen J. O&rsquo;Brien</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard c1 no-comma" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-57" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Jun Wang</span></a></li> <li class="vcard last-author c1 no-comma" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">&amp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">[[</span><span class="fn" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-58" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Jong Bha</span></a></span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span class="fn" style="text-decoration: none;">k]]</span></span></li> </ul> <ul id="author-links" class="cleared" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, 'ＭＳ Ｐゴシック', 'ＭＳ ゴシック', Osaka, 'MS PGothic', sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 23.912500381469727px;"> <li class="first" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em 0px 0px; list-style: none; float: left; background-image: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-position: 0px 0.6ex; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#affil-auth" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold;">Affiliations</a></li> <li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em; list-style: none; float: left; background-image: url(http://www.nature.com/view/images/bg_pipe.gif); background-attachment: scroll; background-position: 0px 0.6ex; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#contrib-auth" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold;">Contributions</a></li> <li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em; list-style: none; float: left; background-image: url(http://www.nature.com/view/images/bg_pipe.gif); background-attachment: scroll; background-position: 0px 0.6ex; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#corres-auth" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold;">Corresponding authors</a></li> </ul> <dl class="citation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, 'ＭＳ Ｐゴシック', 'ＭＳ ゴシック', Osaka, 'MS PGothic', sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 23.912500381469727px;"><dd class="journal-title" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 3px 0px 0px; font-style: italic; text-transform: capitalize; display: inline;">Nature Communications</dd>&nbsp;<dd class="volume" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 3px 0px 0px; font-weight: bold; display: inline;">4<span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></dd>&nbsp;<dt class="seq" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: inline;">Article number:</dt>&nbsp;<dd class="page" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 3px 0px 0px; display: inline;">2433</dd>&nbsp;<dd class="doi" style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 4px; padding: 0px 3px 0px 10px; display: inline; background-image: url(http://www.nature.com/view/images/bg_pipe.gif); background-position: 0px 0.4ex; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">doi:10.1038/ncomms3433</dd></dl><dl class="citation dates" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, 'ＭＳ Ｐゴシック', 'ＭＳ ゴシック', Osaka, 'MS PGothic', sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 23.912500381469727px;"><dt class="received first" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 3px 0px 0px; display: inline; background-image: none !important;">Received</dt>&nbsp;<dd style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 3px 0px 0px; display: inline;"><time datetime="2013-05-02">02 May 2013&nbsp;</time></dd><dt class="accepted" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 3px 0px 8px; display: inline; background-image: url(http://www.nature.com/view/images/bg_pipe.gif); background-position: 0px 0.4ex; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">Accepted</dt>&nbsp;<dd style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 3px 0px 0px; display: inline;"><time datetime="2013-08-13">13 August 2013&nbsp;</time></dd><dt class="published-online" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 3px 0px 8px; display: inline; background-image: url(http://www.nature.com/view/images/bg_pipe.gif); background-position: 0px 0.4ex; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">Published</dt>&nbsp;<dd style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 3px 0px 0px; display: inline;"><time datetime="2013-09-17">17 September 2013</time></dd></dl><dl class="citation dates" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, 'ＭＳ Ｐゴシック', 'ＭＳ ゴシック', Osaka, 'MS PGothic', sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 23.912500381469727px;"><br type="_moz" /> </dl><dl class="citation dates" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, 'ＭＳ Ｐゴシック', 'ＭＳ ゴシック', Osaka, 'MS PGothic', sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 23.912500381469727px;"><br type="_moz" /> </dl> ef26c74d8393c34ce67650e542080de5553d42c4 4688 4687 2013-09-20T05:06:35Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>&nbsp;</p> <h1 class="article-heading" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 28.799999237060547px; font-weight: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); line-height: 1.173; font-family: arial, helvetica, 'ＭＳ Ｐゴシック', 'ＭＳ ゴシック', Osaka, 'MS PGothic', sans-serif;">The tiger genome and comparative analysis with lion and snow leopard genomes</h1> <ul class="authors citation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, 'ＭＳ Ｐゴシック', 'ＭＳ ゴシック', Osaka, 'MS PGothic', sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 23.912500381469727px;"> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-1" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Yun Sung Cho</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-2" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Li Hu</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-3" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Haolong Hou</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-4" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Hang Lee</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-5" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Jiaohui Xu</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-6" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Soowhan Kwon</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-7" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Sukhun Oh</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-8" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Hak-Min Kim</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-9" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Sungwoong Jho</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-10" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Sangsoo Kim</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-11" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Young-Ah Shin</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-12" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Byung Chul Kim</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-13" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Hyunmin Kim</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-14" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Chang-uk Kim</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-15" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Shu-Jin Luo</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-16" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Warren E. Johnson</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-17" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Klaus-Peter Koepfli</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-18" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Anne Schmidt-K&uuml;ntzel</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-19" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Jason A. Turner</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-20" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Laurie Marker</span></a><span class="comma" style="display: inline;">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-21" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Cindy Harper</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-22" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Susan M. Miller</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-23" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Wilhelm Jacobs</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-24" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Laura D. Bertola</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-25" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Tae Hyung Kim</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-26" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Sunghoon Lee</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-27" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Qian Zhou</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-28" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Hyun-Ju Jung</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-29" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Xiao Xu</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-30" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Priyvrat Gadhvi</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-31" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Pengwei Xu</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-32" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Yingqi Xiong</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-33" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Yadan Luo</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-34" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Shengkai Pan</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-35" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Caiyun Gou</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-36" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Xiuhui Chu</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-37" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Jilin Zhang</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-38" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Sanyang Liu</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-39" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Jing He</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-40" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Ying Chen</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-41" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Linfeng Yang</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-42" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Yulan Yang</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-43" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Jiaju He</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-44" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Sha Liu</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-45" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Junyi Wang</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-46" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Chul Hong Kim</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-47" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Hwanjong Kwak</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-48" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Jong-Soo Kim</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-49" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Seungwoo Hwang</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-50" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Junsu Ko</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-51" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Chang-Bae Kim</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-52" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Sangtae Kim</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-53" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Damdin Bayarlkhagva</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-54" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Woon Kee Paek</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-55" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Seong-Jin Kim</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard c1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-56" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Stephen J. O&rsquo;Brien</span></a><span class="comma">,</span></li> <li class="vcard c1 no-comma" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-57" class="name" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn">Jun Wang</span></a></li> <li class="vcard last-author c1 no-comma" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">&amp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">[[Jong Bhak]]</span></span></li> </ul> <ul id="author-links" class="cleared" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, 'ＭＳ Ｐゴシック', 'ＭＳ ゴシック', Osaka, 'MS PGothic', sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 23.912500381469727px;"> <li class="first" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em 0px 0px; list-style: none; float: left; background-image: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-position: 0px 0.6ex; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#affil-auth" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold;">Affiliations</a></li> <li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em; list-style: none; float: left; background-image: url(http://www.nature.com/view/images/bg_pipe.gif); background-attachment: scroll; background-position: 0px 0.6ex; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#contrib-auth" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold;">Contributions</a></li> <li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em; list-style: none; float: left; background-image: url(http://www.nature.com/view/images/bg_pipe.gif); background-attachment: scroll; background-position: 0px 0.6ex; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#corres-auth" style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold;">Corresponding authors</a></li> </ul> <dl class="citation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, 'ＭＳ Ｐゴシック', 'ＭＳ ゴシック', Osaka, 'MS PGothic', sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 23.912500381469727px;"><dd class="journal-title" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 3px 0px 0px; font-style: italic; text-transform: capitalize; display: inline;">Nature Communications</dd>&nbsp;<dd class="volume" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 3px 0px 0px; font-weight: bold; display: inline;">4<span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></dd>&nbsp;<dt class="seq" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: inline;">Article number:</dt>&nbsp;<dd class="page" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 3px 0px 0px; display: inline;">2433</dd>&nbsp;<dd class="doi" style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 4px; padding: 0px 3px 0px 10px; display: inline; background-image: url(http://www.nature.com/view/images/bg_pipe.gif); background-position: 0px 0.4ex; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">doi:10.1038/ncomms3433</dd></dl><dl class="citation dates" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, 'ＭＳ Ｐゴシック', 'ＭＳ ゴシック', Osaka, 'MS PGothic', sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 23.912500381469727px;"><dt class="received first" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 3px 0px 0px; display: inline; background-image: none !important;">Received</dt>&nbsp;<dd style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 3px 0px 0px; display: inline;"><time datetime="2013-05-02">02 May 2013&nbsp;</time></dd><dt class="accepted" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 3px 0px 8px; display: inline; background-image: url(http://www.nature.com/view/images/bg_pipe.gif); background-position: 0px 0.4ex; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">Accepted</dt>&nbsp;<dd style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 3px 0px 0px; display: inline;"><time datetime="2013-08-13">13 August 2013&nbsp;</time></dd><dt class="published-online" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 3px 0px 8px; display: inline; background-image: url(http://www.nature.com/view/images/bg_pipe.gif); background-position: 0px 0.4ex; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">Published</dt>&nbsp;<dd style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 3px 0px 0px; display: inline;"><time datetime="2013-09-17">17 September 2013</time></dd></dl><dl class="citation dates" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, 'ＭＳ Ｐゴシック', 'ＭＳ ゴシック', Osaka, 'MS PGothic', sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 23.912500381469727px;"><br type="_moz" /> </dl><dl class="citation dates" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, 'ＭＳ Ｐゴシック', 'ＭＳ ゴシック', Osaka, 'MS PGothic', sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 23.912500381469727px;"><br type="_moz" /> </dl> 1154978f1a6e58d21853ea5214d6ae203c316236 4689 4688 2013-09-20T05:06:51Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki The tiger genome and comparative analysis with lion and snow leopard genomes Yun Sung Cho, Li Hu, Haolong Hou, Hang Lee, Jiaohui Xu, Soowhan Kwon, Sukhun Oh, Hak-Min Kim, Sungwoong Jho, Sangsoo Kim, Young-Ah Shin, Byung Chul Kim, Hyunmin Kim, Chang-uk Kim, Shu-Jin Luo, Warren E. Johnson, Klaus-Peter Koepfli, Anne Schmidt-Küntzel, Jason A. Turner, Laurie Marker, Cindy Harper, Susan M. Miller, Wilhelm Jacobs, Laura D. Bertola, Tae Hyung Kim, Sunghoon Lee, Qian Zhou, Hyun-Ju Jung, Xiao Xu, Priyvrat Gadhvi, Pengwei Xu, Yingqi Xiong, Yadan Luo, Shengkai Pan, Caiyun Gou, Xiuhui Chu, Jilin Zhang, Sanyang Liu, Jing He, Ying Chen, Linfeng Yang, Yulan Yang, Jiaju He, Sha Liu, Junyi Wang, Chul Hong Kim, Hwanjong Kwak, Jong-Soo Kim, Seungwoo Hwang, Junsu Ko, Chang-Bae Kim, Sangtae Kim, Damdin Bayarlkhagva, Woon Kee Paek, Seong-Jin Kim, Stephen J. O’Brien, Jun Wang & [[Jong Bhak]] AffiliationsContributionsCorresponding authors Nature Communications 4, Article number: 2433 doi:10.1038/ncomms3433 Received 02 May 2013 Accepted 13 August 2013 Published 17 September 2013 9be7a7e08c397c0f0b17368dbd6bcc92e1ad0a22 4690 4689 2013-09-20T05:07:19Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <div>&nbsp;<span style="font-size: x-large;">The tiger genome and comparative analysis with lion and snow leopard genomes</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>Yun Sung Cho, Li Hu, Haolong Hou, Hang Lee, Jiaohui Xu, Soowhan Kwon, Sukhun Oh, Hak-Min Kim, Sungwoong Jho, Sangsoo Kim, Young-Ah Shin, Byung Chul Kim, Hyunmin Kim, Chang-uk Kim, Shu-Jin Luo, Warren E. Johnson, Klaus-Peter Koepfli, Anne Schmidt-K&uuml;ntzel, Jason A. Turner, Laurie Marker, Cindy Harper, Susan M. Miller, Wilhelm Jacobs, Laura D. Bertola, Tae Hyung Kim, Sunghoon Lee, Qian Zhou, Hyun-Ju Jung, Xiao Xu, Priyvrat Gadhvi, Pengwei Xu, Yingqi Xiong, Yadan Luo, Shengkai Pan, Caiyun Gou, Xiuhui Chu, Jilin Zhang, Sanyang Liu, Jing He, Ying Chen, Linfeng Yang, Yulan Yang, Jiaju He, Sha Liu, Junyi Wang, Chul Hong Kim, Hwanjong Kwak, Jong-Soo Kim, Seungwoo Hwang, Junsu Ko, Chang-Bae Kim, Sangtae Kim, Damdin Bayarlkhagva, Woon Kee Paek, Seong-Jin Kim, Stephen J. O&rsquo;Brien, Jun Wang &amp; [[Jong Bhak]]</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>AffiliationsContributionsCorresponding authors</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>Nature Communications 4, Article number: 2433 doi:10.1038/ncomms3433</div> <div>Received 02 May 2013 Accepted 13 August 2013 Published 17 September 2013</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> f625a177c8d81a955114663f3c096c83fc6a318a 4691 4690 2013-09-20T05:07:51Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <div>&nbsp;<span style="font-size: x-large;">The tiger genome and comparative analysis with lion and snow leopard genomes</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>Yun Sung Cho, Li Hu, Haolong Hou, Hang Lee, Jiaohui Xu, Soowhan Kwon, Sukhun Oh, Hak-Min Kim, Sungwoong Jho, Sangsoo Kim, Young-Ah Shin, Byung Chul Kim, Hyunmin Kim, Chang-uk Kim, Shu-Jin Luo, Warren E. Johnson, Klaus-Peter Koepfli, Anne Schmidt-K&uuml;ntzel, Jason A. Turner, Laurie Marker, Cindy Harper, Susan M. Miller, Wilhelm Jacobs, Laura D. Bertola, Tae Hyung Kim, Sunghoon Lee, Qian Zhou, Hyun-Ju Jung, Xiao Xu, Priyvrat Gadhvi, Pengwei Xu, Yingqi Xiong, Yadan Luo, Shengkai Pan, Caiyun Gou, Xiuhui Chu, Jilin Zhang, Sanyang Liu, Jing He, Ying Chen, Linfeng Yang, Yulan Yang, Jiaju He, Sha Liu, Junyi Wang, Chul Hong Kim, Hwanjong Kwak, Jong-Soo Kim, Seungwoo Hwang, Junsu Ko, Chang-Bae Kim, Sangtae Kim, Damdin Bayarlkhagva, Woon Kee Paek, Seong-Jin Kim, Stephen J. O&rsquo;Brien, Jun Wang &amp; [[Jong Bhak]]</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>[[AffiliationsContributionsCorresponding authors]]</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>Nature Communications 4, Article number: 2433 doi:10.1038/ncomms3433</div> <div>Received 02 May 2013 Accepted 13 August 2013 Published 17 September 2013</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> eda81f5979c8f8e88d644491c8d738adbc5db6da 4697 4691 2013-09-20T05:12:07Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <div>&nbsp;<span style="font-size: x-large;">The tiger genome and comparative analysis with lion and snow leopard genomes</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>Yun Sung Cho, Li Hu, Haolong Hou, Hang Lee, Jiaohui Xu, Soowhan Kwon, Sukhun Oh, Hak-Min Kim, Sungwoong Jho, Sangsoo Kim, Young-Ah Shin, Byung Chul Kim, Hyunmin Kim, Chang-uk Kim, Shu-Jin Luo, Warren E. Johnson, Klaus-Peter Koepfli, Anne Schmidt-K&uuml;ntzel, Jason A. Turner, Laurie Marker, Cindy Harper, Susan M. Miller, Wilhelm Jacobs, Laura D. Bertola, Tae Hyung Kim, Sunghoon Lee, Qian Zhou, Hyun-Ju Jung, Xiao Xu, Priyvrat Gadhvi, Pengwei Xu, Yingqi Xiong, Yadan Luo, Shengkai Pan, Caiyun Gou, Xiuhui Chu, Jilin Zhang, Sanyang Liu, Jing He, Ying Chen, Linfeng Yang, Yulan Yang, Jiaju He, Sha Liu, Junyi Wang, Chul Hong Kim, Hwanjong Kwak, Jong-Soo Kim, Seungwoo Hwang, Junsu Ko, Chang-Bae Kim, Sangtae Kim, Damdin Bayarlkhagva, Woon Kee Paek, Seong-Jin Kim, Stephen J. O&rsquo;Brien, Jun Wang &amp; [[Jong Bhak]]</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>[[AffiliationsContributionsCorresponding authors]]</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>Nature Communications 4, Article number: 2433 doi:10.1038/ncomms3433</div> <div>Received 02 May 2013 Accepted 13 August 2013 Published 17 September 2013</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div><b><span style="font-size: large;">Abstract</span></b></div> <div><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, 'ＭＳ Ｐゴシック', 'ＭＳ ゴシック', Osaka, 'MS PGothic', sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 23.912500381469727px;">Tigers and their close relatives (</span><i style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, 'ＭＳ Ｐゴシック', 'ＭＳ ゴシック', Osaka, 'MS PGothic', sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 23.912500381469727px;">Panthera</i><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, 'ＭＳ Ｐゴシック', 'ＭＳ ゴシック', Osaka, 'MS PGothic', sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 23.912500381469727px;">) are some of the world&rsquo;s most endangered species. &nbsp;Here we report the&nbsp;</span><i style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, 'ＭＳ Ｐゴシック', 'ＭＳ ゴシック', Osaka, 'MS PGothic', sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 23.912500381469727px;">de novo</i><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, 'ＭＳ Ｐゴシック', 'ＭＳ ゴシック', Osaka, 'MS PGothic', sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 23.912500381469727px;">&nbsp;assembly of an Amur tiger whole-genome sequence as well as the genomic sequences of a white Bengal tiger, African lion, white African lion and snow leopard. &nbsp;Through comparative genetic analyses of these genomes, we find genetic signatures that may reflect molecular adaptations consistent with the big cats&rsquo; hypercarnivorous diet and muscle strength. &nbsp;We report a snow leopard-specific genetic determinant in&nbsp;</span><i style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, 'ＭＳ Ｐゴシック', 'ＭＳ ゴシック', Osaka, 'MS PGothic', sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 23.912500381469727px;">EGLN1</i><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, 'ＭＳ Ｐゴシック', 'ＭＳ ゴシック', Osaka, 'MS PGothic', sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 23.912500381469727px;">&nbsp;(Met39&gt;Lys39), which is likely to be associated with adaptation to high altitude. &nbsp;We also detect a&nbsp;</span><i style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, 'ＭＳ Ｐゴシック', 'ＭＳ ゴシック', Osaka, 'MS PGothic', sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 23.912500381469727px;">TYR</i><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, 'ＭＳ Ｐゴシック', 'ＭＳ ゴシック', Osaka, 'MS PGothic', sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 23.912500381469727px;">260G&gt;A mutation likely responsible for the white lion coat colour. &nbsp;Tiger and cat genomes show similar repeat composition and an appreciably conserved synteny. &nbsp;Genomic data from the five big cats provide an invaluable resource for resolving easily identifiable phenotypes evident in very close, but distinct, species.</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> 9b94430b82a6493ab07171b1fd12ea617e5ac8e1 0 2691 4692 2013-09-20T05:07:57Z S 300001 Created page with "<p>&nbsp;</p> <div id="author-affiliations" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, 'ＭＳ Ｐゴシック', 'ＭＳ ゴシッ..." wikitext text/x-wiki <p>&nbsp;</p> <div id="author-affiliations" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, 'ＭＳ Ｐゴシック', 'ＭＳ ゴシック', Osaka, 'MS PGothic', sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 23.912500381469727px;"> <h2 id="affil-auth" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">Affiliations</h2> <ol class="affiliations" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px;"> <li id="a1" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Personal Genomics Institute, Genome Research Foundation, Suwon 443-270, Republic of Korea</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Yun Sung Cho,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Hak-Min Kim,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Sungwoong Jho,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Young-Ah Shin,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Byung Chul Kim,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Chang-uk Kim,</li> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Sunghoon Lee,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Priyvrat Gadhvi,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Jong-Soo Kim &amp;</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Jong Bhak</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a2" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Li Hu,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Haolong Hou,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Jiaohui Xu,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Qian Zhou,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Pengwei Xu,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Yingqi Xiong,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Yadan Luo,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Shengkai Pan,</li> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Caiyun Gou,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Xiuhui Chu,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Jilin Zhang,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Sanyang Liu,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Jing He,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Ying Chen,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Linfeng Yang,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Yulan Yang,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Jiaju He,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Sha Liu,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Junyi Wang &amp;</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Jun Wang</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a3" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Tiger and Leopard Conservation Fund in Korea and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Hang Lee</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a4" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Samsung Everland Zoo, Yongin 449-715, Republic of Korea</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Soowhan Kwon &amp;</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Sukhun Oh</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a5" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">School of Systems Biomedical Science, Soongsil University, Seoul 156-743, Korea</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Sangsoo Kim</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a6" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Theragen BiO Institute, TheragenEtex, Suwon 443-270, Republic of Korea</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Byung Chul Kim,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Hyunmin Kim,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Tae Hyung Kim,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Sunghoon Lee,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Hyun-Ju Jung,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Chul Hong Kim,</li> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Hwanjong Kwak,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Junsu Ko,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Seong-Jin Kim &amp;</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Jong Bhak</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a7" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Shu-Jin Luo &amp;</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Xiao Xu</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a8" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, Virgina 22630, USA</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Warren E. Johnson</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a9" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Theodosius Dobzhansky Center for Genome Bioinformatics, St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg 199034, Russia</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Klaus-Peter Koepfli &amp;</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Stephen J. O&rsquo;Brien</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a10" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Life Technologies Conservation Genetics Laboratory, Cheetah Conservation Fund, Otjiwarongo 9000, Namibia</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Anne Schmidt-K&uuml;ntzel</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a11" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Global White Lion Protection Trust, Tsau Conservancy, Greater Timbavati Region, PO Box 858, Limpopo 1380, South Africa</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Jason A. Turner</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a12" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Cheetah Conservation Fund, Otjiwarongo 9000, Namibia</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Laurie Marker</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a13" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Cindy Harper &amp;</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Susan M. Miller</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a14" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Department of Nature Conservation, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Susan M. Miller</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a15" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Ukutula Lodge &amp; Lion Centre, NorthWest Province Brits 0250, South Africa</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Wilhelm Jacobs</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a16" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, PO Box 9518, Leiden RA 2300, The Netherlands</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Laura D. Bertola</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a17" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Korean Bioinformation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Seungwoo Hwang</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a18" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Department of Life Science, Sangmyung University, Seoul 110-743, Republic of Korea</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Chang-Bae Kim</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a19" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Department of Biology, Sungshin Women&rsquo;s University, Seoul 142-732, Republic of Korea</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Sangtae Kim</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a20" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Biology and Biotechnology, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar 210646A, Mongolia</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Damdin Bayarlkhagva</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a21" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">National Science Museum, Daejeon 305-705, Republic of Korea</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Woon Kee Paek</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a22" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">CHA Cancer Institute, CHA University, Seoul 135-081, Republic of Korea</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Seong-Jin Kim</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a23" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Oceanographic Center, Nova Southeastern University, Ft Lauderdale, Florida 33004, USA</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Stephen J. O&rsquo;Brien</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a24" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Jun Wang</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a25" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">King Abdulaziz University 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Jun Wang</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a26" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology Nano Science and Technology, Suwon 443-270, Republic of Korea</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Jong Bhak</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a27" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Program in Nano Science and Technology, Department of Transdisciplinary Studies, Seoul National University, Suwon 443-270, Republic of Korea</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Jong Bhak</li> </ul> </li> </ol> </div> <div id="author-contributions" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, 'ＭＳ Ｐゴシック', 'ＭＳ ゴシック', Osaka, 'MS PGothic', sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 23.912500381469727px;"> <h2 id="contrib-auth" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">Contributions</h2> <p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">Y.S.C., L.H., H.H., H.L. and J.X. contributed equally to this work. The tiger genome project was initiated by J.B., B.C.K., H.L., T.H.K., S. Lee., Sangtae K., C.-B.K., S.-J.K., W.K.P. and Jun W. Library construction, sequencing, bioinformatics data processing and analysing genetic variation data were carried out by L.H., J.X., H.K., S.J., Y.-A.S., Q.Z., H.K., C.-U.K., Y.X., Y.L., S.P., C.G., X.C., J.Z., Sanyang L., Jing H., Y.C., L.Y., Y.Y., Jiaju H., S.-J.L., Junyi .W., J.-S.K., H.-M.K., Y.S.C., T.H.K., Sangsoo K., J.B. and Jun W. Several big cat genome re-sequencing were performed by H.-J.J. and C.H.K. PCR validations were performed by H.-J.J. and Hwanjong K., S. Kwon., S.O., W.K.P., H.L. and D.B. provided samples, advice and associated information. Y.S.C., L.H., H.H., S.-J.L, W.J., K.-P.K. X.X., P.G., S.H., J.K., C.-B.K., H.L., Sangtae K., Sangsoo K., S.J.O., Jun W., and J.B. wrote, edited and revised the manuscript. A.S.-K. conducted overall project coordination, data analysis and presentation of lion DNA analysis and overseeing/planning of laboratory work done at CCF (Cheetah Conservation Fund). J.A.T. carried out the lion DNA project initiation for samples of the Tsau Conservancy and the Johannesburg Zoo. L.M. did support of the laboratory work done at CCF. C.H. performed communication and project initiation at VGL (Veterinary Genetics Laboratory) and oversaw the laboratory work done at VGL, sampling and funding. S.M.M. at VGL did planning and execution of the laboratory work, pedigree verificationand reference samples of other populations. Wilhelm J. did pedigree information processing and sampling at the Ukutula Lodge. L.B. did the sample processing and laboratory work of Ouwehands Dierenpark and PLE171.</p> </div> cb7dc44e2232948de2c4726dfb1f414a126f5699 4693 4692 2013-09-20T05:08:33Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-family: arial, helvetica, 'ＭＳ Ｐゴシック', 'ＭＳ ゴシック', Osaka, 'MS PGothic', sans-serif; line-height: 23.912500381469727px;">Affiliations</span></span></p> <div id="author-affiliations" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, 'ＭＳ Ｐゴシック', 'ＭＳ ゴシック', Osaka, 'MS PGothic', sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 23.912500381469727px;"> <ol class="affiliations" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px;"> <li id="a1" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Personal Genomics Institute, Genome Research Foundation, Suwon 443-270, Republic of Korea</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Yun Sung Cho,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Hak-Min Kim,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Sungwoong Jho,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Young-Ah Shin,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Byung Chul Kim,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Chang-uk Kim,</li> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Sunghoon Lee,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Priyvrat Gadhvi,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Jong-Soo Kim &amp;</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Jong Bhak</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a2" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Li Hu,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Haolong Hou,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Jiaohui Xu,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Qian Zhou,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Pengwei Xu,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Yingqi Xiong,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Yadan Luo,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Shengkai Pan,</li> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Caiyun Gou,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Xiuhui Chu,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Jilin Zhang,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Sanyang Liu,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Jing He,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Ying Chen,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Linfeng Yang,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Yulan Yang,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Jiaju He,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Sha Liu,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Junyi Wang &amp;</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Jun Wang</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a3" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Tiger and Leopard Conservation Fund in Korea and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Hang Lee</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a4" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Samsung Everland Zoo, Yongin 449-715, Republic of Korea</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Soowhan Kwon &amp;</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Sukhun Oh</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a5" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">School of Systems Biomedical Science, Soongsil University, Seoul 156-743, Korea</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Sangsoo Kim</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a6" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Theragen BiO Institute, TheragenEtex, Suwon 443-270, Republic of Korea</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Byung Chul Kim,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Hyunmin Kim,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Tae Hyung Kim,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Sunghoon Lee,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Hyun-Ju Jung,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Chul Hong Kim,</li> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Hwanjong Kwak,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Junsu Ko,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Seong-Jin Kim &amp;</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Jong Bhak</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a7" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Shu-Jin Luo &amp;</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Xiao Xu</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a8" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, Virgina 22630, USA</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Warren E. Johnson</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a9" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Theodosius Dobzhansky Center for Genome Bioinformatics, St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg 199034, Russia</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Klaus-Peter Koepfli &amp;</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Stephen J. O&rsquo;Brien</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a10" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Life Technologies Conservation Genetics Laboratory, Cheetah Conservation Fund, Otjiwarongo 9000, Namibia</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Anne Schmidt-K&uuml;ntzel</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a11" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Global White Lion Protection Trust, Tsau Conservancy, Greater Timbavati Region, PO Box 858, Limpopo 1380, South Africa</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Jason A. Turner</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a12" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Cheetah Conservation Fund, Otjiwarongo 9000, Namibia</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Laurie Marker</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a13" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Cindy Harper &amp;</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Susan M. Miller</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a14" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Department of Nature Conservation, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Susan M. Miller</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a15" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Ukutula Lodge &amp; Lion Centre, NorthWest Province Brits 0250, South Africa</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Wilhelm Jacobs</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a16" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, PO Box 9518, Leiden RA 2300, The Netherlands</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Laura D. Bertola</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a17" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Korean Bioinformation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Seungwoo Hwang</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a18" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Department of Life Science, Sangmyung University, Seoul 110-743, Republic of Korea</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Chang-Bae Kim</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a19" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Department of Biology, Sungshin Women&rsquo;s University, Seoul 142-732, Republic of Korea</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Sangtae Kim</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a20" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Biology and Biotechnology, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar 210646A, Mongolia</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Damdin Bayarlkhagva</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a21" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">National Science Museum, Daejeon 305-705, Republic of Korea</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Woon Kee Paek</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a22" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">CHA Cancer Institute, CHA University, Seoul 135-081, Republic of Korea</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Seong-Jin Kim</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a23" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Oceanographic Center, Nova Southeastern University, Ft Lauderdale, Florida 33004, USA</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Stephen J. O&rsquo;Brien</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a24" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Jun Wang</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a25" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">King Abdulaziz University 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Jun Wang</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a26" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology Nano Science and Technology, Suwon 443-270, Republic of Korea</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Jong Bhak</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a27" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Program in Nano Science and Technology, Department of Transdisciplinary Studies, Seoul National University, Suwon 443-270, Republic of Korea</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Jong Bhak</li> </ul> </li> </ol> </div> <div id="author-contributions" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, 'ＭＳ Ｐゴシック', 'ＭＳ ゴシック', Osaka, 'MS PGothic', sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 23.912500381469727px;"> <h2 id="contrib-auth" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">Contributions</h2> <p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">Y.S.C., L.H., H.H., H.L. and J.X. contributed equally to this work. The tiger genome project was initiated by J.B., B.C.K., H.L., T.H.K., S. Lee., Sangtae K., C.-B.K., S.-J.K., W.K.P. and Jun W. Library construction, sequencing, bioinformatics data processing and analysing genetic variation data were carried out by L.H., J.X., H.K., S.J., Y.-A.S., Q.Z., H.K., C.-U.K., Y.X., Y.L., S.P., C.G., X.C., J.Z., Sanyang L., Jing H., Y.C., L.Y., Y.Y., Jiaju H., S.-J.L., Junyi .W., J.-S.K., H.-M.K., Y.S.C., T.H.K., Sangsoo K., J.B. and Jun W. Several big cat genome re-sequencing were performed by H.-J.J. and C.H.K. PCR validations were performed by H.-J.J. and Hwanjong K., S. Kwon., S.O., W.K.P., H.L. and D.B. provided samples, advice and associated information. Y.S.C., L.H., H.H., S.-J.L, W.J., K.-P.K. X.X., P.G., S.H., J.K., C.-B.K., H.L., Sangtae K., Sangsoo K., S.J.O., Jun W., and J.B. wrote, edited and revised the manuscript. A.S.-K. conducted overall project coordination, data analysis and presentation of lion DNA analysis and overseeing/planning of laboratory work done at CCF (Cheetah Conservation Fund). J.A.T. carried out the lion DNA project initiation for samples of the Tsau Conservancy and the Johannesburg Zoo. L.M. did support of the laboratory work done at CCF. C.H. performed communication and project initiation at VGL (Veterinary Genetics Laboratory) and oversaw the laboratory work done at VGL, sampling and funding. S.M.M. at VGL did planning and execution of the laboratory work, pedigree verificationand reference samples of other populations. Wilhelm J. did pedigree information processing and sampling at the Ukutula Lodge. L.B. did the sample processing and laboratory work of Ouwehands Dierenpark and PLE171.</p> </div> 1927a2192ab1f732d367c67a3096b8398b3b8f91 4694 4693 2013-09-20T05:09:33Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-family: arial, helvetica, 'ＭＳ Ｐゴシック', 'ＭＳ ゴシック', Osaka, 'MS PGothic', sans-serif; line-height: 23.912500381469727px;">Affiliations</span></span></p> <div id="author-affiliations" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, 'ＭＳ Ｐゴシック', 'ＭＳ ゴシック', Osaka, 'MS PGothic', sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 23.912500381469727px;"> <ol class="affiliations" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px;"> <li id="a1" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Personal Genomics Institute, Genome Research Foundation, Suwon 443-270, Republic of Korea</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Yun Sung Cho,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Hak-Min Kim,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Sungwoong Jho,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Young-Ah Shin,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Byung Chul Kim,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Chang-uk Kim,</li> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Sunghoon Lee,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Priyvrat Gadhvi,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Jong-Soo Kim &amp;</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Jong Bhak</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a2" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Li Hu,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Haolong Hou,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Jiaohui Xu,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Qian Zhou,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Pengwei Xu,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Yingqi Xiong,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Yadan Luo,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Shengkai Pan,</li> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Caiyun Gou,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Xiuhui Chu,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Jilin Zhang,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Sanyang Liu,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Jing He,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Ying Chen,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Linfeng Yang,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Yulan Yang,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Jiaju He,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Sha Liu,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Junyi Wang &amp;</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Jun Wang</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a3" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Tiger and Leopard Conservation Fund in Korea and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Hang Lee</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a4" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Samsung Everland Zoo, Yongin 449-715, Republic of Korea</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Soowhan Kwon &amp;</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Sukhun Oh</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a5" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">School of Systems Biomedical Science, Soongsil University, Seoul 156-743, Korea</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Sangsoo Kim</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a6" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Theragen BiO Institute, TheragenEtex, Suwon 443-270, Republic of Korea</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Byung Chul Kim,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Hyunmin Kim,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Tae Hyung Kim,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Sunghoon Lee,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Hyun-Ju Jung,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Chul Hong Kim,</li> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Hwanjong Kwak,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Junsu Ko,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Seong-Jin Kim &amp;</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Jong Bhak</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a7" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Shu-Jin Luo &amp;</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Xiao Xu</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a8" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, Virgina 22630, USA</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Warren E. Johnson</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a9" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Theodosius Dobzhansky Center for Genome Bioinformatics, St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg 199034, Russia</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Klaus-Peter Koepfli &amp;</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Stephen J. O&rsquo;Brien</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a10" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Life Technologies Conservation Genetics Laboratory, Cheetah Conservation Fund, Otjiwarongo 9000, Namibia</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Anne Schmidt-K&uuml;ntzel</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a11" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Global White Lion Protection Trust, Tsau Conservancy, Greater Timbavati Region, PO Box 858, Limpopo 1380, South Africa</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Jason A. Turner</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a12" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Cheetah Conservation Fund, Otjiwarongo 9000, Namibia</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Laurie Marker</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a13" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Cindy Harper &amp;</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Susan M. Miller</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a14" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Department of Nature Conservation, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Susan M. Miller</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a15" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Ukutula Lodge &amp; Lion Centre, NorthWest Province Brits 0250, South Africa</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Wilhelm Jacobs</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a16" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, PO Box 9518, Leiden RA 2300, The Netherlands</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Laura D. Bertola</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a17" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Korean Bioinformation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Seungwoo Hwang</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a18" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Department of Life Science, Sangmyung University, Seoul 110-743, Republic of Korea</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Chang-Bae Kim</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a19" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Department of Biology, Sungshin Women&rsquo;s University, Seoul 142-732, Republic of Korea</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Sangtae Kim</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a20" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Biology and Biotechnology, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar 210646A, Mongolia</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Damdin Bayarlkhagva</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a21" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">National Science Museum, Daejeon 305-705, Republic of Korea</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Woon Kee Paek</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a22" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">CHA Cancer Institute, CHA University, Seoul 135-081, Republic of Korea</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Seong-Jin Kim</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a23" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Oceanographic Center, Nova Southeastern University, Ft Lauderdale, Florida 33004, USA</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Stephen J. O&rsquo;Brien</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a24" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Jun Wang</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a25" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">King Abdulaziz University 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Jun Wang</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a26" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology Nano Science and Technology, Suwon 443-270, Republic of Korea</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Jong Bhak</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a27" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Program in Nano Science and Technology, Department of Transdisciplinary Studies, Seoul National University, Suwon 443-270, Republic of Korea</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Jong Bhak</li> </ul> </li> </ol> </div> <div id="author-contributions" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, 'ＭＳ Ｐゴシック', 'ＭＳ ゴシック', Osaka, 'MS PGothic', sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 23.912500381469727px;"> <h2 id="contrib-auth" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">Contributions</h2> <p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">Y.S.C., L.H., H.H., H.L. and J.X. contributed equally to this work. The tiger genome project was initiated by J.B., B.C.K., H.L., T.H.K., S. Lee., Sangtae K., C.-B.K., S.-J.K., W.K.P. and Jun W.</p> <p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">Library construction, sequencing, bioinformatics data processing and analysing genetic variation data were carried out by L.H., J.X., H.K., S.J., Y.-A.S., Q.Z., H.K., C.-U.K., Y.X., Y.L., S.P., C.G., X.C., J.Z., Sanyang L., Jing H., Y.C., L.Y., Y.Y., Jiaju H., S.-J.L., Junyi .W., J.-S.K., H.-M.K., Y.S.C., T.H.K., Sangsoo K., J.B. and Jun W.</p> <p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">Several big cat genome re-sequencing were performed by H.-J.J. and C.H.K. PCR validations were performed by H.-J.J. and Hwanjong K., S. Kwon., S.O., W.K.P., H.L. and D.B. provided samples, advice and associated information.</p> <p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">Y.S.C., L.H., H.H., S.-J.L, W.J., K.-P.K. X.X., P.G., S.H., J.K., C.-B.K., H.L., Sangtae K., Sangsoo K., S.J.O., Jun W., and J.B. wrote, edited and revised the manuscript.</p> <p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">A.S.-K. conducted overall project coordination, data analysis and presentation of lion DNA analysis and overseeing/planning of laboratory work done at CCF (Cheetah Conservation Fund). J.A.T. carried out the lion DNA project initiation for samples of the Tsau Conservancy and the Johannesburg Zoo. L.M. did support of the laboratory work done at CCF. C.H. performed communication and project initiation at VGL (Veterinary Genetics Laboratory) and oversaw the laboratory work done at VGL, sampling and funding. S.M.M. at VGL did planning and execution of the laboratory work, pedigree verificationand reference samples of other populations.</p> <p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">Wilhelm J. did pedigree information processing and sampling at the Ukutula Lodge. L.B. did the sample processing and laboratory work of Ouwehands Dierenpark and PLE171.</p> </div> d9c18111cfd29d010e51f8dba34522eed4206e5b 4695 4694 2013-09-20T05:10:12Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-family: arial, helvetica, 'ＭＳ Ｐゴシック', 'ＭＳ ゴシック', Osaka, 'MS PGothic', sans-serif; line-height: 23.912500381469727px;">Affiliations</span></span></p> <div id="author-affiliations" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, 'ＭＳ Ｐゴシック', 'ＭＳ ゴシック', Osaka, 'MS PGothic', sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 23.912500381469727px;"> <ol class="affiliations" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px;"> <li id="a1" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Personal Genomics Institute, Genome Research Foundation, Suwon 443-270, Republic of Korea</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Yun Sung Cho,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Hak-Min Kim,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Sungwoong Jho,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Young-Ah Shin,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Byung Chul Kim,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Chang-uk Kim,</li> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Sunghoon Lee,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Priyvrat Gadhvi,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Jong-Soo Kim &amp;</li> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;[[ <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Jong Bhak]]</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a2" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Li Hu,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Haolong Hou,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Jiaohui Xu,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Qian Zhou,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Pengwei Xu,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Yingqi Xiong,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Yadan Luo,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Shengkai Pan,</li> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Caiyun Gou,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Xiuhui Chu,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Jilin Zhang,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Sanyang Liu,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Jing He,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Ying Chen,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Linfeng Yang,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Yulan Yang,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Jiaju He,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Sha Liu,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Junyi Wang &amp;</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Jun Wang</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a3" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Tiger and Leopard Conservation Fund in Korea and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Hang Lee</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a4" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Samsung Everland Zoo, Yongin 449-715, Republic of Korea</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Soowhan Kwon &amp;</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Sukhun Oh</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a5" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">School of Systems Biomedical Science, Soongsil University, Seoul 156-743, Korea</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Sangsoo Kim</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a6" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Theragen BiO Institute, TheragenEtex, Suwon 443-270, Republic of Korea</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Byung Chul Kim,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Hyunmin Kim,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Tae Hyung Kim,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Sunghoon Lee,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Hyun-Ju Jung,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Chul Hong Kim,</li> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Hwanjong Kwak,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Junsu Ko,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Seong-Jin Kim &amp;</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Jong Bhak</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a7" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Shu-Jin Luo &amp;</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Xiao Xu</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a8" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, Virgina 22630, USA</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Warren E. Johnson</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a9" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Theodosius Dobzhansky Center for Genome Bioinformatics, St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg 199034, Russia</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Klaus-Peter Koepfli &amp;</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Stephen J. O&rsquo;Brien</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a10" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Life Technologies Conservation Genetics Laboratory, Cheetah Conservation Fund, Otjiwarongo 9000, Namibia</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Anne Schmidt-K&uuml;ntzel</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a11" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Global White Lion Protection Trust, Tsau Conservancy, Greater Timbavati Region, PO Box 858, Limpopo 1380, South Africa</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Jason A. Turner</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a12" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Cheetah Conservation Fund, Otjiwarongo 9000, Namibia</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Laurie Marker</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a13" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Cindy Harper &amp;</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Susan M. Miller</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a14" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Department of Nature Conservation, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Susan M. Miller</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a15" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Ukutula Lodge &amp; Lion Centre, NorthWest Province Brits 0250, South Africa</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Wilhelm Jacobs</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a16" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, PO Box 9518, Leiden RA 2300, The Netherlands</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Laura D. Bertola</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a17" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Korean Bioinformation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Seungwoo Hwang</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a18" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Department of Life Science, Sangmyung University, Seoul 110-743, Republic of Korea</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Chang-Bae Kim</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a19" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Department of Biology, Sungshin Women&rsquo;s University, Seoul 142-732, Republic of Korea</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Sangtae Kim</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a20" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Biology and Biotechnology, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar 210646A, Mongolia</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Damdin Bayarlkhagva</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a21" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">National Science Museum, Daejeon 305-705, Republic of Korea</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Woon Kee Paek</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a22" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">CHA Cancer Institute, CHA University, Seoul 135-081, Republic of Korea</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Seong-Jin Kim</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a23" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Oceanographic Center, Nova Southeastern University, Ft Lauderdale, Florida 33004, USA</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Stephen J. O&rsquo;Brien</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a24" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Jun Wang</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a25" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">King Abdulaziz University 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Jun Wang</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a26" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology Nano Science and Technology, Suwon 443-270, Republic of Korea</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Jong Bhak</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a27" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Program in Nano Science and Technology, Department of Transdisciplinary Studies, Seoul National University, Suwon 443-270, Republic of Korea</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Jong Bhak</li> </ul> </li> </ol> </div> <div id="author-contributions" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, 'ＭＳ Ｐゴシック', 'ＭＳ ゴシック', Osaka, 'MS PGothic', sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 23.912500381469727px;"> <h2 id="contrib-auth" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">Contributions</h2> <p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">Y.S.C., L.H., H.H., H.L. and J.X. contributed equally to this work. The tiger genome project was initiated by J.B., B.C.K., H.L., T.H.K., S. Lee., Sangtae K., C.-B.K., S.-J.K., W.K.P. and Jun W.</p> <p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">Library construction, sequencing, bioinformatics data processing and analysing genetic variation data were carried out by L.H., J.X., H.K., S.J., Y.-A.S., Q.Z., H.K., C.-U.K., Y.X., Y.L., S.P., C.G., X.C., J.Z., Sanyang L., Jing H., Y.C., L.Y., Y.Y., Jiaju H., S.-J.L., Junyi .W., J.-S.K., H.-M.K., Y.S.C., T.H.K., Sangsoo K., J.B. and Jun W.</p> <p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">Several big cat genome re-sequencing were performed by H.-J.J. and C.H.K. PCR validations were performed by H.-J.J. and Hwanjong K., S. Kwon., S.O., W.K.P., H.L. and D.B. provided samples, advice and associated information.</p> <p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">Y.S.C., L.H., H.H., S.-J.L, W.J., K.-P.K. X.X., P.G., S.H., J.K., C.-B.K., H.L., Sangtae K., Sangsoo K., S.J.O., Jun W., and J.B. wrote, edited and revised the manuscript.</p> <p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">A.S.-K. conducted overall project coordination, data analysis and presentation of lion DNA analysis and overseeing/planning of laboratory work done at CCF (Cheetah Conservation Fund). J.A.T. carried out the lion DNA project initiation for samples of the Tsau Conservancy and the Johannesburg Zoo. L.M. did support of the laboratory work done at CCF. C.H. performed communication and project initiation at VGL (Veterinary Genetics Laboratory) and oversaw the laboratory work done at VGL, sampling and funding. S.M.M. at VGL did planning and execution of the laboratory work, pedigree verificationand reference samples of other populations.</p> <p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">Wilhelm J. did pedigree information processing and sampling at the Ukutula Lodge. L.B. did the sample processing and laboratory work of Ouwehands Dierenpark and PLE171.</p> </div> b77a17bd9ded3fdec67ebe6950ccda62be1e02c5 4696 4695 2013-09-20T05:10:40Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-family: arial, helvetica, 'ＭＳ Ｐゴシック', 'ＭＳ ゴシック', Osaka, 'MS PGothic', sans-serif; line-height: 23.912500381469727px;">Affiliations</span></span></p> <div id="author-affiliations" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, 'ＭＳ Ｐゴシック', 'ＭＳ ゴシック', Osaka, 'MS PGothic', sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 23.912500381469727px;"> <ol class="affiliations" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px;"> <li id="a1" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Personal Genomics Institute, Genome Research Foundation, Suwon 443-270, Republic of Korea</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Yun Sung Cho,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Hak-Min Kim,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Sungwoong Jho,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Young-Ah Shin,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Byung Chul Kim,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Chang-uk Kim,</li> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Sunghoon Lee,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Priyvrat Gadhvi,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Jong-Soo Kim &amp;</li> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;[[Jong Bhak]]</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a2" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Li Hu,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Haolong Hou,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Jiaohui Xu,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Qian Zhou,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Pengwei Xu,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Yingqi Xiong,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Yadan Luo,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Shengkai Pan,</li> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Caiyun Gou,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Xiuhui Chu,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Jilin Zhang,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Sanyang Liu,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Jing He,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Ying Chen,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Linfeng Yang,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Yulan Yang,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Jiaju He,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Sha Liu,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Junyi Wang &amp;</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Jun Wang</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a3" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Tiger and Leopard Conservation Fund in Korea and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Hang Lee</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a4" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Samsung Everland Zoo, Yongin 449-715, Republic of Korea</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Soowhan Kwon &amp;</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Sukhun Oh</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a5" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">School of Systems Biomedical Science, Soongsil University, Seoul 156-743, Korea</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Sangsoo Kim</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a6" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Theragen BiO Institute, TheragenEtex, Suwon 443-270, Republic of Korea</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Byung Chul Kim,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Hyunmin Kim,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Tae Hyung Kim,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Sunghoon Lee,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Hyun-Ju Jung,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Chul Hong Kim,</li> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Hwanjong Kwak,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Junsu Ko,</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Seong-Jin Kim &amp;</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Jong Bhak</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a7" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Shu-Jin Luo &amp;</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Xiao Xu</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a8" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, Virgina 22630, USA</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Warren E. Johnson</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a9" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Theodosius Dobzhansky Center for Genome Bioinformatics, St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg 199034, Russia</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Klaus-Peter Koepfli &amp;</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Stephen J. O&rsquo;Brien</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a10" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Life Technologies Conservation Genetics Laboratory, Cheetah Conservation Fund, Otjiwarongo 9000, Namibia</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Anne Schmidt-K&uuml;ntzel</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a11" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Global White Lion Protection Trust, Tsau Conservancy, Greater Timbavati Region, PO Box 858, Limpopo 1380, South Africa</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Jason A. Turner</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a12" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Cheetah Conservation Fund, Otjiwarongo 9000, Namibia</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Laurie Marker</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a13" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Cindy Harper &amp;</li> &nbsp; <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Susan M. Miller</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a14" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Department of Nature Conservation, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Susan M. Miller</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a15" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Ukutula Lodge &amp; Lion Centre, NorthWest Province Brits 0250, South Africa</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Wilhelm Jacobs</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a16" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, PO Box 9518, Leiden RA 2300, The Netherlands</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Laura D. Bertola</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a17" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Korean Bioinformation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Seungwoo Hwang</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a18" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Department of Life Science, Sangmyung University, Seoul 110-743, Republic of Korea</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Chang-Bae Kim</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a19" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Department of Biology, Sungshin Women&rsquo;s University, Seoul 142-732, Republic of Korea</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Sangtae Kim</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a20" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Biology and Biotechnology, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar 210646A, Mongolia</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Damdin Bayarlkhagva</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a21" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">National Science Museum, Daejeon 305-705, Republic of Korea</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Woon Kee Paek</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a22" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">CHA Cancer Institute, CHA University, Seoul 135-081, Republic of Korea</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Seong-Jin Kim</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a23" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Oceanographic Center, Nova Southeastern University, Ft Lauderdale, Florida 33004, USA</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Stephen J. O&rsquo;Brien</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a24" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Jun Wang</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a25" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">King Abdulaziz University 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Jun Wang</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a26" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology Nano Science and Technology, Suwon 443-270, Republic of Korea</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Jong Bhak</li> </ul> </li> <li id="a27" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;"> <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Program in Nano Science and Technology, Department of Transdisciplinary Studies, Seoul National University, Suwon 443-270, Republic of Korea</h3> <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Jong Bhak</li> </ul> </li> </ol> </div> <div id="author-contributions" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, 'ＭＳ Ｐゴシック', 'ＭＳ ゴシック', Osaka, 'MS PGothic', sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 23.912500381469727px;"> <h2 id="contrib-auth" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">Contributions</h2> <p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">Y.S.C., L.H., H.H., H.L. and J.X. contributed equally to this work. The tiger genome project was initiated by J.B., B.C.K., H.L., T.H.K., S. Lee., Sangtae K., C.-B.K., S.-J.K., W.K.P. and Jun W.</p> <p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">Library construction, sequencing, bioinformatics data processing and analysing genetic variation data were carried out by L.H., J.X., H.K., S.J., Y.-A.S., Q.Z., H.K., C.-U.K., Y.X., Y.L., S.P., C.G., X.C., J.Z., Sanyang L., Jing H., Y.C., L.Y., Y.Y., Jiaju H., S.-J.L., Junyi .W., J.-S.K., H.-M.K., Y.S.C., T.H.K., Sangsoo K., J.B. and Jun W.</p> <p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">Several big cat genome re-sequencing were performed by H.-J.J. and C.H.K. PCR validations were performed by H.-J.J. and Hwanjong K., S. Kwon., S.O., W.K.P., H.L. and D.B. provided samples, advice and associated information.</p> <p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">Y.S.C., L.H., H.H., S.-J.L, W.J., K.-P.K. X.X., P.G., S.H., J.K., C.-B.K., H.L., Sangtae K., Sangsoo K., S.J.O., Jun W., and J.B. wrote, edited and revised the manuscript.</p> <p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">A.S.-K. conducted overall project coordination, data analysis and presentation of lion DNA analysis and overseeing/planning of laboratory work done at CCF (Cheetah Conservation Fund). J.A.T. carried out the lion DNA project initiation for samples of the Tsau Conservancy and the Johannesburg Zoo. L.M. did support of the laboratory work done at CCF. C.H. performed communication and project initiation at VGL (Veterinary Genetics Laboratory) and oversaw the laboratory work done at VGL, sampling and funding. S.M.M. at VGL did planning and execution of the laboratory work, pedigree verificationand reference samples of other populations.</p> <p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">Wilhelm J. did pedigree information processing and sampling at the Ukutula Lodge. L.B. did the sample processing and laboratory work of Ouwehands Dierenpark and PLE171.</p> </div> b6927bb713bee59957a2f5bb2e701c225a06b4a5 0 2496 4705 4294 2016-01-26T15:25:58Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.einstein.yu.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.einstein.yu.edu</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.ambrygen.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.ambrygen.com</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.asu.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.asu.edu</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.baylorhealth.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.baylorhealth.com</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.beckmangenomics.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.beckmangenomics.com</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.biodiversity.uoguelph.ca+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.biodiversity.uoguelph.ca</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://openwetware.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">openwetware.org</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://genome.med.harvard.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">genome.med.harvard.edu</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.ars.usda.gov+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.ars.usda.gov</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.broadinstitute.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.broadinstitute.org</a></p> <p><a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.brown.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.brown.edu</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.sanfordburnham.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.sanfordburnham.org</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.cagef.utoronto.ca+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.cagef.utoronto.ca</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.bcgsc.bc.ca+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.bcgsc.bc.ca</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://cancer.osu.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">cancer.osu.edu</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://cancer.case.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">cancer.case.edu</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.cdc.gov+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.cdc.gov</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.ceb.utk.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.ceb.utk.edu</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.centrillionbio.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.centrillionbio.com</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.research.chop.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.research.chop.edu</a></p> <p><a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://core.iddrc.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">core.iddrc.org</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.cincinnatichildrens.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.cincinnatichildrens.org</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.cau.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.cau.edu</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.cofactorgenomics.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.cofactorgenomics.com</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.cumc.columbia.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.cumc.columbia.edu</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.completegenomics.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.completegenomics.com</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://cores.lifesciences.cornell.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">cores.lifesciences.cornell.edu</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.covance.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.covance.com</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.creative-genomics.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.creative-genomics.com</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.cshl.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.cshl.edu</a></p> <p><a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://geschwindlab.neurology.ucla.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">geschwindlab.neurology.ucla.edu</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.dana-farber.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.dana-farber.org</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.dhmri.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.dhmri.org</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.dbi.udel.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.dbi.udel.edu</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.biotech.missouri.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.biotech.missouri.edu</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.dnalandmarks.ca+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.dnalandmarks.ca</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.jgi.doe.gov+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.jgi.doe.gov</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://humangenome.duke.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">humangenome.duke.edu</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.genome.duke.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.genome.duke.edu</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.edgebio.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.edgebio.com</a></p> <p><a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://genetics.emory.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">genetics.emory.edu</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.corelabs.emory.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.corelabs.emory.edu</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://engencore.sc.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">engencore.sc.edu</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.eurekagenomics.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.eurekagenomics.com</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.expressionanalysis.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.expressionanalysis.com</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.fhcrc.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.fhcrc.org</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://grcf.med.jhu.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">grcf.med.jhu.edu</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://people.virginia.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">people.virginia.edu</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://newscenter.nmsu.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">newscenter.nmsu.edu</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.mc.vanderbilt.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.mc.vanderbilt.edu</a></p> <p><a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://gsl.cals.ncsu.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">gsl.cals.ncsu.edu</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.genetics.pitt.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.genetics.pitt.edu</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://gcf.pbrc.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">gcf.pbrc.edu</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://genoseq.ucla.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">genoseq.ucla.edu</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://dna.uga.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">dna.uga.edu</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.ggc.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.ggc.org</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://sysbio.harvard.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">sysbio.harvard.edu</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.hpcgg.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.hpcgg.org</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.helicosbio.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.helicosbio.com</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.igsb.anl.gov+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.igsb.anl.gov</a></p> <p><a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.hei.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.hei.org</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.hudsonalpha.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.hudsonalpha.org</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.hgsc.bcm.tmc.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.hgsc.bcm.tmc.edu</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://bioserver.hci.utah.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">bioserver.hci.utah.edu</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.ibest.uidaho.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.ibest.uidaho.edu</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.ignitehealth.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.ignitehealth.org</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.illumina.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.illumina.com</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.indiana.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.indiana.edu</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://idrc.colostate.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">idrc.colostate.edu</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.inmegen.gob.mx+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.inmegen.gob.mx</a></p> <p><a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.insp.mx+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.insp.mx</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.igs.umaryland.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.igs.umaryland.edu</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.systemsbiology.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.systemsbiology.org</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.iontorrent.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.iontorrent.com</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.dna.iastate.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.dna.iastate.edu</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.jcvi.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.jcvi.org</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.k-state.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.k-state.edu</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.knome.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.knome.com</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://lgt.tamu.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">lgt.tamu.edu</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://web.ncifcrf.gov+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">web.ncifcrf.gov</a></p> <p><a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.langebio.cinvestav.mx+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.langebio.cinvestav.mx</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.lifetechnologies.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.lifetechnologies.com</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.macrogenusa.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.macrogenusa.com</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttps://dnacore.mgh.harvard.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">dnacore.mgh.harvard.edu</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://cancercenter.mayo.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">cancercenter.mayo.edu</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.gqinnovationcenter.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.gqinnovationcenter.com</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.medicalneurogenetics.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.medicalneurogenetics.com</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.mskcc.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.mskcc.org</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.mihg.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.mihg.org</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://rtsf.msu.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">rtsf.msu.edu</a></p> <p><a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://college.usc.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">college.usc.edu</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://mbcf.dfci.harvard.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">mbcf.dfci.harvard.edu</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://cbmi.catalyst.harvard.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">cbmi.catalyst.harvard.edu</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://cancer.ucsd.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">cancer.ucsd.edu</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.mssm.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.mssm.edu</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.ncgr.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.ncgr.org</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://cgf.nci.nih.gov+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">cgf.nci.nih.gov</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://njms.umdnj.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">njms.umdnj.edu</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.hopkinsmedicine.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.hopkinsmedicine.org</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www2.niddk.nih.gov+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www2.niddk.nih.gov</a></p> <p><a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.nisc.nih.gov+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.nisc.nih.gov</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.niaid.nih.gov+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.niaid.nih.gov</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.cgm.northwestern.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.cgm.northwestern.edu</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.nd.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.nd.edu</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.med.nyu.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.med.nyu.edu</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www3.ocimumbio.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www3.ocimumbio.com</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.ohsu.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.ohsu.edu</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://lupus.omrf.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">lupus.omrf.org</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.oicr.on.ca+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.oicr.on.ca</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.cgrb.oregonstate.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.cgrb.oregonstate.edu</a></p> <p><a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.ottawagenomecenter.ca+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.ottawagenomecenter.ca</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.pacificbiosciences.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.pacificbiosciences.com</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.huck.psu.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.huck.psu.edu</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.prognosysbio.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.prognosysbio.com</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://genome.purdue.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">genome.purdue.edu</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.rockefeller.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.rockefeller.edu</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.saic-frederick.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.saic-frederick.com</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.scripps.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.scripps.edu</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.stsiweb.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.stsiweb.org</a></p> <p><a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.seqwright.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.seqwright.com</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.pediatriccancergenomeproject.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.pediatriccancergenomeproject.org</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttps://secure.genome.ucla.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">secure.genome.ucla.edu</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://med.stanford.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">med.stanford.edu</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.stowers-institute.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.stowers-institute.org</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.taueret.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.taueret.com</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.tcag.ca+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.tcag.ca</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://genome.wustl.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">genome.wustl.edu</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.iric.ca+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.iric.ca</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.jax.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.jax.org</a></p> <p><a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.lrgc.ca+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.lrgc.ca</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.osuccc.osu.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.osuccc.osu.edu</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.tgen.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.tgen.org</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://tucf.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">tucf.org</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://genomics.ucdavis.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">genomics.ucdavis.edu</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://dmaf.biochem.uci.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">dmaf.biochem.uci.edu</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://translationalgenomics.uchc.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">translationalgenomics.uchc.edu</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://sequencing.soe.ucsc.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">sequencing.soe.ucsc.edu</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://cancer.ucsf.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">cancer.ucsf.edu</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.uky.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.uky.edu</a></p> <p><a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.umassmed.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.umassmed.edu</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://uagc.arl.arizona.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">uagc.arl.arizona.edu</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.uams.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.uams.edu</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://cigbrowser.berkeley.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">cigbrowser.berkeley.edu</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://ggb.ucr.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">ggb.ucr.edu</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://genetics.uconn.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">genetics.uconn.edu</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.biotech.ufl.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.biotech.ufl.edu</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.igb.illinois.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.igb.illinois.edu</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://dna-9.int-med.uiowa.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">dna-9.int-med.uiowa.edu</a></p> <p><a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.umich.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.umich.edu</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.bmgc.umn.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.bmgc.umn.edu</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://cage.unl.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">cage.unl.edu</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://genomics.unc.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">genomics.unc.edu</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.genome.ou.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.genome.ou.edu</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://htseq.uoregon.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">htseq.uoregon.edu</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.urmc.rochester.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.urmc.rochester.edu</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.ti3d.utexas.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.ti3d.utexas.edu</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.cores.utah.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.cores.utah.edu</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.biotech.wisc.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.biotech.wisc.edu</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.med.upenn.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.med.upenn.edu</a></p> <p><a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.ars.usda.gov+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.ars.usda.gov</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.utsouthwestern.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.utsouthwestern.edu</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://qb3.berkeley.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">qb3.berkeley.edu</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttps://www.vbi.vt.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.vbi.vt.edu</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.biostatistics.vcu.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">www.biostatistics.vcu.edu</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://jbpc.mbl.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">jbpc.mbl.edu</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://genomics.rutgers.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">genomics.rutgers.edu</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://jura.wi.mit.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">jura.wi.mit.edu</a><br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=active&amp;q=site%3Ahttp://cgp.yale.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc" target="_blank">cgp.yale.edu</a></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 0681fc5932dcd8264ec2d0def98ce62ad81f2e21 0 1553 4706 1734 2016-01-26T15:26:32Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2>Title</h2> <p>Custom Organic Synthesis &amp; Antibody Structure, Pancreatic Polypeptide Synthesis Company</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2>Description</h2> <p>Bio-Synthesis Inc. is a leading life science products company which deals in Antibody Structure, Custom Organic Synthesis, Pancreatic Polypeptides, Peptide Synthesis Company and DNA Chimera.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2>Additional Information</h2> <p>Rank: 1,648,384<br /> Address: 612 East Main St Lewisville, TX 75057 US</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2>Keywords</h2> <p>[[DNA Chimera]], [[ Genetic Code Table]], [[ Anti DNA Antibody]], [[ Antibody Polyclonal Production]], [[ Antibody Structure]], [[ Custom Organic Synthesis]], [[ DNA of Relationship]], [[ Pancreatic Polypeptides]], [[ Modern Organic Synthesis]], [[ Peptide Synthesis Chemistry]], [[ Peptide Synthesis Company]], [[ Peptide Synthesis Technique]], [[ Molecular Analysis Tools]], [[ Mass Spec Analysis]], [[ Pancreatic Polypeptides]]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2>Related Websites</h2> <p>[http://www.biosyn.com www.biosyn.com]<br /> [http://www.macromedia.com www.macromedia.com]<br /> [http://www.google-analytics.com www.google-analytics.com]<br /> [http://www.segnant.com www.segnant.com]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2>External services</h2> <p>[http://siteanalytics.compete.com/biosyn.com <strong>Visitors</strong>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=biosyn.com <strong>Alexa</strong>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/biosyn.com <strong>Domain information</strong>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.biosyn.com <strong>Iwebtool</strong>] | [http://search.about.com/fullsearch.htm?terms=biosyn.com <strong>About</strong>] | [http://www.aboutus.org/biosyn.com <strong>AboutUS</strong>]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 0862f0ea49a6c61527a65b6b2177aafccb474d4e 0 1551 4707 1757 2016-01-26T16:22:21Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2>Title</h2> <p>Applied Biosystems</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2>Description</h2> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>Applied Biosystems has demonstrated its position as a technology leader and driving force in the changing dynamics of the life science marketplace. The Applied Biosystems business is focused on the following markets: basic research, commercial research (pharmaceutical and biotechnology) and standardized testing, including forensic human identification, paternity testing and food testing. The company has an installed base of approximately 180,000 instrument systems in nearly 100 countries.</p> <p>Basic research includes work at university, government and other non-profit institutions that focus on uncovering the basic laws of nature and understanding human disease.</p> <h2>Additional Information</h2> <p>Rank: 172,059<br /> Address: 850 Lincoln Centre Dr Foster City, CA 94404 US<br /> <br /> &nbsp;</p> <h2>Keywords</h2> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2>Related Websites</h2> <p>[http://www.appliedbiosystems.co.jp www.appliedbiosystems.co.jp]<br /> [http://www.google-analytics.com www.google-analytics.com]<br /> [http://www.macromedia.com www.macromedia.com]<br /> [http://www.ambion.com www.ambion.com]<br /> [http://www.applera.com www.applera.com]<br /> [http://www..appliedbiosystems.com www..appliedbiosystems.com]<br /> [http://www.sqllims.com www.sqllims.com]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2>External services</h2> <p>[http://siteanalytics.compete.com/appliedbiosystems.com <strong>Visitors</strong>] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=appliedbiosystems.com <strong>Alexa</strong>] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/appliedbiosystems.com <strong>Domain information</strong>] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.appliedbiosystems.com <strong>Iwebtool</strong>] | [http://search.about.com/fullsearch.htm?terms=appliedbiosystems.com <strong>About</strong>] | [http://www.aboutus.org/appliedbiosystems.com <strong>AboutUS</strong>]</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 060cc0a9d898b35519a708c4bf4f8677e611fadc 0 2692 4713 2020-03-06T04:16:08Z S 300001 Created page with "adsf asd" wikitext text/x-wiki adsf asd ab09159bd4899a56ed6413c789bc4f3eca892409 0 2693 4715 2020-03-09T00:37:18Z S 300001 Created page with "Biowiki is hypertext system that is for making web pages." wikitext text/x-wiki Biowiki is hypertext system that is for making web pages. 18ac85c68a6c939245a124111c8cd4b22e7f63a1 8 1175 4717 3608 2020-03-09T01:59:53Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki * SEARCH * navigation ** mainpage|mainpage ** Special:Recentchanges|Recent changed * new heading ** portal-url|portal ** https://www.mediawiki.org|MediaWiki home 2079c9eb7c52ef03bb6ca721c13813f4d2192d1b 4718 4717 2020-03-09T02:00:45Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki * SEARCH *navigation **mainpage|mainpage **Special:Recentchanges|Recent changed **Special:Randompage|Random Pages d0510d038db11c7e6437d3e70cb7f5d673db2c41 4719 4718 2020-03-09T02:37:08Z S 300001 wikitext text/x-wiki * SEARCH *navigation **mainpage|mainpage **Special:Recentchanges|Recent changed **Special:Randompage|Random Page b11e8b9ec9c0b2e7dc4fd9593499afda257f1f08